ena ee a ea
ros
x
\ \
f N
S
,
1 iy
ixth Annual Report
OF THE
fomological Society
ager io Ts:
*
ED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE)
PRINTED BY ORDER OF
ATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO
Ba
TORONTO:
Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty
1916
Forty-Sixth Annual Report
OF THE
Entomological Society
OF ONTARIO
1915
(PUBLISHED BY TERE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE)
PRINTED BY ORDER OF
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO
TORONTO:
Printed by A. T. WILGRESS, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty
1916
C. Gorpon Hewitt, D.Sc., F.R.S.C.
President of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1913-1915.
ae fa. O 2 oO”.
To His Honour Sir JOHN STRATHEARN Henprig, C.V.O., a Lieutenant-Colonel in
the Militia of Canada, etc., ete., ete.,
Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.
May Ir PLEAse Your Honovr:
The undersigned begs to present, for the consideration of your Honour, the
Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1915.
Respectfully submitted,
JAMES 8. DUFF,
Minister of Agriculture.
Toronto, 1916.
[3]
CONTENTS
PETER. OF TRANSMISSION ....0. « lowes cowie sie ea wise = os mele leleln eo 0 o's 2 ete leet) iain 5
OFETGERS For L9U5-1916) sc. cee 0c. oe wie alte a is ternn «0 epee wie siege we 8 > © sien 6
FWEINANGCEAL STATEMENT 5. oc 5.0. 25 ec ng soe eo oe le viene rise ia « eielnlaln ee ale «nies =e an 6
List oF MEMBERS 7
ANNUAL MEETING 9
9
Report of the Council
3 os CuPator 2s cael ee 4 oe Sale cree as Selene en neo ren a a Ad;
“ = Librarian cc ise Ses ob ws closes © owen olen = olslaty «si nie sete) aoe 11
Reports on Insects of the Year: Division No. 1, Ottawa Dist., A. GIBSON..... 22. aub
7h ** 3, Toronto Dist., A. COSENS -.<-- 14
se “5, Port Hope Dist., F. J. A. Morris 17
“7 Niagara Dist., W. A. Ross .... 21
Report of the British Columbia Entomological Society® ... «sc. 2.. > «2 <6 5 en 24
w Montréal Branch 2... coe save neler © ous Cle erere sae nial ae ete ee 24
ss _ Toronto Branch. 22.52 cccrets eee oie siete b= fered olen hele orale a 25
" & Nova Scotia Branch? ©s..<0 soo cc iehe = wevrisreleveyaokele iene lo 26
B af Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada ..........-..-----+-- 27
Insects of the Season in Ontario: L. CAESAR .......-+--- +2 +0 ++ 25sec eee e eens 29
The Imported Willow or Poplar Borer or Cureulio: L, CAESAR ...% 5. - meee 30
Side Injury and Codling Moth: E. P. FELT ........--..+-+++-+ +++ eeeeeeeeeeee 40
The Home of Gortyna Stramentosa: A. F. WINN ......-----++--+++-5++e22-20s> 43
Insects of Ste. Anne’s, Que., season of 1915: E. M. Dt Porve ..........-...-+- 48
The Occurrence of Tychius Picirostris on Clover at Ste. Anne’s, Que.: HE. M.-
Du @ PORTE oh 2 oo. 5 cSie ois o cicve, clele emer ti = ole wees ele » te) ols fede oleh abe lel satel tel 50
Observations on Predaceous and Parasitic Hymenoptera: T W.. ISXYLES, > Soe 52
The Leaf-weevil in New York: P. J. Parrorr and H. GLasgow........-------- 60
The Green Apple Bug in Nova Scotia: W. H. BRITTAIN .......-------+++++++++-: 69
A Capsid Attacking Apples: H. G. CRAWFORD ........---+-+---+2eeeerrtseeteee 79
The Founding of the Science of Cecidology: A. COSENS ......-- ++++++++++2-25 $88
The Army Cutworm in Southern Alberta: E. H. STRICKLAND «...-.--+-+++++++> 93
Life Zones in Entomology and Their Relation to Crops: H. T. FERNALD ....... 97
Some Notes Regarding Nose and Other Bot Flies: W. LOCHHEAD ............-- 102
The Seasonal Prevalence of Hypoderma Bovis in 1915: S. HADWEN ........---- 108
Progress of Entomology in Canada During 1915: 62 G@ HEWIE oa. 2) eee 119
The Life History of Chermes Cooleyi in Stanley Park, B.c.: R. N. CHrystan ... 123
The Cabbage Maggot—Autumn Development in B.C.: R. ©. SERERERNE™... 2-2 130
The Cabbage Maggot in B.C—Natural Control: R. G.. 'TREFIRENE, 2. 3.2....2 Lae 140
Control of the Brown-Tail Moth in Nova Scotia: G. E. GANDERS) ../-- 21:1. seen Ppp
The Brown-Tail and Gipsy Moth Situation in Relation to Canada: J. D. ToTHILL 152
The Work Carried on in the United States Against the Gipsy and Brown-Tail
Moths: A. BF: BURGESS 2.2. 5.6.40 0 6 teense eee seine = 005% + ol = eee 153
Locust Control Work with Poisoned Baits in Eastern Canada in 1915:
WAU cl GIBSON Wc oleae ee oo ne Sie leiee siete onl s etn njelerelereip cle eset aA) Sen = er » 156
Leaf-Rollers Attacking Apples: L. CAESAR ......------.+s0+ 2s eee eee e eee eeee . 163
Preliminary List of Canadian Parasitic Insects: R. C. TREHERNE .......-..++.. 178
The Entomological Record ............-eeee eee cece eee nee eee eee ee ee 194
TINDER, coo inync cw a nin a slele op cid claiem oJointe n ce acis 210 siw’efolalisileve «(o's Pielayainis 2 easton a> ka 231
FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
Entomological Society of Ontario
1915.
To the Honourable James S. Duff, Minister of Agriculture:
Sir,—I have the honour to present herewith the Forty-sixth Annu: u Report of
the Entomological Society of Ontario, containing the proceedings of the Fifty-
second Annual Meeting, which was held at Ottawa on November 4th and 5th, 1915.
This meeting has been generally recognized as one of the most interesting and suc-
cessful in the Society’s history, and was attended by entomologists from nearly
every province of the Dominion as well as from the United States and South
Africa.
The reports of the various officers and branches of the Society, together with
the papers and addresses presented at the meeting are embodied in the following
pages.
The Canadian Entomologist, the Society’s monthly journal, has been regularly
issued and has now completed its forty-seventh volume. A special feature of this
volume is the series of papers on Popular and Practical Entomology, which have
appeared in each issue throughout the year.
I have the honour to be, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
EDMUND M. WALKER,
Editor.
Biological Department,
University of Toronto.
Entomological Society of Ontario
OFFICERS FOR 1915-1916
President—Mr. AtBerT F,. WINN, Westmount, Que.
Vice-President—Pror. LAwson CArsar, Dept. of Entomology, Ontario Agricultural
Coliege, Guelph.
Secretary-Treasurer—Mr. A. W. Baker, B.S.A., Lecturer in Entomology, O. A. College,
Guelph.
Curator—Mr. G. J. Spencer, B.S.A., Demonstrator in Entomology, O. A. College,
Guelph.
Librarian—Revy. Pror. C. J. S. BETHUNE, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Professor of Ento-
mology and Zoology, O. A. College, Guelph.
Directors—Division No. 1, Mr. ArrHur Grsson, Entomological Branch, Dept. of
Agriculture, Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. E, Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Dr. A.
CosENS, Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. C, W. Nasu, Pro-
vincial Biologist, East Toronto; Division No. 5, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough;
Division No. 6, Mr. J. W. Nosre, London, Ont.; Division No. 7, Mr. W. A. Ross, Vine-
land Station, Ont.
Directors (ex-Presidents of the Society)—Rev. Pror. C. J. S. Beruune, M.A., D.C.L.,
F.R.S.C., Guelph; W. Hacue HarrinetTon, F.R.S.C., Ottawa; Pror. JOHN DEARNESS, Vice-
Principal Normal School, London; Rry. THomas W. Fytes, D.C.L., F.L.S., Ottawa;
Pror. WM. LOcHHEAD, B.A., M.S., Macdonald College, Que.; Joun D, Evans, C.E., Chief
Engineer, Central Ontario Railway, Trenton; Pror, TENNYSON D. Jarvis, Grimsby Beach;
Pror. E. M. Waker, B.A., M.B., F.R.S.C., University of Toronto; C. Gorpon HeEwirt,
D.Sc., F.R.S.C., Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa.
Editor of “The Canadian Entomologist’—Pror. E. M. WaLKeEr, Toronto.
Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada—Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough, Ont.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
For the Year Ending October 31st, 1915
Receipts. Expenditures.
Balanee, 1913-14 ...5.-..5..-% $492 32 Corkand spins) a. 2e- oe eee $129 99
IDGtp Sy pe petbocob secouupon as 6 85 50 Printing sav ge, wis ssepie se eee 1,249 01
STPSCLIPELONS car se tele aie 439 30 HNXDenSe cee eee ee eases 27 90
Ph sanbikee oe y ao eoncawpo cK Jo 42 71 Salaries¢? if Se cp scien a eee 250 00
Government grant ........... 500 00 EDR, Bytes tesco ers eats tas Oe 17 35
Reports and back numbers... 263 01 Annals Meebinies +a eds ie 86 60
Corky and Spins ease eee 157 99 Amniial) TEDOLE Ps oj1<1-h)-¥lo aioe 112 00
Baniguanterest qa... wet ee aeeta 9 68 UNSUPANCE.s pels. ene os eine velar 26 00
Bank exchange. s..1.6 os. 26 es 7 84
Balancesonsihands ee wees eee 23 82
$1,990 51 $1,990 51
Auditor: J. E. Howrrt. Respectfully submitted,
A. W. BAKER,
Secretary-Treasurer.
[6]
LIST OF MEMBERS
ONTARIO.
LTIGS 122 W0) S Eee Oo Jordan,
menwOod, J.C... ...eacees Port Arthur,
WSMIGLE TD ESS Hs 5 ve ie lei ears, o's Toronto,
PERRET AS AW e155 a0: syeyai eye: o« Guelph.
eeistenall, EL. Hy... wn ee oe Toronto.
METIS Sl He occ vier cre-e Bloomfield,
maorows, A. R.. 0.0.2... Guelph.
Ramsay eh rOl, Li... ce. a
OOS Cent 2" London.
Chrystal, BR. Nell........-. Ottawa.
MPEMES CACIG, ccs 2 cess Guelph.
. SEG D7 Toronto.
OEDTIGUG) SDS ee as
Crawford, 151, OR CS eed teas Wilton Grove.
CRS S00 2 Guelph.
MAamness, Prof. J......... London.
MORMGEDY SD. Kooi. en Ottawa.
lO, Cy [3 ee Hamilton.
PREITEGANA PERE US croc see tee ws Port Hope.
Muniop, James .......... Woodstock.
Evans, .. LCS Rees Trenton.
PIGHREIC OM, 0. e ces Toronto,
Gibson, 01 re Ottawa.
(Cire CAD Orillia.
ui: 105) a CY
[Ria 0h. LAB ee Toronto.
Ec/2o, 10: Ao Sudbury.
EPAOUDAL WS, .. 20... 2. ees Toronto.
Harmineton, W. H. ...... Ottawa.
Rial Cl Thorneloe.
Eiewitioe Dr «, Gi... 26. Ottawa.
Esa. dh 1 GaSe eee eee Clifford.
Howitt ror. 0. Hess... Guelph.
PUREE MOWV oN cee si-fais eaves ss Toronto.
ASNT S} 10S 1 St. Thomas.
LISA SEU SS cals coe seca Grimsby Hast.
(ainsi) (CaS ie Whitby.
LOIS ATT N18 9 ae Ridgeway.
Kitto, SEMIS Cfatcc eo: sic. seis 2 Ottawa.
Logier, SMNGIE oe orc fo. a. 0,0, 8 0.0 « Toronto.
Macnamana, ©) .......... Arnprior.
WMekcenmic; J. B........-. Toronto.
McCready, Prof. S. B..... Guelph.
RIES HAG ewes we ease Peterborough.
Mearse, AL EH. W.......... Grimsby.
ESL CE eee eae Toronto.
bile die eS See Essex
POG (Cs 13) (eee Ottawa
RE el A ee Toronto.
Tease VV eee Vineland,
Urersjs tl 1p" So Woodstock,
SOG ht Ch Da Ottawa.
SETS dig) eee Toronto.
Biomeny He W. Tu,......... Ottawa.
Sie UNS id ah a Toronto.
Sie AGG. (Cl Bees See ow
Snazelle, Chas. .......... Thornloe.
SGC, (Ch Oe Guelph.
Spoekand, HH. ........ Ottawa.
Phompson, W. R. ....... London.
“Pou NA 3 1 Ottawa
Walker, Prof. H. M....... Toronto.
Watson, Dr. A. H. R..... Port Hope.
DIC, SAINCS a sevee ss ens Snelgrove.
“ihn eet, 3 ag 3 Toronto.
“ork See ze
WVTIGHG Wie, oee+,s++s, Guelph.
[7]
QUEBEC,
LEEW AKG een DP CES naan enpicier. Montreal.
lexeeHWbaIeS Wis ance Sor Glad Soc Ottawa.
Brainerd, Dwight ....... Montreal,
Burgess, Dr. T. J. W..... Verdun,
Whapais ee daiCs. te atea ates core St. Denis.
ChaenonieGi tes sles ae en Montreal.
Clayson;” Go iy is c-ace eset “
Corcorany dd). eAr. ase: se
Davisy MWe acta cresto be oe Westmount.
DOs GAC reso pee tatae Montreal,
DiBortes, Bue Men sce Macdonald
College.
Germain’ Brotscsel ct 2st Three Rivers.
Griffiny Ate emcecoeckiceor eLomtreall.
Gooderham, iC; Bi ..% ..... Macdonald
College.
EinardiRieve Vine Ace sec <i. Quebec,
Leopold, Rev. Father..... La Trappe.
Letournedtty Bs es «eke Oka.
Lochhead, Prof. W. ...... Macdonald
College.
Moore, G. A. .........:.. Montreal.
Simms SEs Me sersmveise aoe 2 s
Southee; G) Ax jacwee ee pS
Winn: Aon: © cra saradstes ic ote Westmount,
ALBERTA,
RaiC dey NOMASE uric eres High River.
Bentley, Lettice ......... Lethbridge.
(Glenn) DNS a ctcey dich ols Pease or Edmonton.
Dod, F. H. Wolley........ Midnapore.
MENG oye ID eM GES Baa mono Edmonton.
MGodiexs Miss .)i.is. ates +e Calgary.
Whitehouse, F. C. ...... Red Deer.
MANITOBA.
Criddle-FNorman iia... - Treesbank,
Hippesley, Mrs. W. W..... Winnipegosis.
leiviahiens Iie A dspeeon aoe Teulon.
WV eUL TG St) UEMES rea ter evens = attesal =< Winnipeg.
Nova Scotia,
FADD O bse WWHELOT aa esyeedieaielaiey Forbes Point
Allan, E. Chesley ........ Yarmouth.
Badnd “We sWwe axcicre-serci vere Nappan.,
3rittain, Prof. W. H:..... Truro.
Cann Ea Walp elitrerrstcecne Yarmouth N.
Conrad, Ethel M. ........ Halifax.
Oral eri Ce Ie. eye eee Amherst.
Creivhton: (Gist sees eee eee Halifax.
Dep Wolfen Ts TAN eo: cutters is Truro.
Dickeys"Cl IMP weercee.te Kentville.
Distant) MMiaryeiSe) . ac. eect Halifax.
Distant Ao Gar ercterewea tenets Bridgetown.
Grilli witty (Ch ceaetscte. sceyenss Granville
{ Centre.
Good Wi@ a Ane si-tercietorcts ect Truro.
Goodwin, Alberta ........ Stewiacke.
Henrion, Miss C. ....... Halifax,
TET SOT VAT Verret usiereraia.s Truro,
Lindsay, Harriet E. ..... Ge
MacPherson, Dr. Hugh... Antigonish.
McGregor: (Anna veces tse South River
Lake,
8 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Nova Scorra._—Continued, Cunningham “ . Peas Vancouver.
sak : - fee cet Currie Him: or ch «, eve er Salmon Arm.
McKay, Dr. A. H, .....-. Halifax, Dayidsoueele a. eee Vancouver.
Mitchell, Lillie J. ....... Dar eo Wena ren
Moses PASnes! “y.ifoctoaiercs Brooklyn, Poel end oo See" 2 Talend
Payne, H. G. ....0.....-. pineeeey Hivans; Ee rls. | 7.3: Ree Okanagan
Payne, S. H : ce Centre.
Perkin Speier Seager al ae Ideal IP ADR Ro esac. d05 Salmon Arm.
ernin; Joseph: fnwsc os ack Halifax. intisien. G Kelowna
Sandensia Gs Byes kee o.. oierene Bridgetown. Walton G i OR ee Port Haney :
PCOURIELOT. Glew Anse oes Truro. Genie D ale 5 VWaniconmen 4
Aba > PY a ; SO eee On Oi c .
ee e JyBes ser. Wosehelle Gemmell Vien tee Sechelt.
eS Reena) ee eee a noes ee Getchellidi 3s Saeaee Vancouver.
Sinclair, Nellie .......... oe River Aden eS AGanae
aie EMMIS -S. cece eee Aga E
Smiths VP MuOISe oc .h «res Truro. ERD VES AM 2 oo irre =
SPU WISP oe acre eho eck o . a i
Trevoy, Nellie M......... Brighton. ae nae Re ee oie cs ac Vernon.
Wietnore, Ralph -.0.4. 0... Yarmouth, ait Soa cond ie eee Ne eae 73 eee
Whitehead, W. E. ....... Kentville. ee Wes ey pe a ee eae pas
WihitmiamnCs (He isc: stan Lawrencetown, ae Bees TES ae face pie
Williams (Coan cy. saci e ete Nappan. MS MUBSs ee ata 3 Crees :
4 a sia tes aa Reyer aire Feces: cheat retin Noteh Hill.
ea ee eee ee IPED, IDs IRE Pee GS ac soc: Salmon Arm.
OS pte A Sia os eee ay ope, a 4 iyne.; Wa El wwncen avers Vancouver,
SUNS EIT ENS Mathesons Jabs cee me Kelowna.
en oe ap chaps Mc Cubbing eG «ps ie Salmon Arm.
Androchowicz, H. ........ Humboldt. MeKenziey VK. S:creccrsacterot Kelowna.
iBhentdoutaiyot tal SRoAseaaac Starblanket. Middleton aM erect eis Nelson,
WVOMMSONGAG ae Se eyes eter es Moose Jaw. WUINKCHYSNE SIDS we Bot cam .».. Lappin,
MeGullochs: Awe 74am. ot. Regina. Palmer’ iti. Gc. sae Vernon. .
Neville SF Uh seis enya ere Cottonwood. Balmer wa Viewer eee S. Cowichan.
Willing, Prof. T. Ne so... Saskatoon. Parham, (Gia. 3) iste Invermere.
Reed, E. Baynes ........ Victoria.
BritisH CoLuMBIA. Robertson, W. H. ....... s
Robinson} Be iy eee
ADDS SAT W swartstiere ste iteid Vancouver. Ross, At HS. ao cscseriee Nelson.
AlDriclE ATS mec. yarns Nakusp. Rowlands e Ace aie. ates Vancouver.
Anderson, JB+ MO 2... so. Victoria. Tybee INS Soon A oS cS 5 Vernon.
Andersony di) Rs sete ee - FUUSSCLIGE Dae tecctecel erento Lavington.
17 Yr aed Geen © Tey ge es ie N. Vancouver. Russel, Mu" W..4.<2a0e one Kelowna.
ISAT S SEW asW ica trecversc catia s arses Salmon Arm. Scotts (We gHi eee Victoria.
JB eM LEG. Shs on omer Vancouver. Skinners (Higgins. .esere se
Blackmore. eo. eek Victoria. doen ls 1 Spa snd hooo. Kelowna.
Brand Wamesi ey wesc ekie ss Vancouver. TPHOTNDET a... aeaciee e eee Kamloops.
Brealey meAa 2a olecincr re Hatzie. ‘Tomilinsen. A. Eis cece Prince Rupert
PSTGE He WY Spells SM aos 70 Stepsnare Armstrong. Trenenrn eG.) et. (Caen cree tiers Agassiz.
Ere Uay Te Ae re fate asl ere Victoria. Wenalblesi Bi sPs ere wlecesterens Vernon.
ES TOV UTA LN dea edeatiyh orcecateate.o acste Ladysmith. Wriards, Webi cers anes. eee Vancouver.
LeYenite lo 0s 7 Mea bs ee A ae Ban Victoria. Mints dale 15h wo coa6car Rock Creek.
ISIS Te YASS tare od Siete eles See Vancouver. Wilkerson, G. H.......... Victoria.
Ghapman- see 0, 5... Sees cus sae WilLSOTL et ONT omnes eheteienehe eer Vancouver,
(Cockle Jy Warts aac Kaslo. Winslow 7 Ri Me ce.0- en Victoria.
Golilin's ELM W veer caster Grand Forks. Wiis THR Wits. cicsseacves oot Sardis.
HONORARY MEMBERS
Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A... Boulder, Col. Howard, rr Ea tOcn sees Washington,
Comstock, Prof. J. H..... Ithaca, N.Y. D.C.
Gresson’ chizra hs. calcets:» Philadelphia,
Pa.
INMsibis DO ey 13 en i an cao cms Albany, N.Y.
Webster, Prof. F. M...... 5
Wickham, Prof. H. F..... Iowa City, Ta.
LIFE MEMBERS
Bethune, Rev. C. J. S.....
Professor of Entomology,
Ontario Agricultural
College, Guelph,
Fyles, Rev. Dr. T. W..... Ottawa.
Reed; Hi Baynes: ....-<n0-
Director of the Meteoro-
logical Station, Victoria,
=
a
F The Entomological Society of Ontario
Fe ANNUAL MEETING
he Fifty-second Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario
was held at Ottawa on Thursday and Friday, November 4th and 5th, 1915. The
President of the Society, Dr. C. Gorvon Hewrrt, occupied the chair. Among the
_ members present were: Dr. H. T. Fernald, Amherst, Mass.; Mr. A. F. Burgess,
Melrose Highlands, Mass.; Professor C. P. Lounsbury, Pretoria, South Africa ;
Dr. Hugh Glasgow, Geneva, N.Y.; Rev. T. W. Fyles, Ottawa; Dr. C. G. Hewitt
and Messrs. Arthur Gibson and J. M. Swaine, Entomological Branch, Ottawa;
Messrs. R. C. Treherne, G. E. Sanders, J. D. Tothill, E. H. Strickland, N. Criddle,
G. Beaulieu, W. A. Ross, J. R. Gareau, C. E. Petch, R. N. Chrystal, and L. S.
_ McLaine, Field Officers of the Entomological Branch; Prof. L. Caesar, Prof. E. J.
-Zayitz, and A. W. Baker, of Guelph; Prof. W. Lochhead, E. M. Duporte and T.
- Rankin, of Macdonald College; Prof. W. H. Brittain, Agricultural College, Truro,
- N.S.; Tom Wilson, Vancouver, B.C.; F. J. A. Morris,. Port Hope, Ont.; A. F.
_ Winn, Montreal; J. C. Chapais, St. Denis-en-bas, Que.; H. G. Payne, Kentville,
_NS.; H. G. Crawford, Wilton Grove, Ont.; Rev. Father Leopold and Professor
' Letourneau, of La Trappe, Que.; Chas. MacNamara, Arnprior, Ont.; and Sir
"James Grant, Prof. E. E. Prince, Dr. T. Torrance, Dr. C. H. Higgins, Dr. F. T.
- Shutt, W. T. Macoun, R. H. Campbell, H. T. Gussow, W. Ide, D. Johnson, F. W. L.
pe
BF aco
THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 4TH—MORNING SESSION.
THE PRESIDENT: In opening our general session, I should like to welcome
you all to Ottawa. This is an unusual meeting for a number of reasons. It is
not the first meeting we have had in Ottawa—but it is an unusual meeting in that
we have here for the first time all the officers of the Entomological Branch.
Secondly, it is an unusual meeting as we have with us, and are honored by the
_ presence of, Mr. C. P. Lounsbury, the Government Entomologist for the Union of
South Africa. The surpreme nature of his visit prevented the appearance of his
name on the programme, but that will not release him from taking part in our
deliberations. He will probably have something to say later on. I, as President,
did not prepare anything in the nature of an address for this meeting as we have
a rather long programme. In the course of the proceedings I shall probably have
a little to say regarding the progress of our work and of entomology in Canada
generally. We have a certain amount of business to complete before our real
session begins and I will now call upon the Secretary to read the Report of the
Council.
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its
report for the year 1914-15.
| The Fifty-first Annual Meeting of the Society was held in Toronto on
"Thursday and Friday, November 5th and 6th, 1914. The meeting of the Council
‘was held in the Biological Building of the University of Toronto, and the general
[9]
10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
meetings were held at the Royal Canadian Institute. The President, Dr. C.
Gordon Hewitt, occupied the chair during the sessions.
The annual meeting of the Council was held on Thursday morning. Numerous
business matters were discussed and a recommendation was made to the Society
that the next annual meeting be held in Ottawa.
On Thursday afternoon the Reports of the Directors on the insects of the
year were read. Dr. Hewitt then delivered the Presidential address on “ The Rise
and Progress of Applied Entomology in Canada.” Prof. Caesar then delivered a
paper on the “ Insects of the Season in Ontario.”
On Thursday evening in the Biological Lecture-room of the University Prof.
J. H. Comstock, of Cornell University, delivered the Public Lecture on the “ Habits
of Spiders.” The lecture was extremely interesting and was extensively illustrated
with magnificent lantern slides. ’
The business meeting of the Society was held on Friday morning at 9.30.
The reports of the various officers and branches of the Society were read and
adopted. The remaining time of the morning and afternoon meetings was occupied
with the reading of the following papers:
“The Work of Fabre,” Prof. Lochhead, Macdonald College, Que.
“Tnjurious Insects of Quebee in 1914,” Prof. Lochhead. (Read by title.)
“Tnjurious Insects of Southern Quebec,” Mr. C. KE. Petch, Ottawa. (Read
by title.)
“Outbreak of the Army-worm in Canada in 1914,” Mr. Arthur Gibson,
Ottawa.
“The Army-worm in Ontario in 1914,” Mr. A. W. Baker, Guelph.
“ Mountains and Hills,” Dr. Fyles, Ottawa.
* Variation in colour in the bristles of the Hedgehog Caterpillar, Isia isabella,”
Mr. Arthur Gibson, Ottawa. ,
“Locust Control in Eastern Canada,’ Mr. Arthur Gibson, Ottawa.
“ An Imported Red Spider attacking fruit-trees,” Prof. Caesar, Guelph.
“The Entomological Record, 1914,” Mr. Arthur Gibson, Ottawa.
“ Forest and Shade-tree Insects of the Farm,” Mr. J. M. Swaine, Ottawa.
“Cherry Fruit-flies,” Prof. L. Caesar, Guelph.
The Canadian Entomologist, the official organ of the Society, has been pub-
lished regularly each month. The forty-sixth volume of the magazine was com-
pleted in December, 1914. It consisted of 446 pages and was extensively illustrated.
This is the largest volume to date.
The Annual Report of the Society contained the proceedings of the annual
meeting and formed a valuable edition to our entomological literature.
The regular meetings of the Society were reduced in number owing to military
activities at the Ontario Agricultural College. The meetings were chiefly of a
business character, but during the year the following papers were read:
“Some interesting points in the Army-worm Outbreak of 1914,” Mr. A. W.
Baker.
“The Study of Entomology,” Prof. L. Caesar.
“Laboratory Methods in Collecting, Preserving and Dissecting Insects,’ Mr.
G. J. Spencer.
The records show that twenty-four new members have been added to the rolls
of the Society during 1914-15. The reports of the branches of the Society for
1913-14 all showed a successful year. It is with much pleasure that the Council
records the formation, due largely to the efforts of Prof. W. A. Brittain, of a
large and flourishing branch of the Society in Nova Scotia.
.
4
”
7 1916 ‘ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11
REPORT OF THE CURATOR.
The collections of the Society have been examined from time to time during
__ the past year and kept free from museum pests.
With a view to supplying in a small way the sad need of Diptera, Hemiptera
and Hymenoptera, special collections were made this summer and, as soon as the
_ material can be identified and labelled, it will be added to the collections.
Contributions of these orders to the Society collections from members will be
F greatly appreciated.
G. SpencER, Curator.
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN.
During the year ending October 31st, 1915, seventeen bound volumes have
been added to the library, making the number on the register 2,220. A large
number of unbound pamphlets, bulletins, reports and periodicals have been re-
_ ceived from authors and publishers and in exchange for The Canadian Entomologist.
_ No binding has been done during the past year.
3 Among recent additions to the library may be mentioned the following:
_ Packard’s “ Monograph of the Bombycine Moths of North America, Part 3”; Sir
_ G. Hampson’s “ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalene in the British ae
_ Vol. 13 and supplementary vol. 1; Fletcher’s “Some Indian Insects”; Slinger-
land and poss “Manual of Fruit Insects: ”%; Pierce’s “ Genitalia of British
; ~Geometride.”
Reference to the library is constantly being made by the staff and students of
_ the Biological Departments of the Ontario Agricultural College, and books are
_ from time to time taken out by members of the Society at a distance.
Respectfully submitted,
Cuartes J. S. BerHune, Librarian.
REPORTS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR.
Divison No 1, Orrawa District—ArtTHuR GIBSON, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH,
; OTTAWA.
ATTACKING FIELD Crops.
3 Locusts. These insects were again very abundant in eastern Ontario. The
‘young locusts began to appear towards the end of May, but owing to dull, cool
weather conditions did not become active until the first and second weeks of June.
The Lesser Migratory Locust (Jfelanopius atlanis) was the chief destructive
cies. It was accompanied in noticeable numbers by the Pellucid Locust
mnula pellucida). These two species are frequently found working together.
ear Bowesville, Ont., where we continued our work on control with poisoned
ts, the insects were present in countless thousands. The crops attacked were
chiefly oats, barley, timothy, buckwheat, clover, tobacco, potatoes, and corn. In
12 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
one instance near Ottawa about 6,000 celery plants were destroyed. On page 156
will be found a brief account of our 1915 work with poisoned baits.
Curworms. ‘The two species which in 1915 effected most damage in the
Ottawa district are the Common Striped Cutworm (Huaoa tessellata), and the
Dark-sided Cutworm (/uroa messoria), both of which were very abundant the
previous season. Vegetable and flowering garden plants were freely attacked. ~
The former was the chief culprit and destroyed first.sowings of beets, carrots,
onions, etc. ‘To a lesser extent the Red-backed Cutworm (Huxoa ochrogaster)
was also present, being reported specially by vegetable growers. ‘The Kansas grass-
hopper formula (Bran 20 lbs., Paris green 1 Ib., molasses 2 quarts, oranges or
lemons 3, water 21% gallons*) this year gave excellent results at Ottawa for the
control of cutworms. In one large field of onions the outbreak was stopped im-
mediately. When scattered thinly the 20 lbs. may be used to treat about 3 acres,
the application to be made after sundown. In one field of corn cutworms were
plentiful and an application of the above mixture was made. Further injury was
thus prevented and an examination made around 40 hills by Mr. Bryce, of Mac-
donald College, resulting in the finding of from 1 to 6 dead cutworms near each
hill,
Root Maccors. The three species, viz. Tur Cappace Maccor (Phorbia
brassice), the IMportEeD ONION Maccor (Hylemyia antigua), and the SEED-cORN
Maccor (Phorbia fusciceps), were all present in the Ottawa district in 1915, the
two former causing much loss. The latter was reported attacking beans in small
gardens. The Cabbage Maggot was particularly destructive to cauliflowers,
cabbages, turnips and radishes. One market gardener near Ottawa reported the
Joss of 3,500 early cauliflowers. In continuing our work on the control of this
insect we again demonstrated the value of the one-ply tarred felt paper dise. In
one experiment about 1,600, plants had the discs placed around their stems and
practically the whole crop was protected from maggot attack. The control of these
root maggots is discussed in full in a bulletin which we have just prepared and
which we hope will be available for distribution in the spring of 1916.
THe Asparacus Brprius. In September 1906, we found at Ottawa the
larvee of the Common Asparagus BEETLE (Crioceris asparagi L.). Until 1915,
this was the only record we had for the district. During the past season, however,
the insect was abundant and destructive, and it was accompanied by the 'TWELYE-
spoTteD AspARAGUS BEETLE (Crioceris 12-punctata L.). The year 1915 is the
first in which we have found this latter species at Ottawa. The adult beetles were
commonly found in the latter half of August. The larve of the latter species
were collected from the seeds of asparagus on September 23rd. Growers of
asparagus in the Ottawa district should watch for the appearance of these beetles
in spring and apply the well known remedies.
Tue AsuH-cray Buister Brette (Macrobasis unicolor Kirby). Large
numbers of this insect were observed in eastern Canada, near Ottawa, and also in
parts of Quebec Province, where locusts had: been destructive. In one field of
potatoes which I examined in the latter half of June the beetle was present in
thousands and the vines were conspicuously defoliated. At Bowesyille, near
Ottawa, Mr. T. Rankin found the insect abundant in early July. In addition to
potatoes this blister beetle attacks beans, peas, beets, tomato, clover, etc.
*In preparing the bran mash the bran and Paris green are mixed thoroughly while
dry. The juice of the oranges or lemons is squeezed into the water, and to this is also
added the pulp and peel after cutting into fine bits. The molasses should then be added,
and when dissolved the mixture should be poured on to the dry bran and poison, stirring
the whole constantly so as to dampen the bran thoroughly.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13
Tue RED-HEADED FLEA BEETLE (Systena frontalis). In the middle of August
this common black flea-beetle was seen at Ottawa to be attacking potatoes, and in
flower gardens asters and chrysanthemums were injured. It was also found on
earrot. It may be easily recognized by the conspicuous red patch on the top of the
head; in length it is about three-sixteenths of an inch. Potato vines which are
properly sprayed to protect them from the Colorado Potato Beetle would, of course,
also be protected from the ravages of the Red-headed Flea Beetle.
. Pra Aputs (Macrosiphum pisi). In eastern Ontario a rather serious out-
_ break of the pea aphis occurred, and from a few places reports of injury by the
Carrot Rust Fry (Psila rose) were received.
Illustrating larva of Dock Sawfly, Ametastegia glabrata (Taxonus
nigrisoma) and its habit of boring into apples in autumn in
which to hibernate. (Original.)
ATTACKING FRuIT TREEs.
ApHipEs. These insects were present in large numbers during the season,
_ many enquiries being received particularly with regard to the species occurring on
- plum and apple.
oe THE OYSTER-SHELL ScALE (Lepidosaphes ulmi L.) was frequently reported,
but few instances of noticeable damage by the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella),
came to my notice.
_ THE Dock Sawrity (Ametastegia glabrata Fallen). During 1915 this
‘insect, which in Canadian literature was previously known as Taronus nigrisoma
Nort., was abundant throughout eastern Canada, and its well-known habit of
boring into apples in autumn was complained of. The same injury was noticed at
‘Ottawa. In 1902, Fletcher* first recorded such injury to apples in Ontario,
_ which was also in that year observed at Ottawa. The larva, which is known as the
Dock False-worm, usually feeds on plants of the Dock family. Its habit of boring
_ *33rd Annual Report of the Ent. Soc. of Ontario.
4
14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
into the soft flesh of apples in autumn to hibernate is shown in figure 1. In one
apple examined in September last’ two larve were found. The holes where the
larve had entered were conspicucus. Several apples were examined and; in one,
three holes occurred close together. An examination of these indicated that the
larva evidently has the habit of boring several holes before finally closing one up
in which to pass the winter. In one case the cavity in the apple was five-eighths
of an inch long by one-eighth of an inch wide. The end was closed up with the
“chewings ” made by the larva, no frass being present. In another instance the
larva had entered to a distance of nine-sixteenths of an inch and in still another —
eleven-sixteenths of an inch. In every case the head of the larva was towards the
skin or outside of the apple. The larva was one-half inch in length, dark green
in colour, the sides and centre whitish green; head pale brown, darker brown at
vertex, on either side a conspicuous dark brown spot. In the December, 1915,
number of the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, Rohwer
places the name we knew the insect by, viz., Taronus nigrisoma Nort., as a synonym
of the European species, Ametastegia glabrata (Fallen).
GREENHOUSE AND GARDEN PLANTS.
Garden plants of many kinds suffered seriously from the attacks of plant lice,
and in early spring newly set out annuals were cut off by cutworms, the Striped
Cutworm being the most destructive of the species which occurred in 1915.
THE Four-Ltinep Lear Bue (Pecilocapsus lineatus Fab.) was abundant in
the district, attacking freely such garden plants as asters, dahlias, etc.
THE RED-HEADED FLEA BEETrLe (Systena frontalis). As already mentioned,
this common flea-beetle was found this year in August attacking asters and
chrysanthemums.
The most interesting greenhouse insect of the year at Ottawa was the oc-
currence of the CHRYSANTHEMUM Mince, (Diarthronomyia hypoge@a H.Lw.) in one
of the large houses. This insect had doubtless been recently introduced with the
plants from the United States, where it has become recently established. The
Ottawa occurrence is the only record we have of the midge in Canada. Dr. Felt,*
the New York State Entomologist, in writing of tha species in April, 1915, recom-
mends the destruction of badly infested plants by burning. Where the leaves only
show slight infestation many of these may be removed. Fumigation with hydro-
cyanic acid gas would, of course, destroy the midges but would have little or no ~
effect on the larve, which work within the leaf tissues.
Diviston No. 3, Toronto Distrrct—A. CosEns.
So far as the writer is concerned, the Entomological season of 1915 opened
April 7th with a trip to the Etobicoke, a small stream that enters Lake Ontario
a few miles west of the city. The banks of this creek are still wooded in many
places, and even yet the Indian significance of the name, “the place of the Alder,”
is peculiarly applicable. The locality was choice, but a delightfully warm sun
and the lethargy incident to the first tramp of the year made energetic collecting
almost an impossibility. This and the early date serve as an explanation of the
confession that the only insects captured were specimens of Aphodius femoralis
Say., many of which were on the wing.
The excessive rainfall and the low average temperature of the past summer
do not appear to have reduced materially the production of the various forms
*Jour. Econ. Ent., Vol. 8, 267.
fer
1916 f ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15
of insect life. Some orders were relatively poorly represented in the early part
of the season, but later on became normally abundant. With the exception of
the Cabbage-butterfly, other species were not so common as usual, until about
the end of August, when several forms began to appear in larger numbers. At
Mt. Dennis, Oct. 11th, many specimens of Milbert’s Tortoise-shell, Vanessa milberti
Godart, were flitting about or resting upon the heads of the large purple aster,
the flower and insect combination adding a pleasing touch of color to the other-
wise rather sombre tints of the frost-touched vegetation. After about the middle
of July the Baltimore, Melitaea phaeton Drury, was fairly plentiful. As a general
Tule, both of these species are comparatively rare in this district.
The damage done this year by several injurious insects has been more pro-
nounced than usual.
At the beginning of the season, the webs of the Tent caterpillars were fre-
quently seen on the Choke Cherries and other native trees of the fence rows and
thickets in the vicinity of the city. From complaints received from fruit growers,
it would seem that this pest has lost none of its wonted energy, and is still an
important issue from an economic standpoint.
The continuous wet weather is credited by many with the greatly increased
activity of the Carrot Rust Fly, Psila rosae. A gardener of many years’ experience,
who had never noticed the. pest before, had his crop completely ruined by its
Tayages. In some cases the larvae had so tunnélled the carrot that the entire
cortex was destroyed; it was impossible to find a single plant that was not
attacked. For the benefit of others who may have crops similarly affected, I take
the liberty of quoting the directions, kindly sent by Mr. Gibson, for bringing
the insect under control. “Protection against the attack of the insect may be
obtained, early in the season, at the time the plants are thinned out, by spraying
with the ordinary kerosene emulsion, diluted one part in nine of water. Where
carrots are stored in sand for winter use, the larvae leave the roots and pupate
in the soil. In spring, of course, such sand in which the puparia occur should
be removed and buried in a deep hole or thrown into a pond. It is wise to
use land next year in which the carrots were not grown during the present season.”
Sawfly larve were received from Mr. Blakely, of the Parks Department,
who reported that they were damaging the California poplars in the eastern
_ part of the city. Several trees were attacked by them, and the leaves badly
eaten. These larve have a ground colour of yellow, broken by two pairs of
lateral rows of black spots. In the upper series, these are irregularly circular
in outline; in the lower, while of nearly the same shape, they are much smaller.
The vertex of the head is black, shading to a deep brown at the front and sides.
All the mouth-parts are yellow, with the exception of the mandibles, which are
black. A black spot covers the dorsal portion of the last segment. The whole
body bears a covering of long light-yellow hairs. The larve are gregarious feeders.
‘Mr. S. A. Rohwer, Washington, to whom specimens were sent, writing under
date of Sept. 27th, replied as follows:
“Yours of the 25th instant reached me this morning. The sawfly larve that
you sent cocooned en route, but I do not doubt in the least that it is T’richiocampus
viminalis (Fallen), a species that is treated under the name of Aulacomerus
lutescens by Lintner in the fourth report of the State Entomologist of New York,
pages 44-46. As far as I am aware, this is the first report of this species being
of economic importance. The larve cocoon in the leaves, or the cocoon is attached
along the trunk of the tree. Lintner found two generations, and this is probably
16 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
the last. The best control measures to be adopted would be the raking up and
burning of the leaves.”
The Lesser Bud-moth, Recurvaria nanella. Larve of this Europeon species
were found in numbers at Toronto, on a pear tree; and an apple tree in an
adjoining lot had all the leaves rolled up by the larve. The species was deter-
mined by Mr. August Busck. The insect is discussed at length in Bull. 113 of
the United States Department of Agriculture.
A large percentage of the grasshoppers, examined during September, were
found to be parasitized by “hair snakes” of either the genus Gordius or Mermis,
the latter being more numerous. The Red-legged Grasshopper, Melanoplus femur-
rubrum De G., was the favorite host in this district. It would seem a reasonable
conjecture that the wet season has had, in this case, a deterring effect on the
production of the grasshoppers by furnishing more suitable conditions for the
development of this parasite, but the dexterity with which the infected specimens
“evaded a net has given me grave cause to doubt the efficiency of this check. At
least it seemed impossible to distinguish parasitized from unparasitized forms
by any lessened activity on the part of the former.
Throughout July, the unusually wet weather must have produced ideal con-
ditions for the maturing of aphids, as these insects were forced upon the attention
at all times. Many different species of plants were infested, the spiraeas and roses
of the city gardens were often seriously injured by them, and even the burdocks
and lamb’s quarters, of the vacant lots, were not immume from their attacks.
Masses of a small black species surrounded the stems and leaf petioles of the —
common nasturtium, in many cases killing the smaller plants. Another variety
established colonies on the flower clusters of the honeysuckles, and destroyed the
majority of the unopened buds. Especially in the case of infected roses, a num-
ber of different remedies were applied. Some growers apparently had implicit
faith in the effectiveness of an “absent” treatment, and did nothing at all, to
the detriment of their own and their neighbor’s plants. Others were firmly con-
vinced that spraying with cold water was all that was necessary, while a few sub-
stituted a solution of nicotine. This last method appeared to give universal satis-
faction wherever it had been properly tried. One gardener did, however, assure
me that his bushes had developed a particularly hardy variety of aphid that refused
to succumb even to the nicotine application.
A very interesting root gall was collected early in the spring by Prof. J. H.
Faull, University of Toronto. The galls, which are produced on the roots of the
False Solomon’s Seal, Maianthemum canadense, Desf., consist of elongated swel-
lings, from 8-12 mm. in length, and 2-3 mm. in diameter. They are circular in
cross-section, and fairly regular in shape, tapering gradually at each end to the
size of the normal rootlet. As the specimens were immature when secured, it
was necessary to keep them under moist conditions for several weeks. This may
account for the fact that only four producers were secured from a dozen galls.
The insects were sent to Dr. E. P. Felt, Albany, N. Y., who has pronounced them
a new species, and is describing them under the name Dasyneura torontoensts.
The only information that we possess, concerning the life histories of the adults,
is that they emerge late in June. The light color of the insects would seem
to indicate that the greater part of their existence is spent underground.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1iy/
Division No. 5, Port Hore District—Francis J. A. Morris.
An active collector of Lepidoptera in Port Hope, Mr. H. L. Bowers, has
now moved to Oshawa and reports an unprofitable season’s work due to bad
weather and unfamiliarity with his surroundings. He writes:
I collected pretty steadily until June 15th, but took few specimens, Oshawa being a
poorer hunting ground than Port Hope. Extreme wet seemed to keep insect pests in the
background. “ Pieris rapae,” owing to spread of wild mustard, seems on the increase;
in September the fields were white with them; milkweed butterflies were more numerous
. than last year; other butterflies were scarce; such scarcity has been remarkable the
last two or three seasons. During 1912 I could have taken hundreds of Vanessa J-album,
_ but have seen few since. Tent caterpillars, both American and forest, were more numer-
ous this year than last. Many orchards around Oshawa were completely defoliated. I
was interested to see how much these were parasitized, and out of 100 cocoons, I did not
find one thus suffering. Pistol case-bearer of the apple was very plentiful. I noticed
Many apple trees badly infested with aphids. The tendency to allow wild apple, cherry
and plum to grow unchecked has a great tendency to render means taken by progressive
orchard-men to keep down insect pests, largely abortive. Practically all of the wild apple
trees that I have seen around Oshawa have been heavily infested with the Oyster-shell
scale. In September, I saw many cherry trees near Newtonville badly eaten by pear-tree
slug (Selandria cerasi). The caterpillars of certain species of Crambus were very
numerous in meadows. I noticed the maple trees in Oshawa badly infested with Pigeon
Horn Tail, which oviposited continuously from August 3rd to September 15th; Thalessa
lunator was also plentiful. Hemlocks on the main street were badly infested with
Tortrix funiferana. Some horse-chestnuts were badly eaten by tussock caterpillars.
The Promethea moth, found very scarce at Port Hope (one cocoon in six years), seems
plentiful here. I took Phigalia titea, April 13th; Orthojidonia vestaliata were plentiful
for several weeks; Drepana arcuata, May 30th; Sphinx cerisyi, June 13th; Thecla
liparops, July 18th. I have identified some of the captures made last year, and the
following is a list of those made at Port Hope, which have some interest. I believe they
are all fairly scarce:—
to"
.
Sphinz cerisyi. Catocala vidua.
Diphthera fallaz. . Raphia pater.
Hyperaeschra georgica. Semiophora opacifrons.
Fentonia marthesia. Semiophora tenebrifera.
Galgula hepara. Hydriomena ruberata (birivata?).
Catocala innubdens. Thecla edwardsii.
Dr. Watson of Port Hope reports the cutworm locally troublesome on cabbage
_and cauliflower.
; Mr. Duncan, of the Department of Agriculture in Port Hope, says the Potato
Beetle was very prevalent and that he noticed in several places the Friendly
Perillus at work destroying the larve. Aphids were not so abundant. He was
_ called to look at an apple orchard near Orono that was overrun by Tent caterpillars.
_ It was ten or twelve acres in extent, and most of the trees were denuded of
foliage and bore no fruit, except in the one corner that he was able to save by
spraying with arsenate of lead. Some idea of the numbers of these creatures
_ could be gathered from a sack that he saw slung over a branch in the orchard:
ez pede Herculem—in the folds of the sack he counted over fifty cocoons. His
Tecollection is that both species of caterpillar were equally numerous. The orchard
was a well-kept one and had not been attacked in 1914. This, again, points in the
same direction as Mr. Bowers’ note. There were doubtless rich breeding grounds
along some nearby fences the year before, or even that same season, but the
lary ran out of food and like many another young innocent crept into the apple
_ orchard. The canker worm was also prevalent in the orchard.
The school collections of insects, Mr. Duncan says, were up to average and
a few collections were extensive and well arranged. In the Peterborough Col-
_ legiate 30 or 40 of these come in annually and I often find specimens of great
18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
interest among them. This year the families of American Silk-worm moths and of
Sphingide were remarkably well represented. Among the latter was a very beauti-
ful specimen of the Nessus (Amphion nessus).
For the amateur collector the summer of 1915 was far from favourable. The
bright days of May and June were nearly all marred by cold winds. This kept
the sun-loving species inactive, and made your director’s favourite field of collecting ©
comparatively barren. This feature was specially noticeable in the second week
of June and again after a spell of wet weather at the end of June. The early
mornings were bright and promised well, but by noon quite a chill wind from the
east had sprung up and the results of several all-day tramps were on the whole
disappointing. In two years’ residence in Peterborough it has been impossible
for me to collect through the month of July, owing to work in Toronto. Next
season this work will probably not be incumbent, and I have great hopes of
watching more closely the insect visitors to blossoms during June and July in
my new neighborhood. So far my observations have been chiefly et to
bark, sap, fungus and foliage.
Very early in May the tent caterpillars again made their appearance about
Peterborough in large numbers. The city authorities set apart a small sum
of money and had some men go round the residential streets within the limits,
cutting off infected limbs and destroying some of the apple trees and wild plums
on waste grounds and in hedges where the pest abounded. This work seemed
fairly effective in saving shade trees about the city, but it did not strike at the
root of the evil as Mr. Bowers points out. I had the curiosity one day to count
‘the webs (very populous webs) beyond the limits on a stretch of lane about —
equal in length to two blocks of city street. They numbered over 100; choke-
cherry, pin-cherry, wild plum, apple, and hawthorn, all affording food and shelter
to myriads of both the forest and the apple tent caterpillar.
Early in May I paid a visit to the alder swamp between Peterborough and
Best’s where the varieties of Chrysomela reported last season had been found.
These were all present once more, the differences from normal being apparently
quite constant. In the middle of May where some cedar groves had been chopped
down, I took several specimens of Callidiwm aereum on a cedar trunk. At the
end of May I captured some interesting beetles in hawthorn blossom; these
included Cyrtophorus verrucosus, Molorchus bimaculatus, Callimoxys sanguino-
lentus, Acmeops proteus, Leptura capitata, and L. sex-maculata; Orsodachna atra;
and Malachius wneus. This last was new to me, though a single specimen was
taken near Port Hope this year by Dr. Watson. It is very abundant in the
neighborhood of Peterborough. The collection made by pupils at our collegiate,
I notice, are rarely without it. Last season I saw fifteen or twenty at the end
of June on the blossoming heads of meadow grass; and this season I captured
over a hundred from a single hawthorn on Aylmer Street without apparently
reducing the number of guests at the banquet. This beetle is interesting to the
systematist. It is described by Le Conte and Horn as introduced from the West
coast and is, moreover, sui generis in Hastern America. The family occupies a
space between the Lampyride and the Cleride. I think the only other member
of the family known to me is a Collops, a very pretty little beetle (also frequenting
blossoms) that I have captured occasionally—once at Guelph, when I was out
with Mr. Caesar.
In the first week of June at Jubilee Point on the north shore of Rice Lake
I captured two specimens of an Agrilus, steel-blue, with white marginal marks
on the metasternum and abdomen, feeding on hazel leaves; and on Spook Island
ol ”
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19
__ where I paddled over in the hopes of locating a colony of Chrysomela scalaris, var.
pnirsa, I discovered nearly all the foliage on the island fretted into holes by
. millions of Brachys ovata on oak, @rosa on basswood and grapevine. About the
_ middle of the month I spent a day at Hastings, and saw for the first time
immense numbers of the larve of the Jumping Sumach beetle (Blepharida rhois) ;
} they were feeding on the fragrant or Canada Sumach. This shrub I have seen
_ in three places only, on the north shore of the upper Rideau, in August, where
the imago of this beetle was abundant; on the cliffs below the Whirlpool Rapids,
Niagara, where no trace of either larva or imago could be seen; and here at
last, June, 1915, where hibernated imagoes were occasional and larve in great
abundance. The larva is one of the most disgusting sights in the insect world.
It is covered with what appears to be liquid excrementitious matter. This is
smeared so thickly over its surface as to give it a deformed lumpy appearance.
The insect glistens with this slime much as the larva of the saw-fly, known as the
Pear-tree Slug. Though the sumach grows, a low and upright shrub, in open
_ pastures, and the insect feeds in broad daylight, exposed on the upper surface of
__ the leaves, yet the fiercest rays of noontide sun seem to have no effect on its slimy
_ coat; it neither evaporates nor cakes. Without imputing a fairly high aesthetic
_ sense to insectivyorous birds, we must suppose this creature to be just about as
_ Sayoury a morsel as it looks; the soft, helpless, sluggish infant of a larva is just
as immune as the hard-shelled, leaping and flying beetle.
On June 13th I captured a newly emerged specimen of the Elder-borer,
_ Desmocerus palliatus, south-east of Peterborough. This is the earliest record I
have made for the insect in our latitude; they became abundant in the last week
of June. About the 10th of July I captured six in Niagara Glen and as late as
_ the first week of August one in the neighborhood of Owen Sound. About the
middle of June in some felled and decayed elms lying on the edge of a poplar
swamp I found breeding several specimens of Physocnemum brevilineum. These
were settling in the sunshine on the prostrate trunks, or sheltering from. the
_ east wind in crevices and under loose flakes of bark. It was there and then that I
found the first specimen of the Elm Saperda (Saperda tridentata) I have ever
taken on its food tree. As the net result of two visits to this collecting ground
I will list the more interesting captures made:
pee? Yrs
Physocnemum brevilineum (elm) ............0. cece cence 25
OT HEE othe Ca (0) ee 14
**Tetropium cinnamopterum (white pine) ......>.........- 1
Seoplosia mubtla (basswood): .........0+.5eseeseceeseece 1
Calhidium antennatum (cedar) ......-..0.--eeceecegees 1
Pachyta monticola (thimble-berry blossom) .............. 6
Leptura proxima (thimble-berry blossom) .............. 2
**L. chrysocoma (thimble-berry blossom) ...............-- 1
L. 6-maculata (thimble-berry blossom) ..............+--- aif!
Rhagium lineatum (hemlock trunk) ...........-.....--- 1
Clerus thoracicus var. rufiventris ...........220c0ceeeees 19
a4 GIES) Sts Geteor near nne Sear oe cramer abundant
Melanophila fulvoguttata (newly felled hemlock)... .abundant
Anthaxia eneogaster (fleabane blossoms in hemlock swamp)
abundant
Xenorhipis brendeli (basswood stumps) ............. abundant
20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Besides these, seven or eight other species of Leptura were noted and ten
other genera of cerambycid. In the latter part of June, larve, pup, and imagines
of the very handsome Ladybird (Anatis 15-punctata) were found in great num-
bers on leaves of elder, ash, butternut, basswood and maple. About one-fifth of
these were of thé normal form, the rest were of the variety mali, in which the
elytral spots are “eyed” with a narrow halo paler than the ground color. This
mention of varieties recalls a point of interest in connection with an insect taken
in 1914, but not identified by me till after our last meeting. The insect is the
Staphylinid Oxyporus, but as my report is a long one I will omit the note, as I
have done with similar notes on Hoplosia nubila and Pogonocherus mictus.
The note is mainly of systematic interest.
At the end of June I went down to Port Hope a few days before reporting
for duty in Toronto. While there I visited a hardwood four miles north of the
town, where axe and saw had been busy in the winter. Again I will save space
by listing the more interesting captures made:
Neoclytus erythrocephalus (dead twigs of hawthorn and
Maple). onc pe tesyelee ela capstone ee ee 3
Arrhopalus fulminans (under bark, stump of butternut).... 1
*Calloides nobilis (under chip of oak) ...............---- 1
*Centrodera decolorata (maple stump) .............--.-+-- 1
Elaphidion villosum (oak stump) ................6- eee
*Pogonecherus mixtus (pine trunk) ...............+-++: 1
*Goes oculatus (willow foliage)
The last beetle in this list was captured on the old home farm of Mr. John —
Hume. There is a swamp here-just below a high ridge of land to the north, and
where the willows are thick two streams flow out from the swamp, one about the size
of a field drain, the other rather larger; the smaller flows south-east, the larger
south-west. In the willows here I noticed a number of wasps flying to the stems.
The stems proved to be covered with recent bore-holes, from which was exuding
dark pulp. It was evidently the pungent smell of fermenting sap that had brought
the wasps, and while I was investigating, several butterflies hovered or settled
about the bores and two beetles (Gaurotes cyanipennis) were taken feeding at
them. Presently I discovered a pair of weevils, with a large white patch near
the apex of the elytra, resting on a stem a foot or two above the bores. It was
Cryptorhyncus lapathi (as I have since learned from Mr. Caesar). I was unable
to see any insect emerge from the tunnels, nor did I notice any ovipositing.
Soon after, Dr. Watson came out with me and we captured over 20 of these
eurculios. Next day I had to go to Toronto as an associate examiner. This
was about the 3rd of July. Dr. Watson visited the place about four times in
the next five weeks and never failed to find several of these creatures on the
willow. At Thanksgiving I visited the same place and also followed the larger
stream for half a mile south-west. No insects were to be found on the trees, and
though I took some infested stems home with me, I could find no trace of eggs.
There were several larve, but I could not identify them for certain. One looked
like the larva of Saperda concolor. The willow worst-bored appeared to be Salix
discolor. Trees of Salix nigra seemed immune and also those of a species I could
not identify—the leaves broad and not very long, rugose with veins on the upper
side and downy beneath. The foliage was partly shrivelled in October and there
seems to be much intergrading among the willows, which makes identification un-
+a
Pea sr
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21
satisfactory except in the blossoming season. The boring was worst at the base and
seldom extended further up than eight or nine feet. Stems less than 214 inches
in diameter were seldom, if ever, touched. Those of 5 inches in diameter seemed
the favorite resort, and occasionally stems eight and nine inches in diameter
were badly bored, but not trees of greater thickness than this. The damage was
observed over more than a mile of country between south and north, and half a
mile between east and west. In the west area the willows were riddled with
holes, and trees that had five or six stems growing out from the roots had (nearly
all) lost some of these, either snapped off above by the wind or broken down by
their own weight at the base. More than once in crossing the stream I broke
off a thick stem by simply bearing on it with my hand. On returning to Peter-
borough after Thanksgiving I went through twenty or thirty collections of insects
made by pupils of the school, and in one located a single specimen of the beetle.
So far I have not found any damage to willows in our neighborhood.
While I was in Toronto (between July 3 and July 24) Dr. Watson captured
a large number of Urographis fasciata on a felled oak as well as on a neighboring
woodpile of the same material. On the log he saw also, but failed to capture, some
specimens of Neoclytus erythrocephalus. They are extremely quick in their move-
ments, especially during hot sunshine. Two days snatched from the holocaust of
July, I managed to spend at Queenston and made a number of interesting captures
between there and Niagara Glen, mostly about blossoms of New Jersey Tea. I
have a list of these but will not trespass further on your time and patience.
*Toxotus cylindricollis (foliage of hazel) ................ 1
eguotiotis: Speciosus (foliage) «2... 0. 0s0es.c0s sees 1
Oheren bimaculata’ (raspberry) ..-....:.....00..:.+.--% 1
**Strangalia luteicornis (New Jersey Tea) .............-.. 3
*Leptura subhamata (New Jersey Tea, all male)......... 4
**Leptura cordifera (New Jersey Tea) ................... 6
**Leptura (sp. ? dehiscens New Jersey Tea)............. 2
Wrens. 2. species. (flowers)\.<.....<-o.<e0 esses abundant
Macrobasis unicolor (vetch) .....................-abundant
3 species of Cryptocephalus (foliage) .............. abundant
Eupogonius subarmatus (basswood) ............... abundant i
Early in August I took another specimen of Fup. subarmatus, always on
basswood; and throughout August in the Algonquin Park found Leplura canadensis
common—none of them males.
On returning to Peterborough in September, I found the climbing nasturtium
_ on our yerandah-railing badly infested with larve of Pieris rape. In a few
minutes I picked about 100 off the leaves over a space of about six feet. On each
of the two following days I gathered almost as many. I suspect they came from
a vacant field, nearly opposite, in which charlock has been allowed to grow. They
Were succeeded in October by black aphids from a neighbor’s dahlias. These
_ multiplied so on a thick stem that had twined about the verandah post that it
tesembled a ship’s mast coiled round with a spiral of tarred rope.
“\
Diviston No. 7, Nracara District—Witt1am A. Ross.
As Mr. Caesar in, his report on “Insects of the Season in Ontario” will no
doubt refer to most of the common pests found in the Niagara district, I shall
confine my attention to a few insects which were of special interest to me.
22 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
APPLE APHIDS. The three speciés, Aphis sorbi, Aphis pomi, and Aphis
avene, were again abundant. Some young apple orchards were very heavily in-
fested with A. pomt, but in bearing orchards A. sorbi was, as usual, the chief
depredator.
In connection with the summer hosts of A. sorbi it was found that the migrant
forms readily colonized three species of Plantago—P. lanceolata, P. major and P.~
rugelit, and that as many as eleven generations of the aphid may develop on these
weeds. Both in the insectary and in the fields P. lanceolata, common rib grass,
appeared to be the favorite host.
TH Pear Psyiia (Psylla pyricola). At the Vineland Experimental Farm
gratifying results in the control of this insect were obtained. In one experiment
infested trees were sprayed, after the cluster buds had burst, with lime sulphur
wash, testing 1,030 specific gravity. In a second experiment, of course with
different trees, lime sulphur diluted to summer strength in tobacco water (1 lb.
tobacco refuse in 2 gallons of water) was used and the application was made just
after the blossoms had fallen. The results given by these two treatments can best
be stated by quoting from notes made on May 22nd: “ Exp. No. 1. Results good—
very few nymphs are present on the trees. Exp. No. 2. Results practically 100
per cent. effective—only one living nymph found. Check. Psyllas are numerous
on unsprayed trees.”
Lesser PEAcH TREE Borer (Aegeria pictipes). arly in the season many
complaints were received from fruit growers regarding a “ worm” which ‘bored into
the trunk and large branches of peach trees and produced gumming. On looking
into this matter it was found that in practically all cases the gumming was
primarily caused not by the “worm” but by the peach tree canker fungus. The
“worm,” the lesser peach borer, was, however, very much in evidence in the
cankered areas and by its work aggravated and greatly increased the wounds. I
should mention here that I found the borer in all old cankers which I examined,
and that I took as many as six larve from one injured area.
The adults of the lesser peach borer commenced to emerge towards the end of
May and the maximum emergence appeared to take place during mid-July, judging
by the large number of empty pupal skins found protruding from the trees at
that time.
Cuerry ApHis (Myzus cerasi). Last spring there was a serious outbreak of _
this plant louse on sweet cherries in different parts of the Niagara district. Ina
Vineland orchard, which I had under observation, the young shoots were injured
so severely that by the latter part of July most of the tender foliage was dead. The
fruit in this same orchard was small, ripened irregularly and much of it was
covered with honey dew and honey dew fungus. In fact so much damage was
done to the fruit that most of the crop was left on the trees.
Mr. Howard Curran, my assistant, sprayed two infested trees with whale oil
soap, 1 lb. to 4 gallons of water, and destroyed in the neighborhood of 99 per cent.
of the aphids.
Tue RaspBerRy Byturus (Byturus unicolor). This insect is rarely trouble-
some in Ontario. However, during May it was present in a large raspberry planta-
tion near Jordan in sufficiently large numbers to give a great deal of anxiety to the
grower. The beetle destroyed many of the flower buds by eating into them. It
also fed on and skeletonized the tender foliage, especially the foliage near the
flower buds.
The owner of the raspberry bushes sprayed them with arsenate of lead and
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23
apparently got good results, because when I visited his place later on I found com-
paratively few beetles on the bushes.
Tur RasPpeRry SAwrity (Monophadnoides rubi). This pest was very
troublesome last year, but I regret to say it was much more destructive this season.
Two large raspberry plantations near Vineland were very badly infested and on
many of the bushes all that was left of the foliage was the petioles and leaf ribs.
The raspberry sawfly is readily controlled by spraying with) arsenate of lead,
but as the insect is not regularly injurious the fruit grower seldom thinks of
applying the remedy until it is too late.
Tue Priver Puant Louse (Rhopalosiphum ligustri). This greenish-yellow
aphid was again very abundant on privet and as a result of its depredations
several beautiful hedges were partially defoliated.
! Last year I referred to this insect with some doubt as the European species
Rhopalosiphum ligustri. However, there is no longer any question in regard to its
identity, as my determination was confirmed by Prof. Theobald, of London Uni-
_ versity, England, who kindly examined some specimens which were sent to him.
Before coming to this meeting I had occasion to examine an infested privet
hedge, and I was greatly interested to find three kinds of males present, viz.:
winged, wingless and forms intermediate between alate and apterous. This would
seem to suggest that the male of R. ligustri is in an unstable condition and that it
is gradually changing from the primitive to the specialized form, i.e., from alate
to apterous. ’
Tue AsPARAGus BEETLE Parasite (Tetrastichus asparagi). Karly in June
this interesting chalcid, heretofore unrecorded in Canada, was found destroying
_ the eggs of the asparagus beetle (Crioceris asparagi L.) at Vineland Station.
Tetrastichus has a very curious life history. The female by means of a sharp
ovipositor pierces the egg of the asparagus beetle and deposits within it her own
eggs (from three to nine in number according to dissections which I made). In
due course, the beetle egg, its viability unaffected, hatches, and the grub grows to
maturity. The chalcid eggs in the meantime hatch and the parasites apparently
nourish themselves on the body fluids of their host without appreciably interfering
with its development. The full-grown asparagus grub enters the soil and forms
- the pupal cell, but proceeds no further because at this stage it is wholly consumed
by the chalcid larve. The parasites then pupate within their host’s cell and later
emerge as adults.
The adult Tetrastichus is a voracious feeder on the eggs of the asparagus
beetle and in this capacity the insect is really of greater economic importance than
in the role of a parasite. In support of this statement I may mention that early
in June asparagus beetles and their eggs were exceedingly abundant on the
asparagus plants at the Vineland Experimental Farm, but the hungry chalcids
_ destroyed so many eggs that very few grubs hatched out—less than one per cent.,
I should say. Later on when the parasites were not so plentiful a larger per-
centage of the beetle eggs hatched.
In feeding the chalcid stands on the egg, plunges her ovipositor into it, and
- energetically works the ovipositor up and down usually for three or four minutes.
_ She then steps back, applies her mouth parts to the puncture and feeds on the egg
contents. If the first prodding does not render sufficient food available the oper-
ation may be repeated. In fact I noticed one chalcid attack an egg no less than
four times. ~
24 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
There are apparently two broods of this insect in the Niagara district. Adults
of what I took to be the first generation were very abundant during early June, but
by June 28th they had all disappeared. Second brood “ flies” emerged late in
July and were found on the asparagus plants until the latter part of August.
This generation was much smaller in number than the first.
REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Mr. TREHERNE: As Secretary of the British Columbia Entomological Society,
a branch of this Society, I may say that our membership stands at about seventy at
the present time. About thirty of these can be considered activa members, those
that are engaged in recording insects from different parts of the province, and who
are anxious to receive information of a more technical character, such as is re-
corded in The Canadian Entomologist. The remainder are mostly farmers and
fruitgrowers of a better type who are interested in the control of insect pests.
We have an interesting development that occurred during the past year in the
formation of sub-branches, Victoria and Vancouver. The Vancouver sub-branch
are holding monthly meetings during the winter, turning in their reports to what
they call the parent Society, that is to say, the Entomological Society of British
Columbia. The membership has been affected on. account of the war, several of
our men having gone overseas, and our Society has decided to continue their pay-
ments out of their own funds. We have published up to date seven bulletins
during the past three and one-half years. At the present time many recent
members, members that are not particularly interested in the Society, are dropping
out, and the result is that with those that are members we are getting on a more
level basis in that we have men that are more keenly interested in the Society, and
I think that in a year or two the Entomological Society of Ontario will find a very
active, strong Society in the West.
Dr. Hewirr: The Society has listened with much interest to Mr. Treherne.
We all know that the formation of the Branch out there is entirely due to Mr.
Treherne’s personal efforts and the support he has received from men like Mr.
Wilson, who is with us to-day, Mr. Day, and others, and it is very satisfactory to
think of the strong branch the Society has out there. We will now have the report
of the Montreal Branch.
REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH.
The 42nd annual meeting of the Montreal Branch was held at 32 Springfield
Ave., Westmount, on Saturday evening, May 15th, 1915.
The Secretary read the report of the Council as follows:
The Branch has held, during the season of 1914-15, nine monthly meetings,
the average attendance being over six.
We record, with deep regret, the death of our late member Mr. Henry H.
Lyman, who had been an active member since 1875, and had occupied all the
executive offices of our Society at one time or another. By his will, his large and
valuable collection of Lepidoptera and other insects, and his fine entomological
library, are now housed in the Redpath Museum of McGill University. This is
ne thai 8 Niet
Sy.
~
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25
now being carefully put into order and when funds become available it should
: _ rapidly become one of the most important insect collections in Canada, and of great
___ assistance to students of insect lifa By the terms of Mr. Lyman’s will the Pres-
ident and Secretary of this Branch are desired to be associated with the Professor
of Zoology of McGill University, as members of a committee to manage the bequest.
The papers read at the meetings during the year were as follows:
_
, 1. Annual Address of the President .................-eeeeeeee A. F. Winn.
: 2. Blectrical Fuses Attacked by Larve of Dermestes lardariusGeo. A. Moore.
3. The American Tortoise Shell Butterfly, Vanessa milberti
ITT “Ese cod SoS date or sor gato pont ne Sorgen A. F. Winn.
4, Saldidae, or Shore Bugs ......... BABA SACCE ROO AOU OR Geo. A. Moore.
5. Studies in the Genus Phaeocyma ............2.22ceeececrees G. Chagnon.
6. The Geometrid Genus Nyctobia Hulst ..........--.....-.+-- A. F. Winn.
Meee Goloration Of Insects |<... <2... cece cece ec cceccecccse A. F. Winn.
8. The Coloration of Exotic Butterflies ....................... G. C. Clayson.
é Bene Colors Seen in Hemiptera ......5..22.0cceecsccescecee Geo. A. Moore.
} ieee ANNUAal Meeting . 2.5... . 6. s. oc. cceee cess aston Prof. Lochhead.
- 11. Illustrated Talk on “ Work of Entomological Division ...... A. Gibson.
12. Notes on the Cause of the Blue Coloration of the Blue
SHLD a cO62 BQ RS ese CO AeIICa ce nen eae ae ea H. M. Simms.
13. Report of the Annual Meeting of the Quebec Society for the
PEM ADOT ERATED) tore a 5 cys eva\efove:ciciels o.oo oie vereeia ee Geo. A. Moore.
Besides the regular papers read Mr. Winn exhibited the list of Quebec Diptera
_ which had been compiled with the assistance of Mr. Beaulieu, and had been edited
by Mr. Johnson of Boston.
Our January meeting was honored by a visit from Prof. Lochhead, of
Macdonald College, with three students.
We also had a visit from Mr. Arthur Gibson, Assistant Dominion Ento-
mologist, at our February meeting. He gave a lantern-illustrated talk upon the
_ work being done at the different entomological laboratories in Canada.
At this latter meeting Mr. Simms illustrated the blue coloration of the
Lycenids, by means of a spectroscope.
Our March meeting was made more interesting by a series of microscope
slides being shown.
The report of the Treasurer showed a balance of $82.34 on hand.
3 Mr. H. M. Simms, one of our members, has enlisted for Overseas service in the
great European war.
The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:
RECTAL ia inie'e'e on \e oe osteo sia A. F. WINN.
WRCCETCSIGENE, 2... 0cccscsces G. CHAGNON.
Secretary-Treasurer ......... Geo. A. Moore.
Librarian ........ osecccecece G. CHAGNON.
ES ed SS ASC Messrs. G. A. SOUTHEE, G. H. Criayson, E. C.
Barwick, H. M. Srus.
Gero. A. Moore,
Sec.-Treas.
REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH.
* The nineteenth annual meeting of the Toronto Branch was held in the
Biological Building on Thursday, October 14th, 1915, the chair being occupied by
_ the President, Dr. Cosens.
3 Es.
26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
The minutes of the previous meeting having been read and approved, the
report of the Council and financial report were presented and adopted.
Hight regular meetings, not including the annual meeting, were held during
the season 1914-15, at which the average attendance remained about the same as in
past years.
The following list comprises the papers read during the season:
Oct. 9. “Insect Aliens, Desirable and Otherwise,” illustrated with specimens. Dr.
A. Cosens.
Nov. 19. “A Trip to Point Pelee.” Mr. C. W. Nash, Provincial Biologist.
Dec. 10. “Crickets,” illustrated by specimens. Dr. E. M. Walker.
Jan. 14. ‘Some Entomological Notes in North Dakota,” illustrated- by specimiens. Mr,
F. J. Prewett.
Feb. 10. “Two Months in New Brunswick,” with lantern illustrations. Mr. E. Horne
Craigie.
Mar. 25. “ Types of Neuroptera,” illustrated by specimens. Dr. A. Cosens.
April 29. ‘“‘ Blood-sucking Flies,” with lantern illustrations. Dr. E. M. Walker.
At the meeting held May 20th, Dr. Walker exhibited a collection of beetles
intended for the Royal Ontario Museum; Mr. Hanniball, a living horned toad from
Texas, and Dr. Cosens, galls and producers of the genus Rhodites.
A successful field meeting was held at Mount Dennis on May 29th.
During the season four new members had been elected, two had gone to the
front, and one had resigned.
The: financial report showed a balance on band of $13.90.
A paper was read by Dr. Cosens upon “The Founding of the Saanne of
Cecidology,” after which the election of officers for the coming season took place.
The election resulted as follows:
EV CRI ONE icletc cialotcialsvaie’e e/s/ere «»» DE. E. M. WALKER.
iVACC-PFESILENTE Ucvclete!ciaicre elelerclers E. Horne CRAIGIE.
Secretary-Treasurer ...c.seeee S. Locirr, 1244 St. Clair Ave., Toronto.
TROTOTION wl stele iaccicicinieisicieislciveris H. E. BICcKNELL.
COUN CH Foe isicicte Reicatreeaic ater Dr. A. Cosens, C. A. SNAZELLE, C. W. Nasu, J.
{ HANNIBALL,
Respectfully submitted,
E. Horne CRAIGIE,
Secretary.
THE NOVA SCOTIA BRANCH.
THE PRESIDENT: We are very pleased to learn, as announced in the report of
the Council, of the formation in Nova Scotia of an Entomological Society, which
has become affiliated as a branch of the Ontario Entomological Society, and I
should like to take this opportunity of congratulating Prof. Brittain and his asso-
ciates in the energetic way in which he has collected together the scattered units
who have entomological leanings in that Province. We shall be glad to hear from
Prof. Brittain, if he has not a formal report, a few words in regard to the Society.
Pror. BrirraIn: Though I did not prepare any formal report, I am pleased
to be able to say that in July last we held an organization meeting and succeeded
in forming a very flourishing branch of the Ontario Entomological Society.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27
Ig SEES i an
: We were fortunate enough to have the support of Dr. A. H. MacKay, Super-
intendent of Education; Mr. L. A. DeWolfe, Director of Rural Education ; several
of the provincial school inspectors and others. All of these men have shown the
deepest interest in the work of the Society, and with their help we have been able
to enlist the support of a large number of teachers throughout the Province, many
of whom have already done some collecting and otherwise shown an interest in
entomological work.
I have also had the heartiest assistance and encouragement from Mr. George
E. Sanders, Field Officer of the Dominion Entomological Branch. In all these,
together with the inspectors and ex-inspectors of the Dominion and Provincial
Entomological Branches, we have a very good nucleus for the establishment of a
strong and vigorous society.
At the present time we have a paid-up membership of forty-one members, and
I confidently hope and expect that before the winter has passed, we will have
doubled that number.
rs THE PRESIDENT: I am sure the members have listened to this extempore
report with very great pleasure. It is a matter of regret that while there used to
i be a branch in the City of Quebec, we have not had a branch there for many years,
at least as long as I have been in this country, although we now have in the Pro-
_ vince of Quebec the Society for the Protection of Plants from Insect Pests and
_ Plant Diseases, which, in a way, takes the place of a Provincial Entomological
Society. At the same time, I think there is room for greater activity in the Pro-
_ vince of Quebec in the matter of entomology. We have a faithful friend in Mr.
Chapais, who, I think, should try and work up the interest of the Entomological
Society in the Province of Quebec. Before proceeding further I should mention
that letters of regret have been received from the following people on account of
their inability to attend the meeting: Mr. Grodge Davidson, Provincial Botanist
of British Columbia; The Rev. Abbé Huard, Provincial Entomologist of Quebec;
Prof. J. M. Aldrich; Prof. G. A. Dean; Dr. W. E. Britton, State Entomologist of
: Connecticut; and then, in addition, we had promises to be present from the follow-
_ ing members of the Society and gentlemen who intended to be present: Dr. Felt,
but he has had an urgent call to Long Island; Dr. Walker, who has been unable to
come on account of his academic duties, and Dr. Bethune, who was not able to
_ make the trip and who had lectures to attend to. Dr. Howard was to give our
public address, but he is unable to come owing to the fact that he met with an
accident. We also should have had with us Prof. Willing, Assistant Professor of
_ Natural History at the University of Saskatchewan, but illness has prevented him
_ from coming.
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO TO THE
‘ ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.
I have the honor of presenting the following report of the work of the Ontario
Entomological Society for the year 1914-15.
‘ The past year was a very successful one. The active membership continues
_ to increase, and the Society has now a relatively large number of trained workers
_ engaged in the investigation of the many insect problems that arise yearly in every
‘province. The presence of these new members has a stimulating influence on the
~ general work of the Society. They are young men, mostly graduates of the agri-
28 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
cultural colleges, and filled with the enthusiasm of youth and eager to advance the
interests of their profession. As a matter of fact the entomological interests of
the Dominion are now, to a large extent, in their keeping.
Another feature of recent entomological work is the appearance of an in-
creasing amount of investigation that might fairly be classed as high grade. This
result may be attributed to the fact that our younger entomologists have the
advantages of a scientific training and are thus able to undertake problems beyond
the power of their predecessors.
Much of the credit for the vigorous condition of the Society must be assigned
to its active President, Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Dominion Entomologist, who presided
most worthily at the fifty-first annual meeting held in Toronto on the 5th and 6th
of November last. This meeting was well attended, and many valuable papers
were presented. Considerable discussion took place on various subjects of im-
portance, particularly on the outbreak of the Army-worm in Canada in 1914. ~
Following is a list of the chief papers and addresses:
“ Applied Entomology in Canada: Its Rise and Progress,” the address of the President,
Dr. C. G. Hewitt.
“The Habits of Spiders” (illustrated), by Prof. J. H. Comstock, Cornell University.
“Jean Henri Fabre, the French Entomologist,” by Prof. W. Lochhead, Macdonald
College, P.Q.
“Insects of the Season,” by Prof. L. Cesar, A. Gibson, W. Lochhead, A. Cosens, J. A.
Morris, W. A. Ross, C. E. Grant, and C. E. Petch.
“The 1914 Outbreak of the Army Worm in Canada,” by A. Gibson. -
“The Army Worm in Ontario in 1914,” by A. W. Baker, O.A.C.
“Mountains and Hills,” by Dr. T. W. Fyles, Ottawa.
“Experiments with Poisoned Bran Baits for Locust Control,’ by A. Gibson, Ottawa.
“An Imported Red Spider Attacking Fruit Trees,” by Prof. L. Caesar.
“Cherry Fruit Flies,” by Prof. L. Caesar.
“Control of Forest and Shade Tree Insects of the Farm,” by J. M. Swaine, Ottawa.
“Variation in the Hedgehog Caterpillar,’ by A. Gibson.
“=
The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly journal of the Society, continues to
maintain its high reputation and its wide circulation in spite of the increased sub-
scription price. The 46th volume, completed in December last, is the largest and
most fully illustrated that has yet been published.
During the year 1914 and since the last meeting of the Royal Society, the
Ontario Entomological Society lost two of its best known members. Mr. H. H.
Lyman perished in the disaster to the “ Empress of Ireland ” on the 29th of May—
a few days after he had presented his report as delegate of this Society. Dr.
William Saunders, ex-Director of the Dominion Experimental Farms and one of
the charter members of this Society, died at his home in London on Sept. 13th.
In his Presidential Address at the Annual Meeting in Toronto, Dr. Hewitt spoke
very feelingly of the loss of these two highly esteemed members and ex-presidents
of our Society, and paid a high tribute to their memories. Besides, our worthy ~
and revered member, Rev. Dr. Bethune, who knew both very intimately for
many years, has written notes of high appreciation in the 45th Annual Report.
W. Locuueap, Delegate.
ry
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29
0 EE OSE ———————————————e
INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN ONTARIO.
L. Cansar, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH.
The past season with its abnormal amount of rainfall has been much more
favorable for the development of plant diseases, both fungous and bacterial, than
of insect pests.
Copiine Morn (Carpocapsa pomonella). The most interesting thing about
the Codling Moth was that in the Niagara district, where the amount of injury
done by the second brood is usually very much greater than by the first, this year
for the first time in my experience things were just reversed, the second brood
being remarkably small, though the first brood was about as abundant as usual.
Probably the excessive moisture was the chief reason for this, though other factors
may also have been at work.
Prum Curcutro (Conotrachelus nenuphar). This insect also was apparently
- less abundant than usual, although the fruit in neglected apple orchards suffered a
great deal of injury both from spring and fall attacks. On some trees nearly
every apple was deformed.
San José Scaty (Aspidiotus perniciosus). The season of 1914 with its dry
_ summer and long open fall was remarkably favorable for the increase of San José
Scale. This was not true in 1915, for this year, so far as my observation enables
me to judge, the increase has been less rapid than usual. This spring was also
_ favorable for good results from careful spraying. With a single application we
_ were able to destroy almost every scale in an old orchard that would otherwise
"have been nearly all dead by now. Lime-sulphur, strength 1.035, was used on one
_ part of the orchard; Soluble sulphur, strength 121% lbs. to 40 imperial gallons, on
_ another part, and Scalecide 1 to 15 on a third. All were about equally satisfactory
this year.
r BuisteR Mrre (Hriophyes pyri). For some wnexplained reason the increase
_ of Blister Mite, even in unsprayed orchards, the last two or three years has been
_ very slight; in fact some trees seem to have fewer leaves infested than three
_ years ago.
~ Lear-Roiirrs [Lortrix (Cacia) rosaceana, T. argyrospila and T. semiferana].
(See p. 163.)
. Capsips Artrackine Appies (Neurocolpus nubilus, Paracalocoris colon,
- Lygidea mendax and Heterocordylus malinus). A\l four of these Capsids were
_ found on apple trees but not all in any one orchard. Lygidea mendax was found
in the greatest number of orchards, but Neuwrocolpus nubilus has apparently been
_ the most destructive. It was sometimes found with Lygidea mendax, but in other
_ orchards was the only species present. Heterocordylus malinus apparently did
_ almost no harm and was much more common on hawthorns than on apples.
_ Paracalocoris colon was also scarce. Lygus invitus is abundant in the Province
_ but has not yet been found attacking apples or pears. Mr. Crawford’s paper gives
~ an account of our work on Neurocolpus nubilus.
$ — ‘ Tpnt-CATERPILLARS (Malacosoma americana and M. disstria). These cater-
" pillars still destructive in the eastern half of the Province, though Mr. E. P.
Bradt, the district representative at Morrisburg, informs me that a large per-
centage, apparently 50 per cent., of the eggs failed to hatch and fully 50 per cent.
of the caterpillars died before reaching maturity. There has been a gradual
decrease the last two years in the numbers of both species down east, but this is not
‘true of the western part of the Province, into which they are gradually spreading.
30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
M. americana is now very abundant, at least as far west as St. Thomas. It has
not yet, however, so far as I could see, become numerous in the extreme western
counties. Around Guelph there are many egg masses this year, and, therefore,
prospects for a severe infestation next year. M. disstria west of Toronto does not
seem to be nearly so abundant as Mf. americana.
Fatt CANKER-worm (Alsophila pometaria). Throughout a considerable
stretch of territory from Grimsby west, including Hamilton and Dundas, the Fall
Canker-worm is very numerous and destructive. It is also very abundant in some
forests in Norfolk County where the American elms, basswood, wild cherry, blue
beech, birch and oaks were either partly or entirely defoliated. Elms suffered
most. Maples were not so severely attacked as the other trees mentioned. Several
other kinds of loopers were also prevalent on these trees, but not in nearly so
large numbers as the Fall Canker-worm.
Pear PsyLiA (Psylla pyricola). Early in the season it looked as if pears
were going to be much infested by this insect, as adults and eggs were abundant.
However, the cold weather of May destroyed all but a very few. By autumn a few
orchards were again badly infested.
ApHiIps. On apple trees there were many aphids this spring up to a few days
before the blossoms were ready to burst. They then almost completely disappeared
in all the orchards that I had an opportunity to examine, so that apple trees
suffered very little from any of the leaf and fruit infesting aphids.
The Woolly Aphis (Schizoneura lanigera) in some districts was abundant,
especially on young shoots in late summer and autumn. On cherry trees at Guelph
the Black Aphis (Myzus cerasi) was very conspicuous and much more numerous
than for many years past. It was also very troublesome in the Niagara district.
When moderately early peas were just beginning to bloom in Norfolk County
hundreds of acres of them grown for the canning factories were threatened with
destruction through the abundance of the Pea Aphis (Macrosiphum pisi) on the
blossoms and new growth. Fortunately there came several days of very hot
weather with occasional heavy downpours of rain and almost all the aphids dis-
appeared. Sufficient damage, however, had been done to lessen the yield con-
siderably and in some fields almost to destroy the crop. The Pea Aphis has done
more damage the last few years in Ontario than it formerly did.
PEacH BorER (Sanninoidea exitiosa). Many complaints have been coming
in of injuries from this borer, particularly from those districts where peaches have
only recently been grown to any appreciable extent. I suspected at first that the
gum oozing out of the trunks of the trees as the result of winter injury was being
mistaken for the work of the borer, but my observations this year in Norfolk
County showed that such was not necessarily the case, as nearly every tree in some
orchards was attacked by from 1 to 20 or more borers. We have done some pre-
liminary work on the control of this pest, and in this connection have also worked
out fairly well its life history for this Province. It will be interesting to some to
learn that adults appeared in Norfolk County as early as July 15th and continued
up into September. One female in Niagara was seen’on September 11th.
Lesser Preach Borer (Aegeria pictipes). The numerous cankers on peach ~
trees in many orchards in the Niagara district have given ideal conditions for the
increase of this insect, so that it is to-day very prevalent in that district. Control
Measures under the circumstances are not easy.
Rose CHarer (Macrodactylus subspinosus). Near Fonthill several vineyards
had almost every grape cluster destroyed by this pest. I visited the district as
soon as informed of the trouble, but it was then too late to do anything as the
ee a es
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31
beetles had already begun to disappear. Several acres of waste sandy land lying
alongside the infested vineyards showed ideal conditions for bringing about just
such an outbreak.
Importep Rep Sper (Tetranychus pilosus). This spider was found as far
east this year as Trenton. It continues to do considerable injury, especially to
European plums. Some trees, however, that were badly infested last year were
only lightly attacked this year. Moreover, in some apple orchards trees heavily
infested just before bloom were comparatively lightly infested a couple of weeks
later. It is very probable that weather conditions have a very important part in
the control of this pest as of so many others.
GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE (Haltica chalybea). There were again many com-
plaints of injury from this beetle, especially in the Niagara district.
GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER (Typhlocyba comes). This insect was very abundant
in the Niagara district. Red grapes were, so far as I observed, much worse attacked
than blue. The foliage on many of the former in September was so brown from
injuries that one would expect the fruit at picking time to be inferior in quality.
I have had no opportunity to test whether this was so.
RaAspBerry SAw-Fiy (Monophadnus rubi). This raspberry pest is very wide-
_ spread in the Province and has the last few years been doing more damage than
usual. One large raspberry plantation near Vineland was almost completely de-
_ foliated by it this year.
___ Iwporrep Currant-Borer (Aegeria tipuliformis). Almost every currant
plantation is infested by this borer. In some cases a very large number of the
canes are found to be attacked.
GuiAssy Curworm (Hadena devastatriz). Last autumn at our annual meet-
ing I reported that some fields of wheat had been badly injured by this cutworm.
t The caterpillars in November last varied in length from about 14 to 1 inch; hence
_ we expected these over-wintering caterpillars, where numerous, to do much damage.
_ As soon as growth began in spring reports started to come in of fields of wheat and
barley being attacked. Several fields of wheat were almost ruined by the severity
_ of the attacks. A few Army-worms, but only a very few, were found among the
_¢cutworms. As the Glassy Cutworm works under the surface of the soil farmers
_ were advised to use the poisoned bran, harrowing it into the soil in the evening.
; I did not receive any reliable accounts of the degree of success obtained. About
: the usual number of reports of damage by other kinds of cutworms here and there
4 throughout the Province were received.
STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus). A few more complaints than
usual were sent in of injuries from these insects.
Iuportep ONIon Maccor (Pegomyia ceparum). It is worth recording that
in the great onion marshes of Kent County I could scarcely find a root maggot
_ when visiting the district this summer. Growers tell me they are never troubled
by it. This is strange, because onions have been grown on these marshes for at
least fifteen years, and, as the Onion Maggot is a very troublesome pest in many
parts of the Province, one would expect it to do even more damage in the marshes
where onions are grown on a larger scale than anywhere else in Ontario.
_ Stu@s. In Oxford County the district representative stated that Slugs were
so abundant this spring that some farmers claimed they were destroying the corn
just as it was coming or had come through the ground.
__ Muiturpepes. Last year, but more especially this year, Millipedes were very
bundant and several correspondents asked for methods of destroying them. Some
work was done in testing different substances. Of these tobacco seemed the most
32 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
—_—— ————— UU.
satisfactory, although it was not a complete success. The Millipedes are repelled
by it and, where they come into close contact with a moderately strong solution,
are slowly killed. Dusting tobacco refuse thickly over the garden where they are
troublesome and.then watering it well with the hose once or twice a day for a few
days seems about the best method, and the least dangerous to the plants. It is
probable that placing decaying fruits or other decaying vegetable matter here and
there in little heaps among infested plants and then pouring scalding water over
such traps daily would gradually do a great deal to free the garden of the
Millipedes. They are very fond of collecting under such decaying refuse and roam
around in the dark so freely that they would be very likely to find the baits.
Spirtte Bucs (Cercopide). This seems to have been a remarkably favorable
year for the multiplication of Spittle Bugs. Complaints of the great numbers of
froth masses on the grass came in from Clarksburg, Mount Forest, Ridgeway,
Thornton, Oakville and several other districts. A few pasture fields near Oakville
were so badly infested that the farmers, fearing injury to stock if they fed on the
infested grass, mowed the pastures and destroyed the cut grass.
A SarcopHacip ATTACKING THE Forrest TENT-CATERPILLAR (Sarcophaga
aldrichia Parker). In 1914, while engaged in some investigation work in the
County of Dundas, I observed that many of the pupx of the Forest Tent Cater-
pillar were parasitized by what I considered to be the larve of a Tachinid Fly.
On further examination at Mountain, Kempton and Morrisburg. I estimated that
close to 90 per cent. of all the pupe contained what seemed to be this same larva.
About 30 of the cocoons were gathered and brought to Guelph, though it was nearly
two weeks before I reached there. On my arrival the cocoons were all transferred
to a pint jar, in the bottom of which an inch or so of sand was first placed. The
jar then was covered with cheesecloth. In May, 1915, I happened to glance at the
jar and to my surprise found seven dead and one living Sarcophagid. These Dr.
J. M. Aldrich kindly identified for me. He states “The species is one which
Mr. R. R. Parker now has in manuscript as Sarcophaga aldrichia, n.sp. His article
is completed and, I think, is deposited with the Boston Society of Natural History
for publication, but I am not quite sure on that point. I will send him a quotation
from your letter if you do not mind, as it indicates a considerable economic im-
portance for the species which is widespread, occurring in the Puget Sound region.”
If I am correct in my opinion that the death of the pupe was due to the
larva of this insect and not to disease, we have here a very good example of what
seems to have been only comparatively recently fully admitted, namely, the true
parasitic habits of some Sarcophagids.
PHOROCERA DoryPHORH. In June Prof. T. D. Jarvis called the attention of
my assistant, Mr. A. H. Cowan, to the white eggs on the back of Colorado potato
beetles at Grimsby. Mr. Cowan reported to me and on my suggestion reared a few
adults and captured a few more that were attempting to lay eggs. Dr. Aldrich
identified all these as Phorocera doryphore, a parasite that, as he says, has been
bred repeatedly from this host.
Mr. Cowan made the following observations: “ Eggs begin to be laid in June.
At first they seem to be laid only on adult beetles, but later to some extent on the
slugs. From June 18th to July 13th eggs were found mostly on the beetles, %
to 1% of the beetles being affected. Early in July some were found on larve also,
but always on nearly full-grown larve. The total time from egg to adult fly would
appear to be about one month. On September 15th the eggs and adult flies were
again found at Vineland.”
——S
4
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33
At Simcoe I observed on several occasions what was probably this same
Tachinid attempting to lay eggs on full-grown larve of Colorado potato beetle.
Poriar Sawriy (Trichiocampus viminalis, Fallen (?)). On September 28th
the Parks Commissioner of Toronto sent me a few Sawfly larve that were attack-
ing the foliage of Carolina poplar in the City and asked for the name of the insect
and the method of control. On looking over the list of insects given by Dr. Felt
in the New York Museum Memoir 8 as attacking poplars I found that the des-
eription given there of the larve of Trichiocampus viminalis, Fallen, agreed very
closely with the larve I had received. The latter were, when full grown, nearly
one inch in length, orange-yellow in color, though some had a decided greenish
tint The head and caudal plates were black, and on each side of the body were
two rows of distinct black spots, the spots in the upper or subdorsal row being three
or four times as large as those in the lower or stigmatal row. On the back and sides
were numerous white hairs arising in thin tufts from numerous tubercular-like
areas on each segment. These hairs were not more than 14 as long as the width of
the body.
I wrote to the owner of the infested trees for further information on the
habits of the insect. The following extract is taken from his reply:
“The caterpillars were green at first, changing to yellow as they grew larger,
apparently being full grown by the time they had eaten a full sized leaf. They
were all side by side on the under side of the leaf tight together, eating from the
edge away from the stalk towards it. That is to say, their heads were away from
_ the stalk and they kept getting towards the stalk as the leaf was eaten away.
Some of them grew faster than others, or seemed to, and as the leaf narrowed down
they dropped off, thus leaving the smaller ones to finish the leaf. When I first
noticed them they were small and green, and I should say there were about twenty
on a leaf. It was full on the outside edge with all lying the same way, heads from
the stalk of the leaf, the middle ones parallel with the thick membrane of the leaf,
that is the continuation of the stalk. After dropping off the leaf they crawled all
over the board fence and up the side of the house everywhere off the ground looking
for holes in the fence. They went into every hole or crack they could find. The
_ fence was covered with them. Into some overalls that were hanging on the line
they got and when found were in a cocoon. Every leaf that they were on was
completely eaten except the stalk, and the continuation of it right to the point. I
notice that it is not a leaf here and there, as all the leaves on some branches are
eaten and others not touched. I should say they have been on about 1-20th of the
_ branches of the trees and eaten them. As there are six trees about 35 feet high,
you may guess the number of them. I can only say there were thousands. I killed
thousands myself with a broom on the fence.”
THE IMPORTED WILLOW AND POPLAR BORER OR CURCULIO.
(Cryptorhynchus lapathi L.).
L. Carsar, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH.
About the middle of August I was requested to investigate the injury done
by a borer to willows and poplars in the eastern part of Toronto Island. I visited
e district on August 21st and again September 8th. On the latter occasion
34 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
J. E. Howitt, Professor of Botany, kindly accompanied me to assist in the identifica-
tion of the species of willows and poplars that were attacked and also of those
that were immune.
The insect in question was, as suspected, the Imported Willow and Poplar
Borer or Curculio. The total damage done on the island was not large but was
sufficient to convince the Superintendent of Parks that if the insect were to spread
throughout the island and attack all kinds of willows and poplars, it would des-
troy the beauty and attractiveness of Toronto’s favorite summer resort. One can
easily understand why he should feel alarmed when we consider that about 90
per cent. of the trees on this island consist of willows and poplars, because these
are the chief kinds that will thrive in its light, sandy, moist soil.
My observations showed me that before I could suggest the right means of
control it would be necessary to know two things: first, at what time infested
trees should be cut down and burned to destroy the maximum number of the
Willow Curculio: two adults, a pupa and full-grown larva.
(All about natural size.)
insects; second, what species or varieties of willow and poplar, if any, were
exempt from attack. If the latter species were known they could henceforth be
substituted for the kinds subject to attack.
On looking over the literature on this insect I found that to satisfy myself
on these points I should have to devote whatever time could be spared this autumn
to finding out whether the borer differed in Ontario in any important respects
from the accounts given by Kirkland, Jack, Webster, Chittenden, Felt and others.
The following are the results of my investigations:
LENGTH OF TIME THE BEETLE HAS BEEN IN THE PROVINCE AND PRESENT
DISTRIBUTION.
This beetle, which is known to be a native of Europe and-of parts of Asia,
and which is supposed to have been imported into the United States about the
year 1880, was not, so far as I have been able to discover, found in Ontario until
the year 1906. That year Mr. Cosens took it at High Park, Toronto, and Prof.
E. J. Zavitz at Ridgeway and Beamsville. These discoveries in three widely
separated localities lead me to believe that it must have been in the Province
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35
8 ———————E————E———eee
several years earlier. Up to the present time I have records of its presence at
the following additional places: St. Catharines, Grimsby Beach, Grimsby, Winona,
Fruitland, Guelph, Elmira, Willow Grove near London, Toronto Island, Port
_ Hope, Trenton, Hillier (Prince Edward County) and Montreal (Quebec).
There has been very little opportunity to examine other parts of the Province,
but the above localities show a very wide distribution throughout the Province,
especially along the great waterway on the south. It is apparently, however, not
' yet all over the Province, because I have been in several localities where there
seemed to be no evidence of its work, and Dr. E. M. Walker tells me that he
has not seen any evidence of injury from it at Lake Simcoe. Montreal, near
which Mr. Swaine reports its presence, seems to be the only place it has been
seen in Canada east of the Province of Ontario, though very likely it is present
in several localities but has not been noticed.
Host PrAnNtTs.
: In Europe this insect attacks several species of willows and poplars and also
a few species of birches and alders, including our common alder (Alnus incana).
Ep < In the United States a perusal of the writings of Jack, Kirkland, Webster,
Chittenden, and Felt, show that scarcely any species or variety of poplar or
_ willow, whether native or imported, is entirely exempt and that the birches (Betula
_ pumila and B. nigra) are also occasionally attacked. I do not remember seeing
any definite record of its having been found in alders.
¥ In Ontario I have devoted every opportunity I could get to discovering the
host plants and the degree of infestation of each. Prof. Howitt has assisted me
greatly in determining the species whenever I was in doubt. I find that the insect
_ prefers Balm of Gilead (Populus candicans) and Balsam Poplar (Populus balsamt-
_ fera) to any other variety of poplar, but that it is sometimes quite abundant in
_ Carolina Poplars, especially where the above species are not present. At Guelph
the Balm of Gilead is severely infested in a small clump of poplars on the College
grounds, but the other poplars in this clump, consisting of the Carolina, White,
Large-toothed and Lombardy species, are untouched. By the edges of a woods not
far away from the College the Balsam Poplars are much injured by the pest, but
the American Aspens alongside them are uninjured. The same was true of the
‘aspens near infested Scrub Willows in the swamps.
_ Of the willows the worst infested are our native Scrub Willows found so
abundantly along streams. A tree willow, whose species could not be determined
at this season of the year, was also severely attacked. This willow grows 25 feet
or more in height, has not so large spreading branches as the Golden or White
Willow (Salix alba) or the Crack Willow (Salix fragilis) but has much more
‘slender and drooping branchlets and smaller, more delicate leaves. It is evidently
a Native species. One ornamental Weeping Willow in a lawn at Winona was
Killed by this borer last year. It was the dark-bark type of Weeping Willow,
apparently an imported tree. Of the other willows we have not seen more than
a very light infestation on the Crack Willow, and the White Willow has been
_ entirely uninjured, as also the Glossy Willow (Salix lucida). There are not
Many Babylonian Willows to be found, but so far they too have been uninjured
wherever examined.
Comparing what we have observed in Ontario with what has been written
of the host plants in the United States, it seems quite clear that Balm of Gilead,
‘Balsam Poplar, and our native Scrub Willows, along with one or two native
36 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
tree willows, are the favorite food plants. Next to these would appear to be the
Carolina Poplar (Populus deltoides).
No alders were found infested even when in the midst of infested scrub
willows. Birches have also appeared to be exempt in Ontario.
NATURE OF THE INJURY.
The photographs show sufficiently well the sort of injury done. It is all
caused by the larve. These work both in the sapwood and heartwood in older
trees and in the heartwood of very small trees. The borers seem to prefer the base
of the smaller trees, but they are found on larger trees as high as 15 feet or
Cross section of a young poplar and of a larger willow tree, near.
the base, showing the work of the borers. (About
natural size.)
Longitudinal section of a poplar tree, showing tunnels made by the
larvae. (Slightly reduced.)
ads the base of the tree, that it is weakened oe easily broken down by a
* wind. It is quite common te see Scrub Willows killed and also small
plars. The swellings on the bark of poplars where the larve have entered,
‘also the exit holes, cause the trees to look unsightly, and these, along with
castings around them composed of small tissues of wood from the tunnels,
; and feces, easily reveal the presence of the insects. The total number of
— destroyed in the Province must be large, but the Scrub Willows are of very
little value and, though the Balm of Gilead and Balsam Poplars are of much
‘more importance, they can scarcely rank among our valuable trees. Fortunately
not many Carolina Poplars seem to have been killed yet. .These are good shade
and landscape trees and their loss would be deplorable.
ca .. Lire History.
_ Adults—The adult is a snout beetle, stout, about one-quarter inch long,
with the body and legs mottled with light pinkish or grayish white scales.
scales are so abundant on the sides of the prothorax and also on the anal
d of the wings as to cause these parts to be pale pink or white. The upper
face of the body is rough, being coarsely and deeply punctured, and having
ritudinal furrows on the elytra. The rough appearance is increased by the
of a few tufts of black scales scattered here and there over the thorax
_ do not lmow how early the adults begin to appear. In willows at St.
nes examined about June 20th, 1914, the larve seemed full grown but ©
_were seen. As Kirkland estimates the pupal stage at about 18 days,
probable that adults would have been found last year on these trees early in
y. Mr. F. Morris found many adults on willows near Port Hope the first
July, 1915. I have captured a few in August in previous years. By
tel ber Sth, 1915, by far the majority seemed to have emerged at Toronto
r ther being warm. An examination on October 23rd showed a few live adults
their burrows in poplars, also some pup that looked healthy and four larve,
; Move, so may also have been dead. In all the accounts I have read it
‘to be assumed that very few adults are to be seen in the spring. Kirkland
one which he remarked was “probably an overwintered specimen.” But
Its in May are not nearly so few in number in Ontario as one would expect
he different accounts of the insect given. Three of my nursery inspectors
tured several specimens and saw others this last May on poplars and
the nursery rows. There were a few also on apple trees in adjoining
Tt is not known whether these passed the winter in the trees-as adults,
ir larvae, or whether they emerged in autumn and wintered over under
‘The important point is that there was a considerable number of adults
that time of the year, indicating that many others also were probably
The adults in autumn hide on cold days but appear on the trees when
her is warm. They feed on the juices exuding from injuries at the
exit, also upon the young twigs, where they seem to prefer the neighbor-
leaf scars, in which the small feeding punctures are often seen. These
s, however, may also be found in various other parts of the tree and
even on the bark of dead fallen branches. In breeding cages I fed
38 THE REPORT OF THE ~— No. 36
them on~pieces of ripe apples and peaches, both of which they relished greatly. I
do not know the length of life of these autumn adults, but five specimens caught
in September were still alive almost a month later when I removed them from
the cages. The last adults were seen in the open on October 11th. One foun
then was ovipositing. =
Eggs.—Oviposition probably begins early in August, but with the very limited
time at my disposal the first adult I could find doing this was on September 29th.
After that date I saw several both in the cages and outside. It is very probable
the beetles found in May oviposit in spring, as in Europe, eggs are laid both
in autumn and in spring. The eggs are laid, as one would expect, at such
places on the tree as we find the injuries later. Sometimes this may be at the
base of a bud or small branch, but on the Balm of Gilead trees under observation
and also in the cages it was just as commonly on the internodes, sometimes where
there was a small rupture in the bark, sometimes where there was no rupture.
About one hundred egg punctures in all were observed and several ovipositions.
Before laying the egg the female eats a small hole, usually easily visible to the
eye, through the bark to the full depth of her proboscis; at the bottom of this she —
makes one, two or three cavities. Where there are more than one they are a
little distance apart from each other. Then she turns around, inserts her pro-
truded ovipositor into the hole and lays an egg in each cavity. The making of
the hole and laying of the egg is a slow process. I observed one which had
already been at work some time when noticed and from the time she was first
seen until the eggs were laid was a little over thirty minutes. One female was
observed after laying the egg to turn around and insert her beak into the hole
many times as if putting in small particles of bark. The eggs are pale trans-
lucent whitish, oval, about 1.5 mm. long and a little more than half as wide as —
long. Each female probably lays many eggs. One about to oviposit was dis- —
sected and only three mature eggs were found in the ovaries, all the others being
much smaller.
Tt is hard to say how long it takes the eggs to hatch. As stated the first —
oviposition was observed on September 29th, but an examination from time to —
time of egg punctures at Guelph revealed no larva until October 7th. On October
25th, fourteen ege punctures on a Balm of Gilead were examined and in five
of these sound unhatched eggs were seen, in five others tiny living larve, and
in the remaining four hatched eggs but no larve. All previous examinations
showed more unhatched eggs than larve on all trees.
Larve.—tThe freshly hatched larva is white, curved, and has a brown head.
Full-grown larve are, as shown in the photograph, stout, about half an inch
long, white, curved and have a brown head and no legs.
The young larve found were in every case very near where the eggs had
been deposited, and had not eaten their way through the bark. They appeared
to be settled down comfortably for the winter. Only in one case was there any
evidence of a larva having reached the cambium, and that one was doubtful.
The discovery of so large a percentage of healthy eggs along with these tiny
larvee would suggest that the winter is probably passed in the egg stage as well
as the larval. We saw above that it is apparently passed also either in the adult
or pupal stage or both, with a slight possibility of there being some full-grown
larve too remaining over in the burrows.
A study of the burrows shows that in spring the larve work oblicuely
into the sapwood, throwing out many castings at first as they do so. When they)
have gone in some depth the entrance appears to become closed, at least in poplars,
oS
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39
Ee
by a callous growth, referred to above. Once in the wood the burrows run
nearly straight. The total length of a burrow is from 21% to 4 inches. In spring
the larve clearly grow very rapidly, as by the end of June they are about full
grown in many cases. When this stage is reached they evidently turn back in
their tunnels and enlarge them either to the place of entrance or else to some
more convenient exit. They then return to the far end of the burrow, make a
little chamber for pupating, then with head toward the exit change into a white
pupa. The adult works its way out through the tunnel enlarged by the larva.
Means or DISTRIBUTION.
The insects have been widely distributed by shipping out poplars and willows
from infested nurseries. The tiny larve or eggs in these in the spring would
easily escape notice. In addition to this means there seems no doubt that the
adults fly about from place to place. They have large under wings well adapted
for this purpose. Flight is probably late in the evening or at night, as I have
never seen an adult fly when observing them during the day.
MeErHops oF CONTROL.
In most cases no effort will be made to control or prevent injury from the
pest, but in parks like Toronto Island, control measures are very necessary. It
was my intention to suggest that all infested trees be cut down in the winter and
burned early in spring, but since learning from my inspectors of the discovery
of a considerable number of adults in May which very probably lays eggs, I have
_ thought it wise to suggest that the cutting down and burning should not be
done until the first or second week in June, so that all the insects might then
be caught in the larval stage. This should lessen the numbers of the insect
greatly. Then to avoid future loss in these places I think that the willows most
exempt from attack, viz.: the White Willow (Salix alba), one of our largest and
best willows, and possibly the Glossy Willow (Salia lucida) should be planted
instead of those removed. Also White Poplar and Aspen Poplar might be sub-
stituted for the Balm of Gilead, Balsam Poplar, and even for Carolina Poplar.
Of course if Soft Maples, Dogwoods or other suitable trees or shrubs will thrive
in these places, they would be preferable to any of the above. I should be very
pleased to have further suggestions from anyone present.
| THE PRESIDENT: I am sure we have all listened with much pleasure to Mr.
_ Caesar’s two excellent papers. They are now open for discussion. ‘We are pleased
to see with us to-day Professor Zavitz, the Provincial Forester of Ontario, and
he has no doubt something interesting to say regarding the papers just read.
Pror. E. J. Zavirz: Mr. Chairman, I came here to obtain information, and this
beetle to which Professor Caesar has been referring is naturally of interest to
foresters. I first saw it in the Niagara District near Ridgeway, working in the
serub willows. This season, in visiting that district early in the summer (it is a
favorite collecting ground) I found that these willows had been entirely killed.
I think the chief danger from this insect is to our Carolina Poplar (Populus
deltoides Marsh) which, to my mind, is the most important poplar from the
foresters’ standpoint. We were beginning to think that the Carolina poplar would
be a very important tree in sand planting and in fact we are using considerable
numbers in Norfolk County. I regret to find that this insect is working in
that tree. Apart from the willow holts or basket willows, the damage to willows
will be small. We use the other willows to a very small extent in forest planting.
40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
The chief injury from the standpoint of the forester will likely be to the
poplars and especially the Carolina Poplar.
Tre PRESIDENT: Perhaps Mr. Swaine would like to make a few remarks in
this connection.
Mr. Swatye: Mr. Chairman, I have had very little opportunity to study
this beetle in Canada. Some years ago in Ithaca it was very common in the
basket willow in the plantations there and did considerable damage. In Canada
I have found it only near Ste. Anne’s and it was there in the common scrub willows
and not very abundant. I have not had it sent in in the last three or four years
in any numbers from any part of Canada except Ontario and southern Quebec,
and very few reports have been received. Mr. Caesar’s account was very interest-
ing, indeed; the life-history is just as I remember it on the different occasions
I have studied it, and the control measures usually given are not very effective;
it is a very difficult matter to control this beetle. On the smaller willows no
special effort to save any particular tree is worth while and the destruction of
the infested trees is perhaps the only effective method. Only a few of the willows
that are affected are worth saving.
Mr. WINN: Professor Caesar mentions the keeping of the beetle alive on
apple or peach. I may say he very kindly sent me ten specimens of the beetle
to show what it looked like in order that I might recognize it if I ever found it
alive. After a couple of days I turned the specimens out on a blotting pad and
pinned two or three, then noticed that instead of there being ten there were only
nine. The tenth was still alive and had crawled away. This I secured and
placed in a tin box and after again taking it out three weeks later, apparently
dead, it recovered. This shows how long the insect can live without food being
given it, and how dangerous the insect might be when capable of living throygh
a like shortage under natural conditions.
Pror. Carsar: One of the points that I would like very much to get informa-
tion on is whether any person has found the adults of this beetle in the spring.
It seems to be taken for granted in the U. S. literature on this pest that it does not
pass the winter as an adult, and that there are no eggs laid in the spring, but
the fact that we could find a considerable number of them in nurseries suggests
that egg-laying in the spring is very probable.
Mr. Swartne: The specimens that I took at Ste. Anne’s were, I think, all
taken in the fall. This is some years ago, 80 I am not quite certain on this pau
but believe that they were taken in fhe fall. \
THE PrestpENT: I have no doubt that if any of the members get fieedligd
information in regard to this beetle hibernating in the adult form they will advise
Professor Caesar of the fact, and we will now proceed to thé™next paper.
Dr. Felt’s paper was read by Mr. Gibson.
SIDE INJUBY AND CODLING MOTH.
E. P. Fert, Atpany, N.Y.
This type of injury has been unusually abundant in the western part of New
York State for the past four years. It appears to have been figured and des-
cribed first by John W. Lloyd in 1907 (Bul. 114, Ill. Agr. Exp’t Sta.). He,
however, attributed the damage to the work of the second brood.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41
=p err ree eres
>
a
&
Investigations the past season established the connection between late-hatching
first brood larve and this type of injury. Many codling moth eggs are laid in
the lake region the latter part of June and early in July on the fruit. The
young larve hatching from these eggs enter the exposed, smooth surface of the
developing apple and excavate a shallow gallery having a radius of approximately
1/16 of an inch. This is probably a manifestation of the leaf-mining habit of
the young larve, recorded by a number of observers, in relation to those hatching
from eggs deposited upon the foliage. A few days after entering the fruit many
of the larve desert the initial point of injury and make their way to the blossom
end. The impulse to desert a perfectly satisfactory shelter and brave the dangers
of migration to the blossom end can hardly be explained as other than inherited
and an outcome of the same unrest which, under other conditions, leads the larva
to forsake the leaf mines and search for fruit. The attempt to enter the apple
once more is frequently a failure on sprayed trees, owing to the poison deposited
in the calyx cup in the after blossoming treatment. Unfortunately, so far as
the apple grower is concerned, the young codling moth larva does not perish
until the characteristic mark has been made on what should be an unblemished
_ surface.
Records made during the past four years by Mr. L. F. Strickland, Horti-
cultural Inspector of the New York State Department of Agriculture, show that
as much as 20 per cent. of the fruit may be affected in this manner. Investiga-
tions by the speaker last summer indicate a somewhat general prevalence of such
conditions along the south shore of Lake Ontario. In one orchard at Newfane,
9 to 12 per cent. of the total crop on three sprayed plots bore this side blemish,
while in an Orleans county orchard similar plots showed from 25 to 35 per cent.
side injury. The unsprayed or check plots in these two orchards had from 30 to
37 per cent. respectively, of the apples thus affected. It should be stated in
this connection that very little “side injury” is to be found in Hudson Valley
orchards.
The somewhat general limitation of this type of work to the vicinity of a
large body of water leads us to believe that this variation in habit may be
caused by local climatic modifications. There is on record a statement by Cordley
to the effect that eggs are not deposited when the evening temperature falls much
below 60° F. In this connection some interesting data has been published by
Sanderson (N. H. Agr. Exp’t. Sta., 19th-20th Rep’ts., 1908, p. 406). He finds
that if evenings be cool, egg laying will sometimes be deferred for several days,
and states that from June 9th to 15th, 1906, he was able to secure eggs but after
that the evenings were cool until the latter part of the month and no eggs were
obtained until June 28th. Again, in 1907, “no eggs were found until June 22nd
* * * * though moths had been emerging since the 10th.” An examination
of records made the past four years by Mr. Strickland shows a fairly close
connection between this type of injury and the rise of daily minimum tem-
_ peratures above 60° F. The damage referred to above occurs mostly the last of
June and the first half of July, and so far as records go, is preceded by a period
of low temperatures which probably inhibit the crepuscular or nocturnal activities
of the moth, and then with the rise of minimum temperatures above 60° F. we
have the deposition of eggs and the development of side injury.
The low minimum temperatures from about the time the moths begin to emerge
till the latter part of June, do not materially hinder the development of the apple
and, as a consequence, when oviposition is possible the fruit is some size, smooth,
f and from observations in the orchard, appears to be more attractive to the moths
4 ES.
42 THE REPORT OF THE . No. 36
as a place of oviposition than the foliage. Two, three and even four eggs were
to be found upon apples here and there, though this would hardly be an average,
and more than three-fourths of the eggs found were upon the fruit. This is
the reverse of conditions recorded earlier by Messrs. Ball, Card, Pettit and
Sanderson.
It will perhaps suffice to state in this connection that in the Hudson Valley,
where “side injury” is comparatively rare, temperature records show no such
prolonged periods after emergence of the moths begins where daily minimum
temperatures fall below 60° F.
The “side injury” phase of the codling moth problem has a very practical
bearing, since ‘experiments conducted the past season show it to be extremely
difficult, if not impracticable, to reduce damage of this character to a negligible
quantity by one season’s work. It happened that two of the experimental orchards
mentioned above were very badly infested and in one, although the spraying was
distinctly above the average, 25 to 33 per cent. of the fruit in certain plots
showed the familiar side blemish. This was due largely to the fact that the
injury was caused by newly hatched larve attacking the poorly, necessarily so,
protected surface of the rapidly growing apple. These eggs, it is evident, were
deposited by moths developing from hibernating larvee, consequently this serious
“side injury ” was the logical development in a badly infested orchard when climatic
conditions compel a late deposition of eggs, many of which may be placed on the
fruit. This danger, in our estimation, is ample justification for urging thorough
and annual sprayings of bearing orchards whether the trees happen to be fruiting
or not. There are in most orchards, even if there is no crop, enough scattering
apples to carry to maturity a number of codling moths, ignoring, if you please,
the fact that Headlee and Jackson observed larve which developed to full size
in water sprouts.
It is noteworthy in this connection that the experimental orchard of last
season, not badly affected by “side injury,” was sprayed annually and presumably
thoroughly, even when not in fruit. The same was true of some other orchards
where there was very little codling moth injury. That this comparative immunity
could not be attributed entirely to accident was evidenced by the fact that just
across a roadway from the orchard showing almost no injury, trees were found with
75 per cent. of the apples on the ground wormy.
THE PRESIDENT: This paper of Dr. Felt’s is of great interest to those who
are engaged in fruit insect investigations, particularly insects affecting the apple.
The Codling Moth damage, of course, is usually internal and quite serious, but
on the other hand it is a kind of damage which, even if slight, may produce a
blemish on the outside of the apple, which is very serious from the fruit grower’s
point of view, in view of the fact that it degrades his fruit. You may have a very
fine apple, which ordinarily would rank as No. 1, but through some blemish pro-
duced in this way by the Codling Moth it is degraded to No. 3. This proves to be
very serious in the case of the large fruit grower. In Nova Scotia, Mr. Sanders
is making a study of a somewhat similar injury caused by the Budmoth, which
also reduces the quality of the apple by a blemish of much the same nature as
the one caused by the Codling Moth. I think it might be well to mention here
that in his investigations Mr. Sanders found that there was injury being caused
by another insect imported from Europe, and he sent me the other day a photo-
graph of the injury caused by this insect, the Lesser Budmoth, Recurvaria nanella.
As a number of men here have been working on insects affecting apples and fruit
generally I have no doubt that they will have something to say in regard to Dr-
Felt’s paper.
——_—— ee oe
ew
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43
i
,
Pror. Carsar: In regard to the matter of side-worms, I may say that every
persons who endeavors to spray thoroughly for Codling Moth finds that far the
greatest trouble is to prevent the worms from entering the side of the apple,
especially if there are two broods and if it is the first season the orchard has
been sprayed. I do not know anything about the influence of temperature on
this questions of side-worms, but I do know that in Ontario side-worm injury
is abundant both on high land and on low land.
Mr. Gipson: Mr. Chairman, I should like to remark that in Dr. Cosens’
report which he sent as Director, he makes a brief mention of the occurrence
of the Lesser Budmoth on pear trees in Toronto, and he also mentions that it was
quite abundant on an apple tree. This insect is treated of in a bulletin published
by the U. S. Bureau of Entomology.
THE PRESIDENT: If there is no further discussion on this paper we will
proceed to the next by Mr. Winn.
THE HOME OF GORTYNA STRAMENTOSA.
ALBERT F, WINN, WESTMOUNT, QUE.
This moth is one to which but little space has been devoted in our literature,
- but being a typically Canadian insect, perhaps you will pardon a longer and more
rambling paper than intended for the meeting.
In Vol. XXXII, pp. 61-63 of the Canadian Entomologist, Mr. J. A. Moffat,
late curator of our Society, published a copy of Guenée’s description of the moth,
an enlarged half-tone cut of it and some remarks on its occurrence. This was
followed in the same volume by a note on p. 119 by Mr. Grote, and a reply on p.
133 by Mr. Moffat. The species has again been figured by Sir George Hampson in
Vol. IX of the Phalenide of the British Museum, plate 138, to which we will
refer elsewhere. From Mr. Moffat’s article we quote the following: “ Stramentosa
has been taken regularly at Montreal for years past by collectors connected with
the Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario there, apparently none know-
ing of its existence there except themselves. Mr. Brainerd intends to make a
vigorous effort to discover its foodplant next season.”
Although over fifteen years have elapsed since this was written and we had
already been hunting over ten years, the search for its foodplant and consequent
laying bare of the life history has been carried on faithfully and well by various
members of our Branch, and at last it has fallen to my lot to have the pleasure of
entirely solving the mystery of its hiding-place. It is not necessary to particularize
the members who have tried to locate it and failed; practically all of us interested
in Lepidoptera have searched our Mountain for infested plants possibly tenanted
by stramentosa, and we had a few years ago the aid of Mr. Henry Bird for a couple
of days; but although we were actually within a few feet of scores of larve, they
were not detected. It is doubtful if any other Canadian insect has had so much
time and thought expended on its habits and life history, and as successive seasons
closed with the flight of the moths around our street lamps in the fall, and oc-
easional captives on flower heads, we began to feel certain that no visible clue could
be hoped for in the plant and that nothing but sheer luck would ever disclose the
seeret, but we kept on pulling up and splitting down all sorts of possible and some
impossible plants.
ce THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
On the afternoon of September 13th, 1914, while walking along a path on our
Western Mountain, near the ski-grounds, looking for edible fungi rather than for
insects, I found a stramentosa, resting on a leaf of the rattle-snake root (Nabalus
racemosus) and a minute later disturbed another on a plant of the same species.
This plant was given a tug and it broke off short, but the root was easily dug up
and was evidently bored. On going back to the first plant, it was also found to
have been attacked. Things began to look interesting and mushrooms were put
aside for another day. By tramping among the plants and beating them with a
stick, a number of the moths were disturbed, either dropping to the ground or fly-
ing a short distance and hiding. Among the hundreds of plants in the neighbor-
hood a plant here and there was pulled up and most of them showed they had been
bored, and we felt so sure that the long-sought for plant had been stumbled across
that a supply of seeds was sent to Mr. Bird so that he might have a supply of plants _
in his “garden of borers” at Rye, N.Y., ready for the larve that would follow
another season.
Early this June, when the larve of the borers were beginning their work
in burdock, thistle, cicuta, iris, etc., the same locality was visited, but the Nabalus
plants were hardly visible above ground and those dug up showed no sign of attack.
We concluded that we were too early, for the moth being later in appearing than
most of the borers, it seemed possible that the egg was also later in hatching. The
next visit was three weeks later and the plants were about two feet high, but the
most careful search failed to find any trouble. Something had evidently gone
wrong with our discovery of the previous fall and stramentosa was still surrounded
by a mystery. One thing was very certain, however, namely, that if I had dis-
_ turbed a dozen or so of the moths there must have been in the neighborhood scores
or hundreds that were not seen, and as the number of examples seen about the
lights each year was about uniform, there must be a lot of larve close at hand. If
they were not in Nabalus, they must be in something else growing commonly there.
Fortunately I was in a clear patch on a hillside and could get a sort of bird’s-eye
view of the tangle of weeds and undergrowth. A plant was noticed that we had
“seen in many places on Mount Royal Park and an isolated clump was selected.
There was no wilted top nor brown leaf to indicate attack, but on splitting the
longest stem down from the top, a boring was struck about a foot from the ground
and a section containing the little larva was quickly boxed. Other plants were
similarly treated but nothing was found, and it looked as if our day’s take was
going to be only one larva. Something suggested that we were again off the track,
so we opened our box, removed the larva from its boring and had a good look at it.
It was seen to belong to a different genus—Papaipema, probably P. cataphracta,
and such it proved to be. This in itself was rather a discovery, as the insect, though
common enough in Ottawa and elsewhere, is seldom found with us, and it seemed
remarkable that the very first stem selected to be split open should have contained
a larva, which prevented my continuing the process down to the ground, which is
the simplest way of locating boring larve in their earlier stages. We could not
recollect ever having pulled up a clump of this plant on any previous occasion and
as we looked at the erect stems with their perfect foliage surmounted by the forming
seed pods, which later on rattle merrily when touched, it scemed incredible that
they should be bored; and yet, that little cataphracta had been in one stem,
equally perfect externally. A cluster of stems coming from one root was grasped
and given a tug. Up it came, and after giving it a shake, a fine fat larva about
114 inches long was seen shuffling back into its burrow. As we were extricating
him, another dropped to the ground and was secured. This surely was our quarry _
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45
at last. Another clump was pulled up, two more larve and so on, as many as eight
being taken in one clump and no blanks, every clump seemed to be attacked.
Other plants noticed here and there on the way home were examined and proved to
harbour larve in their roots. There was, henceforth, no shadow of doubt as to the
home of the stramentosa. But what was the plant’s name? I tried to determine
it by G'ray’s Manual of Botany, but was misled by the square stem in trying to
locate it among the members of the Mint family. A specimen was sent to the
Dominion Botanist and Mr. Adams kindly determined it as belonging to the genus
Scrophularia, but did not like to state the species owing to the absence of flowers.
On referring to Britton and Brown’s Botany, our plant was easily recognized by
the cut and description as being 9. leporella—the hare figwort—but to make _
doubly sure, the original description was turned up in Vol. 33, p. 317, Bulletin
of Torrey Botanical Club (1896)—so stramentosa may be given the common name
of the “ Fig-wort borer.”
As I was leaving town for my holidays within a few days, the bulk of the larve
and roots were packed up and sent to Mr. Bird, only a few being kept as I felt sure
that on my return any desired quantity of full-grown larve could be secured and
that the pupz would be likewise found in due season. Mr. Bird was away on a
_ Papaipema hunt in Illinois when the package arrived, but his son looked after it
and was successful in obtaining the imagos and so quickly that we might almost
suspect that he used an incubator in his anxiety to get the first bred stramentosa.
On my return I found several larve had pupated, while the rest died of starvation
owing to the drying up of the roots. A series of wet days and other contingencies
prevented my getting any time to visit my hunting-ground till Saturday, August
20th, by which time it was supposed all would be in pupa. In the first clump
selected a Jarva was found and evidence that there had been another, so I proceeded
to get out my entrenching tool and began scraping away the earth carefully. At
a depth of about two inches a fine yellowish-brown pupa lay exposed, wriggling
about in a very lively fashion as if not at all appreciating being disturbed. Pro-
ceeding to a nearby clump resulted in two more—then six, which is the most found
under one plant, and in the course of three-quarters of an hour, thirty had been
boxed. Reluctantly we were compelled to stop, as the drizzling rain which had
been falling was becoming heavier and the vegetation was decidedly moist to work
among. The pup were all found in the same situation as the first, namely not
over two inches below the surface, invariably on their sides, without any cocoon or
cell and wriggling much when disturbed. All were within a foot’s radius from
middle of root. The question occurred: how would the moths emerge from those
earthy homes? Would they force their way through the soil or would instinct tell
the pupz to come to the surface? Having brought home a supply of soil from the
woods a layer was put in two breeding cages, 18 pupe# were placed in one cage and
12 in the other, all in a horizontal position, and were covered with about two inches
of soil and on top was an inch or more of the prepared fibre, sold by the florist for
growing bulbs. This I find an excellent material for keeping burying pupe moist
enough without inducing mold. Two days later the question was answered.
Seventeen of the pupez were visible, some were on their sides, but most of them
were nearly vertical, tail up. To what extent the cremaster aids the tunneling
process was not ascertained, but its structure is suggestive that it might be useful.
On August 30th my first moth appeared. The following evening I went
straight from the office to the woods but it was nearly 6.30 when the ground was
reached and four pupz were all that were secured in what remained of the daylight.
The next Saturday afternoon, September 4th, was warm and bright, rather too
46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
warm in fact for digging operations. Pup were found nearer the surface and two
sticking up on end, cremaster up, as in the cages. Collecting at this date, though
successful, is difficult, for the digging implement is almost sure to injure about as
many pupz as it unearths sound ones, so after cutting in two or dinting over
twenty a piece of wood was substituted. It was not much improvement as the
extra force required to use it bruised the pupex instead of cutting them in two.
On returning home it was found that twenty-six sound pupe was the result of the
outing. But this was not all, for two larve were found, one evidently sickly, the
other full-grown and well below the ground ready to pupate. One empty pupa
shell was also picked up and the plant above searched for the moth. Whether it
was this one or another I disturbed during my search cannot be said, but happening
to look down a moth was seen running along among the leaves on the ground and
took refuge under one of them. When disturbed, she ran off and finally hid under
another leaf—the performance exactly resembling that of Amphipyra tragopogonis
which in England has earned for itself the common name of The Mouse. Several
other moths had by now emerged in the cages and many pupe were darkening
up in color, betokening early emergence. In doing this one escaped and fell to
the floor, without attempting to use its wings, and immediately scurried about on
the floor in search of a hiding place. It was noticed that the moths in the cages
all appeared to try to squeeze themselves-as close into the dark corners as possible,
often remaining two or three days without altering their relative positions. It is,
of course, possible that during the night they may have flown or moved about and
returned to their post before morning, but the habit of secreting themselves by day
is evident.
Having a supply of living moths the next point was to secure eggs, and not
having any experience in getting bred specimens of Noctuids to mate in captivity,
I tried every plan I have ever used in the case of moths belonging to other families,
but was unable to get a pairing among themselves, and freshly emerged females
‘ placed on the inside of screen doors and taken into the woods failed to “ assemble ”
any flown males. Finally a large skeleton box, about thirty inches each way,
covered with netting, was put in the garden, with stems of several figwort plants
stuck vertically in the ground, as well as the cuttings of such perennials as were in
flowers and some twigs and leaves smeared with sugaring mixture. After feeding
all the moths forcibly, they were turned into the moth paradise. Two days later,
success was attained, one moth having selected a blue-bell, and in the axil of the
leaf deposited a cluster of eight eggs, irregularly placed, while lower down on the
same stem were about ten eggs in a crooked line, the lowest barely an inch from
the ground, and the moth was hiding under the lowest leaf which was drooping and
provided a suitable shelter. The moth was brought indoors and placed in a breed-
ing cage with cuttings of figwort and blue-bell stems, but evidently they were not
attractive-looking, for the moth would not use them, but placed eggs in all sorts of
places inj corners, on the glass door, loose on the bottom and most curiously on and
in the empty pupa cases of its own kind. It was hoped, by observing where eggs
were laid in confinement, that the habits in nature would be indicated, but the
- results were unsatisfactory. In no case did it seem as if the eggs were placed
otherwise than as a sort of makeshift, although the use of the axil of leaf and inside
of pupa cases hinted that they would probably be concealed, that is thrust in some-
where; which might have been presupposed. However, knowing what the eggs
looked like, and armed with a reading glass, we proceeded to the “hillside the next
Saturday afternoon and looked over the plants from the ground to the top seed- —
vessels. The inside of the latter were very carefully examined, as well as the little
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47
eluster of leaves closely pressed together at the foot of the plants ready for next
year’s growth. Nothing was found, and it looked as if the old saying about looking
for a needle in a hay-stack might be revised to cover looking for a moth’s egg on a
mountain. Next day I was in a different place, but seeing some of the figwort,
pulled up a clump just to see whether it had been attacked. It had—very much so.
All of a sudden it occured to me that the natural place for eggs to be deposited to
secure a ready access to food supply in spring had been overlooked, and that the
habit of the female running on the ground should have been a sufficient clue. As is
the case with many tall perennials that are bored, there remains of the previous
year’s stem a little tube extending a few inches above ground and forming a natural
tunnel straight to the roots. Hastily, but carefully, with a penknife this was split
open and four eggs were revealed. Others were found, as many as twelve in one case,
and some of them were so slightly attached that many others may have dropped
down the hole. This, of course, may not be the only place the female selects, but it
satisfied me that in 1915 a good deal had been found out about the home of
stramentosa. There is one brood per annum, the egg hibernates, the larva feeds
wholly in the roots of the figwort, matures about the middle of July to August 10th,
the pupa lies beneath the plant about two inches below the surface, bores its way
to the surface tail first, the moth, emerging, tumbles the pupa over, and climbs
very rapidly up the plant’s stem, stops, holds its soft wings by its sides for eight to
ten minutes, then when about half expanded, suddenly flaps them together over
the back like a butterfly at rest, and remains in that position till the wings are
fully developed, or about half an hour. The wings are then lowered, and the moth
crawls into a corner and stays there. How long it takes for the wings to become
dry enough for flight was not ascertained. Most of the moths emerged between
five p.m. and eight p.m. No parasites were observed, but indoors the wriggling
pup proved enticing to a pair of mice, and one of my small cages having a cotton
netting in front was entered, with the result that there was a round hole in the
net and the chrysalids went away inside the mice. They were evidently relished,
for next night a trap caught one mouse and the following night the other. This
_ suggests that field mice may greatly reduce the number of pupx after they come
up and wriggle about on the surface of the ground. The moth most closely allied
to the figwort borer—G. immanis, the hop-vine borer—is said to be considered as a
particularly choice delicacy by skunks (Can. Ent., XIV, 93-95), one hop-grower
stating that he had seen ten acres where not a dozen hills had escaped their little
noses. It may be that the absence of this odoriferous mammal from the neighbor-
hood of Montreal has given stramentosa a chance to increase in the land.
Detailed descriptions of the various stages will be published shortly by my
good friend, Mr. Bird, as in view of his wonderful knowledge of the life histories
of the boring Noctuids, it seemed more in the interests of science that the making
of descriptions and comparisons should come from his pen than from mine.
THE PRESIDENT: We are very pleased to have Mr. Winn’s paper, and I should
like to thank him for the specimens of this interesting moth which he has placed
in our National Collection here. It has been said to me by a keen external observer
of the activities of this Society for many years that there is a preponderance of
economic papers in our programme, and that this is not as it used to be, that in the
old days there were more papers of a purely scientific character by such men as
Mr. Winn, who are not professional entomologists but who follow entomology as
their chief hobby. For that reason we are especially pleased to have Mr. Winn’s
paper. It would be a very bad day for the Society when papers of such a nature
cease to appear in our proceedings, and for that reason also we shall look forward
48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36-
to hearing a number of other papers by our old friends who are not professional
entomologists, such as Dr. Fyles’ paper this afternoon and Mr, Morris’ paper to-
morrow. ‘The paper is now open for discussion.
Mr. Grsson: The study of these Lepidopterous boring larve such as Mr.
Winn has told us about is one which has always given great pleasure to those who
are interested in rearing the larve of our moths. We have not, as yet, found this
insect at Ottawa, but now that we know more about the larve and what they feed
upon we hope that we may be able to find the species. The chief boring larva of
this family which occurs in the Ottawa district is called the Burdock Borer,
Papaipema cataphracta. This is quite a pest, some years attacking soft-stemmed
flowering plants, such as dahlia, lily, etc., and in addition, of course, it occurs in
burdock and thistle. I am very glad to know that Mr. Winn has donated specimens
for the collections here.
Str JAMES GRANT: Mr. President, I should like to make a few observations.
I am happy to inform you that after a very careful survey of the Dominion of
Canada, from Victoria on the Pacific to Halifax on the Atlantic, through the
whole of Central Canada and New Ontario, that the work of this Entomological
Society has proved of great practical value to Canada in the Department of Public
Health. The information that you have given to our people on the part played
by the house-fly as carriers of disease has conserved very materially the life of the
people of Canada. Those house-flies play, as you know, a very important part in
the dissemination of tuberculosis from sputum. There is now,- I am happy to
inform you, as you will find in my report recently presented to the Canadian
Public Health Association at Toronto, a reduction in the past fifteen years of fully
twenty-five per cent. in the number of cases of tuberculosis. I have lately gone
through whole sections of Central Canada where fifteen years ago the disease was
very common, indeed, hundreds of cases in nearly every direction. To-day, with
difficulty, in those sections can you discover a solitary case of tuberculosis, and I
am happy to inform this Association that if they continue the good work they have
done in the past in the preservation of health by similar measures, and by the
destruction of the house-fly, I am confident that the next ten or fifteen years will
bring about a reduction of this disease of fully fifty per cent. The head of the
Pasteur Institute, Paris, France, has recently announced that throughout the whole
of Europe there is now a reduction of fully twenty-five per cent., and I am very
glad, indeed, to have accepted your kind invitation to attend this meeting to thank
you and the members of this Association, for the active part taken in instructing
our people, as to the vast importance of the destruction of this house-fly, which is
undoubtedly very instrumental in the production of the death rate from tuberculosis.
Dr. Hewitr: We are very pleased to have Sir James Grant with us and I
hope that he will attend as many sessions as he can and hear other papers of
interest.
INSECTS OF STE. ANNE’S, QUE., SEASON OF 1915.
E. MELvInLe DuPorTE, MAcDONALD COLLEGE, QUE.
During the past season there were outbreaks of several injurious insects at
Ste. Anne’s and the surrounding country, the most important of which are dis-
cussed below.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49
GRAINS AND CLOVERS.
Tue Frir Fry (Oscinis carbonaria) along with the WHEAT Stem Maccor
(Meromyza americana) caused appreciable injury to small grains. These insects
which have not, at least within recent years, been, destructive in this region were
more plentiful than usual.
Hessian Fiy injury was observed by Mr. P. I. Bryce in the experimental
plots at Macdonald College. Hitherto these plots have been free from this pest.
As the plots worst affected were in the neighborhood of a manure pile it is prac-
tically certain that the insects were brought in with the manure.
The more important insects of the clover during the season were the CLOvER
Seep Cuarcip (Bruchophagus funebris), THe Lesser LEAF WEEVIL (Phytonomus
nigirostris), THE CioveR Mire (Bryobia pratensis), THE PEA APHIS
(Macrosiphum pisi), and Tychius picirostris. The Seed Chalcid was quite des-
tructive during the seasons of 1913 and 1914. The injury due to it was not so
marked during the season under discussion, but its work was supplemented by
that of the Lesser Clover-leaf Weevil, the larve of which destroyed a fair pro-
portion of the red clover seed. The Clover Mite was quite abundant in the latter
part of the season.
Locusts. The locust outbreak was very severe in the Province of Quebec
during the past season. Not only forage and field crops, but some garden crops
were severely injured. The species most numerous and causing most injury at
Ste. Anne’s was the red-legged locust (Melanoplus femur-rubrum). M. bivittatus
was also quite numerous. At Macdonald College the poisoned bran mash, Kansas
formula, was used to protect the experimental plots. For some reason the
mortality among the locusts was not as high as expected. The incursion of locusts
from neighboring untreated fields increased the difficulty of controlling the pest
and for this reason strong emphasis should be laid on co-operation among farmers
in combatting these insects.
FIELD AND GARDEN CROPS,
Cutworms. Another very serious outbreak of cutworms occurred in parts
of the Province, causing considerable injury to garden and field crops. At Ste.
Anne’s the species responsible for most of the injury was the striped cutworm
(EZuzoa tessellata), but a few white cutworms and red-backed cutworms were also
found. Several parasites of these insects were actively at work, and the relatively
small number of moths observed holds out some hope that the cutworms will be
less destructive next year.
Root Maceots. Both the cabbage root maggot (Chortophila brassice) and
the seed corn maggot (Chortophila fusciceps) were the cause of much injury to
cruciferous. crops. In some turnip fields a large proportion of the plants was
destroyed by the seed corn maggot even after the tops were practically full grown
and the roots had attained a fair size. The carrot rust fly (Pstla rose) was more
injurious than usual this year, causing considerable loss in small kitchen gardens.
THe Beet-LEar Miner (Chortophila vicina) was injurious at Ste. Annes to
mangels, beets and spinach. Complaints were received also from other parts of the
Province.
Tue Hor FiLes-BEetLte (Psylliodes punctulata). Beets and mangels were
badly attacked by this insect in the early part of the season. It was the only flea-
_ beetle which occurred in very large numbers at Ste. Anne’s.
50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
The growing of parsnip seed for the first time at Macdonald College intro-
duced there a new pest, the Parsnip Web-Worm (Depressaria heracliana), which
greatly reduced the yield of seed. This insect is always present in the wild carrot
at Ste. Anne’s but has not before given us any trouble.
ORCHARD AND SMALL Fruits.
THE Pium Sivue (Hriocampoides limacina) was very destructive during 1913
and 1914, and judging by the number of adults which emerged last spring and the
number of eggs laid, I expected a severe outbreak this season. The eggs, however,
were so etfectively parasitized by the chalcid Pentarthron minutum that it was not
even necessary to spray for the slug.
THE BupmMotH (T'metocera ocellana) continues to be injurious in various
parts of the Province, especially in poorly kept orchards. Its parasites were at
work, Pentarthron minutum being most active. Experiments on the control of
the budmoth larve indicated that they could be kept in check by the application of
two sprays, one three days before the blossoms open, the other shortly after the
petals fall. It was also found that lead arsenate at the rate of 214 lbs. per 100
gallons of spray, applied at the end of June while the eggs are on the leaf, will
destroy a very large proportion of the newly hatched larve.
THE Cigar Case BEARER (Coleophora fletcherella) was present on unsprayed
trees but gave no trouble in well kept orchards.
The work of the BurFALO TREE-HOPPER was very evident in some orchards.
In a young orchard of about 4,000 trees, not far from Ste. Anne’s, this insect has
dwarfed and deformed several of the trees to such an extent that they are practi-
cally valueless.
Among the insects injurious to small fruits the more important were the ~
Currant Saw Fy, the RAspperry Saw Fy, and the imported CuRRANT Borer.
THE OCCURRENCE OF TYCHIUS PICIROSTRIS ON CLOVER AT
STE. ANNE’S, QUE.
E. MELVILLE DuPortTE, MACDONALD COLLEGE, QUE.
Last May I noticed that the leaves of red clover which forms a cover crop in
an orchard at Ste. Anne’s were being destroyed by a small snout beetle. This
insect was present in large numbers feeding gregariously on the leaves, in many
cases upwards of twenty being found on a single leaf. On being disturbed the
weevils readily “feigned death” and fell to the ground. Specimens sent to the
United States Bureau of Entomology were identified as T'ychius picirostris by
Mr. E. A. Schwarz.
Later in the season, as soon as the clover came into bloom, the insects deserted
the leaves and attacked the flower heads in which they remained throughout the
season. My latest record is dated September 28th.
The weevil was found in practically all fields of common red and mammoth
ted clover in the neighborhood of Ste. Anne’s, but did not seem to attack other
varieties.
The adult beetle is a small curculio about 2.25 mm. long and 1 mm. broad.
The interspaces of the elytra are thickly clothed with narrow, hair-like, procumbent
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51
seales, the elytral striae are naked. The ventral side of the body bears somewhat
broader scales. Pronotum punctate; not much narrower than the elytra; its
length about equal to its greatest breadth; narrowed in front; the scales on the
pronotum and also on the legs are similar to those on the elytra. The head is
sparsely clothed with fine hairs; the beak is about as long again as the head and
clothed at its basal end with scales like those of the elytra.
The scales of the elytra and prothorax give the weevil a pale olive green colour,
but they are rubbed off as the insect gets older, leaving the elytra and pronotum
bare so that the insect gradually assumes a dark brown colour.
Tychius picirostris is not an indigenous form, but has been introduced from
Europe where it attacks the flower heads of red clover, plantain and Genista. It
has not before been recorded as injurious in North America though I learn from
Tychius picirostris on clover leaf. (Original.)
Professor F. M. Webster that it has been collected at Ithaca and Oswego, N. Y.,
and at Framingham, Mass. I have observed it at Ste. Anne’s for several years,
but not before in sufficiently large numbers to be regarded as injurious.
THE PrEsIpENT: Mr. DuPorte is to be congratulated on his account of his
season’s work, which indicates how very active he has been and to what good
purpose he has directed his attention. We here have been particularly interested
in his observations on Tychius picirostris, this new pest of clover, and probably
Mr. Gibson has some remarks to make about this.
52 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Mr. Grsson: We have a specimen in the collection which may possibly be
this species and which is from Brockville. We have not, however, examined it
carefully enough to be certain. I was glad to hear of the eastern occurrence of
the Hop Flea-beetle, which Mr. DuPorte referred to.
Pror. LocHHEAD: I would like to remark in regard to Mr. DuPorte’s papers
that I had not much time to give to the work done by Mr. DuPorte, who is a
member of the Biology staff of Macdonald College as investigator under the
Dominion Federal Agricultural Institution Act. He has done a great deal of
work of which this is a small fraction, and he has other more elaborate work at
hand. It is especially in the line of anatomical work that his investigations are
valuable. I know of no person in Canada who is more adept or more patient in
the unravelling of minute anatomy than Mr. DuPorte, and we may expect to
hear of some of his investigations a little later. He had the honour of presenting
a paper to the Royal Society last year, and I feel sure that Mr. DuPorte will
favor us year after year with his attendance and give an account of his work.
THE PRESIDENT: If there is no further discussion I think we will conclude
this morning’s session.
THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 4th—AFTERNOON SESSION.
THE PRESIDENT: We are to begin the afternoon session with a paper by
Dr. Fyles. Dr. Fyles needs no introduction to the Entomological Society. He
is the oldest member among us, and when he said last year that the paper he
presented would be probably the last I well remember disputing the fact with
him, and apparently my own prophecy has proved correct in that we are to
enjoy another paper by Dr. Fyles entitled “Observations Upon Some of the
Predaceous and Parasitic Hymenoptera.”
OBSERVATIONS UPON SOME OF THE PREDACEOUS AND PARASITIC
HYMENOPTERA.
Rev. Dr. Fytes, Orrawa.
One day in summer, I was sitting under the verandah of a friend’s house,
at Hull, when I noticed a specimen of Pelopeus cementarius Drury, exploring
some webs that had escaped the notice of the mistress of the dwelling. The
creature was in search of spiders, wherewith to provision the mud castles that
it was building for its young. This incident suggested the subject of my paper.
The question entered my mind, How can I obtain a supply of the mud
structures for use in the preparation of the article? I bethought me that boys
are privileged, and can go where older persons cannot, without being regarded
as intruders, so I asked the aid of one of Baden Powell’s boy scouts, and not
in vain; for next day he obtained for me an ample supply of the castles, from
an unused attic of a neighboring house.
Pelopeus cementarius has practised the business of pottery from the creation
of the world that now is. Its instinct impels and guides it, and its work is
accurately done, according to its need.
I have watched the insect preparing material for its building.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53
In the grounds of the late Mr. Quartus Bliss, at Compton, in the eastern
townships, there was a horse-trough hewn out of a huge basswood log. The
water was supplied by a spring, and its overtiow escaped at one end of the trough,
through a circular cut, and formed a puddle in the clay ground. One day, when
on a visit to Mr. Bliss, I saw a number of mud-wasps at this puddle gathering
soil, tempering it with their mandibles, and then flymg away with pellets of
the cement.
The cells brought to me were in masses, and probably numbered two hundred.
They reminded me of dirty peanuts jammed together. Within each was a long
oval chamber, at one end of which were the remains of the spiders on which the
inmate had fed. Next to these was a hard cap, rough and rounded on the out-
side, and concave and polished on the inside. Attached to this was a case, yield-
ing to the touch, and somewhat brittle, but strengthened by a fine silken covering,
which I found could be peeled off.
The case was semi-transparent. The form of the waxen larva, free and
unattached, could be seen through it. Examined through a glass it appeared
to be formed of a like silken texture as its covering, but smoothed and compacted
by a vehicle that resembled glue or varnish.
Nak. size.
Grub of Pelopeus cementarius (Drury) in the month of November.
As the case was complete, and the remains of the spiders on the outside of
it, its occupant must have ceased to feed.
The perfect Pelopeus is a grim object, very active, very forbidding. Its
“frightfulness ” is its protection. It seems to say, “ You let me alone, and I'll
let you alone.” In reality it is one of our insect friends.
I think three spiders for each would be a low estimate for the provision made
in the cells brought to me. That would give 600 spiders collected in the im-
mediate vicinity of the house in which the cells were found. Now, when you
eall to mind how prolific the female spider is, you will be able to form a faint
idea of the terrible and disgusting plague from,which the mud-wasps preserve us.
But the spiders have their use in the economy of nature. Are there no
counter checks against the undue increase of the mud-wasps? Yes, several
ichneumon-flies have been recorded as_preying upon them; for instance, Cryptus
junceus Cresson (Am. Ent., Vol. I, p. 137).
Some years ago, I had a batch of Pelopeus cells in my study window. One
day, when the wasps were breaking from their domiciles, I found a specimen of
Sarcophaga predator Zabriski in the window. I can only account for its presence
by supposing that it came from one of the mud cells. If my surmise is right,
_ how can we account for the presence of intruders such as this in the mud eastles
=
54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
of the wasp? I think that Prof. W. S. Blatchley, in “ Woodland Idyls,” pages
206-9, has supplied an answer. He tells that he saw an ichneumon light upon a
spider, that a wasp was carrying off, and deposit an egg in it.
Zabriski found S. predator in the nests of Vespa maculata Linn., and Vespa
germanica Fabr., insects of widely different nesting habits. Has it a wider choice
of domiciles? It may have.
The Digger Wasps should be numbered among our insect friends.
One summer day, a few years ago, I was walking in the beautiful cemetery
at St. Joseph de Levis when I came to a bare and unused portion of ground.
The soil was light yet not friable. It seemed to be just suitable for the operations
of Bembex fasciatus Fab. About a score of these insects were in sight, some of
them sinking shafts in the ground; others storing their shafts already completed
with Blue-bottle flies.
It must be told here that a considerable tract of Government land lies near
the burial ground which I have spoken of; and that some of the dwellers in the
vicinity were guilty of the reprehensible practice of carting their garbage out to
this waste land, and leaving it there uncovered. It was not surprising that
Blow-flies were plentiful in the neighborhood, and that Digger Wasps and Carrion
Bettles were plentiful there, too.
I once saw Ammophila communis Cresson, staggering along with a cater-
pillar larger than itself, and then burying it in a hole previously prepared.
The monarch of our Canadian ichneumons is undoubtedly Thalessa atrata Fab.
On the 17th of June, 1899, the Quebec Branch of the Entomological Society,
which was then in a flourishing condition, held a field day in the grounds of Mr.
Harper Wade, of New Liverpool, Quebec. Mr. Wade’s house is on a bluff over-
looking the St. Lawrence. Behind it is an extensive lawn bordered by ornamental
trees and shrubs. At the time of our visit a huge maple log had been sawn
into blocks of stove length, ready for the splitting; but the owner had placed
them here and there, under the trees, for rustic seats. On approaching one of
these I found several female specimens of atrata in the act of depositing their eggs,
while others of the species were darting about in the vicinity. Each block had
its visitors of the kind attracted by the larve of Tremex columba Linn., which
were tunneling in the wood. But how were the ichneumons attracted? Was it
by some subtile emanation from their victims? Who can say?
__ There are trees on each side of the street on which I live. A Red Maple
(Acer rubrum) is growing a few yards from my door. On the 16th of June,
1912, looking from the portico over this door, I saw an assembly of ten or a
dozen males of Thalessa lunator Fabr. The insects were clustered on a spot where
a limb of the tree had been lopt some years before.
There was apparently much agitation amongst them. Before night two fe-
males made their appearance from the wood; and then the males dwindled in
number. Only the two females remained next day.
_ What attracted the male insects to the spot where the females were about
to show themselves? Was it scent, or sound, or some influence we know not of?
While speaking of the Longtails let me say that some years ago, I took on
the Heights of Levis a Thalessa of great rarity. It is about the size, and of —
the same rich sienna-colour as Thalessa lunator Fabr., but very different in its
markings. Instead of the lunettes which are seen on the abdomen of lunator,
there are, on each side of the 3rd, 4th and 5th abdominal segments of the insect
I am speaking of, a bright crome-yellow circle upon a black fascia which passes
round the segment. I presume that this insect is Thalessa nortoni Cresson.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55
Epialthes gigas Walsh, which closely follows the above in our lists, has a
forbidding appearance. Epialthes (Gr.) means a nightmare, one that leaps upon
you. Not a bad name! Decidedly it is better to have the insect preserved in
the cabinet than alive in the bed-chamber.
I have in my collection, amongst many other useful insects, representatives
of twenty-two species of the genus Ichnewmon. They attack the Noctuids. I
have seen Ichnewmon letus Brullé break from the emptied skin of a cut-worm.
The micro-hymenoptera are valuable friends to man. I have here a family
of 103 specimens of Apanteles longicornis Provancher, which fed in one Tussock
caterpillar, and then spun their cocoons around the remainder of their victim.
To show how thoroughly the work of the micro-hymenopterous parasites is
done, and how important it is, in sometimes un-noted directions:
Those who have stood on a Quebec wharf in the blueberry season, and seen
the Saguenay steamboats discharging their freight, will have noticed the stacks
of rude boxes, made of slabs from the sawmills, and filled with blueberries, landed
there; and they will have witnessed the eagerness with which dealers have made
bids for them. The reflection will have come into their minds, what an important
source of revenue—what a provision of food—the blueberry crop must prove, to the
poor inhabitants of the Chicoutimi and Saguenay wilds, and how serious a loss
to them its failure would be.
In May, 1895, I sent to Mr. Wm. H. Ashmead, a number of galls that I
had found on the blueberry bushes at Levis, and specimens of the flies that I
had raised from them. Mr. Ashmead replied:
“The gall on Vaccinium is my Solenozopheria vaccinu described in 1887
(Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XIV, p. 149).
“The parasite reared from it is my Megorismus nubtlipennis. The gall occurs
abundantly on various species of Vaccinium, in all parts of the country, but the
maker is extremely rare; and the only one known, so far as I know, is my single
type specimen. I took the gall by the hundreds, and have never reared but one
specimen of the gall-maker; all other things reared from it being parasites. I
have reared several distinct species of micro-hymenoptera from it, although of these
the M. nubilipennis was the most common.”
- One of the most brilliant little micro-hymenoptera came under my notice in
peculiar circumstances, and has remained a memory and a mystery to me to this
day. The late Mr. Joshua Thompson, of D’Aubigny Villa, Levis, sent to me one
day in July, begging me to come and see his plum trees. ‘The trees were loaded
with haif-grown fruit; and a most remarkable invasion of the trees had occurred.
I never witnessed anything like it. There were myriads of tiny hymenopterons
upon them. I counted as many as thirty on one plum. The females of the
species had their ovipositors thrust deep into the fruit.
I submitted specimens of the insects to Mr. Ashmead and he declared them
to belong to a new species. I named them Torymus thompsomi, and I published
a full description of them in the Thirty-fourth Ann. Rep. of the Ent. Soc. of
Ont., page 10. The type of the species is in my collection in Ottawa.
I had previously raised specimens of Torymus sackentt Ashmead, from
blisters on the leaves of Golden Rod.
In the valuable series of Farmers’ Bulletins issued by the Bureau of Ento-
mology, at Washington, there appeared lately an article by Mr. F. M. Webster,
which reminded us of a time when the hearts of men began to fail them for fear
because of the devastations wrought in their grain fields by the Hessian Fly.
Where this insect comes in its strength—to use the words of Mr. Webster—
r
g
; i
56 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
“hundreds of thousands of acres of wheat may be either totally, or so badly
injured as to reduce the yield 50 to 75 per cent., and the monetary losses expressed
in dollars would run far up into the millions.”
Agriculturists, at the time I have alluded to, were at their wits’ end to dis-
cover checks upon the destroyers. The checks came, but they were not of man’s
devising. Doubtless, in the beginning of the world that now is, such interruptions
and disturbances in the order of nature, as the Hessian Fly plague—
“Deep in God’s foreknowledge lay.”
And it was He who brought to bear the minute antagonists of the fly, that
are so well figured in the bulletin I have mentioned, viz.: Polignotus hiemalts,
Merisus destructor, Platygaster herrickii, Beotomus subapierus.
A, bulletin on the Hessian Fly has also been written by Mr. Norman Criddle,
and published by direction of the Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa. In it a full
description of the pest, its life-history, and its operations are given. A reference
to its hymenopterous parasites is also made.
Such investigations as Mr. Webster and Mr. Criddle, and others of our prac-
tical Entomologists, are carrying on, dignify our favorite study, and raise it far
above trivialities and hobbies. In following out the life-histories of our insect
friends and insect foes, and showing how wonderfully they work for the general
good, they—
“Justify the ways of God to man.”
In pointing out the best methods of operating under the vicissitudes of nature,
of remedying evils, and advancing benefits, their work is ennobled, for the are
“workers together with God.”
HYMENOPTERA PARASITICA—ICHNEUMONID4 TAKEN IN THE PROVINCE
OF QUEBEC BY THE REV. DR. FYLES.
ICHNEUMONID2.
Ichneumon annulipes Cresson. Levis, rare.
Ichneumon canadensis Cresson. Levis, common,
Ichneumon cincticornis Cresson. Levis, common.
Ichneumon comes Cresson. Levis, common.
Ichnewmon creperus Cresson. Levis, common.
lchneumon extrematus Cresson. Levis, rare.
Ichneumon fiavicornis ‘Cresson. Levis, common.
Ichneumon flavizonatus Cresson. Levis, common,
Ichneumon grandis Brullé. Levis. a
Ichneumon insolens (Cresson. Levis.
Ichneumon jucundus Brullé. Levis, rare.
Ichneumon letus Brullé. Levis, common.
Ichneumon malacus Say. Levis, rare.
Ichneumon paratus Say. Levis, rare.
Ichneumon pictifrons Cresson. Levis.
Ichneumon promptus Cresson. Levis, rare.
Ichneumon rujiventris Brullé. Levis, rare.
Ichneumon sublatus Cresson. Levis, common.
Ichneumon unifasciatorius Say. Levis, common.
Ichneumon versabilis Cresson. Levis, common.
Ichneumon wilsoni Cresson. Levis, rare.
Ichneumon xanthropus Ashmead. Levis, rare.
Amblyteles indistinctus Provancher. Levis, rare.
Amblyteles quebecensis Provancher. Levis, rare.
Amblyteles rufizonatus Cresson. Levis, rare.
Amblyteles subrufus Cresson. Levis, common.
Amblyteles saturalis Say. Levis, rare.
Trogus brullei Cresson. Levis, common.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
~2
or
Trogus copei Cresson. Levis, common.
Trogus exesorius Brullé. Levis, common.
Trogus fulvipes Cresson. Levis.
Herpestomus hebrus Cresson. Levis, rare.
Trychosis tunicula-rubra Fyles. Levis.
Cryptus americanus Cresson. Levis, rare.
~ Cryptus extrematis Cresson. Levis, parasitic in Samia cecropia.
Cryptus robustus Cresson, Levis, rare.
Hemiteles mucronatus Provancher. Levis, parasite of Tricotaphe levisella Fyles.
Hemiteles utilis Norton. Levis, secondary parasite in Acronycta larve.
Ophion macrurum Linneus. Levis, parasitic in the Saturnians.
Ophion purgatum Say. Levis, common.
Exochilum fuscipenne Norton. Levis, common.
Exochilum mundum Say. Levis, common.
Heteropelma flavicornis Brullé. Levis, common.
Opheltes glaucopterus Linneus. Levis, parasitic in Cimber americana.
Paniscus geminatus Say. Levis, common.
Campopler glaucus Norton. Levis, rare.
Campoplez laticinctus Cresson. Levis, rare.
Exetastes rufofemoratus Provancher. Levis, common.
Ezetastes suaveolens Walsh. Levis, rare.
i Sphecophorus predator Zabriskie. Hull parasitic in nests of Vespa.
7 Polyblastus quebecensis Provancher. Levis.
Exyston humeralis Davis. Levis, rare.
\ Bassus tripicticrus Walsh. Levis, rare.
- Arotes amenus Cresson. Levis.
oe Arotes vicinus Cresson. Iron Hill.
Thalessa atrata Fabricius. New Liverpool.
Thalessa lunator Fabricius. Sherbrooke, common.
' Thalessa nortoni Cresson. Levis, very rare.
' Ephialtes gigas Walsh. Levis.
Pimpla annulicornis Cresson. Levis, rare.
| Pimpla conquisitor Say. Levis, common.
‘ Pimpla inquisitor Say. Levis, parasitic on Hylotoma pectoralis.
t Pimpla pedalis Cresson. Levis, common.
Pimpla pterelas Say. Levis.
Pimpla tenuicornis Cresson. Levis, rare.
é Lampronota americana Cresson. Levis, common.
Lampronota punctulata Cresson. Levis, rare.
- Lampronota varia Cresson. Levis, rare.
| Xytonomus stigmapterus Say. Levis.
Echthrus abdominalis Cresson. Levis.
THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Fyles, I should like to express on my own behalf and
on behalf of the members here our great appreciation of your address, especially
_ your peroration and your tribute to those practical entomologists who, in their work,
are rather apt to forget that aesthetic and beautiful side of entomology which
you so well express, not only in this but in your previous papers. Your reference
from time to time of discoveries you made fifty years ago make so many of us
here feel how really very young we are, and how much we have to learn from
our predecessors in entomological investigation and study. I have always felt,
sir, that the papers and addresses which you have-given from time to time are
- most valuable to us particularly as exponents of good English. I feel that in
the hurried life we lead and the desire that some workers have to get their
information quickly into print, there is a tendency to neglect the form and style
of our English, which, of course, as English-speaking people, we should do every-
thing we can to prevent, and, therefore, for an additional reason your addresses
are more valuable and of practical use to us as examples of the use to which
English can be put. I will not detain the meeting any longer, because there
_ may be other members who would like to say a few words of appreciation.
4 Pror. LocuHeap: Mr. President, may I say a few words in addition to
what our Chairman has said regarding the long services of Dr. Fyles in connection
5 ES.
mar.
58 THE REPORT OF THE : No. 36
ee
with work in entomology? I have known Dr. Fyles for over twenty years; I am
sorry I have not known him longer, for I might have been a better man. About
twenty years ago I came into contact with a small number of men older than
myself, I might say a generation older—Dr. Fyles, Dr. Bethune and Dr. Fletcher,
a little younger than these two. I met them all at the Annual Meeting in London,
in 1895 or 1896. These men, I think you will all have observed, have given great
attention to the literary form in which they express themselves. I have said
very frequently in reading over their papers (take the old Entomological Society
Reports of Dr. Bethune or Dr. Fletcher, for example) that they were masters
Megarhyssa atrata ovipositing on maple, ap-
proximately natural size. Photograph by
Charles Macnamara, Arnprior, Ont.
of English, and we are not keeping up to the standard they set in this respect.
I agree with our Chairman that more attention should be given to the form in
which our reports and papers are prepared. This is not the first paper I have
heard from Dr. Fyles during all that time, for he has seldom been absent from
the meetings. Then in addition, we have had him several times in attendance
at our meetings of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants at Macdonald
College. While Dr. Fyles is a strong member of the Ontario Entomolgical Society,
yet I think his heart is in Quebec, where he has laboured so long. While he
cannot come down to our meetings as he used to, yet we always feel that his
heart is with us, and his mind and thoughts are with us at our Annual Meetings.
I hope he will be able to come down for the next meeting. I rise simply to
show my appreciation of the valuable work that Dr. Fyles has done in connection
with the Society.
pr
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59
THE PRESIDENT: I wish to make a slight alteration in the programme because
of the circumstances. We have with us a gentleman from Arnprior, Mr. Macnamara,
who is rapidly becoming an entomologist—in fact I think he is already an ento-
mologist. He has been making some very interesting observations on certain
insects to which Dr. Fyles referred, namely, those extraordinary hymenopterous
parasites of the genus Thalessa. Mr. Macnamara, in addition to being an ento-
mologist, is also a photographer of considerable skill, and has been able to apply
his photographic knowledge to the recording of the oviposition of those extra-
ordinary parasites, some of the most extraordinary parasites we have, and, therefore,
I think it is rather fitting that, although I took upon myself to ask Mr. Macnamara
to read this paper and it is, therefore, not in the programme as the latter had
already been prepared, Mr. Macnamara should give us a brief discussion on his
observations of which he has some photographs.
Mr. Macnamara: You have taken me entirely by surprise, Dr. Hewitt, and
I do not think I have much of interest to say, but I have a few photographs of
one of the ichneumons that the members may care to see. The prints show the
male and female Thalessa, or as the genus is now called, “ Megarhyssa” atrata;
and the female alone with her extraordinary ovipositor separated to show the
two sheathes and the drill. Other prints show the tree infested with Tremex
which the M. atrata frequented, and magnified views of the ovipositor, foot and
other parts are given. Perhaps the most interesting views are those of the insect
in the act of ovipositing, with the flexible sheathes curved over her back.
I first observed these insects ovipositing on a maple tree in a small hardwood
grove about the middle of June. They were in considerable numbers, some days
twenty to twenty-five, and continued egg-laying until the middle of September
when they disappeared. As their victim, the Tremex never seems to attack per-
fectly sound wood, Megarhyssa generally bores into somewhat decayed material,
but it is wonderful that she should be able to drive her ovipositor as she does,
to a depth of five or six inches into wood that we find hard enough to cut with
a chisel or a knife.
Dr. Fyles spoke of the instinct which enables them to discover the tree
tunnelled by the Tremex. Their instinct in this respect is remarkable, but by
no means infallible. The Megarhyssa I observed frequently only on one tree
in a grove of five or six acres, and frequent and careful search failed to discover
them on any other tree in the wood. But in October a large maple nearby,
broken off by a gale, was found to be riddled by Tremex and no Megarhyssa
had ever discovered them.
As Dr. Hewitt has taken me entirely by surprise I hope you will excuse the
erudeness of my remarks, as I have not had time to prepare anything, but
probably the photographs will prove interesting to some of you.
THE PRESIDENT: I think the photographs which are going around will prove
my statement that we have with us a photographer-turned entomologist, and those
of you who remember Mr. Macnamara’s previous contributions to entomology
in the shape of his account of the habits and some notes on the biology of those
very small, little-studied creatures, Achorutes, will agree with me that we have
a very ardent entomologist in Mr. Macnamara, and I do not think that he will
need any further introduction or words to back up his election for membership
when his name comes forward, as it will to-morrow.
Pror, Carsar: This photograph of Mr. Macnamara’s, showing ovipositing
is extremely good. It is a most wonderful thing to look at this insect ovipositing.
60 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Time after time I have watched it and tried to get a photograph, but failed at
the last moment. Might I ask that this photograph be published ?
THE PresipeNT: I agree with Professor Caesar that the publication of that
photograph would be most useful.
We will now proceed to the programme. The next paper is that by Mr.
Parrott and Dr. Glasgow on “The Leaf Weevil (Polydrosus impressifrons Gyll.)
in New York.”
THE LEAF-WEEVIL (Polydrusus* impressifrons Gyll.) IN NEW YORK.
P. J. Parrorr and HueH GLAsGow.
The leaf-weevil which is discussed in this paper is a new and, until the in-
ception of this study, an unrecorded enemy of shade and fruit trees in the United
States. In view of the losses sustained by farming interests in America by intro-
duced insects a newly-discovered species of foreign origin, however unimportant
it is in its original home, is the subject of considerable speculation as well as of
some apprehension until its status as a pest is definitely determined. The follow-
ing notes represent a preliminary account of our studies upon the weevil, which
are perhaps not without interest to those who are especially concerned in matters
dealing with the introduction and spread of noxious insects.
DISCOVERY AND IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES.
Our attention was first attracted to this species during the summer of 1906
when large numbers of the beetles were observed in young plantings of willows and
poplars in the vicinity of Geneva. They were present on nearly every tree and
were feeding on the margins of the more succulent leaves. Some days later
specimens of the insect were sent to us by the foreman of a nursery in another
part of Ontario County, N.Y., who reported that the beetles were injuring roses
and apples. As the species was apparently not represented in entomological
collections in this country and it was difficult to secure positive identification,
specimens of the insects were forwarded to Professor Alfred Giard, The Sorbonne,
Paris, and to Doctor G. Horvath, The Hungarian National Museum, Budapest,
both of whom independently classified the beetle as Polydrusus impressifrons Gyll.
STATUS OF THE SPECIES IN EUROPE.
In view of the great numbers of the beetle in certain sections of New York,
a perusal of European literature impresses strongly two points on the mind of
the reader: (1) The weevil belongs to a group of insects which contain some
species that are destructive, and (2) the species impresstfrons is of little signi-
ficance; and there apparently very little knowledge, if any, as regards its life
history and habits—deficiencies which hold equally for some associated species
that are of considerable importance, and therefore better known, at least by name.
Notwithstanding the seeming lack of detailed data on life histories and habits,
the weevils attacking buds and tender foliage of fruit and shade trees appear to
be more injurious and varied as regards number of species in Europe than is
*This genus is also designated Polydrosus, but W. D. Pierce of the U. S. Bureau of
Entomology has kindly informed us that the foregoing designation is, according to the
rules of nomenclature, to be preferred. ‘
)
>
, .
‘
.
t
?
I
$
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61
the case in this country. From the standpoint of economic status, two Otiorhynchid
genera are at this time of special interest—Phyllobius and Polydrusus, which
comprise a number of species of weevils that range from various shades of brown
to bluish-green or golden yellow in colour. Several of these are listed as noxious
insects because of their habit of nibbling young opening buds and then later
attacking the foliage. With plants of horticultural importance as hosts some species
also do considerable harm by gnawing the parts of the blossoms and thus prevent-
ing fructification. According to Zimmerman’ the species of these genera are
very similar in appearance and the two groups are distinguished by the character
of the antennal groove. In his discussion he, however, treats the different species
as a whole, considering in the following order Phyllobius argentatus L., Phyl.
maculicornis, Polydrusus sericeus Schall, Phyl. pyri, L., Poly. mollis Stroem.,
Phyl. oblongus L., and Phyl. viridicollis Fabr. Aside from merely mentioning
the names of the foregoing species and calling attention to errors in the writings of
other authors, very little information is given as to the life histories and biononiics
of the insects. It is to be noted also that impressifrons is not listed, an omission
which would indicate that it was not of sufficient importance to be considered
Phyllobius and two species of the genus Polydrusus, and make no reference to
impressifrons. The also call attention to the lack of knowledge upon the dif-
ferent insects of the two groups. Die’ Tierischen Feinde by Reh, which is one
of the latest economic works on European insects, contains a brief account of a
number of species in the genus Phyllobius, and states that of the numerous species
in the genus Polydrusus only a few are so abundant as to be destructive. Four
species are mentioned, but there is no reference to impressifrons. While Nérd-
linger,” Kaltenbach° and Hess® discuss other species in either of the two genera,
none of these authors refer to the insect under discussion. In Fauna Austrica,
Redtenbacher® gives a brief description of impressifrons, and states its habitat is
North Germany. Jiager* gives its distribution as Germany and France. In 1888"
Schilsky listed the species and states that it is plentiful throughout Germany.
Turning now to England, Rye” in his work on Brtish Beetles lists a good number
"of species of the genera Phyllobius and Polydrusus, in which impressifrons is
not definitely included. Theobald™ in his Insect Pests of Fruit makes no reference
to any species of Polydrusus, but discusses with some detail several Phyllobius
- species as Phyl. calcaratus, maculicornis, oblongus and uniformis. He states that
>
various leaf weevils are found on all kinds of vegetation and that several species
are common to not only many kinds of fruit but also to various forest trees and
shrubs. Two species more prominent than others on fruit trees and bushes are
the Green Leaf Weevil (Phyl. maculicornis) and the Oblong.Leaf Weevil (Phyl.
__ oblongus). The Glaucous Leaf Weevil (Phyl. calcaratus) is also mentioned as
doing serious damage to black currant bushes. It usually occurs on alders and
various low bushes and hedges. With respect to impressifrons Professor Theobald
*Zimmerman, Hugo, Die Obstbauschadlinge aus der Familie der Riisselkafer.
?Judeich, J. F., and Nitsche, H., Forstinsektenkunde, Bd. I, pp. 407-411.
*Reh, L., Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, Bd. 3, p. 539, 1913.
*Nordlinger, H., Die kleinen Feinde der Landwirthschaft, 1855.
*Kaltenbach, J. H., Die Pflanzenfeinde, 1874.
*Hess, W., Die Feinde des Obstbaues, 1892.
*Redtenbacher, Ludwig, Fauna Austrica, Die Kafer, Wien, 1858.
* Jager, G., Kaferbuch (C. G. Calwer), p. 420.
“Theobald, F. V., Insect Pests of Fruit, 1909.
: *Schilsky, J., Systematisches Verzeichnis der Kafer Deutschlands, 1888.
® Rye, Edward C., British Beetles, 1886.
62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
informed the senior author in 1914 that he was not familiar with it and no speci-
mens were contained in his museum collections. As the species seemed to be
more numerous in France, Austria and Germany, and desiring to know more
of its present status as an injurious insect, a circular letter soliciting information
on the creature was sent to a goodly number of European entomologists. The
importance of the species can be judged from excerpts from two letters, one from
France and one from Austria. A. Giard” writes that while impressifrons is by
no means rare in the spring uporf willow and alder, it is not an important species,
and little is known regarding its ethology. Zimmerman” states that the insect
is not very common in Austria or Germany and occurs on willow and alder.
Injuries to the foliage of fruit trees have not so far been recorded. Little know-
ledge exists as to its life history and habits.
DISTRIBUTION IN NEW YORK.
The actual range of distribution of the beetle in the State of New York has
not been determined. The insect has become established in Ontario, Monroe and
Wayne counties, and scattering numbers of the species have been captured as far
west as Albion, in Orleans county. It is not improbable that the species occurs
over a larger territory than has been indicated.
Foop PLAnNTs.
The beetle is apparently an omnivorous feeder, subsisting on the foliage of a
large number of plants, among which there may be listed birch, willow, poplar,
apple and pear as its favorite plants. Scattering individuals have been collected
at various times on elm, rose, linden and black locust, which seemingly were
feeding on these plants, although their presence on them may have been acci-
dental and due to the close proximity of more attractive plants. While specimens
of the beetles, either actively engaged in feeding or in copulation have been
observed on all of the above plants, it should be noted that none or very few
of the insects have been seen on maple, box elder, horse chestnut, lilac, syringa
or elderberry, although these were growing in considerable numbers near the
preferred hosts.
To determine more closely the preferences of impressifrons, beatings were
made of different plants, and from the collections obtained it appears that the
insects seek birches, willows and poplars in the greatest numbers, and, if the
beetle manifests any choice among these, preference is given to birches. In feeding
tests in breeding cages the creatures subsisted on the foliage of these plants as
well as of pear with no apparent choice, and selected the foliage of the foregoing
trees in preference to that of the apple.
Siftings of earth showed that the insect breeds in large numbers on such
varieties as the Pussy Willow (Salix discolor), the Kilmarnock Willow (Sali:
pendula), the Laurel-Leaf Willow (Salix petandra), the Weeping Willow (Salix
babylonica), the Wisconsin Willow (Salix dolorosa), and the White Willow (Salix
alba). arve in great abundance were similarly obtained in soil about two
species of birch (Betula populifolia and alba) and the Carolina and Lombardy
poplars (Populus deltoides, var. carolinensis and P. nigra, var. italica).
“Giard, A., Letter of July 7, 1906.
* Zimmerman, W., Letter of Aug. 7, 1910.
eR ke
~
=
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63
.
CHARACTER OF INJURY.
As is the case with many associated species in Europe, the damage that
impressifrons causes is two-fold: First, it nibbles the unfolding buds and then
it attacks the foliage, preferring the margins of the leaves. The beetles, while
small in size, are voracious eaters, and the extent of their injury is, broadly
speaking, in proportion to their abundance. Many of them confined to a relatively
small feeding area may cause much harm. The numbers of the insect that one
may sometimes observe would suggest at once that they must be doing appreciable
damage. However, it should be recorded that generally the extent of injury seems
to be greatly disproportionate to the numbers of the creatures) The most con-
spicuous example of their destructive capacity was observed in 1912 in a large
block of willows in a nursery plantation. This was largely composed of the
goat willow (Salix caprea) grafted to such sorts as New American, Rosemary
and Kilmarnock. The latter variety particularly suffered severely as a great many
of the insects attacked the opening buds, so that a goodly percentage of them
were killed while those partially injured produced imperfect clusters of leaves.
The initial injuries were later aggravated by the feeding of the beetles on the
margins of the leaves. The effect of this latter attack is to cause the leaves to
haye an uneven outline, and in instances of extreme injury to present a ragged
appearance. So abundant has the insect become in the certain nurseries that
the owners have found it necessary to resort to spraying in order to protect their
willow plantings. So far we have observed no injuries by the beetle to buds of
poplar, birch, apple or pear, and while feeding to an important extent has not been
detected on these trees, an examination of them during June will seldom fail to
find the work of the insect on the margins of the leaves. At present impressifrons
derives it importance as a pest from its destructive work in nurseries. In some
plantings where it has become established it is very numerous and will hardly fail
to attract the attention of an ordinary observer. There is no other species of
snout-beetle that, during its active period, so frequently brings itself to your
notice. It is not an uncommon experience to carry the beetles on one’s clothes
into the home or to observe them on the window screens of buildings. The fore-
man of one well-known nursery has informed us that aside from the damage
sustained the beetles have become so abundant in plantings of poplar, birch and
willow that they are a source of great annoyance to laborers by flying in their
_ faces. The abundance of the insect is indicated by the following counts: From
a sample of earth about osier willow two feet square and to the depth of the
_ spade, ninety-two larve were collected. From three spadefuls of earth taken near
the base of different kinds of nursery trees the following numbers of larve res-
_ pectively were found: Carolina poplar, 27 specimens; Lombardy poplar, 12 speci-
_ mens: silver-leaf poplar, 12 specimens; birch, 25 specimens; willow, 19 specimens ;
cw
1<
:
t
E
American mountain-ash, 17 specimens; European mountain-ash, 1 specimen; apple,
old tree in sod, 1 specimen. A similar quantity of earth, three spadefuls, taken
about five-year-old fruit trees in a mixed planting yielded the following numbers
of insects respectively: apple, 65 specimens; pear, 51 specimens; peach, 35 speci-
Mens, and plum 62 specimens. One corner of this orchard was only a little
removed from a row of osier willow. The fact that impressifrons is apparently
of little significance abroad certainly does not warrant the conclusion that it will
prove of no importance in this country. The conditions described justify the
inference that the species is already more abundant and injurious here than in
Europe or more attention would surely have been devoted to it there.
*
64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Lire History AND Hapsits.
The beetles emerge from the ground during the latter part of May and early
June. In 1914, they were first detected on May 26, and during the next few
days they were mating freely on the foliage. By May 30, eggs were being de-
posited. For the reception of the eggs the insect seeks cracks or crevices in the
bark, such as spaces that occur when the bark is loose at stubbed ends of twigs
or branches. lLoosened bud scales on twigs or wood, which have been removed by
pruning and allowed to remain on the ground, are also sought by the creatures
for the deposition of eggs. They appear to select any dry cavity in which the
eggs may be inserted, and which occupy positions that are exposed to the sun-
light. Eggs have been observed in situations on trees that were ten feet from
the ground, and doubtless they will be found in higher positions. The egg
measures about .2 mm. in width and .5 mm. in length. It is white, cylindrical
and gently rounded at the ends. Its shape seems to be influenced by the accom-
modation of the egg to surrounding surfaces. Eggs occur singly or in masses,
but usually in groups containing from twenty to eighty-five of them. Oviposition
is most active during early June. The period of incubation averaged between
twelve and thirteen days with little variation under ordinary conditions. Upon
hatching the young larva wriggles out of its position of concealment in the bark
and falls to the ground. It then seeks a crack in the earth, when it quickly
disappears. The larve apparently feed on tender roots, and our observations
indicate that they can live exclusively on the roots of willow, poplar and birch.
Doubtless they find subsistence on the root systems of other trees. It has not
been determined that they can live on the subterranean parts of grasses or weeds
which may be growing about the foregoing plants. The larve transform to pup2
during the latter part of April and early May. The pupal cells are considerably
larger than the larve and are at an average depth of about two inches, although
some of them may be three inches in the soil.
METHODS OF CONTROL.
The beetles are quite susceptible to arsenical poisons, and should it become
necessary to combat them little or no modification will probably be required in
existing spraying practices. Cultivation, if done with care and at the proper
time, would doubtless prove very destructive to both larye and pupz in the soil.
THE PRESIDENT: The State of New York certainly is a general stamping
ground for new pests. We have the Hyponomeuta, and now we have this other
Polydrusus which evidently by its abundance seems to be firmly established in
that State. I do not remember whether you mentioned in the paper any sugges-
tion as to how it came in.
Dr. Guascow: We cannot say with certainty, but probably in earth about
the roots of nursery stock. This is the only way apparently that it could get in.
Mr. Burcess: I would like to ask Dr. Glasgow what success he has had in
its control.
- Dr. Guascow: It is very readily controlled by arsenical poisons.
Mr. BurceEss: Do you use arsenate of lead?
Dr. Guascow: Yes.
Mr. Burcess: At what strength do you use it?
Dr. GLascow: Commonly at the rate of three or four pounds of the poison
to fifty gallons of water.
FarHer Leopotp: At what time of the year do you use arsenate of lead?
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65
Dr. GLiascow: About the last of May or early in June, or whenever the
beetle becomes abundant to warrant treatment.
Tur PresiDeENT: If there is no further discussion we will proceed to the
next paper, which is of great interest, by Professor Brittain, on “Lygus invitus
and its control in 1915.”
THE GREEN APPLE BUG (Lygus invitus Say.) IN NOVA SCOTIA.
W. H. Brirratin, ProvinciAt Entomotocist ror Nova Scorra.
History.
For a number of years past certain fruit-growers in the Annapolis Valley have
complained of the non-bearing of their Nonpareil trees. These trees would
bloom heavily each year, but would never bear anything like a full crop, yielding
only a few gnarled apples; or, in many cases, none at all. This trouble was not
entirely confined to Nonpareils, but was more pronounced and by far the most
common in this variety. Others complained that their pears “ grew woody” and
were covered with corky, disfiguring scars. This latter trouble was commonly
ascribed to lack of iron in the soil, and liberal applications of iron filings were
frequently applied to correct this condition. Driving nails or spikes into trees was
also practised.
No one appears to have suspected that there was any connection between the
apple and pear trouble, or that either was caused by an insect. In June, 1914, the
writer visited an orchard consisting of mature Nonpareils, Ribstons, Gravensteins,
_ Golden Russets and several varieties of pears. The owner stated that the Non-
_ pareils had not had a crop for at least six years, and that the trouble was gradu-
ally spreading to the other varieties. Furthermore, the pears were so badly
affected that a number of them had been cut down. ‘The affected trees were
_ swarming with the green nymphs of Lygus invitus, and it took very little observa-
_ tion to show that they were the culprits. Following this, many reports of similar
damage to apples and pears were followed up with a like result, and further in-
vestigations have only tended to confirm our early observations.
or HA
DISTRIBUTION AND SPREAD.
The pest seems to be well distributed throughout the fruit-growing centres
of Nova Scotia, including the counties of Hants, Kings, Annapolis and Digby.
It seems to be more widely distributed on the pears than on the apples, the phrase
“injury to pears only” occurring with considerable frequency in the reports of
_ the entomological inspectors.
Though experiment has shown that the adults are capable of flying consider-
able distances, as a matter of fact, the pest spreads only slowly from orchard to
orchard. One orchard immediately across the road from a very heavily infested
‘ “one, showed few signs of injury. The amount of damage to pears does not seem to
vary much from year to year, but the injury to apples appears to be on the
_ Imerease in many localities and spreading from the more susceptible to the less
susceptible varieties.
66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 3655
SERIOUSNESS OF THE PEST.
Sufficient has already been written to indicate that this insect is a very serious
pest of both the apple and pear, but any estimate of the actual damage done
would, of course, be out of the question. However, it is safe to say that it is
one of the most serious insect pests of our orchards. In fact, there can be no doubt.
that in orchards where it has become established, we have no pest to compare with
it, either in amount of damage done or in the difficulty of eradication. The pears
in certain orchards have for years been so scarred as to be scarcely merchantable,
and, in not a few apple orchards, the crop of fruit from susceptible varieties has
been greatly reduced or even destroyed. In one orchard visited, only one apple
could be found among ten large Nonpareil trees, due entirely to the work of the
Green Apple Bug.
Host PLants.
As far as we have determined, the insect only breeds in the apple and pear.
~ It has been found feeding in the adult stage on plums, but has not been known
to oviposit in that plant. When shaken from the trees the nymphs have been ob-
served to feed upon couch grass, timothy, red clover, dandelions and other plants
growing beneath the tree, but on reaching the adult stage they again seek the apple
and pear trees for the purpose of feeding and depositing their eggs.
THE INSECTs.
When the insect first appears it is light yellow in color, but as it develops it
becomes green. It somewhat resembles an aphis in appearance and was once de-
scribed by a: farmer as a “new kind of long-legged aphis.” Others speak of it as
the “horned aphis ” on account of its long antenne. The adult is a small. delicate
insect, one quarter of an inch Tong. It is very pale on first emerging, but later
becomes a combination of light and dark brown. In appearance it resembles quite
closely the Tarnished Plant Bug (Lygus pratensis).
Lire History.
The maximum emergence of the nymphs from the egg state coincides with the
opening of the blossoms of the Gravenstein apple, but the beginning of the emerg-
ence is about five or six days earlier. They continue to hatch until the time the
blossom petals fall, when emergence is practically finished. In the season of 1915
the first nymph to emerge was taken on May 24th and the last-on June 10, the
period of maximum emergence being from June ist to June 5th. The duration
of the first nymphal instar is 5.22 days (average of 52 individuals) ; of second,
5.43 days (average of 34 individuals) ; of the third, 6.66 days (average of 34 in-
dividuals) ; of the fourth, 6.77 days (average of 24 individuals) ; and of the fifth,
6.83 days (average of 12 individuals).
No nymphs were observed during the past summer after July 7th, all having
completed their transformations by that date. The length of the adult stage varies
greatly, single individuals having been taken in the orchard as late as the first week
in October.
The following table gives the details of the life history of twelve individuals, -
which were reared from the egg to the adult siage :-—
PLATE I.—Lygus invitus.
Fig. 1—Orchard heavily infested with Fig. 3—Injury to young leaves.
Lygus. Note thickness of the Fig. 4—Appearance of mature leaves,
trees. that have been punctured
Fig. 2.—State of buds when first bug was while young, when held to the
found in the spring, light.
67
THE REPORT OF THE
68
Ie] SUI [eYAUAN owe u
t
queds skep Jo requinyy
Ce ee eS ee
yi oe ‘ PY see or ran
cr Le Ths G& £8°9 OTL 99°9 1a) 80° °°" * soseroay
LE g CE L L g HN 9 Ra Aes ompers ink Aen Alc (Mani et Gl a i I LA
If 8 €€ are 8 9 8 9 AL ony ae | it4 po Wl 14 Sp Ee yo || YA 8 56 | Tih os arclP eaees
If 6 ac L 9 9 L 9 TL yal G Be | Ren eco Tel EG Tuc ilG@im sco ssl ome se eseete
Le g 6& 8 L Bt g g Gere EP 5 SIMO C PENT AIRGT Met UlicTicess all Le acaty | 2 ye ttt ge
9€ 9 0€ 9 9 L 9 g Qa NS gre | Sean OCaml eeloer a: lieth peal tl = Ce CULT
66 L GE L 8 n 9 iy apes Sa Cte Se As a NE pe Ny haps tS NOR Ore.
SE i be L L 8 L ¢ HE Dasa mans Go (pra, So Wik sas Th og ete pte Gy
8€ g T€ L 8 L (iia P OD alia yee Re are: || eOcueasa MS Tigise slum atebll icamen aie ull seuearonin
6E L CE L L 9 | 9 9 tS oe) ENS pe cas oo OE ot HE WIE sn ae pp PP OST Yt
9¢ P GE I} ers yy [ime P (Nie Snel Nee amelliGraweeg Ihtéd on ie Boll Ge aa lin - Sq qivotsoxg
€ I Té L 8 L lant, g eo ore |as® 60 NC AOS ed nit ental 2 spp ters pae|iPYe tore
S§ v €€ L L L | 2 q g Arne) 7 Ane] zz aun} 0g euny¢| ET oune} g sunf} [T ouNG}******T
"SABE *sAUT *s£UT |
s uate | weqsur | “reqsur | “1eqsur | ‘xeysur | -2eysur
“Ost JO ‘9584S PaCeant| 114g 4p PAg pug 4ST “yeep | ‘qynour | ‘gJnour | 4[nom | 4,nom | 4[nom “SUL 40080
WACO AT a Oe =F RE LEAT OC lee Wt pig pug 4ST | “WOVE | 50 on
TROL uorpern(y | JO a}e | FO oq | Jo oy"EC[ | Jo exec | Jo apuq | Jo ayxq |
‘ST6T NI SMLIANI SQOOAT JO AYOLSIA BAIT
a 1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. * 69
+
4 The duration of the nymphal stage in our open air insectary corresponds
closely with that in the orchard, as proved by extensive observations, but the life
of the adult insect under natural conditions is much longer than the insectary re-
cords would seem to indicate. Repeated experiments show that the adults will not
thrive in confinement, but keep flying restlessly about, until they die of exhaustion.
_ For the first week or ten days after emerging the adults were abundant in the
_ orchard, bui after that they began to die off quite rapidly. It was an easy ‘matter
_ during this time to find a number of dead bugs fastened along the midrib of a single
apple leaf. The bugs have a habit, when about to die, of extruding the caudal ex-
_ tremity of the alimentary canal, which is covered by a viscid secretion, by means
‘of which they attach themselves to the leaf.
Though large numbers of bugs died during the latter part of July, there was
no difficulty in finding specimens through the month of August and early Sep-
_ tember. After that individual specimens could only be located with difficulty. On
_ August 27th 50 adults were collected, 46 being females and four males; on August
30th, 50 more were collected, 45 females and five males; on September 3rd, col-
lected 31 specimens, 27 females and four males; September 9th, 10 insects col-
lected, all females, September 13th, 10 more specimens, all females, and on Septem-
ber 17th only two adult females could be found. From that date until October
th scattering female specimens have been taken.
OVIPOSITION.
: The eggs are laid beneath the tender bark of pears and apples, principally the
latter. All attempts to catch the female in the act of oviposition were fruitless,
though many hundreds of females were brought into the laboratory and placed on
apple and pear limbs, or upon apple seedlings beneath jars or wire frames. In no
ase was the female observed to oviposit, but after flying around for a few days
dropped to the ground and died. Neither were we able to make any observations
on this point in the orchard, owing to the extreme shyness of the adult insect, and
to the almost continuous wet weather that prevailed at that time. Eggs were found
_ beneath the bark on July 20th and several times subsequent to that date, which
agreed in every respect with those dissected from the female insect.
_ 1H. H. Knight,* who observed one female of Lyqus invitus in the act of oviposi-
tion, writes of it in these words :—
The female observed to oviposit was first discovered when the ovipositor was in-
serted nearly to its base in a fresh pear shoot of the present year’s growth. After
‘two minutes the ovipositor was withdrawn. The female turned, inspected the hole,
then moved along the branch about two inches. After five minutes she became very
active and proceeded along the branch feeling with antennae and beak. She soon re-
turned to the spot where eggs had been placed before, and, with proboscis to mark the
Opening, she raised up, unsheathed the ovipositor, and made the insertign much in the
same manner as observed in the case of apple red bugs. A period of two minutes
elapsed before the ovipositor was withdrawn. Upon examining the branch, it was
found that six eggs had been laid in a space 1 mm. long. The eggs were closely packed
_ in a double row lying flat just within the cambium layer. Of two eggs measured, the
length is 1.05 mm. by 26 mm. wide.
HasBits or NYMPHS.
The nymphs of this insect are extremely elusive in their habits, which prob-
ably explains the fact that, though their injury has been known for many years,
they themselves have never been connected with it until the present time. When
x.
*Jour. of Economic Entomology, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 296-297.
2 \
70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
disturbed they run rapidly, hiding in the axils of the leaves or any place that affords
concealment. When disturbed suddenly, they often drop, but usually alight on —
another branch before reaching the ground. In cases where nymphs fallen to the
ground have been prevented from reascending the tree, by means of tanglefoot —
bands, beneath which they cluster, it has been observed that when a person sud-
denly approaches the tree, a number of them will drop to the ground. Others have 7
been observed to drop in this way when approached by an enemy or harvestman.
The young nymphs seem to prefer the young foliage of apple and pear, but
will also puncture the tender shoots. Later they freely attack the blossoms, but—
they forsake all other food for the fruit once it has set. Though we have reared
through these insects exclusively on leaves, there is no doubt that the later nymphal
stages prefer fruit, and they can only with ditficulty be induced to feed on mature ~
leaves. A favorite place to feed is a cluster of fruit growing closely together and
not having reached the size when their own weight pulls the separate fruits apart.
Tn feeding, the nymphs range quite widely over the tree, especially when not numer-
ous. Every fruit on a very lightly infested pear tree was pierced several times, —
showing that several must have been punctured by one insect. This observation was
further confirmed by liberating a number of nymphs beneath a non-infested tree.
The next day the typical injury was present all over the tree. The nymphs were
observed to exhibit predaceous habits on several occasions. At one time a number of
bugs were observed repeatedly thrusting their beaks into three larve of the green
fruit worm (Xylina sp.) that had become caught in a tanglefoot band, and con-—
tinued to do so until the caterpillars had been sucked completely dry. They will
also on occasions attack man. The writer has been stung in the neck and hand
more than once. If left alone the insect will pierce the skin of the hand as many
as three times and remain feeding until gorged with blood.
Hasits or ADULTS.
The adults, like the nymphs, are very active. On bright, sunny days they
usually take to flight very readily when disturbed. On dull, cold days they are
more sluggish and sometimes drop to the ground, though often they take to flight
after having dropped a short distance. On really hot days the adults fly about con-
siderably, and, standing in a heavily infested orchard, they can be readily observed
flying about in the sunlight. J
Since the prevailing opinion is that the pest spreads but slowly in an orchard,
experiments were tried to determine the length of flight of the adults. When liber-
ated the insects fly straight up in the air for a considerable distance, after which
they can be followed by the eye for several yards, as they fly straight off in one
direction. Just how far they fly at any one time it would be difficult to deter-
mine, but individuals have been taken one quarter of a mile from the point of liber-
ation, a few days later.
Like the nymph, the adult may also become predaceous in habit. The writer
observed one with beak inserted full length in a tussock moth larva, and it relin-
quished its hold very reluctantly. It will also pierce the skin of man quite as readily
as the nymph.
The adult Lygus will not feed upon foliage at all readily, preferring a diet of
fruit, and, unlike the nymph, which seems to prefer the apple, the adult seems to
have a preference for the fruit of pears. One case was observed in which a row of
pear trees had been freed of nymphs by spraying. Adjoining this row was a num-
ber of infested apple trees, and as soon as the bugs developed wings, they flew over
PLATE II.—Lygus invitus.
Fig. 1—Injury to blossoms.
Fig, 2—Final condition of injured blos-
soms,
Fig. 3—Blossoms and twigs killed by
repeated punctures.
Figs. 4 and 5.—Twig punctures.
Fig. 6—Nymph at work on a young
apple.
Fifth stage nymph and young
pear, showing effect of punc~
tures.
Wigs is
72 THE REPORT OF THE - No. 36
and pierced the pears till they were bathed in the sap that oozed from the punc-
tures. In the laboratory, adults have left a fairly ripe, soft apple to feed upon a
hard green pear. All through the season a favorite place for the bugs to feed is
about clusters of apples that have been dwarfed by the Rosy Aphis, and here the
adults can be found, when nowhere else, late in the season. These belated individual$
also show a preference for over-ripe or even decaying fruit.
(CHARACTER AND EXTENT or INuuRY.
1, InguRY To THE AppLe.—The first evidence of injury is to the tender foliage
in the form of purplish spots upon the surface of the leaf, accompanied, in severe
eases, by a slight tendency to curl. To one who is familiar with the work of this
insect, this symptom is most characteristic and makes it possible to detect the pre-
sence of the nymphs at a very early stage, and even when they are present in small
numbers. Six newly hatched nymphs were placed on an apple seedling in the
laboratory, and twenty-four hours later every leaf was spotted with the typical
purplish markings. As the leaves unfold and later reach full size, the discoloration
disappears, but if affected leaves are lield up to the light they will appear to be
pierced through and through with tiny holes. Very severe attacks result in a
ragged, frayed appearance of the leaf. By these symptoms, the former presence of
the bugs on any tree can be detected long after they have completed their trans-
formation and disappeared. :
The tender, succulent twigs are also subject to attack, and as the insect with-
draws its beak a drop of clear or amber sap oozes through the bark, marking the
puncture. Later, as the twig increases in size, quite a decided lump may develop
at the point of puncture, accompanied in severe cases by a longitudinal crack.
In heavily infested orchards, where the insect may be present in tens of
thousands, the repeated puncturing and withdrawing of the sap goes so far that
affected twigs wilt, the leaves become brown and dry, and finally the whole shoot
dies. Cases where many of the twigs were literally stung to death in this way were
quite common early in the summer. Later the dead twigs dropped off and were
replaced by a strong new growth, which covered up the injury done by the bugs.
As the blossom petals appear and begin to unfold they are quickly attacked
by the*young nymphs, which have been frequently observed right inside a blossom
with beak inserted in the pistil. In fact, so numerous were the insects and so per-
sistent their attacks that the blossoms and the blossom pedicels wither and die,
having been sucked quite dry by the nymphs. These dead and dry blossoms remain —
on the tree for some time, but break off and fall to the ground before the end of
the season. These facts explain why susceptible varieties may come into bloom year
after year but never set a crop of fruit.
As soon as the young fruit is formed, drops of gum oozing through the skin
show that it also has been punctured by the insect. Later, slightly raised, dis-
colored spots mark the injury, and a large proportion of fruit so injured drops to
_ the ground in the course of a few days. Apples that are able to cling to the
tree or that remain uninjured until later on in their life, are badly gnarled and
misshapen as a result of the insect’s attack. The tissue above the puncture ©
fails to develop and, as a result of the uneven growth, the apple will be one-sided —
with a pronounced depression about the point of puncture, which itself is marked
by a brown, corky scar with ruptured epidermis.
2. Insury TO PEARs.—Injury to the leaves, stems and blossoms of the pear
resembles that of apple, except that in this case the tissue about the puncture
i"
hs
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. %3
turns black. Stinging of the young pears does not often result in dropping, as
in the case of apples. The effect of the punctures on the fruit is, however, very
conspicuous, it being covered with hard, granular, corky scars, which are often
split open as in the case of those on the apple. Hard, flinty areas extend into the
| pulp, making the fruit useless for any purpose whatever.
3. Ingury To PLum.—Injury to the fruit of plums is not uncommon, where
these trees border on affected apples or pears. Plums injured by the bugs do not
usually become scarred and twisted, as in the case of apples and pears, though
_ they may sometimes grow somewhat one-sided. The seat of the injury is usually
q at the extremity of the fruit furthest from the stem. As usual in the case of stone
fruits this injury is marked by the exudation of colorless gum which flows through
the small puncture, sometimes forming a globule and sometimes a coil of gum
which finally hardens in the air.
FEEDING EXPERIMENTS.
In affected orchards large numbers of nymphs are frequently shaken to the
ground by sprays, heavy rains, winds, etc., and in numerous instances these were
observed feeding upon dandelions, couch grass, red clover, and other plants at the
base of the tree. Even when forced to feed on these plants early in the nymphal
life the insects seemed to be able to complete their transformations, but once they
had obtained their wings, they invariably sought the fruit of the apple or pear.
__ A number of nymphs in their second or third instars were divided into lots
_ of ten and confined upon a number of plants under cheesecloth bags. The fol-
_ lowing observations were made :—
-GRAPE (Vitis sp.) —The nymphs feed readily upon grape, puncturing leaves
and blossom clusters. The tissue surrounding the punctures turns black.
Etim (Ulmus americana)—The injury to the foliage of the elm was quite
noticeable in dark colored spots, but there was no apparent puncturing of the
twigs. ~
Marte (Acer saccharum)—The injury to maple leaves was slight. The in-
_ jury was characterized by small translucent spots.
Sweet Cuerry (Prunus avium).— Slight puncturing of leaves and blossoms,
_ but little apparent injury.
q PracoH (Prunus persica) —The leaves showed visible punctures and were
‘slightly curled. Small globules of transparent gum showed where the fruit had
been punctured.
Rep Crover (Trifolium repens) Transparent areas on the leaf accompanied
by a gradual fading and wilting of the plant, characterized the injury to red
clover.
% Srrawperry (/ragaria chiloensis).—Strawberries showed evidence of more
“serious injury than any of the plants experimented with. Blossoms and leaves
_ were so badly punctured that they finally withered and died.
CoucH Grass (Agropyron repens)—The blades of couch grass were punc-
ed quite severely, fading in color and showing other evidence of wilting.
.f
SuscEptrpizity or VARIETIES.
Extensive observations regarding the susceptibility of varieties reveals the fact
many orchards it is only the trees of this variety that appear to suffer at all.
have been observed in which badly attacked Nonpareil trees were surrounded
~—~6 Es.
SN
74. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
by trees of other varieties apparently untouched. Nevertheless, it seems to be
true that in most cases the bug will gradually enlarge its field of operation from the
more to the less susceptible sorts. | Fruit-growers tell of numberless instances
where the trouble began in their Nonpareil and gradually spread to their other
trees. The following varieties show susceptibility in the order named :—Ribston,
Gravenstein, Golden Russet, Blenheim, Baldwin and Greening.
Among the varieties of pears attacked the Bartlett shows the highest degree
of susceptibility. So much is this the case, that some have regarded the trouble as
a disease of this variety. Other susceptible varieties are Clapps’ Favorite, Bur-
bridge, Maria and Flemish Beauty. Varieties not so susceptible are Louis Bonne,
Bosc, Lawrence, Duchess and D’Anjou.
‘CoNDITIONS FAVORING INCREASE.
Tt is difficult to state definitely under what condition this insect flourishes
best, since it is found in orchards treated in every conceivable way. Sprayed and
unsprayed, clean cultivated and sod, well cared for and neglected orchards are all
attacked. It is a notable fact that some of the very worst infestations are in
orchards that have received the vest of treatment in the way of spraying, fertiliz-
ation and tilth. In most cases, however, such orchards were unduly shaded, in-
sufficiently pruned, or too thickly planted. In two very bad cases the orchard was
cultivated on the strip system, i.e., a strip of clover sod alternated with a clean
cultivated strip. In another case the orchard was part cultivated, part in sod.
Here the trees in sod seemed to show the greatest evidence of injury, but the differ-
ence was not readily detected. On the whole orchards with a thrifty, succulent
growth seemed to suffer most.
As a result of all our observations throughout the infested area, it appears
that the most suitable conditions for the undue increase of this pest are shady
orchards with closely planted, thick growing trees, with a certain amount of herb-
age at their base, but for the most part thrifty and vigorous in other respects.
Nevertheless, these factors are not essential, as the insect is capable of doing in-
jury under a wide range of conditions.
Natourat ENEMIES.
Ants seem to be the only natural enemies that exert any appreciable influence
on the control of this pest. These have been frequently noticed carrying away
nymphs on their jaws. On one occasion, when a number of nymphs were liberated
at the base of the tree, four of them were seized by as many ants and carried off
through the grass to the ant hill, which was distant fifteen feet from the tree.
Spiders also destroy a certain number of nymphs, but it is questionable whether
ants or spiders ever kill enough nymphs to noticeably reduce their numbers. The
ant responsible for this work was determined by Dr. Wheeler as Formica fusca.
ControL EXPERIMENTS.
Control experiments were carried on under most unfavorable conditions this
spring, the weather being almost continuously wet. This made it very difficult to
apply the spray at the proper time or to observe its effect upon the insect. Two
orchards were chosen, containing a large number of mature apple and pear trees
of the susceptible varieties.
PLATE IIl.—Lygus invitus.
Fig. 1—Injured pears. Fig. 3.—Injured plums.
Fig. 2.—-Injured apples.
-~2
Or
76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Blackleaf 40, 1 pint, 1144 or 2 pints to 100 gallons was used both alone and
with soap, and also in combination with lime-sulphur. One spray was put on just
before the blossoms opened, with another just after the blossoms fell, for the
apples. Another block was sprayed in full bloom. Pears were sprayed just
after their blossonis fell and again five days later.
Examination of trees directly after spraying showed them to be apparently —
free from insects, and large numbers of dead nymphs would be found stuck to the
leaves by their caudal extremities in the characteristic fashion. Examined two days
later, though the block sprayed in full bloom seemed to show best results, all the
trees were fotnd to be covered with bugs. As laboratory experiments had shown
that the material used was quite effective in killing the insect when hit by the
spray, even when the weakest strength was used, we knew that the trouble was
not in the strength of the spray, or in the manner of its application.
Observations taken in the sprayed orchards showed large numbers of nymphs
ascending the tree trunks. Even in unsprayed orchards it would appear that large
numbers of nymphs fall to the ground, shaken off by the high wind or washed off
by the heavy rains. Insects were found in abundance beneath the trees in such or-
chards or climbing up the trunks.
In order to determine to what extent nymphs were washed off during spray-
ing and whether any considerable proportion of these succeeded in reascending the
tree, one large tree was sprayed thoroughly with Blackleaf 40 and soap, after
having been banded with tree tanglefoot 3 feet from the ground. Shortly after
spraying the trunk of the tree beneath the band was green with nymphs. These
were counted and removed each day for seven days, and at the end of that time
the total number of insects captured beneath the band reached the total of 1,389.
Large numbers, of course, went up adjacent trees, 538 being taken from one of
these. It should be noted here, that this number represents but a very small pro-
portion of the insects originally on the tree. By far the greater number were
killed and their dead bodies could be found in abundance sticking to the leaves or
on the ground. Nevertheless, where so many thousands were present they were
sufficient in number to sting every fruit on the tree and so destroy the crop. 3
To determine whether the effect of the spray was merely mechanical or whether
the insects that fell were partially overcome by the spray material, another tree
was given a strong Spray of water with a drive nozzle and at a pressure of 200
pounds. In this case the total for seven days was 308. This shows that there
was something beside the mechanical effect responsible for the large drop from the
sprayed tree. This may be due to the insects being hit by the spray, but not suffi-
ciently covered to cause death. Again, it may be that the effect of the nicotine
fumes is to make the nymphs relax their hold and drop to the ground. Laboratory
experiments have shown that the fumes of the spray material alone are sufficient to
cause death. Nymphs were placed on apple seedlings in cages and at the base
was placed cotton wool soaked in Blackleaf 40 at the regular strength. The next
day the nymphs were dead.
Experiments were made to determine the distance the nymphs were able to
trayel and reascend the tree. In an orchard that had not been cultivated for
several days, four trees 30 ft. apart each way were banded and 300 nymphs liber-
ated midway between them. The next day 17 insects were taken from beneath the
.tanglefoot band. A similar experiment was tried with 150 bugs in an orchard that
had just been thoroughly cultivated. In this case 19 insects reached the trees.
The same experiment was repeated in an orchard that was in sod and 300 nymphs
liberated. In this case none redched the tree, but could be seen feeding freely
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. is
upon the grass and clover. That the nymphs do travel through a sod orchard, how-
ever, is shown by the fact that a number were taken trom a young tree of the
current season’s planting, placed midway between two trees thirty-five feet apart.
It was evident from the foregoing experiments that, in addition to spraying,
some method must be devised to prevent the nymphs that fall to the ground from
reascending the tree, and continuing their injury. Accordingly, another block of
trees was sprayed, some of which were banded with the tanglefoot and others not.
Subsequent examination showed that the unbanded trees showed insects in abund-
ance, while on the banded ones it was almost impossible to find a single nymph.
Experiments showed also that a thorough harrowing after spraying had the same
effect as banding. -Of all the unbanded trees, those sprayed in ful! bloom showed
the least injury, but even on these trees the fruit was so badly scarred as to be prac-
tically worthless.
Another difficulty arose in this connection, viz., that the nymphs are capable
of feeding and coming to maturity on grass or weeds growing beneath the trees.
Cases occurred in which fruit which had been kept clean by spraying was rendered
worthless by adults flying in from outside. For this reason, if this pest is to be
controlled, the orchard must be kept under a system of clean cultivation until the
end of the first week in July.
The control of the Green Apple Bug in Nova Scotia sets a new precedent in
heavy spraying in that Province. Furthermore, the method of planting and head-
ing frequently does not lend itself to the kind of spraying required. The trees are
frequently very large, headed very high and planted very thickly. so that it is im-
possible to get through the rows with a.tower on the machine, which is the only
way that the tops can be reached. Furthermore, the trees are often very thick-
headed, so that even with other conditions favorable, it is a matter of very great
difficulty to hit every insect with the spray, and attempts to control the pest in such
trees is certain to result in failure. All the foregoing facts must be kept in mind
if this pest is to be eradicated from the orchard.
SuMMARY.
The observations and experimeuts of the past season may therefore be sum-
marized as follows :—
1. The Green Apple Bug is one of the most serious pests of apples and pears
in Nova Scotia, though hitherto, owing to its elusive habits, it has not been recog-
-nized as such.
2. It is the cause of “ woody pears” and one of the causes of gnarled, twisted
apples. It is the most common cause of the continued failure to bear of Non-
pareil and certain other varieties of apple. It attacks not only the fruit but also
the foliage, stems, and blossoms of apples and pears, and in the adult state has
heen known to attack plums.
3. The nymphs are frequently caused to drop from the trees by high winds,
heavy rains. sprays, etc., and may then either reascend the tree or feed upon the
weeds, grass or clover at its base.
4. Though capable of coming to maturity on the foregoing plants, in the adult
state they invariably seek the apple and pear to deposit their eggs.
5. In control, not only must the tree be thoroughly sprayed to kill as many
bugs as possible, but those which have fallen to the ground must be kept there
without food until they starve. If the orchard is in sod, or weeds are abundant,
the insects on reaching the adult state, will fly to the trees and continue their
work.
Sey
%8 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
6. The orchard must, therefore, be kept in a state of clean cultivation, until
all the insects have reached the adult state, which will be at the end of the first
week in July.
%. The trees must be banded with tree taaglefoot to prevent the reascent of
the insects that have fallen to the ground.
8. The trees must be properly pruned, so that all parts can be readily reached -
by the spray.
9. Apple trees should be sprayed with Blackleaf 40 in the strength of 1 pint
to 100 gallons, just before the blossoms open and again after they fall; pear trees
just after the blossom petals fall and again five days later.
10. A very heavy, drenching spray must be applied.
11. The insects are much more easily controlied on pears than on apples so
that with light infestations in this-tree, spraying alone should be sufficient to
control the pest.
ConcLusIoN.
The foregoing is only a summary of a single season’s work. New facts will
doubtless be revealed by subsequent study. The work was carried on under con-
siderable difficulties, the pest being a new one and little known regarding its habits.
The methods of control which have been given require considerable care in their —
application, but once the pest is eradicated it should not be so troublesome to pre-
vent further serious infestations. The great need at the present time is an insecti-
cide cheaper than Blackleaf 40, that will do the work as effectively. However, even
under present conditions, growers who have lost entire crops from the work of this
pest will not hesitate to iake the measures recommended.
Tue Prestpent: Professor Brittain is to be congratulated on the amount of
work he has accomplished in a single season, and also the extent of his work. I
myself have noticed the corky pears in Nova Scotia, but I never performed the
crucial experiments which induced Professor Brittain to undertake the eradication
of the pest. I can personally testify to the extraordinary damage which is now
being caused by this inseet throughout Nova Scotia. I was down there about three
weeks ago and was able to see the results of the damage. I was also able to
appreciate the extent to which the fruit-growers in the Annapolis Valley are
grateful to Prof. Brittain for discovering the cause of these corky pears and the
cause of the injuries on the Nonpareil trees. [ know there are a number of
members here who wish to ask Professor Brittain questions, and the paper is now
open for discussion.
Pror. Carsir: On account of the similarity of this paper to the next I think
the discussion of this paper should be postpuned until after the next.
Tue PRESIDENT: You move that the discussion of this paper be left over
until after the next ?
Mr. TREHERNE: I second the motion. Carried.
a ee
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19
A CAPSID ATTACKING APPLES.
_ (Neurocolpus nubilus Say.)
H. G. CrAwrorD, WILTON GROVE, ONT.
In the Province of Ontario four Capsids, or Plant-bugs have been found
attacking apples, namely: Neuwrocolpus nubilus, Lygidea mendax, Heterocordylus
malinus and Paracalocoris colon. The nymphs of the second and third are the
so called “ Red-bugs ” described by Crosby of Cornell. Lygus invitus, the False
Tarnished Plant-bug, occurs in abundance in the Province, but, strange to say, has
not been observed doing any damage either to apples or pears, though a great pest
in Nova Scotia and causing considerable damage to pears in New York State.
Of the above four injurious Ontario species the only ones of much importance
so far as known at present are Neurocolpus nubilus and Lygidea mendax. Crosby
in Bulletin 219 of Cornell University described the life history, habits and means
of control of the latter; but very little was known about the former, and as this
was the more common and troublesome Capsid in Ontario and, as requests for
information on the means of control had begun to be made, Prof. Caesar decided
to attempt to work out its life-history this year, being influenced also by the fact
that this species was very common in the same orchard where he had planned to
study the Leaf-rollers of the Apple. It was my good fortune to be chosen to do
this work under Prof. Caesar’s guidance and with his personal co-operation so far
as his other duties permitted. The following is a brief account of the knowledge
gained.
HIstorY OF THE INSECT IN THE PROVINCE,
There is no doubt whatever that this Capsid has been present for many years
in Ontario, in fact it is apparently a native species. It is only very recently, how-
ever, that it has been discovered to be an apple pest. In 1909 Prof. Caesar was
shown by Mr. Jos. Tweddle some deformed apples that caused him to suspect that
a Capsid might be to blame. In 1910 he accordingly visited Mr. Tweddle’s
orchard at Woodburn when the apples were about the size of small marbles, and
saw the nymphs at work, though at the time he was not sure of the species. In
1911 he again visited the same orchard, saw both these nymphs and those of
Lygidea mendaz feeding on the fruit, and from specimens brought to Guelph
reared adults of three species: Neurocolpus nubilus, Lygidea mendaz, and
Paracalocoris colon. In 1914 he found the former two species were in a large
orchard at Hamilton, and in 1914 found nymphs of Newrocolpus nubilus alone in
abundance in the orchard of Johnson Bros. at Simcoe. This is the orchard in
which the investigation was carried out. There has been no opportunity to
examine many orchards to see just how important the pest is in the Province.
We suspect that it occurs in a good many orchards but know that the great majority
of them are free or almost free from the pest.
DISTRIBUTION.
This insect has a very wide American distribution. From literature at our
disposal, records were obtained of its presence in a collection of Capsids made in
Panama and Guatemala, in the States of Florida, New Mexico, California,
Colorado, New Jersey, Maine and New York, as well as in the Provinces of Quebec
Eggs of Neurocolpus nubilus in situ on first-year Spy twigs, all, with
the exception of (2) having had the leaves and buds removed.
Enlarged about 5 times.
(1) Egg just as it was after the leaf and bud had been removed,
half its length being buried in tissues of the twig;
(2) Egg, with leaf only removed, position at side of bud not
normal, but curve of egg well shown;
(3) Two eggs close together, thrust very far down into tissue, and
being completely hidden by bud and leaf;
(4) Eggs with tissue cut away from front, showing rounded lower
end.
Adult Neurocolpus nubilus, and two nymphs.
(Natural size.)
80
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81
and Ontario. In Ontario E. P. Van Duzee reported it as “common and highly
colored ” in Muskoka during July and August, 1888; he also saw a specimen that
had been captured at Temagami in 1908. It has also been observed by Prof.
Caesar, Mr. G. J. Spencer or the writer in the following additional places in
Ontario: Woodburn, Hamilton, Fonthill, St. Catharines, Wilton Grove (Middlesex
County), and in’ Norfolk County at Simcoe, Walsh and Tyrill.
Lire History.
Eees. Although we could never find a female ovipositing either in cages or
in the orchard there seems no doubt that egg-laying extends over a long period,
which this year would be from about July 15th to September 1st, most of it being
over by August 15th, from which time the adults gradually decreased in number,
completely disappearing by September 7th. The majority of the eggs are laid
singly, but not infrequently two are found so very close together as to suggest that
they might have been laid at the same time. They are invariably found behind
Adult Neurocolpus nubilus and nymph. (Enlarged.) Note the
clavate hairs on antennae of nymph.
the buds which are situated in the axils of the leaves on the new growth. In
addition to the Apple, eggs were found also on Sumachs. They were inserted into
the tissues of the new growth. We suspect they are also laid in Elder though we
are not sure. No eggs could be discovered on any kind of weed in the orchard.
On apple trees they are so deeply pushed under the bud into the tissue that even
the white tips are hidden from view. If the bud is removed the egg will be seen to
"be sticking out of the spongy tissue for from one-quarter in extreme cases to one-
half its length, the average being about one-third of the length (see fig.). There
is absolutely no external evidence of the presence of the egg when the bud and leaf
are on the twig.
This year the eggs began to hatch on May 27th; the maximum hatching taking
place between June 5th and June 9th. Freshly hatched nymphs, however, con-
_ tinued to be found up to July 13th.
In this connection it will be interesting to note the relationship existing
between the maximum hatching of the various kinds of apple-attacking Capsids
and the stages of the apple trees in each case. Thus this season at least (1915)
the majority of the eggs of N. nubilus in Ontario hatched from just after the
| ae
82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
calyces had closed up to the time when the fruit of the Spy trees was one-quarter
inch in diameter. Lygidea mendax in Ontario and in New York hatches most
freely just as the blossoms are opening out well. Of Lygus invitus in Nova Scotia
the maximum hatching takes place during the period of mazimum bloom, and of
Heterocordylus malinus in Ontario during the period from the time the Spy
blossoms are opening up to-full bloom. Of Paracalocoris colon in Ontario the
records are not definite, but nymphs gathered at Woodburn in 1912 with
NV. nubilus were in the same instar, suggesting that they may have hatched about the
same time. However, in 1912 N. nubilus seemed to hatch somewhat earlier than
in 1915; thus making impossible the assignment of a date of hatching for Para-
calocoris-colon. From this comparison it can be seen that a spray designed to
control the other Capsids and which could be applied at the time of the spray for
the Codling Moth would fail to control V. nubilus, at least during wae season of
1915, Because it would be too early for this species.
‘Nvaus. The nymphs, which appeared first on May 27th, at first grew
rather slowly but later seemed to grow more rapidly. By June 11th the largest
were about 3 mm. long, and by June 20th many were found 5 mm. long, exclusive
of antenne. About June 22nd the largest were slightly over one-quarter of an
inch in length and wing pads were then present on quite a number. The first
adult was seen on June 30th. Thus we suppose the nymph stage requires in the
neighborhood of a month in a cold season like that of 1915. In.a warm wp
however, it-is quite probable that less time would be required.
ApuLts. From June 30th the adults increased in number until by July 15th
they outnumbered the nymphs present. Many of the females at this date were
distinctly swollen with eggs, which upon being examined seemed to be perfectly
formed and, though as mentioned above, no egg-laying was ever witnessed, there is
no doubt that oviposition began about the middle of July. It is perhaps worth
recording that we never saw any mating of the sexes. Males do not live so long as
females. Several of the latter which were in the adult stage when put in a cage
on July 9th were still alive on August 12th, having lived at least 33 days. From
July 15th for two weeks the number of adults seemed to be constant, then began
slowly to decrease till by August 24th very few were observed, and these had
disappeared entirely by September 7th.
DESCRIPTION OF LIFE STAGES,
Eacs. The egg is 1.5 mm. long by .3 mm. in average diameter, quite strongly
curved, slightly club-shaped, nearly colourless, with a glistening white cap. The
end which is thrust into the twig is slightly larger than the other, is rounded, and
circular in cross-section. Towards the other end the egg gradually flattens, is
oval in section and is surmounted by a definite, glistening, white, cylindrical
hollow cap, which makes up about one-sixth the total length of the egg (see fig.).
The cap appears as though it had been slipped on over the end and is deeply
notched on the flattened sides. The tips of the projections so formed, draw more
or less together after the eggs are laid, suggesting somewhat a minute lobster claw.
Nympus. The nymphs, when freshly hatched, are about 1.5 mm. long, almost
colorless, with large triangular head, large dull red eyes and with long stout
antenne and legs marked with faint reddish bands. They are quite sluggish and
were mistaken by one of Ontario’s best apple growers for aphids.
All the later stages of the nymphs have green bodies with dull reddish
mottlings upon the back and sides; the second abdominal segment has a small
‘\
os oo
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83
circular black spot which persists in the adult though hidden by the wings. The
amtennz are long and conspicuous, the first and second joints bearing a broad
band of close-set, prominent, dark-brown, clavate hairs (see fig.). The legs are
slender and distinctly marked with red bands. The nymphs, when in the last
instar, attain a length of a quarter of an inch, and bear a pair of conspicuous wing
pads. Nymphs in all stages after the first moult are very much alike, though the
reddish mottling becomes more pronounced and darker as they grow older and
increase in size.
ApuLt. The adult is slightly more than a quarter of an inch in length being
distinctly longer and narrower than the Tarnished Plant-bug (Lygus pratensis).
(See fig.). The general colour varies greatly both in the case of those living on
different hosts, where it is very marked, and also to a lesser extent among those
living upon the same host. The dorsal aspect of those living upon the apple varies
from a dull cinnamon brown with dark areas to a reddish black with light areas.
It has a dull felty appearance due to the presence of numerous fine light to dark
cinnamon hairs upon the thorax and thickened part of the wings. The sides are
mottled with a dull, dirty red, and ventrally the colour is a light green. The
antenne are longer than those of the Tarnished Plant-bug. The basal joint is
- stout, dark in colour and densely clothed with dark brown hair, many of which in
fresh specimens are distinctly clavate. The second segment is slender, elongate
and slightly club-shaped, the distal half being dark brown and clothed with very
short, dark brown hairs. The legs are slender and have the same reddish banding
as those of the nymphs. Referring to this species Prof. E. P. Van Duzee states:
“ No other Capsid known to me has thickened, clubbed hairs on an incrassate first
joint.”
Hasits or NYMPHS.
The nymphs, when they first appear, are rather sluggish im their movements
and are found on the lower sides of the opened leaves, also in the unopened leaves,
and in those leaves which had been rolled up by the Leaf-rollers. In these rolled
leaves they remain at night and on cool or rainy days and in the cool part of the
mornings, coming out and moving around somewhat during the heat of the day
and feeding on the tender leaves. When the apples were about a quarter-inch in
diameter these were attacked, the attack continuing for about ten days till the
apples were a half-inch in diameter. Then the fruit was deserted and the great
bulk of the insects made their way to the ground and soon were found feeding
upon practically every plant growing in the orchard. The suckers at the base of
the trees, red clover and curled dock were the favorite food plants. They fed also
upon alsike clover, Canada blue grass, rye, evening primrose, peach trees, hairy
vetch and timothy.
‘
:
E
:
4
-
a
HABITS OF THE ADULTS.
When the adults began to appear the great majority of them were found upon
‘the weeds and suckers, where they remained for about a week. At the end of this
time a small proportion of them appeared on the trees where they moved slowly
about constantly feeding upon the buds in the axils of the leaves on new growth.
The proportion of those on the trees to those on the weeds seemed to remain nearly
constant throughout the season, there always being some on the trees but never
‘very many. On and about July 19th an attack upon the aphid-stunted apples
_ took place and even a few sound Spys one and three-quarters of an inch in diameter
sty # wl Ie Hy
84 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
were punctured, but this attack did not become at all general. However, at this’
time an attack of great severity was made upon the fruit of three trees of an
unknown variety and lasted for a week. The adults feeding on the suckers, as
before mentionéd, confined their attention largely to the newly formed buds and
the tender twigs, while those on the weeds showed a marked preference for the
horseweed (Hrigeron canadensis), which was abundant at this time. They seemed
to be particularly fond of plants of this species infested by aphids. Other species
of plants, however, were also fed upon, such as mullein, ragweed, pigweed, catnip,
stinking mayweed, round-leaved mallow, burdock, golden rod, Hungarian millet,
old witch grass, sumach, elder, orange milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa) and all the
plants mentioned above as food plants of nymphs except where these had become
too dry to attract them. ;
The adults, as a rule, were not very active and were quite easily captured,
dropping from leaf to leaf when disturbed and only flying as a last resort.
INJURY.
Frurr. The chief injury is due to the feeding of the nymphs upon the apples.
It is done when the fruit is from one-quarter to one-half of an inch in diameter,
and when the nymphs are still small. The first evidence of the attack is the
Injury due to the feeding of Neurocolpus nubilus nymphs upon
young fruit very shortly after the attack. (Natural size.)
oozing of droplets of juice from the punctures which are made at any point upon
the surface of the apple. These punctures in three or four days are evidenced by
small, conical to rounded pimples, varying in height and diameter from 2 to 3 mm.
In their apices are small, very dark green spots of tissue, beneath which is a very
slight streak about 3 mm. deep. These pimples vary in number from one to
twenty-five or twenty-six per fruit, and where abundant on a very small apple
cause it to wither and fall; on a larger one they very severely stunt its growth, and
if the pimples are massed on one side, they cause the growth on that side to be
checked, and the apple to be much deformed when mature. Where the pimples
are few or scattered the apple may grow to normal size and nearly normal shape,
the pimples becoming gradually less distinct or forming small raised, brownish,
corky areas or convex russet spots from 3-4 mm. in diameter.
.
“%)
a
7
|.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 85
The orchard in which the observations were made had almost no crop, so no
proper estimate of the damage done by these insects was possible. One tree, how-
ever, which had quite a few apples, had about 40 per cent. attacked, but only about
10 per cent. rendered culls, the rest being quite saleable as second-class fruit.
About July 19th a few of the Spys were attacked by the adults, but the feed-
ing was very slight and of no importance. At the same time a very severe attack
indeed was made upon three trees of an unknown large, yellow, seedling variety.
The attacked fruit soon rotted and fell, due possibly to inoculations of Twig
Blight (Bacillus amylovorus) with which the trees were badly attacked, and to
which they seemed particularly susceptible. It is probable that this Capsid was
the chief factor in carrying this disease from limb to limb and from fruit to fruit.
LEAvEs anv Twics. No i injury of any description was observed on the leaves
Injury due to the feeding of nymphs upon the apples when very small, about
six weeks after the attack. Note the corky scars and pimples.
(Natural size.)
themselves, but the tender buds in axils of the leaves of the young growth were
punctured by both nymphs and adults, many of them being killed. The young
twig itself was also punctured and, when badly attacked, the puncturing was followed
by a small, very convex gall, which later in many cases split and became corky
upon the top (see fig.). Both of these kinds of injury were confined largely to
the suckers which became bushy and stunted with the tips of the twigs frequently
dying. The new growth on the trees themselves was very seldom more than
shightly injured.
SumMManry or ControL EXPERIMENTS.
Tn our control experiments kerosene emulsion and carbolic emulsion were both
found to be almost useless for, even when applied with great thoroughness they
failed to kill more than a small percentage of the nymphs.
86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Black-Leaf-40 was used alone with water in the proportions of one part of
the solution to 1,066, 800, 400 and 250 parts of water respectively, but in no case
was it at all satisfactory as it only killed a small proportion of the nymphs, even of
the small ones. -At first we thought that this spray would kill at 1 to 800 both by
contact and by the fumes, but experiments showed that the nymphs were not
dead but only stupefied and that they soon revived and appeared to be none the
worse for the treatment.
Severe case of injury due to feed-
ing of both adults and nymphs
of Neurocolpus nubilus upon
suckers at the base of the apple
trees. (Natural size.)
The Black-Leaf-40, however, when used with soap—1 part of the solution to
~ 800 parts of water, with 4 lbs. Sunlight Soap per 100 gals. of mixture—produced
a spray which killed 96 per cent. of nymphs of all sizes, most of them being large.
The tree was, of course, thoroughly covered with the mixture. Soap alone gave
almost as good results but, owing to scarcity of nymphs at the time it was tried,
was not given so many or quite so good tests. The results, however, were very
gratifying. The efficiency of the soap spray was seen to depend chiefly upon its
. itis he ll
—~
saci Lk tel iis
ts
=
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87
stickiness and power to glue the nymphs to the leaves and twigs. For this purpose
Sunlight Soap was found the most satisfactory of any soap tested.
It should be mentioned that owing to the large number of rolled leaves due to
the work of the three species of Leaf-rollers that were very abundant in this
orchard, it was found impossible to get good results from spraying large apple
trees because there was always a large proportion of the Capsid nymphs hidden in
these rolled leaves where no spray could reach them. Consequently all experi-
ments were performed on trees 4 to 5 years off age. Any rolled leaves on these
were first removed, then large numbers of nymphs were placed on the trees and
given plenty of time to settle down before the spraying was done.
We found also that the time of hatching of the eggs of this Capsid compared
with those of the Red-bugs and of the False Tarnished Plant-bug was as mentioned
above, so much later that the spraying just after the blossoms fell, recommended
for them, would be useless for this pest, because only a very few eggs would be
hatched at this date.
SUGGESTIONS FOR CONTROL,
1. Practise a system of clean cultivation of the orchard, keeping down all
weeds until the end of June or as late as safe for the trees in that district. This
will destroy large numbers of the nymphs which drop to the ground and which,
unlike some species of Capsids, have no instinct to lead them back to the trunk and
so must perish if there are no weeds to feed upon.
2. Watch the trees closely from the time the blossoms fall to see when the
nymphs hatch and are abundant enough to justify spraying. Then apply with
great thoroughness both to the upper and lower side of the foliage either (a) 2
Ibs. of Sunlight Soap to 40 gals. of water containing Black-Leaf-40 at the strength
‘of 1 part to 800 of water, or (b) 3 to 4 lbs. of Sunlight Soap to 40 gals, of water,
preferably rain water if available. Dissolve the soap first by slicing and boiling
in soft water.
In exceptional cases it may be necessary to repeat the spraying in a couple of
weeks.
It is of course well to test the mixture on a few trees and observe results before
spraying the whole orchard.
THE PRESIDENT: These two papers should provide -a very interesting dis-
cussion as 1 know there are a number of workers here who are particularly inter-
ested in the injuries caused by these insects.
Pror. Brirrain: In regard to Mr. Crawford’s statement that he was able to
destroy 96 per cent. of the insects with Black-Leaf-40 and soap, I may say that
our results were about the same. Unfortunately, the insects were so numerous
that the remaining 4 per cent. left many thousands to infest the trees and ruin the
crop.,
Mr. TREHERNE: The subject of Capsids affecting apples is a very important
question in British Columbia. Blossoms in orchards, miles in extent, have been
destroyed by Capsids and I am interested in the two papers that have been read.
Pror. Carsar: Do you remember by what species?
Mr. TreHnerne: As far as I know it was L. pratensis, but we have not given
the matter much attention as yet.
Pror. Brrrrain: I am well acquainted with the injury referred to by Mr.
‘Treherne. During my stay in British Columbia a good deal of this Capsid injury
came under my notice and considerable material was sent in to the office. I looked
88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
into the matter and succeeded in finding the insect responsible, but was not able to
get it determined. If my memory serves me rightly, it was neither pratensis nor
invitus. One of its favorable food plants is the mullein.
Pror. Carsar: There are a number of interesting points of comparison
between Lygus invitus and Neurocolpus nubilus; (1) The damage done by the
latter is not nearly so great as that done by the former as described by Prof.
Brittain, and there is none of that corky growth or rough brown surface mentioned
by him. (2) Neurocolpus nubilus seems, unlike the other species, to have no
instinct to cause it, if it drops to the ground, to find its way back to the trunk, but
instead wanders aimlessly around. Neuwrocolpus nubilus will feed on a great
number of plants. It is probable its native host plant is sumac.
It is strange that while Lygus invitus is to be found all over Ontario in just
as great abundance apparently as the other species, it does not, so far as I can see,
do any harm to apples or pears. As for the difficulty of seeing the insects laying
eggs, both species must be much alike for we could never find Neuwrocolpus nubilus
ovipositing or even copulating.
Mr, PercH: This year we had a frost in the blossoming period, and I think
the injury was caused by frost to the blossoms. However, as the injury occurred
on only one tree 1 cannot see how that can be the cause, and I do not know what
the injury to blossoms by this insect is like. Does it give the appearance of having
been frozen ?
Pror. BrirraIn: Yes, it looks very much like fire blight. The blossoms are
brown and dead and I attribute a great deal of the so-called frost trouble io
Lygus invitus.
Mr. PercH: With the use of Black-Leaf-40 in the ordinary strength do you
find it injurious to the foliage of apples?
Pror. CarEsar: We found that where Black-Leaf-40 was put on very heavy
along with lime surphur it did seem to injure the apple foliage to some extent.
Mr. Toruiti: The two accounts we have had of Lygus invitus in Ontario
and Nova Scotia suggest the possibility that there may be two species concerned.
The species of American Capside are, of course, based on a study of museum
specimens only. They are not based on habits and as the group is an extremely
difficult one to do anything with, and as no breeding work of any kind has been
done, it seems to me from the great differences in the habits of the so-called species
That it is just possible there are two species concerned.
Pror. BrirraIn: Mr. H. H. Knight writes me that he is convinced that the
species in Nova Scotia is a new variety. He intended to describe it as such in the
near future.
Mr. ToTHILt: That would seem to bear out this contention.
Tue PrEsIDENT: If there is no further discussion on these two papers we will
proceed to the next, which is a paper by Dr. Cosens entitled, “ The Founding of the
Science of Cecidology.”
THE FOUNDING OF THE SCIENCE OF CECIDOLOGY.
A. CosEns, TORONTO.
At a time when the problem of gall formation is exciting deep and increasing
interest, it seems opportune to consider for a few minutes those investigators, who,
lured by the fascination of the subject, laid the foundation for its scientific
treatment.
es
1
.
}
:
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89
Centuries before any serious attempts had been made either to describe the
structure of galls or to explain their origin, these abnormal vegetable growths had
been noted and commented upon. The early ideas concerning them were fanciful
in the extreme; such terms as “thunder bushes,” and “ witches’ brooms,” still
popularly used, have crystallized in them the superstitions that enshrouded the
origin of these structures. Some of the primitive, whimsical notions concerning
them have been adhered to with surprising persistency. Even as late as the 18th
century, Reaumur states that a number of German savants still attributed the
production of Neuroterus baccarum Linn. to Satanic agencies. At the far-off time
when galls first began to have a prominent place in the ancient botanical writings,
ignorance frequently ascribed supernatural attributes to anything at all unwonted,
or even occasional, and events of outstanding importance were often supposed to have
been portended by perfectly natural trivial occurrences. It is not surprising, then,
that the earliest naturalists should have seen, in the unusual structure of galls,
signs that forboded the future. If an uninjured gall, opened in January or
February, contained a fly, war must inevitably occur; if a worm, famine was fore-
shadowed; while a spider betokened pestilence. ‘“ Always for ill, and never for
good,” were the auspices. That the data, presented by galls, could be interpreted
as a representation of the future, was proposed first by Magnus, in the 13th century, -
but the omen was still accepted by Lonicer and Maitioli, in the 17th.
When the old writers first refer to galls, they are sufficiently well-known to
constitute an important part of the list of prescriptions formulated by the
physicians of that age. A solution of the gall substance in water, or wine, was the
common form in which these remedies were applied. Their marked astringent
properties were familiar to the ancients, and, in this connection, it is interesting to
note that gall products are still found in the British pharmacopoeia as astringent
ointments. Two eminent writers, before the Christian era, who have made some-
what detailed reference to galls, are Hippokrates (406 B.C.-377 B.C.) and
Theophrastus (371 B.C.-286 B.C.). The former, a famous Greek physician, dealt
with the subject almost exclusively from a medical viewpoint. At various places
in his writings he makes detailed reference to the eflicacy of galls as remedies in
cases where an astringent action is desirable. The latter’s work indicates more of
the qualities of the naturalist in its author, who must have observed the specimens
rather closely, as, in general, he refers to their many sizes and colors, and to the
various shapes of particular forms. He especially mentions a gall covered with
weak hairs, that would serve as a wick, and a particularly hairy specimen that
exuded a honey-like juice. One of the most striking observations which he has
recorded is that the elm galls of Tetraneura ulmi were suitable for caprification,
since they contained animals. Although it is apparent that he must have observed
the insect producers, he did not, however, appreciate the relation between their
presence and the origin of the gall. Also, the galls on the ash and pistachia were
familiar to him, and with them he compares those on the elm. Theophrastus may
haye been taught the importance of observational work by Aristotle, whose
favorite pupil he was.
While the work on galls of Pliny the Elder, who died in the eruption of
Vesuvius, A.D. 79, is better known than, that of any other writer of antiquity, yet
he contributed very little really new material to the knowledge of the subject.
He treats chiefly of the oak gall of commerce, Cynips tinctoria L., produced on
Quercus infectoria. He distinguishes several forms of it, and names the variety of
oak upon which each is found. He mentions in this classification the green gall-
nut on the “hemeris ” oak as the one best adapted for the preparation of leather,
zB We ELS.
PLATE IV.—REPRODUCED FROM MALPIGHI’S “ DE GALLIS.”
Fig. 1—Gall produced by Aylar glechomae Linné, on ground ivy. Fig. 2.—Section
showing the larval chamber and the enclosed larva.
Fig. 3—Aphid gall on the leaf of poplar.
Fig. 4—Mite gall; the producer was unknown to Malpighi.
Fig. 5—Cynipid producer; 6—Abdomen of producer, with ovipositor retracted;
7.—The same with ovipositor protruded; 8—Ovipositor.
Fig. 9—Section of a willow gall, produced by a midge.
90
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91
and the white gall-nut parasitic on “latifolia” as similar to the preceding, but
lighter in color, and slightly inferior in quality. He includes, as well, the black
gall-nut that grows on both the “latifolia” and the “robur” varieties of oaks.
He states that the black gall-nut, when on the latter host, has holes in it, and is,
in consequence, of much less value. The holes, that he notices apparently only
in this form, were without doubt the exit channels of the producers. But, un-
_ fortunately for the progress of the science, this point escaped him entirely, and he
_ saw in them nothing but a proof of the inferior character of the galls.
In common with his predecessors, Pliny shows the most perfect confidence,
_ real or assumed, in the value of the medicinal properties of gall extracts. He
recommends their use in the treatment of twenty-three different ailments, ulcera-
tion of the mouth, affections of the gums and uvula, burns, etc. Toothache may
_ be allayed by merely chewing a little of the gall, but, to secure the best results in
_ More serious disorders, the gall substance should be burned and quenched in wine,
_ or in a mixture of water and vinegar. Pliny no doubt owed much that he has
: stated concerning the healing properties of galls to his contemporary, Dioscorides.
_ This author named and described five or six hundred plants supposed to be
_ medicinal, and included oak-galls in this primitive materia medica.
| In addition to the oak-gall of commerce, the writings of Pliny contain refer-
ences to other galls. He states that the “robur” oak produces one that can be
_ used for illuminating purposes, and another that contains a sweet juice. These
are clearly the same species mentioned by Theophrastus. In the axils of the
branches of this same oak, Pliny has observed galls. Following his description of
zg
+
the species, it adheres to the bark without the medium of a stalk; at the point of
junction with the host the gall is white, but is spotted elsewhere with black; the
inner substance is scarlet in color, and has a bitter taste. Quite a concise and
detailed description, considering the early developmental stage of the subject. It
_ has been inferred that Pliny had seen Cynipid producers, since he speaks of a sort
_ of gnat in watery pustules on the leaves of the “robur” oak. Clearly the corre-
; lation between the life-history of the insect and that of the gall was not noticed by
_ him, and indeed it is not perfectly conclusive that he recognized the nature of the
_ oak pustule as the same as that of the gall-nut, although he states that the two
_ species mature in about the same way.
: Many of the statements of Pliny incline us to the belief that he was influenced
_ to a greater degree by tradition than by observation. Only some such charitable
_ conclusion can explain his assumption that gall-nuts are a fruit of the oak, pro-
duced in alternate years with the acorns; or that the gall-nut develops in a single
_ day, but shrivels up immediately if the heat strikes it.
; The writers already considered may be regarded as representative of the
ancient period of the literature dealing with galls. ‘That era, in reality, contributed
_ Yery little to our knowledge of the subject. Swellings on certain plants had been
noted, and, in some instances, described, but, apart from that, nothing of scientific
- yalue had been accomplished. At that time, different hosts, such as the oak, beech,
_ rose, and ash, were known to bear galls. They were supposed to be a fruit-like
_ product of these trees, and it is extremely doubtful that the deformities on the
_ various hosts were known to be of the same fundamental character. It is almost
impossible that they could be so regarded, since the common and unifying element,
_ their production by an insect, was unknown. The consideration of galls as fruits
_ caused them to be looked upon as natural products, and made any attempt to ex-
plain their origin quite superfluous. During this period, confidence in the
Prettiest properties reached its maximum, and their extracts were recommended as
infallible remedies for a long list of diseases.
r
92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 —
For 1,600 years after the time of Pliny the scientific world slept, and, as a
consequence, at the beginning of the 17th century the work on galls had been
advanced* very little beyond where the ancient naturalists had left it. During the
time elapsed, while no appreciable progress was made, several writers had in-
cidentally mentioned galls. Magnus (1193-1280), and Konrad von Megenberg
(1309-1337), in particular, have referred to them in their general discussion of
the oaks. The latter author introduced the term “ oak-apple’’ as a’synonym for
the older name “ gall-nut.” Mattioli and Lonicer, about the year 1600, wrote on
the subject, and, in imitation of the early physicians, recommended the gall
extracts as a panacea for many ailments. Galls, acorns, and mistletoe were re-
garded as three varieties of oak fruit by these authors. Their belief in the oracular
powers of galls has already been considered.
These desultory references to galls, however, do not indicate any special
interest, and we may say that the subject had never been approached in a serious
scientific manner until its importance attracted the attention of the Italian
physiologist, Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694). This investigator was the out-
standing figure of his age in medical science. He was physician to Innocent XII,
and professor of medicine at Bologna, and afterwards at Messina. In his methods,
he isolated himself entirely from the dogma of tradition, and based his con-
clusions upon his own observations. In his research work, he investigated the
anatomy of the brain and lungs, and made a beginning in embryology by tracing
the various stages in the development of the germ in the hen’s egg. While his
work along zoological lines has placed him in the front rank of the scientists of his
own era, that on the botanical side has marked him out as one of the leading
naturalists of all times. When a biologist of such ability penetrates into a practi-
cally unexplored region as that presented by the subject of galls, it is to be ex-
pected that the progress made will be quite phenomenal, and this has proven to
be the case. The science of cecidology, with the founding of which Malpighi must
be credited, was based by him upon taxonomic knowledge. His catalogue, “ De
Gallis,” published in 1686, contains descriptions of a large number of Italian and
Sicilian galls, and shows the intimate familiarity of the author with the included
types. Prior to this work, the galls that appeared in the literature were, with few
exceptions, confined to the rose, beech, and oak. But, in addition to such well-
known forms as Rhodites rose, Andricus fecundatrix, Cynips Kollari, etc., he has
described others that are less common and more restricted in their distribution.
For éxample, he collected Aylax glechome Linn. parasitic on Nepeta hederacea, a
gall that has been widely introduced into America, and is almost certain to be
found wherever the Ground Ivy is established. He was also the first to observe
the beneficial gall nodules on the roots of Leguminous plants, and had noticed, as
well, Erineum galls without being familiar with their production by mites. The
deformities of this nature he has mentioned are those produced on Vitis and
Populus. Malpighi did not concern himself only with the characteristics of the
external form of galls, but applied his knowledge of plant anatomy to the investi-
gation of their internal structure. By this means he became familiar with the
course of development of several galls, and the typical stages of individual species.
Valuable as was the contribution thus made by Malpighi to our botanical
knowledge of galls, it was overshadowed by the importance of his work along
entomological lines. Indeed, the complexity and importance of the problem
presented by the production of galls was never fully appreciated until he dis-
covered their insect origin. Only then was the question seen clearly in its dual
character, involving a stimulation by the producer, and a reaction by the host.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93
That he understood the nature of this reaction may be deduced from his statement
that the plant is compelled to furnish a deformity that serves to nourish the
deposited eggs of the insect. He must have observed the producers very closely,
as he gives a detailed account of the curious ovipositor of the Cynipide, and
mentions, also, the stalked character of their eggs. He further discovered that
the galls are not left to the undisputed possession of the producers, but are in-
habited by other insects. He seems to have grasped fully the importance, not only
of a close study of the host plant, but also of the habits and structure of the
_ insect parasite.
Malpighi has recorded a number of reflections concerning the biological re-
lation between plant and insect in gall formation. His theory summarized in
: brief is that a poison, introduced at the time of oviposition, breaks down the sub-
stances of the cell sap, and diverts the currents of its transference into wrong
channels, thus producing malformation by causing the growth energies of the plant
to be wrongly directed.
Particularly interesting to us, as students of insect life, is the fact that the
founder of the science of cecidology, realized the importance of the entomological
viewpoint of the subject.
THE PRESIDENT: As the writer of this paper is not present and as its his-
_ torical nature rather Brees it from any discussion, we will proceed to the next paper
by Mr. Strickland on “ The Army Cutworm in Southern Alberta.”
ee eee *
arcana
,
THE ARMY CUTWORM IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA.
E. H. Srricktanp, ENToMOLoGICAL BRANCH, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
OTTAWA.
The Army Cutworm (Huxoa auviliaris) is new to Canada as a field pest,
though it is a native species of the Western Provinces. Fletcher recorded it in
1903 as injurious to gardens in Regina and Calgary, but apart from this report
the insect has not been described as one of any economic importance in Canada.
Since 1898 it has been a frequently recurring field pest in Montana, where it was
given its popular name.
; In 1915 an extensive outbreak of this insect occurred in Alberta, and covered
a territory of about 3,000 square miles. The resulting study of the insect from an
economic standpoint brought to light several interesting features in its life-history
and habits.
The eggs are laid in September and October, mainly upon weedy fields. We
were unable to find eggs in the field, but in all the experiments in which we re-
produced natural conditions in so far as we were able the eggs were laid in the
s0il—near, but never actually upon; vegetation. This suggests, therefore, that even
though the eggs of this species may be found on vegetation the majority of them
are laid in the soil. We believe that this will be found to be true of several other
cutworms which are described as laying their eggs exclusively on vegetation.
The eggs hatch in the autumn, and the young larve hibernate in the soil.
‘Soon after the frost is out of the ground in the spring they come to the surface and
feed upon the weeds. When the cutworms are numerous they soon destroy all of
the weeds upon the fields where they hatched and have passed the winter. Then,
like the Army-worm, they move off more or less in a body in search of more food.
ie
94 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Their general trend of migration, in all cases observed, has been towards the north-
west. We'believe that they are oriented by light. As in the adult stage these
cutworms display a positive phototropism to artificial light, and also to subdued —
daylight, such as is experienced soon after sunset. Also, like the adults, they avoid
strong daylight. The latter tendency causes them to remain below ground on
bright, sunny days. It happens, however, that when the cutworms are sufficiently
numerous to assume the migratory habit, they have been unable to obtain enough
food to appease their hunger. Hunger causes them to migrate, and it may become
so intense that it overcomes their aversion to exposing themselves to direct sun-
light, so that they come above ground by day, and crawl rapidly in search of food.
This search is haphazard. They are not making for any definite feeding ground,
of which they have some knowledge. They crawl, therefore, in the line of least
resistance—that is, away from the sun, or in a more or less northerly direction.
We have disturbed adults hiding under clods at noon time, and they too, in nearly
every case, flew more or less due north. In the evening, when the sun is low, its
weakened light seems to attract, as does that of an artificial light, and the cut-
worms crawl towards it. It is at this time of the day that migration usually
begins. Once more this agrees with the adult habits; for the moths begin to fly
at dusk, and an examination, soon after sunset, of the windows of a barn shows that
most of the moths of this species are congregated on the western windows.
The food plants include practically all weeds, field, and garden crops. Larve
even ascended young Manitoba maples and ate the bark off the twigs, thus killing
the trees. They are entirely superficial feeders, and never cut off plants below
ground as do the common cutworms.
The pup are found in the usual earthern cells mage by the Agrotine species.
The moths fly from the middle of June till the end of September or early
October. They may estivate during the hottest part of the summer, and so appear
to be double brooded. There is, however, one brood only. During the first flight
the ova remain undeveloped, but the moths feed freely and accumulate fat body.
After the period of xstivation the eggs have begun to develop, and they are laid
during the autumn...
The moths are a serious domestic pest, and gain access to well screened houses.
Contrary to general belief, very few of them are attracted into houses by the
lights. A lighted lamp merely attracts around it the moths already in the house.
The majority of moths enter houses between the shingles or through cracks around
doors and windows. They enter these crevices in the early morning for protec-
tion from the daylight, working so far in that many of them are unable to find
their way out again. Many of these crevices communicate, by however devious
a course, with the interior of the building and the result is that a number of the
moths gain admission to houses from which the smaller house flies, which avoid
dark chinks and crannies, are effectively excluded. The moths are attracted only
from a short distance by light, and in this connection it may be mentioned that
light traps in the fields proved to be an absolute failure. The majority of moths
migrate to buildings soon after they emerge, and remain there until they are
mature.
The destruction of the larve by poison can be accomplished with comparative
ease. This is done most economically by the use of a poisoned bait applied to
specially prepared furrows. In wet seasons a vertically sided furrow can be used
but under the conditions prevailing in southern Alberta the soil is usually too dry
for its construction without expensive hand labor. Under such circumstances it
can be replaced by a dusty sided furrow, made by drawing a heavy log through a ~
a
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95
deep plough furrow. For bait we used either sweetened shorts, which proved to be
t far superior to bran, or some green vegetation, such as Stinkweed (Thlaspi
_ @rvense), or alfalfa, poisoned with Paris green. The cannibalistic tendency of
_ these larve proved to be of great benefit, since the poisoned larvae, which soon lined
_ the treated furrow, were eaten readily by subsequent arrivals, and definite experi-
ments proved that under these circumstances they themselves furnished a very
_ effective poisoned bait.
; The cutworms appear early in the season, before the spring grain is sown.
_ If they are observed in large numbers in a field which is being prepared for seed-
: ing, extra care is taken to remove all traces of green growth, a poisoned furrow is
prepared right round the field, and seeding is proceeded with as usual. ‘The lack
_ of food results in a rapid migration of the larve already on the field, and by the
end of the week necessary for the germination and appearance of the crop, the
majority of them will have entered a furrow and have been poisoned, while others
attempting to enter the field from the outside also will be trapped. Sometimes it
is advisable to make more than one furrow along the menaced side of the field, and
if the season is so advanced that germination is rapid, it may be necessary to plough
subsidiary furrows at intervals through large fields.
z Fortunately, we have no evidence which would lead us to anticipate a frequent
Tecurrence of the pest, and we feel that similar outbreaks to that experienced this
year can be held in check by the control measures advocated above.
THE PresIDENT: I think all will agree as to the very practical nature of Mr.
Strickland’s paper and at the same time its value on account of the very interesting
points he brings up regarding certain biological questions. Mr. Strickland cer-
tainly won two victories in the West this past season. He won a victory over the
Cutworms, and he won a more important one than that, the obstinacy of the farmer,
vho is always very chary about adopting any remedial measures from experts unless
you can convince him by demonstration. The way he was able to break through
t obstinacy on the part of those farmers who were not willing to accept advice
unless they were shown is really one of the valuable lessons we learn from the
thod we now have of carrying out our work through the field stations. Secondly,
the fact that Mr. Strickland had to begin the study right from the very beginning,
and leaye behind him all the previous historical matter regarding the treatment of
Cutworms under other conditions and in other parts of Canada, shows what a diffi-
t task he had. There are a number of points in his paper which might be
the subject of a very interesting discussion; for example, the behaviour of the
= as compared with the behaviour of the moth. They behave practically the
e both towards artificial light and towards the natural light of the sun. Apart
its practical interest, of course, this paper does bring forward very emphatic-
cally the necessity of studying the behaviour of insects, and I believe that in our
practical work we are coming more and more to realize that we shall have to go in
for behaviour studies in addition to the study upon which so much of our advice
has been based in the past, that is, studies of the life-history. We have many in-
ces of that, such as the recent work in regard to the Fruit Flies of various
ies and work in connection with the relation ‘of the ants to the Corn Root Aphis,
ll of which tends to prove that life-history study only leads so far in many in-
ces. That is one of the most important things that Mr. Strickland’s paper
ings out. The paper is now open for discussion, and I have no doubt that a
rumber of the members would like to take up certain matters.
Prov. LocHHeEaD: Did Mr. Strickland say what effect the juice of lemon has.
on the mixture as an attractant?
96 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 7
a _
Mr. SrrickLanD: We tried using the juice of both oranges and lemons when
poisoning in the trench, but found that since the bait was not in competition with a
growing crop there was no necessity to use it; and as a general rule we fiound that
the fruit juices made very little difference. We have been using a series of cages
sunk into the ground aver a growing crop, 9 feet square, so that we can put in
each a certain number of cutworms, apply poisoned baits, and tell exactly what our
poisons are doing. We did some forty or fifty experiments in them this year with
various poisoned, baits, and generally about three days afterwards we would recover ;
all of the larve, living or dead, from the soil, and in that way we were able to tell
the relative values of the baits used. Here also we find that fruit juice has very
little beneficial effect, and that cane molasses is very much inferior to beet molasses.
Mr. Winn: I would like to ask Mr. Strickland about the first stage of the
insect, namely, the egg-stage. When the eggs were found were they attached in
any way?
Mr. StricKLAND: We never found more than three together.
Mr. Winn: Did you notice where they were laid ?
Mr. SrRicKLAND: Of course we disturbed them when we examined them, but
we found that particles of earth were attached all around them, and therefore we
concluded that they were laid in the soil rather than on the soil.
Mr. Winn: I have examined several of the eggs and it was very peculiar the
way they were laid. ;
Mr. SrrickLanpD: Our examination of vegetable matter has been naturally far
more thorough than that of the soil, and we have never found them on vegetation,
so that we are rather forced to the conclusion that they are laid in the soil.
THE PRESIDENT: Perhaps Mr. Gibson would have some remarks to make on
this subject.
Mr. Gisson: I am afraid I can add very little to what Mr. Strickland has
already said. He seems to be working under conditions peculiar to Southern Al-
berta. In the East, here, we frequently find the eggs of Cutworm moths laid on
leaves, and even on the stems of trees, but we have not ourselves, as Mr. Strick-
land has, located any eggs in the soil in eastern Canada. In the case of the
Variegated Cutworm, which was so abundant in British Columbia in 1900, the eggs
were laid on the leaves and stems of trees, windows, verandahs, and even on clothes
hanging out to dry. In regard to the control of cutworms in the Hast, we this year
used the locust poisoned bran formula with good results. Twenty pounds of this,
if spread properly, is sufficient for two or three acres. E
Mr. Crimp: I would like to say that I have also been carrying on a few in-
vestigations in Cutworms during the past season, and I found that market gardeners
near Winnipeg had very little faith in oranges or lemons. They had remarkable
success by using both bran and shorts (the majority were in favour of shorts) and
just molasses in addition, and my results seemed to bear out what they said.
Mr. ToruHity: I would like to ask Mr. Strickland if in connection with the
Noctuids there is any special machinery in connection with any of the ovipositors —
for laying eggs beneath the soil?
Mr. Strick1ANp: Whenever we disturbed moths in the day time they were ~
always beneath clods and so beneath the soil.
Mr. Witson: I would like to ask Mr. Strickland about what time the Cutworms
appeared in Alberta this summer?
Mr. SrrickLanpD: They appeared as soon as the frost was out of the ground,
the very first record being of larva attracted to light at the Provincial Jail on April —
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97
7th, and on about April 10th we had an account from the country where we found
them plentifully.
Mr. Wison: In 1900, about the 15th June, I received a report of damage by
potato beetles up North and I proceeded there, but could find no potato beetles of
any kind, and I had good evidence that cutworms were present.
Tue PresipeNt: If there is no further discussion on this paper we shall now
_ bring this session to a conclusion.
Mr. Gipson: Several of the members undoubtedly would like to spend some
time looking over our collections here, and as I think we have plenty of time for
all the papers on the programme to-morrow morning, I would move that the session
begin at 9.30 instead of 9.00 o’clock.
Mr. Toruiti: I second that motion.
Tur PresipENT: To-night we are to have the privilege of hearing a public
lecture from Dr. H. T. Fernald, State Entomologist of Massachusetts. Dr. Fernald
has been most kind in stepping into a breach which was made by the unfortunate
accident to Dr. Howard, who would otherwise have delivered this lecture, and I
take it for granted that everybody here will be there to-night as we ought to give
_ Dr. Fernald a good audience, and I hope the members here will do their best in
bringing their friends to hear Dr. Fernald. The lecture starts at 8.00 p.m.
The meeting is now adjourned.
THurspay, Noy. 4th.
EVENING SESSION.
LIFE ZONES IN ENTOMOLOGY AND THEIR RELATION TO CROPS.
H. T. Frrnatp, AMurrst, Mass.
From the time when the late Alfred Russel Wallace published his epoch-making
volumes on “ The Geographical Distribution of Animals,” this subject has been one
of extreme interest. Wallace used his discoveries in this line as evidences of evo-
lution, and provided many able arguments tc support the theory from that source.
The possibility of a practical application of distribution to agriculture, however,
seems not to have received consideration by him, and it was apparently left for
Dr. C. Hart Merriam to present this phase of the subject, though in a somewhat
general way, in his paper on “ Life Zones and Crop Zones in the United States,”
about a quarter of a century later.
Two years ago, Dr. EK. M. Walker, in his presidential address before this
society, discussed at some length the life zones as they are found in northern North
America, and therefore only a brief reference to this phase of the subject is necessary
at this time. Studies of the distribution of plants and animals all show that on any
continental area, belts running from east to west across the country are inhabited
largely by the same forms, while as we go north or south to the limits of these
belts, we find other species beginning to present themselves, and these increase until
finally we are surrounded by a fauna and flora almost entirely different, and belong:
ing to a different belt.
Such belts constitute the so-called life zones and these are grouped into regions,
that covering the tropical portion of the continent heing called the Tropical Region,
>.
98 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 |
that next the north the Austral Region, and the northernmost, the Boreal Region.
Naturally we are interested mainly in the last two of these areas.
‘Canada is, of course, largely within the Boreal Region, but the differences
within her territory are such that three sub-belts, called zones, are easily recogniz-
able. On the north, beyond the limit of the growth of trees, we find corresponding
changes in plant and animal life, establishing the Arctic Zone of the region. Here
are typically Arctic plants and such animals as the Arctic fox, polar bear, musk ox,
and ptarmigan. South of this, stretching across the continent from Labrador to
Alaska, and southward along the tops of the Rocky Mountains is the so-called
Hudsonian Zone. Its southern limit extends from near the mouth of the St. Law-
rence River to the southern end of Hudson Bay, thence passes north-
west to near ‘Great Slave Lake, then down the Mackenzie River to
about 65 deg. latitude, after which, influeneed by the mountainous heights, it
extends again to the south to about latitude 55 deg., sending narrow tongues farther
south along the mountain tops. As it approaches the western ocean, however, the
moderation of climate due to the Kuro sivo, or Japanese Gulf Stream, makes, its
influence felt, and the southern edge of the zone is driven north and is only able to
reach the western shore of the continent about five degrees farther north than it
was when the effects of the ocean came within reach. As neither the Arctic nor
Hudsonian zones of the Boreal Region has great agricultural value, we now turn to
the third zone of this region—the Canadian—which with certain exceptions occupies
the rest of the Dominion of Canada and a portion of the United States. Here we
must look for the greatest agricultural returns and one of the best opportunities
for the utilization of crops not as yet grown.
The Austral Region occupies but a small portion of Canadian territory, but
what it does occupy is of great value, for here it should be possible to produce
crops not raised elsewhere in the Dominion, and to produce to perfection crops
only partially successful in the Canadian Zone. Like the Boreal, the Austral
Region is divided into three zones, the northern one being known as the Transition
Zone. How accurate our knowledge of the area occupied by this zone as shown on
the map is, may be questioned, but a strip around the Bay of Fundy and along the
shore of Lake Ontario, and the Southern parts of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and
Alberta, besides the shore belt in the region of Vancouver Island, are believed’ to
belong to this section.
. Next south comes the Upper Austral, and this appears to be present in Canada
only as a narrow strip along the shore of Lake Erie. How correct this is must
be determined by future investigation.
Tt is a safe statement that Life Regions and Zones are always limited by
barriers, though these may be of many kinds. Every kind of animal and plant has
an optimum temperature at which it thrives best. As we depart from localities
where this is true, and pass to the north, we will reach a latitude where it can no
longer exist, while if we pass to the south the same will hold. Sometimes the
limits will be established, not by temperature but by absence of food or by a change
from a moist to an arid climate or the reverse. A mountain chain of considerable
height may so affect temperature that forms reaching it are unable to cross and
enter a continuation of the same zone beyond. Near the shores of our continent
the influence of the ocean is a modifying factor, and others might also be enumer-
ated, all affecting the arrangement of the regions.
Evidence indicating the limits of these zones is gathered by a study of the ~
plants and animals present. Many plants found only a short distance south of the —
international boundary disappear as we pass northward, and with them disappear
-
a
hehe sq
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99
animals feeding on those plants, unless satisfactory substitutes can be found. The
cold of winter holds many forms in close agreement for their northern limit with
certain isothermal lines, and by a study of these and other factors, a general under-
standing of the-zonal areas can be obtained.
At the present time investigations on this subject are mainly by preparing
faunal and floral lists for different localities, particularly from places: presumed to
| near the borders of the zones, and as a whole the latest results seem to indicate
t the Upper Austral Zone extends farther north than was formerly supposed to be
the case. It is, of course, recognized that no absolute line separates the zones, but
that they overlap somewhat along their edges, leaving more or less of a “ debatable
ground,” but despite this, approximate limits have a significance when it comes to
the selection of the most successful crops to raise in any locality, and even local
modifications are worthy of consideration.
The speaker regrets a lack of knowledge of local conditions of Canada as bear-
ing on this point. Certain examples from cases with which he is familiar, how-
ever, may be suggestive and be possible of application here.
_ The State of Massachusetts is mountainous at its western end, numerous
peaks reaching a height of more than 2,500 feet, and that whole portion of the
state is more than a thousand feet high. East of this the state is crossed by the
broad ‘Connecticut River Valley, where, except for a few hills, the elevation is every-
where less than 500 feet. The central part of the state is higher again, the general
elevation of the land except for narrow grooves cut by streams, being over a thousand
feet. The eastern third of the state, however, is all less than 500 feet above sea
level.
So far as elevation goes, therefore, the eastern part of the state and the Con-
necticut Valley should have much in common. Such differences in elevation in
the state as have been indicated should not be of such importance as to affect
‘apple raising. for instance, but they do result in the appearance of minor differ-
ences which all have their effect.
But even two such similar areas as the eastern end of the state and the Con-
ecticut Valley have their differences. Nearness to the ocean has its effect in the
former case, moderating the temperature somewhat in winter, and slightly checking
excessive heat over extended periods in summer. But when southeastern Massa-
chusetts is considered, yet another difference is found. Here the influence of the
Gulf Stream as it sweeps northward modifies the winter and lengthens the fall.
_ preventing frosts until much later than only a few miles farther inland.
r The Gulf Stream is itself a somewhat variable factor. From time to time its
erase changes, sometimes swinging in quite close to the land, while at others it
turns more out to sea, thus having less effect. In general, however, the result is that
erops normally grown only much farther south can be successfully raised on Cape
and along the shore towns of the southern part of the state, besides insuring
a4 to late planted crops coming onto the market after the regular season has
ended.
Small factors sometimes prove to be of considerable importance in establishing
the limits of life zones, and this is illustrated by the Holyoke range of mountains
n the Connecticut Valley. This range is by no means a continuous one, but its
general trend is across the valley with an average height of perhaps a thousand
feet. In spite of its numerous breaks which would seem to render it of no import-
ance as a line of separation, we find many forms of life extending from the south
as far as this range but no farther, and the season on the northern side of the
“Tange is about ten days later in spring than on the southern side. The steep
bar
northern slopes of the mountains are well covered by snow during the winter, and
this is not quickly reached and melted by the sun in the spring, thus delaying the
season north of the range. During the winter, too, increased cold results, and it is
probably this which prevents a farther northward spread of the forms which reach
the southern slopes, by establishing a winter temperature which they are unable
to withstand. During the summer, northward migrations can and sometimes do
occur, but the cold of the winter following is always sufficient to destroy these mar-
ginal settlements, leaving the northern limit of occurrence of these forms where it
was before.
Closely related to the questions of distribution of our native animals and
plants, are those of introduced forms of life. The Elmleaf Beetle, which reached
this country nearly three-quarters of a century ago at Baltimore, has now spread
far to the northward, and how much farther it can go is a question of considerable
importance. It thrives in the Upper Austral Zone, but is noticeably absent in
the highlands of the Pennsylvania mountain region, though it is present again west
of them. ‘To the north it has caused serious loss to the elms of New England,
resulting in the appropriation of large sums for spraying of the trees to protect —
them from its ravages. Careful studies of this pest in Massachusetts show that
while a serious menace to the life of the elms in the southern part of the state and
in the river valleys, it becomes of little importance in the higher and northern
parts, and many towns which formerly appropriated money for the protection of
their elms from this insect have now learned that this was unnecessary, as the
trees would suffer but little at most, in any case.
With the San José Scale similar facts are now coming to light. This pest finds
the best conditions for its life in the Lower and Upper Austral Zones, where it has
caused the loss of many millions of dollars. Even in the Upper Austral territory
of Massachusettes, it is one of the most destructive enemies of the fruit-
grower. As we pass into the Transition Zone, however, its ravages become less
severe, and by the time the centre of this zone has been reached, it is of only
medium importance. In this case, it has seemed to those studying this problem
that this insect was originally limited by the Upper Austral, but has graduaily
acquired some degree of resistance to lower temperatures and has thus been able
to extend into the Transition Zone. Whether this resistance of cold will continue —
to develop until it becomes a serious insect in this entire zone is a question which
cannot now be answered. At least, it points out the possibility of the
acquirement of resistant qualities as a factor which must be taken into considera- }
tion. The speaker has watched with much interest a small colony of these insects —
which about fifteen years ago was brought on nursery stock to a point near where —
the Transition Zone meets the Canadian. Here from year to year the insect has
reproduced just sufficiently to maintain itself, doing no injury, and “eking out a 5
miserable existence” and nothing more.
The Asparagus Beetle and numerous other examples might here be considered —
as illustrating the significance of life zones in their relation to the limits of spread
of our insect foes, but time for their consideration is inadequate.
With life zones divided by mountain ranges we find that it is not usually the ©
ease that the same forms occur on both sides of the barrier. When this does happen, —
two explanations offer themselves. The barrier may be a recent one, at least —
geologically speaking, having arisen after the zone had been occupied by the forms
concerned. Or the harrier may be a Jess complete one than it was supposed, and
these forms have in some way succeeded in crossing it. More often the animals on the —
two sides are not the same, though they may play similar parts in Nature’s economy,
rm
2
100 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101
md again iwo explanations are possible. Where two similar but different forms
ecur, one on each side of a barrier, it has been suggested that a common ancestor
the two had established itself over the entire zone before the barrier was formed,
d that development on the two sides since has been along sufficiently different
nes to produce different species. The Peach Borer east of the Rocky Mountains,
nd its close relative, the Pacifie Coast Peach Borer, on the western coast, are con-
sidered an example of this. Many forms, however, show little close relationship
but much similarity to Old World forms, and here geology steps in to provide an
e" Biianation.
There is much evidence that in past ages the northern part of the world’s
surface was much warmer than it now is, and also that there were more or less
lete land connections between Europe and North America on the east, and
and Alaska on the west. It is noticeable that many forms of life in the north-
mm part of this country find their closest relatives among European forms,
similarly that many of our western forms closely resemble those of North-
Hastern Asia. From these facts it seems at least probable that differences in the
of the same zone found on two sides of a north and south barrier may be
accounted for as being the results of migration from the two opposite ends of the
asian continent.
Life zones then mean, not the areas continuously inhabited by a certain list of
orms, but territory having fixed standards, which meeting the ‘needs of animals
nd plants, able to live under such standards, can be populated by them if means
f access is provided.
_ It has been said that certain places in Africa are perfectly fitted for some
merican form$ of life. If this be correct, such American forms once placed there
ould establish themselves and thrive in their new home, the only difficulty being
nat of getiing them across the ocean in the first place. This may remain a diffi-
liy for years, but, so far as North America is concerned, the arrival of new
s from other countries is not only possible, but is actually occurring, and if
rable conditions are found on arrival, or, in other words, if proper life zone
nditions and proper food are at hand, the establishment of new animals and
ants in our land is certain.
Some of these arrivals in the past have been desirable, but certain it is that
haye proved veritable pests. It is stated that about seventy-five of our one
ndred worst insect pests are of foreign origin, and, in spite of all systems of in-
tion and care, new ones somehow creep in and establish themselves before we
aware of their presence.
To prevent this seems hopeless under our present methods, and the recent de-
pment of the nursery business, bringing in millions of all kinds of plants from
s of the world, harboring insects many of which it may be difficult or im-
ble to find by any inspection, raises the question whether it would not be wise
utely prevent the importation of all plants from foreign countries, in order
ytect ourselves from the pests of other lands which otherwise might join forces
h those already here, in the destruction of our crops.
102 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
MORNING SESSION
Fripay, November 5th.
THE PresIDENT: The meeting is now called to order and I intend to postpone
the first item on the programme, that is, “ Election of officers, etc.,” and instead to —
ask Mr. Morris to read his paper on “ Fresh Woods and Pastures New.’’*
Mr. Morris’s paper was read.
Dr. Hewrrr: I am sure I am voicing the sentiments of the whole meeting
when I say how pleased we are that Mr. Morris was able to come to this meeting
and deliver .one of his charming papers. It occurred to me, as Mr. Morris was
reading his paper, what a pity that he could not be given charge of an expedition ~
such as Bates had in South America, what charming accounts of those entomo-
logical journeys we should have when Mr. Morris returned. This paper+is now
open for discussion, if any of the members care to ask Mr. Morris any questions
regarding his captures.
I hope, Mr. Morris, that you will take this silence as indicating that your paper —
was so fully detailed by you that no one wishes to discuss it. We will now pass
on to the next paper, by Professor Lochhead, on “ Some Notes on Nose and Other
Bot Flies.”
SOME NOTES REGARDING NOSE AND OTHER BOT FLIES.
Pror. W. LocHuEaD, MAcponNALp CoLLEecn, Quer.
1. Nosb Fries.
In connection with the “Farmer’s Friends and Foes” department in the
Family Herald and Weekly Star several interesting letters were received by me
from the West regarding Nose Flies. I consider the information obtained of —
sufficient importance to bring before this meeting, for it became evident when IT
looked up the literature available that entomologists as a rule have much to learn
regarding this group of flies.
The correspondence referred to began innocently enough through a questiow
asked by a Saskatchewan subscriber; “ Does the Nose fly that torments horses in
summer time sting or bite the horse, or what makes them so afraid of the flies?”
I replied as follows :—
Nose flies are a species of horse bot flies and have a peculiar habit of laying their
eggs round the lips of horses, and the nostrils. For this reason they have been termed
“Nose Flies.” We all know that horses have an instinctive dread of this fly, and seem
to recognize its presence. While these flies may appear to sting, they cannot do so,
for they have no sting. Their mouth parts are aborted. However, this fear of the
bot fly has been bred into the bone of thousands of generations of horses, who have
suffered the effects of the bots in the stomach. There may be something in the fact
that the bot fly resembles a wasp or a small bee and that the horse cannot very wel
distinguish between these insects which sting and the bot fly which does not sting. Per
sonally, I am of the opinion that horses know instinctively that this insect is harmful
to them. There are many things that we cannot explain, and this instinctive dread
of nose bot flies is one of them.
*This paper will appear in the Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XLVIII, No. 5, May
1916.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103
My reply led another Western reader to make a spirited reply to my statement
that the bot flies cannot. sting either with its mouth-parts or with its ovipositor.
He says :—
~
My experience with “nose flies” that annoy horses dates back eight years.
Previous to that time they were unknown in the district. A bunch of horses were
brought in from the United States the year before and from them I think we obtained
this pest. Of course we always had the long-tailed bot-fly, but this bob-tail is a curse
both to horses at work and in pasture. Work horses can be given some protection in
the shape of nose covering, but the poor horses outside cannot even feed in the day-
time for them. If you could see the poor beasts huddled up together stamping, rubbing,
ete., I am sure you would not think the laying of an egg by these pests so simple a
matter. Come and hitch up a six-horse outfit without any protection sometime this
coming summer and you will change your mind. Anyone who will take the trouble
to examine these bob-tail bot flies will notice on the tail end a pair of tweezers when
pressed slightly. It is from these tweezers the trouble arises.
In my reply to correspondent No. 2 I suggested that perhaps the real culprit
was a Tabanid for these insects are known as Gad-flies, Breeze-flies, Greenheads
and Har-flies, but asked for specimens. Correspondent No. 2 was good enough
later to send a few specimens of the Nose flies and made further observations
regarding their habits :—
These pests have been some weeks later making their appearance this year, owing
I presume to the late frosts. I think the description you once gave, namely, red-~
tailed bot-fly, was fairly accurate, but strange to say I have looked very closely for
their eggs but have failed to find any—so different from the ordinary long-tailed bot,
which distributes its eggs promiscuously. On squashing an ordinary bot fly one finds
numberless eggs, but in these I have failed to see any. The habits of these nose flies
are to hover around a foot or so above the earth, when they make a dart upwards and
try to hit the horse on the lips or nostrils; it also seems to dig its hind part similar
to a bee or wasp when stinging an object. It rarely hits but once at a time, when it
seems to disappear for a few seconds, then comes again. I have examined its rear
end for stinging apparatus, but can only see what to me appears a pair of tweezers.
We have all the other kinds of horse flies you mentioned, but a horse will calmly
endure being chewed up with the spotted winged horse flies, bull dogs and the rest of
that family, but let one of these nose flies strike and he is up in the air at once and
has to rub his nose on something or other. As I mentioned in my previous letters it
is only a few years since they made their appearance in this district and I have heard
that there are parts of this province where they have not yet made their appearance.
They are the greatest pest we have got on horses. I think the Royal Humane Society
should get busy and make all owners provide some building in which any stock in
pasture could go in for protection. I have a pole and straw shed which I put up for
winter and the straw has settled down a little, which leaves an air current at the top
of walls. My stock appreciate it and it is also a protection from the bull dog flies,
too, which are a great annoyance to cattle as well as horses. These nose flies don’t
touch cattle.
My reply was as follows :—
We were very glad to get four specimens of nose flies from Saskatchewan, for their
arrival sets at rest the question of the identity of the flies that bother the horses so
much in the western provinces. They are nose flies (Gastrophilus nasalis), and are
one of the species of horse bot-flies. Now our friend S. H. differs from us on the power
of stinging these nose flies possess. We maintain that these flies do not and cannot
sting, for they have no stinging appliance. In all kinds of flies that sting the mouth-
parts are modified to form a stinging or piercing apparatus; on the other hand, in all
the kinds of bees and wasps that sting the egg-depositor at one hind end of the body
is modified for piercing purposes. Now, as bot-flies are true flies we would naturally
expect their mouth-parts to show piercing appliances if they can really sting, but exam-
ination reveals no such appliances. Moreover, the egg-depositor at the hind end of the
body is rather long, but it is too soft and flexible to serve as a stinging instrument.
If these bot or nose flies cannot sting, why do they cause such panic among horses?
The answer is, we believe, the persistent efforts of the flies to deposit their eggs on
104 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
the hairs of the front legs. They resemble a bee or a wasp to a considerable extent,
even to the humming noise, and their sudden darts coming continuously and persist-
ently get on the horses’ nerves and set up a panicky state of mind. The cattle or
warble or bot fly is another instance where a fly that cannot sting causes cattle to go
careering through the fields in a panicky condition. The real biting flies like the horse
fly do not seem to produce the same effect, for the reason we suppose that once the
horses get rid of it they have rest for a while. There is no doubt as to the name of
the flies sent, and it is also certain that they do not sting. Three of the specimens
submitted were males, hence would not have eggs.
Later still, a third correspondent from Saskatchewan writes me regarding
Nose flies and gives further particulars as to the differences between the Nose
fly and the Bot fly. He says:—
I have been reading in the issue of July 28 an article on nose flies. As the nose
flies are a very troublesome pest among horses, I would like to add my mite of know-
ledge concerning them. Now they cannot be the same flies that deposit their eggs on
the legs because they are much smaller and darker in color, and the mode of laying the
egg is different; the ordinary bot-fly keeps buzzing and depositing her eggs (which
are yellow) continuously; whereas in the nose fly it strikes upward swift and wickedly
and then disappears, to return again possibly in half a minute; the egg is black. One
fellow struck me on the back of the hand last summer and left an egg which attached
to a hair; there was no pain, though the wicked way it does the trick is quite enough
to scare a person or a horse either. When there is protection on the nose of the horses
(rags are commonly used and wire screens are sold to cover the nose), they will strike
at the person; often I have had them hit the underside of the brim of the hat.
My reply was as follows :—
The correspondence regarding nose flies has brought out much important informa-
tion regarding these pests. Our friend (W. B.) tells us something really important
in the way of distinguishing two kinds of bot flies of horses. It is likely, however,
that there are at least three kinds of bot flies in the West, and this fact will account
for the difference noted by the various observers. There is first of all the “common
bot fly,” which deposits its yellowish eggs on the legs and is of a general reddish
brown color. The eggs may be deposited on the fore legs, knees and shanks. A second
form is what is known as the “nasal fly,” specimens of which we identified in our last
note on nose flies in these columns. We beg to note a clerical mistake which we made
in stating that they deposit their eggs on the hairs of the front legs; this should have
been “on the hairs of the lips and the margins of the nostrils.” This insect is smaller
than the first, has white eggs and is of a darker color, but still with a considerable
number of brownish hairs. The third form of bot fly is the “red-tailed bot fly.” This
has about the same general color as the nasal fly, but is not so large and deposits its
eggs on the lips of the horses. The eggs are darker than those of the first or second.
It must not be supposed, however, that the “red-tailed bot fly” is the only red-tailed
bot fly. A confusion may arise here; there are different bands of color on the abdomen
of both the nasal and the red-tailed bot fly, the bands being very much alike in both—
a yellow band in front, black in the middle and orange on the last. The term “red-
tailed bot fly” is, therefore, not a good one to use, because the nasal bot fiy is also
red-tailed. These facts regarding the three forms of bot flies may account for the differ-
ences Observed by our correspondent, as we have already stated. There are other
differences, of course, which are revealed on close examination under a magnifying
glass or a microscope, but the foregoing are sufficient to identify them. We should
be very much indebted to our readers in the West if they could send specimens of bot
flies to us so that we may be able to give further information when questions are
answered. -
A fourth correspondent at this time contributes his mite as to the best treat-
ment against nose flies :—
There is an objection to the use of rags tied over the horse’s nose on account of
difficulty in breathing. I have tried the following remedy with much success: Mix
about 10 cents worth of oil of tar in machine oil (but other oils would be better), and
wipe lightly around the muzzle of the horse—but use it very sparingly—whenever flies
make an attack. I keep a bottle among the implements and flies never come near the
horses. Mosquitoes dislike this substance also.
a ee
a
te Dl
1916 L ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105
ee aa ema a
A fifth Saskatchewan correspondent writes as follows :—
I would like to add the following information, which I will vouch for being correct.
The nose fly appeared in this district some ten years or more ago, brought I expect
from the States or Mexico. In size, shape and color it closely resembles the bot fly,
and is often mistaken for it, but it is a trifle smaller and more grey. The principal
difference, however, to the horse and stockman lies in its method of depositing its
eggs. The bot fly buzzes incessantly up and down the animal’s legs, sticking a yellow-
white egg on the hair every other moment, mostly below the hock or knee. In dis-
tinction from the bot fiy, the nose fly uses its ovipositor like a hypodermic needle. It
flies very swiftly back and forth, poises itself for a moment as though to judge place
and distance, and then, darting upward, stabs a black egg into the lip or chin of the
horse and retreats as swiftly, only to return at the next suitable moment. The horse
can hear it and awaits the attack with nervous apprehension. On feeling the needle-
like thrust it starts violently and rubs its lips or nose on the grass or against
another horse. Often horses on the range will be seen standing with their noses buried
in each other’s manes or resting on another’s back. I never saw a nose fly draw
blood, and I think the “ear fly” referred to in the article is a very small grey-black
fly that bites principally in the ears, across the chest and around the sheath. These
are distinct from the flies, like very diminutive house flies, which congregate around
animals’ eyes. There is also the “deer fly,” about the size of the house fly, but hdving
a speckled or mottled appearance, whose wings when at rest stand out, giving it a
triangular shape. Also the huge fly as big as a wasp, locally known as the “ bulldog.”
The latter flies bite with nippers and generally draw blood. There is also another
pest called the heel fly which I have not studied yet. Some people claim it is identical
with the nose fly. It attacks the heels of cattle, which take refuge in water when pos-
sible. It is a common sight to see one or more individual animals break from a bunch
or off the feeding ground and stampede for water, brush or, when neither is handy,
a buffalo wallow or washout. Animals will be found thus upwards of a mile from any
other cattle. In a country so large, individual attempts to destroy any of these vermin
seem hopeless; but if any means could be devised to co-operate for their destruction,
the relief would be tremendous both to man and beast. Of all the flies the “nose fly ”
is perhaps the worst, and we have to use some kind of porous net over our horses’
noses, as referred to in the quoted article.
A reader from Alberta (Correspondent No. 6) writes as follows :—-
I have been very much amused and interested at your articles on nose flies and
bot flies. I imagined that every farm boy of an inquiring nature and over ten years
of age knew all there was to know about those little pests. I have been a neighbor of
theirs for the past thirty years and consider I am about as well acquainted with their
habits as the ordinary man. I was a boy of thirteen when I first made the nose flies’
acquaintance. I used to lead an old blind horse to the cultivator; on calm, hot days
the horse would suddenly stand on his hind legs and start pawing the air with his
front feet, sometimes bruising me in his flurry, so I naturally started in to investigate
with a boy’s curiosity, and the only thing I could notice for a while was a dark object
about the size of a buckshot come from somewhere near the ground, strike the horse
on the lip and immediately fall to the ground. One thing I noticed in particular was
that when they struck the horse they were upside down and their tail struck in advance.
My idea was that they were a variety of bee. The first one I caught I examined very
closely for a sting but could not find any; then I started to squeeze the rear end to
See if there were any eggs in the oviduct and did not find any eggs, but to my surprise
I squeezed out two stings just below the oviduct shaped exactly like the mandibles of
an ant, but considerably stronger and sharp as needles. So I came to the conclusion
that was the cause of the horse’s antics. The nose flies that I was acquainted with in
the East were about the size of a house fly but shaped like a bee. You say that only
‘bees have stings in the tail, and I believe you are right; but when you claim that a
nose fly is a bot fly I think you are off. The nose fly is one branch of a large family
of stock bees, and the bot fly may also be a branch of the same family, but it is the
only one that lays the yellow egg which hatches into the bot inside the horse’s stomach,
and it will lay eggs on a horse from heels to ears and sometimes on cattle. It appears
to ibe the strongest flier of any of the family and also the best known. Since coming
to Alberta I have made the acquaintance of several other members of the stock bee
family. First I will mention the brown-tailed light yellow nose fly; it is about the
size of a blue-bottle fly but shaped like a honey bee. It also carried heavy mandibles
just below the oviduct; they are sheathed in the body and cannot be seen unless the
body is pressed between the thumb and finger, when they expose themselves.
8 Es.
\
106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Then there is another with a light yellow body, about the size of the female bot,
which I imagined was the male bot; it also has a pair of mandibles, but they are frailer
than those on the nose fly.
Now we get to the heel fly, which belongs to the same family and is the largest
of the family that I know. It is about the size and shape of a small honey bee and
carries the heaviest set of mandibles of any of the stock bee family; it is also the
poorest flier; it hovers around in the grass or near the ground on calm, hot days, and
darts up, striking the cattle on the first place it reaches, generally from the heels up
to the hocks and sometimes on the rump; then up goes the animal’s tail and it bolts.
If there is a four wire fence in front of the animal it goes right on through, while the
fly calmly drops to the grass and sails along until it comes to the next cow or steer,
which also throws up its tail and has business elsewhere. By that time all the cattle
have taken the hint and disappeared.
Another one I captured near the horses one day about as large as the heel fly and
the same color; the only difference I noted was that its mandibles were jet black and
very strong, while all the rest were brown. One thing I noticed with all of these insects
is that they are always worse on hot, calm days and are very weak fliers, never appear-
ing when there is any wind, excepting the bot which is with us all summer,
A correspondent (No. 7) from Chatham, Ont., writes :—
{
I think your correspondents of July 28th and September ist are in error about
what they call nose flies, as the flies do not strike on the horse’s nose but underneath,
just back of the opening of the jawbone. I have caught scores of them by placing
my hand beneath the horse’s chin. They do not deposit eggs, as they are males of the
common bot fly. The eggs that are on the lips were not depositetl there, but adhered
when the horse was rubbing his legs, as the horse does not use the tongue for that
purpose. The difference in colour of eggs can be accounted for in this way. When
first deposited they are yellow, but turn darker until hatched; then the shells which
still adhere to the hairs get quite light. ;
2. WARBLE FLIEs.
For the last two or three years reports have reached us from Chateauguay
and Huntingdon Counties that certain flies were very troublesome on the dairy
herds in pasture during June and early July. It was asserted that they stung
the cattle and chased them about the fields. This summer a specimen of the
pest was sent me, and on comparing it with type specimens of Warble flies sent me
by Dr. Hadwen, of British Columbia, I identified it as Hypoderma bovis. Dr.
Hewitt, to whom I submitted the specimen, corroborated my identification.
The explanation of this outbreak of bovis in the Chateauguay-Huntingdon
district is clear when it is known that a large importation of cattle from Scotland
has occurred annually for many years. The breeders of this district admit that
warbles on the backs of the cattle are more common now than they were a few
years ago.
Following is a table which may be of service in identifying the common
genera and species of the Oestride.
OESTRIDAE,
(Bot Flies.)
Common genera and species:
a. Costal vein ends at tip of R445; M1+2 is straight, not reaching the margin,
and cell R5 wide open; squamae small, arista bare; ovipositor elongate.
Gastrophilus.
d. Wings with spots and smoky median cross band. G. equi (horse bot fly).
bb. Wings without spots.
c. Posterior cross-veins (M-Cu) beyond the anterior cross-vein (R-M); legs blackish
brown. G. hemorrhoidalis (red-tailed bot fiy).
Ri
A
G
hacmorrcidalis L
Wings of Gasterophilus.
Wings of Hypoderma ilneata and H. bovis,
107
108 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
cc. Posterior cross-vein opposite and nearer than the anterior cross-vein. G. nasalis
(nose fly).
aa. \Costal vein ends at tip of M142; M1+2 with a bend; cell R5 much narrowed
or closed.
b. Facial grooves approximated below; cell R5 closed and petiolate. Oesirus.
bb. Facial grooves far apart; squamae large, ovipositor elongate. Hypoderma.
c. Prothoracic band of yellow hairs, mesothoracic band of brownish black hairs;
media 3 sinuate; legs black with black hair; tips of hind tibie and tarsi
yellowish brown. H. bovis.
cc. Thoracic band of hairs brownish; media 3 rounded; tibie and tarsi yellow;
femora black. H. lineata.
‘THE PrestDENT: We are pleased to have Professor Lochhead’s paper in our
Proceedings, because this is a group of insects which is gradually coming to the
front more and more. It is very apparent that, both in the case of the Nose
Flies attacking horses and in the case of the Warble Flies attacking cattle, these
insects are ‘becoming far more frequent. Our own correspondence files would
display a somewhat similar series of letters as Professor Lochhead has read here,
‘and the farmers who write to us about these things are very confident about
their own observations and their own knowledge, as a rule. In regard to a brief
note that Professor Lochhead mentioned about warble flies, I believe what he
says is quite true, that we can trace the increasing prevalence of Hypoderma bovis
in this country to the importation of cattle. In the old days the only species
recognized in this country was Hypoderma lineata, which was considered to be a
truly native species, but more recently, owing to the investigations of Dr. Hadwen
in British Columbia and my own enquiries from the Branch here, we were able
to show that bovis occurred in this country in addition to lineata, and further
that bovis was pretty widely distributed, particularly in the Province of Quebec,
and it is on this suspicion that Dr. Hadwen has based most of his very valuable
investigations, but before passing on to this paper I think there are a number
of points in Professor Lochhead’s paper which might be discussed. We might
discuss the two papers together.
Pror. LocuHueap: Since the two papers deal with almost the same subject,
I think -it would be preferable to have the discussion on the two papers at the
same time.
Dr. Hewitt: We shall now have Dr. Hadwen’s paper entitled “ Further Notes
on the Warble Fly, Hypoderma bovis.”
Read by Mr. Treherne.
THE SEASONAL PREVALENCE OF HYPODERMA BOVIS IN 1915,
TOGETHER WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE TERRIFYING
EFFECT H. BOVIS HAS UPON CATTLE, AND
LESIONS PRODUCED BY THE LARVA.
SrymMour Hapwen, D.V.Scr., Acassiz, B.C.
The observations and experiments on H. bovis which were conducted at
Agassiz this year, are all preparatory to the work which is contemplated for next
vear, on the prevention of egg laying and destruction of larve.
A previous paper has been written on the seasoned prevalence of H. lineatum.
It is remarkable that so little is known about the seasonal activity of these flies,
]
Baticon
ry
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109
and if any treatment is to be undertaken it is absolutely necessary to know
when they come and go. As I have already pointed out, the statements made
- by the European writers about the length of the season, especially for H. lineatum,
are very vague.
The following table gives a complete record of the observations. The cattle,
ten in number, were kept in a field directly in front of my laboratory. The
animals were under almost constant observation. Whenever they were seen run-
ning, either myself or assistant went out to look for flies. If flies were noticed in
the morning, then no further trouble was taken for that day. It is of course
possible that we may have failed to observe them on some occasion or other, but
this seems hardly likely, seeing that H. bovis invariably causes alarm among cattle.
The most likely error made was in the catching of flies, but these were mainly
caught when they were abundant. It may be that on one or two occasions the
flies which were taken would have lived over night and attacked the cattle on
the following day. The only dates on which this may have occurred was on June
15th and 22nd. The meteorological records were kindly supplied by Mr. Moore,
Superintendent of the Experimental Farm. In comparing them with my records,
I was delighted to find that the changes of temperature coincide almost perfectly
with the appearance and disappearance of the flies.
_ THE SEASONAL PREVALENCE OF HyPODERMA BOVIS IN 1915.
Sunshine. | Rain. | Temperature. °F.
June. : — = ;
Hrs. Min. | Inch. Max. Min
PeeeGaitiowgniet, no flies. ...............- 5 42 MZ 64 48
aa = SM gM wets. 5.c cio'avextee) 2 so, if BS ate. j2 49
Be <-| x + (69 Robe caeanenc seaeee 2 of Lng ete ee 72 42
Bee ol SS ee eee 11 GGye1se. 3. 78 43
5....|Flies seen, cattle running............ 11 fC ae 82 | 50
rier Govie taken....................- hat? Cyl end oe 81 52
7.... Cattle quiet, no i Seco spaaeeo one 2 OOF asac: 65 47
seco ates Dull 0.8 64 46
| - EN onc cleo s sis%e ons 3 Van oll ASM eee 64 51
BOs. < RES es eee | 5 5 ila eee ts 59 45
et. 5. “ oS Sec nea Deen ee pases 18 6 58 46
. .| oe 2 eee lit 00. | 235 64 | 51
13.... Flies seen, cattle running............ seas ibs yom ees 67 50
- EL OT OG) ie SUA Baa 70 53
-.2+ Cattle RBGIENOLNICS eo. ss sas se aN reel tees 78 | 55
=i ss a re 2° \ao Re es 67 51
oa ¢ aaa Djull ‘65 64 50
_ ef “8g SRA none eee 54 96 62 46
= = oh A ee D lull 205 64 47
a 2 OS ee 5 By ae Bisercuas 67 45
Meesis Hs Dovis taken....................- A ER Nae? [age 81 43
Peeeiner. Howe taken..................--- Ts eee 82 43
imteeesjenttlc duict, no flies................. 1 | 06 02 74 46
24.... Flies seen, cattle running...........: 3 24 03 78 46
Pars.) ae CaS a ee 2 | ae ese 76 45
Paeeejcattic quiet, no flies................- Dull 05 70 47
Peeeeiteiie Doms taken.........:.......---- 3 AD ee 76 46
Seeeineds poms taken..................... 9 pe eas 80 43
29.... Flies seen, cattle running............ 11 =| tea ee 84 48
Wi-2.|2 H. bovis taken........... COS with ke 10 ARTS OA 91 49
July. |
1.... Flies seen, cattle running............ 11 36 AavaS 93 56
Ree was SN es co Ree array 11 ee, Ae 89 55
110 THE REPORT OF THE No, 36
Tuer SEASONAL PREVALENCE OF HyPODERMA BOVIS IN 1915.—Continued.
| Sunshine. | Rain. Temperature, “F.
July. i. | = eee
| Hrs. | Min. | Inch. | Max. Min.
| |
ae ie ae 3 ar on 7 =F = et {
|
4....|Flies seen, cattle running Ran OOD CS | 10 LES Nisodcico 82 59
reset alate IRS lah le Skeet smut eva Par 4 42 | 3.03 77 52
6....|Cattle quiet, no flies................-| 1 | 42 | .18 76 55
7....\Flies seen, cattle running............ 9 18 ; .02 84 43
8....|Cattle quiet, NO WHIOSe Scion jesae ceiare eee ee} 6 .25 70 44
Qeaaileite DODS DABEM yeni ticles arial steleaiee 5 Ua lanes 69 44
10..../ Flies seen, cattle running 6 ie errors 71 42
1 ss os ee 36 04 68 40
2. 27) Cattle quiet, no) flies. \.j.0s.1 sr 30 16 70 43
S336 Goi Nee eae ad a rata MS Ae OR A rons Dull 08 69 41
14....| ss ee Tn eee tes a echo paves eed eas Dull 02 68 a
RS Aol . Hee SINS SSOED OE OOOO S Dull -58 64 40
16..../Flies seen, cattle running Wankee oieeretars "2 belo | Seneine 66 47
She aR NAR SES 1 at Ape oc, rs eae tol sie tetas 5) Sl eee 70 46
18 (Cattle quiet. mo fies errr erin reel Cue POON lxace 79 34
92.55 rte aa mecntocdiboccdorns D4 OBs strc eree 88 42
20....|Flies seen, cattle running............ HATES [WRB | ravers ere 95 56
21....|Cattle quiet, no flies................. 11 3G.) emer 84 50
Didi ea\eis\| |Flies seen, cattle running............ Wi (On reese 78 49
23....|Cattle quiet, no Hieshewesn sce emt He PLE) ALO rele eae sie rPsl 46
RES Cis ah Rg a) A Seay ees ) aki) by Sel echoes 86 ~ 48
SESE La bovis takenitct oct eek ee | 10 WS Yissee ch 76 49
Dope Cattlesauiets nol diesem. sameeren DONT st etereserets 70 49
o7....| « se Sole em rie ee cat eae 36 05 71 56
Basel s ES aco leg ase 1a keh 8 eRe Lee 30 | .02 72 58
29....|Flies seen, cattle Tunning Teh ete eee ae BONN Perea era Ul 58
ARO ho ic, Crake On ian as Saat 5 30 08 (B) 56
lean Cattle quiet. enOmilLes's-1es.cvajcmystenstette scsi 5 00 eu eee 72 55
Aug }
1....|Cattle quiet, no GER ence Bee nt 7 08 Jereeee 78 52
te ne aca la, A Be Mtr cer. oe acest (AG OSS alonccke 76 50
No more flies seen for the rest of the season, nor were the cattle seen running.
SEASONAL AcTIVITY oF H. Bovis AT AGASSIZ.
In 1912, H. bovis was first noticed on June 8th, and the last appearance
was on Aug. 2nd, a total of 55 days.
In 1914, H. bovis appeared on May 31st, and none were recorded after July
27th. On this latter date, the flies were seen attacking the cattle at 6.30 p.m.
Total 57 days.
In 1915, the flies were either seen or caught on 28 ae from June 5th
to July 30th, a total of 55 days. The height of the season was from June 20th
to July 11th.
These observations coincide closely with the pupal period a with the time
the last larvee emerge from the backs of cattle; both at Agassiz and in Europe.
EMERGENCE OF LARV®.
Carpenter (1915) says that most of the maggots emerged from May 27th to —
June 17th, “ while a belated one occurred several weeks afterwards on July 3rd.”
In my own article (1912) I recorded the last larve of the season on July 2nd.
Lucet (1914) says, “ Sur 79 que j’ai recueillies. 24 Vont été du 16 au 31 mai; |
53 du ler au 30 juin; 2 au début de juillet, époque a laquelle mes sujets d’ex-
perience en furent débarrassés.”
;
4
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1
Eee
PupaL PEerRiop For H. Bovis.
Miss Ormerod (1900) puts the pupal period at 25-36 days = 32.5 days.
Carpenter (1908) at 31-32 days. (1914, about 8 weeks. Not included in
average).
Hadwen (1912) at 34.7 days.
Glaser (1913) gives an average of 44 days.
Lucet (1914) records an average of 32.5 days.
Averaging all these records gives a result of 35 days.
If then, the last larve emerge about the first of July, the season for flies
cannot extend far into August, and my records show this to be the case.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PUPAL PERIOD.
I have already shown (1914) that if the pupe of H. lineatum are placed in
an incubator that the fly will emerge in as short a period as 13 days. This year
I placed several larve of H. bovis in an incubator kept at 80°F. The pupal period
was shortened to 17.4 days.
Pura Kept 1n INcuBaAtorR aT 80°F.
Period
2 larvae pupated May Ist...... Emerged 1* 1; May 19th........ 19 days.
3 Ge se ordi f.:-. s 3 eS Q0thi 3. aise a ames
1 ‘~ ss BEN Teese ig a ZOE 3). 5 spevene 16 .
1 id # 5th s if BASE emer 1G +
2 as Sz Gthy cr. oe 1 PPA eet 18
As the temperature at which the pupa is kept causes early or late emergence,
the situation in which the larva finds itself on leaving its host will make some
difference also. An experiment I hope to carry out next spring is to place some
pupe in a situation such as the edge of a manure-pile; here the larve would
derive heat much in the same way as if placed in an incubator. Others must
find crevices in the floors of stables, etc., where they would be warmer than out
of doors. These warm situations would mainly favor H. lineatum and the early
larve of H. bovis. Later in the season, when the sun is stronger in June and
July, I do not think the places the larve choose to pupate in can matter so much.
But early in the year it is quite possible that some of the early appearances of
H. lineatum may be accounted for in this way.
An EXPERIMENT MADE TO PROVE HOW H. bovis ENGENDERS FEAR IN CATTLE.
July ist, 3 p.m. Two calves which had been kept inside since they were
born, were turned out into a small paddock. The cattle which had previously
occupied the paddock, had just been put into the stable, and the flies had been
chasing them a few minutes before. The two calves on being liberated at once
began to caper about and run as calves will after they have been confined. Finally
they came to a halt just in front of me. They stood there panting. A moment
or two later I saw a single H. bovis attack one of the calves. It struck several
times before it was noticed. Finally I saw the calf give a kick or two, then it
turned its head round to see what was annoying it. There were some more kicks
and stamps, then the calf began to move away, its tail went up and it began to
run and finally to gallop. The other calf remained standing for a short time
* Male. + Female.
112 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
ell
after the first one left, but soon went through the same antics as the first. Both
calves ran erratically about the paddock; they finally discovered a barrel used
for watering the cattle; they both tried to get into it at once, and I was fortunate
in securing a photograph of them in this position.
The flies (there were, I should judge, three or four in the field) kept on
striking even when they were in the barrel. Later the calves found a corner
behind some boards, there they lay perfectly quiet with their noses stretched
out straight in front of them on the ground. Occasionally a fly would find them,
they could stand the fly striking perhaps half a dozen times, but then, suddenly,
they would get up and run as if possessed.
I have noticed the cows endeavoring to hide from the flies just in the same
way. If they could find the least bit of shade along a fence or building, they
would lie there quite motionless, until roused by the repeated attacks of the fly.
In some cases cattle lie down also from exhaustion.
This experiment was also witnessed by Mr. Moore.
Calves attacked by Hypoderma bovis Hypoderma bovis sitting on fence,
trying to get into a barrel of water. waiting to attack cattle.
In my first paper of 1912, I gave my reasons for cattle being afraid of
H. bovis. I quote the following: “It is this clumsy, persistent attack which I
believe frightens cattle, and I would suggest that probably it is this cause which
makes cattle stampede or ‘gad. When the Tabanide (or other flies) attack an
animal and cause annoyance, the cow simply flicks her tail or brushes off the fly
with her tongue, and feels that she has control or can get away from the insect.
But a Warble fly comes buzzing along, strikes a time or two, and when the animal
it is attacking kicks or stamps, it comes back just the same. Then the animal
begins to lose its head and runs away, and when it still finds itself followed
becomes wild with terror.”
There have been so many false theories advanced for the fear which these
flies engender, that I feel licensed to go fully into this question.
The commonest theory is that cattle are afraid of the fly because of its
resemblance to a bee. The experiment just quoted refutes this entirely, because
the calves had never seen a bee. Another idea is that cattle fear the fly because
they are aware that it will cause them future trouble. This idea must have
come from someone who thought that cattle were endowed with especial intel-
ligence.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113
The only theory which all entomologists now agree upon is that the old idea
of the fly causing pain is wrong, seeing that it has no organs capable of piercing
the skin. Some authors claim that other insects as well as Warble flies cause
cattle to “ gad.”
This is also entirely wrong, and can be refuted in several ways. For instance,
I saw Tabanide and other flies worrying the cattle this year long after the last
Warble fly had left, and did not see any of them stampeding. Besides as I have
pointed out cattle only run one or two at a time from other insects. They merely
show anger and not fear, when they run into the bushes or dust themselves.
With H. bovis the fear is undoubtedly contagious. The only time I think it is
permissible to make a mistake, is when cattle are at play, when they often run
with their tails up. Or when, for instance, a steer has been roughly handled
and dashes wildly into the middle of a herd of cattle, then one sometimes sees
a stampede. In other words if a cow gets really frightened from any cause and
runs, then those near her will often follow, and the fear spreads. This is exactly
what takes place when an animal is chased by H. bovis.
The great difference between H. bovis and H. lineatum is in their effect upon
cattle and in their methods of oviposition. I have shown that H. lineatum may
not even be felt when it lays its eggs while resting on an animal’s foot or on the
ground. When it does grasp the hairs to lay eggs for instance on the hock, it
does so gently, otherwise it would be brushed off before it had time to lay several
eggs on the same hair.
H. bovis is rougher and clumsier in its attack and as it only lays one egg
at a time, it can do so regardless of the fact that the animal may be kicking or
_ running.
THE PENETRATION OF THE SKIN, AND THE LESIONS PRODUCED BY THE LARVA
or Hypoderma bovis.
Hewitt (1914) saw three larve of H. bovis work their way into the skin
of a calf. I have not been fortunate in seeing the penetration of the skin by
these larye, but can confirm Hewitt’s observation in another way, by showing
_ lesions on the skin of cattle, over which were found the eggs of H. bovis.
I have already described the skin lesions produced by the larvee of H. lineatum,
and of the disease caused by them, for which the name of hypodermal rash was
proposed. The penetration of the larve was proved in three different ways—by
removing bits of skin from cattle and placing larve upon them, by finding a larva
in the act of passing into the skin of a cow, and finally by expressing two larve
from the skin of an animal which I had under observation. The passage of
the larva in H. bovis was proved by cutting circles in the hair round new laid
eges, and later, after the eggs had hatched finding the swellings underneath.
The swellings are somewhat different from those caused by H. lineatum,
There is not so much exudation of serum, and they seem rounder and more raised.
They are usually about half an inch across, but if several eggs are laid close
together the swellings may merge. The explanation of the difference in the
character of these lesions, is because in H. bovis the eggs are laid singly. In
H. lineatum it is most likely that several larve choose the same follicle for
entrance, seeing that a number of eggs are attached to the same hair. In my
experiments I also noted that the eggs nearest the skin hatched first, due no
doubt to the animal heat and to their having been laid first, and it would appear
probable that the larve follow one another through the same opening. The result
, an
114 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
would be a larger opening than the single larva of H. bovis could make, conse-
quently a bigger flow of serum. The swellings in the case of H. bovis are some-
times quite large, but there is not so much dermatitis or exfoliation of the skin.
It is clear that the amount of damage done would depend on the variety
of bacteria introduced beneath the skin, and to the resistance of the animal
against the particular organism.
One remarkable fact I have noted which applies to both species of larve, is
that the swellings and skin lesions are confined almost entirely to the older animals,
the calves only show slight effects. This peculiarity can be observed in several
Lesions on hindquarters; note large
swelling on left leg behind the
Lesions on outside of cow’s leg. udder.
microbial diseases. It is a sort of natural immunity which breaks down as they
grow older, and is all the more interesting because young cattle are more para-
sitized than the old by Warble flies.
No appreciable lesions have been noticed below the knee or hock. The skin
while it is very thick on the legs, is quite porous and open; perhaps owing to
its tightness and thickness the swellings are not so evident. H. bovis does not
lay as many eggs round the hoof as H. lineatum. This is an important difference,
for it is probable that many of the lamenesses resulting from swollen feet are due
to the larval penetration. For three years in succession, lamenesses among the
eatile have occurred here during the season for H. lineatum.
SITUATIONS IN WuHIcH Eaes ARE LAID.
There is little to add to my previous descriptions, except to emphasize the
irregular distribution of eggs as compared to H. lineatum. The photographs
show the scattered lesions. The irregularity must be due to the fact that cattle
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115
are running when the fly is laying, so that the eggs are deposited at random.
On a number of occasions H. bovis was seen flying beside the animals just about
level with the stifle joint, striking repeatedly at the outside of the leg. This is,
I find, the most common manner of ovipositing during rapid flight. Another
favorite way is to follow a foot or two behind, then catching up and striking
just below the pin bones. But the first few strikes prior to the animals getting
away are almost invariably on the legs, lower down.
SUMMARY.
The seasonal activity of H. bovis at Agassiz is from the beginning of June
to the beginning of August.
The last larvee to emerge from the backs of cattle, leave during the first
days of July.
In H, bovis the pupal period averages thirty-five days.
High temperatures shorten the pupal period.
The fear cattle have for H. bovis is due to the insect’s persistence and manner
of egg-laying.
Hewitt’s observations on the penetration of the skin by the larve of H. bovis
are confirmed.
The lesions caused by the larve, differ from those of H. lineatum. Older
animals show more lesions than the young.
REFERENCES.
Carpenter, G. H., Hewitt, T. R., Reddin, T. K. 1914. The Warble-flies.
Fourth Report on Experiments and Observations as to Life History and Treat-
ment. Jour. Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland. Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 105-132.
Hadwen, S. 1912. Warble-flies; the Economic Aspect and a Contribution
on the Biology. Dept. Agr. Canada, Health of Animals Branch. Bulletin 16.
Hadwen, S. 1915. Warble-flies; a further Contribution on the Biology of
H. lineatum and H. bovis. Parasitology (Camb). Vol. 7, No. 4, Mar. 19, 1915.
Lucet, A. 1914. Recherches sur l’évolution de ’Hypoderma bovis (deGeer)
et les moyens de le détruire. Comptes Rendus de L’Académie des Sciences.
Tome 158, No. 11, Mar. 16, 1914.
Note.—I am indebted to Dr. F. Torrance, Veterinary Director-General, for permis-
sion to publish this article.
Tuer PrestpENT: Mr. Treherne is to be congratulated on the excellent manner
in which he has presented another man’s piece of work. It is very difficult
to present in so intimate a manner the work which another man has been res-
ponsible for, but it shows how closely Mr. Treherne has watched and been interested
in the work of Dr. Hadwen. I think it is one of the most important papers
that has been discussed at this meeting. The question of the method of entrance
of Hypoderma bovis has been a disputed point for many years and we have had
observations and evidence supporting now one view and now another, but in
view of Dr. Hadwen’s conclusive experiments, which have been supported by
photographs, I think he has cleared up this question. We are pleased to have
with us this morning Dr. T. Torrance, the Veterinary Director General of the
Health of Animals Branch, Department of Agriculture, and perhaps he would have
something to say in connection with these two papers.
116 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Dr, Torrance: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, it affords me very
great pleasure to be with you to-day, especially as one of our men has contributed
something towards the programme. The work which Dr. Hadwen has done is very
much appreciated by his chief, and I think, will be appreciated by all when it
is better known. He has proved a very diligent and careful investigator, and
I think the facts which he has brought out will bear the closest scrutiny. He
has succeeded in throwing light upon a very difficult problem, the problem of
the migration of newly hatched warble larve to their final resting place beneath
the skin of the back. The importance of this work will be realized when I tell
you that in Canada the leather produced is damaged to the extent of perhaps
70 per cent. by the presence of this larva. After the larva has escaped from
the back the scar tissue which repairs the damage causes that portion of the
leather to be unsuitable for the manufacture of the better grades of harness.
You are, perhaps, aware that in making harness, especially traces, it is necessary
to take long strips of the thickest leather from along the back. This is the part
that is chiefly damaged by the warble flies, so that the best portion of these hides
is unsuitable for the manufacture of harness. In correspondence with practically
all the tanners of Canada referring to the damage done by this parasite, the
opinion was expressed that it was the greatest source of injury to the leather
that they knew of. There were not many other things that caused the same
amount of damage. The injury caused by barbed wire fences; warts, ete., was
trivial when compared with the damage caused by this warble fly. It is only
by the close study of the life-habits of a parasite that we can arrive at the best
possible means of combating it and we hope that the result of this work of Dr.
Hadwen’s will be some practical method whereby the damage caused by this
insect can be avoided. I was greatly interested, too, in the paper read by Pro-
fessor Lochhead, in the damage he describes in horses, as we have had practical
experience with the effects of these parasites on horses. The more common is
the one to which he did not refer, the Gastrophilus equi. an extremely common
parasite of horses. In my experience covering thirty years of active practice I
may say that I have seldom found a horse not infested. Every horse that passes
a portion of its life in the open is sure to contain these parasites. In cities
horses may possibly avoid them but it is very common to find them in a horse’s
stomach. Among farmers the presence of bot larvae in a horse’s stomach is looked
upon as the cause of the horse’s death in very many cases, but when we find
them in horses that have died from any cause we may realize that the presence
of a moderate number of these parasites may be tolerated without injury to the
animal’s health. On the other hand, we know that where they are present in
very large numbers they affect the function of the stomach to such an extent that
many derangements may take place, such as ulceration of the walls of the organ.
These larve are harmless when in small numbers but in large numbers cause thuch
trouble and sometimes death. The Nose Bot Fly, which give so much trouble
to the farmer in the North-west when he is hitching up his horses, does not
cause so much trouble; it is not nearly so harmful to the horses and we have very
few examples of its doing much injury, the annoyance it gives is about all the
harm it does. Why the ovipositing of these two flies, the Bot Fly of the horse
and the Bot Fly of the cow, should occasion such intense fear in the victim
I do not know. We are assured by scientists that neither of these flies have_
any stinging apparatus and yet the animal affected shows every evidence that
the fly must inflict much pain. I cannot imagine that the depositing of the’
“ges upon a hair would give so much discomfort to the animal. I think we will
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 117
haye to search a little further, probably, and gain more experience before we
learn the actual cause of the terror in cattle and horses caused by the Bot and
Nose Flies. The contributions that have been made on this subject to-day are
of great importance and I wish to express the feeling of pleasure that I have
in meeting you all to-day and to assure you that my Branch will assist Dr. Hadwen
in carrying on the work he is now engaged in.
Tue Prestpent: The Society is very much indebted to Dr. Torrance for his
valuable contribution and for the information which he has given from the vet-
erinary side.
Dr. Torrance: Mr. President, I have brought up with me some specimens
and pictures which Dr. Hadwen sent me.
THE PRESIDENT: The question of the effects of internal parasites which Dr.
Torrance brought up is one which has been always of great interest to me. and it
becoming more generally realized that the importance of these parasites is not
so much because they are present but owing to the fact that their presence may
be responsible for the penetration of the mucous membrane of the alimentary
tract. Now these two papers have a number of important points and I have no
doubt there are other members who would wish to discuss them.
Mr. Toruru: Mr. Chairman, this paper to me is one of the most interesting
that has been presented for some years on account of its extremely interesting
biological points and on account of its significance. It may be interesting to
recall that the origin of the Oestride is quite uncertain, but at the same time
they are undoubtedly related to the parasitic dipterous families Tachinide and
Dexiide. In my studies on life-histories of the Tachinide some years ago it be-
came evident that there was something the matter with the supposed life-history
of the Bot Fly. In the Tachinide there are flies which deposit eggs which are
taken into the alimentary canal. The larve migrate from the alimentary canal
to various tissues of the host. In every known case in which this habit obtains
the ege is modified for passing down the alimentary canal without injury. In
the eggs of these warble flies it is evident that there is no such modification for
such a habit and this work of Dr. Hadwen’s clearly shows that the larvee do
not pass through the alimentary canal, is very interesting.
Mr. Sanpers: In regard to the date of introduction of Hypoderma bovis
” into Canada, we have a pretty fair idea as to when it first became common in
Nova Scotia owing to the fact that oxen are worked so much more down there
than in the rest of Canada. Farmers will tell you that the Gad Fly became a
nuisance in Nova Scotia about fifteen years ago. It causes a little damage that
has not been mentioned in these papers, that is, the damage that the oxen do
when they are attacked by these insects. It drives the oxen almost frantic ; appearing
about the 10th July and attacking the oxen all through haying time. Some-
times they will be driven so wild as to run away with the loaded hay waggons,
and often will break wheels, axles, tongues or yokes in their efforts to get away
> from the insects. We find that cattle are mostly attacked in the open, and when
a Gad Fly appears in a herd of cattle they will at once take to the bush where
they seem to be free from attack. From Dr. Hadwen’s work, can Mr. Treherne
suggest any method of control?
Mr. TREHERNE: I don’t think it would be letting Dr. Hadwen’s secrets out
if I told you that he is pretty well satisfied he can effectively control these flies.
Now that the penetration takes place through the skin, he thinks he can dip
every ten days or so and give the larve a dose of arsenic.
118 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Dr. TorraNcE: Might I be allowed to say another word in connection with
the last fact brought out by Mr. Treherne. There is a portion of the North-west
territories in which the disease known as Mange of cattle has been in existence
for some time. This is known as the “Mange Quarantine Area,” in which we -
require the dipping of all cattle. It has been found that in this area it has also
had the effect of lessening the ravages of the warbles. The skins of the cattle in
this district are more free from warbles than they are anywhere else.
Dr. FERNALD: It certainly seems that the two papers here this morning
have contributed much of interest to this subject. I am very glad, indeed, that I
ean now change a statement made to my junior students that the eggs of the
warble fly are licked off into the mouth, and give something that is more accurate.
I have thought for many years that there was room for more work on this
‘subject, but certainly in the regions where I am now living these flies are not
abundant enough to cause much attention and the opportunities for their study
have been few. In connection with Professor Lochhead’s paper, the attitude
some of his correspondents have taken has been paralleled by an experience of my
own. A case was recorded this fall of a house having been so infested by fleas
that it was impossible to live in it. The members of the family were very anxious
to know what could be done. I naturally, under the circumstances, gave out ;
the remedy for fleas. When the specimens came in accompanied by the state-
ment that it was unbearable to live in the house on account of the bites of
these fleas, the specimens were those of the Pomace Fly.
Mr. Payne: I understand, Mr. Treherne, that Dr. Hadwen has found in
‘the migration of the second stage larve that they pass down the spinal cord, is
there anything in that? }
Mr. TREHERNE: As far as I understand, Mr. Payne, the eggs, if laid on
the knee, for instance, hatch and the larva passes up by the fibrous tissue route
until it reaches the stomach, and after stopping there for some time it proceeds
in a direct line to the back of the animal, emerging, however, horizontally in
the last stage.
Mr. PercH: Hypoderma bovis in the counties of Huntingdon and Chateau-
guay has proven to be a very injurious insect, and as these two counties are
practically a dairying district, I would like to know if Dr. Hadwen has found any _
appreciable effect on the milk supply. , ‘
Mr. TREHERNE: The irritation produced by larve within the bodies of cattle
does not seem to affect the milk supply to any great degree, but the presence of
the fly in the pasture field and its terrifying effect, may easily be understood te
affect milk yields.
THE PRESIDENT: The only damage caused, Mr. Petch, seems to be that the
vattle are bothered while feeding.
Pror. LocHHEAD: There is a suggestion in connection with one of the letters
which I received and which, I think, this Society could take up, that is, the
removal of the warbles before spring from the backs of the cattle. If all the
farmers co-operated and removed the warbles before the first of April I think
it would soon control this warble fly and, at any rate, it would be worth while
trying. I would like to hear what the Society thinks of such a move.
THE Prestmpent: As Professor Lochhead no doubt knows, that system has
been followed in Europe, especially Germany and Denmark. It is customary
to appoint a man to go around extracting the warbles, making a small charge
per head and it certainly accomplishes much good, and I recommended in my -
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119
annual report a few years ago the importance of such co-operation. This could
be helped along very much by the use of the press.
If there is no more discussion on these two papers we will pass on to the
next paper on “Forest Insect Investigations in Canada.” I regret to say that
Mr. Swaine, who was to have read this paper, has been suffering very severely
from grippe during the past week or so, and while he hopes to be at the meeting
this afternoon he did not feel sufficiently well to give his address this morning,
so we will postpone the paper until this afternoon. Therefore, I will take this
opportunity of making a few brief remarks in regard to the progress of our work.
PROGRESS OF ENTOMOLOGY IN CANADA DURING 1915.
C. Gorpon Hewitt, Dominion ENToMOLOGIST, OTTAWA.
As I remarked in opening our meetings yesterday I do not consider that it
is necessary Or even desirable for the President to give a presidential address
_ on re-election, apart from the fact that we have a very full programme. Never-
_ theless, it may be of interest to review the progress of our work in Canada during
the past year, especially as we have a number of visitors from other countries.
As you may remember, the Minister of Agriculture arranged for a campaign
to be carried out shortly after the outbreak of war for the purpose of securing
greater production and in this work the Provincial Governments co-operated fully.
That this campaign has proved successful is shown by the fact that the other
- day the Minister of Finance, in Montreal, said that on a conservative estimate
our agricultural products would exceed those of last year by three hundred million
_ dollars; such a result at the present time when the question of food supply is a
vital one is very encouraging. As entomologists we have played our part in
_ this successful effort to increase our production. Everyone realizes that increased
agricultural production is dependent very frequently on the control of insect
pests. One of the most important steps to be taken in order to secure production
is to reduce or eliminate those factors which check or reduce production; of
these factors insect pests are one of the most important. For this reason we
have all endeavoured to exert ourselves harder than ever during the past year
with a view to persuading the farmers and fruit growers to take steps in an
inereasing measure to control those factors which are responsible for loss of
production.
I feel sure that those of our officers who have been working at the Branch
Laboratories in the various provinces will feel that their work has been very
‘successful in this direction. In Nova Scotia, the energetic work that has been
carried on so successfully by Mr. Sanders has done more than anything else, so .
T am informed by the fruit growers of that province, to increase spraying and
Spraying alone successful lines in the Annapolis Valley. This means more fruit
and fruit of a better grade.
: Mr. Petch has been carrying out similar educational work in Hemmingford
County in Quebec, with good results, and has shown the value of insect control in
the production of more fruit and fruit of a higher grade.
Our work on Locust Control in the Province of Quebec will be described by
Mr. Gibson this afternoon. The depredations of locusts in certain parts of the Pro-
vince of Quebec have been serious and extreme during the last few years. In some
2
120 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
sections farmers had to abandon their farms on account of the repeated total
destruction of their crops by locusts, and the number of abandoned farms in
some parishes caused serious apprehension. We have been carrying on experiments
in the control of locusts by means of poisoned baits and decided to carry on the
work on a larger scale during the past season. In certain parishes we were
fortunate in having the co-operation of the parish priests, who were of great
assistance in bringing about co-operative effort on the part of the farmers. We
have been able to demonstrate to those farmers the value of poisoned baits and
the change that has been wrought is most satisfactory. Serious losses year after
year had disheartened these farmers to the extent in many cases of compelling
them to abandon their farms as I have remarked. Now they have found the
means of controlling the locusts at a comparatively low cost and of saving their
crops, and the saving in the aggregate has been very great during the past season.
The farmers have not only returned to their farms, but those who had remained,
although disheartened, now see a brighter prospect and will improve their farms
on account of the possibility of removing the cause of the depression.
Mr. Strickland described to us yesterday his work on the control of Cut-
worms in Alberta, and I do not think that this subject requires further discussion
on my part. He described very clearly how by his investigations and demonstra-
tions to the farmers he was able to prevent serious losses which otherwise would
haye occurred in Southern Alberta.
I have only mentioned a few cases. In such manner our work has been of
direct assistance in the movement for increased production. Similar work has
been carried out at all our field laboratories and from headquarters, and each
of the Provincial Departments of Agriculture who maintain an entomological staff
has been increasing the activity in their efforts.
This increased assistance has created a greater demand for such assistance
and we are now finding that as the farmers and fruit-growers realize that this
work has been done for their direct benefit there is an increased call for assistance.
It is the creation of that demand which will enable us to carry out toa greater
degree the objects we are striving to obtain, namely: to bring ourselves in touch ~
with a larger number of people whom we are able to assist by the information
we are securing. All must feel that we are making the best use of our abilities
in this time of great crisis.
During the past year we have discovered several new pests in Canada. Pro-
hably the most important of these is the Pear Thrips, Teniothrips pyri, which —
Mr. Treherne reported from the Victoria district on Vancouver Island, British
Columbia. The serious nature of this pest will be realized from the fact that in
California it is estimated to cause an annual loss of about ten million dollars on
prunes alone. At present it appears to be confined to a very small territory
near Victoria, but we fear its spread to other sections. Mr. Treherne also re-
ported the occurrence of the Currant Bud Moth, Hriophyes ribis, at Duncans on
Vancouver Island in British Columbia. This pest has evidently been imported
from Great Britain, where it is one of the worst pests of black currants occurring
there, as I know from personal experience. Eyery step will be taken to prevent
the spread of these two new and serious fruit pests.
We referred, in our session yesterday morning, to the increased organization
of entomology which had taken place in Canada and I spoke of the formation
of the Entomological Society of Nova Scotia, for the organization of which great
credit is due to Professor Brittain. Before the outbreak of war the Council of
your Society had under consideration the improvement of the organization of
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121
Entomological Societies throughout Canada. We hoped to develop other branches
and bring together a large number of people interested in entomology who are at
present unattached to any society and in turn to bring them into touch with
the active workers; but as this question involves financial consideration it must
necessarily be postponed. Nevertheless, the Society has every reason to be proud
of the manner in which entomology is now organized throughout the Dominion
and the increased attention that is being paid to this study. Throughout the
country we are finding more and more people who are becoming interested in
_ the subject and in time we will endeavor to create a sentiment which will be.
productive of pleasure to themselves and of value to us in our practical work.
You will be pleased to learn that increased facilities have been provided
for the work of the Entomological Branch during the past year and I think it
will be of interest to all the members of the Society if I describe the new laboratories.
that have been erected during the past year.
The pressing need for increased accommodation for the entomological work
that is being carried on in various provinces by the Field Officers of the Ento-
mological Branch, and a demand on the part of farmers and fruit-growers for
further assistance in controlling insect pests, have been responsible for a decision
on the part of the Minister of Agriculture, to have entomological laboratories
erected where they were most necessary. Accordingly four new laboratories have
been built during the past summer at the following places: Annapolis Royal, N.S.;
Fredericton, N.B.; Treesbank, Man.; and Lethbridge, Alta. These laboratories T
will briefly describe.
ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, ANNAPOLIS Royat, N.S.
Since 1912 a small laboratory at Bridgetown, N.S., served as headquarters
for the entomological work of the Branch in Nova Scotia. The increase of the
work and of the staff employed necessitated increased accommodation. Annapolis
Royal was selected as the place for the new laboratory on account of its situation
in reference to the area of the Brown-tail Moth infestation, convenient railroad
facilities and the presence of a promising fruit-growing district in which the
orchards were not at present properly cared for. The laboratory is erected:on an
excellent site on the County School Grounds which the School Board of Annapolis
Royal have kindly provided.
The building measures twenty-six feet square and consists of basement, ground’
floor and attic. In the roomy basement accommodation is provided for field and
spraying equipment; it also contains a dark-room and laboratory. The ground
floor is divided into three rooms, namely, an office for the Field Officer in charge,
a large laboratory and a general work room. The commodious attic is specially
well-lichted to serve as a photographic room and work room. Steam heating is
installed.
From this laboratory the campaign in Nova Scotia against the Brown-tail
Moth is directed. In addition, investigations are being carried out by Mr. G. E.
Sanders, Field Officer in charge, on the more important insects affecting fruit*
such as the bud-moth and fruit-worms of apples. Experimental work in spraying
and the investigation of insecticides has already rendered very valuable assistance
to the fruit-growers of the province. The former entomological station at Bridge-
town will be used as a sub-station whenever it may be most needed.
*To prevent duplication of work and to secure the best co-operation, the Dominion
Field Officer confines his attention to the biting insects and the Provincial Entomologist,
Prof. Brittain, studies the sucking insects (aphides and bugs).
9 Es.
| a
122 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY AT FREDERICTON, N.B.
In 1912, a small laboratory was established at Fredericton, N.B., in con-
nection with the Brown-tail Moth and other work in New Brunswick. The Uni-
versity of New Brunswick provided a site on the University campus. The increase
in the infested area, and the large amount of work consequent upon our efforts
to establish the parasites of the Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths imported from the
New England States and the carrying on of an extensive study of the natural con-
trol of certain native insects such as the Tent Caterpillars, the Spruce Bud-worm
and Fall Web-worm, rendered an increase in the laboratory accommodation im-
mediately necessary; the University had kindly permitted us to use one of their
large laboratories during the sufhmer.
The building is of solid brick construction and measures twenty-four feet
by thirty feet. It consists of basement, ground floor, first floor and attic. The
basement contains the water supply for the building, comprising a well, tank,
and electrically driven pump, and provides storage room for field equipment and
supplies. The ground floor contains at the front offices for the two officers in
charge of the work; Mr. J. D. Tothill has charge of the colonization and study
of the parasitic insects and Mr. L. S. Mclaine has charge of the field work
against the Brown-tail Moth and the collection of parasites in the New England
States; at the back is a work room. On the first floor a large laboratory occupies
the front half of the building and behind a specially lighted room is proyided
for photographic and other work; a dark room and bath room are also provided
on this floor. The high pitched roof furnishes a roomy attic for storage purposes.
Steam-heating and electric light have been installed. The building is well
situated on the University campus on a site which the University authorities have
generously provided.
The work that is carried on at this laboratory comprises some of the most
important investigations that the Branch is prosecuting on the natural control of
insect pests. The thoroughness with which the Brown-tail Moth campaign is,
carried on is evidenced by the fact that by taking the necessary measures from
the time of the discovery of the first infestation, it has been possible in New
Brunswick to prevent this insect from becoming established in the Province;
whereas it is established in Nova Scotia owing to a lapse of some time before
the infestation was discovered in 1907 and eradicative measures were begun.
The small laboratory will be used as a sub-station in another part of the
Province.
ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY AT TREESBANK, MAN.
Mr. Norman Criddle was appointed in 1913 to carry on investigations on
White Grubs (Zachnosterna) and other cereal pests in Manitoba and adjoining
territory. As the temporary quarters he occupied did not afford adequate accom-
modation for his work a small wooden laboratory measuring twelve feet by sixteen
feet has been erected during the past summer on a site kindly provided by Mr.
Percy Criddle on his farm where excellent facilities occur for field and experi-
mental work.
ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY AT LETHBRIDGE, ALTA.
Investigations on insect and other pests in Southern Alberta were commenced
in 1913 by Mr. E. H. Strickland, Field Officer for Alberta, who was provided
ett tt
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 123
with temporary laboratory accommodation at the Dominion Experimental Farm
at Lethbridge, Alta. During the past summer a permanent laboratory was built
on the Experimental Farm.
The building measures twenty-three feet by twenty feet and contains four
rooms, namely: office, laboratory, spare room and dark room. By arrangement
the Director of the Experimental Farms and the Superintendent of the Farm have
kindly furnished for experimental purposes a small plot of ground adjoining
the laboratory.
I will not take up more of your time with any rambling remarks of mine;
but before closing I should like again to express to our visitors our gratitude
to them for coming so far to take part in our proceedings, their presence and
contributions to the programme and the discussions are a source of great en-
_ couragement to us and I think they will admit that though our numbers are not
large the character of the work that has been described is of the highest nature
judged by any standard, and that our enthusiasm could not be excelled.
,
THE LIFE HISTORY OF CHERMES COOLEYI GILLETTE IN STANLEY
PARK, VANCOUVER, B.C.
R. N. Curysrar, Fre.p OFricer ror Forrest [NsEcts, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH,
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA.
As a result of an enquiry into the serious injury done to the Sitka Spruce in
Stanley Park, Vancouver, B.C., by the attacks of the above species of gall-making
insects of the Genus Chermes, the following notes of its life history and habits in
that region are presented. This species was named and described by Professor
Gillette, Fort Collins, Colorado, in his paper, “ Chermes of Colorado Conifers,”
Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Jan., 1907; its life cycle also being discussed.
The following account in a large measure confirms the results given in the above
paper. differing only in the species of spruce attacked, and some minor details.
The hibernating stem mother on the Spruce, is oval in outline, flat, .5 to .7
mm. in length, .3 mm. in width, dark brown to black in colour, with a slight fringe
of white waxy threads along the edges of the body, and down the middle of the
back. The body of the louse is closely appressed to the twig, and the sete are
deeply sunk in the crevices of the bark. The location on the twig varies, from
immediately below the terminal bud to 3 inches down the stem.
During the first week of April, 1915, the stem mothers, having cast their
Winter coat, began oviposition on the spruce, the waxy secretion increasing to such
an extent by this time, as to hide the dark coloured, and now much swollen body
of the insect from view. Several hundred eggs may be laid by this Chermes, as
many as 500 being counted in one egg mass; in cases where several stem mothers
are located in close proximity to each other on the twig, the egg masses come to-
gether, and the waxy secretion becomes very conspicuous. The eggs are light
brown in colour, lightly dusted with a whitish powder, each attached to the stem
by a fine thread. They hatch in about 5 or 6 days, and the young, which are light
reddish in colour, locate themselves at the inner bases of the young needles, then
just breaking-from the bud scales. A gall begins to form, and develops with great
rapidity, the complete formation taking only a few days in some cases.
ae
124 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
9
Tur Gatus: The galls vary in length from 14 inch to 3 inches, the size
apparently depending on the strength of the twig attacked. The following con-
ditions may prevail:
. (a) The whole twig may be completely galled.
(b) The twig may be galled on one side only, causing twisting and bending
of the stem.
(c) Rarely, the upper part of the twig may be galled all round, and the lower
part only half way round.
In Stanley Park the first condition was by far the most common, but it may
be said, that even in cases where the twig was not completely galled, its ultimate
destruction through weakness was, in nearly every case, assured. The number of
A Sitka spruce killed by chermes galls.
chambers varies from 40 to 200, the number of young in each chamber varying
from 1 to 15, with an average of 5. The young are seen to be covered with a waxy
coat, which, as Professor Gillette indicates, provides them with a very efficient
protection against the superabundance of liquid excretion which they exude. If
galls, which are nearly mature, be opened, cast skins of the young may be found
filled with this liquid: These very remarkable objects are also mentioned by
Professor Gillette in this connection. A few days before the galls begin to open
the young inside change to pup, the rudiments of wings being readily seen. The
earliest date recorded for the opening of the galls in Stanley Park during the
summer of 1915, was June 25th. This is the earliest record for this locality so
|
|
.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 12
MPG DARA
as.
Ot
far, and doubtless a direct result of the unusual earliness of the past season, the
previous year’s (1914) date being about two weeks later.
When about to moult for the last time the pupe crawl out of the gall
chambers, and settle on a needle, the head facing the point of the needle. The
pupa is reddish in colour with an outer coat of wax. This outer covering begins to
split from the head down the middle of the back, the complete operation of moult-
ing lasting some ten minutes. When the moult is completed the cast skin, a
ghostly replica of its former occupant, is left hanging to the needle.
Letaiis cf wax glands, var. cowezt.
Winged migrant to Douglas fir.
126 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
The newly emerged winged form has the antenne and legs yery light yellow,
almost transparent; the eyes dark red and very conspicuous, the head, prothorax
and abdomen rufous red, the mesothorax yellowish, streaked with red. The wings
are crumpled up at first and dark green in colour, with the exception of the costal
nerve, which is yellow. The green colour remains for some time after the wings
are finally resting roofwise over the back of the insect.
The waxy excretion does not make its appearance in any quantity until some
twenty-four hours after the winged form has emerged from its pupal covering.
MicraTion. Experiments were carried out in Stanley Park two years ago
with the object of confirming the former observations on the secondary host tree.
Opening galls were placed in cages along with fresh branches of Sitka Spruce
Stem mother on Sitka spruce. Experimental cage in Stanley Park.
(P. sitchensis), Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga mucronata) and Western Hemlock
(Tsuga heterophylla), these three trees being the only conifers within the precincts
of the Park. The experiments showed beyond all doubt that the secondary host
tree was the Douglas Fir; only a few lice locating on the spruce and hemlock, on
which they apparently do not thrive; whereas they were found settling freely on the
needles of the fir, as many as 7 being found on the same needle, 2 or 3 being a
common number. A few figures of the cage experiments are given below:
Nos. of Lice Settling on Each Tree.
Cage. Spruce. Douglas Fir. Hemlock.
(0, Ne ee Pe ae ee: 0 221 0
CF 5 Oe AE OPEC ORO OD OTC CLC 1 672 5
Die the ie dcaiie Gi car arele ailera ral cnievous tesetelep ex obenerate 15 216 0
Sas AS, Sy Wh ec Dns eked 9 eae 0 275 2
ee
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 12
2
No success attended the attempts to breed the specimens through on spruce
and hemlock at this time. In the open, winged migrants were found locating on
the Douglas fir, confirming the experimental results, but in no case was any
winged migrant found on a spruce or hemlock in the open. Within a very short
time of settling on the needle of the Douglas fir the winged migrant commences to
oviposit, about 100-150 eggs being laid. These hatch in 6 to 7 days, and the young,
which are elongate oval in shape, and almost black in colour, with only a trace of
wax present, settle on the needles of the Douglas fir. There they remain motion-
less, without any apparent increase in size, through the rest of the summer, fall and
winter of the year, until the following spring; when having moulted once, they
commence oviposition as stem mothers on the needles of the Douglas fir, laying
from 30 to 40 eggs, which hatch in numbers about the end of May and the begin-
ning of June.
This life cycle was traced out for Stanley Park by observations on marked
twigs of Douglas fir, through the summer, fall and winter of 1914-15. During
Stem mother on the Douglas fir.
the first half of May, 1915, this generation on the Douglas fir was observed to be
dimorphic, about 50 per cent. of the lice developing wings and migrating back on
to the Sitka spruce, while the rest remained like the parent on the fir.
The migration back to the Sitka spruce began about June 6. Experiments
were started in this case as well as in the case of the former migration to the fir. to
endeavour to determine for certain that the Sitka spruce was the return ‘host.
Young trees, of the three coniferous species, spruce, Douglas fir, and hemlock, were
used, being enclosed in a cheesecloth cage. The fir was heavily infested with the
Chermes and gave promise of good results. The numbers of migrants located was
disappointing, but gave clear indications that the Sitka spruce was the chosen tree,
the migrants found settling on the Sitka spruce in the cages were compared with
Winged migrants found settling on the spruce in the open and proved identical.
This form on the fir is Professor Gillette’s Chermes cooleyi var. cowent. The
apterous forms left behind on the needles of the fir, increase in size, and amount
of wax secreted; lay a small number (30-40) of eggs, and the young on hatching
take up their location on the needles of the spruce, there to remain until the follow-
ing spring when they become stem mothers. The winged migrant to the spruce
lays 30-40 eges, and then dies, the eggs hatch in about a week and the young, which
128 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
were kept under observation until the winter, remain on the needles, and probably,
although this fact has not yet been actually followed in the case of Stanley Park,
remain stationary until the following spring, when they become stem mothers for
the new broods on the Sitka spruce.
Full descriptions of the various forms of this species and its variety cowent
chave already been published by Professor Gillette in the paper already cited; the
writer would like to take this opportunity of acknowledging the assistance rendered
by Professor Gillette in the identification of the material submitted to him.
A careful study has been made of the various forms, using Professor Gillette’s
published descriptions, and these have agreed in every case.
Mention may be made here of the principal differences between the various
‘corresponding stages of the two forms on the fir and the spruce.
Chermes cooleyi Gillette. Chermes cooleyi var. coweni Gillette.
Winged Migrant to Douglas Fir. Winged Migrant to Sitka Spruce.
Antennal joints slender. Antennal joints robust.
Antennal sensoria larger. Antennal sensoria smaller.
Pores of wax glands small. Pores of wax glands large.
Stem Mother on Spruce. Stem Mother on Douglas Fir.
Wax glands large, with small pores. Wax glands small, with large pores.
Beak long and slender, = Beak short and stout.
Winged migrant to spruce; details of wax glands.
e
DAMAGE TO THE SprucE. The damage done to the Sitka spruce in Stanley
Park by this form! has been very considerable, a large number of trees have been
killed, whilst many others are in a dying condition and beyond hope of recovery.
The fact that in most cases the whole of the young twig is destroyed makes the
injury very much more serious.
THe Dovertas Fir. The damage done by the form cowent on the Douglas fir
has never been particularly noticeable, no deleterious effect on the health of the
fir in the Park having been noticed. Only in one case outside Stanley Park, in a
garden where a Douglas fir and Sitka spruce were growing alongside each other,
the spruce being very heavily galled, did the needles of the fir show effects of heavy
infestation later on in the summer. The nature of the damage on the fir is to
cause the needles to curl and bend at the points of attack.
Berner eww irrnitetstedecsteis m fiays intact a a ial uanaidilll
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 129
Natura, ENEmIeS. Syrphus fly larvee and coccinellid larve have been ob-
served feeding upon the pupe in the galls, but not in sufficiently large numbers to
produce any appreciable effects.
THE PRESIDENT: We are very pleased to have this account of Mr. Chrystal’s
work from himself for the benefit of those who are here and who may know when
1 say that Stanley Park, in which Mr Chrystal is working, is one of our finest
pieces of natural woodland in the whole Dominion, and is known to all foresters in
Canada; but unfortunately, owing chiefly to the depredations of certain species of
insects, its beauty is fast passing away. When I visited the Park last summer [
was abhorred to find the enormous destruction which has been caused in a few
years by various species upon which Mr. Chrystal has been working. They really
are the reason of Mr. Chrystal’s presence in Stanley Park. There are whole areas
Stem mother from Douglas fir. Stem mother, from spruce.
of hemlock there which are absolutely dead, places which Mr. Chrystal has named
“the graveyard.” I had with me Mr. James White, the Assistant Chairman of
the Commission of Conservation, and we were able to demonstrate to him the
enormous destruction of these trees by insect pests. I fear the time has nearly
come when Stanley Park may no longer be considered Canada’s most beautiful
natural park. This paper is now open for discussion and perhaps Mr. Macoun,
the Dominion Horticulturist, who is with us this morning, might have some
remarks to make in regard to this paper.
Mr. MAcoun: I am afraid I have not much to add to what you have said,
Dr. Hewitt. Stanley Park is one of the sights of Canada and certainly every-
thing possible should be done to preserve it.
_Pror, CAzsar: I would like to ask if this species is native to North America
and also whether Mr. Chrystal has yet in mind any plan of a practical means of
control.
130 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
a ee ee
Mr. CuRySTau: Prof. Gillette states in his paper that on seeing the species of
cooleyt he described it as a new species and said that this species was confined to
the Rocky Mountain region. The state of the spruce in the Park was very bad; on -
careful examination about 60 per cent. were found to be beyond hope of control,
but the rest could be sprayed, even to a considerable height.
Pror. Cazsar: It is quite an interesting matter of observation at Guelph to
note that Chermes abietis and Chermes similis have, the last few years, been almost
totally controlled by some natural enemy. Since this western species is a native
Insect one would expect that sooner or later we should have natural means of
control of it too.
. Mr. Toruity: There has been an outbreak of presumably Chermes in New
Brunswick. This outbreak was exceedingly conspicuous about three years ago and
Professor Caesar will know fully well, the outbreak has been brought under com-
plete control.
THE PRESIDENT: If there is no further discussion on this paper we will pass
on to the next and last of this session. There are really two papers but they will
be taken as one and read consecutively.
THE CABBAGE MAGGOT—AUTUMN DEVELOPMENT IN BRITISH
COLUMBIA. |
(Phorbia brassice.)
R. C. TREHERNE, FIELD OFFICER, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY,
Acassiz, B.C.
The matter of autumn development in the life-history of the Cabbage Maggot
is obviously of great importance in the control of this fly. On the basis of the
knowledge obtainable in the autumn rests the question of autumn cultivation anc
the destruction of the refuse and debris resultant from the summer’s crop. Still
further great bearing will be obtained on the early spring development, inasmuch
as little change is undergone by the spring by these forms entering upon the winter.
I do not propose, at this moment, to present all the information that has been
obtained during the past few years in British Columbia on the life history and —
characteristics of this important pest, but merely to confine myself, in the time
allotted, to a consideration of the developments that occur in the autumn.
Inasmuch as climate may offer changes and locality present differences, I shall
confine myself strictly to conditions that prevail at Agassiz, B.C. (Lat. 49.15,
Long. 121.40, 52 feet above sea level), which in themselves are comparable to the
entire Lower Fraser Valley or what is known as the “ Lower Mainland” of the
Province. 4
It is my belief that opinions generally consider that the Cabbage Maggot Fly
passes the dormant winter season mainly in the pupal state in the soil surrounding
cruciferous roots or imbedded in the root itself. There are also opinions ex-
pressed from various quarters that there is a “ possibility” that the fly may pass
the winter in the adult condition. It is not my intention to enlarge on these —
expressions, but inasmuch as it is our duty to take careful observations in each ©
locality where this fly is a pest and the growing of vegetable crops is a leading ©
industry, I merely wish to offer a contribution on the life characteristics of the fly —
in the locality above mentioned.
Oe tale»
i. or
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 131
Further I may say that up to the present we have little information in this
Province on the habits of this fly and little knowledge, other than the generally
accepted conceptions, on which to base the more approved remedial measures.
Without entering upon a detailed study of the complete life history of the fly,
I wish to say that usually there are three complete and overlapping generations of
this fly at Agassiz. It is possible for forms of the third generation to appear on
the plants as early as July 18th, developing from the first eggs of each generation,
while the second generation would ordinarily cease approximately about Sept-
ember Ist.
I will commence the discussion on the autumn development of this fly from
this date, September 1st, and, in doing so, consequently, we will be dealing in all
probability with third generation forms with a possibility that certain of the
younger stages may belong to the fourth generation.
AuTUMN FLy EMERGENCE,
Cabbages and cauliflowers are harvested mainly in the months of August and
September. During the past three years larve have been observed at times during
each of the months of October, November and December working on roots of
cruciferous plants. This year particularly an attempt was made to account for
these larve and to solve the question of the hibernating form.
In the process of harvesting, therefore, collection was made of all pup seen
and these were placed under observation in a sheltered place, but under supposedly
equal atmospheric conditions as would prevail in the open field. One was struck
during the course of the field observations with the preponderance of pupal forms
over the larval, and one might easily suppose that given a cold wet autumn with
low maximum and minimum temperatures that pupal forms would continue as
such for the winter and larve would complete their growth and pass the winter as
pup also. Detailed observations in an autumn of such a nature are lacking up
till the present. As it happened, the past two years, 1914, 1915, when the notes
herein presented were recorded, have been open and mild, during September and
October. Such a condition is not out of the ordinary in this part of the world,
thus the facts recorded are of interest.
From puparia collected, therefore, the following emergence of flies is re-
“corded. It will be seen that the number of puparia under observation is increased
on certain days. This is explained by the fact that harvesting operations were
continuing and more pup were being collected and added to the number under
_ observation.
{
peo a
132 THE REPORT OF THE No. 364
TABLE 1.—AvTuMN FLy EMERGENCE.
| Number pupze Number of ot Dee fat J
Date ‘under observation. flies rezing. | %
| ervation, fies emerging. Male. Female. |
September Ist......... | 137 il 1 ot hake | 8
fe Didi see ee | 136 2 | 1 1 1.5
are Bed (tess | 134 3 1 2 219
GL Mies Aeatone 131 0-4 <Ii5: necator eee 0
é Tink Sooemone 131 8 6 2 (. Ga
ag Bilis teciiss 123 0). Suilis.deta eee See eee 0
i Thine eps 123 1 | 1: Sol eee 48
dc Sipps | 122 2 | 1 1 ene ti
fe Othveeeee one 120 1 | 1 sith cae eee 8
mT Othe: ce 119 7 5 See 5.8
C59 = TRIN acon ate 112 11 2 9 9.8
pe Oth seed ae 101 (aries aes R A ei - 0
1Sth eee 101 8 3 5 ‘antic!
Oe south aoa enee 93 5 1 4 | “58
earl thee 90 ( 2) 4 1 3 4.4
oy Cn bthee eee 96. (10) 6 4 2 6.2
Gaile aaa 102 (12) 4 4% ihe 5h ee 3.9
yeeros TR Een AS Oe 108 (10) 2 1 1 1: ag
PGNED GIGI Buren 111 (5) 0 SIP ecknee Fee 0
See ON Thee eee 11 9 3 6 Sal
Se UOT tes eae. 105 ( 3) 0 iasisoee 0
ct 29nd ee 105 BO \ = akira nee 4 SET
SE D8 Td a soot ge 113 (12) 2 lee on ee 2 1
TNT e hee ae nde 117 ( 6) 5 3 2 4.2
Sth hb ehh te eee 117in@ 5) te 3 1 2 2.6
0, dap OG thie ate 114 | 5 3 2 4.2
MEA 57 thea sy es 109 1S ise eee 1 9
oC ete OSthn eee Ne 121 (12) ‘| OF: > bhai veered re 0
cry gen Oth Ay aes 121 | O°), ekttia des oe 0
Ch) Bite necece 193 (72) 0. | is ee ee 0
Fry EMERGENCE IN THE FIELD.
Inasmuch as the records given in Table 1 might have been influenced by un-
natural conditions resulting from laboratory arrangements, the important point
was to determine whether or not the same conditions were occurring in the field
under strictly natural conditions. It was clearly proved that flies will emerge from
September puparia under laboratory conditions, and, as will be seen later, eggs.
were being taken freely in the field. Hence it was probable that flies were emerg- —
jug freely from the soil in the field. In order to determine this point careful
examination of the roots of old cabbage plants was made. The roots were cut and —
the soil worked over to the depth of 6 inches. This was done on September 28th,
29th, 30th, and it was found that out of 78 plants examined, 48 plants were or
had been infested. 30 plants did not show any sign of attack, and no puparia were
taken. From the 48 plants, however, were found:
124 empty puparium cases from which flies had emerged.
96 sound and apparently healthy puparia.
14 large maggots more than 3 mm. long.
4 small maggots less than 3 mm. long.
Close examination for minute forms was not made, the important point bemg
indicated that many flies were emerging in the field. It is hardly fair to claim
a ratio between the empty puparium cases taken in the field with those under
observation in the laboratory, because we could not be sure when the flies did
emerge. However, the fresh nature of the puparium cases leaves no room for doubt
that flies emerge freely from the soil during September.
ys ae
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 133
‘Hence it is probable that Table 1 closely approximates the actual field
conditions.
Aputr Fry Morrariry.
Having satisfied ourselves that many flies emerge from the soil in September,
several important considerations open up, viz., length of life-of the fly, mortality,
whether copulation occurs in autumn and eggs are laid, whether these eggs are
fertile, and if so what happens to the young maggots, and lastly what proportion,
if any, of the adults winter as adults.
The question of the length of life of the fly and the mortality is represented
by the following table 2. The flies as they emerged, as indicated in table 1, were
placed in 6-inch tubes and kept under observation in a shaded box under outside
temperature conditions. Periodically they were examined for mortality and the
live ones fed a little syrup and water solution. This table 2, therefore, has direct
reference to the “sex” column on fly emergence as indicated in table 1. To in-
_terpret this table read horizontally for fly emergénce and perpendicularly for date
of death.
TABLE II.—Mate Morratiry.
Date. ja [2[slals |6)7) 8/9 ro a/ 12) 13/14 15/6 17/8 19 | 20
oe ie esa | :
September 1..... [a | 7
ms ae. (a: | |
f a Beers {| li] | | aes
SSS nm Peles tl
kis Beecs a eS 6 |
Bs 625 | a 10 |
; “4. (Sane SS ea
ne Sapper | 1 a al mall 1
ee a | | |
Seeeeeeeie ft tt ier rt 15] | (etal
Retr ltt itt ta l2| | hire
ese | i | titi t io ce Wesel
Semen fl | il tei tr l3| | |
Pema i xt i |! ioe tt t1)
eet titi tat ry by)
SS ee
See Tle t tit i fT i4| |
ered fol i ll t1txl 1 1 1) I 1 \1|
Seetesici it fil ttit t — 1! rar flo
eee Ixl | it | ix! i_|xl_t (txt | [Eee
Pei | | tt Ph ReMi ce Sel
ete | Lit izl fF ii" | fat J 14
eee i lit tit) i | tl tl! +l
A
eto et) eee
a
Seemeenietefel | tol it tx! |)! 1s ti
eet fa) || ttt ti_t tl). (xl<x!_t
ermine (| tol tt tx) tt ¢tfeertrt
5
ea | | Pt ot to) tt tt | 1
Sa
eeetad toto} jolt t tot htt. tot
Mens! |) tli) x! (Qty escaped) | |) 11
134 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
FEMALE MORTALITY.
| [7] 8]9| 0 a 2 i 7 5 1 17 6 i 20
September 1..... | 0 | |
oo ae | 1
“ See meee
“ 7 ee fa oe
oo eae [ape easel
“ Cle ied boleh
“ Mess os aes es EET eh
Es Sieeee re CaP Rale ra
x Hsscee ee ee SS a eo
cat Saees (eek AES a eee:
COREE Ore ac fT | a
eee Lees i mee Sy [ia aa
= re boy eae PPO PP he ee fe
TS Ce ee ee Oe Sarees
SON Bisons [SE Sa ae aa a eS
COT is s0e- a a Va al Re RR Sai Se |
COTS UilRodke ee ae ee ea Seer |
Oy ieneae Ie ESS SE Se ee a |
ee Ce ee ee a ee ea | i
AG louee [fx fe | oe eyo eae hes lex ee
CONS yalesboe [SIE La eS Sele wane
CRT aos bo eA a a ex Sie ee
COR onoe fo eT Ea oS SS ee a ee ee
CONT 2 aan fo) ae ee TT eee
75) Piespon Lok OE eae a eel
GommeG ener Poa eae eS ee ee
CO iledans Eo ET BT a ex] Se ee
aeeeesieere Pe Tan i ee ee
BO 2 Sdouc oe ee Sea ee ee
TS BUSSS2 ae aaa (a Vs eee a
October 1..... Lh Ea a ee
FE Oieeee ee a ee ee es ee eee
“ CSA ||... [eseafed [of Le a eS
From these records it will be seen that the length of life varies from 7-25 days
in the autumn. This is of interest as the average life of an adult during the
summer is approximately only 4.5 days.
It will be seen that all the flies in the above table 2, which emerged from
puparia up till September 20th, died.
Those flies that emerged after September 20th (table 1 indicating that
emergence continued until September 27th), were treated in a different manner.
It was felt that 6-inch tubes hardly gave a fair test of longevity, hence a large
wire mesh cage was arranged to give the flies more liberty of flight. The records
follow on this experiment.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 135
HIBERNATION OF ‘HE ADULT,
As has just been seen a certain number of the flies that emerge as adults in
the autumn live as long as twenty-five days, this period being passed in a six-inch
vial. It was thought possible that the stage might be prolonged still more if the flies
were allowed more room for flight and if this occurred we might persuade some of
the flies to pass the winter in the adult condition. Accordingly a large
cage was arranged consisting of wire mesh and suspended within was a large piece of
rough fir bark, with many crevices into which flies might crawl should they
desire to. This cage was suspended to the outside wall of the building. A small
amount of sweetened water was placed on the floor of the cage, upon which, later,
it was observed, the flies fed readily. No cabbage plant was introduced into the
cage for fear the flies would be tempted to deposit eggs, and if they did so, their
life functions would be over and they would probably die. Into this cage twenty-
two flies of both sexes were liberated between September 22nd and 27th. Exam-
ination of the cage was difficult for fear of allowing the flies to escape. However,
flies were observed dead on the floor of the cage on September 25th and finally on
October 8th all the flies had died. On October 5th only six flies were observed
dead on the floor of the cage, hence a rapid mortality must have occurred between
the 6th and the 7th. The night of the 7th was the coldest night thus far exper-
ienced during the autumn, being 33 degrees F. This temperature may have killed
the adults. At any rate we have nothing to offer which proves that flies winter
over as adults although indications that such might occur were propitious. It
might be noted again that no flies emerged from puparia after September 27th,
despite the fact that 193 puparia were still confined on soil in boxes on that date.
I can only say that the number of flies experimented with in this instance was
far too small to record an invariable and establishéd fact I can merely say that
those flies used did not survive the first touch of cold weather and hence did not
pass the winter as adults. It might, however, be said with reason that it is highly
probable that a small percentage of adults will winter as adults in a favorable
season, although such has not been shown in our experiments thus far.
Eace DEPOSITION IN FIELD.
Not only do adult flies emerge freely from the puparia during September and
probably part of October, but we find also that eggs are deposited equally freely
during these months. These notes, recorded now, are a part of a long series of
notes obtained throughout the summer on the question of egg deposition hence I
shall not give the full details at this juncture. Weare only interested now in the
autumn development. To obtain this record 12 cabbages and 6 cauliflowers were
examined daily between 4 p.m. and 6 p.m. and all eggs laid during the twenty-four
hours removed by means of a knife blade and counted. By this method we would
obtain an absolutely accurate record of the daily deposition. Further useful in-
formation may be deduced in reference to effects of temperature, sunshine, rain,
wind, on egg deposition and the size and shape of the plant chosen for deposition.
The record follows in table 3. (For the sake of comparison the record of
12 cabbages is reduced to read for 6.)
136 THE REPORT OF THE Nee
TABLE III—Eec Deposition REcoRD.
INo. of eggs) No. eggs
September.| on6 | on 6
| cabbages. ‘cauliflowers
|
|
| Weather Notes.
LSthy eegonse 10 r 42 | Morning, cloudy ......... Afternoon, showers.
“tee anoaee 16.5 96 bs {iNest s oeoe x cloudy.
BLO hws = he 1 73 i ANS ake c ees y cloudy.
ATM. ccs soa 15 116 sf PNG S53. 302 eSasles ss fine.
Fahl cre eis: a0 1 13 Le foeeys ease & dull.
Gthiscorer 4% 2.5 25 7, Clotidy, 2255-0002) “ showers.
Thea Bone 3 24 s GUE? ene ere ee xs showers.
Seles iere rela 0 1 ES fain) Sie ee sf heavy rain.
Wt anecaes 2.5 a8 “ fNe H.-S stn os . heavy rain and
some. sun-
shine,
Others = 0 66 | ee fine and strong
WANG) s.<)-fortesstas ie fine.
Ailthie etree = 1 17 * fine sc eoeee ae £S fine.
A2th’s-2.. 6 aoc 7 15 Bright and sunny all day, night wet.
ey hearer 0 0 All day cold and stormy.
14th.... 0 0 Warmer, but cool and cloudy.
A5th sass ne (no record taken) |
I SiN aapensn 0 |Day fine, warm and sunny.
11 / eapeoes 0 49 Day fine, warm and sunny. i
IkiWeeqponee 0 21 Day fine, warm and sunny.
Oth Fonsi 5 0 32 Day fine, warm and sunny.
20thal ose: 9 61 |Day fine, warm and sunny. ; .
AS tere crete 10 38 \Day fine, but smoky.
22nd a eee os 0 78 |Day fine, warm, but dull.
75; i ee oe (no record taken) Showers fell throughout day.
ZAG 3 Sees 8 147 Day fine, warm and sunny.
2bthecieewes 0 137 Day fine, warm and sunny.
bth ace wee 0 18 Day dull, but fairly warm; rain fell during the night.
PANS eae aO 3 17 Morning dull; afternoon fair.
paS thc tere ciesai 6 80 Day fine and fairly warm.
Oth snes: 0 102 Day fine and warm.
S0th oes << 0 22 Morning dull, afternoon rain fell.
October ,
tStoesose.e (no record taken) =
Onde cere (no record taken)
Gigi ee eee 0 99 Day dull with some rain.
“ (33 eggs per day)
1h SISO No further} 35 {Day dull with slight sun, rain at night.
Sth. tea 312s records 15 |Morning, fine; afternoon, bright and sunny.
Gthiese 32: taken on 100 /Windy, but fine and sunny.
itNccnet. » 02a the eab- 5 |Day fine, warm, sunny; night coldest yet, 33° F.
Oils. os bages 86 |Morning sunny, afternoon dull and cloudy, night
warm.
Silttee seed as ehivie alts 1 |Fine all day and sunny. y
TNS ee Se caraseacorabe 48 Day fine and sunny.
MG Rete 8 lt tticte wn ee 0 ‘Rained.
IPANAR Spe ad HoAode dees 0 /Rained.
Aotltes seacbeeenr cee 0 |Heavy rain.
LOT eben es 2a Gina a aaioga 13 Fine autumn day, cool but sunny.
LT eeeaeese bogaoecadd | 11 Fine autumn day, sunny, cool at night.
Iie CaRRAS ochaadeds 11 |Day fine, comparatively warm.
(TE ASR Socaoracns 0 {Day mild but no sun.
pe Aoaer (no record taken)
NOG So msc. (no record taken)
POU a Hawise ce [cies s's lees 0 Dull and wet on past three days.
re) (no record taken)
2 Ie seo Rion COE BOOeaS 4 Dull but mostly fine, rain in evening.
2332s Eggseo) soces anes 0 |Rain.
PN Ae) Gone eenDBeC 0 Showery.
eral oetets, opais oA pieistare:etoia\s,. 0 Dull with showers.
|
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 137
From this table 3, we find that flies were active up till as late as October 22nd;
having since September Ist deposited 1,739 eggs on six cauliflower plants. The
egg deposition on six cabbages for the month of September was 95.5, while the
deposition on a like number of cauliflowers over the same period was 1,311. This
indicates the importance of pursuing the life history on more kinds of plants than
one. The records from cabbages alone would incline towards an entirely different
rendering of the actual situation.
(See chart covering egg deposition on six cauliflowers.)
AuTtuMN LARvAL NOTEs.
We are now satisfied, in the first place, that flies freely emerge from the soil
in September, and in the second place that quantities of eggs are laid around
plants until late into October. The high egg fertility percentage is maintained
throughout the entire year, consequently we are justified in assuming that larval
_ forms may be found working on the roots of plants during November and December.
This assumption is supported by fact inasmuch as larve, freshly hatched, from
late September eggs, having been placed on plants in pots, developed to 2 mm.,
3 mm., and 4 mm. in length by the commencement of November. Inasmuch as
these pots were sunk in the soil out of doors, we claim with assurance that the con-
_ ditions were precisely natural.
Eggs taken from plants in the field between September 13th-26th, were hatched
in the laboratory and placed on the soil around a potted plant (which was in turn
sunk in the open soil), developed maggots 3 mm.-4 mm. long by October 25th.
Larve hatching after September 26th and before 30th, treated in the same way
developed maggots 2 mm. long by the close of October. There is no question of
doubt that the larve found in both these instances would mature, pupate and pass
the winter. It is true that no further notes were taken, on them after this date,
but their general thrifty appearance does not allow of much doubt that they will
survive. Eggs hatching in October were also placed around the stems of plants
and they developed slowly during the early days of November. Frost, it would
seem, might affect them, especially the very small larve. Given no severe weather
in November and December} there is, again, little doubt that October eggs will
persevere also to puparia by the approach of winter. Real winter weather seldom
sets in with any degree of permanence in this locality until the New Year.
10 E.s.
138 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
EGG DEPOSITION RECORD caspage maggot
CHART
covening TABLE 3 ACTVAL FIELD OEPOSITION on
CAVULIFLOWERS
SEPTEMBER OcToBER
1234 SOT SIOH BIS H IS 1617 1219204 WHAM BWIA VMYWI ASL SSCTIIWUR SAG Migs BB US
METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS
SEPTEMBER OcTOBER
Pa34ESETSGON ABH OT BDA RHHHUIATB AY GS4SETIQWU BIGTH 7B HOY BHRIS
BS] FAHRENHEIT
» MAximuom,. f. >
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
9
2
7
6
~)
4
3
a
SUNSHINE ano RAIN
i}
1916
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
THE MerrrorROLOGICAL REconrDs.
139
The Meteorological records covering the notes given in this paper are as
follows :—
Temperature
Degrees Fahr. Sunshine in Rain in
hours inches
Maximum Minimum
|
80 Tl ella s OC SB ORUOUA GACOR EE REGe OF
74 44 Gren we Ghd ocateinaecee
76 | 43 Gj Daan ees ee ae eee
78 | 45 ety Ulecrererce tad &
80 BSw si dsl rere secetermettotlla saci ation ow ar
73 | Aon Reece -04
70 AQMA htt) cp ores ak eye 03
68 Ll ies Semeacen acated | RopAweeecaonce
59 41 2.5 45
61 | 44 | (ict a noes ce eacvereseel
64 42 Tie Sivineh Al laecaer ere aete
67 45 ky eee cee coor,
61 4B Pell caternsnotniaer 08
64 ADIs DN Rote eae cone -05
66 BG oe Uileeticeccentee se 14
66 42 fe Sooo obeecsooc 2
68 46 Baas eel Bcc, oe thereeeteiete
74 44 SiO Seliicueetepomenne
71 43 | Sb: © littscgeaseees
70 43 ES Pemeen CIR &, en ersc
68 46 Delis tails saints
70 45 Pe Oth "| Ohne: prceeerns
69 MDI lect ete cterere sretere 48
81 43 a es lncsowrerses icetc
76 45 Ores oleae ie aeeeerce
72 AD male ||syeicteie oaxSre sie |e tee Re
70 44 soy | Te ntas octnestamtetete
71 37 OD 2b aaa ila coer traces
64 42 eo tlnt > || rerocatoprevere aieeerere
67 | FLA iia ot eared RM RON ace
ooat A oS ane 64 40 48 61
MGs iaisie vcs vs 0s 8 oni 67 LS A ers or bee me,
140 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
THE CABBAGE MAGGOT IN BRITISH COLUMBIA (Phorbia brassice).
THe NATURAL CONTROL BY PARASITES AND PREDACIOUS INSECTS,
R. C. Trenernn, Fretp Orricer, Dominion EnromonocicaL Lasorarory,
AGassiz, B. C.
The Cabbage Maggot fly is a very serious pest in the Lower Fraser Valley of
British Columbia. Variations in prevalence occur one year with another, and cer-
tain locality differences are observed in any given season. These changes are not
accounted for with any degree of satisfaction, but it is certain that autumn tem-
peratures and precipitation play an important part in the conditions that arise the
following spring.
The importance of this insect may be gauged by its long period of activity.
Eggs may be frequently observed deposited on the stems of plants during the first
week of April, and oviposition may continue intermittently but continuously until
well in October. Nearly full-grown larve have been taken from roots in the closing
days of April, and they may be found at all times until November and sometimes
as late as December. These records were taken in the Lower Fraser Valley of Britisa
Columbia and apply only to that district, which ranges about 100 miles east of
Vancouver. They are, further, notes gathered from three years’ work with the
fly, and are only given in this connection to indicate the serious’ possibilities that
may follow an attack by the pest.
During the past summer an attempt was made to estimate the egg-laying
proclivities of the fly. A number of plants, as indicated below, were examined
every day, at the same time, from April 17th until October 26th. At each examin-
ation all eggs were removed and counted, so that as a result we find we have an
accurate record of the total number of eggs laid per day throughout the summer.
As an indication of the seasonal prevalence during the past summer, I may sey
that in a large experiment on control measures, out of 215 cabbages, untreated and
used as checks, only 26 died strictly by reason of maggot attack (12.1 per cent.),
and out of 210 cauliflowers, of the same nature, only 24 died (11.4 per cent.). Of
course many plants were attacked and a diminution of weight was noticed at har-
vesting, but they survived the ordeal of the attack and a certain weight was recorded
to their credit at the close of the season.
The fertility of these eggs, of which at least 2,500 were tested over the whole
of the above period of time, was shown to be well over 80 per cent. This would
indicate that if all the eggs as laid persevered through to puparia, the percentage
of sound plants at the end of the season would be practically nil, despite the fact.
as above noted, that the season was light in comparative prevalence.
Our field records, however, from careful root examination of both cabbages and
cauliflowers, show clearly that during the past season rarely, if ever, were more
than 25 larve and puparia found at any one time. In other years I have taken
as many as 100 larve and puparia from single roots of cabbages, but not so this year,
which is comparable to the egg deposition records in Table A.
The question then arises: What happens to all these eggs and small maggots?
One answer is that it is probable the larval mortality is high in the very early
stages. I have experienced difficulty in bringing through young larve from the
egos under laboratory conditions, and further from observations taken on the move-
ments of newly-hatched larve on the surface of the soil, I am convinced a great
many never reach the roots at all. However, I am not prepared to say much on
this point.
ie ~~
:
}
’
}
Ld
&
4
I
a
rf
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 141
One may judge from these statements that the fly was not so serious as usual,
but, nevertheless, under such a degree of prevalence it was found that large numbers
of eggs were laid, as indicated in the following table :—
Taste A—Eco Deposirion RECORD.
| No. of eggs deposited,
removed | Basis of 1 plant.
and counted.
|
Crop.
MoePlants. Dates or Month.
25 Radishes ..... April 17th-May 3lst....! De Ol CLES Wer arsielclevys ae | 137.5
*12 Cabbages...... May 21st-May 3lst...-.) SG Se IP ee IS e 7
For month of June .....) Pig PA aCe 5 Oe Aaa 260.5
Julliviseeree PIT fe SC Mh SP har, 206
August... 1DSier Ane 63.2
September LdD Fort Mcaeaee 12.9
Metoben’r7.\| as:<csre.-tosusreicte's siciepeveioie sy sin sic si oreretelta ereleistel sselers replete
| Total..6,602
* 6 Cauliflowers... June 25th-July 31st ..... Drm PAODIS hoes Wwtoe | 370.
For month of August...| 1 DOOM ome! ere.carare 259.
September 1 BRE) bl eee Be Eee 218.5
| October... .! SOR a ae Gate 71.3
Total. .5,515
Another answer is that of the control by parasitic insects. On several occa-
sions the Cynipid parasite Cothonaspis gillettei has been bred from puparia col-
lected in the field. Unfortunately we cannot, from our study up to the
present time, consider this parasite of any practical benefit in the control of the
fly at Agassiz, B.C., its numbers are shown to be entirely too few. From the
“large numbers of puparia that have been taken and studied this past summer, only
twelve Cynipid adults appeared. They started to emerge from puparia on August
16th and continued until October 18th. Further, there is little doubt that some
_ carry over the winter within the puparia of the maggot to emerge in the spring.
Except for this Cynipid parasite, no other true parasite has been observed or
recorded in British Columbia.
The third answer to the above question, and probably the most important, is
the control by predatory insects and mites.
Rep TrRomBipiIum MITE,
A Red Mite may very commonly be found on the surface of the soil in the
_ Vicinity of cruciferous plants. It has been shown by laboratory experiments that
this mite will attack the eggs of the Cabbage Maggot fly. Several investigators
have shown mites of this nature of great importance in the natural control of the
_ tly, but our studies at Agassiz do not show that it is of such importance and not
comparable in usefulness to certain Carabid and Staphilinid beetles.
_ Several Staphylinids are of importance, notably:
— Orus punctatus Casey.
Xantholinus hamatus Say.
‘ Hisperobium californicum Lec.,
*, * (Cabbages and Cauliflowers transplanted on May 13th and 14th)
os eS a ee a a ee
142 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
and several species of Carabids, notably, Celia farcta (1)*, Bembidium mutatum
G. - H., Bembidium trechiforme Lec., Platynus cupreus Dej., Pterostichus lucu-
blandus (2)*.
An attempt was made to determine the appetites of some of these predaceous
insects. The following methods were used in determining this point. Ordinary
small vials were employed in which single specimens of beetles were placed. A
small piece of moistened blotting paper was also inserted in the vial and the whole
tightly corked. Eggs of the Cabbage Maggot fly, freshly-hatched larve, and more
mature larve of varying lengths were placed in the vial on the blotting paper ever
so often, and allowed to remain with the beetle under observation. Daily records
were taken over a certain length of time and the amount of material devoured noted.
In this way we have the maximum appetite of the beetles recorded.
Another system was employed in which two ordinary microscopic slides were
laid over one another and kept separate by means of a small strip of thin linoleum
placed around three sides and glued on both sides to the glass. The fourth side
was left open to be plugged with a piece of cotton wool. In this way we have a flat
glass-encased chamber which may be easily handled and operated under the micro-
scope. A little pulverised soil was then sifted into the chamber thus formed and
the beetles to be observed placed within. Food was regularly supplied and the
amount devoured recorded.
It may be seen from both these systems that the beetles were confined within a
small area and that the food supplied had no opportunity of escape. Hence due
latitude must be given the appetite record. Attempts were made to carry on the
work under more natural conditions, but it was felt that the results recorded were
of little value. It was too difficult to give the beetles full liberty of action
and at the same time keep them under observation. Furthermore, it was impossible
to discover whether a small newly hatched larva had been actually devoured by the
beetle when given full liberty of action, or whether it had died a natural death.
It is true that we devised a cage over some plants in the field, consisting of ordinary
chicken wire mesh, which was entirely covered with cheesecloth, with the exception
of a couple of inches on the ground surface. In this way the flies were prevented
from oviposting and the ground beetles were allowed free access to the plants, and
provided one knew how many eggs were around the plant at a given time, a series
of notes on this point would offer some evidence on the matter of the natural con-
trol. However, even this method did not give the results expected.
I shall give, nevertheless, the results of the vial experiments, which may be
taken to record the maximum appetite and the length of life of the beetles.
In this Table B the symbol “n, h, m,” represents the words “ newly-hatched
maggots,” while “1 m” represents the words “large maggots.” The figures in
brackets in connection with these symbols represent the amount of food offered
throughout the course of the beetle’s life.
The species involved in this work are as follows :—
Type 1—Bembidium mutatum.
Type 2.—Bembidium. trechiforme.
Type 3.—Pterostichus lucublandus.
Type 4—Orus punctatus.
Type 5.—Yantholinus hamatus.
Type 6.—Hisperobium californicum.
* (1) Identified by Dr. E. C. Van Dyke.
* (2) Identified by Col. T. L. Casey.
,
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 143
All the Carabids were actually observed at work devouring maggots in the
field, hence are predacious on the maggot under strictly natural conditions. The
Staphilinids occurred in numbers in such close vicinity to infested roots, that there
is little doubt they also are predacious under natural conditions. Their habits were
mostly studied in confinement.
TABLE B—CARrABID ADULT APPETITE RECORD.
Beetle Mal | Food Consumed. Lae tee | Food consumed per day.
Type No. | of beetle -
No. Exp. Beh, M, eggs arn indays. |n,h,m,| eggs homes
ut 1 305 (352) 53 ( 71) 7 (13) 51 ie ii 5
ea. 262 (319) 34 ( 46) 4 ( 8) Catal | eae eo in| Uaneos
Beer | 210 (308) | sacie) | 7 Gs) | 120 -| 18 | .8 | 006
6 51 ( 79) 21( 31) 2 ( 4) 12 | 4.2 1.9 18
ae Toh Seco nel nts (27 eae Cae el ee eee!
STAPHYLINID ADULT APPETITE RECORD.
4 2 497 (549) 78 (128) 1 (19) 87 | Beil | 1 | 0
5 EC) Aah jeu ht le 6. | Ome
7 16( 25) | 19(38) | 0 capella en mem ea
5 3 ~ 243 (313) _ 73 (112) 4022) «120 a ry ee ears
Mere isse26) |. 10¢29) | cs | ve | 25 | 2) 0 -
10 | )ie5(227) | 45( 63) | 0v2) | 51 | ae. FMR
ire |:........: REE SS cay aren ny ho Rees,
To interpret the Table B correctly it is necessary to understand that the
beetles were offered food according to what happened to be on hand to feed them,
and further that on several days the beetles were deprived of their favorite food,
i.e., small maggots and eggs and were fed on large maggots. In this way, in the
first place, therefore, they were not allowed to choose their own food, hence the
above record does not indicate any special choice of food, and in the second place
while the beetles lived for some considerable time, part of that time they were
starved, in the effort to induce them to devour the large maggots, hence the appetite
record is lower per day than it would be if the diet had consisted entirely of small
maggots and eggs.
The detailed daily record of these several beetles makes exceedingly interesting
reading from the original notes. I do not consider it possible to include them in
this paper, or to publish them in the proceedings, as they would occupy too much
space. The Table B gives merely the bald statements without those fine points
of interest incident to the feeding.
a.
144 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
CONTROL BY PREDACIOUs LARV2®.
In addition to establishing the appetite record of the adult beetles, both Cara-
bid and Staphilinid, an attempt was made to mature carabid larve. Carabid beetle
eggs may frequently be seen on the soil surface, and at different times some of these
were taken {from the field, at other times some eggs were deposited in the tubes in
the laboratory. Poor success seemed to attend the hatching of these eggs, and in
fact many disappointments were encountered in bringing ‘the larve to maturity.
Without detailing all these troubles I will relate some of the facts obtained. The
eggs and larve of these beetles were handled in the same way as the adults, in
vials, etc.
TABLE C—CARABID LARVAE APPETITE RECORD.
Food S d |
Wal “3 sae ood consumed.
Exp. | Size of larva | Remarks.
No: in mm. | |
n,h,m,} eggs. | l,m. |}
| | |
11 hatchedfrom egg........ b (5) | Seciowe Larva died, having eaten 5 eggs in 2 days.
20 & 22) 8xl MO ULOOS FE vcierert ere | 63 (20) 2 Larva lived 20 days, having eaten per day
|; 4n,h,m, and1 2mm. maggot.
8 9x1 6 (6) | 17 (37) | 0 lLarva died in ieee days. ; > 34
12 | 9x1 Pe) AAS) ss see aera Saale and then died after 2 days.
15 ie aN eaters: | 7(11) | 4(9) [Larva died after 3 days. 2
18 |} 16x 2 0 (20) \aaeeee (8(28) Larva idied after 18 days, eating about 1, 2,
| } 5 mm. maggot per day.
SUMMARY.
Even from these records it is impossible to state with accuracy the actual appe-
tite record of any predacious beetle or its larva. The limitation in the manner in
which the work was done does not allow us to form any definite conclusion.
We are justified in stating, however, that despite the artificial methods em-
ployed, these predacious beetles present an immense aid in the control of the
maggots. Their voracious appetites in confinement and from the fact that they did
not hesitate to attack the food offered clearly proves some marked similar action in
nature. Further than this, on many occasions, both Carabid and Staphilinid
beetles, and the larve, at any rate of the former, may often be found embedded in
the roots of plants in close association with maggots, and have been observed actu-
ally at work devouring maggots. The actual amount of food they dispose of in a
day or throughout their life is the point of which we cannot be too sure from the
records obtained. We might, however, be perfectly justified in assuming that five
eggs or five young maggots a day would represent a normal appetite. We have also
seen that a beetle will live with food for four months (120 days). On the above
ratio it will destroy about 600 eggs or young maggots. This in itself would just
about equal the number of eggs deposited by a fly on a single plant in a season,
under conditions we have mentioned. Possibly this may be a little high, but never-
theless, we cannot avoid the fact that the percentage of usefulness of these little
beetles is exceptional, and of unquestionable value.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
THE PRESIDENT: There are so many points to be discussed in these papers
that I think it would be best to postpone the discussion until this afternoon, when
]
|
,
_ we will have more time, and when Mr. Treherne will have more time to bring out
certain points.
L
FRIDAY, NOV. 5th—AFTERNOON SESSION.
| THE PRESIDENT: We will now commence the afternoon session and will first
_ take up, before proceeding with the regular business, the discussion which was post-
poned this morning of Mr. Treherne’s paper on the Cabbage Maggot. This paper
_ is now open for discussion.
Mr. Toruiti: I would like to ask if the headings “ May,” “June,” “July,”
: “ August.” and “ September,” etc., represent generations?
3 Mr. TREHERNE: Not in this chart. As a matter of fact, there are at least three
generations of this maggot in British Columbia; the first generation ends about the
end of May, the height of the second generation is early in July, and the third
generation towards the latter part of August.
Mr. Bureerss: I would like to ask Mr. Treherne if he has any definite records
of the maggot coming through any stage in the winter.
; Mr. TREHERNE: We have no larval or adult records of hibernation, but only as
yet pupal records.
Mr. Grsson: With regard to the question that Mr. Burgess has asked, last year
and the year before we made observations at Ottawa in the ‘hope of getting further
information as to how the insect passes the winter. We found the puparia abund-
antly in an old turnip field at varying depths, the lowest being nine inches below
the soil. We only found what we considered the larva of the Cabbage Maggot fly
in one instance, in April. The species in Eastern Canada most probably hibern-
ates to a more or less degree in the larval stage, in addition to the regular hibern-
ating form, namely, the puparium.
THE PRESIDENT: The only other point, I think, which might arise from this
paper which might be discussed is the comparative absence of internal parasites,
‘particularly the absence of Staphilinid parasites such as we find in the East.
‘ We will now proceed to the business meeting of this session, which consists in
the election of officers. As in the case of last year, the Council in order to facilitate
the proceedings of the meeting has recommended a list of officers for the guidance
of the meeting, and I might ask the Secretary to read the list of officers as selected
by the Council :—
President, Mr. A. F. Winn; Vice-President, Prof. L. Caesar; Secretary-Treas-
er, Mr. A. W. Baker; Curator, Mr. J. B. Spencer; Librarian, Dr. Bethune;
ectors, to be re-elected, with the exception of Division No. 6, where J. W. Noble
$ recommended.
_ Dr. Fruzs: It gives me very great pleasure to nominate Mr. Winn as President
of tha Entomological Society. I have followed Mr. Winn’s work for a number of
years, and think he is fully capable of holding the position.
Mr. Morris: I second the motion.
Dr. Hewitt: Tt has been moved and seconded that Mr. Winn be elected Sa
146 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
nominations, I declare Mr. Winn duly elected. I will call now upon Mr. Winn to take
the chair.
Mr. Winn: I certainly do not deserve this honour. I never got it correctly
into my head how I came into this office. Two years ago the Fiftieth Annual Meet-
ing was held at Guelph and I was on hand. About two months later Mr. Gibson
surprised me by telling me that I had been elected Vice-President, and as it was
then too late to undo what seemed an inexplicable error, I came to the conclusion
that an honour to the Montreal Branch, with which I have been connected since a
schoolboy, was intended rather than on account of anything I may have been able
to accomplish personaily. It has been suggested to-day that in reality it is a form
of punishment meted out for not attending all our meetings regularly.
In some of our sessions reference has been made to the work of professional
or practical entomologists, and that of amateurs, who by inference are unpractical,
as if there were two well marked divisions. Really I do not think such a distinction
exists except in the application of the results obtained. If it does exist, I hope
it will cease and that our Society will remain united from Atlantic to Pacific as
we see it here to-day, and that some of those who attended our fiftieth anniversary
will also be present at the one hundredth.
There is one point in particular that both the so-called divisions agree upon,
and that is the importance of learning the life-histories of insects from the egg to
the perfect stage, and this has been emphasized in nearly all the papers we have
been listening to. This point reminds me of a matter about which I had some
correspondence with Dr. Bethune a few years ago—the question of having a suit-
able crest and motto to use in connection with a book-plate, for, old as our society
is, it cannot boast of owning either, “ Ab ovo usque ad imaginem *—from egg to
imago. No particular insect was mentioned to serve as an emblem, and as I do not
know what views the members have on the-subject, suggestions would be acceptable. —
I feel sure, however, that thoroughness in following out the life-histories of
insects, thus getting at the bottom of things, is one of the most important objects
to keep before us, for we do not really know an insect till we know it in all its
stages.
IT shall not take up any more of your time except to thank you very sincerely
for the honour conferred upon me.
Tue PRESIDENT: I think all who have had to do with the society have been
impressed with Professor Caesar’s ability. I do not think we could have a better
Vice-President in support to Mr. Winn than Professor Caesar, and I have much
pleasure in moving that Professor Caesar be elected Vice-President.
Seconded by Mr. Swarnz. (Carried.)
(For complete list of officers see p. 6.)
~ Mr. Winn: I will now ask Mr. Sanders to read his paper on “Some of the
Methods followed in Nova Scotia in controlling the Brown-tail Moth.”
Mr. Sanders’ paper read.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 147
SOME OF THE METHODS FOLLOWED IN NOVA SCOTIA IN CON-
TROLLING THE BROWN-TAIL MOTH.
G. E. Sanpers, Fretp Orricer ror Nova Scotia, DomMIN1IoN ENTOMOLOGICAL
Laporatory, ANNAroLis Royat, N.S.
The control of the Brown-tail Moth in Nova Scotia presents many difficulties
peculiar to that Province which go to show in rather a striking manner the value
of investigating each insect locally, in the light of a knowledge of local conditions
and methods, extending even to such details as the method of fixing charges for
packing out the staple crop in the warehouses.
The Brown-tail Moth has not yet become established in the forest areas of
Novs Scotia, 92.6 per cent. of the total number found in the Province being on
fruit trees; the few found on ornamental and forest trees being on trees near to or
in orchards.
AREA INFESTED.
.
The area infested with Brown-tails is about two hundred miles long and some
thirty miles wide, including the Counties of Shelburne, Yarmouth, Digby, Anna-
polis, Kings, Hants and Cumberland; or, in other words, all but one of the Counties
of Nova Scotia touching on the Bay of Fundy.
: - This area may be divided roughly into four districts, in each of which we have
a different proposition. In the first district, which includes Cumberland, Shel-
burne, Yarmouth, and all but a small section of the east end of Digby, we have small
orchards averaging less than twenty apple trees each; usually the orchards are separ-
ated from each other by strips of woodland or open fields. As apples in this sec-
tion are grown on a very small scale, as a rule for home use only, practically no
spraying is done.
In the second district, which includes Eastern Digby and Annapolis County as
far east as Annapolis town, we find apple trees in profusion. This district was
settled about the time of the American Revolution, and many old, gnarly trees re-
‘main of the orchards planted by the original settlers. The land throughout this
“section is full of granite boulders, and in common with all such land in Nova
Scotia and roadsides, fence-rows, pastures, and even scrubby woods are filled with
seedling apple trees of every age and description. As this district is for the most
part the west end of the Annapolis Valley, it falls into the regular fruit district
and the orchards are of moderate size, covering probably one- tenth of the cultivated
land, and adjoin each other quite closcly. In spite of the natural advantages that
_ this section possesses in the production of fruit, very little care is taken of the
orchards, not more than 5 per cent. of the trees being sprayed.
_ The third district extends from Annapolis to Middleton. The western end of
this section is granite land similar to the second district, and seedling apple trees
re to be found everywhere. Over 50 per cent. of the cultivated land is in apple
, so the whole district is practically one continuous orchard. About seventy
er cent. of the orchard in this district is sprayed.
_ The fourth district extends from Middleton to Windsor, and ainda the
rgest orchards in Nova Scotia, probably sixty per cent. of the cultivated land
ing in orchard, with the exception of a small section south of Wolfville, seedling
apple trees are almost unknown. The orchard is for the most part less than fifty,
TS old, orchard that a man can spray or inspect for Brown-tail easily: and.
ordi ey to Prof. Brittain’s census, some 87 per cent. of the trees in the district
148 : THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
ComPARISON oF ConTROLs.
In the first district, Yarmouth and Digby Counties, where the orchards are
small and widely scattered, we find it very easy to control the Brown-tails by having
our inspectors pick the nests from the trees in the winter. One inspection of this
district can be relied upon to give a decrease in ordinary years, the only increases
coming from the adult moths, which occasionally are blown across the Bay of
Fundy into the district from the New England States. This district is on the
whole flat country, and the normal increase very small. Evidently the adult moths
are for the most part blown out of the orchards in which they originated, and the
orchards being scattered they perish before they find other apple trees.
In the fourth district, Kings County, etc., the orchards are large and practic-
ally continuous, so if a moth is blown out of one orchard it will more often than
not blow into another. In spite of this the large amount of spraying done, and the
scarcity of seedling trees makes it quite easy for our inspectors to keep the Brown-
tail within reasonable bounds. Occasionally we have small outbreaks in the western
end of this district, but a little persuasion usually results in the orchards being
sprayed and the Brown-tails exterminated. ‘
In the third district, which is situated in the eastern end of Annapolis (County,
where 30 per cent. of the orchard is unsprayed and we have a great quantity of wild
seedling apple trees, we have great difficulty in controlling Brown-tails. In many |
sections we have had very large increases which we followed up by very careful work.
often persuading the owners of the worst orchards to spray, and so obtained de-
creases in infestation.
In the fourth district, or Western Annapolis County, with practically no spray-
ing, medium-sized orchards and plenty of wild seedling apple trees, we have had
great difficulty in holding the Brown-tails. Practically all of the work there has
been done by our inspectors with no appreciable assistance, either in spraying or
in picking nests, from the inhabitants.
Normal [ncrrAsE IN Nova Scotia.
The coldest season ever recorded in Nova Scotia was 1913-14. The extreme ~
low temperature in the Annapolis Valley was—21F. at Kentville, while at Yarmouth
the lowest was —6.4F.; in the most heavily infested district, i.e., near Anna-
polis, the lowest temperature ran —19F. and less here. Brown-tails came through
with an average of about 40 per cent. winterkill. Counting the actual number of
nests within twenty-five yards of old nests found in 1914-15, including those that
gave no progeny, we found the actual increase the Province over to average 6.3 new
nests from each old nest—this was not counting the number of female moths that
had blown over twenty-five yards from the old nests. The increase in ordinary
years is much larger than this.
Winter Drop or Nests.
Formerly we started the inspeétors at their winter work on January Ist, but
we found at that time a very large proportion of the nests hanging by a thread, and ~
a few of the nests gone, leaving a bit of web attached to the tree where the nest
had been. We placed some nests on the ground and found that the young larva
lived over in them with a very small winterkill. In fact, at one station where
all of the Brown-tails suspended in the air were killed by the winter, those on the |
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 149
Ed
ground lived over with only a small winterkill, having been protected from the
extreme cold by the deep snow.
The questions that arose from this were; The proportion of nests that dropped
4rom the trees, when they dropped, and whether the larva which lived over in the
dropped nests would reach the trees from which they fell. We have not by any
means finished these lines of enquiry, but we have one year’s work on each, which
shows up their importance.
On November 1914-15 we tagged a number of nests in each of two orchards,
and in one we got 10 per cent. dropped during the winter, and in the other 25 per
cent.
In regard to the time that the greatest drop takes place the heavy gale of Sept.
26, 27, 28,1915, loosened a great quantity of nests, but the greatest drop appears
to take place in November and December, soon after the leaves fall, and continues
to a certain extent all winter. The heavy gales break down the nests and cause
them to start swinging, but do not actually blow as many off the trees as one would
expect, but the lighter winds following, constantly twisting the nests about, gradu-
ally wear the thread off and cause the drop to be spread quite evenly over the whole
season.
In regard to the young larvie in the dropped nests finding the trees, we found,
from nests placed equidistant from four trees in an orchard planted 35 by 35
feet, that 11 per cent. of the larve contained in the nests found the trees and
ascended to a tanglefoot band placed to catch them. The spring weather influences
the movements of the young larve to a very great extent. In bright weather the
larve will travel over the ground due south, toward the sun; in cloudy weather, such
as we had when the larve were emerging in 1915, they will travel in any direction.
These preliminary investigations would indicate the importance of removing as
many nests as possible before the nests begin to drop from the trees. These views
are supported in practice by the ease with which the Brown-tails are controlled in
districts where the drop is light, as compared with districts where the drop is
heavy.
We now start our inspectors on November 1, when the leaves are about 90 per
cent. off the unsprayed orchards, but have scarcely started to come off
the sprayed orchards. They work the wnsprayed orchards in the most
heavily infested territory first, trying to get just as many nests as possible off the
trees as quickly as possible, returning later to work every tree and bush in the dis-
trict, and, if they have time, to return a third time to go over the trees again.
As light and moisture cenditions often prevent the best work being done in many
orchards, a second thorough inspection is found to be of value in the most heavily
infested localities.
Fatt Pickine or THE Nests.
r We have found that a large proportion of the winter nests can be gathered by
the pickers when picking the apples in September and October, the cluster of brown
*skeletonized leaves that the larve feed on when forming the winter nest showing up
- for a foot around the nest against the dark green of the tree. At the beginning of
the season we published notes in the papers requesting growers to have their pickers
look for these clusters of leaves and destroy the nests when found. We have already
had reports of a large number of nests collected and destroyed this season by the
pickers.
&:
150 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
EpucarioNat Worx.
In addition to having our ten inspectors collect as many nests as possible from
the trees, we plan to have them carry on as much educational work as possible, in
order to persuade growers to examine their own trees and collect Brown-tail nests
and to spray. All of our inspectors have all available data in regard to spraying
right at their finger tips, and they are instructed to see the owner of every property
giving over five Brown-tail nests, and endeavor to get him to spray his trees the
next season.
Morr SPRAYING CAMPAIGNS.
The one thing outside of the work of our own inspectors in collecting nests
that has had an appreciable effect in Brown-tail control has been the campaign for
more spraying. In this we have the co-operation of the United Fruit Companies,
whose warehouses extend over the whole fruit district, and of the Dominion Frujt
Inspectors, who, under the Dominion Fruit Commissioner, Mr. D. Johnson, are
now inspecting most of the fruit in the orchards and warehouses instead of at
Halifax, so they come in direct contact with the growers and are_a tremendous
power in causing more spraying to be done. JI am this winter spending two or three
days with each of these inspectors, visiting warehouses, etc., and keeping them
supplied with data on spraying. Mr. Johnson tells me that he wants his inspectors
to be an educative rather than a police force—that they can do more good in show-
ing people how to grow better fruit than, as he puts it, “ going at the grower witha
club to fine him if possible.”
This attitude deserves the very highest commendation, and in teaching the
Nova Scotia growers how to produce good fruit he must teach them how to control
Brown-tails, for spraying, which controls the Brown-tail, is absolutely necessary in
the production of good fruit in Nova Scotia.
The manager of the United Fruit Companies, Mr. A. E. McMahon, and his
officials have been untiring in their efforts to get more and better spraying done,
and their work has been particularly effective. About 60 per cent. of the total
crop of Nova Scotia is handled through the 48 warehouses of the Companies, and
all of the spraying material for their members is purchased by them. On their —
,60-ton order of lead arsenate, with other spraying material in proportion, they are
able to get the very finest prices possible, and they give their members the full
benefit of these prices and sell to non-members at a price that will barely cover ex-
penses, preferring to take their profit in the benefits their members will receive
from having their neighbors spray. The Fruit Companies’ Inspectors, who visit
every warehouse at least once a week, the warehouse managers and the packing fore-
men are every one active advocates of spraying, and persuade a great many people —
to spray by calling them into the warehouse when their poor lots are being packed —
out and comparing them with other well-sprayed lots.
The companies are also proving themselves of great value in the spraying
campaign, by changing the methods of charging the cost of packing. In all of
the warehouses, no matter under what system they are run, the culls, owing to the
difficulty in apportioning them, are confiscated by the company and sold to be
credited against general cost of packing. In most of the old companies the
members were charged on the pack out of apples, that is, a member who delivered
50 barrels of apples from the trees which packed out 40 barrels of shipping apples,
paid the same as the member who delivered 100 barrels, which packed out 40
barrels of shipping apples, the culls in both cases being confiscated, the larger
1916 — ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 151
amount of culls about offsetting the extra cost of packing. In some of the last
formed companies the cost of packing was charged on the number of barrels
delivered at the warehouse, so that the man who delivered 50 barrels which packed
out 40 paid only one-half as much as the man who delivered 100 barrels which
packed out 40, the culls still being confiscated. The companies that operated
under this last system had no difficulty in persuading their members to spray.
When a man has to buy a barrel costing 26 cents for cull apples, pay 20 cents per
barrel for having them handled, and then have the apples confiscated, it is quite
easy to persuade him to spend 15 cents per barrel on spraying, and make shipping
apples of them. Where the last system is operating, spraying is increasing rapidly.
and the executive of the United Fruit Companies are gradually persuading the
subsidiary companies to change over to the last system, as they find it the very
strongest argument they can use in getting more spraying done.
These three complete and far-reaching organizations, some of which are in
direct personal touch with almost every fruit grower in the valley, at least once a
month have, to use a military phrase, “to be kept in ammunition.” - We are carry-
ing on a number of experiments and observations to find out just what insects are
doing the most damage, the extent to which each can be profitably controlled, the
profits derived from controlling them; the actual cost of spraying; the best
nozzles to use and the best materials to use. In this work we have the co-oper-
ation of the Provincial Entomologist, Prof. W. H. Brittain, who has taken over the
investigations on the sucking insects of the apple, leaving the biting insects to the
Dominion Laboratory. We have demonstrated that in an ordinary orchard in
_ the Annapolis Valley, the benefit derived from controlling bud moth, fruit worms,
and Codling Moth will pay for the entire cost of spraying, at least twice over; in
_ addition the grower has his insurance against blackspot or scab free, and the most
_ progressive of the Nova Scotia growers are now realizing that they cannot operate
an orchard profitably in the Annapolis Valley without spraying.
NEWSPAPER WoRK.
The Co-operatwe News, a paper conducted by the United Fruit Companies.
and mailed to every one of the members of the Companies, or about sixty per cent.
of the growers in the Annapolis Valley, twice a month, has reserved a page for any
_ articles we may choose to write or solicit on spraying problems. By this means we
_ are able to publish timely articles, give advance notice of insect outbreaks and
_ methods of combatting them, as we will do with the Tussock Moth next season;
give the growers the benefit of our findings just as soon as we are sure of our results,
_ and haye our papers and articles in handy form for the use of our inspectors, in
carrying on their personal canvass for more and better spraying.
The work in increasing the amount of spraying, we realize, is the most im-
portant part of the work of controlling Brown-tail in Nova Scotia, and a large
portion of the summer is devoted to spraying experiments and demonstrations, in
_-order that we may devise the most economical sprays possible for Nova Scotia, as
the cheaper and more effective the spray is, the more growers we can persuade to
use it.
e
Sprayine To ConTROL BROWN-TAILS IN THE FALL.
For two years we have been working on the possibility of controlling Brown-
tails with the last summer spray, and this year we demonstrated that where arsenate
of lead is used with Lime Sulphur in the last summer spray, or that applied from
‘June 28th to July 15th, the poison will adhere to the leaves enough to poison the
‘young Brown-tails when they emerge from the egg and start feeding in August.
™\
i
“
152 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
PARASITE WORK.
In addition to the spraying, which will control more and more Brown-tails
every year, as the amount of spraying increases, Mr. J. D. Tothil, of the Ento-
mological Branch, is supervising the colonizing of the various parasites. Besides
the colonizing of parasites, we have devised in Nova Scotia a practical means of
preventing the redueing in numbers of the imported parasite Apanteles lacteicolor
by the destruction of the winter webs of the Brown-tail. We build a large matched
board cage, about 5 feet high, 6 feet wide, and 12 feet long with an open top and
earth floor; two narrow boards are placed edgewise on the inside, and tanglefoot
placed on the undeyside as in the Fiske tray. All of the Brown-tail webs collected
are saved, and each of these cages stocked with two or three thousand of them.
The Brown-tails are fed on short, leafy twigs for about three weeks in the spring
until the first Apanteles larve emerges to spin its cocoon, then they are fed on
willow catkins three or four times a day, giving them plenty of food so as to have
as little Brown-tail web as possible in the food containing the Apanteles cocoons.
The willow catkins seem to be the best material we can find for the Apanteles to
pupate in. After about one week’s feeding on catkins and the majority of the
Apanteles have emerged, we feed broad leaves of some sort, heavily dusted with
Paris green. Two days feeding will usually kill all of the Brown-tails, and then
the green poisoned leaves can be rolled off to one corner and the willow containing
the Apanteles cocoons exposed, so that the adults can fly free as soon as they
emerge. ;
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BROWN-TAIL AND GIPSY MOTH SITUATION
IN RELATION TO CANADA.
J. D. Torsitt, Fre~tp OFFICER, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY,
FREDERICTON, N.B.
The parasites and predators that Mr. McLaine has just spoken of are being
introduced of course as a measure of protection against possible injuries in Canada
from the Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths.
How great a nuisance these two insects could become under Canadian con-
ditions is not known. The farther north they travel the more vigorous will be the
climate and the general conditions for existence. | Somewhere between their
present range and the arctic zone they will cease to be injurious. If the exact
location of this “ somewhere ” could be precisely forecasted, fewer difficulties would
no doubt be experienced in dealing with the spread of the infestation in the future.
The Brown-tail Moth, the less serious insect of the two, is now endemic in the
transition zone of Nova Scotia. This indicates that this insect could become, if
once established, a serious pest in all parts of the Dominion falling in this zone.
In the middle west, however, food supplies would be inadequate and the insect
would not be expected to flourish. The endemicity of Huproctis in the transition
zone of Nova Scotia indicates, therefore, that the insect would also be a pest in the ©
transition portions of British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick,
and Prince Edward Island, if it once became established in any of these places.
In boreal parts of New Brunswick, and most of the Province is boreal, the
same insect is epidemic. It remains to be seen whether or not it will become
endemic.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 153
a ESE Eee —eeEEEE—————E—EE———————E
The Gipsy Moth is a very serious shade tree and forest insect of the transition
zone. It would undoubtedly flourish were opportunity afforded in the transition
zone of Canada, excluding again that part of it falling in the treeless region of the
middle west.
The behaviour of this insect in the boreal life zone cannot be forecasted. In
this zone Mr. F. H. Mosher has shown that the insect would have an abundant food
supply. It is also known that the insect hibernates successfully in boreal parts of
Northern Maine. These two straws seem to show the direction in which the wind
is blowing; they seem to show that there is a very grave danger menacing over
immense boreal forests from attacks by this insect.
It is primarily to affect this seeming danger that the parasites and predators
are being introduced.
They are being hibernated at strategic points, that is at points in Canada
nearest to the infested area in New England and nearest to international trade
toutes. One of these points is near the international boundary in southern Quebec;
another is in New Brunswick, and a third in Nova Scotia.
During the last four years large numbers of these beneficial insects have been
introduced at these places. One of these species, Apanteles lacteicolor, is doing
well in its new environment; another, Compsilura concinnata, is expected to be
doing well, the third, Calosoma sycophanta, is known to be at least holding its own.
. These same insects in New England are now helping materially and per-
ceptably to relieve the situation.
It is hoped that by the time the Gipsy Moth reaches the Dominion there will
have developed a living wall of its natural enemies strong enough to prevent
disastrous results.
THE WORK CARRIED ON IN THE UNITED STATES AGAINST THE
GIPSY AND BROWN-TAIL MOTHS.
A. F. BurGeEss, IN CHARGE oF Moro Work, BurEAv oF ENTOMOLOGY,
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The Gipsy Moth and Brown-tail Moth work in New England, as most of you
know, is carried on in each State concerned by State and local agencies. Work to
prevent the spread of these moths outside the territory where they now exist is
maintained by the United States Department of Agriculture through the Bureau
of Entomology. All of the work is of importance, as upon its thoroughness
depends the chances of these insects spreading rapidly to the Dominion of Canada.
The Brown-Tail Moth flies strongly and is attracted to lights and has already
become established in districts in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick... The Gipsy
Moth does not spread in the adult stage, but the small caterpillars may be carried
long distances by the wind. Greater spread of this insect is shown toward the
north and north-west. This is due principally to the fact that the prevailing warm
winds during the time the small caterpillars are active blow from the south and
south-east. A large number of men are employed in the outside part of the
territory to scout the area for the purpose of determining how far the gipsy moth
has spread and to treat carefully the infestations in the outside towns. This work
consists, aside from scouting and creosoting of egg clusters in the winter, of thin-
ning out infested areas where trees are growing too closely, or where the stand is
il £.s.
154 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
of favored food plants, and of destroying the caterpillars in the spring and early
summer by the use of arsenate of lead spray and the application of bands of tangle-
foot. This work has an important bearing on the spread of the Gipsy Moth. If
tanglefoot bands are applied to trees before the caterpillars hatch it serves to keep
any of those that may hatch from egg clusters on the ground from climbing to the
tops of the trees and being blown long distances and establishing new infestations.
The territory inside the area known to be infested by the Gipsy Moth as well
as that infested by the Brown-tail Moth, has been placed under quarantine by the
Federal Horticultural Board, in order to prevent the shipment of trees or plant
products which might disperse these insects to uninfested territory. For the
purpose of enforcing these quarantines the infested territory is divided into sec-
tions in each of which an inspector is located, whose duty it is to examine all such
plant products, as well as stone and quarry products which are shipped outside the
infested area. This work has prevented the dissemination of the Gipsy Moth and
Brown-tail Moth to many widespread areas. In connection with the inspection
work, as related to the Brown-tail work, it should be of interest to residents of the
Dominion to know that during the past three years inspectors have been main-
tained at junction points where long distance trains have passed out of the infested
area in order to examine the trains and destroy any Brown-tail Moths that might
be attracted to the lights. Large number of moths have been destroyed as a result
of this work, especially heavy infestations having been destroyed on trains
passing through White River Junction, Vermont, north bound.
Other phases of the work carried on by the Bureau of Entomology are inca
experimental.
Silvicultural experiments are being carried on to determine the most resistant
stands and the best composition of tree growth to withstand continued Gipsy Moth
attack.
The parasite work was first begun in Massachusetts by a co-operative arrange-
ment between the State and the United States Department of Agriculture. Para-
sites attacking these insects in different stages were imported for several years
from Europe and Japan, and up to the present time, several species have become
firmly established, and progress has been made toward checking the increase of
these pests.
As has already been stated by Mr. McLaine, three of the species concerned,
namely, Apanteles lacteicolor, Compsilura concinnata, and Calosoma sycophanta,
have been introduced into Canada during the last two or three years, as a result of
a co-operative arrangement between Dr. Hewitt and the Bureau of Entomology.
These species have become so abundant in certain sections of the infested area that
they can be collected in considerable numbers in the field, and they are secured
in this way for colonization in areas where the species are not known to exist.
This work is also being done by the Bureau in order to bring about the rapid
establishment of these insects in the infested area.
Apanteles lacteicolor, which is a parasite of the Gipsy Moth, as well as of the
Brown-tail Moth, has been colonized over practically all the area where these species
are now known to exist. During the past year, many colonies were liberated in
eastern Maine, and it is not considered necessary to make liberations next year.
Compsilura concinnata has been colonized over a slightly smaller area. It
attacks both the Gipsy and the Brown-tail caterpillars, and more colonization will
be necessary, particularly in eastern Maine next summer.
The spread of Calosoma sycophanta has been slower than the other species
previously mentioned, although they are present in practically all the territory that
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 155
=
‘is badly infested with the Gipsy Moth. Further colonization will be necessary
next summer.
; In addition to the parasites already mentioned which are the most prominent
_ that have been liberated are two parasites of Gipsy Moth eggs, namely, Anastatus
_ difasciatus and Schedius kuvane which are doing excellent service. These tiny
insects spread slowly, hence it is necessary to liberate large numbers of colonies.
By the end of another season it is hoped that the area most heavily infested with
the Gipsy Moth will have been thoroughly colonized with these species.
Since the work was begun at the Gipsy Moth Laboratory, an effort has been
made to learn as much as possible concerning the life history and habits of the
parasites introduced, as well as their behavior, both under laboratory and field
conditions.
The principal effort that has been made, however, has been to secure all in-
formation possible that had any bearing on the methods of successfully colon-
izing the species in the field, and obtaining information which would enable the
_ work to be intelligently handled.
: Since it is not deemed necessary to recolonize the area where the parasites are
__ known to exist, a limited amount of time has been given to studying more closely
the habits and relations of the introduced species and of our native parasites as
well as native hosts. This work is showing some interesting results, but much of
the data is far from complete.
In closing, I would like to express my pleasure at the cordial and satisfactory
relations that have already existed between the work which is being carried on at
Melrose and that which is under the direction of Dr. Hewitt. A hearty spirit of
co-operation has existed among the men connected with the work and most satis-
factory results are being secured. ' j
Mr. Gtsson: I would like to ask Mr. Burgess what the total number of food
_ plants now is upon which the Gipsy Moth feeds?
Mr. Burcess: I cannot say just at the present moment but there are a large
_ number.
' M8. TREHERNE: We took some specimens of Gipsy Moth from Japan a few
years ago. Has a study been made of the parasites of this insect there?
- Mr. Burcess: There has been some work done in Japan on the Gipsy Moth.
Professor Kincaid from the University of Washington made a trip to Japan for
the Department some years ago and studied the Gipsy Moth to a limited extent
while making collections of parasites for shipment to this country. As far as I
_ know, that is the only study by an American that has been made of the Gipsy Moth
of Japan. I should consider that it would be dangerous to import the eggs of the
‘Gipsy Moth into any uninfested section of this country.
_ Mr. Wrwn: If there are no more discussions on the Brown-tail and Gipsy
“Moths I will now ask Mr. Gibson for his paper on “ Locust Control Work with
Poisoned Baits in Eastern Canada in 1915.”
156 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
LOCUST CONTROL WORK WITH POISONED BAITS IN EASTERN
CANADA IN 1915.
ARTHUR GIBsoN, CHIEF ASsISTANT ENTOMOLOGIST, IN CHARGE OF FIELD
Crop Insect INVESTIGATIONS, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA.
At the meeting of the Society held in Toronto in November, 1914, I gave an
account of our experiments at Bowesville, Ont., with poisoned bran baits to control
locusts.* Such work we considered very encouraging. During the present year,
1915, the Lesser Migratory Locust, Welanoplus atlanis Riley, was again enormously
abundant in Ontario and Quebec Provinces and to a lesser extent the Pellucid
Locust, Camnula pellucida Scudd. We were, therefore, able to conduct further
experiments and to demonstrate the value of new poisoned baits which had not
previously, under field conditions, been used in Canada.
PotsoNeD Barrs USED In 1915.
In June last (1915) arrangements were made to conduct twenty-three experi-—
ments with various poisoned baits near Bowesville, Ont. Each experiment was on
five acres and the land chosen was from adjacent farms upon which the Lesser
Migratory Locust was exceedingly numerous. No poisoned bait had previously ~
been used on any of this land. In addition to bran, shorts and sawdust were also.
used as carriers for the poison. Formule containing bran were easily mixed:
shorts did not mix satisfactorily owing to the fact that it becomes sticky and lumpy
which, of course, makes it more difficult to spread properly. Sawdust, if fairly
well free of small pieces of wood, spreads easily, but in mixing the formule con-
taining it care had to be taken to add the water slowly, as the sawdust does not
absorb liquid as quickly as bran, otherwise the Paris green is liable to be washed off.
In many districts where it is difficult to obtain bran sawdust may often be had for
practically nothing.
The following table gives concisely the results of some of our experiments con-
ducted at Bowesville:
*See Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1914 (1915), pp. 97-100.
fz ouny
|
|
gz ouny |
Gz auny’
6z euny
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
pz aun
wor}
-woltdde
jo ayn
syu90 TOT
sjue0 712
Sjueo [Z
S}U90 GT
syueo FRT
Nog ey]
Surpnyour
a108 ad
uoleordde
a[suls JO 4ySop
G0
9° 90F
LPst
8° a0e
8°Tel
ISBIIAV
CT O9€
€9 S16
iT 9EL
0G OLL
J} GLg
qsoMory | 4Sorpsyy
*LOULO9
002
“OOT ‘Se “OE
“Ge “098 ‘Of
"Gt “OOL “Let
ral
“OPS “08 “9
SMG, Veal 70)
oyeys
posuiM OF [[BUIS AOA
WLOty SySnoory = *AABOTT
PALPOR
Aap
pues Une
Aap
ayisoddo oy} 07 ssoaon A[[BuOsUIp Fut
-Y [EM pue ploy olf} JO.AouAoo ou Ye sul
-ULsoq ‘HON BoITdde 1ayye SARP f ‘play yore
Ul apBU OT ‘parva oaends sed syunoo YyRa(y
‘PbS ‘169 ‘6IS | SISnooy ‘AAvaY Ada, | PUB ULB 9S].BQ) ‘sq Og ‘weag | F
‘g(a Ee ‘1aye
GZ spenpia @ ‘SmOMMary
‘ook “OOL 'O8¢@ | -Hpul pasutm yo aq ‘sqab @ ‘Sassuloy,
‘os ‘9e ‘00g | -U TUNIpey, “@ATLOR Aap sry ‘Ul 6 {
88 “9EL “94 | S}SNOOT = ‘AABOT ATO, | PUB TTB “S180, ‘Sq Og “WBIg |
‘s[Bs FZ “1OVe MA
OLL @ ‘SOsUBIC
‘002 ‘OFT ‘99 OPRALSI 09 SULO ‘S}.Ib Z ‘SASSB[OW
‘OG ‘fS ‘Ife | -Uldeq eulog ‘aATjOR Aap “ql # ‘uve.
‘eoL ‘0GZ ‘GGT | AtOA sysnooyT ‘AAvaFT | puw une ONS ‘Sq OZ ‘UBIGT | Z
‘S[Ud FZ ‘aye
06 @ ‘SuOTAr]
“OL “The “OOT posuia ‘SJAD { ‘SOSST[OW
‘Oh ‘OT ‘GLgG | aul0og ‘seneys [[B ur Aap sary “Ul g ‘q] F weeny sie
‘2 ‘OL ‘GL | sysnoory = *AABOY AtOA | PUB ULIBA “VOT “sq, Og “UBL | 1
(Saa0B G)
UOLyRySeyuy LOY BOM OLN XA,
dog
‘ : Py
ae :
angst
Yat “Ul G
“s[Bs FZ ‘OVUM
@ ‘sanuRad
‘syd Z ‘sassR[oy
‘ql F ‘uaa sie
“Sq, OT “}Supaeg
‘sq OL ‘wRag |
‘S[Bs Fe ‘Toye
g ‘sesutt¢
*sy.tb @ ‘Sassnjop
‘q[ [ ‘Ue00d) SLUG
THE REPORT OF THE
ive)
aw
Veet
og ounr
Gz ouny:
gg oun’
a
gz oun;
mor}
-eoljdde
jo oye
syuao 17
syudo 4
$7090 6]
sjuoo Fey
IMoqey |
Surpuyout |
a10R 13d |
uoleoryddr |
a[suIs Jo ysoQ
@ org Olé
0€
Orl €&
6 GET GT
OSBIOAY | JSOMOY SOUR
0Sh “919 "S188 ¢ “IO} MA
“006‘T “0&2 yay ‘SID Fp ‘SASSBLOW
“S9€ ‘O1@ “ELP _ Arp “UL ZT 0} “Ur | “SqT PT ‘UeaIH simeq
00G'T | “GOS “OFS “9FE | “PAYOR sysnocrT “AawoFT | puw WATE ‘syeQ ‘sq 0g ‘uerg | 6
— —_——-} —
O0L purl "S[BS g ‘107B
‘O8 “GE “OOL | poyearytnoun yusoel pe yay aL E “MBS
‘069 “OGL ‘OF | Wory posurm AULA Aap “UL GL OF UG) “qT F ‘UeeTy siteg
0@L ‘POP “Lét ‘OG | ‘oAyOR sysnooT “AaBoy | pue wae ‘S}B0Q *Sq] 02 “{SUpMBG | g
. ‘ses $z ‘1078
g ‘sesuBid,
POL | ‘syab Z ‘sossBloy,
‘OGT “006 “FOE | qary ‘q[ [ ‘uaery seg
“9c¢ ‘OL ‘EE | OAIVOR S}Snoory Aap “UI G 0} ‘UI g “Sq, OT “QSNpMeg
8s¢ “LOL “OTL “SIL | *Go14egseyur AABOT] | pue ware ‘3480 “Sq[ OT ‘UBig | L
| — ----- -
‘S[BS G ‘IOPBM
¢ ‘suowo'y
GI ‘syd Z ‘SassBloW,
“8¢ ‘06 ‘Ser postin qary QI T “WoeTH sI1Bq
| ‘09 “08 “ph | SMlog ‘saseys snore Aap “Ut 6 09 "alg Sq] OL “FSNpaMeg
0S “OSS “OOP “G¢ | Wr sysnoory ‘£ABOTT | PUB THIBM ‘S}BO ‘Sq[ OT ‘UBaig | 9
“TOU
aIsoddo oy} 0) ssotoe AT[RUOSeIp Fut (sa10®8 G)
- [PA pue play oy} JO ToU.o0 9u0 4 SULT Ol} Soy uy TOPCO MA ONYXIA
doa
-m199q ‘HOM BoT]dde 104)" SAup fF ‘ploy YoRo
Ul opeul (~y ‘pared orvnbs tod syunoo yyvacy
gE
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 159
From the above table it will be seen that in fields where mixtures Nos. 2
and 4 containing oranges were used, higher death counts per square yard were
obtained. The mixtures in which sawdust was used are, indeed, very promising
and further work with these mixtures will be conducted. The results obtained
with mixture No. 8 are certainly remarkable and indicate the value of this new
and very cheap poisoned bait. In the report of the Society for 1914,* Mr.
Norman Criddle stated that he had experimented with sawdust and salt in
Manitoba and claimed that with the salt and sawdust he obtained about the same
results as with salt and bran. In the experiments tabulated above the highest
death rate was obtained, as will be seen, in the use of mixture No. 9, which
killed, on an average, 514 locusts per square yard of field.
As above mentioned each mixture treated an area of five acres. In the sawdust
mixtures the amount of water necessary, of course, will vary with the dryness
or otherwise of the material at hand. Two gallons may be sufficient, or more
may be required. The carrier, whether this be sawdust or bran, should be notice-
ably moistened, not made into a mash, or moistened too much to prevent its being
_ crumbled through the fingers. The farmers in general on whose lands the experi-
ments were conducted were much pleased with the success of the mixtures. Those
on whose fields mixtures 3, 4 and 8 were used have specially reported that the
crops were saved by the treatment. In all of these experiments only the one
application was made. The work of spreading the mixtures and making the
death counts was satisfactorily accomplished by Mr. T. Rankin, a student assistant.
At Lanoraie, in Quebec Province, a series of similar experiments were con-
ducted under my direction by Messrs. Beaulieu and Beaulne, officers of the Ento-
mological Branch. Unfortunately, the work here was seriously interfered with
by exceptional heavy and continuous rain and wind storms. In heavily infested
fields where mixtures similar to Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, but with shorts instead of
bran, the locusts were much reduced in numbers by the application, but the
heavy rains which followed soon after the mixtures were spread made it im-
possible to make important observations as to the death counts. On June 17,
mixture No. 6, as above, was spread in a field of oats. Five days later three counts
_ only were made owing to a misunderstanding and these gave 300, 305 and 328
dead to the square yard. A heavy rain and wind storm took place between 3 p.m.
and 9 p.m. on June 17, and undoubtedly many locusts which had fed on the
mixture in the early morning were poisoned and later washed away by the deluge.
On June 28, mixture No. 1 distributed over a pasture field resulted in an average
of 129 dead locusts to the square yard. Sixteen counts were made’ across the
field and on the date mentioned many of the insects were in the winged condition.
On June 25 I visited Lanoraie and in a field of rye in which mixture No. 3
with shorts used instead of bran large numbers of dead insects were observed.
The following counts in different parts of the field were made, 220, 635, 408, 235,
195, 523, 609, 395, 259, an average of 386 dead to the square yard. Dead locusts
~were found in numbers as far as 249 feet from the treated field.
ORGANIZATION AND (CO0-oPERATION NECESSARY TO ConTROoL Locusts OVER
WIDESPREAD AREAS.
In 1915 the value of early organization to control serious outbreaks of
locusts was strikingly illustrated in the Province of Quebec. In the Parish of
St. Etienne de Gres where our Entomological Circular-No. 5 had been freely
__—s- *Rep. Ent. Soe. Ont., 1914, p. 102.
Ea
160 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
distributed, and where control work had been conducted in 1914, the farmers
organized under the immediate direction of Father J. I. Trudel, the resident Parish
Priest and Agricultural Missionary. In this parish, practically all farm land—
estimated at over 21,000 acres—was treated with mixture No. 1, using Paris
green, however, in the strength of 114 pounds for each 20 pounds of bran. The
bran, Paris green, molasses and lemons were purchased in large quantities at
wholesale rates, and the mixture distributed over the land during the week begin-
ning June 4, at which time the locusts were from one-quarter to one-half
an inch in length. Counts made a few days after the application in various
fields ranged from 80 to 120 dead locusts to the square foot. I visited St.
Etienne de Gres on June 23 and examined many of the treated fields. Com-
paratively few living locusts could be seen and the farmers generally were much
pleased with the effectiveness of the mixture. Father Trudel estimated that 90
per cent. of the locusts had been killed. Of the area treated about 7,000 acres
= -
Oat field at St. Etienne de Gres., Que., saved by one application of poisoned bait.
(Original. )
were in oats. These crops, as well as fields of other grains and vegetables, were
saved from destruction. According to the Parish Priest, not a single field was
devastated and the pasture lands in addition were protected from injury. The
cost of the application at St. Etienne de Gres was 15 cents an acre, exclusive
of labor.
Following the advice given in our Entomological Circular No. 5, similar
work was carried on in 1915 in the following additional parishes of the Province
of Quebec: Mont Carmel, Pointe du Lac, St. Boniface de Shawinigan, and Alma-
ville. The Quebec Department of Agriculture, I am informed by Mr. J. A.
Grenier, Provincial Deputy Minister of Agriculture, made the following grants
to assist the farmers in the purchase of bran, Paris green, etc. :
SE: MELON eas, 4 age ccas so ocee eae leecher IRL ened tke eases Rs oe ae $1,013 00
Mont) ‘Carmel. is\s Sead che So estiek wd there eectee ie chante ete earn 675 00
Pointe dudae «iz oc. ches cs Boke GE ee ee eens tre queen ere 200 OC
St; Bonitace*de Shawinican ....c acct nea 100 00
Pht hg 1) a ae en aar Teemr oS Aen So kee =o 100 00
1916. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 161
I have already referred to the results obtained in the Parish of St. Etienne.
Tn the Parish of Mont Carmel the farmers, under the guidance of Father E. Fusey,
treated 7.400 acres, of which 2,000 acres consisted of farm land which had been
abandoned owing to the continuous outbreaks of the locusts. In some fields, in
1915, crops of vegetables and grain were harvested for the first time in eleven
years. The Parish priest reported complete success in the use of mixture No. 1,
with Paris green used in the strength of 114 pounds to the 20° pounds of bran,
in his opinion 95 per cent. of the locusts having been killed. On June 22, 1
visited the parish and very few living locusts, indeed, were present in the fields
examined. Mr. G. Beaulieu, Field Officer of the Branch, who was also present
in the same district during the period June 20 to 29, could not find any fields
sufficiently infested to enable him to undertake control experiments similar to
those conducted at Bowesville, Ont. In some fields a second treatment was given
owing to very heavy rains following the first spreading.
Part of abandoned farm, Valmont, Que., now a breeding ground for locusts.
(Original. )
Tn the Parishes of Pointe du Lac. St. Boniface de Shawinigan and Almaville,
similar satisfactory results were obtained and the farmers generally were well
pleased with the poisoned bait, which certainly saved from destruction many
fields of crops.
The question of the control of locusts is a very important one to many
farmers in Eastern Canada, but we are extremely hopeful as a result of our
experimental and field demonstration work, that the destruction of these insects in
future outbreaks will be a comparatively simple matter—largely one of proper
€o-operation. Farmers living in districts where locusts are destructive should
organize in early spring so that a sufficient quantity of poison, etc., will be readily
available to distribute over the fields when the locusts are about the size shown
at a and / of figure herewith of the Lesser Migratory Locust. The poisoned
bait should be applied early in the morning (before or very soon after sunrise)
‘on or about the same day. Twenty pounds of poisoned bait is sufficient to treat
five acres. It is, of course, not necessary that the mixture be applied to all
162 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
of the land, but by scattering it thimly here and there throughout the fields
sufficient of the bait will be distributed to attract the locusts from considerable
distances. In the preparation of the bait it is wise to. guard against the breath-
ing of the fine particles of the Paris green. This may be avoided by tying a
handkerchief, loosely, over the mouth and nose.
Dr. FERNALD: I would like to ask if there were any experiments made as
to the variation in number of the oranges and lemons.
Mr. Gipson: In every case we used only the three fruits to the 20 pounds
of carrier.
Mr. TREHERNE: In British Columbia we have a lot of range land. Last year
we had about 100 square miles destroyed by the Migratory Locust, M. affinis. I
would like to hear from Mr. C. P. Lounsbury on this.
Lesser Migratory Locust, Melanoplus atlanis: a, b, young
hoppers; c, adult male; d, adult female.
(Author’s illustration.)
Mr. Lounspury: Our South African matters are so very different that I ara —
afraid there would be very little advantage in my discussing them. All our
work in South Africa for many years has been done with poisoned baits or spray-
ing. We use arsenite of soda more than Paris green because it is cheaper.
We have never attained anything with the citrus fruits. Does the fruit
juice add much to the attractiveness of the bait?
Mr. Grsson: The fruit juice is, of course, supposed to add to the attractive-
ness of the bait. We have never had any definite experiments to bear out this fact.
In the case of the new sawdust mixture containing salt alone, the salt is un-
doubtedly the attractant.
Mr. Winw: If there are no further discussions on Mr. Gibson’s paper I will
gall on Professor Caesar to give his paper on “ Apple Leaf-rollers in Ontario.”
EE
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 163
LEAF-ROLLERS ATTACKING APPLES.
L. CArsAR, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH.
On the discovery last year that in at least two well-cared-for commercial
orchards much loss had been done by the Fruit-tree Leaf-roller* [Tortria (Cacecia)
argyrospila|], which has the last few years become a very troublesome pest in
many parts of the United States, it seemed to me wise to study the habits and
life-history of this insect in Ontario so that I might be in a position from actual
experience to advise as to the best methods of control in case the insect should
- increase in numbers and attack more orchards. In this and other investigation
work I had the assistance of my colleague, Mr. G. J. Spencer, for a few weeks, and
of Mr. H. G. Crawford, a recent graduate, for the whole season. The investiga-
tions were conducted chiefly in the large apple orchard of Mr. Jas. E. Johnson,
Simeoe, Norfolk County.
SPECIES OF LEAF-ROLLERS FOUND IN THE ORCHARD.
We expected to find two species of Leaf-rollers [Tortrix (Cacecia) argyros-
pila] and the Oblique-banded Leaf-roller [Tortrix (Cacecia) rosaceana]. I knew,
however, from the large number of unidentified egg masses on the trees that there
was another insect present, but what it was I had no idea. Later on we found that
it too, was a leaf-roller, which proved to be Tortrix (Cacecia) semiferana, the
- Box-Elder (Manitoba Maple) Leaf-roller. We thus had three species working side
by side.
_ A yery peculiar circumstance in connection with our work was that though
there were about 60 acres of large apple trees in one solid block, the three most
_ important pests studied, the Fruit-tree Leaf-roller. the Box-Elder Leaf-roller and
_ the Capsid (Neuwrocolpus nubilus) were all found together towards the centre of
this orchard on a block of Spy trees of 6 to 10 acres in extent. Bordering rows of
Baldwin trees were also attacked but those some distance removed, as also distant
_ Spy and Greening trees, were very little injured. The explanation of this localiza-
tion of insects is hard to discover. This part of the orchard had been in sod
longer than the other parts but that scarcely seems sufficient explanation. Prof.
Gillette has remarked upon the tendency of the Box-Elder Leaf-roller to appear
at the same time and in the same neighborhood, but not on the same kinds of
trees as the Fruit-tree Leaf-roller. It is well known that the latter very com-
monly centres itself in one locality injuring perhaps a single orchard severely and
“searcely attacking at all another a few rods away.
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF EACH SPECIES.
Though the egg masses of semiferana were almost as abundant as those of
argyrospila the larve of the latter were many times more numerous, at any rate
towards the end of the season. This may have been due to the former species
being less immune to poisonous sprays (Lugger of Minnesota reported that Paris
green controlled this species) or to some other unknown cause. FRosaceana was
not nearly so abundant even as semiferana. About nine-tenths of the total injury
was done by argyrospila.
*Mr. August Busck states that the generic name “ Archips” has been dropped and
_“ Cacoecia ” is tentatively retained as a subdivision of Tortrix.
164 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
DISTRIBUTION IN THE PROVINCE.
Argyrospila is so common and so widely distributed all over the United
States that it is not at all surprising to find that it exists almost, if not quite, all
through the fruit districts of Ontaric. I have either captured or reared adults
from places here and there all the way frem Ottawa to Norfolk County and feel
~sure | could, with a little searching, find them in almost all other fruit counties.
This clearly indicates that it is by no means a new pest, but that through some
peculiar absence of natural means of control has the last two or three years
suddenly become a very destructive one in a few orchards and may yet become so —
in others. 7
Rosaceana was until the last couple of years considered our most common
and destructive apple leaf-roller. It is seldom present, however, in large numbers. —
It, too, has existed all over the Province for many years.
Semiferana is very little known in Ontario. There is one specimen in the
collection of the Ontario Entomological Society, but without any data as to where
and when it was taken. A specimen was taken by Dr. Fyles at Levis, Quebec, and
one is reported as being in Mr. Winn’s collection, but he has no recollection of
having seen or taken any. There is no record of it from Nova Scotia. In
Ontario, Mr. Crawford and I have searched in several localities this fall for ege
masses, but found none outside of the orchard at Simcoe. It is very probable,
however, that a careful search of forests would show its presence in quite a number
of localities, otherwise it is difficult to account for its abundance at Simcoe.
Host PLants.
At Simcoe we found the Fruit-tree Leaf-roller (argyrospila) preferred apple
trees to any other kinds. A few were observed on pears, plums and peaches, and
also on oaks. In the orchard it was seen that the larve fed freely upon almost
any kind of succulent or moderately succulent weed beneath the trees. They
were very fond, too, of the leaves and heads of clover and of vetch in such positions.
A study of the literature on the subject shows that it has a very large number
of food plants, including numerous weeds, forest and shade trees, and shrubs.
So that it is by no means limited to fruit trees. .
The Oblique-banded Leaf-roller (rosaceana) is found most commonly on
apples and pears but from the list of host plants given by Slingerland and Crosby,
which include several weeds and clovers, it mie be Seat as omnivorous as
the Fruit-tree Leaf-roller.
The Box-elder Leaf-roller (semiferana) has never before, so far as I can
find, been reported as attacking apples. A few wild cherries and currants beside
Box-elders have been found by Lugger slightly infested. Its favorite food, how-
ever, is the Box-elder, often called the Manitoba Maple. In Colorado and Min-
nesota it has been reported as occurring at times in great numbers on these trees.
Tt is recorded also from oaks and hickory.
NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE INJURY DoNtE.
So far as we could see from a single season’s work, the feeding habits and
injuries done in the orchard by all three species were so similar that a description
of what was closely observed in the case of the Fruit-tree Leaf-roller will serve
for all.
We were not able to begin our work until May 3rd and by this time 7
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — 165
—————
majority of the larvee had hatched and entered the opening leaflets of the infested
Spy trees and were feeding on the interior. The larve had apparently begun to
hatch, as stated by various writers on the subject, soon after the buds began to
burst. By May 3rd, the leaflets were about one inch long but the blossoms were
not yet ready to burst. Leaflets containing a larva inside were prevented by the
silken threads from opening for some time. Later-hatching larve rolled the ex-
panded leaves up, either the whole leaf being folded or only a portion of one side.
When the fruit buds were ready to burst these were in many cases preferred to
the leaves and the larve bored into them and fed upon the stamens, pistils or
ovaries, thus destroying the promise of fruit. Sometimes, as the cluster of blossom
lbuds opened, a silken web was spun around these and perhaps an adjoining leaf
or two, and the larve fed on the parts inside the web. Under these circumstances
the blossom stems were often cut off. When that was not done, the blossoms
themselves were usually unable to open properly because of the web. When the
fruit began to form many of the caterpillars deserted the leaves for this and ate
large or small areas in it. Sometimes the areas were only shallow, but some-
Adults of (a) Archips agryrospila; (b) A. semiferana; (c) A. rosaceana.
(All natural size.)
times they extended right through to the core. In the case of plums they
often reached right into the pit. Almost all apples with very deep injuries
dropped soon. The others, if they remained on the tree, were always more or
less deformed and as a rule rendered culls. A callous growth with russet surface
soon formed over the injured area and protected it from the air and rain. Feeding
on small apples was usually done under some kind of protection, such as a leaf
fastened by the larva to the apple or a little web spun over the hole made. When
the larve fed upon the large expanded leaves they nearly always chose those last
formed and therefore most succulent. These they rolled either upwards or down-
wards, about 66 per cent. being rolled up so that the upper surface was the
enclosed one, the remainder being rolled the opposite way. Migration from older
leaves to younger seemed to be quite common and helped to explain the difficulty
of killing the larve by arsenicals. The larvee, when in the large rolled leaves,
fed either by eating holes through the leaves or by devouring the apical or basal
portions, leaving the rest intact. When disturbed they readily dropped down by
a single thread and usually crawled back to the leaf when all was quiet.
ee
166 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Where the larve were very abundant they did a great deal of damage both
to the foliage and the fruit. Large numbers of the terminal leaves in such cases,
especially on the top of the tree, were badly tattered and riddled by them, but
none of the trees were defoliated as had happened in some cases in Colorado
and elsewhere. dn the orchard at Simcoe there was so light a setting of fruit
on most of the Spy trees this year that it was difficult to form any estimate
of the amount of loss. On one well-laden tree, however, of another variety in
among the Spy trees fully 50 per cent. of the fruit was ruined either by the
destruction of the fruit blossoms or by the killing of the young fruits themselves
or by rendering much of what remained culls. In an orchard near Hamilton I
estimated that some large Greening trees had fully 50 per cent. of the crop des-
troyed. Mr. Sexsmith of Trenton estimated that in his ten or twelve acre orchard
the crop had been lessened fully 50 per cent. in the infested orchard both last
year and this. Another orchard of his, and all the neighboring orchards visited
by me, had suffered almost no injury. In Norfolk County we found only the one
orchard at all seriously infested, though a few larve were to be found all through
the district.
Egg masses of A. argyrospila. The four to the right have hatched.
and are white; the remainder are unhatched and are
dark brown. (Natural size.)
An examination of the only three badly infested orchards known to me showed
that any variety of apple was subject to attack and that there was no reason to
believe that there was any special attractiveness in the Spy over other varieties.
BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THE ADULTS OF EACH SPECIES.
The adult of the Fruit-tree Leaf-roller is a moth with a wing expanse of
from two-thirds of an inch to one inch. The general colour of the fore wings is a
tusty brown with several silvery-white or silvery-gray markings which vary some-
what in different individuals, but are usually of the size and arrangement shown in
the photograph. The hind wings are a light ashy brown color without any
markings.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 167
The Box-elder Leaf-roller adult resembles very closely in shape, size and
whitish markings, the above species. It differs, however, from it in that the
general color of the forewings is a much lighter brown, almost a fawn color.
The hind wings in the former species contrasted strongly in colour with the fore
wings but in this species they are practically the same pale brown or fawn color
only a little lighter in shade. Moreover, the white markings, as seen in the
photograph, usually continue farther in from the front margin forming in the
ease of two of them irregular oblique transverse bands reaching most of the way
across the wing. In many males there is a noticeable dark brown spot, the size
of the head of a pin, enclosed or nearly enclosed by white areas and situated in
the middle of the front wing at about the outer part of the first third. There
are some very light colored specimens in which the white markings are very
indistinct.
Bgg masses of A. rosace-
anda, laid on glass. The
little line to the side is
a young larva just
emerged from an egg.
(Natural size.)
Egg masses of A. semiferana on pieces of apple bark.
Those in the upper row, with one exception, are
unhatched; the remainder have hatched.
(Natural size.)
The adult of the Oblique-banded Leaf-roller is, as seen in the photograph,
considerably larger than either of the above species though many specimens are
smaller than those pictured. It can easily be distinguished from either species
by the absence of white markings and by the front wings being a dull light brown
with two wide darker brown transverse bands on the outer half running obliquely
outwards from the front margin. The-outer of these bands is sometimes incom-
plete. The hind wings are of a lighter brown than the front. There are some
very pale specimens of this species, too, compared with the typical forms.
168 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
DESCRIPTION OF EGG MASSES OF THE DIFFERENT SPECIES.
All three species lay their eggs in clusters as seen in the photographs. The
egg masses of the Fruit-tree Leaf-roller are roughly oval in shape, about three-
sixteenths of an inch in length, and are covered with a protective secretion.
They are, with very rare exceptions, laid on twigs of two or three years’ growth,
and commonly on some slight slope on these such, as occurs at the base of a
branch or fruit spur. They are nearly always deposited on the upper surface or
sides of the twig, only two or three having been found on the underside. Freshly
laid masses are yellowish green but soon turn dark brown, a little darker brown ,
than the twigs on which they are laid. After hatching they gradually become
grayish white and are then more easily seen. The little openings show where
the caterpillars emerged. Old egg masses sometimes remain on the trees for
two years before weathering away. Each egg mass contains an average of about
95 eggs, the smallest number found being 6 and the largest 145.
Ju 5
F799 x
pst
Cite
we
52% Sey
?
Egg masses of A. semiferana much enlarged to show the scales
from the moth’s abdomen that form the covering.
(After Gillette.)
The egg masses of the Box-elder Leaf-roller are easily distinguished from
any other egg mass likely to be found in that they are covered over with scales.
We have not observed the female laying the eggs, but there seems no doubt that
after she has deposited and covered them over with a sticky secretion she presses
her abdomen down upon this secretion and leaves all the scales there arranged
as in nature. This would lead us to infer that only one ege mass is laid by each
female. The masses are, as seen in the figure, roughly oval, are a little smaller
than those of the Fruit-tree Leaf-roller and are glossy cream in color. They
usually appear to contain from 20 to 60 eggs. Unlike those of the first species
the egg masses are not laid on twigs but chiefly in the axils of branches of from
about one to two inches in diameter, and on the bark of the larger branches of
11% inches and upwards in thickness. A few are found on the trunk. The eggs
are usually placed in a slight depression on the bark.
Only four egg masses of the Oblique-banded Leaf-roller were seen. ‘Two
of these were laid on the glass in rearing cages (one of these is shown in the
-1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 169
photograph) one on a leaf in the orchard and another on the bark of a young
apple tree. The mass is pale green before hatching and then becomes trans-
parent and almost colorless. The eggs lap one over the other somewhat as shingles.
The mass is a little larger than that of the Fruit-tree Leaf-roller and contains
an ayerage of about 100 eggs. When ready to hatch, as in the photograph, the
black heads of the little larve show through the mass very distinctly and make
it easy to count the eggs.
Full-grown larvae: 1 and 2 of A. semiferana, the
remainder of A. argyrospila. (Natural size.)
Empty pupal cases (a) of A. semiferana, (b) of A. argyrospila.
Note that the former are very much lighter in colour,
often being nearly white. (Natural size.)
12 Es.
170 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
CoMPARISON OF THE LARV#.
The larve of all three species closely resemble each other both in appearance
and habits, and therefore will not be distinguished by the fruit growers. In the
early part of the season up to the time when the fruit begins to be attacked the
larva of the Oblique-banded species will nearly always be the largest of the three
because it reaches maturity earliest. It is, when full grown, nearly an inch
long, green in color, with a black or blackish head and thoracic shield.
The full grown larva of the Fruit-tree Leaf-roller is usually more of a pale
yellowish-green color; it also has a black head and thoracic shield in all stages
except the last when these usually change to brown.
The full grown Box-elder larva is like the above two in being nearly an inch
long. It is a very pale apple green color and can be distinguished from either
of the above species by the head and thoracic shield being a whitish green instead
of black. There is often a slight mottling of brown on these parts, and in some
specimens at least, the segments are indistinctly divided by pale yellowish-white
lines. There is a dark green line down the middle of the back.
COMPARISON OF THE PUP.
It does not seem worth while to go into details in regard to the differences
between the pupa, further than to remark that those of the Fruit-tree Leaf-roller
and of the Oblique-banded species are brown, whereas those of the Box-elder
species are whitish both before and after the adults emerge.
Lire-HIsTorIes.
The winter is passed by all the species in the egg stage on the trees. We
did not prove this of the Oblique-banded species because the larve of the second ~
brood of this species all died in the cages, but Herrick, of Cornell, has shown that -
eggs are laid by the second brood adults and the winter passed, in that stage.
The eggs of all three begin to hatch near the same time, which is usually very
soon after the buds are beginning to burst. Almost all those of the Box-elder
Leaf-roller and also of the majority of the Fruit-tree Leaf-roller had hatched by
May 38, which was a few days before the blossoms on the Spy began to burst.
At this date the larve of these-two species were still very small, being only about
¥ inch long. Hatching of argyrospila eggs continued for a month, the last
newly hatched larva being seen June 8th.
By May 25th the Oblique-banded Leaf-roller had begun to pupate and by
June 10 the first adult was seen. The latter.date was about two weeks after the
blossoms fell from the Spy trees. The pupal stage of this species, judged from
the few specimens reared, lasted about 13 days. The larve of the Fruit-tree
Leaf-roller began to pupate about June 14, but larve were present for three weeks
or more later. Adults were first seen in the orchard on June 26th. After this
they soon became quite common. By July 12 they seemed to have reached the
maximum, and then quickly decreased in number, the last being seen on July 22.
The length of the pupal stage averaged 11.5 days. Adults in cages lived only
five or six days.
The first pupa of the Box-elder species was found on June 26th, but there
must have been pup earlier than this for adults were found on July 3rd, and
cage experiments showed that the pupal stage lasted about 12 days on an average.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. al
—————— —$ $$ $s
Young apples injured by Leaf-roller larvae. (Natural size.)
Work of Leaf-rollers on leaves and fruit clusters. Note the rolled
leaves and the young dead fruit stems fastened to them.
(Natural size.)
12 - THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
SS ee ee
From July 3rd they increased rapidly and were still abundant July 20th, but
soon after disappeared. They were seen, however, a week or more later in the
orchard than the preceding species.
The above data shows that this year T. rosaceana adults began to emerge
about two weeks earlier than those of T. argyrospila and the latter about a week
earlier than those of T. semiferana.
Rosaceana and semiferana seemed to pupate almost invariably in the leaves,
but much to our surprise fully half of the pupation of argyrospila either took
place on weeds or in the grass or else the pupe were shaken by the wind out of the
leaves into the grass beneath. For instance, we spread a covering of cheesecloth,
8 x 10 ft. in size, on the ground beneath a tree on June 26th after emergence
had begun and under this 320 pupe or empty pupal cases were found and
Some of the parasites that help to control Leaf-rollers. Or
the left are Tachina Flies and their puparia; on
the right Ichneumons.
upon it 84 pupx, making a total of more than 400 which we estimated was a
larger number than the total of the pupe on the corresponding part of the tree
above the sheet. There was no lack of food on the trees to force them to descend
and very few weeds other than withered blue grass. Whereyer there were succu-
lent weeds under infected trees many larve fed and pupated in these.
None of the species of moth fly around in the day, unless disturbed, and
then with a rapid zigzag motion they fly down into the grass to hide. Owing to
the distance (214 miles) of the orchard from our boarding places and the fact
that the moths did not lay during the day time so far as we could tell, we did
not see any of them ovipositing but know that the eggs outside are_laid within
a few days after the emergence of the adult, just as they are in the cages.
There is clearly only one brood a year of the Fruit-tree Leaf-roller and of
the Box-elder Leaf-roller respectively, but there are two broods of the Oblique-
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 173
banded species. The eggs of this last species, laid in the cages, began to hatch in
seven days after they were laid. The young larve once they began to emerge
out of the mass did so in a yery short period and were seen to be very active
from the moment of emergence. They were placed upon succulent shoots at the
base of a tree and caged in but for some unknown reason died before reaching
maturity. =
NATURAL ENEMIES.
1. Spiders, ants, syrphid-fly larve and pentatomids each destroyed some larve
but not a large number compared with the total.
2. A number of instances were observed where very active Leaf-roller larve
devoured their more sluggish brothers, the sluggishness being due either to disease
or preparations for moulting or pupation.
3. Birds feed to some extent upon them, but there were very few birds in
the Johnson orchard.
4. Disease almost all through the larval season destroyed a considerable
number, especially towards the end of the season. Pups, too, were evidently
diseased for many were found that shrivelled up and turned black. Some of
these had been parasitized but many had not. The dead larve were not killed
by spraying as they were found also on unsprayed trees.
5. Tachinid parasites were present in moderate numbers. There were two
species of these: Masicera eufitchie, Townsend, and Ezorista cesar, Aldrich, n. sp.
The latter were far the more numerous. (Dr. J. M. Aldrich kindly indentified
the Tachinide for me.)
6. At least two and possibly three species of Ichneumons were common but
we have not yet been able to get them determined.
Apparently not more than 5 per cent. of the larvee were destroyed by parasites.
They would probably have been much more abundant if the weather had been
warmer. The month of June was very cold and on cold days parasites scarcely
appeared at all. Disease evidently played a greater part in control than parasites.
For some reason more than half of the eggs of the first brood moths of
rosaceana failed to hatch though the larve could be seen very plainly inside, but,
as stated above, we found only four egg masses of this species.
Metuops oF Conrro..
We, probably like everyone else who has examined the work of Tortrix
(Cacecia) argyrospila, found it hard to believe that a caterpillar that left the
leaves in such an eaten, ragged condition could not be satisfactorily combated with
arsenical sprays but our experience this year leads us to agree with Herrick, Childs
and several others that arsenical sprays are not satisfactory. They kill a consider-
able number but not nearly enough to prevent great loss. There are two reasons
for the failure of these poisons to be effective:—(1) While the larve are still small
and will die if they eat the poison, their habits of feeding prevent the great majority
of them from getting access to it. This is because as soon as they hatch they usually
seek an opening bud or leaf just beginning to unfold itself, and work into the
centre of these, feeding in the interior and therefore unpoisoned part, and retard-
ing for a considerable time the opening. On Spy trees, at least, unfolded leaves
suitable for the later hatching larve to hide in are present until the blossoms are
174 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
wide open, and are sought by the majority of the young larve in preference to open
leaves. The undeveloped fruit buds are also sought. (2) When the larve become
large they seem to be very little affected by the poison. We found many well
poisoned leaves being eaten and the larve perfectly healthy.
That the poison will kill the younger larve if they eat it was proved by
Mr. Crawford by immersing infested twigs in various strengths of arsenate of lead
in water. He used 2, 3, 4 and 5 lbs. to 40 gals. of water respectively, and killed
all larve with each strength except those in the undeveloped leaves that were
so closely folded that the liquid did not get in. It entered all loosely rolled
leaves. This sort of dipping, however, is very different from the very best spraying —
even with power machines that can be done, especially on large trees, because the —
spray fails to get into many a loosely rolled leaf, or mass of blossom clusters or —
leaves webbed together.
Tan onike I was too busy conducting spraying experiments for San
José Scale, Canker Worms, Codling Moth and Apple Scab in an orchard in the
Niagara district to do the spraying myself at Simcoe, and Mr. Crawford was too ~
busy watching the three Leaf-rollers and the Capsid to devote much of his time to ~
it. Mr. Johnson, however, had a good outfit and certainly sprayed more thoroughly
than most men would do. He was just as eager to kill these insects as we were.
Four applications with double strength arsenate of lead (almost 4 lbs. to 40 gals. of
dilute lime-sulphur) were used. ‘The first was just as the leaflets began to appear, —
the second just before the blossoms opened, the third as soon as the blossoms ~
fell, and the last two weeks later. Black-leaf-40 was used at his own desire with
the last of these to destroy Aphids. The foliage showed whitish all summer long
with these heavy sprayings.
Mr. Sexsmith, of Trenton, on my advice also sprayed his orchard very
heavily before the blossoms opened and used double strength arsenate of lead.
He also sprayed heavily for the Codling Moth. Yet in both orchards the results
were very disappointing for there were numerous larve left and many observations
in the former by Mr. Crawford and myself convinced us that only a small per-
centage of the larve had been poisoned. I intend, however, to re-test this next
year and supervise all the spraying myself. :
Black-Leaf-40, it is claimed by some, will control this pest if applied while
they are young. Gill, of Washington Bureau, tested this but did not get so good
results as from arsenate of lead alone. It certainly had no lasting effect upon
the medium sized larve at Simcoe, though for a little while it seemed to stupify
some of them. It doubtless would help in the spray just before the blossoms
burst, but would not kill the larve in the closely folded leaves and buds. It
seems to me we could not possibly hope to get satisfactory results from it even
with two applications: It is, moreover, very costly.
Lime-sulphur is known to be useless against the eggs.
Miscible oils alone have given really satisfactory results to most investigators.
This spray is used only against the eggs.
I sent Mr. Johnson ten gallons of Scalecide and instructed him to dilute
this 1 to 5 and to spray just as the buds were ready to burst. He was told to
centre his spraying on the twigs of the infested Spys and pay no attention to the
bare branches and trunk. He did so and used about from 4 to 5 gals. to a tree
One Baldwin tree he sprayed heavily. The result was that this tree showed
approximately 80 per cent. of unhatched eggs, unsprayed trees only about 2 per
cent., and the lightly sprayed Spy trees not more than from 10 to 25 per cent.
The explanation, however, of the poor result is simple but very instructive.
i
“
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 175
Scalecide will not kill the eggs unless they are thoroughly wet and 4 to 5 gallons
per tree was not more than half enough to wet all the twigs on these large 40-
year-old Spy trees. It only allowed for a fine mist. Both he and I were afraid
to risk heavy spraying with a miscible oil without further experience with it.
I also observed that on large Spy trees with their tendency for upright twigs and
branches the same care would be necessary to do thorough work as if one were
spraying for San José Scale, otherwise numerous twigs at the farther side of a
tree would have only one side of their bark wet because of the failure of the spray
to reach through that far. Most reported experiments with miscible oils have
been done on trees 12 to 14 years of age, but these are vastly easier to spray
thoroughly than trees twice or three times their size. A strong wind would help
greatly in this spraying. Also well pruned trees would be a great boon. Mr.
Johnson’s, however, were very well pruned.
Scalecide and another as yet unnamed miscible oil, and also Caustic Soda
solution, were tested this August on egg masses, and though used very strong, have
had no effect upon the eggs of either argyrosphila or semiferana, so that fall
spraying appears to be useless.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
From the experience gained this year, we feel like recommending the follow-
ing methods of control:
1. Prune trees well, thinning out the excessive branches and twigs ancé
lowering the trees where possible. This is to make spraying easier, cheaper and
- more effective.
2. Spray very thoroughly with Scalecide or some other good miscible oil, just
as the leaf-buds are almost ready to burst but so as to finish before they have
done so. Take care to wet well the top and both sides of all the twigs. There
are scarcely any eggs on the underside of twigs or on any large branch at least
in Ontario.
3. Use 3 to 4 lbs. arsenate of lead to 40 gals. of dilute lime-sulphur or
Bordeaux mixture in the application just before the blossoms burst, and drench
_ the foliage, covering even the underside of the leaves.
4. Spray again heavily for Codling Moth with 3 instead of 2 lbs. arsenate
of lead. d
Nore.—If Scalecide or other good miscible oil is considered too expensive or can-
not be secured, add Black-Leaf-40 or some equally strong tobacco extract to the spray
before the blossoms burst, using a little stronger than for Aphids, and using lime-
sulphur, not Bordeaux, with it.
— 5. Jf the fruit grower has many chickens and can establish these in the
orchard, they will destroy great numbers of larve and pup whether the orchard
is cultivated or not.
6. Cultivation up to as late as safe for the district, with moderately deep
discing the last time, should help to destroy many larve and pup that reach
the ground or that are feeding on the weeds that may spring up from time to
time. Adults from pupe buried 2 inches deep by Mr. Crawford were found by
him to be unable to emerge.
Mr. Winn: I am sure you have all enjoyed Professor Caesar’s paper.
Pror. Cazsar: As to dust sprays for Leaf-rollers, I should say that there
is some reason to believe that the dust spray would enter better into the places
where these litile larvee are concealed than the liquid spray.
176 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Mr. TREHERNE: May I ask a question? Have you tested the effect of sprays
like Bordeaux and lime-sulphur in relation to the oil coating on trees?
Pror. CAESAR: We could not make any definite statements in this connection.
Mr. Sanvers: Did you find any variation in the color of the heads of Archips
rosaceana ?
Pror. Carsar: I may say that we laboured under difficulties as at first we did
not know which larve were which. I am not sure how much variation there was.
This species was rare in the orchard.
Mr. Percy: In regard to this new pest in the Province of Quebec for three
years out of the last four we have not had them at all. Last year they appeared
and attacked 75 per cent. of the fruit in some orchards; this year in the very same
orchards after the ordinary spraying there was no injury. We have both species
that were mentioned. It seems to me that this pest has, through some climatic con-
ditions or through some assistance, come over to our fruit land and, through some
other means which I do not know, disappeared. Previously I do not know that it
has been recorded in the Province of Quebec as a serious pest.
Mr. Winn: I think there is some doubt as to where that species came from.
Pror. CaEsar: I would like to say that there is little doubt that this insect
will come under control within a few years.
Mr. Wrnn: There are fifteen minutes left to be devoted to questions that may
be asked. The meeting is open for general discussion.
Mr. TREHERNE: T would like to start the discussion by asking for some in-
formation on the latest sprays, like Soluble Sulphur, Blackleaf 40, and the different
kinds of oil sprays.
Mr. Sanpers: We had very much experience with Soluble Sulphur this year,
but we are not in a position to make any recommendations on this material,
although some day we may be able to make a spray of it.
Dr. Frrnaxp: I have had a little experience with soluble sulphur and I may
say that under the conditions in which I used it it did did not prove a good poison.
Some experiments made years ago and not published until after they had long been
duplicated, beginning first with the analysis of the lime sulphur and determina-
tions of the ingredients found in it, show conclusively that the results at that time
under those circumstances were obtained with polysulphids and thiosulphate, and
*hat when these reduced to sulphite we got absolutely no results whatever. I have
ssme hope, however, for soluble sulphur, though I may have nothing whatever to
»ase my hope on after all. It is, perhaps, among the possibilities that the Red
Spider may yet prove to be more or less successfully attacked by such a substance as
soluble sulphur. It is one of the things! that I hope yet to carry on experiments
with. I can only say, therefore, that I am hoping there is something in it, and
yet I do not know.
Mr. Sanpers: Did you ever have any experience with Barium sulphide.
Dr. Fernatp: Yes. We tried it this year and watched the results carefully
all summer on San José Scale. The results have been quite satisfactory. The same
trees which a year ago last spring were treated with the lime sulphur, and
this year with Barium sulphide, were on the whole in better condition than they
were a year ago. That does not mean, you will realize, that the treatment was dis-
tinetly better than lime sulphur, because there might have been other factors this
summer which did not appear a year ago, but if we can get anything like the same ~
results we found it a much more convenient substance to handle. It is much more
easily shipped.
,
r
.
ha
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 177
Mr. Percu: I would like to say from our experience in Quebec, although small,
that the use of these various spray mixtures ought to depend upon the insects
which we have to control. For instance, we know that ordinary lime sulphur will
largely control the Tent Caterpillar if sprayed at the proper time, and when we
used a soluble sulphur we had absolutely no results at all in controlling the Tent
Caterpillar. Furthermore, this year I have used arsenite of lime, one quart to
forty gallons, and there has been absolutely no injury to the foliage. It was com-
bined with Bordeaux mixture.
Mr. Sanpers: The arsenite of lime we used burned the foliage very badly in
almost every case.
Pror. Cazsar: As for Soluble Sulphur, I may say we tested this mixture on
old, badly infested apple orchards two years ago in the Niagara district and again
this year, and found it gave very good satisfaction against San José Scale, just as
_ good as lime sulphur or Scalecide. We have not tested Barium sulphide because
_ the company could not supply us with it. We have also obtained good results from
soluble sulphur as a summer spray, but found it, when used with arsenate of lead,
_ more inclined to burn than the lime sulphur.
Arsenite of lime with lime sulphur is a decidedly dangerous spray to use. I
have burned nearly every leaf off trees with it, but there are some people who still
use it and get very little burning. When used with Bordeaux mixture it is usually
safe. It is particularly good for spraying potatoes used along with Bordeaux.
The matter of injury from sprays to apple foliage depends to a great extent
upon moisture condition. If the spray, particularly lime sulphur, dries quickly after
_ being applied there is usually no burning, but if it remains in a liquid state on
the leaves for some considerable time due to fog or rain, it may do a good deal of
burning. A AV
Mr. Sanvers: I think that has been the experience all over the country this
year; it has become a question of moisture.
Mr. Winn: I will ask Dr. Hewitt to make a few remarks about the smoker.
Pror. LocuHeapD: Before adjourning, I have much pleasure in rising to move
a vote of thanks to our retiring President. I have observed him for the last three
years, and during that time Dr. Hewitt has presided over our deliberations and
_earried the meetings through to a most successful conclusion. For the last two
years he has been President by right of choice and he has brought the society to a
most flourishing condition. Last year we had a most enjoyable meeting in Toronto,
and this year it has been still better. I think all will agree that our proceedings
have been most excellent. I would like also to include in my motion the thanks of
the society to our visitors. We are very much indebted to Professor Fernald and
Mr. Burgess for coming up to Canada, and we are also extremely pleased to have
Mr. Lounsbury, of South Africa, with us. They are all distinguished visitors,
and they have been helping us out wonderfully. I know that the society will show
their appreciation in a fitting manner.
Pror. Cazsar: There is not one of us here but endorses what Professor Loch-
head has just said. Dr. Hewitt has certainly done wonders for the Society the
last few years. Of course, behind Dr. Hewitt has been Mr. Gibson and the other
members at Ottawa. It is really a great pleasure and a great source of benefit
to be able in the discussions we have had to call upon those who have come from
— outside, and we have had a broader view of entomology and a greater amount of
benefit from the presence of these men.
~~
a
a -
178 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Mr. Gusson: I would like to move a vote of thanks to Dr. F. J. White, the
Principal of the Normal School, for allowing us the use of the Assembly Hall last
evening.
Mr. TorHiLu: In rising to second this motion I may say that this has been
one of the most enjoyable meetings of this organization.
A PRELIMINARY LIST OF PARASITIC INSECTS KNOWN TO OCCUR IN
CANADA. .
R. C. TREHERNE, FIELD OFFICER, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA.
The following list of parasitic insects of some of the more common pests is
presented to guide entomologists in ‘Canada in the numbers and names of parasites
recorded in Canada. This list does not claim to include all known parasitic insects
recorded in Canada, but it is hoped that as times goes on it may be supplemented by
additional data and become a more complete guide for reference.
In preparing this present list the following literature has ‘been consulted :—
(1) The Reports of the Ontario Entomological Society, 1870-1914.
(2) The Reports of the Dominion Entomologist in the Experimental Farms
Reports and separate Reports of the Department of Agriculture of Canada, 1884-
1914.
(3) The Bulletins of the Division of Entomology and the Entomological’
Branch of the Dominion Department of Agriculture until the close of March, 1915.
(4) The Annual Reports of the Department of Agriculture, Ontario, 1880-
1913.
(5) The various Agricultural and Entomological publications from Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, and British Columbia, until the close of 1914.
(6) The Annual Reports of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants,
1909-1914.
An occasional reference is made to The Canadian Entomologist, but no effort
has been made to include the many valuable records incorporated within the pages
of this journal. This will be done on a later occasion. ‘The same applies to the
Proceedings of the United States National Museum, and other publications issued
in the United States, in which many original records of parasites named from
Canadian material may be found.
As a general rule I have recorded in the following list only the names of
parasitic insects mentioned as definitely determined species, and further so as far as
possible, only records in which the host and its parasite or parasites are clearly
shown to be associated and to occur in Canada.
*
Le RTE IA NO Ye) ES abbr NIRS as 6 Shale tll meals Saye ob» egies ml hill nme aaachaenhb aaa —
Alsophila pometaria Harris. The Fall Canker Worm.
APANTELES PALHACRIT#® Ril.
Braconid.. Report XXIV., Ent. Soc. Ont., 1893, p. 25. Harrington, On
larva. Ottawa, Ontario.
HEMITELES SEssitis (Gmel) Grav. (?secondary).
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXIV., Ent. Soc. Ont., 1893, p. 25. Harrington. On
larva. Ottawa, Ont.
\
Baird ae alee tn cadence Wid wat Ge
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 179
Eitnbece walsinghami Rag. The Hickory Leaf Roller.
_ MxrsosteNus THoRACcICcUus Cress.
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXIV., Ent. Soc. Ont., 1893, p. 29. Harrington. On
larva. Ottawa, Ont.
Ampelophaga myron Cram. The Lesser Grape Vine Sphinx .
APANTELES CONGREGATUS (Say) Prov.
Braconid. Rpt. Dom. Ent., Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1892, p. 161.
Fletcher. Ex pupa; generally distributed over Western Ontario.
Anosia plexippus Linn. The Monarch.
‘LRICHOGRAMMA MINUtTUM Ril.
Chalcid. Rpt. XXI., Ent. Soc. Ont., 1890, p. 72. Harrington, Ottawa,
Ont. On egg. é
Apatela hastulifera A. and 8.
RHOGAS INTERMEDIUS Cress.
Braconid. Rpt. XXV., Ent. Soc. Ont., 1894, p. 55. Fyles. Ontario. On
larva.
ry ead " ra
mais
TPT AR BRUNA! 8 Pe I ome
BeGahids.
See Macrosiphum, Aphis.
Aphis (Siphocoryne) avene Fab. The European Grain Aphis.
: APHIDIUS OBSCURIPES Ashm.
t Braconid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1895, p. 187.
, Fletcher, Muskoka, Ont.
_ Aphis brassice L. The Cabbage Aphis.
: LIpoLexis (APHIDIUS) RAP# Curtis.
$ Braconid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, 1904, p. 228. Fletcher,
H Ottawa, Ont.
i Aphis—on Raspberry.
y LycGocrrus stiemMAtus (Say) Ashm.
t Proctotrupid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1887, p. 36.
2 Fletcher, Ottawa, Ont.
_ Apina.
- See Bees, Megachile.
_ Argyresthia thuiella Pac. The White Cedar Twig Borer.
. PENTACHNEMUS BUcCULATRICIS How.
Chalcid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cent. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1906, p. 231. Flet-
cher, Ottawa, Ont.
DrrostENeEs TRIFAsScIATUS Ashm.
' Chalcid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1906, p. 231. Fletcher,
Y Ottawa, Ont.
Btitarns Beetle.
See Crioceris.
Army Worm.
_— See Cirphis.
Aspidiotus ostreformis Curtis. ‘The European Fruit Scale.
_ APHELINUS MyYTILAsPIDIs Baron.
Chaleid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph, Ont.
Aspidiotus perniciosus Coms. The San José Scale.
APHELINUS FUSCIPENNIS How.
2 Chalcid. Rpt. XXXVIII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1907, p. 53. Jarvis, Ontario.
a Rpt. XLI.. Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph, Ont.
#
a
180 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
APHELINUS MYTILASPIDIS Baron. .
Chalcid. Rpt. XXXVIII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1907, p. 53. Jarvis, Ontario.
Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 74. Eastham, Guelph, Ont. }
Aster Gall Moth. :
See Gelechia. ;
Aulacaspis rose Bouche. The Rose Scale.
APHELINUS DIASPIDIS How.
Chalcid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph, Ont.
Bassus albosignatus Grav. See Syrphus ribesii.
ASAPHES VULGARIS Walk.
Chalcid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1899, p. 172.
Fletcher, Ottawa, Ont.
Bees.
FoENUS INCERTUS Cress.
FoENUs TARSATORIUS Say. ~
Bvaniuds. Faune Ent. Canada, 1883, p. 246. Provancher, Quebec.
Rpt. XXI., Ent. Soc. Ont., 1890, p. 66. Harrington, Ontario.
LEvuCcOsPIS AFFINIS Say.
Chaleid. Rpt. XXI., Ent. Soc. Ont., 1890, p. 71. Harrington, Ontario.
Birch Sawfly.
See Hylotoma.
Blackberry Scale.
See Eulecanium.
Brown-tail Moth.
See Euproctis.
Bud Moth.
See Tmetocera.
Cabbage Aphis.
See Aphis brassice.
Cabbage Root Maggot.
See Phorbia.
Cabbage White Butterfly.
See Pontia.
‘Cecropia Moth.
See Samia.
Cedar Twig Borer.
See Argyresthia.
Celery Caterpillar.
See Papilio.
Cigar Case Bearer.
See Coleophora.
Chionaspis furfura Fitch. The Scurfy Scale.
ABLERUS CLIsIocAMPa (Ashm) How.
Chalcid. Rpt. XXXVIII., Ent. Soe. Ont., 1907, p. 71. Jarvis, Ontario.
Rpt. XLI., Ent. Soc. Ont., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph, Ont.
Chionaspis pinifolie Fitch. The Pine Leaf Scale.
' APHELINUS MYTILASPIDIS Baron.
Chalcid. Rpt. XLI., Ent. Soc. Ont., 1910, p. 74. Eastham, Guelph, Ont.
Piryscus varticorNis How. ;
Chalcid. Rpt. XLI., Ent. Soc. Ont. 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph,
Ont.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 181
Chionaspis salicis Linn. The Willow Seale.
APHELINUS MYTILAsPrpIs Baron.
Chaleid. Rpt. XLI., Ent. Soc. Ont., 1910, p. 74. Eastham, Guelph, Ont.
Cimbex americana Leach. The Willow Seriy.
OPHELTES GLAuCoPrERUS (Li) Holmer.
Ichneumon. Faune, Ent. Canada, 1883, p. 350. Provancher, Quebec.
Can. Ent. XIX., 1887, p. 80. Fletcher, Ottawa, Ont. On pupa.
dth Ann. Rpt. Quebec Society Protection of: Plants, 1912-1913, p. 28.
Fyles.
Cirphis (Leucania) unipuncta How. The Army Worm.
OPHION PURGATUS Say.
Ichneumon. Faune. Ent. Canada, 1883, p. 351. Provancher, Que.
Rpt. XXI., Ent. Soc. Ont., 1890, p. 67. Harrington, Ontario.
Rpt. XXVII., Ent. Soc. Ont., 1896, p. 51. Panton. Generally distributed
in Ontario.
IcHNEUMON LEUCANT# Fitch.
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXVII., Ent. Soc. Ont. 1896, p. 51. Panton,
Ontario. Geuerally distributed.
PANISCUS GEMINATUS Say.
- Guelph, Ont. Treesbank, Man.
PIMPLIDEA PEDALIS (Cress).
Nova Scotia.
ICHNEUMON CANADENSIS Cr.
Ontario. Nova Scotia.
IcHNEUMON L&tUus Br.
Nova Scotia. New Brunswick.
IcHNEUMON suCcUNDUs Br.
Guelph, Ont.
Ichneumons. Bull. 9, Ent. Branch Dom. Can. Dept. Agr., 1915. Gib-
son.
APANTELES MILITARIS Walsh. | (Ontario. )
APANTELES LIMENTIDIS Riley. (Nova Scotia.)
METEORUS comMuUNIs Cr. (Ontario.)
Braconids. Bull, 9, Ent. Branch, Dom. Can. Dept. Agr., 1915. Gibson,
Ont.
WAGNERIA (PHORICHA:TA) srQuax Will.
Tachinid. Bull. 9, Ent. Branch Dom. Can. Dept. Agr., 1915. Gibson,
Guelph, Ont.
EXoRIsTA FLAVICAUDA Ril.
Tachinid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, 1896, p. 238. Fletcher,
Ontario.
NEMOREA LEUCANL® Kirkp.
Tachinid. Rpt. XXVII., Ent. Soc. Ont., 1896, p. 102. Fyles, Levis,
Que. i
WINTHEMIA QUADRIPUSTULATPA Fab.
Tachinid. Bull. 9, Ent. Branch, Dom. Can. Dept. Agr., 1915. Gibson,
Ontario; Nova Scotia.
PHOROCERA (EUPHOROCERA) CLARIPENNIS Macq.
Tachinid. Bull. 9, Ent. Branch, Dom. Can. Dept. Agr., 1915. Gibson,
Guelph, Ont.
=
182 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
LT ee
PHRYXE (EXORISYA) VULGARIS Fall. ; “a
Tachinid. Bull. 9, Ent. Branch, Dom. Can. Dept. Agr., 1915. Gibson.
New Brunswick. Nova Scotia. ;
Coccotorus scutellaris Le Conte. The Plum Gouger.
SIGALPHUS CANADENSIS Prov.
Braconid. Faune. Ent. Canada, 1883, p. 530. Provancher, Que.
Can. Ent. XXII., 1890, p. 115. Gillette.
Coccus hesperidum Linn. The Soft Scale.
CoccorHacus coaNnatus How. :
Chalcid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph, Ont.
Codling Moth.
See Cydia.
Coleophora fletcherella Fernald. The Cigar Case Bearer.
Microbus Latictinctus Ash. :
Braconid. Rpt. XXVII., Ont. Ent. Soc. 1896, p. 67. Fletcher, Port
Hope, Ont.
Colias philodice Godt. The Clouded Sulphur.
ME&EGORISMUS NUBILIPENNIS Ashm.
Ichneumon. Rpt. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1887, p. 18. Fletcher, —
on larva, Ottawa, Ontario.
Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst. Plum Curculia.
THERSILOCHUS CONOTRACHELI Ril.? :
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXIV. 1890, p. 67. Ont. Ent. Soc. Harrington, Ont.
Cottony Maple Scale.
See Pulvinaria.
Crioceris asparagi L. The Asparagus Beetle.
TETRASTICHUS ASPARAGT Cwld.
‘Chalcid. Agricultural Gazette, Canada, November, 1915, p. 1055. Ross,
on egg, Vineland, Ont.
Currant Sawfly.
See Pteronus.
Cutworm.
See Hadena, Mamestra, Noctua, Peridroma.
Cydia pomonella Linn. The Codling Moth.
PIMPLA PTERELAS (Say) Walsh.
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXXVII. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1906, p. 5. Brodie, Free-—
man, Ont.
EPHIALTEs sp.
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXXVII. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1906, p. 5. Brodie,
Prescott, Ont.
Diamond Back Moth.
See Plutella. i
Dog-wood Sawfly. a
See Harpiphorus. ;
Eriopeltis festuce’ Fonse. The Grass Scale.
Levcorsis BELuLita.
Dipterous. Rpt. XLI., Ent. Soc. Ont., 1910, p. 76. Jarvis, Nova Scotia.
Eulecanium carye Fitch. -
CHILONEURUS ALBICORNIS How.
Chalcid. Rpt. XLI., Ent. Soc. Ont., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph
Ont. ,
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 183
EucoMys scurettara (Swed.) D. T. :
Chalcid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc, 1910, p. %5. Eastham, Guelph,
Ont.
AGENIASPIS FUSCICOLLIS (Dalm) Thoms.
Chalcid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph,
Ont.
Eulecanium cerasifex Fitch. The New York Plum Scale.
PACHYNEURON ALTISCOTA How.
Chalcid. Rpt. XXXVIII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 190%, p. 65. Jarvis, Ont.
EuUNOTUS LiviDus Ashm.
Chalcid. Rpt. XXXVIII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1907, p. 65. Jarvis, Ont.
CHILONEURUS ALBICORNIS How.
Chaleid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph,
Ont.
Eucomys rusca (How.) D. T.
Chaleid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph,
Ont.
CoccoPHAGus LECANII Smith.
Chaleid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p.
Ont.
CoccoPHAGuS FLAVOSCUTELLUM Ashm.
Chalcid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph,
Ont.
CoccopHaGus coeNatus How.
Chalcid. Rpt. XXXVIII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1907, p. 65. Jarvis Ont.
Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph, Ont.
AGENIASPIs FUSCICOLLIS (Dalm.) Thoms.
Chalecid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph,
Ont.
APHYCUS PULVINARI™ How.
Chaleid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph,
Ont.
APHYCUS JOHNSONI.
Chalcid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph,
Ont.
APHYCUS FLAVICEPS.
Chalcid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Jarvis, Guelph, Ont.
BLASTOTHRIX LONGIPENNIS How.
Chaleid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph,
Ont.
Eulecaninum fitchii Sign. The Blackberry Soft Scale.
ENcyktus ruscus How.
ApHycus AnnutIPES (Ashm) How. (Chalcids.)
CoccoPHAGUS FLAVOSCUTELLUM Ashm.
Hurocnus XANTHOoTHORAX Ash. (Proctotrupid.)
Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1901, p. 241. Fletcher,
: Trenton, Ont.
Bulecanium fletcheri Ckdl.
CoccorHAcus LECANII Smith.
CoccorHacus cocNatus How.
CoccorHacus FLETCHERI How.
~2z
Or
Eastham, Guelph,
}
184 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Comys BICOLOR How.
CHILONEURUS ALBICORNIS How.
APHycus JARVisI How.
APHYCUS PULVINARIG How.
BLASTOTHRIX LONGIPENNIS How.
Chaleids. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph,
Ont.
Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. The Brown Tail Moth.
PENTARTHRUM MINUTUM Ril.
Chalcid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, 1911, p. 217%. Hewitt, St.
Stephen, New Brunswick.
APAN'TELES LACTEICOLOR Vier.
Braconid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1914. p. 860.
Hewitt, Bear River, Nova Scotia.
CoMPSILURA CONCINNATA Meig.
Tachinid. Rpt. XLIII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1912, p. 57. Tothill, Frederic-
ton, New Brunswick.
PHOROCERA LEUCANIZ Cog.
Tachinid. Rpt. XLIII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1912, p. 58. Tothill, Charlotte
County, New Brunswick.
Kuthisanotia grata Fab. The Beautiful Wood Nymph. : °
EXORISTA LEUCANIA. i :
Tachinid.. Rpt. I., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1870, p. 99. Saunders, Ont.
Fall Canker Worm.
See Alsophila pometaria.
Fall Webworm.
See Hyphantria.
Gelechia gallwasteriella Kell. The White Aster Gall Moth:
Bracon rurrivus F'yles.
Bracomd. Can. Ent. XXIV., 1892, p. 34. Fyles, South Quebec, Que.
PIMPLA PTERELAS (Say) Walsh.
Ichneumon. Can. Ent. XXIV., 1892, p. 35. Fyles, South Quebec, Que.
TRYCHOSIS TUNICULA-RUBRA Fyles. :
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXXIV., Ent. Soe. Ont., 1903, p. 73. Fyles, Levis,
Que.
Grain Aphids.
See Aphis avene.
Grapta satyrus Edw. Polygonia satyrus Edw.
ICHNEUMON CALIGINOSUS Cress.
Ichneumon. Entomological Record, Ont. Ent. Soc., 1907, p. 16. Gibson.
Ex pupa. Kaslo, B.C.; Ottawa, Ont.
Rpt. XXXVIII., Ont. Ent. Soc, 1907, p. 128. Fletcher. Ex pupa.
Ottawa, Ont. j
Grapevine Sphinx.
See Amphelophaga.
Grass Scale.
See Eriopeltis. J
Hadena devastatrix Brace. Glassy Cutworm.
BERECYNTUS BAKERI How. Var.
Chalcid. Bull. 10, Ent. Branch, Dom. Can. Dept. Agri., 1915. Gibson,
Ottawa, Ont.
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 185
Halisidota maculata Harr.
Ichnewmon. THERONIA MELANOCEPHALA (Brulle) Prov.
Rpt. XXI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 69. Harrington, Ottawa, Ont.
PIMPLA PEDALIS Cress.
Ichneumon. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1908, p. 209.
Fletcher, Eastern Canada.
Harmologa.
3 See Tortrix.
Harpiphorus tarsatus (Say) Nort. The Dog-wood Sawfly.
HEMITELES MUCRONATUS Prov.
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXX., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 104. Fyles, Levis,
Que.
Hemerocampa leucostigma 8S. and A. The White Marked Tussock Moth.
i. PIMPLA INQUISITORIELLA D.T. Recorded as Inquisitor.
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXVII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1896, p. 53. Panton,
Toronto, Ont.
DIGLOCHIS OMNIvoRA Walk.
Chalcid. Rpt. XXXVI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1905, p. 19. Lyman, Montreal,
Que.
Hessian Fly.
See Phytophaga.
Heterocampa manteo Dbl.
OPHION BILINEATUS Say.
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXXIV., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1903, p. 58. Gibson, Meach
Lake, Que. On larva.
Hickory Leaf Roller.
See Ambesa Walsinghami Rag.
Hop Vine Borer.
7 See Hydroecia.
Hylotoma pectoralis Leach. The White Birch Sawfly.
PIMPLA INQUISITORIELLA D.T. (Recorded as Inquisitor.)
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXX., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 104. Fyles, Levis,
Que.
5th Annual Rpt. Quebec Society for Protection of Plants, 1912-1913, p.
30. Fyles, Quebec.
Hyphantria cunea Dru. Fall Webworm.
LIMNERIUM VALIDUM Cress.
LIMNERIUM PILOSOTUM Cr.
EXOCHILUM MUNDUM Say.
Ichneumons. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1914, p. 861.
Hewitt, New Brunswick.
CoMPSILURA CONCINNATA Meig. -
Tachinid. Rpt. XLIII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1912, p. 57. Tothill, on larva.
Fredericton, New Brunswick.
Hydrecia immanis Guen. Hop Vine Borer.
IcHNEUMON JucUNDUs Brulle.
Ichneumon. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, 1892, p. 150. Fletcher,
Bethel, Ont.
Tris Pod Weevil.
See Mononychus.
‘ 13 Es.
186 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Isosoma tritici Fitch. The Wheat Joint Worm.
HoMOoPorRUS CHALOIDIPHAGUS Walsh.
KUPELMUS EPICASTE Walk.
Chaleid. Rpt. XXIX., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1898, p. 77. Fletcher, Verdun,
Ont.
Kermes pubescens Bogue.
APHYCUS PULCHELLUS How.
BLASTOTHRIX LONGIPENNIS How.
Chalcid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Hastham, Guelph,
Ont.
Larch Sawfly.
See Nematus.
Lecanium Scale (Soft Scale).
See Coccus.
Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn. The Oyster Shell Scale.
APHELINUS MYTILASPIDIS Baron.
Chalcid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph,
Ont.
Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1903, p. 188. Fletcher, gen-
erally distributed in South Western Ontario.
Rpt. Dominion Entomologist, 188%, p. 31, British Columbia.
Rpt. Dominion Entomologist, 1903, p. 188, universally distributed.
Rpt. Dom. Ent. Exp. Farm, Canada, 188%, p. 31. Fletcher, New West-
minster, B.C. 7
Lyctus unipunctatus Herbert.—linearis. The Powder Post Beetle.
HEcCABALUS LYOTI Cress.
HECABALUS UTILIS Cress.
Braconid. Rpt. XXXII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1901, p. 108. Fletcher,
Ottawa, Ont.
Macrosiphum granaria Buckton. Grain Aphis.
APHIDIUS GRANARIAPHIS Cook.
Braconid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1898, p. 179.
Fletcher, Ont.
Can. Ent. Vol. XXIV., 1890, p. 125.
LyYsIPHLEBUS TRITICI Ashm.
Braconid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1908, p. 194.
Fletcher, Ontario.
APHIDIUS AVEN@ Fitch.
Bracomd. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1903, p. 171.
Fletcher, Ottawa, Ont.
ASAPHES VULGARIS Walk.
Chalcid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1903, p. 171.
Fletcher, Ottawa, Ont.
LyGocEerus NIGER How.
Chalcid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1903, p. 171.
Fletcher, Ottawa, Ont.
ALLOTRIA TRITICI Fitch.
Cynipid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1903, p. 171.
Fletcher, Ottawa, Ont.
Macrosiphum pisi Kalt. The Pea Aphis.
Trrioxys (PRAON) CERASAPHIS Fitch.
h
ee _
+
oh ha
Biter ee -
pinneeineithithttatiieeseidenenie = ce mean an te
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. a 187
; __ APHIDIUS FLETCHERI Ash.
. Braconid. Rpt. XXX., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 107. Fletcher, Ottawa,
Ont.
Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, 1899, p. 172. Fletcher, Ottawa, Ont.
Mrcorismus FLercHeErt Crawford.
Chalcid. Rpt. XL., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1909, p. 14.. Gibson, Ottawa, Ont.
_ Malacosoma disstria Fab. The Forest Tent Caterpillar.
APANTELES LONGICORNIS Prov.
Bracomd. Rpt. XXXIV., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1903, p. 73. Fyles, Levis,
Que.
PIMPLA CONQUISITOR (Say) Ril.
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 69. Harrington,
Ottawa, Ont.
PIMPLA PEDALIS Cress.
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXI., Ont: Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 69. Harrington,
Ottawa, Ont.
Mamestra picta Harris. The Zebra Caterpillar.
OPHION PURGATUS Say.
Ichneumon. Can. Ent. XV1., 1884, p. 122. Caulfield, Montreal, Que.
CHAETOSTRICHA (TRICHOGRAMMA) PRETIOSA D.T.
Chalcid. Rpt. XXVII., 1896, Ont. Ent. Soc., p. 64. Fletcher, Ottawa.
Ont.
Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, 1892, p. 161. Fletcher, on egg, Ottawa,
Ont.
Mamestra trifolii Rott. Clover Cutworm.
OPHION PURGATUS Say.
Ichneumon. Rpt. X1X., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1888. Fletcher, Ontario, on
pupa.
Marumba modesta Harris.—Pachysphinx modesta Harr.
WINTHEMIA QUADRIPUSTULATA Fab.
Tachinid. Entomological Record, Ont. Ent. Soc., 1903, p. 99. Gibson,
St. John, New Brunswick.
‘Megachile brevis Say. Leaf Cutter Bee.
LEUCOSPIS AFFINIS Say.
Chalcid. Rpt. XVII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 52. Guignard, Ottawa,
Ontario, on larva.
- Megachile centuncularis L. Leaf Cutter Bee.
SEMIOTELLUS CUPREUS Prov.
Chalcid. Rpt. XVIL., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1886, p. 52. Guignard, Ottawa,
Ont., on larva.
Meromyza americana Fitch. (Causing “Silver Top” in grass.)
CoELINIUS MEROMYZ# Forb. =
Braconid. Rpt. XXII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1891, p. 13. Bethune, Ont.
Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1887, p. 68. Fletcher, Ottawa,
Ont.
Monarch Butterfly.
See Anosia.
_ Monohammus confusor. The Pine Borer.
Ruyssa PERSUASORIA (L.) Grav.
Ichneumon. Faune. Ent. Canada, 1883, p. 448. Provancher, Quebec.
reese:
opis Sly, oT Ciel a alts nist moda
$
hed
Se
a ale
18% THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Monohammus scutellatus. The Pine Borer.
_ Reyssa PERSUASORIA (L.) Grav.
Ichneumon. Faune. Ent. Canada, 1883, p. 448. Provancher, Que.
Mononychus vulpeculus. The Iris Pod Weevil.
? PIMPLA PTERELAS (Say) Walsh.
Ichnewmon. Rpt. XXI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 69. Harrington,
Ottawa, Ont.
? PIMPLA INQUISITORIELLA D.T. Recorded as Inquisitor Say.
Ichneumon. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 31.- Fyles, Hull, Que.
Nematus erichsonii. The Larch Sawfly.
CoELOPISTHIA NEMATICIDA Pack. -
Chalcid. Bull. 10, 2nd Series, Div. of Ent., Dom. Can., Dept. Agr.,
Hewitt, on pupa, Ottawa, Ont.
Noctua c-nigrum Linn. The Spotted Cutworm.
EUPLECTRUS FRONTALIS How.
Chalcid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1900, p. 228.
Fletcher, Ontario.
Notolophus antiqua Linn. The Rusty Tussock Moth.
TELENOMUS DALMANII (Ratz) Mayr.
Proctotruyid. Rpt. XLL., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, Ent. Recor p. 118.
Gibson, ex egg, Little Bras @’Or, Cape Breton, N.S.
Oak Looper.
See Therina.
Orgyia sp.
_— TELENOMUS ORGYIH Fitch.
Proctotrupid. Bull. 45, U.S.N.A., p. 53. Ashmead, per Harrington,
Ottawa, Ontario, on egg.
Ostreformis Scale.
See Aspidiotus.
Oyster Shell Bark Louse.
See Lepidosaphes.
Papilio eurymedon Boisd.
TROGUS FLETCHERI Harrgt. ; y
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXXVIII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1907, p. 128, on pupa, —
Wellington, B.C. Taylor.
TROGUS FULVIPES Cress. ‘
Ichneumon. Entomological Record, Ont. Ent. Soc., 1907, p. 16. Gibson
(Cockle), Kaslo, B.C. Ex pupa.
Pamphila metacomet Harr.
TELENOMUS PAMPHIL& Ash.
Proctotrupid. Rpt. XXV., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1894, p. 4. Fletcher, Ottawa,
Ont.
Papilio polyxenes Fab. The Celery Caterpillar. -
TroGus vuLPINUS (Syn. Exesorius).
Ichneumon. Faune. Ent. Canada, 1883, p. 303. Provancher, Que.
Rpt. XXL, Ont. Ent. Soe., 1890, p. 66. Harrington, Ont.
Papilio troilus Linn.
TroGus FULVIPES Cress. :
Ichnewmon. Rpt. XL., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1909, p. 82, on pupa. Fyle,
Que. ; -
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 189
Papilio turnus L.
TRoGuS ruLyirns Cress.
Ichnewmon. Rpt. XXXVIII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1907, p. 128, on pupa,
Digby, N.S. Aweme, Man. Fletcher.
Entomological Record, Ont. Ent. Soc., 1907, Gibson, Digby, N.S. Aweme,
Man.
TRICHOGRAMMA INTERMEDIUM How.
Chalcid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1892, p. 160.
Fletcher, on egg, Ottawa, Ont.
Peridroma saucia Hbn. The Variegated Cutworm.
MErEoRUs vuLGARIS Cress.
Braconid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1900, p. 226.
; Fletcher, Vancouver, B.C.
Phytophaga destructor Say. The Hessian Fly.
MERISUS DESTRUCTOR (Say) Ril.
Cratcip. Rpt. 11, Ont. Ent. Soc., 1871, p. 394. Bethune, Ont., on
pupa. :
Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1889, p. 63. Fletcher, Thorn-
bury, Ont., and Prince Edward Island.
Rpt. Dom. Hint. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1899, p. 169. Fletcher,
Portage la Prairie, Man.
Homoporus susaprerus Ril.
Chalcid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1889, p. 63. Fletcher,
Thornbury, Ont.
PLATYGAStER sp. (? herricki) Pack.
Proctotrupid. Rpt. I1., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1871, p. 394. Bethune, Ont.,
on egg.
POLYGNOTUS HIEMALIS (Forb.) Ash.
Chalcid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1899, p. 169.
Fletcher, Emerson, Man.
TETRASTICHUSs PRODUCTUS Ril.
Chalcid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1899, p. 169.
_ Fletcher, Prince Edward Island.
ENTEDON? METALLICUS (Nees) Walk.
Chalcid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1899, p. 169.
Fletcher, Prince Edward Island.
EUPELMUS ALLYNII French.
Chalcid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1899, p. 169.
Fletcher, Prince Edward Island.
Phorbia (Pegomyia) brassice Bouche. The Cabbage Root Maggot.*
TRYBLIOGRAPHA ANTHOMYI.
Cynipid, 5th Annual Rpt. Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants,
1913-1914, p. 41. Du Porte, Macdonald College, Que.
ALEOCHARA ANTHOMYI@ Sprague.
Staphilinid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1890, p. 164.
Fletcher, Ottawa, Ont.
*(Nore.—Parasites of this insect are under consideration in a bulletin on Root
Maggots now in course of preparation in the Entomological Branch, Ottawa, by Gibson
and Treherne, January, 1916.)
ee
=.
‘
190 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
PACHYCREPOIDEUS DUBIUS Ashm.
Chalcid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc. Ent. Record, 1910, p. 118. Gibson.
? Puparia, Ottawa, Ont.
Pigeon tremex.
See tremex.
Pine Borer.
See Monohammus.
Pine Leaf Scale.
See Chionaspis.
Plum Scale.
See Eulecanium.
Plum Curculio.
See Conotrachelus.
Plum Gouger.
See Coccotorus.
Plutella maculipennis Curt.\ The Diamond Back Moth.
LIMNERIUM PARvuM (Prov.) D. T.
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXX., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1899, p. 108. Fletcher, Ottawa,
Ont.
Rept. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1890, p. 167. Fletcher.
Generally distributed throughout Canada. ‘
PHOGENES Discus Cress.
Ichneumon. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1890, p. 167.
Fletcher, Indian Head, Sask.; Ottawa, Ont. —
Polyphemus moth.
See Telea.
Polygonia interrogationis Fab.
PTEROMALUS VANESS# Harris.
Ichneumon. Rpt. III., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1872, p. 32. Bethune. Ontario,
on pupa.
Pontia rape Linn. The Cabbage White.
PTEROMALUS PUPARUM (L) Swed.
Ichneumon. Can. Ent. Noy., 1871, Vol. III., No. 10. Lintner, intro-
duction report. ;
Rpt. VI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1875, p. 32. Saunders, Eastern Canada, on ~
pupa.
Rpt. VII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1876, p. 40. Saunders, London, Ont.
Rpt. VIII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1877, p. 5. Saunders, review of distribution.
Powder Post Beetle.
See Lyctus.
Protoparce quinquemaculata How. The Tomato Sphinx.
APANTELES CONGREGATUS (Say) Prov.
Braconid. Rpt. XXIV., Ont. Ent. Soc. 1893, p. 27. Harrington, —
Ont. . :
Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1892, p. 161. Fletcher, genera-_
ally distributed over Western Ontario, ex pupa.
Pteronus ribesii Scop. The Imported Currant Worm.
HEMITELES NEMATIVORUS Walsh. :
Ichneumon. Can. Ent. Vol. II., No. 2, Oct., 1869, p. 11. Walsh, Ont.
Rpt. II., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1871. Saunders (Bethune), Port Hope, Ont.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 191
CHZTOSTRICHA (TRICHOGRAMMA) sp. (near pretiosa) Ril.
Chalcid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1892, p. 159.
Fletcher, on egg, Arnprior, Ont.
" Pulvinaria innumerabilis Rath. The Cottony Maple Scale.
CoccoPHAGus LECANII Smith.
Chalcid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph, Ont.
CoccoPHAGUS FLAVOSCUTELLUM Ashm.
Chalcid. Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1910, p. 75. Eastham, Guelph, Ont.
Pyrameis cardui. The Painted Lady.
ICHNEUMON RUFIVENTRIS Brulle.
Ichneumon. Rpt. XI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1881, p. 29. Huestis, St. John,
N-B., on larva.
iaeeebairy aphis.
a See Aphis.
Red Humped Apple Tree Caterpillar.
See Schizura.
Rose Scale.
_ See Aulacaspis.
Rusty Tussock Moth.
i See Notolophus. i
Samia cecropia Linn. The Cecropia Moth.
. CryPtus NuNcIus Say.
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXV., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1894, p. 55. Harrington, Ont.,
x on larva.
‘Se n José Scale.
See Aspidiotus.
Schizura concinna S. & A. Red Humped Apple Tree Caterpillar.
Orion Purcatus Say.
a Ichneumon. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1887, p. 34. Fletcher,
‘ Ont.
_ Lawyerrom cuienarpvir (Prov.) D. T.
Ichneumon. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1887, p. 34. Fletcher,
‘
Ottawa, Ont.
ae Also Nova Scotia, Rpt. Dom. Ent. 1906, p. 228.
Scolytus (Eccoptogaster) rugulosus Ratz. The Shot Hole Borer.
‘(CHiRopacHys coLton (L) Westw.
Chalcid. Rpt. XL., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1909, p. 18. Caesar, St. Catharines,
a Ont.
Yy Scale. -
_ See Chionaspis.
Shot Hole Borer. .
_ Bassus ALBosicNatus Gray. (Lcetatorius Fab.)
Ichneumon. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1899, p. 172.
Fletcher, Ottawa, Ont.
a Polyphemus Cram. The Polyphemus Moth.
ae Nunorus Say. (Syn. extrematis.)
Ichneumon. Faune. Ent. Canada, Hym. 1883, p. 340. Provancher,
Que.
192 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Rpt. XXI., Ont. Ent. Soc. p. 6%. Harrington, Ont.
OPHION MAcRURUS (LL) Westw. (Syn. macrurum.)
Ichneumon. Faune. Ent. Canada, 1883, p. '350. Provancher, Que.
Rpt. IIL, Ont. Ent. Soc., 1872, p. 40. Reed, London, Ont.
Rpt. XXI., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1890, p. 67. Harrington, Ottawa, Ont.
Tent Caterpillar.
See Malacosoma.
Therina somniaria Hulst. Vancouver Island Oak Looper.
ICHNEUMON cESTUsS Cress.
Ichnewmon. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada. Fletcher, 1890,
p. 177. Victoria, B:C:
PrwPLa ELLOPI@ Harrington. :
Ichneumon. Can. Ent. Vol. XXIV., 1892, p. 99. Harrington, Victoria,
B.C., ex pupa.
Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada. Fletcher, 1892, p. 160.
PimpLa ONTARIO Cress.
Ichneumon. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1904, p. 245.
Fletcher, Victoria, B.C.
PIMPLA SCRIPTIFRONS Cress.
Ichneumon. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Cea 1905, p. 194.
Fletcher, Victoria, B.C.
TELENOMUS sp.
Proctotrupid. Rpt. Dom. Ent. Cen. Exp. Farm, Canada, 1892, p. 160.
Fletcher, on egg, Victoria, B.C.
Tmetocera ocellana Schiff. The Bud Moth.
PIMPLA CONQUISITOR (Say) Ril.
Ichnewmon. ‘%th Ann. Rpt. Quebec Society for Protection of Plants,
1914-1915, p. 76. Du Porte, Macdonald College, Que.
PENTARTHRON MINUTUM Ril. Syn. Trichogramma pretiosa Ril.
Chalcid. ‘th Ann. Rpt. Quebee Society for Protection of Plants, 1914-
1915. Du Porte, Macdonald College, Que., ex eggs.
Bassus HARINorpes Cress.
Ichneumon. %th Ann. Rpt. Quebec Society for Protection of Plants,
1914-1915. Du Porte, Macdonald College, Que.
Tomato Sphinx.
See Protoparce.
Tortrix (Harmologa) fumiferana. The Spruce Bud-worm.
PENTARTHRON MINITUM.
Chalcid. Rpt. XLII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1911, p. 26. Hewitt, on egg,
Ottawa, Ont., Esquimalt, B.C., in Que.
APANTELES, sp.
» Braconid. Rpt. XLII., 1911, p. 26. Hewitt, in Quebec and British
Columbia.
APANTELES FUMIFERANZ Viereck.
Braconid. Ent. Rec., 1912, p. 134, Ont. Ent. Soc. Quebec.
NASONIA TORTRICIS Brues.
Rpt. XLI., Ont. Ent. Soc., Gibson, 1910, p. 118, ex pupa, Baskatong, Que.
Tremex Columba Eine Tremex.
MEGARHYSSA LUNATOR (Fabr.) D. T.
Ichneumon. Faune. Ent. Canada, 1883, p. 446. Provancher, Que.
Can. Ent. 1882, p. 82. Harrington, Ottawa, Ont.
i os a 2 (aA eed NY my .
"a" satis pe aod 2p elie i ros =)
-ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 193
Mecaruyssa aTrata (Fabr.) D. T.
_ Ichneumon. Faune. Ent. Canada, 1883, p. 444. Provancher, Que.
Can. Ent. 1882, p. 82. Harrington, Ottawa, Ont. —
otaphe levissella Fyles. ,
Beaan. MUERONATUS Proy.
_ Ichneumon. Rpt. XXXIII., Ont. Ent. Soc., 1902, p. 28. Fyles, Que.
LAMPRONOTA MARGINATA Prov.
_ Ichneumon. Rpt. XXXVIIL., Ont. Ent. Soc. Ent. Record, 1907, p. 128.
Gibson (Fyles) Levis, Que.
Moth.
See Hemerocampa.
essa antiopa Linn. Mourning Cloak.
EROMALUS PUPARUM (L) Swed.
Ichneumon. Rpt. XXI., Ont. Ent. Soe, 1890, p. 72. Harrington,
_ Ottawa, Ont.
Z Geierpillar.
a See Mamestra.
Ke
*
ee
wee Ol? eee
194 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1915.
ARTHUR GIBSON, CHIEF AssISTANT ENTOMOLOGIST, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
OTTAWA.
It is gratifying to be able to state that the collection and study of insects is
gradually but surely increasing every year in the different provinces of Canada. —
This, I think, is largely owing to the fact that economic, or applied, entomology —
is more and more receiving its due recognition. The importance of local collections
of insects to the economic entomologist is indeed of great value, providing, as they
do, definite information as to distribution, etc. At Ottawa, as we have previously —
stated, due provision has been made for a national collection of the insects of
Canada, and collectors generally could aid materially in building up this collection ~
by forwarding donations of specimens.
- During 1915 much material collected in previous years has been worked over
’ by specialists, in addition to which large collections have been made during the ©
past season in most of the provinces. Many of these are new records for Canada, —
while the capture of others in certain districts or provinces extend the known —
range of their distribution.
As in years past we have received. invaluable assistance in the determination
of many specimens from the recognized authorities in the United States and
elsewhere. Our special thanks are due to Dr. L. O. Howard and his associates
at Washington—Dr. Dyar, Dr. Banks, Messrs. Schwarz, Crawford, Busck, Rohwer, -
Gahan and Knab; Sir George F. Hampson, of the British Museum; Prof. H. F.
Wickham, of Iowa City, lowa; Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, of Berkeley, Cal.; Dr. Henry —
Skinner, of Philadelphia; Col. Thos. L. Casey, of Washington, D.C.; Mr. C. W. —
Johnson, of Boston, Mass.; Mr. Chas. Liebeck, of Philadelphia, Pa.; Prof. H. S.
Hine, of Columbus, Ohio; Dr. J. M. Aldrich, of La Fayette, Ind.; Mr. Chas. W.
Leng, of New York, N.Y.; Dr. W. G. Dietz, of Hazleton, Pa.; Dr. F. C. Fall, of —
Pasadena, Cal.; Mr. M. C. Van Duzee, of Buffalo, N.Y.; Mr. C. A. Frost, of South
Framingham, Mass.; Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, of Berkeley, Cal.; Mr. J. R. de la Torre
Bueno, of White Plains, N.Y.; Mr. F. H. Wolley-Dod, of Midnapore, Alta., and
Dr. E. M. Walker, of Toronto, Ont. {
LITERATURE.
Among the books, memoirs, etc., which have appeared during 1915, and which
are of interest to Canadian students, the following should be mentioned:
BETHUNE, Rey. Pror. C. J. S. Bibliography of Canadian Entomology for
the year 1913; Ottawa, Trans. Royal Soc. of Canada, Third Series—1914, Vol.
VIII, Section IV, 1914. In this contribution references are given to 151 papers;
42 of these relate to Economic Entomology, 18 to General Entomology, 18 to
Lepidoptera, 21 to Diptera, etc.
Banks, NatHan. The Acarina or Mites; a review of the group for the use
of economic entomologists: United States Department of Agriculture, office of the
secretary, Report No. 108. Received December 28th, 1915. This is indeed a
very useful contribution of 153 pages. In the introduction information is given
on the structure, life-history, classification, ete. Then follows a lengthy dis-
cussion on the different families, and many keys are given. Notes on collecting,
nc | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 195
—"
_ preserving and rearing mites are given on pages 141 and 142, and on pages 143-
145 a list of works, useful in the study of American Acarina, is given.
Braun, ANNETTE FrANcES. Evolution of the color pattern in the Micro-
~ lepidopterous Genus Lithocolletis: Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
_ Philadelphia, Vol. XVI, Second Series, Philadelphia, pp. 105-168, plates IIT and
_ IV, 26 text figures. A separate of this article (issued February 12th, 1914) has
- recently been received. Under “Methods and Observations” the author dis-
- eusses (a) Systematic Position and Characteristics of Lithocolletis, (b) Color
_ Classes Represented and Structure of Scales, (c) Comparative Study of the Adult
Markings, (d) Ontogenetic Development of the Color Pattern and (e) Phylogenetic
_ Development of the Color Pattern. The two plates, in colors, at the end of the
article well illustrate the various species of the genus. The paper is a most in-
__ teresting one and undoubtedly of much value.
BrvueEs, CuartEes T.,.and Mrtanper, A. L. Key to the Families of North
E American Insects: published by the authors; Boston, Mass., and Pullman, Wash.,
_ 1915, pp. 1-140. As stated by the authors this manual brings together a brief,
yet complete, key to the families of American insects, unhampered by more than
’
eae we Y.”.
the explanations needed to make such a tabulation available to the general student.
' It has been prepared to meet the requirements not alone of college courses in
| systematic entomology, but also of agricultural high schools and of physicians,
_ fruit inspectors, the modern farmer, the nature lover, or anyone who is con-
cerned with the practical identification of insects. This very useful work will
; undoubtedly be widely received. 18 full-page plates, illustrating structural char-
_ acters, etc., are included.
: Casry, Tos. L. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VI; published by the New Era
: Printing Company, Lancaster, Pa.; issued November 27th, 1915, pp. 1-460. The
_ contents of this the sixth memoir by this well-known coleopterist consists of: Part
_I,A Review of the American Species of Rutelinez, Dynastine and Cetoniine, pp.
1-394; Part II, Studies in some Staphylinid Genera of North America, pp. 395-
450. A large number of new species are described, seventeen of which are from
Canada.
} Fracker, STANLEY BLAack. The Classification of Lepidopterous Larve,
_ with ten plates: Illinois Biological Monographs, No. 1, Vol. Il, July, 1915; pub-
_ lished by the University of Illinois, under the auspices of the Graduate School,
_ Urbana, Il, pp. 1-169, (contribution No. 43, from the Entomological Laboratory
é of the University of Illinois). This contribution is divided into two sections,
namely, Part one—The Homology of the Sete, and Part two—Systematic Outline
of Families and Genera. The work is a most interesting one. The author in
_ Part One suggests the adoption of Greek letters in place of the Roman numerals
Tow generally used to designate the different tubercles. In the second part, family
‘and generic keys are given, based on larval characters. The plates at the end
illustrate arrangement of sete, etc. This contribution is indeed a valuable one
and will doubtless receive much consideration from lepidopterists generally.
# Hampson, Sir Georce F. (Bart). Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaene
in the British Museum; Supplement, Vol. I, Catalogue of the Amatide and
“Arctiade, (Noline and Lithosiane). Received 19th January, 1915. Since the
publication of the first two volumes of the “ Catalogue of Moths” a large number
"of species in the families of which they treat have been described, and the newly
published supplement brings the subject matter of Vols. I and II up to date. In
_ the Family Amatid, 29 species are described as new, none of which, however, are
-
4
196 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
from North America. In the Arctiadz, descriptions of 122 new species appear—all
exotic. Plates, in colours, numbered I to XLI accompany the volume.
HERRICK, GLENN W. Insects Injurious to the Household and Annoying to
Man. New York, The Macmillan Company, pp. 1-470. This book which appeared
late in 1914, was written particularly for the housekeeper and for those who desire
information regarding household pests and practical methods of controlling them.
The work is a valuable one and will certainly prove a handy volume of reference.
It is profusely illustrated and is one of the Rural Science Series.
Houzann, W. J. The Butterfly Guide; a pocket manual for the ready identi-
fication of the common species found in the United States and Canada. Published
by Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. This pocket guide is similar in form to
the popular bird, flower and tree guides. It consists of 237 pages and is illus-
trated with 295 colored figures, representing 255 species and varieties. There are
also five plates, in explanation of structure, venation, metamorphosis, and the
apparatus required for collecting, rearing and mounting specimens. This con-
venient little manual should have a ready sale among nature lovers generally.
Hopkins, A. D. Contributions Toward a Monograph of the Scolytid Beetles;
Part II, Preliminary Classification of the Superfamily Scolytoidea. Tech. —
Series No. 17, United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology;
issued January 9th, 1915. The author states in “the introduction that the object of
this contribution is to discuss the taxonomy and present a preliminary classifi-
cation of the families and subfamilies of the scolytid beetles of the world. ‘The
discussion and classification are based on a study of representatives of about 122 —
deseribed and undescribed genera, and about 1,000 species of North America and
other countries, in the collections of the United States National Museum and other
institutions.
Howarp, L. 0., Dyar, H. G. and Kyas, F. The Mosquitoes of North and
Central America and the West Indies—Vol. Three, Systematic Description, Part
I; Washington, D.C. Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, pp.
1-523. This sumptuous volume of descriptive matter appeared in October, 1915.
The species of the tribes Sabethini and Culicini are described. Most of these
are southern in distribution. Several species are described as new. Canadian
records of nine species are given. Short chapters precede the descriptive matter,
namely: “ Mosquitoes, Their Definition and Position in the Classification of
Insects,” “Statement of Some of the Characters used in the Tables,” “Outline ~
of the Geographical Area Covered” and “ Historical Sketch of the Classification
of Mosquitoes.”
Mauiocu, Joun R. The Chironomide, or Midges, of Illinois, with par-
ticular reference to the species occurring in the Illinois River; Bulletin of the
Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Urbana, Ill., Article VI, Vol. X,
May, 1915, pp. 275-538, plates XVII-XL. The opening chapters discuss
“Methods of Collecting,” “Methods of Rearing,’ “ Methods of Preservation,”
“Synonymy Affecting Family Names” and “ Biology and Taxonomy.” ‘Keys to
the subfamilies follow, with a treatment of the Ceratopogonine, the Tanypine and
the Chironomine. The distribution of the Chironomide in the Illinois River is
then stated and also a summary given of Illinois genera and species in comparison —
with those recorded for other states. Many species are described as new and a
number of Canadian references given. The plates illustrate structural detail.
Mortey, CraupE.~ A Revision of the Ichneumonide based on the collection —
in the British Museum (Natural History), Part IV, Tribes Joppides, Banchides —
and Alomyides: British Museum (Natural History), 1915, pp. 167, 1 plate,
7
1
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 197
ed. Part I appeared in 1912, Part IJ, in 1913, and Part III, in 1914. In
IY, issued in March, 1915, 459 species are included, 40 of which are des-
ed as new. Records are given of a number of species from Canada which are
in the British Museum, one of which is described as new.
_ Pacxarp, The late ALpHEUS Sprinc. Monograph of the Bombycine Moths
f North America, Including their Transformations and Origin of the Larval
Markings and Armature; Part III, Families Ceratocampide, Saturniide, Hemi-
Jeucide and Brahmezide. Vol. XII, First Memoir, National Academy of Sciences,
fashington, D.C., 516 pp., 4to, 113 plates, 34 of which depicting larve are
ored. Edited by T. D. A. Cockerell. This, the third part of the late Dr.
Packard’s work on the Bombycine Moths, appeared in the first half of the year.
“is indeed a most valuable contribution and one which will be welcomed by
lepidopterists everywhere as the species described are not confined to North
America but occur in various parts of the world. The successful issue of this
sumptuous volume is largely due to Prof. Cockerell, who undertook to edit it.
_ Ritey, W. A., and JoHannsen, O. A. Handbook of Medical Entomology;
Ithaca, N.Y., The Comstock Publishing Company, 1915, pp. 1-348. This hand-
book will be found of much value to those of our students who are interested in the
study of medical entomology. It is an outgrowth of a course of lectures along
the lines of insect transmission and dissemination of diseases of man, given by the
senior author in the Department of Entomology of Cornell University, during the
past six years. More especially is it an illustrated revision and elaboration of his
“Notes on the Relation of Insects to Disease,” published in January, 1912.
THompson, Mittert Taytor. An Illustrated Catalogue of American Insect
Edited by E. P. Felt. Published and distributed by the Rhode Island
tal Trust Company. Received, 26th June, 1915. This catalogue is divided
mto: Part I, Classification by Galls, and Part IJ, Classification by Genera. Both
bf these parts treat of the Cynipide. On pages 50 to 66 a “ Supplemental List of
imerican Gall-making Insects” is given. At the end of the volume are 21 plates,
ating 247 different kinds of galls. These are from photographs and are
did reproductions. This catalogue is an important contribution. It is to be
retted that only a portion of Dr. Thompson’s investigation was completed at
time of his death.
_ Wry, A. F. and Beautieu, Germain. A Preliminary List of the Insects
f the Province of Quebec: Part II, Diptera. Published as a supplement to the
< eport of the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants; received 14th June,
This publication of 159 pages is a welcome one and will undoubtedly be of
_yalue to Canadian students of diptera. It is indeed a very creditable con-
tion. Under each genus the species known to occur in the Province of Quebec
listed, the definite localities and months of capture being recorded. A short
ductory paragraph precedes each family.
CoLLrEctTors.
@ following is a list of the names and addresses of collectors heard from
x 1915:
ird, Thos., High River, Alta.
idien, G., Ent. Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa.
aulne, J. I., Ent. Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa.
hune, Rev. Prof., 0.A.C., Guelph.
kmore, E. H., Victoria, B.C.
198
THE REPORT OF THE
Bowers, H. L., Oshawa, Ont.
Brimley, J. F., Wellington, Ont.
Brittain, W., Agric. College, Truro, N.S. *
Bush, A. H., 1105 Broadway, Vancouver, B.C.
Caesar, L., O.A.C., Guelph, Ont.
Carr, F. S., Edmonton, Alta.
Chagnon, Gus., Box 521, Montreal.
Chagnon, W., St. John’s, Que.
Chrystal, R. N., Ent. Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa.
Cockle, J. W., Kaslo, B.C.
Cosens, Dr A., Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Toronto.
Crew, R. J., 561 Carlaw Ave., Toronto.
Criddle, Evelyn, Aweme, Man.
Criddle, Norman, Aweme, Man.
Dawson, Horace, Hymers, Ont.
Day, G. 0., Duncans, B.C.
Dod, F. H. Wolley-,Midnapore, Alta.
Dunlop, James, Woodstock, Ont.
Emile, Rev. Bro., Longueuil, Que.
Eyans, J. D., Trenton, Ont.
Fyles, Rev. Dr. T. W., 268 Frank St., Ottawa.
Germain, Rev. Bro., Three Rivers, Que.
Gibson, Arthur, Ent. Branch, Dept. Agric., Ottawa.
Hahn, Paul, 433 Indian Road, Toronto.
Hanham, A. W., Duncan, B.C.
Harrington, W. H., P. O. Dept., Ottawa.
Hewitt, Dr. C. Gordon, Ent. Branch, Dept. Agric., Ottawa.
Hudson, A. F., Millarville, Alta.
Johnson, Geo. S., Moose Jaw, Sask.
Kitto, V., Inland Revenue, Dept. Interior, Ottawa.
Leavitt, A. G., St. John, N.B.
Macnamara, Chas., Arnprior, Ont.
McIntosh, W., St. John, N.B. |
Mignault, Rev. J. B., Saint Lambert, Que.
Moore, G. A., 850 St. Hubert St., Montreal.
Perrin, Jos., McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S.
Petch, C. E., Hemmingford, Que.
Phair, A. W. H., Lillooet, B.C.
Ruhmann, Max M., Vernon, B.C.
Ross, W. A., Vineland Station, Ont.
Roy, Henri, Quebec, Que.
Sanders, G. E., Bridgetown, N.S.
Sanson, N. B., Banff, Alta.
Simpson, W., Dominion Observatory, Ottawa.
Simms, H. M., 192 Ontario East, Montreal.
Sladen, F. W. L., Experimental Farm, Ottawa. -
Strickland, E. H., Experimental Station, Lethbridge, Alta.
Swaine, J. M., Ent. Branch, Dept. Agric., Ottawa.
Tams, W. H. T., Midnapore, Alta.
Taverner, P. A., Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa.
Tothill, J. D.. Fredericton, N.B.
-
~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Treherne, R. C., Agassiz, B.C.
Venables, E. P., Vernon, B.C.
Walker, Dr. E. M., Univ. of Toronto, Toronto.
Wallis, J. B., 265 Langside St., Winnipeg, Man.
Whitehouse, F. C., Red Deer, Alta.
Willing, Prof. T. N., Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.
Wilson, Tom, 1105 Broadway, Vancouver, B.C.
Winn, A. F., 32 Springfield Ave., Westmount, Que.
Young, C. H., Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa.
NOTES OF CAPTURES.
(Species preceded by an asterisk (*) described during 1915.)
LEPIDOPTERA.
(Arranged according to Dyar’s List of North American Lepidoptera, U.S. Nat.
- Museum Bull. No. 52.)
, 16. Papilio machaon var. aliaska Scudd. Fort Chipewyan, Alberta, June 18,
1914, (F. Harper).
730. Smerinthus cerisyi Kirby. Murray Bay, Que., July, (J. H. Holmes).
; Rare in Quebec Province. In Winn’s list only two localities given—
Cowansville and Montreal, (Gibson).
Saturniide.
%66. Pseudohazis hera Harr. Recently I received a specimen of this species
+. taken at Lillooet, B.C., (Phair). It is almost a perfect match to the
specimen figured by Strecker on Plate XV of his Lepidoptera, Rhopalo-
ceres and Heteroceres. Mr. Phair reported that he has only found the
species where there is sage bush. Mr. Tom Wilson has also taken the
insect at the same place. These are the first records I have for British
Columbia, (Gibson).
861. Phragmatobia assimilans Walk., var. franconia Slosson. Several at light,
3 on Pine Creek, near Millarville, Alta., April 29, (Dod and Tams).
Apantesis quenselii Paykull. 141 Meridian, north of Mount Natazhat, July
1, 1913, (E. W. Nesham).
89. Apantesis williamsii determinata Neum. St. Agath, Que., June 25, 1910,
(L. Gibb)> he =
200
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 —
Noctuide.
996.
1049.
1145.
1212.
1266.
4271.
1277.
1297.
1324.
1329.
1331.
1339.
Apatela manitoba Sm. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). First record from British
Columbia.
Arsilonche henrici Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). Rare in Alberta;
the North American representative of European albovenosa (Dod).
Perigia albimacula B. & McD. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle).
Hillia vigilans Grt. Red Deer, Alta., Sept. 2, (Whitehouse and Tams).
Hadena passer var. tncallida, Walk. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). This
is the form with the ground colour pale ochreous. It has often passed in
collections as morna Strk., (Dod).
Polia contacta Walk. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle).
Polia acutissima Grt. Red Deer, Alta., Sept. 3, (Whitehouse and Tams).
This is a prior name for medialis Grt. As it happens, the type of acutis-
sima has the t.a. and the t.p. lines more deeply dentate than type medialis.
The species has often been recorded from the West under the name of
confragosa Morr., the correctness of which cannot at present be ascer-
tained, (Dod).
Dryobota illocata Walk. Red Deer, Alta., Sept. 4, (Whitehouse and Tams).
New to Alberta, (Dod).
Heliotropha reniformis Grt. Pine Creek, near Millarville, Alta., Aug. 27,
(Tams). First record for this district, (Dod). : :
Oncocnemts hayesi Grt. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle).
Oncocnemts poliochroa Hamps. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle).
Oncocnemis tenuifascia Sm. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle).
Oncocnemis levis Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). Very rare in
Canada, previously taken in the same locality by Mr. Wallis.
Oncocnemis riparia Morr. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland).
Noctua dislocata Sm. Pine Creek, near Millarville, Alta., June 27, (Brill
and Tams). Mr. Tams has prepared mounts of the genitalia of this and —
calgary and finds them very distinct. Those of dislocata are exactly like
those of British conflua, whilst superficially conflua is much nearer to
calgary than to dislocata, (Dod).
Noctua jucunda Walk. St. John’s, Que., (W. Chagnon). Only one record,
“Meach Lake,” in Winn’s Quebec list. This latter is about 170 miles
distant from St. John’s, (Gibson).
Noctua patefacta Sm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland).
Rhizagrotis querula Dod. Red Deer River, about 50 miles to the north- —
east of Gleichen, Alta., July 1, 3, 1915; July, 23, 24, 1907, (Hudson and
Dod). Can. Ent. XLVII, 36. Recorded in 1906 and 1907 Ent. Records
as lagena.
Feltia robustior Sm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). First Alberta Re-
cord, (Dod).
1547. Feliia vancouverensis Grt. Pine Creek, near Millarville, Alta., June 24,
(Tams). This species has rarely been met with before from east of the
Rockies, one or two only having been recorded from Alberta. Mr. Strick-
land has found it not uncommon at Lethbridge. As a rule, there is less
contrast between the light and dark shades than in Vancouver Island speci-
mens, the dark shades being paler and less purplish and the ground
colour decidedly darker, but occasional specimens from the two localities~
are almost exactly alike, (Dod). ,
“~,
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 201
}
L
te.
2021
2081.
rv
ki det ail col le ina
~
i]
~2
So
Euzoa (Rhizagrotis) perolivalis Sm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). This
species was referred to Rhizagrotis by Smith, by reason of the male an-
tennz being ciliate merely. The character does not appear to be quite con-
stant, and one of the Lethbridge males has the antenne more obviously
serrate than any I had before seen, (Dod).
Euzoa pestula Sm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). This species is very
close indeed te plewritica Grt., and may be a dark form of it, (Dod).
Euxoa thanatologia var. sordida Sm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland).
Breeding results, in conjunction with a study of Kaslo, B.C., material and
previous examination of type, has convinced me that boretha Sm. and
sordida Sm. are both forms of one extraordinarily variable species pre-
viously described as Porosagrotts thanatologia by Dyar, but best referred
to Chorizayrotis Smith, which Hampson treats as merely a section of
Euzxoa, (Dod).
EHuxzoa sponsa Sm. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle).
Euzxoa choris var. cogitans Sm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland).
Euzoa hollemani Grt. Maple Bay, Vancouver Island, B.C., Aug. 24,
(Day).
Euzoa pallipennis Sm. (Syn. alcosta Sm.). Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 21,
1914, (Strickland). A new Canadian record, (Dod).
Huxoa holoberba Sm. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle).
Mamestra trifolii Rott. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 20, 1914, (Strickland).
A new Alberta record, all previous records being my mutata, which Hamp-
son claims is a Cardepia, very close to nova Sm., (Dod).
Mamestra segregata Sm. Bow River, at the mouth of Fish Creek, Alta.,
April 17-24, (Tams). Pine Creek, near Millarville, Alta., April 1,
(Dod), and May 8 (Tams). Segregata was described from Laggan. Gus-
sata Sm. described from here, appears to be a synonym of this, and negussa
Sm., also described from here a variety without the blackish markings.
The species is very variable, the forms easily intergrading, and an examin-
ation of male genitalia gives no evidence suggesting two species, (Dod).
Graphiphora uniformis Sm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). The first
Alberta record. ‘This species has usually stood as furfurata or peredia
in Manitoba collections. The two latter names refer to one species, very
closely allied to uniformis (Dod).
Graphiphora preses Grt. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). Not in Dyar’s Kootenai
list.
Stretchia muricina Grt. Midnapore, Alta., April 12, 16, 28, May 12, (Dod
and Tams). I have previously recorded the form occurring here as
plusieformis, but whilst I have not so far recognized a distinct species
under that name, I consider it probable that all Alberta and British
Columbia specimens which I have seen are muricina, (Dod).
Cleoceris populi Strk. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland).
Xylina vivida Dyar. Kaslo, B/C., (Cockle). Not in the Kootenai list.
Xylina petulca Grt. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). Not in the Kootenai list.
Xylina ferrealis Grt. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). Not in the Kootenai list.
Xylina innominata Sm. Red Deer, Alta., Aug. 30, and Sept. 4, (White-
house and Tams). New to Alberta (Dod).
Xylina capar G. and R. Blackfalds, Alta., Aug. 17-24, (Whitehouse).
New to Alberta, (Dod).
14 Es.
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
2205.
2851.
3006.
3072.
Calocampa curvimacula Morr. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). Recorded in B.C.
list from Vancouver Island.
Papaipema humuli Bird. Cartwright, Man.; Can. Ent. XLVII, 112.
Papatpema harrisvi Grt. Midnapore, Alta., bred from larvee found in flower
and leaf stems of Heracleum lanatum, emerged Aug. 18—Sept. 1, (Ded
and Tams). This is the No. 368 of my Alberta list, formerly recorded as
impecuniosa on Smith’s authority. it was,a great surprise to discover
some numbers of the larvee feeding close to my house, after I had been
on the look out for it for years (Dod).
Conservula anodonta Gn. Bondville, Que., July 20, (Winn). Rare in
Quebee Province; only two localities given in Winn’s list—St. Margaret
and Meach foes (Gibson).
Orthosia aggressa Sm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). The first Alberta
record. Described from ‘Colorado and Cartwright, Man. Very close to —
puta Grt. (Syn. euroa Grt. and dusca Sm.), for a large specimen of
which it might easily be taken. Its distinction is not unquestionable,
(Dod).
Scopelosoma devia Grt. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). Not in Dyar’s Kootenai
list. ;
Ipimorpha subvera Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). The first Al- —
berta record. Recorded in last year’s Record from Moose Jaw, Sask.,
(Dod).
Nycteropheta luna Morr. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland).
Copablepharon grandis Morr. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland).
Rhodophora florida Gn. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). First Alberta
record, (Dod).
Autographa sansom Dod. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). New to B.C. list.
Autographa snowi Hy. Edw. Pine Creek, near Millarville, Alta., July 21,
Tams). 5
eee pura Hulst. Red Deer_and Blackfalds, Alta., Aug. 17 to Sept. 6,
(Tams and Whitehouse). The species is very closely allied to wnijuga,
which occurs with it,.but pura is more variable. It seems probable that
semirelicta Grt. is the same species, though I am in doubt as to what
exact forms the two names apply. According to Smith’s catalogue, Grote —
repeatedly referred Hulst’s name to his semirelicta, whilst Hulst persisted
that the latter was a variety of briseis. Pale specimens of the latter are
not unlike some forms of pura, (Dod). ;
Catocala mariana Hy, Edw. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 6, 10, 1912, (Wallis).
Dr. McDunnough informs me that as mariana is preoccupied in Europe, —
edwardsi Kuz. will have to be used instead, (Gibson).
Erebus odora L. Although this southern species has previously been re-
corded from Quebee Province (Metis, Quebec, Montreal and Meach Lake),
it is of interest to record the capture of a specimen at Newport, Gaspe
Co., Que., Aug. 15, by Mrs. G. Chapados. The specimen was donated to
the collection of the Ent. Branch by the collector through Miss J.
McInnes (‘Gibson).
Bomolocha toreuta Grt. Agassiz, B.C., Aug. 1 (Treherne).
Notodontide.
3150.
Schizura semirufescens Walk. Agassiz, B.C., Aug. 1-15, (Treherne).
'
1916
- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 203
_ Geometride.
3236. Nyctobia nigroangulata Sirk. Red Deer, Alta., April 18, (Whitehouse).
ae
Hydriomena speciosata var. ameliala Swett. Victoria, B.C., July 7, 9, 1914.
(Blackmore) ; Can. Ent. XLVII, 64.
3387. Hydriomena nubilifasciata var. cupidata Swett. Quamichan district, B.C.,
May 22, 1914, new to B.C. list. Identified by Mr. Swett, who stated that
this is a rare variety and rather unexpected from British Columbia. He
had only seen the variety from California, (Day).
* Hydriomena grandis var. saawichata Swett. Victoria, B.C., May 5 to June
20, 1914, (Blackmore) ; Can. Ent. XLVII, 157.
3393. Hydriomena edenata Swett. - Mt. Tzouhalem, B-C., Apl. 5, (Hanham).
3401. Hydriomena multiferata Walk. Midnapore, Alta. (de Mille’s Lumber
Mill), July 13, (Brill and Tams).
* Stammodes blackmorei Swett. Victoria, B.C., July 2-27, 1913; July 3,
1914, (Blackmore) ; Can. Ent., XLVII, 155.
* Petrophora defensaria var. mephistaria Swett. Victoria, B.C., Jan. 9,
1909; Ladysmith, B.C., Feb. 3, 1906, (C. Livingston); Victoria, B.C.,
(Blackmore) ; Can. Ent. XLVII, 156.
3450. Xanthorhoe abrasaria H.-S. Midnapore, Alta. (de Mille’s Lumber Mill),
July 13, (Brill and Tams).
3605. Orthofidonia exornata Walk. Pine Creek, near Millarville, Alta., May 6,
(Tams).
3784. Alcis sulphuraria Pack. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). The only
previous Alberta record was one taken at Midnapore and recorded in the
1914 Ent. Record, (Dod).
3804. Spodolepis substriaria Hulst. Pine Creek, near Millarville, Alta., April
e 29, (Dod).
886%. Lycia cognataria Gn. Quamichan Lake, B.C., April 2, (Hanham).
3963. Euchlena astylusaria Walk. Pine Creek, near Millarville, Alta., May 31,
s (Tams).
_ 3976. Synavis pallulata Hulst. Quamichan Lake, B.C., Sept. 15, (Hanham).
' 4016. Sabulodes lorata Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland) ; only one specimen
previously recorded from Alberta, (Dod).
_ 4026. Sabulodes transversata Dru. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). New to Al-
berta, (Dod).
- 4040. Leucobrephos brephoides Walk. Klutlan Glacier, elev. 5,500 feet, (141
| Meridian, north of Mt. Natazhat), May 2, 1913, (KE. W. Nesham). Mr.
Bi) Dod tells me that this insect was common in 1915 on Pine Creek, near
G Millarville, Alta., April 7-10, (Tams), flying in sunshine, (A. G.).
_‘Tortricidz.
¢ 520%. LEpisimus argutanus Clem. Aweme, Man., reared from Rhus toxicodendron,
(N. Criddle).
_ .5367. Archips negundana Dyar. Aweme, Man., July 8, 1914, (N. Criddle).
5396. Tortria pallorana Rob. Aweme, Man., July 16, 1914, (N. Criddle).
t ~
+3 Yponomeutide.
e 5491. Trachoma falciferella Walsm. Quamichan Lake, B.C., March 21, the
4
second I have captured, (Hanham).
204 THE REPORT OF THE. No. 36
Gelechiide.
Recurvaria nanella Hbn. Toronto, Ont., reared from pear, (Cosens),
Bridgetown, N.S., July 30, (Sanders).
* — Gnorimoschema Pianeta Buseck. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Proce.
Ent. Soc. Wash. XVII, 82.
Elachistide.
*
Coleophora manitoba Busck. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle); Proc. Ent.
Soc. Wash., XVII, 88.
6179. Walshia amorphella Clem. Aweme, Man., July 25, 1914, (N. Criddle).
Tineide.
*
Incurvaria itoniella Busck. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle) ; Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.
XVII, 92.
CoLEOPTERA.
(Arranged according to Henshaw’s list of Coleoptera of America, North of
Mexico.)
Cicindelide.
18¢e. Cicindela longilabris var. montana Lec. Athabaska Landing, Alta., Aug.
11, (Strickland).
34. Cicindela pusilla Say. Estevan, Sask., June 20, (N. Criddle).
Carabide.
408. Bembidiwm dubitans Lec. Vernon, B.C., April 10, (Ruhmann).
416. Bembidium mutatum G. & H. Agassiz, B.C., (Treherne).
422. Bembidium trechiforme Lec. Agassiz, B.C., (Treherne).
* Trechus borealis Schaeffer. Labrador, Battle Harbor, (Engelhardt) ; Bay
of St. George, Newfoundland, (Engelhardt). Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soe.
XXIII, 47.
510. Pterostichus brunneus Dej. Armstrong, B. C., Sept. 12, (Ruhmann).
558. Pterostichus scitulus Lec. Vernon, B.C., July, 1914. (Ruhmann).
5%1. Pterostichus corvinus Dej. Winnipeg, Man., April 29, 1911, (Wallis).
578. Pterostichus mutus Say. Winnipeg, Man., June 10, 1910, (Wallis).
643. Amara adstrictus Putz. Miami, Man., Aug. 14, 1914, (Wallis).
749. Calathus advena Lee. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 1914, (Ruhmann).
750. Calathus impunctatus Say. Husavick, Man., Aug. 2, 1912, (Wallis).
776. Calathus piceolus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 3, 1911, (Wallis).
818. Platynus cupreus Dej. Agassiz, B.C., (Treherne).
1067. Discoderus parallelus Hald. Peachland, B.C., July 24, 1912, (Wallis).
1084. Harpalus faunus Say. Winnipeg, Man., wen ibs seals liye (Wall is).
1087%b. Harpalus longior Kirby. Winnipeg, Man., June 2 ive (Wallis).
1090. Harpalus fulvilabris Mann. Winnipeg, Man., June 1, 1912, (Wallis).
1096. Harpalus ventralis Lec. Treesbank, Man., July 26, 1910; Miami, Man., q
July 1, 1914. (Wallis).
1106. Harpalus lewisii Lec. Miami, Man., July 21, 1914, (Wallis).
ea
i
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 205
Amphizoide.
1215. Amphizoa insolens Lec. Peachland, B.C., July 13, 1912, (Wallis).
Staphylinide.
2124. Staphylinus badipes Lec. St. Rose, Que., April 22, 1914, (Beaulne).
* Philonthus pumilio Casey. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VI, 431, by Thos. L. Casey, issued Nov. 27, 1915.
* Philonthus nematocerus Casey. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen); Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VI, 437, by Thos. L. Casey, issued Nov. 27, 1915.
* Philonthus ottawensis Casey. Ottawa, Ont., (Harrington): Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VI, 438, by Thos. L. Casey, issued Nov. 27, 1915.
* Philonthus cephalicus Casey. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle); Memoirs on
. the Coleoptera, VI, 438, by Thos. L. Casey, issued Nov. 27, 1915.
* Philonthus linearis Casey. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen); Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VI, 439, by Thos. L. Casey, issued Nov. 27, 1915.
* Philonthus vulgatus Casey. Ottawa; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VI, 442,
by Thos. L. Casey, issued Noy. 27, 1915.
* Philonthus finitimus Casey. Hull, Que., (Beaulne); Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VI, 443, by Thos. L. Casey, issued Nov. 27, 1915.
* Megaquedius manitobensis Casey. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Memoirs
on the Coleoptera, VI, 423, by Thos. L. Casey, issued Nov. 27, 1915.
* Quediochrus quadriceps Casey. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Memoirs on
, the Coleoptera, VI, 421, by Thos. L. Casey, issued Nov. 27, 1915.
* WMicrosaurus curtipennis Casey. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VI, 414, by Thos. L. Casey, issued Nov. 27, 1915.
* Microsaurus breviceps Casey. Stikine River, B.C., (Wickham) ; Memoirs
f on the Coleoptera, VI, 411, by Thos. L. Casey, issued Nov. 27, 1915.
: * Microsaurus criddlei Casey. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Memoirs on the
t the Coleoptera, VI, 410, by Thos. L. Casey, issued Noy. 27, 1915.
*
. Coccinellide.
: Anatis lecontet Casey. Lethbridge, Alta., July 27, (Strickland).
8089.
Microsaurus canadensis Casey. Kazubazua, Que., (Beaulne) ; Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VI, 409, by Thos. L. Casey, issued Nov. 27, 1915.
’ * Distichalius oculens Casey. Inverness, B.C., (Keen); Memoirs on the
L Coleoptera, VI, 407, by Thos. L. Casey, issued Nov. 27, 1915.
e * Distichalius agnatus Casey. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Memoirs on the
‘ Coleoptera, VI, 406, by Thos. L. Casey, issued Nov. 27, 1915.
3 Orus punctatus Casey. Agassiz, B.C., (Treherne).
‘ 2501. Hesperobium californicum Lec. Agassiz, B.C., (Treherne).
5 2863. Anthobium pothos Mann. Ottawa, Ont., May, 13, (Germain).
“ Phalacride.
Fe 3007. Olibrus nitidus Melsh. Ottawa, Ont., May 31, (Germain).
4
_ Corylophide.
Orthoperus brunneus Casey. Ottawa, May, (Germain).
Pentilia marginata Lec. Ottawa, Ont., June 17, (Germain).
206 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Corydiide.,
3281. Derétaphrus oregonensis Horn. Peachland, B.C., July 13, 1912, (Wallis).
Cucujide.
3348. Dendrophagus glaber Lec. Bird’s Hill, Man., May 6, 1911, (Wallis).
Cryptophagide.
3363. Paramecosoma serratum Gyll. Ottawa, Ont., June 27, 1914, (Germain).
3443. Trogoderma tarsale Melsh. Ottawa, Ont., July 12, 1914, (Germain).
Histeride.
3495. Huister furtivus Lec. Millarville, Alta., April, May, 1914, (Tams).
3533. Epierus regularis Beauv. Ottawa, Ont., July 3, (Germain).
3552. Paromalus equalis Say. Husavick, Man., June 22, 1912; under debris on”
lake beach, (N. Criddle and Wallis).
3586a. Saprinus distinguendos Mars. Winnipeg, Man., June 1, 1912, (Wallis).
3588. Saprinus infaustus Lec. Peachland, B.C., July 19, 1912, (Wallis). Dr.
Fall when determining the specimen stated that probably this beetle is
the one that Horn mentions in his Synopsis as possibly a form of
infaustus.
3602. Saprinus incertus Lec. Peachland, B.C., July 22, 1912, (Wallis).
3610. Saprinus fimbriatus Lec. Peachland, B.C., July 22, 1912, (Wallis).
Elateride.
4115. Cardiophorus amplicollis Mots. Grand Forks, B.C., 1913, (Ruhmann).
4252. Drasterius livens Lec. Grand Forks, B.C , 1913, (Rate
4415. Paranomus estriatus Lee. Ottawa, Ont., Gane 25, (Germain).
Throscide.
4548. Throscus invisus Horn. Ottawa, Onts, June 17, (Germain).
Buprestide.
10,112. Agrilus masculinus Horn. Aweme, Man., June 5, (N. Criddle).
Lampyride.
4914. Silas munita Lec. Vernon, B.C., April 8, (Ruhmann).
Malachide.
5030. Malachius ulkei Horn. Aweme, Man., May 31, (N. Criddle).
Ptinide.
Ptinus villiger Reit. Winnipeg, Man., May 17, 1911, (Wallis). :
10,149. Xestobiwm elegans Horn. Winnipeg, Man., May 23, 1911, (Wallis).
5265. Oligomerus obtusus Lec. Ottawa, Ont., June 25, (Germain).
Scarabeide.
5439. Canthon perplecus Lec. Macleod, Alta., June 30, 1902, (J. Fletcher).
5510. Aphodius hamatus Say. Snel Que., (Roy).
= 1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 207
5629. Trox scaber L, Miami, Man., July 1, 1914, (Wallis).
5648. Hoplia laticollis Lec. Aweme, Man., July, 1903 to 1910, (Criddle Bros.).
First Canadian record we have.
Serica intermixta Blatchley. Aweme, Man., May 26, 1910, (H. Criddle).
5686. Serica anthracina Lec. Vernon, B.C., April 8, (Ruhmann).
5705. Diplotaxis obscura Lec. Aweme, Man., April, May, (Criddle Bros.).
Lachnosterna grandis Smith. Halifax, N.S., July 18, (Perrin). It is
also interesting to record the capture of a specimen on Sable Island. A
single specimen was received at Ottawa with a small collection of
lepidoptera. Sable Island is about 140 miles due east of Guysborough
County in Nova Scotia.
* Anomala (subg. Paranomala) canadensis Casey. Ontario, Canada;
Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VI, 33, by Thos. L. Casey, issued Nov. 27,
1915.
* Cremastocheilus pocularis Casey. Aweme, Man., (Criddle) ; Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VI, 33, by. Thos. L. Casey, issued Nov. 27, 1913.
Cerambycide. :
5973. Nothorhina aspera Lec. Peachland, B.C., July 12, 1912, (Wallis).
6201. Neoclytus erythrocephalus Fab. Miami, Man., July 2, 1914, (Wallis).
6252.. Anthophylax viridis Lec. Halifax, N.S., Aug. 22, (Perrin).
6259. Acmeops bivittata Say. Miami, Man., July 3, (Wallis).
6304. Leptura subhamata Rand. Halifax, N.S., Aug. 21, (Perrin).
6332a. Leptura erythroptera Kirby. Halifax, N.S., Aug. 22, (Perrin).
Chrysomelide.
6531. Donacia porosicollis Lec. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, in flowers of Marsh
- Marigold, (S. and EH. Criddle and Wallis).
6535. Donacia distincta Lec. Ottawa, Ont., July, 1913, (Germain).
6538. Donacia pubescens Lec. Winnipeg, Man., June 22, 1912, (Wallis).
6539. Donacia equalis Say. Ottawa, Ont., July, 1913, (Germain).
6541. Donacia emarginata Kirby. Ottawa, Ont., July, 1913, (Germain).
6545. Donacia metallica Ahr. Ottawa, Ont., July, 1913, (Germain).
6550. Donacia atra var. children Kirby. Winnipeg, Man., May 28, 1911,
(Wallis). The same collector has also taken at Winnipeg the varieties
tibialis (June 29) and trivittata (June 17).
10,337. Syneta hamata Horn. Vernon, B.C., April 9, (Ruhmann).
* Pachybrachys relictus Fall. Toronto, Ont.; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLI,
424,
* Pachybrachys carborarius janus Fall. Brandon, Man.; Trans. Amer. Ent.
Soe., XLI, 462.
Pachybrachys elegans Blatchley. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1911,
(Wallis). ;
Tymnes canellus var. thoracica Melsh. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1911,
; (Wallis).
6769. Graphops marcassita Cr. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis) ; Ottawa, Ont., May
p 25, (Germain).
6809a. Chrysomela spire Say. Treesbank, Man., April 17, 1908, (Wallis).
6905. Galerucella nymphew L. Fort Chipewyan, Alta., June 13, (F. Harper).
6920. Hypolampis pilosa I. Winnipeg Beach, Man., Aug. 25, 1910, (Wallis).
6974. Haltica tombacina Mann. Ottawa, Ont., May 25, (Germain).
208 THE REPORT OF THE ; _ No. 36
Bruchide.
7135. Bruchus aureolus Horn. Aweme, Man., July 6, (N. Criddle).
Tenebrionide.
Eleodes letcheri var. vandykei Blaisd. Vernon, B.C., April 8, (Ruhmann).
7355. Eleodes cordata var rotundipenne Lec. Vernon, B.C., April 8, (Ruhmann).
7391. Nyctobates pennsylvanica DeG. Winnipeg, Man., May 5, 1911, (Wallis).
Arrhenoplita bicornis Oliv. Ottawa, Ont., May and June, (Germain).
Cistelide.
7631. Androchirus erythropus Kirby. Ottawa, Ont., July 21 (Germain).
Melandryide.
7653. Melandrya striata Say. Winnipeg, Man., June 19, 1912, (Wallis).
7655. Emmesa labiata Say. Quebec, Que., (Roy).
7658. Xylita levigata Hellw. Ottawa, Ont., Aug., 1914, (Germain).
7663. Scotochroa atra Lee. Ottawa, Ont., July 18, 1914, (Germain).
7664. Scotochroa basalis Lec. Ottawa, Ont., June 12, (Germain).
7666. Serropalpus barbatus Schall. Winnipeg, Man., July, 1909, (Wallis).
Pythide.
7708. Boros unicolor Say. Winnipeg, Man., June 4, 1914, (Wallis).
Mordellide.
7804. Mordellistena intermixta Helm. Miami, Man., July 6, 1914, (Wallis).
Anthicide.
Stereopalpus vestitus Say. Ottawa, Ont., July 14, (German).
Pyrochroide.
7997. Dendroides ephemeroides Mann. Agassiz, B.C., June 20, (Treherne).
Otiorhynchide.
8261. Panscopus erinaceus Say. Ottawa, Ont., July 3, (Germain).
8285. Otiorhynchus rugtfrons Gyll. Ottawa, Ont., July 1, (Germain).
8293. Mylacus saccatus Lec. Vernon, B.C., April 10, (Ruhmann).
Curculionide.
8673. Orchestes pallicornis Say. Ottawa, Ont., July 29, (Germain).
8688. Proctorus decipiens Lec. Ottawa, Ont., June 3, (Germain).
Celiodes apicalis Dietz. Ottawa, Ont., June 29, (Germain).
Scolytide.
* Pityogenes hopkinsi Swaine. “In limbs of pine throughout eastern part
of Canada and United States”; Tech. Publication No. 2, N.Y. State
College of Forestry, Vol. XVI, 7.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 209
Ips perroti Swaine. Isle Perrot, Que., 1912, (Swaine): Can. Ent.,
XLVI, 357.
Dryocetes secheltti Swaine. Sechelt, B.C., Can. Ent., XLVII, 359.
Dryocetes picee Hopk. “North Carolina to Canada, and westward to
Michigan”; Rep. No. 99, U. S. Dep. Agr., Office of the Secretary, p. 51,
issued March 10, 1915.
Dryocetes pseudotsuge Swaine. Inverness and Vancouver, B.C., Can. Ent.,
XLVII, 360.
Philaosinus pint Swaine. Riding Mts., Man., (Swaine); Can. Ent.
XLVII, 362.
Hylastes ruber Swaine. Golden, B.C., Creighton Valley, B.C., Can. Ent.,
XLVIL, 367.
Conophthorus resinose Hopk. “ Ontario, Canada,” (Harrington); Jour.
Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. V, 481.
Conophtlhorus monticole Hopk. “Cowitche Lake, Canada,” Jour. Wash.
Acad. Sci., Vol. V, 432. The locality should be corrected to read
“ Cowitchan Lake, B.C.”
DIPTERA.
(Arranged according to a catalogue of North American Diptera, by J. M.
Aldrich, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. XLVI, No. 1, 444. The numbers refer to the
pages in the catalogue.)
Large collections of these insects have been made in certain of the provinces
during 1915. The appearance of Winn and Beaulieu’s list. of Quebec diptera will
doubtless encourage collectors in that province to add to the list. Recently we
__ had the pleasure, at Ottawa, of a visit from Prof. J. M. Aldrich, who came to
_ study the collection of diptera in the collection of the Entomological Branch.
Many species were determined by him, and the records of a number of these are
- undoubtedly new to Canada.
Tipulide.
a.\
t
hae Anbe're
all -
eau we
Dicranomyia aquita Dietz. Described in Can. Ent. XLVII, 331. The
type localities there given, viz.: “ Fort Resolution, Aug. 24, 1914; Island
- at mouth of Rocker River, Aug. 16, 1914, (F. Harper)” were tentative
ones, I am informed by Mr. Harper, and should be corrected to read,
“District of Mackenzie along the south shore of Great Slave Lake,”
(Gibson).
TAmnobia gracilis Dietz. Described in Can. Ent. XLVII, 329. The type
locality there given, viz.: “Tsolinoi, about 5 miles north of Athabaska
Lake, July 5, 1914, (F. Harper),” should be corrected to read, Tsal-wor
Lake, Sask., about 8 miles from the north shore of Lake Athabaska at
a point about midway of its length, (Gibson).
Gonomyia mathesoni Alex. Truro, N.S., July 7-26, 1913, (R. Matheson) ;
Ent. News, XXVI, 170.
Limnophila (Dactylolabis) hortensia Alex. London Hill Mine, Bear Lake,
B.C., July 29, 1903, (A. N. Caudell) ; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila-
delphia, LXVI, 591.
Phalacrocera neozena Alex. Nipigon, Ont., June 17, 1913, (Walker).
roc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, LX VI, 603.
210 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
\
100. Tipula augustipennis Loew. Vernon, B.C., (Ruhmann) ; Athabaska River,
between Grand Rapids and mouth of Little Buffalo River, Alta., May 24,
25, 1914, (F. Harper).
104. Tipula serta Loew. Soulier Lake, southern Mackenzie, July 18-22, 1914,
(¥. Harper).
104. Tipula tessellata Loew. Lake Athabaska, near mouth of Charlot River,
northern Saskatchewan, June 29, 1914, (F. Harper).
Chironomide.
108. Ceratopogon cockerelli Cog. Banfi, Alta., Aug. 29, 1910, (Sanson).
Culicide.
132. Grabhamia curriei Coq. Banff, Alta., June 26, 1909, (Sanson).
Cecidomyide.
* Dasyneura torontoensis Felt. Toronto, Ont., May 3, 1915, (Cosens) ; Jour.
Keon. Ent. 8, 405.
Bibionide.
164. Plecia heteroptera Say. DeGrassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., Aug. 26, 1914,
(Walker).
166. Bibio nervosus Loew. Vernon, B.C., (Ruhmann).
166. Bibio nigripilus Loew. Ottawa, Ont., May and June, (Germain).
166. Bibio obscurus Loew. Banfi, Alta., Sept. 29, 1911, (Sanson).
166. Bibio xanthopus Wied. Ottawa, Ont., June 18, (Germain).
16%. Dilophus serraticollis Walk. Banff, Alta., Sept. 29, 1911, (Sanson).
167. Aspistes analis Kirby. Banff, Alta., (Sanson.)
168. Scatopse pygmea Loew. Ottawa, Ont., May 30, (Germain) : Toronto, Ont.,
June 7, 1914, (Walker).
Simuliide.
169. Simuliuni bracteatum Coq. Ottawa, Ont., May 12, (Germain).
170. Simulium vittatum Zett. Ottawa, Ont., May 5, (Germain).
Stratiomyide.
179. Sargus decorus Say. Departure Bay, B.C., July 25, 1913, (Walker) ;
Toronto, Ont., May 4, June 11, 1914, (Walker).
180. Sargus viridis Say. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 29, 1914, (Walker).
182. Stratiomyia discalis Loew. Kelowna, B.C., June 2, 1914 (Ruhmann).
183. Stratiomyia lativentris Loew. Prince Albert, Sask., June 26, 1913, (Walker).
183. Stratiomyia nymphis Walk. Banff, Alta., Aug. 5, 1909, (Sanson).
184. Stratiomyia normula Loew. Prince Albert, Sask., June 29, 1913, (Walker).
Tabanide.
194. Pangonia tranquilla O. S. Halifax, N.S., Aug. 20, 22, (Perrin).
195. Chrysops callidus O. 8S. Toronto, Ont., June 30, 1914, (Walker).
195. Chrysops celerO.S. Prince Albert, Sask., June 23, 1912, (Walker) ; Spruce
Brook, Nfd., July 27, 1914, (Walker).
196. Chrysops carborarius Walk. Toronto, Ont., June 7, 1914, (Walker).
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 211
. Chrysops frigidus O. S. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 29, 1914, (Walker).
7. Chrysops montanus O. S. Ottawa, Ont., May 20, (Germain).
“aa %. Chrysops niger Macq. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 27, 1914, (Walker) ;
' _ Toronto, Ont., June 13, 1914, (Walker).
197. Chrysops plangens Wied. MacNab’s Island, Halifax; N.S., July 19, 1914,
yr (Perrin).
201. Tabanus astutus 0. 8. MacNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S., Aug. 16, 1914,
- (Perrin).
_—s-* Fabanus centron Marten. Fort MEM Alta. May 29; Fort Chipewan,
: June 16-18, (F. Harper).
~ Tabanus fulvescens Walk. MacNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S., Aug. 2, 1914,
fee + (Perrin).
; 208. Tabanus stygius Say. Pt. Pelee, Ont., July 19, 1913, (Taverner and
Young). 3
‘Leptide.
Arthropeas magna Jus. Calgary, Alta., (J. Fletcher) ; Aweme, Man., June
20, 1903, (N. Criddle).
212. Rhachicerus nitidus Jns. Lake McGregor, Que., July 12, (Germain). New
" ; to Quebec Province.
14. Triptotricha disparilis Bergr. Agassiz, B.C., Aug., (Treherne).
214. Leptis maculifer Bigot. Vancouver, B.C., Tune, 1914, (Chrystal).
‘215. Leptis plumbea Say. Jordan, Ont., May 10, (Ross).
} Leptis scapularis Loew. - Bowmanville, Ont., July 10, 1913, (Ross); Lake
McGregor, Que., July 12, (Germain).
216. Chrysopila ornata Say. Jordan, Ont., June 16, (Ross).
6. Chrysopila proxima Walk. Toronto, Ont., June 13, 1914, (Walker).
Symphoromyia atripes Bigot. Banff, Ate (Caneon: Lake Louise, Alta.,
July 20, (Ruhmann).
. Symphoromyia hirta Jns. Prince Albert, Sask., July 24, 28, 1907, (J.
x Fletcher).
ge Symphoromyia kincaidi Aldrich. Victoria, B.C., Aug. 6, 1903, (Kincaid) ;
@ _ Gabriola Island, B.C., May 30, 1908, B. Elliott, (Kincaid) ; Stickeen
“a River Canyon, B.C., (Wickham) ; Proc. U. S.. N. M. Vol. 49, 129.
_ Symphoromyia montana Aldrich. Prince Albert, Sask., May 18, 1905,
(Willing) ; Ungava Bay, (Turner) ; Farewell Creek, Sask., (C2 We Jeys
- Proc. U. S. N. M. Vol. 49, 133.
Spogostylum pluto Wied. De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., Aug. 14,
1895, (Walker).
Anthrax fulviana Say. De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., Aug. 28, 1914,
(Walker).
hrax fulviana var. nigricauda Loew. Banff, Alta. July 25, 1910,
Sanson). ;
bylius lancifer O. S. Kelowna, B.C., June 2, 1914, (Ruhmann).
212 THE REPORT OF THE , No. 36
Therevide.
247. Psilocephala munda Loew. Banff, Alta., July 16, 1909, (Sanson).
248. Thereva flavicincta Loew. St. Johns, Que., Record from Stettiner Ento-
mologische Zeitung, 1912, p. 261. New to Quebec list.
‘
Mydaide.
251. Mydas clavatus Dru. Pt. Pelee, Ont., July 19, 1913, (Taverner and Young).
Asilide.
254. Leptogaster badius Loew. Jordan, Ont., June 29, (Ross).
Laphystia flavipes Cog. Aweme, Man., July 13, 1907, (J. Fletcher).
258. Myelaphus lobicornis O. S. Invermere, B.C., June 30, 1914, (Sladen).
259. Cyrtopogon dasyllis Will. Banff, Alta., (Sanson).
260. Cyrtopogon nebulo O. S. Banff, Alta., March 6, 1911, (Sanson).
269. Atomosia puella Wied. Jordan, Ont., Jan. 29, (Ross).
271. Dasyllus columbica Walk. Banff, Alta., June 30, 1913, (Walker),
271. Dasyllis thoracica Fabr. De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., July 2,
1896, (Walker).
272. Laphria pubescens Will. Sudbury, Ont., June 7, 1913, One
273. Laphria vultur O. 8. Kaslo, B.C., cae (Cockle).
281. Tolmerus callidus Will. Banff, i July 11, 1911, (Sanson).
282. Tolmerus notatus Wied. De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., Aug. 23,
1914, (Walker).
282. Astlus annulatus Will. Toronto, Ont., Aug. 8, 1914, (Walker).
283. Asilus orphne Walk. Lake McGregor, Que., July 23, (Germain).
283. Asilus paropus Walk. Jordan, Ont., Aug. 6, 1914, (Ross).
Dolicopodide.
285. Psilopodinus patibulatus Say. Lake Louise, Alta., July 4, 1914, (Ruhmann).
289. Chrysotus obliquus Loew. Bridgetown, N.S., Aug. 29, 1912, (Sanders).
291. arose albicans Loew. Toronto, Ont., June 13, 1914, (Walker).
293. Sympycnus lineatus Loew. Brockville, Ont., Aug. 23, 1903, (W. to
296. Medeterus veles Loew. Aweme, Man., Fune 12, (N. Criddle).
* Thrypticus comosus Van Duzee. Toronto, Ont., July 4; Psyche, XXII, 86.
299. Dolichopus bifractus Loew. Aweme, Man., July GN: ‘Criddle) ; Dauphine
Man., June 22, 1913, (Walker). ;
300. Dolichopus brevipennis Meigen. Summerside, P.E.I., Aug. 21, 1914,
(Walker).
301. Dolichopus cuprinus Wied. Dauphin, Man., June 22, 1913, (Walker).
301. Dolichopus dakotensis Ald. Dauphin, Man., June 22, 1913, (Walker).
301. Dolichopus eudactylus Loew. Jordan, Ont., June 12, (Ross).
304. Dolichopus reflectus Ald. Jordan, Ont., July 8, (Ross).
304. Dolichopus renidescens M. & B. Dauphin, Man., June 22, 1913, (Walker).
306. Gymnopternus tristis Loew. Vancouver, B.C.,- fan 30, 1914, '(Chrystal).
j
Empide.
311. Drapetis medetera Melan. Aweme, Man., Sept. 21, (N. Criddle).
311. Platypalpus equalis Loew. Ottawa, Ont., June 18, (Germain).
312. Platypalpus crassifemoris Fitch. Aweme, Man., July 20, (N. Criddle).
-
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 213
313. Tachydromia pusilla Loew. Ottawa, Ont., May and June, (Germain).
318. Syneches thoracicus Say. Lake McGregor, Que., July 12, (Germain). New
to Quebee Province.
319. Leptopeza compta Coq. Ottawa, Ont., July 16, (Germain).
319. Ocydromia glabricula Fallen. Aylmer, Que., June, (Germain). New to
Quebec Province.
826. Hilara tristis Loew. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 27, 1914, (Walker).
331. Rhamphomywa irregularis Loew. Ottawa, Ont., July 3, (Germain).
331. Rhamphomyia laevigata Loew. Ottawa, Ont., July 3, (Germain).
331. Rhamphomyia longicauda Loew. Toronto, Ont., July 12, 1914, (Walker).
332. Rhamphomyia pulla Loew. Toronto, Ont., May 31, 1914, (Walker).
Microsania imperfecta Loew. Aweme, Man., Sept. 18, (Criddle).
Phoride. ;
339. Gymnophora arcuata Meigen. Ottawa, Ont., July and August, (Germain).
Platypezide.
340. Aygathomyia notata Loew. Ottawa, Ont., June 27, (Germain).
Pipunculide.
342. Chalarus spurius Fallen. Ottawa, Ont., July 20, (Germain).
Pipunculus appendiculatus Cr. Aweme, Man., July 6, (N. Criddle).
343. Pipunculus albofasciatus Hough. Ottawa, Ont., May and June, (Ger-
main).
343. Pipunculus cingulatus Loew. Ottawa, Ont., May and June, (Germain).
Pipunculus confraternus Banks. Aweme, Man., July 23, (N. Criddle).
343. Pipunculus flavomaculatus Hough. Ottawa, Ont., May and June, (Ger-
main).
Syrphide.
346. Microdon tristis Loew. Field, B.C., July 1, 1908, (J. C. Bradley) ; Vine-
land, Ont., June 4. (Ross and Curran).
348. Chrysotorum ventricosum Loew. Revelstoke, B.C., July 8-13, 1905, (J. C.
Bradley).
348. Chrysogaster bellula Will. Vineland, Ont., Aug. 18, 1914, (Ross and Cur-
ran).
349. Chrysogaster stigmata Will. Carbonate to Prairie Hills, Selkirk Mts., B.C.,
- July 12-18., 1909, (Bradley).
349. Pipiza albipilosa Will. Ottawa, Ont., July 3, (Germain).
350. Pipiza calcarata Loew. Vineland, Ont., May and June, (Ross).
850. Pipiza femoralis Loew. Toronto, Ont., June 6, 1914, (Walker) ; Vineland,
% Ont., May and June, (Ross and Curran).
350. Pipiza pistica Will. Vineland, Ont., July 10, (Ross and Curran).
350. Pipiza pisticoides Will. Vineland, Ont., May 11, (Ross and Curran).
350. Pipiza pulchella Will. Ottawa, Ont., July 3, (Germain).
Eumerus strigatus Fall. Victoria, B.C., reared from Narcissus bulbs, April
7-9, 1910, (E. A. Wallace).
351. Paragus angustifrons Loew. Revelstoke, B.C., July 1, 1905, (J. C. Brad-
gyrate
ley).
pe .
214 THE REPORT OF THE j No. 36
~
351. Paragus tibialis Fall. Vineland, Ont., July 17-Aug. 6; also reared from
larve feeding on Aphis gossypii, (Ross and Curran).
352. Chilosia lasiophthalmus Will. Carbonate to Prairie Hills, Selkirk Mts.,
B.C., July 12-18, 1908, (J.C. Bradley) ; Wellington, B.C., April 16, 1903,
(R. V. Harvey). q .
353. Chilosia tristis Loew. Carbonate on Columbia River, July 7-12, 1908, (J.
C. Bradley).
359. Pyrophena rosarum Faby. Ottawa, Ont., June 27, (Germain).
359. Plaiychirus peltatus Meigen. Carbonate to Prairie Hills, Selkirk Mts.,
July 12-18, 1908, (J. C. Bradley).
359. Platychirus hyperboreus Steger. Vineland, Ont., (Ross and Curran),
Bowmanville, Ont., (Ross).
360. Melanostoma obscurum Say. Vineland, Ont., May and June, (Ross and
Curran).
362. Leucozona lucorum Linné. Metlakatla, B.C., (Keen).
362. Didea fasciata Macq. Vineland, Ont., May 10, (Ross and Curran).
362. Didea fasciata var. fuscipes Loew. Carbonate, B.C., July 7-12, 1908, (J.
C. Bradley) ; Macnab’s Island, Halifax, N.S., July 4, 1914, (Perrin).
:363. Didea lava O. 8S. Halifax, N.S., June 27, (Perrin).
364. Syrphus amalopis O.'S. Banff, Alta., June 24, 1911, (Sanson).
365. Syrphus geniculatus Macq. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 29, 1914, (Walker) ;
Ground Hog Basin, Bend Country, Selkirk Mts., B.C., Aug. 4, 1905,
(J. C. Bradley) ; Ottawa, Ont., May 3, (Germain).
366. Syrphus grossularie Meigen. Carbonate, Columbia River, B.C., July 7-
12, 1908, (J. C. Bradley).
367. Syrphus opinator O. 8. Ground Hog Basin, Selkirk Mts., Aug. 4, 1905,
(J. C. Bradley).
~Syrphus perplecus Osb. Toronto, Ont., May 30, 1909, (M. C. VanDuzee).
368. Syrphus torvus O.S. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 27, 1914, (Walker).
368. Syrphus umbellatarum Fabr. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 27, 1914, (Wal-
~ ker).
368. Syrphus velutinus Will. Ground Hog Basin, Big Bend Country, Selkirk
Mts., B.C., July 24, 1905, (J. C. Bradley).
368. Syrplius xantiostoma Will. Vineland, Ont., May 17, (Ross and Curran).
371. NXanthogramma polita Say. Vineland, Ont., Sept. 8, (Ross and Curran).
373. Spherophoria scripta L. Ottawa, Ont., April 20, (Germain). My. C. W.
Johnson. when naming this specimen, stated: “ This is the true S. scripta;
although long recorded from America, I have not seen it before.”
374. Sphegina campanulata Rob. Vineland, Ont., July 9, (Ross and Curran).
374. Sphegina infuscala Loew. Ground Hog Basin, Selkirk Mts., B.C., Aug.
4, 1905, July 24, 1908; Carbonate, Columbia River, B.C., July 7-12,
1908, (J. C. Bradley). :
374. Sphegina lobata Loew. Ground Hog Basin, B.C., July 24, 1905, Aug. 4,
1905, (J. C. Bradley).
375. Neoascia distincta Will. Ottawa, Ont., May 13, (Germain).
375. Neoascia globosa Walk. Carbonate, B.C., July 7-12, 1908, (J. C. Bradley).
378. Volucella esuriens mexicana Macq. Victoria, B.C., April 15, 1905, (Han;
ham). F
378. Volucella fascialis Will. Midnapore, Alta., June 15, (Tams) ; Invermere, —
B.C., June 30, 1914, (Sladen).
1916
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 215
382.
383.
Sericomyia chalcopyga Loew. Spruce Brook, Nfd., June 29, 1914,
(Walker). :
Arctophila flagrans O. S. Rogers Pass, B.C., Aug. 1, 1908; Ground Hog
Basin, B.C., July 22-Aug. 7, 1905, (J. C. Bradley) ; Vernon, B.C., (Ruh-
mann).
Eristalis arbustorum L. Ottawa, Ont., May 5, (Germain). St. John, N.B.,
(G. P. Engelhardt) ; Labrador, Battle Harbor, (G. P. Engelhardt). A
European species. Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc. XXIII, 143.
Eristalis compactus Walk. Halifax, N.S., July 11, (Perrin).
Hristalis flavipes Walk. Vineland, Ont., April 27, Sept. 16, (Ross and
Curran).
Eristalis hirtus Loew. Agassiz, B.C., July, (Treherne).
Eristalis inornatus Loew. Mt. Cheam, B.C., July 22, (Treherne).
Fristalis montanus Will. Leduc, Alta., (J. Fletcher).
Eristalis nemorum, L. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 31, 1904, (R. V. Harvey) ;
Kaslo, B.C., July 11; Revelstoke, B.C., July 14, (R. C. Osburn) ; Kaslo,
B.C., May 7, 1910, (Cockle) ; Montreal, Que., Sept. 1, 1905, (Beaulieu).
A Huropean species—Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., XXIII, 144.
Eristalis rupium Fab. Atlin, B.C., (Anderson). A European species—
Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., XXIII, 143.
Helophilus hamatus Loew. Aweme, Man., Aug. 25, (J. Fletcher) ; Vine-
land, Ont., Aug. 18, (Ross and Curran). ‘i
Heliophilus letus Loew. Carlsbad Springs, Ont., June 1, 1903, (Gibson) ;
Vineland, Ont., June 6, (Ross and Curran).
Heliophilus latifrons Loew. Vineland, Ont., Aug. 28 to mid-October, (Ross
and Curran).
Triodonta curvipes Wied. Quebec, Que., (Roy). New to Quebec Pro-
vince.
Xylota angustiventris Loew. Vineland, Ont., July 13, (Ross and Curran).
AXylota anthreas Walk. Vineland, Ont., June 14, July 2, (Ross and
Curran.
Xylota barbata Loew. Kaslo, B.C., May 21, (Cockle).
Xyiota chalybea Wied. Vineland, Ont., June 24, 29, (Ross and Curran).
Xylota curvipes Loew. Vineland, Ont., June 12, (Ross and Curran). Re-
corded from Ottawa.
Xylota notha Will. Vineland, Ont., June 24, (Ross and Curran).
Xylota segnis L. Macnab’s Island, Halifax, N.S., July 4, 1914, (Perrin).
A Huropean species not heretofore reported from North America. See
Verrall, British Flies, VIII, 598, for description and figure, (J. M. A.).
Aylota vecors O. S._ Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 29, 1914, (Walker).
Crioprora cyanella O. S. Kaslo,, B.C., (July 20, (Cockle).
Criorhina intersislens Walk. Ground Hog Basin, B.C., July 24, 1905, (J.
C. Bradley).
Cricrhina scitula Will. Ground Hog Basin, B.C., Aug. 4, 1905, (J. C.
Bradley).
Criorhina umbratilis Will. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 28, 1914, (Walker).
Spilomyia fusca Loew. Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 1, 1906, (J. Fletcher).
Spilomyia interrupta Will. Similkameen, B.C., Sept. 12, 1913, (Wilson).
Sphecomyia brevicornis O. S. Duncan, B.C., May 10, 1908, (Hanham).
Sphecomyia occidentalis Osb. Ground Hog Basin, B.C., July 22-Aug. 7,
s
216 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
>
1905, (J. C. Bradley). Only specimen known, I understand, except
unique type.
405. Temnostoma equalis Loew. Spruce Brook, Nfd., June 29, 1914, (Walker).
Conopide.
409. Phusocephala tibialis Say. De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., July 11,
1895, (Walker).
412. Oncomyia loraria Loew. Ottawa, Ont., July 28, (Germain) ; Jordon, Ont.,
July 9, 1914, (Ross).
412. Myopa clausa Loew. Halifax, N.S., July 26, (Perrin).
412. Myopa versiculosa Say. Ottawa, Ont., May 20, 1915, (Germain).
stride.
419. Cuterebra scutellaris Brauer. Peachland, B.C., July, 1902, (A. H. Hus-
ton).
Tachinide.
423. “Phorantha occidentis Walk. Aweme, Man., July 6, 13, (N. Onde :
Ottawa, Ont., June 3, (Germain).
424. Alophora pulverea Cog. Ottawa, Ont., June, (Germain). -
433. Hypostena flaveola Coq. Simcoe, Ont., (Caesar).
434. Hypostena floridensis Tus. Ottawa, Ont., July 10, 1914. (Beaulieu).
442. Besseria brevipennis Loew. Lethbridge, Alta., June 26, 1914, (Strick-
land).
451. Ocyptera caroline Desy. De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., July 19,
1895 ; Toronto, Ont., June 13, 1895, (Walker).
451. Ocyptera dosiades Walk. Jordon, Ont., July 28, 1914, (Ross); Prince
Albert, Sask.; June 23, 1913, (Walker).
453. Gymnocheta alcedo Loew. Vernon, B.C., (Ruhmann).
458. Ezorista nigripalpis Tns. Pincher, Alta., July 18, 1913, (Strickland).
482. M icrophthalma disjuncta Wied. Aweme, Mans July 10-21, (N. Criddle).
Trizosceles furnipennis Mall. Aweme, Man., ae 23, (N. Criddle).
460. Phorocera doryphore Riley. Grimsby and Vineland, Ont., (Caesar).
Dichetoneura leucoptera Jns. Simcoe and Guelph, Ont., reared from
Archips cerasivorana, July 22-Aug. 12, 1912, (Caesar).
484. Peleteria enea Steger. Pincher, Alta., July 18, 1913, (Strickland).
488. Echinomyia dakotensis Tns. Vernon, B.C., (Ruhmann).
* Saskatchewania canadensis Smith. Farewell Creek, Sask., June, Aug. and
Sept., 1907; Can. Ent., XLVII, 153.
f
Sarcophagide.
510. Sarcophaga assidua Walk. Ottawa, Ont., Aug., 1915, (Germain).
511. Sarcophaga cimbicis Tns. Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 14, 1912, (Beaulne) ;
Regina, Sask., June 12, 1903, (Willing) ; Guelph, Ont., (Sanders) ; Port
Hope, May 30, 1907, (W. Metcalfe).
Sarcophaga hemorrhoidalis Mg. Ottawa, Ont., Sept. 4, 1908, (H. Groh).
512. Sarcophaga helicis Tns. Ottawa, Ont., June 30, 1912, (Beaulne).
Agria affinis Fall. Victoria, B.C., reared from Vanessa antiopa, (J. R.
Anderson).
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 217
Miltogrammide.
* Arabiopsis cocklet Tns. London Hill Mine, Bear Lake, B.C., July 21, 1903,
(Cockle) ; Can. Ent. XLVII, 285.
Salmaciide,
* Knabia lursuta Tus. Oxbow, Sask., April 30, May 13, 1907, (F. Knab) ;
Can. Ent. XLVII, 287.
Larvevoride.
* Okanagama hirta Tns. Okanagan Falls, B.C., April 27, 1913, (E. M. An-
derson) ; Can. Ent., XLVII, 290.
* Panzeriopsis curriei Tns. London Hill Mine, Bear Lake, B.C., July 21-
29, 1913, (R. P. Currie) ; Can. Ent., XLVII, 291.
Rhachogaster kermodet Tns. Penticton, B.C., July 4, 8, 1913, (EH. M.
Anderson) ; Can. Ent. XLVII, 291.
Minthoide.
* Pseudodidyma puliula Tns. Victoria, B.C., April 2, 1906, (E. M. Ander-
son) ; Can. Ent., XLVII, 288.
518. Cynomyia cadaverina Desy. Vernon, B.C., (Ruhmann).
527. Mesembrina latreillei Desy. Agassiz, B.C., July, 1915, (Treherne).
Hypodermodes solitaria Knab. Agassiz, B.C., Aug., (Treherne). Described
in Can. Ent., Sept., 1910, from Alberta and Montana.
*
Anthomyide.
539. Fannia serena Fall. Ottawa, Ont., June 27, (Germain).
547. Limnophora diaphana Wied. Ottawa, Ont., June 3, (Germain).
550. Anthomyia pluvialis L. Ottawa, Ont., May 13, (Germain).
552. IJlylemyia lipsia Walk. Ottawa, Ont., May 3, (Germain).
553. LHustalomyia vittipes Zett. Ottawa, Ont., July 14, (Germain).
55%. Phorbia latipennis Zett. Lake Athabaska, near mouth of Charlot River,
Northern Saskatchewan, June 29, 1914, (F. Harper).
558. Pegomyia calyptrata Zett. Ottawa, Ont., May 13, (Germain).
563. Schanomyza dorsalis Loew. Aweme, Man., Sept. 18-21, (N. Criddle).
Scatophagide. .
565. Cordylura adusta Loew. Ottawa, Ont., April 27%, (Germain).
566. Cordylura volucricaput Walk. Ottawa, Ont., June 18, (Germain).
566. Parallelomma varipes Walk. De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., July
10, 1895, ((Walker).
567. Ilydromyza confluens Loew. Ottawa, Ont., June 15, (Germain).
Heteroneuride.
Clusia czernyi Ins. Ottawa, Ont., July 12, (Germain).
Helomyzide.
572. Helomyza longipennis Loew. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 28, 1914, (Walker).
572. Anorostoma marginata Loew. Ottawa, Ont., June 27, (Germain).
592. Scoliocentra helvola Loew. Ottawa, Ont., July 14, (Germain).
15 ES.
218 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Sciomyzide.
578. Sciomyza pubera Loew. Ottawa, Ont., July 14, (Germain).
578. Neuroctena anilis Fall. Ottawa, Ont., June 3, (Germain).
580. Tetanocera valida Loew. De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., Aug. 26,
1914, (Walker).
581. Sepedon fuscipennis Loew. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 29, 1914, (Walker).
581. Sepedon pusillus Loew. De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., Aug. 26,
1914, (Walker).
Sapromyzide.
Lonchea laticorns Mg. Banff, Alta., Aug. 29, 1911, (Sanson).
582. Lonchea rufitarsis Macq. Toronto, Ont., May 13, 1914, (Walker).
582. Palloptera jucunda Loew. Inverness, B.C., July, 1910, (J. H. Keen).
582. Palloptera superba Loew. Ottawa, Ont., June 21, 1904, (W. Metcalfe).
585. Sapromyza decora Loew. Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 11, 1909, (W. Metcalfe).
587. Sapromyza vulgaris Fitch. Ottawa, Ont., June, (Germain); Aweme,
Man., July 13, (N. Criddle).
‘Ortalide,
587. Pyrgota chagnoni Jns. Ottawa, Ont., May 16, (Germain).
589. Rivellia flavimanus Loew. Toronto, Ont., May 30, 1896; June 6, 1914,
(Walker). ‘
589. Rwellia viridulans Desy. Toronto, Ont., June 19, 1895; Dauphin, Man., ~
June 22, 1913, (Walker).
592. Tephronota narytia Walk. Aweme, Man., July 23, (N. Criddle).
597. Chetopsis massyla Walk. Aweme, Man., Sept. 7, (N. Criddle).
‘Trypetide.
603. Acidia fratria Loew. Toronto, Ont., June 8, 1914, (Walker).
604. Spilographa électa Say. Smith’s Cove, N.S., July 15, 1914, (Gibson).
604. Spilographa setosa Doane. Reared from hips of Rosa nutkana collected
at Cowichan Lake, B.C., Sept. 18, 1906, by J. Fletcher; emerged at
Ottawa, Ont., June 25, 1907, (Gibson).
605. Trypeta occidentalis Snow. Larve destroying seeds of Cirsium drum-
mondii at Elphinstone, Man., collected by W. A. Burman; adults reared,
(Gibson).
Rhagoletis fausta O. S. Victoria B.C., June 19, 1907, (R. M. Palmer).
607. Rhagoletis rubicola Doane. Aweme, Man., July 3, (J. Fletcher and N.
Criddle).
611. Tephritis albiceps Loew. Ottawa, Ont., July 1, 1914, (Beaulne).
611. Tephrites clathrata Loew. Aweme, Man., Sept. 18, (N. Criddle).
613. Urellia aldrichii Doane. Aweme, Man., Oct. 4, (N. Criddle).
Micropezide.
616. Calobata alesia Walk. Ottawa, Ont., June 27, (Germain).
616. Calobata antennipes Say. Toronto, Ont., June 13, 1895, (Walker).
617. Calobata univitta Walk. Ottawa, Ont., June 15, (Germain); Toronto,
Ont., June 11, 1914, (Walker).
aa
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 219
~Psilide,
{ 621. Lozocera collaris Loew. Ottawa, Ont., June 20, (Germain).
Ephydride.”
623. Dicheta caudata Fall. Ottawa, Ont., June 3, (Germain).
_ 623. Notiphila bella Loew. Ottawa, Ont., May 27, (Germain).
— ~ 623. Notiphila carinata Loew. ‘Toronto, Ont., June 13, 1914, (Walker).
Psilopa compta Mg. Aweme, Man., Oct. 14, (N. Criddle).
| 627. Hydrellia obscuriceps Loew. Brockville, Ont., Sept. 20, 1903, (W. Met-
calfe) ; Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 28, 1908, (J. Fletcher).
627. Philygria opposita Loew. Ottawa, Ont., July 28, (Germain); Aweme,
| Man., July 23, (N. Criddle).
628. Ochthera mantis DeG. Lake McGregor, Que., July 12, (Germain). New
| to Quebec Province.
628 Pelina truncatula Loew. Aweme, Man., Oct. 17, (N. Criddle).
629. Parydra bituberculata Loew. Ottawa, Ont., July 3, (Germain); Ottawa,
July 21, Aug. 6, 1914, (Beaulieu); Toronto, Ont., June 13, 1914,
} (Walker).
4 629. Hphydra atrovirens Loew. Ottawa, Ont., June, July, (Germain).
630. Scatella oscitans Walk. Aweme, Man., Oct. 14, (N. Criddle).
630. Scatella stagnalis Fall. Bridgetown, N.S., Aug. 29, 1912, (Sanders) ;
; Port Hope, Ont., May 24, 1897, (Metcalfe); Aweme, Man., Sept. 7,
: Oct. 14, 17, (N. Criddle).
_- Oscinide.
; Meromyza flavipalpis Mall. Aweme, Man., July 20, (N. Criddle).
. Meromyza marginata Beck. Beaver River, Alta., Aug. 20, (Strickland).
3 632. Anthracophaga maculosa Loew. Montreal, Que. Record from Becker’s
. Mon. of Chloropide IV, 1912, p. 44.
F 632. Anthracophaga eucera Loew. Brockville, Ont., Aug. 23, 1903, (Metcalfe) ;
3 Bridgetown, N.S., Aug. 29, (Sanders).
a Chlorops seminigra Becker. Type locality, Montreal, Que. Described in
S Becker’s Monograph of Chloropide, IV, 66, 1912.
_ 633. Diplotoxa microcera Loew. Aweme, Man., July 2, (N. Criddle).
4 633. Diplotora versicolor Loew. Aweme, Man., June 25, (N. Criddle).
Chlorops stigmata Becker. Type locality, Vancouver Island, —B.C.,
(Livingston). Described in Becker’s Monograph of Chloropide, IV, 60,
1912.
Chlorops integra Becker. Aweme, Man., July 20, Aug. 8, (N. Criddle).
Chloreps rufescens Cog. Ottawa, Ont., July 4, (Beaulne).
Chloropisca clypeata Mall. Regina, Sask., June 18, 1904, (J. Fletcher) ;
Ottawa, Ont., June 24, 1904, (W. Metcalfe).
Chloropisca obscuricornis Loew. Aweme, Man., July 23, (N. Criddle).
Chloropisca obtusa Mall. Ottawa, Ont., July 17, 1904, (W. Metcalfe).
Chloropisca variceps Loew. Athabaska, Alta., Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 10,
(Strickland) ; Prince Albert, Sask., July 28, 1907, (J. Fletcher).
Eurina ezilis Coq. De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., Aug. 26, 1914,
(Walker).
Hippelates flavipes Loew. Aweme, Man., Sept. 16, (N. Criddle).
Hippelates pallipes Loew. Aweme, Man., June 12, (N. Criddle).
220 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
636. Hlachiptera costata Loew. Ottawa, Ont., May 27, 1905; Chelsea, Que.,
May 27, 1905; Carlsbad Springs, Ont., June 26, (W. Metcalfe).
638. LHlachiptera decipiens Loew. Aweme, Man., Oct. 17, (N. Criddle).
636. LHlachiptera longula Loew. Aweme, Man., July 6, (N. Criddle).
Mosillus subsultans Fab. Aweme, Man., Aug., Sept., (N. Criddle).
637. Siphonella oscinina Fall. Brockville, Ont., Sept. 13, 1903, (W. Metcalfe). .
Siphonella parva Ad. Aweme, Man., June 12, (N. Criddle) ; Ottawa, Aug.
26, 1908, (Fletcher).
638. Oscinis dorsata Loew. Aweme, Man., June 6, July 23, Aug. 6, Sept. 7,
(N. Criddle).
Oscinis marginalis Mall. Aweme, Man., Aug. 6, (N. Criddle).
Oscinis melanchulica Beck. Aweme, Man., July 23, (N. Criddle).
639. Oscinis trigramma Loew. Aweme, Man., Sept. 7, 21, Oct. 10., (N. Criddle).
639. Oscinis umbrosa Loew. Aweme, Man., July 13, 23, (N. Criddle).
Drosophilide.
641. Drosophila amena Loew. Brockville, Ont., Aug. 12, 1903, (Metcalfe) ;
Ottawa, Ont., June 2, 1878, (Fletcher).
Agromyzide. d
Phytomyza acuticornis Loew. Aweme, Man., July 13, (N. Criddle).
Phytomyza flava Fall. Aweme, Man., Oct. 12, (N. Criddle).
Cerodonta femoralis Mg. Aweme, Man., Oct. 9-17, (N. Criddle).
647. Agromyza angulata Loew. Aweme, Man., Aug. 6, (N. Criddle).
Agromyza coquilletti Mall. Aweme, Man., June 25, (N. Criddle).
Agromyza genualis Mel. Aweme, Man., Oct. 9, (N. Criddle).
648. Agromyza jucunda Van der Wulp. Aweme, Man., Oct. 10, (N. Criddle).
Agromyza immaculata Coq. Brockville, Ont., Oct. 25, 1903, (W. Met-
calfe) ; Aweme, Man., Oct. 14, (N. Criddle).
Agromyza laterella Zett. Brockville, Ont., Sept. 13, 1903, (W. Metcalfe).
648. Agromyza marginata Loew. Ottawa, Ont., Sept. 1, 1908, (Fletcher) ;
Aylmer, Que., Oct. 20, 1905, (W. Metcalfe). New to Quebec Province.
Agromyza nasuta Mel. Aweme, Man., July 6, (N. Criddle) ; Montreal,
Que., July 11, 1914, (Winn); Port Hope, Ont., May 24, 1897, (W.
Metcalfe); Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 26, 1908, (J. Fletcher).
Agromyza scutellata Fall. Aweme, Man., July 20; June 25, (N. Criddle).
649. Agromyza terminalis Coq. Dauphin, Man., June 22, 1913, (Walker).
649. Agromyza vireus Loew. Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 17, 1907, (J. Fletcher) ;
Brockville, Ont., Aug. 23, 1903, (W. Metcalfe).
» Meoneura vagans Fall. Aweme, Man., July 23, (N. Criddle).
619. Desmometopa latipes Mg. Aweme, Man., July 6, (N. Criddle).
619. Desmometopa m-nigrum Zett. Brockville, Ont., Sept. 20, 1903, (W.
Metcalfe).
Desmometopa sordida Fall. Ottawa, Ont., June 1, 1900, (Gibson).
651. Milichia arcuata Loew. Ridgeway, Ont., July 23, 1910, (Walker).
Pseudodinia pruinosa Mel. Aweme, Man., Aug. 6, (N. Criddle).
652. Ochthiphila elegans Panz. Carlsbad Springs, Ont., June 26, 1904, (W.
Metcalfe). ;
652. Ochthiphila polystigma Mg. Aweme, Man., Aug. 6, (N. Criddle).
sd Ot TN Oe lM lie Bl. Mah shalinceme hohe ta
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 221
HYMENOPTERA.
During the year 1915, many specimens in this order were collected in the
various provinces in Canada, and some of the interesting captures are here recorded.
Species collected in former years have been definitely determined, and some of these,
too, we are now able to include. The records of these give further information
on their distribution within the Dominion.
_ 33 ,
‘Tenthredinide. .
___—s Strongylogastroidea aprilis Say. Toronto, Ont., June 13, 1895, (Walker).
rs Parasiobla rufocinctus Nort. Toronto, Ont., June 13, 1895, (Walker).
2 Dolerus aprilis Nort. Toronto, Ont. June 19, 1907; May 5, 1914,
(Walker).
E- Dolerus cohesus MacG. Ottawa, Ont., July, 1914, (Germain); Spruce
p Brook, Nfd., July 27, 1914, (Walker).
_ Dolerus stugnus MacG. Ottawa, Ont., July, 1914, (Germain).
Dolerus unicolor Beauy. ‘Foronto, Ont., April 19, 1895, (Walker).
; Loderus apricus (Nort). Ottawa, Ont., July, 1914, (Germain) ; Toronto,
3 Ont., June 13, 1914, (Walker).
ie Tenthredo basilaris Say. De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., Aug. 22,
a 1914, (Walker).
_ Macrophya trisyllaba Nort. Toronto, Ont., May 24, 1889, (E. M. Morris) ;
% Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 27, 1914, (Walker) ; Pictou, N.S., July 22, 1914,
(Walker).
Cimbex laportei Lep. Dauphin, Man., June 23, 1913, (Walker).
. Cimbex 10-maculata Urban. Prince Albert, Sask., June 26, 1913,
2 (Walker).
< Gymnonychus appendiculatus Hart. Ottawa, Ont., June 13, 1914,
(Germain).
* Fuura cosensii Rohwer. Toronto, Ont., (Cosens). Proc. U. 8. N. M.,
Vol. 49, 213.
Amauronematus semirufus (Kirby). Ottawa, Ont. Aug. 3, 1913,
(Germain).
__-Pachynematus extensicornis Nort. Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 7, 1914, (Germain) ;
___ De Grassi Pt., Lake Simcoe, Ont., Aug. 23, 1914, (Walker).
Pristiphora bivittata Nort. Ottawa, Ont., May 22, 1914, (Germain).
Monophadnoides concessus MacG. Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 25, 1914, (Germain).
Callirhytis gemmarius Ash. On island near Hamill’s Point, Lake Joseph,
Muskoka, Ont., (Cosens). First Canadian record (W. B.).
Andricus clavula O. S. On island near Hamill’s Point, Lake Joseph.
Muskoka, Ont., (Cosens). First Canadian record (W. B.).
_ Andricus piger Bass. On island near Hamill’s Point, Lake Joseph, Musk-
a. oka, Ont., (Cosens). First Canadian record (W. B.).
Andricus ventricosus Bass. On island near Hamill’s Point, Lake Joseph,
__ ‘Muskoka, Ont., (Cosens). First Canadian, record (W. IB?)
* Diastrophus fragarie Beut. Toronto, Ont., (Cosens). Can. Ent., XLVII,
~ EEE
222 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
«
Braconidae.
Meteorus loxostege Vier. Iron Springs, Alta., May 18, 1914, (Strickland).
Sigalphus bicolor Cr. Grimsby Ont., June 20, 1914, (Walker).
Spathius canadensis Ashm. Toronto, Ont., May 26, 1895, (Walker).
Ichneumonide.
Crematus retinie Cr. Toronto, Ont., June 13, 1914, (Walker).
Campoplex expertus Cr. Toronto, Ont., June 7-11, 1914, (Walker).
Campoplex vitticollis Nort. Toronto, Ont., June 11, 1914, (Walker).
Thyreodon morio Fab. De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., Aug. 16,
1914, (Walker).
Ezochus pallipes Cr. ‘Toronto, Ont., July 12, 1914, (Walker).
Spanotecnus concolor Cr. Toronto, Ont., June 13, 1914, (Walker).
Spanotecnus discolor Cr. ‘St. Catharines, Ont., June 21, 1914, (Walker).
Odontomerus mellipes Say. Toronto, Ont., (Walker).
Megarhyssa nortoni Cr. Pictou, N.S., July 22, 1914, (Walker).
Rhyssa persuasoria Linn. Quebec, Que., (Roy).
Rhyssa albomaculata Cr. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 29, 1914, (Walker) ;
Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). -
* Pseudorhyssa sternata Merrill. Toronto, Ont., Aug. 20, 1892. ‘Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc., XLI, 150. :
Lissonota superba Prov. Edmonton, Alta., May 22, 1911, (Carr).
Arenetra canadensis Cr. Macleod, Alta., July, 1913, (Strickland).
Lampronota parva Cr. Toronto, Ont., April 19, 1895, (Walker).
Arotes vicinus Cr. Morris Island, Muskoka, Ont., July 30, 1888 (E. M.
Morris).
Coleocentrus occidentalis Cr. Departure Bay, B.C., July 5, 1913, (Walker).
Cryptus robustus Cr. De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., Aug. 16, 1914.
(Walker).
Ichneumon bimembris Prov. Prince Albert. Sask., (Walker).
Ichneumon canadensis Cr. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 29, 1914, (Walker) ;
Departure Bay, B.C., July 6, 1913, (Walker).
Ichneumon comes Cr. Morris Island, Muskoka, Ont., July 8, 1888,
(H. M. Morris).
Ichneumon cincticornis Cr. Edmonton, Alta., Nov. 10, 1910, (Carr) ;
Prince Albert, Sask., June 26, 1913, (Walker) ; Toronto, Ont., Aug 8,
1914, (Walker). :
Ichnewmon ceruleus Cr. Muskoka, Ont., July 30, 1888, (E. M. Morris). —
Ichneumon devinctor Say. Edmonton, Alta., April 23, 1910, (Carr).
Ichneumon funestus Cr. Toronto, Ont., Aug. 8, 1914, (Walker). ,
Ichneumon feralis Cr. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 27, 1914, (Walker); —
Edmonton, Alta., (Carr).
Ichneumon flavicornis Cr. Departure Bay, B.C., July 4, 1913, (Walker). —
Ichneumon galenus Cr. Toronto, Ont., Aug. 8, 1914, (Walker). ;
Ichneumon grandis Br. “Departure Bay, B.C., July 29, 1913, (Walker).
Ichneumon orpheus Cr. De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, Ont., Aug. 16, |
1914, (Walker). .
Ichneumon pervagus Cr. Morris Island, Muskoka, Ont., (E. M. Morris).
Ichneumon putus Cr. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr).
Ichneumon seminiger Cr. Toronto, Ont., April 12, 1895, (Walker).
LA,
5
~
ee
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 228:
Ichnewmon suadus Cr. Lake Simcoe, Ont., (Walker).
Ichneumon sublatus Cr. Hamilton, Ont., June 20, 1914, (Walker).
Coelichneumon barnstoni Morley. Hudson Bay, 1884, (Geo. Barnston) ;
Revision of the Ichneumonidx in the British Museum, Part 1V, p. 130.
Amblyteles montanus Cr. Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., June 10, (E. M. Morris).
Amblyteles quebecensis Prov. Departure Bay, B.C., July 7, 1913, (Walker).
Amblyteles stadaconensis Prov. De Grassi Point, Lake Simcoe, (Walker).
Amblyteles subrufus Cr. Sault Ste. Marie, Ont., June 7, 1889, (E. M.
Morris).
Amblyteles suturalis Cr. Lethbridge, Alta., July 23, 1914, (Strickland).
Amblyteles tetricus Prov. Toronto, Ont., (Walker).
Trogus fulvipes Cr. Okanagan Landing, B.C., Aug. 16, 1913, (Walker).
Trogus obsidianator Br. De Grassi Point, Lake -Simcoe, Ont., Aug. 6,
~ 1895, (Walker).
Xenoschensis gracilis Cushman. Banff, Alta. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.,
XVII, 141.
Xenoschensis slossone Cushman. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 24, 1914,
(Walker) ; Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XVII, 140.
Lasius niger L. var sitkaensis Pergande. ‘Treesbank, Man., Sept. 23,
(Hewitt).
_ Formica fusca L. var algida Wheeler. Kenora, Ont., (Se C. Bradley) ;
Saguenay River, Que., (Geo. Englehardt); Digby, N.S., (J. Russell) ;
also from Newfoundland and Labrador; Psyche, XXII, 205.
Formica neogagates Em., subsp. vetula Wheeler. Banff, Alta., Sept. 16,
i (Hewitt).
Formica rufa L. subsp. aggeranus Wheeler. Banff, Alta., Sept. 16,
(Hewitt).
Formica ulkex Em. Treesbank, Man., Sept. 23, (Hewitt).
Aphenogaster subterranea borealis Wheeler. Lardo, Kootenay Lake, B.C.,
(J. C. Bradley) ; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIV, 413.
ocharide.
Ageniella cupidella Banks. Ridgeway, Ont., Can., July 9, (Van Duzee) ;
Can. Ent., XLVII, 400.
Osmia armaticeps Cr. Invermere, B.C., female, June 30, 1914, (Sladen) ;
Okanagan Landing, B.C., April 23, 1914, (Wilson).
Osmia quadridentata Cr. Hull, Que., April 25, (Sladen) ; Toronte, Ont.,
April 19, 1896, (W. Brodie).
3 x Osmia bucephala Cr. Banff, Alta., May 21, (Sladen) ; Toronto, Ont., “May
6, 1894, (W. Brodie).
Osmia cerulescens Linn. Ottawa, Ont., May and June, (Sladen) ; Toronto,
a so Ont., June and July, (W. Brodie). Mr. Sladen considers purpurea Cr.
- to be the same insect known in England as cerulescens.
224 THE REPORT OF THE . Noo Se
Osmia lignaria Say. Ottawa, Ont., male, April 5, 23, (Sladen) ; Golden,
Invermere and Sydney, B.C.; Banff, Alta., (Sladen).
Osmia coloradensis Cr. Spulamacheen, B.C., female, Aug., (Wilson) ;
Shawnigan, B.C., July; Revelstoke, B,C., May; Invermere, B.C., May,
(Sladen).
Bombus fervidus Fabr. Vernon, B.C., (Venables).
Bonbus moderatus Cr. Banff, Alta., (Sanson) ; Banff, Alta., on Arctosta-
phylos uva-ursi, May 21, (Sladen).
Psithyrus latitarsus Morrill. Aweme, Man., Sept. 16, (N. Criddle).
HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA.
(Arranged according to Banks’ Catalogue; Amer. Ent. Soc., 1910; the
numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue.)
Saldide.
12. Salda humilis Say. Ottawa, Ont. May and June, 1913 and 1914,
(Germain).
12. Salda littoralis Linn. Ottawa, Ont., May and June, 1913 and 1914,
(Germain). 5 :
Reduviide.
16. Zelus luridus Stal. Bondville, Que., (Moore).
Nabide.
22. Reduviolus propinguns Reut. Bondville, Que., (Moore).
Capside.
30. Plagiognathus politus Uhler. Ottawa, Ont., June 27, 1914, (Germain).
?. Dicyphus vestitus Uhler. Ottawa, Ont., July 30, 1914, (Germain).
40. Resthenia insitiva Say. Aylmer, Que., Aug. 1914, (Germain).
41. Miris vicina Prov. Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 23, (Germain).
44. Horcias marginalis Reut. Ottawa, Ont., July 20, 1914, (Germain).
46. Lygus viticollis Reut. Ottawa, Ont., May 27, 1914, (Germain).
4%. Phytocoris lasiomerus Reut. Ottawa, Ont., June, 1914, (Germain).
49. Stenotus binotatus Fabr. Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 3, 1914, (Germain).
49. Paeciloscytus basalis Reut. Ottawa, Ont., Aug., 1914, (Germain).
Tingitide.
56. Galeatus peckhami Ashm. Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 1914, (Germain).
Lygeide.
58. Ischnodemus falicus Say. Ottawa, Ont., July 23, 1914, (Germain).
59. Crophius disconotus Say. Ottawa, Ont., July 3, 1914, (Germain).
Pentatomide.
86. Menecles insertus Say. Quebec, Que., (Roy).
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 225
ORTHOPTERA.
Some interesting records of these insects have been received. Considerable
collecting in the order has recently been accomplished and our knowledge of the
distribution of many of the species considerably widened.
Mantide.
Mantis religiosa L. This species known as the European Praying Mantis,
and recorded in last year’s Entomological Record, has evidently estab-
lished itself in the Province of Ontario. This year it was again found
near Picton, in Hallowell Township, on Oct. 1, (Brimley).
Acridiide.
Acrydium obscurum Hane. Aweme, Man., May 28, Sept. 16, 1915,
(Criddle).
Chloealtis conspersa Harr. Athabaska Landing, Alta., Aug. 11, 1915,
(Strickland). Previously reported from Banff, by Walker.
Orphulella speciosa Scudd. Aweme, Man., Aug. 7-17, (E. and N. Criddle).
Chortophaga viridifasciata DeG. Treesbank, Man., June 11, (H. Criddle).
Arphia frigida Scudd. Fort Chipewyan, Alta., June 14, 15, 1914; Fort
' MeMurray, Alta., May 29, 1914, Hill Island Lake, Southern Mackenzie,
July 13, 1914, (F. Harper).
Hippiscus tuberculatus Beauv. Vort Chipewyan, Alta, June 15, 1914,
(¥. Harper).
Trimerotropis monticola Sauss. Aweme, Man., Sept. 16, 1914, (N.
Criddle).
Circotettic verruculatus- Kirby. Athabaska Landing, Alta., Aug. 11,
: (Strickland) ; Island in Tsu Lake, Southern Mackenzie, Aug. 6, 1914;
Fort Resolution, Mackenzie, Aug. 24, (F. Harper).
Melanoplus bivittatus Dodge. Athabaska Landing, Alta., Aug. 12, 1915,
(Strickland).
Melanoplus bruneri Scudd. Athabaska Landing, Halcourt and Water Hole,
Alta., Aug. 11, 12, (Strickland).
Melanoplus fasciatus Walk. Athabaska Landing, Alta., Aug. 11, (Strick-
land) ; Fort Resolution, Mackenzie, Aug. 24, 1914, (F. Harper).
- Locustide.
]
Bae
=
a
\
Scudderia pistillata Brun. Rosedale, Alta., (Miss E. Moodie) ; St. Louis,
Sask., July 25, 1898, (E. Coubeaux) ; new to Saskatchewan.
Conocephalus fasciatus DeG. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 6, (Wallis).
~ Udeopsylla nigra Scudd. Oxbow, Sask., July 31, 1897, (W. Noble).
| «Gryllide.
- Nemobius fasciatus DeG. Near Souris, P.E.I., Aug. 27, 1915, (A. G.
4 A Huntsman).
t Geanthus niveus DeG. Penticton, B.C., Aug. 1908, (Mrs. Fowler).
‘3 Gcanthus nigricornis quardipunctatus Beut. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 2-12,
i" (Wallis).
226 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
NeEvRoPTEROID INsEoTs (ExcEpr OpoNATA).
(Arranged according to a catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects (except
Odonata) of the United States, by Nathan Banks; American Entomological
Society, 1907. The numbers refer to the pages of the catalogue.)
CoRRODENTIA.
Psocide,
?. Pterodela pedicularis LL. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 29, 1914, (Walker).
Psocus campestris Aaron. Toronto, June 30, 1914, (Walker).
9
9. Psocus hagem Bks. Algonquin Park, Ont., Aug. 17, 1903, (Walker).
ARCHIPTERA.
Perlide.
10. Pleronarcys regalis Newm. Athabaska River, between Grand Rapids and
mouth of Little Buffalo River, Alberta, May 24, 25, (F. Harper).
10. Pteronarcella badia Hag. Coldwater, B.C., July, 1914, (Wilson).
11. Isogenus frontalis Newm. Hymers, Ont., June 19, 1908, (Dawson) ;
Athabaska River, between Grand Rapids and Fort McMurray, Alta.,
May 28, 1914, (F. Harper) ; Tazin River, near Tha- iis Lake, Northern
Saskatchewan, July 11, (F. Harper).
13. Isoperla bilineata Say. “Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 13, 1909, (H. Groh) ; Ottawa,
Ont., June 11, 1913, (Beaulne).
13. Isoper ia ebria Hag. Bartlett Bay, off Glacier Bay, Alaska, June 19, 1907,
(D: EE Nelles). ;
. Teniopteryx frigida Hag. Hull, Que., May 22, 1904, (W. Metcalfe).
15. Arsapnia decepta Banks. Wellington, B.C., March 9, 1907, (G. W. Taylor).
Ephemeride.
16. Ephemera simulans Walk. Tazin River and Hil’ Island Lake, Southern
Mackenzie, July 14, 1914, (F. Harper).
* Callibetis semicostata Banks. Stony Mt., Man., Sept. 16, (Wallis) ; Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, LXVI, 614.
NEUROPTERA.
Sialide. t
22. Sialis infumata Newm. Casselman, Ont., May 22, 1904, (J. Fletcher);
La Seine River, Rainy River District, Ont., June 30, (W. McInnes).
TRICHOPTERA.
Limnephilide.
35. Neuronia semifasciata Say. Tsal-wor Lake, about 8 miles north of Lake
Athabaska, Northern Saskatchewan, July 5, 1914, (F. Harper).
36. Glyphotalius hostilis Hag. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 29, 1914, (Walker).
Limnephilus bifidus. Lake Athabaska, near ‘tmoutli of Charlot River,
Northern Saskatchewan, June 29, 1914, (F. Harper).
36. Limnephilus indivisus Walk. Hamilton: Ont., June 20, 1914, (Walker).
36. Limnephilus nebulosus Kirby. Fort Chipewyan, Alta., June 16-18, 1914,
(F. Harper).
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 227
Anabolia bimaculata Walk. St. Lawrence River, between Montreal and
a Quebec (on steamer), July 15-16, 1914, (Walker).
Anabolia nigricula Banks. Fort Resolution, Mackenzie, Aug. 24, 1914,
; (¥. Harper).
38. Halepsyche indistinctus Walk. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 27, 1914,
= (Walker).
38. Pycnopsyche guttifer Walk. De Grassi Pt. Ont. Sept. 22, 1914,
.
. (Walker).
39. Platyphylax designata Walk. Tazin River, near Tha-inka Lake, Northern
Saskatchewan, July 11, 1914, (F. Harper).
-40. Chilostigma difficilis Walk. Toronto, Noy. 22, 1913, (Walker).
Sericostomatide.
aS River, Alta., May 22, 1914, (F. Harper).
Leptoceridz.
46. Leptocella exquisita Walk. St. Lawrence River near Quebec (on steamer),
July 16, 1914, (Walker).
46. Mystacides sepulchralis Walk. Sydney, N.S., July 24, 1914; Spruce
Brook, Nfd., July 27, 1914, (Walker).
_ 46. Setodes grandis Bks. Toronto, June 30, 1914, (Walker).
3 42. Brachycentrus similis Banks. Athabaska River, above mouth of House
j
Hydropsychide.
47. Hydropsyche scalaris Hag. St. Lawrence River near Quebec (on steamer),
July 16, 1914, (Walker).
48. Nyctiophylax vestitus Hag. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 27, 1914, (Walker).
ODONATA.
(Arranged according to Muttkowski’s Catalogue of the Odonata of North
_ America. The numbers refer to the pages.)
“edith chime ncod, Neil. tet lla aa ea) a nla i ie i
Coenagrionide.
_ 89. Lestes uncatus Kirby. Red Deer, Alta., 1915 (Whitehouse). New to
Alberta.
Argia moesta putrida Hag. St. John’s, Que., July 11, 1914, (Chagnon).
Enallagma antennatum Say. St. John’s, Que., July 11, 1914, (Chagnon).
New to Quebec.
Enallagma carunculatum Morse. St. John’s, Que. July 11, 1914,
(Chagnon).
Enallagmea ebrium Hag. St. John’s, Que., June 24, 1914, (Chagnon).
Enallagma exsulans Hag. St. John’s, Que., July 11, 1914, (Chagnon).
New to Quebec.
Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis Walsh. St. John’s Que., June 22, 1914,
(Chagnon).
Gomphus intricatus Hag. Saskatoon, Sask., July 28, 1910, (Willing).
First Canadian record. (Determined by P. P. Calvert.)
Aeshna sitchensis Hag. Red Deer, Alta., 1915 (Whitehouse).
Aeshna umbrosa Walk. Red Deer, Alta. 1915, (Whitehouse). New to
Alberta.
228 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
SIPHONAPTERA,
* Ceratophyllus ignotus recula J. and R. Okanagan Landing, B.C., July,
1913, off Putorius arizonensis, (J. A. Munro); Okanagan Falls, B.C.,
April,. 1913, off Thomomys talpoides, (C. Grant); Kelowna, B.C., Dec.
1910, off Mustela sp. (A. Tate) ; Ectoparasites, 1, 58. a
* Ceratophyllus ignotus albertensis J. and R. Blackfalds, Alta., collected
off Geomys sp., Mustela sp., 4nd Lynx canadensis, (A. D. Gregson) ;
Ectoparasites, 1, 56.
Megarihroglossus sicamus J. and R. Hagle River, Sicamous, B.C., found
on Canis latrans, Sept. 1903, (G. F. Dippie) ; Ectoparasites, 1, 50.
* Megarthroglossus procus J. and R. Chilliwack, B.C.; collected on Spilogale,
Sept. 1899, and on Peromyscus, Dec. 1899, (Allan Brooks) ; Ectoparasites,
1, 47.
* Catallagia decipiens Rothschild. Horse Creek, Upper Columbia Valley,
B.C., Oct. 18, 1913, off Peromyscus, (G. F. Dippie) ; Blackfalds, Alita..
(A. J. Gregson) ; Red Deer, Alta., April 25, 1901, off Hvotomys scturatus,
(G. F. Dippie) ; British Columbia, off Neotoma cinerea (W. Wenmann) ;
Ectoparasites, 1, 43.
* Neopsylla inopina Rothschild. Calgary, Alta., found on Spermophilus
richardsoni, April 11, 190%, (C. Garrett); Calgary, Alta., on Putorius
longicaudatus and Buotemays saturatus, (G. F. Dippie) ; ‘Ectoparasites,
1, 30.
* Doratopsylla curvata Rothschild. Blackfalds, Alta., off Kangaroo Mouse
and Shrew Mouse, (A. D. Gregson) ; Ectoparasites, 1, 25. ;
ARANEIDA.
(Arranged according to Banks’ Catalogue of Nearctic Spiders, U. 8. N. M.,
Bulletin 72. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue.)
During 1915, collections of spiders have been made in some of the provinces,
and also in Labrador, but many of the species have not, as yet, been determined.
In 1914, Mr. J. H. Emerton collected in Alberta, and through Mr. N. B. Sanson,
of Banff, some of the records are included here. Mr. Sanson has also made collec-
tions for several years and recently Mr. Emerton has named these.
Drasside.
10. Drassus coloradensis Em. Banff, Alta., July 4, 1914, (Sanson).
10. Drassus neglectus Keys. Natashkwan, South Labrador, July, (C. W.
(Townsend).
Clubionide.
* (Clubiona obtusa Em. Banff, Aug., 1914, (J. H. foe Trans. Conn.
Acad. Sci., Vol. 20, 153.
Agelenide.
15. Crypheca montanata Em. Banff, Alta., Aug. 15, 1914, (J. H. Emerton).
15. Hahnia agilis Keys. Old Romaine, South Labrador, July, (C. W.
Townsend).
a
1916 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3 229
Theridiide.
20. Theridium sexpunctatum Em. Lake Louise, Alta, Aug. 1914, (J. H.
K, Emerton).
21. Steatoda borealis Hentz. Banff, Alta., Aug. 15, 1914, (J. H. Emerton) ;
South Labrador, July, (C. W. Townsend).
26. Hypselistes florens Camb. Colpoy’s Bay, Ont., Ompah, Ont. (A. B.
Klugh).
* Lophocarenum dentipalpis Em. Goat Mountain, Jasper, Alberta, (J. H.
Emerton) ; Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., Vol. 20, 149.
Lophocarenum erectum Em. Tackakaw Falls, Yoho Valley, B.C., (J.
H. Emerton) ; Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., Vol. 20, 150.
Gongylidium tuberosum Em. Battle Harbor, Labrador, (C. W. Leng) ;
Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., Vol. 20, 150.
*
*
~
* Gongylidium canaliculatum Em. Prince Albert, Sask., (J. H. Emerton) ;
Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., Vol. 20, 151.
* Tmetis reticulatus Em. Lake Louise, Laggan, Alta., (J. H. Emerton) ;
Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., Vol. 20, 148.
* Tmetis obtusus Em. Lake Louise, Laggan, Alta.; Jasper, Alta. (J. H.
Emerton) ; Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., Vol. 20, 149.
_ Linyphiide.
33. Linyphia nearctica Banks. Blane Sablon, South Labrador, July, (C. W.
(Townsend).
33. Linyphia phrygiana Koch. Banff, Alta., Aug. 15, 1914, (J. H. Emerton) ;
: South Labrador, July, (C. W. Townsend).
* Bathyphantes arborea Em. Banff, Alta.; Laggan, Alta.; Yoho Valley,
B.C., (J. H. Emerton); Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., Vol. 20, 150.
f * Bathyphantes occidentalis Em. Vancouver, B.C., (J. H. Emerton) ; Trans.
: Conn. Acad. Sci., Vol. 20, 151.
j * Microneta pmnata Em. Prince Albert, Sask., (J. H. Emerton); Trans.
| Conn. Acad. Sc., Vol. 20, 152.
_ * MWMicroneta flava Em. Lake Louise, Laggan, Alta., (J. H. Emerton) ;
Hl Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., Vol. 20, 152.
peiride.
*
c. Singa campestris Em. (Kenora, Ont.; Edmonton, Alta., (J. H. Emerton) ;
: Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., Vol. 20, 153.
41. Epeira carbonaria Koch. Laggan, Alta., Aug. 12, 1914, (J. H. Emerton).
41. Hpeira marmorea Clerck. Banff, Alta., Aug. 27, 1914, (Sanson).
Thomisidz.
Aysticus ferrugineus Em. Banff, Alta., July, 1913, (Sanson).
Xysticus triangulosus Em. Banff, Alta., July, 1913, (Sanson).
Coriarachne brunneipes Banks. Banff, Alta., Aug., 1914, (Sanson).
Thanatus coloradensis Keys. Banff, Alta., June, 1912, (Sanson).
Philodromus inquisitor Thor. Banff, Alta., (Sanson).
230 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36m
Lycoside.
55. Lycosa albohastata Em. Banff, Alta., (Sanson); Mecatina, South Labra- —
dor, July, (C. W. Townsend). — 4
55. Lycosa beani Em. Banff, Alta., Sept. 7, 1913, (Sanson).
56. Lycosa fumosa Em. Banff, Alta., Sept. 7, 1913, (Sanson). ;
5%. Lycosa quinaria Em. Old Bea Southern Labrador, July, (C. Ww. ;
Townsend).
59. Pardosa gracialis Thor. Laggan, Alta., Aug. 1914, (J. H. Emerton).
Pardosa albiceps Em. Spray River, near Banff, Alta., (Sanson); Trans. —
Conn. Acad. Sci., Vol. 20, 153. Type locality with description, given —
in error as “Spray River, B.C.” a
59. Pardosa grenlandica Thor. Banff, Alta., June 25, 1912; Sept. 7, 1913,
(Sanson) ; Old Romain and Natashkwan River, South Labrador, (C. W.
Townsend).
59. Pardosa glacialis Thor. Blane Sablon, South Labrador, July; Natashlovan i
River, South Labrador, July, (C. W. Townsend).
60. Pardosa luteola Em. Banff, Alta., Aug. 8, 1914, (Sanson) ; Old Romaine,
South Labrador, July, (C. W. iegnsend ye
60. Pardosa tachypoda Thor. Banff, Alta., July 4, 1914, (Sanson).
Attide.
66. Dendryphantes flavipedes Peck. Banff, Alta., (Sanson). -
* Pellenes sansoni Em. Spray River, near Banff, Alta., (Sanson) ; Trans.
Conn. Acad. Sei., Vol. 20, p. 154. :
; PAGE PAGE
4 Aegeria PRCLEDES) ....0.05 duel ae OU @rioceristasparagi co. tscckie es sci oe ate up;
ss PeMITTOTMIS — 25... cee se we tok “ f2-pUNCtabae. telaciciceacs os male,
_Alsophila pometaria .............. 30 Cryptorhynchus lapathi ........... 33
_ Ametastegia glabrata ............. aloe Cureulios) Willow Gives cleiee ce eee 33
Annapolis Royal, laboratory at .... 121 Currant borer, imported .......... 31, 50
Anthonomus signatus .............. 31 CUtWOEMS Mi cis sects 12, 17, 31, 49, 93
_ Apanteles lacteicolor ....... 152, 153, a G@ymipsrbinctonin seme ese sae ts =e 89
i ee MESS SPCADENIUTS © 5c scayele.cre a Dasyneura torontoensis ........... 16
flo T. Desmocerus palliatus .............. 19
| AV UETU SS 20) (a 22, 30 Diarthronomyia hypogea .......... 14
Aphis, PEMINMEE echclc o's aacicscc delves 22, 30 Du Porte, E. M., articles by ....... 48, 50:
i 0) .o¢0 3 7G SSB aeIBeaEes 13, 30, 49 Mider DOTEr \ <i .ia.s sis 24s sks nee ors ee ee 19
ia EN 30 Entomology in Canada, progress of. 119
F U2 Uitee (a) 65 Mpialthesssiras’. jocc-eo bean re NT
E Asparapus beetles ................ 12 Eriocampoides limacina ........... 50
, Asparagus beetle parasite ......... 23 Eriophyes: pyri 5060. escent. an
i Aspidiotus perniciosus ............ 29 ss PUL «(ose sre crass - 120
CE CHEIMINGT -..0.-..22200ceee 49 HUXOAMAURULANIS, 22525 scctsosloes A 93
\ Beetles, from Peterborough ....... 19 << MULCSSOLIA.” a ta ede aoa eene 12
BEEMEGIE FLOPC .....2.00 20 ee ochroraster 255: .dciesse eee 12
te “Niagara Glen ...... 21 f Lessellata y/o cre iesteaie siete . 12, 49
SEA TUOIN ©... 0.0.65 ees 19 Heli sHeakr.. alticle Dy. =. See ee 40
' Blister-beetle, ash-gray ............ 12 Fernald, H. T., article by .......... 97
abs i 29 Flea beetle, PTAPEsylue Ly dooce 31
D2 oe 102, 108 HOD s chetiscamete. sce SAS,
a key to species of ........ 106 gna Mts red-headed .......... 13, 14
Brittain, ivewetarticle DY ........ 65 Fredericton, laboratory at ......... 122
Brown-tail moth 7c ofaeeudee 147, 152, 153 124 Wl pes 1h eee OAD Boe mero Tce 49
Bruchophagus funebris ........... 49- Nyles< "2. We, article DY =..0.. <<. se 8, DA
BEEUODIATWEALCIISIS ...-.0..08020500- 49 Garden plants, insects affecting ....14, 49
9 OLDE 2+ Sec ng SG pee eena aa 50 Gaxiraphius Sequl, eictyei\s 10 saterave cele 106
BEC I og co's oie wise clei eis ers 16 sf haemorrhoidalis ..... 106
- Burgess, A. F., article by .......... 153 a MASALISIH Sots oreke c:s 103, 108
i Byturus unicolor Berries tats re aisvere-0 ws 22 Gibson, A. articles: by; 2.5. f2./i<s 11, 156
Cabbage maggot ......... 12, 49, 130, 140 Ginsyamothivns.csecs see. a aa 152, 153
Caesar, L., articles by ........ 29, 33, 163 Glasgow, Hugh, article by ......... 60
Calosoma sycophanta .......... 153, 154 Gortyna stramentosa, home of ..... 43
mcamnuiuta pellucida .............. 11, 156 Grains and clover, insects of ...... 49
me@anker-worm, fall ................ 30 Grasshopper, red-legged ........... 16
Capsids, attacking apples ......... 29, 79 TEEASSHODDCIS A cavern oteiciwie-= sterols ite 11, 156
Carabide, attacking cabbage maggot 142 Greenhouse plants, insects affecting 14
Carpocapsa pomonella ............ 29 HMadena devastatrix 2. .cicccseccces 31
Semmarerunt, iy). s-......-..5...... 15, 49 Hadwen, S., article by ............ 108-
Cecidology, founding the science of. 88 Halticanchalybea. =. .sA:..cackes sone 31
Seuermes COOleyi ................. 123 EVES SEATS Yala sar wlainio\cyoto aaton tie arr erobaleraic re 49
Chortophila brassicae ............ 49 Heterocordylus malinus .......... 29
RICE TINE cata. cvore «i/o /e:0-0 os 49 Hewitt, GC -G@sarticle by 2.00. -.ce 119
cou? a) oe 49 Efypaderma DOVAS) co A csralel ve sccufo selene 108
ysanthemum midge ............ 14 é Vineatumi "S%/...cc.ccs saree LOS
Stal; R. N., article by ........ 123 Ichneumonid# from Quebec ....... 56
OI TEDETIC 43 50 Keat*bue four-lined »:.<.,.%. 52. .ces 14
ee sc hs cisco sae 49 heaf-hopper;Erape® w755 2oc\.1s- te siclorse 31
werseed chalcid ............... 49 eat-roliers; Apple #22 /22recoes oe 163
-- 23 pot) Sheep 29 WSGAT=WEE VAI), cictecieveis ieyeteve Mache Waleiwiertinrere 60
“side injury and .... 40 Lepidosaphes ulmi ............... 13
jleophora fletcherella ............ 50 Lethbridge, laboratory at ......... 122
npsilura concinnata ......... 153, 154 Life zones and their relation to
onotrachelus nenuphar .......... 29 (0) et, Seater crestor CORoOR ao be. 97
aeAs, articles by .........2.+- 14, 88 Lochhead, Wm.,, article by ....... 102
honaspis gillettei ........ aeenies, tL Locust, control) work. ..3..../...!..05. 156
maord, 1. G., article by ........ 79 HEO CUBERY aye eels ee re eee TIS ASé
[231]
No. 36
232 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
PAGE PAGE
iyEIdGa Men ax wv cjeieteicie sil sfalcrerraets 29 Root, maggots’ .). 2)... «lessee tee .12, 49
MAVENS HAMVICUS oso cis ciaiovei cre «.ceks toes 65 Rose chafer. |. 620 soe ee eee ‘
Macrobasis unicolor’ . «<0... 0... .00+ 12 Ross, W. A:, article iby... -... ses
Macrodactylus subspinosus ....... 30 Sanders, G. E., article by ..........
Macrosiphum pisi ........... . 13, 30, 49 Sanninoidea exitiosa .............
Malacosoma americana ...... Accs 9 Sarcophaga predator .............
oi ISS bia pecyepvetereeieereieite 29 Sarcophagid, attacking forest tent-
WMerarhyssa atrata -< 00 <:..c0.e sees 58 Caterpillar |v)... s 0 sjes,-s eee
Megorismus nubilipennis ......... 55 Saw-fly, currant, i... 0.0.20 —eieee
Melanoplus atlanis .......... 1d, 156; 167 ss OCH 755s 3 chejeisjeveccleee
es femur-rubrum ......... 16 ae PODIAN: ii.:.iscc'se)-a0e ae ee ;
Meromyza americana ............. 49 sc TASPDELLY 2.0) oreis che eee 28, 31, 50m
IDOL ET Ty-0 (CRA Pree mopactin Sete chenent Gee G coe 31 Scale, oyster-shell <...;..-+- eee
Mite, red Trombidium ............ 141 2 San* José. ies cocc,<. cee
Monophadnus rubi ................ 31 Schizoneura lanigera .............
Morris; F: J. A., article by J... -. 3. 17 Seed-corn’. maggot: “5... .- +s eee
IMG2NIS. TCONASL | osc) o eieseetaras rela eicien ote 22, 30 SIWUES © 4 ee lw Sa sacle eee ae
Neurocolpus nubilus .............. 29, 79 Spittle-bugs ©... .....00-00% «eee
INOSe¥ flies!" 6... 2 cee Bete cies erences 102 Staphylinide parasitic on cabbage
Oestride, key to species of ........ 106 MAL ZOt so sisce as a ciate ssa oe
Onion maggot, imported .......... 12, 31 Ste. Anne’s, insects of =). 3. ccteene
Orchard and small fruits, insects Strickland, E. H., article by ......
BEtLACKIN GY Wa, Nerce cretewieiat sratersievetecet ers 5C Sumach beetle, jumping ....... oe
Oscinis: carbonaniai en. asec ieitete 49 Systena, frontalis.-s5...cn eee
Paracalocoris colon. .............. 29 Tachinid parasites of apple leaf-
Parasites of Gipsy and Brown-tail TOILETS nip dvieies che: a0 os eo
MOLHS = Sac keeens eiletkeciavere oiaters 154,155 Taeniothrips pyri ....-2.-ssseeeee :
Parasitic insects of Canada ........ 178 Tent-caterpillars ..5.. >...) 00eeen
Parrott; PJ, article by, -no.c-e-6-- 60 Tetranychus pilosus ..............
Peach-treerDOrer, cies ieeio cic eiae 30 Tetrastichus asparagi .............
o -* ]@SSON> saaniarneyeegte 22, 30 Thalessa atrata, .:3.4<3. 0.
Pear psyllas ce cies deve ten oie sie ete 22, 30 * lunator’ .<\.7)- a8. «eee te
istiser Ube ys, Aaqnaccouao cgd0c 66 cae 120 . nortonl <i.)i~+. 5 ss.e eee
Pegomyia ‘ceparum .....55 s«c.nec 31 Tmetocera ocellana .;..2.. 7s see
Pelopceus cementarius ............ 52 Tortrix: arzyrospila’ ......) pee
IPhorbia, brassice: 144.2 aan se 12, 130, 140 “ ropaceana ..oc... Jee
“- fusciceps ............-..- 12 * . semiferana 14. ),.2 50
Phorocera doryphore ............. 32 Torymus thompsoni ..............
Phytonomus nigirostris ........... 49 Tothill, J. D., article by .....0 eae
Pieris TAP® sees e eee eee eee cece 21 Treehopper, buffalo ...............
ate eewl BOLI GOT COMO OUD nis es Treesbank, laboratory at ........ a
Poecilocapsus lineatus ............ 14 Treherne, R. C., articles i 120 140.4
Poisoned baits in locust control .... 156 eon aa aa : " , ee
Polydrusus impressifrons ......... 60 Trichiocamp us Vindale °» 4: ie 15, 33
Poplar borer, imported ............ 93 Tychius picirostris” --~. =... 7.7m 49,50
Sila sPORD)) cc niecteay torr eee 15, 49 Typhlocyba comes ................
Psylla pyricola .............-.00-- 22, 30 Warble-fiies BINA Sache 57 106,108
Psylliodes punctulata ............. 49 Weevil, lesser leaf .=..........2 eee g
Raspberry Byturus ..............: 22 oe strawberry ....... moor co.
Recurvaria’ nanella) acs o.0-)21-16 22 ae 16 Wheat-stem) magzot (2j..-e eee
Hed spider) imported 3.0.2... 31 Willow-borer, imported ...........
Rhopalosiphum ligustri ........... 23
Winn, A. F.; article by... nee
Forty-Seventh Annual Report
OF THE
Entomological Society
OF ONTARIO
1916
{PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE)
PRINTED BY ORDER OF
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO
TORONTO :
Printed by A. T. WILGRESS, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty
1917
weer eo Oe
Forty-Seventh Annual Report
OF THE
Entomological Society
OF ONTARIO
1916
(PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE)
PRINTED BY ORDER OF
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO
TORONTO :
Printed by A. T. WILGRESS, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty
OF
; 2 as vw bg
eis a =,
” 42 4S
‘ %
4
Printed by
WILLIAM BRIGGS
Corner Queen and John Streets
TORONTO
r, Sir JounN SrraTHeaRN HeENpDnrg, a Lieutenant-Colonel in the
of Canada, etc., etc., etc.,
Iieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.
sz Your Honour:
Respectfully submitted,
Wittiam H. Hearst,
Minister of Agriculture.
CONTENTS
LETTER OF TRANSMISSION
OFFICERS For 1916-1917
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
List or MEMBERS
ANNUAL IMBETING oo cnc60 5 6)d0005 s.a:duectlelats Siciniei a a) Soe. auatie Soo1s oaoeuel Sete eon ete eae ee
Report of the: COUMCH oo... Sse aisiwlecege cv eyele. svuvece rein. ooh ove eters tokelallote Siete aaa ate a
Curator “wee 2 a eis wie Se rere te ouats wiece ln oevalavele elntcie tele tetettenseietel Reet aaa
Librarian <0 sos heise ccsce 0s, Saye, 5 01s oie aleisiel lee sarees tehete aol een
Montreal’ Branch - 5 .2..% S.5..0% 6 Soles eve wie tle ne on etarele etal ble eee
TOTODtO: BATCH. 52's... 5-055 ererel eco 0) oa o,0) ovecnye tata a eihotar atest ene
Nova Scotia Branch. «. 3. <0. on. scenes s conc eo cls cle creme eee
Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada ................ emits
Reports on Insects for the Year: Division No. 1, A. GIBSON..............-..¢.
rs 8, A. COSENS) 5 ...Jcc ee sles
“ “'- 5, EF. J. .A. MORRIS) 2...
as «6, J. W. NOBLE)... .)..2 eee
The Naturalist inthe City: T. W. F'XnES! <<... c2G- (eee eects ee «eee eer
Dusting Fruit Trees and Grapes for the control of diseases and biting insects:
Tos OAEGAR 20 5 5.45. oie c¥e Gis i e's raatele ase © 1esellote foo eiehoie aveliel tere folie tore love sel epats ven aettel et aaainaaannn
General notes on Aphides which occur on Apple Trees: W. A. ROSS............. Fs
Notes on Physonota unipunecta: A. FW. WINN. .. 22... 36 oe ee nec so 0 telecine eee
Notes on use of Repellents for horn flies and stable flies: A. W. BAKER...........
The Relation of Insects to Disease: L. O. Howarp Sa 30) oigishaleredeioiel oye Skeleeek ea
The Wood of Desires “Ws Jo A. MORRIS feiss tere fain cts else majeure ciet='=, «ei specnieaieteletste
Insects as Material for Studies in Heredity: W. LOCHHEAD .....................-
History of the Forest Tent Caterpillar and Fall Webworm in North America:
IAS Bi BRAT Ss) o ek d-c. enue; snl icre co: Win, 815 bila’ ark Holset equ lo 6) wtaley ate Jal econ ceaueye leone t Sipe tea
Camp Hygiene: Ge J.: SPENCER \-(5-sere 0/0 s01e ates «9 oval ooo hrelws ala aiainyaiels| otal ei alate
The Experimental Results in Apple Maggot Control: W. H. BRITTAIN.............
Experiments on the Control of Locusts with Coccobacillus acridiorum: E. M.
Do Porve and W:; VANDEBLEOR®: ....</<)5:0r0-0:cre.0:0 cis,01s/s/01 9,016 ese) e aie siete o's fells ose eee
Some Features of Interest in connection with our Studies of Forest and Shade
Tree Insects: J: M. “SWADNE! 5250.13 co cies spec sicse ere ave eimiel'so shed arena eee
Notes on Some Imsects of the Season: L. CAESAR ..............2-0c0. ces enmseed =
Three Important Greenhouse Pests: A. GIBSON ..............- ec see eee eens renner
Experiments in the Control of the Poplar and Willow Borer: R. MATHESON........
The Fruit Tree Leaf Roller in New York State: G. W. HERRICK...................
The. Entomological Record: Aj GIBSON 6 fe < oe cyrrere.c oo siete (oke rade woleteieieieee tote ieee
a
[4]
FORTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
Entomological Society of Ontario
1916
Honourable William H. Hearst, Minister of Agriculture:
‘§7r,—I have the honour to present herewith the Forty-seventh Annual Report
e Entomological Society of Ontario, containing the proceedings of the Fifty-
Annual meeting, which was held at Guelph on the 2nd and 3rd of Novem-
916.
he meeting was well attended and the interest shown by those present in
pers and addresses presented was evident from the lengthy discussions by
they were followed. A full report of these papers and discussions is
led in the following pages, together with the reports of the various officers
ranches of the Society.
he work of the Society continues to expand and has been much increased
activities of the British Columbia and Nova Scotia Branches.
The Canadian Entomologist, the Society's monthly organ, continues to main-
a wide circulation and a high standard of scientific value. In the forty-
volume now completed the series of articles on Popular and Practical
ology, begun in the preceding volume, has been continued regularly and has
ch to widen its usefulness and interest to the general reader.
I have the honour to be, Sir,
= Your obedient servant,
Epmunp M. WALKER,
Editor.
Entomological Society of Ontario
OFFICERS FOR 1916-1917
President—Mr. ALBERT F, WINN, Westmount, Que.
Vice-President—Pror. LAWSoN CAESAR, Dept. of Entomology, Ontario Agricultural
College, Guelph.
Secretary-Treasurer—Mr. A. W. Baker, B.S.A., Lecturer in Entomology, O. A.
College, Guelph.
Curator—Mr. W. Evans, O. A. College, Guelph.
Librarian—ReEy. Pror. C. J. S. BeTHUNE, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Professor of Ento-
mology and Zoology, O. A. College, Guelph.
Directors—Division No. 1, Mr. ArtTHur Grsson, Entomological Branch, Dept. of
Agriculture, Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. E. Granv, Orillia; Division No. 3, Dr. A.
Cosens, Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. F. J. A. Morris,
Peterborough; Division No. 5, Mr. J. W. NoBLe, Essex, Ont.; Division No. 6, Mr. W. A.
Ross, Vineland Station, Ont.
Directors (ex-Presidents of the Society)—-Rev. Pror. C. J. S. BreETHUNE, M.A,
D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Guelph; W. HaGue HarrIncTon, F.R.S.C., Ottawa; Pror, JoHN DEARNESS,
Vice-Principal Normal School, London; Rev. THos. W. Fytes, D.C.L., F.L.S., Ottawa;
Pror. WM, LocHHEAD, B.A., M.S., Macdonald College, Que.; JoHN D. Evans, C.E., Chief
Engineer, Central Ontario Railway, Trenton; Pror. TENNYSON D.- Jarvis, Grimsby
East; Pror. E. M, Wacker, B.A., M.B., F.R.S.C., University of Toronto; C. Gorpon
Hewitt, D.Se., F.R.S.C., Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa.
Editor of “The Canadian Entomologist *—Pror. E. M. WALKER, Toronto.
Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada—Mr, F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough, Ont.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
For the Year Ending October, 31st, 1916.
Receipts. Expenditures.
Balance from 1914-15 ........ $23 82 Cork .and pins! “a3: ov. <senee $91 59
PW OSIe ye cisierersial Stsraxe ate siete BOOS 151 60 Printing) [ui-'.2.ss1weste eee 1,185 49
SUDSELIDEHONS: 265 ae melee 428 7 Expense: .. os. .vos0 sees eee 70 20
NAVEREISIN Eo 5 fe pleases ne 38 25 Salaries) <<. yc <jesiefote Urelrciornene 250 00
Government grant .......... 1,000 00 Library. 6.cccis cee 6 53
Reports and back numbers ... 105 31 Annual meeting ~<- cece ae 59 15
Cork: sand pins san ascii ioe 111 07 Annual report’: «..ce-oe = eee 170 00
Bank anterest! sq. '.as err ses ib huh Bank exchange) .-2...-" ah 10 15
———_ Balance on hand ............ 27 58
$1,870 69 ——_
‘ $1,870 69
Roy pPalance! Aue spvinN CEs waa ele teraleteialcietaine o eialeta settee $66 96
By; cash on’ Nand Pcs see reieimaearete olen staaneennt eines eee 27 58
Net «deficit scares cecteisiemts « micleciters + cle sale $39 38
Auditors: L. Caesar.
J. E. Howitt.
Respectfully submitted, .
A. W. BAKER,
Secretary-Treasurer,
[6]
LIST OF MEMBERS
ONTARIO.
Pemrowsy HEH. D, ....sc0se Toronto.
Astwood, J. C. ..........Port Arthur.
PEREEALIUW , cece sceee -Guelph.
Bicknall, H. E. .........Toronto.
EP Wea. 2 ccc cc cee e Hamilton.
Lia 2 Bloomfield.
Pmws, ALR, ........- Guelph.
Maesar, Ero, iy. .........- xs
Ci Se ..-London.
Chrystal, R. Neil ........ Ottawa.
Sati: 76 Guelph.
Slemens, W. A. .......-- Toronto.
Oviguich US 0 ee «
C030) 10) 0: SS eaeeee &
rameoris ut, G. ........ Wilton Grove.
Soo opp. = ee Guelph.
Dearness, Prof. J. ....... London.
UD Day Ws Ottawa.
i. (oe 25 Hamilton.
Din 1 Se Port Hope.
plop waAMesS ......5... Woodstock.
Soph. 2 Sess eSB eeeeae Guelph.
Ford, Miss Marjorie ..... Toronto.
Ford, Miss Norma ...... -
INE e NC ee ce
EIR ATORUT 3 .... 65255 Ottawa.
Sub 2) 33a Toronto.
SEE Uh) 1012) Orillia.
SDT 7 Ug Se se
isla. 1220) | Toronto.
EADS DA Se Sudbury.
oo Toronto.
Partaneron. W. H. ...... Ottawa.
fiiarrison, GT. .......... Thornloe.
Hewitt, Dr. C. Gordon ...Ottawa.
[scl S)0 lh Clifford.
(Scie 15) 1 See Strathroy.
USSD Ty 10255 re Toronto.
J S00GS 4 ee St. Thomas.
Soi, DAS SSeS Grimsby East.
Charis 0:0 s SG gene eaeins Ridgeway.
King, Lieut. Vernon ..... Guelph.
JOSS G0 6 Toronto.
LS 2 656 SepeneeEenES Ottawa.
ELUDES 2 Toronto.
1 Uf 3 SS eae ef
Mekcrnnic, J. B. ........ es
eae I. AC... Peterborough.
Mossop, Miss B. K. E. ...Toronto.
L310) 4 ee <
Jun dt) 6 Essex.
Sai bie 8 0 Ottawa.
Uap a 2 Vineland.
2 GE 15 Guelph.
2 Toronto.
SOLEIL Vineland Sta.
paagdens Wo W. Li. ........ Ottawa.
Reine ATENUT .......... Toronto.
LECT S (Co Gi
Snazelle, Chas. .......... Thornloe.
“Spencer, Capt. G. J. ..... Guelph.
ft) SS oe Ottawa.
20a ie ee
sirickland, BH. H. ........ i
AMnompsony, Wek: sec ciseeis London.
RONTINSON,, Ae Els) te ucts ae Guelph.
Walker; Prof. EH. M. ..... Toronto,
Watson, Dr. A. H. R. ....Port Hope.
Wiktite James: ols st. esis. Snelgrove.
WWiOGU Ses eel ars cin sie cicpeiele oie Toronto.
Wright, Capt. W. H. ....Guelph.
ZAVALA: Bie dcwere teres sislete.0.c Toronto.
QUEBEC.
Barwick els (Cs cree res, ciel ci: Montreal.
Beaune; Is aso scsi’ .. Ottawa.
Brainerd, Dwight ....... Montreal.
Burgess, Dr. T. J. W. .... Verdun.
Chapaisny Ts Gom iiss ereleriere St. Denis.
Ghapnons) G2 Pr... sesc-naiente Montreal.
Glayson Ger Heenan. cei seta nhrn:
Corcoranye Jo Ala: <cecicicre «
DaYis;,. MWe Wi, crepteactis cl lo Westmount,
DunlopiiGig Car serene ciel Montreal.
Du! “Portes He Mi ee... Macdonald
College.
Germain SELON vests aeieier Three Rivers.
Gibb} baence settee Montreal.
Holmes; Ji) Ga ero cisteeicl see Westmount.
Huard) Reve Ve Al cries Quebec.
Leopold, Rev. Father ....La Trappe,
Letourneau, 3S 66. diesels Oka.
Lochhead, Prof. W. ...... Macdonald
College.
Moore; Gi "AS ofan sacectensie Montreal.
Poirier. Win. vcxsstarticcicrvalots s
Southees GaAs | cicte ctoiel=iele se
BANOS ee MORIAS) tere claret oer = High River.
\Wiebrin ne 1009 6 RA opener Westmount.
ALBERTA.
Antijutti, Miss BE. ....... Barons.
Bentley, Lettice ......... Lethbridge.
13{0)arirct Bl Cs Ai eee Edmonton.
Garr WSs Sater cles oS
Dod Eb. Hy Wolley <..5...- Midnapore.
Imeson;, Miss V.-........ Barons.
Mackie, Donald ......... Edmonton.
MGOOISs MISS) S.o.crern'Sscaere Ogden.
UPTO E aahctorsieho nvece ova We Lacombe.
Scarborough, J. W. ...... Barons.
Whitehouse, F Co .. os... Red Deer.
NEw BRUNSWICK.
Tothill dD aa cceelace as Fredericton.
Nova Scotia.
ADDOtt WaAnOMa:) <)stetote creer Forbes Point.
Allan, E, Chesley ........ Yarmouth,
Je} nor FRAN Ge mapa eeco reas Nappan,
STU Wick Soe efaze crete icone Kentville,
Brittaim, Prof. WwW. BH. =... Truro:
G@ann;, WS Mabel! cy. 522..0-- Yarmouth N.
Conrad, Ethel M. ........ Halifax.
Crates a Ose oa listereterets of Amherst.
Greizhton iG ace eels ae Halifax.
]
8
De Wolfe, EAL psec Truro.
Mickey; ss Me eae Kentville.
Distant. Mary (S.\s2..2 -s ee Halifax.
Dustans -Al (Gl calles ale Bridgetown.
Guiltatt oi. iGo ekaiee ieee Granville
Centre.
Good; IGP AS. nee Truro.
Gooderham, C, B. ....... -
Goodwin, Alberta ........ Stewiacke.
Henrion, Miss C. ........ Halifax.
Jennison, Mary ......... Truro.
Lindsay iiarriet Ho 3... os
MacPherson, Dr. Hugh .. Antigonish.
McGregor, Anna ........ South River
Lake.
McKay. Dr. A. H. ......; Halifax.
Mitchell, Lillie J. ...... as
Moses, Agnes .........-. Brooklyn.
jebraniisp el eb Chris Gadiaso sae Granville
Ferry.
PAY NES eet elaw a rajateteyaiers aiete -
PErrin WOSEDN alee icin «orate Halifax.
Sanders) (Ge ol. eens) ers Bridgetown.
Scott) Prof. (J. Meee. - Truro.
Shaw, .eror, Pion <<a “s
Shipton; jie Wausss alee sce Moschelle.
Sinclair, Nellie ......... South River
Lake.
Smith, (Me “boisc. ease se Truro.
Some AL le ape eooagds “
Trevoy, Nellie M. ....... Brighton.
Wetmore, Ralph ........ Yarmouth.
Whitehead, W. E. ....... Kentville.
Whitman, C. F. U. ...... Lawrencetown.
Williams Cr Meas «cera niece Nappan.
Young, Ermina .......... Brighton.
MATER i NG DAR ar Sotence Middleton.
SASKATCHEWAN,
Androchowicz, E. ........ Humboldt.
Bentley, Miss L. ........ Mellville.
EIULEHINSON (EL, skys. sisicc1cl se Starblanket.
IWeville sis. De cre slop iearetsere Cottonwood.
RUILCHIC SHI. AO. elerey< ainiemivixie Vanguard.
Willing, Prof. T. N. ..... Saskatoon,
MANITOBA,
Criddle, Norman ........ Treesbank.
Hippesley, Mrs. W. W. ..Winnipegosis.
EMILE, wt. PAS Il . tackicinceys Teulon.
NES DINGE A Res Bees Son ae 3 Winnipeg.
THE REPORT OF THE
No. 36
BRITISH COLUMBIA,
Abriel:> Ti. stn. enact Nakusp.
Anderson, Misoe ane oe Victoria.
Anderson;"J.. Ro vacce eres a9
Bages, cA sis os «css cei Vancouver.
Bayley pleteleaemme ce are ‘:
Blackmore, C. H. ........ Victoria.
Brinkmana MS coc. es e
Bryant Teo. dees mace Ladysmith.
Bushs VAs ie ty.:ccrsee ea Vancouver.
Cockle: 23-W. =... eeee Kaslo.
Cunningham; Ci oic2-2- Victoria.
Day, Ge Oo iiecras were Vancouver
Island.
Downes; Ny. Gs.lonestee ae Saanichton.
French, PoHs sscs<ece mine Salmon Arm.
Gavel, Di csite we we torre Vancouver.
Gemmel; M: 2... 2-4-0580 Sechelt. y
Getchell, hs Hac Seer Vancouver.
Hadwen, Drivss secs enee Agassiz.
Hamilton; +f. VAS 225 fess Vancouver.
Hanham, “A. Wi. soca Duncan’s —
Station.
Harris) Miss cM 2.3.1. en Deroche.
ELOY, cbs, Votes oineccipei ce ee Vernon.
EFOOKS» Gos arc cteteleaiclersiots ..-Cobble Hill.
Howitt (Ma Wee s..0- ere Prince Rupert.
EUIEST OAV « etctoreiers cinteib is stale Victoria.
Lallemand, C. F. ........ Lytton.
Peach's Dy El tessa iotie teens Salmon Arm.
Martin, GAL sae eae ais cise Vancouver.
Matthews, (CW. 5.6.2.6 as
Middleton, M. ......:....Nelson.
Parhany Go sles cele es Invermere.
Raleys Gu ncn ca eaitten eee Chilliwack.
Robertson, W. H. ........ Victoria.
Robson; As, Coa! Wires eters oe
Ruhman_ -M. ..........-- Vernon.
Sherman, R. S. .......... Vancouver.
Stevens, MS Gav a ececcetelore «
Pay lone Bere aeein ee Kelowna.
Thorn ber: eG eee ieee Vancouver.
‘Thormbers Fo = sete - cine Kamloops.
Treherne@:ott. (Ga eeiieteieiciete Agassiz.
Venables Heer owcs oasis Vernon.
Ward, W.UER She cde ace see Vancouver.
Warren, Miss BE. ........ Barnston
Island.
Wilkerson, G. E. ........ Victoria.
Wilson, Fom\y s5s/o.% seme Vancouver.
Winslow, Ro Ma 5-2-4. Victoria.
White, Ween ciccietepateree Sardis.
HONORARY MEMBERS
Cockerell, Prof. F. D. A...Boulder, Col.
Comstock, Prof. J. H. ....Ithaca, N.Y.
Cresson, Hzra TT: o.-..e.. Philadelphia,
Pa.
Felt, Dr. E. P...........Albany, Nove
Howard,--Dr. Es We ctenr Washington,
D.C.
Wickham, Prof. H. F. ... Iowa City, Ia.
LIFE MEMBERS
Bethune, Rey. C. J. §. ...
Professor of Entomology,
Ontario Agricultural
College, Guelph.
Evans, John D. C.E. ....Trenton
Fyles, Rev. Dr. T. W. .... Ottawa.
Reed, E. Baynes ........ =
Director of the Meteoro-
logical Station, Victoria, B.C.
The Entomological Society of Ontario
ANNUAL MEETING
The Fifty-third Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was
held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Thursday and Friday,
November 2nd and 3rd, 1916.. The President of the Society, Mr. A. F. WINy,
Westmount P.Q., occupied the chair. The following were present during the
sessions: Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief; of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington,
D.C.; Prof. P. J. Parrott, Geneva, N.Y.; Prof. E. M. Walker, University of
Toronto; Prof. W. Lochhead, Macdonald College, P.Q.; Prof. W. H. Brittain,
Truro, N.S.; Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, Messrs. A. Gibson and J. M. Swaine, Ento-
mological Branch, Ottawa; Messrs. W. H. Harrington and F. W. L. Sladen,
Ottawa; Rey. Father Leopold, La Trappe, P.Q.; Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peter-
borough; Mr. J. Dunlop, Woodstock ; Prof. J. Dearness, London; Mr. W. A. Ross,
Vineland Station; Mr. W. E. Biggar, Hamilton; Mr. N. Criddle, Treesbank,
Man.; Mr. A. B. Baird, Fredericton, N.B.; Professors C. A. Zavitz, J. E. Howitt,
C. J. S. Bethune, L. Caesar, J. W. Crow, D. H. Jones, E. J. Zavitz and S. B.
McCready, Dr. R. E. Stone, Capt. G. J. Spencer, Messrs. A. W. Baker, A. H.
Tomlinson, G. H. Unwin, C. R. Klinck, G. F. Kingsmill, E. Hearle, A. W. Guild,
R. M. Aiton, J. B. McCurry and W. Evans, Ontario Agricultural College.
On Thursday morning a meeting of the Council was held in the Entomological
Laboratory, at which the report of the proceedings during the past year was
drawn up and various matters relating to the Society’s welfare were discussed.
A recommendation was made that Mr. John D. Evans, of Trenton, a past Presi-
dent of the Society and a most useful adherent for many years, should be elected
a life member. This was subsequently done at the general meeting. It was
decided that the next annual meeting be held at Macdonald College, Que. The
President proposed that information regarding the principal collections of insects
in Canada, both public and private, should be procured and published in the
Canadiam Entomologist from time to time.
At 1.30 p.m., the Society met in the Entomological Lecture-room. The
President, Dr. Hewitt, took the chair and the proceedings commenced with the
reading of the reports of the various officers of the Society and directors of the
Various divisions on the insects of the year.
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its
report for the year 1915-1916.
The Fifty-second Annual Meeting of the Society was held at Ottawa on
Thursday and Friday, November 4th and 5th, 1915; the President, Dr. C. Gordon
Hewitt, occupied the chair. The attendance was very gratifying, members being
present from nearly every Province of the Dominion, and also several eminent
entomologists from the United States, and Mr. C. P. Lounsbury, Chief of the
Division of Entomology, Pretoria, South Africa. A large number of papers of
interest and importance were read and discussed. The usual public lecture was
[9]
10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
eiven by Prof. H. T. Fernald, of Amherst, Mass., on “ Life Zones in Entomology
and Their Relation to Crops,” on the Thursday evening, and on Friday evening
the members were the guests at a smoker given by the Ottawa Field Naturalists’ _
Club. The morning and afternoon sessions were occupied by the reading of
papers and the presentation of reports from the officers of the Society and the
Directors of several of the Divisions.
The following is a list of the papers: “ Insects of the Season in Ontario,”
and “The Imported Willow or Poplar Borer or Curculio,” by Prof. L. Caesar;
“Side Injury and Codling Moth,” by Dr. E. P. Felt; “The Home of Gortyna
stramentosa,” by Mr. A. F. Winn; “ Insects of Ste. Anne’s, Que., Season of 1915,”
and “The Occurrence of Tychius picirostris on Clover at Ste. Anne’s, Que.,” by
Mr. E. M. Du Porte; “ Observations on Parasitic and Predaceous Hymenoptera,”
by Dr. T. W. Fyles; “The Leaf-weevil in New York,” by Messrs. P. J. Parrott
and H. Glasgow; “ The Green Apple-bug in Nova Scotia,” by Mr. W. H. Brittain;
“A Capsid Attacking Apples,” by Mr. H. G. Crawford; “The Founding of the
Science of Cecidology,” by Dr. A. Cosens; “The Army Cutworm in Southern
Alberta,’ by Mr. H. E. Strickland; “Life Zones in Entomology and Their
Relation to Crops,” by Prof. H. T. Fernald; “Some Notes Regarding Nose and
Other Bot-flies,” by Prof. W. Lochhead; “ The Seasonal Prevalence of Hypoderma
bovis in 1915,” by Dr. S. Hadwen; “ Progress of Entomology in Canada during
1915,” by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt; “The Life-history of Chermes cooleyi in
Stanley Park, B.C.,” by Mr. R. N. Chrystal; “The Cabbage-maggot—Autumn ~
Development in B.C.,” “The Cabbage-maggot in B.C.—Natural Control,” and
“Preliminary List of Canadian Parasitic Insects,” by Mr. R. C. Treherne; “ The
Brown-tail Moth and Gypsy-moth situation in Relation to Canada,” by Mr. J. D.
Tothill ; “ Control of the Brown-tail Moth in Nova Scotia,” by Mr. G. E. Sanders;
“The Work Carried on in the United States Against the Gipsy and Brown-tail
Moth,” by Mr. A. F. Burgess; “Leaf-rollers Attacking Apples,” by Prof. L.
Caesar; “ Locust Control Work with Poisoned Baits in Eastern Canada in 1915,”
and “The Entomological Record,” by Mr. A. Gibson.
The Canadian Entomologist, the official organ of the Society, has been
regularly issued each month; the forty-seventh annual volume was completed in
December, 1915. It contained 417 pages and was illustrated with seventeen
plates and thirty smaller figures in the text. A series of monthly papers on
“Popular and Economie Entomology” added much to the interesting character
of the contents; 21 new genera and 101 new species and sub-species were described.
The contributors to its pages numbered sixty-one, and included writers in Ontario,
Quebec, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Alberta, British Columbia, fourteen of the United
States, Honolulu, Japan and Finland. It is gratifying to know that, while sub-
scriptions from the enemy countries of Europe have been discontinued, the number
of subscribers has considerably increased.
Owing to the fact that most of the members of the Society in Guelph were
taking military drill, the regular meetings of the Society during 1915-16 were
few in number, and were largely~of a business character. During the year,
however, the following papers were read:
“Methods of Rearing, Studying and Combating Cut-worms and Army-worms
in Western Canada,” by Mr. F. W. Walsh; “ Parasitic Work in Nova Scotia,” by
Mr. A. B. Baird; “Syrphus Flies and Their Role in the Control of Aphids,” by
Mr. H. Curran.
During the year seventy-six new members have been added to the rolls of
~~ ——— a
Si
Ke
i
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11
the Society. Many members are absent on military service; where the dues of these
members have not been paid they have been retained in membership without
payment of dues wherever the Council knew they were in service.
Tt is with much regret that the Council has to record the loss of Captain
R. V. Harvey, for many years the energetic Secretary of the British Columbia
Branch, who was severely wounded in action in France and died in a German
prison. We have also to deplore the loss of one of our esteemed honorary members,
Mr. F. M. Webster, chief of the section of Cereal and Forage Insect Investigations
in the Bureau of Entomology at Washington, D.C., who “died at Columbus, Ohio,
immediately after the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science on the 2nd of January last. He was elected an honorary member of
our Society in October, 1899, and always took an interest in our proceedings
His last visit to us was in August, 1913, when he attended our Jubilee meeting
and read an interesting paper. An appreciative obituary notice by Dr. Hewitt
was published in the March number of The Canadian Entomologist.
-
REPORT OF THE CURATOR.
During the past year no accessions have been made to the Society’s collec-
tions. They have all been gone over several times and are kept entirely free
_ from Museum pests. Donations of uncommon species of Lepidoptera and Cole-
optera, and of almost anything in the other orders, would be very acceptable and
- gratefully acknowledged.
\ G. J. Spencer, Curator.
' : REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN.
During the year ending October 31st, 1916, forty-two bound volumes have
been added to the Library, making the number on the register 2,262. A large num-
ber of unbound bulletins, reports, periodicals and. pamphlets continue to be
received from authors and publishers and in exchange for The Canadian Ento-
a mologist. Many of these are arranged in pamphlet-cases, and can be referred to
without much difficulty. A certain amount of binding has been done recently,
& and, if funds permit, a considerable number more of important periodicals will
_ be rendered available in this way for easy reference and a permanent place
i upon the shelves.
: The excellent Library that we possess is being constantly made use of by
s the staff and students of the Biological Department of the Ontario Agricultural
_ College, and to some extent by members of the Society at a distance.
= Respectfully submitted,
& Cuaries J. S. BetHune, Librarian.
12 THE REPORT OF THE
No. 36
REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH.
The 43rd annual meeting of the Montreal Branch was held at 794 St. Urbain
St., Montreal, Que., on Saturday evening, May 13th, 1916.
The Secretary read the report of the Council as follows:
The Branch has held, during the season 1915-1916, eight monthly meetings,
the average attendance being nearly seven.
We record with pleasure three new members added to our roll during the
year.
During the year the following papers were read:
1; Annual Address-of the President. .:: ..<-. 2. .0~5 cence smemens A. F. Winn.
2. Notes on the Natural History at the Toronto Fair ......... Geo. A. Moore.
3. Collecting Hemiptera at Bondville, Que., August 1-13, 1915 ..Geo. A. Moore.
4. Lepidoptera taken by Geo. A. Moore at Bondville, Que...... A. F. Winn.
5. The Home of Gortyna Stramentosa, Guenée ............... A. F. Winn.
6. Notes on Hemiptera taken at Bondville, Que. ............-. Geo. A. Moore.
7. The Reduviidae and Allied Families taken at Bondville, Que.... Geo. A. Moore.
8. A Few Remarks About the Genus Plagodis .............. A. F. Winn.
9. Colias Alexandra; Edwards... ..0. <<. ce. suse a= see seein A. F. Winn.
10. Talk on the Entomology of British Columbia ............-- R. C. Treherne.
1d Salk ton “Insect “Behaviours: o.gen ac see coe Aeon eee E. M. Du Porte.
12. Membracids taken at Bondville, 1915 ..............cceeeee Geo. A. Moore.
A132 Variation 2.2 csc as foc was ste sce wine a ee een we oe eae ee A. F. Winn.
14. Talk on the Making of Microscope Sections of Insects’ Eggs. Dr. J. A. Corcoran.
15. Talk on Making Slides of Genitalia .............-.0---eeee- G. Chagnon.
Our meetings were held at the residences of members except the February
meeting which was held in the “ Lyman Entomological Room,” Redpath Museum,
McGill University. This meeting was of particular interest. Fifteen were present,
amongst whom were Prof. Lochhead with four others from Macdonald College
and Mr. Treherne, Secretary of the British Columbia Branch. A pleasing event
of this meeting was a presentation to our President, Mr. Winn, of an engraved
silver plate from Lord Rothschild in recognition of his work in entomology. The
presentation was made by Mr. Gibb who was in Canada on a visit.
One outing was held to St. Hilaire on May 24th.
The report of the Librarian showed our library in good order.
The report-of the Treasurer showed a good balance in hand.
The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:
PTESUIENE: isn vin ee Sal > oie scale sleet A. F. WINN.
Wice-Prestlent 2... c.0c-<c chee ee G. CHAGNON.
Secretary-Treasurer .........-.- Geo. A. Moore.
TOT OPUMES iota eistaicinte c ctewmie aire G. CHAGNON.
GOUNCE So ses wink sce se eee eee G. A. SourHeE, E. C. Barwick, H. M. Sirs,
Dr. CoRcoRAN.
Geo. A. Moore,
REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH.
Sec.-Treas.
The Toronto Branch of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to report
as follows on the work of the Branch for the year 1915-1916.
The twentieth annual meeting was held in the Biological Building on Thurs-
day, October 26th, 1916, the President, Dr. Walker, in the chair.
The minutes of the previous meeting having been read and approved the
reports of the Council and the Treasurer were presented and adopted.
,
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13
Eleven meetings, including the annual meeting and one field meeting, were
held during the season, the average attendance at the regular meetings being about
twelve, including visitors, of which a few were present at most of the meetings.
_ During the past year seven new members were elected. These are: Miss
B. K. E. Mossop, Miss Marjorie Ford, Miss Norma Ford, Kenneth Kirkwood,
T. B. Kurata, George Graham, and H. V. Andrews.
The financial statement showed a balance in hand of $3.52.
The following list comprises the papers and lectures of the season:
Oct. 14. “The Founding of the Science of Cecidology.” A. Cosens.
Nov. 18. “Notes from Newfoundland.” E. M. Walker.
Jan. 4. “The Spiders of Canada,” illustrated by lantern slides. Prof. J. H. Emerton,
Boston, Mass.
Jan. 27. “Canadian Longicorn Beetles,” illustrated with specimens. E. M. Walker.
Mar. 2. “The White Wax Industry of Sey Chuan,” illustrated by lantern slides. P.
M. Bayne.
Mar. 30. “ Bacterial Control of Insects.” C. E. Petch, Ottawa.
Apr. 25. “ Bombidae,” illustrated with specimens. C. W. Nash.
May 30. “Mosquitoes and Their Relation to Human Disease,’illustrated with lantern
slides. E. M. Walker.
June 22. “Some Important Achievements in Entomology.” <A. Cosens.
On June 30 a field meeting was held at Lambton.
The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as follows:
TROECT 2TH? 9 | ORIOCIOG EO ROTO ICE Dr. E. M. WALKER.
WACE-ETESULCIE . vcs occ Vole e sees Dr. W. A. CLEMENS.
Secretary-Treasurer ...........:SHELLEY LOGIER.
MEARAITUALSE Da) o) ste\e\0) 00s <<< vin. elsiele » .6:ake Miss B. K. E. Mossopr.
Tale: «oS SORE BpGn pre nenOnnann Dr. A. Cosens, Mr. T. B. Kurata, Mr. C. W.
NASH AND Mr. J. HANNIBAL.
The Toronto Branch regrets to record the death of one of its oldest and most
valued members, Mr. J. B. Williams, who died on the 28th of May, 1916.
Respectfully submitted,
SHELLEY LOGIER,
Secretary-Treasurer.
oe
“REPORT OF THE NOVA SCOTIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
The second annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Nova Scotia was
held at Truro, on August 4th, 1916, some 105 persons being in attendance. The
proceedings took the form of a short business session in the morning, followed by
the reading of papers at the afternoon and evening meetings. Following the after-
noon session a short collecting trip was made, during which a number of interest-
ing captures were made and discussed.
The following officers for the year were elected:
IGHAPETCSIOCNE 2.0.20 00+-cc0es Dr. A. H. MoKay, Halifax.
OST USTT! Soca 6 ABD OE Eon B. C. ALLEN, Truro.
WACE-PTESIGENE 2 oc ncssccccrccce L. A. DeWotre, Truro.
Secretary-Treasurer ........++. W. H. Brirrain, Truro.
Assistant Secretary-Treasurer... G. E. SANDERS, Annapolis.
MPGMIMISLECE. onic. ones ce cicen css J. M. Scorr, Truro; A. G. (DustTan, Annapolis.
W. H. Brirrain,
Secretary-Treasurer.
14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIEY OF ONTARIO TO
THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.
FP. J. A. Mornis, Peterborough.
I have ‘the honour to present a report of the Entomological Society of Ontario
for the year 1915-1916. :
The Society continues to flourish; its growth in the short interval since our
Jubilee Year has been remarkable, and to a close observer will reveal a most
healthy condition—deepening as it broadens; this vertical growth (marked by a
greater intensity of work) is even more vital than the lateral expansion of the
Society over a wider field.
The branching tendency of the parent stem is amply evidenced both west and
east; for in the still young B.C. branch there has been dichotomy into branchlets
at Victoria and Vancouver, while in Nova Scotia an entirely new and vigorous -
branch has lately thrust forth. Both these extensions are due to members of the
Society employed in the work of economic entomology: Mr. Treherne in the west ~
and Dr. Brittain in the east.
There can be no question that the Society owes its present exuberance in very
great measure to the comparatively recent institution of our Agricultural Colleges
and the giant strides over the Dominion, in the last decade, off Economie En-
tomology. The scientific training in biology, acquired by a whole army of field_
officers and other Government employes in connection with Agriculture, enables
these young and energetic students of nature to grapple with problems in insect
anatomy and physiology, in life-histories, in systematic and descriptive work that
would baflle, should they ever confront, the amateur. And these graduates are
called to the most distant and diverse fields of labour.
All this is clearly reflected in the pages of our magazine: every month shows
work of permanent value in economic entomology, and articles that may fairly
claim the title of monographs in many special departments of the Science, articles
coming from writers in all parts of the Dominion and beyond.
It is worthy of note how many contributors to our Ontario magazine are dis-
tinguished authorities of the U.S.A.—some of them men of world-wide reputation.
Insects, of course, are too doggedly cosmopolitan to be daunted by the immi-
gration officer, whether clearly undesirables or belonging only, like the rest of us,
to the great class of those who have not yet been found out. Under these con-
ditions our Science knows no artificial boundary and will not be so confined. But
it has often been remarked by members of the Society, and at our annual meeting
last November, where it found ample illustration, it drew a comment from the
guest of honour, Dr, Fernald, of Amherst, Mass., how cordial are the relations of
give-and-take in Entomology between the United States and Canada.
Obviously, in the borderland, steps taken by one country’s Government to
control insect pests, benefit the other; but it is not in economic work only that these
friendly relations are found to subsist. Many of the finest articles contributed
to the “Canadian Entomologist ” by specialists over the line,have reference to
rare, entirely new, or hitherto unrecorded captures made within our borders
by Canadian members of the Society, and sent for determination to recognized
masters of the craft. .
Among contributions of importance from native pens may be mentioned —
articles by the emeritus editor, Dr. Bethune; the editor, Dr. Walker; the Dominion
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15
Entomologist and ex-President of the Society, Dr. Hewitt; the President of the
current year, Mr. Winn, of Montreal; Messrs Caesar and Baker, of Guelph; Dr.
Cosens, of Toronto; Messrs. Gibson, Swaine and Sladen, of Ottawa; Messrs. Wol-
ley Dod and Strickland of Alberta; Messrs. Criddle and Wallis, of Manitoba;
and Mr. Sanders, of Nova Scotia.
We have noticed also in the pages of the magazine since last report, reference
to the insect fauna of Chile, Guatemala, British Guiana, the Philippines, Australia,
India, Sweden and Finland.
Among personalia may be mentioned a delightful sketch of the late Prof.
Croft, of Toronto University, from the pen of our esteemed Dr. Bethune, an ap-
preciation of the great Jean Henri Fabre, and an obituary notice of our late hon-
orary member Francis Marion Webster, both written by Dr. Gordon Hewitt.
The interest of the Society’s periodical has greatly broadened under the cap-
able hands of its editor, not only by the inclusion of two new sections, one of
Popular Entomology, the other of Notes and Queries, but still more by systematic
insertions from authoritative centres of activity, selected with wise judgment from
diverse points of the United States and Canada.
The annual meeting held in Ottawa last November was one of the most suc-
cessful in the whole history of the Society, representing practically all its interests
over the whole wide area of its membership. The papers and articles there present-
ed are now in the press and will shortly appear as the 46th Annual Report of the
Society. They include a very large amount of research work of the greatest
practical value and of a high order of scientific merit.
The titles and authors’ names (see 46th Annual Report, Table of Contents)
may be left to speak for themselves and for the full significance of that November
meeting; with perhaps a single exception, which I crayé leave to make more ex-
plicit; to wit, the supreme importance of work done on the spot by field laboratories,
no fewer than nine of which have now been established in various parts of the
Dominion, under the auspices of the Entomological Branch of the Dominion De-
partment of Agriculture.
REPORTS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR.
Drytston No. 1, Orrawa Districr—ArtrHur Gipson, ENTOMOLOGIGAL
BraNcH, OTTAWA.
ATTACKING Fretp Crops.
Fortunately there were no serious outbreaks of field crop insects in the dis-
trict of eastern Ontario which I have the honor to represent. The dull, rainy
weather of spring and early summer undoubtedly interfered in the development
of many species.
Locusts. Early in the season a few reports were received which indicated
that young hoppers were appearing in numbers, but on investigation later we learn-
ed that the insects disappeared suddenly, owing to adverse weather conditions.
We had arranged to conduct further experiments in the control of these insects
with poisoned baits, but no fields sufficiently infested with locusts could be located
in the Ottawa district.
Curworms. Reports of damage by these caterpillars received early in June
referred particularly to injury to cucumbers, beans, peas and other vegetables in
16 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
gardens. The Red-backed Cutworm, (Huzroa ochrogaster Gn.), was most in
evidence.
Roor Magcors. The Cabbage Maggot (Phorbia brassicae Bouche), and the
Onion Maggot (Hylemyia antiqua Mg.)were again present in the Ottawa dis-
trict, but the damage was not so extensive as in 1915. Some experiments which ~
we conducted in the control of the latter insect by spraying with sodium arsenite
indicated that such control is promising, and further work along this line will
be done as opportunity occurs. Such control is discussed in Bulletin No. 12 of
the Entomological Branch, issued in May, 1916.
THe Porato Firea BrerLe (Hpitrixc cucuineris Harr.). In the latter half of
June this insect was present in noticeable numbers. Injury to the leaves of tomato
was especially complained of. :
‘THE Corn Ear Worm (Heliothis obsoleta Fab.). A few complaints of injury
fo the ears of sweet corn were received in early September. On September 5th
larvae in the last stage were found. The work of the caterpillars is seldom noticed
until the injury has taken place. Fortunately this insect is not an important one
in the Ottawa district.
THe Banpep Ips (Ips fasciatus Oliv.). On September 22, I found this beetle
' present in a few ears of corn in our experimental plots at the Central Experimental
Farm. Several kernels in one ear had been destroyed. This injury is an unusual
one, and so far as I know has not previously been reported in Canada. Similar
injury has been recorded in the United States.
THE Sarr Marsw Carerpityar (Diacrisia acraea Dru.). This woolly bear
was found in small numbers (August 11th) feeding on leaves of cabbages at River-
meade, close to Ottawa. Although this caterpillar has a wide range of food plants
the injury it causes is local. It can hardly be classed as a pest of importance.
Handpicking will usually be sufficient as a control measure.
THE Parsnip WeBworm (Depressaria lieracleana DeG.). At the Central
Experimental Farm, the Dominion Horticulturist reported, on July 10th, an out-
break of the caterpillars of this insect in a patch of parsnip which he was growing
for seed purposes. The larvae were numerous, on one day 170 were removed by
hand from the plants.
THE ZEBRA CATERPILLAR (Ceramica picta Harr.). An interesting outbreak
of this well-known caterpillar occurred in eastern Canada during the autumn of
1916. In some sections the larve were present in thousands, stripping the tops of
turnips, and also injuring other plants, chiefly mangels and cabbages. One out-
break which occurred near Ottawa effected particular damage to rhubarb.
THE AsH-GRay Buister BreetLe (Macrobasis unicolor Kby.). Reports of
injury by this blister beetle to potatoes were received in early July. In one field
which I visited on July 13th many of the plants had been entirely defoliated. Num-
bers of the beetles were present on the vines. Unfortunately, they have the habit
of appearing suddenly and oftentimes eating the entire foliage of plants upon
which they alight in a day or two. One grower protected his potato crop by dust-
ing with arsenate of lead.
ATTACKING FRUIT AND FoREST TREES.
No special outbreaks of insects attacking fruit or forest trees came to my atten-
tion during the season. The Pear-leaf Blister Mite (Hriophyes pyri Pag.) was
found freely on the foliage of apple on July 11th. The Black Walnut Caterpillar,
1917 re ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1v
(Datana integerrima G. & R.) was more than usually abundant, being found on
walnut and hickory. Other common pests such as the Oyster Shell Scale, (Lepi-
dosaphes ulmi 1.), the Imported Currant Worm, (Pteronus ribesii Scop.), the
Codling Moth, (Carpocapsa pomonella L.), etc., were more or less destructive in
the district.
GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE JNSECTS.
Cutworms were frequently complained of as injuring plants in gardens.
Sweet peas were freely attacked in one garden in the first half of June. At Meach
Lake, Que. (near Ottawa) flowering plants were being injured at the end of June.
The Red-backed Cutworm was the most commonly-occurring species.
THE TarNIsHED Pranr Bua (Lygus pratensis Linn.), was present in con-
*spicuous numbers. Some growers of dahlias and zinnias claimed that large num-
bers of the buds had been destroyed by the insect. In one garden in Ottawa the
bugs were very numerous in the middle of July, one lady reporting that almost
all the zinnia plants in her garden had been destroyed. Unfortunately, there is no
satisfactory remedy known for the control of this insect. Some growers claim to
have had partial protection by dusting powdered tobacco over the buds or other
portions of the plants which are attacked.
THE YELLOW Wootty Bear (Diacrisia virginica Fab.). Noticeable injury
was caused by this caterpillar in gardens, particularly to the foliage of hydrangea.
In the middle of July when some leaves were examined the larve were about half
an inch in length. The leaves were conspicuously skeletonized in places.
a HovusEHOLD INSECT's.
Ants. Some interesting experiments in the control of ants in houses were
conducted during the past season. Near Chelsea, Que., about nine miles from
Ottawa, perfect results in ridding summer cottages of ants were obtained by dust-
ing sodium fluoride where the insects were numerous. This new remedy was also
used in Ottawa and other places, and reports of success in all cases were received.
In our own experiments the species of ants concerned were the common carpenter
ant (Camponotus pennsylvanicus DeG), and the shed builder ant (Cremastogaster
lineolata Say). An account of these experiments was published in the November
1916, issue of the “ Canadian Entomologist.”
Roacugs (Blattella germanica Linn.). Sodium fluoride was also used with
success in Ottawa in ridding a house of these objectionable insects. The powder
was simply dusted in the places which were frequented by the roaches and almost
immediately they began to disappear. Within a week no individuals were to be
seen, where previous to the use of the powder the insects were present in numbers.
Carper Bretites. The two carpet beetles, namely, the true CARPET BEETLE,
or Burrato Morn (Anthrenus scrophulariae L.), and the BLAck Carpet BEETLE
(Attagenus piceus Oliv.), were reported as being present in destructive numbers
in houses in Ottawa. Ne exceptional injury however was. noted.
A few complaints were also received of the presence in houses of the INDIAN
Meat Moru (Plodia interpunctella Hbn.) and the ConruseD FLour BEETLE
(Tribolium confuswm Duv.). The former was found attacking breakfast cereals
and the latter infested flour.
2 Es. -
18 THE REPORT. OF THE No. 36
Drviston No. 3, Toronto Disrrict—A. CosEns.
In spite of the extremely hot, dry weather of July, August and September,
nothing particularly striking was noted to indicate that the insect life was affected.
by the unusual character of “the season. Some injurious insects were indeed rather
more plentiful than usual, but others were not so common.
Tue ZEBRA CATERPILLARS, Mamestra picta, were exceedingly abundant on sey-
eral species of plants. Even at the date of writing, the end of October, specimens
of these yellow-striped larvee are occasionally seen, crawling over the still green
foliage of such plants as the clovers and asparagus. North of the city considerable
damage was done to crops of turnips by this pest.
While the aphides were not so troublesome this season on the cultivated honey-
suckles, another insect was found to be seriously injuring them. On some shrubs
nearly every leaf was puckered and deformed by the mining of the larvae of
Galls produced by Pontania petiolaridis Rohwer on
the leaves of Salix petiolaris Sm.
Phyllonoryeter (Lithocolletis) fragilella Frey and Boll. The work of the insect is
very-characteristic and easily recognized, since the under sides of the infested leaves
are covered with blister-iike patches owing to the lower epidermis having been left
intact, when the underlying mesophyll was eaten out. The larvae are from 5-6
mm. in length, and light- yellow in colour. They enter the ground after the fall
of the leaves and emerge as moth early in the Spring. Gathering and destroying
the leaves before the larve leave them, is, at this time of the year, the most ap-
parent method of bringing the pest under control.
An almost spherical, sawfly gall is produced on the leaves of Salix petiolaris
Sm., a native willow that is not uncommon in low ground near the city. The
deformity closely resembles the conspicuous apple-like gall of Pontania pomum
Walsh, but differs from this species in some details of structure. The host plants
of the two galls differ as Pontania pomum is restricted almost, if not entirely, to
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19
Salia cordula Muhl. In their attachment to the leaves of their hosts they also vary
as the species on Salia petiolaris is almost equally divided by the blade, while
Pontania pomum projects, only very slightly, from the upper side of the leaf.
Further, the former species is hollow from the earliest stages, but the latter only
becomes so when eaten out by the larve. A number of the galls from Salix
petiolaris Sm. were collected in 1915, just before the fall of the leaves, and were
kept, out-of-doors, in jars containing earth, during the winter. The adults began
to emerge April 15th, and were sent to Mr. 8S. A. Rohwer,-Washington, D.C., who
has kindly replied as follows: “I have made a preliminary examination of the
species and find that it may easily be distinguished from Pontania pomum and
that it comes near to P. pisum. 1 think the species is undoubtedly new.”
An interesting observation was made concerning this new species of sawfly,
namely that the aperture of exit is prepared a considerable length of time before
the larve leave the galls. Just what conditions finally prompt their departure
and why their means of escape have to be ready, are points not yet cleared up.
Since all sawfly galls are well advanced in development before the larve are
hatched, it is safe to conclude that the chief stimulus to abnormal growth must
emanate from the ovipositor of the insect. The sawflies, when depositing eggs,
clasp the opening buds with their legs and insert their sawlike ovipositors into Ane
young leaves from the under side. Into each of the incisions, thus made, an egg
is injected. The larve, as soon as hatched, commence to feed upon the substance
in the interior of the gall, but leave the rind uninjured.
Since the pear-slug, Hriocampa cerasi Peck makes a similar incision in the
leaf, without causing an abnormal production of tissue, it is highly probable that
in the case of the sawfly gall-producers, the stimulus is not due to the mechanical
effect of the cutting, but to a chemical action arising from the introduction of
some substance by the ovipositor of the insect.
A specimen of the Compton Tortoise, Vanessa j-album, seen April 7th, marked
the opening of the entomological season, and throughout the summer butterflies
in general, were plentifui. In this connection the unusual abundance of the Mon-
arch, Anosia plexippus L. should be noted. Since 1906, specimens of this species,
have not been so numerous in this locality. During August, abundant evidence was
furnished at different places of their congregating habits. On the island the
poplars and willows were favorite resting sites for large flocks. The instinctive
tendency to migrate southward in the autumn must have been the stimulus that
impelled them to seek this outlying station. At different times straggling lines
of these insects were noted moving westward along the lake shore.
Pontania petiolaridis New Species, Rohwer.
Belongs to Group 3 of Marlatt, and is closely allied to salicis- -pisum Walsh,
but may he distinguished from that species by the dark brown stigma, and by hav-
ing the third antennal joint shorter than the fourth, and the third cubital cell
much longer than high.
Toronto, Ontario. Described from a number of females and males reared by
A. Cosens from galls on Salix ayes
Type—Cat: No. 20697, U.S.N.M.
A more extended pecenigeen Bs this species will be published im connection
with other species of this genus.
20 THE REPORT OF THE * No. 36
Division No. 5, Porr Hore Disrricr— Francis J. A. Morris, PETERBOROUGH.
Your Director has been specializing almost entirely in Cerambycidae this
season, and few observations in other families and orders have been made. The
Report for the year will present, in brief pageantry, the procession of summer
months from Spring to Autumn.
Early in April before the snow had entirely gone two or three specimens of
Disonycha triangularis were noticed in the muddy ruts of a side road west of
Peterborough ; nearly a fortnight later two more specimens of the same beetle were
captured in a similar situation north of Port Hope. During two very hot bright
days in Easter week, large numbers of a beetle about the size of the common “ June
bug ” were observed flying rapidly along just over the grass, and occasionally
soaring up about the boulevards in Toronto; no capture was made, but the habit
of flight makes probable their identification as Huphoria inda. This beetle we
have never seen captured in the district of Port Hope or Peterborough; it is pro-
bably abundant west of Toronto, and has been taken about Orillia. Whether it
breeds in S.W. Ontario or not, I do not know; at any rate it would seem to have
spread by flight to a great distance from its original breeding ground. Its absence
from the central district immediately north of Lake Ontario may be due to its
low habit of flight; this would render a wide stretch of water a formidable barrier.
During the last week of April, and the first week of May, three specimens
of Hylotrupes ligneus were taken in and about the City of Peterborough. From
the first week of May for more than three weeks, specimens of Pachyta monticola
were abundant; on Victoria Day upwards of 30 were captured in various blossoms,
such as Crinkle-root (Dentaria diphylla), white Trillium (Trillium grandiflorum),
large-flawered Cranesbill (Geranium maculatum), and—its favorite host—Early
Elder (Sambucus racemosa). On the same shrub in the third and fourth weeks
of May, several specimens of Syneta ferruginea were observed, and about the foli-
age of wild raspberries in the first two weeks of June this beetle was very abundant.
Lina interrupta was taken feeding (as usual in this neighbourhood) on alder, and
its next of kin, Lina scripta was found abundant on willows—especially low bushes
bordering wet meadows and swamps. Observations made in 1914 and 1915 in
regard to forms of the genus Chrysomela and their various food plants were re-
newed; one or two specimens of a more robust Chrysomela scalaris than that
noticed on alder were captured; these had a more normal sculpture of the elytra
and would seem to have bred out on basswood foliage.
On June 4th, while collecting about the margin of a wood some miles south-
east of Peterborough, we noticed among some Cyrtophorus verrucosus, feeding on
blossom of choke-cherry, a beetle very similar, but smaller and less prominent on
the thoracic dise and elytral bases. Glose examination of the insect showed it to be
identical with a unique specimen captured in Port Hope on spiked maple in the
year 1907. This insect had been returned from Montreal ir? 1909, labelled as the
male of Microclytus gazellula Hald.; it being assumed for purposes of such deter-
mination that the length of the antennal joints 2, 3 and 4 inter se in that genus
(as described by LeConte and Horn) was true only of the female, while the male
had them proportioned as in Cyrtophorus. Twelve specimens of the beetle were
captured on this day (June 4th, 1916) all on choke-cherry and among them a pair
in conjunction; they all proved to have the proportion of joints 2, 3 and 4 con-.
stant, and as in Cyrtophorus. Between June 12th and June 18th, three more
specimens were taken on the blossom of spiked maple. With the unique speci-
men of 190%, there was therefore a series of sixteen for purposes of comparison.
a
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21
- In all sixteen the second joint of the antennae was distinctly less than half the
length of the fourth, somewhere between a quarter and a third the length. In the
genuine Microclytus gazellula, the second joint is distinctly more than half the
length of the fourth, somewhere between two-thirds and three-quarters the length.
After the specimens had been thoroughly relaxed the antennae were drawn out
taut over the back; in eight specimens the antennae proved as long as the insect,
and in eight they were about three-quarters the length. One may fairly assume
such a difference to be a sex distinction; probably the same difference will be found
to distinguish the two sexes of Microclytus gazellula Hald., but it is most im-
probable that any difference in the proportionate length of joint 2 to joint 4 of
the antennae should be found separating the sexes. Other differences are notice-
able between this guest of the choke-cherry and M. gazellula, but whether the insect
should be placed under the genus Cyrtophorus or under Microclytus I am not in a
position to decide.
On June 13th seven specimens of Callidium ianthinum were captured on the
bark of white cedar—newly cut fence rails. In the third week of June many Longi-
corns were captured on dogwood blossom; these included Molorchus bimaculatus,
Calhmoxys sanguinicollis, Clytanthus, ruricola, Cyrtophorus verrucosus, Encyclops
caeruleus, Gaurotes cyanipennis, Leptura capitata, L. exigua, L. vittata, L. pubera,
LL. ruficollis (with var. sphaericollis), L. vibex, L. mutabillis; these were all abun-
dant; a single specimen of L. sanguinea was also captured, and a species not yet
identified. In the same week along the C.P.R. east of the City of Peterborough,
several colonies of Lema trilineata were observed on patches of ground cherry
(Physalis), and on wild convolvulus 3 species of tortoise-beetle, Coptocycla aurich-
alcea, C. guttata, and Chelymorpha argus. Feeding on pollen the female of Hoplia
trifasciata was frequently seen at this time, but only a single male; a collector in
Port Hope who noticed this beetle earlier in the season, found the male predomin-
ant; this appears to be the rule of that spegies; the male appears first in great num-
bers about hawthorn and other blossoms; a week or two later, the males become rare
and the females then become abundant. Owing to the unusually wet and cold
Weather in May and June many beetles seem to have been retarded. The first newly
emerged Elder-borer this season was taken on June 22nd, nine days later than last
year’s record. In the third and fourth weeks of June many interesting species of
Elater and Buprestid were taken, especially the genus Corymbites. On June 25th,
north of Port Hope, a single specimen of Lina tremulae, a European leaf-eater,
Was captured on a poplar; it is known to occur in Massachusetts and Michigan. On
the same day a small Longicorn hitherto new to your Director was observed on
the leaf of a wild grapevine; a careful search resulted in the capture of a second
specimen on grapevine about a mile further east in the district north of Port Hope;
a third specimen on grapevine was taken in Trenton on June 27th; but persistent
search of grapevines for more than a week failed to secure any more; the beetle
was Hyperplatys aspersa.
While staying for a few days in Trenton at the end of June, your Director
made some interesting captures. At Weller’s Bay on June 28th, Leptura lineola
was taken in abundance on dogwood blossom in low-lying wet hardwood bushes.
- At Glen Ross on the Trent, June 29th, was captured a small black Oberea, said to
be the variety of bimaculata known as basalis Lec. It was taken on a wooded hill-
side among the undergrowth. Six specimens of the same creature were captured
‘in flight, a few years ago, in an almost identical situation north of Port Hope;
among the flora characteristic of such upland slopes are hazel bushes, wild rose,
©
cas)
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
bergamot, Painted Cup (Castilcia) and Orange Lily. The insect is about eight
-millimetres in length, slightly over a millimetre wide across the thorax, entirely
black, except for a patch of dusky orange on the disk of the thorax which serves to
throw into relief, but still indistinctly, a pair of black spots at the centre. In the >
same district several leaf-eating beetles were observed in great abundance; on oak .
bushes Attelabus analis—over a score being counted on q single twig; on two or
three species of undergrowth a large black Pach ybrachys; and on Fragrant Sumach .
(Khus canadensis) the larve and beetles of Blepharida rhois. Tint vear we .
ventured to claim for this larva absolute immunity, due to its disgusting coat of
liquid excrement. To our astonishment we observed this day a large yellow plant-
bug regaling himself on these unsavory morsels with all the relish of a sand boy
picking out periwinkles with a pin.
On July 1st, during a tramp about the Big Swamp, Murray Township, north
of Wooller, three or four specimens of Leptura chrysocoma were found feeding in
the blossoms of that beautiful flower, the Swamp Valerian (V. silvatica). They were
right out among the tamaracs almost in the heart of the swamp. Besides tamarae,
a very few white pine and several spruce trees stood in this corner of the swamp.
On July 2nd, at the same spot, Leptura chrysocoma was found feeding round the
edge of the swamp, rare on fleabane, occasional on valerian, and abundant on yar-
row heads; over 30 specimens were captured,
On Tay 5th a trip to some woods east of the Otonabee River, just north of
Hiawatha, yielded good results. On some dying balsam a pair of Acanthocinus
obsoletus and a pair of Xylotrechus undulatus were taken. On some fallen beech
three species of Agrilus were seen, including bilineatus and obsoletoguttatus; also
seven specimens of Neoclytus erythrocephalus, two of Xylotrechus colonus, two of
Urographis fasciatus, and a single specimen of Hoplosia nubila. Of this last, four
specimens have been taken about Peterborough since 1914, three on basswood and
one on beech, confirming the hearsay statement of Blatchley in regard to the hosts
of this beetle. Some fallen beech were examined in another quarter on July 14th,
and a large number of Yylotrechus colonus and Urographis fasciatus were taken on
the under side of the trunks. On July 10th and 13th, a newly felled grove of white
pine was visited. Trunks, limbs, branches, twigs and foliage were all carefully
examined, as well as the surrounding shrubs and herbage. Two species of Mono-
hammus were found abundant, confusor and scuteilatus, while a third, titillator
was taken occasionally. These were mostly on the trunks; about limbs and branches,
especially where broken and piled up— decay being further advanced here—were
found several specimens of Acanthocinas obsoletus and Leptostylus sex-guttatus ;
besides these, eight or nine specimens of Neoclylus muricatulus were captured, run-
ning rapidly over the trunks and limbs in the hot sunshine. Till 1916 we had ~
never seen this insect except on white pine, but two specimens were captured this
July on white spruce, one on July 14th near Peterborough, and the other at the
end of July in the Algonquin Park. Close by these pines, both fallen and standing,
three Acmaeops were taken, two Acmacops pratensis (on yarrow heads) and a single
Acmacops proteus. During the same trip a very minute specimen of Pogonochaerus
mixtus was noticed on the bark of a pine log. Three or four only of these beetles
have been taken on white pine during ten years of collecting, and it has never ap-
peared common till this season. During the second week of July two hosts were
‘discovered for the little Lamiinid Hyperplatys aspersa. These were the American
aspen (Populus tremuloides) and the staghorn sumach (Rhus typhina) ; as several
other borers were found in the same company, the two accounts are kept separate.
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23
It was on July 6th that we first noticed Hyperplatys aspersa on the top of a
woodpile. This pile consisted entirely of Populus tremuloides, cut into short-
length cylindrical billets, the bark still on; the billets ranged from two or three
to six or seven inches in diameter. During ten days, six visits were made to the
woodpile; on each of the last three visits every billet in the pile was lifted and
turned over for inspection, with the following result:
Hyperplatys aspersa, 117. (These insects were not collected after the fourth
visit, though several were seen).
LTiopus variegatus 13.
Tnopus cinereus 6.
Acanthoderes sp? 2.
Pogonochaerus mixtus 2 (var. salicola, Casey.)
Parandra brunnea 1.
Saperda calcarata 1.
Also, several species of Endomychid, Clerid, Elaterid, Buprestid, Tenebrionid,
and Rhynchophorid beetles.
During the same period Dr. Watson, of Port Hope, was having a similar ex-
perience about dying branches of sumach; his captures included Goes oculata,
Leptostylus macula, Liopus cinereus, Lepturges signatus and Hyperplatys aspersa.
The weeks from July 18th to the end of August, were spent in the Algonquin
Park. About Cache Lake, on fallen balsam and spruce (besides white pine), Mono-
hammus confusor and 4M. scutellatus were both observed; on spruce were captured
single specimens of Tetropium cinnamopterum, Neoclytus muricatulus and the
Melandryid, Phloeotria quadrimaculata (Dircaea liturata); on balsam, a single
specimen of Xylotrechus undulatus. Apparently breeding about the branches of
a small felled white pine over 100 specimens of Pogonochaerus mixtus were cap-
tured in five weeks. Several specimens of Leplostylus 6-guttatus were also taken
on white pine. Half a dozen specimens of Leptura canadensis (all female) were
taken about the woods, and as many (all male) feeding on spiraa blossom; no
female was seen on blossoms. On spirewa were also taken both sexes of L. sub-
hemata, L. proxima, L. vagans and some other common species; also two specimens
of a very dark form of L. plebeia; this beetle had never been taken before 1916;
but on July 6th we had been fortunate enough to observe a specimen settle on the
trunk of a large white pine, just low enough not to afford one more tantalizing
example of how the human enthusiast’s reach exceeds his grasp.
Not many observations of economic interest were made during the season.
Depredations of the willow-boring weevil were in further evidence about Port Hope
where some specimens were noticed as early as the first week of June; in that
neighbourhood it was found also on Populus tremuloides, and near Oshawa on
Balm of Gilead; a patch of willows near Peterborough wa’ noticed in September
badly damaged by this insect. The wet May and June caused aphids to be quite
a severe scourge to foliage, especially elm, poplar and maple. Grasshoppers in the
later summer were terribly destructive, though less so in the Port Hope district (Mr.
Duncan tells me) than elsewhere. Apple and other fruit trees whose ' branches
were a riot of blossom in May and June managed to set very little fruit, the
disastrous rains of the early summer having prevented insect fertilization.
24 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Diviston No. 6, EssEx District—J. W. NOBLE, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
ESSEX.
ATTACKING FYELD Crops.
Wire Worms’ ANd WHITE Groups. During the wet spring of 1916 these pests
did considerable harm to corn and other cereals; sugar beets were also destroyed
and some damage was done in the onion fields. June beetles and click beetles
seemed quite plentiful during the summer months and the writer obtained several
of the former by the use of a lantern and pan of water covered with kerosene.
ATTACKING Fruit TREES
Coptine Moru (Carpocapsa pomonella). Owing to the continued rainfall
during the month of June the codling moth was very prevalent this spring. Very
few side entrances have been found which would suggest that most injury was
caused by first brood. In neglected orchards it seems that there is over ninety per
cent. of the fruit affected.
PLuM CurcuLio (Conotracihelus nenuphar). The injury of this beetle was:
very prevalent on plums especially during the past season; although not so
plentiful upon the apples.
San Josh Scane (Aspidiotus perniciosus). Practically ‘all uneared for
orchards have been ideal breeding grounds for this pest this season and a large
quantity of affected fruit is offered upon the markets. The pest is practically
absent in well kept orchards.
TENT CaTerPILLaRs (Malacosoma americana and M. disstria). These pests
seemed more prevalent than usual this year; the unsightly webs of both species
were found in several orchards and woods. M. americana is the more common
although neither can as yet be considered of great economic importance,
ApHips. These insects have done considerable harm in deforming the fruit
in neglected apple orchards. On some of the smallercrops they did great damage
and will be discussed later.
CHERRY Fruir Fry (Rhagoletis cingulata). This was the most important
pest of the sour cherry this year. Very few sweet cherries bore fruit this season
but in former years this fly injured both types.
Lesser PEAcH TreE Borer (Aegeria pictipes). Some orchards have been
ruined by this pest.
Insects AFFECTING SMALL FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.
STRAWBERRY SAWFLy (Hmpria ignota). On a number of patches during the
past season the writer has observed injury from this species, the chief injury being
that the fruit failed to ripen. Spraying with hellebore was successfully carried
out in two fields. ‘
Menton Apuips (Aphis gossypii). Fifteen thousand dollars is a conservative
estimate of the damage borne by the melon growers during the past summer and a
great loss to the pickie growers was also sustained. Twenty-five per cent. of the
crops of inside cucumbers was lost by the lice. Successful spraying outside with
tobacco decoction was demonstrated by this Department and good results were
shown by inside fumigation with nicofume and black leaf 40. :
CaBpace Roor Maccor (Pegomyia brassicw). Probably for the first time in
this district this insect has caused a great deal of damage this season. Some crops
of early cabbage were almost a failure.
:
;
oo
Or
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Onton Roor Maccor (Pegomyia ceparum). This is another arrival to report
this season. In Mr. Caesar’s report of last year I note he states that he could
scarcely find a root maggot in this district. Unfortunately this is not the case in
1916. Great damage was wrought during the past season to the onion growers.
Onton Turips (Zhrips iabaci). The writer has seen thousands of these
insects in small areas during the past season. 'The characteristic white lines on
the leaf indicated that they were doing considerable damage. We have tried almost
all recommended remedies with indifferent success. They especially thrive in
tobacco decoction. The writer has taken an onion covered with thrips, immersed it
in the strong solution of -tobacco for five minutes, then laid itm the sun and in a
few minutes the insects seemed invigorated by the experiment.
Tozsacco Worm (Philegethontius quinquemaculatus). As in former years
this insect has cost the iobacco growers thousands of dollars in injury and labor
to pick the worms. Successful work is being done by some growers in having the
worms picked by ducks. The method of poisoning by attracting the moth to baits
has been found satisfactory. This season one grower has killed more than a half
bushel from three poisoned Jamestown plants (Datura stramonium).
GREENHOUSE INSECTS.
The chief greenhouse pests during the past season have been aphids, white
fly and cucumber beetle. Successful fumigation for the former two has been
carried on with nicofume, black leaf 40 and hydrocyanic acid gas, but a great deal
of harm has been done by the beetle and methods of control are rather difficult.
Hand picking has been practiced with the greatest success, but is rather laborious.
Disrrict No. 7; NrAGARA DisTRICT—WILtLIam A. Ross.
OnrcHARD INSECTS.
Comparatively few complaints were made this past season about the depreda-
tions of apple insects. This was largely due, I think, not to the scarcity of noxious
insects but to the fact that evils such as the codling worm and the plum curculio
were overshadowed by a greater evil—apple scab.
Coptine Motu (Carpocapsa pomonella). Side injury by this species was
more noticeable on apples this season than it was last year.
Pium Curcorio (Conotrachelus nenuphar). This insect was less injurious
in the Vineland district than it has been for some time past.
THe GREEN APPLE Apuis (Apiis pomi). Early in the summer conditions
' were very favorable for the rapid development of plant lice. The weather was
warm and there was a superabundance of food—succulent growth produced by the
heavy spring rains. The apple aphis took full advantage of these conditions and it
multiplied and spread at an alarming rate. During July the infestation was so
severe that in certain orchards which I had under observation all the young shoots
and watersprouts were covered with masses of green lice. The outbreak reached
its hetght about the end of July and then, thanks to the effects of the drought, it
commenced to decline very rapidly until by the last of August very few aphides
_ were present on the trees.
San José Scare (Aspidiotus perniciosus). Apart from noticing an unusual
quantity of scale-infested apples in certain Vineland orchards, I made no observa-
tions on this pest.
26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
THe Pear Psytta (Psylla pyricola). The cold, wet weather of spring was
so fatal to the eggs and newly hatched nymphs of this species that our spraying
tests in a Vineland orchard were completely nullified. The check pear trees proved
to be as clean as the sprayed trees.
Tue ImporTep Spiper Mire (Tetranychus pilosus). This acarid was again
common on plums and apples. Our experiments with the mite prove that lime
sulphur wash (summer strength) will readily control it.
BENEFICIAL ORCHARD INSECTS.
One of the most important enemies of the green and rosy aphides of the apple
in the Niagara district is a small reddish cecidomyiid maggot. I have observed
this creature at work during the past three seasons but did not have it identified
until this year. The species is Aphidoletes meridionalis, Felt.
The feeding habits of this cecidomyiid are interesting. In attacking its
victim the maggot, as a general rule, attaches its mouth parts to a leg joint and
then proceeds to gorge itself on the body juices. The favorite point of attack is
the articulation of the femur and tibia. (In one instance a maggot was observed
with its mouth parts attached to the base of an antenna.)
The ladybirds Hippodamia convergens and Coccinella novemnotata were ex-
ceptionally common. During the summer both species were found feeding freely
on the green apple aphis.
PEsts oF SMALL FRUvITS.
Tue BiackBerry LeEAr Miner (Metallus rubri). A large blackberry planta-
tion near Vineland was seriously infested by this sawfly.
So far as I am aware no satisfactory method of combating the miner has yet
been discovered.
Tue Raspperry Sawrry (Monophadnus rubi). This species was again very
injurious.
Tue Imporrep Currant Borer (Aegeria tipuliformis). Complaints about
the work of the borer were received from Burlington.
SHADE TREE INSECTS.
Brack WALNUT CATERPILLAR (Datana integerrima). It was no uncommon
sight this past season to see Black Walnut trees which had been wholly or partially
defoliated by this caterpillar.
Fart Wes-Worm (Hyphantria cunea). The ugly nests of this insect were
unusually abundant on shade and fruit trees. In several instances all the foliage
on young trees was destroyed.
LINDEN INSECTS.
Tuer Basswoop Lrar-mMiner (Chalepus rubra), and an undetermined species
of lace-bug were very common on Linden in the Horticultural Experiment Station
wood-lot.
MIscELLANEOUS PESTS.
Oxton Turies (Thrips tabaci). What might have been a serious outbreak of
onion thrips in the Horticultural Experiment Station vegetable gardens was kept
within bounds by the effective work of a predaceous flower bug, Triphleps tristi-
color, B. Wh.
“
~
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Associated-with Thrips tabaci, but not so numerous as it, was another species
of Thysanoptera, viz.: Acolothrips fasciatus.
Potato BEErLe (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). This well known pest was more
| abundant around Vineland this past season than it has been for the last three years.
Horse Fries. During the hot weather of July and early August the green-
headed horse fly, 7’abanus costalis, was remarkably abundant and unusually trouble-
some.
Tue CLover Mire (Bryobia pratensis). Early in June I received an urgent
eall from a horrified householder iri Vineland to help him to expel or to exter-
minate certain minute horrors which had invaded his “ best” bedroom. On visit-
ing the house I found the bed clothes in the infested room literally alive with
clover mites. As the invaders were in possession of the bed only, I suggested the
, immediate removal of the mattress and clothes to the lawn. This was done. The
_ Mattress was aired for some time, the bed clothes were laundered and nothing more
_ was seen of the mites.
" SCARRED APPLES.
Last month a local fruit grower drew my attention to a peculiar type of insect
injury which was very common on the fruit of several Rhode Island Greening trees.
The apples were marked here and there with calloused blemishes, which varied in
shape from dots to long, irregular, serpentine areas. Although the blemishes were
=
only skin deep they were sufficient in themselves to degrade No. 1 fruit to No. 3.
SCARRED APPLE.
As I was unable to determine the cause of the injury I submitted specimens to
_ Profs. Caesar and Parrott, but neither could diagnose the trouble. Prof. Parrott’s
answer to my inquiry is quoted herewith:
pelea ‘by no means certain as to the cause of the injury. During the past
"year We have discovered such injury upon apples, and specimens of peaches have
a
28 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
been forwarded to us injured in a manner quite similar. I spoke to Mr. Knight
of Cornell University regarding the damage and he intimates that such injuries
may attend the work of red bugs. In the specimens of fruit that have been sent to
us from New York it is certain that the apples were first punctured by either red
bug or an insect with similar habits. However, the remarkable thing about the
injury is the development of a large irregular callous that stands out in marked
contrast to the normal epidermis of the fruit.”
I have brought some of the scarred apples along with me for your examina-
tion and I hope that some one present will be able to enlighten me as to the cause
of the injury.
THE NATURALIST IN THE CITY.
Rev. THomas W. Fytes, D.C.L., OrTrawa.
The lover of nature, whose avocations or infirmities limit his field of observa-
tion, may yet have ee for gratifying his tendencies, and adding to his
knowledge of living things
With your permission pi will tell briefly of a few creatures that have engaged
my attention during the periods of my life in cities.
In a paper I read before the Society last year, I told of an assembly of Thalessa
lunator Fab. upon a scar on a limb of a: Red Maple growing beside the house I now
occupy. Early in the present year (1916), a strong gust of wind took the limb
I speak of and snapt it off at the injured part. On examining it I found that
decayed wood extended for at least two feet from the point of fracture. This
touch-wood presented an interesting appearance. In it were the tunnels formed
by Tremex columba Linn., closely packed with frass for much of their length.
In them the larve of Thalessa lunator had found and devoured their prey. There
were other tunnels (some of which opened out into those of the Tremex) and these
were stored with dead flies of various kinds. Among the flies were the capsule-
like cases, or cocoons of a species of wasp. They somewhat resembled the cocoons
of the mud-wasp, Peloywus cementarius Drury; but whereas the Pelopeus cocoons
were brown and semi-transparent, showing the insect within, these were of a clay-
yellow and opaque. ‘They were also somewhat smaller.
At intervals in the beginning of June there came from these cocoons speci-
mens of Crabro singularis Smith.
I also found in the decayed wood the mangled remains of Tibicen rimosa Say.
The fate of the fine limb of the shade tree I have spoken of should be a
warning against injudicious pruning.
In my studies of the Mud-daubing Wasps I have been able to follow the life-
history of Pelopeus coeruleus Linn. This is a more compact insect than cemen-
tarius, and in hue it is of a brilliant royal purple. Its cells resemble those of
cementarius, and are found in association with them. The perfect insects, about
the first week of July, bite neat round ways of exit from their winter prisons, and
commence active operations very soon after. They are industrious collectors of
spiders. I have counted as many as nine spiders in one of their cells. One egg
only is laid by the mother wasp in each cell, and the grub that comes from it feeds
upon the spiders. It is full-fed by the end of August and commences to spin its
cocoon. The grub is of the usual sphex shape—somewhat attenuated towards the
head, which is small and has dark nippers. The cocoon resembles that of
|
7° He
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29
cementarius. In it the larva remains quiescent through the winter. In June the
larval skin shrivels up, and the pupa, a wonderfully beautiful object, appears.
It is as if it were formed of the purest translucent white wax. Its various parts
are exquisitely fashioned, and symmetrically arranged. Towards the end of June
the pupa begins to take colour: the eyes assume a pale chestnut tint—this changes
to black. The thorax and wing-cases also become deep black. In the first week
of July the complete metamorphosis has taken place, and the perfect insect comes
forth in all its beauty.
I have mentioned Tibicew rimosa Say. This is a rare insect in Quebec Pro-
vince, but its near relative Cicada canicularis Harris is very abundant.
One afternoon, in the early sixties, I was walking under a row of noble elm
trees that grew along one of the upper-town streets of Montreal, when I noticed a
large insect of rather a disreputable appearance crawl from the earth and begin to
ascend a tree. Its proceedings interested me. After climbing for a foot it dug
its claws—and it was well provided with claws—into the bark of the tree, to secure
its hold, and then began to sway itself violently from side to side, as if troubled
with a sharp internal disorder. Something will result from this paroxysm, I
thought to myself, and something did result. Its skin parted along the back, from
face to abdomen, and then the creature began to crawl through the gap it had
made, drawing its legs from their cases as if it were taking off its boots. Its wings,
which had been neatly plaited in side cases, were gradually unfolded, and in a
quarter of an hour the perfect insect seemed to be ready for flight.
That large insects, such as C. canicularis, where they are present in numbers,
“must damage the trees by tunneling in them is evident. In passing, and by way
of bringing this home, let me say, that, in my grounds at South Quebec there stood,
in the open, a well-grown, shapely spruce—I suppose fifteen inches in diameter at
the base. One windy day in the summer the tree broke off at the base. It was
Pierced, in every direction, by the mines of the “ Forgeron” (as the French call
it—the Blacksmith (Monohammus scutellatus Say), the black, titillating beetle,
with the white hunette on its shoulders.
Leaving the insects let us for a few minutes consider some of the birds that
frequent the city or occasionally visit it.
Last year, in the month of June, a young Night-hawk (Chordeiles virginianus
Linn.) fluttered down from the flat roof of the after part of the house I now
occupy on Frank Street, Ottawa: It lit upon the kitchen door-steps. When ap-
proached it merely cowered down, and then, without a struggle, allowed itself to be
carried back to the roof from which it had fallen. A few days after another young
bird, a male of the same species, tumbled to the same spot. I secured it with my
entomological net, carried it up-stairs and let it go through a window. It partly
opened its great length of wing and shuffled away behind a chimney.
The past summer was marked by frequent thunder-storms. On. the 25th of
June there was one of extreme violence. A stately elm, that grew in the vacant
ground behind my house, was rent, through the centre, from top to bottom, by a
lightning flash. When the storm was at its height I looked out upon the roof I
haye spoken of, and I was startled. Within three yards of me was a female
Night-hawk sheltering her young with her ample wings. The rain descended in
torrents, but, with marvellous patience, she maintained her position.
The greys and browns of the night-hawk’s plumage, together with its white
markings, blend with the tints of the pebbled roof of the city dwelling—or those
of the waste place in the country—which the mother bird may select on which
to deposit her eggs. The eggs resemble pebbles.
hy 1
—_—.
30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Another bird, the plumage of which befits its customary haunts, is the Ruffed
Grouse (Bonasa wmbellus togata (Linn.) Ridgw.). The females of this species
when brooding on their nests are no doubt often saved from molestation by their
colouring and the death-like stillness that they keep when foes are near.
The Ruffed Grouse (in the vernacular—Partridge) is not a familiar object in
our city streets; but some years ago, when my home was in Hull, P.Q., I, one day,
received a great surprise: 1 looked from an upper window and saw, amidst the
potted plants on the roof of the balcony to my front door, standing in alert atti-
tude, with outstretched neck, a Grouse.
So perfect was the bird in form and plumage that I could not think it had
passed through the hands of a taxidermist; so motionless was it that I was doubt-
ful whether it was really alive. My attention was called off for a few moments,
and the bird seized the opportunity to fly away. How can I account for its
presence? In this way:
Behind my house ran the creek which surrounds the City of Hull, and beyond
it were the beautiful grounds of Mrs. Ellery Lord and Front Street. Then came
the meadows (including the well-known * Beaver Meadow”) and strips of wood-
land. Surveyors and axe-men had just commenced to convert the Beaver Meadow
into town lots. Their operations probably had disturbed the grouse, and a suc-
cession of alarms had kept it on the wing till it whirled round the street corner
near my house and took refuge in the greenery on the balcony. This, of course, _
is supposition.
One of our most welcome summer visitors is the robin. When friends meet, a
frequent greeting in the end of April or beginning of May, is “ Good morning!
Did you hear the Robin?” What accounts for the popularity of the bird? (1) Its
hearty morning call is a pleasant sound. (2) It is a trim, handsome bird, that
adorns our city grass plants. (3) It is a sociable bird and loves to build its nest
on or near our dwellings. (4) It is a cleanly bird and makes no litter in build-
ing, and keeps its nest and its surroundings unsullied. Its confidence in man wins
man’s protection.
A friend in Hull has under the veranda of his house a preserved head of a
Virginia Deer. Between the horns of this, in the year 1909, a pair of robins built
their nest and reared their brood. The same pair (it is thought) returned to it
the next season and were again successful and raised their young.
It was interesting to watch the approach of a parent bird to the nest. It
would alight on a branch of a cedar tree that grew at the end of the veranda and
look around. If only members of the household were near it would come on at
once. If a stranger were present it would pause, as if to judge of his disposition,
before making its approach.
Of quadrupeds, perhaps the most remarkable I have seen in a Canadian city
is the Black Rat (Mus rattus). The specimen I found was a dead one. I had
occasion one day to go to the Louise Embankment, Quebee City, and while walking
along one of its wharves I found the body of the little beast I speak of (I am sorry
that I did not have it preserved). The creature had probably landed from a vessel
from Europe, and been set upon and killed by the Brown Rats with which the
Embankment abounds.
The Black Rat, in olden times, was the common rat of England, and it was
plentiful enough. Its enemy, the Brown or Norway Rat (Mus decumanus) found
its way to that country about the period of the English revolution, and the Jacobites —
called it the Hanover rat, very much in the same spirit that Cecidomyia destructor
4
; 7 way sf
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31
was called in America the Hessian fly. The Black Rat is a great rarity in England
now.
, The Flying Squirrels are interesting little animals. I purchased a pair of
_ them in Bonsecour Market, Montreal, from a farmer’s boy. This was in 1863. I
carried the little creatures home and they became great pets. They slept curled up
in their snuggery most of the day, but at dusk they became very lively. We
were accustomed to open their cage door and let them have the run of two adjoin-
ing rooms. They would leap from piece to piece of the furniture in the rooms, and -
from picture to picture on the walls, and have a grand chase and frolic. When
tired they would go back to their cage of their own accord. Unfortunately, one
evening, our maid left a window open in the outer room, and our pets bounded
through it and we saw them again no more.
Seals sometimes come up the St. Lawrence as far as Montreal. On the
23rd of April, 1863, I travelled to Laprairie. My business accomplished
I hired a French Canadian ahd his son to row me back to the city in their
canoe. The weather was delightful and the water calm. Masses of ice were float-
ing about and wild ducks were flitting near. When we were drawing nigh the
city a round head suddenly rose from the water not far away. “ Sacré!” cried my
old boatman “Un veau marin! Un veau marin!’ Then breaking into English
for the benefit of his passenger, “She am worth five ow six dollare. Helas, me
_ gun she gone home!” Presently we saw another head. Two seals, attracted, the
old man said, by his red shirt, were following us. We had their company for
nearly a mile.
I have said enough, I trust, to remind you that, to those who have eyes to see,
nature affords tokens of her presence, even in the busy haunts of men.
Dr. Hewitt: I think we should send Dr. Fyles the greetings of the Society,
and also its thanks for the paper that he has contributed this afternoon. Dr. Fyles
has always been present at every meeting of the Society that he could possibly
attend. He has become so infirm now that he cannot move from his home at times,
and therefore I think it is only right for us to send Dr. Fyles our greetings and
thanks for the paper.
Mr. Wryn: In Dr. Fyles’ paper mention is made of the emergence of the
Cicada. It has often been stated that the Cicada comes out early in the morn-
- ing, but how long it takes to dry its wings is a matter of dispute.
Carr. SPENCER: This summer I watched a Cicada emerge later than two -
o'clock in the afternoon at Camp Borden. It crawled out of the ground, left its
_ ase, and its wings were hard enough to fly a short distance (two or three feet)
_ within half an hour.
|
P
A
i
DUSTING FRUIT TREES AND GRAPES FOR THE CONTROL OF
DISEASES AND BITING INSECTS.
ate, = i ¥
=
bl
L. Carsar, O. A. CoLLEGE, GUELPH.
The success of the Cornell experiments with the so-called “Dust Spray ”
roused much interest in Ontario as well as elsewhere, and led to our performing
—" of tests with this new method of controlling biting insects and diseases. All
these experiments were conducted in the Niagara Distirct, because I considered
“this not only the most convenient place, but also the district most infested with
odling Moth.
32 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
COMPOSITION OF THE SUBSTANCE USED IN DUSTING.
In all my tests where both insects and diseases were to: be combated, I used
a mixture composed of 85 per cent very finely ground sulphur and 15 per cent.
arsenate of lead powder, supplied ready mixed by The Niagara Brand Spray Co.,
Burlington. The price-of the mixture was $6.50 per 100 lbs. When biting insects
were not present, as on grapes, and on plums in the later sprayings, the arsenate
of lead was omitted and finely ground sulphur alone used. This reduced the cost
greatly as the sulphur alone cost only $2.90 per 100 Ibs. Some persons used the
sulphur mixed with finely ground limestone.
OUTFIT FOR APPLYING THE Dust.
I had the larger type of dusting outfit supplied by the Niagara Brand Spray
Co. They have a smaller outfit, but it cannot cover nearl™®so may trees. The out-
fit consists of a 2144 horse-power gasoline engine, a blower and a receptacle or
Dusting fruit trees for insects and diseases,
hopper capable of holding about 100 lbs. of the dust. The dust is blown out upon
the trees through a galvanized iron pipe of about 3 inches diameter. This pipe
is connected wth the blast passage by a thick rubber tube of the same diameter.
The flexibility of the rubber allows the operator to direct the pipe in any direction
quickly and easily. For small trees a short pipe about 3 feet long is used, but for
large trees the pipe must be longer. I used one about 6 feet in length. Too long
a pipe is awkward as the branches interfere with it; too short will not throw the
dust high enough. The amount of material used can be regulated by the operator
by a small lever on the hopper. The outfit costs complete about $265.
Kinps or WEATHER Best SUITED FOR DUSTING.
Dusting should not be done in a strong wind, because this carries the material
too rapidly through the air instead of allowing it to float slowly through the trees
and settle thickly upon the foliage and fruit. A strong wind, moreover, will often —
“
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | ‘oD
drive the dust down and not permit it to reach the top of the tree. The ideal con-
dition is a perfectly calm day, or one with almost no breeze. The driver should
go up and down the rows parallel with the wind so that the operator may shoot
the spray into the trees at right angles to the row, thus finishing the whole orchard
as he goes. It will not do to dust one side of the trees; both must be done just as
in the case of the liquid spray; otherwise the results will not be satisfactory. Some-
times, especially at the Codling Moth spray, it is impossible to watch for an ideal
day, and one has to spray with the wind. Then if it does not change soon, the
remainder of the tree can be sprayed by blowing the dust in from each side at right
angles to the wind. The spraying may be done in the morning or evening when the
wind usually moderates.
It is just possible that grapes in the earlier dustings before the leaves are
large and abundant could be dusted against the wind so that the dust would be
blown back to the opposite side of the next row, in this way covering both sides
and saving time and labor. This cannot be done, however, when the foliage is
dense.
Dusting apparently may be done with safety either when the foliage is dry
_or moist.
Amount oF Mavrenian Requinep PEr TREE.
For very large apple trees requiring about 12 gals. per tree of liquid for the
Codling Moth spray, I use an average of nearly 4 lbs., but found that 3 lbs. would,
if properly applied, suffice. For an average size apple tree about 25 years of age, I
should use at least 2 Ibs. Plum, cherry and peach trees require anywhere from
about 14 to 2 lbs. per tree. It requires a good deal of careful watchfulness to deter-
~ mine how much to use. A careless man may use 100 lbs. in a few minutes, where
one-quarter the amount would have been sutticient:
Neep oF Care IN APPLYING THE Dust.
a
I found that to cover either a large or small tree thoroughly with t!.e minimum
loss of material required much quickness of movement and constant watchfulness.
Tt is no job for a lazy or an indifferent man. As a rule the best method was to move
_ the outlet pipe up and down quickly, and not to drive so close to the tree that the
branches would be in the way. This, however, often had to be varied for a sudden
gust of wind from time to time would carry the dust away from the desired
direction. This necessitated a different stroke to cover the missed area. Sometimes
_ too, the branches were too close to spray them except by shooting the dust back
- guickly when the wagon had passed. One would be very tired after a hard day of
careful dusting of large trees.
> There is very little danger to the operator from the dust, but it is expedient
to use gogeles.
OF SprAYING WirH A PoweEn MACHINE.
t
3 Comparison or TrmE ReQquireD For DustTING vs. THE UsuaLt Meriop
=
é
&
&
The dusting method is very much quicker than the other method. It took
- me an average BE 14% hours to spray both sides of 92 very large apple trees. With
= a power outfit and liquid spray applying 960 gals. per day, it would have taken at_
_ least 12 hours to do the work as thoroughly. This means that on such trees the
Sanat spray was eight times the more rapid. On smaller trees, such as plums or
_ cherries, which with a liquid outfit may be well sprayed as the horses move slowly
3 ES.
3 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
but continuously along, the advantage in saving of time would not be great were
it not that it takes a good while to fill up the tank with liquid, whereas it requires
only. a minute or two to fill the hopper with dust. On these small trees the dust
method would probably be from two to four times as rapid as the liquid.
Comparison or Cost on Lance TREES.
The following data for the large apple trees sprayed by us give what I believe
to be a fairly accurate estimate of the cost of each kind of spraying where there are
no delays of any kind, and where both outfits are working well in every way.
Cost or Dustine 92 LarcE APPLE TREES USING 3 LBS. PER TREE.
92 large apple trees at 3 lbs. each = 276 lbs. material at 6%4c. ........ $17.94
Gasoline at 35¢: per: Bald - ve siccc'. Creerersiars elotetcste alsa eee eel epee ee eee .1b
(Ch Coron Se ere nnEnD nor mu OCoDee coo emobecads onOmEalcAb aco .04
2imenat:20¢; per hour; fori torhoursin. cinis .cteaevertare cise ieieele eet ete -60
i team at) 30¢) sper Hours Tors Ahm OUTS soyete errant rate ghereretetete teense) ae -45
Total -Cost-fOr’ 92 AbnEess ie aie ierers cre lerake wie x cv eheloceiatet alte leleha: Chae eleve arse ete toeReren $19.18
AVETAZE COST SDET. ELEC haclereve lcueyereletarste ects) =!al erate celere ors) a fate teken stat eaeae tenet 20.8c.
Cost or Sprayine 51 LARGE TREES with LaME-SULPHUR AND ARSENATE OF LEAD.
612 gals. dilute lime-sulphur (strength 1.008 sp. aha 1614 gals. com-
mercial lime-sulphur at 15c.)a- sale Jess ses sets 2 eee eee $2.46
$016-Ibs, ‘arsenate of lead) at Ul c.e Si ncccerepe tare w iclcleeatelc eet ete ee eee eee 3 36
Gasoline? 2) 22 fe cesses cs cence sw or eers ease ale rove Sale tel etal a, Ocatenciate Toys arena 60
8 men for 6% hours at 20c. ........ eo witataiehieleis: oss. 0% Seielc a Teoh ele eee 3 82
L team) for 1636 Ours’ at. SOC! afec ite otescverete wirn (ove [sis olla) -pe¥eretoreitohel orale eiereeeeeetars 1 91
Total! COSt fOr’ (D1 tLGGS: Wajve iver c ettreie oceren-Penaee yet cleus Teper e bene ete Stee stone ae $12 30
Average: cost Per tree. 2... ka. shots. « ci eveie-s wo cototeeheneucts ine setalein aeeluere aaa ene 24.1¢.
Average .cost for Qusting: ee crekecciz islets scyaess olor epee ie vainre he eetehoke apa aaa 20.8e.
Balance, per itreesin favour Of GuUst syn vistas sietetestereteuslotsiele eee eee - 3,00;
COMPARISON OF COST ON LARGE, SWEET CHERRY TREES.
Cost oF DustTING 55 LARGE TREES.
TOO bss dust cut GYSes er wis aterretersteeieleretta/eteseete = F pinyaierolae sere Wao $6 50
(CEI) bh eet rein emit. Goon ooeromic ol bos anbbods sl: me 05
(0) er ren et Resor ries Aerie mn amon as Oe neon o cac + - 20
Zemen Wh hour vat 20G; si iareye cree wlarch ae olete ole) siete <w teehee ee ee 20
1 "team: 34, hour-sat: SOGL cect crs aitvateus = otuaaie otet creates mgeae erereretetetey= elote ie setae 15
Total=cost “OF- 55’ iKreesss. ccicesSim erste occ tters aie ia oe Ie eae te ee $6 92
Averaze. COsts Per. “EPEC! cepts Frorcyaccte ayes colo imicls > ose)s\venehartets& faye lahat peteeeetetede 12.6c.
~
Cost or SprAyING 45 TREES WITH LIME-SULPHUR AND ARSENATE OF LEAD.
160 gals. lime-sulphur (strength 1.008) = approximately 41%, gals. com-
Rerciall dime-sulp lun patel oC myers leet alcohols (canta eee ere tener aeeee $0 65
10 Ibs: arsenate of lead! tat ellie. merece ciietercte pelo oie) vetate (oven store selena aiereleteiatnes 110
3 men, 114) Hotirs. at 206: cistew «sista sper lereusiete eS viene is etn eketeevontale eee ieteia ete 90
Ji (isch been Sen ckohqcyer haerlch een OF SS Taso anomenex sabes eae tion fac 45
Gasoline: 2 SP hse c steccvaye siofope ake teste nege tote telerane aint re iaue iene ot eee a ae 15
(0) | eee OS eee omen Cnn Sooo EMEC GS oink Sao C aoe oor 05
Total: cost. for. 45. Er@eS* 2 okie sx wremve eds ansuclniiste is wyeoha SIS eyo eee Pee $3 30
Averaze. Cost, per treey my cle wu Mereeieeieren Peliolatn tat sia cance eon dead Oe 7.3¢.
Average cost: for (dust, per sEReet or te orate corer evel ae (ol at, atat saa tail tebe teteeenet 12.6¢.
y Balance in favour of liquid per tree ...........-...s essere eseeeees 5.3¢.
“
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
i)
Gr
The balance in favour of the liquid would be still greater on small trees taking
less material. If, however, the arsenate of lead were omitted the dust price would
ll from 12.6¢ to 6c and the liquid from 7.3c to 5c, leaving the liquid still the
cheaper.
One must not forget that all the above figures are based on the assumption
th at the outfit used for the liquid spray was a power one, applying 960 gals. per day
te i 10 hours, whereas many of our fruit-growers still use the hand pumps, which
ke double the amount of time, and would thus increase the cost in comparison
‘with the dusting, though the initial difference in price of the two outfits would off-
set much of this.
EXPERIMENTS ON LARGE APPLE TREES.
ot The orchard chosen for the experiments consisted of 16% very large trees
almost any ome of which was capable of bearing 10 barrels and upwards of fruit.
The varieties were Baldwin, Greening, Golden Russet, Spy, Yellow Harvest,
istrachan, Gravenstein and Twenty-ounce Pippin. The orchard was in a neglected
i ondition, and had not heen spray ed for years. All the trees were infested with San
José Scale, some of them badly. Codling Moth abounded in this and other un-
rayed or poorly sprayed orchards of the district, and as the trees extended up
to the base of the so-called Mountain, which was covered with uncared for apple,
pear, plum and cherry trees, and also with many shrubs and weeds, the Plum
Cu reulio was more abundant here than in most orchards. The leaves on the ground
pring, as examined by Prof. Howitt and myself, showed great numbers “ot the
perithecia of the Apple Scab fungus.
_ Before the spraying, the owner of the orchard pruned the trees moderately
ell,.and scraped _off a rough bark. Then in order to give the different sub-
ces used a fair chance, we sprayed the whole orchard heavily for San José Scale
with lime-sulphur, strength 1.035 except that soluble sulphur was used on 19 trees
ength 121% lbs. to 40 gals.). About half the dust plot was sprayed for scale
before the buds began to burst, the remainder and most of the liquid plots as or
just after the buds burst. Buds began to open May 2nd. All plots were finished by
“May 5th. The spraying for the scale gave satisfactory results on all except six trees
hich, owing to their situation, could not be thoroughly treated. Out of the total
f 162 trees. 92 which formed a block by themselves east of the house were chosen
r the dust test, and the remaining 70 were used for the liquid sprays. Of these
we chose four central rows containing the 19 trees mentioned above for a com-
ative test with soluble sulphur and calcium arsenate. The rest (51 trees) were
d with lime-sulphur and paste arsenate of lead.
7 Tue Dustep Pior (92 trees). »
The trees were each dusted twice, the work being thoroughly done on both
ons. On August 22nd, 61 trees were redusted on one side only, but as this
application had no visible effect on the trees compared with the remainder
her. upon insects or diseases, it need not be considered.
The first dust application was just as the blossom buds were ready to burst,
19th and 20th. I delayed it just as long as I could and until a few blossoms
actually opened. The dust, therefore, had an excellent opportunity to get on
or receptacle of the blossom and protect it against early infection with
36 THE REPORT OF THE hen
»S pr 4
was dusted June 3rd, the other June 6th. The calyces were beginning to close
The second application was soon after the blossoms fell. One side of the gaa a
“
at the latter date, but were not too far advanced for best results, ;
4
aA
THe Lime-SuLrHur AND ARSENATE OF LEAD Prot (51 trees). a
a? VEN
The first application after the leaves opened was, as in the case of the dust,
given just before the blossoms opened, one side of the trees being done on May 15th,
and the other on May 20th. The lime-sulphur was used at the strength of 1.010
sp. gi. and the arsenate of lead (paste) at 214 is to 40 gals. of diluted lime- -
sulphur.
The second application was givensoon after the blossoms fell, one side of the —
trees being done on June Ist, the other on June 3rd. The lime-sulphur was used —
at the strength of 1.008 sp. gr. and the arsenate of lead (paste) at 2 Ibs. to40
gals. of diluted lime-sulphur, cs
Tue SOLUBLE-SULPHUR AND CALCIUM ARSENATE PxLoT (19 trees).
The first application was just before the blossoms burst, one side May 17th,
the other May 20th. Soluble-sulphur 114 lbs. and calcium arsenate (powder)
1-2/3 Ibs. to 40 gals. of water were used.
The second application was just after the blossoms fell, on June 3rd, both
sides being sprayed the same day. The soluble-sulphur was used at 114 Ibs. “and
calcium arsenate at 175 lbs. to 40 gals. of water. ;
Note.—In each plot it will be observed that including the early application for
San José Scale, only three sprayings were given, except that in the dust plot 61
trees were dusted from only one side in August.
TREATMENT OF SOIL ON THE PLOTS. is:
No part of the orchard received any fertilizer. The dusted part had rich soil ~
and was left in sod, in fact two cows pastured on it for a couple of weeks while the
apples were small. Later the weeds were mown down. The liquid sprayed part —
had poorer soil, hence the owner on our advice ploughed and cultivated it to give —
the trees a fair chance. a
CHEcK TREES.
As check trees we relied upon the uncared for trees on the mountain side, on ~
neighboring orchards and on a roy of ten trees consisting of R. I. Greening, Bald-
win. Spy and Gravenstein, belonging to a neighbor, and in the same relative position
to the mountain as our own orchard. These ten trees we dusted before the buds —
burst with soluble-sulphur dust and hydrated lime to see the effect upon San José
Scale. Somewhat unfortunately for us, perhaps, the owner seeing the excellent
amount of bloom gave the trees a moderate spraying with lime-sulphur and ane
of lead soon after the blossoms fell.
RESULTS.
1. Effect on the Foliage——-We may mention here that on neither apples,
cherries, plums,, peaches nor grapes did the dust, so far as we could judge, cause
any burning or injury. On the apple trees the dusted leaves were much superior
to those on the liquid sprayed plots, being more glossy and more perfectly expanded
than those that were sprayed with lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead. The soluble-
_ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37
yur and calcium arsenate burned the Minese very severely, causing fully half
e leaves to drop and leaving dead spots on “est of the remainder.
2. Effect on Apple Scab.—On each of the plots apple scab was well controlled.
The liquid sprayed parts were a little better than the dusted, but not much. There
no doubt that fully 99 per cent. of the fruit in the lime-sulphur and
ate of lead plot was free from scab. The soluble-sulphur and calcium
ate plot gave at least 98 per cent. free and the dusted part averaged as, nearly
we could judge 97 per cent., though one Greening tree situated at the extreme
north-east corner where it was difficult to dust it thoroughly had about 10 per cent.
b, and a Spy tree possibly 8 per cent. A count at picking time of 1,500 apples
n a dusted Yellow Harvest, a variety very subject to scab, gave 51 scabby apples, or
per cent., leaving 96.6 per cent. free of scab. A count of 400 Red Astrachans,
irly alk there were, gave 12 scabby = 4 per cent., leaving 96 per cent. clean.
Neither my assistant nor I could be present at picking time owing to College
- duties, but we examined carefully at the end of August every Baldwin, Greening,
Russet and Spy tree that had fruit on it on all the plots, and made a note of the
mber of scabby fruits on each. No further development of scab has taken
Tata . . .
ice since. The results are shown in the following table.
’ AUGUST.
| No. of Secabby
Var‘ety | No. f Trees Y Mixture used Wenits
| 43 (55 of these
I. Greening.......... 12 IADNSU cinsae dete es 120 on one tree)
|
eae 12 | Li-sul and arsenate of 10
| : WEN sos do hadeso ne
2) Se See 10 | Sol-sul and calcium ar- 38
SONSILES racers cos wate |
sstvarers BR ipiere:d\s.0 61 Dust cctucck chown ete 102
nC Seae Tee cts, 10 Sol-sul and arsenate of 1
Leal rcteratetels Mciecteise
BR ee cYa.nsy9 (6 ‘sn | 6 Sol-sul and calcium ar- 3
| Senateyrccs cee ores
Golden Russet Bees: | 3 WD ustiteen vite eicl Goto te 4 4
|
eT 2 | Li-sul and arsenate of| 1
: VORA Se -clels sriscciciere ais
i Are 2 | Sol-sul and calcium ar-| Zz
Senate gress yer evernee
_ >: SS 1 DUS bth ietetcrstiere -iateve esate’ 50
Bicieis.-\e/cor%al< > + Part of 1 tree a graft Li-sul and arsenate of 0
Uae DAB nineteen oo
ieve that they do Dee cturt at eae half the Wel ae Since wr iting
oo Mr. W. E. Biggar, the Provincial Fruit Pests Inspector, has coud
bushels of the dusted fruit picked from various trees and corroborates my
nate of the percentage of clean fruit. The dusted part of the orchard I esti-
to have over 300 barrels of a crop, the other about 85. Some trees were
loaded, cthers very lightly.
Checks.—On the mountain side Baldwin trees averaged approximately 50 per
scabby fruit, Golden Russets approximately 10 per cent. There were no
r or Spys. On the row of ten trees on the adjoining farm, where the trees
in
Ae
38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
received the Codling Moth spray, but not the one just before bloom, the Greenings
and Spys averaged from 25 to 30 per cent. scabby fruit, and the Gravenstein 50 per
cent. or upwards, while a heavily loaded Gravenstein in the dusted plot averaged
5 per cent. scab, but it should be mentioned that this tree, owing to its blooming
earlier than the other trees of the orchard, had been sprayed with lime-sulphur
three days before it was dusted. (The dust had not arrived yet).
An examination of many trees throughout the district led us to estimate that
in general unsprayed Spy trees were about 60 per cent. infested with Scab, Green-
ings and Baldwins about 40 per cent. These figures show that in spite of the wet
season, the scab fungus was not specially abundant in the Grimsby district, and
therefore much better results were obtained by spraying there than would likely
have been obtained. in almost any other part of the Province. The average un-
sprayed orchard elsewhere would show 95 per cent. of scabby apples.
Another view of the dusting machine at work. a
What has been said shows that dusting as done by me under Grimsby weather
conditions, gave satisfactory results on Apple Scab, but I fear I could not have
obtained nearly so good results in most, or perhaps, in any other part of the
Province. Mr. Kydd, of the Fruit Branch, Toronto, who is just as thorough an
experimenter as I am, did not secure nearly so good results from the dust spray as
from the lime-sulphur liquid spray. The contrast is a striking one.
TABLE SHOWING RESULTS OBTAINED BY Mr, W. F. Kypp.
| .
mare Re No. of Scab-free
Place Variety Mixture used |: ” dpplievtions Awnies
PEAR rac sie ieieie oes n Spy Lime-sulphur and arsenate of 4 95
Vet ert ais secretetas oni eye 'sie :
Seemtata ateieis cts. craters ie Dust (sulphur and arsenate off 4 28
lead, powder) .....:....0-.
Wellington ....... # Lime-sulphur and arsenate of] 4 83
lead 5 Feeds weleteistereiais
ee AT ei Dust (sulphur and arsenate of 4 24
lead, powder) ...........
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39
he unsatisfactory results obtained by Mr. Kydd and, as I am informed, by
other men in the United States, show that it would be very unwise to recom-
unreservedly the dust spray as a substitute for the lime-sulphur and arsenate
ad.
As weather conditions are the chief factors determining the amount of scab,
e inserted here the weather record from April 23rd to June 25th, during |
ch time all the scab infection of the season took place.
Temperatures
A.M. P.M.
Maximum | Minimum Preep’n.
SEMEN Patnia|s/2'orsjein «wos 5 [Slight rain, dull ..... 49 39
Bepeomsiclondy ~......-......-| ‘Sunny and warmer .. 51 40 a”
MPEIGIOUGY.......5-.502.--| ‘Cloudy, with little rain |
ake | towards night ...... Blea Ae
26 |Dull to clearing ...... ‘Bright, distant thunder} 57 41
Sgeiariy bright ........- ‘Mostly bright, turning |
SS PHC s-533 gases 52 AS
28 |Early fog to 8 am., } |
- = SSeS ‘Warm and bright .... 59 39
, 29 Beautiful and bright.. ‘Sunny and warm .... 60 42
30 (Bright and pleasant .. Mostly bright with few |
PRCIONGS i sees. cue sees 71 | 42
1 |Cloudy, with small
amount of fog ...... Bright and windy, S.-
W., light showers at
— UY C= 11 Pee Ae as 72 45
2 |Bright and cool ...... Mostly bright, North) |
; breeze, apple leaf,
buds’ beginning to) }
“si Open Sate k ccs cs eal | 39 -10
g3- Rain and cool, N. ..... Dull, very little rain
(Peet cl SAaseese ec 72 37 .35
: 4 Bright and fair .....|Bright, W. -..-..----- foe a, ad
5 \Early morning bright,
; cloudy about 9 am., _ }
Strong S. winds ....Some clouds .......-.- ee ioe |e Ale |
Fairly bright, few
OUT RUS Gao eepSeseaen Some clouds, but sunny =
; BE MtAMNGS Arce ccis aves tetas 42 20
(Fine, warm and clear.. Fine, warm and clear. 72.5 30
8 (Rain, clearing at 10 a.m. m. Bright and breezy -..- 70 | 43 19
9 \Bright and cool, W. -- Bright, breezy, cool, W. 61 jee ackl
Rain until 12 a.m. ..-.- Very little rain, mostly :
: elontye ree cleats si sae 70 45 .23
+ Bright and breezy . - Bright and very windy,
-. a Se et es. Ss 68 | 29
| Bright Ul) ae Bright, breezy and
slightly cool. .....-- 59 41
Bright, cool breeze, E... Bright and warm .... 66 37
» Dull -and cool ........ Rain all p.m. ........-. 65 | 43 ee
Rain 5 to § a.m., turn- 5 | —
_ing brighter ........ Dull, misty, damp .... DOD S| ask 97
|Very light showers in |
early morning ..... Rain all p:m., moder- |
ately heavy .-.-.--: 56 43 | 14
Cold, cloudy and damp, Cloudy, colder and | |
WALTIG Vite of ons lesa es 56 45 | .07
ouay, windy & chilly. Cloudy, windy & chilly 55 40
PRONE R Ree Ie =e CleaY.| s'j.0kio2- ene oe 62 "| 40 | AUK
sht and fairly warm Bright and fairly warm 60 | 38
right and fairly warm Bright, turning cloudy 60 39
4
J
40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
++ | Temperatures
A.M. | P.M. es
‘Maximum Minimum Preep’n.
< \
Pome. cg. cane eee [Raine 22h i end oie ead: iS yr A =
3 Dull’ till 9:acmy 22850 |\Clear and Warm ...... 15 45 r 133
24 iClear and warm ....< .|\Clear and warm ...... 78 49 | ‘
25 |Warm, few clouds ....|\Warm, few clouds .... 72 56 |
26 |Bright and warm ....|Bright and warm .... 63 46 |
27 |Heavy thunderstorm, 5 |
lertow 8am) ooo erere (mostly cloudy ........ 62 44 42
28 |Bright and clear ..../Bright and clear ..... 76 46
29 |Bright and clear ....\Bright and clear, began)
: to rain at 6 p.m. .... 60 | 51 ;
30 |Heavy rain during | |
night, cloudy ........ Mostly hot and bright. 62 51 16 =e
31 |Clear and cool ....... \Clear and cool ....... 64 45 | a
June 1 (|Clear and fine ........ Clear and fine ........ 65 -- | tt
2 |Rainvat 0am wasn. Rain, heavy: see oes 69 | 44 1.43 ;
SB» jClearim ef 2 sce cacti Pine ooo iia p Oe iets 68 55 * hip
AP SE MBEIZ GS Sy ter erel le toterel=be lhe = Mostly bright ........ 70 51
5: (Brightest cscs Brichtecontenieetr 70 54 16
Giz) Faire (oesere sve ater stow seareleanate 1D) De ets oe ear. k | 61 47
i A@loudy: 2% ssc cne eres (Gay ieraine sr cen ae 64 |- 48.5 12
8 |Dull and cool ......... Rain ‘anda ole ace. 61 52 ae!
Or. \Suninnys. - hossere aeactles Dull with showers, rain’
12 at SMT ps csscaaee a 55 44 53
10 [Cloudy .....-.......+- Dullix tegen teres 58.5 50 ) 01
i De OF Seater eee a re WAIL certo Sere 60 46 03
12 ‘Clear eho sia s come O AE Clear and fine ........ Ties 48
13 ‘Clear and HOt prs. tere Clear and hot, -2.00-+- S08 be
14 |Clear and -warm ..... Clear and warm ......| 79 56
15 ‘Rather Gull eet Rain 1.30 to 3.30 p.m.. Te:5h. | 60 08
LG Cloudygger aerate Cloudy, cooler at night 66.5 | 50
17 |Fine and warm ...... Fine and warm ...... 70 50
18 |Dull with some rain .. Dull with some rain .. 62 56 -66
19) Dull =vith ‘some rain) ..|\Clearing.).....0-see-e so - 64 49 .29
20 Cloudy and cool ...... Cloudy and cool ...... 58 49 |
21” |Rain, ‘clearing-at 11am)Clear® +. ..cc-«cc.c-n-- 61.5 47 | .16
2 SUB TIEN be arr. taclt ie as clatter Bright (sao. .eee te sees 69 46
PS" ANAIE Saket a rs tee Raitt: = ts cence 66 Cy |
DAS MAT Duns wick Nagao cetera Heavy rain, 4 to 5 p.m 65 56 ‘} .83
De yl esc cates cpaie tig, Perse ate Seah Sct se aera eRe 68 55
Fine dry spell began here.
3. Effect on Leaf-Spot—Experiments performed by Mr. W. F. Kydd, of the
Horticultural Branch, in an orchard at Wellington this year, showed that the —
dormant spray, or the spray as the buds are bursting, has much value in the control
of leaf-spot, and hence in our plots the spray for the San José Scale doubtless
helped. In the dusted parts we saw no leaf-spot. The lime-sulphur part was also
almost entirely free, and any slight amount there was may have been due not to the
fungus, but to burning by the mixture. On the soluble-sulphur and calcium
arsenate plot, the spray injury was so great as to make it impossible to determine’
anything about this disease. On unsprayed trees there was a considerable amount
of leaf-spot, but we did not estimate the percentage, as this disease is not of much
importance in Ontario.
4. Codling Moth—On all the plots the Codling Moth was well controlled,
especially when we consider that the orchard had been neglected for several years.
Only two apples in the whole orchard were found in which the worms had entered
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41
calyx end. There were a number of side worms, but not so many as we expected.
stimate made the first week in October for the total of the fruit both on the
and the ground was that it ran somewhere between 5 and 10 per cent., with
average of probably 8 per cent. There was very little difference between the
erent plots.
Check trees and poorly sprayed orchards nearby varied from 30 per cent. to
per cent. wormy with about 75 per cent. of these entering at the calyx end. It
quite clear, therefore, that the dusting will contro] the Codling Moth
sfactorily. a
5. The Plum Curculio—With the exception of one or two rows of trees border-
upon the mountain, and in some thickets along one side of the dusted part of the
rehard Curcéulio injuries were scarce. -Even on the worst infested trees much
er apples dropped or were deformed than J had expected. The vigorous condition
the trees may have had something to do with this. The liquid sprayed part was
freest from Curculio injuries, but owing to a difference in surroundings it is im-
possible to determine whether the spraying was the cause. The check trees were
much worse infested, but in most cases their surroundings were more favorable for
these insects.
6. Other Biting Insects—AlI\ the plots were to some extent infested with Fall
Cankerworms, Bud-moth, Case-bearers and Lesser Apple-worms. The percentage
of these killed could not with the time at our disposal be determined; there was,
_ however, not much difference in the amount of injury done in the various plots.
-
‘sS
2
REsutts oN Sweet Curries, PLuums, PEACHES AND GRAPES.
As yery few of the members of our Society, or of the others present are
specially interested in plant diseases, I shall not go into details of the experiments
ith the dust on plums, peaches, cherries and grapes, but merely state that on
“sweet cherries, which are much more subject to rot than sour, the dust spray gave
about equally as good results as either lime-sulphur or Bordeaux mixture, and that
all these plots were much cleaner than the check. On plums (Lombard variety)
the rot was controlled. On the checks of the same variety there was considerable
“rot. On peaches there was so little rot even on the unsprayed trees that no con-
clusions could be drawn.
_ On Roger varieties of grapes, which are of course specially subject to Powdery
Idew, this disease was thoroughly controlled, whereas on checks there was con-
‘siderable of the disease both on the leaves and berries. The season was, however,
d not specially favorable for Mildew, and there was almost no Black Rot.
a : CONCLUSIONS.
My results with the dust spray apply only to Grimsby district and Grimsby)
weather conditions. I have some doubt whether in other districts with the closest
study of the weather and a good knowledge of the life history of the apple scab
fungus, I could Have so chosen the dates and numbers of application as to control -
cab on apples. It is certain that in some places the ordinary recommendations
rould have had to be modified. f
_A great drawback to the dust method is that we have not yet found’a really
ctory powder that will control scale insects or other sucking insects. Finely
nd soluble-sulphur mixed with hydrated lime gave me fairly good results on”
osé Scale, but there is almost sure to be trouble with this mixture, because
42 THE REPORT OF THE No. Pa
hopper and the blast passage. It seems necessary also to apply it to the treés when
they are moist. Another defect is that the dust does not adhere nearly so well as
the liquid lime-sulphur especially on glossy fruits and foliage. This is somewhat
counteracted by the fact that one can use the dust on fruit a short time before
picking without fear of staining, but cannot do this with the liquid.
I believe that some tests on "Pear Psylla at Burlington, probably with hydevteeie
lime, have proved successful.
I am also told that some tests in New York, possibly with tobacco dust,
promise well against aphids.
Should the hopes of the advocates of the dusting method of spraying be realized
we can see a great field of usefulness for it not only on fruit trees, especially large ©
fruit trees, but also on valuable shade trees in cities and parks. It should be a
great boon in the control of the Elm Leaf-beetle, Tussock Moth, Tent Caterpillars,
and many other biting insects. Leaf diseases on shade trees could also in some
cases be controlled. it believe it has already been tested on the Leaf-spot or Leat-
blight of the horse chestnut. .
It should not be at all difficult to improve the outfit so that even the tallest —
trees could easily be reached. .
Farner Leorotp: May I ask Prof. Caesar what is the cost of your spraying +!
outfit, that is, for the blower alone?
Pror. Carssr: The total cost for engine, blower and hopper was $260; it
will be a little higher this next year, probably $275. Probably $150 or $140, would
be the price for the blower and the hopper; I think you could get the engine for —
about $100.
A Memser: What horse-power engine did you use?
Pror, Caznsar: Two and one-half horse-power.
Pror. Brirrain: Did you have anyone here contract lead poisoning from the
use of that dust mixture?
Pror. CAnsaR: There would be a possibility of injury from the dust if you
were reckless and tried to spray against the breeze, but the spraying should always
be done, if possible, on a calm day, and you should spray at right angles to any |
little wind there may be.
q
.
Pror. Brirratn: I have been told ef one experimenter who contracted a very
bad case of lead poisoning from using the dust spray.
Pror. Carsar: I sprayed a good many days this year, and I consider that the
danger from the dust amounts to practically nothing both to the eyes and to the ©
lungs. I should say, however, that I wore goggles part of the time.
Pror. Brittain: I should think that the great weakness with this dust spray
would be that it does not control sucking insects successfully. Where scale insects
and sucking insects like Capsids are very abundant, that would be a very serious
drawback. ;
Pror. Cazsar: In a large part of Ontario we do not need-to spray for Aphids
and our Capsids,, though they are bad in a few orchards, are very seldom bad
enough to necessitate spraying for them.
Mr. Dearness: J understood Prof. Caesar to say that the spraying for Scab
was done at an exceptionally favourable time, and I wish to ask what time that
was.
Pror. Cazsar: The Apple Scab is of course one of the interesting things
from the standpoint, of plant pathology. I found in our experiments—and I have
been spraying for Apple Scab for eight years—that the great danger period for
Apple Scab is either the period from the time the blossoms begin to burst on to
-ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIBTY. 43
ime when the apples are about the size of a good marble (about half an inch
ameter), or from about the middle of August to the time of picking. The first
od I have mentioned you will find will be the one for about five seasons out of
I have never sprayed more than three times. If you have your orchard per-
y clean for the first period, it takes a long time for the scab fungus to become
abundant again that year.
Mr. Dearness: In regard to the scattering of the summer spores, do you find
_ this to be about the first of July? This fungus has its first period of infection, of
¢ ourse, directly from the over-wintering spores.
Pror, Carsar: I may say in regard to the times of infection that the first
infection comes on the leaves nearly always, and it comes from the ES on
the leaves on the ground. As soon as those develop to fructificatior
about two weeks usually—you have then what you call the summer spores. You
can never be sure of the date; it depends upon the weather conditions. ~
_ Mr. Bieear: Has the dormant spray anything to do with the control of
el ab ? .
_ __-Pror, Carsar: Some seasons it has, and I think probably in our case it
had because we gave a very heavy application for San José Scale, and everything
on the ground was drenched. ES
_ GENERAL NOTES ON APHIDES WHICH OCCUR ON APPLE TREES.
-
Wituism A. Ross, VINELAND SATION. }
_ ‘The purpose of this paper is to present brief notes on ten species of aphides
Ww which have been taken on the apple in Ontario. Four of the insects, viz., Aphis
pomi, Aphis malifolic, Aphis avene and Friosoma lanigera, are noxious; the
others, viz: Aphis bakert, Aphis brevis, Aphis sp. (near gossypu), Macrosiphwm
salanifolii, Myzus persice and Macrosiphum pelargonti (?) are, so far as our
observations have gone, of little or no economic importance.
_ Tre Green Aprte Apiis (Aphis pomi De Geer). This species is the most
ublesome plant-louse with which Ontario orchardists and nurserymen have to
md. It attacks, curls and sometimes kills the foliage, and in cases of severe |
station, it may even feed on the fruit. It has a very pronounced predilection
succulent shoots and water sprouts, and in fact, if not provided with, these
cies, it will not thrive and multiply rapidly. The aphis produces a generous
ly of honey-dew, and because of this it is well patronized by ants. The black
us which develops in this honey-dew gives the foliage, twigs and sometimes the
of an infested tree a sooty and very unsightly appearance.
The eggs of Aphis pomi hatch in April when the buds of apple trees are
elling and commencing to burst. The stem-mothers, i.¢., the aphides which
ich from the eggs, reach maturity, and commence reproducing in somewhat less
three weeks. During the next month or so each female which survives all the
s to which plant-lice are subject, gives birth on an average to 70 young (74
the average obtained from 18 individuals in our 1915 experiments). The pro-
of the stem-mothers for the most part develop in from two to three weeks into
S$ Vivipare.- A number of this generation, however, and a still larger
of the third generation become alate and migrate to other apple trees.
ird generation is succeeded by brood after brood of wingless and winged
until by the close of the season as many as fourteen or fifteen generations ~
44 THE REPORT OF THE
may have arisen. In the fall, apterous ovipare and apterous males put in an ap- |
pearance. The sexes mate and the females deposit, their eggs on twigs and water —
sprouts. ; ‘ =
Tur Rosy Appte Aputs (Aphis malifolie Fitch). Like many another
rogue, this insect has been living amongst us under a false name. In a recent —
letter, Mr. A. C. Baker, of the U. 8. Bureau of Entomology, informs me that its
correct appellation is Aphis malifolie Fitch, and not A. sorbi, nor yet the more
recent A. kochii. It appears that Kaltenbach’s A. sorbi from Sorbus and Schoute-
den’s kochti (pyri Koch) from apple are quite distinct from our rosy aphis.
This species is often very destructive in apple orchards. It has a marked
preference for, and confines its work largely to the lower, inner and shady portions
of the trees. It not only curls and destroys foliage, but by feeding on the leaves
adjacent to fruit clusters, and on the fruit itself, it produces bunches of deformed,
dwarfed and unmarketable apples. The rosy aphis is essentially a pest of the
bearing orchard. So far as our observations have gone, it seldom occurs on, and
is never injurious to nursery stock. This partial immunity is largely due, I think, —
to the fact that young trees do not afford the aphis—a shade loving insect—suit-
able shady quarters. :
The eggs of this species hatch about the same time as those of Aphis pomi.
The stem-mothers become mature in twenty days or so, and begin to give birth to”
young at an alarming rate. According to our 1915 experiments each female may ~
produce from 67 to 260 young (data obtained from 12 individuals). The ‘second —
generation resemble their mothers to a great extent in rate of development, in —
fecundity and in the absence of wings. During a period extending from mid-_
June to the latter part of July, the third generation lice acquire wings and migrate —
to and establish colonies on Plantago lanceolata, and P. major, chiefly the former.
(1t should be mentioned here that a small percentage of the migrants may belong
to the second and fourth generations). On the secondary food plants, the aphides
breed rapidly, and as many as eleven broods may arise. In the autumn alate
sexupare and alate males appear and fly back to the apple. The sexupare give
birth to young, which in three or four weeks’ time became mature apterous —
ovipare. After being fertilized by the males the ovipare lay their eggs on twigs —
and branches—in crevices and around the base of buds.
THe Oar Apuis (Aphis avene Fabricius). In the spring, this aphid, as a
general rule, is much more abundant than the two preceding species, but as it
only remains on the apple for a comparatively short time, it is not so injurious
as they are. It attacks the foliage, the blossom stems, and sometimes the petals.
The eggs of the oat aphis commence to hatch several days before those of
Aphis pomi and Aphis malifoliw. The stem-mothers develop rapidly, and most
of them are mature and are reproducing by the time the apple blossoms are show-
ing pink. In the matter of reproductive capacity, they are very much like the:
stem-mothers of A. pomi—each female may give birth on an average to 76 young
(average obtained from 9 individuals, 1915 experiments). The majority of the
second and the whole of the third generation become alate, and during a ‘period |
extending from mid-May to mid-June, migrate to their summer food plants—
various grains and grasses. On these hosts, the aphides feed and breed unti
fall, at which-time the return migration to apple takes place. As in the case of
malifolie, the males are produced on the secondary, and the sexual females on
the primary host.
: Tue Wootty Apis or THE APPLE (Lriosoma lanigera Hausmann), This
_ cosmopolitan bark-feeding aphid is a yery destructive apple pest in certain countries,
A
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45
r ie The United States, South Africa and England ; however, in Ontario, fortu-
nately for everyone Sontecned) it is only of minor importance. It is present in all
our apple growing sections—on orchard and nursery tree, but it is seldom
~ abundant and injurious enough to cause any alarm, or to warrant the adoption
_ of remedial measures.
___ During the summer, colonies of flocculent apterous vivipare occur on the
twigs and water sprouts and around pruning wounds on the limbs and_ trunk.
_ Rarely the lice are also found feeding on the roots of nursery stock, where they
~ cause the formation of knotty enlargements. (Personally, I have never found
_ the root-inhabiting aphides in Ontario. Nurserymen, however, inform me that
_ they occasionally see them.) In September, alate forms appear and, according
to Dr. E. Patch, of Maine, migrate to the American Elm, where they give aie
to the sexes—minute wingless creatures. After. mating, the females lay their eggs
im crevices on the bark. The migration back to apple takes place in June of the
_ following year.
Tue Crover Apis (Aphis bakeri Cowan). This plant-louse does not appear
_ to be common in Ontario. Personally, I have only taken it Ete on apple. In
_ Colorado, however, A. bakeri, according to Gillette and Taylor, “ranks next to the
_ green apple aphis in numbers as a leaf infesting species of the apple.”
ce As the name suggests, the clover aphis migrates from apple to clover.
Ontario collections: Migrants—Arkona, 6.10.16; Migrants and young—
Vineland, 14.10.16 and 17.10.15.
3, Tue Lonc-BEAkep Crover Apitis (Aphis brevis Sanderson). This insect
is essentially a hawthorn species, and it only occasionally occurs on apple. I have
‘made but three collections of it from the latter host.
Like the preceding species, it spends the summer on clovers.
Ontario collections: Migrants and males—Vineland 3.11.15; Males—Arkona,
6. 10.16; Migrants, males and immature ov iparze, Vineland 17.10.16.
Aphis sp. (near gossypii). In June, 1915, Mr. Howard Curran, my assistant,
collected specimens of an unfamiliar, pale green aphid from an old apple tree grow-
ing on the 0.A.C. campus at Guelph. According to Mr. Curran, the plant-louse
S quite abundant at the time the collection was made.
' This aphid is either a new species closely allied to Aphis gossypti, or it is &
piety of the melon aphis. It differs from typical A. gossypii in having sensoria
n antennal joint IV and sometimes on V, but whether this difference is of specific
ue I am at present not prepared to say. Only a careful study of the antennal
iations of A. gossypii from different hosts will settle this point.
_ The following table affords a comparison between Aphis sp. and Aphis gossypii
the matter of antennal sensoria, and it likewise indicates the variability of the
Aphid } pen cm asl Sensoria on V
MBUSTNIS S10 orcce cicc0 ic cniecss sec geccecccece 7-11 | 3-6 0-2 and the sub-apical
— Aphis gossypiias described by Pergande| 5-7 | None Sub-apical
is ...| Aphis gossypii from cucumber 5-8 | None Sub-apical
.--| Aphis gossypii from begonia....... . 6-8 | 0-1 Sub-apical
.| Aphis gossypii bred on apple ..... -| 7-10 | 0-2 Sub-apical
..-| Aphis gossypii bred on apple .......... 8-11 0-2 Sub-apical
46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 4
Tue Potato ApHis (Macrosiphum solanifolii Ashmead). Dr. E. Patch
points out in her recent publication on the Pink and Green Aphis of the Potato,
that this insect has a very varied dietary ranging from grasses to composites. In
view of this, it is not at all surprising that the aphid sometimes feeds on the apple.
I have two Ontario collections of it from this host. Mr. A. C. Baker, of the U. 8.
Bureau of Entomology, also records its occurrence on apple at Washington, D.C.
Ontario collections: Alate, apterous vivipare and nymphs—Guelph, 20.6.15; —
Alate form—Vineland, Ont., 3.6.16.
THe Peach ApuHis (Myzus persice Sulzer). This very common general —
feeder has frequently been found feeding on apple seedlings growing in the ©
Horticultural Experimental Station greenhouses at Vineland Station, Ont. Fall
migrants and their young have also been taken on orchard trees. (Vineland, 1916).
Tue Geranium Apuis (Macrosiphum pelargonii Kalt). (?) Small colonies
of a large green Macrosiphum were frequently found this spring on somé*seedling
apples which we had growing in our greenhouse insectary at Vineland.
I cannot be positive about the identity of this louse, but I think it is Maero-
sphum pelargonu. It differs from typicai pelargonti in having the abdomen of the
alate form ornamented with five transverse, broken, dark bands, spe it is venta
questionable if this slight difference has any specific significance.
Pror. Brirrain: The study of aphids in Nova Scotia has been only a minor
problem with us. Our results have been very much the same as those of Mr. Ross, ©
with the exception of course, of the differences due to climate. You have about
13 or 14 generations of pomi; we never have more than 8 or 9. As for avene, I
never saw it until this year, when it appeared in rather large numbers. This
spring I could not find a specimen of pomi, and if we had not kept eggs over from
last year we would not have had any at all to work with. Late in the summer,
however, winged forms began to appear in numbers and soon the insect was quite
numerous. Malifoliv, with us, also has 8 ‘or 9 generations per year. The greater
number of the 3rd generation are migrants. A small proportion, under certain
conditions, remain wingless and continue breeding on the apple throughout the
season, but their number is usually negligible.
In 1915 a number of thosé which we kept in the insectary breeding upon the
apple became winged in the Tth generation. These winged forms were the true
spring migrants, though.it was September.
In each generation we transferred some young aphids from the plantains
back to apples, and vice versa. Hundreds of such experiments gave negative -
results; but in one case young from an ordinary wingless female of the 3rd genera-
tion on the apple, came to maturity on the plantain and became typical plantain
forms.
In studying the natural control of these aphids we found that click beetles
preyed upon them and sometimes destroyed large numbers.
Dr. Howarp: What species?
Pror. Brittain: Dalopius lateralis.
Pror. CArsar: This comes right down to the matter that a number of us are
so much interested in, that is the control. Mr. Ross spoke about the different
dates of eggs hatching of the different species, and I should like to ask him
whether all the eggs of all the important species are hatched by the time the buds
have begun to burst. <
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47
_ Mr. Ross: Judging from our results in the orchard the vast majority of the
eggs hatch before the buds burst. This year we sprayed as usual just before the
__ buds burst and while they were still compact, and we destroyed practically 100 per
cent. of the aphids. As we did not see any aphids on the sprayed trees afterwards
it led me to think that all or practically all the eggs had hatched before the buds
| burst. In our insectary experiments, however, the eggs still continued to hatch
_ after the buds burst.
| Pror. Brirratn: I came across a very curious thing in British Columbia. I
found a small number of aphids hatching when the snow was still on the ground
in March, on days when the sun was hot. In Nova Scotia I have found them
hatching outdoors until about the time the blossoms burst, though the vast majority
~ of them, as Mr. Ross says, come out by the time the leaf buds burst. :
Mr. Biecar: Can you control the aphids in the greenhouse by spraying?
Mr. Ross: Yes, by using a nicotine extract, either by fumigating or by spraying.
Pror. Carsar: Prof. Parrott has just come in and I believe is very much
interested in work with aphids. I wonder if he has any information about the
time of hatching of the eggs in relation to the different sprays. :
Pror. Parrorr: One of my objects in coming to these meetings was to hear
some of the papers given’ this afternoon, but I appear to have arrived too late to
hear some of them. I am very much interested in the discussion of what I take
to be the paper dealing with Apple Aphids. I agree with what was said by one
speaker that by the time that the buds have broken and the leaves of the more
adyanced buds are out from 14 to 14 inch, the eggs of the three species, pom,
sorbi and avene have hatched. I make this statement with considerable assurance, ~
because in two years’ experience on one variety of apple we have been able to
- combat all three species, that is to eliminate the insects by drenching the trees.
Q.—What was that variety?
Pror. Parrorr: Rome Beauty. As a matter of fact one of the papers that I
- want to present at. the Association of Economic Entomologists is one dealing with
_ the control of the Rosy Aphis, as a problem for the ‘extension entomologist. _ I
_ believe we can get as clean-cut results in spraying for sorbi, avene and pom as for
almost any of the common insects on fruit trees. In our work we use several com-
_ binations of spraying materials, but the one we are recommending is composed of
lime-sulphur solution, using the stock material at the rate of 1 to 7 or 1 to 8 of
water, if scale insects are on the trees, and then to 100 gallons of the lime-sulphur
_ we add 3% pint of nicotine sulphate. ‘This is the spray we use on the Station
_ grounds.
___ Pror. Cansar: Your 100 gallons are equal to about 80 gallons of the measure
which we use.
_ Pror, Parrorr: Yes, you use the imperial gallon measure. We have the
~ San José Scale in nearly all the leading fruit growing sections of New York, and
so we use the combination to combat the scale, apple scab and the rosy aphis. I
- don’t know how the idea that one cannot rely on spraying at this time to combat
_ the rosy aphis was so firmly established in the minds of some entomologists. I
_ have been wondering if in breeding experiments by various workers, infested wood
was in all cases obtained from identical situations. A miscellaneous assortment
of infested wood. taken from trees subject to different conditions, might lead to
_ wrong inferences as to the length of the incubation period. At Geneva, Aphis
en@ hatches first. As regards pomi and sorbi I don’t think there is a great
ference in time of hatching. I must admit that until this year we did not know
e nymph of the first instar of sorbi, and the time of hatching was determined
48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
by spraying at different dates. This year we were able to recognize the nymphs of
the first instar of sorbi, and now that their identities are established we may safely
say that most of the nymphs of the three species are out by the time that the
leaves of the more advanced buds are projecting from one-fourth to half an inch.
Mr. Breear: Which do you think would be more e effective, concentrated or
soluble sulphur?
Pror. Parrorr: I am unable to advise you as to the wisdom of combining
nicotine sulphate with soluble sulphur. You doubtless know that soluble sulphur
depends for its insecticidal and fungicidal properties upon polysulphides and
sulphides of sodium while lime-suiphur depends on sulphides of calcium. In New
' York we do not recommend a combination of arsenate of lead and soluble sulphur
because soluble arsenic is formed. Soluble sulphur can be supplied by itself for
the control of San José Scale or Leaf Blister Mite or for the control of Leaf Curl.
We take a great deal of pains in our recommendations that fruit growers and
farmers should clearly understand that they should not use sodium sulphide in
combination with either arsenate of lead or other arsenicals.
Pror. CArsaR: I have used calcium arsenate in combination with soluble
sulphur and burned half the leaves off the trees. Is it not possible that your
excellent results with the strong lime-sulphur (1 gallon to-$) and black leaf 40
on the aphids was due partly to the action of lime- -sulphur on the eggs that were
almost hatching? Ps
Pror. Parrorr: Yes, that is possible for a small percentage of the eggs;.and
has already been suggested by the manufacturers of nicotine sulphate. However,
now that we are able to recognize the nymphs of the first instar, both Mr. Lathrop
and myself were able this year, by observation, as by experimental operations, to
show that as far as Rome apples were concerned, sorbi had all hatched by the time
we began spraying. Now had you asked me in 1915, as I have previously stated,
I could not have spoken so definitely on this point because we did not know the’
nymphs in their first instar.
Mr. Ross: This, spriig we obtained excellent results in the control of A.
malifolie, A. pomi, and A. avene in a twelve acre orchard near Vineland, but
later on our work was somewhat spoiled by pomi migrants which flew from
neighbouring apple trees into the orchard and reinfested the trees.
Pror. Parrotr: I may say in addition, that some of our associates in New
York who have been scmewhat reluctant to agree with us in some of our statements
relative to sorbi are beginning to change their minds. After seeing the sprayed
plants one could hardly“draw conclusions very different from those I have presented.
The problem for experimental workers now is to ascertain if it is profitable for the
average grower to spray each spring in order to avoid losses by the rosy aphis.
Dr. Dearness: I should like to ask Mr. Ross whether that migration season
seems to hold in the case of the Rosy Aphis. Did I understand you right that the
generation that comes from the Plantago is oviparous, that there is a migration
of vivipare to the Plantago, and then that there is a generation of oviparous
from that and whether that seems to be necessary ?
Mr. Ross: The alate which migrate from the apple to the plantain are
viviparous, and their progeny are viviparous. The return migrants from Plantago
to apple are likewise viviparous, but their progeny—the sexual females—are
oviparous. ~
Dr. Dearness: You think that the migration to the Plantain is necessary to
that species ? ®
Mr. Ross: I am not quite sure about that. We have heen able to make sorbi —
.
|
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 4).
+"
_ complete its cycle on the apple. 1 have some sexual females on the apple at the
_ present time that we obtained from colonies that,were on the apple all year. Of
- course I have been breeding the aphids under insectary conditions.
Dr. DEarness: Does it stimulate sexual development to be on the Plantago?
Mr. Ross: I do not know. The oviparous forms are given birth to by the
migrants that fly back to the apple. In working with avenew I was rather inter-
ested to find that I could not get that species to remain on apple even where I kept
the specimens isolated, and I came to the conclusion that the migration instinct
‘was much more strongly developed in this case than in the case of malifolie.
y Pror. Brirrary: The important point is-that a number of our farmers will
have to spray for this green apple bug. We do no spraying for this insect until
just before the blossoms open. Is it going to be necessary to spray for malifolie
and ake two separate sprayings for the green apple bug? One of the orchards
in which we were spraying for this latter pest had quite a severe outbreak of sorbi,
peat we omitted that first spray. We find that when we spray to control the green
apple bug we have to give an extraordinarily thorough application, and we found
that such an application gave us a fair commercial control of malifoliw as well,
though we did not destroy all of them, for the leaves curl right around them and
_ provide a fine protection.
a Q.—What spray gave you the best results against malifolic ?
cS, Pror. Brirrain: At the time the small lea es were just about the size of a
ten cent piece.
Mr. Ross: I should like to ask Prof. Parrott if he ever “recommends that.
second spray when the blossoms are just showing pink for the aphids.
Prov. Parrotr: I do not, Mr. Ross; but if you study the literature on spray-
ing for apple aphides you will find all sorts of recommendations. If in New York
we deferred treatment until that time, a great many of the stem-mothers would be
missed by the application, on account of the curled leaves. I thoroughly endorse:
what was just said, that farmers as a rule do not spray thoroughly enough to
eontrol green apple bug. Certainly they do not control malifoliw or sorbi for the
same reason, and\that is without doubt one of the problems now before us. We
‘should encourage spraying practices that are calculated to hold the aphides in check.
Bt Por. Brrvrary : Spraying with nicotine is expensive. With us we fre-
q nently have to put on two BP UHCAORE but if we had to put on three it would
#4 nin us.
_ Pror. Parrorr: I think in your case it would be worth experimenting’ to.
ermine if you can delay the spray.
_ Pror. Brirrarin: In our work it is certain that we did not miss enough to.
pay. us to put on a third application, but the work was done with great care.
__- Pror. Cansar: We have sometimes omitted the first application, and for San
José Scale waited until just as the pink was showing, yet obtained good results on
the seale-without appreciable injury to the foliage.
ed _ Mr. Wiyn: Mr. Ross states that he has specimens of these aphides. T should
to know what method he takes of mounting or preserving such minute.
pa
Mr. Ross: We use 70 per cent. alcohol for preserving aphides.
I p g
50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
7
NOTE ON PHYSONOTA UNIPUNCTA (COLEOPTERA).
ALBERT F. WINN, WESTMOUNT, QUE.
ae er, eS
In several parts of Mt. Royal Park, Montreal, there flourish large patches
of a wild sunflower, Helianthus decapetalus, notably around the edges of the open
area south and west of the toboggan slide, known-as the “riding ring.’ ‘This
plant has long been known to local entomologists as the food of a species of Tortoise-
beetle, and the early volumes of the Canadian Entomologist* contain several
articles by Caulfield and others relative to its habits and life-history.
Like most other insects, Physonota unipuncta has its years of abugdance, and
years when it seems to be wholly absent; but when common it is a most attractive
beetle, resting quietly on the upper side of the leaves on a hot July day, its brilliant
green and gold hues looking as if they belonged to a tropical insect. The ugly,
soft, spiny larve with their forked tails recurved over the body and covered with
remnants of cast off skins and excrement as is usual among the Cassidini; and the
yellow and black pupa—vaguely recalling in shape the ‘horse-shoe crabs of the
Atlantic coast—are also common on the plant.
By the end of August and early September, beetles again-are seen on the
leaves, but very different from the midsummer ones. There is not a trace of
metallic green, but a sombre black and white, some examples mostly white, others —
with the black preponderating. Mr. Caulfield, who spent a good deal of time
studying the beetle always used to refer to the summer and the autumn broods in
just the same way that Lepidopterists speak of seasonally dimorphic butterflies
and moths. On many occasions I have observed the beetles at rest and the larve
at work, but as the adults, both green and black and white, have a most un-
fortunate habit of losing all their beauty and markings, becoming a uniform
sickly yellow in cabinet specimens I have not paid much attention to the insect
further than occasionally collecting a few larve along with other live stock ta
rear at home.
A few years ago, however, I was hunting around in the late fall for evidences
of Lepidopterous boring larve in various plants, and this Helianthus came in for
a little digging up by “the roots, but very little injury was found. During the
operations, among the earth upturned, a Physonota was noticed, and to my great
surprise it was in its glorious green dress. No others were found, and although
the matter seemed puzzling and contrary to what might be expected, a possible
explanation was that occasional specimens of the early or summer brood went into
hibernation.
Recently I had occasion to ask our good friend Mr. Morris, of Peterborough,
whose papers on the relation of beetles to certain plants have been so interesting,
whether Physonota was among his acquaintances. He replied that he had not
found it, but would like to get some, so a look-out was kept for larve, and in July
a box of larve and some leaves was sent. They reached him just before he was
leaving for a vacation and he had a considerable amount of difficulty in finding an
acceptable substitute for Helianthus decapetalus, and then had to find some one
willing to look after the welfare of the repulsive looking grubs. He succeeded in
doing both and reared some of the beetles.
Early in September I found that the sunflower had spread very much at the
back of the western part of our Mountain, where it used to be rarely met with, and —
*Caulfield, Can. Ent., xvi, 227 (1884); xviii, 41 (1886.)
Hamilton, Can, Ent. xvi, 134 (1884); xviii, 113 (1886.)
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51
th RE beetles were in hundreds on the leaves as well as larvee and pup», and a few
were brought home. A week later the plants were again examined and among the
many black and white beetles was one of a green color—not so brilliant as the July
ones, but still decidedly green. Things were looking interesting now, so I hunted
_ very carefully for nearly an hour and found two more green ones. These were
boxed and brought home alive along with scores of the black and white ones. The
following day when changing the food the green ones were looked for but instead
of three there were four in the box. My first thought was that possibly one had
_ been introduced into the box unnoticed beneath a leaf; but when they were taken
out of the box it was seen that while all were green, they were not all of the same
-brilliancy. The four were then placed in a separate box from the black and
white ones to see what would happen next. Next day showed clearly what was
- going on: the black and white ones were all slowly but surely assuming the green
color, the lower edges of elytre becoming green first and gradually spreading to
_ the suture, the black becoming an olive green and the white yellowish. As the
green brightens the yellow spots disappear and in a couple of days -they are so
~altered that one could hardly believe it possible unless tne change was actually seen
going on.
_ I can recall no reference to such a change of color in an apparently mature
insect, and would like to know what explanation can be given of the changes that
_ go on and will gladly try to furnish living material next year to anyone wishing
nyestigate. The unearthing of the green one in the fall was now explained,
ut I took the first opportunity of revisiting a Helianthus patch and poked around
a little amongst the dead leaves and surface soil. Sure enough, the beetles found
‘on and below the ground were all green, while the black and white ones were
plantiful on the leaves and flowers.
___ Among the hundreds of beetles observed on the plants during September and
1e many kept alive at home there was no apparent disposition to mate, and it
ems certain that this does not occur till they emerge from winter quarters. It
/seems that instead of two annual broods we have but ene in Montreal; the
orious green beetles of midsummer are the transmuted black and white ones that
tted the plants and entered the ground in the previous September. Like other
ernating imagoes the time of appearance differs in individuals, and mating and
laying are spread over an extended period, hence the finding of the insects
taneously in all stages on the plants. It is, of course, possible that a partial
eco nd brood occurs under favorable conditions, and this could easily be found out
breeding from the egg. The larve are not at all difficult to rear if one has a
upply of fresh Helianthus leaves at hand. J have never seen the insects except
Helianthus in the fields, but see that Blatchley* states that “it occurs on flowers
rataegus; on the horse-mint (Monarda) and on resin-weed—hboth larve and
ults feeding on the latter.” It is interesting to note that he refers.to the color
ago as pale greenish-yellow.
.
sth
Ao a
a *Coleoptera of Indiana, p. 1229.
or
“©
THE REPORT OF THE No: 36
PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THE USK OF REPELLENTS FOR HORN
FLIES AND STABLE FLIES ON CATTLE.
A. W. Baker, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH.
~ The following notes are on the results of work done during the summer of
1914. The summer of 1915 was so excessively wet that satisfactory spraying ex-
periments on cattle could not be carried on, and it was found impossible, due to
stress of other work, to continue these experiments during the summer of 1916.
Since the results obtained, however, may be of interest to some, it was thought
advisable to give these preliminary notes at this time. a
CATTLE USED IN THE TESTs.
The tests of repellents were conducted on part of the beef herd of the Ontario
Agricultural College. | Fifteen milch cows and seven yearlings were used. ‘On
certain of these the same repellent was used continuously, and some also were re-
tained as checks throughout all the tests. All repellents, however, were given a
test on cattle of various types and colors, and cattle of various types and colors
were also used as checks. It was found that the repellent action of all the sprays
was practically lost in a week or ten days, so some cattle were used as checks
which were used for spray tests earlier or later in the work. This shifting of
sprays and checks made it more possible to get thorough results in all tests. —
The tests were continued without interruption, save on rainy days, throughout
the months of July and August. The cattle were sprayed immediately following —
the morning milking. Notes were made in the pasture in the middle of the after-
noon, and in the stable in the morning before spraying.
The writer was assisted in the work by Messrs. A. R. Burrows and R. §.
Hartley, student-assistants in the Department cf Entomology of the Ontario —
Agricultural College.
~
OBJECT OF THE WORK.
This work was undertaken with a view to securing if possible a fly repellent
which could be prepared cheaply by the farmer, which would give repellent action
for at least two days if possible, and which at the same time would not taint the
milk, blister the animal or make the coat unsightly.
REPELLENTS USED.
Four commercial fly repellents were tested and ten home-made repellents. ~
Of the latter, three were repellents which had previously been recommended by
various workers, and the remainder were mixtures which were devised by the
~ writer. ;
The following is a list of the various repellents used, with the formule for
preparation, and a very brief summary of the results secured.
ComMERCIAT. REPELLENTS. ‘ ‘
The commercial fly repellents used were La Lo, Williams and Coopers. All
three gave good repellent action, but this was not so long continued in the ease
of Williams and Coopers as with La Lo. Where cattle were thoroughly sprayed
it was found that the cost of all commercial repellents used was excessive. Some
blistering was noted on three animals sprayed with La Lo, and some very slight
_blistering on one sprayed with Williams.
--- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53
Black Leaf 40 was also tested as a repellent. This was used in the pro-
| of one part to 686 parts of water, both with and without oil of citronella.
epellent action was secured in the latter case, but this was evidenced for
very short time that the mixture could not be considered of any practical
as a fly repellent.
‘ : HOME-MADE REPELLENTS.
Kerosene Exvtsion:
ase 44 Ib. yellow soap. i
Ts 1 gal. soft water. } After preparation, add 1 gal. water.
a 2-gals. kerosene.
A »
«4
=
oil of citronella. At no strength used was repellent action secured, which was
ficient to enable us to consider it of any value for practical use.
‘Frovr Emwvrsion:
6 oz. flour.
1 at. kerosene.
2 gals. water.
ae
so slight a of such short duration as to te of no acetal aay
a -EMcrsion:
Slightly sour milk, one part.
Kerosene, two parts.
‘Thisistock solution was used. in proportion of 1 to 15, 1 to 12, and 1 to 8, of
- ha with and without oil of citronella. ae teed in the Breporges of
y evident on the day liseing the spraying. This Brestat to us that the
emulsion could be used as a medium for the application of some substance with
onger repellent action. The milk emulsion we found could not be used es a
ct cal repellent in itself, because of the large quantities which it was found
y to apply to each animai.
MK EMULSION AND OLIVE OIL:
_ipart slightly sour milk.
1 part kerosene.
1 part olive oil.
- This as solution used 1 to 8 parts of water. The repellent action secured
aS mparatively slight and in any case the iniroduction of olive oil made the
9 costly thaf it could not be considered of practical value, even though much
ler quantities could be used than was the case with milk emulsion itself.
x EMULSION AND LINSEED OIL:
Solution No. 1.
paris slightly sour milk.
ee) 2 parts linseed oil.
3 parts kerosene. :
ee
Ls.
Even in the proportion of 1 to 2 with the addition of oil of citronella,
mt action secured was only fair, and the cost was such that the mixture
: be considered of practical value.
nck Emulsion No. 2.
part slightly sour milk. >
linseed oil. ns
rts kerosene.
This was used in proportions of 1 to 5 and 1 to 3 of water, both with and with-
in proportions of 1 to 8, 1 to 4. 1 to 2, both with and without oil of —
:
<
*
bd | THE REPORT OF THE No. am
This stock solution was also used in the proportions of 1 to 8, 1 to 4, and
1 to 2, both with and without oil of citronella. As with the first stock solution
the repellent action was such that considering the cost the mixture could not be
looked on as of practical value. '
VI. Mitk Emttsion, OLIve Om AND LINSEED OIL:
1 part slightly sour milk.
1 part olive oil.
1 part linseed oil.
3 parts kerosene. ; 1
Used in the proportions of 1 to 8, 1 to 4, and 1 to 2, both with and without
oil of citronella. a
The repellent action secured by this mixture was only fair, even when used
in the proportion of 1 to 2, with oil of citronella, and the cost was such that the
mixture could not be considered of practical value.
VII. Mink EMULSION AND FIsH OIL:
Mixture No. 1.
2 parts milk emulsion, stock solution.
1 part fish oil.
4 parts water.
When used with oil of citronella the repellent action secured was good, and
it was found necessary to apply only small quantities of the mixture.
Mixture No. 2.
1 part milk emulsion, stock solution.
1 part fish oil.
4 parts water.
When used with oil of citronella good repellent action was secured, and it was
found necessary to apply only small quantities of this mixture.
The success of the milk emulsion as a repellent when fish oil was added to it
led us to believe that if we incorporated fish oil in the stock solution and then
diluted this with water in the necessary proportions, that we should have a rather
satisfactory repellent. This led us to compound the following mixture.
_ VIII. Fish Ort, KERoSENE AND MILK.
1 gal. fish oil.
1 gal. Kerosene.
1 gal. slightly sour milk. /
6 oz. oil of citronella.
This stock solution was used in proportions of 1 to 2, 1 to 3 and 1 to 4, of
water. The repellent action secured in all cases was good, so much so that the
mixture can be recommended as having decided practical valne.
This mixture gave far the best results of any home-made mixtures tested, and
the amount required is so small that the cost of spraying is extremely slight as —
compared with that of commercial repellents. a
Another summer’s work will doubtless improve the stock solution, in that the
proportion of the ingredients may be varied somewhat, but the writer feels that the
mixture essentially as given will form the basis for a very satisfactory home-made y
repellent.
Since the“work outlined here was undertaken this mixture has been recom-_
mended for trial to a considerable number of farmers, and in all cases where
reports have been received from them, the mixture has given very good results as
a repellent.
It was found necessary when this spray was first started to apply it every day
of pe nS Sai eh a
eee ee 4 Ps
ee _ BNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. , ie
* ‘
e good results. The writer feels sure, however, that if spraying was con-
d throughout the whole season with the one mixture that the time of spraying
d be reduced to once in every two days, or even once in every three days. In
Same way probably the strength of the spray could be reduced after using for
time.
AMOUNT oF Spray USED.
~ When used in the proportion of 1 to 2, one imperial quart was sufficient. for
én cows, that is one gallon as applied at 1 to 2 was sufficient for 44 cows. At
to 4, one gallon as applied was sufficient for 32 cows. It should be borne in mind
t in spraying each cow was absolutely covered from horns to hoofs with the
ture, not simply a band along the back and sides, as is so often done.
‘It was found that better results could be secured in spraying the cattle by
using a cheap hand-atomizer sprayer than by using a knapsack-sprayer.
a Working with these hand sprayers two men in ten minutes could thoroughly
ey 13 cows, averaging about one and two-third minutes per cow.
- THE Cost or SPRAYING.
- 2. ‘The following cost summary is based of course on pre-war prices:
Je. Tl. SER adh Geog cha Soren See op oemoanae $0 80
os PPuic\y ets] Gee eer ee Wai ate Mate elas e,'6 20
ie TSE OGG IS CBSE ee ee ee 20
MMPITTINEM AG 2OZ 2. << oss c'scs ara ls:a/cics oe oi eaistee eee 60
Le, $1.80 for 3 gallons of stock solution.
In the proportion of 1 to 2, the cost as applied was 20 cts. per gallon.
__ In the proportion of 1 to 4, the cost as applied was 12 cts. per gallon.
_ The cost then of spraying thoroughly with this mixture at 1 to 2 is 5/11 cts.
co The cost of spraying at 1 to 4 is 3 cts. per cow.
_ As mentioned above the writer found ae mixture by far the most satis-
of all the home-made repellents tested, but he would like it borne in mind
‘it is the result of only one season’s work, and although he is satisfied that it
form the basis of a very satisfactory repellent, he feels that- the proportions
probably be improved in another season’s work, and so does not recommend
ure as finally satisfactory.
oF. ParrotT: Was any work done while you were carrying on this experi-
ith the repellents to determine the effect of the treatments on the yields
or butter?
‘Baker: None. I hope before I put it in final form to do this work: to
ck animals exposed to all tke attacks of flies outside, and to treat others
a series of sprays of different proportions, and then keep a record of milk
in both lots. So far as I know there has been only one record of systematic
along this line.
. Parrorr: Nineteen years ago I was given the problem of detent
efficient materials for protecting animals from flies, and the conclusions
drawn are in the main quite similar to the_results I obtained. It was
7 hard to decoct 4 preparation as efficient as some of the repellents on the
I found also that both commercial and home-made mixtures gave only
relief, and there was always the question of whether or not the applica-
ny effect on the yields of. milk or butter. When at the Ohio Experi-
56 . ‘ THE REPORT OF THE No
ment Station I Was actually confronted with data obtained by another department —
showing that applications of commercial and home-made insecticides did not give ©
any protection at all as measured by milk yields. I considered the data incon-
clusive, and I do believe that a careful experiment would show that flies do
diminish production. If so, data along this line would encourage farmers to give —
their animals proper-care. a
Mr. Baker: There is no doubt that it gives increased beef production. .
Pror. Parrorr: I am of the impression that it is possible to divide a dairy
herd so as to get conclusive data. Such an experiment would certainly be worth —
while. : ;
Dr. Hewrrr: The experiences in the Texas Fever Tick uphold that idea, if
only you can convince the farmers of the advanced milk production so that they —
,will undertake measures of control.
Mr. Baxer: The primary reason this work was undertaken here was because
of the fact that every summer we have numerous requests from farmers for a satis-
factory fly repellent, and they seem to be wnanimous in the statement that the —
milk production of the cattle is seriously injured. I can call to mind probably
half a dozen communications last year definitely stating that the cattle had gone —
back on the milk flow where the flies were extremely bad.
Pror. Parrorr: If a dairy expert would co-operate with a entomologist on
the problem, one ought to get very valuable data, because fly attacks must cause —
great discomfort to cattle, and thus reduce the yields of milk. A
Dr. Howarp: I should like to ask Mr. Baker if oil of citronella can be
purchased in this country for ten cents an ounce now. We have been trying to
buy oil of citronella this past summer, and after the apothecaries had sold out their
previous stock it was impossible for them to-obtain any more. The situation was
worse than the price being prohibitive, for we could not get it at all. a
Mr. Baker: The prices I have quoted weré those prevailing before the war.
Until the druggists ran out of oil of citronella, we could get it at a price consider-
ably increased, but since then we have tried and were not able to get it in the city
of Guelph. }
Mx. Crippre: T have seen a good deal of the cattle business in Western
Canada. There is a very marked. decrease in the milk production during the fly ~
‘season. For that simple reason very many cattlemen keep their cattle until after
the fly season is over so that they can fatten them up again. ;
EVENING. MEETING.
On Thursday evening the auditorium of Massey Hall was filled with students
of the College and the Macdonald Institute, in addition to the members and—
visitors from the town of Guelph, who came together to hear a lecture on “The
Relation of Insects to Disease in Man and Animals,” by Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief
of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology at Washington. A large number of lantern
slides were exhibited, which added greatly to the interest; and rendered more in-
telligible to the student body the more technical positions of the address.
In the absence of President Creelman, the Society was welcomed to the College
by Prof. Zavitz, and at the close of the meeting a vote of thanks, proposed by Dr.
Hewitt, and seconded by Prof. Lochhead, was tendered to Dr. Howard for
his instructive and highly interesting address.
‘
Mee caw <- ds, re ie ; ~*
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57
7 :
“RELATION OF INSECTS TO DISEASE IN MAN AND ANIMALS.
Dr. L. O. Howarp, Wasnineron, D.C.
Phere are many here to-night to whom much that I shall say will be an old
tory. In fact, more than sixteen years ago, in a lecture which TI gave before
oyal Society of Canada, May 30th, 1900, I showed some of the same lantern
. Which I shall show to- night, and even then the interest in the subject was
keen and was still keener when three and one-half years later I spoke before
e Entomological Society of Ontario, at its September, 1903, meeting at Ottawa,
e transmission of yellow fever by mosquitoes. That time my lantern slides
eld up at the border, and I am able to-night to show them for the first time
6 the members of this Society.
_ After all, what is a period of sixteen years in the history of medicine and
f medical discoveries? The whole great field has practically developed within the
he 1896 editions of Osler’s “ Theory and Practice of Medicine,” and you will
absolutely no mention of insects as connected with the etiology of disease
ther of man or of the higher animals.
‘And yet the foundations were already laid. In 1889 Theobald Smith, eight
s out of Cornell, and six years out of the Albany Medical College, and already
farther advanced as an investigator than any of his teachers. discovered the
tive organism of the so- called Texas fever of cattle, in the shape of a minute
haped | protozoan in the red blood corpuscles, to which was given the name
soma bigeminum (now known as Babesta: bovis). With the experimental aid
. L. Kilbourne, a doctor of veterinary medicine and engaged, as was Dr.
, im research work under the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United
Department of Agriculture at Washington, he showed that this organism is
from southern cattle to non-immune cattle by the so-called southern cattle
ak (Margaropus annulatus).- The results of this experimental work were pub-
in 1893.
Even before this, Dr. Patrick Manson, now Sir Patrick Manson, demonstrated
carriage of the parasitic worm, / ilaria nocturna, responsible for certain of
ases grouped under the name filariasis, from mosquitoes to man.
is, however, was by no means as significant as the discovery of Theobald
i, and undoubtedly attention would have been directed at an earlier date
e possible transfer by insects of diseases caused by blood-inhabiting micro-
with man, had the revolutionary paper by Smith and Kilbourne
more general attention. But it came from a veterinary service, and was
hed in the Annual Report of the United States Department of Agriculture,
¢ation which at that time unfortunately received but little attention from
entific world in general.
it was not until 1897 that Ross, at the suggestion of Manson, began out
i his work on the possible carriage of malaria by certain mosquitoes, an in-
or which resulted triumphantly in 1898, and which ranks as one of the
ental discoveries in medical science.
sss work was immediately corroborated by Italian workers, and intensive
ions of the blood-inhabiting protozoa were immediately begun. In a very
u e sound proof of the carriage of yellow fever by Aedes calop us was brought
by Walter Reed and his co-workers, Carroll, Lazear and Agramonte, and
this direction was taken up all over the world. Constantly increasing in
a
, :
ast twenty years. Take some standard medical work of tw enty years ago, such
58 THE REPORT OF THE | No. 36 |
volume, discovery after discovery has been made, until at the present time, practi-
cally only a score of years after its inception, the literature on this subject has be-
come cnormous, the workers in the field constitute an army, comprehensive volumes
on medical entomology have been published (two in the United States within the
past year), advanced students are taking up the subject as their life work, and
as the months go by the field opens further and further until it is evident that its
importance especially regarding the etiology of tropical disease, can scarcely be
exaggerated.
So numerous have the discoveries become of late that it would take a course
of lectures to display the results, and I must confine myself to-night to compara-
tively few, easily illustrated aspects.
It is convenient, and in fact necessary, to divide the field in any discussion
into three categories: :
First, insects as simple carriers of disease, the accidental carriers as it were;
that is, insects frequenting places where disease germs are likely to occur, and con-
veying these in their stomachs or on their bodies to food supplies. This class is
notably illustrated by the house fly.
Second, insects as direct inoculators of disease. These are biting insects which ©
feed upon diseased men or animals, and carry the causative organisms on their
beaks anc insert them into the circulation of healthy individuals. In this way
anthrax is carried by biting flies: surra is carried the same way, as is also the
nagana or tsetse-fly disease of cattle. So also is bubonic plague carried in this .
manner by rat fleas, but here there is more than a passive carriage, as is also the
case with the tsetse-fly disease.
The third category, and this is perhaps the most important, imsects as
essential hosts of pathogenic organisms. These are the cases in which the parasitic
organism undergoes its sexual generation in the body of its insect host and another,
non-sexual, generation or generations in its warm-blooded host. ‘To this class
belong the malarial mosquitoes, the yellow fever mosquito, and the rapidly in-
creasing number of species that carry Trypanosomiases, Leishmaniases, Spirochz-
toses, and the ticks that.carry relapsing fevers and other fevers of man and
animals, and the lice that carry typhus fever. d
INsECTS AS SIMPLE Carriers oF DISEASE.
The House-Fly. (lantern slides and general discussion).
Cockroaches, ants and other insects. It is perfectly possible, as above stated,
that any insect which comes in contact with, either accidently or for feeding pur-
poses, excremental or other material containing pathogenic organisms and then
passes to the food or hodies of men and animals may thus become a simple carrier
of disease. There are plenty of obvious illustrations-of this. Darling, in the
Canal Zone, has shown that ants which flourish in the tropics may thus carry
disease, and in fact the little house ants in temperate regions may also function
in this way. The same thing may be said of cockroaches, and especially of the
small so-called German cockroach, which multiplies excessively in unclean estab-
lishments, and it may also be said of the latrine fly (Fannia scalaris) which breeds
in latrines and which has frequent access to food, although not so greatly attracted
to food supplies as is the true house-fly. And there are numbers of other insects
which may from time to time play this part, although, speaking of flies, I pointed
out many years ago that over 97 per cent. of the flies found all over the country ©
in dining-rooms and kitchens, are true house-flies.
‘
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Insects as Direcr JNocuLAToRS OF DISEASE.
s This is another simple relation, and the imsects which carry disease in this
_ way are piercing species, taking up germs and inserting their contaminated mouth
_ parts into their healthy victim. This transfer is precisely analogous to blood-
‘poisoning from the prick of a contaminated needle or pin. A ‘little earlier this
_ method of carriage of disease was considered to be more easily possible than it is at
hae A study of the habits of many of these blood-sucking insects indicates
that, while they take a very full meal, they frequently wait for many hours before
F. attempting. another bite, and in the meantime ingested bacteria may be digested
. or excreted and the beak become cleansed or the micro-organisms dried up.
Nevertheless this method still holds, and it-is in his: way that certain biting
flies carry the disease known as anthrax or malignant pustule, and in the same
_ way the very destructive disease of domestic animals in oriental regions, known as
2 surra, 1s carried by gadflies. In this same way also the disease of eae in Africa
2 long known as fly sickness or nagana 1s carried by one or more of the tsetse flies
7
‘4
eis
&
:
of the genus Glossina. cash. while it is poss sible for this disease to be almost
immediately inoculated after the first bite of a diseased cow, by simple transfer,
the fact that after a term of days has elapsed inoculation again becomes possible
indicates that the parasitic organism may undergo a sexual development in the
body of the fly. This will be brought out later in speaking of sleeping sickness.
; In the case of the rat fleas and bubonic plague, about which so much has been
_ written of late years, there occurs also something more than a passive carriage,
although the causative organism of bubonic plague is one of the bacteria, and is
_ known as Bacillus pestis. The story of the discovery of the carriage of this dread
_ disease by fleas is a most interesting one, but cannot be told at length. Any flea
which attacks both rodents and man may be an agent in the transmission of the
disease, and several species are thus implicated. Inasmuch as the causative organism
_ of the disease is a Bacillus, and is not dependent upon any insect for the completion
of its development, theoretically any blood-sucking insect which feeds’ upon a
_plague-infected man or animal, and then passes to a healthy individual may carry
the disease. Thus bacilli have been found in a head-louse taken from an infected
‘man, and in a louse taken from an infected squirrel.
ys Moreover, it has been found that in bubonic plague the disease may be
spread from man to man without any intermediary whatever. Conclusive evidence
> this effect* was found by Dr. Strong and Dr. Teague during the Man-
churian epidemic of 1910-11. ‘This type of the disease, however, forms a very
‘small percentage of the human cases, and in the great majority of cases of a
ague epidemic fleas are the responsible carriers, and as a rule rats or other
inst the rats and the plague carried on so successfully only a few years ago in
Francisco, under the direction of the present Surgeon-General of our Public
Health Service, Dr. Rupert Blue.
_ While feeding, fleas are in the habit of squirting blood from the anus, and
rhere they haye been feeding upon mice and rats dying of plague, this excreted
ood is found to be full of the plague bacilli. Thus, not only may the disease be
sed by the bite, but by subsequent scratching. Moreover, Bacot and Martin have
wn very recently that plague-infected fleas regurgitate blood through the
and that the disease may be thus transmitted.
~
60 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Insrots As Essentrit Hosts or PArHoGENIc ORGANISMS.
Beyond the mere statement that a number of tapeworms undergo their sexual
stage in some insect or other Arthropod, and that of these at least two are occdsional —
parasites of man, while others commonly affect domestic animals, it may be well
to point out that one of these species, Zymenolepis diminuata, living common:
im the intestines of rats and mice, has as its alternate host certain insects which —
feed in meal, and that man may become infected by eating the dejecta of such —
insects in dirty cereals.
It should also be stated in passing that several nematode worms haye this
dual relation. Sir Patrick Manson’s discovery of the carriage of Filaria nocturna
by Culex fatigans, thus producing filariasis, is exemplified most terribly by cer- —
tain forms of elephantiasis. Further, recently Dr. Ransom, of Washington, has
shown that a common nematode parasite of the house fly. known as Habronema
musc@, ig, in another stage, a stomach parasite of the horse, and ‘that
the embryos produced by the parent worms in the stomach of the horse pass out
with the feces and enter the bodies of fly larve, which. are developing in the
manure. Infested flies, dead or alive, are accidently swallowed by horses, and
the parasite completes its developmefit to maturity in the stomach of this defini-
tive host. al
There is still another nematode which may be mentioned on account of the
fact that it brings in an entirely new type of insect host, namely Echinorhynchus
gigas, a common parasite of the pig, and reported as occurring in man. In Europe
the usual intermediate hosts are the larve of the cockchafer, and in the United
States the common white grub or larva of the so-called June-bug.
Mosquitoes and malaria. (Discussion and lantern slides). q
Mosquitoes and yellow fever. “(Discussion and lantern slides).
Insects and trypanosomyiasis. The curious, flagellate protozoa known as Try-
panosomes are coming more and more to the front as causative organisms of various
diseases, especially in the tropics. It is one of these organisms which causes the
nagana of African cattle, and is carried by the tsetse fly known as Glossina morsi- _ j
ians. As noted above, this insect is not only a direct inoculator of the disease, but
is an essential host of the parasite. Sir David Bruce, of England, discovered the “
causative organism, and established the fact of its transfer by tsetse flies, but it j
a”
“
was a German observ er, Kleine, who demonstrated in 1909, that a part of the life
cycle of the parasite takes place in the fly, which becomes infective again after ten
days, and able to transmit the disease for weeks thereafter. — =
Another trypanosome disease which has become famous is’ the one ~which &
causes the sleeping sickness of Africa, and of this disease the tsetse fly Glossina —
palpalis is the necessary secondary host. This disease is said to have caused thirty
thousand deaths between 1902 and 1905, in the British Province Bugosa on the
Victoria Nyanza.
Down in Brazil it has been quite recently discovered that a disease known as _
Opilacao, a wasting disease of children, is caused by Trypanosoma cruzii, and that —
the definitive host “of this organism is one of the large biting true bugs known as
Conorhinus m egistus, a close relative to the so-called giant bedbug of this country.
Conorhinus sanguisuga. This discovery by Chagas, of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute,
was considered so important that another learned member of the Institute, Arturo —
Neiva, visited the United States and Europe just before the war, in order to mono-
graph competently the biting bugs of this group.
Insects and Leishmanioses. The Leishmania organisms are/ intracellular
ft
‘
‘ig hed oe eZ e Wag 4 ; re . re b
Mp “ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Phe il
es allied to the trypanosomes. These parasites are responsible for a num-
tropical diseases, especially the one known as kala azar of human beings, and
the evolutive cycle is claimed by Patton to take place in the common bedbug,
is, howey er, is not generally accepted.
Ticks and Spirochetoses, The spirochetes are probably protozoa. Spiro-
psis is also referred to in: the literature as Spiroplasmosis and Babesiosis.
organisms are responsible for several serious diseases of animals and two of
. The organism of Texas fever of cattle, referred to in oyr opening remarks,
id which is fearried by the cattle tick, is an example. The sexual repro-
4 uction . of this organism in the blood of cattle is well known, but
sexual reproduction i in the tick has not yet been made out, although in a related
pies, Babesia canis, of the dog, causing maligant jaundice in Africa and parts
southern Europe, this cycle has been worked out by Christopher.
The life evcle of a spirochete has been especially worked out in the disease
n as spirochetosis of fowls, which occurs in southeastern Europe, Asia,
ica, South Ameri¢a and Australia. This disease is transmitted from fowl to
by a tick known as Argas persicus. The full life cycle has been worked out
ecially well by Balfour and Hindle, and is diagrammatically represented on the
mpanying slide.
_ Ticks and Rocky Mountain Spotted qouars This is ie first of the probable
spirochete diseases of man carried by ticks. (Discussion and lantern slides).
a The other human disease referred to is the European relapsing fever, which at
first was supposed to be earried by bedbugs, but which has since been shown to be
ied by lice.
- This brings us to-Typhus faver and lice. (Discussion and lantern slides).
os _ But now we must stop. Theré are many subjects in the field which we have not
.
‘touched. Tick paralysis, for example, is a most interesting and novel subject.
have been found in the practice of a single physician. The attachment of a
4 i a about progressive paralysis involving motor, but not sensory nerves.
ems a unique malady. Hadwen and Nuttall, showing that it is not infectious
a that there is apparently an incubating period in the tick, suggest a specific
sative organism, but others hold to the theory of nerve shock.
Attention should also be called to the fact that, in spite of the host of dis-
ies already well established, there is a danger in our tendency to exaggerate
importance of insect transmission, and to ov erlook, even in cases where insects
y occasionally be concerned, the greater importance of other modes of infection.
is indicated by Sambon’ s theory oe transmission a pellagra by Simulium—a
7,
wn n facts in the epidemiology of the theses It took two years of hard work on
-of members of the force of the Bureau of Entomology, working in collabora-
th the Thompson-McFadden Pellagra Commission, to upset this theory in
oughly scientific manner. As has been pointed out several times of late,
‘is always considerable danger in conclusions based on epidemiological find-
“Transmisson experiments are necessary.
One conclusion must be drawn which can hardly be disputed: There is an
mous field for the entomologist in the careful study of all of the aspects of the
, of not only those insects which have already been shown to be disease
This disease occurs in Australia, Africa and North America. In Oregon thirteen
. but of those which are likely to be implicated. It is to the trained —
miic entomologist that we must look for the methods of destruction of those —
ay = «
ae THE REPORT OF THE ; No. 36
insect carriers, and the prevention of this class of diseases lies at his door, rather —
than at that of the physician. Either that, or sanitarians must be trained in what —
is now known as medical entomology. >
SECOND DAY’S SESSION—FRIDAY, NOV. 3np.
THE WOOD OF DESIRE.
Francts J. A. Morris, PETERBOROUGH.
In September, 1913, about a week after my arrival in Peterborough, I found —
myself toiling, one hot afternoon, up a steep-hill-side just east of the city. All
the explorer’s romantic sense of adventure thrilled me, for these were pioncer
days in a new district, and I was very curious to know what lay beyond the hill,
what sort of view would unroll before me from the little knot of pines that topped
the height. Up and up I struggled, like stout Cortez, till at last I won to the
coveted vantage-ground, and found myself staring out over a wide and varied
strath that rolled ocean-like between the Otonabee and Indian River.
In the foreground, to the south, lay Burnham’s wood, brimful as a magician’s
box with insect marvels I was to conjure forth next season. And east of there,
after a mile or more of open country, the timber lands began again; at first just
scattered farm lots of elm and maple, but, from a point in the middle distance,
not far south of the C.P.R. there stretched across the background a wood far
larger and denser than any of these; widening as it went, it spread to the south-
east verge of sky in the form of an enormous fan. In view of its distance, this
must, if continuous, be a veritable forest, and field glasses tramed upon it revealed
no break in all its surface; it stood the test—a solid fan of timber, ribbed with
hemlock and spruce, fringed with pine, the framework compact of beech and
maple.
Though I found enough to engross my attention next season, in the foneeaeee
of this woodland paradise, yet always in imagination loomed up that mysterious
background; and when, in May of last year, I “drew the covers of Burnham’s wood —
repeatedly without a single view-halloo of novel game, elfin fingers from the far —
horizon, beckoning fast and furiously, would no longer be denied. So in the first
week of June, with a fardel as varied as that of Autolycus, I set out across country
for this wood of my desire and merrily hent the stile, as light-hearted and innocent
a snapper up of unconsidered trifles as any son of Hermes in the land.
Like every fastness worthy the name, it had its approaches well guarded; for
a mile or more along its northern frontier I probed vainly for a point of penetra
tion; thickets of prickly ash, a broad belt of willow and alder, a meandering
stream of uncertain channel, all combined to form a zariba moated and im-
pervious. At last, by the north-east corner of the wood, the swamps drew toa
narrow neck, and along an old winter road strewn with elm logs I stole my first
entrance—the planet in the ascendant doubtless Mercury, lucky star of all pedlars —
and the light-fingered gentry.
No sooner had I crossed the threshold and won to the heart as it were of this
dark tower of romance than I became the butt—the more than willing target—for —
a perfect bombardment of new discoveries. On one of the elm logs that had
served me for drawbridge in the passage of the moat, I caught a gleam of steely
blue about the corrugated bark. It was Physocnemum brevilineum, and I soon
SEY + &et Se eo
~
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
§ fou nd this interesting longicorn settling in considerable numbers on the logs. It
had evidently lately emerged from its bores i in the elms. I captured several pairs
hidden under flakes of the bark, and about a dozen running along the logs after
flight in the sunshine. Only once “before had I taken this creature and that had
been on the trunk of a standing elm, green and flourishing. It was, therefore, of
interest to note that these logs were dead, and had been lying—some of them—for
three or four seasons.
The excitement of this first find was hardly spent before I spied a newly
emerged specimen of Saperda tridentata, slowly waving its antenne and preening
itself in the ecstasy of a first sun bath. The elm saperda is no doubt a common
nee, and on summer evenings I have occasionally taken a stray specimen,
attracted to light through an open window; but I had never before happened on
1 its chosen breeding grounds. Larve and pupe were frequent in the inner bark of
several logs and stumps, and while it seemed emerging most abundantly in the
- first ten days of June (exactly the season of the basswood saperda), occasional
_ specimens were taken throughout the month. This first day’s bag tallied 17.
The winter road turned sharply west at the neck of the swamp, leading past a
_ couple of woodpiles and a heap of brush. Here I captured (besides 3 more elm
borers) 2 basswood borers, a fine specimen of Callidium antennatum, and (on a
billet of white pine) a strange beetle that looked like a small Criocephalus or a
light-colored, long and narrow specimen of Asemum moestum; it proved to be
—Tetropium ‘cinnamopterum ; evidently a rarity, for I have only seen one other;
_that was last July in the Algonquin Park, taken resting in shadow om the under-
side of a newly fallen white spruce.
In the middle of Jung I returned to the scene and right in the same tract
captured on a basswood log Pogonocheruss mixtus, and my third specimen of
| Hoplosia nubila. The season of 1915, however, proved far from ideal for sun-
_ worshippers, cold east winds more than countervailing the bright sunshine. It
" was on this second trip that I noted, at the north edge of the wood, some large
bushes of thimbleberry crowded with sprays of bud that promised well. While
following the winter road south through the heart of the wood I came across several
"Patches of the rare striped coral-root in full bloom. Then, after crossing a
couple of hardwood ridges, I descended to a rich piece of tamarac swamp. and
- groping my way through a dense mist of mosquitoes, along a track of sphagnum
moss and decaying corduroy emerged at last on a gravel road intersecting the
wood from west to east. Despite “bloodsuckers and ‘bogholes I was not empty-
handed when I reached terra firma. From willow foliage I had gathered half a
‘dozen specimens of Lina scripta, on a hemlock stump Rhagium lineatum, and in
blossoms of buttercup and fleabane several specimens of Anthaxia wneogaster and
. epee vibex.
_ ‘Yo the making and through the heart of as pretty a piece of landscape as you
night find in all the Province went this Sate road ; wees on both sides and
ank, fiised with clumps of crested and nee shield fern om occasional 1 masses
of giant osmunda; the whole forming a kind of natural ha-ha, behind which
“spread, well above swamp level, a hardwood of maple and beech. Due south at
somewhat greater distance the woods climbed suddenly out of the swamp and rose
~ ke
THE REPORT OF THE
the leafy month of June. South-east alone, bounded on three sides by woods, you~
caught a glimpse of open meadow, a tiny wedge driven into the forest by the hand ~
of man. :
Jn the swamps of old Ontario, though the whole Dominion go dry, you may
still drink deep of this wine of life, till you fairly reel with the beauty of it all.
Over the road dragonflies hover and dart; butterflies flutter in varied hue, little
Blues and Coppers and Hairstreaks; once in a while a great Fritillary or a Swallow-
tail comes sailing along; far up in the vault of sky a pair of hawks wheel and
poise, their faint keening, from that giddy height, falls feebly on the ear. From
the depths of the swamp come at intervals the gentle croon of the Mourning Dove,
the sweet, long-drawn whistle of the W hitethroat; presently, drowning all else,
from some hidden turret in a Balm of Gilead sioatin down a flood of delicious —
music, sweeter than the carol of a robin, perhaps the notes of that master-singer,
the Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Who could be blind and deaf to all this? Not evén ©
an entomologist in the last stage of “ cerambyciditis.” Mosquitoes and deer-fly ace
soon forgotten; indeed, when taken in bulk, as it were, they are much less of a
nuisance than retailed in ones and twos; I had far rather move imperturbably —
through an open swamp, the pincushion for_a thousand, than sit on a verandah and
smash desperately at half ‘a dozen, or crouch abjectly under canvas listening to the
shrill slogan of one. In the open they are mere pin pricks and we can cry with
happy-go-lucky Launcelot Gobbo--* Hew are simple scapes! If fortune be a
woman, she’s a good wench for this gear.” :
Refreshed as by a draught of spring water I plunged once more into the
swamp, following a woodman’s path to the south of the gravel road. A little way
in, the path bore to the right and at length debouched on a dry upland pasture west
of the wood. Beside the path were a number of straggling shrubs of spiked
maple, and the bloom was not quite over. In just such surroundings near Port
Hope I had taken on these blossoms not a few beetles of interest and one or two of
considerable rarity. Above all, a unique specimen of a small Anaglyptus, which
had been declared in Montrea! the male of Microclytus gazellula. Spiked maple, ”
too, is the favorite haunt of Corymbites hamatus, a very prettily marked click-~
beetle. It was too late, however, and all I could find were a few specimens of
Leptura capitata and Callimoxys ‘sanguinicollis. But I marked the place in my |
mind for an early visit in 1916. and made-my way home by the newly found gravel
road, a forced and zig-zag course, uphill and downdale, along the claw of my
spreading fan of woodland, past Burnham’s, to tne Lift Locks and the City. ?
In the fourth week of June I made my third visit to the Wood of Desire, _
holding to the gravel road till almost the end of the journey, when I skirted a ©
fence due north to where the thimbleberry bushes grew., They were a snowy mass
of blossom now,-and two of the sprays, either from situation or from the greater |
maturity of their flowers, had quite a number of beetle visitors; among others a |
solitary Leplura 6-maculata, and (better still) along with two specimens of |
Leptura proxvima—the first that season—hehold! Leptura chrysocoma. This last —
I had never taken, though, two or three seasons before, I had heard of a lucky
collector in Port Hope making quite a haul.
Altogether the experience of this first season served only to enshrine the Wood .
of Desire in my heart as a haunt that age could not wither nor custom stale. Again §f
and again in fall and winter I found myself longing for the spring. Alas! its —
coming was advertised in the almanac weeks before it appeared, and it was actually }
Victoria Day before I exchanged New Year greetings-with my inamorata.
Now perhaps it may spell for you a cozening fancy—the glamour of imagina- |
\
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65
+
tion—but so sure was I the mere sight of this wood must kindle in everyone long-
ings ardent as my own, that I got together a picnic party to visit the place. The
approach by the gravel road was admitted on all sides to be lovely, but just as we
reached the outposts of beech and maple, our foremost team began to kick and
plunge; we were ambushed, and next moment all our cavalry was thrown into con-
fusion and we were hotly engaged in hand conflict with hordes of fierce mosquitoes.
Further in, as I knew, the swamp was even denser; where horses were too restive to
be tethered, it was eros for bipeds (at least the petticoated variety) to
bivouac in any comfort; so we beat a hasty retreat to the upland pasture. Here
a strong wind, coming to our support, checked the advance of the foe; and here,
much abashed, in the lee of a snake fence, we rallied our forces and sat down to an
al fresco banquét.
A diner at Delmonico’s would have turned up the nose at our bucolic bill of
fare; but nature, kind indeed to all her children, added, in the keenest of outdoor
appetites, a relish to this plain and homely food not a city in the world could
supply; she even provided us, in true up-to-date style, with refreshing interludes
of music; a rare treat, in the form of a series of solo selections. For without being
closely attentive we were yet, throughout the repast, fully alive to what seemed the
clear carol of a robin.
The song came from the leafy gable of a Balm of Gilead beside the road; the
same hidden turret, the same sweet notes I had marked the June before. The
very persistence of the song at last caught and held the attention of us all; closely
studied it was certainly no robin’s, being sweeter in ee and of far greater
range; soft as the fluting of a bluebird, yet full and rich (almost) in tone as an
oriole’s, wonderfully varied, still more wonderfully sustained, came the notes of the
singer, a silvery shower of sound. We managed, two of us, to draw close enough to
note the bird’s outlinefas he sat on a spray near the top of the tree; then, at
length, he paused in his song and flew; as the wings were spread in his first move-
ment we could see a streak of white across them.
It was indeed the Rose-breasted Grosbeak; a week or two later I had an
opportunity of studying him at leisure through field-glasses as he sat on this his
favorite perch—singing (doubtless) to a mate on the nest. The black of the head
and throat, the white of the lower body, and in delicious contrast a splash of rich
crimson on the upper breast, left no doubt of his identity, even had the vaulted
boldness of his bill not been in evidence. Mr. Schuyler Matthews contends that
the bird owes his power as a songster—a certain resonance and fulness of tone,
perhaps—in some measure to the shape of his beak; nor need the contention be
thought fanciful; the English bullfinch, for one, might be cited in support.
Some weeks later, when halcyon days had really come to stay, and I ventured
to suggest to some of my friends that we forgather again at the Wood of Desire,
they one and all refused. In their memory the song of the Grosbeak wakened no
echo, but the winged darts of Liliputian hosts renewed all their venom, and my
rambles since Victoria Day have been companionless.
If I were put in the witness box and cross-examined by some matter-of-fact
plaintifi’s counsel, many startling admissions would doubtless be made to appear;
as, that the round trip involves no less than 15 miles of tramping; that often I
haye been so parched with thirst as to lie down and lap, at the girdling moat, water
that was tepid and tasted of cows; that once, on venturing a few rods in towards
an enticing nook, the gravel road I had left vanished (by some sinister necromancy)
as completely as the highway out of which Childe Roland turned aside in his quest
of the Dark Tower, and I was ieft for over an hour to wade knee deep and flounder
5 Es.
66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
to the waist through mazy labyrinths of swamp; that no sooner had I escaped this
involuntary dipping, than a thunderstorm came up and baptised me all over again,
a cold douche and a shower (so to speak) being thrown in gratis on the top of the
foot and hip baths already so lavishly provided; and again, that, early and late,
mosquitoes and deerfly swarm there in countless myriads.
Damning evidence to you jurymen, perhaps; to me, proof positive of Mr.
Bumble’s famous apothegm, “The Law is a hass.” One tithe the facts in the
other scale of the balance would serve to kick the beam. Witness the troop of
black squirrels I met, hotfoot at a game of tag; the little couple of fellow-entomo-
logists I surprised, pouncing on ground beetles in the carpet of dead leaves, as
pretty a pair of young skunks as you would wish to sea anywhere; the bittern I
watched stalking frogs, with all the.cunning and the zest of a human hunter; the
hen partridge that held me at bay to cover the retreat of her brood; the whip-
poor-wills, flitting in ghostly silence from their nesting place; the grosbeak, in his
leafy hermitage, all its belfries a-peal with melody; to say nothing of the flower-
clusters of chokecherry I found, sheltering in their midst the rare little Anaglyptus
I had vainly sought for eight years and new took nearly a score of; and the wind-
fall of beech trees I happened on last July—an illustration (come to think of it)
of the struggle for existence, no less striking, if less gruesome, than the fly-blown
carcase already writhing with new life of an alien order—three giant beeches,
thrown in some titanic westling-bout with Boreas, their dying shafts alive with
Longhorns, Buprestids and other brooding insects; gangs of pigmy foresters,
drilling, boring, and charging, “ throng ” at their self-imposed task of wood-seaveng-
ing; strange medley of life in death, such as fed the melancholy of Shakespeare,
when he wandered, moralising, with Jacques through the Forest of Arden.
These and a score cf other scenes remain, tapestried in the rich brocade of
memory ; while all the tale of misadventures has long faded into nothingness. Every
trip I made last June and July brought me home at nightfall, footsore indeed, but
laden with treasure-trove, and eager for ihe morrow’s sun, to light up once more
that land of glamour, elf-haunted still and fraught with mystery, the Wood of
Desire.
INSECTS AS MATERIAL FOR STUDIES IN HEREDITY.
W. LocHHEAD, MacpoNALp COLLEGE,
For some years I have given attention to problems of heredity, and have been
impressed with the importance of the place insects have taken in the solution of some
of the problems. I thought, therefore, that it might be of interest if I brought
together the many scattered references in current literature to the investigations
that have been made with insects.
TOWER’s EXPERIMENTS.
A
No question in heredity has been mcre keenly discussed than “ Are acquired
characters transmissible?” The neo-lamarckians assert that characters impressed
upon an organism by its environment may be and often are transmissible.
Weismannists, on the other hand, maintain that such characters are never trans-
mitted. 'Tower’s investigations set forth in “An Investigation of Evolution in
Chrysomelid Beetles of the Genus Leptinotarsa” (Carn. Inst. Publ. No. 48) are
interesting in this connection. He subjected beetles, when their reproductive
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67
organs were developed to a certain stage, to unusual conditions of temperature and
moisture. As a result variations appeared in the offspring in regard to color
markings and certain details of structure. These variations, moreover, were not
all alike; some were immediate, others appeared after a time; some of the germ
cells were affected, others were not. But the important point was that the varia-
tions produced did not revert to the original parent forms in subsequent genera-
tions. These experiments indicated that environmental stimuli may, under certain
conditions, produce germinal variations.
Standfuss and Fischer, by changing the temperature and food of the larve
of Vanessa and Arctia, induced in the following generations certain variations
which persisted even when crossed with the parent form. :
The investigations of Johannsen, of Copenhagen, with Pure Lines of beans
and barley showed that variations within a Pure Line are not inherited, and that
they have little or no influence on the permanent improvement of a race. In
Tower's experiments with Pure Lines of the Colorado Potato Beetle (Leptinotarsa
10-lineata) dark to light colored variations appeared in the same Pure Line.
When dark males and females were mated the progeny were not dark, but they
fluctuated about the average of the Pure Line, even after twelve generations of
such mating. Tower's results, therefore, confirm the conclusions reached by
Johannsen.
SELECTION VALUE OF VALKIATIONS.
Darwinism has been criticized on the ground that variations often occur
which cannot possibly be of value to their possessors in the struggle for existence.
Kellogg and Bell in their “Studies of Variation in Insects” made a careful
scrutiny of the color patterns of 1,000 specimens of Hippodamia convergens and
found 84 aberrations of pattern varieties, ranging all the way from no spots to
eighteen spots, although twelve is the species character. If some of the inter-
»mediate patterns should disappear the systematist would have data for making
several new species. Other forms studied showed variations in antennal structure,
spinal armature of tibia, and venation. The conclusion is that “continuous”
variations are in all probability not the foundation stones of new species. This
view has of course been emphasized by De Vries, Johannsen, Morgan and others.
EXAMPLES OF MENDELISM.
Toyama’s experiments with Siamese silk moths are interesting. He paired a
moth with yellow cocoons with one having white cocoons. The offspring produced
only yellow cocoons. In the next generation some of the cocoons were yellow and
some were white in the proportion of 3 to 1. The whites bred true, while the
yellows broke up again, yellows and whites in the usual ratio.
Miss McCracken’s work with spotted and black varieties of Lina lapponica is
also confirmative of Mendel’s laws, the spots being dominant and the black
recessive.
Coutagne, 1902, found that when a silk moth whose larve had transverse
stripes was crossed with one whose larve were white, the striped form was dom-
inant. Toyama also found the striped form dominant.
Standfuss’s experiments in crossing the moth Aglia tau with its dark variety
lugens do not harmonize with those of Doncaster with Abraxas. The dark color
of Jugens was dominant over the light color of tau, but in subsequent matings of
heterozygous Iugens and with tau the results were such that cannot be brought into
line with Abraxas.
68 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
—_+—
Lutz found that when a normal Crioceris asparagi with three yellow spots on
blue-black elytra was crossed with a variety where the upper spot was united with
the middle one, the normal form was dominant. Intermediate conditions occur,
but these may be heterozygous forms.
eee IN-BREEDING.
Weleecrm < =
Darwin’s memorable work on cross-fertilization with morning-glories, pansies,
cabbage, lettuce, buckwheat and beets showed conclusively the value of cross-
fertilization over self-fertilization in the maintenance of the vitality of these plants.
But it has also been shown that many self-fertilizing plants, like tobacco, wheat
and barley, are vigorous and have retained their vigor for thousands of years. Dr.
East says very properly that Darwin’s phrase “ Nature abhors perpetual self-
fertilization * should read: “ Nature resists any sudden change in long established
conditions.”
Regarding the effects of in-breeding among animals differences of opinion
exist, but Mendelism has cleared away some of the difficulties. It shows that in-
breeding in itself is not necessarily injurious, but great care must be exercised to
prevent injury. The duplex dose of determiners develops prepotency in all char-
acters, good and bad alike.
Castle in-bred Drosophila for about sixty generations without any appreciable
loss of vitality. :
Lee Tue SEx CHROMOSOME.
On account of the fact that approximately the same number of males and
females of the human species are born, students of heredity have suspected that
sex is a character dependent upon factors which act in a Mendelian manner. The
explanation of this equality of sexes was forthcoming by comparatively recent re-
searches in which insects played an important part. Henking, in 1890, dis-
covered two kinds of sperm cells in the firefly, Pyrrhocoris. McClung, in 1902,
found two kinds of chromosomes in the sperm cells of the grasshopper. Stevens, —
in 1905-1908, found accessory chromosomes in certain species of aphis and Diptera.
Wilson, in 1905-1907, discovered different kinds of chromosomes in certain
Hemiptera; and Morgan, in 1908, described two kinds of sperm cells in Phylloxera.
Later researches by Doncaster, Raynor, Morgan and others have extended the list.
This accessory chromosome has been called the sex er X chromosome inas-
much as its presence in the germ cell is believed to determine the sex of the off-
spring. In most animals, including man, all the female germ cells contain an
X chromosome, while it is present in only half of the male germ cells: On the
other hand, in chickens, ducks, canaries, and in the English currant moth
(Abraxas) all the male germ cells, but only half the female germ cells, contain
the X chromosome.
In the first case investigations have revealed the fact that when fusion occurs
between an egg and a sperm, both containing an X chromosome, the result is a
female, but when an egg and a sperm without an X chromosome fuse the fertilized
egg has only one X chromosome and the result is a male. In fertilization, there-
fore, the chances are that approximately an equal number of males and females
are produced, as shown by diagram:
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69
O = egg cell; S. sperm with an X chromosome.
S = sperm without an X chromosome,
Z = zygote with two X chromosomes.
z = zygote with one X chromosome.
Ss | s = male gametes.
Z :
Female } i)
gametes 0 = 2Z + 2z, giving an equal number.
|
In the second case where the female is heterozygous for sex and the male
_ homozygous, the chances in fertilization are again approximately an equal number
of males and females.
,
i O = egg cell with an X chromosome.
0 = egg cell without an X chromosome.
S = sperm cell with an X chromosome.
Z = zygote with two X chromosomes (male.)
e Z = zygote with X chromosome (female.)
S s | = male gametes.
} |
pouele } 0 2 - = 27 + 2z, an equal number of males
ES ¢ Zz | é and females.
HEREDITY IN THE APHIDS AND BuGs.
“The life-history of aphids is well known. The fertilized egg hatches out a
female, the stem-mother, the following spring, followed by a succession of genera-
" tions of females. On the approach of autumn a brood of sexual males and females
appears. The explanation of these phenomena is not clear, but some progress has
been made in clearing the mystery. Morgan has shown that the spermatids of
Phylloxera are of two kinds, but those containing no accessory chromosome de-
generates. Consequently only those containing an accessory chromosome take part
in fertilization, and the fertilized eggs produce females. The problem of the
“production of the males parthenogenetically, however, at the approach of autumn
has not yet been solved. It is probable, however, that external or environmental
actors are to some extent responsible. In P. caryecaulis one stem-mother gives
tise to the line ending in sexual females, and ancther stem to the line ending in
the males. On the other hand in other species of Phyiloxera and in many aphids
the same stem-mother may produce both lines.
In this conrectivn « is interesting to observe the production of males and
females among bees, wasps and ants. It is well known that fertilized eggs of the
een bee produce females, and unfertilized eggs males. The mature egg has one
ized by a male cell and product las iwo sex chromosomes, characteristic of the
Hs of a female bee.
_ Foote and Strobell have recently made interesting studies of two species of
uschistus. The maie of variolarius has a well-defined black circular dot on the
: th segment of the abdomen, but in both sexes of servus, the other species, the
pot is absent. When a female variolarius was crossed with a male servus many
the F: hybrids showed the spot. Again, the cross between a pure male
Jarius and the F: female and spot appears. ‘n the F: generation some speci-
showed the spot, while others did net. A satisfactory explana‘ion of the
ance has not yet been given.
70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
EXPERIMENTS WITH THE ENGLISH CURRANT MOTH.
The work of Doncaster and Raynor (1908) in connection with the crossing
of two varieties or sub-species of Abraxas, grossulariata and lacticolor, was im-
portant in that it furnished additional evidence that certain characters are some-
times linked up with sex or with the sex factor. For example, color-blindness in
man seems to be linked up with sex. Men cannot hand on the defect without
having it, whilst women can. Doncaster and Raynor’s results are explained on the
assumptions that the female is heterozygous for sex, femaleness being dominant,
the male a homozygous recessive, and the factor for color for grossulariata is
dominant. The gametic formule for the crossings are given below:
C. = dominant factor for color (grossulariata.)
ce. = recessive factor for color (lacticolor.)
F.f. = sex factors in female. ad
F.F. = sex factors in male.
Case I. Grossulariata (male) x lacticolor (female).
CF CF = male gametes.
| ' Gross. | Gross. |
Female : ce male male I =aall_ grossulariata (heterozygous)
gametes of-| Gross. | pa 50% female, 50% male. :
| female female
Case IT. ¥: Grossulariata (male) x F: Grossulariata (female).
CF cr = male gametes.
Cf | ee | Nea 2 — 50% grossulariata females (1% nor-
Female 1 mal, % heterozygous). 25% gross.
gametes ] males (heterozygous, 25% lacticolor
cF | oe | Lact. male (normal).
|
male |
Case III. ¥: Grossulariata (male) x lacticolor (female).
, CF cha = male gametes.
l =: —
F Oa | pet = 25% gross. female (heterozygous),
Female 25% gross. male (heterozygous),
gametes | | 25% lact. female (normal), 25%
ef | eee mee 6 lact. male (normal).
| emale ema
Case IV. Lacticolor (male) x F: Grossulariata (female).
cK cr = male gametes.
| Gross. Gross. |
Female : a | NOI female —- 50% gross. heterozye0s ae
| 50% lact. heterozygous females.
pares cF | Lact. Lact. %
| male
male |
An interesting case arose in the reciprocal of Case I when a pure wild
grossulariata (female) was crossed with a lacticolor (male). The result was the
same as in Case IV, showing that the wild grossuldriata female is heterozygous
with regard to that color.
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
~
ery
EXPERIMENTS WITH THE PoOMACE FLY.
Morgan’s recent investigations with hybrids of Drosophila ampelophila, the
common pomace fly, have added much to our knowledge of factors in heredity.
He found that each visible character is due to the action of a number of factors
in the germ plasm, each factor in turn influencing a large number of other traits.
Moreover, these factors are linked together in groups, in chromosomes, where they
are arranged in a linear series, sometimes changing places by crossing over. With
Drosophila, which was normally red-eyed, there appeared in the course of breed-
ing experiments as many as 25 distinct mutations in this eye-color. Morgan
supposes, therefore, that at least 25 factors are concerned in the production of this
red eye, and that when a single one changes a different color is obtained. This
one factor, however, may be called the wnit factor for this particular color, so it
may be treated in a simple Mendelian factor in segregation. The following
examples illustrate one of the simpler cases of inheritance:
Case I. Red-eyed (female) with white-eyed (male).
TF rf = male gametes.
Red-eyed _ Red-eyed
Female RF | female | male
gametes { Progeny all red-eyed.
| female male
RF Red-eyed | Red-eyed
|
The diagram of the F: generation is:
RF rf = male gametes.
= | Red-eyed | Red-eyed
female male = 50% red-eyed females.
he ‘ 25% red-eyed males.
FO Red-eyed White-eyed 25% white-eyed males.
s female male
Case II. White-eyed (male) x F: red-eyed female (heterozygous).
rF rf = male gametes.
RF peed et eyed = 25% red-eyed females.
Female ' 25% red-eyed males.
gametes =e A 25% white-eyed females.
tF | White-eyed White-eyed 25% white-eyed males.
| female | male
Case IIT. Red-eyed (male) x white-eyed (female).
$ RF rf = male gametes.
| Red-eyed § White-eyed
7 Female a | ae ae = 50% red-eyed females.
gametes : iF | Red-eyed Wivteeved 50% white-eyed males.
, female male
showing that the red-eyed male parent is heterozygous for color.
‘
Fs
2
w
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Case IV. Red-eyed (male) x F: red-eyed (female) heterozygous.
RF rf
Red-eyed | Red-eyed
as i RF female | male
cs eat ee = = same as the F,.
= l rF Red-eyed © White-eyed
female male
If a white-eyed male Drosophila is mated to a red-eyed female the offspring
ste ced-eyed. ‘** these are in-bred all the F: daughters are red-eyed, but half the
zons are white-eyed. “In a word, the grandfather transmits his characters visibly
w half of his grandsons but to none of his granddaughters.” (Morgan.)
R = dominant unit factor for red eye color.
r = recessive unit factor for white eye color.
F.F = sex factors in female.
F.f = sex factors in male.
The experiments of Morgan and his colleagues with Drosophila are perhaps
the most important in recent genetic research. They are valuable both by reason
cf the large number of specimens under observation and on account of the signi-
ficance of the results. Bateson says: “If we accept the whole scheme of interpre-
tation without reserve we are provided with a complete theory of heredity, so far as
proximate phenomena are concerned.” :
LITERATURE ON INSECT INHERITANCE.
Castle, W. E., ‘The Heredity of Sex.” Bull. Mus. Comp., Zool. Harvard, Vol. XL. No. 4,
1903.
Coutagne, G., “ Recherches Experimentales sur l’Hérédité chez les Vers 4a Soie.” Bull.
Sci. de la France et Belgique. XXXVI. 1902.
Doncaster, L., and Raynor, G. H., “‘Sex Inheritance in the Moth Abraxas grossulariata
and its var. lacticolor.” Rep. Evol. Com., IV., 1908.
Foot, K., and Strobell, S. C., ‘A study of Chromosomes in the Spermatogenesis of
Anasa tristis.” Amer. Jour. of Anat., VII., 1897.
Henking, H., “ Unters iib. d. ersten Entwickelungsvorginge in d. Eiern der Insekten.”
Z. Wiss Zool., 1890.
Kellogg, V. L., and Bell, R. G., “ Studies of Variation in Insects.” Proc. Wash. Acad. Sc.,
VI., 1904.
Kellogg, V. L., “ Variation in Parthogenetic Insects.” Science, 24, 1906:
Lutz, F. E., “Note on Inheritance of Variations in Color-Pattern of Crioceris asparagi.”
Psyche, June, 1908.
McCracken, J., “A Study of the Inheritance of Dichromatism in Lina lapponica.”
Journ. of Exp. Zool., II., 1905.
Morgan, T. H., “Production of Two Kinds of Spermatozoa in Phylloxeras.” Proc. Soc.
Exp. Biol. and Med., V., 1908.
Morgan, T. H., et al., “The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity.” 1915.
Palmer, M. A., “ Notes on Heredity in the Coccinellid Genus Adalia Muls.” Annals Ent.
Soc. Am., 1911.
Standfuss, M., “Handb. d. pal. Gross. schmetterl.” 13896., Jena.
Stevens, N. M., “Study of the Germ Cells of Aphis rose and Aphis oenothere.” Jour.
Exp. Zool., 1905. :
Stevens, N. M., “Studies in the Germ Cells of Aphids.” Carn. Pub., No. 51.
Stevens, N. M., “A Study of the Germ Cells of Certain Diptera.” Jour, Exp. Zool., V.,
1908.
Tower, W. L., “An Investigation of Evolution in Chrysomelid Beetles of the Genus
Leptinotarsa.”’ Carn. Inst. Pub., No. 48, 1906.
Toyama, K., “On Some Silk-worm Crosses with Special Reference to Mendel’s Law of
Heredity.” Bull. Coll. Agr. Tokyo. Imp, Univ., VII., 1906.
“uison, E. B., “Studies on Chromosomes.” Jour. Exp. Zool., II. 3, 1905; Jour. Exp. Zool.,
*T. 4, 1905; Jour. Exp. Zool., III, 1906. =
¥iulsor ™ B., “Note on the Chromosome Groups of Metapodius and Banasa.” Biol.
Bail, XII, 1907.
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13
AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR
AND OF THE FALL WEBWORM IN NORTH AMERICA.
A. B. Barrp, DoMINIoN ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, FREDERICTON, N.B.
INTRODUCTION.
Since 1911, the Entomological Branch of the Dominion Department of Agri-
culture has been conducting a study of the natural control of two common insects
that from time to time are very injurious to forest, orchard, and shade trees
throughout the Dominion. The work is being carried on from the Fredericton
SS
N NS
Map of North America, showing the three regions referred to in the text.
74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
laboratory by Mr. J. D. Tothill and his assistants, and is under the general
direction of the Dominion Entomologist, Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.
The insects in question are the Forest Tent Caterpillar and the Fall Webworm.
The object of the work has been to study the control of each insect at the same places
for a period of consecutive years. The work has resolved itself into a study of
the causes of outbreaks of these and other insects, and of the factors that in the
natural course of events, cause these outbreaks to subside.
In 1911, when the study was commenced, both the Forest Tent Caterpillar and
the Fall Webworm were exceedingly abundant, and were doing great damage
throughout the Eastern United States and Canada. Since then they have become
less and less numerous and in 1915 there remained only a few local infestations
and practically no damage was reported.
This story of great abundance followed by a period of scarcity is merely a
repetition of a story that has been told and retold many times in the past history
of this continent. It is the purpose of this paper to give an historical account of
these two insects as gleaned from the records of the White Man written during
his few centuries of residence in this land.
For the purposes of this account it has been found ease to divide the
continent into three regions. On the map (p. 73) these are indicated, the Eastern
and Western being marked with parallel lines and the Central occupying the
intervening territory. The Regions are treated separately. The accounts of these
insects are much more complete and satisfactory for the Eastern Region than for
either of the others. A glance at the charts (pp. 76, 81) will show to what extent
the abundance of the insects has been uniform for the three Regions.
In these charts the term “local ravages” has been used to designate out-
breaks which are recorded as occurring only in smaller sections of the main
divisions, or Regions. As will be noticed these outbreaks occurred largely previous
to 1860, and there are at least two explanations for their-seemingly local dis-
tribution: (1) The limited number of observers recording such data prior to that
time and (2) The more or less limited food supply of the insects. It seems
quite probable that the food plants of both species, but especially of the Forest
Tent Caterpillar have greatly increased with the spread of civilization. This
question is, however, too many-sided to permit of a full discussion here and will be
left for another paper, dealing with this subject, which it is hoped will be published
from the laboratory at a later date.
The author wishes to take this opportunity of thanking Dr. C. J. 8. Bethune,
Professor of Entomology at Guelph, for his kindly assistance in connection with
the library work at Guelph. He also wishes to thank Mr. Tothill for his many
helpful suggestions and kindly criticisms.
Forest TENT CATERPILLAR,
Eastern Region.
The original habitat of the Forest Tent Caterpillar in North America seems
to have been in the Eastern Region, for it is here that we find its ravages first
recorded.
The first authentic record of the presence of the Forest Tent Caterpillar is
that compiled from earlier observations by Mr. Abbot and published by Sir J. E.
Smith in 1797 in his ‘ Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia.’ He gives good colored
figures of the larva and imago, and states that “ This.kind is sometimes so plenti-
~
or
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
ful in Virginia as to strip the oak trees bare but is rather rare in Georgia.” This
makes it certain that there were outbreaks of the insect, in Virginia at least,
previous to 1797; and that it was not so abundant farther south. As early as
1791 there was an outbreak of an insect in Vermont which was probably the
Forest Tent Caterpillar, and may have been a part of the last outbreak noticed by
Mr. Abbot in Virginia.
We have no further record of the insect until 1820, when it was noticed in
Massachusetts. In the ‘ Entomological Correspondence of T. W. Harris, we
find a description of the species and the following notes on its history, “The
moths appeared about the last of June, 1820. . . . One cast its skin June 13th
and came out an imago July Ist, 1821.” “ Found the larve on the apple tree,
June 3rd, 1826.” Harris again mentions it in his “ Treatise on Insects,” 1841,
and publishes an account of it in the “ New England Farmer,’ 1844, which would
indicate the presence of the caterpillar in Massachusetts at that time.
The earliest authentic record of an outbreak in New York is given by Fitch
in his Second ‘ Report of the Insects of New York,’ pp. 198-199. He says, “his
neighbors state that this species gnaws the stems of young apples causing them
to fall as well as eating the leaves.” This was probably a part of the same out-
break as that recorded from New Hampshire in 1854 by Eaton (‘ Trans. N. H.
State Agr. Soc.’ 1854-1855, pp. 199-207). There is evidence that small outbreaks
had previously occurred in New York for in the Country Gentleman of 1861
(Vol. 45, p. 299) “Acer” says with reference to this species, “ These insects have
disappeared three times during the last thirty years.” The first of the outbreaks
thus implied probably occurred between 1826 and 1830, the second between 1840
and 1844, the third was the one referred to by Fitch and Eaton.
In his ‘ Fifth Report of the Insects of New York,’ 1859, Fitch says of these
caterpillars, “a few are seen every year and occasionally there is a season when
they are more common but never numerous.” He also states that they were _
about the same in Baltimore, nothing approaching stripping having been known
in that vicinity in his generation.
The Country Gentleman of 1868, makes several references to the severe out-
break of that year in New York. The caterpillars were reported as “more
numerous and destructive in New York State than ever before,” and it is also
stated that “they have twice disappeared in this place.”
From the foregoing notes on its history we have reason to believe that the
ravages of the Forest Tent Caterpillar were not very severe previous to 1859, as
there is no record of stripping except that by Smith and Abbot, concerning the
oaks in Virginia. These ravages were probably restricted to a few of the north-
eastern States. We note, however, that the insect was present previous to 1797,
that there were outbreaks of a more or less serious nature in Massachusetts in
1820; in that State and in New York between 1826 and 1830; again between
1840 and 1844; and about ten years later in New Hampshire and New York.
The next outbreak, noted in the Country Gentleman of 1868, was much more
widespread and severe than any of the preceding. Its ravages now extended over
the entire region. The editor of the Canada Farmer reported “many orchards
defoliated ” near Toronto in June of that year. Walsh (Practical Entomologist
2, pp. 112-113) noted its occurrence “in large numbers” in the orchards in
Maine in 1866 and in the following year on oak in Virginia and in orchards
in New York. Brackett’ reports their ravages in Maine in 1867. Riley in his
11867. Brackett, G. E., Am. Journ. of Hort., Sept., 1867. ny Sy
~
76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
“Third Report of the Insects of Missouri,’ recorded them as very destructive in
the Eastern States in 1867 and 1868. In his second Report in 1870, he says
regarding the caterpillars, “ For a number of days last June in Western New
York they might have been seen marching single file up the railroad track on
Pilot Knob in the scorching rays of the noon day sun.” Bethune (‘ First Ann.
Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 15) reported them as very abundant in Western Ontario
in 1870, but said they had decreased east of Toronto. Im 1872 Saunders says
of the same district (‘ Can. Ent., 4, p. 134) “ We have not met with a single full
grown specimen this year although in years past they have swarmed on our trees
and fences.” This outbreak thus covered a period of about five years, 1866 to
1870, and the resultant damage was very much greater than any previously
reported from this species.
Eastern Region
General Outbreak
Local Ravages
Yery Scarce
at a ee Es ee et fe et ta find =:
Wo 160190 7800 (18/0 1820 18301840 4850 Be (870 (880189 WO (RO
General Outbreak
Local Ravages
Mery Scarce
Local Ravages
Very Scarce
(770/780 (790
History of the Forest Tent Caterpillar in North America. The dotted lines
indicate the abundance of the insect.
Four years after their disappearance, Mr. H. H. Lyman, of Montreal, pub-
lished an account of the unusual abundance of the insect. In the Canadian
Entomologist, Vol. 6, p. 158, he says, “ The caterpillars of this pest are swarming
on almost every description of tree or shrub in the vicinity, many trees being
completely denuded of foliage.”
This was the first notice of another outoreak and the following notes throw
some light on its severity and distribution. “The Forest Tent Caterpillar was —
excessively abundant and destructive to fruit and forest trees in many parts of ~
P4917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. VY
i
Ontario,” (Bethune, ‘ Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1875, p. 7). “Very serious ravages
of this insect in Maine during the past two years,” (Fernald, ‘ Agr. Maine, 1875-
1876, pp. 19-21). “Millions upon millions of them in Western Ontario,”
_ (Saunders, ‘Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1877, p. 4). “ Very active and on constant
parade over shrubs, fields, orchards, and gardens. They are recruited so plenti-
_ fully from the forests, that we fairly sicken of the fight and despair of the pros-
pects of victory,” (‘ Gott, Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont.,? 1877, p. 41). “Had a fire
passed through our orchards it could not have left our apple trees under more
barren poles,” (Burnet, ‘Rep. Fruit Growers’ Assn. Ont.” 177, p. 10). “ Not
so numerous as last year. . . . Mites destroyed many of the eggs and severe
frosts in May, fungus diseases, parasites and birds, killed off many of the !.rve,”
_ (Saunders, ‘Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1878, p. 5 and pp. 28-30). “The tent
_ caterpillars have almost entirely disappeared,” (Saunders, ‘Ann. Rep. Ent. Soe.
Ont.” 1880, p. 9). In these notes we have given very briefly the story of this
outbreak which extended from 1874 to 1878 and did enormous damage over the_
greater portion of the Eastern Region.
In the year 1884 the insect was reported as very injurious in New Brunswick
__ and Nova Scotia by Fletcher (‘ Rep. Ent. and Bot., 1885, p. 32). It was also
| referred to by Packard in the ‘ Fifth Report of the U. S. Entomological Com-
mission, pp. 147-118. This outbreak seems to have been quite local in character,
but may have been the beginning of the next general outbreak, which began to
attract attention in Vermont in 1886, when Lintner reported it as causing con-
‘siderable injury to apple trees in that State. By the following year its Yavages
had spread over the entire Eastern Region, and in fact over the entire continent.
Pletcher (“Rep. Exp. Farms, Canada,’ 1887, p. 29) says, “The tent caterpillars
were in great abundance all over Canada during the past season and seemed to
‘attack almost every kind of deciduous tree.” In 1888 it was reported as abundant
_ im Maine (*Me. Agr. Exp. Stn. Rep.’ 1888, p. 164) and the following year its
_ Tayages in that State were extremely severe. Most of the orchards and~all the
' poplars, oak, cherry, and many other deciduous trees were completely defoliated
| in several sections, and railway trains were held up on several occasions for two
LT rr er ©
t
and three hours at a time, by the innumerable legions of them crossing the tracks.
Riley and Howard ‘Insect Life, 2, pp. 58-59). The same year Caulfield
ontreal) reports them as “all too common on our forest trees,” (‘ Ann. Rep.
Ent. Soc. Ont.,’ 1889, p. 64). This was the end of the general outbreak for
Bethune on page seven of the “ Annual Report of the Entomological Society of
_ Ontario,” 1890, says “The tent caterpillars have been remarkable for their absence
x rarity in all parts of Ontario.” Only two local infestations are recorded that
year, one being in the Penobscot Valley, Maine (‘ Me. Agr. Exp. Stn. Rep.,’? 1890,
' p. 138), and the other in Washington County, New York (Lintner, ‘6th Rep.,’
> ‘?p. 106).
& In 1891 a very severe local infestation was reported by Riley and Howard
_ (‘Insect Life,’ pp. 477-478) on oak and gum trees in Carolina during which
_ train traffic was seriously interfered with for several days.
In ‘ Bulletin No. 76 of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station’ (1900)
Perkins says that the insect began to attract attention in Vermont in 1895, and
‘its rayages on maple became very extensive the following year, but it was not
until 1897 that we again find general mention of the ravages of this pest. In
that year Fletcher’ reports them as “so abundant at Ottawa that they actually
; 71897. Fletcher, Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 34.
78 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
starved themselves out by stripping.” Harrington (Ont.) also reports the appear-
ance of the caterpillars “in great numbers ” on poplars and other trees. Perkins’
in the same year reports it widely distributed over Vermont, many woods and
orchards being entirely stripped. Their depredations were even more severe the
following year, when Fletcher says (‘ Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont.,’ 1898, pp. 84-85)
“the Tent-caterpillars have been even more abundant than last year in almost
every Province of Canada.” Hutt and Moffat, (‘ Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont.,’)
both report them being so abundant as to interfere with the running of trains
in many parts of Ontario. Their excessive destructiveness is reported by Weed
in New Hampshire (‘ Bull. N. H. Agr. Exp. Sta.” No. 59, pp. 199-201).
Felt in his Fourteenth ‘Report of the State Entomologist of New York,’ says,
“the ravages of 1897 and 1898 have been unprecedented in the annals of the
State.” In 1899 he’ reports serious outbreaks, particularly in the Catskill
Mountains and in the borders of the Adirondacks. “Ten cents per quart,” he
says, “were offered for the cocoons in many villages.” The reports of Lowe
‘(Geneva N. Y. Bull.’ 159) and Slingerland (‘ Cornell Exp. Sta. Bull., 170, pp.
559-564) corroborate those of Felt. Perkins’ reports very great damage in Ver-
mont in 1898 and 1899 and also states that “There have been occasional out-
breaks since 1791, but the ravages of the present exceed any of the past both here,
and in New York, Maine and Canada.” Similar reports from other sections
clearly point to this outbreak as exceeding both in severity and in extent, the
ravages of any of the preceding ones. In 1900, the outbreak subsided, and in
1901 the caterpillars were reported as very scarce, all over the country. Three
years later in the “Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario,’
Fletcher states “not a moth or caterpillar of this species was seen at Ottawa this
year,’ and in 1905, Evans (‘ Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont.,’ p. 50) says, “ The Tent
caterpillar seemingly has disappeared entirely.”
The insect did not again become numerous until 1910 when Hewitt (* Ann.
Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 29) reported its occurrence in very large numbers in
the Eastern Provinces and British Columbia. This marks the beginning of our
latest outbreak in the Eastern Region, and its ravages are too well known by this
generation to require much discussion here. Gibson reports hordes of the cater-
pillars and says, (‘ Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont.’ 1912, pp. 15-16) “It is the most
remarkable outbreak of an injurious insect on record at Ottawa,’ and further stated
that in the Gatineau Valley especially near Chelsea, many trains were held up, the
evening passenger trains having been forced to use two and sometimes three engines
in order to get along at all. Lochhead reported it equally bad in Quebec and their
depredations were just as severe in New Brunswick and the Eastern States. Their
ravages began to decrease in 1914, and in 1915 the insect had practically dis-
appeared.
Central Region.
There seems to be no record of the Forest Tent Caterpillar in the Central
Region until 1867, but it had no doubt been present in greater or less numbers
for some time previous to this.
In his Third ‘ Report of the Insects of Missouri,’ Riley reported this species
as very destructive in 1867, and also the following year, in Arkansas and Missouri.
The American Entomologist, Vol. 1, p. 208, records an outbreak of the inSect in
71899. Felt, E. P., Bull. No. 20, N.S., U.S. Div. Ent., pp. 60-62.
71900. Perkins, G. H., Vt. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 76, pp. 113-137.
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. v9
Missouri in 1869, and in Vol. II of the same publication (1870) Riley states
that the infestation was severe in Arkansas and Illinois, both that year and the
preceding, and that it had been very destructive in Missouri during the past
three years. Riley again reports it, (‘Report Insects of Missouri, VIII, pp.
* 22-26) as sometimes appearing in countless numbers in the oak forests of the
South, and says, that in 1872 it was so abundant at Memphis, Tennessee, as
to hold up trains on several occasions.
It may be well here to note that the above-mentioned outbreak was co-incident
with the first general outbreak in the Eastern forests.
No further ravages of the insect are recorded until 1883, when Forbes reports
them (* Thirteenth Ann. Rep. of the Illinais State Ent.,’? 1883, p. 10) as having
made a frightful inroad upon the apple orchards in Southern Illinois. He also
mentions the same outbreak in his Seventeenth ‘ Report of the Insects of Illinois,
1885, p. XIII. In his Fourth ‘ Report of the Insects of New York,’ Lintner
refers to this infestation in Illinois and states that it was arrested by a contagious
disease known as muscardine.
As previously noted in the history of the Eastern Region, Fletcher, in 1887,
stated that the Tent Caterpillars were in great abundance that season all over
Canada so they were in all probability present in the Central Region or in the
northern part of it at least. Bruner notes their occurrence (‘ Neb. Agr. Exp.
Sta. Bull.” 14, pp. 33-38) in Nebraska in 1890, and says they are frequently
met with upon the prairies several miles from natural groves. In 1891, Murtfeldt
(U. S. Diy. Ent. Bull.” 26, pp. 40-41) reported a remarkable sulbncel: in
Minnesota. She says the papers reported armies of them throughout the forests of
the North-west, and a large portion of the forests were defoliated as well as
many orchards.
The next outbreak recorded is in 1898, when Pettit’ reports a severe infesta-
tion in some parts of Michigan. The same year Lugger (‘ Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Bull.” 61, pp. 194-199) said the insect was fairly abundant in Minnesota, being
more common than the Orchard Tent. Three years later, in the “ Annual Report
of the Entomological Society of Ontario,” p. 119, Gregson states that the cater-
pillars were abundant that year in Assiniboia, and the insect was recorded for
the first time, in Red Deer and Lacombe districts. Hudson* found a brood
on P. tremuloides at Millarville, Alberta, in 1902; and Fletcher (‘C. E. F.
Report,’ 1904) mentions finding what he thought was this species near Edmonton,
“The moths,” he states, “were in thousands just emerging.” From these notes
we would infer that the outbreak was quite general over the Central Region.
The infestation which was so severe in the Eastern Forests from 1910 to 1915,
does not seem to have extended its ravages to the Central Region, and no further
outbreaks have so far been recorded.
Western Region.
No information is available concerning the early history of this pest in the
Western Region. The first reference to it is found in Saunders“ Insects Injurious
to Fruits,” published in 1883. In this he gives an account of the Forest Tent
Caterpillar, and states that it is often very abundant in the West. This does
not give us definite data concerning any outbreak, but assures us that the insect
21898. Pettit, R. H., Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bull. 175, pp. 349-350.
71906. Dod, F. H. Wolley. Canadian Entomologist, XXVIII., N.o 2, p. 54.
80 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
——
was present for some time previous to that date, and that it was not so abundant
some years as in others.
The first authentic record of an outbreak is given by Koeble, who states,
((U. S. Div. Ent. Bull.” 23, p. 42) that this imsect was found very abundant
on Crataegus, alder, hazel and other trees in Washington in 1890. The same
outbreak is recorded two years later, in the Third ‘ Annual Report of the Horti--
cultural Society of British Columbia,’ where it is stated (pp. 83-84) that “in
some old orchards the foliage was entirely devoured.” Also mm the Third ‘Report
of the B. ©. Department of Agriculture,’ p. 1840, Mr. Wiltshire writes, “ last
year there were billions of these creatures and they completely stripped
the crab-apple trees. This is the first year we have found them in the
orchards.” Dyar gives a full description of the insect in ‘Psyche,’ 6, 1892, stating
that it was abundant in the valley of Columbia, and that in Portland, Oregon, ©
many trees were defoliated by the larve. In 1894. Washburn, (‘ Oreg. Exp. Sta.
Bull.” 33, p. 16) records it as very abundant in Oregon, and the same year it
was also reported as causing serious damage in many sections of British Columbia.
From the foregoing notes’ we see that this outbreak was quite general over the
Western Region and its ravages extended over a period of about five or six years.
Two years later, its presence was again reported in British Columbia, and
the infestation had become very severe in 1898. In his ‘ Annual Report’ for that
year, Fletcher reports “countless thousands” of them, especially. around Victoria
and Agassiz, and, that many of the larve were parasitized and diseased. The
following year only a few caterpillars were seen.
The history of the next outbreak is given by Tom Wilson in the ‘ Proceedings
of the B. C. Entomological Socicty,’ 1914, p. 37. He notes a slight infestation
in 1907. The following year, a severe outbreak occurred from Washington and
the United States boundary northward. In 1909 the infestation was doubled,
and during the next two years enormous damage was done by the caterpillars.
In 1912 the outbreak subsided and the following year they had nearly all dis-
appeared. This outbreak thus seems to have extended over the whole of the
Western Region, and its ravages greatly exceeded any previously recorded.
In 1915, the insect again began to attract attention in British Columbia,
and this summer quite extensive ravages were reported on Vancouver Island.
This infestation probably marks the beginning of another outbreak throughout
the Western Region.
FALL WEBWORM.
Eastern Region.
Like the preceding insect, the Fall Webworm seems to have been originally
a native of the Eastern Region. ‘The first record we have of this species is that
of Drury, who described it from specimens collected in the vicinity of New York
about the year 1770.
Twenty-seven years later, we find it described by Sir J. E. Smith, in his
‘Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia,’ as a native of Virginia and a very des-
tructive pest.
In 1828, it was again described by Harris in the New England Farmer,
Aug. 22nd, pp. 33-34, and six years later, he included it in his ‘ Catalogue of the
Insects of Massachusetts, No. 591.
Drury. Ill. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 36, pl. 18 fig. 4, 1770.
Drury. Illustrations of Exotic Entomology, 1773.
4 : -
~ . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81
_ Harris, again described the insect in his ‘Treatise on Insects,’ published in
41, and heve states, that the larve are “common and destructive little cater-
lars whose large webs sometimes extending over entire branches with their
leaves may be seen on our native elms and also on apple and other fruit trees.”
No further notice was taken of the insect until 1856, when Fitch’ reported
it as “quite common- around New York and Brooklyn,’ but he continues, “I
q ave no knowledge of its occurrence north or west of the highlands.” In the
same year, Samuel Fowler’ reported its ravages in Massachusetts, and in the
Eastern Hegion
=
7830 Te 78501800789 1860 7070790
History of the Fall Webworm in North America. The dotted lines indicate
the abundance of the insect.
ery Gentleman, Oct. 14th, 1858, p. 239, Fitch stated that it was “ very abundant
New York State three or four times worse than for twenty-five years at least.”
This was the first serious outbreak on record. and from the foregoing account
seems that the ravages of the insect have been increasing in severity, and
its sphere of destructive operations-has widened. The next outbreak was
| more widespread than any previously recorded, and extended north into
It was first reported by Brackett, in the Maine Farmer, of Aug. 30th,
6. The following year, Bethune states (Canada Farmer, Sept. Ist, 1867, p. 269)
a few colonies were reported from Hastings County, Ontario, and says that
the first record for the insect in Canada, so far as known to him. He again
. Fitch Asa., 3rd, Rep. Ins. N.Y., pp. 64-66.
6. Fowler, Samuel, 4th Ann. Rep. Sec. Mass., Bd. Agr., pp. 438-451.
io.)
©
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
refers to it in the Canadian Entomologist, 1868, p. Se as “a common insect and
likely to become only too familiar to apple growers.” The same year, an account
of the insect was given in the American Entomologist, Nov., p. 59, by Walsh and
Riley, and they recorded it as “so numerous at Franklin, N.Y., that almost every
apple tree contains half a dozen nests.” In 1870, Hartwell (‘ Am. Ent. and
Bot.” 5, No. 2, p. 336) reported it as ‘ unprecedently numerous’ at Wilkinson-
ville, Mass., and Bethune’ recorded its great abundance in Ontario, that year
and the year following. In the Canadian Entomologist, Aug., 1871, Saunders
reférs to it as “a serious pest just now affecting the apple trees. It has found
its way into Ontario from the Eastern States within a few years past and is
rapidly spreading.” The following year, Bethune gave a popular account of it
in the same publication (* Can. Ent., 1872, p. 141-143) and stated that it was
extremely abundant and destructive throughout Ontario and the neighboring
northern and central States. Saunders’ refers to the destruction wrought by
the larve in 1875, but no further accounts of their ravages were published for
some time, so this was probably the end of the outbreak.
Seven years later, Riley (‘Am. Ent. and Bot., Vol. 3, pp. 22-23) published
an account of the widespread destruction of black ash by this species in New
York; and the following year, he notes (‘Am. Nat.” 15, pp. 747-748) the
beginning of an outbreak in Washington, D.C. Claypole* reported its presence
on walnuts in Pennsylvania in 1882, and Saunders’ (Ontario) in 1884, said
the caterpillars had been found in great abundance on all kinds of trees. In the
Canadian Entomologist, 1886, p. 23, Jack records their abundance in Quebec
during the past three or four years; and the following year Harrington says
(‘ Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 29) they were “very abundant and obnoxious
throughout Canada.” Riley also records the larve as exceptionally prevalent in
the Atlantic States in 1886, when they became such a nuisance in the City of
Washington that thousands of dollars were spent in their eradication. He later
records in ‘Bull. 10, U. S. Diy. of Ents’ that they were scarce the following
year, which indicates that the outbreak came to an end about 1887.
It was not long, however, until the insect was again on the increase, for
in 1890 it was recorded by Bethune’ as exceedingly abundant in all parts of
Ontario; and by Harvey® as very injurious in Cumberland County, Maine. ‘The
following year, Bethune (¢ Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont.,’ 1891, p. 14) said it was
even more abundant than ever in Ontario, and in Gurdon and Forest, 1891,
pp. 291-292, Robbins, in a popular account of the insect given under the title
“A Struggle with the Webworm,” refers to its extreme abundance in New York
State. In 1892, it was referred to several times by Bethune and Fletcher, as
one of the most serious pests of our orchard and shade trees and rapidly increasing
in numbers. The following year, Harrington’ reported it as very abundant in
Ontario and the Maritime Provinces and “as one of our most noticeable pests.”
Fernald (* Bull. 20, Mass. Agr. Exp. Stn.” 1893, pp. 10-12) stated that it was
very abundant throughout Massachusetts. Smith’ states that the imsect was
1870. Bethune, C. J. S., First Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 20.
71873. Saunders, Wm., Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 13.
*1883. Claypole, E. W., Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont.
51884. Saunders, Wm., Ann, Rep. Ent. Soe. Ont., p. 12.
‘1890. Bethune, C. J. S., Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p.
51890. Harvey, F. L., Ann. Rep. Me. Agr. Exp. Sta.
*1893. Harrington, W. H., Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 27.
71895. Smith, J. B., Ann. Rep. New Jersey, Exp. Stn., p. 386, 458-460.
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83
decidedly on the increase in New Jersey in 1895, the outbreak being the worst
in his experience. Howard also mentions it in the * Year Book of the U. S.
Dept. of Agr., 1895, pp. 361-384, and says that it did much damage in Washington,
D.C., in 1895. In 1896 it was still fairly abundant in some localities for Dearness
in the ‘Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont.,’ p. 24, says “I know of two localities where
every black ash, of which there were a great many trees, was completely defoliated.
Weed (‘ Bull. 59, N. H. Agr. Exp. Stn.” Nov., 1898) also recorded the cater-
pillars as “ extraordinarily abundant” in New Hampshire and as causing serious
injury. An infestation occurred in Maine in 1899, and probably in New York as
Well, since Felt gave an account of the insect that year in the Country Gentleman,
p. 593. .
The insect does not seem to have attracted attention again until 1903, which
marks the beginning of our latest outbreak. In the ‘Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont.,’
for that year, Fletcher records it as “noticeably on the increase of late.” Two
years later Lochhead' found it “unusually numerous” at Guelph although it
was apparently still quite rare in some parts of the Province (Ontario). In 1906,
Young* (Ottawa) says its conspicuous nests were noticed in many orchards and
also in the forest. In the ‘Annual Reports of the Entomological Society of
Ontario” for 1908 and 1909, its great abundance was noted by Gibson and
Lochhead, and in the 1910 Report, Gibson states (p. 13) “ During my residence
jn Ottawa since 1899 I have never seen so much injury by this well known pest
as was done this year. It has been abundant this year all through Eastern
Canada and the United States.” Gibson* again refers to it as being present in
“unusually injurious numbers” in 1912. The next year the infestation began
to decrease and in 1914 the insect practically disappeared. This last outbreak
was by far the most widespread and severe of any which have been recorded.
Central Region.
The first record of the presence of the Fall Webworm in the Central Region
js given by Walsh, in the Practical Entomologist, July, 1866, p. 101. In this,
he states that this insect was reported by Marion Hobart as found on apple and
other trees and more commonly on pignut-hickory in Illinois. The following
year, he says (Practical Entomologist, March, 1877, 2, p. 7%) that reports from
Illinois indicate many nests on wild cherry the previous autumn. In 1868 Walsh
and Riley (‘ Am. Ent.,’ 1868, Nov., p. 59) record them as having “covered the
* hickory trees with webs” at Madison, Wisconsin. Three years later, in his
‘Second Report vf the Insects of Illinois,’ p. 18, Walsh writes “The Fall web-
worm has heretofore not been regarded as holding more than a third rank in
the catalogue of noxious insects but they seem to be on the increase this season.”
The same year, Riley states in his ‘Third Report of the Insects of Missouri,
p. 130, that this insect was “ unprecedently numerous all over the country during
the summer and fall of 1870.” Kridelbaugh‘ reports its ravages in Iowa during
the same year.
The next available record of the insect was given by Osborn in the Iowa State
Leader, Oct. 14th, 1882. Four years later, its ravages were reported in this region
hy Weed in the Prairie Farmer, July 24th, 1886, p. 409, and in 1888 MacMillan®
1905. Lochhead, Wm., Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 137.
21906. Young, C. H., Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., p. 16. :
1912. Gibson Arthur, Ann. Rep. Ent. ‘Soc. Ont., p. 15.
41871. Kridelbaugh, S. H., Ann. Rep. Iowa State Hort. Soc., pp. 153-167.
1888. MacMillan, Conway, Bull. Agr. Exp. Stn., Neb., Feb. 1888, pp. 64-68 and 96-100.
84 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
—<——————l
records it as a common insect of Nebraska. Its great abundance in Missouri the
same year, was noted by Mary E. Murtfeldt in the ‘Ann. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont.
1892, pp. 58-59. Garman noted its “excessive ravages in Kentucky” in 1890,
but says that fifty per cent. of the larve were killed by a fungus disease, so this
was presumably nearing the end of the outbreak.
There was probably another outbreak between 1895 and 1898, but the following
references, seeming to indicate this outbreak, were not available to the writer.
H. E. Weed gave an account of the Fall Webworm in the Southern Cultivator,
Sept., 1895. Webster published some notes on several species of injurious
insects including the Fall Webworm in the Ohio Farmer, May 30th, 1895.
In the Kansas Farmer, June 20th, 1899, pp. 438-439, the Fall Webworm among
other insects, was treated by E. A.,Popenoe. The same account was also given
in the “ Transactions of the Horticultural Society of Kansas,” 1898.
In 1906 the insect was reported as very abundant in Ohio by Berger,’ and
two years later Smith of the Nebraska Division of Entomology (Cire. No. 5)
records its depredations on shade trees of towns and cities all over the State. Its
ravages were reported in the same year from Minnesota by Washburn (‘ Minn.
Agr. Exp. Stn. Bull.” 112, pp. 180-183). This is the latest outbreak recorded
from the Central Region, and although it seems to have been very severe but
little information concerning it is available.
Western Region.
Our information concerning this insect in the Western Region is very meagre.
The first record of its presence is given by Bethune in the ‘Ann. Rep. of the
Ent. Soc. Ont.,’ 1887, p. 58. Here he states that “last autumn (1886) Professor
Saunders observed it defoliating trees in British Columbia.” The next reference
found is in the ‘Fourth Ann. Rep. of the Hort. Soc. of B.C.,? where it is
referred to as “very destructive” around Chilliwack in 1893. It is also referred
to in the ‘ Fifth Report’ of the above society, and the following year Piper stated
(‘ Bull. 17, Wash. Agr. Exp. Stn.’) that it was common all over the State of
Washington.
In the ‘Report of the Experimental Farms, 1903, Fletcher states that
“The webs of this Arctiid were very conspicuous in British Columbia” that
season, which would indicate another outbreak of the insect at about that time.
The next reference to it is by Brittain in 1912 (‘ Proc. B. C. Ent. Soe.,’ p. 15)
when he noted the “ abundance of the webs on apple and wild shrubs” in British
Columbia. This was no doubt the beginning of the present outbreak which
attracted so much attention last year.
Mr. Wixy: Is any record being kept of any particular locality, such as
Fredericton, without going so many miles away for a record? Are you attempting
to keep any record of your own individual locality of either of these insects.
Mr. Barrp: Yes, we have a fairly complete record of the different localities
in New Brunswick.
Mr. Wixn: About five years ago I wanted to get the eggs of the Forest Tent
Caterpillar to send to a friend in Yorkshire, England, and I could not get the
eggs for love nor money. Prof. Swaine, however, very kindly procured some eggs
for me; these were from Noya Scotia and were extraordinarily abundant. It
shows that in certain localities there is a great abundance while there are none
11406. Berger, E. W. Bull. U.S. Bur. of Ent., No. 60, pp. 41-51.
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85
in other parts. During this past year you may say both the American and the
Forest Tent Caterpillars have become extinct on Montreal Island, while at St.
Hilaire, Que., only 22 miles east, on the 24th of May this year there were
thousands of caterpillars in a space as large as this room; I should think without
exaggeration there were 500 americana webs there. A fungus disease killed off
both insects apparently and not only killed off the Tent Caterpillar, but a very
large number of other caterpillars as well. We don’t know when they are
coming back, and if any record could be kept of the number of years between
certain outbreaks we might know when the next infestation or migration or
whatever it may have been is likely to occur so that we could prepare for them.
Fruitgrowers would no doubt like to know ahead of time so that they could
head them off.
Dr. Huwirr: In reference to your enquiry as to whether any definite record
is being kept, this is work of which Mr. Tothill has charge primarily. He has
charge of the investigations on the natural control measures of three of our
most common deciduous pests, viz.: Forest Tent Caterpillar, Fall Webworm and
Spruce Budworm. Our idea in carrying on these inyestigations—which have
already covered a period of four years—is to study all those factors which go
to control these pests. For that purpose we have established in the Province
of New Brunswick nine different points at which observations havé been made
every year at least for the last three years and in some cases for four years, so
that we have exact records of what has taken place in regard to abundance,
parasites and other means of natural control. In addition to that we are now
uudertaking investigations to cover the whole of Canada so far as we can. Next
year Mr. Vothill will probably he in the West making observations on the
occurrence and, so far as he can, the natural means of control of some of these
insects, particularly the Fall Webworm and the Western Forest Tent Caterpillar
in the Prairie Provinces and in British Columbia, our idea being to secure as
thorough a knowledge as we can of the factors which go to control these insects
under natural conditions. We have been rather prone to attribute everything to
insect parasites; that has been in some cases an assumption not based on sufficient
evidence and already yery interesting results have come out, but of course, as I
haye said, we are undertaking to carry on these investigations for a number of
years.
I haye not had time to discuss this paper with Mr. Baird yet but there is
one point which seems to me of interest and importance. You will notice from
his charts that there is a certain amount of regularity in regard to the outbreaks
in what I would call the historical period which goes back to about the middle
of last century but if we call the period before that the pre-historic period so
far as exact observations by entomologists are concerned I think we can explain
the nature of the evidence of that period. JI feel rather inclined to attribute
the apparent local restriction of the ravages as Mr. Baird has termed them in his
charts of the Fall Webworm and the Forest Tent Caterpillar not so much to the
fact that they were actually local but to the fact that the observations did not
extend over a large area. Consequently the records of abundance were confined
to certain localities.
Pror. LocHurap: These charts are very interesting to me and I think the
study is very timely. The charts reveal a great deal, it seems to me. There
is one thing that stands out and which impresses me very ‘much, a point
which applies to the Forest Tent Caterpillar as well as the Fall Webworm. It
86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
seems that the chief factor in the limitation of these pests is that the parasites are
apparently everywhere at the same time and that the outbreaks occur in the same
years almost throughout the three different regions. It looked that way to me
when looking at those charts just now.
Dr. Hewrrr: I do not think they quite coincide, e.g., the 1870 and 1880
outbreaks.
Pror. LocHHEAD: Outbreaks are coincident, and the parasites must have
developed in the different regions at the same time and in greatly increasing
numbers. That would seem to eliminate any method of control—for example, the
distribution of parasites that would tend to prevent the outbreaks. In the
Northern Forest Districts between those of the Central or Western at different
times it might be possible, if we had better resources at our hand, to carry
parasites from one district to the other.
Dr. BeTHUNE: I might mention one instance of very exceptional natural
control in connection with the American Tent Caterpillar. It was about 25 years
ago when at Port Hope we had a steadily increasing abundance of these insects
from year to year; they were extremely numerous. In this particular spring the
caterpillars had emerged from their cocoons when the apple buds were just opening
and we had a very severe frost that killed them all; we saw no more of those
tent caterpillars for three or four years. Of course that would be a very excep-
tional case.
Mr. Harrineton: In reference to the tent caterpillar I may say that the
first time I was in British Columbia, that is about 1888, there was a serious
infestation then in the district around Victoria. Parasites were lessening the
ravages. That would correspond apparently with the first outbreak that
is on that chart of the Western Region in 1888. The infestation was
very heavy. With regard to more recent infestations which we have had in
this eastern section of the country, of course three or four years ago the ravages
were very serious in certain districts of Quebec Province. Some species of trees,
poplars, etc., were almost totally defoliated for two or three years and the cater-
pillars were so numerous as to stop the trains. I ‘know this is a fact, because
I was on a train which was stopped by caterpillars on the track. That infestation
has been checked now, and I think principally by the tachina flies as the infesta-
tion reached its maximum. There is no doubt, I think, that the caterpillars were
almost entirely wiped out by these tachinids although last year there were, of
course. webs to be seen im the same district. They build almost entirely on the
wild cherries wnich are the natural habitat of the caterpillar under ordinary con-
ditions. They seldom spread to other trees until the infestation increases towards
the maximum, and that appears to be about every ten years, as far as my recollection
goes, of the occurrences which I have seen in thirty or forty years. Sometimes, of
course, caterpillars are subject to a fungus disease but the reduction of the numbers
I think is chiefly due to our good friends, the tachinids.
Pror, Carsar: I wonder if Mr. Harrington has reared those tachinids.
Mr. Harrineton: I did a good many years ago.
Pror, Carsar: The reason I ask is because I collected quite a number of
Forest Tent Caterpillar cocoons and reared the parasites from them, and they
were all Sarcophaga aldrichia, a new species described two years ago. I do not
mean that those Mr. Harrington saw were not tachinids, but all I reared were
sarcophagids.
Mr. Greson: We collected a large number of the cocoons and I remember
distinctly sending a lot to Mr. Tothill who failed to report on them.
‘—s '7
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87
Mr. Barrp: I do not think anything was ever reared from those; they were
in poor condition when they arrived as they were a long time in reaching the
laboratory.
Pror. CarsaR: I merely mention this matter because it is possible we are
not doing justice to the sarcophagid flies.
Dr. Hewirr: I think Mr. Tothill has raised both tachinids and sarcophagids.
FRIDAY AFTERNOON.
Mr. Wrxn: The programme is a very lengthy one and this year I think it
would again be advisable to dispense with the Presidential address. As practically
all matters connected with our season’s work have been covered by our various
reports the address would be either largely repetition or else be merely a paper
and I have already read one. Before the programme was completed and found
to require all the available time, I thought of two subjects that might be of
interest. One was to show a series of slides that I had begun preparing with
Mr. H. M. Simms of our Montreal Branch, calling attention to the very curious
microscopic objects known in Europe as “ battledore” scales or “ bladder-scales ”
of the Blue butterflies. These are found on the wings of the males only and are
much smaller than the regular wing scales and apparently each species has its
own characteristic size, shape and pattern of “ batiledore.” We have not succeeded
in obtaining specimens of quite all the North American so-called species, but
with the kind assistance promised it is hoped that by the time Mr. Simms returns
from “somewhere in France” we may have an almost complete series to show.
The other idea that occurred to me was in connection with the Society having
spread from a centre which was originally Toronto, then London, now Guelph,
always in Ontario, to a national Society extending from the Atlantic to the
Pacific. We have branches in Nova Scotia (represented by Prof. Brittain) the
Montreal Branch, Toronto Branch and the parent Society in Guelph, individual
members scattered through all the Provinces and a very flourishing Branch in
British Columbia. I thought the annual address might take the form of a com-
posite article by all the different branches regarding the insect collections of
the Dominion of Canada. I have spoken to Dr. Walker and he thinks this can
be arranged by a series of articles published in the Canadian Entomologist as
part of the popular series now being printed. It would be impossible to read such
a report at a meeting like this; I leave it for your consideration, and if found
feasible, your co-operation.
CAMP HYGIENE.
Capt. G. J. Spencer, 0.A.C., GUELPH.
The main object of military hygiene is to keep men healthy, or else they cannot
march. In camp certain factors control this, such as food, work, exercise and the
condition of the body. As far as food is concerned, a Canadian soldier is fed more
generously than one of any other nationality, as he is allowed five pounds of food
_aday. Beef constitutes the invariable meat ration, because it can be more easily
obtained, is cheaper, and is more preferable to the men; potatoes, peas, beans,
88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 i
carrots and cabbages, are the standard vegetables; coffee and tea are supplied at
breakfast and supper. Meals are drawn up a week ahead on a diet sheet, and.it lies
with the Quartermaster of each battalion to vary this, and to make the meals as
appetizing as possible. The men are generally allowed to have as much as they
can eat. Extras of food such as pie, cookies and fruit in season, are supplied when
canteen funds permit.
I need not say anything about work. Exercise is supplied by a carefully
arranged syllabus of physical training and bayonet-fighting, on a system calculated
to stretch all the muscles of the body, and to produce speed and quickness, rather
than over-developed, hard muscles. No apparatus is employed. The bayouet-
fighting is a combination of the British and French systems, and was made up to
meet the exigencies of trench warfare. Men are taught to kill their opponent, or
to put him out of action in any way possible without any “ gentlemanliness” or
rules of fair fighting. Boxing, which is much akin to bayonet work, and games of
skill, are always taught and encouraged.
To insure immunity against typhoid and smallpox, every officer and man is
inoculated and vaccinated.
Life in a training camp, as far as it concerned Camp Borden, was intended to ~
fit for the front, as far as could be done in this country, men who were already
hardened to military life, and had already received their preliminary training. The
general health of the camp was excellent. The problem of sanitation was reduced
to a minimum on account of an extensive and excellent system of plumbing, which
provided almost hotel cenveniences. Strict rules were made against throwing rub-
bish around or committing a nuisance anywhere in the camp area, and because
the wash houses were at one end of every battalion area, tubs were placed in each
company line for the convenience of the men at night. These were removed the first
thing in the morning. The men slept in bell tents, 8 to 10 men in a tent, and the
notorious Camp Borden sand was soft to lie on, until wooden tent floors were
brought from Niagara Camp for some of the battalions.
What with the open air life, the work and exercise, the freedom from city
evils and an abundant supply of the purest water for drinking and shower baths, —
the health of the men was excellent, and their physical condition greatly improved
through the summer.
As far as Entomology is concerned, I know of only three cases of lice in our
battalion all the summer, one of head and two of body lice. The treatment was
one of prevention, but where a case of infestation occurred, the subject was at
once taken to medical headquarters and given a prolonged hot bath, while his
clothes, blankets and kit, and that of all the other men in his tent, were passed
through carbolized steam under pressure for half an hour, and were ready for him
after the bath. This treatment worked admirably, and no second application was
necessary. The carbolized steam installation was used to sterilize the blankets of
the camp, and could treat those of a battalion, 7.e., about 4,000, in a day. This
was done once a month, for each battalion. A system of the same kind is being
installed at the headquarters of each military district and it is proposed to periodi-
cally treat the blankets of the battalions in winter quarters. = = 7
House flies were 2 nuisance and increased rapidly throughout the summer.
The five cook-houses of each battalion were wire screened and provided with spring
wire doors, but flies were troublesome in the men’s tents. With regard to our
brigade, I could not account for the pest of flies, because the most stringent rules —
were enforced about garbage and refuse of all kinds. Special bins were provided for
all waste matter and horse manure, and were emptied daily by a Government con-
OE Ee ne a ee
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89
ya ae
‘
and later in the summer, sheet iron incinerators were provided, that burnt all
_ garbage, waste paper, horse manure and camp sweepings. And still the flies
increased! If all the brigade areas were as weli kept as was our own, I am at a loss
_ to explain the pest of house flies, as I could not discover any breeding places. In
the Quartermaster’s stores, the Canteen, the Hospital and some of the office tents,
the men used Jeyes’ fluid, which was issued from the stores, in the proportion of
one half to one pint per pail of water, for spraying around on tent walls and furni-
ture. This was fairly effective as a preventive, and I showed some of the orderlies
how to make nets from wire and cheese cloth, which they used all the rest of the
summer, taking keen interest in fly hunts for competition.
| One other point of Entomological interest occurred this summer. A private
in my company, formerly a High School student and a boy of clean habits, was
admitted to the Base Hospital in Toronto for an abdominal operation. When he got
to Toronto he suffered with slight earache, and two days after admittance this in-
creased to intense pain, and he found newly hatched maggots crawling in his ear.
He promptly reported it to the doctor, who ordered irrigations of boracic acid,
followed by alcohol and bichloride, 1 to 8,000. After three days of this treatment,
all trouble ceased. To my disappointment, I found that neither patient nor doctor
had preserved any of the maggots, and they were not identified.
In conclusion, hygiene on the march is much as I have outlined it for camp.
Meals cook in travelling field-kitchens as the wagons follow the column. The
water supply is inspected by the Medical Officer, who rides on ahead with a Field
Officer, to select a site for the camp. As soon as a force halts, temporary latrines
are dug as far away from the kitchens as possible, and after use are covered in and
marked with the letter “1” in stones or sods, as a warning for troops following
on behind.
| tractor, who carted it away. T'atigue parties picked up all rubbish twice daily,
4
!
;
)
4
yee EE CERES OE A A Se A
;
THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS IN APPLE MAGGOT CONTROL.
Pror. W. H. BRITTAIN, Tauro, N. S.
The work of our department with the apple maggot began in 1913, when
an inspector, sent to investigate a report of this pest near Digby, uncovered a
severe infestation in that locality. One of the worst infested orchards was selected
for experimental purposes the next season.
The work for the next two seasons was conducted by my assistant, Mr. C. A.
Good, who has given a full account of his work in the Report of the N. S.
Entomological Society for 1915.
t In the first year of our work, the mistake was made of spraying only a portion
_ of the orchard, leaving the rest as a check on our work. There was, it is true, a
ped advantage of the sprayed over the unsprayed portion, the former showing
an infestation of 12 per cent. in the fruit of all varieties, and the latter of 44.7
& per cent. We also sprayed isolated trees in infested orchards, getting no reduction
im injury, one such tree showing an infestation of 99 per cent. From this it was
~ evident to us that it was useless to spray only a portion of the orchard, on account
_ of re-infestation of sprayed trees from neighboring unsprayed ones.
f In the meantime our inspectors had uncovered another severe outbreak of
this pest in the neighborhood of Windsor. Both the Digby and Windsor districts,
ne situated on the west, the other on the east of the main fruit belt, afford
TT th Ee
90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
exceptional facilities for spraying work with this pest. The orchards are small and
isolated, and a number of them suffer from very severe outbreaks of the maggot.
This gave us an opportunity of thoroughly testing the use of the sweetened poison
in this locality, since it was an easy matter for us to secure suitable orchards for
spraying, and take neighboring ones for use as check orchards. Five orchards
were accordingly selected in each district, three being treated twice with arsenate
of lead and molasses, and two left as checks. In checking up the results of our work
we counted, as nearly as possible, all the fruit from the experimental trees, a total
of 260,000 in 1915. :
The results of this work having already been published, it is unnecessary for
me to refer to them in detail, except to say that they were a striking success, though
the season was a very wet one. Orchards in which the fruit of susceptible varieties
had been a total loss for a number of years past, gave us fruit that was 95 per ~
cent. free from infection.
A number of experiments were conducted during the season with flies confined
in cages over apple seedlings, which were sprayed with various poisons, both with
and without molasses. The results showed the interesting fact that, under these con-
ditions molasses was of no particular benefit. Though these conditions were not by
any means normal for the flies, this experiment suggested the possibility that the
molasses might be eliminated without lowering the efficiency of the spray.
Next season additional orchards were chosen, making altogéther three sprayed
and two check orchards at Windsor, and six sprayed and two unsprayed at Digby.
Three arsenicals, viz: lead arsenate, calcium arsenate and barium arsenate, were
used, both with and without molasses. Briefly summarized the results were, that all
these sprays effectively controlled the maggot, and that there was no noticeable
advantage in those containing the molasses.
This fact that we have thus demonstrated experimentally is substantiated by
much indirect evidence. The most significant fact brought out by our inspection
is that both the badly infested districts are outside the main fruit belt, where
spraying has never been practised. As soon as we get into the well sprayed parts
of Kings and Annapolis, the pest begins to disappear. In spite of this, we have
been able to find the pest in the haws at various points throughout the Annapolis
Valley. In one such locality I have been informed that years ago there were severe
infestations of this pest in the orchards of the district, but that with the advent
of arsenical sprays it gradually disappeared. A very careful search also revealed
the presence of the insect in apples at widely separated points. Inquiry here also
elicited the information that formerly the pest was much worse in such loealities,
but finally died out as spraying became general.
There can thus be little doubt from the evidence on hand, that sprays of —
arsenicals alone will control the apple maggot, and that the arsenical residues from
the sprays ordinarily applied in the orchard are usually sufficient to keep it in
check.
Pror. Carsar: J have listened with a great deal of interest and pleasure to Prof.
Brittain’s paper, especially as his results corroborate so fully those secured by Mr. —
Ross and myself during the last four years. Our first tests with sweetened arsenate
of lead as a means of control for the insect were on undivided trees or groups of
trees in an orchard instead of on the whole orchard, because at that time we believed,
along with most other entomologists, that this insect did not fly much from one
tree to another, but remained close to the same tree through its life. Our results
showed that if this were true, spraying with sweetened arsenate of lead was quite
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91
_ unsatisfactory as a control measure. Fortunately that same year I was studying
3
the very closely related two species of Cherry Fruit-flies, and found in the course
of my work proof that these moved around freely from tree to tree, though we
_ should not have suspected it to watch them. This discovery along with the excellent
results obtained against the Cherry Fruit-flies by the use of arsenate of lead and
molasses, !ed us to hope that by spraying a whole orchard at a time, or at least very
large blocks of trees, the same good results from the poison on the Apple Maggot
- might be obtained as had been so easily obtained against the Cherry Fruit-flies.
Acting on this hope we conducted a series of spraying experiments with sweetened
arsenate of lead in 1914, 1915 and 1916, and as a result of these experiments both
of us were thoroughly convinced that arsenate of lead and molasses was a simple
and satisfactory means of control. We did not try, except in cage experiments,
arsenate of lead, or any other poison alone, simply because we found it difficult to —
discover a sufficient number of orchards in which to make satisfactory and separate
tests of more than the cne remedy. We plan next year to make such tests, and
also some others that we have been working on this year in a small way in cages,
and that seem to promise well.
As to the length of time it takes arsenate of lead to kill the adult, I cannot
_ recall the results Messrs. Ross and Good obtained, but this year I conducted a series
of cage experiments begun shortly after the flies began to emerge, and continued
until they disappeared from the orchard. These showed that flies caught in the
orchard without injuring them and put into cages with poisoned and unpoisoned
leaves and fruit in the same cage and watered daily, died on an average in less than
three days, whereas the check flies lived a much longer time. Moreover, there is
good reason to believe that even though an orchard is not sprayed until a number of
flies are ready to lay eggs, the poison acts in such a way as to stop egg laying almost
at once after it is eaten by the fly, even though she herself may live a few days
longer before death ensues.
As to the sweetened poison attracting flies from some distance, I have never
been able to see the least proof that this was true either of the Cherry Fruit-flies
or of the Apple Maggot. They merely eat it if it happens to be on the leaf or fruit
where they are feeding; they do not go in search of it.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE CONTROL OF LOCUSTS WITH COCCO-
BACILLUS ACRIDIORUM D’HERELLE.
EB. Metyittr DuPorve anp J. VANDERLECK, MAcpoNALD COLLEGE, QUE.
Since 1910, when d’Herelle isolated from diseased Jocusts in Mexico a bacterial
organism causing an epidemic disease in these insects, efforts have been made in
various parts of the world to utilize this organism in the destruction of locusts.
D’Herelle himself in the year following his investigations in Mexico, conducted
experiments in the Province of Santa Fé in Argentina, and reported remarkable
success.
Sergent and l’Heritier, working in Algeria in 1913, did not have an unquali-
fied success in their attempts to disseminate this disease, for while they were able
to collect dead locusts by hundreds in the areas which they had infected, they found
that the size of the swarms was not appreciably diminished. They attributed their
failure to three contingencies. Either the infection did not spread through the
_ majority of the migrating swarms, or many of the locusts possessed a natural im-
_ munity, or else they easily acquired an active immunity against the organism.
92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
As a result of his work in South Africa Lounsbury, in 1913, came to the con-
clusion that in this country the method of d’Herelle can be used only as a supple-
mentary measure, and that only under certain conditions. It cannot be used as a
substitute for arsenical poisoning.
Further work in Algeria, in Tunisia and in Morocco, has demonstrated that
this method can bring about a considerable reduction in the size of the swarms
of the migratory locusts which invade these countries. In each case it was found
possible to create an epizootic centre by placing a few diseased locusts among the
healthy ones.
In the summer of this year (1916) at the request of Dr. Hewitt, the Dominion
Entomologist, we conducted experiments at Macdonald College, to determine
whether d’Herelle’s infection method could be effectively used in combating the
locusts of Eastern Canada. P
Increasing the Virulence of the Organism. Y’Herelle found that when kept
for some time in artificial culture the organism gradually loses its virulence, but
that the virulence could be progressively increased by passing the organism succes-
sively through a series of locusts. The culture sent us by Dr. Hewitt was obtained
by him from d’Herelle, and was consequently quite old when our work was com-
menced. In order to obtain an active culture, and to have this on hand for daily
use, we inoculated several locusts each day with a suspension of the intestinal con-
tents of one of the locusts dead from the previous day’s inoculation.
The first lot of nymphs was inoculated directly with d’Herelle’s pure culture.
At the end of twenty-four hours thirty-three per cent. were dead, and at the end of
forty-eight hours fifty per cent. In five days all of the inoculated locusts had
succumbed to the disease. Plates poured from the intestines of the dead locusts
gave a pure culture of Coccobacillus acridiorum. One of the locusts which had died
during the first twenty-four hours was carefully opened with sterilized instruments
and a suspension of a portion of its intestinal contents made in sterilized water.
This suspension was used to inoculate the second lot of locusts. This second lot
died slowly, only 83 per cent. having perished at the end of five days. The third
and fourth lots showed an increase in the virulence of the organism, but in each
case there were three insects surviving after twenty-three days. Of the sixth lot
sixty per cent. were dead at the end of twenty-one hours and the remaining forty
per cent. at the end of thirty-four hours. Sixty-four per cent. of the seventh lot
died in twenty-two hours, and the remainder were all dead within thirty hours from
the time of inoculation. After this the virulence of the organism progressively
increased ; no locusts survived, the deaths occurring in four to twelve hours. Thus
our experience in increasing the virulence of the organism coincides with that of
other workers.
Insects Affected by the Disease. The pathogenicity of the organism was tested
for all species of locusts and grasshoppers commonly occurring in this region. These
were Melanoplus femur-rubrum, M. bivittatus, M. atlanis, Dissosteira carolina,
Camnula pellucida, Slenobothrus curtipennis and Xiphidium sp. The coceco-
bacillus proved to be pathogenic to all these species. It gave us considerable satis-
faction to observe that the animal parasites were apparently not affected by the
disease. Innumerable individuals of Gordius emerged alive from inoculated locusts,
and we were able also to rear several adult Sarcophagids from these diseased.
insects. , :
An Indigenous Organism. On August 16th, before any experiments were
started outdoors, a dying biviltatus was found about a quarter of a mile away
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93
ecm the laboratory. The intestines were decayed into a black mass resembling that
of insects killed by C. acridiorum, but not quite-so slimy. Agar plates were “made
from the contents of the intestines and a practically pure culture of a bacillus
closely resembling that under study was obtained. Twenty locusts were inoculated
with this organism, and all but one died within forty-eight hours. From these
dead locusts a series of successive inoculations was made to determine whether the
organism would increase in virulence similarly to C. acridiorum. We found that
this was the case; the later ones in the series dying very much sooner than the
earlier ones.
A very large number of other locusts, healthy, sickly or dead were collected
on Montreal Island, and other islands in the Ottawa as well as on the mainland
along the north shore of the Ottawa. In almost every case this organism was found
4 in the intestines. We are at present making a study of it to determine whether it
belongs to the same group as Coccobacillus acridiorum.
-EXPERIMENTS IN THE LABORATORY.
In order to become acquainted with the nature of the disease before working
with it in the field, we conducted numerous experiments in the laboratory, the
results of which are here briefly summarized.
Several locusts were sprayed with a suspension of the coccobacillus, and put
into a sterilized cage. At the end of eight days fifty per cent. of these were dead.
The others remained alive for several days after when their death could not with
certainty be attributed to the organism, because several of the dead !ocusts were
_ parasitized, and it was often difficult to tell whether death was due to the disease or
to animal parasites: it must therefore be borne in mind that an appreciable pro-
" portion of the deaths recorded in this and cther experiments was probably due to
_ parasites.
Experiments were tried to determine whether the disease would spread rapidly
from dead or diseased locusts to healthy ones. To this end a number of healthy
insects were placed in cages with dead ones, The species used was largely
M. femur-rubrum with a few individuals of other species. A very low mortality was
‘obtained. It was observed, however, that occasionally a bivittatus would feed on
‘the dead insects, and in order to determine the effect of this habit on the spread
of infection M. bivittatus and M. femur-rubrum were placed in equal numbers in
a cage with fragments of dead locusts. At the end of eight days eighty per cent.
of bivittatus were dead, and only twenty per cent. femur-rubrum. In this con-
nection it may be stated that in the cases in which investigators have obtained
‘successful results in the artificial dissemination of Coccobacillus acridiorum the
locusts experimented upon showed marked cannibalistic tendencies, the healthy
ones devouring the sick and dead.
_ Placing healthy locusts in unsterilized cages in which diseased locusts had been
confined and had died but a few hours previously caused no disease or death.
A number of locusts were fed with a bran mash to which a suspension of
@. acridiorum had been added. At the end of seven days fifty per cent. were dead,
four days later the mortality had reached seventy- five per cent. The remainder
re remoyed to a clean cage, and eight days after their removal were all dead.
lt is thus evident that ingestion of he: organism will produce disease and death.
94 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36_
FIELD EXPERIMENTS,
An attempt was made to establish an epizootic centre in a field of clover badly
infested with M. femur-rubrum, and to a lesser extent with most of the other —
species used in the laboratory. A small area of this field was treated with bran —
mash, to which a culture of the organism had been added. The field was examined
carefully for several days, but no evidence of the establishment of an epidemic
among the locusts could be obtained. A large number of locusts was collected
from the infected area and placed in cages in the laboratory, but the disease failed
to develop among them. The experiment was repeated on a badly infested lawn
with a similar result.
In order to check results more definitely outdoors, a small area of a lawn was
enclosed with a wire screen, and a large number of locusts included. First of all
the enclosed area was sprayed with a bouillon culture of the coceobacillus. At the
end of a week there were no deaths. The failure of this experiment may have been
partially due to the death of the organism, as a result of its exposure to bright
sunlight.
The wire cage was next moved to a new locality and bran mash sprinkled on
the grass. From this a high mortality was obtained.
Twenty locusts inoculated with a virulent culture of the organism were next
introduced among the healthy locusts in a new enclosed area. The cage was
examined every day, and at the end of the fifth day there were only thirty-nine
dead, including the twenty inoculated individuals. The experiment was continued
for several days, but no further deaths were observed. ;
CONCLUSION.
The foregoing investigations point to the conclusion that the infection method
of d’Herelle for the control of locusts is not practicable in Eastern Canada, because
of the probable immunising effect of a native bacillus, and also because the principal
means of the natural dissemination of the organism seems to be the eating of the
dead or diseased locusts by the healthy ones, a cannibalistic tendency which exists
only in a very slight degree in our native species.
There may, however, be conditions under which this method may prove
effective, so that we hesitate to say definitely after only one year’s work, that it
can have no place in control methods in Eastern Canada.
Dr. Hewirr: Perhaps if I were to explain the genesis of this work it might
facilitate discussion afterwards. I have been in correspondence with Dr. d’Herelle
for some years, and in 1913 obtained specimens of his culture from him, and had
one of our officers, Mr. Petch, work with it that year, and the two foilowing years,
and we found that C. acridiorum was pathogenic to our native species, especially
the species which are most abundant. In 1914, we carried out our first field experi-
ments in control, but the climatic conditions were such that we did not feel justified
in placing any definite conclusions. In 1915 the conditions were more favorable,
and we used the bouillon exactly as d’Herelle had instructed in his letters to me, as
well as in his papers, but we were unable in that year with every condition favor-
able to find that it could be used in Eastern Canada at least in the Province of
Quebec, where these experiments were tried. 1
As I knew that the authors of the paper just read were studying the micro-
organisms affecting insects, 1 took the matter up with Dr. Harrison, and suggested
that they carry on these experiments with C. acridiorwm still further, because
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95
realized that the combination effects of a bacteriologist and entomologist were re-
quired. As I had no bacteriologist on our staff, I thought this a favorable oppor-
tunity, and I am very pleased to find that the conclusions of one season’s work
confirm the conclusions that we had come to as a result of our experiments.
I think the suggestions they make in regard to the reasons for the lack ot
success, viz: that in the first place we may have comparative immunity among
some of our species of grasshoppers owing to the presence of a specific Coccobacillus
of our own, and secondly the absence of any cannibalistic habit are the most pro-
bable. To get the cannibalistic habit in the pronounced degree that you would
Tequire to obtain success in your experiments you would have to have enormous
number of locusts. I think the two reasons advanced will probably prove
to be the cause of the inability to use this Coccobacillus in Canada, and it certainly
cannot be recommended at the present time.
SOME FEATURES OF INTEREST IN CONNECTION WITH OUR
STUDIES OF FOREST AND SHADE TREE INSECTS.
J. M. Swatne, EnTomotocicaL BrancH, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA.
This season, as usual, British Columbia furnished many interesting forest
insect problems, though but two are mentioned here. The work with the Western
Cedar Borer, a species of T'’rachyiele, has afforded us valuable information upon
the life history and habits of the beetle, and especially upon the districts at present
affected, and the types of ‘trees most subject to attack. There is apparently little
hope of obtaining an effective conirol for an insect that breeds freely in the heart-
wood of living forest trees, but we expect to materially assist the lumbermen in
avoiding loss from its work. It is interesting that while the borers do occur in
apparently normal healthy cedars their work is usually found in dead top cedars
upon the ridges. It is evident that burning the slash from infested trees, before
the early spring, will materially reduce the numbers of beetles in the limit, and that
the infested timber should be utilized, so far as practicable, for such purposes as
it is still suitable.
The bark beetle outhreaks in the yellow pine and black pine of Southern British
Columbia have been spreading rapidly until the present season. In some of the
_ valleys, where three years ago the outbreak was evidenced by clumps of red-tops
_ here and there, numbering each from five to about fifty trees, the injury is reported
s
now as beyond any reasonable hope of control. However, an interesting condition
_ has apparently arisen in at least the western portion of the infested area, where
our reports would indicate that some influence other than parasites has succeeded
in at least temporarily checking the spread of the beetle. Mr. Chrystal examined
the infested valleys of the Nicola region, and is satisfied that there has been little
_ extension of the infestation this summer. The cause of this check is not yet apparent,
but it is worth noting in this connection that the summer and winter of 1915
_ afforded most unusual weather conditions in the area concerned. The summer of
1915 had an extremely heavy rainfall over this normally dry country, and the
following winter will be long remembered throughout Southern British Columbia
for its extreme cold. In the spring of 1916, wide definite belts of timber well up
_ on the mountain sides were turning yellow and were apparently killed, in the Nicola
country, as well as at other places, such as Field, B.C. The explanation appears
a
96 - ‘THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
to be that the unusually wet weather had resulted in excessive tree growth for the
season with much unripened wood at the time winter set in. This could be expected
to obtain to a fairly definite altitude well up the mountain sides. The excessive
cold acting upon this unripened wood could be expected to cause considerable
injury as far down the mountain sides as a sufficiently low temperature obtained.
Much of this timber that appeared seriously injured or killed has in large part
recovered. It is possible that a combination of weather conditions that has so
seriously affected the timber, may have been affective in checking the development
of the Dendroctonus beetles. Next summer’s work in this region should afford
much interesting information.
Tue Wittow Lear BEETLE (Galerucella decora) ON THE PRAIRIES.
The Canadian Prairie Provinces were visited this summer by most ene
ordinary flights of the Willow Leaf Beetle, Galerucella decora. The beetles were
very numerous and injurious from Alberta to Southern Manitoba, and in many
localities they appeared in immense flights, defoliating the shade trees with extra-
ordinary rapidity, and attacking a variety of foliage. Under normal conditions this
species breeds chiefly upon the willows, but feeds also upon poplars, and can be
effectively controlled by poison sprays. When the great flights occur, however,
unusual control measures must be employed, and without loss of. a moment’s time.
lf the facilities for the spraying are ready for immediate use, applications of strong
kerosene emulsion to the beetles swarming upon the trees will prevent serious
defoliation, and some of our correspondents were able to save their most yaluable
trees by smudges made of horse manure and litter, and kept burning until the flight
of the beetles was over.
PINE AND Sprucr Borers.
Throughout the history of lumbering in Eastern Canada, there has been, each
season, more or less serious loss from boring grubs in pine and spruce logs left
in the woods unprotected over one or two summers. Special studies of these injuries
and of the most practical methods of averting them under varying conditions,
recently undertaken, have supported the recommendations that we have been
making to our correspondents. Without going into the details of the experiments
the results may be briefly given. The injury to white and red pine logs in our
forests is caused by grubs of Monohammus notatus and M. scutellatus, the injury
to spruce logs largely by I. scutellatus. M. marmorator has been bred by me only
from balsam fir, and this species is in any case too rare in most localities to be of
economic importance.
FiLoatine THE Logs. Logs of pine and spruce which must be left in the limits
over a season should, if possible, be placed in water as soon as the ice is gone. If
the logs are placed in a loose boom so that there is considerable drift, and therefore
the top side of the logs is frequently wet there is rarely any serious injury, but
an additional safeguard is employed in turning the logs about one month after
they have been floated. I have not known logs handled in this way to be seriously
injured by borers. If, as rarely occurs, the logs must be made into a close boom,
so that there is little or no wave play over the top side of the logs, the turning ©
should not be omitted, and particular attention should be paid to any so-called
“vellow pine ” sticks, since these float particularly hich out of the water.
Piaioi7 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97
~ Barkrne tHe Loes. If the cut, or any part of it, must be left over summer
in the woods, such logs can be completely protected by barking them before the
middle of July. The beetles. will not lay their eggs upon bare wood, and the
young grubs feed for nearl¥ @:month on the inner bark and sap-wood before
boring in below the wood-surface. .-. -
Coverine Locs Wirn Brtsi. If barking the logs is considered too expensive,
or must he discarded for lack of labor, we believe that the logs can be quite as
completely protected by covering them: densely with brush ene the men leave the
woods, or at least before June 1st. The logs should, of course, be piled on skidways, |
and should receive a very thick and complete covering of green spruce, pine or
balsam boughs. The spruce brush makes the densest shade, and should, therefore,
be used when it is easily available. The beetles love the sunlight, and will not enter
the dense shade to deposit their eggs in the bark.
Other methods employed in our tests, and recommended by certain lumber- ,
_ mien; gave a varying amount of protection, but none of them for either cheapness
of operation or effectiveness in protection could be compared favorably with covering»
with brush. For instance, crib-piling the logs in the open does not in our experience ,
protect effectively the under side of large pine logs, since the under side is only:
moderately shaded and not effectively dried; spruce logs are, apparently, fairly well
protected by crib-piling, probably because the bark is thinner and dries more
rapidly.
Tue ImporTeD ALDER LEAF-MINER, Kaliosyphinga dohrnit.
This interesting species has been recorded in American literature several times,
apparently under different names. Professor Slingerland’s specimens, bred from
_ European alder at Ithaca, N. Y., were determined by Konow as dohrnii. Dr.
- Pletcher referred to the species found in European alder at Ottawa as Fenusa
_ melanopoda. Mr. Harrington refers to the same species under Fenusa varipes St.
_ Farq. (melanopoda Can.), and Dyer describes the larva of the “Imported Alder
Leaf-miner ” under Fenusa varipes St. F.
The imported alders in the Arboretum at the Experimental Farm, Ottawa,
have been attacked by the leaf-miner for many years. Dr. Fletcher stated in 1891
that it had been injurious for the three precding years to the imported alders in
the Arboretum; and in 1893 Mr. Harrington recorded it from native alders in
that neighborhood. For the last four summers several species of these imported
alders have been very heavily infested so that their beauty has been very largely
destroyed. This season spraying was commenced, and the numbers of the insects
greatly reduced. A species, probably the same, has been abundant for several seasons
in native, alders in a swamp about three-quarters of a mile from the Arboretum, ©
‘so that, as Mr. Harrington has stated, the species is apparently well established. _,
Tue InNsury. The larve excavate mines beneath the upper surface of the |
Teaves, causing unsightly brownish blisters. The blisters increase in size as the -
tye feed, turn brown, merge into each other, and may entirely cover the upper
surface so that the upper epidermis is completely separated, and the leaves killed. ;
ere are sometimes more than a dozen larve working in one leaf.
When the attack is severe the beauty of the foliage is largely destroyed, and
the destruction of so much leaf surface must have the effect of weakening the trees.
_ xe Aputt. The adult insect is a small, shining, black sawfly about three
limetres in length, with brownish tibie and tarsi and dusky wings; the radial =
7 EBS.
Prats 1.—The Locust
Fig. 1—Eggs in the bark crevices.
Fig. 2—Eggs in situ, greatly enlarged.
Fig. 3—The adult beetle, slightly en-
larged.
Borer,
Cyllene robiniae.
Fig. 4—The hibernating larve in the
bark.
Fig. 5—Larval mines in a locust trunk.
Fig
. 6—An egg, in situ, filled with boring
dust.
a r
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99
eross-vein lies behind the second cubital cross-vein instead of immediately before
it, as in the closely allied elm species, K. ulmi Sund.
THE Eee. The small, round, whitish egg is deposited by the female fly beneath
the upper epidermis of the leaf through a slit cut with the ovipositor in the upper
surface ; the egg is easily recognized as a small yellowish swelling in the upper leaf
surface.
THe Larva. The larva is six-or seven millimetres in length, segmented,
slender, whitish in color, or greenish from the food particles ingested, the flat head
the true legs brownish, and the prolegs rudimentary.
Tue Lire History anp Hasits. The eggs hatch in a few days, and the young
larvee at once begin feeding upon the pulp of the leaf; the epidermis forming
the roof of the blotch mine thus produced, turns brown and makes the work of the
larva conspicuous. As the mine increases in size it is frequently bounded on each
side by the parellel lateral leaf veins, but when many larve are working in one
leaf, and there may be as many as twenty in a large one, the mines coalesce and
may entirely loosen the upper leaf surface, as has-been done in figure 7, pl. 2. When
an infested leaf is held to the light the larve may be seen distinctly at work
within their mines, figure 1, pl. 2.
When the larve are full grown they break through the thin, dead, upper skin
of the mine, drop to the ground, and spin a thin silken cocoon slightly below the
surface ; frequently grains of sand and small pebbles adhere firmly to the silk and
form a framework or support for the cocoon.
The pupal period of the summer broods lasts for about two weeks. The first
cocoons of the second generation were started this season in our cages on August
Sth, and the first adults emerged on August 26th.
THE NuMBER OF Broops. There has been some doubt apparently as to the
number of broods each season. Dr. Fletcher has recorded two broods for Ottawa
in 1891, and Professor Slingerland estimated for Ithaca “at least two or three
broods, perhaps more.” Our notes on this species were commenced this season
early in June, at which time the larve were abundant in the alder leaves in the
Arboretum, although none were noticed then on the native alders. The adults
from these larve commenced emerging about the middle of July, and were
abundant by July 20th. Full grown larve were spinning cocoons again abundantly
during the latter half of August, and adults were again abroad in large numbers
during the last few days of August, and the first week in September. Eggs were
laid early in September, and larve were working in the leaves until the close of the
season. The generations of the season overlapped so that medium-sized and large
_ larvee were present much of the summer, but there was a distinct succession of
cocoons, adults and eggs at three times during the season, in late May and early
June, in late July, and in the first week of September. There were three
generations of larve in Ottawa this season, the last spinning the over-wintering
cocoons.
RemeprsL Measures. The larve may be killed within their mines very easily
with strong contact insecticides, if the application is made while the larve are small.
Kerosene emulsion and Black Leaf 40 were tested in various strengths. Kerosene
emulsion at one part stock to five parts water was fairly effective when applied to
foliage containing larve of all sizes, with 94 per cent. killed; but was ineffective
at one to seven, with only 68 per cent. killed» Probably kerosene emulsion at the
strength of one to five would prove satisfactory in the early season while the larve
were all small.
100 THE REPORT OF THE ' No. 36
Black Leaf 40, at one part to 100 gallons of water, with five pounds of soap,
killed all the larve in the foliage sprayed. This is the application recommended.
It should be applied in late May or early June, as soon as the small brown mines
appear on the leayes and should be repeated as often as new mines appear from
reinfestation by late appearing adults or the migration of adult females from
neighboring breeding grounds.
IMMUNE Species OF Atpers. The various species and varieties of alders grow-
ing in the Arboretum are effected to very different degrees by the leaf-miner. Some
are very badly affected with other varieties beside them showing no signs of the
injury whatever; and there is evidence that individual trees of a variety possess
varying degrees of immunity.
Tue Locust Borrr, Cyllene robinie Forst.
The Black Locust trees of Ontario and Quebec are being so seriously injured
by the Locust Borer that it seems advisable to draw attention again to the available
means of control. The beetle and its habits are so well known, and have been so ~
thoroughly discussed in literature that only the briefest outline will be included
here.
The adult, a beautiful black and yellow-banded, long-horned beetle, slightly
over half an inch in length, emerges from the infested trees during August and
September, and is found feeding upon the pollen of goldenrod flowers, and laying
its eggs in crevices in the bark of living locust trees. The beetles were active at
Ottawa this season between August 14th and September 17th. They were captured
upon a patch of goldenrod near the infested locusts, and in smaller numbers upon
the trunks of the locust trees. A larger area of goldenrod a few hundred yards
beyond the first yielded very few beetles. Apparently the beetles seek the nearest
goldenrod pollen, and were to be seen flying-back and forth between the locust trees
and their feeding ground.
The beetles are found crawling upon the bark of the locust trunks and
branches, mating and depositing eggs. The female searches with the very sensitive
ovipositor in the bark crevices until a suitable place is found, and deposits there an
elongate white egg, neatly and securely wedged into the crevice so that very little
of the egg is visible, and more safely attached by a mucilaginous secretion coating
the egg-shell. The larva emerges through the hidden end of the egg-shell, and
bores directly into the inner bark, leaving the egg-shell and the entrance tunnel
packed with castings. In the yellow living inner bark it excavates a small shallow
cavity within which it remains quiescent until the following spring. During the
dormant period of the trees the larvee are therefore very small, immediately
beneath the corky outer bark and with a short overlying mine connecting them with
the exterior. In the spring the larve extend their tunnels into the wood,
sometimes penetrating to the heartwood in brariches or small trunks. The tunnels
are commonly lengthwise, and are always kept connected with the exterior by an
opening as large as the larva, through which the borings are thrust. When full
grown, late in July or in August, the larva enlarges the end of its tunnel, closes
itself in with chips, and changes to the pupa and then to.the adult. The adult
beetle leaves the wood through the hole kept open by the larva.
The injury to the trees caused by successive generations of larve girdles the
trunks and branches partly or completely and kills the branches and areas of bark
on the trunk until finally the tree suecumbs. Branches and trunks of the smaller
sovjins Jee, Joddn oy
Supjeviedes Ajaitjue soulm [BAIeyT—
‘pues
YUM peIsnioue IIS Jo suoov0Q9—
L
“9
‘muUsLyop Dbuwydisoupny ‘aul Jeary Japry 2a4L—
‘SIA
‘Slt
‘pesiejue A[}yeois ‘eAIeI—g¢ ‘“S1y
‘Soulm [BAIR I—Ff ‘SI
‘posievpue ‘ApMes ynpe uy—'s ‘SIA Ul BAe]
“7
Z ‘LVI
SeUIM [BAIey—
‘SOUlM ITO}
>
G
04} SUIMOYS Jeo] Joply—T
[101]
102 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
trees are often badly weakened by the numerous tunnels in the heartwood and
are broken by heavy wind storms.
MertnHops oF ConTROL. Locust trees are grown in this country chiefly for shade
or ornamental trees or in hedges. Any cutting or removal of trees will have to do
chiefly with dead and dying trees and branches. It is very important in controlling
borer infestations that the infested dying and useless wood be removed and burned
before the middle of July, to prevent the spread of the beetles. The dying parts
can be identified in the early season, and should be cut out as early as possible,
and burned as soon as it has dried sufficiently.
If the wood is to be utilized the cutting should be done in winter, or before
the end of March, the valuable parts barked to destroy the young hibernating
larve, and the worthless remaindér completely burned.
SPRAYING TO KILL THE YounG LArv#®. The hibernating larve lie immediately
below the corky outer bark and can be killed by spraying the trunks and branches
between October and the end of March with a strong contaet insecticide. The
United States Bureau of Entomology has recommended kerosene emulsion at a
strength of 1 part stock solution to 2 parts water for the purpose; and this strength
has been used in our experiments with satisfactory results.
THe Bronze Bircu Borer, Agrilus anxius Gory.
The cultivated birches are being seriously injured by the Bronze Birch Borer
throughout much of Southern Ontario, including the Ottawa Valley. The injury
is caused by the young of the beetles, slender whitish grubs, which excavate long
winding tunnels through the inner hark and sapwood of the small- and. large
branches and trunks. The trees are killed, sometimes rapidly, and in some cases
slowly but surely, by successive generations of grubs. A very large number of
our finest cultivated birches have already been killed and cut down, and there is
good evidence for fearing that it will eventually be useless to plant white birches
in the localities infested by the beetle.
A careful study of the injury was undertaken by the Entomological Branch
with the object of finding some effective method of control. We are not yet able to
recommend safely any other than the drastic methods suggested by Professor
Slingerland years ago.
Tue Trees ATTACKED. The varieties of the European white birch, Betula
alba, are usually planted for ornamental trees in preference to our native species,
and have suffered most severely; but our native yellow, white and black birches
are killed by the borers when grown under cultivation. We have found the tunnels
of the grubs in white and yellow birches in woodlands, but have never known the
trees to be killed under natural conditions in the forests. It appears probable that
certain varieties or possibly individual trees possess a certain degree of immunity
from the borer attacks, and if this proves to be correct we shall have there a partial
solution of the problem.
EVIDENCE OF THE INguRY. The infested tree usually dies gradually from top
downwards, but by the time the top is dead the borers will be found working in a
large part of the trunk and branches. The inner bark and sapwood may be thorough-
ly interlaced with their tunnels without much evidence of their presence appearing
upon the outer surface of the bark. ‘The infestation is betrayed to the careful
observer, however, in the zigzag or winding ridges upon the branches overlying the
tunnels in the sapwood, and in the “rusty ” patches upon the trunk and larger
branches, where sap is oozing from cracks in the outer bark caused by the tunnels
within.
PLATE 3.—The Bronze Birch Borer, Agrilus anxius.
Fig. 1—White birch injured by borers’
top dead.
Fig. 2—Larval mines on the wood sur-
face; showing a larva in its
hibernating cell.
Fig. 3.—The adult beetle.
[103]
Fig 4.—The commencement of a larval
mine; one-half the entrance
hole is shown at the white
arrow; the mine passed
slightly below the wood sur-
face at the black arrow.
104 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
THE ApuLt BrerLe. The adult beetle is slender, somewhat flattened, dark
olivaceous bronze in color and slightly less than half an inch in length.
The beetles emerge from the bark of the infested trees during June and July.
At Ottawa this season, the first adult appeared in our cages on June 27th, and the
first adults were taken on trees in the open on June 30th. The early part of the
season was very wet, and the emergence of the beetles was undoubtedly retarded
thereby, since heretofore we have found adults emezging as early as June 9. The
date of. emergence will vary considerably with the season, the locality and the
latitude. It is possible that in the Niagara Peninsula beetles may sometimes
emerge as early as the middle of May, since they are recorded from Ithaca, N. Y.,
as early even as May 1st. The beetles were found on the trees at ag? this veneer 5
until July 28th.
The beetles were reported by Larsen as feeding freely upon leaves of willow,
poplar, birch, elm and other trees. In our experiments they have fed very sparingly
upon birch leaves, but could not be induced to feed at all upon willow, poplar or
elm. Neither could we find any evidence of their feeding in the open upon those
trees, nor to any considerable extent upon birch. We hoped to obtain a pe
control by poisoning the adults, but so far have not been successful.
THe Larvat Mines. The females were frequently observed feeling with his
ovipositor beneath bark scales, evidently searching for a suitable place for oviposi-
tion. Such places were marked and carefully examined, but neither in the field
nor in our cages were we able actually to find the eggs. However, the newly started
tunnels in the branches are easily traced backward to minute openings through
the outer bark through which the freshly hatched larve have entered. It is
evident that the eggs are deposited usually beneath the scales on the rougher
portions of the bark of the branches and trunk. The larve enter the bark through
minute openings, and bore directly inward through the bark to the wood surface.
The tunnel is then continued between the bark and wood for a short distance, and
is further continued in a winding or zigzag manner partly below the wood surface
and partly between the bark oad wood. Early in the autumn the mature larve
excavate elongate hibernating cells in the ends of the tunnels a short distance below
the wood surface, in which they pupate in the following season and emerge through
the characteristic part-oval holes in the bark. In these cells the larve are folded, the
cephalic third being bent over and closely pressed to the remainder of the body.
At the close of the season there are, however, many smaller larve in the branches
not more than one-half grown; these hibernate in normal tunnel-ends immediately
below the bark, and continue their development the following season. There is
evidence that in some individuals at least the life cycle lasts for two seasons.
Controt Measures. The only method of control that we can safely recom-
mend at present is to cut out all infested birches and burn the entire tree, including
the small branches, before the middle of May. By the time the top of the tree
is dead from the action of the borers, it is useless to attempt to save the tree, since
the grubs are then distributed over most of the trunk and branches, as will be
evidenced by the reddish patches upon the bark. All that can be done is to pre-
serve for three or four years a mutilated relic, and at the same time retain an idea!
breeding ground for the beetles from which they will spread to the remaining
birches of the neighborhood.
The results of the most promising of our control experiments will not be
definitely determined for another year or longer; and in the meantime we can
only urge owners of ornamental birches to watch carefully for evidence of the
nee ye PE RY PEO ee
'
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105
presence of this destructiye borer, and to adopt promptly the drastic measures that
seem at present necessary for saving the remaining trees. 3
Parasires. The larve with which we worked this summer were very heavily
parasitized, while the number ot beetles to be found on the trees in the open was
surprisingly small. The birches about Ottawa apparently have been dying more
slowly during the last few years than heretofore, and it is possible that this may be
accounted for by an increase in the number of the parasites.
Prov. Cagsar: I should like to ask Mr. Swaine how many species of birch
are attacked by the Bronze Birch Borer.
Mr. Swatve: We have a considerable number of species of birch in the
Arboretum where our work was carried on, and there is a distinct difference in the
species in the degree of immunity to attack by borers. We find the native species
attacked and even killed when in isolated conditions under cultivation; out in the
woods I find the native birches attacked by the borers not infrequently, but have
never known the trees to be killed under such conditions. In connection with the
Alder Leaf-miner we find that the different species and varieties of Alnus differ
widely in their susceptibility to attack; some are very badly infested, ‘and some
show little or no evidence of injury.
Dr. Howarp: I was out in Ashland, Oregon, last summer,. and for the first
time saw the method of determining the damage by Dendroctonus beetles at a dis-
tance. Our man was able to point out at a distance Dendroctonus-injured trees.
I was interested in Mr. Swaine’s statement about the killing off of the new growth
by the seyere weather of last winter, and I was wondering whether it was possible
to detect this killing at a distance, and to distinguish it from Dendroctonus-killed
timber. I should he interested to have Mr. Swaine tell us just what the difference is.
Mr. Swatye: The frost-injured trees are usually in a definite belt situated
along the sides of the mountains, and the effect may be seen for years, although
most of the trees may recover. On Mt. Rundle at Banff, Alberta, there is a helt
of such injury still showing, which occurred nine years ago. In the early season
following the injury, the foliage appears yellow and gives a decidedly yellowish
tint to the belt; in some cases many of the trees actually die. One sees this injury
in a definite belt between certain altitudes on the upper benches. The Den-
droctonus injury on the other hand appears as clumps of dead trees, “ red-tops,”
with isolated dead trees here and there. There may be from three or four to
fifteen or thirty red-tops, or more, in each clump, with here and there isolated trees.
The injury is quite characteristic in the earlier stages.
Mr. Harrineron: Does a small moth that appears in terminal twigs of
the yellow pine do much permanent injury? It disfigures the trees greatly by
forming large masses of gum, and appears in the terminal shoots. Have you per-
formed any experiments with this insect?
Mr. Swarne: I do not think that species does very much damage except in
disfiguring the trees. There is one particularly injurious species known to me
occurring in southern British Columbia affecting yellow pine. Near Okanagan
Landing there is a large patch of timber in which many trees are badly injured
or killed by a species which bores in the cambium of the branches, not in the trunk,
but around the branches so that it girdles and kills them. Of course all through
that country there is the injury to the tops caused by boring caterpillars.
_ Mr. Harrineron: Is the black pine attacked also by Dendroctonus?
106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Mr. SwAIneE: Yes, especially when mixed with yellow pine.
Pror. Zavitz: I was very much interested in Mr. Swaine’s reference to the
turning of logs in the booms. This work can be of great economic value to the
lumbermen in our northern country, because I have known lumbermen to get gangs
of men and put them on the booms all summer to turn the logs, and when they
get such scientific information they will turn their logs less frequently.
Mr. Winn: Does the Locust Borer resort to other flowers to any extent besides
the goldenrod?
Mr. SwaIne: We have found it only on the goldenrod. We have a nice patch
of goldenrod a short distance away from our block of locust trees, and we get the
beetles flying back and forth between the flowers and the trees.
Mr. Winn: Some people built a house along side of mine, where I had a very
fine patch of goldenrod, and the nearest place where they came from, and I cannot
find them on any other flowers at all that were apparently equally attractive. I
have never been able to see the beetles on the locust trees, but do not get a chance
to go up in the daytime.
Mr. Drarness: Why is the brush useful against the Monohamnus beetles?
Mr. SwatneE: It is because of the shade they provide. The beetles love the
sunlight. We often ses them on a fallen tree lying in the sunlight, but with a
portion in the shade: the mating beetles will be found invariably upon the sunny
end, and the shaded end will accordingly have few or no eggs laid upon it.
Pror. Zavirz: I had a very interesting experience in that connection *at one
time. One summer in collecting I noticed a tree had fallen from the dense woods
out into the road, and I used to go to that tree during June and along early in
July, where numerous specimens were to be found just outside the fence where
the tree was in the sunshine, but in the shade I never found a specimen.
Mr. SwatneE: It is 2 very convenient habit for we can use our knowledge of it
in protecting logs which have to be left in the woods.
Mr. DEarNness: Does the temperature have anything to do with the hatching?
Mr. Swarne: I do not think the females would go into the dense shade to
oviposit at all.
Mr. Harrineton: I think most of the Cerambycide prefer to oviposit in the
sunlight.
NOTES ON SOME INSECTS OF THE SEASON.
L. Cazsar, O. A. C., GUELPH.
It may be worth mentioning that in the Niagara district at least, and appar-
ently in most other parts of the Province, there was a wonderful diminution in the
number of most kinds of insects this year, compared with the average season. This
may have been due to the abnormally wet May and June destroying the immature
stages.
Tur Crover-HAy Motu (Hypsopygia (Pyralis) costalis).
This year for the first time I found the work of this moth on a large scale on
July 13th, at Wellington, Prince Edward County. Pea straw from the canning
factory had been dried and stored in an open shed some two or more years ago, and
in this the insect had bred. At the time of my visit most of the adults had
emerged, though there were still a good many pup and a few larve. The moths
a
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107
were so numerous that they were to be seen in thousands on the inner side of the
walls and roof. I pulled out the straw to a depth of a yard, and found that the larvae
had been working at least that far in. They had fed both on the straw and on the
empty pods. The pup were all near the outside. Along with this species was a
considerable: number of the Meal Snout-moth (Pyralis farinalis), the larve of
which had doubtless fed on the peas that had been left in the straw.
EVETRIA ALBICAPITANA Busck.
This pretty Tortricid described by August Busck, in 1914, as a new species
was found in considerable numbers in the forestry plantation at St. Williams, on
June 9th. The larve feed on the bark of the new growth at the axils of the twigs
, Evetria albicapitana Busck.
Moth and gum mass caused by larva on twig of Jack Pine. Natural size (original).
and cause irregularly globular to irregularly hemispherical gum masses from 1-3
to 84 of an inch in diameter. They seldom, if ever, completely girdle the twig or
cause it to die. There were sometimes two or more gum masses on each branch,
but even so the branch looked uninjured. On June 9th a few of the live pupe
108 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
were still to be found in the gum, but about 90 per cent. had emerged. The adults
were present, and flew out from the trees when disturbed or dropped as if dead to
the ground, where their yellowish brown color made them very difficult to distinguish
from ‘the fallen staminate flowers. Three females and one male were placed in a
bottle along with two fresh new-growth twigs and brought home. After a few
days eggs were laid near the base of the young leaf clusters, some separately and
some in very irregular clusters, one egg overlapping another shingle fashion. It is
doubtful whether in the open they would be laid in clusters. The eggs were
cream-colored, flattened, or scale-like and oval in outline, about .6 mm. long by +4
mm. wide. They darken before hatching. Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) (divari-
cata) alone was attacked. (See figure of moth and work of larva.)
Tun Wittow anv Portar Curcunro (Cryptorhynchus lapathi).
Once more we have found adults of this species in the spring in the nurseries.
The excessively wet weather prevented cur watching them to see whether they
laid any eggs. The insect has been reported from the following places in addition
to those given in my last year’s account of it: Port Elgin in a nursery, Beachville,
Strathroy and Lake Simcoe district. Mr. George Matieu, has also informed me
that he has taken it on Populus deltoides in a nursery at Berthierville in Quebec.
Froit-rree Lrar-rouier (Torlrix (Cacoecia) argyrospila).
Up to the present time there have been no reports of the presence of this pest
in any other orchards than those mentioned in my paper on Apple Leaf-rollers last
year. I visited two of these orchards this year in June and July. In the orchard
near Hamilton, the insect seems to have largely disappeared, in the other orchard
—the large block of 60 acres in Norfolk County—it still persists, and has now
spread throughout all the trees. J have had no chance to visit this orchard since
the eggs were laid, and so form an opinion on the amount of destruction the insect
is likely to do next year. The foliage in the orchard this year was kept heavily
covered with nearly double strength of arsenicals, but the result showed clearly
that arsenicals alone would not control this pest. Nine or ten acres of spy trees ~
which formed the worst infested part last year, were sprayed this spring before
the buds burst with Scalecide, and were noticeably freer from injury than the
unsprayed parts. The owner believes that in spite of the cost, he will have to use
Sealecide on the whole orchard next spring. In the orchard near Hamilton, the
worst infested block was also sprayed with Scalecide, and apparently this was the
reason for the great decrease there in the number of the larve.
THE OBLIQUE-BANDED LEAr-ROoLLER (Tortrix (Cacoecia) rosaceana).
The following additional data was obtained on this pest:
1. The number of eggs that may be laid by a single female is much greater
than we had suspected. One female laid one large and two small clusters, or a
little over 300 eggs in all. The highest number of eggs we found in a single cluster
was 175; the average seemed to be about 100.
2. This species in Ontario is partly single brooded and partly double brooded.
In our cages all the larve reared from the eggs laid on leaves in June and early
July fed for a short time on the foliage, skeletonizing it very much in the way the
Pear Slug skeletonizes pear and cherry leaves, and then while still not farther
~ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109
advanced than the second instar each larva spun about itself a little silken case or
hibernacula. I examined some of these hibernacula on August 26th, and found the
_ larye still healthy and looking the same as when the cases were constructed. Some
of the hibernacula were on very small twigs and were situated alongside the
terminal bud; others on these same twigs were in the axil of the leaves, but attached
_ to the twig not to the leaf; others were situated on larger branches in various posi-
tions. The latter were usually about the shape of a bud scale and dark on the
outside, lined with white silk and easily mistaken for the hibernacula of the Bud
Moth. The former were usually whitish in color, from 3 to 5 mm. long and about
{ mm. in diameter.
It. is clear, however, that not all the larve of this brood formed hibernacula,
because throughout most of August we found larve, some a little more than half
_ grown, others full grown, and from these we reared adults. We also found adults
at Guelph, and at Grimsby, up to September 27th. To make sure there was no
mistake we sent these to Mr. August Busck, who verified our determination. Un-
fortunately our having to shift our quarters from Grimsby to Guelph at the end
of August, prevented us from carrying the life-history through. Prof. Herrick,
~ however, states that there is no doubt ‘that eggs are laid in the fall on the bark
_ and that these winter.
Mr. A. G. Dustan, Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, in the 1915 report of the
Nova Scotia Entomological Society, states thet the insect in Nova Scotia winters
in the immature larval siage in hibernacula. He seems to imply that this is the
only stage in which it winters there.
RED-NECKED AGritus (Agrilus ruficollis).
A red raspberry plantation near Grimsby was much injured by the larve of
this insect ; the injury was much greater than I had ever seen before. Approximately
_ 25 per cent. of all the canes were infested, and in consequence the crop was lessened
~ to about that extent. An examination of the new canes at the middle of August
_ showed that the injury next year would be as great as this year. Since the adults
- do not emerge until long after the leaves are out, and since the tops of a large
percentage of the infested canes die before the adults leave them a very helpful
"means of control would evidently be to go through the plot about a month after the
leaf buds burst and remove these canes, cutting them low down to be sure of not
‘missing any of the insects in them, and then burn alt the cut canes promptly. The
tenflency of this pest to localize itself was well shown by the fact that it was doing
very little injury in any of the surrounding plantations of the same or different
varieties.
APPLE CApsimps or MIRIns.
Some further study of certain points about these Leaf-bugs has been made
_and the following data obtained:
eee. Neurocolpus nubilus, or the Clouded Leaf-bug as we may call it, has almost
appeared from the large Norfolk apple orchard “where it had been very abun-
nt for several years. On July 9th in a half day spent in the orchard I saw only
15 of these. The disappearance was not due io lack of eggs for many of these
had laid last summer. It may have been due to the very wet weather this
: os Tn at least some of the orchards Lygidea mendax, the so-called. False Red-
was much less numerous than last year. One of these orchards had been sprayed
110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
with a tobacco extract and was almost totally free from the pest. The spraying
doubtless helped to bring about this result.
3. The eggs of Neurocolpus nubilus do not hatch until more than a week
after the blossoms drop, or in fact until after the Codling Moth spray has been
applied. This was true last year as well as this year. The first nymph seen this
year was on June 9th. The two species of Red-bug, Heterocordylus malinus and
Iygidea mendaz, began to hatch a week or more before the blossoms opened. The
most practical time to spray for these latter two is just after the blossoms fall,
combining tobacco extract with the Codling Moth spray for the purpose. This date,
however, would be worthless against Neuracolpus nubilus as it would still be in
the egg stage, Moreover, as we discovered last year, tobacco extract even at three
times the usual strength for green aphids is ineffective against this pest; for it
merely stupefies the nymphs and they soon recover. A soap solution, such as one
pound of Sunlight soap to 10 gallons of rain water was found satisfactory.
4. The time of the appearance of the adults of the different species this year
as observed by us was as follows:
Heterocordylus malinus, June 23rd in the cages, a few a little earlier in the
orchard.
Lygidea mendax, June 29th,
Paracalocoris colon, July 6th.
Neurocolpus nubilus, July 10th. :
5. Apparently Lygus communis, Knight, n. s., the troublesome False Tar-
nished Plant-bug of New York, and Apple Green Bug of Nova Scotia if present
in Ontario plays no part, or a very small part, in injuring apples and pears.
Lygus invitus occurs almost everywhere, but as shown by Knight does not attack
fruit trees.
Loca Pests.
.
Melon Aphis (Aphis gossypii) was very abundant and destructive on melon
plants in Kent County.
Beet Leaf-miner (Pegomyia vicina) injured severely the foliage of mangolds
north of Brockville.
Corn Seed-maggot (Pegomyia fusciceps) nearly destroyed some fields of ‘beans
in Prince Edward County. The fields had been in sod.
Zebra Caterpillar (Mamestra picta) was abundant enough on turnips in part
of Peel County to be an important pest.
Hickory Leaf-roller (Hulia juglandana) was very common on hickory trees
in some parts of the Niagara district.
American Tent-caterpillars (Malacosoma americana), though rapidly
diminishing in numbers east of Toronto, were very abundant at Oakville and Port
Credit, and also in parts of Norfolk and Lambton Counties.
Blackberry Leaf-miner (Metallus bethunei) attacked in considerable numbers
the blackberry foliage at Vineland.
Pear Slug (Hriocampoides limacina) was conspicuous by its absence in the
Grimsby district.
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 111
THREE IMPORTANT GREENHOUSE PESTS RECENTLY INTRODUCED
INTO CANADA.
AntHor Gipson, Cuter Assistant ENTOMOLOGIST, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
OTTAWA.
It is important that attention be directed at this meeting to three serious
greenhouse pests which have recently been introduced into Canada, namely, the
Florida Fern Caterpillar, the Chrysanthemum Midge, and the Rose Midge.
THe Frorm, Fern Carerrrcxar, Callopistria (Eriopus) floridensis Gn.
This southern insect which was described from Florida in 1852 has occasion-
ally been recorded as a serious greenhouse pest. In the Year Book of the United
States Department of Agriculture for 1908, the Bureau of Entomology records
important losses in greenhouses in Washington, D.C., one florist reporting damage
to ferns to the extent of $4,000. This is apparently the first record of this insect
as an economic pest. In addition to being destructive in the District of Columbia,
this insect has since been recorded as doing serious damage to ferns in the States
of Florida, New Jersey, Illinois, Georgia and Ohio. The caterpillar is also believed
to have occurred on ferns in Louisiana, , Hampson’ records the species from
Florida, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Bahamas, Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, Sta.
Lucia, St. Vincent, Venezuela, Br. Guiana, Brazil and S. Trinidad.
The first occurrence of the Florida Fern Caterpillar in Canada was noted in
September, 1915, in the greenhouse of Mr. A. M. Barton, Weston, Ont. The
caterpillars were found on some ferns imported from Chicago, and the insect had
doubtless been introduced with such shipment. During the winter of 1915-16 we
had an opportunity of studying the life-history of the insect and observing its
habits. Recently Mr. Hall, of Messrs. Hall and Robinson, forwarded to us speci-
mens of the larve from their Montreal West greenhouses, where they were first
observed in September, 1916.
LIFE-HISTORY.
The Eqq.
We have been unable to secure eggs of the moth, either by searching in the
greenhouse referred to or from living moths kept under observation in captivity.
Mr. C. E. Petch, Field Officer of the Branch, and the writer have both examined
ferns which were being destroyed, as has also Mr. Barton, without any eggs being
_ detected. Davis’ describes the egg (laid in confinement) as “circular in section,
about one-fiftieth of an inch in diameter, slightly flattened, ribbed longitudinally
and transversely,” and states that in color it “is pale greenish with a faint
_ yellowish tint, much resembling.the color of the new fern fronds.” The same
_ author states that in confinement the moths deposited their eggs singly on the under
_ surface of the new leaves. Weiss’ records an incubation period of from five to
seven days.
2Cat. Lep. Phalaenae in the Brit. Museum, Vol. VII., p. 549.
. 27th Report State Entomologist of Illinois.
- *Can. Ent., XLVII, 23.
? The Florida Fern Caterpiilar, Callopistria floridensis Gn.
. 1—Two forms of larva.
. 2.—Cocoon.
. 3.—Moth at rest.
. 4—Female moth.
Fig. 5—Male moth.
Fig. 6—Boston fern planty showing in-
~~ jury by larve.
Fig. 7—Tip of frond destroyed by larve.
(Original. )
[112]
i
F
3
4
a sate healeancnnl
-
a
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113
; Description of Larval Stage.
During January, February and March, 1916, several lots of larve represent-
ing various stages were received at Ottawa. Froin these the following notes were
made:
Pirst Instar. Length 3 mm. Body pale green, no markings. Head con-
colorous with body, ocelli black. ‘Tubercles black, conspicuous, each with a single,
vather long hair. Thoracic feet semi-translucent; prolegs concolorous with body.
Spiracles black.
Second Instar. Length 5.5 mm. Head pale green, shining, of a glassy
appearance, ocelli black, mandibles reddish. Body pale green with the following
rather indistinct stripes: addorsal, subdorsal, and a stigmatal hand, all pale whitish
in color. About midway between tubercles ii and iii is a rather wide, conspicuous,
blackish band. 'Tubercles black, setze dark. Feet concolorous with body.
Third Instar. Length 9 mm. ‘The larva in this instar is similar to second
instar but the longitudimal stripes are now quite distinct, the addorsal being
sinuous in outline. Spiracles pale yellowish, rimmed with black.
Fourth Instar. Length 14 mm. Head green, cheeks pale brownish, clypeus
margined on outer sides with blaciish. Body green with a more or less yellowish
reflection. All the markings distinct: addorsal and lateral stripes and stigmatal
band yellowish, the two former quite sinuous in outline. Subdorsal stripe
margined below, as before, with a blackish band. Thoracic shield margined
anteriorly with black. Spiracles yellow, black rimmed. Feet concolorous with
body.
Fifth Instar. Mature Larva. Length 28 mm. Head reddish brown, re-
tieulate with dark brown: clypeus with pale margins; ocelli black; epicranium
adjoiming clypeus brownish; a noticeable pale space without markings is present
immediately above base of each antenna. The color of the body is now totally
different, beimg raw umber, with a faint greenish tinge. The stripes are in-
conspicuous unless examined with a lens and of a sordid yellowish-white color.
All are sinuous in outline. Tubercles blackish, each distinctly surrounded with
a ring of sordid yellowish-white: sete blackish; spiracles pure white with black
rim. Between tubercles 1 and 1 there is a conspicuous yellowish-white spot, and
on each segment midway between the stigmatal band and subdorsal stripe, a lateral
row of the same colored spots. The skin below spizacles is also spotted and streaked
irregularly. ‘The stigmatal band on the thoracic segments is partly filled with
pale yellow, particularly on segment 2 and in the anterior half of this segment the
color is white instead of yellow. Anterior edge of thoracic shield dark brown,
forming a distinct band. Thoracic feet shining, pale brown; prolegs dull, con-
colorous with venter. Length when mature 33 nim.
The above notes were made upon a single larva received on March 1, which
was collected with many others by Mr. Petch on February 29.
In February (1916) several larvee in last stage were received from Mr. Barton.
All but one were green, the exception being of a dull reddish color. In the send-
ing from Mr. Petch, received on March 1, several instars were represented. All
these specimens were also green, with the exception of two, one of the latter being
a dull brown and the other a beautiful reddish-chocolate color. The mature
specimens were described as follows :—
Green larve.—Length 32 mm. Body yellowish-green. Markings as follows:
An addorsal line, a subdorsal line, a lateral line, and a rather indistinet stigmatal
.
According to Ridgeway, Nomenclature of Colors, 1912.
8 E.s.
114 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
band, all whitish-green in color. In some specimens the skin between the sub-
dorsal line and the lateral line is of a darker green color and for this reason con-
trasts rather strongly. Close to the spiracles there are one or two blackish spots
on each of the central segments. On the thoracic segments and, in some in-
dividuals, on the two or three posterior segments, these spots are more frequent
and form a distinct, uneven band, widest on the thoracic segments on segment 2.
The color of the intersegmental folds particularly on dorsum is yellow, spiracles
cream-colored, ringed with black. Thoracic shield slightly paler than color of
dorsum and having a distinct band of black along anterior edge, which joins with
the band on sides of thoracic segments. Ventral area glaucous. The head varies
in color from pale green with a light tinge of reddish-brown on, cheeks to a decided
reddish-brown over whole upper portion of cheeks; clypeus bordered on either
side with a blackish, rather indistinct, band; mandibles reddish; ocelli blackish, a
blackish patch above ocelli.
Brown larva.—Length when extended 37 mm. Head same as in green speci-
mens, but with brown reticulations. Body dull velvety brown with a purplish
reflection. | Longitudinal lines pale whitish, indistinct. Tubercles blackish,
circled with pale whitish. Spiracles cream-colored. The lateral spots close to the
spiracles which were black in the green larve are in this specimen white and con-
spicuous, continuing as a striking band on the thoracic segments. Thoracic feet
reddish-brown; prolegs concolorous with venter.
Reddish-chocolate larva—Similar in general to the dull brown larva but
having a wide continuous white stigmatal band, as shown in figure 1, page 112.
On March 27 another mature green specimen was described as follows:
Length at rest 28 mm. Head 2.8 mm. wide, yellowish-brown; clypeus paler;
ocelli black. Body green, slightly darker than the leaves of Boston fern. Stripes
yellowish-white as in other specimens. Stigmatal band with more yellow than
dorsal and subdorsal stripes and with white areas on first two thoracic segments.
Spiracles more or less surrounded with dark purplish-red, particularly on central
segments. Thoracic shield paler than body. Venter pale green.
From the above notes it will be seen that the larve varied considerably, par-
ticularly in color. Such variation has also been noted by Davis’ and Chittenden.”
The former, referring to such variation, says: “There are two types of the full-
grown caterpillars, one apple-green and the other velvety black, the former pre-
dominating.” As indicated above, the dark-colored specimens which we examined
were of a dull brown color, none were black. The band which extends across
the front of the thoracic shield is very distinct and constant, and should serve as a
characteristic mark to determine the species.
Description of Cocoon and Pupa.
Most of the larvee under study were kept in a large breeding cage in which
an average sized Boston fern was placed. When the specimens in such cage reached
maturity they left the plant and made earthen cocoons (Fig. 2, page 112), on
the surface of the soil. The earth chosen for the making of the cocoon is held
together by many strands of silk which gives the structure considerable strength.
It is by no means fragile, as are the earthen cocoons of our common cutworms
belonging to the genus Euroa. In length the cocoon varies from 18 to 20 mm.
and in width from 6 to 7 mm.
‘Davis, J. J., 27th Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois, 1912, p. 91.
*Chittenden, F. H., Bulletin No. 125, U.S. Bureau of Entomology, 1913, p. 7.
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115
Pupa.—Length 12-15 mm., 5-6 mm. wide; shining reddish brown, darker at
posterior end; cremaster two-spinned, the spines short, stout, and projecting out- ~
wardly towards the venter. Wing-covers prominent and slightly wrinkled.
Length of Larval and Pupal Stages.
The larva described in the five instars, received at Ottawa on March 1, was,
as noted, 3 mm. in length, and undoubtedly a day, or at the most 2 days in
age. It reached maturity on March 26, on which date it began to make its cocoon.
By the morning of March 29 the pupa was formed. Another larva also began to
make its cocoon on the same day and in this instance too the pupa was formed on
the morning of March 29. The larval period, therefore, was about 27 days.
These larve had been kept separately in specimen tubes in which there was
some earth. Each spun its cocoon on the side of the tube which rested on the
earth in the breeding cage. Only sufficient of the earth was used by each larva to
make a suitable cover, the glass furnishing the bottom, so to speak, of the cocoon.
The obtaining of the length of the pre-pupal period, therefore, was a simple
matter.
A moth emerged on April 12 frem one of the two pupe mentioned, the pupal
period in this instance being 14 days. The second pupa died. Moths from other
pupz emerged during the period April 1 to 10.
Description of the Moth.
The moth is a rather striking species and quite different from any other form
found in Canada. At first glance it reminds one of certain species of the old
genus Plusia. The fore-wings in general are brown, with a darker velvety, rather
Y-shaped costal area near the centre of the wings. Towards the apex of the wings
and at the base of each wing the color is also dark brown. Some specimens are,
in general, of a darker brown shade than others. The markings on the wings are
shown in the figure herewith. (Figs. 4, 5, page 112.) The bands across the fore-
wings are whitish tinged with pink. The hind wings are of a uniform paler
brown color, lighter towards the base. The body corresponds in general to the
color of the wings. In the male there is a conspicuous widening of the antenne
near the head. The legs are conspicuously tufted. With the wings expanded the
moth measures from about 30 to 34 mm.
Habits.
Food Plants. The ferns attacked in Mr. Barton’s greenhouses, Weston, Ont.,
were Boston, Whitmani and Scotti. Mr. Petch visited the greenhouses on February
' 29 and found that over 75 per cent. of the fronds had been destroyed. In the
Montreal West greenhouse the same varieties were attacked, about 200 plants being
more or less injured.
Nature of Injuries. The caterpillars are very active feeders and when several
occur on a single plant they soon effect serious damage. Like other noctuid larve
they prefer the young and tender leaves but’ will readily attack the older and
larger leaves, and even eat into the more tender portions of the stems. In an ex-
perimental cage one frond measuring 16 inches in length was entirely denuded by
one last stage larva in four days. Mr. Petch, at the time of his visit in February,
noticed that the smaller larve when disturbed dropped from the plants by means
of a silken thread. They were found feeding early in the afternoon. In report-
4
116 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 |
+
ing upon the injury he referred specially to the destruction of the growing tips of
the fronds before they unroll (see fig. 7, page 112).
On May 10 I visited Mr. Barton’s greenhouses and examined his stock of
ferns which had been attacked by the caterpillars. They were, indeed, an un-
saleable lot, the fronds of most of them being eaten to a greater or less extent and in
many instances the plants almost entirely defoliated. Many had been des-
troyed to the extent shown in figure 6, page 112. Mr. Barton informed me
that when the outbreak was at its height from three to a dozen larve could be
shaken from a plant growing in a 5-inch pot. A large stock, particularly of Boston
ferns, were in the houses, very few of which had been sold during the entire winter. - —
Mr. Barton estimated that his loss would easily total one thousand dollars.
When not feeding the caterpillars rested.on the stems chiefly towards the
base of the plants. The moths being nocturnal in habit are seldom seen during
the day time.
On November 4, 1916, I again visited Mr. Barton and found that the insect
had re-appeared in the greenhouse. The latest month in spring during which cater-
pillars were found in the greenhouses was June. During the summer 2,500 ferns
were placed outside in a cold frame, no ferns being kept in the greenhouses during
the summer of 1916. About the middle of August the caterpillars were-noticed
to be destroying the ferns in the cold frame. About 2.000 ferns, in fact, were so
badly infested that they were destroyed. The remaining ferns from the cold
frame were brought into the greenhouse about October Ist and-it was on these
plants that the caterpillars were feeding at the time of my visit on November 4.
Towards the end of November, 1916, Messrs. Hall and Robinson, Montreal
West, Que., informed us that they also observed the caterpillars feeding outside
in a cold frame, the plants attacked being Holly Ferns and also Pteris albolineata
and P. winsetti. :
MEANS OF CONTROL.
The following methods of control were adopted in the Weston greenhouse:
Tobacco Smoke. In January fumigation with tobacco smoke was tested twice
within twenty-four hours, the strength in each experiment being two pounds of
tobacco stems to 16,000 cubic feet of space. At the time of the fumigations many
larve were present. Two days later Mr. Barton could not find a single caterpillar,
dead or alive, and he thought at the time that the fumigation had proved entirely
successful. Later (February 24, 1916), however, the caterpillar re-appeared, but
he reported that such fumigation would not be then possible owing to the fact that
the houses contained many small seedlings. :
Hiandpicking. arge numbers of the larve were destroyed by handpicking
in the Weston house. On oceasions the pots were shaken individually and the
caterpillars which dropped immediately destroyed. In the United States, also,
this rather laborious method has been successfully used. When the shaking is
done over the ground the caterpillars are simply crushed with the foot as they
fall.
As mentioned above the moths are nocturnal in habit. Oftentimes specimens
may be disturbed in the house or may be attracted to a bright light hung in the
evening near infested plants. An endeavour, of course, should be made to des-
troy all specimens seen.
Arsenate of Lead. Experiments with arsenate of lead did not prove success-—
ful. Two sprayings at the strength of one-half pound of arsenate of lead to ten
The Chrysanthemum Midge, Diarthronomyia hypogaea H. Lw., and the Rose Midge,
Dasyneura rhodophaga Coq.
Fig. 1—Galls on leaves of chrysanthe- Fig. 3.—The egg, larva and puparium of
mum resulting from the attack the Rose Midge.
: of the Chrysanthemum Midge. Fig. 4—Showing rose bud destroyed by
Fig. 2—The Chrysanthemum Midge, larve of the Rose Midge.
much enlarged.
Figs. 1, 2 and 4 original; 3 redrawn after Webster.
[117]
118 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
gallons of water were applied at an interval of five days. Later the plants were
again sprayed twice at double the above strength, but even at this latter strength
control was not secured. In addition, too, the white deposit remaining from such
sprayings was difficult to remove even with forceful watering.
Pyrethrum Insect Powder. Sprayings with fresh pyrethrum insect powder
in the strength of two and one-half ounces to five gallons of water were recom-
mended. In New Jersey’ the following spray has proved successful:
Fresh pyrethrum insect powder ................ 1 ounce.
Common Yanntiny ssoapiee nace eee ee eee Y% ounce.
Watery oboe. oars aattaagsts ouapeee eRe arc eel eee 1 gallon.
The soap should be dissolved in a small quantity of warm water after which
the insect powder and water should be added to make up one gallon of mixture.
One large fern grower applied such a spray once a week for five or six weeks.
The sect powder applied dry by means of a bellows also gave satisfactory results.
THe CHRYSANTHEMUM Mince, Diarthronomyia hypogea H.Lw.
In 1915° the Chrysanthemum Midge was found to be thoroughly established
in a large greenhouse at Ottawa. It had undoubtedly been introduced on some
chrysanthemum plants imported from the United States. In addition to the
Ottawa infestation we have recently received infested material from a florist in
Victoria, B.C. This latter outbreak occurred in the greenhouse of Mr. A. J.
Woodward, and the injury was first noticed in August, 1915, on chrysanthemums
growing outside as well as within the greenhouse. Although these two occurrences
are the only Canadian records we have, it would not, of course, be surprising fo
learn of other greenhouses being infested. Felt* states that he has received the
insect from the States of Michigan, California, and Oregon, and the same author
has recntly informed me* that during the present year (1916) he also received
the species from the States of South Dakota, Washington and Delaware. The
pest is, therefore, widely distributed in North America. In referring to its
“Distribution and future probabilities” Felt’ says: “This species has been
recorded from central and southern Europe, and. as stated above, it has already
become established in several widely separated localities in this country, probably
by the shipment of infested plants or cuttings. It was very likely brought to
America without the normal quota of parasites and for a time at least it may prove ~
to be a somewhat difficult insect to control, though it would seem as if the native
parasites of our large and varied gall midge fauna might in time prey most success-
fully upon this midge.”
LIFE-HISTORY. |
The Hgg.
The egg is small and in color pale orange; in shape elongate-oval. It is des-
cribed by Felt as “ Reddish-orange, length .15 mm., diameter .03 mm., the ex-
tremities narrowly rounded.”
On April 8, 1916, a female was enclosed with a small plant beneath a bell
jar. While under observation she was most active running about on the new leaves, —
*Weiss, H. B., Can. Ent., XLVIII, 141.
*46th Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1915, 14.
“31st Rep. N.Y. State Entomologist, 51.
‘In litt., 16 Oct., 1916.
*3lst Rep. N.Y. State Entomologist, 54.
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119
the favorite places chosen for oviposition being the leaf hairs near the crevices
between the young forming leaves. Repeatedly the female would come bacic to
apparently the same spot. With the exception of an absence of seven minutes, the
female was observed to be actively engaged in such conduct for a period of twenty-
seven minutes. On another occasion eggs were found near the tip of another
plant, and were laid, as Felt has already recorded, along the surface of the leaf
among the leaf hairs. -On one occasion (October 27, 1916), in the Ottawa grecn-
house a string of extruded eggs was found attached to a dead female which had not
been able to free itself from the gall, and other eggs laid among the leaf hairs were
present on the gall. Altogether 44 eggs were counted. The length of the egg
stage is estimated by Felt to be probably twenty-four hours or less.
The Larva.
The mature larva is very similar to that of other cecidomyids; in color it is
yellowish, or yellowish-orange, in shape plump, rounded at either end, the segments
being distinct; in length about 1 mm.
The Pupa.
The pupa is about 1.75 mm. in length. The abdomen is whitish or pale-
yellowish; thorax and wing covers pale yellowish-brown, cephalic horns distinct,
eyes showing black; leg-cases whitish or pale yellowish.
The Adult.
(Fig. 2, page 117.)
The midge is a small two-winged fly, the length of the body being about
1.7%5 mm. The wings are transparent, the margins being light yellowish. The
body is mostly of an orange color, the legs yellowish.
The Gall.
The gall is a conspicuous oval-shaped swelling, in length from about 2 mm. te
2.5mm. It is often slightly paler than ihe color of the leaf or stem upon which
it occurs, but on some plants particularly on the stems it is concolorous and incon-
spicuous. When the flies have emerged the galls are readily seen, particularly on
the older leaves, owing to their having turned yellowish or whitish in color.
Habits.
Food Plants. In the Ottawa greenhouse all varieties of chrysanthemums
were seemingly attacked. A large number of different varieties were being grown
and the kinds which were noted to have been most freely attacked are the following:
Chrysolora, Naomah, Radoelii, Ramapo, Hortus Tolsoms, Mrs. Clay Frick, De«
cember Gem, Madam G. Rivol, Dr. Enguehardt, Anna, Pacific Supreme, Early
Snow, Elberon, Ursula Griswold, Aesthetic and Etherington. The varieties Bob
Pulling, Gertrude Peers, Daily Mail, Oconta, Mrs. G. C. Kelly, W. Wood Mason,
F. T. Quilleton, and E. T. Quittington were fairly free from injury. All of the
above varieties are, of course, the blended product of Chrysanthemum indicum and
C. morifolium, both of which grow wild in China and Japan.
In the Victoria greenhouse these varieties were infested: Smith’s Advance,
Halliday, Ivory, Polepheum, Chrysolora, Bonnafon, Wm. Turner, Western King,
120 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
\
Mrs. Thompson, Englehart, various Pompons. Of these varieties Smith’s
Advance, Ivory, Bonnafon, Wm. Turner, Western King, and Englehart were
practically ruined.
Felt’ states that the insect has been recorded from central and southern Europe
as infesting Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, C. corymlhosum, C. atratum, C.
japonicum and C. myconis. In America the pest was first noticed on the variety
known as Mistletoe.
Nature of Injury. The gall (fig. 1, page 117) which is caused by the larva
irritating the plant tissues occurs commoniy on various portions of the chrysanthe-
mum plants. In the Ottawa greenhouse the galls were commonly found on the
leaves, stems and buds. The galls at one time were so abundant on some young
plants as to entirely deform them, as a result of which development was largely —
stopped and no flowers borne. Many oi the single-stemmed plants show con-
spicuous malformation of the stem resulting from early attack of the insect. Jn
the material received from the Victoria greenhouse the galls were found freely on
the stems and leaves. On some of the terminal leaves the presence of the insect in —
conspicuous numbers had prevented growth and the leaves were clumped together
in more or less rosette fashion.
MEANS oF CONTROL,
In the Ottawa greenhouse some control work was conducted under the im-
_ mediate direction of Mr. J. McKee. The greenhouse was fumigated during the
winter of 1915-16 with hydrocyanic acid gas about once every month. Such
fumigation destroyed the adults. The house was also fumigated with tobacco.
The cuttings from the stools were dipped before potting (in early December) in
nicotine solution in the strength of 34 of an ounce to one gallon of water: the
plants were dipped a second time when repotted from 214-inch pots to 4-ineh pots,
and a third time when transferred from 4-inch pots to 6-inch pots. During July
and August (1916) the chrysanthemums were sprayed with nicotine, in the same
strength, every three weeks. Since the first week of September to the present date
(October 16, 1916), the house has been fumigated with tobacco once every ten days.
While the midge is still present in the greenhouse, it is by no means the pest
it was in 1915. The above treatment has undoubtedly kept the insect down.
In Mr. Woodward’s greenhouse in Victoria, B.C., the following remedies were
tested: During the first week of treatment the plants were fumigated with Black
Leaf 40 every night; in the following week they were fumigated three times, and
sprayed twice with Campbell’s Nico Soap: during the third and fourth week the
plants were fumigated twice each week and sprayed once each week. Mr. Wood-
ward reported that as a result of this one month’s treatment he had succeeded in
killing many adults, and thought he was slowly getting the insect under control.
The fumigation he reported was used as strong as the plants would stand without
burning the foliage.
Tue Rose Mmce, Dasyneura rhodophaga Coq.
In the report of the Dominion Entomologist for the year ending March 31st,
1915, a brief mention is made of the occurrence of this pest at London, Ont..
specimens of the infested shoots of the variety Mrs. J. Laing having been received ;
at Ottawa in July, 1914. This was apparently the first record of the Rose Midge
in Canada. The grower reported that the buds on about 300 plants in his rose
131st Report of the State Entomologist, New York, 1915, p. 51.
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121
garden had been injured, (see fig. 4, page 117). The following summer the pest
was again present in the same garden and Mr. W. A. Ross, Field Officer of the
Branch, obtained infested material and reared the adults. Some of the latter
were forwarded to Dr. Felt who confirmed the determination of the insect. Le-
garding the injury, Mr. Ross reported: “ All * Hybrid Perpetuals* and * Hybrid
Teas’ are subject to attack. Mrs. John Laing is apparently the most susceptible
variety. HH. ‘I’s with strong terminal shoots like those’ of Killarney are partially
immune. All the Polyantha, Bourbons, Hybrid China, Noisette and Wichuraiana
roses appear to be immune.”
The only other outbreak of the insect in Canada is its occurrence at the present
time (autumn of 1916) in the greenhouses of Miller & Sons, Toronto. Its work
was first noticed in these latter houses in September (1916). The buds of the
young shoots did not develop and on investigation it was found that they were
being destroyed by the larve. The varieties of roses which have been severely
‘injured in the Toronto greenhouses are Ophelia, Milady and Stanley. The variety
Richmond was very slightly attacked. Mr. Miller is of the opinion that the pest
was introduced on rose bushes imported irom Chicago, Ii.
The first record of the Rose Midge in America was in 1886" when it was dis-
covered to be effecting injury to greenhouse roses in the State of New Jersey. It
was not until 1900, however, that the insect was described by Coquillett as
Neocerala rhodophaga. Since 1836 the midge has been reported from New York,
District of Columbia, Massachusetts and Illinois.
As the Rose Midge is one of the worst known pests of roses, florists in Canada
should realize the danger of its being introduced into their houses. The Entomo-
logical Branch will gladly assist growers in any way it can, and will appreciate
the receipt of injured plants and information as to suspected occurrence of this
insect. It has been recorded that in a single year in two greenhouses in Chicago
the Rose Midge has caused damage estimated at $10,000.
LIFE-HISTORY.
But few observations have as yet been made in Canada on the life-history of
the insect. In the State of Illinois its life-history was studied by the late F. M.
Webster, and his observations were published in 1904°. Davis’ has also investigated
the habits of the insect.
The perfect insect, or midge, is two-winged and is closely related to the
Chrysanthemum Midge. The female deposits its yellowish eggs, which are so small
as to be hardly visible to the naked eye, beneath the sepals of the flower buds or
between the folded leaves of the leaf buds. The egg period is recorded as being
only two days. When the young, whitish, maggots hatch they at once begin to
destroy the terminal leaves and the blossom buds, and in from about five to seven
days they become mature and then leave the plant, (fig. 3, page 117), dropping
to the soil whcre they change to the pupal state. Webster has observed as many as
twenty-five larve in a single blossom bud. Davis states that in summer the fly
emerges about six days after pupation occurs. In greenhouses in Chicago the
‘insect has been present from June until October or November in such numbers as
to make it impossible to secure a single crop of Howers. During the colder winter
_ months it is assumed that the insect is present in the pupal stage in the green-
house soil.
Insect Life, 1, 284.
*Bull. 22, N.S., Div. of Ent., U.S., Dept. Agr., 47.
‘Bull. Illinois State Lab. of Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, pp. 15-25.
“27th Rep. State Ent., Illinois, 1912.
122 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
MEANS OF CONTROL.
The question of controlling the insect has been discussed chiefly by Davis,’
who recommended two methods: (1) the growing of another crop, such as carna-
tions, instead of roses for one year and (2) the thorough cleaning of the house in
midwinter, at which time the insects are dormant in the soil, the plants to be
removed and destroyed, all earth in which they have been grown and which may
contain puparia to be also removed and deeply buried at some distance from the
infested houses, and further that all rubbish beneath benches be also removed and
the earth, floors and benches afterwards sprayed with a contact insecticide such as
kerosene emulsion.
Fumigating greenhouses with hydrocyanic acid gas will, of course, destroy
the flies, but such fumigation has not proved to be a practical remedy. In an
infested house it is advisable to go over the plants every day, if possible, to remove
the injured buds, which should latterwerds be burned.
As to controlling the insect in gardens, Mr. Wood tried many methods to
exterminate it but found that the only satisfactory way was to cut off all the green
shoots. Such cuttings, of course, should be burned promptly.
EXPERIMENTS IN THE CONTROL OF THE POPLAR AND WILLOW
BORER (Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn.).
Ropert MaruEson, IrHaca, N.Y.
The Poplar and Willow Borer is a serious pest in nurseries of New York State
and at present is doing much damage. It is also a serious pest to ornamental
poplars and willows, including basket willows. ‘The most extensive depredations
of this pest occur in nurseries where large blocks of these trees are grown, and in
Cryptorhynchus lapathi. Adult. Egg puncture at side of lenticel.
some cases the annual loss is very considerable. During the past three years, as
time would permit, control experiments have been conducted in two of our large
nurseries. This work has been made possible through the courtesy of the pro-
prietors, and to them I desire to express my thanks.
127th Rep. State Ent. Ill., 111.
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 123
Although considerable biological data have been gathered in the course of this
work, only the control experiments and their results wil be discussed here. Since
the publication of Schoene’s work in Bulletin 286 of the New York Experiment
Station, at Geneva, very little has been done in reference to this insect. As the
result of his work he recommended the use of Bordeaux mixture containing an
arsenical. This spray should be applied during Jate July in’ order to destroy the
adults which feed indiscriminately on the bark of the trees. Owing to the diffi-
culty of spraying nursery trees this recommendation has not been adopted, and I
know of no experiments which have been conducted on a large scale in order to
test the efficiency of this method.
To present the method of experimentation more clearly a brief synopsis of the
life cycle of C. lapathi Linn. is necessary. The eggs are deposited in August,
September and October in two or three-year-old stock in the nursery rows. I did
not succeed in finding eggs in younger stock. The eggs are, laid exclusively in the
corky portions of the tree, just below the surface of the bark near the cambium
Egg in situ. Larva, just hatched.
layer. They were found most commonly around Jenticels, near buds and branches,
or in growths caused by pruning. These eggs hatch in late August, September and
October. The young grubs feed on the bark and grow slightly before hibernation.
In these small chambers, just below the surface of the outer bark, the young larve
pass the winter. Feeding begins early in the spring, the larve attacking the
cambium layer and often girdling the trees. In late June they bore into the heart
of the trees, forming the pupal cells. Pupation takes place during July and the
adults begin emerging in late July and August. The beetles feed for a short time
before beginning to oviposit.
Up to the time that the writer undertook work on this insect no efficient
control measures had been devised. The general recommendations had been the
cutting out and destruction of infested trees. Schoene in Bulletin 286 of the New
York Experiment Station stated that the use of arsenicals during July and August ©
would poison the greater majority of the beetles and reduce infestations in nurseries.
In practice it has been found that though Paris green and lead arsenates were used
in large quantities it had no effect in reducing the annual loss. At the time (1914)
the author began to look into this problem several large nurseries in New York
‘
124 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
State had about concluded to cease raising Carolina poplars although there was a
steady demand for such stock.
Early observations led the writer to the conclusion that this insect could be
destroyed by some contact spray applied to the trunks of the trees in the autumn
after the leaves have fallen, or in the spring before the young larvye have begun
actively feeding. This seemed very reasonable, owing to the quite exposed cen-
dition of the young larve in their burrows. It seemed that some of the emulsions
ought to penetrate the outer bark or be absorbed through the very small amount of
frass at the entrance to the burrows and destroy them. With this conclusion,
varying strengths of miscible oils and kerosene emulsion applied both in the fall
and spring were experimented with. In order to secure a stronger penetrating
fluid it was felt carbolineum avenarius ought to be given a therough trial, but very
little is known about the constituents of this preparation. Furthermore, very little
is known as to its effects on actively growing or dormant trees.
In the fall of 1913 seventy-six badly infested two-year-old poplar trees were
secured and planted at the insectary. On December 1, 1913, part of this block was
treated with scalecide at varying strengths and also a few trees with carbolineum
and its emulsion’ as indicated in the table. This experiment was closely watched
the following spring but no injury to the trees could be noted, except that the
éarbolineum treated trees did not seem so vigorous. However, they grew and are —
“now (1916) large healthy trees. Examination and careful count of the burrows
in all of the trees was made on June 17, 1914. The number of larve present per
tree is shown in table I.
TABLE I. CryprorHyNcHUs LAPATHI, Linn.
|
| When No. . No. Larvae Not ‘Percent.
Treatment | Applied Trees Examined [infested We ane Infested I nfested
Scealecide 1-5* -........- Dec.1,1913) 10 June17, 1914) 3 2.6 7 30
Scaleeide 1-8. \seisav ce ug 10 - | as 4 1.25 6 40
Sealecide 1-10 ..........| ne 10 *s 7 2-3 3 70
Scalecide 1-12 .......... oS 10 es 8 1.9 2 80
Seatecide 1-15). -casneaen a 10 cs 5 2 5 50
Carbolineum 1-1........ § 2 os OiAleecece mel 2 0
Carbolineum Emulsion 1-2 : | 2 | Ur er leatensseay | 2 0
Chethioweiiac.eece aces Semel tee | ‘ 10 2.6 12 45.5
In the spring of 1914 a series of experiments was undertaken in a large nursery.
Three-year-old stock was chosen as it was the most available at the time of doing
the work. Badly infested trees were selected at one side of a large block which
had been recently dug. Directly across the roadway was a block of young poplars.
On March 31 scalecide, of varying strengths, carbolineum, and carbolineum emulsion
were applied to the trunks from the ground up to the young growth. The day was
fair but it began raining before the various treatments were completed. However,
the rainfall was slight so it should not have had any effect on the insecticidal
qualities of the preparations.
The treated trees were examined carefully on May 14, 1914. The various
treatments had no effect on the growth of the trees, every tree growing vigorously,
*The carbolineum emulsion was prepared as follows: 1 1b. sodium carbonate, 1
quart hot water, 1 quart carbolineum avenarius. The sodium carbonate was dissolved
in the hot water and the carbolineum was then added, stirring vigorously.
*A]l dilutions are with water.
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 125
and their being no difference as far as could be detected between the checks and
_ those under experimentation. In the checks’ the larve were actively at work and
their abundance was indicated by the amount of sawdust exuding from the numerous
burrows. All the trees treated with different strengths of scalecide showed just as
high a percentage of infestation as the checks. This preparation had no appreci-
able effect. In the trees treated with carbolineum, either pure or as an emulsion,
not a trace of infestation could be found. After searching for several hours one
shrivelled and blackened larva was discovered in its burrow. However, it was not
' desirable to injure the trees too much by cutting into all suspicious egg punctures.
ye
The girdling work of the larve on Showing the beginning of the forma-
nursery trees. tion of the pupal chamber.
This experiment was again carefully examined on June 18 and confirmed
previous observations. The checks and those treated with scalecide were nearly all
badly infested, many trees with as many as eight to ten borers present, while a few
both in the treated and checks were apparently free. Those trees treated with
carbolineum and its emulsion were growing even more vigorously than the un-
treated ones, and not a single trace of the work of the borer in any one of the twelve
treated trees could be discovered. These preparations colored the trunks of the
trees a beautiful brown, but other than that no injury could be seen.
_ Fearing that such a perfect control might be due to other causes than the effect
of the treatment, a larger series of experiments was planned for the fall of 1914
‘and spring of 1915. Discarding the miscible oils, kerosene emulsion was given a
trial as it has been recommended for the control of the locust borer (Cyllene
robini@). In a block of over 10,000 trees ready for digging in the fall of 1915
126 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
rows were selected at the end which showed the greatest amount of the feeding work
of the beetles. On December 4, 1914, groups of twenty trees were each treated with
pure kerosene emulsion, carbolineum and carbolineum emulsion. Rows were left
between for checks. The material was applied directly to the trunks up to the
younger growth. On April 9, 1915, twenty-five trees were treated with pure
kerosene emulsion, fifty with carbolineum emulsion and twenty-eight with pure
carbolineum. Just previous to these treatments the trees in the whole block had
'
Three pupal chambers in a small Pupa in its cell.
3-year old nursery tree.
been pruned carefully. The material was carefully brushed over the trunks, cover-
ing all the cut surfaces of the recently removed branches.
The experiment was examined on June 28. The block as a whole showed a
severe infestation, sawdust being present at the base of a great many trees, and this
could be seen for a long distance down the nursery rows. In the rows treated
with carbolineum or its emulsion no sawdust could be seen and the trees were
vigorous growers, the trunks showing a beautiful brown color but not an indication
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 127
of borer work. The kerosene emulsion had no appreciable effect, nor did it injure
the trees, though it was applied in large quantities. The treatments applied and
results obtained may be quickly ascertained by consulting Table II. Kerosene
emulsion applied pure in the fall seems to have had some effect, but one cannot
Effects of borers on nursery stock. The tree in the centre is uninjured, and one
year younger than the other two. Note the comparative size and beauty of
uninjured tree..
safely draw conclusions. Thirty per cent. infestation is high, though the average
number of larve pertree is a minimum. The carbolineum applied pure and its
emulsion gave almost absolute control and seems to me a very simple and effective
means of control under nursery conditions.
128 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 E
TABLE IJ. CryprorHyNcHUS LAPATHI, L\nn,
- = eo Larvex - -
; When | No. No. | Not Percent.
Treatment Applied. [Trees Examined eee ees [Infested Haat
| u
Kerosene emulsion, (pure) Dec. 4, 1914) 20 June 28, 1915 6a 1 | 14 30
: Apl.9,1915) 25 “s 26%") Paps ye 9 =
Carbolineum.....s,..0+ Dec. 4.1914 20 es 0:>"'| Seniesa ee
os emulsion... Apl.9,1915 27 ae Use Rapp oescar 27
Carbolineum ti) esiee [Dees 451914] 20 < 0”
oS ee Os 1915 50 <s 0
6
treatment on a commercial scale. In the fall of 4915 arrangements were made to
Wh Se ge eta mt NOP Were orermtemereiets 20
Mina io Ra ea ee Be se 50
Oheckge ceteris sistemas geen | E16 +) 5 2.4 60 8. 3
The success of the preliminary experiments led to the trial of the carbolineum
treat two entire blocks of poplar trees in two large nurseries. This was made
One of many piles of discarded poplars in nursery.
possible by the courtesy of the owners who provided all the material, help and —
necessary equipment, the writer taking charge of the work. Each block of trees
contained approximately 14,000 trees. Owing to the excessive snowfall during the
winter of 1915 and 1916 it was not possible to apply the carbolineum as aul as
was intended. Furthermore, it was also delaved somewhat in order that the trees
should be pruned.
On April 8, 1916, 21 rows in one block were treated. As the day was cold,
threatening snow and sleet, the work was discontinued. During the following day
over three inches of snow fell and the remainder of the block was not treated till
April 13. In the meantime the borers had begun feeding, in fact were active since
about the early days of April. The results of the treatment in this block are
shown in the following table: 7
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 129
TABLE III. CryprorHyNcHus LAPATHI, Linn.
| | | | |
When | No. No. | Larve Not Per cent.
Applied | Trees Examined Infested | per tree | Infested | Infested
Treatment |
*
Carbolineum .... ‘Apl. 18, 1916 5,000 June 22,1916, 0* | 0 1,161 0
i"** 13, ** | 9,000 |July 20, Leo Hs 1GUP |e aoe sae
xreosote:.......| ‘* 8 ‘* 136 |June22, ‘‘ 0 0 136 0
| | ruliyi205 9-8 * 0 | 0 136 0
NRBRME ie cisis|ceesccesecss| 313 |\June22, ‘* fe) | 2 304 2.9
| | inly20 yo i de | 2 302 3.5
It will be seen from the above table that practically absolute control was
secured with the carbolineum treatment. Unfortunately, the entire check row did
not show a high percentage of infestation, but it is sufficient to indicate that the
treatment was effective. In addition to the carbolineum a high grade creosote was
Showing treated row on each side of a check. Note
the almost black color of the treated rows.
also tried in a limited way. The creosote also gave perfect control and this
indicates well, for the row treated stood directly next the check row. The carbo-
lineum gave the bark of the trees a beautiful brown appearance, but it in no way
affected the vigor of the trees. This brownish coloration gradually becomes re-
duced during the summer, but treated trees can be recognized easily at least three
*In order to determine the infestation in the treated trees not all of the 14,000 trees
were examined. Rows were selected, hewever, in different parts of the block and every
tree examined carefully. In this way, 1,161 trees were closely scrutinized and not a sign
of borer work could be found. Based on the result of this examination the figures in
the table have been prepared. In the second examination a single larva was found at
work on one of the treated trees, but as this was the rare exception the fact has been
ignored in the percentage column.
9 Es.
;
130 THE REPORT OF THE ~— No. 36 ;
years afterwards. Another point that should be brought out here is that the four
trees treated with carbolineum in my experimental plot in 1913 (Dec. 1, 1913),
were not attacked during the summers of 1914 and 1915 and only a single larva
was found in them during 1916. This would indicate that carbolineum treated —
trees are not readily selected by the females for oviposition, provided untreated
trees are available. This point will be further investigated by the writer.
The results of the treatment of the second block of about an equal number of
trees are shown in the following table.
TABLE IV. CrYPTORHYNCHUS LAPATHI, Linn,
| When_ | No. | ae O. Larve | Not Per cent.
Treatment | Applied | Trees Examined Infected per Tree Infested kes
Carbolineum.. -/Apl. nae 13, 14,000 \June 23, 1916! 20 1,4 | eeeae 1.28
|July 20, ‘‘ 20 1.4 | 1,540 1.28
Cheolk.c3. sees: aa 84 June 23, “s 8 1 | 76 9.5
Tnlyg20 ee oles 1 76 9.5
Check: caessic iecll Sees seeaitees 555 June 23. ‘‘ 19 | 1 oes 536 3.42
July 20, **) 19. | 1.2 536 3.42
In this block we have extremely interesting results showing most vastlts éhowing: mesh aa
the effectiveness of the carbolineum treatment. The author visited this nursery
and showed the owner the method of treatment, but did not further supervise the
work. In treating the trees the following day the workman failed in many cases to
cover the base of the trees with the material, and also failed to apply it sufficiently
high on the trunk. As a result all of the infestations, amounting to nearly 1.3 per
cent., occurred either at the base or above the highest point of treatment. Another
interesting point is in regard to the check row. This row running through the
centre of the block contained 639 trees. When the owner saw the excellent results
in the treated trees he thought why should he not save most of the check row. So
on June 3, 4 or 5, he did not know the exact date, he treated 555 of the trees, leaving
some at either end as a true check. The treatment, even at this late date, had a
marked effect as shown by the percentage of infestation as found on June 23.
During the first week in June all of the larve were still at work in the cambium
layer and wherever sufficient material was applied most of the larve were killed.
The trees then readily outgrew the injury. The carbolineum had no apparent effect
in the retardation of growth.
METHOD oF APPLICATION.
After many trials it was found that the simplest method of application was by
the use of cotton waste. The carbolineum is non-injurious to the hands so each
workman carried a small amount of the material in a dipper or tin can. The
cotton waste was dipped into the material and then rubbed carefully up and down
the trunk. It is not necessary usually to go higher than four or five feet, but grea
care should be exercised to see that the base of the tree is well treated and all pa
of the trunk well covered. At the same time the material should not be allow
to run down to the roots. After the trees are pruned workmen can apply th
material at a very rapid rate. It is preferable to make the application on a wa
day as the carbolineum is then thinner and more easily put on the trees.
*Only 1,560 trees were examined, but these w:re selected rows and the percenta:
of infestation is fairly accurate.
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 131
————
Cost oF TREATMENT,
Tt was at first thought that the cost of treatment might prevent its use under
nursery conditions inasmuch as poplars are not very high priced stock. In one
nursery a Careful account of the entire cost of treatment was kept and is shown
below.
SOBER TOMETCAL 144AN)O EECCBY cc cress 0.0 s sce niecc cae eas s6 Suede $18 50
Mmatcrial, carpolineum, 7 gals at 90c. ...6....2..0 0c. eeceee 6 30
INET) OTS 8 orice SI Bo eA eon ert ae ak $24 80
PTtAVCCOSE WOR TGG! . cite oe sc cye Sc cole « ceiesiso crsicnereels 0.00177
Tt will thus be seen that the cost per tree is extremely small, not exceeding
two-tenths of a cent, a practically negligible charge.
Carbolineum treatment ends at
Note work of borer just where treat- arrow point A. Note the two
ment with carbolineum ends. borers near base of
Shown by arrow. the tree. 4
SUMMARY.
The poplar and willow borer is a serious pest in restricting the production of
Carolina poplars in our nurseries. Many nurseries have either given up raising
them or are planning to do so.
The trees attacked by this beetle include a wide variety of poplars (Populus
spp.) and willows (Salix spp.). ‘The trees are valuable both as ornamental, shade
and forest trees and the depredations of this insect are sometimes serious.
Almost perfect control was secured by treating the trunk of infested trees,
under nursery conditions, with carbolineum. The material is inexpensive and
easily applied.
32 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
The writer does not see any reason why this treatment could not be extended
‘o include willows and experiments wili be undertaken with this end in view.
Furthermore, if persons who purchase poplars or willows will have them treated
at the time of planting the spread of the insect should be greatly checked, and at
the same time save the trees.
THE FRUIT-TREE LEAF-ROLLER IN NEW YORK STATE.
GLENN W. Herrick, IrHaca, N.Y.
Because of its varied agricultural and horticultural interests, because of its
nearness to the seaboard and the consequent importation and landing of many and
various plants and agricultural products, and because it stands in the path of the
great carriers to the Western States, New York is especially subject to outbreaks
Larva of the leaf-roller.
of both old and new insect pests and plant diseases. This is true more especially
perhaps of those affecting the horticultural interests of the State. Nearly every
season witnesses an outbreak of some old pest which has suddenly gained a new
foothold, and has taken on new energy or of some foreign importation that has been
dropped by the way or been established by the bringing in of new plants or plant
products. To the entomologist New York State furnishes a field of perennial
interest, but to the horticulturist one of perennial fight and struggle.
— -
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 133
Because of the proximity of the principal fruit districts of the State to those
of Ontario, Canada, whatever is of interest in the way of insect pests here is also
of considerable interest to Ontario entomologists and fruit growers. It was with
this thought in mind that the writer chose to discuss briefly the fruit tree leaf-
roller in New York.
This leaf-roller is not an insect new to this country for it has been known
since 1863 when Walker described it and since 1896, at least, it has been put among
the enemies of the apple in New York. It was not, however, until 1911 that the
leaf-roller began to attract particular attention in this State. It furnishes a fine
example.of an insect previously unimportant which has suddenly and inexplicably
multiplied to an enormous degree and reached the rank of a serious pest at a single
bound, for during the seasons of 1912, 1913, 1914, and 1915, it caused serious and
rather widespread injury in Western New York. In addition, it became unusually
abundant and injurious in Colorado and New Mexico during the same period.
During the past season it was much less in evidence but no prediction can be made
regarding it for it may break out again at any favorable time.
HABITS AND INJURIES.
The larve appear as the buds are bursting and begin to attack the unfolding
leaves. They bend the leaves over and tie them together with silk. Within
this sort of nest the larve live and eat the leaves. As soon as the blooms
Leayes tied together by the leaf-roller. Work of leaf-roller on pears.
appear the larve begin to eat off the blossom stems and tie them together with
silken threads, along with the leaves surrounding the blossom cluster. This
webbing and tying together of the blossom clusters is a most pernicious habit,
because it interferes seriously with spraying for the Codling Moth. In one
Baldwin orchard in which the larve were very abundant, the blossom clusters were
so webbed together and covered over with silk, dried petals and leaves that it was
almost impossible to get the spray mixture into the calyx cup. As soon as the
young apples or pears begin to set they are tied together with silk, while the larve
134 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
live inside and gnaw cavities into the sides of the young fruit. Dr. Lintner
reports the same habit of the larve and refers to some young pears that
were eaten into, sent to him by P. Barry, of Rochester, in 1888. Stedman
mentions the same kind of injury in Missouri and considers this the most serious
form of injury committed by the insect. To give some idea of the number of
larve present the writer counted 17 worms in nine blossom clusters; Braucher
counted 21 larve on one twig 21 inches long, and 19 larve on another twig 22
inches long.
The larve also work on the leaves, rolling them and living within the roll.
Here, effectually hidden, they feed on the tender tissues of the leaves. When
disturbed they drop down out of their hiding places and remain suspended by
silken threads like cankerworms. When all is quiet they climb back to their hiding
places and begin their work again. Their injuries to the leaves are often very
serious, especially when the larve are abundant. Gillette says, “I have seen
small orchards entirely defoliated by this species so that not a green leaf could be
seen.”
Lirr-H story.
Our observations accord with those of other workers for we find hut one
generation each year in New York.
The eggs are deposited in greatest numbers during the last of June and the
first part of July. They are laid in small, oval, convex patches about as large
as the end of a lead pencil on the bark of the smaller twigs. Here they remain
until the following May or for a period of about ten months.
The hatching period extends over an interval of two or three weeks although
the majority of the larve appear about the time the buds are bursting.
The full grown larva is about one inch in length, light green in color, with a
black head, and black thoracic shield. It takes from three to four weeks for the
larva to become full grown. It pupates in a flimsy web in a rolled leaf and in
about twelve days the adult moths appear. These soon begin to deposit their eggs
thus completing the life cycle.
NATURAL ENEMIES.
~
The fruit-tree leaf-roller seems to have a number of natural enemies. We
bred at least four species of hymenopterous parasites from the larve and pupz in
our cages. Gill has recorded several species of birds feeding’on the larve and has
also found a few insects which are predaceous on the leaf-roller; notwithstanding
this rather large list of enemies the leaf-roller has not been held in check but in _
spite of them has increased enormously at certain periods.
MeEtHops or CONTROL. <
The leaf-roller has been one of the most difficult of lepidopterous apple pests
to control. Its habit of rolling leaves, tying them iogether, and living within these
protective coverings makes it difficult to get at. Attempts were made to control
the insect by thoroughly spraying the infested trees with arsenate of lead and lime-
sulphur about the time the buds were bursting, and again just before the blossoms
opened, but the results were not satisfactory.
In the spring of 1911 a badly infested orchard in western New York was
thoroughly sprayed, as the buds were bursting with 2 pounds of arsenate of lead
sich.
'
(1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 135
to 50 gallons of lime-sulphur solution. On May 13th just before tie blossoms
opened 13 Baldwin trees in this orchard were sprayed again with arsenate of lead,
-2 pounds to 50 gallons of lime-sulphur and 200 galJlons of the mixture were put on
the 13 trees. Later, after the petals had fallen, the regular codling moth spray
was giyen to these trees thus makmg three thorough poison sprays. We were
much disappointed to find that the number of larve was not visibly lessened by these
applications.
In the spring of 1912 we projected and carried out an extensive series of ex-
periments in the control of this pest. Mixtures of paste arsenate of lead, arsenite
_ of zine, black-leaf-40 and soap, and powdered arsenate of lead in different com-
binations and proportions were tried on various blocks of badly infested trees,
principally Greenings. In all, over seventeen combinations of materials were
tried on different groups of trees in the orchard. Most of the applications were
made before the cluster of flower buds had separated. At this time, however, a
large part of the eggs had hatched and many larve had already worked their way
_ down among the cluster buds and were feeding on the buds and bud stems.
The results of the whole series of experiments were really very discouraging
so far as prevention of injury to the fruit was concerned. There was so little
difference between the sprayed and unsprayed portions that it did not seem worth
while to make a count of the fruit. The orchard produced only about two hundred
and fifty barrels of apples out of a normal eight hundred barrels, and these were
mostly in the tops of the trees and in portions of the orchard not so badly in-
ested. In this connection the work of one of the better and more intelligent
fruit growers in New York is of interest.
The large orchards of this fruit grower were sprayed five times and sprayed
thoroughly and intelligently. The orchards were sprayed first, in the dormant
condition, just before the buds burst, with lime-sulphur, 1 gallon to 61% gailons
of water with 1 pint of black-leaf-40 to every 100 gallons for the aphis. The
second spraying was made just before the blossoms opened with lime-sulphur 1 to
50 and 3 pounds of arsenate of lead. The third application was made just as the
_ petals had fallen and consisted of lime-su!phur 1 to 50, arsenate of lead 3 pounds
_ and black-leaf-40, 34 pint to 100 gallons. A fourth spraying was made about
ten days to two weeks after the third with lime-sulphur 1 to 50 and 3 pounds of
OER OF PK Ee ve
qo ORR) Ory Teer Re lat
arsenate of lead. At about this time the owners became much worried over the
Toller and sprayed a fifth time with arsenate of lead alone, 4 pounds to 50 gallons.
_ In spite of this extraordinary amount of careful and thorough spraying the trees
and cover crop under the trees were alive with larve and 40 per cent. of the crop
: was ruined. :
x During the season of 1914 careful experiments were conducted again with the
_ poison sprays in western New York but with indifferent results. To sum up,
_ thorough spraying with arsenate of lead in heavy proportions has not proved
_ effective in cases of severe infestation either in New York or in the western States.
In 1914 the writer and Mr. R. W. Leiby carried out an extensive series of
experiments in the field at Hilton, New York. The writer had determined by
_ laboratory experiments made in 1912 that the miscible oils were very effective in
_ destroying the eggs. In 1913 some limited orchard experiments demonstrated the
_ effectiveness of these oils under field conditions and in 1914 we determined to try
them on a much larger scale. In these experiments we used Scalecide, Orchard
Brand, and Target Brand miscible oils. Suffice it to say, without going into
details, that the miscible oils gave very gratifying results. We were able to
destroy from 74 to 92 per cent. of the eggs and we believe that these oils furnish
136 THE REPORT OF THE ; No. 36
a means of control for the ieaf-roller if they” are intelligently and thoroughly
applied. Such has also been the experience and conclusion of Gill in Colorado,
Childs of Oregon, and Weldon, in Colorado and California.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
The leaf-roller is difficult to control because of its habit of hiding in the -
opening buds or in rolled leaves. Thorough spraying with arsenate of lead in
heavy proportions has not proved effective in cases of severe infestation, either in
New York or in the Western States.
Extended experiments show that the eggs of the leaf-roiler are susceptible to
the effect of miscible cils, which, when thoroughly applied, have destroyed from 74
to 92 per cent. of the eggs. In Coloradc, New Mexico, and Oregon, where these —
oils have also been used extensively, even a higher proportion of the eggs have been
destroyed. In experiments made during the last three years no injury has resulted
from the use of miscible oils. The oils have been applied in the spring (April) at
as near the active growing period of the tree as possible, but always before the buds
burst. They have been used generally at the rate of 1 gallon to 15 gallons of
water.. Only one application should be made and that on a day when the tempera-
ture is above freezing.
In cases of severe infestation the oils shouid be supplemented by thorough
sprayings with arsenate of lead at the rate of 6 pounds to 100 gallons of water or
of neecaipiaen solution. At least one application should fa made before the
blossoms open, and another after the petals fall: the latter will serve also as the
regular spraying for Codling Moth. In lightly infested orchards spraying with
miscible oils may be omitted and reliance placed on thorough applications of
arsenate of lead, at. the rate of 6 pounds to 100 gallons of water or lime-sulphur
solution. One or two applications should be made before the blossoms open and
another after the petals fall.
Dr. Hewitt: It is always a very pleasurable duty at the conclusion of these
meetings to thank our hosts, and I have much pleasure, therefore, in moving that
the very hearty thanks of the Society be tendered to the President of the College
and his staff for the generous hospitality which has been extended to the Society,
both in providing for the meeting place for the Society and for our entertainment
in the dining hall, and to the President of the Students’ Council who so kindly
added to the social enjoyment of the members. 1! think I am voicing the senti-
ments of all the members who are present when I say that this meeting has been
extremely enjoyable from the social point of view from the fact that we have been
permitted to lunch in the dining hall—which I may say we hope is a custom which
will be continued in future years. It has added greatly to the convenience of the
meeting, and to the opportunity of different members meeting each other, and also
for the very enjoyable entertainment last night which was afforded us. May I
also say how gratifying it is to the visiting members to find Dr. Bethune in such
excellent health and still carrying on his work. It is a great pleasure to have
him still taking an active part in the meetings, and I hope that pleasure will be
continued for many years to come.
Pror. LocHHeApD: I should like to second that motion proposed by Dr.
Hewitt. I have especially enjoyed my visit here. I have looked forward to it for
some time, and it is like coming home again te come back here and meet eld
friends. Of course the student body is different from my time, but there are a
sufficient number of familiar faces left to remind me of my old days here. I am
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 137
very much pleased also to see Dr. Bethune so hale and hearty. I hope he will
have many years yet of pleasant work among his beloved insects and also among
his beloved students. 1 have to thank, also, especially Mr. Baker and Mr. Caesar
for the untiring efforts they have put forth for our welfare, and for the programme
they have got together.
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1916.
ArtHur Gipson, Curer AssISTANT ENTOMOLOGIST, DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA.
Although the season of 1916 was disappointing, on the whole, for entomo-
logical work in general in Canada, there was accomplished, nevertheless, through-
out the Dominion, much careful collecting in the various orders of insects. During
the early part of the season, cool and rainy weather interfered considerably with
such work, and later, in July and August, exceptionally high temperatures were
recorded.
In June eastern entomologists had the -pleasure of meeting Mr. J. H.
Emerton, of Boston, Mass., and Dr. W. T. M. Forbes, of Worcester, Mass., both
of whom visited together various districts in the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
The former collected spiders, and the latter msects in general, but chiefly
lepidoptera. Mr. C. H. Young, of the Geological Survey, collected in the district
of Lillooet, B.C. -Other officers of the Geological Survey, also brought back small
collections from distant fields. The insects collected in the far north in the years
1913 and 1914, by Mr. Frits Johansen, while with the Southern Scientific party of
the Canadian Arctic Expedition, are now in Ottawa, and are being mounted for
immediate study.
It is again our pleasant duty to acknowledge the many favors we have re-
ceived from specialists in the United States and elsewhere. Our special thanks
are due to Dr. L. O. Howard, and his colleagues at Washington—Messrs. Crawford, ~
Busck, Schwarz, Banks, Gahan, Knab and Dr. Dyar; Sir George Hampson, of the
British Museum; Dr. J. M. Aldrich, of La Fayette, Ind.; Mr. C. W. Johnson, of
Boston, Mass.; Col. Thos. L. Casey, of Washington, D.C.; Prof. H. F. Wickham,
of Towa City, Iowa; Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, of Berkeley, Cal.; Dr. Henry Skinner,
of Philadelphia, Pa.; Mr. Chas. Liebeck, of Philadelphia, Pa.; Prof. H. S. Hine,
of Columbus, Ohio; Mr. Chas, W. Leng, of New York, N.Y.; Dr. W. G. Dietz,
of Hazleton, Pa.; Dr. F. C. Fall, of Pasadena, Cal.; Mr. M. C. Van Duzee, of
Buffalo, N.Y.; Mr. C. A. Frost, of South Framingham, Mass.; Dr. EH. C. Van
Dyke, of Berkeley, Cal.; Mr. J. H. Emerton, of Boston, Mass.; Messrs. Barnes
and McDunnough, Decatur, Ill.; Mr. F. H. Wolley-Dod, of Midnapore, Alta.,
and Dr. E. M. Walker, of Toronto, Ont.
LITERATURE.
Among the books memoirs, cte., which have appeared during 1916, and which
are of interest to Canadian students, the following should be mentioned:
Apricu, J. M. Sarcophaga and Allies in North America: The Thomas Say
Foundation of the Entomological Society of America; La Fayette, Indiana, U.S.,
date of issue Noy. 30, 1916. The Sarcophagid flies are interesting insects ranging
in larval habit from scavengers to parasites of warm blooded animals. Dr.
138 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Aldrich’s study of the various species, comprising 301 pages, will be welcomed by
entomologists generally. Sixteen plates at the end of the volume illustrate genital
characters. Ninety-five species are described as new, five of which are from
Canada, and five as new varieties, one of which is Canadian.
BARNES, W., AND McDunnoveu, J. Check List of the Lepidoptera of North
America: Decatur, IIL, price $2.00. The appearance of this new check list which
has been eagerly awaited by lepidopterists, was an exceedingly welcome one. The
. authors have our hearty congratulations on the completion of such an arduous
task. The classification of the species is considerably different from that in Dyar’s
catalogue, which most collectors have been using. The arrangement of the text
matter is similar to that in Smith’s 1903 check list, which it replaces. The new
list comprises 197 pages.
BuaTcHuEy, W. 8. snp Lene. C. W. Rhynchophora or Weevils of North
Eastern America: Nature Publishing Co., Indianapolis, Ind.; 1916, 682 pages,
150 text figures, price $4.00 unbound. Like the work of the senior author, the
“Coleoptera or Beetles of Indiana,” published in 1910, this work on the Rhyn-
chophora, will prove of inestimable value to entomologists generally. With this
new manual in hand, students will now be able to arrange, classify and determine
the scientific names of the weevils in their collections. Keys to the families, sub-
families, tribes, genera and species have been made an important part of the
present work. Following the descriptions of each species are notés on distribution,
food habits, ete. The classification used is mainly that of LeConte & Horn (1876)
modified where necessary by the recent studies of Casey, Hopkins, Pierce and
certain European authors. A bibliography at the end notes the various works
on Rhynchophora, which have been consulted in the preparation of the volume.
Casey, THos. L. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VII; issued Nov. 29, 1916;
The New Era Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa. This contribution of 300 pages is
divided into two parts, namely: I—Further Studies in the Cicindelide, and II—
Some Random Studies Among the Clavicornia. In the former pages 1 to 35,
eleven new species are described, one of which is from Hudson Bay Territory, and
thirty-three new sub- “species none of which are from Canada. In part II, a large
number of new species are described, only three of which, however, are from
Canada.
Benn, i, 2s A Study of Gall Midges, IIT: New York State Museum
Bulletin No. 180, pp. 127-288, issued Jan. 1, 1916. In this important contri-
bution the species of the tribes Porricondylariz and Oligotrophiarie are discussed,
several of which are described as new. Descriptions of nine species known to occur
in Canada are given. In addition to 101 text figures, 16 plates accompany the
memoir, showing gall midge wings, genitalia and galls.
In the 31st Report of the State Entomologist of New York, (June 1, 1916),
the same author contributes: “A Study of Gall Midges, IV, pp. 101-172, the
Tribe Asphondyliarie# being monographed. Thirty-nine text figures are included.
Ferris, G. F. A catalogue and host list of the Anoplura: Proc. Cal. Acad.
Sci. Vol. VI, No. 6, pp. 129-213, May 12, 1916. This publication will doubtless
be a welcome one to those interested in the sucking lice. Following a key to the
families, sub-families and genera, the species are listed with the names of the
animals upon which they have been found. Before listing the recognized species
in each genus, the author describes the important generic characters. The
catalogue is complete to April, 1916.
Metcatr, C. L. Syrphide of Maine: Maine Agric. =x **stion, Bull. No.
es
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 139
253, pp. 193-264, 9 plates, issued Oct. 14, 1916. This bulletin will undoubtedly
prove of much value to Canadian dipterists, particularly those residing in the
eastern provinces. Not only are descriptions of the more important or interesting
Maine species given, but artificial keys to the larve and pupe of the syrphide
are also presented. Interesting chapters on the habits, structure and economic
importance of the larve, etc., are included. The plates illustrate the life-stages
of ten different species.
Mosuer, Epna. A classification of the Lepidoptera based on characters of
the pupa: Bull, of the Ill. State Lab. of Nat. History, Vol. XII, Article II, March,
1916, pp. 17-159, plates XIX to XXVII. In 1895, Packard published a paper
entitled “ Attempt at a New Classification of the Mentone ” based upon pupal
characters. The determinations of the homology of the various parts of the
pupe were, it is stated by the above author, far from correct, and this, of course,
invalidated many of his conclusions. Since Packard’s paper, nothing has appeared
in America towards such a classification until Dr. Mosher’s contribution. Fol-
lowing the introduction are chapters on “Changes Preceding Pupation,?’ and
“External Morphology,” under which is discussed in detail the head, the thorax
and the abdomen. In the “ classification ” keys to. many of the families are given,
and plates XIX to XXVII illustrate valuable characters. The memoir is, indeed,
an important one, and the author is to be congratulated on the completion of so
useful a study.
NerrpHamu, James G. anp Luoyp, J. T. The Life of Inland Waters, an
elementary text book of fresh-water biology for American students: The Comstock
Publishing Co., Ithaca, N.Y., 1916; 438 pages, 244 text figures; price $3.00. This
book is divided into seven chapters: I, Introduction; II, The Nature of Aquatic
Enyironment; III, Types of Aquatic Environment; IV, Aquatic Organisms; V,
Adjustment to Conditions of Aquatic Life; VI, Aquatic Societies; VII, Inland
Water Culture. Chapters [V, V and VI, contains much entomological matter.
t Osporn, Herserr. Agricultural Entomology, for students, farmers, fruit-
_ growers and gardeners: Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia and New York, 1916; 347
_ pages, 252 text figures, 1 colored plate. This book, the author states, has been
_ designed to meet the needs of students and others who wish to learn something
_ of insect life, especially in relation to farm crops and live stock. It will un-
doubtedly prove a useful work of reference.
Osporn, Herpert and Drake, Cart J. The Tingitoidea of Ohio: Ohio
State University Bulletin, Vol. XX, No. 35, pp. 217-251. This study of these
insects of Ohio commonly known as “ lace-bugs” will be of interest to Canadian
students. Ten new species are described. Nine figures occur in the text in
addition to which there are two plates. :
Van Duzer, Epwarp P. Check List of the Hemiptera (excepting the
_ Aphidide, Aleurodide and Coccide of America, north of Mexico, p. 111: New
York Entomological Society, 1916. The appearance of this long-looked for check
list was, I feel sure, welcomed by entomologists generally. In the preface the
author states that “the present Check List has been drawn off from a complete
“bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the Hemiptera of America North of
Mexico, which was completed last winter, and later will be published by the Uni-
_yersity of California Press. Except for the references to the literature of the sub-
jects, this Check List gives most of the information in the large catalogue and
includes the systematic arrangements, full synonymy, the date of each name, and
." the distribution of each species.” Copies of the Check List may be obtained
5
\
140 THE REPORT OF THE - No Sem
from the Treasurer of thé New York Entomological Society, the price of the
same is $1.50.
Van Duzer, E. P. Monograph of the North American Species of Orthotylus
(Hemiptera): Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Vol. VI, No. 5, pp. 87-128, May 8, 1916.
In this paper the author includes the species recorded from America, north of
Mexico. Twenty-five species are described as new, one of which is from Canada.
One plate showing male genital hooks accompanies the paper.
CoLLECcTORS.
The following is a list of the names and addresses of collectors heard from
during 1916:
Anderson, E. M., Provincial Museum, Victoria, B.C.
Baird, Thos., High River, Alta.
Beaulieu, G., Ent. Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa.
Beaulne, J. I., Ent. Branch, Dept. Agr. Ottawa.
Bethune, Rey. Prof., O.A.C., Guelph.
Blackmore, E. H., Victoria, B.C.
Bowman, K., 9914-115th Street, Edmonton, Alta.
Brimley, J. F., Wellington, Ont.
Brittain, W., Agric. College, Truro, N.S.
Caesar, L., O.A.C., Guelph, Ont.
Carr, F. S., Edmonton, Alta.
Chagnon, Gus., Box 521, Montreal.
‘Chagnon, W., St. John’s, Que. :
Chrystal, R. N., Ent. Branch, Dept. Agr., Ottawa. ro
Cockle, J. W., Kaslo, B.C.
Cosens, Dr. A., Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Toronto.
Crew, R. J., 561 Carlaw Ave., Toronto.
Criddle, Evelyn, Aweme, Man. =
Criddle, Norman, Aweme, Man.
Dawson, Horace, Hymers, Ont.
Day, G. O., Duncan, B.C.
Dod, F. H. Wolley-, Midnapore, Alta.
Dunlop, James, Woodstock, Ont.
Emile, Rev. Bro., Longueuil, Que.
Evans, J. D., Trenton, Ont.
Fyles, Rev. Dr. T. W. 268 Frank St., Ottawa.
Germain, Rev. Bro., Three Rivers, Que.
Gibson, Arthur, Ent. Branch, Dept. Agric., Ottawa.
Hadwen, Dr. S., Agassiz, B.C.
ffahn, Paul, 433 Indian Road, Toronto.
Hanham, A. W., Duncan, B.C.
Harrington, W. H. 295 Gilmour St., Ottawa.
Hewitt. Dr. C. Gordon, Ent. Branch, Dept. Agric., Ottawa.
Holmes, James G., Westmount, Que.
Hudson, A. F., Millarville, Alta.
Johnson, Geo. S., Moose Jaw, Sask.
Kitto, V., Inland Revenue, Dept. Interior, Ottawa.
Leavitt, A. G., St. John, N.B.
Macnamara Chas., Arnprior, Ont. :
(1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ; 141
Mackie, Donald, Edmonton, Alta.
McIntosh, W., St. John, N.B.
Mignault, Rev. J. B., Saint Lambert, Que.
Moore, G. A., 359 Querbes Ave., Outremont, Montreal.
Payne, H. G., Granville Ferry, N.S.
Perrin, Jos., McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S.
Petch, C. E., Hemmingford, Que.
Phair, A. W. H., Lillooet, B.C.
Ruhmann, Max M., Vernon, B.C.
Roberts, H. L., Winnipeg; Man..
Ross, W. A,. Vineland Station, Ont.
4 Roy, Henri, Quebec, Que.
Sanders, G. E., Annapolis, N.S.
Sanson, N. B., Banff, Alta.
: Simpson, W., Dominion Observatory, Ottawa.
: Simms, H. M., 192 Ontario East, Montreal.
i Sladen, F. W. L., Experimental Farm, Ottawa.
3 Strickland, E. H., Experimental Station, Lethbridge. Alta.
; Swaine, J. M., Ent. Branch, Dept. Agric., Ottawa.
Tams, W. H. T., Midnapore, Alta.
Tayerner, P. A., Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa.
Tothill, J. D., Fredericton, N.B.
Treherne, R. C., Agassiz, B.C.
Venables, E. P., Vernon, B.C.
Walker, Dr. E. M., Univ. of Toronto, Toronto.
Wallis, J. B., 265 Langside St., Winnipeg, Man.
Whitehouse F. C., Red Deer, Alta.
Willing, Prof. T. N., Univ, of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.
i Wilson, Tom, 1105 Broadway, Vancouver, B.C.
Winn, A. F., 32 Springfield Ave., Westmount, Que.
Young, C. H.; Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa.
ee
NOTES OF CAPTURES.
(Species preceded by an asterisk (*) described during 1916.)
LEPIDOPTERA.
(Arranged according to Barnes & McDunnough’s Check List of the Lepidoptera
of North America.)
Papilionide.
5. Papilio bairdi Edw. Red Deer, Alta., June 24, 1916, (Whitehouse).
_ Satyride.
z 120. Oeneis macouni Edw. Victoria Beach, Man., July 1, 1916, (Duthie).
%
_ Nymphalide.
4
189. *Brenthis aphirape dawsoni B. & McD. MHymers, Ont., June 15-30,
(Dawson) ; Can. Ent., XLVITII, 222.
142 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
es THE REPORT 08 AS é
193. *Brenthis chariclea grandis B. i = ;
ees Tn oo & McD. Hyniers, Ont., Aug. 1-15, (Dawson) ;
202. Brenthis astarte D. & H. Lillooet, B.C., (Phair).
305. *Basilarchia arthemis rubrofasciata B. & McD. Province of Saskatchewan
(Croker) ; Cartwright, Man.; Calgary, (Dod) ; Can. Ent., XLVIII, 221.
Hesperiide.
Andopea (Pamphila) lineola. Mr. W. E. Saunders, of London, @nt.,
has informed me that this European, species has been found at London,
Ont., as follows: July 21, 1910, (10 specimens taken), 1911, (2 speei-
mens taken). Since, taken every year, the name of the collector being
Mr. John A. Morden. The determination, Mr. Saunders tells me, was
made at Washington.
Sphiiigids,
696. Sphina drupiferarum A. & 8. Red Deer, Alta., June 28, 1916, (White-
house).
733. Hemorrhagia gracilis G. & R. Petawawa, Ont., June 10, 1910, (record
sent by A. F. Winn from specimen in collection of G. A. Southee, Outre-
mont, Que.).
Saturniide.
785. *Hemileuca lucina latifascia B. & McD. Aweme, Man., Sept., (N. Criddle) ;:
Can. Ent., XLVIII, 224.
Arctiide.
973. Apantesis parthenice Kirby. Stellarton, N.S., (C. B. Hills). First re-
cord I have for the Province, (A. G.).
982. Apantesis virguncula Kirby. Stellarton, N.S., (C. B. Hills). First re-
cord I have for the Province, (A. G.).
989. Awpantesis phyllira Dru. Wellington, Ont., July, (record sent by J. D.
Evans). Furthest eastern record for Ontario, (A. G.).
1033. Haploa lecontei militaris Harr. Stellarton, N.S. July (C. B. Hills).
First record we have for the Province, (A. G.).
1034. Haploa confusa Lyman. Stellarton, N.S., July 19, (C. B. Hills). First
record we have for the Province, (A. G.).
Noctuide. ‘
1214. *Copablepharon viridisparsa Dod. Lethbridge, Alta. July 20, 1925,
(Strickland); Calgary, Alta., Aug. 7, 1902, (Willing);- Can. Ent.,
XLVIII, 60. The species is the No. 385 of Dod’s Alberta list, originally
recorded as absidum.
1379. *Euroa thanatologia perfida Dod. Calgary, Alta., (Dod): High River,
Alta., (Baird) ; Miniota, Man., (Dennis); Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). Can,
Ent., XLVIII, 64. This is the moth referred to under No. 224, in
Dod’s Alberta list.
1409. Feltia volubilis Harv.
(Hanham).
1718. Polia goodelli Grt. Murray Bay, Que., (Holmes). Only one locality~ ~
St. Hilaire—in Winn’s list of Quebee lepidoptera.
Duncan, B.C., June 3, 1916. New to local list,
ee a ee
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 143
1887. Aylomiges dolosa Grt. Mdmonton, Alta., April 17, 1915; April 27, 1916,
(Mackie). New to Alberta, (Dod).
2001. *Cucullia omissa Dod. Head of Pine Creek, near Calgary, Alta., May 18,
June 25-Aug. 13, (Dod); Windermere. B.C., June 12, 1907, (Dod) ;
Nelson, B.C., (H. Cane); Aweme, Man., June 6-14, (N. Criddle) ;
Cartwright, Man., (Heath); Hymers, Ont., July 11, 1912, (Dawson) ;
Can. Ent., XLVIII, 58.
2116. Lpidemas melanographa Hamp. -Quamachan Lake, B.C., Oct. 10, 1910;
Victoria, B.C., end of Aug., 1916, (Hanham).
2264. Septis plutonia Grt. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1915 and 1916, (Mackie).
i New to Alberta list, (Dod).
5 2295. Trachea adnixa Grt. Duncan, B.C., July, (Hanham).
2390. Callopistria floridensis Gu. This insect, the caterpillar of which has ap-
peared in greenhouses in destructive numbers at Weston, near Toronto,
Ont., and Montreal West, Que., is a new addition to the Canadian list.
& Moths from the former locality have been reared at Ottawa, (Gibson).
2440. Acronycta fragilis Gn. Edmonton, Alta., May 20-June 23, 1915, (Mackie).
New to Alberta list, (Dod).
2441. Acronycta minella Dyar. Starblanket, Sask., (H. Hutchinson).
2476. Acronycta felina cyanescens Hamp. Victoria, B.C., July 10, 1916,
(Hanham).
2497. Acronycta distans dolorosa Dyar. Quamichan Lake, B.C., July 29, 1914,
(Hanham).
2508. Acronycta oblintta A. & S. Edmonton, Alta., April 50-June 15, 1914,
(Mackie). New to Alberta list, (Dod).
2528. Andropolia maxima Dyar. Victoria, B.C., July, (Hanham).
2613. Menopsimus caducus Dyar. Ottawa, Ont., July 13, 1905, (Young).
2651. Gortyna perobliqua Hamp. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 22, 1913, (Mackie).
New to Alberta list, (Dod).
2695. Papaipema frigida Sm. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 31, 1915, Sept. 3, 1916,
(Mackie). New to Alberta list, (Dod).
3069. Catocala semirelicta Grt. Murray Bay, Que., (Holmes). In Winn’s list
of Quebec lepidoptera, Montreal is the only locality mentioned.
3211. Panthea furcilla Pack. Stellarton, N.S., (C. B. Hills). First record we
have for the Province, (A. G.). Murray Bay, Que., (Holmes). Pre-
viously recorded from Gaspe and Levis in Quebec Province.
3280. osphoropteryxr thyatyroides Gn. Edmonton, Alta., July 23, 1912, Aug.
12, 1916, (Mackie). New to Alberta list, (Dod).
3398. Calpe canadensis Beth. Stellarton, N.S., (C. B. Hills). First record we
2 have for the Province, (A. G.). ‘
are CP A Ag eR AE
Notodontide.
3611. Odontosia elegans Stkr. Edmonton, Alta., July 5, 1916, (Bowman).
Drepanide.
3761. Drepana dilineata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., May 12, 1915, (Mackie). New
to Alberta list, (Dod).
Geometride.
3981. Lygris destinata triangulata Pack. Edmonton. Alta., July 30-Aug. 10,
1914, also 1915, 1916, (Mackie). New to Alberta list, (Dod).
rere Soe} thi
‘
14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
3990. Thera otisi Dyar. Mount Brenton, B.C., (elev. 3,500 ft.)., flying over the
snow, July, 1916, (Hanham).
4018. *Hydriomena californiata miveifascia Swett. Goldstream, B.C., April 19,
1908; Victoria, B.C., June 6, 1908, (Blackmore). Can. Ent., XLVIII,
249.
4042. *Xanthorhoe defensaria gigantaria Swett. Cowichan Bay., April 26, 1906;
Victoria, B.C., April 21-May 20, 1914, 1915, (Blackmore): Duncan,
B.C., April 22, 1914, (Blackmore) ; Can. Ent., XLVIII, 353. |
4042. *Xanthorhoe defensaria thanataria Swett. Victoria, B.C., Aug. 26 to |
Sept. 25, 1913, 1914, Aug. 1, 1915, (Blackmore) ; Can. Ent., XLVII,
352. ‘This is placed in the synonymy by Messrs. Barnes and MeDunnongh.
4042, *Xanthorhoe defensaria suppuraria Swett. Victoria, B.C., June 2, 1914,
April 25, May 2, 1915, (Blackmore) ; Can. Ent., XLVIII, 354. Placed
in the synonymy by Messrs. Barnes and MéDunnough.
4042. *Xanthorhoe defensaria conciliaria Swett. Victoria, B.C., Sept. 18, 1913, .
May 14 to Aug. 26, 1914 and 1915, (Blackmore). Can. Ent., XLVIII,_ |
352.
4072. Duphyia intermediata Gn. Edmonton, Alta., May 18-June 1, 1914, also
1915, 1916, (Mackie). Mr. Dod informed Mr. Mackie that in his col- :
lection M. lacustrata had been labelled intermediata, but that he now
had the real intermediata accordmg to Barnes and McDunnough.
4115-1.*Nomenia obsoleta Swett. Goldstream, B.C., April 19, 1908, (R. V.
Harvey) ; Victoria, B.C., April 19, 26, 1908, (R. V. Harvey) ; Can. Ent.,
XLVIII, 249. ;
4148. Dupithecia obumbrata Tayl. Mt. Tzuhalem, B.C., May, (Day).
4362. Phasiane muscariata Gn. Genoa Bay, April 24, (Hanham). .
4372. Phasiane neptaria Gn. Mount Sicker, B.C., (elev. 2.500 ft.), July 1,
(Hanham). i
4405-1. *Diastictis andersoni Swett. Atlin, B.C., July 13, 1914, (Anderson) ;
Can. Ent., XLVIII, 251.
4470. Caripeta equaliaria Grt. Cowichan Bay, B.C., Aug., (Day).
4670. Plagodis approximaria Dyar. Edmonton, Alta., May 22, 1915. New to
Alberta list, (Dod).
4689. Gonodontis duaria Gn. Edmonton, Alta.. May 12-31, 1915; also 1914,
1915, 1916, (Mackie). New to Alberta list, (Dod).
Pyralide. 4
5225. Geshna primordialis Dyar. Hull, Que., June 23, 1916, (W. T. M. Forbes). i
5446. Dicymolomia metalliferalis Pack. Victoria, B.C., early July, 1916, —
(Hanham). ;
Aegeriidz.
6755. Paranthrene asilipennis Bdy. Hamilton, Ont., May 30, 1916. Record sent
by Prof. C. J. S. Bethune.
Eucosmide.
6778. Evetria albicapitana Busck. St. Williams. Ont., on jack pine branches,
(Caesar). :
‘
ne en
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 145
Tortricide.
407-1. *Tortrix oleraceana Gibson. Larve on cabbage, St. John’s, Nfd., (A. J.
Bayly) ; moths emerged, Ottawa, Aug. 9-17, (Gibson); Can. Ent.,
:
7
é
3 7399. Bulia juglandana Fern. Grimsby, Ont., (Caesar).
. XLVIII, 374.
t Plutellide,
7656. Harpipteryx canariella Wishm. Aweme, Man., July 25, 1914, (N. Criddle).
“Yponomentide.
7721. Ayrosaria celastrusella Kearf. Aweme, Man., Sept. 13, 1912, reared from
seed of Parnassia palustrus, (N. Criddle).
Lyonetiide.
a
_ 8106. Lyonetia candida Braun. .The author of this species informed me that she
observed the mines of candida at Field and Glacier, B.C., in 1915, on the
% white Rhododendron, R. albiflorum. The species was described from
» material reared in California and Washington States, (Gibson).
$153. *Bucculatrix crescentella Braun. “ Toronto, Canada”; Can. Ent., XLVIII,
140. ;
_ Mieropterygide.
8481. Epimartyria auricrinella Wlshm. Sherbrooke, Que., Megantic, Que.,
(W. T. M. Forbes) ; Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, (Young). New to Quebec
list.
COLEOPTERA,
_ (Arranged according to Henshaw’s list of Coleoptera of America, North of
Mexico.) :
(Henshaw’s number.)
Cicindelide.
30. Cicindela hyperborea Lec. In the collections of the Dominion Entomo-
logical Branch, there is a specimen of this rare species labelled “ Sask..
Canada.”
_ 385. Cicindela hirticollis Say. East shore of Lake Winnipeg, Man., on white
: sand. Years ago Mr. N. Criddle took one specimen near Aweme. It
has not been taken since in Manitoba until June 17, 1916, (Wallis).
Cicindela hudsonica Csy. “Hudson Bay Territory”; Memoirs on the
Coleoptera VII, p. 29; issued Nov. 29, 1916.
a eT Sn
ra
. %
Carabide.
87. Cychrus viduus Dej. Toronto, Ont., (C. A. Good).
122. Carabus limbatus Say.
123. Carabus vinctus Web.
Both of these species were recorded in the Entomological Record for 1911,
: from Edmonton, Alta. On further investigation it is believed that both
* determinations were wrong. These records, therefore, should be removed
i. from the 1911 Record. (A.G.)
10 E.s.
146
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
129.
145.
Calosoma frigidum Kirby. Edmonton, Alta., June 5, 1915, (Carr).
Calosoma moniliatum Lec. Millarville, Alta., May, (Tams).
150. Llaphrus clairvillei Kirby. Edmonton, Alta., May 22, 1915, (Carr).
163.
Blethisa juli Lec. Millarville, Alta., June, (Tams).
(9247) Notiophilus aquaticus Linn. Edmonton, Alta., May 6, 1916, (Carr).
205.
300.
Pelophila rudis Lee. Edmonton, Alta., Oct. 11, 1915, June 20, 1916,
(Carr).
Nomius pygeus Dej. Dr. C. J. S. Bethune has forwarded records of this”
ill-smelling beetle from Bancroft, Ont., Aug. 20, and~ Royal Muskoka,
Ont., Aug. 24, 1916. At Ottawa we also received the species from
Gravenhurst, Aug. 1, 1916, (J. A. Cockburn).
Bembidium concolor Kirby. Aweme, Man., June 13, 1909, (S. Criddle).
Bembidium ustulatum Linn. Millarville, Alta., March, 1914, (N. Criddle).
Bembidium dyschirinum Lec. Mt. Lehman, B.C., May, 1910, (Hadwen).
Bembidium nigripes Kirby. Edmonton, Alta., April 12, 1915, (Carr).
Bembidium consanguineumn Hayward. Edmonton, Alta., June 29, 1916,
(Carr).
Bembidium scudderi Lec. Regina, Sask., May 1, 1912, (N. Criddle) ; ~
Aweme, Man., June 18, 1909, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba.
Bembidium iridescens Lec. Mt. Lehman, B.C., April, 1910, (Hadwen).
Tachys nanus Gyll. Edmonton, Alta., May 3, 1915, (Carr).
Pterostichus adoxus Say. Kentville, N.S. (Record. sent by W. H.
Brittain). .
Pterostichus cyaneus Lec. Aweme, Man., June 6, 1910, (EH. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
Pterostichus convexicollis Say. Aweme, Man., May 14, 1914, (T. and Nu
Criddle).
Amara remotestriata Dej. Calgary, Alta., April 27, 1912, (N. Criddle).
Amara coelebs Hayward. Aweme, Man., March 28, 1908, April 18, 1909,
(N. Criddle) ; Winnipeg, Man., Aprii, May, (Wallis).
Platynus reflecus Lec. Smith’s Cove, N.S. (Record sent by W. H.
Brittain).
Platynus piceolus Lec. Winnipeg. Man., May 3, 1911, (Wallis).
Platynus corvus Lec. Aweme, Man., April 5, June 18, 1910, (E. & N.
Criddle). New to Manitoba.
Platynus picicornis Lec. Selkirk, Man., May 24, 1911; Husavick, Man.,
June 22, 1912, (Wallis).
Platynus nigriceps Lec. Edmonton, Alta., Oct. 11, 1915, (Care)
Galerita bicolor Drury. Guelph, Ont., (C. A. Good).
Lebia marginalis Dej. Aweme, Man., May 6, Oct. 4, (I. and N. Criddle). —
New to Manitoba.
Lebia fuscata Dej. Husavick, Man., July 7, 1915, (Roberts).
Brachynus cordicollis Dej. Aweme, Man., Aug. 20, 1910, (HE. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
Chlenius alternatus Horn. Husavick, Man., Aug. 1, 1914, (Wallis).
Chlenius purpuricollis Rand. Aweme, Man., April 20, 1905, (N. Criddle).
Selenophorus pedicularius Dej. Aweme, Man., May 31, _1910, (N.
Criddle). New to Manitoba.
Bradycellus neglectus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 5, 1909, (Wallis).
Agabus anthracinus Mann. Edmonton, Alta., June 7, 1915, (Carr).
.
eae aaa
— . an
Thine om eee PL PEO LIers ag eels i iat
T
r
4
%
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 147
1446. Ayabus erichsoni G. & H. Edmonton, Alta., Sept. 5, 1915, (Carr).
1450. Agabus clavatus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., April 8, 9, 10, 1916, (Carr).
Hydrophilide.
1550. Helophorus lineaius Say. Edmonton, Alta., April 29, 1914, (Carr).
1653. Hydrobius fuscipes Linn. Edmonton, Alia., April 29, 1916, (Carr).
Silphide. i)
1695. Necrophorus americanus Oliv. Truro, N.S., (record sent by W. H.
Brittain) ; Granville Ferry, N.S., (Payne).
1696. Necrophorus sayi Lap. Leduc, nce April 25, 1914, (Carr).
1813. Clambus puberulus Lec. Miami. Man., June 29, 1914, (Wallis).
Staphylinide.
* Baryodma ontarionis Casey. Otiawa, Ont., (Gibson); Coaticook, Que.,
(Beaulne) ; Can. Ent., XLVIII, 71.
2125. Staphylinus pleuralis Lec. Edmonton, Alta., April 10, 1915, (Carr). *
2136. Staphylinus fossator Grav. Smith’s Cove, N.S., (record sent by W. H.
Brittain).
Pederus nevadensis. Edmonton, Alta., Oct. 11, 1915, (Carr).
2911. WMicropeplus tesserula Curt. Winnipeg, Man., May 3, 1912, (Wallis).
Phalacride.
3000. Olibrus semistriatus Lec. Treesbank, Man., July 21, 1910, (Wallis).
* Olibrus tristus Csy. “ British Columbia”; 2 ee on the Coleoptera,
VII, p. 52; issued Nov. 29, 1916.
Coccinellide.
3052. Hippodamia falcigera Cr. Edmonton, Alta., June 26, Oct. 14, 1916,
(Carr). ‘
3060. Coccinella monticola Muls. 'Treesbank, Man., July 14, 1915, (Wallis).
3062. Coccinella tricuspis Kirby. Edmonton, Alta., May 26, 1916, (Carr) ;
Truro, N.S., (Record sent by W. H. Brittain).
3066. Adalia frigida var. disjuncta Rand. Edmonton, Alta., May 3, 1915,
(Carr).
Cleis hudsonica Casey. Edmonton, Alta., May 18, 1916, (Carr).
3072. Anisocalvia (Harmonia) 12-maculata Geb]. Edmonton, Alta., June 10,
1911, (Carr).
3073. Mysia pullata Say. Edmonton, Alta., May 10, 1915, (Carr).
3101. Hyperaspis fimbriolata Melsh. Three ‘Rivers, Que., May, 1916, (Germannl
3115. Hyperaspis pratensis Lec. Winnipeg. Man., June 27, 1915, (Wallis).
3138. Scymnus americanus Muls. Husavick. Man., Aug. 2, 1914, (Wallis).
3152. Scymnus puncticollis Lec. Husavick, 'Man., July 5, 1915, (Roberts).
Colydiide. ,
3248. Synchita fuliginosa Melsh. Miami, Man., July 2, 1914, (Wallis).
mal
Sd
148 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Cucujide.
3314. Pediacus fuscus Er. Miami, Man., June 29, 1914, (Wallis).
3320. Lemophleus biguttatus Say. Aweme, Man., June 25, 1915, in elm and
ash bark, (N. Criddle).
3327. Lemophleus adustus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., June 1, 1912, (Wallis). ‘
3341. Lemophieus iruncatus Casey. Montreal, Que., found in flour, Feb.,
1916, (Gibson).
3348. Dendrophagus glaber Lec. Edmonton, Alta., May 12, 1916, (Carr).
3355. Telmatophilus americanus Lec. Miami, Man., June 26, 1914, (Wallis).
3363. Henoticus serratus Gyll. Winnipeg, Man., May 17, 1911, (Wallis).
Atomaria linearis Steph. Winnipeg, Man., May 17, 1911, (Wallis).
3388. Atomaria ochracea Zimm. Winnipeg, Man., May 15, 1909, (Wallis).
Cryptophagide.
Dermestide.
3418. Dermestes marmoratus Say. Aweme, Man., May 13, 1916, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
* Attagenus canadensis Csy. “ Canada, (Ottawa and Quebec)”; Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VII, p. 183; issued Nov. 29, 1916. ‘
Histeride.
3495. Hister furtivus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., May 8, 1915, (Carr) ; Midnapore,
Alta., (Tams).
3523. Hister equus Lec. Husavick, Man., July 13, 1915, (Roberts).
3564. Paromalus bistriatus Er. Edmonton, Alta., July 12, 1916, (Carr).
Nitidulide.
3681. Carpoplilus brachypterus Say. Winnipeg, Man., May 19,.1915, (Roberts).
3709. Epurea truncatella Mann. Winnipeg, Man., April 14, 1915, (Wallis) ;
Edmonton, Alta., Sept. 30, 1915, (Carr).
3711. Epurea ovata Horn. Winnipeg, Man., June 6, 1912, (Wallis).
3759. Ips vittatus Say. Edmonton, Alta., Sept. 22, 1915, (Carr).
3767. Rhizophagus dimidiatus Mann. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 27, 1914, (Carr).
Latridiide.
3781. Latridius minutus L. Winnipeg, Man., April 21, 1914, (Wallis).
Melanopthalma gibbosa Herbst. Winnipeg, Man., May 13, 1911, (Wallis}.
Melanopthalma distinguenda Com. Peachland, B.C., July 16, 1912,
(Wallis).
Corticaria pubescens Gyll. Winnipeg, Man., March 30, 1916, (Wallis).
3799. Corticaria dentigera Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 13, 1911, (Wallis).
3804. Corticaria ferruginea Gyll. Miami, Man., June 30, 1914; recorded from
Hudson Bay by Hamilton, (Wallis).
3805. Corticaria serrata Payk. Winnipeg, Man., March 17, 1915, (Wallis).
Corticaria varicolor Fall. Winnipeg, Man., April 17, 1911, (Wallis).
3810. Melanophthalma americana Mann. Winnipeg, Man., April 17%, 1911,
(Wallis).
3826. Melanopthalma picta Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 13, 1911, (Wallis). —
. a
gates
+
1917 , ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 149
Trogositide.
3833. Trogosita chloroida Mann. Vernon, B.C., (Brittain).
8851. Grynocharis 4-lineata Melsh. Winnipeg, Man., May 14, 1915, (Roberts).
* Ostoma nigrina Csy. “ British Columbia (Aldermere) Keen”; Memoirs
on the Coleoptera, VII, p. 285; issued Nov. 29, 1916.
3856. Monotoma picipes Hbst. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1911, (Wallis).
(=)
Byrrhide.
3881. Simplocaria metallica Sturm. Truro, N.S., (record sent by W. H. Brittain).
Elateride.
(10,049a) Hypnoidus (Cryptohypnus) lucidulus Mann. Edmonton, Alta., May
6, 1916, (Carr).
4210. later cordatus Horn. Edmonton, Alta., April 1, 1915, (Carr).
4220. later pulius Germ. Smith’s Cove, N.S., (record sent by W. H. Brittain).
4228. later socer Lec. Edmonton, Alta., June 14, 1916, (Carr).
4245. Hlater phoenicopterus Germ. Mt. Lehman, B.C., April, 1911, (Hadwen).
4287. Agriotes limosus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., June 9, 1915, (Carr).
4297. Dolopius lateralis Esch. Millarville, Alta., June, (Tams).
4351. Limonius crotchii Horn. Millarville, Alta., May 23, 1914, (Tams).
4380. Campylus denticornis Kirby. Husavick, Man., July 5, 1915; Aug. 19,
: 1915, (Roberts and E. Coates).
4496. Corymbites inflatus Say. Millarville, Alta.. May 23, (Tams).
Buprestide.
4582. Dicerca asperata L. & G. Three Rivers, Que., July, 1916, (Germain).
4583a. Dicerca chrysea Melsh. Edmonton, Alta., June 3, 1915, (Carr).
Poecilonota erecta. Edmonton, Alta., July 27, 1916, (Carr).
4606b. Buprestis rusticorum Kirby. Granville Ferry, N.S., (Payne).
4621. Melanophila drummondi Kirby. Edmonton, Alta., June 25, 1916, (Carr).
4625. Melanophila wneola Melsh. Peachland, B.C., July 18, 1915, (Wallis).
4630. Anthaxia viridifrons Lap. Peachland, B.C., July 14, 1915, (Wallis).
Chrysobothris breviloba Fall. Banff, Alta., July 2, 1915; Peachland, B.C.,
July 22, 1915, (Wallis).
4651. Chrysobothris scabripennis L. & G. Edmonton, Alta., June 18, 1916,
(Carr). .
4661. Chrysobothris harrisii Hentz. Husavick, Man., July 7, 1915, (Roberts).
4739. Agrilus anvius Gory. Edmonton, Alta., June 18, 1916, (Carr).
Lampyride.
4783. Hros thoracicus Rand. Husavick, Man., July 13, 1915, (Roberts).
4826. Pyractomena lucifera Melsh. Edmonton, Alta., June 14, 1915, (Carr).
4901. Podabrus piniphilus Esch. Banff, Alta., July 3, 1915, (Wallis).
4931. Telephorus frarini Say. Edmonton, Alta., May 29, 1915, (Carr).
4940. Telephorus scitulus Say. Husavick, Man., July 4, 1915, (Roberts).
4953. Telephorus tuberculatus Lec. Kentville, N.S., (C. A. Good).
Cleride.
5136. Cymatodera bicolor Say. Husavick, Man., July 5, 1915, (Roberts).
5161. Olerus apivorus Germ. . Larkin, B.C., (Brittain).
150 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
5185a. Thanasimus nubilis Kl. Edmonton, Alta., May 8, 1916, (Carr).
5191. Hydnocera subfasciata Lec. Peachland, B.C., July 23, 1915, (Wallis).
Ptinide.
5236. Meziwm americanum Lap. Montreal Que., in hotel, Feb. 9, 1916, (Gibson).
5247. Ernobius moliis Linn. Kentville, N.S., (record sent by W. H. Brittain).
5292. Xyletinus peltatus Harr. Winnipeg, Man., July 1, 1911, (Wallis).
5296. AXyletinus lugubris Lec. Winnipeg, Man., June 27, 1915, (Wallis).
5376. Lyctus planicollis Lee. Winnipeg, Man., June 13, 1915, (Roberts).
Cioid.
Octotemnus laevus Casey. Winnipeg, Man., May 17, 1911, (Wallis) ;
Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (Wallis).
Scarabeida.
5524. Aphodius congregatus Mann. Edmonton, Alta., Sept. 27, 1915, (Carr).
Dichelonycha diluta Fall. Kentville, N.S., (Payne).
Dichelonycha vicina Fall. Vernon, B.C., (Brittain).
5705. Diplotawis obscura Lec. Edmonton, Alta., May 20, 1916, (Carr).
Cerambycide.
5982. Tetropium cinnamopterum Kirby. Edmonton, Alta., June 29, 1916,
(Carr).
6012. Callidium hirtellum Lec. Banff, Alta., July 4, 1915, (Wallis).
6189. Clytus planifrons Lec. Larkin, B.C., (Brittain).
6251. Pachyta spurca Lec. Swanlake, B.C., (Brittain).
6259. Acmeops bivittata Say. Aweme, Man., June 19, 1912, (T. Criddle).
6273. Acme@ops proteus Kirby. Edmonton, Alta., July 19, 1916, (Carr).
6315. Leptura exigua Newn. Winnipeg, Man., June 19, 1915, (Wallis).
6324. Leptura sexmaculata Linn. Truro, N.S., (record sent by W. H. Brittain).
6361. Leptura mutabilis var. luridipennis Hald. Aweme, Man., June 9, 1906,
(Wallis).
6479. Saperda mutica Say. Aweme, Man., June 22; July 27, 1911, (N. Criddle).
6480. Saperda candida Fab. Edmonton, Alta., July 17, 1916, (Carr).
Chrysomelide.
6541. Donacia emarginata Kirby. (Kentville, N.S., (C. A. Good).
6554. Zeugophora varians Cr. Winnipeg, Man., June 13, 1915, (Roberts).
6560. Syneta simplex Lec. Edmonton, Alta., May 15, 1916, (Carr). .
6605a. Exema dispar Lec. Winnipeg, Man., June 26, 1915, (Wallis).
6703. Monachus saponatus Fab. Husavick, Man., July 13, 1915, (Roberts).
6820. Chrysomela basilaris Say. Vernon, B.C., (Brittain).
6832. Gastroidea cyanea Melsh. Edmonton, Alta., June 24, 1915, (Carr).
6864. Luperus varipes Lec. Larkin, B.C., (Brittain).
6894. Trirhabda attenuata Say. Edmonton, Alta., July 28, 1916, (Carr).
(10,442) Longitarsis erro Horn. Winnipeg, Man., April 17, 1911, (Wallis).
7046. Chetocnema subviridis Lec. Husavick, Man., July 6, 1915, (Roberts).
——
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 151
124. Bruchus discoideus Say. Edmonton, Alta., July 15, 1916, (Carr).
Tenebrionide.
7404. Haplandrus concolor Lec. Winnipeg, Man., June 13, 1915, (Wallis).
4444. Blapstinus interruptus Say. Winnipeg, Man., June 6, 1911, (Wallis).
7520. Platydema americanum Lap. Winnipeg, Man., June 19, 1915, (Roberts).
Helops regulus Blaisd. Larkin, B.C., (Brittain).
- Cistelide.
~%594. Hymenorus niger Melsh. Husavick, Man., July 6, 1915, (Roberts).
_ Melandryide.
%665. Enchodes sericea Hald. Miami, Man., July 7, 1914, (Wallis).
_ %687. Orchesia castanea Melsh. Husavick, Man., July 8, 1915, (Roberts).
%695. Canifa pallipes Melsh. Husavick, Man., July 8, 1915, (Roberts).
Pythide.
%709. Pytho niger Kirby. Three Rivers, Que., June, 1916, (Germain).
7717. Salpingus virescens Lec. Edmonton, Alta., Sept. 1, 1915, (Carr).
Anthicide.
9876. Stereopalpus vestitus Say. Onah, Man., July 17, 1914, (Wallis).
7955. Anthicus scabriceps Lec. Husavick, Man., June 23, 1912, (Wallis).
Pyrochroide.
7993. Schizotus cervicalis Newm. Edmonton, Alta., May 23, 1915, (Carr).
- Meloide.
8011. Meloe strigulosus Mann. Vernon, B.C., (Brittain).
-Rhinomaceride.
8196. Rhinomacer pilosus Lec. Three Rivers, Que., May, 1916, (Germain).
“Rhynchitide,
8221. Rhynchites cyanellus Lec. Truro, N.S., (record sent by W. H. Brittain;
4 Edmonton, Alta., (Carr).
€ Atielabide.
: 8228. Attelabus rhois Boh. Three Rivers, Que., May, 1916, (Germain).
-Otiorhynchidz.
8258. Anametis granulatus Say. Truro, N.S., (record sent by W. H. Brittain).
8278. Nocheles torpidus Lec. Vernon, B.C., (Brittain).
Curculionide. y
Apion finitimum Fall. Husavick, Man., April 22, 1912, (Wallis).
8433. Phylonomus castor Lec. Leduc, Alta., May 23, 1914, (Carr).
152 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
8437. Lepyrus colon Linn. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr).
Pissodes schwarzi Hopk. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr).
8475. Pissodes affinis Rand. Kentville, N.S., (C. A. Good). .
8476. Pissodes dubius Rand. Three Rivers, Que., May, 1916, (Germain) ; Mon-
treal, Que., (Beaulieu).
8619. Magdalis subtincta Lec. Winnipeg, Man., June 27, 1915, (Wallis).
8673. Orchestes pallicornis Say. Kentville, N.S., (C. A. Good).
8679. Orchestes salicis Linn. ‘Truro, N.S., (record sent by W. H. Brittain). ~
8835. Acanthocelis acephalus Say. Onah, Man., July 15, 1914, (Wallis).
Platypodide.
* Platypus wilsont Swaine. British Columbia, abundant on the coast as far
north as Seymour Narrows and inland, in the south, to Agassiz; type
collected at Campbell River, B.C., (Wilson and Swaine); Can. Ent.,
XLVIII, 97.
Ipide. c
* Orthotomicus lasiocarpi Swaine. Roger’s Pass, B.C.; Can. Ent., XLVIII,
183.
* Pityokteines jasperi Swaine. Jaspar Park, Alta.; Can. Ent., XUVIII, 182.
* Ips chagnont Swaine. Montreal Island, Que., (G. Chagnon); abundant
in Ontario and Quebee Provinces, (Swaine); Can. Ent., XLVIII, 186.
* Ips vancouvert Swaine. Quathiaski Cove, B.C.; on Vancouver Island and
the coast of British Columbia; it occurs also at Kaslo, B.C., and probably
elsewhere in the interior, (Swaine) ; Can. Ent., XLVIII, 188.
Conophthorus conicola Hopk. Pender Harbour, i C., host cones = Pinus
monticola, April 10, 1914, (Chrystal).
Dryocoetes confusus Swaine. Lesser Slave Lake, host Abies nel
August, (Swaine).
Dendroctonus murrayana Hopk. Banff, Alta., host Pinus divaricata,
(Swaine).
Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby. Algonquin Park, Ont., host Pinus strobus,
Oct., (Swaine).
9183. Dendroctonus simplex Lec. Lesser Slave Lake, Alta., host Larix americanus,
Aug., (Swaine). es
9188. Scierus annectens Lec. Lesser Slave Lake, Alta., host White Spruce, Aug.,”
(Swaine).
9195. Hylastes porosus Lee. Arrowhead, B.C., host Pinus monticola, (Swaine).
9198. (Hylurgops) granulatus Lec. Nanaimo, B.C., May, host Abies grandis,
(Wilson).
DIPTERA,
(Arranged according to a Catalogue of North American Diptera, by J. M.
Aldrich, Smithsonian Misc. Coll. XLVI, No. 1, 444, The numbers refer to the
pages in the catalogue.)
Tipulide.
80. Limnobia parietina O. 8. Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 1, 1906, (J. Fletcher).
* Gonomyia californica Alex. Peachland, ake May 19, 1912; Can. Ent.,
XLVIII, 324.
* Trichocera (Diazosma) subsinuata Johns. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont.,
June 13, 1915, (H. S. Parish) ; Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., XXIV, 124.
* Limnophila terre-nove Alex. Sandy Cove, Nfd., July 28, 1906, (0.
Bryant) ; Jour. N.Y. Ent. Co., XXIV, 123.
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 153
95. Bittacomorpha clavipes Fab. Go Home Bay, Ont., May 23, 1912, (Walker).
95. Bittacomorpha sackenvi Roeder. Massett, Q. C. L., 1898, (J. H. Keen).
96. Xiphura frontalis O. S. Ottawa, Ont., June 6, 1900, (Gibson).
97. Pachyrhina erythrophrys Will. Prince Albert, Sask., June 23, 1913,
(Walker).
_ 99. Holorusia grandis Bergr. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C., July 18, 1913,
- (Walker).
Tipula bella Lw. Go Home Bay, Ont., May 23, 1912, (Walker).
104. Tipula trivittata Say. Go Home Bay, Ont., June 20, Aug. 12, 1912,
(Walker).
Tipula penicillata Alex. “Hudson Bay Territory, (Kennicott)”; Proe. -
Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, LX VII, 496.
ne
H
o
past
* Tipula loewiana Alex. “Fort Resolution, Hudson Bay Territory, (Kenni-
cott)”; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, LX VII, 489.
* Tipula imperfecta Alex. “Labrador, (Packard)”; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philadelphia, LX VII, 484.
*
Tipula piliceps Alex. “Hudson Bay Territory, (Kennicott)”; Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, LX VII, 482.
' * Tipula kennicotti- Alex. “Fort Resolution, Hudson Bay Territory,
(Kennicott)”; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, LX VII, 481.
Tipula mainensis Alex. Grand Lake, Nfd. July 25, 1906, (Bryant) ;
Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, LXVII, 475.
Tipula pachyrhinoides Alex. Farewell Creek, Southern Saskatchewan,
+ Sept. 1907; Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, LX VII, 471.
* Tipula algonquin Alex. Go Home Bay, Muskoka, Ont., Aug. 16, 1912,
(Clemens); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, LX VII, 471.
* Tipula parshleyi Alex. Barber Dam, N.B., June 25, 1914, (McKenzie) ;
Fredericton, N.B., June 10, 1914, (Tothill); “British America,
} (Seudder)”; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, LX VII, 510.
Cecidomyide.
; Diarthronomyia hypogea H. Lw. This European insect has recently been
: found infecting chrysanthemums at Ottawa, Ont., (Gibson), and Victoria,
by B.C., (A. E. Cameron).
5 * Dasyneura sassafras Felt. Jordan, Ont., (not Gordon as stated in descrip-
& tion), Aug. 12, 1915; (Ross) ; Can. Ent., XLVIII, 29.
156. Dasyneura rhodophaga Coq. Infesting buds of roses in greenhouse in
- Toronto, Ont., larve received at Ottawa, Oct., 1916. First occurrence
: as a greenhouse pest in Canada, (Gibson).
_ Bibionida.
165. Bibio abbreviatus Loew. Lethbridge, Alta., April 16, 1915, (Strickland).
166. Bibio fraternus Loew. Lethbridge, Alta., April 16, 1915, (Strickland).
r Seatopside.
Androvandiella halterata Mg. In Bull. No. 160, (April, 1916), Agric.
Exp. Stn., Washington, Melander records this species in America, based
on specimens collected at Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., June 14, 1915,
and Sudbury, Ont., July 22, 1915).
‘5 iseadcieiial
154
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Simuliide.
170.
Simulium piscicidium Riley. Smoky R. Crossing, Alta., Aug. 24, 1915,
(Strickland).
Simulium vittatum Zett. Bear Lake, Alta., Aug. 18, 1915, (Strickland).
Stratiomyide.
182. Stratiomyia barbata Loew. Mt. Cheam, B.C., July 23, 1915, (Treherne).
182. Stratiomyia discalis Loew. Kelowna, B.C., June 2, 1914, (Rhumann).
183. Stratiomyia meigenu Wied. Ottawa, Ont., June 16, 1913, (Beaulne).
184. Odontomyia arcuata Loew. Rosthern, Sask., July 17, 1916, (Sladen).
186. Odontomyia interrupta Oliv. Ottawa, Ont., May 29, 1899, (Gibson) ;
July 16, 1913, (Beaulne).
190. Nemotelus glaber Loew. Ottawa, Ont., July, 2, 1912, (Beaulieu). |
Nemotelus polita Loew. Montreal, Que., June 8, 1906, (Beaulieu).
Tabanide.
194. Pangonia tranquilla O. 8S. Montfort, Que., July 12, 1916, (G. Chagnon).
Only one record, viz., Levis, in Winn and Beaulieu’s Quebec list of
Diptera; Algonquin Park, Ont., Aug. 1, 1916, (Walker and Lozier).
195. Chrysops celer 0. S. Algonquin Park, Ont., Aug. 17, 1904, (Hahn) ; Go-
Home Bay, Ont., June 24, 1907, (W. J. Fraser) ; Toronto, Ont., June 16,
1915, (Walker).
195. Chrysops moerens Walk. De Grassi Point, Ont., July 21, 1916, (Walker).
196. Chrysops delicatulus O. S. Go-Home Bay, Ont., July 6, 31, 1907, (W. J.
Fraser).
196. Chrysops indus O. 8. Toronto, Ont., June 12, 1895, (Walker).
197. Chrysops montanus O. 8. Go-Home Bay, Ont., July 1, 1907, (W. J.
Fraser).
197. Chrysops obsoletus Wied. Ontario, (locality uncertain). Record from
H. M. Walker.
Chrysops shermani Hine. Algonquin Park, Ont., July 31, 1916, (Walker).
199. Hematopota americana O. S. Ducks, B.C., July 20, 1915, (Hadwen).
200. Tabanus acteon O. 8. Muskoka, Ont., July 29, 1888, (EH. M. Morris).
201. Tabanus astutus O. S. Algonquin Park, Ont., July 28, 30, 1916, (Walker
and Lozier) ; Go-Home Bay, Ont., June 28, 1907, (W. J. Fraser) ; Mus-
koka, Ont., July 21, 1888, (E. M. Morris).
202. Tabanus coffeatus Macq. Muskoka, Ont., July 21, 1888, (H. M. Morris).
202. Tabanus comastes Will. Mt. Cheam, B.C., July 1915, (Treherne).
204. Tabanus hirtulus Bigot. Agassiz, B.C., May 23, 1915, (Hadwen).
204. Tabanus lasiophthalmus Macq. De Grassi Point, Ont., June 26, 1915,
(Walker).
Leptide.
211. Arthropeas americana Loew. Aweme, Man., June 25, 1913, (N. Criddle) ;
Kinistino, Sask., July 10, (J. Fletcher).
212. Xylophagus rufipes Loew. Ottawa, Ont., June 6, 1909, (J. A. Letourneau).
213. Glutops singularis Burgess. Agassiz, B.C., June, 1915, (Treherne).
Bombyliide.
221. Spogostylwm pluto Wied. Kaslo, B.C., July 20, (Cockle).
;
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Dioctria albius Walk. Montfort, Que. July 12, 1916, (G. Chagnon).
New to Quebec List.
259. Dioctria sackeni Will. Montfort, Que., July 12, 1916, (G. Chagnon). New
: to Quebec list.
260. Cyrtopogon montanus Loew. Victoria, B.C., June 1, 1885, (J. Fletcher).
260. Cyrtopogon nebulo O. S. British Columbia, Oct. 2, 1904. Specimen so
labelled is in collection of Entomological Branch.
272. Laphria ferox Will. Vancouver, B.C., July, 1914, (Chrystal).
272. Laphria pubescens Will. Scotia Junction, Ont., July 7, 1907, (J. Fletcher).
280. Promachus fitchti O. S. Aweme, Man., July 13, 1907, (J. Fletcher).
283. Asilus sadyates Walk. St. John’s Que., July 7%, 1916, (G. Chagnon).
New to Quebec list.
Rees
' 311. Drapetis medetera Mel. Estevan, Sask., May 20, (N. Criddle).
Phoride.
_ * Phora (=Trinewra) viridinota Brues. Treesbank, Man., May 30, (N.
Criddle) ; Can. Ent., XLVIII, 394.
ry
* Callimyia velutina Johns. Brule Lake, Ont., Aug. 3, 1911, (M. C. Van
$ Duzee) ; Psyche, XXIII, 32.
Syrphide.
346. Microdon globosus Fab. Manitoba, Aug. 19, 1900; 2 specimens so labelled
in collection of Entomological Branch.
Humerus strigatus Fall. In the collection at Ottawa is a specimen taken
_by the late Dr. J. Fletcher at Ottawa on Aug. 19, 1904, which had been
placed among specimens of Xylota ejuncida. This represents the first
capture in the open, that we know of, for Canada. We have a number
: of specimens reared from imported narcissus bulbs, (Gibson).
362. Leucozona lucorum L. Smith’s Cove, N.S., July 4-15, 1914, (Gibson).
_ * Volucella bombylans arctica Johns. Labrador: Rama, 1898, (A. Stecker
and J. D. Sornborger; Nain, (J. D. Sornborger) ; Nain, Aug. 18, 1908,
(O. Bryant) : Psyche XXIII, 163.
* Volucella bombylans lateralis Johns. Lewisport, Nfd.. July, (lL. D.
Gratacap) ; Red Indian Lake, Nfd., June 20, 1906, (O. Bryant) ; Psyche,
: XXIII, 161.
_ 3883. Arctophila flagrans O.S. Banff, Alta., July 18, 1916, (Hewitt).
_ 398. Xylota analis Will. Mt. Cheam, B.C., July 21, 1905, (Treherne).
ae Xylota barbata Loew. Aylmer, Que., June 24, 1913, (Beaulne). New to
Quebec list.
Xylota bicolor Loew. Chelsea, Que., May 26, 1900, (Gibson). New to
Quebec list.
Xylota ejuncida Say. Stuart River, Yukon Territory, 1909, (D. H.
Nelles).
Xylota vecors O. S. Ottawa, Ont.: St. Louis, Sask., 1898. (E. Coubeaux).
156 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
402. Criorhina armillata O. S. Inverness, B.C., July, 1910, Metlakatla, B.C.,
Aug., 1911, (J. H. Keen). y
stride.
416. Hypoderma lineata DeV. Cadbora Bay, B.C., on flowers of Camassia
quamash, May 10, 1916; first capture of the male of this species in British
Columbia, (Treherne).
Tachinide.
426. Gymnophania montana Coq. Lethbridge, Alta., May 15, 1916, (Strick-_
land). New to Canada, (J. M. A.). :
* Hexorista caesar Aldrich. Reared from Archips argyrospila from Simeoe,
Ont., July 1-15, 1915, (Caesar) ; Can. Ent., XLVIII, 20.
* Frontina spectabilis Aldrich. \Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., Aug. 5,
1915, (H. 8S. Parish) ; Can. Ent., XLVIII, 22.
Sarcophagide.
* Sarcophaga aldrichi Parker. “Canada, (Quebec)”; Jour. Econ. Ent.,
Vol. 9, p. 438. Mountain, Ont., larvee found in great frequency in pup
of Forest Tent-caterpillar, (Caesar).
* Sarcophaga pachyprocta Parker. “Canada, (Manitoba ?)”; Jour. N.Y.
Ent. Soc., XXIV, 171.
* Sarcophaga fletcheri Ald. Aweme, Man., June 19, 1903, (J. Fletcher) ;
Sarcophaga and Allies in North America, (Thomas Say Foundation),
p- 96; issued Noy. 30, 1916.
* Sarcophaga reversa Ald. “ Montreal, Que., (Harbeck)”; Sarcophaga and
Allies in North America, p. 135.
* Sarcophaga falciformis Ald. Aweme, Man., July 25, 1913, (not 18135 as
in description) ; Sarcophaga and Allies in North America, p. 137.
* Sarcophaga aculeata Ald. “London, Ont., (Hough coll.)”; Sarcophaga
and Allies in North America, p. 143.
* Sarcophaga occidentalis Ald. Vancouver, B.C., July 27, 1907, (R. VY.
Harvey) ; Sarcophaga and Allies in North America, p. 198.
* Sarcophaga tuberosa sarraceniodes Ald. Okanagan Valley, B.C., ex.
Anabrus, emerged April, 1896, a Fletcher) ; Sarcophage and Allies in
North America, p. 227.
Muscide.
524. Protocalliphora azurea Fall. Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 6, 1914, (Beaulne).
Anthomyide.
* Hydrotea houghi Mall. London, Ont., (ex. Coll. Hough); Bull. Brooklyn
Ent. Soc., XI, p. 110.
535. Hydrotwa unispinosa Stein. Wakefield, Que., June 18, 1915, (Hewitt).
Mydea punctata Stein. Lethbridge, Alta., June 14, 1916, (Strickland). .
* Mydea pectinata Johannsen. Millville, N.S.; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.,
GGL pr 38925 3 i
* Phaonia apicata Johannsen. Truro, N.S.. Aug.; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.,
XLII, p. 396.
=
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15
land).
Tetanocera flavipes Loew. Aweme, Man., July 1, 1913, (N. Criddle).
Tetanocera sparsa Loew. Ottawa, Ont., July 17, 1904, (W. Metcalfe).
580. Sepedon armipes Loew. Brockville, Ont., Sept. 20, 1903, (Metcalfe).
Tetanops aldrichi Hendel. Lethbridge, Alta., May 15, 1916, (Strickland).
New to Canada, (J. M. A.).
598. Seoptera vibrans L. Teulon, Man., June 19, 1915, (W. Chesney).
Trypedide.
603. Stenopa vulnerata Loew. Banff, Alta., (Sanson).
606. Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh. Aweme, Man., Aug. 8, 1916, (N. Criddle) ;
Penticton, B.C., July 26, 1916, (Treherne).
F
|
Ephydridz.
Psilota compta Mg. Lethbridge, Alta., May 15, 1916, (Strickland).
627. Hydrellia formosa Loew. Ottawa, Ont., July 12, 1916, (Beaulieu).
Philygria picta. Ottawa, Ont., July 12, 1916, (Beaulieu) ; Estevan, Sask.,
:. May 20, 1916, (N. Criddle).
_ 627. Philygria fuscicornis Loew. Lethbridge, Alta., May-June, (Strickland).
62%. Hyadina albovenosa Coq. Aweme, Man., Aug. 3, 1916, (N. Criddle).
‘Oscinide.
_ 633. Diplotora microcera Loew. Strathroy, Ont., (H. G. Crawford) ; Ottawa,
Ont., Aug. 9, 22, 1916, (Beaulieu).
Chlorops graminea Coq. Aweme, Man., June 27, 1916, (N. Criddle). New
to Canada, (J. M. A.).
Chloropisca grata Loew. Aweme, Man., Aug. 22, 1916, (N. Criddle) ;
Ottawa, Aug. 31, 1916, (Beaulieu) ; Sept. 12, (Miss G. Beaulieu).
Chloropisca pulla Ad. Lethbridge, Alta., May 15, 1916; Ogema, Sask.,
June 18, 1916, (N. Criddle) ; Aweme, Man., June 9, 12, (N. Criddle).
New to Canada, (J. M. A.).
Chlorops producta Loew. Aweme, Man., Aug. 15, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Chlorops sulphurea Loew. Ogema, Sask., June 18, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Chloropisca varipes Loew. Aweme, Man., June 12, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Diplotora recurva Ad. Maryfield, Sask., Sept. 2, (N. Criddle).
Hippelates plebeius Loew. Ottawa, Ont., Sept. 9, 1916, (Miss G. Beaulien).
Tricimba cincta Mg. Ottawa, Ont., July 29, 1916, (Beaulieu) ; Aweme,
Man., June 27, (N. Criddle).
Elachiptera decipiens Loew. Ogema, Sask., June 17, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Elachiptera costata Loew. Estevan, Sask., May 20, 1916, (N. Criddle) ;
Ogema, Sask., June 17, 1916, (N. Criddle) ; Aweme, Man., Sept. 4, 1916,
(N. Criddle) ; Hemmingford, Que., July 27, 1916, (Petch). New to
Quebec list.
Elachiptera eunota Loew. Aweme, Man., Aug. 22, 1916, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
633.
158 THE REPORT OF THE f No. 36 —
Siphonella aequa Becker. Hemmingford, Que., Aug. 10, 1916, (Petch).
New to Quebec list.
Siphonella geniculata DeG. Estevan, Sask., May 20, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Siphonella neglecta Becker. Aweme, Man., Aug. 15, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Siphonella nigripalpis Mall. Strathroy, Ont., June 20, 1916, (H. G.
Crawford) ; Hemmingford, Que., July 28, 1916, (Petch). New to Quebec
list.
Siphonella parva Ad. Hemmingford, Que., July 28, Aug. 10, 1916, —
(Petch). New to Quebec list.
637. Siphonella pumilions Bj. Aweme, Man., Aug. 15, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Oscinis dissidens Tucker. Ottawa, Ont., July 12, 1916, (Beaulieu).
Oscinis melancholica Becker. Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 31, Sept. 9, 1916,
(Beaulieu).
639. Oscinis umbrosa Loew. Strathroy, Ont., Aug. 9, 1916, (H. G. Crawford) ;
Hemmingford, Que., June 27, July 28, 1916, (Petch). New to Quebec
list.
Drosophilide.
* Drosophila sulcata Sturtevant. “ Ottawa, Can.; Annals Ent. Soc. Amer.,
IDS, Sei)
Geomyzide.
Trizocelis fumipennis Mall. Aweme, Man., June 12, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Anthomyza gracilis Fall. Aweme, Man., Aug. 3, 1916, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
Agromyzide.
647. Phytomyza nigritella Zett. Estevan, Sask., May 20, 1916, (N. Criddle).
New to Saskatchewan.
Phytomyza bipunctata Lw. Estevan, Sask., May 20, 1916, (N. Criddle).
New to Saskatchewan.
647. Cerodonta dorsalis Loew. Strathroy, Ont., Aug. 23, 28, 1916, (H. G.
(Crawford) ; Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 17, 1916, (Beaulieu) ; Hemmingford,
Que., Aug. 10, 1916, (Petch). New to Quebec list.
Paramyia nitens Loew. Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, Ont., June 26, 1904,
(Metcalfe).
Agromyza coniceps Mall. Aweme, Man., June 2, 1916, (N. Criddle). New
to Canada.
Agromyza coquilletti Mall. Strathroy, Ont., July 4, 1916, (H. G.
Crawford).
Agromyza fragarie Mall. Estevan, Sask., May 20, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Agromyza immaculata Coq. Ogema, Sask., June 17, 1916, (N. Criddle).
648. Agromyza jucunda Van der,Wulp. Estevan, Sask., May 20, 1916, (N.
Criddle) ; Hemmingford, Que., July 28, 1916, (Petch). New to Quebec
list.
Agromyza laterella Zett. Ottawa, Ont., May 25, 1916, (Beaulieu) :
Aweme, Man., Aug. 4, 15, 1916, (N. Criddle).
648. Agromyza longipennis Loew. Aweme, Man., Aug. 15, 1916, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
1917
“
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 159
649.
649.
651.
652.
Agromyza nasuta Mel. Hemmingford, Que., Aug. 10, 1916, (Petch).
New to Quebec list. Mines in dandelion, (J. M. A.).
Agromyza scutellata Fall. Estevan, Sask., May 20, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Agromyza vibrissata Mall. Aweme, Man., June 12, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Agromyza virens Loew. Aweme, Man., Aug. 22, 1916, (N. Criddle) ;
Ottawa, Ont., July 21, 1916, (Beaulieu).
Desmometopa latipes Mg. Hemmingford, Que., Aug. 10, 1916, (Petch).
New to Quebec list.
Desmometopa sordida Fall. Hemmingford, Que., Aug. 10, 1916, (Petch).
New to Quebec list.
Pholeomyia indecora Loew. Strathroy, Ont., July 4, 1916, (H. G.
Crawford).
Ochthiphila aridella Fall. Hemmingford, Que., Aug. 10, 1916, (Petch).
New to Quebec list. Aweme, Man., Sept. 4, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Ochthiphila polystigma Mg. Strathroy, Ont., Aug. 9, 1916, (H. G.
Crawford).
HYMENOPTERA,
Much valuable material is being accumulated and worked over as opportunity
offers. The aculeate hymenoptera are receiving close study by Mr. F. W. L.
Sladen, of Ottawa, who has visited many parts of Canada during 1916 and made
valuable collections. Through the courtesy of Dr. H. T. Fernald, of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass., Mr. J. F. Martin examined
ichneumonid material, and the records of these given below are of interest in
adding to our knowledge of their distribution in Canada.
Tenthredinide.
Zaschizonyx montana (Cress.). Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 1915, (Germain).
New to Canada, (S. A. R.).
Macrophya crassicornis Prov. Ottawa, Ont., June, 1915, (Germain).
Pachynematus extensicornis Nort. Ottawa, Ont., July, 1915, (Germain).
Pachynematus tritici Marl. Ottawa, Ont., July, 1915, (Germain).
Pontania robusta Marl. Ottawa, Ont., June, 1915, (Germain). New to
Canada, (S. A. R.).
Blennocampa aperta MacG. Ottawa, Ont., July, 1915, (Germain). New
to Canada, (S. A. R.).
Ichnetmonide.
Exochus propinquus Or. Lethbridge, Alta., July 3, 1913, (Strickland).
Bassus orbitalis Cr. Wethbridge, Alta., Sept. 21, 1913, (Strickland).
Mesoleius tenthredinis Morley. This European parasite of the Large
Larch Sawfly, Nematus erichsonit, introduced into Manitoba by Dr. C.
Gordon Hewitt (Rep. Dom. Entomologist, for year ending March 31,
1913) has in 1916, been captured near Aweme, Man., by Mr. Norman
Criddle, on the dates June 2 to 21.
Cryptus luctuosus Cr. Lethbridge, Alta., Sept. 20, 1913, (Strickland).
Ichneumon calitergus Cr. Ottawa. Ont., Aug. 26, 1899, (J. Fletcher).
Ichneumon lewisii Cr. Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 28, 1906, (Young).
Ichneumon longulus Cr. Aweme, Man., Aug. 20, 1915, (N. Criddle).
160 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 —
Ichneumon vicinus Cr. Ottawa, Ont., April 21, 1900, (Gibson).
Ichneumon subdolus Cr. Nipigon, Ont., July 11, 1907, (J. Fletcher).
Ambiyteles montanus Cr. Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 24, 1903, (J. Fletcher).
Trogus quebecensis Prov. Hymers, Ont., July 21, 1910, (Dawson).
Trichogrammide.
* Trichogramma tomyia tortricis Girault. Guelph, Ont., from eggs of
Tortria cerasivorana, (Bethune) ; Can. Ent., XLVIII, 268.
Encyrtide.
* - Aphycus rileyi Timb. Guelph, Ont., reared from free corm on ash,
June 9, 1907, (T. D. Jarvis) ; Proc. U.S.N.M., Vol. 50, p. 600.
* Berecyntus bakeri gemma Giraulit. Reared at Ottawa from Huzoa larva —
from Queensboro, Ont., also from larva of Hadena devastatrix, Chae
Ont., July 12, 1914, (Gibson) ; Psyche XXIII, 49.
Thynnide. a
Methoca bicolor Say. Prince Albert, Sask., male, July 22, 1916, (Sladen).
Mutillide. ;
Mutilla hexagona Say. Toronto, Ont., males, July, August, 1888-1894,
(W. Brodie).
Mutilla canadensis Blake. Weymouth, N.S., female, June 5, 1913,
(Sanders).
Myrmoside.
Myrmosa unicolor Say. Aweme, Man., male, July 7, 1915, (N. Criddle) ;
Prince Albert, Sask., July 22, 1916, (Sladen).
Tiphiide.
Paratiphia albilabris Spin. Okanagan, B.C., female, Aug. 4, 1915,
(Anderson) ; Victoria, B.C., Aug. 13, 1916, (Sladen).
Sapygide.
Sapyga martini Sm. Aweme, Man., May 2, 9, 1915, (N. Criddle).
Eumenide.
Odynerus capra Sauss. Truro, N.S., Aug. 16, i915, (Brittain).
_ Philanthide.
Eucerceris superbus Cr. Medicine Hat, Alta. male, Aug. 20, 1916,
(Sladen).
Eucerceris bicolor Cr. Medicine Hat., Alta., female, Aug. 20, 1916,
(Sladen). Mr. Sladen considers the evidence strong that this species is
the female of EZ. superbus.
Eucerceris flavocinctus Cr. Indian Head, Sask., July 14, 1916, (Sladen) ;
Kaslo, B.C., July 20, 1906, (Cockle); Sidney, B.C., July 6, 1914,
(Sladen). =
\
oo ae ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 161
Ducerceris fulvipes Cr. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Medicine Hat, Alta.,
male, Aug. 20, 1916, (Sladen).
Cerceris clypeata Cr. (var. with cream-colored bands). Prince Albert,
; Sask., female, July 22, 1916, (Sladen).
Cerceris dentifrons. Toronto, Ont., Aug. 1, 1893, (W. Brodie).
& Cerceris pleuralis H. S. Smith. Toronto, Ont., Aug. 1, 1893, (W. Brodie).
Cerceris rufinoda Cr. Medicine Hat, Alta., Aug. 20, 1916, (Sladen).
Cerceris rufinoda crucia Vier. & Ckll. Medicine Hat, Alta., Aug. 20, 1916,
(Sladen).
Philanthus solivagus Say. Kentville, N.S., Aug. 22, 1915, (Brittain) ;
Aweme, Man., July 29, 1915, (N. Criddle).
Philanthus bilunatus Cr. St. Stephen, N.B., July 18, 1916, (Sanders) ;
Melfort, Sask., July 20, 1916, (Sladen).
i) Philanthus politus Say. Prince Albert, Sask., Juty 22, 1916; Calgary,
Alta., July 29, 1916, (Sladen).
Philanthus albopilosus Cr. Aweme, Man., Aug. 20, 1914, (N. Criddle) ;
Medicine Hat, Alta., Aug. 20, 1916, (Sladen).
Philanthus sanbornui Cr. Toronto, Ont., Aug. 4, 1895, (W. Brodie).
: Philanthus punctatus Say. Thompson River, B.C., Aug. 8, 1914,
(Wilson) ; Crescent, B.C., Aug. 14, 1916; Agassiz, B.C., Aug. 10, 1916;
Medicine Hat, Alta., Aug. 20, 1916, (Sladen).
Aphilanthops frigidus Sm. Radisson, Sask., July 30, 1907, (J. Fletcher) ;
Medicine Hat, Alta., Aug. 20, 1916; Lethbridge, Alta., June 28, 191+;
Victoria, B.C.; Aug. 138, 1916, (Sladen).
_ Bembecide. ~
Bembex pruinosa Fox. Aweme, Man., Aug. 20, 1914, (N. Criddle).
Bembex amena Fox. Nicola Valley, B.C., June, 1912, (S. Hadwen).
Monedula emarginata Cr. Prince Albert, Sask., July 22; Lethbridge,
Alta., July 25, 1916, (Sladen).
vn oem ¥
_ Andrenide.
* Andrena ricardonis Ckll. Vernon, B.C., June 9, 1902, (Miss Ricardo) ;
Can. Ent., XLVIII, 272.
Andrena cockerelli Graen. Smith’s Cove, N.S., May 26, 1915, (Brittain).
Andrena bicolor Prov. Smith’s Cove, N.S., June 5, 1915, (Brittain).
Andrena vicina Sm. Smith’s Cove, N.S., May 30, 1915, (Brittain).
Andrena carlini Ckll. Smith’s Cove, N.S., May 25, 1915, (Brittain).
Hhnaaatpeccmvine JE amano operetta.
A
= -Nomadide.
* Nomada vernonensis Ckll. Vernon, B.C., April 15, 1902, (Miss Ricardo) ;
Can. Ent., XLVIII, 273.
Megachilide.
Anthidium tenuiflore Ckll. Banff, Alta., July 24, 1911, (Sanson) ;
Radisson, Sask., July 29, 1907; Saskatoon, Sask., July 18, 1909,
(Willing) ; Invermere, B.C., June 30, 1914, (Sladen).
Anthidium emarginatum Say. Aweme, Man., July 20, 1914, (N. Criddle) ;
Banff, Alta., Aug. 17, 1911, (Sanson).
11 Es.
-
THE REPORT OF THE. No. 36
Dianthidium simile Cr. Guelph, Ont., 1913, (A. Burrows) ; Ottawa, July
7, 1913, (Sladen).
Microstelis lateralis Cr. Toronto, Ont., June 24, 1894, (W. Brodie) ;
Aylmer, Que., June 5, 1915, on Potentilla, (Sladen).
Pavostelis montana Cr. Lethbridge, Alta., June 28, 1914, (Sladen) ;
Banff, Alta., (Sanson). ;
Stelis ontariana Sladen. Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 16, 1912, (Beaulne) ;
Bethesda, Ont., Aug. 15, 1892, (W. Brodie) ; Can. Ent., XLVIII, 312.
Autochelostoma canadensis Sladen. Ottawa district, Ont., Aug. 14, 1914,
(Germain) ; Can. Ent., XLVILII, p. 270.
Chelynia subemanginata Cr. Toronto, Ont., June 23, 1891. (W. Brodie) ;
Aylmer, Que., June 24, 1913, (Beaulne); Dalhousie, N.B., July 24,
1915, (Sladen).
Chelyma foederalis Sm. Toronto, Ont., June 9, 1896, (W. Brodie) ;
Ottawa, June 11, 1913, (Sladen). F
Chelymia rubri Ckll. Banff, Alta., June 25, 1908, (Sanson).
Heriades carinatus Cr. Invermere, B.C., June 30, 1914, (Sladen).
Chlorosmia fulgida Cr. Banff, Alta., (Sanson) ; Invermere, B.C., July 1,
1914, (Sladen).
Formicapis clypeata Sladen. Aweme, Man., July 6, 1915, (Criddle) ;
Waterhole, Alta., Aug. 18, 1915, (Strickland) ; Melfort, Sask., July 20,
1916, (Sladen) ; Can. Ent., XLVIII, p. 271.
Osmia cobaltina Cr. Shai B.C., July 7, 1914, (Sladen) ; ; Peachland,
B.C., July 24, 1909, (Wallis).
Osmia kenoyeri Ckll. White River, Ont., June 3, 1915, (Sladen).
Osmia nigrifrons Cr. Invermere, B.C., June 30, 1914, (Sladen).
Osmia novomexicana Ckll. Aiea Man., April 30, 1910, (N. Criddle) ; j
Medicine Hat, Alta., May 30, 1904, (Willing).
Osmia chalybea Sm., var. fuceta Cr. Ottawa, Ont., July 26, 1913, (Sladen) ;
Toronto, Ont., cal 26, 1890, (W. Brodie).
Osmia chalybea Sm. var. mandibularis Cr. Lethbridge, Alta., July 8,
1909, (Wallis).
Osmia densa Cr. Banff, Alta., May 17, 1915; Golden, B.C., May 16, 1915;
Shawnigan, B.C., July 7, 1914, (Sladen).
Osmia albiventris Cr. Ottawa, Ont., June 11, 1913; White River, Ont.,
June 3, 1915; Banff, Alta., May 21, 1915, (Sladen).
Osmia atriventris Cr. St. John, N.B., May 23, 1903, (Leavitt) ; Aweme, —
Man., May 2, 1914, (N. Criddle) ; Ottawa, Ont., May 18, 1913; Banff, —
Alta., May 21, 1915, (Sladen).
Osmia melanotricha Lov. & Ckll. Toronto, Ont., June 10, 1894, (W.
Brodie) ; Ottawa, Ont., June 18, 1913, (Sladen).
Osmia hudsonica Cr. Banff, Alta., May 21, 1915, (Sladen).
Megachile (Oligoiropus) exilis, subexilis, Ckll. Males, Ottawa, Ont., ”
July 15, 1913; Kaslo, B.C., Penticton, B.C., Aug., 1916, (Sladen).
Megachile fidelis Cr. Summerland, B.C., Aug. 9, 1916, (Sladen).
Megachile pugnata Say. Edmonton, Alta., July 11, 1916, (Carr) ; Salmon,
Arm, B.C., July 4, 1914; Shawnigan, B.C., July 7, 1914, (Sladen).
-Megachile manifesta Cr. Davidson, Sask., Aug. 21, 1907, (Willing) ;
Medicine Hat, Alta., Aug. 20, 1916; Lethbridge, Alta., July 28, 1916;
Swift Current, Sask., Aug. 22, 1916, (Sladen).
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 163
Megachile melanophaea Sm. Halifax, N.S., July 10, 1916, (Perrin).
Megachile melanophaea var. calogaster Ckll. Lethbridge, Alta., June 28,
1914, (Sladen). ~
Megachile latimanus Say. Smith’s Cove, N.S., July 15, 1914, (Gibson) ;
Melfort, Sask. July 20, 1916; Lethbridge, Alta. June 28, 1913,
(Sladen).
Megachile perihirta Ckll. Salmon Arm, B.C., July 14, 1914, Lethbridge,
Alta., June 28, 1914, (Sladen).
Megachile latimanus Ckll., (not Say.). Lethbridge, Alta., June 28, 1914,
(Sladen). :
Megachile vancouverensis Prov. St. John, N.B., July 13, 1901, (Leavitt) ;
Kaslo, B.C., June 10, 1906, (Cockle); Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 15, 1913;
Invermere, B.C., June 30, 1914, (Sladen).
Megachile inermis Prov. (decipiens Lov. & Ckll.). St. John, N.B., July
1, 1901, (A. G. Leavitt) ; Dalhousie, N.B., July 24, 1915; Hull, Que.,
June 14, 1914; Haileybury, Ont., July 7, 1916, (Sladen); Bondville,
Que., July 30, (Winn); Dunvegan, Alta., Aug. 18, 1915, (Strickland) ;
Aweme, Man., June 29, 1915, (N. Criddle).
Megachile parallela Ck\l. Thompson River, B.C., Aug. 8, 1914, (Wilson) ;
Medicine Hat, Alta., Aug. 20, 1916, (Sladen); Swift Current, Sask.,
Aug. 22, 1916, (Sladen).
Megachile generosa Cr. Aweme, Man., July 13, 1916, (N. Criddle) ;
Lethbridge, Alta., July 28, 1916, (Sladen).
Megachile brevis Say. Haileybury, Ont., July 5, 1916, (Sladen) ; Summer-
land, B.C., Aug. 10, 1916, (Sladen).
Coeliorys ribis Ckll. Truro, N.S., July 4, 1913, (C. B. Gooderham) ;
Haileybury, Ont., July 5, 1916, (Sladen) ; Aweme, Man., July 13, 1916,
(N. Criddle). :
Bombide.
Bombus rufocinctus Cr. Charlottetown, P.H.I., Sept., 1916, (Sladen).
Bombus californicus Smith. Prince Albert, Sask., July 22, 1916, (Sladen).
Bombus perplexus Cr. Montreal, Que., (Winn).
Psithyrus ashtoni Cr. Truro, N.S., Aug. 25, 1915, (Brittain).
Psithyrus fernaldae Frank. Banft, Alta., July 15, 1915, (Sanson) ; Quebec,
Que., Aug. 8, 1914, (Sladen).
I
£ HEMIPTERA,
(Arranged according to a Check List of the Hemiptera—excepting the
Aphididee Aleurodide and Coccide—of America, north of Mexico, by E. P. Van
Duzee; New York Entomological Society, 1916.)
_ Aphidide.
Phyllorera querceti Pergande. Vineland, Ont., on oak, Sept. 2, 1916,
(Ross).
Phyllaphis quercicola Baker (querci Davis). Vineland, Ont., on oak, Sept.
30, 1916, (Ross).
Myzocallis punctatus Monell. Vineland, Ont., on oak, June 4, 1915,
(Ross).
yr ff
*
or ee el als
. 164
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Myzocallis discolor Monell. Vineland, Ont., on oak, Sept. 30, 1916,
(Ross). :
Chaitophorus abe Monell. Vineland, Ont., on oak, Oct. 30, 1916,
(Ross).
Monellia caryae Maneils Vineland, Ont., on black walnut, Aug. 17, 1916,
(Ross). : q
Macrosiphum crataegi Monell. Vineland, Ont., on hawthorn, Oct. 11, 1916,
(Ross). :
Macrosiphum pelargonti Kalt. Vineland, Ont., on Lilliwm, Jan. 28, 1916,
(Ross).
Myzus circumflecum Buckton. Grimsby, Ont., on Lillium, Jan. 1, 1916,
(Ross).
Myzus neorosarum Theobald. Vineland, Ont, on Rosa rugosa, Aug. 18,
Oct. 24, 1916, (Ross).
Myzus rosarum Kalt. Vineland, Ont., on rose, July 26, 1916, (Ross).
Aphis brevis Sanderson. Arkona, Ont., and Vineland, Ont., on hawthorn
and apple, Oct. 1916, (Ross)
Aphis bakeri Cowen. Arkona, Ont., and Vineland, Ont., on hawthorn and
apple, Oct., 1916, (Ross).
Aphis pseudobrassice Davis. Turnips infested with this species were re--
ceived at Ottawa, from Sarnia, Ont., on Sept. 9, 1916. This is the first
record of this aphid in Ontario, (Gibson).
Van Duzee’s Number.
Cydnide.
28. Thyreocoris nitiduloides Wolff. Brantford, Ont., (record sent by W. H.
Brittain).
Perntatomide.
87. Brochymena tenebrosa Walk. St. Hilaire, Que., May 24, 1916, (Moore).
122. Euschistus conspersus Uhl. Departure Bay, Vance. Is., B.C., July 21,
1913, (Walker).
127. Euschistus ictericus Linn. Toronto, Ont., Sept. 12, 1906, (Walker).
Coreide. % é
Corynocoris typheus distinctus Dall. Toronto, Ont., Sept. 28, 1896,
(Walker).
Aradide. -
379. Aradus crenatus Say. St. Hilaire, Que., May 24, 1916, (Moore). 7
414. Aneurus inconstans Uhl. Toronto, Ont., April 18, 1895, May 8, 1914,
(Walker).
Lygeide.,
432. Oncopeltus fasciatus Dall. London, Ont., (H. S. Saunders).
477. Ischnorrhynchus geminatus Say. Toronto, Ont., Guelph, Ont., (C. A.
Good).
588. Stignocoris rusticus Fall. Truro, N.S., (C. B. Gooderham).
Stignocoris pedestris. Truro, N.S., (record sent by W. H. Brittain, who
stated that Mr. Parshley, who determined the specimen informed him that
the species was new to North America.)
-
~
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 165
589. Trapezonotus arenarius Linn. (agrestis Fall). Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 23,
1914, (Germain).
Tingidide.
665. Physatocheila plexa Say. St. Hilaire, Que., May 24, (Moore).
666. Leptoypha mutica Say. De Grassi Point, Ont., Aug. 11, 1916, (Walker).
Nabide.
826. Nabis limbatus Dahlb. Toronto, Ont., March 29, 1904, (R. E. Coleman).
827%.- Nabis flavomarginatus Schol. Truro, N.S., (record sent by W. H.
Brittain).
Anthocoride.
865. Triphleps tristicolor White. Vineland, Ont., found preying on Thrips
tabaci, Aug. 25, 1916, (Ross).
871. Dufouriellus ater Dut. Toronto, Ont., April 13, 1895, (Walker).
Miride.
922. Phytocoris lasiomerus Reut. De Grassi Point, Ont., Aug. 6, 1895;
Algonquin Park, Ont., Aug. 14, 1903, (Walker).
979. Paracalocoris scrupeus Say. Hamilton, Ont., June 20, 1914, (Walker).
996. Dichrooscytus suspectus Reut. Pictou, N.S., July 22, 1914, (Walker).
* Lygus communis novascotiensis Knight. Kentville, N.S., Wolfville, N.S.,
Smith’s Cove, N.S., July 6-28, 1915, (Brittain); Can. Ent., XLVIII,
349. :
1018. Lygus belfragii Reut. Hamilton, Ont., June 20, 1914, (Walker).
112%. Heterocordylus inalinus Reut. Hamilton, Ont., June 20, 1914, (Walker).
1139. Ceratocapsus pumilis Uh]. Truro, N.S., (record sent by W. H. Brittain).
: * Orthotylus cruciatus Van D. St. Hilaire, Que., July 4, 1907, (Metcalfe) ;
: Proe. Cal. Acad. Sci., VI, 119.
1172. Orthotylus flavosparsus Sahlbg. St. Catharines, Ont., June 19, 1914,
(Walker).
. Gerride.
— 1285. Gerris conformis Uhl. Kentville, N.S., (record sent by W. H. Brittain).
a
Saldide.
1328. Saldula interstitialis Say. Guelph, Ont., (C. A. Good).
;
_ Nepide.
1382. Ranatra nigra H. S. Go-Home Bay, Ont., Aug. 10, 1908, (T. R. Hanley).
1384. Ranatra brevicollis Montd. Lonely Lake, Vance. Is., B.C., July 31, 1913,
(Walker).
Cicadide.
1523. Okanagana noveboracensis Emmons. Toronto, Ont., May 8, 1896,
(Walker).
166 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Cercopide.
1550. Aphrophora permutata Uhl. Departure Bay, Vance. Is., B:C., Aug. 3, 1913,
(Walker). .
1553. Aphrophora signoretti Fh. Toronto, Ont., July 12, 1914, (Walker).
Membracide.
1628. Telamona declivata Van D. Rainy River, Ont., July 22, 1913, (Walker).
1635. Telamona reclivata Fh. Edmonton, Alta., July 7, 1910, (Carr).
1644. Telamona querct Fh. Toronto, Ont., July 16, 1906, (Walker).
1646. Telamona ampelopsidis Harr. Toronto, Ont., June 19, 1896, (Walker).
Cicadellide.
1795. Idiocerus lachrymalis Fh. ‘Toronto, Ont., De Grassi Point, Ont., Aug. 22,
1914, (Walker).
1936. Acucephalus albifrons Linn. De Grassi Point, Ont., Aug. 22, 1914,
(Walker).
2051. Deltocephalus configuratus Uhl. Guelph, Ont., (C. A. Good).
2053. Deltocephalus sayu Fitch. Bondville, Que., (Moore).
2181. Hutettix strobi Fh. St. Catharines, Ont., June 19, 1914, (Walker).
2228. Phlepsius irroratus Say. Toronto, Ont., July 12, 1914,. (Walker).
2156. Athysanus curtisii Fitch. Bondville, Que., (Moore). :
2410. Empoasca pulchella G. & B. Pictou, N.S., July 22, 1914, (Walker).
Fulgoride.
2545. Cixius misellus Van D. De Grassi Point, Ont., Aug. 26, 1914, (Walker).
2673. Lamenia obscura Ball. De Grassi Point, Ont., Aug. 24, 1914, (Walker).
Chermide.
2822a. Aphalara veazici metzaria Crawf. Pictou, N.S., July 22, 1914, (Walker).
2936. Psyllia floccosa Patch. Pictou, N.S., July 22, 1914, (Walker).
ORTHOPTERA.
Acridiide.
Nomotettia cristatus Scudd. Truro, N.S., (record from W. H. Brittain).
Locustide.
Ceutophilus neglectus Scudd. Black Rock, N.S., (record from W. H.
(Brittain).
Orchelimum gladiator Brun. Napinka, Man., Sept. 6, 7, 1916, (N.
Criddle). Second Manitoba record. This is the species which was re- !
described by E. M. Walker as Orchelimwm manitobense. ‘he latter
name has. been placed in the synonomy by Rehn and Hebard (Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc., XLI, 44). Recorded from Ontario in 1914, Ent. Record.
ODONATA.
(Arranged according to Muttkowski’s Catalogue of the Odonata of North
America. The numbers refer to the pages of the catalogue.)
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 167
Coenagrionide.
Coenagrion angulatum E. M. Walker. Red Deer, Alta., July 5-21; Innis-
fail, Alta., July 6. New to Alberta list, (Whitehouse).
_ Libellulide.
123. Cordulia shurtlefi Scudd. Red Deer, Alta., June 6-July 5. New to
; Alberta list, (Whitehouse).
139. Libellula quadrimaculata Linn. Red Deer, Alta., June 8-Aug. 6. New
: to Alberta list, (Whitehouse). i
F 161. Sympetrum costiferum Hagen. Red Deer, Alta., Aug. 5-Sept. 30. New
to Alberta list, (Whitehouse).
166. Leucorrhinia borealis Hagen. Red Deer, Alta., nymph (with teneral),
June 18, previously unknown, (Whitehouse).
166. Leucorrhinia glacialis Hagen. Red Deer, Alta., July 5. New to Alberta
list, (Whitehouse). :
167. Leucorrhina intacta Hagen. Red Deer, Alta., June 24-July 20. New to
Alberta list, (Whitehouse).
167. Leucorrhinia proxima Calvert. Red Deer, Alta., June 17-July 23; New to
Alberta list; also the nymph, June 17, previously unknown, (Whitehouse).
THYSANURA,
These insects have, as yet, received but scant attention in Canada. Mr.
Chas. Macnamara, of Arnprior, Ont., is keenly interested in the Collembola, and
in addition to Jstoma nigra’ MacG., mentioned in the 1913 record, he has found
on the snow at Arnprior, the following species:
a Isotoma palustris Miiller. Dec. and Jan.
; Isotoma viridis riparia Nicolet. March.
Entomobrya multifasciata Tull. Dee.
Tomocerus flavescens americanus Schott. Dee.
Achorutes socialis Uzel. All winter.
Achorutes armatus Nicolet. Dec.
In a paper entitled “ North American Collembolous Insects of the Subfamilies
Achorutine, Neanurine and Podurine,” by Dr. J. W. Folsom, the following species
from Canada is described »
* Achorutes pseudarmatus Folsom. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle) ; Proc. U.S.N.M.,
Vol. 50, p. 490.
SIPHONAPTERA.
TONER EOY CUT NET AMEN AT NAIT meres
~
The following species were determined by the Hon. N. Charles Rothschild:
Ceratophyllus arctomys Baker. ~Perce, Que., from ground hog, June 19,
1915, (Taverner).
Ceratophyllus bruneri Baker. Aweme, Man., Jan. 15, 1914, from Tavidea
tarus, (S. Criddle).
Ceratophyllus agilis Roths. Aweme, Man., Feb., 1915, from Mustela
cicognanii, (S. Criddle).
Ctenocephalus canis. Ottawa, Ont., Oct. 27, 1915, (Hewitt).
Leptopsylla hygini Roths. Aweme, Man., Feb., 1915, from Mustela
cicognanti, (S. Criddle).
168 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
ARANEIDA.
aaa according to Banks’ Catalogue of Nearctic Spiders, U.S.N.M.,
Bull. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue.)
During the past year Mr. J. H. Emerton, of Boston, has examined many
spiders collected in Canada. The collection at the University of Toronto, largely
the work of Prof. E. M. Walker and Mr. T. B. Kurata, was studied. This collec-
tion contains 110 species from widely separated localities. Collections made at
Toronto by Mrs. A. B. Faull and from the Thousand Islands by Miss H. Coleman
were also determined by Mr. Emerton. In June, 1916, Mr. Emerton visited
Ottawa and the writer spent-many happy hours in his company collecting spiders,
ete. While in Ottawa he examined the collection in the Entomological Branch, and
identified a number of species. After leaving Ottawa, Mr. Emerton made collec-
tions at Montreal and Quebec, south to Sherbrooke and Megantic and northward to
Maniwaki, Montford and Lake St. John, 92 species in all being taken. Mr. F. W
Waugh, of the Geological Survey, Ottawa, collected 46 species at Long Lake, 60
mies east of L. Nipigon and on Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron.
Many of the records given below refer to well known species, but it seems
worth while including them ee as the definite localities add to their known range
of distribution.
In the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. 51, pages
67-72 (separates issued Oct. 16, 1916), Nathan Banks published a list of 51
species of spiders collected by Messrs. Currie, Caudell and Dyar,in British Columbia
in 1903.
Theraphoside, —
2. Brachybothrium pacificum Simon. Saanich, B.C., (Wilson), Departure
Bay, Vane. Is., 1913, (T. B. Kurata).
Scytodide. :
5. Scytodes thoracica Lat. Toronto, Ont., Sept. 15, 1915, (T. B. Kurata).
Dysderide.
7. Segestria pasifica Bks. Departure Bay, Vance. Is., B.C., 1913, (T. B.
Kurata).
Drasside.
9. Gnaphosa conspersa Thor. Lanoraie, Que., June 20, 1915, (Beaulne) :
Prince Albert, Sask., June 25, 1913, (T. B. Kurata) ; Departure Bay,
Vane. Is., July 18-28, 1913, (T. B. Kurata).
9. Gnaphosa parvula Bks. Prince Atbert, Sask., June 25, 1913, (T. B.
Kurata) ; Dauphin, Man., June, 1913, (T. B. Kurata).
9. Pythonissa imbecilla Keys. Chelsea, Que., June, 1916, (Gibson).
10. Drassus neglectus Keys. Lanoraie, Que., June 14, 1915; Montreal, Que.,
May 9, 1915, (Beaulne) ; Orillia. Ont., June 11-16, 1914; Sudbury, Ont.,
June 17, 1913, (T. B. Kurata) ; Departure Bay, Vance? Is.. B.C., July 21,
1913, (T. B. Kurata).
10. Drassades robustus Emer. Departure Bay. Vance. Is., B.C.. (T. B. Kurata) .
Banff, Alta., June 29, 1913, (T. B. Kurata).
~ a ee eo ., ll
1917 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 169
‘ Clubionide.
10. Micaria gentilis Banks. Montreal, Que., May 8, 1915, (Beaulne).
11. Castianeira crocala Hentz. Lanoraie, Que., June 14, 1915, (Beaulne).
12. Agreca pratensis Emer. Lanoraie, Que., June 21, 1915, (Beaulne).
14. Clubiona canadensis Emer. Montreal, Que., May 11, 1915, (Beaulne) ;
Nipigon, Ont., June 18, 1913, (T. B. Kurata); Metlakatla, B.C., 1912,
(J. H. Keen) ; Departure Bay, B.C., (T. B. Kurata): Dauphin, Man.,
June 21, 1913, (T. B. Kurata).
14. Clubiona riparia Koch. Toronto, Ont., (T. B. Kurata).
Agelenide.
15. Cicurina simplex Simon. Departure Bay, Vance. Is., B.C., (T. B. Kurata).
15. Cicurina tersa Simon. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C., (T. B. Kurata).
16. Calotes montanus Emer. Orillia, Ont., April 27, 1914: Toronto, Ont.,
May 8, 1914, (T. B. Kurata).
16. Agelena pacifica Banks. Saanich, B.C., (Wilson). _
Dictynide.
1%. Dictyna maxima Bks. Dauphin, Man., June, 1913, (T. B. Kurata).
18. Amaurobius sylvestris Emer. Banff, Alta., end June, 1913, (T. B. Kurata) ;
Aylmer, Que., June 5, 1915, (Beaulne); Nipigon, Ont., July, 1894,
(W. McInnes) ; Orillia, Ont., May 24, 1914, (T. B. Kurata).
19. Amaurobius feroxr Walck. Montreal, Que., April 21, 1915, (Beaulne).
19. Amaurobius severus Simon. Departure Bay, Vance. Is., B.C., July 5, 1913,
(T. B. Kurata).
_ Theridiide.
19. Theridium murarium Emer. Prince Albert, Sask., June 25, 1913, (T. B.
Kurata).
20. Theridvum zelotypum Emer. Manitoulin Island, (F. W. Waugh);
Nipigon, Ont., June 18, 1913, (T. B. Kurata) ; Ottawa, Ont., June, 1916,
} (J. H. Emerton) ; Meach Lake, Que., Hull, Que., (Emerton and Gibson).
21. Lithyphantes corollatus L. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C.. (T. B.
Kurata).
21. Enoplognatha mormorata Hentz. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C., (T. B.
(Kurata) ; Prince Albert, Sask., June 25, 1913, (T. B. Kurata).
21. Crustulina borealis Bks. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C., (T. B. Kurata).
21. Crustulina gultata Reuss. Montreal, Que., May 6, 1915, (Beaulne) ;
Ahuntsic, Que., June 4, 1915, (Beaulne).
22. Asagena americana Emer. Departure Bay, Vance. Is., B.C., (T. B. Kurata).
23. Lathrodectes mactans Fab. Nipigon, Oni., July, 1894, (W. McInnis) ;
Departure Bay, Vance. Is., B.C., July 6, 1913, (T. B. Kurata).
2%. Lophocarenum decemoculatum Emer. Aylmer, Que., June 3, 1915,
(Beaulne) ; Lanoraie, Que., June 25, 1915, (Beaulne).
29. Grammonota pictilis Camb. Southern Labrador, 1915, (C. W. Townsend).
31. rigone longipalpis Sund. Metlakatla, B.C., 1912, (Keen).
" Linyphiide.
4 82. Neriene clathrata Sund. Toronto, Ont., (T. B. Kurata).
32. Labulla altioculata Keys. Departure Bay, Vance. Is., B.C., (T. B. Kurata).
ys
170 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36.5
33. Linyphia diana Keys. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C., (T. B. Kurata).
33. Linyphia litigiosa Keys. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C.. July, (T. B.
Kurata).
33. Linyphia mandibulata Emer. Prince Albert, Sask., June 25, 1913, (T. B.
Kurata):
33. Linyphia nearctica Banks. Nipigon, Ont., (F. W. Waugh). The occur-
rence of this interesting species at Nipigon extends its range 700 miles
further west. It frequents small spruce and balsam trees, (J. H. H.). |
During Mr. Emerton’s visit to Canada in 1916 the species was found at
several pomts in the Ottawa disirict, (A. G.).
34. Bathyphantes calcaratus Emer. Old Romain to Blane Sablon, Southern
Labrador, 1915, (C. W. Townsend).
35. Bathyphantes subalpina Emer. Old Romain to Blane Sablon, Southern
Labrador, 1915, (C. W. Townsend).
Tetragnathide.
6. Hucta caudata Emer. Prince Albert, Sask., (T. B. Kurata).
7. Vetragnatha vermiformis Emer. Jordan, Ont., Sept. 24, 1915, (Ross) ;
Toronto, Ont., (T. B. Kurata). -
37. Tetragnatha extensa Linn. Nipigon, Ont., 1894, (W. McInnis); Hull,
Que., June, 1916, (Gibson); Aylmer, Que., June 5, 1915, (Beaulne) ;
Lanoraie, Que., June 24, 1915, (Beaulne).
2
o
9
=)
Epeiride.
39. Zilla montana Koch. Nipigon, Ont., June 18, 1913, (T. B. Kurata).
41. Epeira cavatica Keys. Toronto, Ont., (T. B. Kurata).
42. Epeira gemma McCook. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C., (T. B. Kurata).
Thomiside.
48. Xysticus formosus Banks. Banff, Alta., end June, (T. B. Kurata) ; Prince
Albert, Sask., June, 1913, (T. B. Kurata).
48. Xysticus limbatus Keys. Meach Lake, Que., June 22, 1916, (Gibson) ;
Dauphin, Man., June, 1918, (T. B. Kurata).
51. Thanatus coloradensis Keys. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C., (T. B
(Kurata).
51. Tibellus oblongus Walck. Spruce Brook, Nfd., July 26, 1914, (Walker) ;
Okanagan Landing, B.C., Aug. 15, 1913, (T. B. Kurata) ; Prince Albert,
Sask., June, 1913, (T. B. Kurata).
52. Philodromus inquisitor Thor. Southern Labrador, 1915, (C. W. Town-
send).
Pisauride.
53. Dolomedes idoneus Mont. Chelsea, Que.. May, 1913, (Gibson) ; De Grassi
Point, Ont., Aug. 26, 1911, (Walker).
Lycoside.
55. Lycosa albohastata Emer. North Devon Island, Hudson Bay, Aug. 13,
1904, (A. Halkett).
55. Lycosa beani Emer. Southern Labrador, 1915, (C. W. Townsend).
bs ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 171
Geolycosa missouriensis Banks. Aweme, Man., (J. Fletcher). Burrows in
sand and occurs along the Great Lakes and south as far as Texas,
(J. H. £.).
Pardosa atra Bks. Departure Bay, Vance. Is., B.C., (T. B. Kurata).
Pardosa diffusa Emer. Southern Labrador, 1915, (C. W. Townsend) ;
Aylmer, Que., June 5, 1915, (Beaulne) ; Toronto, Ont., (T. B. Kurata) ;
Fort William, Ont., June 19, 1913, (T. B. Kurata); Banff, Alta., end
“June, (T. B. Kurata).
Pardosa gremandica Thor. Klutlan Glacier, 9,000 feet, June, 1893, (F. H.
Lambert); Jasper Park, Alta., Sept. 1, 1915, (Hewitt); District of
Mackenzie along the south shore of Great Slave Lake, Aug. 22, 1914,
(F. Harper); Departure Bay, B.C., (T. B. Kurata); Prince Albert,
Sask., June 25, 1913, (T. B. Kurata).
Pardosa lapidicina Emer. St. Johns, Que., March 23; Vaudreuil, Que.,
May 27; Lanoraie, Que., June 24, 1915, (Beaulne) ; Toronto, Ont., Oct.
4,1913, (T. B. Kurata).
Pardosa glacialis Thor. J)istrict of Mackenzie along the south shore of
Great Slave Lake, Aug. 22, 1914, (F. Harper); Toronto, Ont., May 8,
1914, (T. B. Kurata); Prince Albert, Sask., June 25, 1913, (T. B.
Kurata).
Pardosa uncata Thor. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C., (T. B. Kurata) ;
Dauphin, Man., June, 1913, (T. B. Kurata); Banff, Alta., end June,
1913, (T. B. Kurata).
Pirata \insularis Em. Toronto Island, Ont., June 10, 1914, (T. B.
Kurata).
Phidippus albovitiatus Koch. Chelsea, Que., June, 1916, (Gioson).
Phidippus johnsoni Peck. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C., Aug. 1, 1913,
(T. B. Kurata).
Dendryphantes flavipedes Peck. Prince Albert, Sask., June, 1913, (T. B.
Kurata).
Dendryphantes militaris Hentz. Mr. Emerton informs me that Prof.
W. H. Brittain, of Truro, N.S., has sent to him specimens of this familiar
spider which has several times been seen eating the adults of the Apple
Maggot.
Pellenes oregonensis Peck. Departure Bay, Vane. Is., B.C., (T. B.
Kurata).
Sittacus ranieri Peck. Banff, Alta., June 28, 1913, (T. B. Kurata).
Icius harti Emer. Lanoraie, Que., June 21, 1915: Aylmer, Que., June 5,
1915, (Beaulne).
—e
Olin, Ar SIR
PAGE
cov bes (@Qa10) 17 ie ees 57
PPM ETISOTUSTUIS: 5 core 0 oo0 (oc. 00-0:nie.a\e' 102, 103
y ITECOMT SO rs ciscoxarclsrs:aevele cca btm 109
Alder leaf-miner, imported....... 97, 101
PUBENETEDICKID DUS: 200s ccccecicewees 19
Anthrenus scrophulariae .......... alye
MIMS eal c voir ole. siel b's 0 a'ejaid ss ase 17, 58
Aphidoletes meridionalis .......... 26
“JLLLLS |S epS S02 e Sse 24
AMHIGS: heredity in-........2.....- 69
ss occurring on apple trees... 43
SJLLES |S) SINCE CS er 44
TIES Der cfisinyicss, aos. ox ove endis sora see 45
ONE 6 SO8 a 45
“CTU Se 45
BEECHAM | cise cece eet accues 46
REFISS MONG Gy .s.ciois ocles ccsewese% 24, 110
BEMEXECIEADDIC oc. ec e ects ae 25
POMEEUIIEOUIAG oo cca cesses ae 44
BRESESEIVIL ery iar io)ne cc's Sed sve se e'e'e 24, 110
RMEICHEME Tce coaisc 5 icc oaceeces ee 46
SBTC ye cis oiove sis sieves s c.ue eaves 25, 43
“2 G6 SS GHge Sessa 46
RMMEVUEIOLUV ES fore vele ose sic.e se c.0i0 cre c'e tn 44
Apple maggot control, experimental
PUPP SMM toteveic s\cis\e cie'e.o wesc 6 ve 0's 89
Apple scab, effect of dust spray on. 37
PMEIMOMOSCAPTOO fi.ccccc cscs cee ceee 27
Apple trees, aphids occurring on... 48
* experiments with dust
ROTAY: (0M * 3% )0.5(os sais 35
PMEPAPCMMS. DICOUS 3. .......000ceeee 17
Aiba ear aATticlé DY ....50. 5.0065 3
Baker, AL W., article by .......... 52
Bark beetle outbreaks ............ 95
Basswood leaf-miner .............. 26
IECHMACAL-ININOT soc. csc cecesssseaee 110
Eiteheporer, DYONZe: ...........: 102, 103
Blackberry leaf-miner ........... 26, 110
Black walnut caterpillar .......... 16, 26
Blattella, eermanica .........2+..0 aly
Blister beetle, ash-gray ........... 16
Blister mite, pear leaf ............ 16
BPTIOUICOS os coc et cos sce eves es 137
Eritiai, WwW. ., article by ........ 89
UnPli en 2) $60 0) i ee 16, 24
acoecia see Tortrix ........... :
feqesar us articles DY ..........+ 31, 106
Callopistria floridensis ............ 43
(ORI) LOG 87
PRIS REEATIIIO! cistole.s cic s.ccls «so a ceins 109
Carbolineum emulsion ............ 124
MEETETEDCOLIO! forse cs o.ccc eviecdccaes 17
Cedar borer, Western ............. 95
Cerambycidae from Port Hope Dis-
ERC eee a wise x» aketer este ei cies cheveroyeseyers 20
MMUMSTOAMIVICUA cvs ccivic vis vnieies eines 16
DENTCIG CTY os os cies es sleeves 24
[173]
PAGE
Chrysanthemum midge ............ 118
Cicadaycaniculanist eee meee 29
Clover hay moth soeeee seen 106
lover miter occ ee eee 27
Coccobacillus acridiorum .......... 91
Cockroaches. ccc rec esc deme 17, 58
Codline moth! = 7c cccaccsc coe 24, 25, 33
oe oe effect of dust spray on 40
Cornea WORM ata. 2 ao eee 16
Corn@scediimacrottc:. sa. 2. ceeee 110
Cosens; eA varticle by) sash oseeneee 18
Cryptorhynchus lapathi ........ 108, 122
Currant moth, heredity in ........ 70
Currant worm, imported .......... 26
Cutwormseenrecccn ne: ERIS i ibe aly/
Cyllenesrobiniag men). abso leee 98, 100
Dasyneura rhodophaga ........... 120
Datanaintegerrima a... seer sissies 17
Depressaria heracleana ........... 16
Diacnrisiawacraea=.).e reise seen 16
=e VAT SIMI CAs rc ciearcsio see peer 17
Diarthromyia hypogaea ........... 118
Disease, relation of insects to ..... 57
Du Porte, E. M., and Vanderleck, J.,
ALVICle SW yaacis eternal treme ie ree 91
Dust spray, for insects and diseases 31
Entomological Record ............. 137
FIDICTixCUCUMENDTS: . isc. os erste 16
Hriocam pag CELasige wish cider sacle 19
MTiOpHyese pyri’ asceecas cece cone 16
HriosomMamlani erawac ces. ate 44
Muphoria Mindapease tas acces 20
Euschistus, heredity in ........... 69
Evetria albicapitana .....:........ 107
Halli webswOrnmt jie. acts nc coe 26, 73, 80
Mannie Scalanisc ksh stereos eteverds oe 58
Field crops, insects attacking ...... 15
Florida fern caterpillar ........... 111
Flour beetle, confused ............ Lye
Forest and shade trees, insects at-
GACKINE A ao orecseaisiee hace ha oe 16, 26, 95
Fruit trees, dusting for control of
AN SOCLS cyt Bertie src nce chet Sees oes Blake 31
Fruit trees, insects attacking......
24, 25, 48, 89, 109, 132
Hy IOS) Dawes article: Dy: <laccteeeesloc 28
Galerucella, decora «....... si. «sists 96
Garden eINSECES) <.</o1cievelers cress vepelerstenees 17
Gibson, A., articles by ...... 15, 1d; se
Greenhouse insects .......... U7, 25, Lee
Grouse), TUMed) 05,06 c-ace e's eiete tele 30
Heredity, insects in the study of... 66
Herrick, G. W., article by ........ 132
Hippodamia convergens, variationin 67
Horn flies, repellents for ......... 52
Vit THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 36
PAGE PAGE
PEVOTS OBL ES ctecare ctaaiaets wine OCR vER ENE TE 27 Phyllonoryeter fragilella .......... 18
House flies, at Camp Borden ..... 88 Physonota unipuncta ............. «© 50)
Household insects .........<..-... iy Pine *DOTers: \s/2 5.05 cue seen ee 96
Howard, LL. Q.,*article by .......... 57 Plodia interpunctella .:....«.sos0" 17
Envlemiyia “antigua eric be neers 16 Plum ¢eurculio’ <n sen | eee 24, 25
EhypSOpy gia, Costalisi...2 ose 106 aa y effect of dust spray on 41
Pomace fly, heredity in ............ 71
In-breeding, effects of ............. 68 Pontania petiolaridis ............. 18, 1
Indian meals mothte=.e eee aoe 17 a movecihedl Somos cadaoas 185 a
Insects and leishmanioses ......... 60 Potato: beetle 5. “aS. ..1. be 2a
Insects and trypanosomiasis ...... 60 Potato flea-beetle ................. 16
Insects in relation to disease ...... 59
Eps) fasciatus: 25 cscs aera 16 Raspberry sawfly ............:.e-- 26
P 4 Le Rat, black |... ecm + «0 Se eee 30
Kaliosyphinga dohrnii .......... 97, 101 Red:bug. false. ..c.<ion..2-e eee 109
i Repellents for horn and stable flies. 52
Ladybirds a fashoneltsxe laste easioete nae orotate 26 Root maggots ...-.+s.:ce+cuce 16, 24, 25
Latrine fly Fite te eee eee reece es 58 Rosé midge s..<.:...cssch eee 120
Leaf-roller, fruit tree ........... 108, 132 Ross, W. A., articles by .......... 25, 43
- oblique banded ........ 108
Leaf-spot, effect of dust spray on.. 40 5 :
Leptinotarsa, Tower’s investigations Salt marsh caterpillar osje See 5 16
On AO eee ne ee ee 66 Seale, San: José... 5.2..0nccse eee 24, 25
Lice, treatment at Camp Borden for 88 Sex chromosome “t+ ca 68
Lochhead, W., article by ......... 66 Shade tree insects Spree seeeeee 26, 95
HGcast hover less tee Ses Se 98, 100 Small fruits, insects attacking. ...24, 26
WHO CUSUSI se Lyert crete cite cketolete aici: eee ee ; 15 Spencer, G. J., article by...... oes 87
“ control’ off awith) “cocto: Spider mite, imported -........... : 26
hedilas So ee 91 Spruce borers aa 0a'd sleye, 3,0: 30 96
Tyeideary Mend ax) A. ays ceiese cheahe 109 Squirrel, AYING «+... esse eee eee eee 31
EVEUSMCOMIMUNIS, ooo ee 110 Stable flies, repellents for ......... 52
ete Paes Cae ee ety Ae 110 Strawberry sawfly « Sierale lo, oles oan 24
“~- pratensis Pi sy he pee i 17 Swaine, J. M., article by .......... 95
Macrobasis unicolor .............. 16 Tarnished plant bug ............-. VW
Macrosiphum pelargonii .......... 46 Tent caterpillar, historical account
ee Solamifoliit ee once ee 46 Oe 0S 73
Mamestra picta .............. 16, 18, 110 Tent caterpillars .....<..c<cceeen 24, 110
Margaropus annulatus ............ 57 Texas fVer s.)6.:0..-shc-srere cts mene 57
Matheson, R., article by ......... 122 Thalessa. Junator fie ac nce nee 28
Mendelism, insects illustrating .... 67 Thrips tabaci .......5..00--=- nme 25, 26
Monohammus, species in pine and Tibicen TIMOSa 5. ccc.2<ter ce eee 29
SDEUC Gieke ote eee ee eee 96 Ticks and spirochaetoses ........ ae 61
Morris, F. J. A., articles by ...... 20, 62 Tobacco WOrM) ... 22:04 on oie chee 25
NMiyais spersicae me. ss eee een 46 Tortrix: ‘argyrospila 7. ....02ssee 108, 132
S TOSACCADA, ise :esresele.a eeereee 108
Neurocolpus: nubilus.. .....00< 6.0.0. 109 Tribolium confusum .............- 17
Nightetiawiky wee ter earn Gee 29 Trypanosomes .....-.+.+..++...0-s 60
Noble, J. W., article by ........... 24 Tsetse Mies) cry perce cmyorelee ate 60
“Nova Scotia Entomological Society,
Report: Of Pass. sje wisis evaleeveeta ob steremicle 13 Vanderleck, J., article by, see
Duporte; Ei. My acoy.iceeee Snake
Orchard SiOSECts Wey-serercteersveleteiein steccieke 25 Wanessa j-album. ...<2.cw.0cusetemee 19
Onion jmMar cot ie, ocieeteicioiemicieesiiceiers 16, 25 Vegetables, insects attacking ..... 24.
Kee Pe CD TIDES. <5 olavasersveveramlc etarcpre totale 25, 26
White grubs ..... ce ioe) oa, s take or 24
Parsnip web Worm! in. deoes sere 16 Willow and poplar borer ....23, 108, 122
Peach tree borer ..%...miens eearaeee 24 ‘Willow: leat® béetle: 5. cm.. eon cee
PEAT DSVIlayy Sercterayecclerrevetete terete ere 26 Winn, A. oF. articles by... a.cenee 50
Peare Sli eis. smieciteversiays «s)ere an eens 19, 110 Wire. WOPrMS ©. 'ss5jc.ce 2 > vc eleie en 24
Pegomyia prassicacraa.nesnen meee 24 Wood of Desire, the ............. 62
sd Celanl, Bogobeqaqnce 26 25
Pelopoeus caeruleus .............. 28 Yellow ‘fever: si.2scck. caine 57
‘ cementarius® sce sae oes 28 Yellow woolly bear aiekaioheusteceleteteaet 17
Phlegethontius quinquemaculatus... 25
Ehorbia, jorassicae’ scenes. scence 16 Zebra: caterpillar a.c.eceseeie 16, 18, 110
SR er haere a ry Sr Sees Sperone spat Snag
OF ONTARIO
tomological Society
|
|
TORONTO ;
1918
Forty-Eighth Annual Report
OF THE
Entomological Society
OF ONTARIO
1917
(PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE)
PRINTED BY ORDER OF
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO
TORONTO :
Printed by A. T. WILGRESS, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty
1918
‘ =
1
; Printed by
: _ WILLIAM BRIGGS,
Seamer: - Corner Queen & John Sts.,
- F ios Toronto.
he < =
h
4
- “ \
S -~
= : P ‘a
-
>
-
SV es }
7 od as a a t aa
aren r
= .
*
¥ 7 -
+ - “4 re ;
ys ee ee es ew
lis Honour, Sir JoHN SrrRATHEARN HeENopRI®, a Lieutenant-Colonel in the
Militia of Canada, etc., etc., etc.,
' Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.
“ be? - a ‘
Y Ir Prease Your Honour:
ort of the Entomological Society for 1917.
“Respectfully submitted,
Wittiam H. Hearst,
Minister of Agriculture.
ae Aa]
CONTENTS.
OFFICERS FOR 1917-2918 oi ccccs ccd cov tew oe scat Si ohis vise Gate mae een eee ere
FENANCIAL STATEMENT q.<.0-ccioce ee si cereale onus Dele lorieens aye e Seat ake paler eee
LAIST OF MEMBERS | 5...0%0)5 5 coisas w lelaten svaieyatele 7 oj cholerae @hsceteics cane tele) aie ate oe eae aan
List oF MEMBERS ON ACTIVE ‘SERVIGE. «252 5:5<5:0)cc0 ee te coe = wine oss Shee ae
AINNUAL MEETING 27 osc oo iete ca etis we oscieel era plnioiel ol exeta lire dapat onset <PNe ecole ea
Report of the: Council 22. 0.235 Sets aioe ne eee eee ee ee
bs Librawian 22 22 2s...5 20s ces Se Se ae eae Seen oon ee
an Opie) 0) a er eer re MS eS ES Soe
. Montreal! Braneh. 2. 3.5 - s.255 <5 sine oie ore ete scenes sels odo eae
- Toronto) Branlehis. see ie Sat RP ee Sc
$4 British: |Columbia= BranCh. 2 ..a4-s, smpoualeere see ee ere ee Wier
s Nova ‘Scotia’ Branch” ~).cc.2: 6.25.0 aac as Sees areas:
SY Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada ................ Pe eee
Address J. C. CHapais, Delegate of Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants
Reports on Insects for the Year: Division No. 1, A. GIBSON ............. Gaon
S «- 3, .Ay-COSENS: .3.) <0. = tee
1 5, Bo All MORRIS; 2 eee es
i 6.3 .* (Wi. NOBLE 32323 e eee
aa ee 07 WA, “ROSS: .2 eon ee
Further Notes on the Imported Onion Maggot and its Control: A. GIBSON .....
"The Entomological Service of Quebec: GEORGES MAHEUX ...........-2..2.2+-2005
Some Important Insects of the Season: L. CAESAR .........-..5-2+-+-2secceue
The Apple and Thorn Skeletonizer: BH. P:.. WELT 2-2. 2:-<---.=----4--- see
Some Notodontian Larve:: J, A.“CORCORAN J... «0.5. ccie o<wieiele =. aieycleie's shee ee
‘The Problem of Mosquito Control: T. J. HEADLEE ................. Ds. beeen
The Black Chetry Aphis: W:A. ROSS: Sec) (oe tem che ees oat oii = oe
A Comedy of Prrors:. F'. J...A. MORRIS 2.5 6.5 cei «<< ope iotens. eyes sere ny oye) 2) ole ae ee
Transcanadian Spiders: J. Hi. -EEMERTON . 1.7) 2 .(2.Selcecinte ole sie eerie = Se
A Further Report on the Value of Dusting vs. Spraying: L. CAESAR ..........
Notes on the Ecology of Insects: W. LOCHHEAD ...02.. -..<0.s--555 soumeenias
Effect of Stable and Horn Fly Attacks on Milk Production: A. W. BAKER .....
Two Unusual Garden Pests in Nova Scotia: W. H. BRITTAIN ..................
The Entomological Record: A. Gisson
[4]
Mr. ALBERT F. WINN,
President of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1915-1917.
Entomological Society of Ontario
OFFICERS FOR 1917-1918
President-—Pror. Lawson CAESAR, Dept. of Entomology, Ontario Agricultural College,
Guelph.
Vice-President—Mr. ARTHUR GIBSON, Division of Entomology, Ottawa.
Secretary-Treasurer—Mkr. A. W. Baker, B.S.A., Lecturer in Entomology, O. A. College,
Guelph.
Curator—Mr. Eric Hearts, 0. 'A. College, Guelph.
Librarian—Rev. Pror. C. J. S. BerHune, M.A., D.C.L.; F/R.S.C., Professor of Ento-
mology and Zoology, O. A. College, Guelph.
Directors—Division No. 1, Mr. J. M. Swarne, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agri-
culture, Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Dr. A. CosEns,
Parkdale Collegiate Institute, Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough:
Division No. 5, Mr. J. W. Nostz, Essex, Ont.; Division No. 6, Mr. W. A. Ross, Vineland
Station, Ont.
Directors (ex+Presidents of the Society)—-Rry: Pror. C. J.-S. BETHUNE, M.A., D-C.L.,
F.R.S.C., Guelph; W. HaGur HARRINGTON, F.R.S.C., Ottawa; Pror. JOHN DEARNESS, Vice-
Principal, Normal School, London; Rry. Tuos. W. Fytes, D.C.L., F/L.S., Ottawa: Pror.
Wo. LocHneaD, B.A., M.S., Macdonald College, Que.; Jonn D. Evans, C.E., Chief Engineer,
Central Ontario Railway, Trenton; Pror. E. M. WALKER, B.A., M.B., F.R.S.C., University
of Toronto; C. Gorpon Hewitt, DSc., F.R.S.C., Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa; Mr.
ALBERT F. Winn, Westmount, Que.
Editor of “ The Canadian Entomologist ’—Pror. E. M. WALKER, Toronto.
Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada—THE PRESIDENT.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
For year ending October 31st, 1917.
Receipts. Expenditures.
Cash on hand, 1915-16 ........ $27 58 Printing due on 1915-16 ...... $66 96
Advertisements .............. 53 80 Annual meeting ............. 124 35
Back numbers ©.~ os.s205 00+ scan 231 88 Printing *sosicess won sone 1,221 90
Cork and. spins! 97.0.1 tein 100 43 Salaries ay oie cm feames «che 2s tae 225 00
PUES! Anise oes ode nc Aone etarercoemere 80 65 TID ALY ase ho «ie 24 00
SIDSCHIDLIONS: Wee seresse ck Geom eras 471 73 Wixpensé “2 S35 22258 ices oe 41 27
Government grant ........... 1,000 006 Bank exchaties = 5 -.s.e nee 10 21
Bank “interest 2.5). scene. oee 14 81 ork ANG PMNs. ;.. Js ee eee 103 59
Annual’ report: | .5%~ 02 5 «ees 121 50
Cash-onshend, 2 o..cc. 00.5 oe 42 10
$1,980 88 $1,980 88
To Halance (die OM prints ae apiece ae a veeie sie ei ela ees $104 14
By, cash-on Wand) sie. cts cre eis ola eis tote aes ave state teonetararer sates 42 10
Net: deficit” s)c.2. Soe ote Tere cians is eee cate eee eet $62 04
Auditors: L. Caesar.
J. E. Howitt.
Respectfully submitted,
A. W. BAxker,
ny sa Secretary-Treasurer.
[6] <
LIST OF
i ONTARIO.
mmnrews, H. D. ...-....- - Toronto.
: (TTR US! 0s er -Port Arthur.
Aes Guelph.
0 SS A aes Ottawa.
Seeeneear, W. WH. .........0 Hamilton.
Seeerimmioy, J. W. .......... - Bloomfield.
Serena. ©, KK. .:.......... Toronto.
Seeuurrows, A. R. .......... Guelph.
mevCuesar, Prof. lL. ........
3 op hb Se “London.
= Chrystal, R. Neil ...... .Ottawa
Sewer ALO. .......--260 Guelph.
Clemens, W. A. ......... . Toronto.
mppens, Dr. A. .......-.. Bs ag
TUS C058: Se aS
forawiord, H.G. ........ - Wilton Grove.
0 hE Saas -Guelph.
Seewearness, Prof. J. ...... - London.
“oh Wes Calas Ottawa.
ET 2 - Hamilton.
= Dunlop, James .......... Woodstock.
: Sel C0) 1 . Toronto.
= Gipson, Arthur ......... Ottawa.
Gooderham, ©. B. ........ e
COLD 00 - Orillia.
; LES i!
Lo. Es Toronto.
meetinient, DH. ..........6 Sudbury.
Seetiannimal J.............. - Toronto.
= Lo Sl 3 Guelph.
_ Hewitt, Dr. C. Gordon ... Ottawa.
Huntsman, Dr. A. G. ....Toronto.
ES DA St. Thomas.
Meamiy, WHISS ..5.......6..6 Toronto.
King, Lieut. Vernon ..... Guelph.
meeusirewood, K. ........... Toronto.
ID A S63 Ottawa.
eo VE) Toronto.
2G cs
minenamara, ©. .......... Arnprior.
Sete 3A, Ww... wes Peterborough.
Mossop, Miss B. K. E. --- + Toronto.
ol) OV
ot Essex
85D 0 8 De Ottawa.
ReES@NME AL S023... Vineland.
SUE Gs 0) Guelph.
oo) 8 See Toronto.
mueorey, W. P. ........... Vineland Sta.
Memipno, W. 1. ........ Ottawa.
PORES OATENUT ~..2....... Toronto.
BUM ee en <
Spencer, Capt. G. J. ...... Guelph.
Bee waine, J. M............ Ottawa.
peekiand, ff. HH. ........
nampson, J. W. .....-.- Toronto.
Tomlinson, A. H. .....:.. Guelph.
» Walker, Prof. E.M....... Toronto.
Watson, Dr. A. H. B...... Port Hope.
Mime esames .:......... Snelgrove.
Beewilliams, G. A........... Port Hope.
n Maret. Capt. W. H. -.:.. Guelph.
3 oS Toronto.
MEMBERS ;
[7]
QUEBEC.
Barwick, BHC! vncesonee Montreal.
eressx Dre Ty: Jo Wisetictes Verdun.
Chambers; Ws. wee oriole erator Montreal.
Ghapais si, se cnas nce St. Denis.
Chagnon, G. v+sereeeees.-Montreal.
Clayson, G. Hits 2 acc sacs.
CCOnCoralta! J “Ace's. 5 cere ciclo > Ue
Cummings, R. F. ........ ‘s
Davis TMS NWe . sthcieiciec ss <tc Westmount.
PODS eure aie de soe coir Montreal.
Du Porte; HM. 2.65.55 Macdonald
College.
Garlamike (Oe estes ices sie Montreal.
Germain: Bros... 2.20: +. Three Rivers.
Gibby lire srercae etc ren reais Montreal.
ETS Gee le wasepes eves: vis ase sje
HAOUMES es Geweicisot.- teieloi= Westmount.
HinardieRevs VecA. -c. ec: Quebec.
Jackson, Dr. F. S. .......Montreal.
Leopold, Rev. Father..... La Trappe.
Letourneau, F. .......... Oka.
Lochhead, Prof. W. ...... Macdonald
‘College.
TOBE Os MG Re nap cha platens ne Montreal.
Sowthees Grr Ace |. cite eiayo ead
Winns Ash Foie ace Westmount.
New BRUNSWICK.
OCH ot Dee tere. c a, sek ore = Fredericton.
iskatdils IMR! eoornSo somos a
Nova Scorra.
Allen, EB Chesley ........- Yarmouth.
LAER CA RN elegiiosctoec Nappan.
Blair, W. S. Kentville.
Brittain, Prof. W. H...... Truro.
DSM WilEG: MIT NAG snc ccs cies, a,
PRISE PA ori ielctuielajole<i=e-° Bridgetown.
DOTA ais: salavelaucis Truro.
LEE 2 De OF aR es aise “s
Lindsay, Harriet FE. ...... se
Longley, Miss M. ........ Paradise.
Mckay. Dr. A; He 2... 26 Halifax.
Ptyaie AEG fo disses ie 0. 2:0 ate. Granville
Ferry.
Pay neve set eles sy cteiel-\serelere sae *
Perrin, Joseplt =... .50<< Halifax.
Seu yes TOR AON Rese anc se Bridgetown.
Scottwerot. Jn. 22. a3 0- LUO:
Wetmore, Ralph ........ Yarmouth.
Whitman) (Co FUE s.2h <.- Lawrencetown.
Young, Ermina .......... Brighton.
MANITOBA.
Brooker, S; He vs si isaeiesase' Winnipeg.
Criddle, Norman ........ Treesbank.
Hippesley, Mrs. W. W.... Dauphin.
Bunter Drs VAS se ee enteetas Teulon.
Wallist J: Bites sticcs. bs Winnipeg.
Ontario Agricultural
College, Guelph.
8 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
SASKATCHEWAN, Cockler ed. SW tasec. ieee Kaslo.
Cunningham, C, ......... Victoria.
Androchowicz, E. ....... Humboldt. Day 7G.Os 26 nck ee Duncan's, V.I.
Bentley, Miss L. ....... - Mellville. MoOwNnes;, NSS. ote seeees Victoria.
Hutchinson, H. ......... -Starblanket. BiVetti Sew bese cere .....Vernon,
Neville, oS: J... eee Cottonwood. Mrench Wee bisaaeaets oe Salmon Arm.
Willing, Prof. T. N. ..... - Saskatoon. Garrett; CBD: i225: -ce. Cranbrook.
Hadwen Dre asc. eiene Agassiz.
ALBERTA. Hanham,; A. Wises: <- << Duncan’s
Station.
Antijutti, Miss E. ....... Barons. arnis, (Miss Movs secre cer Deroche.
Baird) Thomas= a. <5 /- High River. Hook? Ge oo centetenae eae Cobble Hill.
Bentley, Lettice-...o...5--- Lethbridge. Hugh: GS W.s eau ee oe Victoria.
Bowman, (Ku. oe osc Edmonton. Johnstone: Wi: ais score Edgewood,
Carr, ‘BY, Giese aceon ss Arrow Lake.
Dod, F:.H. Wolley_ =. . 2. Midnapores Kermode, Wasa. oe8 oer Victoria.
Henderson, Mrs. L. A. ...Barons. each, DisHee escapees Salmon Arm.
Imeson, Miss, V2 \.-2-5..-- s Mathers, GoiWeaneecr ieee Vancouver.
Mackie, Donald .:....... Edmonton. McKeever; (0. We ..5a-0- =e Penticton.
Phillips, ¢ BES". Gis ees Lacombe. ‘Phair: A: W. Acts. 4c Lillooet.
Whitehouse; BitCe s..2.2.5 . Red Deer. Robson;*A. s@. “Ue Victoria.
Ruuhamans UM arate Vernon.
British COLUMBIA. Stevens, JM. Ge. .5e. sce. Vancouver.
Taylor> Vi H: 2ee 2. shee Kelowna.
Blackmore, FE. H.-........ Victoria. Treherne,; Ry C= 3. eee Agassiz.
»Brewny (Wiehe occ icee8 cna axe s Venables, -H. (Peer oe tes Vernon.
Brinkman; iM. sss s = ae ss Warren, Miss E. ........ Barnston
Buckell Wa -Ni. tenon Dos Salmon Arm. Island. .
Cameron, Dr. AW Ee. 32. Agassiz. White, is W onto to -... Victoria.
Wanteraw, alte sae) ete Victoria. i
HONORARY MEMBERS
Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A... Boulder, Col. elt; Dr. Eis Ba 2 le Albany, N.Y.
Comstock, Prof. J. H. ....Ithaca, N.Y. Howard, Dr. L. O. . Washington,
Cresson; B2raD) cance: Philadelphia, DL.
Pa. Wickham, Prof. H. F. ....Iowa City, Ia.
LIFE MEMBERS
Bethune, Rev. C. J. .S..... Evans, John D., C.H...... Trenton.
Professor of Entomology, Fyles, Rev. Dr. T. W. ....Ottawa.
MEMBERS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO
ON ACTIVE SERVICE *
irs PM Bast Ses erste azare Prince Rupert,
B&.
Brewn, 2, AL Si cccie. WiCtoriaw sic.
f§ Dom. Ent. Lab.,
Brodie, PFS tre ree ) Agassiz, B.C.
Burrows. Al Ra tence O.A.C., Guelph.
SESUSH wAcy lelaee atc'~ rc iars tele Vancouver, B.C.
Cleeves. Ait as oe inte O.A.C., Guelph.
Greese Foi. oss2se ee Kelowna, B.C.
Corman VES Seddon Dom. Ent. Lab.,
Vineland, Ont.
Dickie, C. M. ......... Kentville, N.S.
Dod, F. H. Wolley .... Midnapore, Alta.
Good, Lieut. C. A. .... Truro, N.S.
*Harvey, Vin nertencte Victoria, B.C.
Hnrdson, Ee i. . aaci Entomological
Br., Ottawa.
BOI VS ca ocuis oa ee Bureau of Ento-
mology, Wash-
ington, D.C.
- *Killed in action.
Martin; Aso lait s< South Vancouver,
B&.
Matheson, J. B. .:.... Kelowna, B.C.
McCubbing, ©. ....... Salmon Arm, Bw.
Neville; iS. Jisteen oe et Cottonwood, Sask.
Prewett, (Werdstcenn ct. 2 Toronto, Ont.
Rive; Helinyites220-4- Victoria. B.C.
Robertson, W. H. ..... Cs
Robson, A. B. V. ..... %
Rowland, H. F. ....... 0.A.C., Guelph.
Simms, BL IMe 3) eee Montreal, P.Q.
Snazelle, Chas. ....... Thornloe, New
Ontario.
Spencer, Capt. G. J. ..O0.A.C., Guelph.
Strickland, E. H. ..... Entomological
Br., Ottawa.
Venables, E. P. ....... Vernon, B.C.
*Walsh, Lieut. F. W. . O0.A-C., Guelph.
Williams, C. M. ....... Nappan, N.S.
Wilson; (ids nc. eee Vancouver, B.C.
Wright, Lieut. W. H... 0.A.C., Guelph.
ee
a
on Se ee
Entomological Society of Ontario
ANNUAL MEETING
The Fifty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Society was held at Macdonald
College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que., on Thursday and Friday, Noy. 8th and 9th.
The chair was occupied by the President, Mr. A. F. Winn,
The following members were present: Dr. C, Gordon Hewitt and Messrs.
Arthur Gibson, J. M. Swaine and J. I. Beaulne, Ottawa; Messrs. A. F. Winn
and G. A. Moore and Dr. J. A. Corcoran, Montreal; Prof. Wm. Lochhead and
Mr. BE. M. du Porte, Macdonald College; Mr. Geo. Maheux, Quebec; Mr. J. C.
Chapais, St. Denis-en-bas, Que.; Father Leopold and Mr. F. Letourneau, La
Trappe, Que.; Mr. R. F. Cummings, Maissoneuve, Que.; Mr. J. D. Evans, Trenton,
Ont.; Prof. L. Caesar and Mr. A. W. Baker, O. A. College, Guelph; Mr. F. J. A.
Morris, Peterborough; Mr. W. A. Ross, Vineland Station, Ont.; Mr. H. F.
Hudson, Strathroy, Ont.; Prof. W. H. Brittain, Truro, N.S.; and Messrs. A. L.
McLaine and C. E. Petch, Fredericton, N.B.
Others present were Prof. Arthur Willey, Montreal; Dr. F. C. Harrison,
Professors T. G. Bunting and Jas. Murray, and Mr. W. P. Fraser, Macdonald
College; Mr. J. H. Emerton, Boston, Mass.; Dr. T. J. Headlee, New Brunswick,
N.J.; Mr. A. F. Burgess, Melrose Highlands, Mass.; and Prof. W. C. O’Kane,
Durham, N.H.
On Thursday morning a meeting of the Council was held in the office of
Prof. Lochhead, at which the report of the proceedings during the past year and
the financial statement were received and adopted. It was decided that all pay-
ments for articles contributed to the Annual Report be discontinued. The Council
also decided that the next Annual Meeting be held at the Ontario Agricultural
College, Guelph.
In the afternoon the Society met in the Biology Building, and the meeting
was called to order by the President. After the reading of the reports of the
Council, Treasurer, Librarian and Curator and of the various branches of the
Society, the local Secretary, Prof. Lochhead, read a letter from Dr, Hewitt express-
ing regret at his inability to attend all the meetings. Letters of regret were
also read from a number of entomologists from the United States.
At the close of the afternoon session telegrams were sent to Dr. Bethune
and Dr. Fyles, conveying to them the Society’s greetings and good wishes and
expressing regret at their absence from the meeting.
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its
report for the year 1916-1917.
The Fifty-third Annual Meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario
Agricultural College, Guelph, on Thursday and Friday, November 2nd and 3rd,
1916. The President of the Society, Mr. A. F. Winn, Westmount, P.Q., occupied
the chair. There was a very satisfactory attendance of members and students:
among the visitors from a distance may be mentioned Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief
[9]
2 E.S.
10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C., and Professor Parrott, Geneva,
N.Y. A large number of papers of interest and importance were read and
discussed, of which the following is a list: “ The Naturalist in the City,” by the
Rey. Dr. T. W. Fyles; “ Dusting Fruit-trees and Grapes for the Control of Biting
Insects and Diseases,” by Prof. L. Caesar; “General Notes on Aphids which
Occur on Apple-trees,” by Mr. W. A. Ross; “ Further Experiments with the Green
Apple Bug,” by Prof. W. H. Brittain; “ Notes on Physonota unipuncta, the Sun-
flower Tortoise-beetle,’” by Mr. A. F. Winn; “ Preliminary Notes on the use of
Repellents for Horn-flies and Stable-flies on Cattle,” by Mr. A. W. Baker; “The
Wood of Desire,” by Mr. F. J. A. Morris; “Insects as Material for Studies in
Heredity,” by Prof. W. Lochhead; “ The Migratory Tendency in Dragonflies,” by.
Prof. E. M. Walker; “The History of the Forest Tent-Caterpillar and Fall Web-
worm in North America,” by Mr. A. B. Baird; “ Three Important Greenhouse
“Pests recently introduced into Canada,” by Mr. A. Gibson; “Camp Hygiene,”
by Capt. G. J. Spencer; “ Experiments in the Control of the Apple Maggot,”
by Prof. W. H. Brittain; “Summary of Experiments on the Control of Locusts
by Coccobacillus acridiorum d’Herelle,’ by Messrs. E. M. du Porte and J..
Vanderleck; “Three Shade-tree Insects,’ by Mr. J. M. Swaine; “Notes on
Some Insects of the Season,” by Prof. L. Caesar; and “ Parasites of the Larch
Saw-fly,” by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt.
The Canadian Entomologist, the official organ of the Society, has been
regularly issued each month; the 48th volume was completed in December, 1916.
It contained 437 pages and was illustrated with 13 full-page plates and 21
original figures in the text. The contributors of papers numbered 55 and included
writers in Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Alberta, fourteen of the
United States, and London, England. The series of interesting and instructive
papers on “ Popular and Practical Entomology” was continued each month. .
During the year, 155 new species, subspecies and varieties, and 42 new genera
were described, a much larger number than usual. These systematic and des-
criptive papers render the magazine indispensable to workers in various fields
of scientific entomology and cause a constant application for back numbers and
volumes.
The attendance of students at military drill during the afternoons when the
daily lectures were over prevented most of the members of the society in Guelph
from coming to meetings; few, therefore, were held during 1916-17, and those
were mostly of a business character, at which thirty new members were elected.
The following papers, however were read during the year:
“Some Ontario Mosquitoes,” by Eric Hearle.
“The Colorado Potato Beetle,” by A. W. Guild.
“Lady-bird beetles,” by R. M. Aiton.
Year by year it becomes our sad duty to record the loss and pay tribute to
the memory of departed members of our Society. On the 18th of November,
1916, Mr. Edmund Baynes Reed died at Victoria, B.C., after a long illness. He
was one of the original members of the Society when it was formed in 1863,
and for twenty-five years filled various offices with great industry and enthusiasm.
He was largely instrumental in establishing our library and assisted greatly in
building up the Society’s collections of Cariadian insects. His removal to British
Columbia in 1890 was a distinct loss to the Society, though he continued to take
great interest in its welfare. An appreciative obituary notice by his lifelong
friend, Dr. Bethune, was published in the February, 1917, number of the Canadian
Entomologist. Another of our British Columbian members has been removed
ee
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11
from us owing to the tragic death of Mr. Tom Wilson, who lost his life on
March 6th in a fire that destroyed the Quaballa Hotel at Hope, B.C. He was
engaged at the time in his work of inspecting and improving the orchards on
the Indian reserves. He was President of the British Columbia Branch of our
Society in 1912 and always took a very active interest in its proceedings. He
possessed a remarkable knowledge of the trees, plants and insects of the Province,
and had made a large collection of the latter, which he presented to the Canadian
national cabinets in charge of the Entomological Division at Ottawa. An interest-
ing sketch of his life by Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, was published in the Canadian
Entomologist for August. We have also to record with much regret the sudden
death of Mr. A. H. Kilman, of Ridgeway, Ont., who had been a member of the
Society for a great many years. He formed a large and valuable collection of
Coleoptera which is now in the possession of the Ontario Agricultural College
at Guelph. ;
On Tuesday of this week another of our members has been removed from
us in the person of Mr. S. T. Wood, who died in Toronto after a few weeks’
illness, in the 5%th year of his age. He was for many years on the editorial
staff of The Globe newspaper, and was widely known as the writter of numerous
sketches of the various aspects of nature at all seasons of the year. Many of
these were collected together and recently published in a beautifully illustrated
volume “ The Rambles of a Canadian Naturalist.” They form a series of charm-
ing papers on wild animal life, birds and insects, flowers, trees and shrubs,
observed in the neighborhood of Toronto jn groves and ravines which the hand
of man has not yet disturbed.
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN.
_As there were no funds available for the purpose, no books were purchased
nor was any binding done during the year ending on. October 31st, 1917; there
is very little, therefore, to report. Only nine bound volumes were placed upon
the shelves, making the total number on the register 2,271; the unbound material,
consisting of bulletins, reports, periodicals and pamphlets, continues to increase
and, it is hoped, may some day be put in proper shape and made available for
conyenient reference.
CHartes J. S. BerHune, Librarian.
REPORT OF THE CURATOR.
The collections of the Society during the past year have been carefully and
regularly examined, and precautions have been taken to prevent injury by
museum pests.
Professor T. D. A. Cockerell, of the University of Colorado, Boulder, Col.,
very kindly sent a number of specimens of bees, and wrote that he had read with
great interest Dr. Bethune’s account of the collections of our Society. He also
said that when the collection was exhibited in London at the Fisheries Exhibition
in 1882, he examined it very carefully and made many notes: it was the first
12 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
eolleetion of North American insects that he had ever seen, and it interested
him very much in comparison with the British fauna.
Few other additions have been made to the collections this year, and any
presentations, especially of Diptera and Hemiptera would be gratefully received.
Respectfully submitted,
W. G. Evans, Curator.
REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH.
The 369th regular and 44th Annual Meeting of the Montreal Branch of the
Entomological Society of Ontario was held at the residence’ of Geo. A. Moore,
359 Quebec St., Outremont, on Saturday evening, May 12th, 1917, at 8.15 p.m.
The report of the Council showed that during the season 1916-1917, eight
meetings were held with a total attendance of 98 or an average of over 12 per
meeting. This is the largest attendance on record since 1874-5 when it totalled
100; that year the average attendance was only 7. The largest average attendance
on record formerly was for the season 1898-9 when it was slightly over 10 per
meeting. The large attendance this year was due to two special. meetings held:
one in the Redpath Museum when Dr. Jackson gave a lantern, lecture and the
other at the Loyola College when a number of the pupils were present.
We report the death of one of our oldest members, the late Albert Griffin.
During the season the following’ papers and talks were given before our
Society :-—
dl oPresident’s Annual Address: jz. ncis aie viele © cleinle, © sje ntwieteisierats A. F. WINN.
2. Notes on Physonota unipuncta (Col.) ...................0:. A. F. WINN.
3. Habits and life history of Nymphula maculalis Chem. ...... Dr. F. S. Jackson.
A UCollectine WaAaSDS AIG eC h « .raclotere cise oioters otsiets[aeteleppeiveitatnrels F. W. L. SLapen.
5. Hemiptera taken at St. Hilaire, Que., on May 24th, 1916..... Gro. A. Moore.
6. Diurnal Moths taken at Vaudreuil, Que. ................--- Dr. J. A. CoRcoRAN.
MeO ISOaASOM,, OLB 5 sertate p< sie ehekstohe) cle iene shonedeveyay etete hale copies taker etay= L. Gres.
8. Belostomatid ae: < icc << cy: hic er sis cet a esses sie eters epsieeneeneions Gro. A. Moore.
9. Description of Annual Meetings of the American Entomo-
logical and Washington Societies ..............-0-++-eeees Dr. CORCORAN.
10. Inseets Attacking Apple Orchards at Covey Hill and Hem-
TURES TONG SITs ONG cei ete ete clateyetateseieeastotteienel ay Perel ert stakes ates J. I. BEAULNE.
ELS Deat-ewttin Ants ice cca ssssters toler: Sten coae ates tenenentonone eee tes Dr. F. 'S. JAcKSON.
B25 ChinCh® Bugs save cticna creek etetayon item aie arciena del aserel ake aioe tee marae Gro. A. Moore.
13. The Study of Insects. Some Practical and Theoretical Aspects
Of. OBtOMOlORY: co ./52 oe ge elaww eer nhel stare ore ote ona ie latetereiee omen Dr. F. 5. Jackson.
14. Sex Characteristics of the (Nymphalid@ ..................... G. CHAGNON.
15: ‘The, Making of Lantern Slides” 522.2 o.6.r. 0 -<< sees as Sarnetes= Dr. CORCORAN.
16. Insects in Shore Drift (Hemiptera) ....-...:-.o-..0-.s.2% Gro. A. Moore.
17. Dimorphism: in the ‘Genus Grapta cc oes. eieicl cle teres oye ace ies A. F. WINN.
The Treasurer’s report showed a balance on hand of $90.80.
The following officers were elected for the coming year:—
President. enn eee A. F. WINN.
WACE-Presiment, seni ile G. (CHAGNON.
Secretary-Treasurer ...... Gro. A. Moore.
TARTAN: “s ccierce cnc G. CHAGNON.
COUnRCI 2s Sas os Se een G. A. Sourner, Dr. Corcoran, J. G. Hormes, G. H. HALr.
Respectfully submitted,
s Gro. A. Moorg, Secretary.
1918 INTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13
REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH.
The 210th meeting and 21st annual meeting of the Toronto Branch was
held in the Biological Building of the University on Thursday, Oct. 18th, 1917,
the President, Dr. Walker, in the chair. Those present were Dr. Walker, Dr.
Cosens, Dr. Clemens, Miss Mossop, Miss Margery Ford, Miss Norma Ford,
Messrs. Andrews, Logier, Hannibal, Brobst, Wright and Reid, and three visitors.
After the reading of the minutes the report of the Council and the financial
statement were presented by the Secretary-treasurer. Only seven meetings, includ-
ing the annual meeting, were held during the year, with an average attendance
of ten. This small number of meetings was due to the necessity of closing the
season with the meeting of April 19th, owing to the fact that a number of the
members were absent from the city early in the year. Four new members were
elected during the year. The financial statement showed a balance on hand
of $7.09.
The papers read caer the season were as follows :—
Oct. 26. Migratory Tendencies of Dragon-flies ............... E. M. WALKER.
Nov. 23. Life History of Ips pini ........... A ee aie W. A. CLEMENS.
0 SS ae ee ae C. W. NasH.
MoapeMieeity and Wield Collecting -..........:....2c5ce+-eees H. V. ANDREWS.
PERS ANG: ADHIGS ej. <n: sic c a oes ce cee en cee cen eere ns S. Locrer.
Apr. 19. Mites and Ticks, ard their Relation to Disease ....... E. M. WALKER.
The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as follows :—
ISTE GO56 SSeS eS era ees Dr. W. A. CLEMENS.
MGESETESEICHE 2.2 500 ccs 00s sce Mr. H. V. ANDREWS.
Secretary-Treasurer .:......... .Mr. S. LoGrIer.
DRMRNILTY Bio <¥- 'olain,<s,0)2 aie s/c wise’ Miss B. K. E. Mossop.
NII 82S o islersssacs Sayer SM crepoe Dr. A. Cosens, Dr. E. M. WALKER, MESSRS.
C. W. Nasu, J. HANNIBAL and T. B. KURATA,
Two new members were also elected at this meeting.
The remainder of the evening was devoted to an informal discussion of
various entomological subjects, in which most of those present took part.
Interesting Gbservations were made by several members on the migrations
ar of the Monarch butterfly (Anosia plexippus) and the Cabbage butterfly (Pieris
rape) during the season of 1917 and many specimens of interest were ‘exhibited
and discussed.
Respectfully submitted.
Suecitey Locrer, Sec.-Treas.
REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH.
The Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the British Columbia Branch was held in
the Provincial Museum, Parliament Buildings, Victoria, B.C., on Saturday,
March 17th, 1917. The President, Mr. E. H. Blackmore, occupied the chair.
There was a good attendance of members from various parts of the Province
and much interest was taken in the papers presented.
The reports of the Secretary, Mr. R. C. Treherne and of the Treasurer,
Mr. Williams Hugh. showed the Society to be in a very healthy condition and
14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
:
were unanimously adopted. The meeting was divided into two sessions. During
the morning session, Mr. E. H. Blackmore delivered his presidential address and
the following papers were read :—
AvWow Notes from Wernonly <i. crceisterete ts arcs nial scahoverciereo emia reeietereeeters M. H. RuHMAN.
(a) Hibernation of Larve; (b) The Movement of Boreus in the
RSTO. «0: Sis-klale tole sualpyelele e Bieler eretalorels seyeies cle aretha rete eenteeretnte a J. W. Cockte.
Collecting’ in: the: Okanaran MDISEFICE oiterireclerel< stone cise etcins = etelnl W. Downes.
On the Hibernation of Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellide) ........ T. WILson.
Insect: Notesvof thie Wears wae aiticrereste aictecciveatannic Mein) eet Pre cy eben R. C. TREHERNE.
Afternoon Session.
Notes on Geometride new to British Columbia ................ E. H. BLaAcKMORE.
Pronunciation of the Scientific Names of Insects ..............- G. O. Day, F.E.S.
MOssil. "Insects > 2% ofiere cian lsieie wo 0 ened steel wisi Sine te ehavar te eect yi etone Dr. S. Hapwen; Dr. A.
E. CAMERON.
Notes: on BiG. Diptera si<cievdeeiossicva e cieia’e ei ereelerel chore tarace el areeereie rs taletoke R. S. SHERMAN.
Hactors ins Mosquito) Conerol yay crrciarcieisieiaieievele encieielsieteiols epicieieiaiate Dr. A. E. Cameron; Dr.
S. HapDWeEN.
The Victoria sub-branch held meetings in the rooms of the Victoria Natural
History Society in January, February, March and April, with an average atten-
dance of nine members. The following papers were presented, illustrated with
specimens of the subjects taken up:— :
The Parnasside and Papilionide of British Columbia .......... E. H. BrAcKMORE.
Leptarcita, californie and Tis Varieties 2.5222. 2.-.0- ne ee E. H. BrackMore.
The Lepidoptera of the Northern Okanagan .................+- W. Downes.
The Species of the Genus Xylomyges Occurring in B.C. ........ E. H. BLacKMORE.
The past year has drawn heavily on our list of members: many of them
answered the call to arms in the service of the Empire. We regret to record
the deaths of two of our oldest and most valued members, Mr. A. H. Bush, of
Vancouver, who was killed in action in France during August, 1916, and Mr.
Tom Wilson, of Vancouver, who perished in a hotel fire at Hope, B.C., on
March 6th, 1917.
The «following officers were elected for the year 1917:—
Presiienkd s jossee Ae ie a oe ee E. H. BiracKmore, P.O. Box 221, Victoria, B.C.
WACE-Prestiemt: (ssc sides wie neaeine R. S. SHERMAN, Vancouver, B.C. (Coast). —
WVACE-PeSthentc steed stipe met L. E. Taytor, Okanagan, B.C. (Interior).
Secretary-Treasurer ..........++ Witt1ams Hueu, P.O. Box 20, Cloverdale, B.C.
Advisory Board ...........-++. Dr. A. E. Cameron, M.A.; G. O. Day, F.ES.;
: Dr. S. HADwWEN, and R. C. TreHeERNe, B.S.A.
Respectfully submitted,
Wittiams Hueu, Sec.-Treas.
REPORT OF THE NOVA SCOTIA BRANCH.
The Third Annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Nova Scotia was
held at Truro, Aug. 2nd, 1917. A short business meeting was held in the
morning, this being followed by the reading of papers at the afternoon and
evening sessions. There was an average attendance of about seventy-five at the
meetings and the papers were listened to with interest.
eee
1918. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15
, The following officers were elected for the year 1917-1918 :—
Honorary President .........-.- Dr. A. H. McKay. Halifax.
PEMUILON Gra diay « cisicicic) se ors ccie ode L. A. DeWo tre, Truro.
RTP CRIED. “o.c.cceisccldie cis oe sce G. E. SAnpDERs, Annapolis,
RECTCLUTY-TTCOSUECT. 3 <2 cn cio. as W. H. Brirrarn, Truro.
Assistant Secretary-Treasurer...E. C. ALLEN, Truro.
z . W. H. Brirratn, Sec.-Treas.
REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO TO THE
ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA, 1916-1917.
Francis J. A. Morris, PETERBOROUGH.
I have the honour to present a report of the Entomological Society of Ontaric
for the year 1916-1917.
The monthly issues of the “Canadian Entomologist” maintain the high
standard and the wide range of interest that were noted last year. Well-illustrated,
descriptive articles of great importance to specialists in various orders of insects
have appeared in every number; several most interesting contributions to insect
life-histories have also been made, as well as observations on insect distribution ;
among these we would mention papers by Dr. Walker, the editor, on the Dragon-
flies of Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland; an article on “ Lake
Shore Insect Drift,” by James G. Needham, of Cornell, and one on “ Beetles of
the West Coast of Florida,” by W. S. Blatchley, of Indianapolis.
The monthly series of articles on “ Popular and Practical Entomology ” has
proved a great success and several papers of exceptional interest have appeared
during the year, notably, “ From the Editor’s Office Chair,” by Prof. R. P. Dow.
_ of the Brooklyn Entomological Society: “Collecting Notes on Beetles in Maine,”
by C. A. Frost, of Framingham, Mass. ; “The Control of Ants,” by Arthur Gibson,
_ of Ottawa; “The Plum Curculio,” by Lawson Caesar, of Guelph: and, “ Notes
on the Black Apple Leaf-hopper,” by Messrs. Brittain and Saunders, Entomological
Division of the Department of Agriculture, Nova Scotia.
1 We are very glad to be able to call attention, too, to some steps taken in a
much needed direction; I mean towards the co-ordination of all entomological
interests in the Dominion. For the first recent steps towards this end credit. is
_ due, we believe, to our President, Mr. Winn, of Westmount, P.Q. More than a
year ago he suggested that members with available duplicates among their speci-
mens should make contributions to the public collections in Montreal and Guelph:
this admirable suggestion has now been taken up at headquarters, and we note
in the December issue of the magazine a call from Dr. Gordon Hewitt to all
members of the Society to join hands in building up the National Collection of -
Insects at Ottawa. Again, at the last annual meeting. the President suggested
that accounts should be published from time to time of all the more important
entomological collections in the Dominion, both private and public. In earnest
of this, Dr. Bethune, we note with extreme pleasure, ha: written an article on the
Guelph collections, which appeared in the current issue of May, 1917.
, Through lack of just such Dominion-wide co-operation. Jovers of nature and
students of our flora and fauna have been sadly handicappe1 in the past. Strangely
enough botany is even worse off than entomology in this respect, for not only is the
bg central government of the science defective, but there is neither a Linnzan Society.
E
16 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
—y
nor a botanical magazine of more than Provincial or merely local importance in
Canada, and the work done by champions like good old John Macoun and the late
James Fletcher has not been continued in recent years nor brought up to date for a
quarter of a century..
Some exceptionally interesting publications, appearing during the year, have
been reviewed in the pages of the magazine: e.g., Vol. 1V of the “ Biologia Centrali-
Americana,” by Lord Walsingham, which will be eagerly hailed by micro-lepi-
dopterists all the world over; Blatchley and Leng’s work on the “ Rhynchophora
of N. E. America,” a long felt desideratum among students of the beetles and a
worthy companion to the senior author’s “ Coleoptera of Indiana”; the “ Life of
Inland Waters,” by Needham and Lloyd, the Cornell Professors; Dr. Van Duzee’s
“ Check-list of the Hemiptera of America, North of Mexico”; J. M. Aldrich’s
“Sarcophagide of North America,” being the first Memoir of the Thomas Say
Foundation of the Entomological Society of America; and some of the articles in a
supplement to the 47th annual report of the Department of Marine and Fisheries,
Ottawa, 1915, called “Contributions to Canadian Biology,” and comprising Dr.
Walker’s “ Odonata of Go-Home Bay,” and W. A. Clemens’s “ Ephemeridx of the
Georgian Bay.”
Since your meeting of last May we have recorded with deep regret the loss of
several old friends as well as of one of the founders of our Society. In June
appeared the notice of Theodore Pergande’s death, which occurred in March, 1916;
first appointed an assistant in Missouri to C. V. Riley, he was afterwards associated
for nearly forty years with the Washington Bureau of Entomology, and’ not in-
frequently contributed articles to our magazine. In the same issue was noticed the
death (also occurring in March) of Geoffrey Meade-Waldo, of the British Museum
of Natural History. He represented that Institution at the Society’s Jubilee
meeting in Guelph, August, 1913, and all who were fortunate enough to make his
acquaintance remember the charm of his personality; his death at the early age of
thirty-two means a great loss to British Entomology. A few days after the Royal
Society’s meeting last May occurred the death of John B'cke1ton Williams, of
Toronto, F.Z.S., an old and faithful member of our Association, a true lover of
nature and a man of most modest and gentle disposition. Finally, on November
the 18th last, at Victoria, B.C., there passed away Edmund Baynes Reed, in the
seventy-ninth year of his age. He was one of Ontario’s pioneer entomologists, and
a member of the original group who founded our Society more than fifty-three years
ago. The yery feeling tribute to his meniory that appeared last February was from
the pen of his life-long friend, our revered emeritus editor, Dr. Bethune, who now
remains almost sole survivor of that little band of devotees.
The Society’s annual activities culminated very fittingly last November in a-
erand two-day re-union at Guelph. The popular lecture was delivered by Dr.
L. O. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, on the subject of |
“Tnsects as Disease-carriers.” Reports were presented at this meeting from six
different districts of Ontario, as well as from the branches in Toronto, Ottawa,
Montreal, Quebec, Manitoba, British Columbia and Nova Scotia. Visitors were
present from the length and breadth of the Dominion, and also from several of the
United States. Nearly a score of papers were read at the meeting, and the com-
ments and discussions evoked by most of these, particularly by those of an econ-
omic character, bore eloquent testimony to the interest with which the proceedings
were followed throughout. Practically a verbatim account of this meeting, in-
cluding all the papers read, is now in the press and will shortly appear as the
Forty-seventh Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario.
Ne
a
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17
ADDRESS.
J. C. Cuapais, DELEGATE or THE QUEBEC SoCIEry For THE | ROTECTION oF
PLANTS,
Representing here, as a delegate, the Quebec Society for the Protection of
Plants, I have thought it might interest you for a moment to hear about a note I
found while perusing, recently, a French work on agriculture called “ Le Livre de
la Ferme,” (The Book of the Farm), written by Pierre Joigneaux, an agronomist
of France who has edited it at Paris since 1857. This book is considered as one
of the classics on agriculture and as an authority in that branch of human knowl-
edge, along with those of De Serres, De Domballes, Gayot, Gasparin, Barral, Isidore
Pierre, Heuzé, etc. The note, to which I have just alluded, relates to an essay by.
a French-Canadian entomologist, Mr. Emilien Dupont who, in 1856, entered it in
a competition opened to the entomologists of Canada, as appears from the follow-
ing quotation:
BurREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND STATISTICS,
Toronto, 15th August, 1856.
On the 15th August, 1856, there issued from this department the following notice: —
Bureau of Agriculture and Statistics,
Toronto, 15th August, 1856
PrizE EsSays—£40, £25, anp £15.
« The above premiums will be paid for the three best essays, respectively, on the
“ Origin, Nature, and Habits—and the history of the progress, from time to time—and
the cause of the progress, of the weevil, Hessian fiy, midge, and such other insects as
haye made ravages on the wheat crop in Canada; and on such diseases as the wheat
crops have been subjected to, and on the best means of evading or guarding against.
them.”
The Essay to be furnished to the Bureau....................
P. M. VANKOUGHNET,
Minister of Agriculture, ete.
The time named in the notice first issued having been extended to the 15th
day of April, twenty-two essays were received up to that time. The Boards of
Agriculture for Upper and Lower Canada named Professor Hincks, of University
College, Toronto, and Professor Dawson, of McGill College, Montreal, as a Com-
mittee, to decide upon the merits of the several essays.
According to the decision of these gentlemen, the first prize has been awarded
to H. W. Hind, Esq., Professor of Chemistry, at Trinity College, Toronto; the
second prize to the Rev. George Hill, Rector of Markham; and the third prize to
Emilien Dupont, Esq., of, St. Joachim.
Joigneaux, in his “ Book of the Farm,” fourth edition, edited in 1883, appre-
ciates the prize-awarded essay of Dupont as follows, in chapter LI dealing with
“Insects Injurious to Cereals,” paragraph Cecidomyiw, page 955, and I have
thought that this quotation made by a French agronomist d’owtre mer of the work
of an entomologist of America would prove of some interest to you as it has for me.
Here is the quotation from Mr. Joigneaux:
“Mr. E. Dupont, who has observed keenly the habits of these insects (the Cecido-
myie), when they were doing a great deal of damage in Canada, in 1834 and during the
following years, has made some important observations from which he has drawn valu-
able indications.
“* Cecidomyia tritici. he says, ‘is delicate and can barely do more than move farther
than a few acres from its native spot, and, at that, only in calm weather. The fields that
18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
have been sown in wheat and which have been attacked by the Cecidomyi@ the preceding
year, are much more infested with it than recently cleared land. Moreover, an observer
has noticed prodigious numbers of Cecidomyie on potato vines planted in a field which
had yielded wheat the preceding summer; these flies were henceforward harmless. Thus
the necessity of alternating the crops and keeping wheat as long as possible from the
lately infested spots is clearly indicated.
“*Tt has also been demonstrated through observation,’ says Mr. Dupont, ‘that by
modifying the time of earing of the wheat so as to have it before the 16th of June or
after the 20th of July, that is, before or after the time of appearance of the Cecidomyie,
the damages caused by that insect are avoided.’
“Let us then, with Mr. Dupont, say to the farmers: If you dread the wheat fly for
next year, do not sow your grain on the same field, nor in its neighbourhood; then,
sow, if possible, in April; if this is too early, then wait till the first days of June; lastly,
keep your fields clear from weeds which may offer secure shelter for the flies.”
That quotation far off echo of what has been done, at a pretty far distant
epoch, in Canada, by one of our entomologists, goes to show the spirit of co-opera-
tion in the study of the captivating science of entomology which leads the entomo-
logists all over the world, though strangers they may be to one another, to work
jointly for the elucidation of the numerous problems offered by that science.*
*The above mentioned essay of Emilien Dupont has ‘been published in French in
book form, as a pamphlet of 38 pages, of which the title page reads as follows: Essai
sur les insectes et les maladies qui affectent le blé, par Emilien Dupont, Ecr., de St.
Joachim, comté de Montmorency. L’auteur a recu le troisiéme prix du Bureau d’Agri-
culture et des Statistiques. Montréal, des presses & vapeur du Canada Directory, rue
St-Nicolas, 1857.
The name of Emilien Dupont is a pseudonym. The true name‘of the author is
L’Abbé Léon Provancher, of the Diocese of Quebec, the well-known French-Canadian
naturalist, who has written many works on natural history from 1857 to 1891.
t .
REPORT ON INSECTS FOR THE YEAR.
Divisron No. 1, Orrawa District—ArtHur Gipson, ENTOMOLOGICAL
BraNnoH, OTTAWA.
ATTACKING Freup Crops.
THE Srrrpep CucuMBER BEETLE, Diabrotica vittata Fab. In the early part of
the summer a good deal of injury was caused by this insect, particularly to eucum-
bers and Hubbard’s squash. Many plants of the latter examined on June 21st were
seen to be seriously eaten. Experiments in controlling the beetle by spraying with
ordinary poisoned Bordeaux mixture were successful, the plants being thoroughly
drenched with the mixture.
Tue AsH-cray Buister Brett, Macrobasis wnicolor Kby., was again com-
plained of in the district as injuring potatoes in the first half of July. On July
7th from one hill 150 beetles were removed.
Tue Importep Onton Maccor, Hylemyia antiqua Mg. In 1917 we continued ~
our experiments with a poisoned bait spray (sodium arsenite), to attract and Jall
the flies, and as our results were of considerable value a separate statement on this
work appears on page 31.
Tur Cappacr Roor Maccor, Phorbia brassice Bouché. While not specially :
numerous, a good deal of injury was effected by the maggots. Complaints were __
received chiefly from amateur gardeners who found that their cabbage, cauliflower _
Ni a A 5 Diet
and turnip plants were being destroyed. One gardener brought to me, on July
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19
-
9th, samples of young, badly-infested turnips, and stated that a patch about twenty
feet square had been ruined.
Tue Cotorapo Porato Berrie, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, was re-
sponsible for enquiries from many city dwellers who were growing potatoes on
vacant lots or other areas for the first time. The insect was present in large
d numbers throughout the district.
THe Potato Aputs, Macrosiphum solantfolii Ashm, was also numerous during
_ 1917, large colonies of the plant lice being present in gardens and fields in Ea-tern
- Canada. At Ottawa the insect was controlled satisfactorily. by spraying with
black leaf 40.
THe Poraro Frea Beeriz, Lpitrix cucumeris Harr. Potatoes were freely
infested with this insect, its injuries attracting particular attention during early
July. Tomatoes and, to a much lesser extent, cucumbers, were also attacked.
| THe Zepra CATERPILLAR, Ceramica picta Hatr. In September this cater-
pillar was present in considerable numbers in various sizes from about one-quarter
inch in length to almost full grown individuals. The leaves of turnips and cabbages
were freely eaten. -
THe Wootty-BEAR CATERPILLARS, namely the YELLow WOooLLY-BEAR,
Diacrisia virginica Fab. and the Sarr Marsu CarerPiLiar, Estigmene acraa Dru.
were exceptionally abundant in Hastern Canada in 1917. In the Ottawa district.
in August and September, the foliage of low-growing plants of many kinds was
much injured. In vegetable gardens cabbages, turnips and other plants were
eaten. It is many years since we had such an outbreak of these hairy caterpillars.
Wrreworms (lateride) and Wuirr Gruss, (Lachnosterna spp.). Some
injury was caused by the former, the complaints referring chiefly to damage to the
tubers of potatoes. The worms bored into the tubers and rendered them unfit for
use. Practically no injury was caused by White Grubs in the district. There were
important flights of Zachnosterna dubia during the latter half of May and we may
expect injury by the second year grubs in 1918.
GrassHoprers. An outbreak of the SLenpER MeEapDow GRASSHOPPER,
_ Conocephalus fasciatus DeG., caused noticeable injury to field corn near Norway
_ Bay, Que. The insects were present in large numbers and many hil!s in several
tows had been almost completely eaten. The insects were particularly attracted to
the male flowers and the nearby tender leaves. The injured rows were largely in a
low lying portion of the field.
Stues. These creatures were decidedly destructive to many kinds of vege-
table crops. The leaves of lettuce, beans, carrots, tomatoes, corn, etc. were freely
eaten. In some fields of beans the slugs were present in large numbers and were
causing considerable loss. As a remedy we recommended the broadeasting, lightly
over the soil before nightfall, of freshly slaked lime. Three applications on con-
secutive evenings were advised. Reports received afterwards indicated that such
control was effective. In gardens the placing of shingles here and there beneath
low growing plants is a useful method of trapping slugs. If the shingles are
turned over in the morning the slugs there hiding may be easily destroyed by
scraping them off and crushing them with the foot.
Tue Carror Rust-rry, Psila rose Fab. In a few gardens in the Ottawa
district the work of this insect was readily apparent. Such infestations as we
heard of, when investigated, were found to be too far advanced to make possible any
control measures. :
: Tue Horsr RapisH FLEA-BEETLE, Phyllotreta armoracie. Although rather
outside of the Ottawa district it is of interest to record here the occurrence of this
.
y
P
a
20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
beetle in considerable numbers at Outremont, Que. One of our correspondents
(Rev. Bro, Ouellette), sent to us leaves of horse radish which had been riddled by
the beetles. When first discovered no less than 150 specimens were captured by
shaking some leaves over a beating net.
ArTacKING Frurr anp Forest TRreEs.
Tue Rep-HUMPED APPLE-TREE CATERPILLAR, Schizura concinna A. & S., was
more than usually abundant in some orchards in 1917.
Tue Cuerry Stive, Lriocampoides limacina Retz., was also present in notice-
able numbers.
Tuer Eye-sporren Bup-mMorn, Tmetocera ocellana Schift., caused important
injury in certain unsprayed orchards.
The Halisidota Tussock Caterpillars, namely, the Hickory Hattstpora,
H. carye Harr., the Sporrep Hatistpora, //. maculata Harr., and the CHECKERED
Wauisipora, I, tessellaris A. & S., were remarkably abundant throughout the
Ottawa district. The previous outbreak of these caterpillars was in 1907. During
the past season they occurred on apple, elm, basswood, maple, birch, and other
trees. Conspicuous injury to the foliage of apple by the Hickory Halisidota was
observed on August 8th. During the latter half of August and the first half of
September the three different Halisidotas were conspicuous almost everywhere in
the neighborhood. Around summer cottages they were a decided nuisance from
their habit of dropping on people, crawling about verandahs, ete. :
GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE INSECTS.
In flower gardens, in addition to cutworms, which were more or less in eyi-
dence, the Four-Linep Lear Buc, Pecilocapsus lineatus Fab., rendered unsightly
the foliage of asters, dahlias, zinnias, etc. The Burpock Borer, Papaipema
cataphracta Grt., was present in more than usual numbers and destroyed many
choice delphinium, dahlia and other plants with succulent stems. The BorDERED
Sattow, Pyrrhia umbra Hutn., was again noticed to be destroying the buds of roses
at Ottawa. On July 21st young larve about one-quarter inch in length were found.
The above species of woolly-bear caterpillars (Diacrisia virginica Fab. and
Estigmene acrea Dru.) were very numerous in flower gardens. Both of these
caterpillars are, in general, of similar appearance and habits and feed on a great
variety of plants.
There were no special outbreaks of greenhouse insects during the year.
Regularly-oceurring species such as the various common aphids, scale insects, et¢..
required constant attention. In tle control of soft scales on ferns we have had
satisfactory results by spraying rather heavily with three ounces of Sunlight soap
to each gallon of water. Several applications, a week apart, were necessary.
Division No. 3, Toronro Districr—A. CosEns.
Although the average temperature in this district, during July and August,
was lower than usual, yet the climatic conditions, in some way not easily explained,
have proven favorable to the production of certain forms of insect life as several
species were exceedingly abundant.
Especially is this true concerning the Lepidoptera; it has certainly been an
ideal season for the development of caterpillars.
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
ww
The White-marked Tussock Moth, Hemerocampa leucostigma S. & A., has
not been so plentiful for several years; it took complete possession of the city. In
some of the down-town districts the shade trees, especially the horse chestnuts, were
almost completely defoliated. In certain parts of the suburbs the caterpillars were
numerous, where in former seasons only isolated wanderers were to be seen. In
Parkdale, practically all the streets were invaded by them and they even found
their way into the houses.
“They were the terror of each favorite walk,
The endless theme of all the village talk.”
On the elms of the city the caterpillars of Acronycta amer icana were plentiful
enough to do considerable damage. This common species is easily identified by its
dense “covering of yellow hairs and the long, black pencils of bristles regularly
placed on the body.
As a general rule, the “woolly bear” caterpillar, larva of the Tiger Moth,
Diacrisia virginica Fab., is noticed only in the fall, when it is hurrying about in
an eager quest for food before going into winter quarters. This year, however,
these reddish-brown larve were plentiful in many gardens throughout the entire
summer. While they seemed to prefer Virginia creeper they were often seen feed-
ing indiscriminately on grape vines, honeysuckles, lettuce and other plants.
The Isabella Tiger Moth, /sia isabella S. & A., the larva of which differs from
the preceeding in being black at each end, was seen only in normal numbers
although it is generally the more abundant species of the two.
The White Cabbage Butterfly, Pontia rape Linn., has been a much worse pest
than usual this summer. Although cabbage patches were plentiful owing to the
general cultivation of vacant land, yet every plant observed seemed always to be an
object of interest to a swarm of butterflies.
In connection with the surprisingly large number of these butterflies seen in
this district during August, the following note, kindly written at my request by
Mr. Andrews of the city, is very interesting :
“ AppareNT MiGraTion oF P. rapa (Cappace BUTTERFLY).
“On Sunday morning (about 11.30), Aug. 12th, my attention was attracted
by a number of these butterflies coming inland off Lake Ontario.
“ Sitting down to watch where they came from, one can imagine my surprise
at seeing a huge swarm of these insects flying low over the Lake towards Kew
Beach—there were positively thousands of them.
“or three or four days after their arrival they were a perfect pest to people
a sitting or walking on the beach—they were everywhere and flying with them
siti
were the largest number of dragonflies I have ever seen.
“T don’t hesitate to add that this swarm of P. rape came over the Lake, as
everything regarding the weather was in their favour. The wind at the time of
their arrival was gentle and blew south-south-west, and they seemed to be flying
with it.”
Although the Monarch Butterfly, Anosia plexippus Linn., was very numerous
last year, it has been even more plentiful this season. During August ample
evidence was furnished concerning the congregating habits of these insects. Flocks
of them were seen in High Park, Mimico, and other places, even including the
ro
co)
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
collected.
At the same time as the butterflies were gathering together, the Bronzed
Grackles were congregating. While among the insects ‘there is of course none of
the friendly clamor with which the members of a flock of blackbirds greet each
other, yet it would seem that the butterflies are influenced by ae same liking for
companionship as the birds.
Concerning the starting off of a swarm of butterflies on their long journey to
the south, Mr. “Andrews; quoted above, has made an important observation. It is :
:
verandahs and shade trees of a street in South Parkdale, where a small swarm
only by the collecting of such material that we shall ever be able to unravel the
mystery of the migrating tours of this typically American insect the Monarch
Butterfly.
“On Sunday afternoon, Sept. 2nd, between 4 and 5 o’clock, I witnessed the de-
parture of a huge swarm of Anosia plexippus. The swarm had been congregating
for days in Kew Gardens; they flew from the centre of the Gardens towards the
Lake and settled on the trees about 100 yards from the Lake. Here they stayed
but a few minutes, rising as it were at a given signal they flew off over the Lake
in a dense cloud. One thing which I particularly noticed was that their flight was
rapid, as if they intended reaching the U.S.A. or wherever they were going in as
short a time as possible.
“T forgot to notice the direction of the wind.”
A number of Scarlet Oaks, Quercus coccinea Muench, in West Toronto. were
badly infested with a species of Bucculatrix. Several branches from these trees
were examined, and it was found that on nearly every leaf there were two or three
of the flat, silken webs, under which the larve feed after their first moult.
Among other lepidoptera noted as more than usually plentiful, were the House
Moth, Tinea pellionella, Linn., and two of the large silkworm moths, Samia cecropia
and Telea polyphemus.
Diviston No. 5, Perersoroucn Districr—F, J. A. Morris, PETERBOROUGH.
In spite of an extremely backward season and almost uniformly cool summer,
the record of captures is one of the best I have ever had. This is true in regard
both to single specimens of great rarity and interest, and to long series of insects
either new to me or very poorly represented in my collection. By far the most of
my observations have been among the Longicorns, and a great many of them have
been obtained by following the clues of last season. My report is, therefore, in
many respects a sequel to that of last year and is more nearly related to its fore-
runner than has usually been the case.
In 1916 I had discovered feeding on choke-cherry foliage a single specimen
of a chrysomelian that was new to me. I thought at first it was a species of Lina
(the change of colour on the thoracic border being mistaken for a thickened
margin), but it proved to be Gonioctena pallida, The capture had been made
about the middle of June. This season I took three specimens in the last week of
May, fifteen in the first week of June and a few some days later. They were all
found in the same corner of the collecting ground known as “The Wood of
Desire ”; nearly all, on the foliage of choke-cherry, but two on pincherry and one
on balm of gilead. Careful search on similar foliage in many other places has so
far been without result; I do not know how common or how widely distributed the —
insect is. In size, shape, and colour it closely resembles Lina interrupta ; the black —
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23
marks on the bright reddish-brown elytra vary considerably in weight and are
occasionally almost entirely wanting.
Last year’s report mentioned basswood as the probable host of some stray
specimens of Chrysomela captured by the roadside; these were a robust form of
Chrysomela scalaris, both larger and more strongly marked than the variety found
here on alder; another was captured this season at the same spot—west of Jackson’s
Park—and careful search along the road margins and fences finally disclosed the
breeding ground—two basswoods about 100 yards north of the road: here large
numbers of the insect were found and upwards of fifty specimens captured about
the middle of June.
The usual insect activity about blossoms in June and July was far below the
- normal, owing to lack of bright, calm days of summer heat. For instance, before
Victoria Day in 1916 numbers of Pachyta monticola were captured in white
trillium, early elder, and other blossom. This year hardly a longicorn of any kind
was to be seen in May, and the trilliums were almost over before we had made a
single capture. Much of the blossom itself was nearly ten days late: in 1916 choke-
cherry had been almost over between June 4th and June 10th: this year it did not
open till the latter date. However, during the short season of its bloom I was
most fortunate in getting about three good days’ collecting round the “ Wood of
Desire,” and the results were well worth recording.
The puzzling little Anaglyptus—Microclytus or Cyrtophorus—ot which we
got some fifteen specimens in 1916 and noted two pairs mating, was observed in
» considerable numbers on June 9th, 11th and 12th, always on choke-cherry; and as
‘Tate as June 24th four specimens were taken on dogwood blossom (Cornus
alternifolia) and spiked maple, the choke-cherry being by that date over. A pair
was once more seen mating in a flower cluster, and this time was segregated and
marked male and female as a verified pair. Altogether over 100 specimens were cap-
tured at four different parts of the wood, always just on the edges. On June 12th. a
_ very warm day and bright, over seventy specimens were captured, more than a score
being taken from a single tree. Except for its smaller size, the slighter gibbosity
of its elytral bases and the less marked compression of its thorax. the eetle can
hardly be distinguished in the open from Cyrtophorus verrucosus; but it is much
more sluggish in habit and crouches or clings in the blossom when approached in a
manner quite foreign to Cyrtophorus. One of the most interesting points of this
year’s observations was that about fifty of the insects were brought home alive in
small pill boxes, and when released from isolation and put together in a large glass-
lidded cardboard box began to mate freely; indeed, within a few minutes I was
able to withdraw nearly all the insects in verified pairs. The beetle has several
important points of identity with Cyrtophorus and at least one essential difference
from Microclytus gazellula. It can hardly fail to prove extremely close to the
European Anaglyptus mysticus; it is almost certainly the insect named from Lake
Superior by Dr. LeConte as Microclytus gibbulus; it is the same as Casey's
' Microclytus frosti, and will be found in many collections, public as well as private,
labelled Microclytus gazellula.
While ransacking blossom for this little Anaglyptus, saersl longicorns new
to me or rare, were taken in June. On the 9th a beetle was distinctly seen to fly
from a grove of beechtrees to a cedar near the wood: it proved on expture to be
Anthophilax attenuatus, an insect entirely new to me. Mr. Harrington has re-
ported it from beech in the Ottawa district. On June 11th. re-ting on the top
foliage of a tall choke-cherry, a beautiful specimen of Anthophilax malachiticus
was taken, the second insect of this species captured by me in over twelve years’
>
24 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
.
collecting. A curious observation was made on this date, June 11th; it was a dull
day and the wind was chilly; I captured only eleven specimens of M. gibbulus, and
these were all taken alive; but it proved impossible to secure a mating pair; on
measuring the antenne, | found them all short—three-quarters the body length:
they were all females, and I infer that in cool weather the males are less active and
do not visit their favorite pollen blossoms; both before and after that date, on
bright, hot days, the males were almost as plentiful as the females.
Professional duties combined with a wet week end to interrupt’ field observa-
tions between June 12th and 23rd. On the latter date I captured the first of a
series of the longicorn Psenocerus supernotatus; I had previously captured but one
or two isolated specimens at long intervals; this season I captured one on willow,
three on sumach, and four or five on newly fallen balm of gilead; these last were
all of a very small variety, the others of normal habit. The specimen captured on
the 23rd was found resting on a thick limb of willow that was dying from the
attacks of Cryptorhyncus lapathi. On this date while examining the trunk of a
large felled spruce that had- been cut into three logs and stripped of its branches
I saw what at first I took to be an elater crawling on the bark; its movements and
the appearance of its antennez, however, being suggestive of Asemum, it suddenly
occurred to me that it was on spruce I had once captured Tetropium cinnamopterum,
This insect is usually parti-coloured, the head and thorax piceous and the wing-
covers light cinnamon brown, whereas the creature before me was all piceous, and
both smaller and narrower than any of Tetropium cirinamopterum I had ever seen.
It proved, however, to be that species. For some time I could see only this one
specimen, but just as I was going away I caught sight of a second, small and ~
unicolorous like the first, just disappearing over the far side of the log. I raced
round the log to intercept it, but when I got there to my amazement thers was no
insect, githen on the Jog or on the ground. Now the bark of a spruze is rough and
flaky ; more or less idly I began ities the flakes with a jack-knife, when suddenly
from under one of them raced into view one of the parti-coloured forms of
T. cinnamopterum, followed by its mate, the small piceous insect I had been looking
for. Acting on this hint IT continued to prise up the flakes of bark and succeeded
in flushing seven or eight of the insects, of which I captured five; once a pair in
conjunction, both sexes being of the small, piceous form. It was really astonishing
that pairs of this insect should lie so close under the comparatively small, tight-
fitting flakes of bark, but on reflection I had to acknowledge that I had’ captured
wnee over a score of the robust Physocnemum brevilineum pairing just as snugly
im the interstices of elm bark. Newly felled spruce, then, in the Jatter part of June
is evidently a breeding ground for this uncommon longicorn T. cinnamopterum.
I paid several visits to the spruce, but it was cube on the 23rd and 24th of
June that I found this beetle. My perseverance was, however, amply rewarded; —
on July 6th T captured near the axil of a broken branch a specimen of Merium
proteus: it is hardly safe to generalize from a unique capture, but the date and
habitat of felled spruce trunk are perhaps worth noting by Canadian collectors.
The descriptions which refer to this insect as yellow-brown have evidently been
taken from cabinet specimens; in the live insect, head and thorax are rich violet,
and the elytra appear as though dipped in violet dye, the tinge of which may he
caught anywhere on their surface if held in the proper light: the elytra being
thinner and translucent, appear less dark in hue than the thorax whose density
renders it quite opaque. The thighs are bright yellow, almost the shade of the root
fibre of Goldthread (Coptis trifolia) and very conspicuous. This matter of colora-
tion in published descriptions is very misleading. For instance, Encyclops
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25
ceruleus is spoken of as “blue” or “bluish.” IL have captured forty or fifty
specimens of this beetle, and I never saw one that was not of a beautiful light-
green shade with a texture as of silk. If, however, a specimen remains too long in
the cyanide bottle, it will turn to a dull bluish colour, losing a’] the lustre of its
surface. Again, Anthophilax malachiticus is really a rich and glittering green; it
has a metallic lustre which reflects yellow and copper at certain angles, but I can
find no trace of the “blue shade” of printed descriptions.
On June 24th a trip to the west edge of the “ Wood of Desire” yielded me two
specimens of Leptura pedalis; a unique specimen captured on the same shrub (a
large bush of alternate-leaved dogwood) in 1916 had been my one and only hint of
the insect’s presence in the neighborhood; it was on this date and on thi: shrub
that I captured my last Microclytus gibbulus of the season.
Work and weather prevented further records till July 2nd. On that day
during a motor trip west of Chemong I visited a steep hill crowned with basswoods,
and while examining the foliage of one of the biggest of these I captured a specimen
of Hoplosia nubila, which roused me to a vigorous search in the hope of more.
Presently on a dead branch jutting from the lower trunk I captured a second; I
then got over the fence into an open field so as to be on the sunny side of the tree;
on the fence I captured three more specimens, and finally located » dead limb of
basswood lying high and dry on a bank of field stone under the tree; here Woplosia
was evidently breeding and I had most fortunately come jump with the hour of
emergence. I captured altogether some twenty-five specimens on this limb and
on rails of the fence beside it. A few days later I took six more at the same place
and also captured about ten in other places. In the limb I found several larve
and an imago in the act of emerging. There seems no doubt that Hoplosia nubila’s
favorite food is dead basswood, and its tunnels are all near the surface, within or
just below the inner bark. Several of my captures were made on newly felled
basswood; it is probably here that ovipositing first takes placo, and then, perhaps,
the colony that emerges pairs and oviposits on the home-tree. An interesting
observation was afforded by the capture of one specimen on a newly fallen maple:
last season I took one on fresh fallen beech. Beech and basswood only are men-
tioned in Blatchley as hosts of Hoplosia nubila.
: July 2nd was altogether a phenomenal day in my entomological year. Late
in the afternoon on a “ brush-head ” of dead hemlock thrown on to a snake fence as
top rail, I captured two strange weevils: they were several feet away from one
another, both on the main stem; on minute examination they proved to be male and
female: the male was 5 mm. long and its antenne were about three-quarters the
_ body length; the female was 6 mm. long and its antenne only two-fifths the body.
The insect was an anthribid, with a white snout, white scutellum, broad white
_ patch near the elytra base, and a dainty little device in fawn-coloured pubescence on
the thorax, shaped like a miniature fleur-de-lys or trefoil, otherwise the insect was
almost uniformly black, not shining, but dull and rough; it proves to be Gonotropis
gibbosus, an insect sui generis and of great rarity.
= records this year.
F I found Hyperplatys emerging as early as July 2nd from felled or dying
poplar, and a few days later it became quite common, especially on balm of gilead.
Two specimens, also, of what appears to be Liopus variegatus were captured on
a]
Sea
26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
fallen or felled trees of this species. I had taken thirteen specimens in 1916 on
billets of poplar in a wood pile; there is no doubt that the insect breeds in the
balsam poplar with us; a curious thing about my specimens is that they have dis-
tinct traces of ciliate fringe under the antenne, especially on the third joints; many
oft them are as heavily fringed as Hyperplatys. 1 have specimens of Liopus alpha
and cinereus captured in Ontario that are similarly adorned. Another peculiar
feature is the colour; all my specimens of L. variegatus (var. obscurus?) are very —
dark grey, almost black. I strongly suspect that both ciliation and “ melanism ”
are a question of latitude. For that reason I find the proportionate length of basal
joint to the other joints in the hind tarsi a better test of generic character.
Examination of staghorn sumach during the first part of July resulted as
follows: After July 5th many specimens of Hyperplatys were captured; a single
specimen of Goes oculata was taken on a dead limb; a single specimen of
Leptostylus macula on a bruised shoot; a specimen of Toxotus schawmti on the
foliage; a specimen of Lepturges signatus and about twenty specimens of Liopus
alpha on the stems.
On July 11th while looking over some newly lopped branches of basswood on
the edge of a grain field I captured Hoplosia nubila, and a specimen of that dainty
little insect with the flying hairs—Hupogonius subarmatus. This last I have never
found in Ontario except on basswood; more than ten years ago I captured two in
the Rideau district on basswood ; three or four years ago I took more than a dozen
on basswood in the Niagara Glen (towards the end of July), and a few days later
two specimens near Peterborough. I have never seen basswood given in any book
as the insect’s host, but generally elm.
Just after the middle of July we went into our usual camp on Cache Lake,
Algonquin Park. I was greatly disappointed not to find any more specimens of
Leptura plebeja this season on the spirea blossom; the weather was not favorable
for sun-loying insects that frequent flowers, but in other respects the captures this
year were exceptionally good. And even in the matter of LZ. plebeja I have, as it
proves, been extremely fortunate this summer of 1917. Towards the end of July,
during a succession of very hot days, I made on my boathouse window seyeral
interesting captures including Leptura sex-maculata, L. subhamata, L. biforis and
a small black longicorn that I bottled for Typocerus lugubris. On removing this
last from the jar of moist sawdust in September, I found it had the antenne
annulate with pale brown and devoid of poriferous spaces; it proved, in fact, to be
a Leptura, and almost certainly the male of L. plebeja. When compared with
the four other specimens (all apparently female) of this beetle in my cabinet, the
insect has two features of special interest, viz.: (1)Its much smaller size, (2) its
entirely black abdomen, there being, on the under side, no traces of the brown outer
segments that characterize the female.
Two species of Acmwops were taken on white pine in the third week of July;
a specimen of Leptura sex-maculata on July 18th; a specimen of Leptura pedalis
and several of LZ. chrysocoma (on spirea) in the fourth week of July; also an
unidentified species of Leptura (on yarrow). During the last week of July and
for three weeks of August Leptwra subhamata was found abundant on spirea and
elsewhere. After Aug. 5th Leptura canadensis became common, both sexes being
taken on spirea blossom and on dead pine and balsam. I notice that these sun-
loving Lepturids which frequent blossoms seem to prefer standing to fallen timber,
and the upper side of branches, whereas the shade-loving Lamiinids, Monohammi
and others that are not attracted to blossoms, crowd to fallen timber and the under
side of the limbs. Among Lepturas, it was an agreeable surprise this year to
AL aA ae he ME Mer NT ae a 6 hi
*
TES ee ae
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
ww
~
capture quite frequently specimens of the uncommon Leptura biforis; 1 took eight
in the second and third weeks of August. A curious thing about the species is
that it does. not seem to share in the Leptura’s generic love of pollen; it is the only
species I have neyer seen on blossom; on the other hand I have more than once
captured it settling on newly felled white pine, and nearly all my captures this
season were made in frent of the tent, the insect flying across the open in the
immediate neighbourhood of a large white pine.
For a native of Perthshire, I celebrated the opening days of the grouse shoot-
ing season yery appropriately: On August 12th I made the largest bag of the
season and in some ways the most interesting, while on the 15th I included in my
bag of ordinary game a prize as rare as the Capercailzie would be on a Scottish
grouse moor—a beautiful specimen of Monohammus marmorator 9 ; it was
captured on a windfall (fresh this season) of balsam fir, while ovipositing on the
upper side of the trunk, near a branch axil. It is only the third specimen I have
seen in twelve years; my first was captured similarly on fallen balsam near the
Village of Lanark, Ont., and the second near Port Hope; all three in my collection
are females; the species is recorded as fairly common in the Lake Superior region.
For my last note of the season I shall revert to my captures of August 12th.
It was an ideal day for collecting; very hot. bright, and perfectly calm. <A party
of six or eight of us had paddled up the Madawaska to White’s Lake and were
lunching on a slope by the shore. It is a favorite spot for picnics, which un-
fortunately explains how it came to be partly burned over a few years ago. Dead
trunks of hemlock, balsam, spruce, pine and birch still stand up among the rasp-
berries that have encroached on the scene of the fire; the rest of the point was saved
by the fire rangers’ heroic efforts, and it was at the edge of the burnt space, in a
hemlock grove with a few scattered pine, spruce, and balsam, that we were lunch-
ing. Just after our meal, as my thoughts stole guiltily in the direction of my
insect net, I saw something that sent my fingers clutching suddenly for the
cyanide bottle: a log-runner (Xylotrechus) racing madly up a limb in the direction
o* the trunk: unfortunately the limb he had chosen to exercise on was the thigh of
one of the least entomologically minded members of the party, or the longicorn
might either have escaped or at any rate died gloriously without being mutilated.
but before I could interfere a horny hand descended in a shower of blows on the
“esky yellow-jacket,” and the next moment it lay on the ground “a trunk and
a head torn from the shoulders,” though not “a body without a name”—
Xylotrechus undulatus. I was soon busy examining all the standing balsam on the
edge of the grove, especially trees that showed signs of languishing and had their
trunks in the sun, for it had always been on such trees that I had taken this insect;
indeed, only a fortnight.before I had captured five on the upright shaft of a dying
balsam at Head Lake. Soon my search was rewarded by the capture of six
specimens, at the same time I noticed large numbers of Melanophila fulvoguttata
and two species of Chrysobothris settling on hemlock—living trees on the sunny
edge of the grove. A close scrutiny of their trunks presently revealed a pair of
Xylotrechus undulatus mating on the bark and two or three single specimens bask-
ing in the sunlight. Before we returned to our canoe I had captured (nearly all
on hemlock) sixteen specimens of the longicorn and some thirty-five of the
_ buprestids. On the same day I secured one specimen of L. subhamata, two
L. biforis, and nine L. canadensis.
At no other time or place have I seen YX. wndulatus on hemlock, and I fancy
the fire is responsible primarily for the prevalence of these woodborers: it has not
only killed and wounded a great deal of timber, but has exposed a wide space to
ww
0
THE REPORT OF THE ~ Nee
the combined action of wind and sun; this has meant greatly increased ovipositing
in a restricted area, and as part consequence of such “intensive culture,”
NXylotrechus undulatus, first bred in balsam, has then tackled the neighbouring and
not very alien trunks of hemlock, much as the apple web-worm advances from
orchard to forest trees in search of fodder as soon as its native pastures begin to fail.
Diviston No. 6, Essex Disrrict—J. W. Nopir, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Essex, ONT.
ATTACKING FIELD Crops.
WiIrEWoRMS, Waite Grubs, CuTworms. Considerable damage done to the
strawberry beds and spring crops by white grubs; the damage from wireworms
and cutworms, however, not so great as in an average year. Adults ofall species
quite common.
ATTACKING Fruit TREES.
Coping Morn. Very plentiful on apples and pears in uncared-for orchards,
very little damage where spraying was practised. Considerable second brood.
Prum CurcuLio. Considerable damage to plums, to a less extent to apples.
San Josp Scare. Still quite plentiful in neglected orchards on hawthorns
and some other shrubs, completely controlled in cared-for orchards.
TENT CATERPILLARS were not common, only a few nests observed during the
season. Fall web-worms plentiful, some orchards averaging two webs to a tree.
Apuips. Quite common but more especially troublesome on small vegetables.
PeacH Tree Borer. Has ruined a few orchards this year; seems to be
plentiful and rather on the increase.
ATTACKING SMALI. Fruits AND VEGETABLES.
Meton Apuip anp CucumMBer Apttip. From these insects we suffered a
great loss in Essex County this year. Cucumber aphids were responsible for
75 acres of cucumbers being plowed up. In fields where spraying with tobacco
decoction was commenced in time no harm resulted. Some patches were sprayed
as many as five times. Two cases came under my notice where the plants were
dusted with tobacco flour, spraying being done by -two men, one holding the
vine while the other did the spraying and the plants were killed. Bees were
restrained from visiting the blossoms and the patch had to be plowed up. Melon
aphids also killed a large acreage but were controlled by some of the best growers
of large plantations by the use of tobacco water, 1 lb. to one gallon.
Oxton Root-Maccor. This insect did a large amount of damage in the
onion marsh and experiments in this county did very little to control its ravages.
Onton Turips. Again very common and harmful. No results from spray-
ing this year.
CaBpaGe Roor-Maccor. Very little damage by cabbage root-maggot owing
to wet weather during the season the flies were laying eggs.
AsparaGus BEETLE. These seem to be becoming very common and have
done considerable damage by making stems unmarketable.
Bean Roor-maccor. Although considerable damage was done in other sec-
tions no reports of injury were received from this county.
Topacco Worm. Very common: controlled in a great many instances by
spraying with arsenate of lead, considerable number trapped by poisoned James-
town weed, ;
1918 ‘ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29
‘GRAPEVINE FLEA-BEETLE. Common in what small acreages are grown.
Currant SAwW-rFLy. Very common on currants and gooseberries that were
not sprayed with hellebore.
GREENHOUSE INSECTs.
elas Widmeaneal Prey
Considerable damage was done to tomatoes by eelworms (Nematodes). This
was effectively controlled in some cases whefe it has been bad in preyious.seasons
by the removal of the soil to a depth of about 8 inches. The general greenhouse
pests seem quite active this year including aphids and greenhouse white fly:
~ cucumber beetles doing considerable harm. Hydrocyanie gas was used for the
_ first time in a number of greenhouses for the control of white fly.
oT
_ Drviston No. 7, Niagara Distrrcr—W. A. Ross, Domrsion ENtomotocicat
LABORATORY, VINELAND STATION, ONT.
the precipitation for April, May, June and July was 16.56 inches.
Early in the season, due to the unfavourable meteorological conditions, there
__was a paucity of insects; later on, however, they became quite abundant. An
_ unusually Jarge number of insect outbreaks were reported to me. Some of the
outbreaks were real but many of them were imaginary.
5
E In spring and early summer, the weather was abnormally wet. At Vineland
Insects INgvur1Iots to Frertp Crops,
ee,
THe WuHear Mince (Itonida tritici). On July 18th, I was called upon to
investigate what was supposed to be a serious outbreak of wheat midge in the
Niagara Peninsula. I found the pest generally distributed throughout Welland
> and Lincoln counties and I understand that it was also present in other parts
of the Peninsula. Here and there where the wheat was backward. the midge was
- abundant, but on the whole, the infestation was very light.
In three of the worst infested fields, I found by counting the plump and
shrunken berries that about 35 per cent. of the grain was more or less shrivelled.
‘In heads containing 1,357 kernels 1,001 maggots were found, the number of
larve per infested kernel varying from 1 to 10.
In a rearing cage in which infested wheat heads had been placed. one adult
midge emerged on August 10th.
THE Grain Apuis (Macrosiphum granarium). During the latter part of
July the grain-aphis came into prominence. It was very abundant on oats in
certain sections of this district and produced so much alarm among grain mer-
_ chants that, according to a St. Catharines dealer, the price of oats jumped ten
cents. I looked into this outbreak, and, as T expected, found that the reports
of serious losses being caused by the insect were without foundation. Natural
checks—hymenopterous parasites, ladybird beetles. syrphid larve. Entomophora
_ ete., as usual prevented any serious injury.
=. THe Oat Mince. The grain-aphis was succeeded by the oat-midge which.
_ according to report, was destroying all the oats in the neighbourhood of Port
i Robinson. This depredator proved to be oat stamens.
Turrrs oN Clover. The blood red larve of Haplothrips statices Hal. were
_ decidedly abundant on the heads of alsike clover in the vicinity of Ridgeway,
but, so far as I could make out. they did not cause any appreciable injury to
the crop of seed.
a ae di
‘
—
30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
My attention was directed to this insect because the farmers mistook it for
the notorious clover-seed midge.
THe Clover Seep Mince (Dasyneura leguminicola). In August, I was
asked by a Vineland farmer to look at a field of red clover which was blooming
very irregularly. On examining some of the clover heads numerous pinkish
larve of the clover seed midge were found within the flower tubes. According.
to an estimate I made, at least 44 per cent. of the florets were infested or in
other words 44 per cent. of the seed crop was destroyed.
Tue Cover Seep CATERPILLAR (Laspeyresia interstinctana). This species
was common on alsike (Ridgeway, July 27th) and on red clover (Vineland,
August). /
THe Seep-corn Maccor (Pegomyia fusciceps). This species was very des-
tructive to beans in Welland County.
Fruit Pssts.
ee
As Prof. Caesar in his report on “ Insects of the Year in Ontario” will deal
fully with the fruit insects of the Niagara Peninsula, I shall confine my attention
to three species.
THE WHITE-MaRKED Tussock Morn (Hemerocampa leucostigma) was un-
usually abundant on orchard trees, and a considerable amount of injury was done
to apples by the larve gnawing into the fruit.
'N.B.—The calloused blemishes on apples to which I referred in my report for 1916,
are undoubtedly the work of this insect.
THe Pear Psyiia (Psylla pyricola) was very abundant and injurious in
certain parts of the district.
THE APPLE Maccot (Rhagoletis pomonella): As the apple maggot is rarely
destructive in the Niagara. district, it is worth while mentioning that this insect
was decidedly injurious in a small apple orchard near Vineland.
MIscELLANEOUsS INSECTs.
CuerMEs. The Spruce Gall-louse C’. abietis, which in the last few years has
been comparatively scarce, was abundant this past season on Norway Spruce.
CHERMES PINICORTICIS was very conspicuous on young white pines near Stoney
Creek.
WooLLy-BEAR CATERPILLARS were remarkably common this fall. Complaints
were received about them attacking raspberry bushes.
In a Hamilton greenhouse, the YELLow Woo.y-BEaR (Diacrisia virginica)
attacked and skeletonized the foliage of Chrysanthemums.
FURTHER NOTES ON THE IMPORTED ONION MAGGOT (HYLEMYIA
ANTIQUA Mg.) AND ITS CONTROL.
Arruur Gipson, Cuinr Assistant ENToMOoLoGIsT, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH,
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA.
In Entomological Bulletin No, 12 of the Dominion Department of Agri-
culture, the imported onion maggot is discussed on pages 29 to 32 and its
control under field conditions on pp. 47 to 49. Since the publication of this
bulletin in May, 1916, further observations on the overwintering habits of the
12) 02h Ane re emma
isin
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31
insect have been made and investigations directed towards controlling it under
field conditions.
In the spring of 1916, a special search was made for the puparia in land
near Ottawa which had been used for onions in 1915. On April 25th, one
puparium was found in the soil at a depth of 41% inches. On April 28th a
further search was made with the following results :— ;
1 puparium found at a depth of 3 inches
¢ “ “ee
1 if 352 “
1 “ce “ “ce 43¢ “ee
2 “ “ “ 434 «“
‘A “ “ (v4 47, “ee
1 “ “ “ 51g “e
1 “ it7 “ 53% ““
1 “ “ “ 61% “ce
1 “ “ “e 638 «“
Altogether on the above two days, 11 healthy puparia were found at depths
in the soil ranging from three inches to six and three-eighths inches. In addi-
tion other puparia were collected but as these were within five inches of the
surface, the exact depths were not noted. A close watch for larve was kept
but none were observed.
The flies from the above puparia emerged during the period, May 12th to 18th.
The above observations bear out our previous supposition that the usual stage
in which the insect winters in Canada is the puparium stage.
_
Controt EXPERIMENTS.
Poisoned Bait Spray Used.
The poisoned bait spray which has been used in our experiments in 1916
and 1917 is the one referred to in our Entomological Bulletin No. 12, as follows :—
RTE STMETN RE TULLE efoto on) ots 6o0 ee ane sal oles lassi site miatevorate soe 5 5 grams (close to 14 oz.)
SUUEETERSSES SE ofa ove oa 0 oes ate Sie \elore siclere.piars (sve wie,a/ ere aioe wielerdwe:e 1 pint.
BRPRREATER MARTON hans ctausisisic-c- syciis, ©. ove'syeceia lew 6 Rie atelaehe| ss sisi 1 gallon.
The sodium arsenite was first dissolved in the boiling water and the molasses
then added. When the mixture had cooled it was ready for use.
In both years we used a plot one-half acre in extent. In 1916, our work
was largely interfered with owing to rains which fell, in several instances soon
after the applications were made. Notwithstanding, however, such adverse
weather conditions the results from the experiment were certainly of a very
promising nature. In 1917, the experiment was continued on the same farm
and our results were indeed most satisfactory. Applications of the poisoned bait
were made by Mr. I. T. Barnet, who assisted in this work, on June 13 (plants
about four inches high) 20th and 27th, and July 4th and 16th—five applications
in all. On this latter date the onions were about one foot high on the average
and were making such rapid growth that it was decided no further applications
would be advisable. The flies were readily attracted to the bait and on occasions,
a day or two after the mixture was applied, dead flies were easily found which
had fed upon it.
The mixture was applied as coarse drops from a watering can with a small
hose. The half-acre plot was quickly gone over. Mr. Barnet began at one end
ey)
cas)
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
|
and walked diagonally across the crop continuing from one side to the other in
a V-shaped manner, the strips where the liquid would fall being about 15 feet
apart at the wide end. .
From the half-acre plot 145 bags of good onions were harvested. The stand
was certainly an excellent one considering the season. In two other nearby plots
of the same size, which were not sprayed, the work of the onion maggot was
readily seen and it was estimated that 20 per cent. of the plants were infested.
These experiments were conducted on the farm of Mr. I. A, Farquharson,
near Rivermead, Que., which is close to Ottawa. We are very grateful to Mr.
Farquharson for allowing us the use of his plots and for his kindly interest and
assistance in our work.
The cost of controlling the onion maggot with the above mixture, under
conditions prevailing in 1917, was about $1.10 per acre. This estimate includes
the cost of the ingredients, as well as a charge for the labour required to apply
the five applications. In cases where areas containing several acres were to be
treated, the cost per acre could, we think, be somewhat reduced.
From the work which has been done near Ottawa, the results of which
correspond with similar work accomplished elsewhere, it seems to us that the
commercial grower of onions, in districts where the onion maggot is a regularly
occurring pest, should test out the value of the mixture under his immediate
local conditions. The cost of the materials is slight and the mixture can be
applied quickly even where a number of acres are to be treated. One acre can
be treated in less than ten minutes. :
Pror. CAESAR: What is the formula for the poison bait referred to?
“Mr, Grpson: Five grams sodium arsenite, one pint cheap molasses, dissolved
in one gallon of boiling water. We did think of trying mixtures containing
slices of onion, which by some were thought to make the bait more attractive
to the flies, but we did not think this would make any appreciable difference.
Pror. CAnsaR: Ts there any injury to the plants by the sodium arsenite and
molasses, and also will you tell me just exactly what you mean when you say
that it is spread diagonally on the field?
Mr. Grsson: There was no injury to the plants from the use of this mixture.
So far as the method of spreading the bait is concerned, the operator walks
across the field at one end, and continues crossing the field back again te about
fifteen feet from where he first started, so that it is spread over the! field in a
V-shaped way. =
Pror. CArsaR: Backwards and forwards?
Mr. Greson: Backward and forwards across the field. It is not necessary
to apply it all over the onion patch. It is usually applied in the form of large
drops.
Pror. Caksar: And the flies feed on the drops?
Mr. Greson: Yes. We found them feeding readily on the mixture.
Pror. CAESAR: Was there any difference in the amount of infestation in the
adjacent. rows of the adjoining plots?
Mr. Grsson: We found the infestation in the adjoining plots to be rather
evenly divided.
Pror. CaEsar: My idea was that in those adjacent patches you would expect
less infestation than you would get further away, for the reason that the insects —
would be nearer the bait and would therefore be controlled by it, to a greater
extent. For this reason of course you can always get better results by treating
large areas.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33
Mr, Grsson: The chief object, of course, is to control the outbreak early
im the season, that is to say during the pre-oviposition period.
Mr. Brirrary: How long is that period?
Mr. Gisson: In the onion maggot about ten to fourteen days; in the cab-
bage maggot six to seven days.
Mr. Brirratn: I have tried controlling the cabbage maggot by poison bait
placed in shallow pans. The eggs of the maggots were on every plant in the
‘field. I believe that Mr. Sanderson and his staff were working on the onion
Maggot in the same way, and he claims that their results were very successful.
An account of this appears in the last report they got out. They made this
treatment in the pre-oviposition period. ;
- THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SERVICE OF QUEBEC.
; Grorcres MAneux, ProvyincIaAL ENTOMOLOGIST, QUEBEC. -
3 From an entomological standpoint, America presents this difference from
_ Europe, that she gives hospitality to a greater number of parasites. Even if they
are imported from the old countries, these parasites are working more havoc
here than in their place of origin. The New Continent, however, affords the Old
B, World a striking example in regard to the creation and organization of various
services susceptible of helping the public and more particularly offering appreciable
_ advantages to the agricultural community.
Whilst over there private initiative is often left to its own resources, on
_ this side of the Atlantic, governments, following a different policy, endeavor to
give birth to movements, to guide and support them. Thus, it becomes com-
_ paratively easy to avoid dangers and to attain the aim in a quicker and safer way.
And we could not find a more convincing illustration of this statement than
' the creation of the numerous entomological “bureaus” already in operation in
North America.
History. Jt was in the year 1913 that the Government of the Province of
‘Quebec entered this path. Consequently, the history of her entomological service
is rather short. In fact, it is hardly four years since our regulation for the
“protection ‘of plants was voted and assented by the Legislature. Nevertheless, the
appointment of a Provincial Entomologist dates back from the year before, and
it is a disciple of the pioneer of entomology in our Province who became the
titular of this post. ;
It is, indeed, Provancher, this. great apostle of science, who stirred up and
developed in my predecessor the love for natural history and who lead his first
steps. L’Abbé Huard was admirably well prepared to fill the important function
_ to which he had just been appointed. A perspicacious observer, advised naturalist,
indefatigable collector for more than thirty years, author of a treatise of Zoology,
_ director since twenty years of Le Naturaliste Canadien, curator of the Provincial
Museum, he had been good enough to place at the disposal of his country, his
extensive knowledge, his wide experience and to devote the last years of his active
_ life to the agricultural class. He organized the Bureau of Entomology, wrote out
the law For the Protection of Plants. In June, 1916, he published quite a
‘considerable bulletin on “Les Principales Espéces d’Insectes Nuisibles et de
Maladies Végétales.” But his health, shaken by incessant labour, not allowing
im outside excursions, was betraying his energy, and he had to withdraw to a
less disturbed life in the month of July of the same year.
fi ers:
34 THE REPORT OF THE ; No. 36
The writer of these lines was called upon to succeed him. This was rather
a heavy burden for young shoulders to support, but youth has great boldness,
and this proverb is often true that says “Audaces fortuna juvat.’? Confident
in the truthfulness of this Latin proverb we have assumed the task and have set
to work. Our programme may be summed up as follows:—
Inspections. The vegetation season requires our presence nearly every-
where in the Province. According to the law, the entomologist must, in the
first place, make the official inspection: of commercial nurseries between June
15th and September 15th. There are presently about ten large nurseries and
some thirty of small or medium area, most of them connected with the Fruit
Stations of the Department of Agriculture. These visits require a good part
of the summer. Meanwhile, we have to answer to the alarm calls uttered here
and there by unfortunate proprietors fighting against an invasion of insects; in
~ most cases we have to take a trip to the battlefield with a view to bringing into
action the army of remedies. Occasionally, these trips will afford the chance to
make experiments on the control of various insects. Moreover, instructors, dis-
seminated all over the Province are charged with visiting orchards and gardens
and have to report—on special forms—on insects which are found by them.
This enables us to judge with perfect knowledge as to the territory which requires
our efforts.
PropaGANDA. In a country still young, particularly in the implanting of
new ideas, the key to success lies in the education of the people. Our desire is
to acquaint all growers with the enemies of their plants, we are desirous to
familiarize them with the best preventives and remedies; finally, we are anxious
to convince them of the imperative necessity of following our advices without
any delay.
This is a work of propaganda, work that is often lengthy and the success
of which is depending, in short, on the sole virtue of perseverance. Once this
result will have been obtained, we believe that the struggle against injurious
insects will be on the eve of being general. With a view to reaching this end,
we endeavour to collaborate to all publications which are circulated amongst
the agricultural mass. We also take advantage of bulletins, circulars and lectures.
Eyen fairs or exhibitions have been given a test as a means of teaching the
public, and I think I am right in saying that this initiative has met with fruit-
ful results.
CottEctions. In concurrence with our inspection trips, we gather the ele-
ments of an economical collection that will remain the property of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture. In this work, I am pleased to say, several collaborators
give us their valuable help. I will particularly mention the instructors of the
Horticultural Service and the officers of the Forestry Branch to whom the ento-
mologist is indebted for many specimens. In connection with this collection
work, we will mention the fact that we aim to the instruction of the young people
of rural schools and that we encourage the formation of small collections for
school museums. The child’s curiosity is very much aroused by this interesting
\
ee ee a eee
work; when he has. grown a man, with greater knowledge, he will be better
equipped to enter the struggle. Besides, we will have printed, very shortly, for
primary schools, a series of wall maps or posters showing injurious insects and
the means at our disposal to combat them; in this manner, we expect to be
able to vulgarize rapidly amongst school pupils the elementary knowledge of
plant protection.
eT ae
RNS Ae Tm ory
Sarre NR c2
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35
en mn
Our collection comprises the six following items :—
1. Insects injurious to vegetables.
2. s _ fruit trees and shrubs.
3. “a Ne: cereals.
4. s forest and ornamental trees.
| “ animals, men, houses.
6 ze < miscellaneous.
GENERAL Work. The office work necessitates quite a voluminous corres-
pondence if one thinks that the service is a new departure and the question a
recent one, at least officially, in this country. Every day provides its share of
inquiries of all kinds, chiefly looking for information as to the remedies to be
applied in the case of some injurious insects. We see to it that the laws regulat-
ing our service are carefully observed and lose no opportunity of trying to
complete this regulation. We will submit, within a short time, to the approval
of the Hon. Minister of Agriculture, a project of by-law intended to regulate
the sale of fruit trees and shrubs.
Here, I take the liberty to make a suggestion. I am of the opinion that
our work will never bear good results and many efforts will be lost if we-do not
have, in the near future, a general by-law obliging every grower to spray his
cultures. This is practised in several countries, with success and the same regula-
tion could be enforced in Canada. In the fight against some species which are
largely spread, we enroll school boys and girls; the results obtained have proved
_ excellent and will be more so in future. Our Department relies on the Federal
Branch for the making of experiments and researches; however, it does not fail to
do its share and efficiently co-operates with Ottawa. Finally, we are working
in close harmony with the Chief of the Horticultural Service, who does his utmost
to procure to the Horticultural Societies or to their members, the best kinds
of sprayers at fair conditions. The same method applies to insecticides.
To conclude, I will say that we are now organizing in Quebec, an Ento-
_ mological Society which will soon be in operation. When this is an accomplished
_ fact, we will come and ask our affiliation to your society. I am sure in advance
that our request will be favorably received. The mother society which is yours,
_ could not refuse to adopt a new daughter without losing her distinctive character.
But this shall not be and we will work in co-operation with you to enlarge
and make prosperous the Entomological Society of Canada.
Pror. LocHHEaD: Mr. President, I should like to say a few words about
_ the good work done by Mr. Maheux. I have been in a position to see some of
his work, and also the work of the Department at Quebec. I knew his predecessor,
Abbé Huard, very well, and I was delighted when Mr. Maheux was appointed.
I should like to say a few words to those from the West regarding entomology
in Quebec—what is being done by our friends and by the Department at Quebec.
_ We have, I think, under-estimated the work done in Quebec in the past. I do
not know if you are aware that Canon Huard has written a very interesting
_ article for the Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants Report, giving the
history of economic entomology in Quebec. He says that there is no province in
the Dominion where more entomological work has been done than in this Province.
He refers to the various reports that have been published by the Department;
to Provancher and his works: to different systematic treatises that have been
published since his time: to the varions collections of insects, etc., in the Province,
of which he mentions that he knows personally of 20 collections in large seminaries;
but he left the impression that there are far more than this if we could only
—
36 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
find them out, for there are many silent workers in all parts of Quebec who are
adding to the store of knowledge, working among plants and insects. Some of
these workers have come from France; they have introduced this science into
Quebec in the schools, and the work of Mr. Maheux at the present time is not,
therefore, what- we may call a new work. Probably Ontario got a little ahead
in having a Provincial Entomologist, and in some other enterprises, but we must
not conclude that because Ontario is ahead along certain lines it is ahead in
every line. We have only to go through some of the museums in Montreal—Laval,
McGill and some of the other colleges—to see what has been done. As an Ontario-
born man I wish to acknowledge the great work Quebec has done in entomology.
Pror, CAEsaR: I should like to congratulate Mr. Maheux on the programme
of work that he has made out for himself. I consider it a very adequate one,
and it contains a number of suggestions that I think other provinces would do
well to adopt. I was much interested in what he said about the work in the
public schools; I have seen the charts he refers to, and I think they are particularly
good, and the coloring is true to nature. They should be a very great source
of value, and the children should learn more easily by this method, thus making
it easier for the teacher. Some of his remarks, too, I think might be of use
in connection with the subject of how entomologists can help in the production
and protection of food supplies. I welcome Mr. Maheux as a brother provincial
entomologist; I shall be very glad to co-operate with him and expect to receive
from him help that will be of much value. I am sure we are all pleased to
welcome Mr. Maheux among us as one of our members. ;
’
SOME IMPORTANT INSECTS OF THE SEASON.
L. Carsar, 0. A. CotiEcs, GUELPH. =
Tur Briackperry Lear-Miner (Metallus bethunei, MacGillivray).
From time to time the last ten years there have been outbreaks in Southern
Ontario of a Blackberry Leaf-miner, which Dr. A. D. MacGillivray says is a new
species, Metallus bethunei—very closely allied to Metallus rubi. So abundant
are the insects in these outbreaks and so many mines are made in the leaves that
whole fields of blackberries look as if blighted. One of these outbreaks occurred
this year at Burlington on Snyder blackberries. When last visited, October 20th,
fully 60 per cent. of the total leaf surface was mined and numerous larvye were
still feeding.
Lire History. No special attempt has been made to make a close consecutive
study of the life-history, but from notes made since 1910 the following facts
are gleaned: There are two broods in a year; the adults of the first brood in
warm seasons begin to appear about July 1st, but in cooler seasons are evidently
considerably later. Eggs are laid in the tissues of the leaf, chiefly beside the
main ribs. The female inserts her ovipositor through the upper surface and
forces it down to, but not through, the lower epidermis and the egg is placed”
close to’ this. Eggs are very pale white or almost colorless, oblong and slightly
eurved. They swell before hatching and the lower epidermis, thus raised, shows
clearly even to the naked eye where they are placed. J counted 61 eggs on
one leaf. Mr. Aiton, my assistant, counted 150. The larve soon after hatching
begin to make irregular shaped mines, and by the time the fruit is ripe (as
_--
|
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37
_ judged by this year) the larve of the first brood are for the most part full grown,
and have begun to leave the mines and enter the soil, where they construct a
firm little oval earthen case about 5 mm. long by 4 mm. wide. Inside this they
_ pupate. The cases found were from 1 to 2 inches below the surface. The
_ adults of the second brood begin to appear after a couple of weeks and this
_ year were still present in countless numbers by September 21st. Egg-laying
_ was then at its height. A few larve of the second brood can be found in leaves
as long as these remain green. I found them at St. Catharines one year near
the end of November. Most, however, have entered the soil long before this and
constructed their earthen cocoons. The winter is passed in these in the larval
_ stage.
Fortunately, this pest does not begin to injure the leaves until two or three
weeks before the fruit begins to ripen, and muchof the fruit, at least this year,
was off before the mines of the second brood were made. Yet in spite of these
Work of Blackberry Leaf Miner.
a
_ factors the insect must do considerable damage in the way of weakening the
plants and lessening next year’s crop. It certainly makes the owner much
alarmed lest it will ruin all his plants.
MernHods or Controt. Cultivation of the soil in late fall and the early
part of the next season suggests itself as a practicable method of control, but
is ineffective; probably because the cocoons are not easily broken.
It has been suggested-by some writers that kerosene emulsion would penetrate
the dead portions of the leaf and kill thé larve, but it does not do so. Black-
leaf 40, as shown by Herrick, will kill the larve of some Saw-fly Leaf-miners in
| their mines, but it has no effect upon this species.
Having failed to kill the pup or larve I next thought it possible to poison
the adults. These apparently remain exclusively on the leaves and find their -
‘food there. I do not remember seeing one anywhere else, not even on the fruit,
" neither does Mr. Aiton. Accordingly I made a preliminary test of spraying the
leaves with sweetened arsenate of lead and to my delight the adults could almost
zat once be seen feeding upon it. Encouraged by this. I assigned to Mr. Aiton the
| =a ;
38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
task of making definite caged tests with large cheesecloth cages over individual
bushes. Cheesecloth was placed also over the ground beneath these cages to
make counting dead flies practicable and also prevent new adults coming up out
of the soil.
The cages were as follows :—
Cage 1.—Bush sprayed with arsenate of lead in water sweetened with molasses.
Cage 2.—Bush sprayed with arsenate of lead in water without sweetening.
Cage 3.—Bush sprayed with calcium arsenate in water without sweetening.
Cage 4.—Bush unsprayed as check.
In each cage 60 adults were placed.
Results at end of 80 hrs.
Cage 1—13 dead.
« 9-19 “«
“« g-95 «
Check Oran
Results at end of 52 hrs.
Cage 1—53 dead.
=O
“« —3.—60 (all) dead.
Check 8 dead.
Results at end of 72 hrs.
Cage 1—58 dead.
“ -2—60 (all) dead.
“ 3.—60 ee “e
Check 18 dead. -
From these tests it seems quite clear that this species of Saw-fly can be
poisoned in the adult stage and that molasses. is not necessary for the purpose.
The question then arises as to when to do the poisoning. It will have to be done
before the adults appear in July, and it seems to me the proper time will probably
be just before bloom, or just after most of the blossoms are off and the fruit
is still so small that there will be no likelihood of the poison being on it when
ripe. A second application will possibly be advisable just after picking. Arsenate
of lead will probably be the safest poison and if applied heavily without molasses
should remain on the foliage for a month or more. Arsenate of lime kills more
quickly but would be more likely to injure the foliage, though none of the spray-
ing either in cages or on the part of the row I treated myself, even where molasses
was used, caused burning.
I hope to make a careful trial of the poison treatments this coming year and
to give a further and more definite report next year.
ZEBRA CATERPILLARS (Ceramica picta).
In September and October of 1916 there were several turnip fields in Peel
County and probably in many other unreported parts of the Province that were
severely injured by the Zebra Caterpillar. As it is rare that this insect becomes
very numerous I did not expect it to cause much trouble this year, but to my
surprise it has been very abundant in many counties west of Toronto and has
stripped many a turnip field of all or almost all its foliage. Many fields were
thus defoliated by the end of September, thus preventing almost a whole month’s
growth. Cabbages were also attacked. The larve were found feeding on several
other plants.
I OO a ne
a a ee ee ee ee
for Ach Tia
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39
Five kinds of control measures were tested, but only one proved at all
satisfactory, namely dusting with Paris green mixed with 20 times or more its
- bulk of air slaked or hydrated lime. Any other fine, moderately heavy substance
such as land plaster should do as well as the lime. I thought that possibly the
Zebra caterpillar and moth.
poison bran might work, though the feeding, or rather the resting habit of
remaining on the leaf except in wet weather, made it doubtful whether they
would ever seek or find the bran. The result showed that while a few did come
in contact with it and died, about 90 per cent. did not.
Copiine Motu (Carpocapsa pomonella).
A remarkable thing about this insect this year was the great number of side
injuries it caused all over the Province. This was especially noteworthy in
Niagara, because most of the side injuries there are ordinarily caused by the
second brood and are made during August and September, but this year about
Dark castings at calyx end,
showing where Codling Moth Adult Codling Moths, natural size. (After Slinger-
larva usually enters the apple. land.)
90 per cent. of these were to be seen by about the first of August. I have notes
on this subject made on August 4th and again on September 15th and October
20th, and the estimate of the percentage of injured fruit on the first date is
almost the same as on the last. This shows that it was the first and not the
40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
second brood that was responsible for these side injuries, in fact there was only
a very small second brood this year even in Niagara district.
It seems to me we may possibly account for the larger number of side
injuries this year in two ways. (1) There were very few apples and hence more
larve would attack these apples than if there were a larger crop. (2) Many
of the moths emerged very late and laid their eggs after the pubescence was off
the little fruits, and in the absence of this entered the side of the apples much
more readily than if the pubescence had been present. A poison spray three
weeks after the blossoms fell gave good results this year in all cases where it was
well applied.
THE WHITE-MARKED Tussock Morn (Hemerocampa leucostigma).
Judging from the numberof egg masses to be seen this autumn the Tussock
Moth will be very abundant in many of our cities and larger towns next year.
Complaints have already come in from as far east as Belleville and as far west
as Goderich. In Toronto I counted 500 egg masses on a single maple tree in
the Exhibition Grounds.
Not only are the egg masses abundant in cities and towns but also in many
orchards. One wide awake young fruit grower said to me a few days ago that
in his opinion this would be one of our main orchard pests next ‘year in Western
Ontario. In Niagara it is likely to do a good deal of damage and if it is not
destroyed will in apple orchards injure a large percentage of fruit.
Work on apples of the larve of the White-marked
Tussock-moth.
In destroying the insect in orchards and for that matter also on shade trees,
a person is very likely to overlook the egg masses concealed in leaves. This
spring I asked my men to remove the eggs in one of our experimental orchards,
but did not call their attention to the leaves. On visiting the orchard again
I saw that these had been overlooked so that the work had to be done again.
Mr. W. E. Biggar, the Provincial Fruit Pests Inspector, has used a small wire
brush about six inches long and one inch wide and fastened to the end of a pole.
A single stroke of this tears the egg masses to pieces. This brush has been used
in St. Catharines and some other places and given satisfaction. In my opinion
it is very good for the lower part of trees to the height of say 15 or possibly
20 feet, but above that I think a hook, especially if toothed along the sides and
ends, will prove better. A test of crude creosote was used, but it seems to me
f
E
;
Ks, 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41
t this will prove very unsatisfactory. I cannot help believing that it does not
_ penetrate through in many cases and so does not kill all the eggs, at any rate it
_ did not seem to me to have done so even when eggs were examined several days
Y after treatment.
The removal of egg masses when numerous on tall trees is a very great task.
' I observed that many of them, in fact a very considerable percentage, were
situated near the top of the trees in the crotches of branches, often not more
e than one inch in diameter. Fortunately, egg masses seem on lateral branches to
be situated either in the crotch or on the underside, not on the upper side and
'~so can readily be seen. Some, of course, are in leaves attached to twigs or
t branches. It is very doubtful whether in badly infested city parks spraying would
:
-
Larva and adult male of White-marked Tussock-Moth.
not be much cheaper than removing and gathering egg masses. I have written
to two firms to see whether we cannot secure at a reasonable price good outfits
_ that will throw a satisfactory spray from the ground to the top of the tallest
trees. I do not mean the costly type ‘of outfit used in the Gipsy Moth work.
Both companies claim that they can furnish machines that they believe will
prove satisfactory.
I should like information from anyone present as to what percentage of
eggs would hatch from egg masses removed in late autumn or winter but left
lying on the ground, also as to their experience with crude creosote on egg
Masses.
7
5 Sues.
I have never seen so much damage from Slugs as this year. Beans were
their favorite food, and these in many fields were fed upon ravenously and in
some cases almost defoliated. Paris green as tested by myself and also by Mr.
' Baker failed to control them. Lime was not available in the district where I
_ -was, but hydrated lime as applied late in autumn killed them if used freely.
I am not sure whether it would prove satisfactory on a large scale in spring or
Is early summer when they are most destructive. Lime- sulphur will kill but not at
the strength the plants are likely to stand without injury.
Tue Seep Corn Maccor (Pegomyia fusciceps).
This insect caused much injury to beans in many districts.
‘e THE WHEAT Mince (Contarinia triticr).
; Wheat in Wentworth, Lincoln, Welland and Haldimand suffered considerable
loss from the Midge. Tr some districts about 10 per cent. of the kernels were
affected. Only eight adults emerged this year under normal conditions in our
a ks.
42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
cages, but we had no evidence that any eggs were laid. The remaining insects
either entered the soil to pupate or remained in the wheat heads. Apparently
fully 50 per cent. doing the latter.
EIGHT-SPOTTED FORESTER (Alypia octomaculatg).
Near Toronto the larve of this moth were very numerous on grape foliage.
Halisidota tesselaris was unusually abundant this autumn and fed on numerous,
plants.
Halisidota carye attacked in considerable numbers apple leaves in the
counties of Elgin, Oxford and Middlesex.
Halisidota harrisii destroyed much of the foliage on sycamore trees in parts
of the Niagara district.
Disetion virginica was a great pest in | gardens in many parts of the Province
and attacked numerous flowering and other plants. :
Datana integerrima defoliated walnuts in Essex and Kent.
The larva of the Hickory Tussock-Moth (Halisidota carye@). ‘
Pror. LocHHEaAD: Is this Blackberry Leaf-Miner a aes species from
the rubi?
Pror. Carsar: By looking at the two species rubi and bethunet you would
say that they were exactly the same, but Dr. MacGillivray has found a few
differences. Both species are black, about 14 inch long, and the body is quite
black and the legs white, so that it is easy to recognize it as one of the two
species. A full description is given in MacGillivray’s Tenthredinoidea.
Mr. Gipson: Did you find both species during the work?
Pror. Carsar: No. Only the one species.
Mr. Grsson: Did you find this pest all through the Niagara district?
Pror, Carsar: Yes. There is a species this side of Toronto which has
also been found almost as far as Port Hope. I do not know whether it is the same.
Mr. Swarne: What was the strength of the spray used?
Pror. CaEsaR: The same strength as for orchard sprays, 2% lbs. to 40
gallons of water.
Mr. SwarneE: We have tried kerosene emulsion sprays, just ordinary summer
strength, on the leaf surface. I have killed them in strings with kerosene
emulsion and also with Black Leaf 40, strong.
|
|
|
i) teh att By de
es ee
Tage Sire wT
a
er eee
wRyArs
:
SORENESS:
1918 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43
Pror. Carsar: In the case of Black Leaf 40 I tried it decidedly strong, and
what is more, I put the insects all together in a tight-fitting box so that the
fumes could not evaporate easily, and brought them home packed very closely.
The fumes had no effect at the end of two or three hours, and they were strong
enough to have acted in a few minutes.
Dr. O’KANE: We did some work this summer along the same lines of
- contact sprays for leaf-miners, chiefly the Apple Leaf-miner. This work was
done on quite a large scale, an assistant starting in spring and remaining
all summer on the work of penetration of contact insecticides. We worked the
previous winter in the laboratory, shaping our results as far as possible. Of
course apple is not the same as blackberry, but I may tell you our results. We
_used a great many different kinds of material including Black Leaf 40, up to
1-50; kerosene emulsion up to. 25 per cent.; Black Leaf 40 with soap; lime
sulphur at various strengths up to that which burned the tissue. We also used
chemical reagents. We tried these through two generations of the Leaf-miner,
the first spray when the Miner just hatched, the second when it was 14 in. long,
and the third when it was full grown. We made no penetration whatever into
the mines with any substance, except through advantageous openings. If the
Miner happened to be next to the mine where there was a good puncture, it
got killed ; if it was in the middle of the mine it did not get killed. If it was
at the far end of the mine it would not be harmed in the least unless the
application was sufficiently strong absolutely to destroy the leaf itself, when, of
course, the miner was killed too. Pupation would go ahead as usual. As I
say, if there happened to be an opening or puncture the material would penetrate,
but if there was no such puncture the Miner had a perfectly satisfactory and
efficient shelter. I am not certain with regard to elm leaves, but this prevails
in the case of apple leaves.
Pror, Carsar: May I ask a question and suggest an answer? I want 4
whole lot of information on how to control slugs.
THE PRESIDENT: This has been a most serious problem with nearly everyone
on account of the wet season.
Mr. Grsson: At Ottawa this year we have been using air slaked lime.
Pror, CAEsAR: Have you tried hydrated lime?
Mr. Gipson: No; only ordinary lime.
Pror. Cazsar: I found last week or the week before when making some
further experiments with hydrated lime that at this time of the year it will
all slugs, but whether it would kill them earlier in the season I do not know.
I do not know whether it would have any injurious effect on the foliage, say
of beans. Lime sulphur if applied very strong will kill slugs, but it has to be too
strong and will injure foliage. Hydrated lime when it comes in contact with
a liquid forms a pasty substance. I should like to know if anyone else can
- suggest any other remedy.
Dr. Corcoran: Last season in the garden everything was eaten up by slugs
around Notre Dame de Grace. Almost all the lettuce and encumber patches were
spoilt, and even pumpkins were eaten. We would find a pumpkin with a good-
sized hole eaten in it by slugs. We tried hand-picking, but that was the only
remedy we tried. How is the lime applied?
Pror,. Carsar: You can apply the lime in the evening when the slugs are
at work. They work on top of the leaves and by dustine you can get the lime
in contact with them. I think this is better than applying it in sae form,
and would have a more lasting effect:
44 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Mr. Baxer: When was it applied?
Pror. Carsar: We got the best results by applying it in the evening just
before the slugs come out to feed.
Mr. Gipson: We tried this remedy in connection with beans. I would
recommend dusting freshly slaked lime every evening before the slugs come
out, and when they eat the lime it kills them. If I remember correctly, we
‘had very little trouble afterwards. :
Pror. Carsak: The slugs do not seem to be killed with Paris green. Mr.
Baker tried, and it killed so slowly that it was not looked upon as a satisfactory
method.
Pror. Brirrain: Slugs did not appear with us this year to any extent.
We were going to make some extensive experiments this year, but there were
no slugs.
Pror. LocHHEaD: Has anyone ever tried poison bait with any success?
Pror. CAaEsar: No success.
Pror. LocHHEAD: The old English remedy of course is slaked lime. - Whether
it is effective all the time or not I do not know.
Pror. Carsar: Tobacco extract does not have much effect upon slugs, but
millipedes are usually poisoned by it.
THE APPLE AND THORN SKELETONIZER (HEMEROPHILA PARIANA
CLERCK).
E. P. Fett, Stare EntomoLocist or NEw York.
A small European moth which we have termed the apple and thorn skeletonizer
has become well established in Westchester and Rockland counties, the centre
of the infestation being near Irvington and Nyack, respectively. This insect is
classed as one of minor importance in Europe though this is not necessarily
to be the case in America. Some of our most destructive insects are of relatively
slight importance in their native country. Owing to the fact that the cater-
pillars feed upon the upper surface of the leaves, it is easy to apply a poison
where it will do the most good. It should not be difficult to keep this pest in
control until its status can be determined or natural enemies have an opportunity
to assert themselves and prevent widespread and material damage. This insect
~ is already sufficiently numerous near the centre.of the infested area to defoliate
entire orchards and comditions fayor a continuation of the spread with its accom-
panying serious injury unless there is early, thorough and general spraying in
the infested area next summer.
RECOGNITION CHARACTERISTICS.. The work of this newly established pest
is fairly characteristic. It skeletonizes the leaves in much the same way as the
well-known canker-worms, except that these latter more usually devour all the
vital tissues of nearly every leaf, whereas this newly introduced caterpillar
generally confines its attack to portions of many leaves, feeding near the centre
under a slight web and extending upward and outward to include most of the tip of
the leaf and frequently turning and webbing down margins of leaves about half an
inch wide. Areas on each side of the basal part of the leaf are often untouched.
There is no webbing together and inclosing leaves in masses so characteristic of
Bi 1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45
‘ the native fall web-worm and also seen to a less extent with the brown-tail moth
_ eaterpillar. The cause of this mischief is an active, yellowish, black-spotted cater-
pillar about half an inch long. 5
te _ Descrirtion. . The moth is an obscure grayish brown or dark brown, some-
times purplish tinged, insect with a wing spread of a little less than half an
_ inch. There is in well marked specimens near the base of the fore wing @
- rather broad, broken, angulate dark band near the basal third and a less distinct
and more regular but somewhat broken dark band near the distal fifth, an area
between this and the basal third being a variable grayish. The fringes of both
__ the fore and hind wings are a rich purplish brown.
Pura. Length about 14 inch, moderately stout and dark bronzy yellow,
variably marked with fuscous, especially on the posterior abdominal segments. The
head is dark brown with a few fine, moderately long hairs. Antennal cases slender,
the variably yellow-mottled wing cases extending to the sixth abdominal segment,
the leg cases reaching just a little beyond. The mouth-parts and most of the
median yentral area between the antennal cases yellowish: The dorsum of the
thorax dark bronzy yellow. Scutellum fuscous yellowish and with a very fine
_ short pubescence. Dorsum of the abdominal segments moderately smooth, shiny,
the segments when flexed ventrally showing along the anterior margin Series
of minute closely set teeth. Terminal segment yellowish.
Cocoon. The cocoon is spun upon the upper surface of the leaf and consists
of an elongate oval mass of thick white webbing about 5g of an inch long and
14 of an inch wide. It is frequently near the midrib and covers the true cocoon
which is faintly seen beneath. The pupa wriggles out partly from under the web-
bing before the moth escapes, the pupal shell projecting as in the Sesiids.
Larva. The caterpillars are quite variable in appearance. The smallest
observed on the leaves were about 14 in. long, mostly pale greenish yellow. The
_ head is a distinct amber shade with a rather conspicuous dark brown. mass of
_ closely placed ocelli. There is a narrow irregular dark brown line at the lateral
dorsal angles of the head case, a small black fuscous spot ventrally and a pair
_ of small subtriangular black spots sublaterally. Antenne moderately prominent,
_ mostly yellowish brown, slightly fuscous apically. Thoracic and abdominal seg-
_ ments mostly a uniform yellowish, the true legs pale yellowish and having the
_ second segment fuscous and the distal segment much more slender, tapering and
_ with a distinct claw apically. There are well-developed cylindrical abdominal
prolegs on the third, fourth, fifth, sixth and terminal abdominal segments, each
leg when extended with a length approximately three times its diameter. The
.* me,»
i Ore
ay
_ tubercles are a pale fuscous or fuscous, depending on the age of the caterpillar,
t _ each bearing one or two moderately long hairs.
- Older larve with a length of about 3/16 of an inch are decidedly darker though
the general color is practically the same. The tubercles are much larger and in
some specimens almost confluent so as to give the appearance of submedian black
lines, though in reality they are simply series of closely set tubercles. The
thoracic legs have a shade of fuscous on the apical portion of the basal segment,
the second segment is black and the third practically as in the earlier stage.
Full-growm caterpillars have a length of nearly half an inch and present
practically the same characteristics as given above, there being some darker speci-
_ mens with rather larger black tubercles and lighter ones with somewhat smaller
tubercles. .
DistRIBuTION. This insect is probably widely distributed, since it has been
recorded from England, France, Germany, the Balkan Peninsula, Bithynia and
hE 0%
‘
pe
.
a
7
4.
o
*
46 THE REPORT OF THE - No. 36
west m Asia to Turkestan. This range suggests that the species can maintain
itself in the northern United States and southern Canada. ~ -
It has become established in New York State in an area determined in
co-operation with Dr. G. G. Atwood of the State Department of Agriculture as
centering approximately upon Irvington and extending east to White Plains,
south to Harrison and north to Croton. It also occurs on the west bank of the
Hudson River, ranging for a mile or two north and south of Nyack and west
to West Nyack.
Lire History. It has not been possible to work out the complete life
history of this insect under American conditions though there is no reason for
thinking that the moth has departed materially from its habits as recorded in
Europe. Mr. J. W. Tutt states that adults occtir in September and October on
flowers of Composite, while William West records capturing specimens among
golden-rod.
The adults and probably pupe hibernate, the former in any shelter such as
thatch and the latter in cocoons attached to the leaves. The over-wintered moths
or those issuing from pup deposit eggs probably when the leaves are partly
developed, since Meyrick records larve as occurring in England during May,
June and August, indicating at least two and probably three generations annually.
There is considerable variation in development toward the end of the season, at
least under American conditions. Full-grown and very small larve were found
simultaneously at Irvington in September and even in early October. A few
larve may feed to the latter part of the month. Larval growth is probably
completed within a month or six weeks. The type of injury suggests that the
moths deposit a few eggs near the base of each leaf and when numerous May
oviposit on almost every leaf. One of the striking features of an infestation
is the general distribution of injury throughout the tree.
The feeding on each leaf is, practically speaking, independent of that upon
other leaves. There is no inclosing and webbing together as with the fall web-
worm. The caterpillars feed upon the upper surface, skeletonizine the leaves
more or less completely and working from the lower part of the midrib upward
and outward so that unless the infestation is unusually severe areas on each
side of the basal parts of the leaves frequently remain. untouched. This type
of injury is characteristic of moderately infested orchards. Those badly infested
may have practically every leaf on all the trees completely skeletonized.
Foop Pants. This insect has shown a marked preference for apple though
it has also been recorded as feeding upon pear, hawthorn, mountain ash, birch
and possibly willow.
Naturat ENEMIES. Meyrick’s statement to the effect that this skeletonizer
is local in England indicates moderately efficient enemies and this is borne out
by its classification as a pest of minor importance by continental writers and
the recording by Reh of a number of parasites. It is presumable that some of
its native enemies became established with their host and if this is not the case,
the chances favor some of our native parasites becoming accustomed to this new
food supply and assisting materially in reducing its abundance. A few parasites
(Dioctes obliteratus Cresson) kindly determined through the courtesy of Dr.
Howard, have already been reared from materials received from Westchester
County.
Controt Measures. There is no question but that thorough and timely
spraying with a poison such as arsenate of lead will destroy these caterpillars
and, owing to their feeding almost entirely upon the supper surface of the leaves,
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 47
eneral application of these measures in infested areas to all trees upon which
“a pest can subsist would mean its early control and practical elimination so far
as material damage is concerned. Residents of the infested section are most
strongly advised to watch for the development of the insect next season and to
spray all trees showing signs of its work, since it is very important to control it
‘so far as possible, because experience has demonstrated that it is easier to handle
an outbreak in its incipiency than to begin after serious losses have occurred.
SOME NOTODONTIAN LARVA.
Rey. Dr. J. A. Corcoran, Loyota CoLtEecr, MONTREAL,
The sudden appearance of temporary structures and protective colours and
markings of caterpillars are usually attributed to the action of stimuli from with-
‘out. Whether this deduction will remain unshaken by the facts that the observers
of the future may bring to light, or will be discarded, does not concern us. It is
_ sufficient that this theory gives the entomologists of the present day a spur to
_ observe more closely the changes which various larve undergo before reaching the
‘ stage of pupation, and makes of their observations the eolation of a definite
‘problem instead of the compilation of a catalogue of uncorrelated changes. For
the external stimuli which have acted in the past must be more or less active to-day,
otherwise the structures they have produced will become useless and vestigial,
_ since God in His goodness does not allow a creature to retain a structure, that is a
_ functioning structure, which has become really hurtful to its possessor.
< In an endeavour to find a cause for the abrupt appearance of certain colours
and temporary armament in the Notodontian larve, I had under close observation
last summer some colonies of Schizura concinna and Heterocampa guttivitta. My
observations of the habits of these larvee were too restricted, and my microscopic ex-
‘amination of the sections of the parts before and after the changes were too super-
ficial, to be of value in arriving at a definite conclusion, but I give them in the
hope ‘that some of our members may find them of interest and later when the win-
the-war problems no longer call for the entomologist’s undivided attention, they
“may record their own studies on the larve of these same species.
When first seen the larve of S. concinna were about 3 mm. in length and
anged themselves in serried ranks on the under surface of the leaves of an apple
tree. I divided the colony into two, leaving twenty larve undisturbed and placing
le rest on a nearby branch of the same tree, so that I might have material for
dissection while not depopulating my observation colony. The moth had deposited
‘her eggs on the end leaves of a branch most conveniently placed where they could
_be seen at all hours of the day.
_ During the first stage the larve fed on the epidermis and tissue of the under
side without puncturing the leaf, and hence could not be seen from above. Their
_ yellowish heads which were smooth and unarmed, and their yellowish-green bodies,
tinted reddish along the sides, harmonized so well with the surface on which they
fed that it was difficult to distinguish them. Neither insects nor birds seemed to
spy them, although a dozen two-winged flies passed within a few feet of them, and
_aphis lion was seen running about on the lower part of same branch on which
e colony fed. The third day after discovery all the members of both colonies
ted and passed to the second stage.
48 s THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
The head was now reddish-black and bore two blunt knobs on top. A section
of a larva made the day before the moult shows no evident thickening of the —
epidermis and underlying tissue. As the’insects grew, red lines along the sides of
the thorax, a pair of yellow spots and five tubercles of the same colour near the
anal end of the uplifted abdomen could be made out. By the time the larve were
8 mm. long they were eating both surfaces of the leaves and when feeding arranged
themselves along the cut edges. Hairy warts on the head, and dorsal and lateral .
spines on the body gave the insects, which could now be seen from aboye, a rather
unattractive look. When not feeding the larve placed themselves in rows on the
stem and bared veins of the leaf.
The numerous two-winged flies which were seen on the leaves of neighbouring
apple trees, did not seem to notice the colonies. One larva dissappeared at this
stage—perhaps, to the nest of one of the wasps which were decorating the cornice
of a near-by room. .
After the second moult the head became black again and remained so until
the final moult. The various tubercles and spines were more marked and the
insects, which were at this time denuding the branch, eating even the veins and
midrib of the leaves, could now be seen at a distance of six we Numerous insect-
eating birds hopped about on the near-by trees and some stopped to examine the
colonies. A young song-sparrow disposed of one larva, but the other six which
disappeared during the third and fourth stages succumbed to ‘ee heavy rains which
were of frequent occurrence last August.
At the final moult the larvee developed the coral-red head sa large abdominal
hump of the same colour which gives them the common name of the Red-Humped
Apple Worm. During the last days of the fourth stage I took a number of larve
from the control colony that I might make sections of them and follow the changes
which immediately precede the final moult, but my time has been so taken up that
I have not yet examined them.
During the last stage the larve increased in size from 20 mm. at the time of
the fourth moult to 30 mm., which they attained before descending the tree to
pupate. Although they were conspicuous objects which could easily be made out
at some distance, the birds did not molest them.
My colony of Heterocampa larve were hatched from a few eggs that were laid
by a female caught at night. By means of a smear of gum I attached the eggs to
the under surface of a red maple leaf. On the eighth day the Jarvee emerged and
began feeding on the superficial tissues of the leaf. They were then about 5 mm.
long and under a glass showed nine pairs of comparatively enormous horns. The
first pair on the prothoracic segment were four-tined like the antlers of a deer, the
remaining eight pairs were single-pronged. Section of the insect shows the horns
to be pure dermal structures devoid of muscle. On the fourth day the larve
moulted and lost all trace of the horns except a pair of short stumps on the pro-
thoracic segment.
Ete the first stage no enemies seem to have discovered these larve, but on
the third day of the second stage while I was absent in the country they all dis- —
appeared. Some predaceous insect probably got them, for they were well hidden
from the birds.
The individual larve of these species experience no change of surroundings
which might call for an abrupt change in colour or armament. They pass their
whole Theva existence on the tree upon which the parent moth deposits the eggs, —
indeed, they do not leave the branch, unless compelled by lack of food, until they
all, in regimental order, descend the tree to pass the winter as pup beneath the dry
eee 5, ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49
leaves or in the ground. Nor do the horns of H. guttivitta and the hump of
‘S. concinna show signs of becoming vestigial, for both are well nourished and the
latter bears moveable spines. ;
Predaceous insects are the usual enemies of small caterpillars, and birds of
full grown larve. To escape the former the horns of Heterocampa are well
adapted, but why should they suddenly disappear at the first moult? The marked
inerease in size of S. concinna during the last larval stage may call for more con-
spicuous warning colour that the passing bird may more easily see that the insect
is not good food. Whatever be the reasons, the entomologist who observes the
development of Notodontian larvae must be impressed by the protection God gives
these strange creatures against the enemies who prey upon them.
EVENING SESSION.
The evening meeting was opened at 8 o’clock with an address of welcome by
Dr. Harrison, Principal of Macdonald College.
Owing to the fact that he would be unable to remain for the whole of the
evening session Dr. Hewitt took this opportunity of introducing the symposium
in “Canadian Entomologists and the War,” the discussion of which was to take
place at the smoker later in the evening.
The public lecture on “ The Problem of Mosquito Control” was then delivered
by Dr. T. J. Headlee, State Entomologist, New Brunswick, N.J.
THE PROBLEM OF MOSQUITO CONTROL.
Tuomas J. Heapier, Pu.D., ENTomMoLocist or THE NEw JERSEY AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATIONS AND STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.
INTRODUCTION.
While interest in anti-mosquito work is now found in nearly all parts of the
world, it is engaged in most cases with very limited areas of country. No doubt
this is due to the fact that the source of interest is usually the hope of eliminating
insect-borne diseases from limited areas.
Anti-mosquito work in New Jersey does not have its roots in the desire to
destroy diseases. Malaria, which with us is the only mosquito-borne disease, occurs
in only a few very limited areas and forms in each case a strictly local problem.
Interest in mosquito control in New Jersey arises from the desire to make the
state entirely comfortable and desirable for its citizens.
The north-eastern end of the state is rapidly being transformed from low-
priced farm land into urban property and the mosquito pest, such as would come
from the unprotected salt marsh, would seriously interfere with and delay that
process. In the counties of Hudson, Bergen, Essex, Union and Middlesex, each
of which have some thousands of acres of salt marsh within its borders, in the ten
year period from 1900 to 1910, 60,000 acres of farm land were transformed into
urban property, and the growth during the last seven years has not been less rapid.
Within range of these salt marshes lies the County of Passaic, which is really a
member of this group, but which has no salt marsh.
50
THE REPORT OF THE
No. 36
es
SUSSEX we Se
PASSAIC
AREA OF ORIGINAL
LT MARSH MOSQUITO
INFESTATION ENCLOSED BY
BROKEN LINE
TIDAL MARSH UNDRAINED B
TIDAL MARSH PARTLY OR
COMPLETELY DRAINED
AREA PRACTICALLY FREED OF
SALT MARSH MOSQUITOES
AREA STILLINFESTED BY
SALT MARSH MOSQUITOES
County map of New Jersey, showing locations of salt marshes, area of
upland formerly covered by flights of salt marsh mosquitoes,
portion of the salt marsh which has been more or less completely
drained, and area of upland at present covered during the mos-
quito season with salt marsh broods.
The
PR TERME PLE CES
AWE DS TOE PE AEN TROP OO ies i adele
1918 “s ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51
- About one and one-half millions of people live within the borders of these
six counties.
That part of the southern end of New Jersey included in the counties of Ocean,
Burlington, Atlantic, Cape May, and Cumberland have more than 100 miles of
fine sand beach nearly all of which might be developed into delightful seaside
communities, and 1,700,000 acres of farmland of which about one million are
totally undeveloped.
A large part of this territory is covered at times during the summer with dense
broods of salt marsh mosquitoes.
Seaside communities build slowly and undeveloped lands are tardily improved
under such conditions.
There are about 296,000 acres of salt marsh in the State of New Jersey, of
which probably 200,000 are potentially good salt hay land. The drainage necessary
to control the salt marsh mosquito seems after its effect is felt to increase the hay
yield from about .7 of a ton to 2.6 tons per acre.
While New Jersey was one of the first states to become interested in the
problem of mosquito control from the standpoint of human comfort and prosperity,
‘she is certain not to be the last, because there are about 6,400,000 acres of tidal
_ marsh in the United States alone, and the mosquito-borne disease of malaria is now
recognized as the great, but by no means immovable, bar to the development of
immense areas in our Southern states.
In view of the apparent certainty of a rapidly increasing interest in the elimin-
ation of alt species of mosquitoes as a means of contributing to human comfort and
prosperity, the present paper is an outline of procedure that may be followed in
attacking the problem in any specified locality.
To the man not familiar with the nature of insects, anti-mosquito work means
mosquito extermination. This misconception leads the professional worker into.
much trouble because the people whom he is trying to serve demand year by year
greater and greater freedom and cannot understand why at times they are troubled.
At the present stage of anti-mosquito work*only the problem of ‘control can
be considered and that of extermination must be relegated entirely to the future.
The object of mosquito control is to reduce the fauna to a point where diseases
carried by it do not occur and the householder is unaware of its existence.
The problem of bringing the mosquitoes of any badly infested locality under
control involves: (1) A careful and thorough analysis of the mosquito fauna both
in Jarval and adult form for at least one eatin season ; two or three would be more
‘conclusive; (2) a careful study of the reasonably permanent breeding places from
which the adults come, followed by the preparation of a detailed plan showing the
methods and the cost of eliminating them; (3) the obtaining of funds with which
to do the work; (4) the execution of the plans and the completion of the initial:
work; (5) maintenance, temporary elimination, and improvement; (6) giving the
work a permanent character; (7) evaluation of the results of mosquito control.
ANALYSIS OF THE Mosquito FAUNA.
In planning for future anti-mosquito work the mosquito survey usually means
_ an examination of the territory for places which past experience has indicated as
_ likely to breed and for such places as show breeding at the time of inspection. Un-
_ fortunately for this simple procedure, experience has shown that the area may be
far more severely infested by mosquitoes which breed outside its limits than by
_ the species that are produced locally. This is well illustrated in New Jersey by all
wt
52 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
communities within reach of flights from the salt marshes (see map). Before
the flight of certain salt marsh species was recognized many local efforts were dis-
credited by the influx of these far-flying species. lt is, therefore, necessary to
find some way of determining not only the species that are bred within the pro- —
tected area, but also the species which breeding entirely outside may invade and
annul the effect of local work. Pie
Without doubt the most accurate way of determining these points is that type
of a seasonal study of mosquitoes on the wing which will enable the operator to map
the mosquito fauna at short intervals throughout one or more summer seasons. It
is true that a person having long and wide experience with mosquito control can
make a rather accurate guess at the nature of the mosquito trouble in a specified
area by a study of possible mosquito breeding places within and without of the said
area. His forecast is, however, merely a shrewd guess and may go very wide of the
mark.
In the collection of data necessary to the preparation of the mosquito dis-
tribution maps a limited number of stations must be selected in such a fashion that
some definite idea of the conditions throughout the infested area may be obtained.
In order that the collection results may be comparable the places selected must be
essentially similar, especially as regards cover and light or the difference between
them must be evaluated, which is always.a difficult matter. The portion of the
body from which the collections are made must be the same, and the collector whese
body does not attract mosquitoes must be eliminated. Collections must be made at
a time of the day when as nearly all species are active as possible. It may be
necessary to determine this time by running a set of trial collections covering all —
hours of the day and night. For the purpose of comparing one collection with
another the temperature, moisture and wind conditions during the period when each
area-wide collection is made must be recorded and eventually more or less accurately
evaluated.
The mosquitoes must-be caught and killed without crushing or rubbing them
in order that accurate identificétion of them may be made. The results of each
general collection, stated as so many mosquitoes of each species per selected unit of
time should be set down on a topographic map of the area and the nature of the
weather conditions noted on the same sheet.
If properly prepared this map will afford a picture of mosquito conditions at
the time when the collection was made and if properly interpreted will show
whether the collection methods should be modified and will indicate what changes
should be made.
If the number of specimens of each species caught appears to be perfectly
irregular in distribution the results may be attributed to emergence from local
breeding. If on the other hand, there is evident an area in which certain species
appear in greatly increased numbers which grow larger from some point in the
area to its boundaries, it is safe to assume that an invasion of mosquitoes breeding
outside the protected area is occurring. If there should appear specimens of a
species, the known habits of which would seem to preclude breeding within the area,
invasion of that species would be clearly indicated.
Whenever the charts show the presence of invasions, they must be traced at
once to the source from which they come. The method employed in these tracings
will depend upon the species concerned. When dealing with the salt marsh or the
fresh water swamp mosqu do, the work may be done during daylight by means of an ~
automobile, but when dealing with the house mosquito, the collections must be made
during a period beginning about dusk and ending less than one hour later. In ~
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53
ting with other less well known species, it may be necessary to determine the
‘time of day when the study can be successfully made. In any case the kind of
weather, the time of day and the type of cover under which the species being studied
“may be caught must be determined.
Tracing invasions of salt marsh species are done very quickly with an auto-
mobile by starting in uninfested territory close to the infested area and collecting
at regular distances—say, 0.5 of a mile to 2 miles—until the mosquito zone has
been traversed and uninfested country found on the other side; this collection to be
followed by a similar one pursued in a line at right angles to the first.
Two assumptions are, of course, necessary to the success of this plan, one of
which is that the mosquitoes may be collected in daylight and the other that the —
direction of greatest density indicates the source of the brood. ‘The collections are
_ made in as nearly similar places as possible, especially as regards the character of
_ the growth, and the relative number present is determined by using two small
cyanide tubes and catching specimens as rapidly as possible for a definite period of
time, then reckoning the catch on the basis of so many per minute.
_ In actual practice whenever the study began on the first appearance of the
‘brood, these assumptions were found to be correct and many broods have in this
manner been traced to their places of origin. At least three important results
followed the discovery and use of this method, the first was the finding of immense
breeding areas in the Hackensack Valley salt marsh in sections hitherto thought
_ to be free of breeding, the second was the uncovering of inefficiency in the control
of salt-marsh breeding on certain especially dangerous areas, and the third a
termined and apparently successful effort to eliminate the breeding places thus
iscovered.
The methods found to be successful for the fresh water swamp mosquito
“migrations are essentially the same.
It became necessary to find the source of a brood of the house mosquito
(@. pipiens) which in spite of effort to control local breeding continued to infest
North Elizabeth and Union County. It was quickly found that no progress could
be made by day collections and that a- difference in the hour when the collections
made gave such a difference in the number caught that determination of
ensity by serial collections covering several hours was impracticable. Accordingly,
sufficiently large number of inspectors were furnished by Union and Essex
unties to cover a line extending through North Elizabeth to and through South
wark to the sewage-charged salt marshes, each man collecting for fifteen minutes
at three stations, one-quarter of a mile apart from each other, between 8.00 p.m.
and 9 p-m. The following evening in the same manner a line from the marshes
-runni ng at right angles to the first was collected. In this instance the weather of
the two evenings was sufficiently similar to render the results comparable, but
merally it would be better to have enough inspectors to collect both lines at the
me time.
A careful study of the collections showed a zone of house mosquitoes extending
om North Elizabeth to the Ebling section of the Essex County salt marsh, a
stance of at least 2.5 miles, with practically steadily increasing density as the
marsh edge was approached.
_ Examinations of the marsh, which was heavily charged with sewage, showed
enormous numbers of C. salinarius and C. pipiens with small numbers of A.
‘sollicitans and A. cantator in larval and pupal stages. The question has been
sd as whether supposed house mosquitoes were not really salinarius. Un-
loubtedly both C. pipiens and C. salinarius were component portions of the zone,
54 THE REPORT OF THE - No: 36
but the smaller portion seemed to consist of the smaller, darker, lankier form
which was thought to be the latter. It seemed only fair to conclude that while
C. salinarius played a part in forming this mosquito zone, C. pipiens was clearly
shown in this case to migrate a distance of 2.5 miles from the place of breeding.
At thé same time that ‘an analysis of the mosquitoes on the wing is being made
a careful survey of the mosquito breeding places should go forward. A seasonal
map of the more or less permanent breeding places should be made.
PREPARING PLANS FoR THE ELIMINATION oF BREEDING PLACES. :
Having determined the nature of the mosquito fauna and its source, the next
step is. the preparation of plans for the elimination of the breeding places. In
most cases this involves the solution of rather simple engineering problems for
most of the work will be of a drainage character. Plans for the adequate treat-
-ment of each place should be prepared. The preparation of this phase of the
report may involve the consideration of breeding places, either fresh or salt, exist-
ing entirely outside of the protected area.
The actual working out of such a plan is well illustrated in the effort at
Princeton, New Jersey. Here each breeding place of a reasonably permanent char-
acter has been charted. The “type of written matter accompanying this chart
gives a description of each place or group of places, describes the methods that
should be used in eliminating the breeding, and presents an estimate of the cost of
the operation. A simple description of one of the breeding places runs about as
follows: “ District Number V is an old basin once a part of the D. and R. canal
system but long since abandoned. The stagnant water is sheltered from the winds
by surrounding trees and the banks are shallow and overgrown with vegetation. It
is 130 x 300 feet and has some surface drainage into Stony Brook. Its bottom
has at certain points as low an elevation as 52.6 feet above sea level, which shows
that the drainage will have to be supplemented by a fill.
“The Committee recommends that an open ditch be cut from this basin to the
nearest point of Stony Brook at a cost of from $15 to $20, and that the earth thus
removed be used to help fill the remainder of the basin to a level of 53.1 feet or more.
This will require 2,655 cu. yards. Part of the earth may be taken from the banks and
higher levels in the vicinity, but still more must be obtained elsewhere. The cost of
moving the soil and making the fill should be about $1,250. Abott $100 should be allotted
to clearing off the weeds and bushes that will obstruct the ditching and filling operations.”
In this way a comprehensive plan of operations and a fairly accurate estimate
of the cost of the initial work necessary for mosquito control in a specified locality
can be prepared.
OxsraINInG Funps.
After reasonably accurate plans and estimates are in hand the problem of
obtaining funds must be solved. It is safe to assume that if the work has been
carried to the stage of completed plans and estimates some one person or some
group of persons possessed of a considerable amount of energy and initiative is
deeply interested in the success of the movement. If the mover coincides with the
person or group who must furnish the means, this problem is extremely simple,
but, if on the other hand, the funds must come from a group of large size or from
the general public its solution becomes more difficult.
Two ways of getting funds are then open. The person or persons interested
may go about among the landowners and residents of the afflicted districts and
a a wee
naib AO eet de
bes
"2
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Or
Gr
BPatiempt to persuade them that the work is sufficiently important to- merit their
~ financial support. The person or persons interested may, through the medium of
a newspaper and magazine articles, educate the public to a point where the
_ desired work may be paid for from the public treasury. In any case, the danger
_and discomfort of present conditions must be constantly contrasted with the safety
and comfort of the time when the desired work has been completed.
EXECUTION OF THE PLANS.
“ When the moneys have been secured the organization necessary to carry out
_ the initial work must be formed. Perhaps the simplest form of organization is
_ the employment of a competent engineer who may be held responsible for the
_ proper prosecution of the work by contractors. Certainly, such a method will not
leave the active agent burdened with a supply of tools and useless machinery.
MAINTENANCE, TEMPORARY ELIMINATION, AND IMPROVEMENT.
When initial work has been completed it must be maintained. Breeding,
_ which occurs in the thousands of shallow pools of various sorts which after heavy
_Tains are found in depressions of the ground and in old receptacles and in places
of permanent character such as sewer basins, cesspools, cisterns, etc., must be
destroyed before the adult mosquitoes can be produced.
As the work proceeds, many additions to the drainage systems already installed
_ or entirely new plans for districts that may have been overlooked will seem advis-
= able. Provision should be made to meet such conditions.
: When trying to meet the problems of maintenance, temporary elimination, and
improvement of anti-mosquito work over a large area, some methods of testing the
value of such work must be devised. Many men will be employed and more or less
eff iently- supervised. Data on effectiveness as measured in terms of mosquitoes.
on the wing must be had. The practice of the regular collections of adults as
described earlier in this paper will afford the needed facts. After a certain
amount of experience the person in charge of collections will be able to say, under
given conditions of temperature, moisture and wind, just how many mosquitoes
per selected unit of time mean that-the householder living near the point of col-
on will be troubled. Fortunately, he can usually discover the dangerous in-
se in time to find the unchecked breeding and head off the trouble.
The local director of the anti-mosquito “work i is able, by examining his map of
collections, to see at once where the dangerous increases are, and by making a
thorough re-inspection at these points, to aeeoyer the inefficiency of his mainten-
ee and temporary elimination, and to determine the nature of improvement
ed. Of course his map may also show an invasion. It will then become
ssary to trace it to its source and take measures to correct the conditions which
given rise to it.
Giving THE ANTI-mMOsguito Work «a PERMANENT CHARACTER.
After the work of mosquito control has been started and carried forward for
sey ral seasons, the problem of insuring the continuance of necessary maintenance
erent must be solved. The first year of successful work will ordinarily
g about such a gratifying reduction in mosquito trouble, or disease carried by
quitoes, or both, that the work will stand very high in the opinion of the people
56 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
within the protected districts. This public approval will continue for two or three
or even more years, and the occasional appearance of a troublesome number will be
discounted.
But as time passes the remembrance of the eae experienced before any
work was done will fade, and the appearance of the occasional outbreaks will be
charged to inefficient work on the part of the mosquito control organization, and
the appropriations necessary for the support of the work may be discontinued. The
public will demand that freedom each year become noticeably greater. Of course,
this natural change of public opinion may be delayed by educational work in the
course of which the nature of the problem is explained. But sooner or later the
public will demand that even this occasional trouble, this apparently irreduceable
minimum, be eliminated.
Without doubt methods not now in use must be developed if this demand is
met. A more fundamental study of the mosquito’s natural history must be made
in the hope that a clue to the accomplishment of further reductions may be found.
The chemotactic responses of this insect are practically unknown. The develop-
ment of larvicidal agents has only begun. There is much room for that type of
research which will develop new and better methods of getting at the problem of
mosquito control.
EyaLuATION OF THE REsuLTS or Mosquito ContTROL,
The last phase of the problem of mosquito control is the evaluation of the
resulta of anti-mosquito work. In dealing with the species which disseminate well
known and definitely diagnosed diseases this phase seems to offer little difficulty.
Before the work is done a survey of the number of well authenticated cases of
disease should be made. Each year after the wdrk the survey is repeated and the
conditions before and after compared. This is well illustrated in the work at
Princeton, where in 1914 before the work of control began there were 127 cases of
malaria, while in 1915, after the work had made a good start, there were 65 cases,
and in 1916, after the large part of the work had been done, there were 8 cases.
Still more striking results were presented by Dr. Carter last winter. At Roanoke
Rapids, North Carolina, in several mill villages of over 4,000 total population, anti-
mosquito work reduced the physicians’ calls from 50 per day to 214 per day the first
year, and to one call for each three days the second. At Wilson, Virginia, in 1915,
every house visited by Dr. Carter had at least one inmate sick with malaria. The
five deaths which occurred in August may be taken to indicate that there were
about 500 cases in the place. In the summer season following efficient anti- °
mosquito work there was only one case.
Thus far the only ways of measuring the value of anti-mosquito work when
only the comfort of the people is served, are public approval as voiced by the
newspapers and governing bodies, and the advancement in valuation of property
for taxing purposes.
The “first usually appears in a form similar to the following taken from the —
Newark Evening Star on August 16, 1912:
“That the work of mosquito extermination in Essex County this season has been
well done, nobody can doubt or deny. The pest was not entirely destroyed, but that was
not expected. The mosquito extermination Act has been amply justified by results and ©
its repeal by the legislature at the demand of some parsimonious county that is willing —
to suffer the pest rather than pay the small price for getting rid of it is impossible.”
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57
Or in a form similar to the following communication “from the Paterson
Press-Guardian.
“To the Editor of the Press-Guardian: Sir,—Now that the Mosquito Commission has
announced that its operations for this season are ended, it would seem to be a proper
time to call attention to the great success of its operation. i have lived in Paterson more
than forty years and in my recollection we have never had so much freedom from
_ mosquitoes as during the past season, and this in spite of the fact that the conditions
for breeding mosquitoes early this season were ideal. The result, I believe, can only in
fairness be attributed to the mosquito extermination work.
“When this work was inaugurated a few years ago, many people were doubtful of
, the result and seemed to feel that money appropriated for the mosquito extermination
"work would be money wasted: but it seems to me that any unprejudiced person com-
paring conditions during the past summer with previous years must realize that the
nuisance has been reduced to a minimum and that the money invested in this work has
been well spent.
“Let us give due credit to David Young as well as to the members of the Com-
mission and others engaged in the work who have given the matter time and study and
hard work, and when the’Commission applies for its next appropriation let it have the
money without hesitation. Not only does this work promote the comfort of the resi-
dents of Paterson but, if continued, it must enhance real estate values, which have
suffered in the past from the widespread and free advertising received by the ‘Jersey
Mosquito.’
“ Paterson, ‘Oct. a Us Us By fe
While this sort of approval is necessary it is a rather poor yardstick by which
to measure the value of permanent work.
Unfortunately increases in real estate values are dependent upon so many
_ factors that one finds it extremely difficult to separate the effect of mosquito control
from the operation of other factors. We can, however, say that the development
when it is a matter of building up high-class residence districts will not occur
where the country is infested by hordes of mosquitoes. A calculation prepared in
- 1912 shows that the taxable values of shore properties from Jersey City to Sea
_ Bright had increased since mosquito work had begun at least 614 millions, and that
_ the increase ranged from about 15 per cent. in the manufacturing districts to 300
per cent. in some of the residence districts.
If we may assume that a reasonable freedom from the mosquito pest is pre-
requisite to large industrial development, and the writer believes that the assump-
tion is in most cases susceptible of proof, an examination of the increase in taxable
yalues on the Newark meadows, which were formerly as badly mosquito infested
as any part of the State of New Jersey, will serve as an instance to show the de-
_ yelopment which anti-mosquito work has made possible.
The meadow comprises about 4,000 acres. Anti-mosquito work began many
i years ago, became intensive in 1912, and has continued until the present. The
_ taxable value of those marshes and the tax from them are shown in the following
table:
Year. Taxable Value. The Tax Increase.
LES. 5 ts Se oa $1,735,000 $19,656
REE echo Rites c's alee vie vices esis coe 2,192,000 22,064
MAME EASE Vols ol viciersts.o0a0, 0s 00a esis sales «> 2,251,000 30,390
EIT eae so ayn s, 2 cvaie\e 0-000, a/e"e siete wana 3,750,000 64,155
i
E
In 1912 the tax was $19,656 and in 1916 it was $64,155, making an increase
di of $44,499, or over 300 per cent. In 1912, 286 men were employed in factories on
& these meadows with a yearly wage of $152,000. In 1916, 6,341 men were em-
_ ployed with a payroll of $2,863,000.
In dealing with salt marshes, as a by-product of the drainage necessary for
Mosquito control, we find a decided increase in the annual yield of salt hay. The
-
24
58 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
undrained marsh yields an average of about .7 of a ton of coarse hay, which hardly
repays the cost of cutting and marketing, while the drained marsh produces 2.6 tons
of a much better grade, involving an increase of about $15 an acre. It should,
of course, be recognized that an average of about three years is required to realize
the full benefit.
‘ CONCLUSIONS.
Present methods of mosquito control are sufficiently effective to afford much
relief from the mosquito pest by freeing protected communities to a very large ~
extent from mosquito annoyance and mosquito-carried diseases. Such results can
be obtained only when the matter is gone about in a careful systematic manner,
involving a thorough study of the nature of the problem and the creation of an
effective organization to carry out the work.
Mosquito control work, because of the large amount of temporary control
involved, must become a permanent fixture.
With present methods of control the protected territory will at times be
troubled by some mosquitoes, because the enormous increase in breeding surface,
brought about by a prolonged rainy period, may be such as the organization cannot
cope with. ;
More thorough or fundamental studies of the life economy of the economic
species of mosquitoes are needed in order that still more effective’ methods of control
may be found.
Mr. Gipson: May I ask whether you have used oil to any great extent on
the marshy areas? ee
Dr. HEADLEE. Oil is used extensively for temporary elimination in small
temporary pools, basins, in the treatment of garbage dumps, and to some extent,
although only a minor extent, on the salt marsh. It is considered a method
of temporary elimination only, and its use is no more extensive than we can
avoid. We use a good many thousand barrels of oil in a year, because there is
much temporary work to be done, and I think if we take into consideration
existing conditions there always will be temporary work to be done. There are
always temporary pools under exceedingly rainy conditions, and these pools are
breeding grounds for the mosquitoes. We have had the question raised frequently
as to why we do not reduce the seed or eggs so that under these extra rainy
conditions they could not produce so many insects. We have not got the eggs
down far enough yet to notice much difference, although we have made a number
of experiments. 2 ;
Pror. CaEsAR: What type of oil do you use now? _
Dr. Heaptes: All kinds of fuel oil.. Recently the Standard and other
concerns have been making us an oil up to heat strength by putting in a good
amount of crude kerosene. We need an oil with a large amount of spread
in proportion to holding power, and we are continuously trying all kinds
of oil, for until we test it out we do not know the character of it and
whether or not it will suit our purpose.. The number of fuel oils is tremendous,
and the only way we can get the kind we want is to have samples submitted
to us and test them for spread and for staying qualities. Some oils will stay
for two weeks, and others far two days, some will spread out nicely by themselves,
others will have to be sprayed on to make them spread at all. The whole question
is a difficult one, and we have tried to get satisfaction from the standpoint of —
viscosity, but the oil people do not seem able to give us just what we are looking
——
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. - 59
for. In testing a sample of fuel oil we want one that will spread readily, will make
a nice complete coating on the water, and will stay at least a week. But even
__ at the best, oil is only a temporary measure.
A hearty vote of thanks, moved by Pror. Cazsar and seconded by Pror.
-Locuneap, was extended to the speaker in appreciation of his lecture.
3 Mr. A. F. Wryw then delivered the President’s Address on “The Bladder-
scales of Lycenide.”
After the evening session, a smoker was held in the Men’s Residence, when
- an extensive discussion on “Canadian Entomologists and the War” took place.
The discussion was taken part in by Prof. Lochhead, Mr. Winn, Dr. Headlee,
_ Prof. Burgess, Prof. O’Kane, Prof. Caesar, Prof. Brittain, Mr. Gibson, Mr.
_ Petch and others.
FRIDAY MORNING, 9 O’CLOCK.
. After a short business meeting at which the officers for the ensuing year
_ were elected, Prof. Caesar, the newly appointed President, took the chair and in a
few words expressed his thanks and appreciation of the honor done him.
Mr. WInw extended an invitation to members and visitors to visit the Lyman
_ Entomological room at McGill University.
THE BLACK CHERRY APHIS.
Witir1sm A. Ross, Dominion ENToMoLoOGICAL LABORATORY, VINELAND
STATION.
~
_\ The experiments on which the following paper is based were carried on this
" past season at the Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Vineland Station, Ontario.
The aphis was studied both in the insectary and in the orchard. In the insectary
& (a covered bench, situated out-of-doors) the plant lice were reared on small
_ sweet cherry trees and Lepidium plants grown in flower pots.
As we have not had time to prepare technical descriptions of the various
forms, only popular descriptions are included in this paper.
HIsTory.
_ he black cherry aphis has long been known in Europe and North America
. as a pest of cherry trees. On this side of the Atlantic the species was first
_ recorded in 1851 by Fitch (Cat. Homopt. N.Y. 65, 1851). The same author
gives an interesting account of its habits. He feed that it was introduced
into America with the tree which it infests. What is probably the first reference
to M. cerasi in Canadian literature is contained in Fletcher’s Report of the
‘Entomologist, 1885. Mention is merely made of the occurrence of aphids on
young cherry trees at Victoria V. I—no name or description is given. In the
Entomologist’s Report for 1897, Dr. Fletcher gives the following interesting
observations made by Mr. Martin Burrell, at that time of St. Catharines, Ont. :—
60 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
“The principal damage has been done by the Cherry Aphis (Myzus cerasi
Fab.), whose attacks on the sweet cherry of this Peninsula (Niagara) were simply
disastrous. I do not think I should be overshooting the mark if I said that
half of the crop was ruined. JI saw many cases where not only the foliage was
covered but even the fruit, and especially the stalks, with lice.”
HABITS AND DEPREDATIONS.
The cherry aphis is primarily a pest of the sweet cherry. It occurs on, but
so far as we are aware, is never destructive to, the sour cherry.*
The aphis feeds on the buds and tender foliage and it may even attack the
blossoms and fruit, especially the stems. Infested leaves become tightly curled
and when badly attacked turn brown and die. Fitch speaks of aphis-infested
leaves “looking as though they had been scorched by fire.” The fruit may also
be seriously damaged. During the summer of 1915, there was an outbreak
Cherry Aphids on underside of sweet cherry
leaf, natural size.
of cherry aphis in the Niagara district and in a Vineland orchard the fruit was
so badly injured that most of it was left on the trees. The cherries were small,
ripened irregularly and many of them were covered with. honey-dew and the
black honey-dew fungus. ¥
MIGRATION oF M. CERASI.
A difference of opinion has existed among entomologists as to whether this
species is migratory or not. Crosby (1) considers that the question is unsettled.
Sanderson (2) and O’Kane (3) say that so far as known the cherry aphis has
— ee
*Since writing the above, Mr. P. J. Parrott, Geneva Agricultural Experiment Station,
has kindly placed at my disposal the following note from Mr. H. W. Lasher, of Woleott:
“Replying to your inquiry re the black cherry aphids, I find that some years they do
infest the sour cherry. They have attacked in my case, Montmorency, Morello, and
Richmond trees. They do not take a block but trees scattered throughout an orchard.
They destroy all the fruit, it falling off when the size of a pea.” y
3 ~~)
wee
i?
A
oe
1
ee
918 ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61
Wy
only one food plant. Gillette (4) states definitely that M. cerasi lacks the
alternating food habit. On the other hand, Quaintance and Baker (5) claim
that it is migratory. How are we to account for these apparently conflicting
‘statements? Is it possible that the species is partially monophagous and partially
‘migratory? Our observations and experiments prove that it is. Apterous forms
reside throughout the season on the primary host-cherry, and in addition alate,
produced during the summer, migrate to and establish colonies on a secondary
host.
; The cherry aphis apparently has an unique life cycle. Some plant lice with
p the alternating food habit, e.g., Hriosoma lanigera, Prociphilus tessellata and
_ Myzus persice occur at all times of the year on their secondary hosts, but, so
' far as we are aware, no migratory aphid other than M. cerasi normally resides
_ om the primary host all year. If we were given to theorizing, we would suggest
_ that at the present time, the black cherry aphis is in the transitional stage
_ between the migratory type (e.g., A. aven) and the more specialized monophagous
_ type (e.g., A. pomi).
oS Micratory TEsts.
MPL LPM TY
be
Myrrh Power
In order to discover the secondary host a series of migratory experiments
_ were made with common plants belonging to the following genera: Agropyron,
— Dactylis, Poa, Polygonum, Rumex, Chenopodium, Amaranthus, Stellaria, Silene,
Ranunculus, Erysimum, Capsella, Lepidiwm, Brassica, Lobularia, Potentilla,
_ Prunus, Trifolium, Vicia, Medicago, Malva, Nepeta, Stachys, Verbascum, Plantago,
Cirsium, Arctium, Hieracium, Lactuca, Senecio, Ambrosia, Aster, Sonchus,
Solidago. The migrants fed to some extent on cherry, Polygonum persicaria,
_ Chenopodium album, Rumex acetosella, Stellaria media and Malva rotundifolia,
_ but did not reproduce on these plants. Young were deposited on Polygonum
_aviculare, Rumex crispus, Lobularia maritima, Verbascum thapsus, Plantago
_ lanceolata, P..major and Solidago sp., but they did not grow and soon succumbed.
Weak colonies developed on Brassica arvensis, Erysimum cheiranthoides and
Capsella bursa-pastoris.* On Lepidium apetalum strong colonies were readily
established and were carried through to the end of the season.
FIELD OBSERVATIONS,
___In the field our search for migrants was rewarded by finding them and their
_ progeny on wild peppergrass, L. apetalum growing within two hundred yards
of an infested cherry orchard (first collection was made on July 9th, 1917). The
aphis was not taken on any other plant but in spite of this we are strongly
inclined to believe that other crucifers besides Lepidium serve as secondary hosts.
Next season, we hope to be able to prove this.
=
9 THE Hac.
‘ The minute, oval-shaped eggs (.68 mm. x .32 mm.) change within a few
~ days after being laid from watery green to black. They are deposited around
the buds and on the rough bark of twigs and branches. They commence to
hatch early in spring when the buds are swelling. In the cherry orchard (situated
on the lake shore) which we had under observation this past season, the period
of hatching extended from the 17th to the 24th of April. All the eggs hatched
at least nineteen days before the cherry buds actually burst.
- *One colony on Erysimum survived until autumn, at which time it gave rise to
eturn migrants and males.
62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
THe Stem MorHer.
The newly hatched, dark green stem mothers migrate to and settle on the
buds, where they feed on the green tissue. Later on, they attack the tender
leaves and blossom buds. After moulting four times, they reach maturity in
four or five weeks and commence within a day or two to give birth to living
young. The first young are produced about the time the most advanced blossoms
open.
: DescripTION. The adult stem mother is a glossy black, globose insect,
about 2.07 mm. x 1.44 mm., with 5-jointed antenne.
BREEDING EXPERIMENTS. —
In our insectary experiments with 15 individuals the following data were
obtained :— a
Number of instars: Five.*
Length of Nymphal Life: Maximum 37 days, minimum 30 days, average
31.8 days.
Age when reproduction commenced: Maximum 37 days, minimum 30 days,
average, 32.6 days.
Reproductive period: Maximum 41 days, minimum 26 days, average 32.9
days.
Fecundity: Greatest number 198 young per insect, smallest number 80
young, average number 154.9 young.
Daily production of young per female: Maximum 18 young, minimum 1
young, average 4.8 young.
Total length of life: Maximum 85 days, minimum 57 days, average 69.5 days.
SuMMeErR Forms oN CHERRY.
The progeny of the stem mothers develop into apterous viviparous females.
This generation is then followed by brood after brood of wingless and winged
aphids. The apterous forms remain on cherry and may be found on this tree
from spring till late autumn. The alate on the other hand leave the cherry
and migrate to Lepidium.
APTEROUS VIVIPARA.
During the early part of the season wingless forms are very common but
as the summer wears along they diminish in numbers. This decrease is due
to the production of alate, to the effective work of predaceous enemies and also —
to the drying up of the affected foliage. Moderately infested trees are liable
to support more apterous lines throughout the season than are heavily infested
ones. In fact, on badly attacked cherry trees the aphids may wholly disappear
by mid-summer. For example, in 1915, in a seriously infested orchard at Vine-
land, no plant lice were found on the trees after mid-August.
Description. The adult wingless vivipara like the stem mother is globose
and glossy black. Unlike the latter, however, it possesses 6-jointed antennm.
In size, it is about 2.16 mm. x 1.17 mm. g
*In order to avoid repetition I might mention here that all the other forms have /
five instars.
oo ‘juemdoyaAep [eyduAu suring
O1/02-8/02 ¥'9S eh | te | 8) be | T | 8 | €°LP | 0¢ 66 9°6E | TL | t€ | 9° tL | 8 cra 9°&L | 8 ce PS Goes ences
6/9 -L/té OL | ele | GL | 19 | Cac ae Onl mena ye as LIT | 9'ce | OL | 9§ | 9°8 | 9 €1 62.) 9 a G1S)| Fees C7,
8/T -L/¢ Tel Lé | 8ST | 07} 6S | T | & | &L | 9F TOT | S'8E | ef | $2} 98 | 9 &I 8 |.9 II PL | To" pag
1/6 -9/81 T'e9 | 8708 | ez | eb | g | | en 2°16 | s9 OPTS Ze ST tabs Ocul capes 6 I LOT | 6 rae PL | ec Be
| wrog 380]
bi 6/61-8/t@ 9°09 | 8°89 | Lg | ez | LT | T | 6 | e290 | 22 96 GLE | 8 | Sf PT | OL 9I Q’éT | OT 9T 1AM hee rhe WEVA
= 6/f-8/91 1°99 |x 6h | 6 | 19 |e | Tt | L | 9°89 | oF 90T | 8°Le | te | ee (he |? &T Ors) 2 él Gis So oawe Oboe
S) 8/L2-8/8 T'69 8€ | 6¢ | Lh | Ce ih 00 fE6 1°19 Let | 8°8¢ | GI | 286) H78 | 8 Or SL.| 2 6 GS enimeee OU
ra 8/02-8/T 6°0L ; ele | 11 | 68) EE | FT | 6 | 8°09 | OF £6 PSl ih (to, 9k 9 or el \9 6 t] | een a 6
ei 8/21-L/92 pl T€ |} ce | 0; 08 | T | I 8'eL bP &6 8'ce | f. | OF | cL | 9 6 979 9 8 las pena
= 8/T -L/81 Py 8l | 9°92 | IL | SE} 68 | E | tL pL | 61 Il ; 98ST} % | 9¢) 82 | 2 6 DL \L 8 Pare tes UL
S L/1@-L/6 89 0€ | cc | 88) 9°E | T | FL | 'L9 | 87 88 9°8T | cL | #2 |} 06 | 6 Or c6 | 6 or Pn eet moar EE!)
S 1/11-9/82 L°€9 | G62 | € | GE G | Tf | 9© | $°88.) 9% OGL | OrZ Te eine IL | OL éL 9°OL | OL ras Gh ee eee
Ss 9/0€-9/61 £9 98 | 0& | Th | 8b | T | IT | 9°SOT! 26 SIl | 8'Ié | 02 | te Ot | 6 éL 956 .| 8 II Pept mone aU
a 9/61-9/ 19 | 8°SE | G2) fh |} eS | Tt | PL | LOT) 29 9St | 0°02 | cL | 22 |-¢°ST | er tI ¢ SL | ct tI Tay Ler epee gt
9/6 -S/8T 9°tS | O'Fh | Ge | 88) e'9 | T | 8 etl) Le Pst & |S | 8 ST | ST 0¢ LT | tT 02 EN Cael ane S16
S272] a8 a & B “U01yB19Uat)
SR lc cue | SDRPaL See ER ge AOR POR) aa AT y
W a SITE 2b let Ai SIS
8 . / ISVUGO ‘W—WUVdIAIA hippies) AS ‘ON aTaVL
: ' ‘ . onik
ewe wee ee eee iss PET ey 2) eee ee ee vee
Sale tag THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
BREEDING EXPERIMENTS.
In this form, the duration of nymphal life varies very considerably due in
a large measure to the great differences in temperature to which the females born
early in spring and those born during the summer are subjected. (See- table
No. 1.) In our experiments the average nymphal life in the second generation
was 17.5 days, in the eighth it was 6.6 days.
In the matter of reproductive capacity, this form is slightly less prolific
than the stem mottier (see table No. 1). One hundred and eleven apterous forms
produced an average of 80.9 young per insect.
SumMeErR MIGRANT.
Migrants are produced on cherry trees during a period extending from mid-
June to the middle or latter part of August.* The vast majority of them,
howeyer, develop and migrate before mid-July.
Description: The head, thorax, cornicles, and cauda of the migrant are
black and the abdomen varies in colour from dark or black green to dark brown.
It is about 2.16 mm. long.
Re es ae ee ae ee
Factors WHicH Propucr ALAT®.
A question which should be touched on here is: what agencies tend to produce
winged-forms? We are inclined to believe that three of them are, the influence
of over-population, the instinct to migrate, and, to a small extent at least, the
influence of generation.
With a monophagous species such as Aphis pomi the appearance of alate
is apparently due in a large measure to overcrowding. This hypothesis explains
why, by preventing crowding, it is possible to rear apterous lines of the green
apple aphis through from egg to egg. With a migratory species, however, such
~as Aphis avene, another factor comes into play, viz.: the instinct to migrate.
In some of our experiments with the oat aphis one individual was reared on ©
each host plant (apple), but in spite of this swperabundance of food and space, —
all the lines gave rise to migrants—the aphis in order to complete its life cycle
had to migrate.
And now to return to the cherry aphis, this louse behaves more like a
monophagous than a migratory species. The migratory instinct appears to be
attenuated and seemingly is of little or no importance in the production of
winged forms. In our insectary work, it was observed that alate did not develop
unless the plant lice were excessively crowded.
The influence of generation as a minor factor is suggested by the fact that
no winged forms occur in the 2nd generation of M. -cerasi—at least we did not
obtain any.
BREEDING EXPERIMENTS.
In our experiments with a large number of migrants the following data
were obtained :—
Duration of nymphal life. Migrants took from 7 to 13 days to reach maturity,
or in other words, one to four days longer than contemporary apterous vivipare. —
Reproduction: Migrants gave birth to young one or two days after they
were transferred to Lepidium.
*A few migrants were taken on cherry on August 27th, pe
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65
Reproductive period: Maximum 26 days, minimum 2 days, average 11.6.
Fecundity: The average reproductive capacity of 18 individuals was 16.7
young per insect, the maximum and minimum being respectively 3% young and
4 young.
Daily production of young: Maximum 8, minimum 1, average 1.7.
Total length of life: Maximum 56 days, minimum 4 days, average 15.4 days.
SEcoNDARY APTEROUS VIVIPARA.
The progeny of the cherry to Lepidium migrants develop into wingless vivi-
parse and are followed by brood after brood of their kind until fall at which
time return migrants and males are produced, concerning which more will be
said later. For want of a better name, the wingless forms on Lepidiwm are
referred to in this paper as secondary apterous vivipare.
Description. This form is much smaller and is lighter in colour than its
fellow on cherry. It is dull brown in colour and is about 1.26 mm. x. .68 mm.
in size.
BREEDING EXPERIMENTS.
In experiments with 37 apterous forms the following data were obtained.
Length of Nymphal Life: Maximum 19 days, minimum 6 days, average
9.8 days.
Age when reproduction commenced: Maximum 19 days, minimum 6 days,
average 10.2 days.
Reproductive period: Maximum 44 days, minimum 9 days, average 24.5 days.
Reproductwe capacity per female: Maximum 83 young, minimum 19 young,
average 44 young.
Daily production of young per female: Maximum 7 young, minimium 1
young, average 1.8 young.
Total length of life: Maximum 75 days, minimum 17 days, average 40.8
eye.
THE ALATE SEXUPARA.
In early autumn migrant aphids* are produced on Lepidium and return
to the cherry where they deposit the egg-laying females. At the same time the
monophagous lines on cherry give rise to large numbers of winged formst which
also give birth to egg-laying females. In other words the sexupara—the mother
of the sexual female—is produced on both the secondary and primary hosts.
Description. This form is very similar in appearance to the summer
migrant.
7 BREEDING EXPERIMENTS.
The data obtained from the sexupare bred on cherry (primary host) and on
_ Tepidium (secondary host) are presented herewith in tabular form,
.
*Return migrants were found on Lepidium from Sept. 17th to October 29th.
7Sexrupare were produced on cherry from Sept. 9th to the chose of the season.
5 ES.
Boe ge a oe
66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36°
TABLE No. 2—SEXUPARZ—M. CERASI.
| [ Daily Prod
| Length of | Reproductive} Fecundity PR ata :
2 Nymphal Life.| Period. per Insect. oe x cue Longevity.
Host. as | |
om | : . 5 . | .
ot An ? > ee ne 1 oe 5 a x
5 “ a] o “4 | o 4 a ' ) 4 5 o a i a 2
z 2/=|2/2/2|</s zl2\/s|8|< 2|2 |<
Primary | [mak i] aes an
(Cherry) .... 13 14 |20.3) 11 2) Ga at | 2 ditiaeG 1 | 1.2] 61 | 19 147.1
Secondary | | | | |
(Lepidium).., 6 19 | 14 Faas 5 PAA Bere 6 3 5 | 4 1 1 | 70 | 24 (52.3
as
THE MALE.
Early in October winged males* appear on the secondary host and fly back
to the cherry where they mate with the oviparous females. No males are pro-
duced on cherry. This means that, in spite of the pronounced tendency of the
black cherry aphis to live a monophagous life on cherry, the completion of its
life cycle is still dependent on the existence of a secondary host.
Description. Antenne, head, thorax, cornicles and external genitals black.
Abdomen reddish brown with dark transverse bars, and three black lateral spots.
Length 1.53 mm. to 1.62 mm.
NyYMPHAL LIFE.
The average duration of nymphal life of 29 individuals was 35 days, the
maximum and minimum being respectively 25 and 44 days.
THE OVIPARA. .
This form may be found on the leaves, twigs and branches up to the time
all the aphids are killed by frost.
Description. The general colour of the ovipara is dark brown. The abdo-
men may be tinged with green. In size, it is about 1.8 mm. x .8 mm.
BREEDING EXPERIMENTS.
In our experiments with 13 individuals the following data were obtained :—
Length of Nymphal life: Maximum 33 days, minimum 21 days, average
27.4 days. a
Age when egg-laying Snead: Maximum 53 days, minimum 26 days,
average 40.2 days.
Reproductive period: Maximum 22 days. minimum 1 day, average 10.2 days.
Fecundity per female: Maximum 8 eggs, minimum 1 egg, average 4.2 eggs.
fotomes
Longevity: Maximum 71 days, minimum 52 days, average 61.6 days.
NUMBER OF GENERATIONS.
According to our experiments there are from six to fourteen generations of
this insect per year in the Niagara district.
*Males developed on Lepidium from October 6th to November 17th.
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67
nt We ee ee —————
NATURAL CONTROL,
Insect Enemies.
Like most species of plant lice the cherry aphis is harassed by many insect
enemies. Amongst these enemies are numbered the following :—
Gecinellide—Adalia bipunctata Linn. (Apparently the most important
predator), Coccinella 9-notata Herbst., C. transversoguttata Fabr., C. trifasciata,
Linn., C. sanguinea Linn., Anatis 15: punctata Oliv., Hippodamia 13-punctata
and Reyinus collaris.
Syrphide—Syrphus americanus Wiedemann, S. ribesti Linn., Allogvapta
obliqua Say.
Cecidomyiide—A phidoletes meridionalis Felt.
Chrysopide—Chrysopa sp. (No lace-wing flies were reared).
: Acarina—An undetermined, bright, orange red species.
WEATHER AGENCIES.
Undoubtedly the most effective weapons employed by Nature in checking
the multiplication of this, and other species of plant lice are weather agencies.
Heavy rains wash off large numbers of aphids, especially in spring before the
pseudogalls are formed. Droughts are frequently disastrous to the lice, chiefly.
we think, because such weather deprives the host plants of succulency. [Early
frosts and wind storms also may destroy countless numbers of immature sexual
females by causing the foliage to drop prematurely.
ARTIFICIAL CONTROL.
The cherry aphis is most vulnerable early in spring just before the buds
break. At this time all the eggs have hatched and the young stem mothers,
feeding on the buds, are absolutely without protection. Thorough spraying at
_ this stage with a good aphidicide will destroy all or practically all the lice.
b Last spring, we tested this remedial measure in a Vineland orchard. One-
2 half of the orchard—the check—was given the usual treatment with lime sulphur.
In the other half, lime sulphur eeaitencd with Black Leaf 40 (84 pint to 80
. was used and the application was not made until shortly before the
_ buds burst. Because of the slow multiplication of the lice on the check trees,
_ due to unfavorable meteorological conditions, the results obtained from this experi-
{ ment did not show up to advantage until early July. At that time, the following
_ notes were made :—
E “Examined all the trees sprayed with Black Leaf 40 and found only one
small colony. In the check block all the trees are more or less infested and
some are badly attacked. By noting the condition of the foliage—normal or
_ curled—it is a simple matter to tell where the treated rows end and the unsprayed
section begins.”
5
Literature Cited.
E Slingerland and Crosby:
. Manual of Fruit Insects, p. 312.
©) Sanderson, E. D.:
Insect Pests of Farm, Garden and Orchard, p. 666.
68 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 _—
(3) O'Kane, W. C.:
Injurious Insects, p. 318.
(4) Gillette, C. P.:
The Menthly Bulletin of State Commission of Horticulture, California,
Vol Vis NOs cape sos:
(5) Quaintance and Baker:
Farmers’ Bulletin 804, U.S. Dept. of Agr., p. 24.
FatuHer Leoporp: Is it a fact that there is no male on cherry?
Mr. Ross: The male is produced only on the secondary host.
Dr. HEADLEE: We found with apple aphis that there was a peculiarly suscep-
tible stage in the egg just before hatching. The egg has three layers, one of
which is a transparent layer, and this layer splits about a week before hatching.
The egg is then very susceptible to light, moisture and other influences, and to
chemical sprays, etc., and I wonder if Mr. Ross has found a similar condition
in the eggs of the Black Cherry Aphis?
Mr. Ross: No. I have not found this with Black Cherry Aphis, but I have
with Apple Aphids. We fumigated trees that were heavily stocked with the eggs
of the Oat Aphis and Aphis pomi about ten days before the buds burst. We
destroyed one hundred per cent. of the eggs with hydrocyanic acid gas, 1 oz. to
100 cubic feet, but we have not done anything with the Cherry Aphis.
Dr. HEADLEE: Have you experimented with chemicals on the eggs?
Mr. Ross: No. :
Dr, HEApDLEE: We found that carbolic acid was effective in dealing with
the apple aphis egg at this stage.
Pror. CAESAR: Was this a laboratory experiment or an orchard experiment ?
Dr. Heaviee: Both.
Pror. CarsaR: Dr. Headlee gives us another suggestion, and that is what most
workers are seeking for. From my own observations it would appear that lime-
sulphur wash seems to have quite an effect during some seasons, and in other
seasons it has almost no effect, or a very slight effect.
Dr. HEADLEE: The addition of Black Leaf 40 seems to increase the killing
effect of lime-sulphur on the egg. I think Parrott and Hodekiss had some success
with this.
~
‘A COMEDY OF ERRORS.
Francis J. A. Morris, PETERBOROUGH.
It is surely astonishing how often the two Dromios have made their appear-
atfee on the entomological stage. These amusing little comedians seem never to
pall, and their simple farce, trite as it is, continues—like a Punch and Judy show,
or the Marks Bros.—to draw crowded houses and evoke peals of delighted applause.
It speaks well for the wholesomeness of our hobby that the entire brotherhood of us
should remain so perennially gullible, so good-humoured over mistakes, and so easy
of diversion. Masquerading must be as old as the hills, and mistaken identity
forms one of the leading motives in the world’s literature. It is found in the
oldest sagas. Aristotle remarks how effectively Homer uses it in the Odyssey:
and still to this day it remains one of the great well-springs of Romance; now
sparkling in the lightest of comedies, now darkening the unplumbed gulfs of tragic
depth.
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69
All enthusiasts are apt to be uncritical, and collectors for a variety of reasons
are probably more prone to error than most people. Our zeal outruns discretion ;
in the flush of a fresh capture we are at the mercy of two opposite impulses; we
would dearly love our prize to prove something quite new, and we fairly ache to
get it placed just where it belongs, with its next-of-kin in our cabinet. Now, an
insect being a most intricate complex of diverse features, we are very apt—the wish
_ being father to the thought—to seize on something superficial and strain a point
of identity or of difference. How often in this way have two individual insects,
ereated male and female of one species after their kind, been divorced to opposite
_ ends of the collecting case from some purely sexual or even accidental distinction
of size, marking, or structure? And the contrary error of confusing types essen-
tially different, augmented even, on occasion, by the distracting presence of mimetic
forms, beguiles the unwary just as often; and here it is that the two Dromios get
their cue to come in and play the cat and banjo with our cabinet. J remember as
a small boy arranging my collection of birds’ eggs by similarity of colour-pattern,
and under the impression that they were just undersized eggs of the common
chaffinch, innocently disposing of some very rare red-poll’s eggs to a more mature
oologist( an Aberdonian and already one of the shrewdest of Scotchmen).
Henshaw’s check-list of North American Coleoptera no doubt teems with
synonyms; but on the other hand, if you trace back the history of a standard check-
list, from its latest edition to its earliest, you will meet almost as many instances
of genuine species that have blushed unseen for generations under a pseudonym;
and though some authorities are undoubtedly overfond of multiplying species,
there can be little question that the most carefully prepared and up-to-date check-
list still contains a few rightful heirs, waiting to come into their own, hidden under
the bushel of a synonym. It is the story of one of these neglected claimants that
I shall try to tell you here. 2
When I entered the field of entomology more than twelve years ago, it was by
way of a bridle-path from the neighbouring realm of botany. And the xatural in-
elination to make my hobby of wild flowers run in double harness with that of
beetles, was given a final set in the very first season of 1905; I went over to Great
Britain on a botany trip at the end of June, and formed there the habit of carrying
a cyanide bottle out with me on all occasions; whatever I saw in the shape of a
beetle on stem, leaf or blossom, I captured, noting its season and habit. It was
this somewhat peculiar and restricted form of collecting that soon led me to a
number of unusual finds and at last landed me, as a sort of monomaniac, among
the Longicorns. Moreover, my running mate in Port Hope, the man whose hobby
trotted to the same tune as mine, had several years the start of me in entomology,
and it was only by drawing on my capital of plant-lore that I could hope to turn the
handicap into a neck-and-neck race.
I well remember how closely I watched in 1906 for every new flower to unfold
from early April on through the weeks to August and September. And before
May was over I had already made some finds quite new to my companion, whose
cabinet specimens had hitherto enabled me to determine nearly all the contents of
my cyanide bottle. I can still plainly see in memory the hawthorn on the edge
of a certain wood where some of my first surprises occurred. And foremost among
these was a dusky grey and black insect so like one of the common large black
ants, that it was only after passing it over several times that I noticed the long
_ gracefully-curving antenne, and hastened to bottle my find. As soon as I got
home I communicated this new discovery to my fellow-collector, and he included
some specimens in a box of material he was on the point of sending away for
identification.
70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Now the fervor of a new pursuit had prompted me to purchase a copy of what
has ever since been a kind of bible to me, LeConte and Horn’s Key to the Generic
Classification of North American Coleoptera. Pending the return of the box with
its inmates labelled, I occupied myself with a lens and the famous key, unlocking
the riddles of generic status. After a good deal of trouble I worked down my
specimens to the group Anaglypti, and once I had done that the rest was plain
sailing; the insect had no ivory vitte and could not be Huderces; it had not round
eyes, so was not Tillomorpha; it must be either Cyrtophorus or Microclytus. Here —
the specific name gazellula under the latter genus was very tempting, for never had
1 seen a Longhorn with more graceful outline or more elegantly curving antennze
than this; but there was no room for choice, the fourth antennal joint was more
than twice as long as the second, and it simply had to be Cyrtophorus verrucosus—
even though this being interpreted should mean the “lumpy hunch-back,” a name
more apropriate surely for some African rhinoceros or wart-hog, or for our own
American buffalo, than for this dainty little chamois.
Flushed with the pride of my discovery, I ventured to prophesy what name
my fellow-collector would find on the label when his box came back. You may
imagine how nonplussed I was, when we opened the parcel, to find instead the
legend—Microclytus gazellula. I was so sure of my identification and so full of
faith in my bible of entomology that I had actually the hardihood to write to the
curator of the museum explaining my predicament. Almost by return of post
came word that our specimen had been identified by comparison with an insect so
labelled in a collection to which the Museum had fallen heir; the original owner
had wrongly determined it; LeConte and Horn were perfectly correct, and the
insect was undoubtedly Cyrtophorus verrucosus. So, after all, my trouble had not
gone for nothing.
It is obviously impossible in a large collection to verify all the names, unless
the institution is fortunate enough te have at its disposal a whole army of expert
systematists. But what ever-widening rings of error spread from cabinet to
cabinet by this same practice of taking things on trust. No wonder Descartes
swore to question everything, even to mathematical axioms, rather than succumb
to the tyranny of tradition; the world of thought has indeed good reason to thank
God for its sceptics.
This creature captured on hawthorn has long been a great favourite of mime;
no doubt partly because it was by pursuing a line of my own that I had made its
discovery, and the work had the novelty and fascination of original research. But
few who have closely examined this little insect can help admiring the exquisite
grace of symmetry and proportion in its outline, the nobly arched dome of the
thorax, the bold elevation of the elytral base, balanced by the swelling fullness of
form just forward of the terminal declivity; on the whole creature not a single
bright tint, nothing startling or bizarre in pattern; the colours very plain and the
design of the simplest: almost Quaker-like in the severity of its garb; passing by
the gentlest of half-tone gradations from yelvety black hood and mantle to skirt
of grey-drab, the whole uniform from head to foot broken only by two or three
delicately pencilled lines of white, forming a median group of curving diagonals
and transverse band between shoulder and waist. ;
Until midsummer this formed a solitary species in the Anaglypti group of the
Clytini; but throughout July specimens of Huderces picipes were captured quite
abundantly in a variety of blossoms; this creature, too, is extremely ant-like in
appearance and even in movement; moreover, as representing the Anaglypti in
which ivory vitte are present, it roused no small interest in us young collectors.
The success of our blossom-hunting experiment made us await the spring of
%
4
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. (al
1907 with great eagerness, and we certainly deserved some reward during the
season, for we were very diligent, and must have peered into thousands of floral
envelopes in never-tiring search from April to July. There can be no question
that it was this extraordinary pertinacity of ours that led to the strange coincidence
mentioned in a former paper (Can, Ent. XLI, 12, Dec., 1909). And here the
curtain rises on our second act.
On Saturday afternoon, June 15th, 1907, I discovered for the first time how
attractive the blossom of spiked maple was to beetles. Spiked maple and dogwood
formed a great part of the edge of a swampy piece of wood about one and one-half
miles north of Port Hope. On a hot, sultry afternoon such collecting ground
proved, as I well remember, a perfect inferno of mosquitoes; but the sight of crowd-
ing Lepturas never seen before (e.g., L. vibexr, L. exigua, L. capitata) was simply
irresistible, far harder to withstand than a myriad of mosquitoes.
The following morning my fellow-collector and I had agreed to meet on the
railway track not far from this spot and tramp up to our favourite rendezvous of
the “ North Wood,” near Quay’s Crossing. I determined to set out ahead of time
and look over the spiked maple before going further north. While busy bottling a
splendid haul of Gawrotes cyanipennis, Encyclops ceruleus, and Cyrtophorus
verrucosus—all treasures in those days—I was aware of a small pale-looking speci-
men of what I took to be this last on a blossom of spiked maple. I can still see it,
nestling in the bloom as my fingers approached it, and I well remember wondering
whether this diminutive specimen had faded or was merely disguised miller-like
for the nonce in a dusty coat of yellow-grey pollen. When I joined my friend we
went north and visited (among other things) the hawthorn that had proved so
lucky the season before. We both made captures on this tree; among mine a small
species of oak-pruner, and among my friend’s—a diminutive Anaglyptus that he
bottled under the impression he had captured Cyrtophorus verrucosus.
Only when we got home, and each in his own privacy came like a modern
Ali Baba to pour out his jar of treasure, did we become aware of a stranger in the
midst. For my part I hastily turned up LeConte and Horn and almost at once
concluded that I must have run to earth either Tillomorpha or Microclytus; the
lens revealed an emarginate eye, so Tillomorpha was out of the question. And it
was then that things began to happen thick and fast; you must remember that I
had never seen Microclytus, but the book (my bible) declared the second antennal
joint in Microclytus almost as long as the fourth, and in my insect, do what I
might—by the greatest stretch of imagination, it remained barely half as long
(Se. 1:). Next day, Monday, I hurried down to my companion’s and had not
more than begun to unfold my tale of a stranger when he capped it with his
(Se. 2:). We were both equally eager to compare the two specimens, and no
sooner had I set his insect under the lens and taken a glance at the antenne, than
I knew he had captured what I had not, a’ genuine specimen of Microclytus
gazellula (Se. 3:).
But what was my insect? I decided it must be an undescribed species of
Cyrtophorus, and there the matter rested till some time after the November meet-
ing of 1909, where I read a paper called “Guests at the Banquet of Blossoms.”
Mr. Chagnon then very kindly offered to determine my beetle, and it was with
quite a flutter of excitement and pleased anticipation that I despatched the little
enigma to him. You may partly guess my chagrin when I got word from him that
it was the male of M. gazellula, and that the female only, it had been discovered,
had the peculiar proportion of antennal joints 2-4 as described in LeConte and
Horn. I felt, I must confess, very sceptical about this determination, and in 1910
I purchased from New York quite a number of Longicorn beetles for comparison ;
72 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
among them, single specimens of Tillomorpha and Microclytus; and certainly when
I set this last and my capture side by side, I could not help wondering whether
anybody had really ever taken a pair of M. gazellula in the act of mating. And
here the curtain falls on Act II of our little drama.
Ignoring the unities of time and space, let us next suppose ourselves trans-
ported to Peterborough in the spring of 1916. Gentlemen! the Wood of Desire!
On my first trip through this Eldorado in 1915 I had been struck by the resem-
blance of a certain trough of swampy ground fringed with spiked maple and dog-
wood, to the corner of Choate’s Wood at Port Hope, where this unique little
Anaglyptus had been taken. It was too late that season for anything but the last
spikes of maple blossom; yet, though I found nothing new on them, there were,
nevertheless, anthophilous longicorns enough to bring me to the Wood of Desire
very early in 1916.
On Victoria Day I made captures of Pachyta monticola about white trillium
on the west of the wood, and noted a projecting spur of land at this point well
covered with sumach thickets, small balsam poplar, elder, dogwood, choke-cherry,
pincherry, thimbleberry, bracken, and other growth: a kind of compromise between
the forest at its base and the arable country that confronted and flanked it, a
no-man’s land that I have always found peculiarly attractive, affording as it does
to woodland denizens, sunshine, shelter, and food. Though the spiked maple would
not be out before the second week of June at the best, choke-cherry and early elder
burst at least a fortnight sooner, and things that season had come on with a rush
since the hot spell of the middle of May.
Accordingly, about eleven a.m. on the 4th of June, after a tramp of over two
hours, I found myself at this collecting groud. It was a hot, sultry day, and soon
after noon thunder began to rumble in the west. The only blossom that seemed
to be luring insects—indeed almost the only blossom that was fully out at this
time—was choke-cherry, and I had been renewing my acquaintance with quite a
number of old friends including Cyrtophorus verrucosus, when I suddenly spied a
specimen of the strange little Anaglyptus of 1907 in a cluster of choke-cherry.
The shrub on which I captured it was only a few yards from the rail fence that
skirted the wood, but there was choke-cherry in abundance running right out to
the end of no-man’s land. Every cluster on this fateful shrub I carefully scanned ;
then every cluster on two or three neighbouring shrubs; then a straggling tree of
choke-cherry, drawing down its branches one by one and ranging closely over the
flower clusters. By this time I had captured five specimens; then I hunted over
most of the choke-cherry towards the outer end of the promontory, and drew an
absolute blank; then I came back towards the wood on a more northerly line, still
unsuccessfully, till I reached the fence on the skirts of the wood proper; here in a
large tree of choke-cherry I captured one more (six) ; then I returned to the scene
of my first captures and almost immediately took a pair mating, and presently
(treading on one another’s heels) three singletons. And on the instant the sun
was blotted out, the sky grew violet ink and the rumbling threats of distant thunder
became a present reality; down came the rain and I fled for the road.
I was soaked long before I got there, but took shelter under a large balm of
gilead ; while standing there I noticed on the opposite side of the road a small shrub
of choke-cherry, which served to feed my spleen during the rest of the storm.
Everything was deluged before the thunder passed, and more work in wood or
field that day was out of the question; but before setting off on my eight-mile home-
ward trudge, I stepped sardonically over the way to the draggled little shrub of
choke-cherry ; and there in its clusters, snug and fairly dry, I found two specimens
of Cyrtophorus verrucosus and one more of my little enigma. The roads were a
’
'
©
1918 : ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 73
I
perfect quagmire, my clothes were wringing wet, my boots were sodden and cheeped
and slithered at every step; one of the dreariest, most draggle-tailed trips I ever
made; and I verily believe I would have been on the road yet, but for what I knew
were the contents of my cyanide bottle, twelve genuine specimens of Anaglyptus
enigmaticus including both sexes of the species.
The rest of the month proved wet and cold; the wood was so distant that it
could only be visited at weekends; on my next trip I found the choke-cherry all
oyer, and on the dogwood and viburnum that were rioting in its place I could find
no further trace of the beetle. Right on the north margin of the wood, however,
on spiked maple, I captured one solitary specimen on June 12th and two on June
18th. Sixteen specimens—counting the unique capture of 1907—made a fine series
for comparison. But I found, now, reason to deplore having put my mating pair
into the cyanide bottle instead of segregating them. Not that I had a shadow of
doubt myself about this being a genuine species; I was absolutely certain of that
before I ever saw a pair together; but how could I convince my fellow-collectors ?
As soon as I got the insects out of the killing-bottle, I examined the antenne: all
fifteen specimens had the second joint less than half the length of the fourth; not
one of them, therefore, was the female of Microclytus gazellula; equally certain
was it they were all one species and comprised both sexes. Some days later I
relaxed them all carefully on damp blotting paper in a covered tin box, and with a
fine pair of forceps drew the antennz taut over the back in a straight line parallel
with the suture; in eight specimens the antenne were as long as the body, in eight
they just overlapped the median band of pubescence.
I enclosed a pair in a box which I posted to Mr. C. A. Frost, of Framingham,
Mass., asking him if these were not the insect Casey had named for him Microclytus
frosti. Then I sent to Rochester for a micrometer scale and to Guelph for the loan
of one or two specimens of M. gazellula from the Society’s collections, explaining
that I wished to make a comparative study. Presently came a letter from Mr.
Frost that my insect was his insect, and both (he believed) were Dr. LeConte’s
insect M. gibbulus. Next came a parcel from Guelph containing two more speci-
mens of the identical insect I had just captured, both labelled Microclytus gazellula.
I then wrote to Mr. Frost and to some other collectors in the States for specimens
of the genuine M. gazellula, but not one of them so far has been able to secure a
specimen for me. For several months I advertised in the Canadian Entomologist
but with a like want of success.
In the autumn of 1916 I got a letter from Mr. Frank Mason, of Philadelphia,
to say that the beetle I wanted was extremely rare and that he had only a single
specimen ; his letter incidentally served to complicate matters by declaring among
other things that the insect in question was now listed not as Microclytus gazellula,
Hald., but as Anaglyptus compressicollis, Castesiau and Gory; for it at once began
to dawn on me that if there were two insects so similar as to have long been mis-
taken for one another, the problem of nomenclature was likely to be no less com-
plicated than that of my capture’s natural status; unless the types of Castenau and
Gory’s deseription in the thirties and of Haldeman’s description in the fifties had
been preserved, no one would ever know which of these two little jokers had sat in
either studio for his portrait.
For my part I was drawn rather to the question of the insect’s true place in
nature, and proceeded to apply, among other things the micrometer scale I had
purchased from Bausch and Lomb to a solution of the problem. To supplement
the single specimen of M. gazellula in my cabinet, I borrowed Dr. Watson’s genuine
example of 1907 from Port Hope, and then selected several specimens (male and
- female) of my insect that tallied in size with these two. The examination resulted
6 E.S.
74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
in a discovery of no little interest and perhaps some importance. If you refer to
LeConte and Horn’s classification you will find it stated that M. gazellula has the
second antennal joint long—fully half as long as the third and nearly as long as the
fourth. Now in regard to the relative length of those three joints, this is a per-
fectly true statement; but the peculiar proportion in this species is due not to the
greater length of joint 2, but to the abnormal shortness of joints 3 and 4. The
length of the second joint of Microclytus gazellula, Microclytus gibbulus and
Cyrtophorus verrucosus, in specimens of the same size and quite irrespective of
sex differs not a hair’s breadth, i.e., in all three insects it is extremely short. The
peculiarity of M, gazellula consists in the third joint being only twice (instead of
three or four times) and the fourth joint only one-and-a-third times (instead of
two or three times) the length of the second point. The mistake is a natural one,
almost inevitable; it is due to an optical illusion; the eye passes in all three insects
along the third joint, a very long one, to the fourth, a much shorter one; then back
to the second, and finding the second in M. gazellula almost the length of the
fourth, but in M. gibbulus and Cyrtophorus verrucosus much less than the fourth,
judges the second accordingly to be absolutely long or absolutely short.
In M. gazellula, then, the second antennal joint is perfectly normal for the
group, but joints three and four are abnormally short; and from this follows an
important corollary; the remaining joints bear a fixed relation to the first three,
and if in M. gazellula these basal joints are shorter than in the other members of
the group, the whole antenna will be shorter. I have been able to examine only
three specimens of M. gazellula, and in none of them does the antenna, when drawn
taut, exceed the median band of pubescence, while in one large specimen it does
not even reach the second diagonal line of pubescence; I feel confident this last is a
female and I would venture to prophesy that no specimen of the genuine M.
gazellula will be found (even male) with antenne exceeding the median band.
In M. gibbulus, as I have said, the male antenne are as long as the body and the
female slightly exceed the median band. There are other differences that I could
mention between the insects—as in the white marks on the under side, the pre-
valence of long flying hairs, and the shape of the prothorax—but I should over-
step the limits of time and patience.
These micrometer tests were made in the late fall of 1916, and all this time
I was so busy planning for the next season’s campaign, that during most of the
intervening months I went about like one in a dream. You may have thought,
perhaps, you met me, or even stopped and spoke with me that winter, but all you
really saw was the empty jacket of my body, a “ toom tabard ” wholly uninformed ;
heart and soul, I was far away at the Wood of Desire, stalking Microclytus gibbulus.
In November I bought a bicycle; in April I learned to ride it; in May I got half a
hundred pill-boxes and as many gelatine capsules, and, like some itinerant quack
gathering samples for his nostrums, proceeded to trundle myself out to the Wood
of Desire.
The choke-cherry, like other blossoms, was more than a week late this year, —
but I managed to get in about three good days’ collecting in June while the blossom
was at its height, and the results of my campaign in more than one respect will
astonish you. Of this obscure little insect I actually captured over seventy speci-
mens in one day, twenty on a single tree, including a mating pair; all this on choke-
cherry and before the 15th, but even in the last week of the month I bagged a —
belated little covey of five, three on dogwood and twa on spiked maple; the captures
were made at four different points on the wood’s edge, over a mile apart between
extremes; and the entire catch for the season was upwards of one hundred speci-
mens. Of these I brought home over fifty alive in the solitary confinement of my —
4
ee —— ee
vere t ey
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 75
little pill-boxes; I then turned the captives loose into a large cardboard box with
a slab of glass over the top. In a quarter of an hour I had secured eighteen
mating pairs in my insect Agapemone.
While watching the movements of these little beings I found myself curiously
reminded of animals we usually reckon far higher in the scale of creation. For I
observed the most diminutive male in this assemblage—a perfect Lilliputian
having evidently singled out his mate, make a bee-line for the largest female in
sight; and, to complete the analogy, his suit prospered and he presently waltzed
away like the hero of Hans Breitmann’s party with the Matilda Jane of
Brobdingnag. Traces of this same eccentricity of preference, it is whispered, have
been found among human beings; nay, specimens have actually been collected by
anthropologists and transferred to their cabinets, pinned and labelled “ Atavism ” ;
poor hapless freaks of human frailty, caught like Ares and Aphrodite in the meshes
of a science as pitiless as the art of Hephestus, and exposed in all the nakedness
and shame of cold print to the inextinguishable laughter of the Olympians and of
their fellowmen.
Having now absolute proof of a genuine species, male and female, I pro-
ceeded to take up some points that I had left in abeyance last year. Among the
letters received while searching for M. gazellula I had had a very courteous note
from Chas. W. Leng, in which he offered to send me his specimens of the beetle
for the comparative study I had been minded to make of these two Dromios. Since
/
that letter of his in 1916 I had found that Mr. Leng was as deeply committed as
Dr. Hamilton and Prof. Wickham to the heresy that my capture was the male of
LeConte and Horn’s WM. gazellula, Hald. -In July last I, therefore, wrote to Mr.
Leng suggesting that I should send him five or six specimens (male and female)
of my capture for him to compare with the material he had labelled M. gazellula.
The evidence of these specimens proved quite convincing, and Mr. Leng has
prepared a paper called “ Microclytus, a Correction.” In the course of it occurs a
most interesting passage which records how the confusion first arose. It appears
that Mr. Leng had in his collection two specimens from Canada labelled M.
gazellula, and, when comparing notes sometime in the eighties with Dr. Horn,
found in the latter’s collection two specimens from New England labelled
M. gazellula; he then noticed that his insect differed from: Dr. Horn’s in the pro-
portion of its antennal joints 2-4; the beetles were otherwise so entirely alike that
neither collector suspected the presence of two distinct species, and both agreed that
the Canadian specimens must be males and the New England ones females of
M. gazellula, Hald. They thereupon exchanged each of them one specimen with
the other! And this was the fons et origo malorum; to it may be traced the
sinking to a synonym of LeConte’s M. gibbulus from Lake Superior, and the
‘ subsequent identification of all captures made of either insect as M. gazellula,
Hald., male and female.
In September last I sent some pairs of my capture to Mr. Charles Liebeck, of
Philadelphia, and he is still at work on the evidence. Meantime he has made me
_two communications which serve to support the contention made. First, that we
have unquestionably two quite distinct species to deal with, and that he has never
before seen two insects so essentially different correspond so closely in elytral mark-
ings and external appearance: and second, that he believes he has put his finger
on the very source of the whole error, for in Dr. Horn’s collection he finds the
specimens labelled M. gazellula, Hald., male and female, are one of them my insect
and the other LeConte and Horn’s. This, fortunately, is quite independent testi-
mony, for Mr. Leng’s paper is still unpublished, and I had made no mention of
its contents in writing to Philadelphia.
76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
TRANSCANADIAN SPIDERS.
J. H. Emerton, Boston, Mass.
About the year 1890, Mr. J. B. Tyrrell, who was fresh from exploration in
the north of Canada, sent me a little collection of spiders. About the sameé time,
Mr. Bean, who kept the telegraph office at the Canadian Pacific Railway Station at ~
Laggan, was collecting insects through the mountains, and incidentally spiders,
and he sent me some for identification, so I wrote a paper on Canadian spiders,
which was published in 1894 by the Connecticut Academy. Many of these spiders -—
were from the western part of Canada, and nearly all were of species known in the
east, but at that time hardly anything was known about their distribution across
the continent. Among the species collected by Bean was one since known by the
name of Linyphia nearctica, which was described in the 1894 paper and not noticed
again until fourteen years later, when for the first time I went to the top of Mt.
Mansfield, in Vermont, near Lake Champlain, and there found it abundant in the
dwarf spruce trees. Going down the mountain it ceased to be found a thousand
feet below the summit. Within a few years this species was found on the tops of
several of the New England mountains from an elevation of 2,500 feet up to the
highest trees. Although I had collected for many years in these mountains, this
species had been missed, as my time had been spent either in the valleys or on the
top above the trees, neglecting the upper edge of the forest. A few years -later
Linyphia nearctica was found on the coast of Maine, and soon after in bogs, through
the northern part of that State, in association with Theridion zelotypum which had
long been known as far south as Portland and no farther. These two species
seemed to have such definite limits, and to be so easily found when they were
present, that I was interested in following out their distribution, and so was led
to transcanadian spiders in general.
In 1914 I went to the meeting of the Canadian Alpine Club in the Rocky
Mountains, and returned east by a roundabout way to see the country north of the
Saskatchewan River. In Jasper Park I was surprised to find, in company with
distinctly western species, my old acquaintance of down east, Theridion zelotypum,
living in the small spruce trees in the usual coarse cobwebs and cup-shaped nests.
At Athabasea Landing I found it again, and also at Prince Albert. Discussing
these finds among my friends led to the discovery of Theridion zelotypim by
Mr. Waugh, at Nipigon and Manitoulin Island, and Linyphia nearctica by Messrs.
Townsend and St. John on the southern coast of Labrador. Much of the seasons
of 1915 and 1916 was spent in trying to define the southern limits of Theridion _
zelotypum between the White Mountains and the St. Lawrence River. It appears
not to go into the White Mountains nor the Adirondacks, but is abundant around
the head waters ef the Connecticut River and the Rangeley Lakes. In Dixville
Notch it is associated with Linyphia nearctica at an elevation of 1,800 feet. West-
ward it occurs at the southern end of Lake Megantic, at Sherbrooke, Montreal, and
Ottawa.
Last summer I followed these two spiders along the edge of the Hudson Bay
bog, at Cochrane, Minaki and Lake Winnipeg to Le Pas and down the Hudson
Bay Railway as far as it is finished. Theridion zelotypwm was abundant at all
these stations and conspicuously absent from the prairie country around Winnipeg
and Dauphin; Linyphia nearctica only appeared at Kettle Rapids, the most
northern station. The spots on the map show the stations of these two species, the
Theridion in stars and the Linyphia in circles, and they form on their southern
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
1918
48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
border a fairly definite line by which the distribution of other species can be
measured. The squares show the stations of Linyphia limitanea. This was first
found on the Aroostook River, near the boundary between Maine and New Bruns-
wick, and at the same time in Newfoundland. It follows westward nearly the
same distribution as Theridion zelotypum, but does not come quite as far south.
To avoid complication these three species are the only ones plotted. Theridion
montanum coyers the southern part of the range of Theridion zelotypum and ex-
tends farther south but not as far north. It goes into the New England moun-
tains, but is not confined to high elevations like Linyphia nearctica, but comes
down a thousand feet lower into valleys like the Crawford Notch.
All the spiders which have been mentioned make cobwebs and live in trees,
preferably in spruce, and with them follow seyeral other tree species of similar
habits, but less definite distribution, Lophocarenum decemoculatum and Gram-
monata pictilis being the most constant.
On the ground under and near these trees wherever there is an accumulation
of leaf mould or moss, other than sphagnum, lives another group of spiders ap-
parently as regular in their distribution. Theridion sexpunctatum is one of these
and extends from the coast of Maine to Vancouver. With it are Pedanostethus
fusca, Bathyphantes alpina, Tmeticus montanus, Tmeticus armatus, Tmeticus
bidentatus, Crypheca montana and Amaurobius borealis. The recent Canadian
Arctic expedition has brought back two minute spiders, Fmeticus brunneus and
Microneta crassimanus from Nome, Alaska, both of which are rarely found in the
upper forest of Mt. Washington, N.H. ‘
Beside the spiders living in trees and in the moss there are some species living
on the ground that follow the same distribution. Lycosa albohastata, a brilliantly
coloured hunting spider, lives at Hopedale and Battle Harbor, Labrador, on islands
off the coast of Maine, above the trees in the White Mountains, at Kettle Rapids in
the Hudson Bay bog, and on Sulphur Mountain at Banff.
The southern limits of the spiders we have been reviewing correspond roughly
with the southern limits of the spruce forest area; their northern limits are yet to
be defined. Over the whole forest area and north, and to some extent south of it,
range several species of Lycoside from Labrador to the Pacifie coast and from
Greenland to the mountains of Colorado. The most diffuse of these is perhaps
Pardosa glacialis. It is found on both sides of Greenland, along the Labrador coast
and south as far as Massachusetts, and at various localities across the continent.
The recent Arctic expedition brought it from Corenation Gulf and Nome, Alaska,
and it is on all the mountains east and west. Pardosa groenlandica is almost as
widespread. It comes down the east coast as far as Portland, Maine, and is on the
Pacific coast and all high mountain tops. Pardosa luteola lives in bogs and on
mountain tops across the Continent, and P. wncata and P. tachypoda in all kinds of
country, at a little lower level all the way across.
South of the coniferous forest many of the spiders of the plains and hardwood
forest extend across the continent, among them several of the large Bpeiride,
Epeira trifolium, marmorea, angulata and patagiata, and of course the introduced
house species. :
Most of the transcontinental spiders extend to the eastern mountains or sea-
coast, where they were first known, but a few species cross part of the way from
the west. Epeira gemma of California comes east as far as Medicine Hat. Hpeira
aculeata and Sittacus rainiert of the western mountains were found this summer
along the Hudson Bay Railway in the same places as the rare Habrocestum
(Euophrys) cruciatum and Dendryphantes montanus of the White Mountains.
ee LULL ee
a
rr
1918 .ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79
' A FURTHER REPORT ON THE VALUE OF DUSTING VERSUS SPRAY-
ING TO CONTROL FRUIT TREE INSECTS AND FUNGUS
DISEASES.
Lawson Caksar, GUELPH.
At our last annual meeting I gave an account of my experience in 1916 in
dusting fruit trees with fine sulphur and arsenate of lead dust compared with
spraying with the liquid lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead. This year I again
carried out a similar series of experiments.
Before giving my results for this year, it is perhaps wise to mention that this
“new dust treatment has aroused a great amount of interest among fruit growers
and that they are anxiously waiting for definite knowledge as to its merits.
Hundreds of machines would be purchased at once if it were certain that dusting
were as satisfactory and reliable as spraying. The reasons for this are as follows:
(1) Dusting requires only about one-tenth the time in the case of large trees that
spraying requires. For instance, the total time for spraying a large 20-acre orchard
in any one season would be about three weeks, whereas the time for dusting would
be not more than three days. This would be a wonderful boon, especially when
labour is so scarce and costly, and when other important work such as cultivation
of soil is pressing. (2) Dusting can be done at almost exactly the right time,
which of course it is the duty of entomologists and plant pathologists to determine.
This means, for example, that one need never fail with dust to treat his trees ‘or
Codling Moth before the calyces have closed. With liquid spray it is often im-
possible in warm, good growing weather to do this. This promptness of applica-
tion is Just as important for Apple Scab and enables the grower to wait until ihe
blossoms or leaves are in just the right stage and yet make sure all will be treated
before they are too far advanced. (3) The outfit for dusting is not so heavy es a
__ power spray outfit and will go through wet ground where the latter would mire.
(4) Dusting is not nearly so dirty a job or so hard on clothes, face an hands or
on horses and harness. It is true that at times it is hard on the eyes, but this can
be largely prevented by proper goggles and in any case it is soon over and done
with. (5) There is no time spent in returning for fresh material and no time
worth speaking of lost in refilling.
With all these advantages it is no wonder that the fruit grower hopes
dusting will take the place of spraying, though we may be sure he will ask about the
comparative cost.
SPOS EO EE I CE
ComparaTIve Cost or DustTING vs. SPRAYING.
We have not so accurate figures on the cost this year of dusting versus spray-
ing, but they lead to the same conclusion as last year’s, namely, that on large trees
there is very little difference in cost between the two systems, whereas on smaller
trees the liquid‘is considerably cheaper, though much will always depend upon the
operator, as a careless man will be much more likely to waste dust than liquid.
Some CHAances IN Meruops or ApPLyInc THE Dusr AND IN THE MATERIAL
ITSELF.
We used the same outfit this year as last, namely, the largest outfit sold by
the Niagara Brand Spray Co. For grapes we adled a short elbow to the pipe
with a long opening facing towards the side so that the dust could be driven in at
right angles or nearly so.
ae |
80 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 —
The materials this year differed chiefly in the fact that finely ground tale was
added partly to act as a filler to the sulphur and lead or to the sulphur when used
without the lead, and partly to keep it drier. Very fine sulphur alone tends to be
sticky and will not scatter well.
The weather for the most part this spring was not calm enough to enable us
to dust both sides of the trees on the same day by driving parallel with the wind
and shooting the dust in at right angles; hence we were forced to dust at least one
side directly with the wind. The fact is I adopted the method of dusting from
at least three sides, or if changes of wind permitted it, from four sides, but lessened
the quantity in each case, so that the total for each large tree would still remain
approximately three pounds.
ACREAGE COVERED PER Day.
We never had a chance to test how much one man could do per day, but unless
he became too tired he could probably cover at least twenty acres. We may say
here that dusting is far from easy and many men cannot do it at’all satisfactorily
because they move their hands too slowly. There is need of special training for
this work and the selection of a man who is not only quick with his hands but has
also good judgment and intelligence.
Tests oN Larce AppLe TREES.
Two orchards, which we shall call A and B, situated about three miles apart,
both of which had been poorly treated the previous year and had borne almost
unmarketable fruit, were chosen for the tests. Orchard A consisted of 262 trees
and was about 7 acres in extent. Orchard B included about 9 acres but we treated
only about 6 acres or about 200 trees.
In each orchard a block consisting of approximately one-quarter of ‘the total
number of trees was treated throughout with lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead.
The remaining three-quarters of each orchard being moderately infested with San
José Scale, received first a dormant or semi-dormant spray with lime-sulphur to
kill the scale. Four rows, however, in each were dusted with sodium sulphide
powder as a special test for scale. These trees as well as the remainder of the
block in the later applications received only the sulphur-arsenate-of-lead dust. ~ In
orchard B only two dustings were given, the first just as the blossoms were ready
to burst and the other just after the blossoms fell but before the calyces closed. In
orchard A all the dust block received these same two applications, but fifty-three
trees received an extra dusting on July 4th, three weeks after the blossoms had
fallen. The object of this application was partly to see the effect on scab-or sooty
fungus, but chiefly to see how it affected Codling Moth.
RESULTS ON FOLIAGE.
All the foliage was excellent this year, though that on the dusted area was a
little better than on the sprayed, being in fact almost perfect.
Resutts on ApPLe Scas.
Orchard A had a crop of approximately 200 barrels fairly well distributed.
The chief varieties were Greening, Baldwin and Golden Russet, but there were also
a few barrels of Spy and in the dusted area one heavily laden tree of Snow. In
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81
both liquid and dust portions on all varieties even on Snow there was less than
1 per cent. scab. A Snow tree in a neighbouring orchard across the fence had
over 90 per cent. of scab, and Baldwins and Greenings in it averaged about 50 per
cent. scab. These trees had received only the dormant spray for scale.
The part of orchard A that received only two dustings in addition to the
dormant spray were just as free from scab as the part that had received three, thus
showing the third application was not required for scab this year. This was
generally true in most of the Province. In orchard B the liquid portion had not
more than 1 per cent. scab. The dusted part varied greatly, some trees being
almost totally free while others of the same variety had as high as 15 per cent. scab.
The varieties were chiefly Greening and Baldwin. The average of scabby fruit
would net be more than 10 per cent. The crop was very light, only about twenty
barrels on six acres, so that the test was not a good one. About three acres of the
orchard not in our blocks had received the dormant spray and part of the pre-
blossom spray. This part showed from 20 per cent. to 80 per cent. scab.
RESULTs ON Sooty Funeus.
There was practically no Sooty Fungus even in unsprayed orchards in the
district.
ReEsuLts on Copitinc Moru.
Codling Moth this year almost all over the Province was exceptionally
abundant and caused more than the usual percentage of wormy fruit. This was
partly due to the smallness of the crop with the consequent greater number of larvae
attacking the individual apples than if there had been a larger crop and more
apples for the worms to distribute themselves among.
In orchard B where no later spraying or dusting than the regular calyx appli-
cation was done, fully 50 per cent. of Baldwins and Kings were wormy, and about
25 per cent. of R. I. Greenings. There was very little or no difference in the
efficiency of the dust compared with the liquid. Almost every worm in each case
had entered through the side. On unsprayed trees in the same orchard the per-
centage of wormy fruits varied from 60 to 90, and of these 50 per cent. or more
entered by the calyx.
In orehard A the dust gave just as good results as the liqtid where both parts
received only the one application for Codling Moth, but both were quite wormy,
having as high as 30 per cent. of the fruit infested. The block of fifty-three trees
that had received a second dusting three weeks after the blossoms fell showed a
great improvement over the rest and had not more than 10 per cent. wormy fruit.
DustTine For SAN José SCALE.
Last year I tried sodium sulphide dust mixed with hydrated lime upon large
apple trees before the buds burst as a method of killing San José Scale. The work
owing to certain difficulties was poorly done and the results not satisfactory.
This year I planned to dust four rows of trees, forty-eight trees in each case,
with sodium sulphide mixed with tale. Several trees in each plot were badly
infested. In orchard B both sides of the trees were dusted, dusting of one side
being just after a rain, but the other when the trees were dry. Parts of both sides
were re-touched. In all about five pounds per tree were used, so that the mixture
was given a good chance.
[o 2)
ow
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
In orchard A the weather during our work was continuously dry, and after
dusting one side of the trees I felt so certain that the mixture would not kill the
scale that I merely applied the remainder of my material to the same side and did
the other side very thoroughly with lime-sulphur.
Resutts. To my great surprise this year no scale was found on either of
these plots. The fact is that we made such a cleaning up of the scale in both
orchards that only two scales in all were found and these might easily have been
introduced by a bird or insect. JI am not surprised at the results from the liquid,
but I am surprised at those from the sodium sulphide dust. I thought that if
the trees were moist one could hope for such results, but from my observations I
did not hope for it when the dusting was done on dry trees. The results clearly
justify further tests.
RESULTS OBTAINED FROM DustTING ELSEWHERE IN ONTARIO.
At Guelph, Prof. Crow used the sulphur-arsenate of lead dust on his apple
orchard, but failed to control the scab. About 66 per cent. of Snows and 50 per
cent. of Spy are scabby, and other susceptible varieties are also dirty. There is
very little doubt that with liquid spray he would have succeeded much better.
At Brighton an able fruit grower spent much money on dusting his large
orchard and gave more than the regular number of applications, but was much dis-
appointed with the results. Two other equally good growers not far from him
treated their orchards with liquid and had beautifully clean fruit, nearly 99 per
cent. free from scab. One of these orchards received only three applications in all.
At Whitby about half\of the Government demonstration orchard was sprayed
with the liquid and the remainder dusted. The results were decidedly in favour of
the liquid, though the utmost care was taken to do the dusting well and at the
right time, and though, extra applications were given in all weather favourable to
scab. Dusted Snow trees there had as high as 50 per cent. scab.
Conciustions Recarpinc THE Merrrs or Dust ror APPLE ORCHARDS,
In spite of the excellent results I obtained last year and again this year, I
fear very greatly that it will be much safer to continue to use the liquid spray at
least for a number of years longer until improved dust substitutes or improved
machinery or both are available, and until a larger percentage of those who test it
can obtain satisfactory results. A duster could, of course, on a large fruit farm
help to tide over an emergency where an extra treatment must be given quickly.
The great weakness of the dust method in my opinion is its failing to adhere
sufficiently long in wet weather to the fruit and foliage.
A VaLuABLEe Frrtp OTuER THAN APPLE ORCHARDS FOR THE Use or Dust.
Our experiments in two excellent sweet cherry orchards, each consisting of
about ninety large trees of several varieties, has shown a very valuable use for
dust. | Everyone who knows much about sweet cherries knows that it is very
difficult, especially in warm, moist weather, to keep the crop from being ruined
or nearly ruined by the Brown Rot fungus. The trouble hitherto has been that
while liquid spraying either with lime-sulphur or Bordeaux mixture would ward off
this disease as long as the mixture remained on the fruit, these substances could
not be applied near enough to the time of picking to prevent rot attacking the
fruit then, because they would stain the fruit so much that it could not be marketed.
a eT
4
a
:
:
%
i
j
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83
The sulphur dust, however, without any poison in it gets over this difficulty, because
it does not stain anything. It may, therefore, be applied even a day or two before
picking and unless followed by prolonged heavy showers will protect the fruit until
it is marketed.
Having thought of this plan we tested it out on the above-mentioned sweet
cherry orchards. The fruit was kept clean up to a few days before picking—in one
orehard by three well-timed applications of liquid lime-sulphur and in the other
by two of these and one dusting. These were followed in both orchards by a
thorough dusting one or two days before picking. As a result in one orchard there
was less than 1 per cent. of rotten fruit, in fact my assistant placed it at 1/10 of
1 per cent., though a large check tree in a more exposed situation had over 80 per
cent. of infected cherries. Moreover, in spite of the weather this year being very
favourable for rot and causing great losses to cherry growers, the owner told me
that this was the first time in many years he had been able to harvest the fruit off
several of the trees that were specially susceptible to the disease.
The other orchard was a little later in maturing its fruit and was subjected to
several very heavy rains before it was all picked. These washed the sulphur off the
later fruit. Nevertheless all the earlier varieties yielded a very clean crop and
it was only on the later varieties that any appreciable amount of loss occurred,
though even here there was not much loss. An extra dusting of these trees would
haye prevented this. ;
Since the Brown Rot of cherries attacks also plums, it is clear that the same
plan could be used of protecting varieties very subject to this disease.
It takes so few minutes to dust 100 cherry trees that a dozen fruit growers
could purchase a duster among them and thus make the cost to each very little.
The cost of the material, namely, sulphur with ground tale as a filler, in normal
times would be $3.00 or less per 100 pounds, which is less than half the cost when
arsenate of lead is added to the sulphur, so that the material would not be very
expensive. We feel that the adoption of this method of preventing rot would mean
the saving of many thousands of dollars annually to growers of stone fruits.
Farner Leororp: Have you tried dusting for the control of scab of pears?
Pror. Carsar: We did not try dusting on any variety of pears subject to
seab, and I cannot speak regarding that.
Fatuer Leopotp: This year for the first time we have sprayed our 65 acres
of orchard by dusting instead of with liquid spray. The liquid spray machine
we had before was burnt in the fire. For apples we had a marvellous success
all along, but we had the worst and most scabby pears I have ever seen in my
life. We had good success last year on pears with lime-sulphur wash. I think
the leaves are so glossy that the dust will not stay on, and of course this applies
to the fruit also. The leaves and fruit of the apple tree are more hairy, and
the dust will stick on better. I may say that we had 85 per cent. clean fruit
in the 65 acres of orchard, but the MacIntosh was especially good—95 per cent.
clean. We had a loss with Wealthy because they were not properly sprayed.
None of the Wealthy apples ever had scab before, but of course this has been an
exceptionally bad year. With regard to Codling Moth, wherever two sprays were
applied we had very good success. Last year we had over 35 per cent. Codling
Moth in our orchard, but this year the orchard was clean and free from Codling
- Moth to the extent of 90 per cent. We made no liquid sprays at all this season.
Mr. Peron: With regard to the value of spraying against dusting, I do
not think it matters very much which you use so long as it is done thoroughly
and repeatedly. This year was a very bad year for scab and we dusted and
84 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
sprayed, in order that we might test out both methods. The results were 99
per cent. clean fruit on the sprayed portion and 97 per cent. to 98 per cent. on
the dusted portion. The sprayed portion received one more spray, i.e., the
dormant spray, otherwise the orchards were sprayed as far as possible on the
same day, and there was no division at all in the orchards; it was all done in
one orchard, side by side, taking 90 trees in each portion. With regard to dust-
ing I have found that a man who has had a little training in dusting will be
apt to have better success than a man with a longer training in liquid spraying.
It takes a very good man to spray a tree, whereas a man taught for a very short
time with a duster can get good results. I have found that a man spraying for
several years will sometimes miss branches of certain portions of the tree with
the spray, and on those branches there will be scab, but there will not be eyen
one scabby spot in the dusted portion. We sometimes find that a limb or branch
has been overlooked on trees with the heaviest crop of apples, and every apple
on these limbs will be affected by scab, and of course this means that the apples are
put into class 2 or 3. In-the dusted portion the dust settles all over the tree, and
does not require the careful attention to reach every branch that the spraying
does. Professor Caesar may differ from me in this, but that is my experience,
and as regards spraying J may say that we have a very good example in an old
orchard badly infested with scab which I think was well known to Macdonald
College men last year. The man had the cleanest crop of, Fameuse in the
Province of Quebec, after spraying thoroughly four times. This year he said:
“T am not going to get a large crop anyway, and I am not going to bother
very much about spraying.” He sprayed the Fameuse once and the others he
did not spray at all, with the result that there was 88 per cent. scab. Last
year he had 98 per cent. clean fruit in a year which was just as bad as this
has been for scab. Last year out of 1,050 barrels packed 1.010 were 2’s and 3's,
but this year although our crop was not so large we had about 97 per cent.
clean fruit. I spoke last night about what can be done by reaching the farmers.
Some of these men have sprayed ever since the spray has come into the county.
and the Demonstration Orchard men have been sent out to them and have stayed
with them for years, and yet this year nearly half, or at any_rate a quarter, of
their apples were No. 3’s.
FaTtHER LEopotp: What percentage of fillers did you use? We have been
using 60 per cent. to 40 per cent. fillers in our orchards.
Mr. PercH: A mixture of 45 per cent. fillers to obtain these results.
Pror. CaEsar: I think Professor Brittain made some tests with the dust.
Pror. BriTTAIN: We did make some tests this summer, and our results were
so yery uneven that I find now I do not know nearly as much about the matter
as I thought I did in the spring. We used various strengths of sulphur—40
per cent. to 90 per cent.—through the different orchards. The head of the Bot-
anical Branch and I each took over a small orchard for testing purposes, and I
may say that he had the better one—an orchard that has been properly looked
after for years, one of the best sprayed orchards in the district, on light sandy
land, with splendid air drainage, and with trees well pruned. I took one on
heavy clay land, with poor air drainage and poorly pruned trees. He had good
results, fruit over 90 per cent. clean, and found with regard to dusting that he
had better control with 95 per cent.-90 per cent. than with 50 per cent. With
spraying he got slightly better results than with any of the dusts, but on the
best dusted fruit the difference was negligible. My orchard had 40 per cent. scab
and the worst outbreak of Tussock Moth I have ever known. The Tussock Moth
.
.
.
-
¥
a
E.
.
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85
chewed holes in both sprayed and unsprayed portions. My dusted fruits were
90 per cent. scabby, and the check was 100 per cent. scabby. Did Prof. Caesar
ever try tobacco dust?
Pror. Carsar: Not that we could call a fair test and draw conclusions from.
'Pror. Brirrain: I was very disappointed. A man in New York State
assured me that it was a very efficient control for aphids. Green Apple Bugs
were present in large numbers and we tried it, with the result that the Green
Apple Bugs were chasing themselves around the tree just as lively as ever, and
__we had only one casualty in the whole tree.
Fatruer LEOPOLD: How many times did you apply the dust?
Pror. Brittain: Four times.
Pror. Caesar: Perhaps Prof. Bunting can tell us something about this.
Pror. Buntrnc: No. I may say, however, that I think it would be well for
fruit growers to go cautiously at the present time with dust spraying. There
seems to be a big difference of opinion amongst men who have been experimenting
with both. We know that the liquid spray is very effective and a satisfactory
control for most of our orchard pests. Someone has described an ideal spray as
one that can be applied with the least inconvenience, in the shortest space of
time, will control the largest number of pests for the longest possible season.
No doubt dusting machines have done good service, but the fruit grower must
have a dust machine and also a liquid machine to spray an orchard at the present
time. I think it would be wise for the average orchardist to go cautiously in
adopting the dusting machine.
Pror. CarsaR: Where the same man did the work in an orchard at Whitby
the liquid spray gave much better results than dusting. I do not advocate the
purchase of a dust sprayer for the average fruit grower.
A FEW NOTES ON THE ECOLOGY OF INSECTS.
W. LocHuHeap, Macponatp CoLiece, P.Q.
In its broad aspect the ecology of insects deals with these animals in relation
to their environment. It is evident, therefore, that a short paper such as this
cannot discuss adequately the whole field of relations between insects and their
environment, for this would require volumes. The object of this paper, however,
is to touch briefly upon a few aspects of the subject with the hope that more
attention may be given to the study of the problems involved to the end that
they may help in solving some of the problems relating to the control of injurious
insects.
INTER-RELATIONS BETWEEN INSECTS AND PLANTS.
Long continued observations show that there are “all grades of association
between plants and insects from most casual contact to mutual dependence, and
that there are grades of fitness on both sides.” (Needham, General Biology.)
The important part played by many insects in the fertilization of plants is
well known. To this end many beautiful adaptations occur among plants such
as in legumes, iris, milkweed, yucca, orchids, mints, figworts, honeysuckles, canna,
Smyrna fig, etc., but it should be borne in mind that there has been also much
adaptation on the part of the insects.
86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Another type of inter-relation is the galls seen on many plants, produced
by certain insects. The chief gall-producing families are the Cecidomyiide
Trypetide, Aphidide, Psyllidea, Cynipide and Tenthredinide. Mites (Acarina)
also produce galls. Usually an egg is-laid the growing tissue and the larva
excites the surrounding tissue to abnormal growth. The transformations occur
within the gall, and the adult escapes.
Galls are of various forms, often characteristic of the insects producing
them. The nutritive cells lying next to the contained larva contain both sugar
and starch and appear to function as feeders for both the larva ‘and the growing
cells of the gall, as our fellow-member Dr. Cosens has most admirably! shown
in his recent studies.
Insectivorous Plants.
Certain plants such as the sundew, Venus’s fly-trap, pitcher-plant and bladder-
wort entrap small insects and feed upon them. These plants secrete digestive
fluids which convert the tissues of the captured insects into liquid food capable
of being absorbed.
Bacteria and Fungi.
Many caterpillars die from bacterial diseases. Silk-worms, cabbage worms,
army worms, gypsy moth caterpillars, grasshoppers and tent caterpillars are
frequently killed by bacteria. Certain fungi also destroy insects. Cordyceps
destroys white grubs, wireworms and many caterpillars; Hmpusa is often respon-
sible for the destruction of house flies, plant lice, grasshoppers, crickets and
caterpillars; and Sporotrichum kills many kinds of insects. Attempts have been
made to control chinch-bugs and grasshoppers by artificial cultures of Sporo-
trichum and Coccobacillus, but only with partial success.
INsEcTs As CARRIERS OF PLANT DIsEASEs. ©
Flea-beetles by eating holes in the leaves of potato permit the entrance
of the spores of Early Blight (Macrosporium solani) and consequent partial
destruction of the leaves. It has also been shown fairly conclusively that certain
aphids and other insects* act as carriers of Twig Blight (Bacillus amylovorus)-
of apples and pears, and it is now believed that the Squash-hbug (Anasa tristis)
the’ Striped Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica vittata), the Twelve-spotted Cucumber
Beetle (D. 12-punctata), the Cucumber Flea Beetle (Hpitrix cucumeris), the Melon
aphis (Aphis gossypii), and the 12-spotted Ladybeetle (Hpilachna borealis) fre- _ .
quently inoculate the stems of cucurbits with the cucurbit wilt (Bacillus trachei-
philus). Again, the punctures made by the Plum curculio in plum, cherry, and
peach permit the entrance of the spores of the Brown Rot disease (Sclerotinia
fructigema). Tree crickets (Oecanthus spp.) are said to be responsible for the
inoculation of trees and shrubs with canker, of raspberries with the Cane Blight,
and probably for the production of other diseases.
Inter-relations of Plants and Insects in Nature.
The idea of inter-relations in Nature was first emphasized by Sprengel,
Darwin and Miiller, and later ecological studies reveal still more clearly how
—————— SS
*Gossard mentions among others Aphis avenw, Empoasca mali, Eccoptogaster rugu-
losus, and Lygus pratensis. “ Any sucking insect can become a carrier, also any insect —
with the bark-burrowing habit.”
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87
all Nature is linked together into a system, one part dependent upon another
in an intricate web of life. Disturbances in one portion of the system are fol-
lowed by disturbances in another. We have already indicated in previous sections
some of the relations between insects and plants, between insects and birds, and
between insects and their parasites. Numerous other relations might be mentioned
but these are sufficient to show that a knowledge of these relations is an important
part of the equipment of the economic entomologist who would deal successfully
with the problems confronting him.
In a region undisturbed by man the various parts of the system of Nature
have practically reached a state of balance through the ceaseless action for long
ages of the “struggle for existence.” Plant struggles with plant, animal with
animal, and both with the environment. With the advent of man, however, the
balance has been disturbed by the clearing of the forests, the cultivation and
drainage of the land, the growing of crops, and the introduction of foreign plants
and animals, since the new set of conditions will be favorable to the increase
in numbers of certain plants and animals, including insects, and unfavorable to
others. This disturbance is often widespread. Favored insects will multiply
rapidly on account of the abundant supply of food furnished by the cultivated
crops, faster at first than their parasitic enemies; and insectivorous animals such
as snakes, toads, birds and predaceous insects will be deprived of the necessary
shelter and hiding places by the clearing of the land, and become less abundant.
On the other hand insects not favored by the destruction of their food
plants under the new conditions will diminish in numbers, as will also their para-
sites, both sometimes no doubt to the verge of extinction. If, however, as is
sometimes the case, conditions again favor the insect it will multiply very rapidly
because the development of the parasite lags behind its host. Moreover, there
is always a limit to the increase of the parasite, otherwise it would exterminate
its host, and eventually itself.
Again, the development of insects is sometimes influenced by the soil condi-
tions. For example, sandy or gravelly soils seem to favor the multiplication
of such insects as the plum curculio, and the grape root worms. But another
factor, namely, the influence of the soil on the plant, must not be overlooked.
Plant growth on sandy and gravelly soils is retarded and is to a certain extent
abnormal, and the plant is less resistant to attacks of insects. On the other hand,
strong rich soils may induce vigorous growth, also to a certain extent abnormal,
when the plant is preyed upon by certain insects like plant lice and scale insects
which thrive best upon succulent growth.
This relationship of soil insects to climate and soil conditions has been
recently discussed in the Agricultural Gazette by Dr. A. E. Cameron, of the
Entomological Branch, Ottawa, who is attempting to get some definite information
out of the chaos of many apparently conflicting observations, a condition due
mainly to the imperfect determination of the measure of the operation of many
factors. He finds that phytophagous insects of the soil frequent those soils where
their food plants thrive, but as these plants depend on the type of soil—its
structure, texture and composition, temperature and humidity, it is clear that
these insects depend on the type of soil.
Again, predaceous soil forms are dependent on the presence of phytophagous
soil forms, and a change in any one of the factors constituting a habitat will
have an influence on the fauna.
As a physical index of the varied conditions controlling soil insects it is
believed that the evaporating power of air is the most important one, inasmuch
88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
as it is an expression of the combined effects of air, temperature, pressure,
humidity, wind velocity.
This whole subject requires much additional study.
The inter-relations of plants and insects become more involved when it is
known that certain varieties and species of economic plants are more liable to
attack by insects than other varieties and species. Treherne in a recent article
in the Agricultural Gazelte of Canada brings forward some instances of this
kind. Spring wheat in certain localities in British Columbia is severely troubled
with the wheat midge, while fall wheat is seldom attacked. But he notes that
the early and late sowings of the spring wheat are not so seriously injured as
the mid-season sowing. Again, the grape-blossom midge injures the early varieties
of grapes, such as Morris Early, Warden, Champion and Massasoit, more than
the Concord. In the serious invasion of the Hessian Fly in Ontario in 1900-01
the writer observed that certain varieties of wheat were injured more than others.
The Imperial, Egyptian and Michigan Ambers, Walker’s Reliable and General
Grant, were but slightly infested, while Dawson’s Golden Chaff, Turkey Red,
Treadwell and Red Chaff were badly affected. At the same time it was observed
that the Dawson’s Golden Chaff was not seriously attacked in New York State.
Treherne also notes that the Northern Spy apple is practically immune from
the woolly aphis, the Leconte and Kieffer pears from the San José scale, black
currants and lettuce from Peridromia saucia cut-worm, and the red Dutch cab-
bages from the cabbage root maggot. In addition, he says: “The forest tent
caterpillar (J. disstria) attacks sugar maple in preference to the soft maple,
the latter being comparatively free from attack. He also records the fact that
the spiny elm caterpillar (Huvanessa antiopa) rather seriously injures American
elms, while Scotch and English elms are not preferred. Similarly, the maple
scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis) rarely injures the sugar and Norway maples, _
but attacks especially the soft maples. Dr. Felt has further rated various shade
trees in New York in their order of susceptibility or immunity from attack by
insects. The European elm sawfly (Kaliosysphinga ulmi) attacks the English
and Scotch elms, including the Camperdown variety, in preference to the American
elms (Slingerland, Cornell). The elm leaf beetle (Galerucella luteola) is re-
ported as most seriously infesting the European elm and when other species of
elm were found growing nearby preference seemed to be shown for it (Burgess,
Illinois). The European elm scale (Gossyparia spuria) attacks the American
elms more seriously than the imported English elms. (Doten, Nevada.) The
fruit-tree bark beetle (Huzophera semifuneralis) clearly prefers the European or
imported varieties of plum, but does oceur in the native kinds; Prunus simoni has,
however, thus far been worst affected by it. (Sanderson, Delaware). The white
peach scale (Diaspis pentagona) a very polyphagous feeder, does not attack the
Le Conte and Kieffer pears. (Gossard, Florida). The apple maggot (Rhagoletis
pomonella) is noted particularly in the sweet and sub-acid summer varieties,
while fall and winter sorts, including acid varieties are less infested. (Quaintance,
U. S. Bureau.) The brown mite (Bryobia pratensis) is seldom observed on
quince and apricot, although it attacks a great variety of trees including almonds
and peaches. (Weldon, Colorado). The use of resistant vines against the grape
phylloxera represents a good example of the value of selection. The wild vines
of the Mississippi Valley states which have evolved in company with the Phylloxera
possess the more resistant forms. The European vine (V. vinifera) is the most
susceptible of all in California. (Quayle, California.)”
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89
InsEcTs AND Birps.
When it is known that about two-thirds of the food of our common birds
- consists of insects, it becomes evident that the agency of birds in the control
of insects is of the highest importance. The seasonal diet of the robin, blue
_ bird, catbird, king-bird, flycatchers, chickadee, wren, swallow, woodpecker, cuckoo,
_ night-hawk, warblers, oriole, and the other birds has been carefully studied in
recent years, with the resulting discovery that insects form in most cases their
only food, and only at certain seasons are small fruits eaten.
4 Birds are no doubt of special value to the farmer in nipping incipient
scourges in the bud on account of their ability to move rapidly from place to
_ place in search of food, and on account of their varied character an@ habits.
3 Especially is this true of our winter birds which search every cranny and nook
for the hibernating forms of insects at a season when every form destroyed
means in most cases the absence of hundreds of: thousands of their progeny ‘the
oo summer.
Insect BEHAVIOR Towarp STIMULI.
Inj recent years a large mass of facts regarding the behavior of insects to
- their environment—both organic and inorganic—has been accumulated, and in
a few cases this information has been of service in the control of injurious forms.
_ In general, however, the application of such methods of control is still in its
_ infancy stage, but it gives promise of valuable results in the near future.
As the relations of insects to plants and to other insects have been discussed
in previous sections, attention will be confined here’ to the behavior of insects
under the influence of environmental stimuli such as light, heat, moisture.
chemical contact, winds, etc.
For some time it has been known that plants show tropistic movements with
ward to light, heat, gravity, moisture, contact, etc. Moreover, some progress
been made towards an understanding of the processes. Plants, for example.
_ bend towards the light because the cells on the side away from the light grow
faster than those on the side next the light. There is no conscious control of
e movement by the plant. Animals, too, exhibit movements under the influence
of tropic, or rather, taxic stimuli. In the case of insects, butterflies, bees, house
flies, and many moths and caterpillars are positively phototropic or phototactic,
“and move towards the light, while maggots, bed bugs and cockroaches move away
from the light.
Again, most moths move away from sunlight but move towards a lesser
light such as electric or oil lamps. Davenport explains this difference by saying
that “ butterflies are attuned to a high intensity of light, moths to a low intensity.”
Loeb explains the circling of moths ‘and other insects about a light. The stimulus
‘orients the insect by its more intense action on the muscles next the light, and
"the insect then moves towards the light.
ae Loeb states that Psapaeers of the Brown tail Moth as aE emerge from
the state of the body.
“ Swaine finds that the destruction of piled logs by the wood-boring larve of
e sun-loving Monohammus can be prevented by forming a dense shade over
t e logs by means of brush. In his study of the army cut-worm (Euzoa auciliaris)
in “Alberta, Strickland found that the larve are negatively phototropic and hide
90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
beneath the soil till about four or five o’clock in the afternoon when they come
to the surface to feed. With the weaker light they become positively phototropic
and a general migration’ in a westerly direetion takes place When food is
scarce hunger may overcome their aversion to sunshine with the result that the
larvee come above ground, but they still display a modified negative phototropism
and migrate in a north-westerly direction. These facts are of practical value
in controlling outbreaks of this insect.” ( Hewitt.)
Insects are very responsive to the stimulus of heat, 1e., they are thermotactic.
Some insects respond to the stimulus of touch or contact, and are said to be either
positively or negatively thigmotactic. Cockroaches are in the habit of squeezing
into narrow crevices, and Loeb mentions the case of a moth (Pyrophila) which
also has the same habit.
Chemical substances and foods also act as stimuli influencing the movements
of insects. Maggots orient themselves with regard to their food and then move
towards it, the orientation being the result of unequal chemical stimulation of —
the muscles of the two sides of the body. The deposition of eggs by most insects
on certain plants is also the result of chemotropism. The house fly and many
piercing insects such as the biting flies and mosquitoes are repelled by phenol
and other coal tar products.
Wheeler and Loeb give several examples of geotropism among insects. They
observed that lady-birds and cockroaches at rest placed themselves on vertical
rather than horizontal surfaces. :
Observations show that taxic* reactions are very adaptive. Ants and aphids
are positively phototaxic when they get wings; and honey bees are periodically
phototaxic, thus leading to swarming. Ants, moreover, are strongly thermotaxiec,
thus securing for their brood the optimum temperature conditions.
RELATION oF INSECTS TO TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY.
Two important factors influencing the life of insects are temperature and
humidity. Their general regulatory action has been known for a long time, but
scientific data obtained in recent years enable us to speak more definitely regard-
ing the behavior of insects toward the varying temperature and humidity of
their environment. B |
Pierce in his studies of the Cotton Boll Weevil and other forms says: “A
careful study of the records of any species, charting for the time required for
each activity and the temperature and then similarly for the humidity will disclose
temperature and humidity points of maximum efficiency. With the Boll Weevil —
these points lie approximately near 83 deg. F. and 65 per cent. relative humidity.”
Ewing has found that a constant temperature of 90 deg. F. prevents the
development of Aphis avene, and that the optimum temperature for the production
of the wingless agamic forms is about 65 deg. F. The larve of the common
House Fly are killed at a temperature of 105 deg. F., and the close-packing
of manure is sufficient to prevent the breeding, of flies.
With regard to changes in humidity insects vary somewhat widely in their
reactions. For example, moist air is favorable to most aphids and hastens the
development of the larva of the Hessian Fly. On the other hand dry seasons
favor the development of the Chinch Bug and the Wheat Midge.
The investigations of Bachmetjew show that humidity is an important factor
modifying the effects of temperature, and that the metabolic activities of insects —
a ee ae ee
*The term tazic is now more commonly used than tropic when applied to the move-
ments of animals under the action of stimuli just referred to.
~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, . 91
are related to both temperature and humidity. He says: “ Apparently there is a
degree of atmospheric humidity which being the most favorable to the maximum
_ speed of insect metabolism should be designated as the optimum; that this optimum
_ varies for each species, for each stage of each species, and for each stage of each
individual.
It is a well-known fact that most species of Thrips and Red Spiders are
- more abundant, and hence more injuricus, under warm dry conditions,
5: The Codling Moth is an example of a common insect whose development is
_ greatly influenced by weather conditions. Even within the limits of a single
_ state or province the rate of its development and the time of its stages are
influenced by latitude, by early and late seasons, by cool and warm seasons, and
by wet and dry seasons. The student will find in the observations of Simpson
in Idaho, Pettit in Michigan, Sanderson in New Hampshire, Caesar in Ontario,
_ Headlee in Kansas, Siegler and Simanton in Maine, Brooks and Blakeslee in
_ Virginia, and Forbes in Illinois much valuable data for investigations on the
relation of insects to climatic factors.
FRIDAY AFTERNOON, 1.30 O’CLOCK.
__ A motion picture film on “Field and Parasite Work on the Gipsy and
Brown-tail Moths” was shown by Prof. Burgess in the local moving picture
_ theatre.
Be The use of this film was obtained by courtesy of the U. S. Bureau of Ento-
mology. It was followed immediately by another excellent film. illustrating
ee orchard Spraying in Nova Scotia,” shown by Prof. W. H. Brittain.
“THE EFFECT OF STABLE AND HORN FLY ATTACKS ON MILK
PRODUCTION.
A. W. Baker, O. A. COLLEGE, GUELPH.
At the annual meeting of the Society in 1916 the writer gave a paper on
Some Repellents for Stable and Horn Flies on Cattle.” At that time the
“question was raised as to whether or not fly attacks had any effect on milk
production. Accordingly during the summer of 1917 a spraying experiment was
carried out with milch cows in an endeavor to find the effect of fly attacks on:
j milk production, or rather the benefit to be derived from a prevention of these
attacks.
Two lots of five cows were selected. Unfortunately, one cow aborted during
the course of the experiment, so that milk records could be kept of only four
‘cows in one lot. From July 17th to July 31st one lot was sprayed once a day
and the other lot left unsprayed. From Aug. 1st to Aug. 12th the lots were
rsed in spraying and from Aug. 13th to Aug. 25th the lots were again reversed.
taking the milk records the first two or three days of each period were dis-
sarded, leaving 10 days in which the effect on yield was considered,
e ‘During the first period and part of the second, the cattle were sprayed before
fternoon milking. During the remainder of the second period and the third
spraying was done before the morning milking.
92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
The following table shows the lots of cows, sprayed and unsprayed, with
the milk production of each cow for the last ten days of the period and the total
milk production of the lot for the same time.
TABLE OF MILK PRODUCTION.
July 17th—July 31st. | Aug. Ist—Aug. 12th. | Aug. 13th—Aug. 25th.
| } |
=e) atotas fs Serrated | | | Total
Lot. | Cow. Milk. | Milk. | Lot. | Cow. Milk. Milk. | Lot. | Cow. Milk. Milk.
{ Lbs. | Lbs. ) Lbs. ) Lbs. Lbs. | Lbs.
A 6 281.3 te 183 188 299.8 A 6 230.6
ate 7 191.1 ra 194 210.7 7 182.7
2 10 | 127.6 N 193 150.7 La 10 82.6 =
S 191 263.6 = 232 250.6 <5 191 247.3 ee
& 185 149.2 185 136.8
Bee ss 312.3 | A 6 253.7 B 188 255.6
z 194 244.7 ices | 7 186 7 12 194 196.0 nn
= 193 141.7 esa 10 85.5 a 193 129.1 aS
g eae 274.2} 5° 191 241.1 SB 232 207.5 ee
mel | 185 |. 144.5
5
It must be borne in mind in examining these’ figures that there is a normal
loss in milk production from the middle of July to the end of August irrespective
of fly attacks. This loss is due of course to drying up of pastures and was
especially evident in 191%. Under normal conditions this loss is gradual, so that
in three periods such as used in this experiment the middle would represent
practically an average of the first and last.
An examination of the table of milk production shows us that such an
average production during the middle period was not evidenced where the cattle
had been sprayed for part of the time.
Lot A during the first period of ten days, sprayed, gave 1,012.8 lbs. of milk,
and in the third period of ten days, also sprayed, gave 880 lbs. of milk. During
the second, or unsprayed period, the lot, however, gave 911.5 lbs. of milk, which
is 35 lbs. or approximately 4 per cent. less than the average of the two sprayed
periods.
Lot B during the first period, when unsprayed, gave 972.9 lbs. of milk and
in the third period, also unsprayed, gave 788.2 Ibs. During the second, or
sprayed, period this lot gave 911.8 lbs. of milk, which is 31 lbs., or approximately
334 per cent. more than the average of the two unsprayed periods.
A comparison of the production of the two lots serves more strikingly to
point out the benefit derived from spraying. Lot A containing 5 cows in the
first ten days when sprayed produced 40 lbs. more than lot B containing 4 cows
unsprayed. In the third period lot A of 5 cows sprayed produced 92 lbs. more
than lot B of 4 cows unsprayed. In the second period, however, lot B of 4 cows
sprayed produced a fraction of a pound more than lot A of 5 cows unsprayed.
This comparison of the two lots also shows the advantage of morning spraying.
Lot A in the first period when sprayed in the afternoon gave only 40 lbs. more
than lot B unsprayed, whereas the same cows in the third period. when sprayed
in the morning, gave 92 Ibs. more than the unsprayed lot. The afternoon spray-
ing was less than 50 per cent. efficient as compared with the morning spraying,
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 93
- due of course to the fact that the cows had poor protection during the heat of
the day, when fly attacks were at their height.
We find that the increased milk production through the use of a repellent in
certain periods was approximately 4 per cent. in those periods. However, since
the afternoon spraying, which was carried on over considerably more than one-
third of the time, was less than 50 per cent. as efficient as the morning spraying
it follows that the production during the period when morning spraying was
practised must have been increased nearly 6 per cent. I should say in this con-
nection that, due to difficulty in securing assistants for summer work on the
department, we were forced for a time to use inexperienced and somewhat incom-
petent help and I feel that there were times when the spraying was not as
thoroughly done as was necessary. Accordingly, we feel that another season’s
work will give even more marked results.
In considering the increase in milk production through protection of cattle
from fly attacks by the use of repellents, it must be borne in mind that this
increase in production is secured without any increase in plant, stock or equip-
ment. There is also no increase in overhead save the cost of the spray material,
as the time required for spraying is so short that no additional help is required.
* Two men should spray a herd of thirty cows in 25 to 30 minutes.
The repellent used in this work was a home-made spray mixture, a modifica-
tion of the repellent described in the paper given at the last annual meeting
of the Society.
The ingredients are as follows:—
eeaia's l gallon
arpa:
Strong hot soap solution (about 4 cake laundry Eoet) 1 se
Oil of Citronella, eleteraatevaletateveiniaiaisinia\sleie lols) sinle}atete eeee.. 6 OUNCES
The kerosene and milk are mixed and thoroughly agitated to form an emul-
sion; the fish oil and hot soap solution are then mixed and thoroughly agitated
and the two@emulsions are then mixed and the whole very thoroughly agitated.
The 6 ozs. of oil of citronella is stirred in when the mixture is cold. This makes
quite a stable stock solution. It is advisable, however, to stir up the stock solu-
tion thoroughly each time any is taken out. When not in use the stock solution
should be kept covered.
The materials for this four gallons of stock solution cost about $1.83. In
the work outlined here the repellent was used in the proportion of one part of
stock solution to two parts of water. The mixture as applied, therefore, cost
1514 cents a gallon. In the proportion of 1 to 2 of water 1 gallon as applied
should suffice for one spraying for about forty cows. The cost of the spray
material used in the experiment was therefore about 55 cents.
The pump used was a small, cheap hand sprayer of the atomizer type, such
as is used for spraying small garden patches.
94 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
NOTES ON TWO UNUSUAL GARDEN PESTS IN NOVA SCOTIA.
THe Potato Stem Borer (Corlyna micacea Esp.)
Like so many of our injurious insects this species is evidently introduced
from Europe. <A short description of the larva is found in Newman’s “ British
Moths.” Stainton, in his “ Manual of British Butterflies and Moths” Vol. 1,
p. 198, states that the larva feeds in the roots of various Cyperateew. In “ British
and European Butterflies and Moths” by Kappel & Kirby, it is said that the
larva lives in the roots of Glyderia spectabilis, ete. Buckler in his “ Larve of
British Butterflies and Moths” states that the larva feeds on Hquisetum. He
gives the following account of the larva :—
“Larva of H. micacea, three-quarters grown, 1 1/16 in. long. The color of the back
and sides down to the spiracles was a rather deep purplish red-brown without gloss, and
a little paler on the thoracic segments and at the divisions; the sides below the
spiracles and belly and the legs were paler and of a dingy flesh color; the head, ochreous
brown, the mandibles blackish brown; a polished ochreous brown semi-circular plate on
the second segment rather broadly margined in front with blackish brown; a small shin-
ing pale ochreous plate on the anal tip, having a terminal border of very small dark
warts. At the beginning of July the larva has attained 13 in. long, having meanwhile
grown paler on the back and by the tenth of the month the upper and lower surfaces
were both alike, of a deep smoky dull flesh color. In this case the larva had fed on
Equisetum, but at this date it ceased feeding and excavated a hole in the earth at the
side of its pot; in which by the 15th it emerged to a light ochreous brown pupa % in.
long from which the moth emerged in August, 1914.”
es W. H. Brirrain, PRovinctAL ENtToMoLoGIst For Nova Scorta. : :
;
Miss Omerod publishes an account of certain outbreaks of the insect in
potato stems in her report on injurious insects for 1898. One outbreak occurred
at Fyvie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and reports of similar outbreaks were received
from Melton Mowbray and from Daleally, Errol, N.B., but in this case no
moth was reared. She states that larve sent in July 20th pupated the third
week in August and moths appeared the middle of September. This fairly closely
approximates the life history of the insect as determined for Nova Scotia. In
“ Entomological Notes” in the Journal of the Board of Agriculture, Vol. 4. p. t
519, there is a brief account of the insect and its work. Griinberg, in “ Die
Siisswasserfauna Deutschlands,” published at Jena in 1910, gives a description
of the adult of this insect and discusses the food habits of the larvae, mentioning
Carex, Rumex and Iris as host plants. -
The insect was first recorded as occurring in Canada by Mr. Gibson in the
39th Annual Report of this Society, pages 49-51. Mr. Gibson summarizes the
literature dealing with the pest and records its discovery at two widely separated “
points, viz., Westport, N.S., and Tramore, Ont. In both cases the larva was —
boring in a corn stalk. :
The moths have also been taken by Mr. McIntosh at St. John, N.B., who ‘
records the insect under the name Hydroecia medialis, Smith. The writer records
the ravages of the insect in Nova Scotia in a short article published in the
Proceedings of the Nova Scotia Entomological Society for 1915, pp. 96 and 97.
No records of complaints of the work of the insect can be found until the
summer of 1914, when serious damage was reported to potatoes in gardens at
Yarmouth. Specimens of larve were obtained and adults reared to maturity
from this material. In the same season the rhubarb plantation at the college was
visited by a serious attack of this pest which practically destroyed the crop both
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95
mt
4
Potato Stem Borer (Gortyna micacea).
Eggs in situ on stem.
Larva, side view, enlarged about two times.
Pupa, dorsal view, enlarged about two times.
Adult enlarged about four times.
96 THE REPORT OF THE . No. 36
that and the following year. In the fall the rhubarb was all taken up and the
ground plowed and well cultivated. In 1916 it was planted to cabbage and
cauliflowers. In 1917 there was no further appearance of the pest though the
land was planted out to potatoes.
During the past summer more complaints reached the office regarding this
insect than any other one pest. Never a mail arrived during its active season,
that did not bring letters of specimens.
Frequent mention was made in the press regarding this “new potato bug”
and sac of its ravages, often exaggerated, gained wide circulation.
We did not have an opportunity of making any detailed study of the insect,
but were able to secure the general outlines of its life history and to observe
its injuries. The eggs are laid by the female moth during the latter part of
August and in September. They are doubtless laid on various weeds, but we
have only found them on couch grass (Agropyrum repens) where they are very
difficult to detect. They -are laid loosely and frequently in rather large numbers,
attached to the stem, generally being partially surrounded by the leaf sheath.
The eggs, which do not appear to have been noted by other workers, are a little
less than one millimeter in diameter, circular in outline, faintly ribbed and
slightly tinged with pink.
The larve emerge in June and bore a tiny entrance hole in the stem through
the centre of which they bore, causing it to wilt and die. In the rhubarb they
frequently bore through and through the crown of the plant, but in potatoes
and corn they confine their attention to the stalk. The injury continues through
the latter part of July and into the early part of August, when the insect trans-
forms to a pupa, to emerge late in August or in September, as an adult moth.
The unusually severe outbreak of this pest during the past year may have
been partly due to the great increase in the number of back yard gardens, fre-
quently planted in situations that had formerly been badly overgrown with weeds
that would be likely to harbor the pest. The clean cultivation ‘of the plantation
during the oviposition period is an obvious step to take. In a permanent planta-
tion, such as rhubarb, this is particularly necessary and in land that is planted con-
tinuously in garden crops. Gardens should not be planted on waste land that
has been allowed to grow to weeds in previous seasons. Whenever possible such
land’ should be thoroughly plowed and cultivated the previous fall in order to
destroy as many eggs as possible. As the insect is chiefly a garden pest, picking
the injured stalks and destroying the caterpillars is practicable and should be
done to prevent outbreaks in future seasons. It is obviously impossible to attack
the insects by means of insecticides.
THE ZEBRA CATERPILLAR (Ceramica picta Harr.)
Unlike the former species, this is a native insect and occurs intermittently
over a wide range in the United States and Canada. I have been able to locate
about forty-five references to the work of the insect in American literature,
consisting for the most part, of brief notes- indicating that the pest is not con-
sidered to be one of major importance. Neither Chittenden or Sanderson men-
tion it in their text books. O’Kane gives it a few lines stating that it feeds on
garden crops of various sorts, especially beets, spinach, celery and peas.
Tt is apparent from the references to the insect in entomological literature
that, while it cannot be considered an unusual pest, serious outbreaks are a
somewhat rare occurrence, at least such outbreaks as have been experienced in the
Annapolis Valley during the past two years.
—— Jie
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
97
t
|.
*
>
,
|
3
Zebra Caterpillar (Ceramica picta).
2. Larva with egg of tachina parasite near head. Enlarged.
3. Adults at rest on ae leaf.
7 ES.
1. Larva, lateral and dorsal view, and pupa, ventral and dorsal view.
98 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Zebra Caterpillar (Ceramica picta).
1. Turnip leaf with egg masses attached.
2. Eggs greatly enlarged.
3. Newy hatched larve on turnip leaf.
4. Mature larve on turnip leaf.
\
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99
In 1915, Zebra caterpillars of the second brood were found to be quite com-
mon, though not particularly injurious, in the neighborhood of Kentville, but the
next year was the first that any complaint regarding injury, was received. In
1916, there was a very serious outbreak in some localities, mostly in Kings
County and numerous turnip fields were stripped of their leaves, the greater
damage was being done, as usual, by caterpillars of the second brood. Full
grown larve collected about Kentville in the fall, were found to be heavily
parasited and it was thought that there was little danger of a serious outbreak
the next year.
This proved to be true as far as the vicinity of Kentville was concerned,
but further west in western Kings and Annapolis counties, and in parts of Digby
and Yarmouth counties, there was an equally—if not a more severe outbreak,
~ even the first brood caterpillars being fairly numerous and destructive in some
cases. All the farmers, with scarcely an exception, stated that the insect was a
new pest—one that they had never seen before. This does not necessarily indicate
that the pest was a new one to our province and the nature and distribution of
the outbreak would make this possibility extremely unlikely. It does indicate,
however, that the period between outbreaks must be comparatively long.
Of the various crops attacked, turnip fields suffered most. Sometimes after
the leaves were stripped, the caterpillars would attack the roots themselves and
devour a sufficient amount to do considerable damage. On several occasions the
larve were observed to migrate from one field to another after the manner of
the army worm. This occurred when the particular crop upon which they were
feeding was entirely devoured. Migrations were observed from turnips to grass
and from buckwheat to potatoes.
The insects seem to be quite careless regarding their diet, feeding upon, in
addition to those plants already mentioned, beets, mangolds, beans, hydrangeas,
sweet peas, pigweed and even apple and plum trees. Eggs of the moth were
found deposited on apple leaves twelve feet from the ground.
On a small scale and where cheap labor was available hand-picking the
leaves bearing ege masses or nearly hatched caterpillars was the most economical
temedy. Where this could not be done, dusting with powdered arsenicals applied
by means of a blower, gave very satisfactory results.
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1917.
Artuur Greson, Cuier Assistant ENTOMOLOGIST, DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA.
Students of insects in Canada have again to acknowledge the many favours
Teceived from specialists in the United States and elsewhere for assistance in the
determination of species. Dr. L. O. Howard and his colleagues, at Washington,
_ have, as in the past, helped us very materially; Messrs. Barnes and McDunnough,
have named many doubtful species of Lepidoptera: Messrs. Casey, Wickham,
Liebeck, Leng, Fall, Frost, and Van Dyke have assisted in the Coleoptera; Messrs.
_ Aldrich, Malloch, Johnson, Hine and M. ©. Van Duzee, have determined Diptera,
and Mr. J. H. Emerton has continued to examine spiders. All of these re
A well as others who have assisted us, have our sincere thanks.
100 THE REPORT OF THE
LITERATURE,
Among the books, memoirs, ete., (which have appeared during 1917) of
interest to Canadian students the following may be mentioned:
Banks, NarHan. Index to the Literature of American Economic Ento-
mology, January 1, 1905, to December 31, 1914: American Association of Econ-
omic Entomologists, Melrose Highlands, Mass. This most useful volume of 323
pages is a continuation of the Bibliography of Economic Entomology, which was
published by the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. The insects and other
headings are arranged eet under each are placed the references by
author “alphabetically.
Barnes WILLIAM and Mela esarer J.H. Contributions to the Natural
History of the Lepidoptera of North America; Vol. 1V, No. 1. A Revision of the
Genus Hydriomena Hbn., Decatur, Ill.: The Review Press, May 23, 1917, pp. 1-38,
plates I-X. The results of this study are of particular interest to Canadian
lepidopterists. The genus Hydriomena is one which has given much trouble and
we are glad to have the results of this most recent study of these moths. A
number of new species are described, and racial names given to several others. Four
of these latter are from British Columbia, and one from Manitoba. Plates I to
VI illustrate the various species, ete., many types being figured, and plates VII
to X, illustrate male erin
Beruune, C.J. 8S. Bibliography of Canadian Bntoutolaee: for the year 1915:
Trans. Royal Society of Can., Vol. X, Series III, 1916, pp. 169-187; separate
received May 7, 1917. References are given to 175 papers; 71 of these relate to
economic entomology; 12 to general iene 23 to lepidoptera; 13 to hymen-
optera, etc.
CHacnon, G. A preliminary ae of the Insects of the Province of Quebec,
part I1I—Coleoptera; published as a supplement to the ninth annual report of the
Quebec Society for- the Protection of Plants; received Oct. 10, 1917. These lists
are very useful. The list of coleoptera comprises 278 pages. Under each species,
as in the two previous lists, the various known records are published. The author
is to be congratulated on the completion of such a valuable list.
Funxuouser, W. D. Biology of the Membracide of the Cayuga Lake Basin;
Cornell University Agric. Exp. Stn.; Memoir 11, June, 1917. This interesting
memoir is the result of an extended ‘biological study of the species found in the
above district. ‘It comprises pp. 181 to 445 and is illustrated with a number of
figures and plates. Sixty-one species are discussed. ,
GarMAN, Puitip. The Zygoptera, or Damsel Flies, of Illinois; Bulletin of
the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Article IV, June, 1917; pp. 411-
586, plates LVIII-LXXII. Following valuable chapters on morphology, life-
history and habits, and history of the Zygoptera, the classification of the species is
dealt with. Generic and specific keys are given and descriptions of the nymphs and
adults. The plates illustrate structural characters, ete.
Hesarp, Morgan. The Blattide of North America north of the Mexican
boundary: Philadelphia, Pa., Memoirs of the American Ent. Soc., No. 2, re-
ceived Aug. 14, 1917; 284 pages, 10 plates. In this important contribution forty-
three species are recorded as established within the United States and of these ten
are probably introduced. Two indigenous forms and two established adyentives —
are known to occur north of the Canadian boundary. Pages 259 to 274 deal more
briefly with species found to be adventive but not established in portions of the
United States and Canada.
— a
———— ss Le, oe
:
j
-
4
7 .
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 101
Mattocu, Joun R. A preliminary Classification of Diptera exclusive of
Pupipara based on Larval and Pupal Characters, with keys to imagines in certain
Families; Part 1: Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History,
Vol. XII, Article III, March, 1917, pp. 161-409, plates XXVIII to LVII. This
is indeed an important contribution and one which will be welcomed by both
- economic and taxonomic entomologists. The plates illustrate, chiefly, larval ana
pupal characters. The paper deals primarily with Illinois species.
Metanver, A. L. and Sputer, AnrHony.. The Dipterous Families Sepside
and Piophilide: Bull. No. 143, April, 1917, Agric. Exp. Sta., Pullman, Wash.
The species discussed in this paper are commonly combined as the family Sepside.
Economically they are principally scavengers, feeding and breeding in filth, sewage,
ete. Descriptions of twenty new species and six new varieties are included. Four
are from Canada. The plate at the end illustrates modifications of femora and
tibie of various species.
Parker, JOHN Bernarp. A Revision of the Bembicine Wasps of America,
north of Mexico: Proc. U.S.N.M., Vol. 53, pp. 1-55; published Feb. 10, 1917.
This revision is based upon a study of the specimens in the United States National
Museum and other important collections. A number of new species are described,
only one of which, however, is from Canada. Interesting biological notes are
given on pages 123-141. Hight plates showing structural characters are included.
Parsutgty, H. M. Fauna of New England, 14; List of the Hemiptera-
Heteroptera; Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Nat. History, VII, Aug.,
1917. This useful list will be-of special interest to Canadian hemipterists of
Eastern Canada, as many of the species herein recorded will undoubtedly be found
in Quebec and the Maritime Provinces. Four hundred and nineteen species are
listed, definite localities and dates of collection being given.
Quarntance, A. L., and Baxer, A. C. A contribution to our knowledge of
the White Flies of the Subfamily Aleyrodine (Aleyrodide): Proc. U.S.N.M.,
Vol. 51, pp. 335-445, with plates 32-77; published January 20, 1917. This con-
tribution is in continuance of Parts 1 and 2 of Bull. 27, Tech. Series; U.S. Bureau
of Entomology. One new species is described from Canada.
Van Duzer, Epwarp P. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America, north of
Mexico, excepting the Aphidide, Coccide, and Aleurodide; University of Cali-
fornia Publications; Technical Bulletins; Entomology, Vol. 2, pp. 1-902, Noy. 30,
1917. This catalogue undertakes to give a complete enumeration of all the des-
_ eribed Hemiptera to and including the Chermide, recorded from or known to occur
in America north of the southern boundary of the United States. The families
Aphididz, Coccide and Aleurodide have been omitted, largely because of the fact
that Mr. Van Duzee has made no careful study of these groups. The numbering
of the species in the catalogue has been made to correspond with that in the Check
List published in 1916, by the New York Entomological Society, species publ’shed
since being interpolated in the catalogue in fractional form. Mr. Van Duzee has
been a great help to Canadian hemipterists and we congratulate him on the com-
pletion of this most valuable catalogue.
Vierticxr, H. L., with the collaboration of A. D. MacGitiivray, C. T. Bross,
W. M. Wueeter and S. A. Rowuer: State of Conn., Bull. 22, Geological and
Natural History Survey; Part III, the Hymenoptera, or Wasp-like insects, of
Connecticut. This most valuable part of the Guide to the Insects of Connecticut,
_ prepared under the direction of Dr. W. E. Britton, was received in March, 1917.
Tt is a large volume of 824 pages and 10 plates. Keys are included to families,
_sub-families, and species. Dr. Britton with the various authors are to he eon-
102 : THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
gratulated on the completion of this work which will prove indispensable to students
of insects generally. The purpose of the volume is primarily, as Dr. Britton
stutes, to present a ready means for determining insects belonging to the
hymenoptera, along with such cardinal facts as will leave no doubt as to the desira-
bility of becoming familiar with the order as a whole, and more especially with
those forms that are beneficial to us and the few kinds that we call injurious.
WHEELER, Witt1AM Morton. The Mountain Ants of Western North
America: Amer. Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 52, No. 8, Jan., 1917, pp.
457-569. In this valuable contribution many Canadian records are included. One
new species, three sub-species and three varieties are described from Western
Canada.
NOTES OF CAPTURES.
(Species preceded by an asterisk (*) described during 1917.)
; LEPIDOPTERA,
(Arranged according to Barnes and McDunnough’s Check List of the Lepidoptera .
of North America.) P
Papilionide. ‘ k |
6. Papilio zelicaon Luc. Nordegg, Alta., July 12-17, 1917, 6,500 feet, (K.
Bowman and F. C. Whitehouse). :
\
Pieride.
39. Euchloe creusa Dbldy. Nordegg, Alta., July 12, 191%, 6,500 feet, (K.
Bowman and F. C. Whitehouse).
Satyride.
103. Coenonympha inornata Edw. Toronto, Ont., (H. 8. Parish). Addition to
Toronto list.
119. Cercyonis oetus Bdv. Nordegg, Alta., Aug. 10, 1916, 5,000 feet, (F. C.
Whitehouse).
Nymphalide.
198. Brenthis youngi Holl. Kintlan Glacier, Yukon, 9,000 feet, June, 1913,
(H. F. J. Lambart).
202. Brenthis astarte D. & H. Nordegg, Alta., July 14-16, 1917, 6,500 feet, —
(K. Bowman and F. C. Whitehouse). 7
Lycaenide. : |
Lycaena lygdamus columbia Skinner. “Vancouver”; Ent. News, XXVIII,
213.
Hesperiide. |
488. Hesperia centauree Ramb. Nordegg, Alta., July 12, 1917, 6,500 feet,
(KX. Bowman and F. C. Whitehouse).
Sphingide.
671. Dolba hyleus Dru. Quyon, Que., Aug. 23, 1917, (J. I. Beaulne). Only.
one record in Winn’s List of Quebec Lepidoptera, paras “Dunham Co.,
VIL, (Fyles) 3.4
> as
eee eer et
Ie il
’
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103
705. Smerinthus jamaicensis geminatus Say. Armstrong, B.C., July 12, 1915,
(W. Downes). Only record we have for B.C.
106b. Smerinthus cerisyi opthalmicus form pallidulus Edw. Victoria, B.C.,
June 28, 1913, July 14, 1917, bred ex. pupa; new record for B.C.; have
seen no other specimens in B.C. collections, (HE. H. Blackmore).
Saturniide.
794. Pseudohazis eglanterina G. & R. Victoria, B.C., July 23, 1917; taken by a
schoolboy on the outskirts of the city; first record for Victoria, (E. H.
Blackmore).
Arctiide.
855. Lexis bicolor Grt. Pocahontas, Alta., Aug., 1916; Nordegg, Alta., July,
1917, (K. Bowman).
947. Neoarctia yarrowi Stretch. Nordegg, Alta., July 13-16, 6,500 feet,
(K. Bowman and F. C. Whitehouse).
988. Apantesis williamsi determinata Neum. Murray Bay, Que, (J. G.
Holmes). Previously recorded in Quebec Province from St. Agathe.
Noctuide.
1080. Dysocnemis oregonica Hy. Edw. Armstrong, B.C., May 5, 1907, (W.
Downes).
1254. Huzoa andera Sm. Armstrong, B.C., July 10, 1915, (W. Downes).
1308. Huzoa terrena Sm. Victoria, B.C., Aug. 14, 1917, (E. H. Blackmore).
1313. Huzoa ontario Sm. Hymers, Ont. July 30, 1911, (H. Dawson).
1329. Euroa tessellata Harr. Goldstream, B.C., Sept. 1, 1917, (HE. H.
Blaekmore).
1332. Huxoa esta Sm. Goldstream, B.C., Sept. 1, 1917, one of the rarest Euxoas
in the province, (EK. H. Blackmore).
1438. Agrotis rubifera Grt. Armstrong, B.C., 1914, (W. Downes).
1475. Epipsilia monochromatea Morr. Bridgetown, N.S., May 26, 1914, (G. E.
Sanders).
1561. Abagrotis erratica Sm. Victoria, B.C., Aug. 11, 1917, (E. H. Blackmore) ;
first record from Vancouver Isl.; previously recorded from Kaslo, (J. W.
Cockle) and has been taken at Okanagan Landing (J. A. Munro) and
Armstrong (W. Downes)—E. H. B.
1628. Anarta richardsoni Curt. Kluthlan Glacier, Yukon, 9,000 feet, June, 1913,
(H. F. J. Lambart).
1760. Polia restora Sm. Victoria, B.C., Aug. 19, 1916, (E. H. Blackmore) ; Aug.
25, 1916, (M. Brinkman).
1853. Eriopyga infidelis Dyar. Victoria, B.C., Aug. 14, 1917, (E. H. Black-
more).
1938. Cirphis farcta Grt. Armstrong, B.C., July 22, 1915, (W. Downes).
2168. Graptolitha thazteri Grt. Montreal. Que., May 12, 1917, (A. F. Winn).
2177. Xylotype capar G. & R. Hymers, Ont., Sept. 15, 1911, (H. Dawson).
2178. Eurotype confragosa acutissima Grt. Murray Bay, Que., (J. G. Holmes).
Addition to the Quebec list.
2187. Fumichtis ducta Grt. Smith’s Cove, N.S., July 15, 1916. (C. A. Good).
2189. Humichtis miniota Sm. Fort William, Ont., Aug. 19, 1907.
2254. \Septis antennata purpurissata B. & McD. Victoria, B.C., July 25, 1916;
: July 21, 1917, (E. H. Blackmore).
2412. Cerma cuerva Barnes. Victoria, B.C., Aug. 25, 1916, (E. H. Blackmore).
This species has previously been listed under the name of olivacea Sm.
104 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Victoria is the only recorded locality in British Columbia for this species, -
which is rather rare, (IH. H. B.). ;
2465. Acronycta tritona Hbn. Hymers, Ont., June 7, 1911, (H. Dawson).
2485. Acronycta chionochroa Hamp. Edmonton, Alta., May, 1910, (K.~
Bowman).
2489. Acronycta innotata Gn. Edmonton, Alta., June, 1916, (K. Bowman).
2613. Menopsimus caducus Dyar. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., Aug. 4, 5,
(H. 8. Parish).
* Xylomoia chagnoni B. & McD. Rouville Co., Que, June 4; Mt. St.
Hilaire, Que., July 4, 6, (G. Chagnon); Cartwright, Man., (BE. F.
Heath) ; Can. Ent. XLIX, 320.
2648. Gortyna obliqua Harv. Saanich, B.C., Sept. 22, 1916, (W. Downes).
3256. Autographa nicholle Hamp. Rosedale, B.C., June 22, 1917, (E. H. Black-
more). This species occurs sparingly throughout the Lower Fraser
Valley and has previously been listed under the name of Luchalcia
putnami Grt., (E. H. B.).
3274. Autographa ampla Wlk. Victoria B.C., July 12, 1917, not previously re-
corded from this locality, (E. H. Blackmore).
3441. Mycetophora inerplicata Wilk. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., July 12,
(H. 8. Parish) ; Edmonton, Alta., July 7, 1915, (D. Mackie).
Notodontide. : :
3596. Datana angusii G. & R. Jordan, Ont., June 30, 1916, (W. A. Ross). ~
Drepanide.
3757. Oreta rosea Wik. Edmonton, Alta., July 12, 1916, (D. Mackie).
3758. Oreta irrorata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., July 12, 1916, (D: Mackie).
3761. Drepana arcuata siculifer Pack. Edmonton, Alta., June, 1916, (K.
Bowman). !
Geometride. i ¢
3862. Acidalia frigidaria Moesch. Edmonton, Alta., July 138, 1915, (D. Mackie).
3865. Acidalia fuscata Hist. Edmonton, Alta., May 29, 1915, (D. Mackie).
3918. Cosymbia lumenaria Hbn. Rosedale, B.C., June 20, 1917, (E. H.
Blackmore).
3981. Lygris destinata lugubrata Moesch. Montfort, Que. June 30, 1916,
W. T. M. Forbes).
3982. Lygris similis harveyata Tayl. Edmonton, Alta., Aug., 1916, (K. Bow-
man).
3990. Thera otisi Dyar. Pocohontas, Alta, Aug., 1916, (K. Bowman). Mr. —
i. H. Blackmore, of Victoria, B.C., has informed me that the species
recorded in last year’s Record, under this name proves to be what he calls
Xanthorhoe incursata, although it is rather doubtful if the insect is the
real incursata.
* Dysstroma mulleolata sobria Swett. Victoria, B.C., June 22, 1914, (E. H.
Blackmore) ; Can. Ent., XLIX, 69.
* Dysstroma mulleolata subumbrata Swett. Victoria, B.C., June 2, 14, 16,
22, 1914; June 24, 26, 1915, (E. H. Blackmore) ; Can. Ent. XLIX, 70.
* Dysstroma mulleolata ochrofuscaria Swett. Victoria, B.C., June 27, 1915,
(E. H. Blackmore); Duncan, B.C., June 14, 1910, (A. W. Hanham) ;
Dunean, B.C., Aug. 7, 1908, (G. 0. Day); Vancouver Island, July 16,
1905; Can. Ent. XLIX, 70.
ae
4094.
.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105
Hydriomena perfracta Swett. Nordegg and Pocohontas, Alta., June-July,
1917, (KX. Bowman). This, I understand, is now considered to be a dis-
tinct species and not a variety of coerulata.
Hydriomena exculpata tribulata B. & McD. Kaslo, B.C.; Contr. Nat. Hist.
Lep. N-A., IV, 14.
Hydriomena perfracta exasperata B. & McD. Departure Bay, Van. Is.,
B.C., July 13, (G. W. Taylor); Wellington, B.C., June 23, (G. W.
Taylor) ; Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., IV, 19.
Hydriomena frigidata manitoba B. & McD. Cartwright, Man., May 25,
28; Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., IV, 17.
Hydriomena renunciata pernigrata B. & McD. Skagit Basin, B.C.;
Stickeen River, B.C.; Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., IV, 25.
Hydriomena edenata grandis B. & McD. Duncan, B.C., March 24-30;
Victoria, B.C., April 8, 13, 16; Contr. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., IV, 33.
Xanthorhoe convallaria mephistaria Swett. Goldstream, B.C., Sept. 3,
1917, (E. H. Blackmore).
Xanthorhoe congregata Wlk. Edmonton, Alta. July 13, 1915, (D.
Mackie).
Xanthorhoe salvata Pears. Edmonton, Alta., July 18, 1915, (D. Mackie).
Epirrhoe alternata Mull. Rosedale. B.C., June 22, 1917, (E. H. Black-
more). '
Perizoma basaliata grandis form saawichata Swett. Victoria, B.C., July
12, 1917, (E. H. Blackmore).
4115, 1. Venusia obsoleta Swett. Quamichan Lake, near. Duncan, B.C., April 18,
4120.
4158.
4171.
4218.
4226.
4243.
4323.
4332.
1917, (G. O. Day).
Hydrelia albifera Wik. Rosedale, B.C., June 27, 1917. This is the
farthest west record of this eastern species, Kaslo being the only other
recorded locality in the Province, (E. H. Blackmore).
Eupithecia columbiata Dyar. Edmonton, Alta., April 17, 1915, (D.
Mackie).
EBupithecia casloata Dyar. Rosedale, B.C., June 26, 1917, (E. H. Black-
more).
Eupithecia stellata Hulst. Edmonton, Alta., July 23, 1915, (D. Mackie).
Eupithecia nevadata Pack. Victoria, B.C., April 3, 1917, (HE. H.
Blackmore). :
Bupithecia usurpata Pears. Victoria, B.C., April 12, 1917, (HE. H.
Blackmore).
Drepanulatrix litaria Hulst. Lillooet, B.C., Sept. 22, 1917, (A. W. A.
Phair). This is the true litaria of which fumosa is a synonym. I also
have it from Kaslo, B.C., (J. W. Cockle) and Ymir, B.C., (W. H.
Danby). The species that Dr. Dyar listed in his Kootenay list as litaria
is faleataria Pack., (E. H. Blackmore).
Philobia ulsterata Pears. Cloverdale, B.C., July 9, 1917, (Bevan Hugh).
This is one of the rarest of our BA. geometers, the last previous record
I have of this species is Vancouver, B.C., June 7, 1908, A. H. Bush,
(E. H. Blackmore).
Macaria bicolorata Fabr. ‘Armstrong, B.C., 1913, (W. Downes).
Hesperumia sulphuraria form baltearia Hulst. Armstrong, B.C., June,
1915, (W. Downes).
4407. Itame brunneata Thun. Montfort, Que., June 30, 1916, (W. T. M.
Forbes). Addition to Quebec list.
8 Es.
106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
4413. Itame exauspicata Wik. Edmonton, Alta., July 18, 1915, (D. Mackie).
4429. Itame hulstiaria Tayl. Edmonton, Alta., May 22, 1915, (D. Mackie).
4478. Platea trilinearia Pack. Lillooet, B.C., (A. W. A. Phair). This is an
interesting record as the only previous recorded specimen for British
Columbia was taken many years ago by Mr. H. Skinner, at Keremeos
Creek, B.C., (E. H. Blackmore). ;
4488. Nepytia semiclusaria pellucidaria Pack. Lillooet, B.C., Sept. 22, 1917,
(A. W. A. Phair); Armstrong, B.C., (W. Downes). New record for
B.C., (E. H. Blackmore).
4553. Cleora excelsaria Stkr. Goldstream, B.C., June 3, 1917, at rest on the
charred trunk of a pine tree, first specimen taken for over 12 years, (Hi. H.
Blackmore).
4644. Sicya macularia crocearia Pack. Victoria, B.C., July 17, 1917; fairly
common at night, has dimorphic females, (E. H. Blackmore).
* Huchlaena albertanensis Swett. Calgary, Alta., May 31, 1912, (F. H.
Wolley-Dod) ; Edmonton, Alta., June 16, 1916, (K. Bowman); Ed-
: monton, Alta., (D. Mackie) ; Can. Ent. XLIX, 351. :
4711. Selenia alciphearia ornata B. & McD. Victoria, B.C., July 17, 1917,
(E. H. Blackmore) ; Cloverdale, B.C., July 30, 1917, (Bevan Hugh).
4726. Metanema quercivoraria Gn. Cloverdale, B.C., June 28, 1917, (E. H.
Blackmore) ; July 12, 1917, (Bevan Hugh).
Pyralide.
5098. Phlyctenia acuteYa Wlk. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., July 15, 1916,
(H. S. Parish).
5216. Cataclysta magnificalis Hbn. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., July 12,
(H. 8S. Parish).
5238. Scoparia penumbralis Dyar. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., June 5, July
26, (H. 8. Parish).
5254. Pyralis costiferalis Wlk. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., July 12, (H. 8S.
Parish).
* Schenobius amblyptepennis Dyar. St. John’s, Que., July 11, 1915, (W.
Chagnon) ; Insecutor Inscitiz Menstruus V, 80.
* Schenobius melinellus uniformellus Dyar. St. Therese Island, Que., July
28, 1915, (W. Chagnon) ; St. John’s Que., July 31, 1915, (W. Chagnon) ;
Winnipeg, Man., (A. W. Hanham) ; Insecutor Inscitize Menstruus, V. 81. °
* Immyrla pasadamia Dyar. St. John’s Que., June 18, 1911, (W. Chagnon) ;
Insecutor Inscitie Menstruus, V. 45.
Aegeriide.
6686. Synanthedon corni Hy. Edw. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont., July 12,
(H. 8. Parish).
Lyonetiide.
8135. Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clem. Hemmingford, Que., June 13, 1917,
(C. E. Petch). Only one record, namely, “ Montreal” in Winn’s Quebec
list.
Nepticulide.
* Nepticula canadensis Braun. Bear Creek, near Roger’s Pass, B.C.; Trans.
Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIII, 185. :
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107
- Micropterygide.
8477. Mnemonica auricyanea Wishm. Megantic, Que., July 6, Sherbrooke, Que.—
Lake Park—July 5; Montfort, Que., June 30, 1916, (W. T. M. Forbes).
Addition to Quebec list.
Hepialide.
8488. Hepialus mathewi Hy. Edw. Victoria, B.C., Sept. 23, 1917, (E. H.
Blackmore). This species has stood under the name of hyperboreus
Moesch. in B.C. collections for many years. It also occurs at Duncan,
B.C., and Vancouver, B.C., (E. H. B.).
8493. Hepialus montanus Stretch. Victoria, B.C., May 3, 1915; June 20, 1916,
(E. H. Blackmore).
CoLEOPTERA.
(Arranged according to Henshaw’s list of Coleoptera of America, North
of Mexico.) ;
(Henshaw’s number.)
Cicindelide.
36. Cicindela cinctipennis Lec. Red Deer, Alta., July 8, 1917, (P. A. Taverner
; and C. H. Young).
Carabide.
7%. Omophron tessellatum Say. Lanoraie, Que., June, July, 1915, (G.
Beaulieu).
177%. Notiophilus semistriatus Say. Miami, Man., June 28, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
189. Nebria gebleri Dej. Lake Louise, Alta., Aug. 13, 1915, (J. B. Wallis).
231. Dyschirius longulus Lec. Husavick, Man., June 22, 1912; Winnipeg,
Man., Aug. 16, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
240. Dyschirius erythrocerus Lec. Miami, Man., July 6, 1914, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
251. Dyschirius pumilis Dej. Aweme, Man., June 9, 1916. (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
254. Dyschirius hispidus Lec. Aweme, Man., June 9, 1916, (N. Criddle).
317. Bembidium americanum Dej. Husavick, Man., June 9, 1910, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
374. Bembidium approximatum Lec. Weyburn, Sask., June 18, 1916, (N.
Criddle).
385. Bembidium encicolle Lec. Winnipeg Beach, Man., (J. B. Wallis).
388. Bembidium intermedium Kirby. Aweme, Man., July 27, 1916, (N.
Criddle).
391. Bembidium versicolor Lec. Estevan, Sask., May 21, 1916, (N. Criddle).
398. Bembidium morulum Lec. Aweme, Man., June 10, 1909, (E. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
412. Bembidium connivens Lec. Ogema, Sask., June 16, 1916, (N. Criddle).
New to Saskatchewan. :
Patrobus septentrionis Dej. Gimli, Man., July 19, 1916, (Frances Bur-
ridge). New to Manitoba.
Trechus borealis. MHusavick, Man., July 8, 1915. (J. B. Wallis). New to
Manitoba.
108 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
671. Amara farcta Lec. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 23, 1912, (J. B. Wallis); —
Calgary, Alta., May 10, 1915, (W. H: T. Tams); Winnipeg, Man., May
3, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
678. Amara remotestriata Dej. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 21, 1912, (J. B.
Wallis); Bird’s Hill, Man., Aug. 27, 1916, (J. B. Waliis). New to
Manitoba.
898. Lebia depicta Horn. Winnipeg, Man., Oct. 4, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New
to Manitoba.
906. Dromius piceus Dej. Miami, Man., June 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New
to Manitoba.
108%c. Harpalus erythropus Dej. Miami, Man., June 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Haliplide.
Peltodytes sexmaculatus Robts. Bird’s Hill, Man., Aug. 27, 1916,
(J. B. Wallis); Miami, Man., Oct. 9, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to —
Manitoba.
Dytiscide.
* Laccophilus inconspicuous Fall. Winnipeg, Man., June 3, 1911, (J. B.
Wallis) ; Edmonton, Alta, (F. 8. Carr) ; Montreal, Que: ; Jour, New.
Ent. Soc., XXV, 164.
1296. Coelambus masculinus Cr. Thornhill, Man., Tale ie 1916, (J. B. Wallis) ;
Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 23, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
1298. Coelambus unguicularis Cr. Winnipeg, Man., May 11, 1912; Sept. 2,
1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
1314. Hydroporus undulatus Say. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 16, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis). New fo Manitoba.
1430. Agabus congener Payk. Winnipeg, Man., June 20, 1915, (J. B. Wallis).
1458. Rhantus flavogriseus Cr. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 2, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Gyrinide. ee.
1524. Gyrinus pectoralis Lec. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis) ; Win-
nipeg, Man., June 6, 1911, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Hydrophilide.
1582. Hydraena pennsylvanica Kies. Aweme, Man., July 21, 1903, (N. Griddle).
New to Manitoba. .
1590. Tropisternus miztus Lec. Selkirk, Man., Sept. 23, 1911, (J. B. Wallis); _
Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 16, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
1672. Cercyon melanocephalum Linn. Aweme, Man., July 4, 1910, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba. :
Pselaphide.
1875. Tyrus humeralis Aube. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
Staphylinide.
2092. Acylophorus pronus Er. Husavick, Man., June 22, 1912, (J. B. Wallis).
2106. Quedius levigatus Gyll. Aweme, Man., July 19, 1917, (N. Criddle).
- Quedius curtipennis Csy. Aweme, Man., June 27; Sept. 6, 1917, (N.
Criddle).
2128. Staphylinus erythropterus Linn. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109
Phiilonthus hudsonicus Horn. Husavick, Man., June 22, 1912, (J. B.
Wallis).
Philonthus protervus Csy. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1912. (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Philonthus sordidus Grav. Peachland, B.C., July 19, 1912, (J. B. Wallis) ;
Winnipeg, Man., May 13, 1911, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Philonthus brevipennis Horn. Aweme, Man., June 27: Sept. 6, 1917,
(N. Criddle).
Philonthus punctatellus Horn. Winnipeg, Man.,-May 6, 1912, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba. _
Philonthus nigritulus Grav. Winnipeg, Man., May 30, 1912; Husavick,
Man., June 23, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Actobius pederoides Lec. Winnipeg, Man., April 29, 1911, (J. B. Wallis).
Xantholinus cephalus Say. Peachland, B.C., July 19, 1912; Winnipeg,
Man., May 18, 1912; Miami, Man., July 2, 1914, (J. B. Wallis). New
to Manitoba.
Stenus femoratus Say. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New
to Manitoba.
Stenus corvus Csy. Winnipeg, Man., June 6, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New
to Manitoba.
Stenus alpicola Fauv. Husavick, Man., June 22, 1912, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Stenus humilis Er. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis).
Stenus vinnulus Csy. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis).
Platymedon laticollis Csy. Aweme, Man., May 2, 1916, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
Lathrobium obtusum Csy. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis).
- New to Manitoba.
Lathrobium punctulatum Lec. WHusavick, Man., July 3, 1910; Winnipeg,
Man., Sept. 18, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Lathrobium nigrum Lec. Husavick, Man., Aug., 1914, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Lathrobium concolor Lee. Winnipeg, Man., April 17, 1911; Onah, Man.,
May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Lathrobium simplex Lec. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Pycnorus (Scopeus) dentiger Lec. Stony Mountain, Man., April 21,
1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Stilicus biarmatus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 18, 1912, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba. :
Iithocharis obsoleta Nordm. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba. Col. Casey refers this to Pseudomedon thoracicum
Csy., saying that obsoleta does not occur in N. A. (H.C.F.)
Sunius prolicus Er. Winnipeg, Man., May 13, 1911, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Sunius brevipennis Aust. Aweme, Man., June 19, 1917, (N. Criddle).
Tachinus pallipes Gravy. Winnipeg, Man., May 14, 1912, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Orytelus niger Lec. Winnipeg, Man., April 23, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
9715. Ozytelus suspectus Csy. Winnipeg, Man., May 13, 1911; Onah, Man.,
May 24, 1912, (J. B. Wallis).
2805. Acidota crenata Fab. Husavick, Man., July 15, 1912, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
2831. Olophrum rotundicolle Sahlb. Husavick, Man., June 22, 1913, (J. B.
Wallis).
2840. Homalium lapponicum Zett. Winnipeg, Man., June 1, 1912, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
2851. Homalium hamatum Fauv. Miami, Man., June 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Scaphidiide.
2978. Beocera concolor Fab. Aweme, Man., June 27, (N. Criddle).
Phalacride.
Phalacrus probatus Csy. Winnipeg, Man., May 13, 1911; Miami, Man.,
June 27, 1916; Husavick, Man., (J. B. Wallis).
Corylophide.
3011. Sacium lugubre Lec. Aweme, Man., May 3, 1903, (N. Criddle).
3024. Gronevus (Corylophus) truncatus Lec. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912; in
moss in larch swamp, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
3025. Sericoderus flavidus Lec. Aweme, Man., May 4, 1917; in swarms of
Formica fusca, (N. Criddle). ;
Coccinellide.
3069. Harmonia picta var. hudsonica. Victoria Beach, Man., Aug. 7, 1916,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
3162. Scymnus punctatus Melsh. Aweme, Man., Aug. 7, 1917, (N. Criddle) ;
Thornhill, Man., July 5, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Endomychide.
3179. Phymaphora pulchella Newn. Bird’s Hill, Man., Sept. 24, 1917, in fungus,
(N. Criddle).
3186. Aphorista vittata Fab. Aweme, Man., July 7%, 1916, (N. Criddle). New
to Manitoba.
Cucujide. ‘
3327. Lemophleus adustus Lec. Aweme, Man., May 8, 1912, (E. Criddle).
3328. Lamophleus testaceus Fab. Aweme, Man., June 9, 1916, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
Cryptophagide.
Agathengis pumilio Csy. Miami, Man., June 26, 1916, (J. B. Wallis):
Winnipeg, Man., May 14, (L. H. Roberts).
3380. Coenoscelis ferruginea Sahlb. Miami, Man., June 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba. ,
9926. Atomaria apicalis Er. Aweme, Man., May 11, 1912, (N. Criddle). New
to Manitoba.
3388. Atomaria ochracea Zimm. Aweme, Man., July 4, 1916, (N. Criddle).
3389. Atomaria ephippiata Zimm. Aweme, Man., April 15, 1905, (N. Criddle).
Mycetophagide.
3406. Litargus tetraspilotus Lec. Aweme, Man., July 20, 1917, (N. Criddle) ;
Miami, Man., June 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
|
|
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 111
=
3407. Litargus didesmus Say. Aweme} Man., June 22, 1910, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
Histeride.
3461. Hololepta fossularis Say. Dunstan, Man., June 26, 1916, (Miss Jessie
Duncan). New to Manitoba.
3464. Hister planipes Lec. Winnipeg, Man., June 20, 1915, (L. H. Roberts).
New to Manitoba. 5
3495. Hister furtivus Lec. Thornhill, Man., July 5, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
3551. Dendrophilus punctulatus Say. Miami, Man., July 4, 1914; Winnipeg,
Man., May 31, 1915, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
3571. Saprinus rotundatus var. communis Mars. Winnipeg, Man., June 10,
1914; Onah, Man., July 9, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
3586. Saprinus oregonensis var. sejunctus Mars. Thornhill, Man., July 1, 1916,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
3618. Saprinus mancus Say. Victoria Beach, Man., Aug. 7, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Nitidulide.
3711. Epurea ovata Horn. Aweme, Man., Sept. 10, 1916, (N. Criddle).
3730. Soronia undulata Say. Aweme, Man., June 16, 1917, (N. Criddle).
3760. Ips cylindricus Lec. Aweme, Man., Oct. 24; June 24, 1906-11, (HE. & N.
Criddle).
Latridiide.
9990. Corticaria fulva Com. Winnipeg, Man., May 10, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
3779. Stephostethus liratus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 2, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Enicmus mimus Fall. Aweme, Man., May 2, 1905, (N. Criddle). New
_ to Manitoba.
Enicmus aterrimus Mots. var nitens. Winnipeg, Man., June 10, 1916,
on raspberry leaves, (J. B. Wallis).
Cartodere costulata Reitt. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1914; Sept. 16,
’ in cellar, (J. B. Wallis).
3796. Coninomus constrictus Gyll. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 14, Oct. 31, 1916;
in cellar, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Trogositide.
3843. Tenebrioides americana Kirby. Ironside, Que., April 19, 1917, (L. M.
Stohr).
3890. Byrrhus cyclophorus Kirby. Winnipeg, Man., June 20, 26, 1915, (LL. H.
Roberts). Previously recorded by Hamilton from Hudson Bay.
3898. Syncalypta echinata Lec. Victoria Beach, Man., Aug. 7, 1916: under
board on sandy beach, (J. B. Wallis). Previously taken hy Hanham,
at Brandon, Man.
Parnide.
3925. Elmis vittatus Melsh. Winnipeg, Man., July 19, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
3930. Elmis fastiditus Lec. Aweme, Man., Aug. 28, 1907; in river under stones,
(N. Criddle).
112 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
3951. Stenelmis vittipennis Zimm. Aweme, Man., Aug. 28, 1917; in river under
stones, (N. Criddle).
Heteroceride. ;
Heterocerus schwarzi Horn. Aweme, Man., Sept. 3, 1917; in mud, (N.
Criddle).
3965. Heterocerus collaris Kies. Aweme, Man., Sept. 3, 1917; in mud, (N.
Criddle). : -
3969. Heterocerus pusillus Say. Aweme, Man., Sept. 3, 1917; in mud, (N.
Criddle).
Dascyllide.
3993. Eucinetus terminalis Lec. Winnipeg, Man., April 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
Hlateride.
4153. Hypnoidus (Cryptohypnus) tuwmescens Lec. Winnipeg, Man., June 13,
1914, (Wallis). New to Manitoba.
4220. later pullus Germ. Husavick, Man., July 6, 1915, SE B. Wallis). New
to Manitoba.
4223. later discoideus Fab. Miami, Man., June 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
4271. Ludius attenuatus Say. Meach Lake, Que., June 21, 1916, (A. Gibson).
Addition to Quebec list.
4286. Agriotes pubescens Melsh. Headingly, Man., June 13, 1916, (J.. B.
Wallis).
4380. Campylus denticornis Kirby. Aweme, Man., June 22, 1912, (E. Criddle).
4455. Corymbites angularis Lec. Vancouver, B.C., May 28, 1915, (R. N
Chrystal).
4456. Corymbites medianus Germ. Berens River, Man., July 18, 1916. (Misses
Gordon & Lepage).
4487. Corymbites splendens Ziegl. Winnipeg, Man., June 13, 1914, (J. B.
Wallis).
4495. Corymbites metallicus Payk. Onah, Man., July 7, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
4499. Oxygonus obesus Say. Winnipeg, Man., June 4, (L. H. Roberts). New
to Manitoba.
Hemicrepidius (Asaphes) brevicollis Cand. Winnipeg, Man., Ang. 1, 1916,
(J. B. Wallis).
Buprestide.
Dicerca caudata Lec. Victoria Beach, Man., June 17, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
4738. Agrilus acutipennis Mann. Thornhill, Man., June 30, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
4742. Aarilus politus var. corylus. Darlingford, Man., June 10, 1915, (W. R.
Metcalfe). New to Manitoba.
4746a. Aarilus cephalicus Lec. Onah, Man., July 9, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Cleride.
5178. Clerus speqeus Fab. Peachland, B.C., April 28, 1916, (F. Elliott).
5210. Phallobenas dislocatus Say. Aweme, Man., July 2, 1911, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
4
me ghee
CTR Er >
rT
bile)
ome
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113
Ptinide. :
5329. Cenocara scymnoides Lec. Aweme, Man., June 7, 1912, (N. Criddle).
Cenocara bicolor Germ. Miami, Man., June 26, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
Ptilinus pruinosa Csy. Darlingford, Man., July 17, 1916; issuing from
dry aspen logs in stable, (W. R. Metcalfe).
Cioide.
Octotemnus laevis Csy. Bird’s Hill, Man., Sept. 24, 1917, in fungus,
(N. Criddle).
5889. Cis fuscipes Mellié. Aweme, Man., May 29, 1905, (N. Criddle).
Bracycis brevicollis Csy. Aweme, Man., April 6, 1917, in birch bracket
fungus, (E. Criddle).
5404. Hnnearthron thoracicornis Ziegl. Aweme, Man., Sept. 6, Oct. 10, eit in
fungus, (N. Criddle).
Xestocis levettei Csy. Aweme, Man., April 23, 1916, (N. Criddle). New
to Manitoba.
Sphindide.
5410. Hurysphindus hirtus Lec. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
Scarabeide.
5552. Aphodius brevicollis Lec. Darlingford, Man., Oct. 10, 1915, (W. R.
Metcalfe). New to Manitoba. -
Cerambycide.
6179. Xylotrechus colonus Fab. Darlingford, Man., July 7, 1915, (W. R.
Metcalfe).
6180. Xylotrechus sagittatus Germ. Victoria Beach, Man., July 7, 1916, (J.
B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
6253. Anthophilax malachiticus Hald. Chelsea, Que., May 28, 1917, (L. M.
Stohr).
6279. Bellamira scalaris Say. Hemmingford, Que., Aug. 4, 1917, (C. E. Petch).
6316. Leptura subargentata Kirby. Aweme, Man., July 4, 1909, (N. Criddle).
6514. Tetraopes quinquemaculatus Hald. Onah, Man., Aug. 26, 1910, (J. B
Wallis).
Chrysomelide.
6573. Lemna trilineata Oliv. Onah, Man., July 9, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
6632. Cruptocephalus insertus Hald. Stony Mountain, Man., July 31, 1916,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Pachybrachys praeclaris Weise. Aweme, Man., Sept. 10, 1916, (E. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
Pachybrachys carbonarius var. janus Fall. Aweme, Man., July 26, 1912,
(E. Criddle). New to Manitoba.
Pachybrachis autolycus var. wahsatchensis Fall. Aweme, Man., June 24,
' July 7, 1908-12, (E. Criddle). New to Manitoba.
6681. Pachybrachys obsoletus Suffr. Thornhill, Man., June 30; Onah, Man.,
July 9, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
6690. Pachybrachys atomarius Melsh. Thornhill, Man., July 11, 1916; previous
records for Manitoba under this name were peccans, (Wallis).
Pachybrachys relictus Fall. Darlingford, Man., July 11, 1915, (W. R.
Metcalfe).. New to Manitoba.
(6712. Diachus catarius Suffr.
Winnipeg, Man., June 1, 17, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
114 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
6789. Leptinotarsa (Doryphora) decemlineata Say. Red Deer, Alta., 4 adults,
Oct. 1, 1917; also reported from Calgary, Alta., (F. C. Whitehouse).
Calligrapha rhoda Knab. Bird’s Hill, Man., Aug. 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Calligrapha rowena Knab. Miami, Man., June 20, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba. ;
6891a. Diabrotica fossata Lec. Aweme, Man., July 29, 1917, (E. Criddle).
6932. Ocdionychis vians Ill. Ogema, Sask., June 16, 1916, (N. Criddle) ; Spirit
River, Alta., Aug. 20, 1916, (E. H. Strickland).
6932a. Oedionychis scripticollis Say. Calgary, Alta., May 10, 1915; Winnipeg,
Man., April 24, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
10421. Haltica vicaria Horn. Onah, Man., July 7, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New
to Manitoba.
10458. Phyllotreta pusilla Horn. Aweme, Man., Sept. 23, 1916, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
7031. Phyllotreta robusta Lec. Ogema, Sask., May 29, 1916, (N. Criddle).
10462. Chatocnema opulenta Horn. Aweme, Man., June 21, 1917, (N. Criddle).
7053. Chaetocnema pulicaria Cr. Winnipeg, Man., June 10, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Tenebrionide.
Paratenetus crinitus Fall. Aweme, Man., Sept. 25, 1916, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
Pythide.
7713. Priognathus monilicornis Rand. Aweme, Man., May 24, 1914, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
Mordellide.
7803. Mordellistena biplagiata Helm. Miami, Man., June 28, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis) ; Aweme, Man., June 11, 1916, (N. Criddle). New to Manitoba.
Mordellistena cervicalis Lec. Aweme, Man., Sept. 7, 1916, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
7839. Mordellistena pustulata Melsh. Darlingford, Man., July 4, 1915, (W. R.
Metcalfe); Miami, Man., June 26, 1916, (J. B. Wallis); Husavick,
Man., July 26, 1916, (LL. H. Roberts). New to Manitoba.
Anthicide., :
7945. Anthicus floralis Linn. Stony Mountain, Man., July 31, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
7956. Anthicus ephippium Laf. Husavick, Man., July 24, 26, 1916, (L. H.
Roberts). New to Manitoba.
7976. Anthicus pallens Lec. Gimli, Man., July 19, 1916, (Frances M. Burridge).
New to Manitoba.
Pyrochroide.
7993. Schizotus cervicalis Newm. Aweme, Man., July 9, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Meloide.
8069. Macrobasis segmentata Say. Darlingford, Man., June 13, 1915, (W. R.
Metcalfe). New to Manitoba.
Rhipiphoride.
8171. Pelecotoma flavipes Melsh. Darlingford, Man., July 17, 1916; emerging
at the same time and place as P. pruinosus but from dry peeled aspen
1918
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 118
poles, pruinosus preferring the larger logs, (W. R. Metcalfe) ; Aweme,
Man., July 26, 1906, (EH. Criddle).
Curculionide.
8381.
8405.
8419.
8482.
8625.
8661.
~ 41030.
11041.
8832.
*
Apion huron Fall. Aweme, Man., July 3, 1917, (N. Criddle).
Apion pennsylvanicum Boh. Aweme, Man., July 3, 1917, (N. Criddle).
Apion walshii Smith. Aweme, Man., Aug. 3, 1917, (N. Criddle).
Apion tenuirostrum Smith. Aweme, Man., July 6, 1917, (N. Criddle).
Hypomolyx piceus DeG. Montreal, Que., (J. H. Menard).
Magdalis armicollis Say. Aweme, Man., Aug. 30, 1916, (E. Criddle).
Pseudanthonomus crategi Walsh. Hemmingford, Que., July 31, 1917,
(C. E. Petch) ; only one record, namely, “ Montreal Isl.” in Quebec list.
Chelonychus longipes Dietz. Aweme, Man., Aug. 7, 1917, (E. Criddle).
Orchestes parvicollis Lec. Aweme, Man., July 3, 191%, (N. Criddle).
Ceutorhynchus oregonensis Dietz. eee! Man., (N. Criddle).
Cryptorhynchus lapathi L. Roberval, Lake St. John, Que., July, 1915,
(G. Beaulieu).
Celiodes nebulosis Lec. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
Ceutorhynchus omissus Fall. Aweme, Man., Sept. 23, (N. Criddle) ; Can.
Ent. XLIX, 388.
Ceutorhynchus echinatus Fall. Aweme, Man., Sept. 25, (N. Criddle) ;
Can. Ent., XLIX, 387.
Ceutorhynchus invitus Fall. Aweme, Man., Sept. 23, (N. Criddle) ; Can.
Ent., XLIX, 388.
Ceutorhynchus neglectus Blat. Aweme, Man., July 20, 1917, (N. Criddle).
Ceutorhynchus convexipennis Fall. Aweme, Man., May 31, 1909, (E.
Criddle) ; Aweme, Man., Sept. 8, (N. Criddle); Can, Ent, XLIX, 390.
Rhinoncus pericarpius Linn. Aweme, Man., Aug. 7%, 1917, (E. Criddle).
. Baris inconspicua Csy. Aweme, Man., July 9, 1916, (N. Criddle). New
to Manitoba.
Crypturgus borealis Sw. Winnipeg, Man., (J. B. Wallis) ; found west-
ward to the coast and south to Colorado, in species of Picea; Bull. 14,
Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 7
Phleosinus canadense Sw. Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que., in Thuya
occidentalis—the species of eastern Canada heretofore confused with
P. dendatus Say: Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 8.
Pseudohylesinus tsuge Sw. Stanley Park, Vancouver, B.C., in Tsuga
heterophylla, widely distributed along the B. C. coast; Bull. 14, Ent.
Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 11.
Pseudohylesinus sitchensis Sw. Menzies Bay, B.C.; Port Renfrew, B.C.,
and Stanley Park, Vancouver, B.C.; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept.
Agr., p. 12.
Pseudohylesinus grandis Sw. Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 13.
Mr. Swaine informs me that the types are from Saanichton, B.C.
Pseudohylesinus obesus Sw. Inverness, B.C.; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom.
Dept. Agr., p. 15. :
Lesperisinus cinereus Sw. Hudson, Que., Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept.
Agr., p. 15.
Leperisinus aculeatus Say. Miami, Man., June 28, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
116 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
* Carphoborus carri Sw. Edmonton, Alta., in Picea canadensis, (F. S.
Carr); Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle); Bull. 14, Ent, Br., Dom. Dept.
Agr., p. 16
* Hylurgops lecontei Sw. “British Columbia;” Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom.
Dept. Agr., p. 16.
* Pseudocryphalus brittaini Sw. Salmon Arm, B.C., (W. H. Brittain) ;
Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 20.
* Pseudocryphalus maaan Sw. ae Man., (N. Criddle); Bull. 14,
Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 21.
* Trypodendron borealis Sw. Athabasca Janding, Alta.; Prince Albert,
Alta., also “northern Saskatchewan ;” Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept.
Agr., p. 21.
* Trypodendron ponderose Sw. “Southern coast and interior of British
Columbia ;” Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 22. |
* Anisandrus populi Sw. Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que.; in region about
Montreal Island and in the Sieg valley; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. 4
Dept. Agr., p. 22. :
* Xyleborus canadensis Sw. Isle Berne Que., Aug. 29, 1910; Bull. 14,
Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 24.
aie Ec jonhiheras canadensis Sw. “In twigs of Pinus in Ontario and Que- |
bec;” Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 24.
* Pityophthorus nitidus Sw. Tullochgoram, Que.; Bull. 14,-Ent. Br., Dom.
Dept. Agr., p. 25.
* Pityophthorus rhois Sw. “Throughout the eastern parts of the United
States and Canada;” Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 26.
* Pityophthorus confertus Sw. Adams Lake, B.C., (Tom Wilson); Bull: |
14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 27.
* Pityophthorus granulatus Sw. Manitoba, Quebec and Nova Scotia ; Bull.
14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 28.
* Pityophthorus ramiperda Sw. Isle Perrot, Que.; Ste. Anne de Bellevue.
Que.; Stoney Creek, Ont.; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 28.
* Pityophthorus intextus Sw. Athabasca Landing and northern Alberta,
and north-eastern British Columbia; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept.
Agr., p. 29.
* Pityophthorus nudus Sw. Ontario and Quebec: Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom.
Dept. Agr., p. 30.
* Ips englemanni Sw. Central British Columbia and Alberta; Bull. 14.
Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 30.
* Ips yohoensis Sw. Yoho Valley, B.C.; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept.
Apr... p. oi:
Ips borealis Sw. Husavick, Man., July 13, 1915, (J. B. Wallis).
* Eccoptogaster tsuge Sw. Cherry Creek Valley, B.C.; Glacier, B.C.;
Jasper Park, Alta.; Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 32.
* Eccoptogaster monticole Sw. Arrowhead, B.C.; Creighton Valley, B.C.:
Bull. 14, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., p. 32.
Anthribide.
9207. Allandrus bifasciata Lec. Aweme, Man., Sept. 10, 1916, (E. Criddle)-.
New to Manitoba.
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 117
DIPTERA.
(Arranged according to a Catalogue of North American Diptera, by J. M.
Aldrich, Smithsonian Mise. Coll. XLVI, No. 1,444. The numbers refer to the
‘pages in the catalogue.)
Tipulide.
78. Discobola argus Say. St. Hilaire, Que., June 22, 1916, (W. T. M. Forbes).
Addition to Quebec list.
81. LHlephantomyia westwoodi O.S.. Megantic, Que., July 6, 1916, (W. T. M.
Forbes). First definite record from Quebec Province.
86. Helobia hybrida. Lake Park, near Sherbrooke, Que., July 5, 1916, (W.
T. M. Forbes).
89. Limnophila areolata O.S. Megantic, Que., July 6, 7%, 1916, (W. T. M.
Forbes). Addition to Quebec list.
90. Limnophila toroneura O.S. Lake Park, near Sherbrooke, Que., July 5,
1916, (W. T. M. Forbes). Addition to Quebec list.
* Tricyphona autumnalis Alex. Meach Lake, Que., Sept. 2, 1903, (J.
Fletcher) ; Rostrevor, Ont., (not Quebec as in description), Sept. 2,
i 1907, (A. Gibson); Can. Ent. XLIX, 30.
93. Amalopis calcar 0.S. In the Entomological Record for 1913, we recorded
this species from Meach Lake, Que., and Rostrevor, Ont. On further
study Mr. Alexander described the specimens, under the name Tricyphona
autumnalis, in the Can. Ent. XLIX, 30. A note to this effect should
be made in the 1913 Record and also in the Quebec List of Diptera by
Winn and Beaulieu, published in 1915.
94. Cylindrotoma splendens Doane. Westholme, Van. Isl., B.C., May 17, 1917,
(A. E. Cameron). New to Canada.
101. Tipula caloptera Loew. St. Hilaire, Que., June 27, 1916, (W. T. M.
Forbes). Addition to Quebec list.
Tipula monticola Alex. Ottawa, Ont., June 18, 1916, (W. T. M. Forbes).
105. Tipula umbrosa Loew. Megantic, Que., July 6, 1916, (W. T. M. Forbes).
Addition to Quebec list.
Culicide.
* Aedes mimensis,Dyar. Kaslo, B.C.; Aweme, Man., June 13, July 10,
(N. Criddle) ; Insecutor Inscitize Menstruus, V. 116.
* Aedes prodotes Dyar. Banff, Alta., 1908, (N. B. Sanson); Insecutor
Inscitie Menstruus, V. 118.
* Aedes acrophilus Dyar. Lake Louise, Laggan, Alta., Aug. 18, 1916, (Dyar
and Caudell): Insecutor Inscitie Menstruus, V, 127.
Simulidiide.
169. Prosimulium hirtipes Fr. Victoria, Vane. Isl., B.C., April 15, (A. E.
Cameron).
Stratiomyide.
179. Sargus nubeculosus Zett. Outremont, Que., Aug. 30, 1917; Joliette, Que.,
July 8, 191%, (C. J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list.
Nemotelus bonnarius Jhn. Aweme, Man., Aug. 24, 1916, (N. Criddle).
First record for Manitoba.
Tabanide.
202. Tabanus cinctus Fab. Ironside, Que., July 20, 1916, (L. M. Stohr). Ad-
a dition to Quebec list.
118 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
203. Tabanus fratellus Will. Banff, Alta., Aug. 10, 1915, (N. B. Sanson).
206. Yabanus procyon O.‘S. Goldstream, near Victoria, B.C., (E. H. Black-
more); North Bend, B.C., June 6, (S. Hadwen). These are the only
records we have for Canada.
Leptide.
215. Leptis ochracea Loew. Montreal, Que., June 27, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette).
Addition to Quebec list.
Bombyliide.
232. Anthrax lateralis Say. Ironside, Que., Aug., 1916, (L. M. Stohr).
236. Bombylius validus Loew. Ironside, Que., June 14, 1916, (L. M. Stohr).
238. Ploas nigripennis Loew. Goldstream, near Victoria, B.C., July 4, 1916,
(E. H. Blackmore).
2
Asilide. :
Leptogaster virgatus Coq. St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 22, 1917, (C. J.
Ouellette). Dr. Aldrich, who determined the specimen reported, “I
believe new to Canada; at least I find no published record.”
260. Cyrtopogon nebulo O.S. Victoria, B.C., June 5, 10, 16, 1916, (R. C.
Treherne).
272. Laphria pubescens Will. Banff, Alta., Aug. 11, 1916, (N. B. Sanson).
273. Laphria xanthippe Will. Banff, Alta., June 23, 1914, (N. B. Sanson).
Dolichopodide.
* Sympycnus canadensis Van Duzee. Fort Erie, Ont., June 6; Can. Ent.,
XLIX, 339.
297. Scellus exustus Walk. St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 18, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette).
Addition to Quebec list. -
299. Dolichopus batillifer Loew. Joliette, Que., July 10, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette).
Addition to Quebec list.
Phoride.
337. Aphiocheta rufipes Mg. Banfi, Alta., June 21, 1915, (N. B. Sanson).
Syrphide.
346. Muicrodon globosus Fab. Joliette, Que., July 15, (C. J. Ouellette). This ap-
pears to be the only definite record which we have for Quebec Province.
346. Microdon tristis Loew. Ironside, Que., July 20, 1916, (L. M. Stohr).
353. Chilosia occidentalis Will. Lillooet, B.C., 8,000 feet, (A. W. A. Phair).
362. Leucozona lucorum L. Ironside, Que., June 17, 1916, (L. M. Stohr).
Previously recorded from Quebec Province from Levis.
Syrphus rectus O. S. Mount Royal, Que., (C. J. Ouellette). Addition to
Quebec list. This was considered a synonym of ribesii until lately, when
Shannon revived it—Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1916, 201—J. M. A.
375. Rhingia nasica Say. Aweme, Man., Aug. 21, 1916, (N. Criddle).
375. Hammerschmidtia ferruginea Fallen. Ironside, Que., May 31, 1916,
(L. M. Stohr). Addition to Quebec list.
383. Pyritis montigena Hunter. Victoria, B.C., April 12, 1917, (A. E.
Cameron). j
Eumerus strigatus Fall. Moptreal, Que., in a greenhouse, Feb. 5, 1917,
(J. I. Beaulne). Addition to Quebec list.
wy
1918 . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119
396. Pterallastes perfidiosus Hunter. Ironside, Que., May 11, 1916, (L. M.
Stohr). Addition to Quebec list.
400. Chrysochlamys croesus O. S. Victoria, B.C., June 6, 1916, (R. C.
Treherne).
400. Chrysochlamys dives O. 8S. Aweme, Man., July 7, 1916, (N. Criddle).
401. Brachypalpus frontosus Loew. Ironside, Que., June 7, 1916, (L. M. Stohr).
401. Crioprora aloper O. 8. Victoria, B.C., April 19-30, 1913, (lH. H. Black-
more). e
402. Criorhina armillata O. 8. Lillooet, B.C., (A. W. A. Phair).
Tachinide.
438. Leucostomaatra Twns. St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 10, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette).
Addition to Quebec list.
459. Hzorista spinipennis Cog. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stohr). Addition to
Quebec list.
476. Metopia leucocephala Rossi. Joliette, Que., July 20, 1917; St. Eustache,
Que., Aug: 15, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list.
Sarcophagide.
Sarcophaga atlanis Ald. Outremont, Que., Aug. 28, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette)...
New to Canada.
511. Sarcophaga cimbicis Twns. Mt. Royal, Que., Aug. 2, 1917, (C. J.
Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list.
Sarcophaga hemorrhoidalis Mg. Outremont, Que., Sept. 17, 1917, (C.
J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list.
512. Sarcophaga hunteri Hgh. St. Eustache, Que. Aug. 17, 1917, (C. J.
Ouellette). New to Canada.
Sarcophaga latisetosa Park. St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 20, 1917, (C.
J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list. :
513. Sarcophaga pallinervis Thorn., (communis Park). St. Eustache, Que.,
_ Aug. 18, 1917; Mt. Royal, Que., Aug. 29, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.
Sarcophaga sinuata Mg. St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 18, 1917; Outremont,
Que., June 28, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list.
Muscide.
522. Lucilia sericata Mg. Outremont, Que., Sept. 10, 1917; Aug. 28, 1917,
(C. J. Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list.
523. Lucilia sylvarum Mg. St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 18, 1917; Joliette, Que.,
July 10, 1917; Outremont, Que., Aug. 30, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.
Anthomyide.
Paralimnophora brunneisquama Mall. Joliette, Que., July 15, (C. J.
Ouellette) .
545. Spilogaster nitens Stein. Dr. Aldrich in a letter October 12, 1917, in-
forms us that in examining the Hough collection at the Univ. of Chicago,
he discovered that the type of this species is from Toronto, Ont., not
Massachusetts as Stein’s paper gives it. He also remarks that he found
the species to be a true Pogonomyia and that it has since been described
by Malloch as Pogonomyia flavinervis.
Scatophagide.
Spathiophora fascipes Beck. St. Eustache, Que., Aug. 18, 1917, (C.
_J. Ouellette). Not hitherto reported from Canada. Dr. Aldrich who
120 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 |
determined the specimen states (in litt, Nov. 26, 1917), “8. fascipes
Becker is a European species that has been found in North America in-
but two places before that 1 know of—Hine collected it in some numbers
at Cedar Point, near Sandusky, Ohio, and it was identified for him by
Coquillett, and I have a specimen from South Haven, Mich.” The
species was described in Berliner Ent. Zeitsch, XX XIII, 160, 1889.
Sclomyzide.
579. Tetanocera pallida Loew. Aweme, Man., July £8, 1916, (N. Criddle).
580. Tetanocera saratogensis Fitch. Aweme, Mead , July 18, 1916, (N. Criddle). j
581. Sepedon armipes Loew. St. Eustache, Geet Aug. 18, 1917; Mt. Royal
Que., Sept. 20, 1917, (J. Ouellet).. Mr. Beaulieu has taken the species at
Ottawa, Ont. :
Sapromyzide. :
Lonchea vaginalis Fall. Outremont, Que., Aug. 28, 1917, (C. J. Ouellette).
New to Canada. : :
586. Sapromyza notata Fall. Aweme, Man., July 18, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Ortalide. - 1
589. Rivellia flavimanus Loew. Aweme, Man., July 13, 1916, (N. Criddle).
589. Rivellia viridulans Desv. Mt. Royal, Que., June 30, 1917; Joliette, Que.,
July 20, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
591. Tephronota canadensis Jns. Aweme, Man., July 13; 1916, (N. Criddle).
Stenomyia fasciapennis Cr. Aweme, Man., June 13, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Described from Minnesota.
————- ——
Trypetide. :
606. Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh. Royal Oak, Victoria, Vane. Isl., B.C., Aug.
‘15, 1917, (W. Downes). -
609. _Eurosta comma Wied. Maryfield, Sask., Aug. 31, 1916, (N. Criddle).
612. Huaresta e@qualis Loew. St. Eustache, Que, Aug. 22, 191%, (C. J.
Ouellette). Addition to Quebec list.
Sepside.
* Sepsis violacea hecati Melan. & Spuler. Keremeos, B.C., (A. L. Melander) ;
Bull. 1438, Wash. Agr. Exp. Stn., p- 22.
* Sepsis signifer Melan. & Spuler. Nelson, B.C., (A. L. Melander) ; Bull.
143, Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 26.
Sepsis signifer curvitibia Melan. & Spuler. Nelson, B.C., (A. L.
Melander) ; Bull. 143, Wash. Agr. Exp. Stn., p. 28.
* Sepsis neocynipsea Melan. & Spuler. Waubamic, Parry Sound, Ont.,
(H. S. Parish) ; Bull. 143, Wash. Agr. Exp. Sin., p. 29.
* Themira malformans Melan. & Spuler. Hudson Bay; Bull. 143, Wash.
Agr. Exp. Stn., p. 46.
Ephydride.
* Notiphila olivacea Cr. Toronto, Ont., July 4, 1913, (M. C. Van Duzee) ;
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIII, 52.
628. Ochthera mantis DeG. Teoudes Que., April 19, 1912, (L. M. Stohr).
Addition to Quebec list.
Oscinide.
Chlorops certima Adams. Aweme, Man., Aug. 24, 1916, (N. Criddle).
633. Diplotora pulchripes Loew. Ogema, Sask., June 16, 1916, (N. Criddle).
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121
634. Diplotoxa recurva Adams. Aweme, Man., Aug. 12, 1916; Maryfield, Sask.,
= (N. Criddle).
_ 634. Chloropisca variceps Loew. Aweme, Man., Aug. 24, 1917, (N. Criddle).
635. pichlorops exilis Cog. Aweme, Man., July 30, Aug. 11, 1917, (N.
Criddle).
Hlachiptera aliena Beck. Aweme, Man., Sept. 11, 1916, (N. Criddle).
ELlachiptera planicollis Beck. Aweme, Man., Aug. 24, Sept. 18, 1916,
swept from sedges, (N. Criddle).
Oscinis infesta Beck. Aweme, Man., Aug. 24, 1916, (N. Criddle). ‘New
to Canada.
Oscinis sulfurihalterata End. Aweme, Man., July 21, Aug. 12, (N.
Criddle).
Geomyzide.
; Diastata 10-guitata Walk. Aweme, Man., Sept. 4, 1916, (N. Criddle).
New to Canada.
| 636. TFlachiptera eunota Loew. Aweme, Man., Aug. 24, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Pro ay
Agromyzide.
Agromyza quadrisetosa Mall. Ogema, Sask., June 16, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Agromyza subangulata Mall. Aweme, Man., May 28, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Agromyza laterella Zett. Aweme, Man., July 18, 1916, (N. Criddle).
648. Agromyza longipennis Loew. Aweme, Man., July 29, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Pseudodinia nitida Mall. Aweme, Man., July 18, 29, 1916, (N. Criddle).
HYMENOPTERA,
t Tenthredinide. 4
& * Lmplytus mellipes albolabris Rohwer. Departure Bay, Vanc. Isl., B.C.,
' July 5, 1913, (HE. M. Walker) ; Proc. U.S.N.M., 53, 152.
: Braconide. ‘
i * Wesmaelia americana Myers. “ Ottawa, Can.”; Proc. U.S.N.M., 53, 293.
. _ * Bracon montrealensis Morr. Montreal, Que.; Proc. U.S.N.M., 52, 326.
Ichneumonide. ; 2
* Pseuderipternus brevicauda Cushman. “Canada”; Proc. U.S.N.M., 53,
506.
Ba = Euceros cooperii Ur. Aweme, Man., July 6, 1917, (N. Criddle).
* Bathythri« tibialis Cushman. Vancouver, B.C.; Proc. U.S.N.M., 53, 458.
Pteromalide.
* Lupteromalus tachine Gahan. Guelph, Ont., (A. W. Baker); Proc.
‘ U.S.N.M., 53, 211.
- Chalcidide.
* Lamprostatus canadensis Girault. Banff, Alta., (E. A. Schwarz) ; Psyche,
XXIV, 96.
| Formicide.
_ * Leptothorax muscorum var. septentrionalis Wheeler. Banff, Alta., (C. G.
Hewitt) ; Emerald Lake, B.C., (W. M. Wheeler) ; Proc. Amer. Acad. Sce.,
ee 52, 511.
122 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
* Leptothorax emerson, subsp. hirtipilis Wheeler. Banff, Alta.; Proc. Amer.
Acad. Se., 52, 515.
* Lasius flavus subsp. claripennis Wheeler. Banff, Alta.; Proc. Amer. Acad.
Se., 52, 527.
Formica fusca subsp. pruinosa Wheeler. Emerald Lake, B.C., Aug. 12-15;
Field, B.C.; Banff, Alta.; (W. M. Wheeler) ; Proc. Amer. Acad. Se., 52,
548.
Formica hewitti Wheeler. Emerald Lake, L.C.; Field, B.C., Laggan, Alta.,
(W. M. Wheeler) ; Proc. Amer. Acad. Sc., 52, 552.
Formica truncicola integra var. subcaviceps Wheeler. Dog Lake, Penticton,
B.C., (C. G. Hewitt) ; Proc. Amer. Acad. Sc., 52, 540.
* Polyergus rufescens subsp. breviceps var. fusciventris Wheeler. Treesbank,
Man., (C. G. Hewitt); Proc. Amer Acad. Se., 52, 555.
Eumenide. .
* Humenes crassicornis Isely. Goldstream, B.C.; Annals Ent. Soc. Amer.,
X, 362. .
Vespide.
Vespa austriaca Pz. Ironside, Que., June 18, 1916, two females, (L. M.
Stohr).
Sphecide.
Thyreopus argus Pack. Chelsea, Que., July, 1917, males, (L. M. Stohr).
Thyreopus cingulatus Pack. Aweme, Man., July 21, 1914, male, female,
(N. Criddle).
Crabro vierecki H. 8. Smith. Lethbridge, Alta.; Nelson, B.C., July, 1916,
(F. W. . Sladen).
Cerceris rufinoda crucis Vier. & Ckll. Not “crucia” as in Ent. Ree. for
Ul
Bembicide.
* Bembix comata Parker. Vancouver, B.C.; Proc. U.S.N.M., 52, 100.
Anthophoride.
Anthophora simillima Cr. Lillooet, B.C., May 14, 1916, (E. M. Ander-
son) ; Invermere, B.C., April 25, 1915, (G. E. Parham).
Anthophora pacifica Cr, Victoria, B.C., April 25, 1916, (R. C. Treherne).
Anthophora peritome Ckll. Lethbridge, Alta., July 22, 1916; Medicine
Hat, Alta., August 20, 1917, (F. W. L. Sladen).
* Tetralonia hirsutissima Ckll. British Columbia; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., —
June, 1916, p. 428.
Megachilide.
Chelynia rubi Ckll. Not “rubri” as in Ent. Record for 1917.
Megachile parallela Smith. Not “ parallela Ckll.” as in Ent. Record for
LOM:
Megachile (Xanthosarus) perihirta Ckll. Cochrane, Ont., Aug. 9, 1917;
nesting gregariously in a nearly new, bare, gravel railway embankment
(F. W. L. Sladen) ; Athabasca, Alta., Aug. 12, 1915, (E. H. Strickland) ;
this species was found in large numbers actively tripping the flowers of —
alfalfa at Keremeos, B.C., and Summerland, B.C., in July, 1917. The
Athabasca and Cochrane females are darker than the British Columbia
specimens, having much black hair on the sixth dorsal segment,
(F. W. L. 8.).
eer yar
Mager Upret Pee
»
”
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 123
Bombide.
Bombus kirbyellus Frank. Banff, Alta., Aug., 1916, (N. B. Sanson).
Bombus polaris Frank. Banff, Alta., Aug., 1916, (N. B. Sanson).
HeEMIPTERA,.
(Arranged according to a Check List of the Hemiptera—excepting the
Aphididz, Aleurodide and Coccide—of America, north of Mexico, by E. P. Van
Duzee; New York Entomological Society, 1916.)
Aphidide. ;
; Hamamelistes spinosus Shimer. Vineland, Ont., June 22, 1914, on Betula
papyrifera, (W. A. Ross).
Euceraphis betule Koch. Bowmanville, Ont., July 21, 1913, (W. A.
Ross).
Drepanosiphum platanoides Schr. Guelph, Ont., June 20, 1915, on maple,
(W. A. Ross).
Myzocallis bellus Walsh. Ottawa, Ont., Sept. 4, 1917, on Quercus, (C. B.
Hutchings).
Myzocallis asclepiadis Monell. Ottawa, Ont., Sept. 1, 1917, on milkweed,
(C. B. Hutchings).
Nectarosiphum rubicola Oestlund. Bowmanville, Ont., 1913, (W. A.
Ross) ; Ottawa, Ont., July 26, 1917, (C. G. Hewitt).
Macrosiphum tilie Monell. Vineland, Ont., Sept. 6, 1917, on basswood,
(W. A. Ross).
Rhopalosiphum berberidis Kalt. Bowmanville, Ont., June 17, 1913, on
barberry, (W. A. Ross).
Myzus (Ovatus) mespili v.d.G. Vineland Station, Ont., June 8, 1917, on
Pyrus japonica, (W. A. Ross).
Aleyrodide.
* Aleuroplatus berbericolus Q. & B. Kaslo, B.C., Jan. 27, 1908, on Berberis
aquifolium, (J. W. Cockle) ; Proc. U.S.N.M., 51, 383.
Pentatomide.
139. Conus delius Say. Covey Hill, Que., May 31, 1914, (C. E. Petch).
Aradide.
361. Aradus quadrilineatus Say. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stohr).
Tingidide.
665. Physatocheila plexa Say. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stohr).
Miride.
1109. Dicyphus famelicus Uhl. Ironside, Que., April 18, 1917, (L. M. Stéhr).
Lygus vanduzeei Knight. Parry Sound, Ont., July and August; (H. 8.
Parish) ; Truro, N.S., July 8, Sept. 19, Oct. 11; Kentville, N.S., July 2,
Aug. 6, 10, Sept. 24, Oct. 5; Smith’s Cove, N.S., July 15, Sept. 14,
(W. H. Brittain) ; Cornell Univer. Agric. Exp. St., Bull. 391, 565.
Lygus vanduzeei var. rubroclarus Knight. Saguenay River, Que.; Smith’s
Cove, N.S., May 8 to June 6, June 23, July 15; Kentville, N.S., June 24,
Sept. 24, (W. H. Brittain) ; Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. St., Bull. 391, 567.
* Lygus humeralis Knight. Bear Lake, B.C., July 20; Ainsworth, B.C.,
July 2; Revelstoke, B.C., July 1, 5, (J. C. Bradley) ; Cornell Univ. Agric.
Exp. St., Bull. 391, 570.
*
124 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Lygus columbiensis Knight. Fry Creek, B.C., July 23; Cornell Univ,
Agr. Exp. St., Bull. 391, 371.
* —Lygus rubicundus var. winnipegensis Knight. Winnipeg, Man., May 7,
1910, (J. B. Wallis) ; Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. St., Bull. 391, 591.
Lygus alni Knight. Wolfville, N.S.; Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. St., Bull.
391, 608.
Lygus tilie Knight. Ottawa, Ont., June 29; Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp.
St., Bull. 391, 613.
* Lygus omnivagus Knight. Parry Sound, Ont., July 24, Aug. 7, (H. S.
Parish) ; Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. St., 391, 627.
Lygus canadensis Knight. Parry Sound, Ont., July 10, (H. 8. Parish) ;
Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. St., 391, 634.
* Lygus ostrye Knight. Parry Sound, Ont., Aug. 6-8, (H. 8. Parish) ;
Cornell Univ. Agri. Exp. St., Bull. 391, 635.
Fulgoridz.
2466. Scolops sulcipes Say. Hemmingford, Que., June 24, 1916, (C. E. Petch).
2549. Cizxius stigmatus Say. Hemmingford, Que., July 9, 1917, (C. E. Petch).
ODONATA.
(Arranged according to Muttkowski’s Catalogue of the Odonata of North
America. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue.) :
Coenagrionide.
37. Lestes congener Hagen. St. Andrews, N.B., Sept. 16, 1917, (A. @.
Huntsman).
3%. Lestes disjunctus Selys. Dingwall, Aspy Bay, C.B., July 27, 1917, (A. G.
Huntsman) ; Le Pas, Man., July 29, 1917; M. 214, H. B. Ry., Man., July
24, 1917, (J. B. Wallis).
39. Lestes uncatus Kirby. Neil’s Harbour, C.B., July 29, 1917, (A. G.
Huntsman).
55. Enallagma calverti Morse. Vancouver, B.C., June 14, July 1, 1917,
(E. H. Blackmore).
56. Enallagma civile (Hagen). Plateau River, Cheticamp, C.B., July 27-
Aug. 4, 1917, (A. G. Huntsman). New to Nova Scotia list.
56. Enallagma clausum Morse. Dauphin Lake, Man., July-August, 1917,
(Mrs. W. W. Hippisley). New to Canada.
57. Enallagma cyathigerum (Charp.) Chileotin, B.C., June 25, 1915,
(W. A. N.); Cranbrook Dist., B.C., May 17, 1915; Le Pas, Man., July 7,
1917, (J. B. Wallis).
59. Enallagma ebrium (Hagen). Le Pas, Man., July 29, 1917, (J. B. Wallis).
60. Enallagma hageni (Walsh.). Dingwall, Aspy Bay, C.B., July 27, 1917,
(A. G. Huntsman).
65. Nehalennia irene Hagen. Red Deer, Alta., July 1-8, (F. C. Whitehouse).
New to Alberta list.
Coenagrion angulatum B. M. Walker. Le Pas, Man., July 1, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis).
66. Coenagrion interrogatum (Selys.). Nordegg, Alta., July 19, (F. C.
Whitehouse). New to Alberta and most westerly record. M. 332, H. B.
Ry., July 1%, 1917; M. 256, H. B. Ry., Man., July 12, 1917, Ws, B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
i i el a ae
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 125
66. Coenagrion resolutum (Hagen). Le Pas, Man., July 1, 1917; M. 214,
H. B. Ry., Man., July 8, 24, 27, 1917; M. 332, H. B. Ry., Man., July 17,
(J. B. Wallis); Chilcotin, B.C., June 25, 1915, (W. A. N.). First
British Columbia record.
66. Amphiagrion saucium (Burm.). Banff, Alta. July 2, 1913, (EK. M.
Walker).
Aeshnide.
76. Cordulegaster diastatops (Selys.) De Grassi Point, Ont., June 12, 1917,
June 21, 1917, (H. M. Walker).
7. Cordulegaster maculatus Selys. De Grassi Point., Ont., June 19-24, 1917,
(E. M. Walker) ; Algonquin Park, Ont., July 17, 1917, (HE. M. Walker).
84. Ophiogomphus colubrinus Selys. M. 332 and 334, N. B. Ry., Man., July
20, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
91. Gomphus cornutus Tough. Carlsbad Springs, Ont., June 20, 1908, (C. H.
Young).
109. Aeshna canadensis EH. M. Walker. Dingwall, Aspy Bay, C.B., July 27,
1917, (A. G. Huntsman).
Aeshna caerulea septentrionalis Burm. Hopedale, Labrador, Aug. 1917,
(W. W. Perrett).
110. Aeshna eremita Scudd. Dingwall, Aspy Bay, C.B., July 27, 1917, (A. G.
Huntsman).
111. Aeshna interrupta interrupta E. M. Walker. Dingwall, Aspy Bay, C.B.,
July 27, 1917, (A. G. Huntsman).
111. Aeshna juncea (Linn.) Hopedale, Labrador, Aug. 1917, (W. W.
Perrett).
114. Aeshna sitchensis Hagen. Hopedale, Labrador, Aug. 1917, (W. W.
Perrett) ; Amherst Id., Magdalen Islands, Que., July 15, 1917, (A. G.
Hunstman).
114. Aeshna subarctica E. M. Walker. Amherst Id., Magdalen Islands, Que.,
July 15, 1917, (A. G. Huntsman).
114, Aeshna umbrosa occidentalis E. M. Walker. Prospect Lake, B.C., Aug. 30,
1917, (W. Downes).
Libellulide. ‘
128. Williamsonia lintneri (Hagen). Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, Ont., May 25,
1908, June 4, 1908, (C. H. Young). New to Ontario list.
128. Cordulia shurtleffi Scudd. De Grassi Point, Ont., June 14, 1917, (E. M.
Walker).
129. Somatochlora albicincta (Burm.). Nordegg, Alta., July 12-19, 1917,
4,000-6,500 feet; also nymph believed to be this on circumstantial evi-
dence, previously unknown, (F. C. Whitehouse); Nain, Labrador, Aug.
13, 1917, Aug. 20, (Simon) ; Hopedale, Labrador, Aug. 1917, (W. W.
Perrett).
129. Somatochlora cingulata (Selys). Nordegg, Alta.. July 15, 17, 1917, 6,500
feet, (F. C. Whitehouse). New to Alberta list. M. 256, H. B. Ry.,
Man., July 12, 1917; M. 332, H. B. Ry., Man., July 16, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba list.
130. Somatochlora forcipata (Scudd). Hopedale, Labrador, Aug. 1917, (W. W.
Perrett). New to Labrador.
130. Somatochlora franklini (Selys.). Nordegg, Alta., 6,500 feet, July 11-17,
1917, (F. C. Whitehouse). New to Alberta list. Hopedale. Labrador.
126 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Aug. 1917, (W. W. Perrett) ; Le Pas, Man., July 1, 1917, M. 214, H. B.
Ry., Man., July 7-9, 1917; M. 332, July 14-19, 1917; M. 256, July 12,
1917, (J. B. Wallis). ;
131. Somatochlora hudsonica (Hagen). Sucker River, Thunde: Bay District,
Ont., July 21, 1917, (Mrs. G. K. Jennings). New to Ontario list. Red
Deer, Alta., July 1-9, 1916; July 1, 1917; Nordegg, Alta., July 19, 1917,
(F. C. Whitehouse).
131. Somatochlora minor Calvert. M. 256, H. B. Ry., Man., July 12, 1917,
(J. B. Wallis) ; De Grassi Point, Ont., (E. M. Walker) ; Nordegg, Alta.,
July 11-18, 1917, 4,000-6,500 feet, (F. C. Whitehouse). New to Alberta
list.
132. Somatochlora semicircularis (Selys.). Nordegg, Alta., July 16, 1917,
(F. C. Whitehouse).
132. Somatochlora septentrionalis Hagen: Hopedale, Labrador, Aug., 1917,
(W. W. Perrett) ; M. 332, H. B. Ry., Man., July 19, 1917, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba list. Nordegg, Alta., July 18, 1917, 4,000 feet, (F. C.
Whitehouse). New to Alberta list.
166. Leucorrhinia hudsonica (Selys.). Cranbrook Dist., May 17, 1915, (Coll.?).
New to British Columbia list. '
167. Leucorrhinia intacta Hagen. Saanich Dist., B.C., June 12, July 20, 1917;
Elk Lake, Royal Oak, B.C., July 11, 1917, (W. Downes)-; Vernon Dist.,
July 6, 1916; Alberni, B.C., July 22, 1915, (W. R. C.). New to British
Columbia list.
CoLLEMBOLA.
The following species of Collembola were collected at Arnprior, Ont., in 1917,
by Mr. Charles Macnamara, who is making a special study of these insects.
Achorutes packardi Folsom.
Achorutes humi Folsom.
Xenylla maritima Tullberg.
Pseudachorutes complexus MacGillivray.
Neanura muscorum Templeton.
Podura aquatica Linn. (Red colour variety.)
Onychiurus ramosus Folsom.
Onychiurus fimetaria (Linn.) Lubbock.
Isotoma olivacea Tullberg.
Isotoma quadrioculata Tullberg.
Isotoma cinerea Nic.
Tomocerus bidentatus Folsom.
Tomocerus flavescens separatus Folsom.
Papirius pini Folsom.
Sminthurus hortensis Fitch.
Sminthurus hortensis juvenilis Fitch.
Sminthurus spinatus MacGillivray.
=
ARANEIDA.
(Arranged according to Bank’s Catalogue of Nearctic Spiders, U.S.N.M.,
Bull. 72. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue.)
s
say
q
:
1918 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 127
Drasside.
* Pecilochroa columbiana Em. Departure Bay, Van. Isl., B.C., 1913, (T. B.
~ Kurata); Can. Ent., XLIX, 269.
9. G@naphosa conspersa Thor: Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
_ Agelenide.
15. Cicurina arcuata Keys. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
Theridiide.
20. Theridiwm zelotypum Em. Truro, N.S., and West River, N.S., (R.
Matheson).
* Areoncus patellatus Em. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Can. Ent.,
XLIX, 262.
Lophocarum sculptum Em. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Can. Ent.
XLIX, 261.
* Gonglydium macrochelis Em. Banff, Alta., (N. B. Sanson); Can. Ent.,
XLIX, 263.
Gonglydium curvitarsis Em. Sulphur Mt., Banff, Alta., on snow, April,
1917, (N. B. Sanson). Described from Mt. Whiteface, Adirondacks,
NAY:
Linyphiide.
* Diplostyla brevipes Em. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Can. Ent.,
XLIX, 267.
* Diplostyla keenii Em. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Can. Ent., XLIX,
267.
*
4 Microneta pallida Em. Departure Bay, Vane. Isl., B.C., 1913, (T. B.
_ Kurata); Can. Ent., XLIX, 265.
* Microneta orcina Em. Inverness, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Can. Ent., XLIX,
266.
Epeiridz.
39. Zilla atrica Koch. Digby, N.S., and Truro, N.S., (R. Matheson).
41. Epeira cavatica Keys. Hampton, N.B., and Hillsborough, N.B., (R.
Matheson).
Thomiside.
* Philodromus canadensis Em. “ Montreal, Ottawa, and westward to Lake
Nipigon and Prince Albert ”; Can. Ent., XLIX, 270.
Lycoside.
Lycosa wrightii Em. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
60. Pardosa tachypoda Thor. Arnprior, Ont., (C. Macnamara).
* Pardosa metlakatla Em. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Mountains
north of Vancouver, B.C., (G. W. Taylor) ; Can. Ent., XLIX, 268.
* Pardosa vancouveri Em. Departure Bay, Vanc., Isl., B.C., and Vancouver,
B.C., (T. B. Kurata) ; Can. Ent., XLIX, 269.
Attide.
*
Chalcoscirtus carbonarius Em. Simpson Summit, 7,000 feet, near Banff,
Alta.; Can. Ent., XLIX, 271.
INDEX.
PAGE
Alypia octOmaculata .......-..++++- 42
Anosia plexippus .......-.... Bopictc 21
Anthophilax malachiticus ........ - 23
Aphis, black cherry .....-..+-.++- 59
= STAIN on. cic eee aesemees o= = ele 29
POLALO Sa ae eenvaieielo nie weinwieteiaale 19
Apple and thorn skeletonizer ...... 44
Apple scab, dusting for .......-..- 80
Apple-tree caterpillar, red humped. .20, 48
Asparagus beetle .......-++-+++++> 28
Bean root maggot ........+-+.-++++5 28
Blackberry leaf-miner .....-.----+-- 36
Blister beetle, ash-gray .......++-: 18
BRUG=MOEN oe dcivicrets =e «thsi nl see w'sjsiere a> 20
Cabbage butterfly, migration of ... 21
Cabbage root maggot .........+--- 18, 28
Carpocapsa pomonella .........-.- 39
Carrot rust-fly ..........ecsesseees 19
Cerambycide ..........-2++e-e- sone, OL
Geramica. picta, .22.4 .cccerevens 19, 38, 96
Cherry aphis, black .........-+-+-- 59
< Silifs> lgpAiongoponc nos poobeoac 20
Clover-seed caterpillar ..........-- 30
s MILO se itetic eee aici oros 30
Codling moth ..........-----++++e-- 39, 81
Comedy of Errors, a ...-..++++++:- 68
Conocephalus fasciatus .........++- 19
Contarinia tritici .............--.. 41
Cucumber aphid .........--..+++- 28
ag Hectle) cscs eee woes 18
Cyrtophorus verrucosus ......----- 23, 70
Dasyneura leguminicola .........-- 30
Diabrotica vittata ...........---+- 18
Diacrisia virginica ............ 19, 20, 21
Dusting vs. Spraying ...-...------- 79
Ecology of insects ............-++- 85
Eight-spotted forester .....-...--- 42
Entomological Record ...........- 99
Epitrix cucumeris ..........--+++-- 19
Estigmene acr@a ......--+.-++-eee- 19, 20
Eupogonius subarmatus .....-.---- 26
Field crops, insects attacking ..18, 28, 29
Forest trees, insects attacking ..... 20
Fruits, insects attacking small ... 28
Fruit trees. insects attacking ..... 20, 28
Garden insects. sc tesco -sneie rele 20
Gonioctena pallida ............--.-. 22
Gortyna mMicaria ...........--...6. - 94
G@rasShOPPerss 2.0 cc wets © cle ere eraiais oie 19
Greenhouse insects .........-++-+-- 20, 29
Halisidota tussock moths ........ 20, 42
Haplothrips statices .............- 30
Hemerocampa leucostigma ..... 21, 30, 40
Hemerophila pariana ............. 44
Heterocampa euttivitta ........... 47
Hickorv tussock moth ...........,20, 42
Hoplosiamunila, 2 sje. sae lene 25
Horn-fly, effects on milk produc-
POM LOL oc coke sak wc tneys @ ate Haw store 91
Horse-radish flea beetle ........... 19
Hiylemvia eanciquan’ a. - ete ela oe 18, 30
Insect behaviour toward stimuli ... 89
Insectivorous plants .............. 8A
Tasects (and) MITES. <= «6. <cieras ctoeiete scr 89
Insects and plants. interrelations of 84
PAGE
Insects as carriers of plant diseases 86
Itonida triticiy .. ...0.6 hee 29
Leaf bug, four-lined .............. Z0
Leptura, species from Peterborough, 26
Linyphia nearctica’ .....:.....semecnene
Liopus variegatns’ <.. ..c..sceeee 25
Literature, recent entomological... 100
Macrobasis unicolor ......... eee
Macrosiphum granarium .........- 30
s solanifolii. “-. Jase cai!
Maheux, Georges, article by ...... Paes)
Merium proteus .........cessmeeee 24
Metallus bethunei’ <......-5.-ssaeme 36
Microclytus gazellula ............ . 23, 72
. gibbulus’ ....2.s=see 23, 25, 71
Migration of butterflies ....... 21
Milk production, effects of stable.
and horn-fly attacks on ....... 91
Monarch butterfly, migrations of ... 21
Monohammus Marmorator .....-.- 27
Mosquito control ....... = coe cee 49
Myzus cerasi .........ctssesea= ast 60
Nematodes <.<0,- ic). s\oin\cctale eee kay ee
Notodontian larve ............+..- 47
Nova Scotia, two garden pests of.. 95
Oat> midee. =-ees]s eee eee ice
Onion mMageot <...2.-s~e seer ---.18, 30
Onion root maggot ....... sae aati oe
Onion thrips ©.<.2-2 6. owe slate s > 28
Pachyta monticola ..........-..-- 23
Pegomyia fusciceps ..............- 30, 41
Phorbia: brassice ..<..-.-. «cess 18
Phyllotreta armoracie ...........- 19
Poecilocapsus lineatus .........-+- 20
Poison bait spray, in control of
Onion maggot ......--.++.se+ees 31
Potato aphis ...........+-++-+-08- 19
oY beetle S525. ns aah eS
“ flea beetle: <<)... secs 19
i stem borer ...-- +--+ «+= Breet fe
Psenocerus supernotatus .....-..-- 24
Psila. ross... o's cnc Sein =o eae 19
Quebec, entomological service of..-~ 33
San José scale, dusting for ....-... 81
Schizura concinna .........-..---- 20, 47
Seed corn maggot ...........+--+: 30, 41
Slues so sic ce tape eee aaa ee oe 41, 43
Spiders, transcanadian ...........- 16
Stable and hornfiy attacks, effect
on milk préduction...........--- 91
Temperature and humidity in rela-
tion to imsects .......-.+.-+--+-- 90
Tetropium cinnamopterum ......-- 24 -
Theridion zelotypum ........+-+-++- 17
Th:.ips, on clover .......-++--+++++- 29
‘ onion? ~ 5 Ue Saas aoe ec: gee
Tussock moth, hickory ........---- 20,42
“ white-marked ...21, 30,40
Vegetables, insects attacking ...... 235
Wheat midgze (/..6--. 0-6-2 eee 29,41
White grubs ........-2+-+25s seers 19
Wireworms ...-..--+-----eeereeres 19°
Woolly-bear caternillars .......- 19, 20, 21 |
Xvlotrechus undulatus ........--.- 27
Zebra caterpillar ...0......---- 19, 38. 96
OF ONTARIO
1918
PRINTED BY ORDER OF _
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO
: TORONTO :
A. T. WILGRESS, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty
1919
Ontsrio Department of Agriculture
Forty-Ninth Annual Report
OF THE
Entomological Society
OF ONTARIO
1918
PRINTED BY ORDER OF
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO
TORONTO :
Printed by A T. WILGRESS, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty
1919
= Printed by
“THIE RYERSON PRESS
’
4
s
-
= L4
<4
- ri ie
“
“4 *
nour, Str Joun STrRaTHEARN Henprie, a Lieutenant-Colonel in the
a of Canada, ete, ele., etc.,
Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.
Respectfully submitted,
ue? Gro. S. Henry,
Minister of Agriculture.
os Baie a fi PES FER
%
‘ ,
as
4s .
=
“te
< *
“¢ / 3
$e;
paees s =
e
ys r
1
=
= z +
.
:
~
'
“t
? .
‘
5
‘ . £
CONTENTS
PAGE
ir ENEMIES OROR 21918-1009) Pi ti tia )5 fears sles sla Sats alee Somes Sate tee aclee cUeawsloes 6
ME IESTUICRNIGRUD 00. cs cee o)s = last + arcana ow So elateeein de Se wlan asia « sa aoe ce 6
Bremeor MEMEERS. .........:...-.- Sc Bete a ick ae Re Stas AO aD OID CRE LIC. 7
PE RIAERER GION) “ACTIVE: SERVICE, 6.2). i omee geek act sess c ccs cae eb eeeoetas 8
STIRS So GRE pA AR OMAR alge Oates GanDOnOeE HOS OOnEt Srentee ti iieee 9
IE LEMERRT ECC ONTITIG IA 52.2 <0 cc's) ote ofeyss oe, coe wlnileleharevalevwle Risin Gave = 0/e d/a,e-0)sjeeleye's Ridie 9
a TOT TTT EET oe OU SO OEC cs BIO SOR, Sn SOOO OE ne cla eS ee 11
Ka MOET AAAN TS ete ay me ca por cite isn Cho, Se as'S where a tease abeians Move cleihiwi syalela:ae!atewisisiee 11
2 CSTE CIC LN RES L AMECIN MS aa eto rere ovata Sena ele e cio Siete eyaiel =. =)/o.5 Siakepee 12
7 SISECUT AN PeE ST ACM Me nc aloes < rain abot = nor dot eishe io; 212) ser sunata aisle seyasone eines 12
Z Brtisny Columbian Branch tt? 46 <-f «stoke sea sais Haidis ks ceate sens 14
¥: Mowat Cobia Hsranen. co. .6.0.< «cide Sivek nitoacta vila de eee oe Be ee 15
Hy Directors on Insects of the Year:
Division Noy 3) UA COSENS 2.25 Se oa cesles Soe oe oe ee 15
- Spe seat WMORRIGS | tie tore ccitn ope cite 6c toaee.g 17
5 Gola \Wi, INOBE (S51. <-\a1cte;- an Geen Sabb ope see 19
Penne season in Ontario: W-. A= ROSS). 21s. si eecas a, ae lows Fee ekic sas 23
me oo Guebee MD IStrich:, wGo i AB BGSEE. 65.843. ley ~ 3. Aste o's Sines 27
EL MMIIEIMREIBINI ATE ATICCTOCSE <2 << «2. --ja,> 3s oa os.0 ye Gs ae ede oielsins sveigis'e ons nae eea eer 28
fnsect;Preblems in the Prairie Provinces: N. CRIDDLE ..............c2ceseecees 32
The Recovery in Canada of the Brown Tail Moth Parasite, Compsilura concinnata:
TEE ATeA TY. Des 5, MGCIZAINE, 2c ac ad eet t aeeciete wa toa wccuscls seve veccteas 35
Mie anentistary Of a Hobby Horse: EF. J. A. MORRIS’.........-...0--csceuecece 39
Poem Pranlems in Emtomologzy:) J: J: Davis 2... 52.2542. .....-. 02. ones 47
Insects as Agents in the Dissemination of Plant Disease: L. Cazsar ........... 60
mene minus Ware ou: H. CralucKkerr . sss. 085 oh ow cc cnscesseedwes 67
Some Chapters of the Early History of Entomology: W. LocHHEAD ............. 69
MireeietrmPayila in Ontario: W. A. ROSS ......2<<<«2cs<scccsecesncccevececeuce 81
Monier ot the Apple Maggot: -I.. CAESAR AND W. A. ROSS ........-:.c.cccceuce 90
Dk TE RSE TBC U ET res et a rc 93
Peceenmammororieal Record: AnTHGR GIBSON .. 026.65. s 000 ce ce se ccececcecckeeceus 97
a SS Se ne 125
“
aml
wr
a
Entomological Society of Ontario
OFFICERS FOR 1918-1919
President—Pror. LAwson CAESAR, Dept. of Entomology, Ontario Agricultural College,
Guelph.
Vice-President—Mr. ARTHUR GIBSON, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture,
Ottawa.
Secretary-Treasurer—Mr, A. W. BAker, B.S.A., Lecturer in Entomology, O. A, Col-
lege, Guelph.
Curator—Mr. Eric HEARLE, B.S.A., Guelph.
Librarian—Rev. Pror. C. J. S. BetHune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Professor of Ento-
mology and Zoology, O. A. College, Guelph.
Directors—Division No. 1, Mr. J. M. Swaine, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agri-
culture, Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Dr. A. Cosens,
Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Division, No. 5, Mr. J. W.
NosLeE, Essex; Division No. 6, Mr. J. F. Hupson, Strathroy; Division No. 7, Mr. W. A.
Ross, Vineland Station.
Directors (ex-Presidents of the Society)—Rery. Pror. C. J. S. BerHune, M.A., D.C.L.,
F.R.S.C., Guelph; Pror. JoHN Drarness, Vice-Principal, Normal School, London; Rey.
THOMAS W. FYLES, D.C.L., F.L.S., Ottawa; Pror. Wm. LocHHEap, B.A., M.S., Macdonald
College, Que.; JoHN D. Evans, C.E., Trenton; Pror. E. M. Watxker, B.A. M.B..
F.R.S.C., University of Toronto; C. Gorpon Hewirt, D.Sc., F.R.S.C., Dominion Ento-
mologist, Ottawa; Mr. ALBErt F. Winn, Westmount, Que.
Editor of “ The Canadian Entomologist ’’—Pror. E. M. Waker, Toronto.
Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada—THE PRESIDENT.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
For year ending October 31st, 1918.
Receipts. Expenditures.
Gash’ on: hand; 2916-17 22s aa $42 10 WIxpense) |...< s«isyaitscis ceils arene $52 00
Advertisements .........-....- 15 25 Cork and: Pins. .5.-.400s-ee 51 60
Back SNUMDELS ace cievereisinicteisersieie 75 94 Printing Seite =!er.s.-7ie ee eee 1,316 00
Corkvand 2Ping vaiaemaceiec sere 74 87 Annual ‘Meeting "2... - sees 101 17
DGS cos vient onerrtoe ne ele Saree tec 93 34 Annual Report’... . 2 .aseeee 25 00
Subscriptions) e.. eee ere 443 60 Salaries c.crcca terete = kate au-leveiele eee 125 00
Banki Interest; Sone cee 8 95 Insurance: 260 ses eee eee 26 00
Government Grant ............ 1,000 00 Cashion hand). a1. s eens 57 28
$1,754 05 $1,754 05
To balance due: ‘on printing =. %i-fe%< =<actee es 1 2 eterealotan Selena $102 59
By. (Casino, GANG os icoceicte teres oso ove sg) ora toterevelnne ovaieyete tater opatciete tenet 57 28
Net deficits 332) eciin cde atinnisieesd eee cree eee eines $45 31
Auditors: L. CAESAR.
J. E. Howirt.
Respectfully submitted,
A. W. Baker,
Secretary-Treasurer
[6]
LIST OF MEMBERS
ONTARIO
Aitchison, James ........ Grimsby.
JT Gy sea Dee Toronto.
BAER CAG Ws, . 5. cece os Guelph.
Beasley, Miss G. ........ Toronto.
PMG. Lies ace ee Ottawa.
EP CT EY oT. sos" s0s 0 3 ous. Hamilton.
Paeetows IN. Ko 2.23.02... Toronto.
Biakeley, H.W. ........- ss
“Ta 6 Bloomfield.
SG Dak UO Toronto.
PRGMICKS OH sono oe cae ce ss
ih eee Guelph.
MeHORArS Prot. Dy, .......-- “
Pewee. .-.....-...- London.
Suryste, KR. Neil, ....... Ottawa.
ERGO OAC icisis ee ees Guelph.
emPnte iW. A. ........- Toronto.
Meera. AL os. eee eas on
TED De Guelph
Dearness, Prof. J. ....... London
IEE WetIOTo rd: ...55-05--08 Toronto.
LO aie ae UAE | a rs Ottawa.
(Tit GAS a ee Hamilton.
Dunlop, James .......... Woodstock.
MIPHEMIVINS ING, «2 .0.05.00 Toronto.
STL Us "3 eee s
SOT TaG) a 0 ees =
Gipson, Arthur ......... Ottawa.
Gooderham, C. B. ....... «
Gs US Oa eee Orillia.
Sapa SLs UES er a
Madwen, Dri iS: .......:.. Ottawa
hi, LE | Toronto.
Jor lelbc. (ie 13 ee Sudbury
SUDUT tL4 A Toronto
“Ppa Gs Lees Guelph
SObLSTMM LE Ly > Bp SRae ee IoeieEe Toronto
Hewitt, Dr. C. Gordon ... Ottawa.
(cad ie 1 0 Strathroy.
Huntsman, Dr. A. G. .... Toronto.
Emntehines; C. B. ......-- Ottawa.
UD TS SU. ee St. Thomas.
SEU IISc cleiws es ee eee Toronto.
mipkwood, Ko .........-. =
COT) 3 RS ee Ottawa.
Lor pT ih th Toronto.
RTPA ein viele acs + 6s sc + a
(Macnamara, C. .......... Arnprior.
Martin, Howard ......... Toronto.
TIRE ps LUM fo: Peterborough.
Mossop, Miss B. K, E. ... Toronto.
Ope tirs, Ce) i =
oT pe a Essex. «
(220 T O eee Ottawa.
SDT 1902 er Todmorden.
LSS, a7 SA OSe eae Vineland.
PEMARENN WV oasis. o 00s as Toronto.
Sup) iA Guelph.
Biapen te W. Ts... 02... Ottawa.
PIER PATENUY .......5.. Toronto.
Sen RMEERPEEI Er Motch aln:3's.010)<\s,0:</0 a
Spencer, Capt. G. J. ..... Guelph
Strickland, E. H. ........ Ottawa
Th ee <
Muomnson, J. W. ........ Toronto.
Tomlinson, A: H. ....... Guelph.
Walker, Prof. BE. M. ...... Toronto.
Watson, Dr. A. H. R...... Port Hope.
Oat, 3 ios Snelgrove.
[7]
Williams, Ge A. .t:6.0-,.0,.. Port. Hope.
Wright: (Bi seccrncieraetres- Toronto.
Zar itz': oH CD a verctetevercs cher. « eS
QUEBEC
Barwick, E. C. .........- Montreal.
Burgess, Dr. T. J. W. .... Verdun.
Chaenonss | Gevt.csicec elaee Montreal.
nap Asse. (Cb, ccs eee St. Denis.
Clayson:: G> He 22ss5.45: Montreal.
Gorcorany J: AS Gene oe si
Cummings, Re OW... ..c2ni- $
DuMIO PF GIG! so. vsseyis.c0erets se
DuPortes BMS «26a. 24 Macdonald .
College.
Germain) SBray i. aeoiin cer Three Rivers.
GDB Pulain! Stetercis ic sista =.arere's Montreal.
Hall; .GQeBh eiis siete sie sas S
Huard, Rev. V. A. ....... Quebec.
Jackson; Dr. WS. ccc. ; Montreal.
Kenyon; Heo. vo ccs. Outremont.
Leopold, Rev. Father .... La Trappe.
Letoummeauy Es: son. le Oka.
Lochhead, Prof. W. ...... Macdonald
College.
Maheuxse Ge cis ctoetcletlele Quebec.
Moore: Ge GAs 2 .ia's= selec Montreal.
Qualictia Ji. aos eee Outremont.
Shepherd, A. C. .....:... Montreal.
woutheew Gi WANs 25s Ska. =
Walley Dr As. - cero agscorce tom oo
Winn AS. Be sccrsisists/<-siers. aes Westmount.
New Brunswick
ASAI Ree | ornare) ss siaiala oem Fredericton.
Tothill eons wins senate = a
Nova Scotia
INGORE CS Gabopoocogcod Truro.
Brittain pErotewWweselo sco-) ose
Connely, Prof. A. J. ..... Antigonish.
LOR AW bey DRY aoremoriog Truro.
MustamycAs Gites « orclere we ni« Annapolis
Royal.
Gill rr Ay cape este Truro.
(tiie Ion (CR aponcemacins Annapolis
Royal.
GoadlrO rea tects teres Truro.
ReelSall As teratevererasee(ocoratorols Annapolis
Royal.
Lindsay, Miss H. E. ..... Truro.
Longley, Miss M. ....... Paradise.
Mackay, Dr. A. H. ...... Halifax.
McMahon, E. A. ...:...--. Annapolis
Royal.
Paynes ght Ge ferstere occis.c-<\ees Annapolis
Royal.
iach Sy 18 Cappeoapooon Granville
Ferry.
Perrin, Joseph ......... Halifax
Berry. rot, HaiG. «0. sco Wolfville.
Remhards Hs Bee occ a=. Halifax.
Samm gerspplsiGels ccc scl Truro.
SSDIGEANS Cees cts sis-s1sinzeneroye KE:
Wetmore, Ralph ........ Yarmouth.
Whitehead, W. E. ...... Truro.
Whitman, C. F. U. ...... Lawrencetown
VOUNE NLIGR RE «nis <)<1sce.ais Brighton.
NEWFOUNDLAND
EARS OSB crevetayeyetayssnerelove Wabana.
8 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
MANITOBA
Brooker so. Ee week sei Winnipeg.
Cardhouse> Gs Gis eee Rathwell.
Criddle, Norman ........ Treesbank.
Hippisley, Mrs. W. W. ... Dauphin.
hunters Pr Aloe ores terete Teulon.
Roberts; Eo De eels Winnipeg.
Wallis! i Becierminvelniaterere “
SASKATCHEWAN
Androchowicz, E. ....... Humboldt.
Bentley, Miss L. ........ Mellville.
Hutchinson? (He *-...28.. Starblanket.
MacBean, G. G. .......... Assiniboia.
Newille, Side cm eecciorm ie Cottonwood.
Racks urawins- eerie Turtleford.
Willing; Prof. 20, Ne S2r-- Saskatoon.
ALBERTA
Antijutti, Miss E. ....... Diamond City.
Baird) Thos) f/5-\--caee ne High River.
Bowman: Keren... cnsooes cc Edmonton.
Carrs MoS2 pats. toe ees Gu
Dod, F. H, Wolley ....... Midnapore.
Hinke, “Joseph (ss2=-.5..-)- Calgary.
Mackie, Donald ......... Edmonton.
Whitehouse, F. C. ...... Red Deer.
BritisH CoLuMBIA
Anderson: We Bie. eee Victoria.
Blackmore yb eo = e ae ee
Brawalga Ween te ee “
Brinkman. (cosmic Victoria
Cameron, Dr. A. E. ...... Agassiz.
Carter, (Wane = as ance Victoria.
Cockle, J3:Wea.-..,-emaise se cae Kaslo.
Cunningham, "Co <...---<. Victoria.
DY GMS copie ove wrets stcrsrartes Duncan's.
DOWRES SW cteic:s)oaacaniioe Victoria.
Basthamy id: Was. <-ncew Vancouver.
BHildridge- Hews 2.2. see Victoria.
infenchiy:P. Bis 5.52: eee Vernon.
Garrett; ‘Cz BSD! @es.-5e6 Cranbrook.
Hanham, “AW. ca ose Duncan's.
Harris, MissiM 2. e:con Deroche.
Hook: | Go sae ste ee oe Cobble Hill.
Hush) Gis Wis cts ieee Victoria.
Johnstone; W: B. =2.5-:-- Arrow Lake.
Kermode;j8i tt. c2.00 4566 Victoria.
Lallemond, C. A. ........ Lytton.
Leach, iD hia) 62s. Salmon River.
Mathers; GigW. ‘28s Vancouver.
Metcalf; W.acR:S. 2-2... one Peachland.
Phair, A. WiCA. =... 0 Jee
RobsenyAcss Ul ee «. Victoria.
RuhmangiM ha. cs cee = cess Vernon.
ShermanyiRa Gy - 2s ase Vancouver.
Taylor dis MR: qc eee Kelowna.
Treherne; MR.iCoe . oes Agassiz.
Venables, E. P. ..... “... . Vernon,
Ward: WieGixe. .2ns Sree Vancouver.
White Bi Was2...2 cescoee Victoria.
Winson)) J. °W. = k22-t <8 Huntingdon.
HONORARY MEMBERS
Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A... Boulder, Col.
Comstock, Prof. J. H:. .)-. Ithaea, NY.
Gressent lara cs occ... citer Philadelphia,
Pa.
LIFE MEMBERS
Bethune, Rey. C. J. S.,
Professor of Entomol-
ogy, Ontario Agricul-
Helé Dr hs Bal See eee Albany. N.Y.
Howard 9br i: O). eae Washington,
D.C.
Wickham, Prof. H. F..... Iowa City, Ia.
tural College ...-.....% Guelph.
Evans, John D., C.E. .... Trenton.
Fyles, Rev. Dr. T. W. .... Ottawa.
MEMBERS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO
ON ACTIVE SERVICE
Bird. WSR Ate at nesne Prince Rupert,
B.C.
Breun, Fi (Ad © ctvites sieve Victoria, B.C.
Brodiesshys. see ees Dom. Ent. Lab.,
Agassiz, B.C.
Burrows. Ae Rs 2253.44 O.A.C., Guelph.
EIS HALES = Pyaar eyararaccle Vancouver, B.C.
Cleeves; “Av SC. 042.2555 O.A.C., Guelph.
Creeses*Het ooh ase Kelowna, B.C.
Curran, *He oe). 5242 Dom. Ent. Lab..
Vineland, Ont.
Dickie* CieMe oa. ac582es Kentville, N.S.
Dod, F. H. Wolley .... Midnapore, Alta.
Good, Lieut. C. A. .... Truro, N.S.
FHM AaTVeys) We. Vik Sasa nt Victoria, B.C.
Phidson, (LBs: Entomological
Br., Ottawa.
PKA! Vien cn eek ee ek Bureau of Ento-
mology, Wash-
ington, D.C.
Martin DA © year South Vancouver,
B.C.
Matheson, J. B. ....... Kelowna, B.C.
McCubbing, C. .. . Salmon Arm, B.C.
Neville, S: J. .-—..27 Cottonwood,
Sask.
Prewetts Heels. sects Toronto, Ont.
Rive Henry o.o- sees Victoria, B.C.
Robertson, W. H. .... =
Robson Ac Ba Vie cece
Rowland, H.W. 2.9... -
Simms!"Ho ML G:22.t.-
-O.A.C., Guelph.
Montreal, P.Q.
Snazelle, Chas. ........ Thornloe, New
Ontario.
Spencer, Capt. G. J. ...0.A.C., Guelph.
Strickland, E. H. . Entomological
Br., Ottawa.
Venables’ BSP. een sc Vernon, B.C.
*Walsh, Lieut. F. W. . O.A.C., Guelph.
Williams, C. M. ........Nappan, N.S.
Wilson; Ba A ae-t tee Vancouver, B.C.
Wright, Lieut. W. H. ..0.4.C., Guelph.
* Killed in action.
Entomological Society of Ontario
ANNUAL MEETING
The Fifty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was
held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Wednesday and Thursday,
December 4th and 5th, 1918. The chair was taken by Prof. Lawson Caesar, the
President. The following were present at the meeting: Mr. J. J. Davis, West
Lafayette, Ind.; Prof. P. J. Parrott, Geneva, N.Y.; Prof. R. Matheson, Ithaca,
N.Y.; Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt; Messrs. Arthur Gibson, C. E. Petch, C. B. Hutchings,
F. W. L. Sladen and Dr. S. Hadwen, Ottawa; Prof. E. M. Walker and Dr.
W. A. Clemens, Toronto; Mr. James Dunlop, Woodstock; Mr. W. A. Ross, Vine-
land; Mr. W. E. Biggar, Hamilton; Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Mr.
H. F. Hudson, Strathroy; Father Leopold, La Trappe, Que.; Prof. W. Lochhead,
Macdonald College, Que.; Mr. F. Letourneau, Oka, Que.; Prof. W. H. Brittain,
Truro, N.S.; Mr. John D. Tothill, Fredericton, N.B.; Mr. Norman Criddle,
Treesbank, Man.: Professors C. J. S. Bethune, L. Caesar, J. E. Howitt and
D. H. Jones; Dr. R. E. Stone; Messrs. A. W. Baker, H. G. Crawford, Eric Hearle,
R. M. Aiton, H. C. Huckett and others, Ontario Agricultural College.
By the kindness of Dr. Creelman the visitors were entertained in the College
Residence during their stay in Guelph. This arrangement added much to their
pleasure by affording many opportunities for social conyerse, and also saved
the time usually spent in travelling to and from the town.
During the morning of Wednesday, Dec. 4th, a meeting of the Council was
held, at which various matters of business were brought up and discussed. It
was decided that the next place of meeting be Ottawa, the date to be fixed later.
A suggestion was made and afterwards adopted at the general meeting, that the
Canadian Entomologist be issued in ten instead of twelve numbers, but that
the quantity of matter remain as heretofore; and also that the size of the page
be increased to conform with the majority of scientific publications.
In the afternoon the Society met at 1.30 o’clock. After opening the meeting
the President read a letter from Mr. Wolley Dod, from Mesopotamia, which was
much appreciated. The following message, proposed by Messrs. Gibson and Tothill,
was sent to Dr. Fyles:—
“Entomologists from Canada and the United States now in session at
Guelph, extend to you their warmest greetings and regret your inability to
attend.”
The Reports of the Council, Treasurer, Librarian and Curator were then
read and adopted. The Reports of the various Branches, the delegate to the
Royal Society of Canada, and the Directors were taken as read.
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its report
for the year 1917-1918.
The Fifty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Society was held at Macdonald
College, P.Q:, on Thursday and Friday, November 8th and 9th. The President
9
2-E.
10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
of the Society, Mr. A. F. Winn, Westmount, P.Q., occupied the chair. There
was a very satisfactory attendance of members and visitors; among the latter
were Messrs. A. F. Burgess, Melrose Highlands, Mass., and J. H. Emerton,
Boston; Drs. T. J. Headlee, New Brunswick, N.J., and W. C. O’Kane, Durham,
N.H. A large number of papers of interest and importance were read and dis-
cussed, of which the following is a list. Reports on Insects of the year in the
various Divisions of the Province by the Directors, Messrs. Gibson, Cosens, Morris,
Noble and Ross; “ Further Notes on the Imported Onion Maggot and its Control,”
by Mr. Arthur Gibson; “The Entomological Service of Quebec,” by Mr. Georges
Maheux; “Some Important Insects of the Season,” by Prof. Caesar; “The Apple
and Thorn Skeletonizer,” by Dr. E. P. Felt; “Some Notodontian Larve,” by
Dr. J. A. Corcoran; “ The Problem of Mosquito Control,” by Dr. T. J. Headlee;
“The Black Cherry Aphis,” by Mr. W. A. Ross; “A Comedy of Errors,” by
Mr. F. J, A. Morris; “ Transcanadian Spiders, ” by Mr. J. H. Emerton; “A
Further Report on the Value of Dusting vs. Spraying,” by Prof. L. Caesar;
“Notes on the Ecology of Insects,” by Prof. W. Lochhead; “ Effects of Stable
and Horn-fly Attacks on Milk Production,” by Mr. A. W. Baker; “Two Unusual
Garden Pests in Nova Scotia,’ by Prof. W. H. Brittain; “The Ento-
mological Record,” by Mr. Arthur Gibson. These papers have been published
in the Forty-eighth Annual Report of the Society which was issued by the Ontario
Department of Agriculture in October last. The following papers were also read
but not submitted for publication: “ Black Flies in the Dixville Notch,” .by Dr.
W. C. O’Kane; “The Nervous System of Caterpillars and its Relation to Classi-
fication,” by Mr. J. M. Swaine; “ Habits, Behaviour and Tropisms of Insects,” by
Dr. Arthur Willey. By the courtesy of the U. 8. Bureau of Entomology, were
exhibited motion pictures of * ‘Field and Parasite Work Against the Gypey and
Brown-tail Moths,” through Mr. A. F. Burgess and Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, and
of “ Orchard Spraying in Nova Scotia,” by Prof. W. H. Brittain. A symposium
was held at the close of the evening session on the question of how Canadian
Entomologists can help to increase food production, led by Dr. Hewitt and parti-
cipated in by many of the members.
The Canadian Entomologist, the official organ of the aanern has' been regu-
larly issued each month. The fiftieth annual “volume will be completed by the
issue of the forthcoming December number. The forty-ninth volume, published
during 1917 contained 440 pages, illustrated by 21 full page plates and 41 figures
in the text. The contributors to its pages numbered 64 and included writers in
Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia, and also
in eighteen of the United States. The series of papers on “ Popular and Practical
Entomology ” was continued each month and provided interesting and instructive
information for the general reader. In the systematic papers there were described
four new genera, 137 new species and 10 new sub-species or varieties. As a
result of the publication from year to year of a large number of articles on
descriptive and systematic entomology, there is a constant demand for back numbers
and volumes.
Twenty-five new members have been added to the rolls of the Society.
It is with deep regret that the Council records the removal by death of one
of our oldest and most distinguished members, Mr. William Hague Harrington,
who died at his home in Ottawa on the 13th of last March in the 66th year of
his age. He was well-known to Entomologists throughout North America by his
systematic work in the order Hymenoptera, and was justly regarded as our best
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11
Canadian authority on this department of the insect world. Of late years he
had taken up the study of Botany with characteristic energy, and became familiar
with the Flora as well as the Fauna of Ottawa and the surrounding country.
An appreciative memoir by Mr. Arthur Gibson and an excellent portrait appeared
in the June number of the Canadian Entomologist.
To the Society’s Roll of Honour in the world-wide war, have now to be
added the names of Captain R. V. Harvey and Lieut. Vernon King, who have
laid down their lives on the battlefield in defence of the Empire and the freedom
of mankind. Captain Harvey was for nine years Secretary of the British Columbia
Branch of our Society (1902 to 1911) and the success of the Branch during that
period was almost entirely due to his enthusiastic work. In the collection and
study of insects he devoted himself at first to the Lepidoptera and of late years
to the Diptera. At the outbreak of the war he joined the 7th Battalion and was
with the first Canadian forces who went to France. In April, 1915, he was
severely wounded in a charge and died a few weeks later in a German prison
eamp. Lieut. King, an Englishman by birth and a graduate of the Ontario Agri-
cultural College, was employed in the Cereal and Forage investigation branch of
the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, where he was doing excellent work. He could
not, however, resist the call of patriotism and in November, 1914, he returned
to Canada and entered the British Army. He served in Egypt and the Dardanelles,
and subsequently joined the Flying Corps in France. During an air fight against
heavy odds he lost his life on April 11th, 1918.
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN.
Owing to the want of funds available for the purpose, the only books pur-
chased for the Library during the year ending October 31st, 1918, are Fabre’s
“The Life and Love of the Insect,” Burmeister’s “ Manual of Entomology,” and
Comstock’s “The Wings of Insects.” Including these works, fourteen bound
volumes have been placed upon the shelves, making the total number 2,285. There
is a large accumulation of unbound periodicals, bulletins, reports and pamphlets,
which, it is to be hoped, may some day be bound and made more readily available
for reference.
Respectfully submitted,
CuHaries J. S. BeTHune, Librarian.
REPORT OF THE CURATOR.
The Society’s collections have been examined from time to time, and the
necessary steps taken to prevent injury from museum pests or other causes. At
the present time they are in good condition.
Respectfully submitted,
Eric HEARLE.
12 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH.
The 376th regular and 45th Annual Meeting of the Montreal Branch was
held at the residence of the President, Mr. A. F. Winn, 32 Springfield Ave.,
Westmount, on Saturday evening, May 11th, 1918.
The report of the Council showed that during the season seven meetings
were held with a total attendance of 85, or an average of over 12 per meeting.
A public meeting was held in March at the Redpath Museum, McGill University,
when Mr. J. M. Swaine came from Ottawa and gave an illustrated lecture on
“The Protection of Shade Trees in Cities.” At this time the Lyman Ento-
mological Collection was opened for inspection.
During the season the following papers and talks were given before our
Society -—
L.ePresident's: Annual “Address tte. now won seit eis a wots tet ornnr ate e A. F. WINN.
2. An account of insects in vegetable plots .............-..--- Dr. Corcoran.
a. Tussock: moths. & tis: cine teem ctl icici os mica aoe teenies Dr. F. S. Jackson.
4. A trip to the Provincial Forest Nursery, Berthierville, Q...« A. F. WINN.
5. A few moths from Bondville.'Q), VOLT vic clroc says 5 okelsre shears A. F. WINN.
G:w Notes: on (bees: } qa sismrccisieve wile opel = paetetatel ofa hostile ted fetes G. H, HAL.
7. Report of annual meeting of Ent. Soc. of Am. at Pittsburg,
Pay 2 ctr ee wien fe cavenate tela, sie ithe aareyaherces (raunterenainin tue eteiene foie raroiate Dr. CORCORAN.
8. Notes on the Geometrid species of Genus, Acidalia, Guenesia,
CGF] {)eile Ao reemenigod dod occadcesdouspeesoecounoomcds sae G. CHAGNON. |
9. Hemiptera found in a backyard garden, 1917 .............. Gro. A. Moore.
10. Description of Entomological work in England, 1917 ....... LACHLAN GIBB.
1 Chilovecomptulatalisshulsteccrn. cere sore nie oie teeta eres A. F, WINN.
12. The protection of shade trees in cities ..........-.-+-...--- J. M. SwAIne.
13. E. P. Van Duzee’s catalogue of Hemiptera of America ...... Gro, A. Moore.
14-2. Collecting) inven lames LOT cee veveractetayelelaiateraieyaiaie ois ercieteel eater LACHLAN GIBB.
15. The Daylight Saving Act, what it will do for Entomologists..A. F. WINN.
16. Directions for collecting and preserving Orthoptera for the
(2) i) Ness Dabo sareao ec or Sooo deo aSoeobosoboayd o- G, CHAGNON.
The Treasurer’s Report showed a balance of $150.93.
The following were elected as officers for the coming year :—
President, tasusskn eet nce © tee AW Nes
VaCe-Prestgent) =. oscar G. CHAGNON.
Secretary-Treasurer ........ Gro. A. Moore.
EADTANION Sas BIR 5 ach G. CHAGNON.
Gown ser. 26 wae tee G. A. SoutHen, Dr. Corcoran, J. G.{Hormes, G. H. Hatt.
Respectfully submitted,
(Gro, A. Moore, Secretary.
REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH.
The 217th meeting and 22nd Annual Meeting of the Toronto Branch of the
Entomological Society of Ontario, was held in the Biological Building of the
University of Toronto, Noy. 21st, 1918, the President, Dr. Clemens, in the
chair. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. The
report of the Council, the financial statement, and the report of the Librarian
were presented and adopted.
The report of the Council showed that during the season of 1917-1918, six
regular meetings, one special meeting, and. the Annual Meeting were held in
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13
the Biological Building of the University of Toronto. The average attendance
at the regular meetings, including visitors, was 15 persons. During the season
the following papers were read before the Society :—
1917.
Seeresate OF Sprine PONGS 2/iecccin. coc bees elec eet Dr. E, M. WALKER.
Dec. 13. War Services of Entomologists ................ Dr. W. A. CLEMENS.
Summer Work of New York State Food Commis-
RELERT aia ae e Seroyal "alsttess siz Si wiete sieve make Sate cies JouN DETWEILER.
1918. .
Saeeeedne 1917 Collecting Season .2........ccees0088% Mr. H. V. ANDREWS.
REERMEIETITT | LIICS .. s o:e les cuca e se sara at vce/cleae Suess wa cdewe Pror, L. Caesar, Guelph.
SMMEPENISS IL OUTISCCLS. Sow. ose acs Se cae sce lose cbebeses Dr. A. CosENs.
Apr. 4. Injurious Shade Tree Insects and their Control..Mr. J. M. Swartne, Ottawa.
May 9. Personal Experiences with Tropical Insects ....Mr. F. J. Harris,
Seven new members were elected during the year: Messrs. D. E. Reid, B.
Wright, Frank Foulds, John Detweiler, R. W. Blakely, F. J. Harris, F. Broderick.
We regret to record the death of two esteemed members, Mr. Samuel T. Wood
and Miss Dorothy Fraser. Mr. Wood was well known among nature lovers
throughout Canada by his charming writings, particularly the weekly editorials
in the Globe, on various phases of wild life, and his loss is keenly felt by a
large circle of friends, to whom he had endeared himself by his kindly, unassum-
ing personality.
Miss Fraser who was on the staff of the Biological Department of the Uni-
versity of Toronto, graduated from this department in 1917 with the highest
honours in Biology. She won the esteem and admiration of all her colleagues
by her fine character, her unfailing industry in spite of delicate health, and her
unusually keen scientific judgment.
At the meeting of December 13th, 1917, steps were taken toward the forma-
tion of a special committee for the purpose of organizing a campaign against
the Tussock Moth in Toronto. This committee met five times between January
and May. The following programme was drawn up and carried out :—
1. Stirring articles were written by several members of the Society and
published in the daily papers. These articles dealt briefly with the destructiveness
of the Tussock Moth caterpillars, methods of control, and the responsibility of
the citizens in helping to combat the pest.
2. On April 4th a special joint meeting of the Toronto Branch, the City
Parks Department, and the Toronto Horticultural Society, was held in the large
lecture hall of the Biological Building of the University of Toronto, at which
Mr. J. M. Swaine gave a very able and interesting address on “Shade Tree
Insects,” dealing particularly with the Tussock Moth.
3. An attractive illustrated pamphlet was prepared, and 5,000 copies were
printed and distributed to the schools of the city.
4. Through the courtesy of the City Parks Department, four sets of lantern
slides were prepared, bearing the same illustrations as the pamphlets, and giving
short concise directions for controlling the pest. These were circulated among
various motion picture theatres in the city.
Special donations amounting to $35.00 were contributed by the following
gentlemen: Major R. J. Christie, Mr. James O’Brien and Mr. Paul Hahn.
The results from the campaign were very gratifying.
The financial statement showed a balance on hand of $19.97.
The report of the librarian shows that a large number of pamphlets and
periodicals have been added to the library during the season of 1917-18.
14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Special arrangements have been made with the Department of Biology,
University of Toronto, in regard to filing and shelving space, and by which
members of the Department may have access to the literature. Good progress has
been made in re-arranging and cataloguing.
The publications received since the last meeting were presented.
The election of officers was then proceeded with, and the results were as
follows:
I AAG TG aw antes Sade CCIM ODE CSC Dr. W. A. CLEMENS.
ViiGe-Presidenty <actasscee aero eisterstcneie Mr. H. V. ANDREWS,
SCGCTELATY-DTEASUTEN Ficterelstels cies eles S. Locier.
Uo RE ROSS O Ooe dee Dotan odo c.c OC Miss NorMA Forp.
COUNCIL, Sadek. Seattle onan se eae ee Dr. E. M. Waker, Dr. A, CosEeNs, MEssrs.
T. B. Kurata, J. HANNIBAL, C. K. BRosst.
The business of the evening finished, the meeting was then left open for
short talks by members and for discussion. The following members spoke:
C. K. Brobst on the Tussock Moth work in Toronto in summer of 1918.
Dr. A. Cosens, on “ Observations on the Monarch Butterfly.”
Mr. H. V. Andrews, on “A trip to Go Home Bay for Oeneis chryxus, var.
calais.”
Dr. E. M. Walker on “ Oeneis chryxus, var. calais.”
Mr. S. Logier, on “ Observations on parasitized caterpillars.”
Those present at the meeting were: President Dr. W. A. Clemens, Dr. Cosens,
Dr. Walker, Miss N. Ford, Messrs. Kurata, Andrews, Harris, Reid, Wright,
Hannibal, Blakely, Broderick, Brobst, Logier, and five visitors, in all, 19 persons.
Respectfully submitted,
| SHELLEY Locter, Sec.-Treas.
REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH.
The 17th Annual Meeting of the British Columbia Branch was held in the
City of Victoria, B.C., Saturday, February 23rd, 1918. The morning session was
called to order by President E. H. Blackmore. Secretary William Hugh handed
in his financial statement and read a report of the Society's work during the
past year. us
The following papers were read and discussed :—
Presidentis, Address) cezcrcitere clelelerctetellerea slalelecetelelsrstetetai=relelntale slelm lars E. H. BLACKMORE.
Notes on the Classification and Bionomics of the Hemiptera ....Wm. DowNEs.
Collecting in the Lillooet District—A trip to Mount McLean ..A. W. PuHarr,
Life History of Perigrapha praeses Grt.........--.+-eee eee eeee Gro. O. Day.
On Parthenogenesis in the Honey Bee ..........-.+-+2++++ee8- WILLIAM HuGH.
Insect’ Wotes Ofthe! VER ... ewes custete le « ocle ole e cisierefereelerctslaval alntslelel R. C. TREHERNE.
Afternoon Session.
Notes on the Mycetophilidae of B. C.:
A Revision of the B. C. species of the genus Hydriomena
based on the character of the male genitalia .......... E. H, BLACKMORE.
Notes on the Aeolothripidae ........... 2... cece eee e et tee eens R. C. TREHERNE.
Natural Control Investigations in B. C.:
Life History of the Leaf-Eating Crane Fly, Cylindrotoma
spendens, Doane (Diptera, Tipulidae) ............... -Dr. A. E. CAMERON,
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15
The following were elected to the several offices for the year 1918 :—
BEET CSULENE ) fa .ci0:a1s)0%s'a lal a0cl<\= oe F. Kermope, Provincial Museum.
BOATING De Me Jac occ > oo aayatere Srayatass2 R. S. SHERMAN, Vancouver, B.C.
Vice-President (Interior) ........ J. W. CockLe, Kaslo, B.C.
Wace-Presiadent (Coast) -......:.. Wma. Downes, Victoria, B.C.
Hon, Secretary-Treasurer ........ WILLIAM HuGuH, Box 20, Cloverdale, B.C.
MERIT AIRES OMG oho cone nn wien aren nen Messrs. E. H. Biackmore, R. C. TREHERNE,
G. O. Day, A. W. Hanna, L. A, BREUN.
The Society offered the Vancouver Exhibition Association two prizes for the
best collection of types of beneficial and injurious insects put up by school children.
REPORT OF THE NOVA SCOTIA BRANCH.
Since our last report was presented to our parent Society a new number of
our “Proceedings” has been issued, comprising approximately 100 pages and
including considerable new data on Nova Scotian insects and the problems con-
nected with their control. Another Annual Meeting was held on July 26th of the
present year, when a number of papers were read by the members and a successful
session was held. The speaker of the occasion was Mr. J. D. Tothill, of the
Dominion Entomological Branch, who gave a paper on “ The Meaning of Natural
Control.” The following officers for the year were elected :—
ipmeaRtiey EYesdent ....5.....5.. Dr. A. H. McKay. Halifax.
a MRE fe oi ais Sc 30s a’ w's1es'e'ee L. A, DEWotre, Truro.
Becretary-Treasurer ............-- W. H. Brirrarn, Truro.
Asst. Secretary-Treasurer ........ E. C. ALLEN, Truro.
PRIMEMINNEREE IS ics oo 's''so.0.0 2 6 ee’ s a(eierae A. Ketsatt, Annapolis Royal, and Miss AIrLkEN
HENDERSON, Lawrencetown.
Like all other organizations our Society has suffered many inroads in its
membership on account of the war. In spite of this we have been able to keep up
our members to the pre-war level and are particularly fortunate in the fact that
none of our members who have gone overseas have actually lost their lives in the
great struggle. With the return of peace time conditions and the removal of
all hindrances to our expansion, we are hopeful of healthy, vigorous growth from
now on. -
W. H. Brirratn, Secretary.
REPORTS ON INSECTS FOR THE YEAR.
Division No. 3, Toronto District—A. CosEns.
The unusual abundance of the Monarch, Anosia plerippus, during the past
two years, led me to hope that this season I could obtain a series of notes that
would be of interest concerning this wide-ranging Canadian butterfly.
Tn looking over these notes, however, I find only a few of sufficient importance
to include in this report. This was owing chiefly to the butterflies not being
sufficiently numerous to prevent an ebbtide in the enthusiasm of the early part
of the season.
16 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Concerning the first to arrive of the migrants from the south I have made
the following note :— -
C June 15th. ‘“ Two specimens of Anosia were seen flitting about a few milk-
weed plants on the Old Belt Line, near the Humber; one of the butterflies ap-
peared to be ovipositing, but the eggs could not be found.”
The above apparently represents, in general, the date of the first appearance
in Ontario of this butterfly, since it agrees with that noted by other observers.
In 1900, Mr. C. W. Nash, Toronto, states that he saw the Monarch first on June
14th, and in 1901, Mr. J. A. Moffat, London, noted its arrival there on June 12th.
While the middle of June may be taken as the average date of their arrival
in this Province, there must be at least isolated butterflies that return much
earher,
With reference to this I find in my notes :—
June 19th. “Mr. Martin saw, on Sule plants, a nearly full-grown
Monarch larva, also a much smaller one.”
Later in the day we found the larger larva but did not get the smaller.
The one we captured was one and three-fourths inches in length. The egg from
Fig. 1—Gall produced by Newroterus flavipes Gill on
Bur Oak, Quercus macrocarpa Michx.
which this larva emerged must have been deposited the end of May or yery early
in June.
There are notes under two other dates in June.
June 24th. “ Anosia butterflies plentiful around the milkweeds at Mimico
Creek.”
June 27th. “In the same locality as the preceding, caught three males and
two female butterflies. These specimens were all much faded and worn, the wing
margins were also badly torn. The butterflies were frequently mating at this
time.”
Nothing of interest appears to have been observed for a month, as the next
note reads :—
July 27. “Many March butterflies ovipositing, all the specimens captured
were faded and torn. lLarve were frequently seen, these varied from one-half to
full-grown; ten of the latter were collected.”
July 30th. “Several of the larve taken on the 27th have pupated.”
With very little further feeding these larve eventually all passed into the
chrysalid stage, and all emerged, sometime between the 9th and the 22nd of
August, the exact date unknown owing to absence from the city.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17
Although these butterflies, during the last two seasons, gaye ample oppor-
tunity, in this locality, of observing their congregating habits, 1 was not fortunate
enough this fall to see a single flock.
I wish also to report the securing of the producers from a gall on Bur Oak,
Quercus macrocarpa. These producers have been kindly identified by Mr. Wm.
Beutenmuller as Neuwroterus flavipes Gill.
The gall, which is polythalamous, is an elongated, irregular swelling from
the midrib of the leaf, but also extending out slightly along the veins. It is
somewhat triangular in cross section. Opening on the upper surface of the leaf,
from which the .gall chiefly projects, are minute canals, one passing to each
larval chamber.
Length of gall parallel to the axis of the midrib 10-15 mm.
In all probability a revision of the Cynipidae will place this species in the
genus Andricus, as it closely resembles A. piger Bassett and A. petiolicola Bassett.
The former is a polythalamous gall produced by the swelling of the petiole
or midrib of the Scarlet Oak, Quercus coccinea. The latter is also located on the
petiole or midrib of the leaf, but the host in this case is the White Oak, Quercus
alba. It is an irregular, spherical swelling drawn out at some place on its surface :
into a short tapering projection. At the summit of this is an opening surrounded
by a dense ring of coarse, brown trichomes.
Division No. 5, Prerersorougn Districr—F, Morris, PETERBOROUGH.
My report for the present year again deals chiefly with Cerambycidae. The
first series of observations made relate to the obscure little Anaglyptus, Le Conte’s
“Microclytus (or rather Cyrtophorus) gibbulus. This insect had been taken in
considerable numbers in 1916 and 191%, feeding on choke-cherry blossom, dog-
wood and spiked maple. during the first three weeks of June. In the former
season the blossom was well out by June 3rd, in the latter by June 10th. This
season I made my way out to the place of capture about the middle of May, and
found the corner of the wood where the insect had been prevalent already in the act
of falling beneath the woodman’s axe! It was too early for the blossom and
there was no trace of the insect. Before paying the spot another visit, I decided
to wait till the end of May. Soon after this decision, however, a hot spell brought
the blossoms on with a rush, and | was dismayed on passing a woodyard in the
city one day to see a shrub of choke-cherry in full bloom; next day (May 23rd)
I hurried out to the “ Wood of Desire” and found the shrubs actually shedding
their bloom. J had missed the height of the insect’s season. The air that day-
was cold, and I found only a single specimen. It was the more disappointing
that I had arranged to go north over the week-end. However, on Tuesday, May
27th, I was back at the hunting ground and had the good fortune to find two
or three trees of choke-cherry in a somewhat less exposed position on the margin
of the wood; here I secured more than 20 of the insect, including five natural
pairs secured from specimens taken home alive and mating in captivity. June
proved a very poor blossoming season in our district, and almost no captures
were made on dogwood, viburnum and spiked maple. Beyond a single specimen
of M. gibbulus taken on dogwood on June Ist, I saw no further trace of this
elusive little insect. In each of the last three years when it has been captured,
the season of its prevalence has been limited to a fortnight and is practically
dependent on the blossoming of the choke-cherry clusters; viz., 1916, June 4-18;
1917, June 9-24; 1918, May 20-June 1.
18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
On May 24th, while at Lake Catchacoma, some 30 miles north of Peter-
borough, I found an extraordinary number and yariety of insects drawn in the
hot sun to the choke-cherry clusters; besides about 10 species of Longicorn, there
were a large number of species of Chrysomelians, Scarabs and Elaters; among
these last, three species of Corymbites including C. hamatus and C. vernalis;
but the most interesting by far to me of the day’s bag was a pair of the very
handsome Cantharid, Pomphopoea aenea. Only once before had I ever seen this
insect, and that was at Port Sydney towards the end of June, when I found a
pair on the Nannyberry (Viburnum lentago). It is a large insect of a beautiful
grey-blue-green shade and of satiny texture; the antennae biack, and the legs
orange-yellow with black knees and feet. Of the species I am not quite sure;
Dr. Bethune who kindly identified the earlier capture thought it P. sayi, but
according to Blatchley the yellow and black legs belong to P. aenea. This had been
1909, for it was just a few weeks before Dr. Brodie’s death, with whom I was
staying in North Muskoka at the time. ;
On the first of June I captured two specimens of the so-called Currant-borer
(Psenocerus supernotatus) settling on a newly fallen poplar stem. On June 10th
while ranging about a tamarac swamp for Pyrola and Cypripedium, I had the
good fortune to capture a breeding pair of Tetropium cinnamopterum resting in
the shadow on the underside of a recent windfall of white spruce, the only tree
I have ever captured this insect on. On June 15th—rather an early record—
while foraging about at the “ Wood of Desire,” I spied a specimen of Desmocerus
palliatus, flying from a small clump of the late elder; examination of the shrubs
led to the capture of a dozen of these handsome borers; they had evidently just
emerged and were crawling up into the sunlight from the stems, a few were
already pairing and taken at rest on the underside of the foliage. A specimen
of Goes oculatus was taken the same day on newly fallen poplar. On June 18th,
while exploring a very rich corner of tamarac swamp, I made two finds especially
that awoke happy memories; after an interval of 19 years, I found again that
local rarity among the orchids, Orchis rotundifolia, and on the swamp Valerian—
just as three years before near Trenton—I found Leptura chrysocoma feeding on
pollen. Between June 18th and 20th, I took three specimens of this beetle always
among tamaracs. On June 25th, I captured a specimen of Saperda tridentata on
an elm log, and on a large billet of poplar in a woodpile, a pair of Pogonochaerus
mixtus.
On June 29th and 30th, during a short stay in Port Hope, I paid a visit
to some woods four miles north where a season or two before the woodman’s axe
had been very busy—far too busy, for every windstorm since has taken heavy
toll of the surviving timber. The work of tramping in hot sunshine through
bush, and stumbling or slipping on hidden logs and stumps was very exhausting,
but a number of interesting captures were made. Among these, one Leptura zebra
on the sheaf of foliage about an oak stump, five Neoclytus erythrocephalus taken
running on the trunk and limbs or two fallen trees, a basswood and a butternut,
one Clytus marginicollis on white pine, three Physocnemum brevilineum on
fallen elm, three Leptostylus sex-guttatus in brush-heaps of white pine, one
Leptostylus macula on basswood, one Goes oculatus and one Urographis fasciatus,
both resting on the underside of a lodged trunk of maple, three Hoplosia nubila
on basswood, two Lepturges symmetricus and one Eupogonius subarmatus on a
recent windfall of basswood.
On July 4th a trip from Peterborough to the “ Wood of Desire” proved very
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19
successful: among other captures, two Liopus variegatus on fallen poplar, one
Lepturges querci on sumac, one Xylotrechus undulatus on spruce, two Desmocerus
palliatus from the same little clump of late elder as had yielded several captures
nearly three weeks earlier, two Oberea tripunctata and one very small and faintly
marked specimen of Clytanthus ruricola on raspberry foliage. Next day, on a
dead branch of sumac I took a specimen of Neoclytus erythrocephalus. On July
6th I took a specimen of Hoplosia nubila near Chemong from the same dead limb
of basswood as yielded over a score last season. On July 8th, three Liopus alpha
from dead or dying sumac branches, On July 11th in the heart of a large tamarac
swamp on various blossoms including yarrow, daisies and fleabane (feeding on
pollen in the hottest of sunshine) 19 Leptura chrysocoma, and on the edge of
the swamp in milkweed blossom, three Typocerus velutinus and two T. zebratus ;
I strongly suspect L. chrysocoma to bore in the tamarac, for I have never found
it far from that tree. On July 17th, I took fifteen 7. zebratus on blossom of
sumac and milkweed, and one Leptostylus macula on a dying branch of sumac.
On July 18th, while with a brother botanist on a corduroy road in a tamarac
swamp north of Bethany, I noticed a strange butterfly that at first I took for a
fritillary or silver-spot; on capture it proved to be the very beautiful “ Baltimore,”
Melitaea phaéton. Investigation in September showed a plentiful growth at the
roadside of Chelone glabra or Turtlehead, the food plant of this insect’s larva.
On July 20th, I paid a farewell visit to the “ Wood of Desire” before going
north to camp in the Algonquin Park. The day was spent following in the wake
of the axe; here were taken, running on white pine logs that lay scorching in the
sun, three Neoclytus muricatulus (including a mating pair); one Urographis
fasciatus resting on foliage of a basswood stump; Lepturges pictus on a dying
branch of basswood; these were all in the open or on the edge of the wood; in
the depths among a confusion of felled hemlock, spruce and balsam, I took two
Leptura subhamata and three Xylotrechus undulatus all on spruce.
The active collecting for the season came to an end between July 27th and
August 3rd in the Park with the capture of some Leptura canadensis and four
specimens of Leptura biforis, taken in flight about our little camp clearing on
Big Island in Cache Lake.
Division No. 6, Essex District—J. W. Nosie, DEPARTMENT oF AGRICULTURE,
Essex, ONT.
ATTACKING Fretp Crops. Wireworms, white grubs, cutworms, grasshoppers,
crickets. Considerable damage was done in the spring by white grubs to straw-
berry beds, wireworms to potatoes, cutworms to cabbage and tobacco plants, espe-
cially to the latter; a considerable acreage of tobacco had to be replanted on
account of the ravages of the cutworm. In July owing to the very hot weather we
had more trouble with grasshoppers and crickets than has been experienced in
this county for some years. Grasshoppers stripped considerable vegetation but
largely confined their energy to cutting binder twine after the sheaves had
been tied. Many reports have been received in some instances where crickets
and grasshoppers had destroyed binder twine in wholesale quantities. Clover seed
midge was reported from a number of fields, but is not believed to be common
throughout the county. Hessian fly: some reports of injury during fall of 1918.
Arrackine Fruir Trees. Codling Moth very plentiful especially in uncared
for orchards; considerable damage done in orchards that had not been sprayed,
about three broods reported.in many instances.
20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Plum Curculio yery plentiful in plum orchards this season, considerable
damage to apples.
San José Scale appears to be considerably winter killed during severe winter
of January, 1918, still quite plentiful in uncared for orchards.
Tent caterpillar not common, few nests seen. Fall webworms rather plentiful.
Aphids. Considerable damage to tree fruits, very effectively controlled by
tobacco decoction. ;
Peach tree borer yery plentiful especially on trees which winter killed last
winter, ;
Apple Maggot noticeably plentiful in one orchard, yery little damage on the
whole.
Fruits AND VreGerasBtes. Melon aphid and cucumber aphid again this
season accounted for a great loss among the cucumber and melon growers but
after the experience of last year a great many fields were saved by early spraying,
tobacco decoction being the most popular remedy.
Onion thrips very plentiful in the Pelee marsh, no remedy as yet found
satisfactory.
Onion root maggot again very plentiful, considerable acreage lost.
Asparagus beetles plentiful but as the acreage is limited very little reported.
Capsids were considered by Dr. Bethune to have been the cause of white
spots appearing on the early tomato crop. Upon careful examination no insects
were found and no cause could be located. It occurred in two fields and accounted
for considerable loss.
Squash bugs and cucumber beetles. Considerable loss to the pickle growers
resulted from these insects. Trapping was tried but with little success, application
of a repellant seemed to have only partial results.
Greenhouse Insects. Greenhouse men experienced considerable trouble during
the winter of 1917-18 with greenhouse white fly and with aphids. Nematodes
were also plentiful. The best growers, however, practised soil sterilization and
oceasionally fumigated with hydrocyanie gas.
THe PresipeNtT: I shall now ask Father Leopold to read his paper on
“Economic Entomology in Quebec.”
FatrHer Leopotp: Mr. President, I was so anxious to secure further informa-
tion on spraying that I did not prepare a paper but a series of questions which
I hope you and other entomologists who have been studying spray mixtures will
answer. I believe this will be of more value than my paper would have been.
My questions are :—
1, What spray mixtures should I recommend to our people next year for
apple orchards?
2. Is it true that Bordeaux mixture causes very great injury by russeting
the fruit? If so, which application causes most of the russeting?
3. What recommendations should be made in regard to dusting?
Tur President: As neither Mr. Sanders nor Prof. Brittain are here from
Nova Scotia I shall ask Dr. Hewitt to tell us something about Mr. Sanders’
results and what he intends to recommend this year in Nova Scotia.
Dr. Hewitt: I cannot, of course, respond to your request with as much
satisfaction to those who are interested in this subject as Mr. Sanders would have
been able to give had he been here.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21
Owing to what appears to be an injurious effect of lime sulphur in reducing the
crop of apples in Noya Scotia, Mr. Sanders turned his attention to Bordeaux
mixture which had been almost entirely given up in favor of lime sulphur as the
fungicide in apple spraying. While it is, of course, not our function to investigate
fungicides we were compelled to study them as carriers of insecticides. In Nova
Scotia there is not the same demand for a scale destroying spray such as lime
sulphur as in Ontario owing to the absence of San José Scale, the existence of
which insect was chiefly responsible for the adoption of lime sulphur in other
parts of the country.
Coupled with the scalicide properties of lime sulphur was its easy preparation
and the powerful advocacy of the manufacturers. We found that when Bordeaux
was substituted for lime sulphur in certain of the sprays we obtained better results
both from the point of view of production and condition of the foliage; we also
-found that the trouble of russeting could be obviated by not using Bordeaux in
the third spray, that is, the spray when the blossom petals have fallen which is
apparently the period when the setting fruit is most susceptible to the Bordeaux
Injury.
In view of the excellent results that we obtained in our experimental plots
and that have been obtained by some of the more prominent fruit growers in
Nova Scotia, we are recommending the use of Bordeaux mixture instead of lime
sulphur in the first, second and fourth sprays. In the third spray we find that
sodium polysulphide has given us the best results. As an insecticide we are
recommending in each spray the use of arsenate of lime.
We have felt that far too little is known with regard to the chemistry and
hio-chemistry of spraying. Spray mixtures have often been recommended without
a careful study of their chemical constitution or of their effect on foliage, fruit
or insects. Accordingly, we are now making a very careful study of the chemical
nature of the different compounds that result from mixing various insecticides
with fungicides and of the effect of such compounds on the trees and on the
insects that they are expected to destroy. By these means we hope to secure exact
data that will enable us to experiment to better advantage and to secure results
of real value.
But after all, I feel that the ultimate test will be made by the fruit grower
who will be the best judge as to the sprays giving the best results, and after
having carried out our investigations to the best of our ability we shall have to be
content to leave the matter in the hands of the grower. If we can demonstrate
to him the superiority of one spray over another he is generally willing to be
convinced and to act according to our advice. Further, it is a mistake to assume
that a spray combination that is the best in one fruit growing section of the
country will be the best in another. Spraying systems must be worked out to
suit the various localities. The day of the universal spray calendar has long
passed and for this reason we are endeayoring to study our spraying problems
locally.
Pror, Cakrsar: I shall briefly answer Father Leopold’s questions and then
ask Prof. Parrott to give us the benefit of his experiments in New York State.
I myself intend to recommend as usual lime-sulphur for the first spray, that is
the one given either before or as the buds are bursting or just after they have
burst. For the second spray, the one just before the blossoms burst, I shall recom-
mend either lime-sulphur, 1 gallon to 35 gallons of water, or Bordeaux mixture,
4.4.40, and to each of these either arsenate of lead or arsenate of lime. For
22 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
the third application, the one just after the blossoms have fallen, I shall recom-
mend lime-sulphur 1 gallon to 40 gallons of water, and the usual amount of
arsenate of lead.
At present I do not feel like advising against the substitution of arsenate of
lime for arsenate of lead with lime-sulphur, though I am not yet convinced that
it is so safe. A warning, however, should be given, that some brands of arsenate
of lime are much inferior to others and much less safe.
In a very wet period I should prefer Bordeaux to lime-sulphur for the spray
just before bloom, because it will remain on the trees longer and thus keep
off scab longer than lime-sulphur. I do not recommend it for the third application
because it russets the fruit, some years very badly and every year to some extent.
As to the dropping of fruit which follows later applications of lime-sulphur
in Nova Scotia, this has not taken place in Ontario in my own or any other
person’s experiments that I am aware of. I believe the difference in climate
between the two Provinces accounts for the different results obtained.
As to the dust method of treating orchards, I do not intend to recommend
it for the present. I have obtained good results from it myself but the fruit
growers do not succeed well with it. They also object to the cost. The new
spray guns have made them much better satisfied with liquid sprays.
Pror, Parrorr: In our State I believe we have more pests to combat than
you have in your fruit-growing sections. We have San José Scale, and use lime-
sulphur because it is cheap and nearly fool-proof from the standpoint of , the
farmer. We have the Pear Psylla, which is a very common pest in our pear
growing sections, and we rely on lime-sulphur to combat that insect; and we have
the various mites which are held in check by sulphur sprays. Considered from
the standpoint of the dormant application we have to consider some spray mixture
which will handle those particular pests.
Our change from Bordeaux to lime-sulphur was brought about by the attitude
of our fruit growers. There was a period in the *90’s and ten or fifteen years
ago when growers suffered severe injury from Bordeaux mixture. As a result
of this injury the farmers swung over to the use of the lime-sulphur, because
the fruit presented so much better an appearance from its use. As far as New York
is concerned (and I think I am safe in speaking for the men at Cornell as well
of those of the New York Experiment Station) we would not dare to recommend
‘Bordeaux to apple growers in our State; it causes too much injury.
I have been very much interested in the question of dropping of fruit. It
seems to me it is one of the points which should be looked into. For two years
we have carried on comparative experiments with lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead
and Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead, and in 1917 we had a larger drop
on the check trees than on those sprayed with lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead
or Bordeaux mixture and arsenate of lead.
We tested nine brands of calcium arsenate this summer and also tested a
formula given by our Federal Government for home-made calcium arsenate. In
the work on the station grounds we had no injury, not even yellowing, in any
plot sprayed with a commercial brand, notwithstanding the fact that we gave all
four applications. We had, however, serious yellowing following the second applica-
tion of the home-made preparation.
A point was made in regard to dusting. There is involved a consideration
of the fact that in certain districts of New York the red bugs are a most injurious
pest. We have no contact dusting material which favorably controls them. I
doubt whether dusting will get very much encouragement the coming season.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23
INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN ONTARIO.
W. A. Ross, Dominion ENTomoLogicat Lasoratory, VINELAND STATION, ONT.,
AND L, CAESAR, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH,
ORCHARD INSECTs.
San José ScaLe (Aspidiotus perniciosus). The severe winter of 1917-18
destroyed a very high percentage of the scale. Inspectors from all scale districts
report less of this insect this year than for many years. In two Woodstock
orchards infested for at least the past ten years, it has, so far as the Provincial
Inspector could judge, completely disappeared, no live scale being found on
fruit or branches in October.
GREEN AppLe APHiIs (Aphis pomi). During the summer there was a wide-
spread outbreak of the Green Apple Aphis. In most orchards the infestation
did not attain serious proportions until about mid-July, and from then on it
was somewhat rapidly brought under control by hot, dry weather and by insect
enemies, until by the second week of August comparatively few aphids were left
on the trees.
In most cases no great damage was caused by the aphis apart from coating
the fruit with the sooty honeydew fungus. Fortunately, most of this was washed
off before picking time by heavy rains.
Wuite-markep Tussock Morn (Hemerocampa leucostigma). In view of
the abundance of the tussock moth egg masses on orchard trees last fall, the out-
break of this season came as no surprise. Apple and plum orchards throughout
the Niagara District and Western Ontario were badly infested and much damage
was done to the fruit.
Fortunately for all concerned, the tussocks were parasitized so heavily by
hymenopterous and tachinid parasites that only an insignificant number reached
the adult stage. We can safely look forward to next year as a season of com-
parative immunity from this pest.
Pear AND CHERRY Stue (Caliroa cerasi). During June and July, cherrr,
pear and plum trees in various parts of the Province were seriously injured by
this insect. In many orchards the foliage, particularly of sour cherry trees, was
almost wholly destroyed. At picking time much of the fruit on badly infested
sour cherry trees was wizened, slug-eaten and unfit for sale.
A very large percentage of the second generation eggs were destroyed by 2
minute parasite, Trichogramma minutum Riley.*
Pear Psyi1a (Psylla pyricola). This pest was again very abundant in
various pear orchards from Burlington to the Niagara River. It is worth while
recording here that large numbers of trees which had been seriously injured by
pear psylla in preceding seasons succumbed to the low temperatures of last
winter.
Fruit Tree Lear-roiier (Tortrix argyrospila). This insect has apparently
almost completely disappeared east of Toronto, but there are some indications
that it may be on the increase in the south-western part of the Province. At
Simcoe, it caused considerable loss to Greenings. At Ancaster, there are a good
many egg masses, indicating that in this locality there will likely be considerable
injury from the leaf roller next year.
*Species determined by Mr. A. B. Gahan, U. S. Bureau of Entomology.
24 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Cuerry Fruir Fires (fhagoletis cingulata and fausta). In the Burlington
and Niagara Districts, the crop in some unsprayed orchards of Montmorency and
Morello cherries was a complete loss because of the large percentage of wormy
fruit.
The severe losses caused by the fruit flies last year induced nearly all the
larger growers to spray this season. No sweetening was used, and in many cases
a fungicide was added to the poison without detriment to the efficiency of the
treatment.
A braconid parasite, Opius ferruginea Gahan,* was found in fairly large
numbers ovipositing in maggot-infested fruit in an orchard near Jordan, and
in another orchard at Burlington. The same species was bred from wormy cherries
in late August and early September.
Bup Moru (Tmetocera ocellana). East of Toronto and in parts of Western
Ontario, the bud moth was very prevalent this spring.
Lesser Apple LEAr-RoLtER (Alceris minuta). In September, a farmer of
Bruce County wrote for information about a caterpillar that folded apple leaves
over and fastened the edges together. Specimens were asked for but when he
went to gather them on October 29th, he found the larve had deserted the leaves.
This fact and the description given of the caterpillar and its work indicate almost
without doubt that the species was Alceris minuta. The farmer stated that almost
every leaf in the orchard was folded. The Lesser Apple Leaf Roller is not
common in Ontario. .
Tur Rep-HuMPED APPLE Worm (Schizura concinna), the YELLOW-NECKED
Apple CaTERPILLAR (Datana ministra), and the Farin Wesworm (Hyphantria
cunea) were prevalent in the Niagara and Burlington districts.
THe Pear THries (Taentothrips inconsequens). This species, hitherto un-
recorded in Ontario, was taken on pear trees last spring in a large orchard near
Beamsville. Fortunately, the thrips was present in very small numbers and
apparently was not causing any appreciable injury.
It is highly probable that this insect has been present in the Niagara district
for a number of years and has not been observed heretofore simply because it
has never assumed economic importance.
Insects INsuRIOUs To SMALL FRuITs.
BiLacKBerry LEAF-MINER (Metallus bethunei or M. rubi). This miner,
though very abundant last year, was even more abundant this year. Practically
every leaf in several plantations had from one to fifty mines, and nearly all the
older and lower leaves died and fell off in late July and early August. These
were replaced by new foliage which in turn became mined in September. All
efforts to control the insect failed. In experiments conducted at Burlington
large numbers of adults were poisoned by spraying the leaves with sweetened
arsenate of lead. It was found, however, that to be effective the spray would
have to be applied daily for almost a month because the adults continued to
emerge for about that long, and they were found to feed only upon the mixture
before it dried, paying no attention to it after this.
In experiments with contact insecticides the sawflies were easily hit but
even when drenched with kerosene emulsion, usual summer strength, or with
whale oil soap 1 Ib. to 4 gals., they recovered as soon as dry and were quite
uninjured.
*Species determined by Mr. A. B. Gahan. U. S. Bureau of Entomology.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
cos)
cr
Last year many parasites were present but this year there were very few
cases of parasitism seen.
Srrawperry WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus). This species was unusually
destructive in Halton County and in the Niagara district. In many strawberry
plantations, especially in those adjoining wood-lots, from 30 per cent. to 50 per
cent. of the crop was destroyed by this pest.
In a strawberry plantation at Vineland the depredations of the weevil were
apparently completely checked by a heavy application of sulphur and arsenate
of lead dust (80 parts of sulphur, 10 parts arsenate of lead, 10 parts filler).
SrrawBerry LeEAr-Ro“LerR (Ancylis comptana). At Burlingtcn on July
25th many strawberry leaves were found infested with this roller and numerous
moths could be seen flying over the plants late in the evening. All stages of
the insect—eges, larve, pup and adults—were to be found at that date. Com-
paratively little injury was done. Growers say that the insect, although common
for years, has not caused much loss.
Rep Spiper (Tetranychus bimaculatus or T. telarius). During the latter part
of July raspberry bushes in the Vineland district were seriously injured by
the red spider.
INsEcTs INJuRIOUS To TRUCK CROPs.
CaBBaGp Root-Maceor (Chortophila brassicae). This pest has seldom been
more destructive to cabbage, cauliflower and radish than it was this year. Com-
plaints were received concerning it from all parts of the Province. In Carleton
County considerable loss was caused on some farms by the maggots attacking and
destroying young turnips.
Onton Maccor (Hylemyia antiqua). ‘This insect, though not so abundant
as the cabbage root-maggot, was present in considerable numbers in many localities.
Srep Corn Maccor (Chortophila fusciceps). Not nearly so many complaints
of injury to beans from this maggot were received this year as last. Seed potatoes
in the vicinity of Brantford were badly attacked. A few complaints of injury
to beans, seed corn, and potatoes were received from other districts.
CaBpace Worm (Pontia rapae). In the Niagara district this pest was
unusually abundant.
Breer LeAr-Mrner (Chortophila vicina). Numerous mines caused by this
miner were seen at Guelph and Burlington on beets and a considerable number
on mangels. On July 2nd many eggs were to be seen on the under surface of the
leaves. Nearly all these eggs or the maggots from them must have perished, for
very few mines were observed after that date.
Parsnip WeEBworm (Depressaria heracliana). This species was decidedly
destructive to the parsnip seed crop in parts of Western Ontario, and at Guelph
and Vineland.
Carrot Rusr Fry (Psila rosae). Specimens of carrots injured by this fly
were received from Guelph, Fergus, Toronto, Shelburne, St. Mary’s and Listowel.
CurworMs: Corn and garden crops suffered to a considerable extent from
cutworm injury.
INsEcts INJurIous TO FIELD CROPs.
For the most part, field crops were injured very little by insects.
Wueat Insects. The Wheat Midge (Thecodiplosis mosellana Gehin) which
caused so much alarm in 1917 was not at all abundant this year. In rearing
26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
cages at the Vineland Station Entomological Laboratory, adult midges emerged
from June 18th to July 4th, most of them coming out about June 23rd and 24th.
While looking into the wheat midge situation, a slight amount of Hessian
Fly (Mayetiola destructor) injury was noticed near Ridgeway, Welland County,
and in two wheat fields near Beamsville, the Wheat Joint Worm (Isosoma tritici)
in considerable numbers was found at work.
Wrireworms. According to Mr. H. F. Hudson, the oat crop in Caradoc,
Middlesex, was seriously injured by the wireworm, Agriotes mancus.
MISCELLANEOUS PEsTs.
WarBle Fry (Hypoderma bovis). Numerous complaints of cattle gadding
were received. Farmers who had not previously seen their cattle stampeded in
this way and who learned that a fly was the cause, became much alarmed lest
the pest should increase.
It looks as if Hypoderma bovis were becoming more abundant and more
widely distributed through the Province. In some districts, however, it does
not seem to be present yet, for stock men in these claim they never saw their
cattle gadding.
Rose Miper (Dasyneura rhodophaga). This undesirable alien, already well
established in a large rose garden near London and in Toronto greenhouses, has
invaded another part of Ontario, viz., Port Dover, where it was found this year at
work in Messrs. Ivey & Sons’ greenhouses.
In order to prevent the further spread of the midge, the following recom-
mendations have been made to florists :—
(1) Whenever possible, growers should propagate their own roses.
(2) New stock should be obtained from non-infested greenhouses.
(3) Rose plants and scions purchased through commission houses or from
places not known to be free of midge, should be imported before the end of February.
This recommendation is made because such stock, provided it has been planted
in November or December, will not have been exposed to infection.
(4) Greenhouse roses brought in later than the end of February should be
carefully examined for rose midge injury, and any infested plants should be
destroyed. In addition to this, the soil should be washed off the roots of the plants
and should then be thrown into the furnace or scalded with hot water or steam.
Rost Lear-rontEr (Cacoecia rosaceana). During March this insect was
remarkably abundant on roses in a Toronto greenhouse.
Nematopes. Cyclamen were seriously injured by Nematodes in a Hamilton
greenhouse. The species concerned was not determined.
CHERMES. The galls made by C. abietis and C. similis were more conspicuous
on spruce trees this season than they have been for several years.
LaDysirp BEETLES. Coccinella 9-notata and Adalia bipunctata were remark-
ably common this year. The latter species was very frequently found in large num-
bers this fall in dwelling houses in the Niagara district.
Powper Post BEETLES (Lyctus striatus). This beetle was found infesting
and seriously injuring oak floors, base-boards, and an oak cupboard in a Vineland
house. Some of the wood in the cupboard was badly worm-eaten. A species of
Lyctus was also found injuring woodwork in a church in Hamilton.
Pror. Parrott: I should like to hear from Mr. Ross regarding the dis-
tribution of the pear thrips. We find it both on pears and apples in Western
New York. So far, it has only been injurious with us in the Hudson River
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
ca
~
Valley. There it is very destructive and is found in varying numbers from
season to season.
Mr. Ross: This season I found the thrips only on pear and in only one
locality—Beamsville. Next year I am going to look into the question of dis-
tribution more thoroughly. I should like to ask Mr. Davis if he can tell us
anything about the Rose Midge.
Mr. Davis: I cannot tell you any more than what little I have published.
Mr. Ross: Do you know if it occurs all over the United States?
Mr. Davis: Everywhere east of the Mississippi River. In connection with
the control of the midge, what you and others have published is all that is known
concerning it.
Mr. Ross: Mr. Sasscer of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology obtained absolute
control in a Baltimore greenhouse by fumigating with tobacco smoke and at the
same time covering the soil with tobacco dust. He fumigated the house as long
as the adults were seen. He also sprayed the sidewalks with kerosene emulsion
INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN QUEBEC DISTRICT, 1918.
GEO. MAHEUX, QUEBEC.
The summer of 1918 may be considered normal, as regards the insects
injurious to cultivated plants. We did not have to register any real plague,
and the common insects only appeared in rather small numbers. Only one pest
appeared to have increased in numbers, and this one has worked more damage
than usual in this district; it is the potato flea beetle, Hpitrix cucumeris Harr.
On the other hand, the Colorado potato beetle, although well represented,
shows a decrease compared with 1917. Certain districts in the northern part
of the Province, such as the Lake St. John district, were visited by only a few
individuals. It is advisable to note here that if the severe winter we have had
has contributed to the partial bankruptcy of the multiplication of pests, it 1s
equally important to emphasize the fact that for two or three years the use of
insecticides and sprayers has spread considerably. Moreover, the inquiries we
are receiving throughout the summer from farmers, and which are continually
increasing, show the importance that the latter now attach to the question of the
protection of plants. We consider as a remarkable improvement the fact that at
least 80 per cent. of farmers use an efficient insecticide for their potatoes. The
sale of sprayers yearly increases in a wonderful manner, and before long the
great majority of farmers will own a good spraying machine.
The potato flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris Harr., bored through the leaves of
tomato plants as well as potatoes, but the other vegetables only suffered an
occasional injury. Poison sprays check them rapidly.
The various Cruciferae of our gardens have had to stand the attacks of
numberless cabbage worms (Pieris rapae L.). It was, without any doubt, the most
injurious pest of the season. Much difficulty was experienced to gather cabbages
and cauliflowers that were not infested. The cabbage maggot (Phorbia brassicae
Bouché) like the cutworms, caused only insignificant damage.
In most of the war gardens, which had been fallow lands for a long time,
potatoes were injured by white grubs (Lachnosterna sp.); 10 per cent. of the
crop was spoiled for this reason.
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
oo
wD
In a few places, the Zebra caterpillar (Ceramica picta Harr.), the corn
maggot (Phorbia fusciceps Zett.), the pea weevil (Bruchus pisorwm L.) made them-
selves known, but without causing any serious loss.
Aside from injurious insects, slugs showed up in large numbers and worked
considerable havoc in bean crops, which failed in many districts.
The only insect on fruit shrubs worth mentioning was the imported currant
worm (Pieronus ribesit Scop.), which destroyed a number of currant and goose-
berry bushes. On the other hand, the currant aphis (Myzus ribis Linn.), which
was very numerous last year, was hardly represented this year.
Satisfactory conditions prevailed in orchards; very few apple aphis, a few
caterpillars,Datana ministra Dru., Schizura concinna S. & A., and Hemerocampa
leucostigma S. & A., the latter being the most numerous. As regards the rest, condi-
tions were about normal. A good many tussock moth caterpillars were noticed on
ornamental trees, as well as a few spiny elm caterpillars (Vanessa antiopa).
APHIDS; THEIR HUMAN INTEREST.
A. C. Baker,-WaAsHInctToN, D.C.
The aphids, or as they are commonly called, plant lice, are among the most
interesting of all insect forms. Their importance from several standpoints only
adds to the interest which their peculiar habits arouse and their. wide distribution
and abundance force them on the attention of all those who are in any way
interested in plant growth. Thus the early philosophers were attracted by these
curious insects and were at a loss to understand their origin. Some claimed
they were engendered of the dew, others that they developed from the waste
products of ants.
The galls produced on plants by certain species are among the principal
ingredients in the manufacture of inks and dyes. Galls of Melaphis chinensis are
known on the market as nut galls or Chinese galls, and are used almost exclusively
in some of the secret methods of sealskin dyeing. The trade in these galls alone
reaches into the millions of dollars annually. The galls of this species were known
and used by the Chinese many years before Europe learned of them and a rather
extensive account is given in the Pen tsao kang mu. They are gathered, steamed
and dried and are then ready for shipment. Galls of certain species of Pemphigus
have been used for many years in Syria, China, ete., for the preparation of bright
colored dyes for the fine silks which we value so highly, and these galls are listed
on the market at a high figure. Some of the better known ones have been imported
into this country and Europe but a large number of species remain yet unstudied
and the uses to which their galls may be put are as yet unknown. j
Most species produce in large quantities the substance known as honeydew.
This is merely the excrement of the aphids, and not, as is very often supposed, a
secretion of the cornicles or so called honey tubes. This substance has been
known for many centuries, but its origin was in the early days not understood.
Pliny speaks of it as the sweat of heaven or the saliva of the stars, and it was
not until fairly recent times that its true nature was made known. The sub-
stance was gathered, however, in large quantities. The Arabs used it on their
cakes much as we have all used honey in our boyhood days, and it is used in
parts of the world as a medicine. In France it has been employed by the peasants
OC —————
7
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29
in diseases of the chest, and it has also been claimed to cure certain affections
of the eyes. In Italy it has been used as a salve for the treatment of wounds
and sores.
Honeydew is gathered and stored in large quantities by bees at certailf
seasons of the year when the nectar flow is low. While this is a disadvantage to the
beekeeper in that he can not dispose of it, under the present laws, as pure honey
it has the advantage of making available, with little expense, large quantities
of honeydew. At present in this country the honeydew thus secured is nearly
all used by our bakers in the making of cakes, etc. It is, however, a source
of some of our rare laboratory compounds, and no doubt in the future will be
used in the manufacture of products formerly imported at a high price, for it is
available in large amounts. It is interesting to note that the cornicles were so
long associated with honeydew. Morren* even claimed that they were employed
in giving nourishment to the newly born young much in the way that the mammary
glands supply nourishment to young mammals. ; ;
; In recent years aphids have been associated with the transmission of im-
portant plant diseases. Prof. D. H. Jones* early indicated by his experiments
that aphids are one of the factors in the transmission of pear blight. In connec-
tion with disease like mosaic and spinach-blight apids have been credited with
an important role but the study of the relation of these insects to plant diseases is
as yet in its infancy.
It is claimed by some workers that large numbers of certain aphid species
on forage plants are responsible for the injuring of cattle. In China and other
eastern countries, on the other hand, some of the galls haye been employed as
food and as native medicines. In medicine they are employed chiefly as astringents,
although they have also been used in other ways.
The relations between ants and aphids have been a favorite subject of study.
In return for the honeydew many ants take great care of aphid colonies, building
shelters for them, protecting them from their enemies and transferring them
when necessary to new feeding grounds. Some even carry the young above
ground during the warm sunny hours in spring and return them to their nests
for the night. The writer has supplied ants with several hundred wingless aphids
and watched these insects distribute them over the most tender feeding areas of
a young tree there to start new colonies.
The peculiar habits of the species afford a field of study paralleled in few
other groups. Alternation of hosts is commonly met with, and this habit adds
to the difficulty of tracing life cycles. Some species on their primary hosts
are remarkably different in structure from the same species on their alternate hosts.
The writer has found that if species can be made to live on one host, forms
which normally show characters associated with a secondary host will develop the
characters, in part at least, of the forms occurring on the primary host. Thus
races may be reared which have a definite relation to a given host and quite a
definite structure. In some cases these races become more or less fixed after long
periods, and it is with the greatest difficulty that they are again established on
their original hosts. When this is done they ultimately reassume the characters
associated with their original hosts.
The presence of winged and wingless forms has given rise to studies on wing
production. This subject has been attacked from several standpoints. The
2 Morren, Chas.—Ann. des Sciences Nat., 1836.
? Jones, D. H.—Bull. Ont. Agr. Coll.
30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
occurrence of definite intermediate forms was pointed out by W. F. Turner*
and the writer. These forms retain the wings in a more or less rudimentary
condition and they tend to lose also the other characters which are associated
with the winged form. In some species like Aphis pomi DeGeer, it is possible to
rear an almost pure apterous line and a line with a high percentage of winged
forms. It is noteworthy that in certain aphid groups it is impossible to rear
apterous forms while in the more specialized groups the winged forms are often
absent for many generations. Sometimes a species may be reared for 100 or
more generations without a winged insect appearing. It is thus evident that
in the family nature has eliminated the wings to a large extent in the specialized
groups.
Search has been made for the controlling factor here and several different
ones have been claimed. Ewing* worked from the standpoint of temperature
and in Aphis prunifoliae Fitch (avenae of authors) was able to control the
winged condition by varying the temperature. This species is one like pomi
in which both winged and wingless forms are common. Ewing also obtained inter-
mediates (calling them paedogenetic nymphs), adults between the winged and
apterous condition. Several factors were not considered in his experiments. The
affect of varied temperature on the availability of food and its nature when avail-
able was not ascertained and the genealogy of the specimens tested was apparently
not considered.
Gregory® worked with Macrosiphum pisi l., and obtained control by varying
the food in the previous generation. With insects from different regions, however,
she obtained slightly different results. Her experiments were conducted without
a definite temperature control and without considering the descent of her insects.
Shinji® has made experiments in feeding different chemicals to aphids and
finds that he can define two groups of compounds one of which will result in the
development of a high percentage of winged forms and the other of which will
prevent wing development. His work follows that of Clark’ and is very interest-
ing. It is noteworthy, however, that his experiments as recorded were conducted
almost altogether during fall, winter or spring, and he gives no records of the
ancestry of the specimens whereby we can judge of the percentage of winged
or apterous forms which would normally be expected from the individuals treated.
The writer has found that in some cases the offspring of an individual will be
nearly all winged or apterous at the beginning of the period of reproduction
and the reverse toward the end of the period. It is important to remember that
Shinji was unable to produce any apterous forms in the aphid groups which have
not yet eliminated the wings. That is, the ancestry of these forms was more
important than his wing preventing substances. On the other hand, in groups
which are nearly all apterous he did not experiment with his wing producing
substances. It is curious that tannin is listed as preventing wing development
and yet several species develop wings while feeding on galls containing 60 per
cent. of tannic acid. On the other hand, sugar is given as a wing producing
substance and yet the writer has reared an apterous line of Yriosoma lanigera for
two years on galls containing an abundance of sugar. That Shinji overlooked
some factors is evident for he says “ Macrosiphum rosae also produced alate forms
3Turner & Baker—Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., XVII, No. 1, 1915.
‘Ewing, H, E.—Biol. Bull., XXXI, No. 2. 1916.
5 Gregory, Louise H—Biol. Bull., XXXIII, No. 4, 1917.
* Shinji, George O.—Biol. Bull., XXXV, No. 2, 1918.
Clark, W, T.—Journ. Tech., U. of Cal., I, No. 3, 1903.
—
——
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31
even on a relatively younger shoot but it is utterly impossible to raise winged
Myzus persicae on a similar host without the application of a wing developing
substance.” The writer has reared very large numbers of persicae on just such
an host without the application of any such substance, and has repeatedly obtained
90 to 100 per cent. winged. But this was where winged forms would be expected
in the line in large numbers.
The peculiar life histories of members of this superfamily have led to studies
on the predetermination of sex. Morgan,* for example, has shown that in
Phylloxera caryaecaulis there are two types of males depending on the fate of
one of the small sex chromosomes when the polar body is about to be produced.
Each of these males thus produces a different type of spermatozéon, one female
producing and one male producing. If the sexual egg is fertilized by the female
producing spermatozéon the resulting stem mother will give rise to the line which
results in the sexual female. If it is “fertilized by the male producing spermatozéon
the resulting stem mother will give rise to a line which results in the production
of the male. It is thus seen why we have two types of stem mothers, one giving
the large egg migrants and the other small egg migrants.
The production of plant galls by aphids has given rise to studies on these
modifications of plant tissues and attempts to determine the factors at work. In
some instances it has been claimed that the agent might be an enzyme present
in the saliva for in such galls as those of Hriosoma lanigera the normal starch
is replaced by sugar. The gall makers, too, have led to observations on the sensory
organs of aphids. Those species which inhabit galls as well as many of the
subterranean species have larger and more prominent sensoria on the antennae
than have other species. These are in striking contrast to the sensoria on the
antennae of the solitary and free-living forms. The gall formers and subterranean
forms also have a larger number of Hicks organs or olfactory pores on the wings
than do the solitary species.
Much interesting work has been done on the relation between aphids and
their parasites, both animal and plant, and their predators. It is claimed by
some workers that certain lower forms are associated with aphids in a commen-
salistic relationship and may be even passed from one generation to the next
through the egg. Many of the parasites so reduce the numbers of aphids that a
species otherwise very destructive need scarcely be considered.
Finally certain aphids are among the most injurious species of insects with
which the farmer has to deal. The woolly apple aphis for example, had become
so important even in 1832 that the Académie de Rouen offered a gold medal for
the working out of its life history. The outbreaks of Toroptera graminum in
the grain growing areas of the world have done enormous damage and it is only
necessary to watch the exchanges to see the influence this one insect sometimes
has in the business world. In one outbreak according to Rondani the swarms
of aphids appeared like dark clouds and later their dead bodies covered all the
streets of the city.
It is thus seen that aphids have a very vital human interest. They supply
materials worth much to the arts. They furnish certain quantities of food.
And they have given the clews which have resulted in the working out of im-
portant biological problems. On the other hand they contribute some of our
worst enemies of agriculture. But in our fight against these species we are
aided by natural factors without which many of our important crops would be
impossible.
® Morgan, T. H.—Journ. Exp. Zool., XIX, No. 3, 1915.
32 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
THe PresipENT: I am glad Dr. Baker sent us this paper. It is one I am
sure all of us will be glad to read over at our leisure. I should like to ask
Dr. Matheson if the woolly aphis is of much importance in New York State.
In Ontario it is certainly of minor importance.
Dr. Marueson: I hesitate to answer your question for New York State,
for I have not done very much on the woolly aphis. I do not think it is a very
important factor except in some nurseries on sandy areas.
Pror, Parrotr: Dr. Matheson has expressed the economic status of the
insect so far as New York is concerned. Our attention to the work of the woolly
aphis is usually called by its presence in young orchards of five, six or seyen
years of age which have not received any spraying. This refers to the aerial
and not the root form. It is very seldom our attention is called to its work
on the roots of nursery trees. From our correspondence it does not appear to
attract a great deal of attention. 5
I think we owe a great deal to the entomologists of Canada for the work
which has been done on the cherry aphis. I am referring particularly to the
work of Mr. Ross on the ultimate hosts of the insect. This has been a great aid
in our studies.
Pror, Brirrain: The woolly aphis is of practically no importance in Nova
Scotia.
THE PrRestDENT: I think we in Canada and New York State hardly ap-
preciate the advantage we haye over States farther south regarding woolly aphis.
It is one of the worst pests of the States to the south. I know in Ontario of
only one or two cases where the woolly aphis has been found in nurseries attack-a
ing the roots.
Dr. Hewrrr: The woolly aphis has proven to be quite a serious pest in
British Columbia, where we get the root form as well as the aerial form. There
was one point which Dr. Baker raised in his paper, which leads to an interesting
biological phenomenon which it would be well for all of us to bear in mind when
we are carrying on our studies, and that is the possibility of the formation of
races of insects. During the last year we have found in British Columbia what
is evidently a distinct race of the apple maggot on the Snowberry, which is used
as an ornamental shrub. Wherever we found this shrub, whether in the south
or farther north, we got this infestation by the apple maggot, though apples
in the vicinity were not attacked. :
SOME INSECT PROBLEMS IN THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES.
Norman Crippie, Exromonogican LABporatory, TREESBANK, MAN,
Conditions in the Prairie Provinces are, as a rule, so totally different from those
of Eastern Canada and the problems we have to contend with differ so much in
general, that in reality they are often only alike in the broad outlines to which
all insect problems must be approached. Take for instance, the general trend
of these meetings; the papers and discussions lean decidedly towards the problems
of fruit insects and insecticides, whereas in the West yot would find fully 75 per
cent. related to field crop insects and few indeed to those of fruits or sprays. To
us these last are of quite secondary importance, and instead we have to deal far
more with poisoned baits and methods of cultivation. Another point, and this
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33
has often led to misunderstanding, is that of presuming because an insect occurs
across the continent, that it is therefore identical in its life habits throughout its
range. As a matter of fact very few are. This was brought prominently to my
notice during some recent studies in white grubs (Lachnosterna spp). In the east
and southward through Indiana, where Mr. J. J. Davis has made such a thorough
study of these insects, the life cycle is usually three years, whereas in southern
Manitoba it is four years. Now supposing we had studied only the eastern habits
and applied them to the west, we should be a year out in our prognostication. It
is of interest to note here that I found a similar variation in the life cycle of tiger
beetles (Cicindela) as compared with habits worked out by Professor Shelford
at Chicago. I am also of the opinion that we shall find the habits of some of
our wireworms to differ in the same way. Another example may be found in the
Hessian Fly, though in this case it is simply a matter of a reduction in the number
of generations.
In the past there was a general “tendency to supply the habits of old world
insects to those of the new and occasionally we find an instance where this is still
marring our progress. An example of this occurs in a well known pest of the
Prairie Provinces, namely, the Western Wheat-stem Sawfly, Cephus cinctus. This
insect was originally confused with the European Cephus pygmeus, consequently
as no further studies seemed necessary at that time, the old remedies were recom-
mended, and are in some instances still, in spite of the fact that every effort has
been made to show that they do not apply.
Tt might be asked, what are the outstanding differences that so alter the habits
of identical insects. There are several, but the chief ones are those of climate;
greater extremes of temperature, especially on the downward trend in winter,
and less precipitation. I have already shown how lack of snow is responsible for
the destruction of a large percentage of our Colorado potato beetles. We had
another remarkable instance of this last winter, which in the vicinity of my home
near Treeshank, Man. was responsible for a total extinction of the species. Thus
it will be seen that our frosts are of some value after all. Incidently I may
mention that these same invigorating winters have proved an important factor
in restricting another invader, namely the brown rat. The chief inclination of
our climate, however, is to prolong the life cycle and this seems a general rule
where native species are concerned.
The study of climate and meteorological changes in relation to animal life
is a most interesting one and also important. Occasionally even a native insect
gets caught by abnormal conditions of weather of which we had an instance last
spring when a serious lepidop‘erous tree pest was reduced to quite insignificant
proportions through the actions of a belated storm cutting off the food supply.
I remember what promised to be another instance some years ago during a severe
locust outbreak. The young hoppers had been hatched about two weeks when along
came a severe snow storm accompanied by frost. Naturally the prophets predicted
a total extermination of the plague, but like some well-known weather prophets
their predictions were not verified, in other words, the locusts were in no way
affected.
Since we do not grow apples to any appreciable extent, nor are much troubled
by other fruit pests, we are able to concentrate largely upon cereal insects and
those attacking root or vegetables. The field for this work is a very large one
as can well be imagined when it is known that Saskatchewan alone had more than
22,000,000 acres under crop in 1918.
=3-E.
34 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
There are many different pests taking toll from these crops, six of which have
been especially noteworthy in the past. They are: The Western Wheat-stem Sawfly,
Cephus cinctus; Grass-stem Maggots (Oscinidae); Hessian fly; Wireworms;
Locusts and Cutworms. Five of these are native species which before the advent
of farming occupied their allotted space in the scheme of nature just as any other
harmless creature might do. As usual, however, man upset the balance of things
in his attempt to increase production and in doing so provided an unlimited supply
of food for these insects. Thus we have the Western Wheat-stem Sawfly spreading
from wild grains to cereals and what is almost as important, in most cases, leaying
their natural enemies behind them. In their former state they were kept in check
by two agencies, namely, lack of flowering stems in which they bred, or parasitic
enemies. Under present conditions it would seem as if both these checks had been
overcome and there remains, therefore, but one means of keeping them under
control, namely, deep, well-turned, packed ploughing done either in the fall or
before June of the following year.
The grass-stem maggots embrace many species and include such well known
pests as the Greater Wheat-stem Maggot (Meromyza americana), Frit Fly (Oscinis
frit) and many more. There is much variation in the life-history of these flies.
Some are very injurious, others become so at times, while yet others actually do
good. A few years ago less than a dozen species were known from Canada but
within the last three years many more have been discovered including several that
are new to science. The life of these flies is extremely variable. Some produce
several generations in a season, others but one, while some again, pass the winter
in the adult stage, others doing so as larve. They are by no means all grass
feeders and some prefer decaying matter to living. Thus there is endless variation
in their habits and much to be learned concerning them.
The Hessian fly is the only one of those mentioned that is not a native of
our country and as is the case with many of our introduced animals it is subjected
to inconveniences at times, through our variable climate. We have had seasons
when fully 40 per cent. of the crop was injured by this insect, but its attacks,
as a rule are few and far between, due chiefly to a lack of humidity at critical
periods of the insect’s life. In other words moisture is an essential factor in the
insect’s increase, while dryness reduces it to insignificance. Thus it is only during
wet seasons that we have to be on our guard for possible outbreaks. Indeed, we
have had but two severe infestations in thirty-five years.
Wireworms are with us always, but as is their habit elsewhere, they perpetuate
most freely in grass lands. Several species are involved in our losses, the life habits
of which are little known, but the average investigator is not anxious to undertake
their study owing to the length of time it takes to rear them through all their
stages. I personally have had an individual under observation for three years
and it has hardly grown in that time.
One of the greatest scourges we have to contend against is that class of insects
known as cutworms. They are always present. Sometimes in one part, at others
in another. They come and go, but there are so many species involved that the
farmer is often at his wits’ end to know what to do. When the outbreaks are
excessive large areas are swept off, much as army-worms would clear them. Thus
hundreds of miles of territory may be involved. At other times the outbreaks are
quite local but we are never wholly free from them and in gardens they are a
permanency. There is much variation even in the life of these insects. Some
deposit their eggs upon weeds, others in or on the soil. Some hatch from eggs the
ee
S. _
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35
“same season, others do not do so until the following spring. They differ, too,
in other ways but in appearance the general colour scheme is so similar that it
is not surprising if the farmer fails to differentiate between one kind and another.
Even the most experienced are puzzled at times owing to the sudden increase of
a previously rare species. I had an example a few months ago when I received
a consignment from Alberta. The species involved looked very like an insect to
which my colleague Strickland had devoted such profitable attention a few years
ago, namely, the army cutworm, but the larve seemed too large for the time of
year, besides being considerably farther north than usual. However, the fact
remains that they were very numerous and that they give every promise of causing
injury next spring.
The last on my list is locusts. Probably all have read of the time in the
seventies when an old enemy, the Rocky Mountain locust (M. spretus), came in
millions and devoured all in sight. It was before my time but eye witnesses tell
me that not a leaf remained and that the insects suddenly commenced to drop
from a clear. sky and were soon falling as a severe snowstorm does. The species
is not, however, a native of our prairies: consequently, while it may breed for a
“season or two in millions, the time must come when the climate proves unsuitable
and so they perish. Unfortunately we have several native species almost as de-
structive. One of them the Lesser Migratory Locust (M. atlanis) has on more than
one occasion caused serious damage, while several others assisted materially in
the depredations. A few dry seasons are generally sufficient to increase them to
injurious numbers and eyen when the weather proves unsuitable close at hand
they readily fly from elsewhere, consequently an outbreak a hundred miles or more
away may easily lead to one close at hand.
I need hardly add in conclusion that there are many other pests requiring
attention and we are never sure when others will appear. Army worms, aphids,
tree pests and those of live stock all provide their periodic outbreaks and thus
while our problems are seldom fruit ones, we have, nevertheless, much to keep
us occupied.
. THE RECOVERY IN CANADA OF THE BROWN TAIL MOTH PARASITE
COMPSILURA CONCINNATA (DIPTERA, TACHINIDAE.)
Joun D. Torani anp Leonarp 8. McLain, Entomoxoctcan Brancu, O?Tawa.
With considerable truth Oliver Wendell Holmes remarks that all boarding
houses are the same boarding house. He means by this that there is a monotonous
sameness about all of them, and that to know one of them is to know all of them.
Until about a decade ago it was thought that tachinid flies resembled boarding
houses in the monotonous sameness of their activities and that to know one of them
was to know all of them. We were shaken out of this rather comfortable notion
chiefly through the work of Pantel in France and Townsend in the United States
who showed that these two-winged parasites exhibited among the different species
‘a highly diversified and interesting set of methods for attacking their victims
and gaining a livelihood.
One of the species studied by these authors was Compsilura concinnata the
little fly that forms the subject of the present paper. As to its method of attack
it was found that instead of depositing a Jarge egg upon the skin of the victim—the
method of the bourgeoisie among the tachinids—it placed a fully developed maggot
36 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
in the wall of its mid-intestine. This it was enabled to do by reason of a piercing
ovipositor, beautifully adapted for the purpose. Moreover, this fly was found
to be one of the chief factors in the natural control of the brown-tail and gipsy
moths in Europe.
With characteristic energy the United States Government, through Messrs.
Howard, Fiske, Townsend and Burgess, took steps to introduce this parasite into
the New England States where the gipsy and brown-tail moths were creating
such havoc. The story has been told of the collection in Europe of thousands of
these parasites and of their liberation in Massachusetts, and of how after several
years of anxious waiting the species was finally recovered and known to be breeding
on American soil. It has also been related that with almost incredible swiftness
the fly increased in numbers so as to take its place in the American fauna as
one of the most potent factors in the control of the two insects it was expected to
attack.
Fig. 2—Compsilura adult. Th‘s
excellent parasite of the
Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths
is now established in Canada.
(After the U.S. Bureau of
Entomology.)
When the brown-tail moth spread into Canada the country was confronted
with a situation demanding immediate action, and the Dominion Entomologist
arranged not only for a field campaign against the invader but also for the intro-
duction from Massachusetts of its natural enemies.
The question of what to introduce into the Canadian brown-tail moth area
had to be thought over very carefully, because it was realized from the first that
our Canadian problem differed in important respects from the New England one.
The fine beetle Calosoma was available and was colonized rather as a safeguard
against a possible outbreak of the gipsy moth than in the hope of its being
of immediate assistance in our brown-tail moth situation; for lke most
predacious animals it can increase only when the food supply is abundant. An
Apanteles which was available had done fairly good work in Massachusetts and
was also brought across the international boundary in the hope that it might
live in our more rigorous climate and be of equal usefulness. The insect, howeyer,
that seemed to warrant almost any amount of effort to introduce was our little
friend Compsilura.
We needed a parasite that could live upon native hosts as well as on our
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37
brown-tail moths—preferably something with two or more generations a year
so as to insure a rapid increase. We also needed something that would develop
its greatest usefulness against the Brown-tail Moth while that host was still
relatively scarce. All these attributes were possessed by Compsilura and the work
of importation began with hopes running high for the success of the venture.
What we did not know, of course, was whether this fly could live under boreal con-
ditions, where the climate is so much more erratic and severe than in France and
Massachusetts.
Seyen years ago, in 1912, two colonies of Compsilura were liberated in New
Brunswick strong enough and under good enough conditions to warrant recovery
speculations. The next year, however, no Compsilwra could be recovered from
the colony sites and the work of importation had to be continued. At first there
was no occasion to worry about the non-recoyery of Compsilura, for it had taken
three years to prove establishment in the United States. However, being human
we worried a little and increased our efforts to secure more material for liberation.
After four years of colonization, without apparent results, we redoubled our efforts
Fig. 4—Piercing device of
female Compsilura. With
this hollow, sickle-shaped
instrument (1 mm. in
length), the female fly punc-
tures the skin of a cater-
pillar. With her somewhat
inconspicuous larvipositor
she then places a maggot
in the wound after which
she flies to another victim.
(Original.)
Fig. 3.—Abdomen of female Compsilura show-
ing piercing device. The ventral part of seg-
ments 2, 3 and 4 is flattened into a keel
shaped structure. Note the clusters of spines
on segments 2 and 3 that have been
developed for holding the caterpillar when
using the piercer. (Original.)
to secure a large number of flies. Host caterpillars were collected in great quanti-
ties in Massachusetts and a very large number of the flies were bred out for
liberation, as the chart shows, in Noya Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario.
At the close of that year, 1916, it was felt that every opportunity had been
given Compsilura to become a part of the Canadian fauna—in a period of five
years about thirty thousand flies had been liberated—and the work of importation
was consequently stopped.
In 1917 a considerable amount of energy wes expended in the attempt to
recover this elusive fly, but once again the results were discouraging. This year
(1918) the recovery work was continued and the insectary at Fredericton filled
with thousands of tussock, datana, and red humped larve, collected from likely
places in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. One day Mr. Keenan, who had charge
of the tray work, brought in several dozen tachinid puparia bred from tussock
larve collected at Fredericton. Among these were five little puparia that had the
ear marks of Compsilwra. With the same sort of tender solicitude that worker
ants bestow upon larve just stolen. from a nearby colony, we watched over these
five puparia. After a week or two of anxious waiting five flies emerged; three
were males and two females and all were Compsilura concinnata.
38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36"
As the last liberations had been made in 1916 it followed that this parasite
had successfully hibernated through at least two New Brunswick winters, and
that it could now be considered a thoroughly established member of our fauna.
It has taken seven years to bring about the establishment of this parasite.
The comparatively low cost of introducing this and other parasites of the brown-tail
moth has been largely due to the splendid co-operation offered at all times by
the United States Bureau of Entomology, particularly through Dr. Howard and
Mr. Burgess who afforded the Entomological Branch every facility for carrying —
on the work of collecting material in Massachusetts and other parts of New England.
By way of conclusion it may be pointed out that Compsilura is now a national
asset of considerable importance. As a parasite of the brown-tail moth it has
already proven its worth in Massachusetts—especially in areas where the moth
is not very abundant. It is also a splendid parasite of the gipsy moth both in
Massachusetts and in Europe, and the cost of introduction would be much more
than justified if only as a measure of security against a possible invasion by that
despoiler of deciduous trees. In Massachusetts it has also proved to be one of the
most, if not the most, effective enemy of the white-marked tussock—an insect
now so conspicuous in many Canadian cities. That it is contimuing this good work
is shown by the fact that our five recovered specimens were all bred from white-
marked tussock at Fredericton.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE PARASITE COMPSILURA CONCINNATA IN CANADA
NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS LIBERATED
— 1912 1913 | 1914 | 1915 1916
_ }
Mrederictons NB s/o <iai-ohieio ses eee sae eaeeiees 1238 Pee -s-- 1500 | 1500 | Sysco
Harvey, sNvB or. csi cusses «cmcestore Onin ch PSE On eee | eee 2000) |. SSaeees ieee
Keswick, (NIB... ois.0s2% ons suisicisioin cioaisio sipeeteit ae lute deletion aeeacee eects 1800 }........
Lower. Woodstock, N-B... soo% fatgitiwias,o0ra d Salas ron | @erana oe a] dee cera ae eee eee | 1200
Nerepis; NiBiiujcmasa sea stns acon sete nc etn en eee eneeenee | 1500 hevcecess!| snow aek eee
Oromocto, -NeBys oss: 55-0 soe se cece sonra tease bins te sal | Cee net Seats ts eae eco eee 1200
Pokiok, N.B. secc ccecce Sass ccredcan ane enct on Dans] saises nee nee eree ee SE eee eee | 1200
Rasborough, \N.By ss. 2cica.. cw se Seeale comer welts cloak lee ceaeloe falcata steerer een 1200
St. Stephen, NOB) ciclo eoies sie eee cies 1119} 1500:>|..2.. 52.0] cues eee
TemplesaNeb Ss. saccies cxreeies caeclen see ene eee Beseooss BRR erie ocean. - 1200
Upper. Gagetown; NiBi. etc coe cnet on «cae ox coleman oo na [eect oon beer eee eee 1200
Woodstock.) N.Biscie cs cst acs aoe see aces senate cline ss aaa tae eee 1500 |:..cc.2e3] eee
Annapolis "Royals NS... sacevascnce cee eeene RSE BOAal IGbore - on accuhonr 1500) l.mccenes
‘Bear, River.) NiGos. hac ae ccs eance ee ee eeeeeee T500) |... 2.5) Ss cae eee
Aver's CHIE IP! Qs trace ae ascere eee eee Seeeeee A Reread Homose Mion rcs 1200
Goaticonk,” BQ) c.f ec85- cotteinde sheet ae econ ee Beret Bercrega Mocncectl ace asc- 1200
Stanstead, "P:Q.i< < jase cc Soot ceaic oS ania dae iene Be oe as [Renee aaa ee 1200
Way's: Mills: “PiOr ac cpennaeee one eee | Sehelene,5,s\ai| arera sete poles erator Leen 1200
Vineland, \Ont¢ -5 &) 5 Se sank eee eee ee Re ee eR ees ee someice tcsants = ' 1200
SUMMARY.
Compsilura concinnata is one of the most important enemies in Europe and
Massachusetts of the brown-tail and gipsy moths.
Between 1912 and 1916, inclusive, about 30,000 of these flies were collected
in Massachusetts and liberated in the Canadian Brown-tail Moth area.
“The parasite was first recovered in Canada in 1918—seven years after the
first colony liberated—and can now be considered as established in New Brunswick.
a
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39
Compsilura is now a national asset of considerable importance. It is a most
efficient parasite of the brown-tail moth; affords protection against a possible
invasion of the gipsy moth; and is already attacking in Canada the white-marked
tussock.
EVENING SESSION.
-On Wednesday evening, at 7.30 o’clock, a public meeting was held in Massey
Hall, Ontario Agricultural College. Dr. G. C. Creelman, the President of the
College; welcomed the members, delegates and visitors to the institution. Mr. F.
J. A. Morris then gaye an-entertaining account of the “ Life-history of a Hobby-
horse,’ which was followed by the special address of the evening, on “ Some Present-
day Problems in Entomology,” by Mr. J. J. Davis of West Lafayette, Ind.
At the close of this meeting a smoker was held at Dr. Creelman’s residence.
THE LIFE HISTORY OF A HOBBY HORSE.
Francis J. A. Morris, PETERBOROUGH, ONT.
Part I (aet. 3-13).
Before I was three years old, so my elders and betters have informed me, 1 made
my escape one day from the nursery and was caught in the garden crawling
through a thicket of laurels. On being haled back to captivity by the nurse, I
disclosed to her horrified gaze, clutched in one grubby paw, a happy family of
“wee beasties” as I called them—an earwig, a “woolly-bear,” a centipede and
two “slaters” or sow-bugs, which I had collected on this my first entomological
trip.
Some two years later, while staying at the seaside near Ailsa Craig, I called
one day to an older sister who was hurrying down by me, to know if I might
play with a pretty fly I had discovered on the staircase window; she was too busy
with some private quest to do more than throw me a careless “ yes, certainly,” and
pass on without turning to examine my playmate. The pretty fly, which was large
and banded with yellow and black, so resented my stroking it that it backed
down suddenly on the end of my finger, and I was removed howling to the
kitchen to have my first wasp sting treated with washing blue.
It was from here or from Stonehaven, south of Aberdeen, where we stayed
the following summer, that I brought home a whole chestful of shells gathered
on the beach and a scrap book of variously tinted seaweeds. These two visits
to the coast made a lasting impression on me, and for many months must have
coloured my inland life with the bright hues of romance; for, one day, I rushed
into the house from bowling my hoop along the highway, my eyes bulging with
excitement, to announce that I had just seen a crab hopping along the. Gilmerton
Road. As we lived in the heart of Strathearn, 30 miles west of Perth, I presume
the crab was a toad.
40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Children notice very small things, but their looks, I believe, are far from
critical. At any rate I had never thought of counting the legs of crabs and
frogs, either out of curiosity or from a sense of precaution; though, I well
remember how I tried with a brother of mine to count the legs of a centipede ~
after being told what its name meant. But, beyond all question, at the stage when
we are ourselves still quadrupeds and creeping face downwards, like reptiles, over
the surface of the earth, nothing is too small to be noticed.
It was in these days—i.e., before I had grown up into a biped more or less
star-gazing—that I made the acquaintance of certain minute spiders known to ~
“e
those in sexless garments as “soldiers,” and the name seemed very appropriate,
for they were bright scarlet and bore on their back the distinct impression of
a knapsack. “Clocks” and “ jumping-jacks” were also among the marvels of
what to every child is a new world full of all kinds of wonderful sights and
sounds; “ jumping-jacks ” were a small elater or click-beetle, and “ clocks ” were
weevils with a stupendous power of grasping and clinging in their six pairs of
toes. Another mystery we soon got to the heart of was the little blobs of spittle
that appeared on the stems of meadow-grass where we played; and at the core
of these queer little froth-cocoons we found the tiny atomy that makes them, still
spitting for all its life was worth. Qnite a formidable monster in this nursery
land, I remember, was the “devil’s coach-horse,’ a large black staphylinid or
cock-tail beetle, that when cornered would turn at bay threateningly, raising its
head and front up from the ground and arching its tail over its back; even: snails
—as the nursery rhyme reminds the more forgetful of us, with their sudden out-
thrustings of long horns, were a fearsome beast not to be approached without
due caution.
All this time flowers and ferns and mosses were an equal fascination, and I
don’t think there was a day when I didn’t bring home a handful of these treasures
to be told their names; daisies and gowans, buttercups and dandelions, the tiny
blue yeronica of the hedgerow that we knew and loved as “ bird’s eyes,” the little
wild pansy or heart’s ease, baby brother to the “ Johnny-jump-ups ” of our cottage
gardens; then, as we went further afield, poppies and cornflowers, dogroses and
sweetbrier, the primrose and the periwinkle, ragged-robin and cuckoo flower, wild
thyme, eyebright, fox-gloves, bluebells and forget-me-nots. The very names make
“music in the memory; and it was just the names that we wanted to know. I
don’t think once heard they were ever forgotten. These names and images cling
all through life and gather about them whole clusters of fond associations of
time and space. In childhood, perhaps, they are little more than sense im-
pressions, but as the spirit ripens into maturer years, they become informed
with emotion, filling our imagination with fragrance and colour; such memories
are good wholesome food for manhood’s prime and the sweet solace of old age.
About this time my father’s hobby of gardening seized hold of me; more, ]
suspect, for the gardener’s sake than the garden’s. One’s father in those days “
was the strongest possible proof that giants if not gods still walked the earth
in the semblance of men; and to help him water the garden was to be in paradise.
I am afraid my help was little more than a hindrance, but I still see myself
staggering along behind him with a watering pot: he was so absorbed in his work
that the self-constituted under-gardener was often forgotten. I have sometimes
since suspected this particular Olympian of being absent-minded.
He was a great smoker and nearly always had his pipe going: for use out of
doors he carried a box of “ fusees,” a wonderful long-headed wooden match that
ee
OE
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41
sputtered out a jet of fire capable of lighting pipes in wind or rain; the head
was secured to the stick by wire-braid and retained its heat long after being
thrown away, as I discovered on a certain memorable occasion when I tried to
pick one up. It is told of my eldest sister that once as she toddled after my
father in his majestic course down the garden path, one of these newly spent
fusees thrown carelessly over his shoulder lodged on her neck and sizzled her
into an agony of shrill screams that must have rudely’ dispelled the smoker’s
reverie.
My father was very fond of flowers, fonder still of shrubs—lilac, syringa,
ribes, laburnum, laurel, cypress, golden yews and silver firs, but fondest of all
of rhododendrons: ‘“ Roddy dandrums,’ so the mid Perthshire proverb flew,
“Roddy dandrums are the minister’s maggot **—All procurable varieties from
white to wine-dark crimson flourished in the parsonage garden.
Tt stands out in my memory as clear as yesterday—so proud a day it must
have been—how my father took me along with him one evening for a walk past
some nursery gardens. Here he spotted a rhododendron a shade darker than any
he had; finding the nurseryman out, he scribbled a note for him and returned
with wheelbarrow and spade to the scene of the prize. The shrub was carefully
dug up, mounted on the vehicle, and carted exultantly away, the very barrow
calling aloud like a guinea fowl at every turn of the wheel; what a triumphal
procession that was! I was still too small to help trundle the trophy home, but
like the fly on the wheel I thought myself the hero of the day.
To grow these shrubs successfully, my father had cartloads of peat drawn
from the neighboring loch of Ochtertyre, and every shrub was lowered into a great
pit and filled in with well-pressed peat. One day, ] remember, my father came
in to lunch from the garden, and behold! the large silver watch was gone from
his fob. Most of the afternoon was spent in undoing his morning’s work, and
- it was only after three or four rhododendrons had been dug up and their peat-
beds carefully sifted over that the watch was recovered. It still keeps good time,
and has been an inmate of my waistcoat pocket for more than thirty years now.
Hitherto, I had been a rather solitary little mortal, but there now came
into my life a close companion and bosom friend. This was a brother nearly two
years older than I who came home at last from a prolonged visit to the south
coast of England, as the rigors of our Scotch climate had been too much for him
and he had been sent to the seaside in Sussex. He had stayed there so long
that at first coming among us he seemed lost in an alien world and nothing could
be found to comfort him. My panacea, to gather “wooden enemies ” in the
Beech Wood, did seem for the moment to brighten him up, but when he found
the “wooden enemies” were only wind-flowers, and a walk to the Beech Wood
led up hill through trees to a stone quarry instead of down over sand to the
sea, his wrath and disappointment were greater than ever. After some weeks,
however, he grew reconciled. and as he made friends very readily, he and I were
soon as thick as thieves and always together. Our friendship was all the stronger
that we were of somewhat different natures; like twin stars we helped to round
each other’s lives out to a fuller sphere of wider orbit. An aunt of my father’s
who stayed with us then, gave us nicknames that stuck for many a long day:
she called me “Merry Andrew,” and my brother “Slyboots.” We were both
of a height and could wear each other’s clothes quite comfortably. As we were
always dressed alike, there were very few outside the family circle who could
tell us apart, and the less intimate half of our world supposed we were twins.
4-E.
42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Certainly, not even the Siamese twins were more inseparable; we even slept
together, in a little attic at the end of a long passage off the kitchen staircase.
Our partnership had not long been formed before we were sent to attend an
institution in the town called “ Morrison’s Academy.” Here we took an active
part in the school games and made many friends and acquaintances. These
were always boys who loved country life, and though none of them ever drew
so close to David and Jonathan as to come between us, it often meant that three
or even four of us would start out together for a holiday tramp. :
Whenever I ponder over this community life of a boys’ school, J am filled
with wonder at the vast mass of tradition preserved in such a place. It offers
a good illustration of the close analogy between children and savages; an immense
lore is handed down unconsciously by bigger boys to the small fry from one
generation to another. A great deal of this knowledge is forgotten by the in-
dividuals as they grow up, but it still survives in the schoolboy community. If as
old men we could go back like Mr. Bultitude in “ Vice Versa” to our school
days we should be reminded of a thousand facts and fancies, primitive beliefs
and superstitions, that the young barbarians of to-day haye inherited by unbroken
tradition from us boys of fifty years ago.
Local names (and even book names) for flowers and insects of wayside and
wood, for beasts of the field and fowls of the air; original remarks, shrewd observa-
tions and quaint reasonings about their appearance, their habits, their haunts;
all these form a common stock of ideas, food for conversation and thought as
well as a basis for action, among hundreds of school boys more or less guiltless of
the three R’s of Reading, Riting and *Rithmetic.
“ Slyboots ” and I fell heirs at an early age to a collection of birds’ eggs
made by our elder brothers when they were at school at Glen Almond. This
was quite an extensive collection, ranging in size from a swan’s to a golden crested
wren’s (gold-crowned kinglet’s) ; it represented not only most of our inland birds
of Perthshire from game birds and birds of prey to the sparrows and warblers,
but sea birds like guillemots, razorbills, herring-gulls, curlews, sea-mews and terns.
Largely through our big brothers’ kind offices we soon learned to associate
every egg with the name of the bird that laid it; then we made it our daily —
business to recognize every bird we saw in the countryside by its plumage, flight,
song, habits and haunts; we even ferreted out, in the home of a companion, a
large work in several volumes on Birds, British and Foreign; we used to pore over
its pages, especially the colored illustrations, till we knew the appearance of many
birds, even hawks, ducks, and seagulls, far beyond the ken of our county. (120
birds’ names.)
We were very tender-hearted for boys, and largely eschewed the society of
the rough and tumble urchins who robbed birds’ nests. A golden rule impressed
on us almost from infancy was never to take more than one or two eggs at most ~
from a nest, and always to leave at least half the clutch, or the birds would
desert; indeed, we rarely took eggs at all, if we had any others of the same kind ~
already. My recollection of the neighborhood is that, among the grown-ups at
least, bird life was greatly respected. I well remember once with what a thrill
of dread it struck me while bending over a “mossie cheeper’s” nest by the
roadside, to hear a cottager call out as she passed “ Eh, laddie, ye’ll never thrive,
harrying the birds’ nests!”
It was certainly a good thing that we had only one collection between us —
and seldom went in company on these excursions. For with the crowd there
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43
was a regular code of law—an immemorial custom; as soon as a nest was
spied, “ Bags I first!” came the cry, “second!” “third!” and so on; here, bird’s
nesting was a ruthless pursuit, hardly an egg could escape, and the boys’ sharp
eyes went everywhere. My brother and I jogged along a much more innocent
way, drinking in beauty and pleasure at every turn, and fostering a love of nature
that has never left us. That we really were more innocent must have been obvious
to the gang of nest-harriers and bird-killers, the bigger boys of the town, who
despised us as simpletons and gulled us shamelessly in our chafferings and barters
at school. As, for instance, on the flagrant occasion when I was persuaded that a
lesser redpoll’s egg of mine was only an undersized chaffinch’s and agreed to
dicker it for a cock’s egg, which I was told was of very rare occurrence, as
indeed it is.
Among the birds familiar even in childhood were three especially that filled
us by their ery with a strange sense of mystery; one was the cuckoo whose
influence on his boyhood Wordsworth has immortalized: another was the corn
crake or landrail that called from the depths of the meadow grass below our
attic window on warm June nights; and the third was the lapwing or crested
plover. This last was known to our fraternity as the “peewit” or “ peesweep.”
Like other shore birds, waders and runners (the sandpiper, for instance) this
plover has a wonderful instinct for luring enemies away from its brood; when
surprised near its nest, it will hobble and flutter and run just ahead of you,
trailing a wing on the ground and holding out various signals of distress till it
has coaxed you far from the danger zone; then up it soars with loud cries of
triumph or derision; in the air it wheels round and round with calls of alarm;
naturally, you hunt beneath this magic circle expecting to find the nest; but its
circle is really an eccentric one, a sort of horizontal spiral whose centre is con-
tinually shifting; and it is safe to say that the nest is never under these move-
ments of the bird, which are simply an ingenious form of camouflage or decoy.
Like many of the birds that build little or no nest and breed gregariously, the
plover often fails to hatch its young, and addled eggs are not infrequently
met with.
I remember one day when my brother and I had found some of these plovers’
eggs by going to and fro through a piece of bare pasture, we happened in with
a gang of four or five bigger boys. They too had been hunting for peewits’
eggs and had met with considerable success. They hailed us, and we drew
_ together for a spell beside a cattle trough filled with water. One of the older
boys asked us if we knew the way to tell fresh eggs from bad ones; on our
replying in the negative, he showed us how, as he said, the fresh floated while
the bad ones all sank; this was a wonderful discovery to us, and when he added
to his kindness by exchanging our eggs that sank for some of his that floated we
were overjoyed.“ As we turned to go, a wave of emotion seemed to overcome
him—I suppose he was fairly nauseated with our innocence—he seized one of the
freshest of the eggs (for it was floating high on the surface of the trough) and
threw it full in my face. I was wearing, I remember, a new cricket cap of
bright blue flannel; the shell of the bomb exploded on the peak of my cap and
I was deluged with the contents of this miniature Chinese stink-pot and very
_ badly gassed.
One memorable summer when I was eight or nine years old, we went to stay
in Kent with some relatives in a large country house with extensive gardens and
grounds. All kinds of wonders met us here, in the woods, hyacinths and wonderful
41 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
birds; magpies, jays, green woodpeckers, wrynecks, bottle-tits, goat-suckers; im-
doors and out, tame things galore; rabbits and hares, rats, mice (white mice, field
mice, dormice), doves, canaries, love-birds, toucans, and—most fascinating of
all—silkworms.
Our cousins had trays and trays of these grey caterpillars fed with fresh
leaves every day from the mulberry tree on the lawn. To watch these creatures
feed and grow and moult, to see each one taken when it stopped feeding and
put into a paper twirl or “ poke “—a miniature cornucopia, to watch them spin
their cocoon, and then to assist at the business of tearing away the rough outer
scaffolding of yellow strands and fluff, pick out an end from the close-wound
cocoon, set the cocoon in a glass of water and reel onto a skein-winder the whole
interminable thread of golden silk, the cocoon bobbing about on the surface of
the water in the glass, till finally the newly formed pupa sank through the last
meshes of its hammock, and was put carefully away in dry bran for the moth to
emerge; to see the moth lay its eggs, one after another, side by side, in batches on
a sheet of paper spread over the bottom of the box, eggs that soon darkened
from creamy color to leaden gray; all this was enchantment and we were soon
bound fast under the spell. A whole room was devoted to the work, and its
curtains and walls were hung with these inverted paper cones of spinning and
pupating caterpillars.
The rage for silkworms travelled back to Perthshire that .September on the
Scotch express, to spread like influenza; not only did we send next spring to a
London dealer in Natural History supplies, for some batches of eggs, but bit
some of our particular friends with the mania, so that a silkworm cult was
established in the Town of Crieff.
I am afraid the industry never throve; for one thing the mulberry does
not grow in Scotland, and although lettuces make a fair substitute, the cater-
pillars are smaller and less hardy, so that quite a high mortality ensues between
egg and adult. But we made, I remember, some interesting discoveries. In the
first place, we devised quite an original form of incubator to coax the grub out
of the egg a few weeks earlier than the natural season. We began by keeping™
the eggs on the kitchen mantelpiece just over a good fire that was always going;
but presently, too impatient to wait, we tried putting some of the egg hatches into
the warm—almost—hot oven; the success of this experiment was almost too great,
for the specks of grubs hurried out to feed before the lettuce got up from its
bed in the garden to be fed on. It-was at this time that we made our second
discovery of dandelion leaves as a substitute for lettuce. The supreme result
of keeping silkworms, however, was that it decided my brother and me to begin
a collection of insects.
Several seasons earlier I had tried rearing some of my favorite woolly-bears,
which I found feeding on dockleaves. This had been so far successful that I
understood the connection of caterpillars with moths and butterflies, and the
mystery of the chrysalis. And after my woolly-bears had been transformed to
gorgeous tiger moths, I had gathered from the garden all the caterpillars I could
find on cabbages, currant bushes and so on. But I must have been too young
to collect systematically, for I don’t think it ever occurred to me to keep the
imago after its emergence. Two incidents of this earlier experience come back
to me; one, how I watched a green caterpillar of the smaller white butterfly,
when full grown, spin its little button and sling of silk and contract as though
about to pupate. A day or two after when I looked for the chrysalis I found
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 45
to my amazement that a cluster of tiny yellow-silk cocoons had rent my larva
in twain just about amidships. I took the box to my father and asked him, did
caterpillars ever have young ones? The phenomenon was as big a puzzle to him,
I remember, as to me, but he advised me to keep the brood under their glass
lid and see what would happen. I don’t think either of us was much wiser for
‘seeing some small winged flies in the box a little later; I know I wasn’t. The
other incident was even more disappointing. In a lane near the town I found one
day a strange chrysalis lying on the ground. It was certainly somewhat hard,
but I suspected no guile, and, taking it home carefully, kept it for months in a box
of bran; when at last I realized it wasn’t going to hatch out, into some gorgeous
new butterfly, “like the other chrysalises,” I shed tears of disappointment. My
chrysalis, in fact, was nothing more or less than a common date stone.
However, all this had been years before when I was quite little. Now 1 was
nearly ten and had a partner almost two years older. Our collection grew apace
in its first two seasons, and many notable accessions were made to it; among
these, 1 remember, a large box of tropical butterflies bought at a bazaar; the
_ pupa of a Death’s Head Sphinx dug up in the potato garden; a magnificent green
caterpillar with purple diagonal stripes on its sides and a horn on its tail found
on a weeping’ willow at the end of the lawn; several rich velvety brown cater-
pillars of an Emperor moth taken feeding on heather up in the hills; and, superb-
est of all, our first Peacock butterfly.
This regal beauty is not found in Perthshire, but one of our next door
neighbors, a boy five years my senior, had a fine collection of Lepidoptera and
offered one of these gorgeous things as a prize to whichever of us could beat the
other in a fight. Now David and Jonathan often fought in the heat of some
momentary difference, but to be asked to stand up to one another in cold blood
seemed a little too much: still, peradventure, for the sake of a Peacock butterfly !
At last we managed to strike a bargain with the stony-hearted judge; whichever
threw the other in a wrestling bout should have the butterfly, and we flew together
before our-chieftain in a close Scotch hug not unworthy of Donald Dinnie at
the annual gathering of the Highland games in Strathearn. Whether “ Slyboots ”
- had figured it all out beforehand or not I shall never know, but I found it far easier
o throw him in the wrestling bout than to pick up his friendship after the fall.
he butterfly was mine, when we turned moodily away to go home: it was his ten
minutes later when we entered the parsonage gate, deep in friendly converse and
of joyful countenance.
Tf you think for one moment our little lives by now were full to bursting
with all this hotch-potch of country fare in the few short months of a Highland
summer, you've sadly forgotten the days of your youth. Children are much like
dogs, they have a voracious appetite and they cover far more ground in the course
of a day’s journey than your sober-paced man; they haven’t his steadiness of
purpose and they hate to stay on the high road; but they’re all eyés and ears
and full of tireless energy, forever ranging over the surface of things, if never
digging deep.
~ Between you and me and the gatepost, then, I haven’t as yet so much as
hinted at our really and truly favorite sport of the summer, a sport that at one
_ time grew to a devouring passion and threatened to swallow up all its rivals.
- This Aaron’s rod of our childhood was the rod that according to Dr. Johnson
has a worm at one end and a fool at the other, but so long as the worm caught
fish we didn’t care a button what names you called the fisherman. As long,
46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
almost as I can remember, a fishing trip was the greatest holiday treat we could
think of. In my case, I am sure, there was never any danger of other interests
getting crowded out; for I was never so absorbed in the gentle art that I didn’t
keep an eye open, to say nothing of my ears, for the rest of nature; everything living
was fish to my net, and the contents of my wicker creel went far beyond the finny
tribes. “ Slyboots” caught more trout, but “Merry Andrew’s” basket showed
quite as big a catch; among other “ queer fish,” I brought home, I remember, a
young rabbit, a sandpiper, two half grown wood pigeons (“cushie doos”), a bat,
a swallow, an owl, a squirrel, a hedge-hog, and once, incredible as it may seem,
a pair of full grown weasels. JI had spied. them playing together near the Forth,
but when I hurried up with a collie dog that had made friends with me on the
way, they took refuge in a drain-pipe; here I prodded them so with the butt of
my rod that they rushed out to be mauled by the dog; whether I could ever have
tamed them into pets, remains a moot point, for both died next day, and by the
advice of a friend—an old naturalist—were laid out in the shrubbery as a bait
for carrion beetles. As for the bat and the swallow, they had both flown at my
fly-cast as it went sailing over my head and had actually been hooked in mid air.
Many a strange adventure and many a rare sight met us on those fishing trips;
once we actually had the luck to see a large otter with a sea-trout in its mouth.
The older we got, the further we went; and the further we went, the longer grew
our list of the wonders of creation.
Our earliest fishing trips took us to Ochtertyre after perch; the way to this loch
led over fields past the corner of a small lake known as the Serpentine; here we
caught our first dragon-flies and the little copper butterfly, gathered bullrushes
and water-lilies, found our first nests of coots and waterhens, and were given once
a swan’s egg by one of the game-keepers. Later on, we found from a summer
spent (with whooping cough) at the village of Gargunnock near Stirling, that
we could catch brook trout; after that still-fishing for perch with a coloured ficat
lost all its charm; even trolling for pike, and the novelty of hauling flounders
and bream out of the tidal waters of the Forth paled before the fierce joy of
climbing the trout stream, with its linns and grey mare’s tails overhung with
rowans and birch—the haunt of water-kelpies—up through the wooded glens to the
wind-swept heathery moor where the lonely whaup goes crying among the mountain
crags. Here with the spirit of solitude dwelt Mystery and Romance, and with
beckoning fingers—all unknown but none the less imperiously—drew our boyish
lives up to heights far above the welter of mundane things. And well for us
both, that this Education of Nature had sped apace; for I was only just thirteen
when a bolt from the blue brought the whole palace of delights tumbling about
our ears with the sudden death of my father. By the time we had crawled painfully
out of the ruins to build up the wreck of our happiness, we found ourselves living
in a London suburb.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47
PRESENT DAY PROBLEMS IN ENTOMOLOGY.
J. J. Davis, West LAFAYETTE, ILL,
Cereals have always been our most necessary economic crop but the existing
war conditions have greatly emphasized their importance and-as you are all aware,
insect pests are one of the chief causes of crop losses. Within the past year the
United States Department of Agriculture has been able to increase crop acreages,
especially that of wheat, by efficient publicity methods made possible through
the co-operation of the State agricultural authorities and the County agricultural
agents. This programme resulting in increased cereal acreages has brought about
numerous changes in agricultural practices, such as rotations, an overbalancing
due to the increased production of certain crops, and the introduction into certain
localities of crops heretofore seldom if ever grown. These changes suggest new
entomological possibilities which will become realities and more evident in later
years.
At this time I wish to discuss briefly some of these conditions and to follow
with a treatment of certain important cereal and forage crop insect enemies which
are problems of the moment in the States of Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Michigan,
Indiana and Ohio, and which closely approximate conditions occurring in many
parts of Canada, more especially in Southern Ontario.
As has been stated the effort for increased production of wheat, has resulted
in the disregarding of certain rotations and an increase in the wheat acreage
amounting, in Indiana, to 35 per cent. above normal or 50 per cent. above the 1916
crop, which may be considered a typical increase for the area under discussion.
Without certain precautions this condition is almost sure to present advantages
for the wheat insects, giving them unlimited breeding grounds under most favor-
able conditions. In some localities where the growing of spring wheat was dis-
continued a score of years ago on account of the continued ravages of insect
enemies, the growing of spring wheat has again become common. It is not
unlikely that if we must continue the growing of spring wheat in these areas
we will again be confronted with the insect problems which brought about the
change in cropping some 20 years ago. In fact, the Hessian fly has already
made its appearance in threatening abundance in one locality where wheat was
a crop of no consequence until the last year or so.
The problem of the cereal insect investigator differs greatly from problems
confronting the entomologist dealing with orchard or garden pests, for the culture
of cereals is less intensive and the expense of such practices as spraying is almost
out of the question. We must rely almost entirely on general cultural methods
although there are exceptions, notably the control of cutworms and grasshoppers
by the use of poison baits. The present high prices for foodstuffs increase the
possibility of using more intensive methods for controlling pests of general farm
crops although here again we are limited because of the shortage of man power.
How we can most effectively assist the farmer to combat the many insect
pests is itself a problem of huge proportions. In years past we have issued
bulletins which were sent to persons interested or who requested specific informa-
tion. Experience has taught us that the promiscuous mailing of such bulletins
is a waste. At the present time a majority of the counties in the States have
what is known as a county agricultural agent, a man who has made a success of
farming or who has completed a course in an agricultural college or preferably
=
wm
a man with both qualifications. Such a man cannot be familiar with all phases
of farming and he is least likely to have a knowledge of the insect problems.
It is evident that we must continue our detailed work and must publish our
results, but it is equally evident since the conspicuous advent of the county agent
that we should write publications which will appeal and be a help to him. The
county agent is a busy man, having calls which keep him almost continuously
in the field with little or no time for reading and he must therefore have ready
references where he can secure the necessary ‘information without having to read
laboriously through pages of unnecessary matter. We have reference books which
are well suited for this purpose, but these are usually out of date a few years
after they have been published, and have in many instances resulted in recom-
mendations for insect control which had been superseded by more efficient measures,
discovered since the publication of the book. I have in mind a type of publication
which should be more nearly what is needed to meet the county agent’s require-
ments. Such a publication would discuss a certain class of insects, for instance,
the more common corn insects, as a group rather than individual insects, and
with it would be synoptic tables enabling the county agent to determine the
trouble either from the type of injury or from the insect itself. These would
be accompanied by typical illustrations of the insect and injuries. A tablé showing
the seasonal appearance of the different insects would enable one to be on the
lookout for certain pests. In such a bulletin the reading matter should be brief
and concise and consist principally of methods of control and references to
available publications where more detailed information could be obtained. To
supplement such a bulletin the county agent should be provided with well illus-
trated leaflets treating of individual insects which could be handed to the farmer
and these should contain just the points required by the farmer and nothing more.
Since the advent of the county agent there has been a still further specialization in
the form of extension entomologists, horticulturists, animal husbandmen, ete.
Their duty is to keep closely in touch with the farmers through the county agents,
to demonstrate their respective problems and in other ways to show the farmer
hy personal contact the better methods of farming. One might surmise that the
advent of the State extension entomologist would preclude the need of publications
for farmers. While this may to a certain extent limit the need of bulletins, on
the other hand it may and does enlarge the value of the published data. For
example, as recently given in a letter following a visit to help the farmers in a
grasshopper stricken district, and as has been repeatedly stated to us, the farmers
are pleased to know that such assistance is theirs for the asking and they become
more receptive to bulletins and are more likely to make use of our published data.
I have briefly discussed how we may assist the farmer but we have another
problem—how may we assist those who follow our recommendations but whose
neighbors continue to disregard the proper methods of control and thus threaten
the crops of those about them. Heretofore we have issued the necessary informa-
tion by means of bulletins, institutes and demonstrations, hoping that farmers
would adopt the practices. There are any number of instances, however, where
the disregarding of recognized control measures by one has been the means of
infesting a neighbor’s crops. Two metheds seem adaptable. One would consist
in furnishing the farmer, from State or County funds, the necessary ‘materials
for combating insect outbreaks. Thus in Kansas, Prof. George A. Dean has found
it practical for counties to furnish to farmers, poison bait for use in fighting
grasshoppers. It seems that this is a step in the right direction for the farmer
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 ©
——
———— a
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49
seeing an impending outbreak, even though skeptical of the value of recommended
control measures, will usually follow a practice if the materials are furnished
free, or he may feel that since he will pay his share anyway in the form of taxes,
he may as well get that which is coming to him. This method of procedure seems
‘adaptable for fighting such insects as grasshoppers where the principal problem
is procuring the materials but it does not answer the question of the wheat
grower who wishes to protect his crop from Hessian fly by certain cultural prac-
tices. This brings us to the second method, namely, control by legal process.
For years certain of the States have had laws requiring the spraying of orchards
infested with San José Scale and other insects and nearly every State has a
nursery inspection law requiring inspection of all nursery stock by competent
inspectors, to prevent the spread of noxious insects. More recently, Dr. 8. A.
Forbes has advocated laws requiring a general use of all reasonable and practicable
measures for the control of insect pests likely to spread from infested fields to
the injury of the property of others, for, as Dr. Forbes has said, “ Why should
the farmer allow the chinch-bugs he has raised in his wheat to escape into his
neighbor’s corn any more than he should allow his cattle to break out of their
pastures to feed on that neighbor’s crops?”* Such a law is now in force in
Illinois. The requirement of certain practices to safeguard the community by
legal process is not uncommon in certain countries where it has proved an
advantage and there seems to be no reason why the same requirements might not
be an advantage in our own countries. g
The conditions resulting from the war are giving the entomologist a greater
opportunity to prove and illustrate the value of his work and are showing to him
his shortcomings. With these changing conditions and especially with the coming
of the county agent or district agricultural expert the duties of the economic
entomologist are changing or, probably better, being advanced. The entomologist
of the future must continue to investigate the problems dealing with the life
histories of insects and to give practical demonstrations of the control measures
and especially to standardize entomological practices. He must in addition delve
deeper into the mysteries of insect life in its relation to physical and biological
factors, especially meteorological influences and the changing field conditions
due to varying crop rotations, more intensive farm practices, and the like. These
will lead to another important phase of the future entomologist’s activities, namely,
the forecasting of insect outbreaks: in fact, we are already able and are making
general forecasts of possible insect troubles, especially such insects as the Hessian
fly, chinch bug, grasshopper, plant lice, and white grub. Our efforts thus far
are quite primitive and not altogether certain but the speaker believes it-will be
a matter of but comparatively few years until the forecasting of the scarcity or
abundance of this or that insect will be a routine. and an important routine, of
the entomologist’s office.
Tn a recent articlet I had occasion to discuss the relation of entomology to
allied agricultural subjects and attempted to point out the importance of co-ordi-
nating our work with that of the agronomist, the horticulturist and others and
the work of the entomologist of the near future, as I see it, makes this action not
only desirable but imperative. To a like degree is it important for the student
specializing in economic entomology to study entomology not as a subject by itself
*The insect, the farmer. the teacher, the cit'zen and the state. Illinois State Labor-
atory of Natural History. 1915, p. 12.
+Jour. Econ. Ent. Vol. 11, No. 5, Oct. 1918, p. 406.
50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
as is now so commonly the rule, but in relation to other agricultural subjects; in
other words he should use ecology in its broadest and practical sense, which is
nothing more than relations between insects and the innumerable conditions affect-
ing themselves and their hosts, and the economic application of these interrelations.
The student, whether he is specializing in entomology or along general agricultural
lines, should also be encouraged to read more of the general literature dealing”
directly or indirectly with insect problems. I have in mind one article which to
me is a masterful essay, so scientifically accurate and yet so simply stated that it
could not but impress the student. I refer to a paper entitled “The Insect, the
Farmer, the Teacher, the Citizen, and the State,” by Dr. S. A. Forbes. Other
papers which I have in mind which should be read by every student in entomology
which bear upon the problems discussed this evening are Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt’s-
capable address before the American Association of Economic Entomologists on
“Insect Behavior as a Factor in Applied Entomology”; Crosby and Leonard’s
paper suitably treating “The Farm Bureau as an Agency for Demonstrating the
Control of Injurious Insects”; Forbes’ address before the Entomological Society
of America on “The Ecological Foundations of Applied Entomology,” and the
timely discussions, one by Cooley on “Economic Entomology in the Service of
the Nation,” a second by Felt on “ Entomological Research and Utility” and the
third by Forbes, “ Entomology in Time of War.” *
These few remarks are given that we may think more of and possibly foresee
some of the problems which are to confront us as a consequence of the changing
conditions partly resulting from the war, and to emphasize the importance of giving
more consideration to our methods of publicity, and are not intended to suggest
any specific methods or changes.
The insects of cereal and forage crops which have come to our attention the
past few years and which are likely to continue troublesome are not numerous
but are of immeasureable importance, and we will briefly discuss the different
problems individually. ,
THe Hesstan Fry (Mayetiola destructor).
The Hessian fly, supposedly introduced imto this country by the Hessian
soldiers of Prussia, is, as Dr, Forbes has so truly put it, still a Hessian and is
without doubt the greatest insect menace to wheat production in the United
“States. Especially at this time when wheat is so essential does this pest show
up as one of the most important, if not the most important and most pro-German
insect pest in the States. A year ago the Hessian fly was of little consequence,
and again this fall it is not sufficiently abundant to cause undue anxiety but from
past observations and the trend of conditions, and especially if we find the parasites
*Forbes, S. A. ‘The Insect, the Farmer, the Teacher, the Citizen and the State.”
Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, 1915. p ; :
Hewitt, C. Gordon. “Insect Behavior as a Factor in Applied Entomology.” Jour.
Econ. Ent., Vol. 10, Feb., 1917, p. 81.
Crosby, C. R., and Leonard, M. D. “The Farm Bureau as an Agency for Demon-
strating the Control of Injurious Insects.” Jour. Econ, Ent.; Vol. 10, Feb., 1917, p. 20.
Forbes, S. A. “The Ecological Foundations of Applied Entomology.” Annals of
Ent. Soc. America, Vol. 8, Mar., 1915, p. 1. 3 }
Cooley, R. A. .““Economic Entomology in the Service of the Nation.” Jour. Econ.
Ent., Vol. 11, Feb., 1918, p. 16. Paes 4
Felt, E. P. ‘Entomological Research and Utility.” Scientific Monthly, Dec., 1917,
D..0b1. es
Forbes, S. A. “Entomology in Time of War.” Circular, Office of Illinois State
Entomologist, 1917.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 5 51
losing hold this fall as anticipated, it will only be a year or two before they are
again an item of greatest importance to the wheat grower. The Bureau of Ento-
mology, Division of Cereal and Forage Insects, under the direction of Mr. W. R.
Walton, has instituted a series of stations in the principal wheat-growing areas
of the United States where detailed studies are being made, in co-operation with
the state authorities. Sowing experiments, where wheat is sown on different dates
and variously handled, are in progress, in the district covered by the Lafayette
Indiana Station, from Michigan to Tennessee. At Centralia, Illinois, in the centre
of the southern Illinois wheat belt, we have a substation comprising 18 acres of
land in charge of Mr. C. F. Turner and conducted in co-operation with Dr. 8. A.
Forbes. There intensive studies are made and much stress is laid on the effect of
meteorological conditions. For obtaining meteorological data the several instru-
ments giving records which may have a bearing on fly activities are utilized; thus
we haye in continuous operation not only the hygrothermograph, soil thermograph
and rain gauge, but also the atmometer, an instrument which measures the com-
bined effects of temperature, air currents and humidity, terrestrial radiation
thermometers, anemometers, ete. This work has been in progress for two years
and many valuable data have already been obtained. ‘
The principal remedies advocated at the present time are sowing after the
fly-free or safe date and destruction of infested stubble and subsequent volunteer
wheat. Since one of these important recommendations is sowing after the so-called
“fly-free ” or “safe” date and since this date is necessarily not identical year
after year, efforts have been made to determine a simple means whereby the county
agricultural agent or a group of farmers can determine for their locality the safe
sowing date each year. Thus various types of cages are being used to determine
which are giving emergence records similar to natural conditions and checks are
obtained by making daily records of Hessian fly caught on tanglefoot covered
sereens erected in the field and by daily egg counts made on specified plants. _
Sowing at the proper time is not alone a remedy and at most is not a preventive
for spring infestation. To be 100 per cent. effective it must be accompanied by —
the destruction of wheat stubble wherever possible and the elimination of volun-
teer wheat. Our experiments show that plowing wheat stubble to a depth of 6 or
8 inches and subsequent harrowing destroys at least 92 per cent. of the flies but
the practice of sowing clover in wheat makes it difficult to secure the universal
practice of this measure and until the sowing of clover with other crops or by
itself becomes more general we must continue to depend largely on sowing at
the proper date to escape fly injury. Here again the value of proper sowing is
dependent to a large extent on another factor, namely co-operation. If all of the
farmers in the community do not follow the practice of sowing after the fly-free
date, the one or more farmers disregarding the proper sowing date will furnish
breeding grounds for the first brood of flies which may, if weather conditions are
favorable, mature and infest the later sown wheat or at least the early sown crops
will produce a generous supply of flies to infest the wheat in spring. Our laws
do not make it possible for us to specify sowing dates and we must depend on the
intelligence and honor of the community and much can be done towards securing
the co-operation of a community by honor conditions. This is aptly illustrated
by an occurrence which happened in southern Indiana a year or so ago when
we were conducting a campaign in a particular locality to secure the co-operation
of farmers to hold off sowing wheat until advised. One young man asked to learn
the penalty if he promised to hold off sowing, but for some reason or other went
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
or
ra)
ahéad and sowed before the proper time, and immediately an older man in the
back of the room stood up and said “1 guess there wont be any penalty but a
heap sight of dishonor.”
There are of course other considerations in the control of the Hessian fly such
as the proper preparation of seed bed and use of fertilizers which enable plants
to withstand injury, but it is not my intention here to go mto details as I wish
only to call your attention to the general subject of our problems. All of the
methods of preventing or overcoming Hessian fly injury are what we might term
eood agricultural practices. Plowing under wheat stubble, except where it bears
a good stand of clover, is good practice according to the agronomist, sowing after
the fly-free date is, generally speaking, the best date to sow wheat regardless of
insects, and the preparation of the seed bed and use of fertilizers are good agronomic
practices pure and simple. Progress has been made with so-called fly resistant
wheats and one or more of the wheats which are showing promising resistant
qualities likewise rank above the average in yields.
Fig. 5—Three year old apple orchard of 1,500 trees, completely defoliated
by grasshoppers. Most of the orchard under cultivation and planted
to navy beans which were destroyed previous to the orchard defolia-
tion.
Grassnorpers (Melanoplus femur-rubrum et spp-)
The past season we have experienced the most general and serious outbreak
of grasshoppers for many years. Two years ago the grasshoppers were noticeably
abundant in a few localities and in general the areas of grasshopper abundance
were somewhat enlarged last year, while the past season they have appeared quite
general and destructive in states where they have heretofore been of but compara-
tively little importance. There is every reason to believe that they will continue
to be abundant next year, although probably not as severe as the past season.
As would be expected, the grasshoppers originated in fields such as timothy,
blue grass and clover. The casual observer first noticed injury to clover towards
eutting time when he found the plants completely defoliated, nothing remaining
but the bare stalks and heads. The hoppers then left the clover for new fields,
attacking such crops as were handy, as corn, soy beans, and navy beans; and not
infrequently young orchards were defoliated. Thus at New Concord, Ohio, we
19193 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. By
observed a three-year old apple orchard of 1,500 trees completely defoliated on
August 17, and before the grasshoppers attacked the tree foliage they had cleaned
up the navy beans which had been planted between the trees over most of the
ground covered by the orchard. The insects even girdled the twigs in many places.
At the same place we observed a bearing orchard with 20 per cent. of its ripening
peaches destroyed, in some cases only the seed being left attached to the tree.
It sometimes happens that the grasshoppers remain active until after wheat appears
above ground in which case they may keep the wheat plants cut off close to the
surface and as might be surmised, it requires but few of the insects to cutoff the
young tender wheat plants over a considerable area.
Excellent results in combatting grasshoppers have been obtained by the appli-
eation of two standard remedies, namely, poison bait and the grasshopper catcher.
As a general rule we have continued to recommend the standard poison bait formula
of bran, molasses, fruits or lemon extract and a poison, preferably Paris green or
erude arsenious oxide or white arsenic if neither of the first two mentioned are
Fig. 6.—Ripening peaches damaged by grasshoppers. Some-
times only the seed remained attached to the tree.
available. However, the experiments of the past year, and especially the experi-
ments conducted at Janesville, Wisconsin, by Mr. D. A. Ricker of the Lafayette
Laboratory, indicate the non-essentialness of fruits or lemon extract when dealing
with mature grasshoppers and that further studies based on age of the insect,
meteorological conditions, et cetera, will show the need of important changes in
the formula for grasshopper bait. Likewise a half and half mixture of hardwood
sawdust, preferably that taken from an ice house, and bran has given results
sufficient to warrant its recommendation. Indeed, Mr. E. E. Twing, county agricul-
tural agent of Kalkaska County, Michigan, reports thorough success the past season
in his county campaign against grasshoppers, using sawdust alone in place of bran
in the poison bait. He used several tons of white arsenic for poison bait for
practically all of which sawdust was used as the base. The crude arsenious oxide
mentioned is a by-product of the copper smelters of the western states and is
obtainable in barrel lots at 8 to 9 cents per pound; and in ordering, a powdered
erade should be specified. It has given excellent results the past season whereyer
we have had an opportunity to observe its use and the results are practically equal
to those obtained where Paris green was used. It was tested out in a grasshopper
j4 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
infested section in Michigan, for example, where it gave such good results that
the farmers of that section of the state, according to information furnished by
Mr. Don B. Whelan, extension entomologist of Michigan, will order a car load
in anticipation of grasshopper and cutworm troubles next year.
We find that the poison bait can best be used in fields such as clover about
the time they are cut, by first cutting around the field leaving a small central
area uncut in which the hoppers will congregate and here they can be slaughtered
by the use of a comparatively small amount of poison bait. The bait is likewise
of greater value in corn-fields, orchards, and amongst other crops where the grass-
hopper catcher cannot be used; and in corn fields it is advisable to make the bait
more adhesive by an éxtra amount of water or, better, twice as much molasses,
scattering the mixture forcibly amongst the crops so that small particles will
adhere to the foilage.
The grasshopper catcher, such as was first recommended by Dr. BH. D. Ball
and later advocated by Cooley and others, proved highly successful wherever tried.
Fig. 7.—Field cf navy beans being destroyed by grasshoppers entering
from an adjoining field.
This catcher differs from the better known hopperdozer by having a screened box
attached to the back (as illustrated), into which the grasshoppers are carried.
This has a money value advantage over the hopperdozer in that the insects can be
used as poultry feed. After filling the box it is a simple matter to haul the appa-
ratus to the poultry yard where the grasshoppers can gradually escape through the
front opening at a rate agreeable to a fair sized flock of chickens, thus giving us
an ideal poultry self-feeder. Or, probably better, the insects can be bagged and
allowed to die and dry within the bags and laid aside for winter use. Such
feed for hens in winter appreciably increases egg production, not a small item
these days. We have been able to secure an analysis of mature grassiioppers™
through the kindness of Mr. E. G. Proulx, State Chemist of Indiana, with the
following results.
1Melanoplus femur-rubum.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
or
or
Fig §.—Grasshopper catcher ready for action.
Analysis Based on Live Weight.
Manciniresay 100% with DYGTOLEN 2.2 = fe 3 we 2 wie oie mse ee
EMMMRIE MC Tat Ee te reat. e ce caterers raion Piste wives Ga cle sles yee een
i: THOailine 2osble Jomecebene soe SCs On Cabcon Gon pot aopme
LOL RE Ai 2 OGG eS RO SES Gee Seis iertc reir maine aarer ear
PD: 480 cose SeOS8 aide SR cee ons AO Gorn Othic cicero
On this basis dried grasshoppers would contain approximately
protein.
Fig. 9—Grasshopper catcher in operation.
56 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Our counts show an average of 500 live adult grasshoppers (Melanoplus femur-
rubrum) to a pint and about 1,530 to a pound live weight or 4,500 to a pound
dry weight. The cost of a grasshopper catcher is from $15 to $25, according to
the amount of new materials which must be purchased, and usually it is possible
to secure the tin, the largest individual item of cost, as second hand roofing. Con-
sidering that such a machine will last for many years, it is easy to see that the
cost is ‘repaid in poultry food im a comparatiy ely short time, to say nothing of the
value derived by eliminating the insects.
It is not possible to recommend one or the other of these two grasshopper
control measures as the more valuable. In some instances, where for example large
comparatively level acreages are to be covered and where labour is not searce, the
grasshopper catcher can be used to better advantage and more economically than
ihe poison bait, while in other cases the opposite is true.
Curworms (Noctwidae).
We can expect trouble from cutworms every year, and the past season has
not been an exception to the rule. In many sections, more especially in Iowa and
Wisconsin, they have been more severe than ordinarily, damaging principally corn
and garden crops. The Feltias were most generally common, although in many
localities the Euxoas were the principal depredators. In southern Indiana the
bottoms of the Wabash river and tributary streams are subject to what are commonly
termed overflow worms (Agrotis ypsilon). Some injury occurred the past season,
but the insects were not nearly so general as the year before. They invariably
appear following a late overflow, that is on land which is overflowed and covered
with water as Tate as early June. As the water leaves the ground the moths
make their appearance from the higher surrounding land and lay their eggs in the
still wet soil; and any crop planted on this ground, which is usually corn, is likely
to be damaged if not completely destroyed by the cutworms. It is unusual for
a cutworm moth to lay its eggs in moist soil, but this appears to be the usual
habit of this species (Agrotis ypsilon) and it has already been recorded as a serious
pest in the areas overflowed by the Ganges and other rivers in India. Woodhouse
and Fletcher * and other authors have given us very interesting accounts of the
habits of this species as worked out in India.
You are all familiar with the methods of controlling cutworms. Aside from
early fall plowing and certain-rotations whereby ground likely to be infested is
planted to crops not susceptible to cutworm injury, we have en'y one method of con-
trol, which fortunately is quite efficient. Our experience teaches us that poison baits
such as are used against grasshoppers are equally effective against cutworms.
In the case of the overflow worm it is also possible to escape injury if the ground
is cultivated immediately after the water leaves the land and before the moths
lay their eggs, but this practice is applicable only for small sections of individual
farms, for it is not possible for the individual to cultivate a very large area before
the moths appear and begin oviposition.
Tue So-cattep “Sirk Bucs” (Diabrotica 12-punctata and D. longicornis.)
An insect, or rather two insects, which have ruined corn crops for many years
in the overflow lands of the Ohio river in south-western Indiana but which hare
*Woodhouse, E. J., and Fletcher, T. Bainbridge. ‘“ The Caterpillar Pest of the
Mokameh Tal Lands.” Agric. Jour., india, Vol. 8, rt. 4, Od., 1912, pp. 343-354.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. By
been called to our attention only recently, are old and well-known reprobates more
familiarly known to us as the southern corn root worm or bud worm (Diabrotica
12-punctata), and the northern corn root worm (D. longicornis). They are com-
monly pests of corn plants when in the larval stage, but as the “ silk bug” it is the
beetle that causes the damage and in an entirely different manner for it appears
just as the ears are silking, cutting off the silk before the kernels become fertilized,
thus causing the production of barren ears. One would expect the corn plant
to be injured by the larve of these beetles earlier in its growth but such seems
not to be the case, at least the corn shows no apparent injury. The probable reason
for this is because the land is overflowed every winter and large amounts of rich
humus are deposited, leaving the ground so rich that corn is planted year after ,
year and the plants make such rapid growth that they overcome all injury to the
root system inflicted by the larve of these two beetles.
We have no remedy for these pests under the conditions just given. As already
Fig. 10.—Field of cane damaged by White Grubs (Lachnosterna spp.)
stated the farmers prefer to grow corn on the ground year after year, giving
the one species (D. longicornis) at least, ideal conditions for reproducing itself.
Poisoning the beetle appears to be out of the question, but there is a likelihood of
reaching them by the use of repellant dust sprays. More information on the life
history and habits of the species under these conditions, new to us, is necessary
before the problem can be intelligently attacked.
THe Wuite Grup (Lachnosterna spp).
Since the common white grubs have been serious pests in the northern states,
this problem has been given considerable attention at the Lafayette Laboratory.
The general results bearing on their economic relations have been published,
and the natural enemies have been fully discussed in a paper soon to be issued.
Many interesting data on their ecological and taxonomic relations have been, and
58 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
are continuing to be, accumulated through the co-operation of entomologists in
Canada and the United States.
As might be expected for an insect haying so widespread distribution and
involving a life cycle of three years, the white grubs have several definite destruc-
tive broods. The important brood which occurs more or less continuously through
the northern states from South Dakota to the Atlantic coast and in southern
Ontario is present in the beetle stage every three years, 1917 being the last year
the May-beetles were numerous. The year following the flight of beetles might
be termed the “grub year” since the grubs are then in their most destructive stage.
The important brood under discussion evidently began in an accumulative way
some score of years ago. By 1909 and especially in 191%, they had become very
abundant and destructive over a considerable area. In 1915 the grubs were again
as abundant, or more so, as in 1912 but the damage was much less evident because
the season was wet, which greatly assisted the corn and pastures to overcome some
of the destructive work of the grubs. The past season (1918) grubs were again
abundant, although less numerous than for several years past, but fortunately the
conditions have been against the pests and comparatively small damage resulted.
Parasites, predaceous enemies, and diseases have played a part in this result but
certain climatic conditions are in a large measure responsible. In the spring of
191% May-beetles were apparently as numerous in the soil as in any previous
beetle year but the season was late and cold and the beetles came to trees in small
numbers until quite late. Only a small percentage of the normal number of eggs
were laid and most of these late in the season. As a consequence the grubs were
abnormally small when cold weather set in, many of them too small to pass the
winter successfully. This year the comparatively few grubs were small when the
ground warmed up and they did not reach their destructive developmental stage
until late in the year. From general observations it appears certain that the years
of maximum abundance are passed and that we may expect fewer grubs of this
particular brood for a number of years before conditions will again favor their
enormous increase.
The principal methods of combatting white grubs are rotations and utilization
of hogs and poultry. In white grub districts rotations should be arranged so that
corn and other susceptible crops will not be planted on ground likely to contain
grubs the year of their abundance, or better, the use of clover in the rotation,
the clover to be followed by corn, since the beetles do not deposit many eggs in
ground covered with a stand of clover during the May-beetle flight. The value of
hogs to clear land of grubs has been repeatedly demonstrated. Other practices,
such as fall plowing and the collection of May-beetles and grubs are only partially
successful, but are good practices when supplemented by the measures already
mentioned.
I have purposely discussed several of the more important insects of cereal
and forage crops which have occupied our attention the past year or two. It is
usual and to be expected that the economic entomologist spends much of his time
with insects which appear in conspicuous numbers. There are however, hordes of
insects of less importance which nevertheless are always present and which con-
stitute a continuous drain on our crops but because of the inconspicuousness and
gradualness of the losses they are not recognized seriously. Many of these incon-
spicuous insects are taking a heavy toll, and I believe we are coming to a time
when they will be given their just consideration and it might be added, their just
deserts.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59
Fig. 11.—Field of corn showing typical spotting of field caused by White
Grubs (Lachnosterna spp.)
Fig. 12—Trees defoliated by May-beetles (Lachnosterna spp.). The trees
in centre are bur oak and the tree to right an elm.
in
Fig. 13—Hickory woodlot defoliated by May-beetles (Lachnosterna spp.).
The undefoliated tree to left is an apple.
60 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
INSECTS AS AGENTS IN THE DISSEMINATION OF PLANT DISEASES.
Lawson Caxsar, 0. A. C., GUELPH.
The following was delivered as the President’s Address:
There are three great classes of plant diseases in the dissemination of which
insects play a part. These are:—first, diseases due to fungi; second, diseases
due to bacteria; and third, diseases whose cause has not been discovered but which
are of a decidedly communicable or infectious character. This last class is often
called “* Physiological Diseases,” or “ Diseases of Unknown Origin,” the latter term
being preferable.
Before discussing the role of insects as disseminators it may be well to give
a list of the common agents in the spread of plant diseases. They are: wind, rain
(especially wind-driven rain), infected seed, infected manure, infected soil, insects,
slugs, man with his teams and implements, birds and a few other animals.
Of these various agents every plant pathologist would say that so far as the
dissemination of spores of fungi is concerned, wind and rain are, with very few
exceptions, such as perhaps Ergot of Rye, vastly more important agents than in-
sects. In the case of diseases that have been introduced recently and that are not
yet widely spread, insects may play an important part in long-distance distribution
and in the establishment of new centres of infection, especially if the spores of such
diseases are of the type that is held together by a gelatinous substance which. pre-
‘vents their distribution by wind alone, though after being dissolved in moisture
they may be blown short distances by wind-driven rain.
In the dissemination of plant diseases insects may function in three ways.
First, they may serve as mere carriers of the spores or other causal organisms
from plant to plant. The amount of disease thus spread compared with that by
other agents is probably small. Second, they may cause wounds of various kinds
which afford ideal conditions for spores or bacteria to germinate in and establish
new infections. This is of course a very important function because many kinds
of spores and a large percentage of bacteria seem unable to enter plants in any other
way than through wounds. Third, they may serve as direct inoculators, not only
bringing the organism with them upon or within their body but actually inserting
it, when feeding, into the tissues where it finds favorable conditions for develop-
ment. This last is on the whole the most important of the three methods.
Insects 4s Dissemrnators oF FuNGus DIsEASEs.
Sucking insects with a few exceptions, such as in the case of the spread of
Ergot of Rye by flies and of Downy Mildew of Beans by bees, do not appear to
play nearly so important a part in the spread of fungus diseases as do biting insects.
This is probably because such sucking insects as feed upon plant tissues haye minute,
needle-like mandibles and maxillae and in feeding make very small wounds.
These wounds do not expose the moist inner tissues or afford much better places
for spore entrance and germination than do stomata and lenticels. Moreover,
insects with such mouth-parts are not adapted for feeding upon spore masses and
so seldom get their mouth-parts contaminated and act as direct inoculators of
healthy plants. Biting insects are therefore much more important in the dis-
semination of fungus diseases of plants.
It is worth noting here that several species of Coleoptera and Orthoptera
as well as some Lepidopterous larvee feed freely upon spore masses, and not only
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. . 61
become covered externally with the spores but pass many of them uninjured
through their body in the excreta. When this is deposited on healthy leaves or
on other parts of the plant it affords an additional source of possible infection,
either through the spores germinating and working their way through the un-
injured tissues or through their being washed by rains into wounds.
Exampxies or Fungus Diseases DissEMINATED BY JNSECTs,
Ercor or Rye (Claviceps purpurea). This disease of cereals and grasses
is said by plant pathologists to be spread in the summer chiefly through insects,
especially flies, which are attracted to the sweetish, somewhat milky fluid in which
the conidia produced on diseased ovaries of florets float. As this fluid is sticky
the flies become contaminated and carry the spores to healthy florets, thus setting
up new infections.*
~ Downy Minpew or Lima Beans (Phytophthora phaseoli). Sturgis has
shown that this disease is apparently largely distributed by bees. He found that
the Mildew failed to appear to any appreciable extent until the flowers began to
expand, but that it became well established by the time the blossoms had fallen.
He also found that it began regularly in those inner parts of the flower which
were touched by the bee when seeking nectar, thus strongly indicating that the
bees were the carriers and inoculators.
Cuestnut Bricur (Lndothia parasitica). This is a recently introduced
disease and therefore its distribution to each new locality is much more important
than would be the dissemination from tree to tree of some old, well established
fungus, Studhalter, Ruggles, Metcalfe and others have studied the relation of
insects to the Blight and have shown that while many insects distribute the spores
it is chiefly those insects that cause wounds on the trees that are important as
disseminators; because the disease can enter the tree only through wounds in
the bark. Ruggles discovered that the Seventeen-year Cicada and a bast-miner
were important agents and that the disease in many cases had entered through
wounds made by them. The Cerambycid, Leptostylus macula, is important as a
carrier and possibly also as an incculator.
Wuitre Pine Brister Rusr (Cronartium ribicola). This is, as everyone
knows, another recently introduced disease, and it is not yet established in our
northern pine forests. Its spores lend themselves to wind dissemination, but it
is thought that insects play an important role in the spread of the disease. Only
a few months ago Gravatt and Posey gave an account of their finding tiny Gipsy
Moth larvee feeding greedily upon the spore pustules of the disease on pine trees,
and becoming almost yellow with the countless spores that adhered to the hairs
of their body. It has been shown that these tiny Jarve can be carried even 20
miles by the wind, so that distant spread of spores of the disease by them would
be expected. Gravatt and Posey examined wind-borne larve found on Ribes (the
alternate host of the disease) and found aeciospores on them. They also found
that leaves fed upon by the larvee contracted the disease. There seems to be no doubt
that such larve are in the New England States important agents in distributing
the White Pine Blister Rust.-
Goosrserry Twice Disease (Undetermined fungus). In Burlington I have
seen a large, well-cared-for garden of geoseberries in which almost every plant
*Note.—Since writing the above I have been informed by Prof. Howitt that it has
recently been demenstrated that wind plays a more important part in distribution of
eonidia of ergot of rye than was formerly believed possible.
62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
had from one to ten or more twigs dead or dying. Diseased twigs were sent to
Geneva and examined by J. G. Grossenbacher, who wrote that the trouble was
due to an. undetermined fungus which entered through openings made by a
Cambium Miner, apparently Opostega nonstrigella.. The disease seemed to enter
solely through these wounds.
Smatt Canxers on Appies (Leptosphaeria coniothyrium). Parrott, Gloyer
and Fulton in their study of Snowy Tree-crickets have shown how the cricket,
Oecanthus niveus, is the agent in introducing the fungus that causes the small
cankers around cricket egg punctures on apple trees. These cankers are found
in Ontario as well as New York. This fungus, Leptosphaeria coniothyriwm, is
also the fungus that causes Raspberry Blight and is believed by the plant
pathologists of Geneva to enter many raspberry canes through the wounds made by
the egg punctures of the Tree-cricket, Oecanthus nigricornis.
Ligart Rots or Forest anpD SHADE TREES (Several species of fungi). In
almost every city may be seen maple trees with unsightly wounds, due to the
burrows of the Maple Borer (Plagionotus speciosus). These wounds commonly
allow the entrance of heart rots, which injure the wood and weaken the trees, often
shortening its life. It seems reasonable to assume that similar diseases enter
various forest trees, through injuries caused by Cerambycids, Buprestids or Ipids.
It is true that most of these attack only sickly, dying or dead trees, but some
attack healthy trees. Such gaping wounds as those caused in poplars and willows
by the Snout Beetle (Cryptorhynchus lapathi) could scarcely fail to admit fungi.
The evidence tends to show that this beetle is an important factor in the trans-
mission of the European Poplar Canker (Dothichiza populea).
Referring to a species of Scolytus that attacks White Fir, Hopkins says “ When
the attack is not sufficient to kill the trees, these wounds heal over, but in the
meantime a decay often sets in at these injured places, which extends through
the heartwood and for several feet above and below the wound, thus rendering the
wood worthless for lumber and often for fuel.” In the same bulletin he says
“Tt appears that insects contribute more to the spread of fungus of the bark and
wood of the main trunk than do such diseases to the spread and ravages of insects.”
Brown Ror or Fruirs (Sclerotinia cinerea). The spores of this disease are
readily carried by the wind, but they usually fail to infect peaches and sour cherries
in Ontario except through wounds or where fruits touch each other. Some varieties
of plums and sweet cherries are very susceptible, even though their surfaces be
unwounded. The joint investigations of the Bureaus of Entomology and Plant
Pathology of the U. S. Department of Agriculture proved definitely the important
part played by the Plum Curculio in the spread of this disease on peaches. TIling-
worth, Spencer and the writer in their studies of Cherry Fruit Fliés found that sour
cherries infested by the maggots of these flies were often conspicuously affected
by Brown Rot and that where these insects were completely controlled very few
cherries rotted even though they were left on the trees until overripe. Moreover,
there is no doubt that placing maggoty cherries in baskets along with sound ones
favours the development of rot, especially in warm weather; because even though
the infected cherries be not rotten, they exude juice from the breathing holes made
by the maggots and this gives ideal conditions for rot development.
Lack of space prevents our giving more examples of fungus diseases spread
by insects, so we shall now pass on to the bacterial diseases.
' 1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63
Insects as Diss—EMINATORS OF BACTERIAL DISEASES.
Compared with other agents insects play a much more important part in the
spread of bacterial than of fungus diseases. This is partly because bacteria do not
to any great extent lend themselves to dispersal by the wind, whereas wind is
the chief means of fungus spore dispersal. Another reason is that during the
growing season—the time of greatest dissemination,—the bacteria in some plants
are wholly concealed within the plants and are only obtained for fresh inoculations
by penetration through the surface to them. This insects do. A third reason
is that about half of our worst bacterial diseases can enter plants only through
wounds and such wounds are made chiefly by insects. It is worth noting that
though insects like Aphids or Capsids with very slender, piercing mouth-parts
play but little part in the spread of fungus diseases they are often very important
in the spread of bacterial diseases. This is because they feed indiscriminately on
healthy and diseased portions of plants and thus by penetrating the diseased areas
get their mouth parts contaminated; for no set of mandibles and maxillae are too
small to carry numerous bacteria if once they reach them. Once the mouth-part -
is contaminated inoculation of healthy parts is easy.. It looks, however, as if White
Flies and Red Spiders were exceptions and did not play much part as spreaders.
There are also cases like Cucumber Wilt in which it is doubtful whether Aphids
can act as inoculatars. Further study will doubtless explain such exceptions.
The fact that out of the eight common and important bacterial diseases of
plants in Ontario three are disseminated almost exclusively by insects, shows the
importance of insects in relation to bacterial diseases.
Exampres oF BactrertaAt Diseases DIssEMINATED BY INSECTS.
Cucumber Witt (Bacillus tracheiphilus). It has been definitely proven
that the Striped Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica vittata), and to a less extent the
- 12-Spotted Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica 12-punctata) are the chief and probably
almost the sole distributors of this destructive disease and that if they could be
exterminated the disease would almost disappear. It is very interesting to learn
too that the disease is not only disseminated by these insects but is supposed to
be carried over from one year to another by them and not through the soil.
Prar Bricut (Bacillus amylovorus). This, as is well known, is a very
destructive disease of pears, apples and quince, causing an enormous amount of
damage some years and a considerable amount every year. It is nearly unanimous-
ly agreed that insects are the great factors in its dissemination both in the stage
known as “blossom blight ” and in the later twig blight stage. If a list were to
be compiled of all the insects that had a part in the spread of this disease it would
be a long one, for it includes many of the blossom frequenting insects, most sucking
insects with piercing mouth-parts found on the apple and pear, and at least one
bark beetle. In connection with this disease I may say that we have on several
occasions found the gummy exudate at blossom time and have several times found
ants feeding upon it. We also know that ants are common frequenters of the
nectaries of blossoms. We consider ants therefore as the probable cause of the
earliest cases of blossom infection.
_ Sorr Ror or Vecerastes (Bacillus carotovorus). This fairly common
disease of cabbage, turnips, carrots, tomatoes, potatoes and celery is believed to
enter solely through wounds, and insects and slugs are believed to be the main
carriers of the organism as well as the chief inoculators. There has been a lot of
64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Soft Rot of Celery this year, for which the Tarnished Plant Bug is blamed. Efforts
for control of the disease have been directed towards destroying this insect. The
disease appears to winter oyer in the soil.
BACTERIAL Witt oF CrucrIFERS (Pseudomonas campestris). Jones and others
have shown that insects and slugs are important and common disseminators, though
there are also other agents. ;
Oruer Bacrrrtan Disgases. Very little is known as to the part played by
insects in the spread of the other common bacterial diseases. Bean Bacteriosis
(Pseudomonas campestris), Black Spot of Plums and Peaches (Bacterium prunt),
Crown Gall (Bacterium tumefaciens) or Potato Wilt (Bacillus solanisaprus). We
know, however, that the bacteria of the first two of these may enter directly threngh
stomata without the aid of wounds.
InsEcrs as DissEMINATORS OF PuystoLogicaL DiszAsus or DISEASES OF
UnkNowN ORIGIN.
There are already many well known physiological diseases, and the list is
being added to each year. A considerable proportion of our worst plant troubles
come under this category. Insects do not play a part in the distribution of all,
for instance they seem to have nothing to do with the spread of Peach Yellows
and Little Peach. In many cases, however, insects appear to be either the sole
agents in distribution or else yery important agents. From the evidence available
it would appear that most of the insects concerned are of the sucking and piercing
types, though there seems no good reason why biting insects cannot also play a
part. The infectious principle or virus seems in most cases and probably in all
to be taken into the body of the insect and inoculation occurs through feeding.
Exampies oF PuysrotocicaL Disgases or DisEAss or UNKNOWN ORIGIN
DISSEMINATED BY INSECTS.
Mosaic Disnase or Sweer Pras... Most growers of sweet peas are probably
familiar with this easily recognized disease which weakens the plants and diminishes
the size and beauty of the blossoms. Taubenhaus has shown that it is readily
transmitted by aphids, but he says any biting or sucking insect may spread it.
Most of the spread will naturally be due to aphids, because they are the most
common sweet pea insects.
Mosaic Disnasr or Topacco. This is a very important disease of Tobacco
in the United States and may be identical with Mosaic Disease of Tomatoes, though
probably not with Potato Mosaic. Allard has shown that the Peach Aphis (Myzus
persicae), and also the Aphis (Macrosiphum tabaci), are very important spreaders
of the disease. White Flies and Red Spiders he thinks do not distribute it.
Mosaic Disease or Cucumpers. This disease causes an annual loss of
about $1,000,000 in the United States. I have not seen it in Ontario but believe
it has been found in a few localities. Doolittle and Jagger have proven that aphids
are carriers and are probably the chief agents in its spread.
Curty Tor or Sucar Berrs. This disease occurs in the South-western
States and some years is exceedingly destructive. The Beet™Leaf-hopper (Hutettix
tenella) has time after time been proven to be the distributing agent and so far
as known the sole agent.
Spryace Bricur. This blight attacks both spring and fall crops of spinach
in Virginia, Ohio and parts of New York. Leaves of affected plants become
‘
~
Se
‘
lor}
cr
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
mottled and malformed and the plants finally die. The disease is a very important
one and is said to be spreading. It was formerly thought to be due to malnutrition,
but is now known to be a communicable disease, the virus of which is transmitted
chiefly by the aphis (Macrosiphum solanifolit) but also to a lesser extent by another
aphis (Rhopalosiphum persicae) and by the Tarnished Plant Bug (Lygus pratensis) .
The most interesting discovery in connection with this disease is that not only
do aphids transmit it but also that their offspring down to the fourth generation
can do so even though none of these offspring have fed upon diseased plants.
McClintock and Smith who made the above discovery think it very probable
that aphids are also responsible for the tiding over in their own body of the disease
from spring to fall.
In conclusion we may point out that the plan of controlling such diseases
as are spread chiefly by insects by destroying the insects responsible, is in most
cases impracticable; because some of the worst offenders, such as the Striped
Cucumber Beetle, several species of aphids and the Tarnished Plant Bug, are
among the most difficult of insects to combat successfully.
It is also worth while pointing out that it is only during the last few years
that any careful study has been made of insects as agents in the dissemination
of plant diseases, and that though some very brilliant work has been done, especially
during the last four or five years, there still remains great scope for further careful
investigation by entomologists and plant pathologists working together in close
co-operation.
Tue More Important LiIrERATURE CONSULTED.
EastHaM. The part played by insects in the spread of plant diseases. Proce.
Ent. Soe. of B.C.
Masser. Textbook of fungi.
Srureis. Some aspects of vegetable pathology and the conditions which
influence the dissemination of plant diseases. Bot. Gaz., Vol. XXV, p. 187, 1898.
Hopxins. Preliminary report on insect enemies of forests in the Northwest.
Bul. 21 (n.s.), Bur. Ent., U.S.D.A.
Prrum. The European Canker in the vicinity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Jour. Econ. Ent., Vol XI, No. 1, 1918.
Martin. Dissemination of Septoria lycopersici by insects and pickers.
Phytopathology, Vol. VIII, No. 7, 1918.
Srupattrr. Insects as carriers of the Chestnut Blight. Phytopathology,
Vol. IV, No. 1, 1914.
SrupHALTER AND Ruce Es. Insects as carriers of Chestnut Blight. Bul. 12,
Penn. Dept. of Forestry. 1915.
ANDERSON AND Rankin. Endothia Canker of chestnut. Bul. 347, Cornell
University. 1914.
GravATT AND Posty. Gipsy Moth larve as agents in the dissemination of
the White Pine Blister Rust. Jour. Agr. Research, Vol. XII, No. 7, 1918.
Gravatt AND MarsHatt. Arthropods and gasteropods as carriers of
Cronartium ribicola. Phytopathology, Vol. VII, No. 5, 1917.
Parrott AND Fuiron. Tree-crickets injurious to orchard and garden fruits.
Bul. 388, N.Y. Agr. Exp. Sta., Geneva. 1914.
5-E. :
66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Parrorr, GLoyER AND Futton. Some studies on the Snowy Tree-cricket
with reference to an apple bark disease. Jour. Econ. Ent., Vol. VIII, No. 6, 1915.
Scorr anp Ayres. The control of peach Brown Rot and Scab. Bul. 174,
Bur. Plant Ind., U.S.D.A. 1910.
Scorr anp Quarytrance. Control of Brown Rot of peaches. Cire. 120, Bur.
Ent., U.S.D.A. 1910.
InnincwortH. Cherry Fruit-flies and how to control them. Bul. 325.
Cornell University.
GrossENBACHER. Medullary spots, a contribution to the life-history of some
Cambium Miners. Tech. Bul. 15, N.Y. Agr. Expt. Sta., Geneva, 1911.
Furron. The dispersal of spores of fungi by the agency of insects, with
special reference to the Phalloidei. Ann. Bot., Vol. IIT, p. 207, 1889.
MarsHatu. Microbiology.
SmirH. Bacteria in relation to plant diseases.
Ranp. Dissemination of Bacterial Wilt of Cucurbits. Jour. Agr. Research,
Vol. V, No. 5, 1915.
Ranp anp Iintows. Transmission and control of Bacterial Wilt of Cucur-
bits. Jour. Agr. Research, Vol. VI, No. 11, 1916.
Jones. Bacterial Blight of Apple, Pear and Quince. Bul. 176, Ont. Ag.
Col., 1909.
Jones. Bacteria, friends and foes. Bul. 265, Ont. Agr. Col., 1918.
Merritt. Aphids and Fire Blight. Jour. Econ. Ent., Vol. VIII, No. 4,
1915.
Burnityt. Insect control important in checking Fire Blight. Phytopathology,
Vol. V, No. 6, 1915.
Srewarr anp Leonarp. The role of sucking insects in the dissemination of
the Fire-Blight bacteria. Phytopathology, Vol. V, No. 2, 1915.
-Merrity. Further data on the relationship between Aphids and Fire Blight,
Jour. Econ. Ent., Vol. X, No. 1, 1917.
Stewart. The importance of the Tarnished Plant Bug in the dissemination
of Fire Blight. Phytopathology, Vol. III, No. 6, 1913.
Srant AND Carsner. Obtaining Beet Leaf-hoppers non-virulent as to Curly-
top. Jour. Agr. Research, Vol. XIV, No. 9, p. 393, 1918.
Boncquet anD Hartunc. The comparative effect upon sugar beets of
Eutettix tenella, Baker, from wild plants and from curley-top beets. Phytopath-
ology, Vol. V, No. 6, p. 348, 1916.
BoncquEet and Stant. Wild vegetation as a source of Curly-top infection
of sugar beets. Jour. Econ. Ent., Vol. 10, No. 4, 1917.
TaUBENHAUS. Mosaic disease of sweet peas. Bul. 106, Del. Agr. Expt. Sta.,
1914.
Atuarp. Further studies of the Mosaic disease of tobacco. Jour. Agr.
Research, Vol. X, No. 12, 1917.
DooxittLE. A new infectious Mosaic disease of cucumber. Phytopathology,
Vol. VI, No. 2, 1916.
JaccER. Experiments with cucumber Mosaic disease. Phytopathology, Vol.
VI, No. 2, 1916.
MoCurytock 4Np SmirH. True nature of Spinach Blight and relation of
insects to its transmission. Jour. Agr. Research, Vol. XIV, No. 1, 1918.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67
THE CABBAGE ROOT MAGGOT (CHORTOPHILA BRASSICAE).
H. C. Hucxert, 0.A.C., GuELruH.
A study of the life-history and control of the Cabbage Maggot (Chortophila
brassicae) was undertaken this year under Prof. Caesar’s guidance. The study
is still far from completion but some interesting results from different control
methods haye been obtained. The most important of these is, that on the whole
corrosive sublimate has given better results than discs even where discs have been
cleaned after each cultivation. Similar good results have been obtained with
corrosive sublimate by the representatives of the Vegetable Branch, Department
of Agriculture, Toronto; in factthey made the suggestion that led to our testing it.
Another interesting feature was that round discs, with a round hole in the
centre and a slit leading to it, proved equally as effective as the hexagonal discs
with the star-shaped centres and slit leading to this. Consequently in the tables
both discs have been classed together.
Tests were also made with tobacco dust and lime and also with tobacco dust
and sulphur. The results were promising, but much further work will be required
to determine accurately their value and best method of using.
TABLE SHOWING RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN CONTROL OF CABBAGE MAGGOT
‘AT BURLINGTON
gag Aol eats , Ss pe Qo) ps,
Method of sy | 28s 222 23 | 23) & | 2& a3 bas
Treatment. 45 |8a8 |S3B| #5 | 8% 2 oh |Syo| SB
eS iacct |4as/u | US | & | Be |Ses| ses
sa go 6 oma 62 ct = a a oem | =~
ae Z Z Z, 2 s < SS
Corrosive sublimate....| 652 55 13 584 20 | 89.6 | 86.5 S545 52
CUBCHMe sisis lois csec ss ss 163 9 78 76 20) 46.6] 34.4 5.5 | 47.9
|
Dises, both round and 6-
sided. Earth remov-
ed after cultivation...| 504 71 31 402-15) |) 7928h |) 7658) |, ale Geral
Dises, both round and
6-sided. Earth not re-
moved after cultiva-
IGN e es cicts'e s/s u sicce-e:s 474 | 42 161 271 Bt || Shee) 4954 8.8 | 34.0
MODE CMe tal aisle Wieis'e's-0-s. 6 326 | 50 127 149 31 | 45.8] 36.2] 15.3 | 38.9
68 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
TABLE SHOWING RESULTS CF EXPERIMENTS ON CABBAGE MAGGOT AT GUELPH, 1918
= No. dead
No. + : No. % %
Method used. from all | No. alive. ie: “ .
plants. Gases: dwarfed. alive. | vigourous.
Corrosive sublimate ....... 99 0 99 0 100 =|: 100
Tarred felt paper discs,
round and hexagonal, ~
kept icleani.aeseoeeeces 101 0 101 0 100 100
Tarred felt paper discs, |
round and hexagonal,
NOt Cleaned). \.<.0cadta cies 97 7 90 6 92.8 86.6
Checkers gates Bakes see Se 99 44 55 15 55.6 | 40.4
Nore.—tThe better results obtained from the tarred felt paper discs at Guelph
than at Burlington were apparently due to the plants at Burlington being set
deeper in the soil and to the soil being sand, whereas the Guelph soil was clay.
The greater amount of shade and the greater difficulty in keeping soil off the plants
at Burlington gave the insects a better chance to cause injury. The corrosive
sublimate in both cases was used at the strength of 1 part to 1,000 parts of
water, or one ounce to 50 pints of water, and was applied with a watering can
with a spout in which was inserted a small piece of wood to conduct the liquid
directly to the roots without waste. Four applications were given in each case,
the first, four days after the plants were set out and the remaining three at intervals
of seven days. At each application sufficient liquid was used to wet thoroughly
the roots. At Guelph more than was necessary was applied and at first a slight
yellowing of the plants occurred, but they soon outgrew this and became just as
vigourous as any plants in the plot. At Burlington no yellowing was observed
and the plants were very vigourous throughout.
Corrosive sublimate has shown itself to be a very valuable substance in com-
bating this pest, but a great deal of work is yet necessary to determine the best
strengths to use, the number of applications necessary, and the best time to make
each of these. Tests will also have to be made to determine whether this substance
can safely be used with radishes and if so in what way. There is very little doubt
that the growers would much more readily use corrosive sublimate than apply
the tarred felt paper discs. They seem to have a decided objection to using the
latter, though they have been recommended for so many years.
Pror. Jones: In the treatment of cabbage plants for Root Maggot was there
any difference observed in the fertility of the soil to which corrosive sublimate
had been added as compared with that to which it was not added ?
Mr. Hucxett: No observable difference.
Pror. Jones: Corrosive sublimate is one of the strongest of our disinfectants,
and in addition to destroying the egg or the larva of the Cabbage Maggot it would
have a marked influence on the bacterial content of the soil. It would destroy
the nitrogen fixer and the nitrifiers and also the decomposing species of bacteria;
and providing there was not. plenty of available food material in the soil ready
for the plants to use, then on account of the corrosive sublimate I should imagine
that synthetic action of the bacteria in the soil as well as decomposition action
would be materially interfered with. That would depend upon how long the
mercuric chloride was active in the soil after it had killed the maggots. Of course
1919 ENTOMOLOGIC2L SOCIETY. 69
the corrosive sublimate would become inactive within a reasonably short period,
its poisonous action being neutralized by its affinity for proteid substances present
in the soil, but to- what extent its action would interfere with the fertility of the
soil I think leaves room for some experimental worker to demonstrate.
SOME CHAPTERS OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY.
W. LocHHEAD, MacpoNAaLp COLLEGE, QUEBEC.
Tue BreGinnines or ENtomMoLoey.
The beginnings of all sciences are full of interest as they reveal the gropings
of earnest seekers after truth. Every natural science has an early stage when
the knowledge of nature was extremely limited and clouded with superstition.
It has been said that, “ All knowledge begins and ends with wonder, but the first
wonder is the child of ignorance”; but while wonder and curiosity have been great
impulses to the study of that great mysterious world of nature, much of the know-
ledge of nature has come as the direct result of the experiences of early man in
gaining his livelihood. Consequently we must look for the beginnings of Ento-
mology in the practical lore of the hunter, the shepherd and the gardener long
before the facts had been collated by the early naturalists.
A few references to insects are made in early writings, locusts, bees and ants
being often mentioned by the old Hebrew writers (Exodus 8, Judge 14.14, Pro-
verbs 6, Proverbs 30, Joel 1.4, Joel 2.25, Joel 2.2-10.) and scarabeid beetles sculp-
tured in stone by the old Egyptians. It is very probable that the peoples of some
of the ancient civilizations possessed considerable knowledge of natural history,
including insects.*
Bee-keeping was a favourite occupation in Palestine, Assyria, Babylon, Carth-
age, Egypt. Greece and Rome. The Egyptians had even floating apiaries. A
hieroglyphic bee has been found sculptured on a Sarcophagus containing the
mummy of Mykerinos, King of Lower Egypt, about 3,633 years B.C., no doubt
emblematic of the relationship between the King and the people.
Silkworms were cultivated many thousand years ago by the Chinese and the
people of India, and the silkworm industry was an agricultural one.
We find also that the Egyptians had a high grade treatise on medicine 1500
years B.C., which must have been based on centuries of observation and practice,
and also upon a knowledge of related sciences. However, whatever may have been
the accomplishments of these people, no records have been preserved. To the Greeks,
therefore, belong the credit of producing the first scientific treatise on natural
history.
The first entomologist of whom we have any record was Aristotle (384-322
B.C.) Parts of three of his zoological works viz., Historia Animalium, De Partibus
Animalium, and De Generatione Animalium, have been handed down to us. These
reveal the many sided nature of his activities, for he was not only a collector and
*When we reflect that practically all our cultivated plants and domesticated animals
are of pre-historic origin, we are ebliged to believe that pre-historic man maintained for
long ages a high civilization, when skill and labor not only transformed wild life into
cultivated fruitfulness and domestic use, but also made progress in the knowledge of
the creatures (including insects) that associated with the plants and animals. Recent
researches go to show that such an agricultural civilization occupied the Mediterranean
Basin from Portugal through Asia Minor and Persia to Korea. Pre-historic cultivation
terraces in this district still show how extensive were the plantations in ancient times,
70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
classifier, but also a morphologist and inductive philosopher. He studied the life
histories of many insects, he made many dissections and resolved the organs into
tissues. His classification of inects, although based largely on external features,
remained unimproved for more than 2,000 years, and his generalizations contained
the ideas of an evolution from the simplest to the highest organisms in nature.
Concerning his own work Aristotle says: “I found no basis prepared, no
models to copy.....-.- mine is the first step, and therefore a small one, though
worked out with much thought and hard labor. It must be looked at as a first
step and judged with indulgence.”
Although Aristotle believed in the spontaneous generation of certain insects
and other animals that appeared in the processes of putrefaction, his views re-
garding the generation of the higher animals are expressed in the sentence, “ All
living creatures, whether they swim, or walk, or fly, and whether they come into
the world in the form of an animal, or of an egg, they are engendered in the
same way.” In fact, Aristotle had very definite even modern views regarding
embryology, for he had studied the forming chick in the shell. He might be
termed an epigenist, for he believed that “the parts of the future organism do
not pre-exist as such, but make their appearance in due order of succession.”
It is interesting to note that the methods of Aristotle are those of modern
scientific workers, viz., INVESTIGATION BY OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENT. It
required, however, more than 2,000 years for workers to realize the TOR eee
of his methods in the study of nature.
Regarding Aristotle’s knowledge of insect development and structure =o may
be said that he knew that there were male and female insects, and that they re-
produced sexually. He knew that drone bees develop without fertilization, but
he called the “ queen” the “king” of the hive. He thought that “nits” do not
produce animals, that spiders bring forth live worms instead of eggs, and produce
threads of their webs from the external part of their bodies, that caterpillars are
produced from cabbages daily, and that many insects rise spontaneously from
putrefaction. He believed, too, that all invertebrates were bloodless. He separated
the crustacea from insects, and divided the insects into winged and wingless.
His sub-divisions were also partly perfectly natural. He considered the larya
a prematurely hatehed embryo and the pupa as a second egg.
Professor Sundeyall estimates that Aristotle indicated and described about
60 species of insects and arachnidans and about 24 species of crustacea and annelids.
Aristotle is said to have written a treatise on bees, but if so, no trace of it
has reached us. Columella, however, tells us that the Greeks were proficient bee-
keepers. That the Romans practised apiculture is very evident for Virgil devotes
the fourth book of the Georgies entirely to a discussion of bees, their habits,
economy, and management. Following Aristotle, he calls the queen the king of
the hive, and believed that bees originate from decomposing bodies of bullocks
(See also Judges 15 for a similar belief).
The Greek poets occasionally refer to insects. For example, Xenarchos says:
“Happy is the Cicada, since its wife has no voice.”
While Aristotle’s knowledge of insects was full of erudities and errors, it
must be confessed that he did a large amount of valuable work that has stood the
test of time.
After Aristotle, the study of natural history declined and no work appeared
until that of Pliny the Elder (23-79 A.D.) the Roman general and historian.
His voluminous writings on natural history have been well preserved but they
contain nothing new. They are complications of the works of previous writers
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. val
and include much fable and fancy joined with fact. Pliny’s system of elassifi-
cation of animals is inferior to that of Aristotle’s, although he adopts the latter’s
in the case of insects.
After Pliny the study of natural history declined rapidly and no attention
was given it for about 1,500 years. Not only during the Dark Ages following
the fall of the Roman Empire, but during the Middle Ages the study of nature
was thoroughly discouraged as “ proceeding from a prying and impious curiosity.”
Observation and reason were overthrown by biblical and classical authority
and mental activity assumed the form of metaphysical speculation.*
Happily, however, much information was handed down regarding Natural
History during these dark centuries in the form of practical lore of the farmer and
gardener to which I have already referred, so that when science again showed signs
of revival the naturalists had a basis on which to work.
Tue ReyrvaL or SCIENCE.
For several centuries bold minds had revolted against the traditional ad-
herence to authority, and in the 15th and 16th centuries, Galileo, Deseartes, and
Vesalius (1514-1564) working along different branches overthrew the old tra-
ditions, and the new movement for the revival of science was fairly launched.
Mention should here be made of some of the investigators of the new era
on account of their influence on the pioneer entomologists. Vesalius, a Belgian,
studied medicine in Paris and gave much attention to anatomy. His great work
“De Humani Corporis Fabrica” is a classic and “ created an epoch,” as it “ over-
threw dependence on authority (Galen) and re-established the scientific method
of ascertaining truth.”
Harvey (1578-1667) was the pioneer physiologist, and his splendid researches
on the Circulation of the Blood have earned him a place among the great pioneers
of science who questioned and experimented with nature to find out her secrets.
Like Aristotle, he considered the larva a prematurely hatched embryo, and the
pupa a second egg (De Generatione Animalium).
Tuer Great INsect ANATOMISTS.
The impetus given to the study of anatomy by Vesalius produced in the 16th
century a large number of workers like Wotton, Gesner, Aldrovandi, and Jonston,
who have been called the “ encyclopedists ” on account of their voluminous writings
on many topics.t
*This attitude was expressed by Redi about 1668, thus: ‘ Because he’s Aristotle, it
implies that he must be believed, e’en though he lies.”
A curious collection of manuscripts called the ‘‘ Physiologus” or the “ Bestiarius”,
and produced under theological guidance, formed the main source of information on
natural history during these times. The accounts deal with biblical as well as mythicat
animals, such ag the unicorn, dragon, basilisk, and pheonix. Many are represented as
symbolical of religious beliefs, and moral reflections are interjected at frequent inter-
vals. Locy says: “The Zoology of the Physiologus was of a much lower grade than any
we know about among the ancients.”
yConrad Gesner (1516-1558), a Swiss, was an indefatigable collector, observer an@
writer. His papers on insects were published after his death by Thomas Monfet, about
1634. Gesner is justly considered as the restorer of natural history. Long lost treasures
were again made known and a stimulus was given for further research.
Aldrovandi (1552-1605) described the natural history of insects at great length in
seven books. He divided insects into land and water dwellers, and these were subdivided
according to the structure of their wings and legs.
The writings of Gesner and Aldrovandi contain many ridiculously improbable state-
ments gathered from ill-attested sources and repeated from the writings of Aristotle and
Pliny.
~?
we
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
In the 17th century two insect anatomists, Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) of
Italy, and John Swammerdam (1637-1680) of Holland, made large contributions
to science. Malpighi’s treatise on the Silkworm, published in 1669, has become
a classic. It was a pioneer work in a new field. The author had the advantage
to the new aid to vision, the microscope, which came into use at this time through
the ingenuity of Hooke, Malpighi, Swammerdam and Leeuwenhoek. Miall says,
“ For the first time the dorsal vessel, the tracheal system, the tubular appendages of
the stomach, the reproductive organs and the structural changes which accompany
transformation were observed.” Moreover, he observed and described the neryous
system, the urinary tubules (Malpighian) and the silk-forming apparatus.
“This research,” says Malpighi, “was extremely laborious and tedious on
account of its novelty, as well as the minuteness, fragility and intricacy of the
parts which required special manipulation; so that when I had toiled for many
months at this incessant and fatiguing task, I was plagued next autumn with
fevers and inflammation of the eyes. Nevertheless such was my delight in the
work, so many unsuspected wonders of nature revealing themselves to me, that
I cannot tell it in words.”
Miall says: The last distinct glimpse we got of him is interesting. Dr. Tancred
Robinson, writing to John Ray, from Geneva, April 18th, 1684 tells how he met
Malpighi at Bologna. They talked of the origin of fossils, and Malpighi could not
contain himself about Martin Lister’s foolish hypothesis that fossils were sports of
nature. “ Just as I left Bononia,” he continues, “I had a lamentable spectacle of
Malpighi’s house all in flames, occasioned by the negligence of his old wife. All his
pictures, furniture, books, and manuscripts were burnt. I saw him in the very heat
of the calamity, and methought I never beheld so much Christian patience and
philosophy in any man before; for he comforted his wife, and condoled nothing but
the loss of his papers, which are more lamented than the Alexandrian Library, or
Bartholine’s Bibliothese at Copenhagen.”
Swammerdam’s researches on the May-Fly and the Honey Bee entitle him
to a high place among insect anatomists. He found by dissection that “ the queen
is the mother of the colony, the drones the males, and the working bees the neuters ;
but he did not find out that the neuters were only imperfect females” (Miall).
Swammerdam’s contributions were collected and published after his death by
Boerhaave under the title of “Biblia Naturae.” The folio edition is a volume
of 410 pages of text and 53 plates of excellent drawings. Swammerdam was a more
critical observer than Malpighi, as evidenced by his accurate and complete deserip-
tions and anatomical work.
Boerhaave gives us a picture of Swammerdam at work which the reader does
not soon forget. “His labors were superhuman. Through the day he observed
incessantly, and at night he described and drew what he had seen. By six o’clock
in the morning in summer he began to find enough light to enable him to trace
the minutiae of natural objects. He was hard at work until noon, in full sunlight,
and bareheaded, so as not to obstruct the light; and his head streamed with
profuse sweat. His eyes, by reason of the blaze of light and microscopic toil,
became so weakened that he could not observe minute objects in the afternoon,
though the light was not less bright than in the morning, for his eyes were weary,
and could no longer perceive readily ” (Miall).
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
~2
oo
The title of Swammerdam’s work is entitled as follows :—
os THE BOOK OF NATURE;
OR, THE
HISTORY OF INSECTS:
Reduced to distinct CLASSES, confirmed by particular INSTANCES, Displayed
in the Anatomical Analysis of many Species.
and
Illustrated with Copper-Plates
including
The Generation of the Frog, the History of the Ephemerus, the Changes of Ilies,
Butterflies and Beetles:
with the
Original Discovery of the Milk Vessels of the Cuttlefish, and many other
eurious Particulars
By JoHN SwamMmMerpam, M.D.
with
Tue Lire or THe AvutHor, By Herman BorrHaave, M.D.
Translated from the Dutch and Latin Original Edition,
By Tomas Fiuoyp.
Revised and Improved by Notes from Réaumur and others,
By Joun Hitz, M.D.
LONDON:
Printed for C. G. Styrretr, Bookseller, in Dean Street, Soho.
MDCCLVIII,
He studied the phenomena of metamorphosis, and showed that the butterfly is
contained within the chrysalis, and that the organs of the latter are developed in
the caterpillar. He emphasized the point that the various changes do not occur
suddenly. He distinguished between metamorphosis and moulting. Moreover,
he opposed the idea of spontaneous generation.
The 18th century produced Pierre Lyonnet (1707-1789) of Holland, who
surpassed all his predecessors in minute dissection. His memoir on the Goat or
Willow Moth, (Cossus ligniperda). published in 1750, will always remain a classic
of insect anatomy. It contains 18 quarto plates with 137 figures, but the text
t4 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
is mainly a description of the plates. One does not know whether to marvel
more at the great patience and manual skill required to make out such detailed
dissections, or at his wonderful drawings and plates. :
Lyonnet’s skill in dissection, however, surpassed his knowledge of anatomy.
His great monograph “ reveals the lack of insight of a trained anatomist ” largely
on account of the fact that he did not receive that careful preliminary training
in anatomy that his two great predecessors, Malpighi and Swammerdam, received.
His contributions to science are confined entirely to matters of anatomy. He
showed clearly for the first time what are now known as “imaginal disks” or
““histoblosts.”
Coming to the 19th century, the names of four anatomists appear on the
scroll of fame, viz.: Strauss-Diirckheim, Dufour, Newport and Leydig. The
trend of research was gradually changing from a monographie study of a single
form to a comparative study of insects, and these with other invertebrate forms,
and finally to histological and embryological investigations.
Hercule Strauss-Diirekheim (1790-1865) of France, continued the work of
Lyonnet and published in 1828 a most valuable monograph of the Anatomy of
the Cockchafer, entitled, “ Considérations Générales sur Anatomie Comparée des
Animaux Articulés, aux quelles on a joint !’Anatomie Descriptive du Melolontha
Vulgaris donnée comme example de l’Organization des Coleoptéres.” It contained
many finely lithographed plates of 109 sketches which compare very favorably with
those of Lyonnet. The dissections, however, lack the marvelous details of Lyonnet’s
work, but his memoir has the merit of broadening the scope of anatomy and of
making it comparative.
Leon Dufour, a Frenchman, published between 1831 and 1834 a large number
of memoirs on the anatomy and metamorphoses of different families oz insects,
thus extending the work of Strauss-Diirckheim in the line of comparative anatomy.”
Dufour merits attention also because the great Fabre got his inspiration for
his life work on reading a volume of Dufour’s that came by chance into his hand.
It was “the electric impulse that decided his vocation.”
Dufour was a disciple of Latreille, and practised as a country doctor. Perhaps
his greatest contributions to entomology were along the line of bionomics. Ile
lacked, however, the requisite patience of concentrating his attention for a long
period upon a definite object, although he enriched science with a large number
of important facts ; he was to a large extent unable to interpret them. For example,
Legros relates how Fabre had his curiosity aroused when reading Dufour’s account
of his finding a small metallic Buprestis in the nest of a Cerceris wasp; apparently
dead but without any symptoms of decay. To Dufour the Buprestis was dead and
he attempted an explanation of the phenomenon. Fabre decided to make obser-
vations for himself, and “to his great surprise he discovered how incomplete
and insufficiently verified were the observations of the man who was at that time
known as the Patriarch of Entomologists.”
Newport was the first of the modern type of Entomologists, since he applied
for the first time the facts of embryology to insect anatomy. In 1832-34 he
published his researches on the modification of the nervous system during the
larval, pupal, and adult stages.
Leydig (1821-1908) is thoroughly modern: he broadened the work of Newport
by the introduction of histological methods. His great memoir, “The Structure
of the Animal Body” was published in 1864. ;
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 75
Great Insect EcoxLocists
By the term “ ecologist ” is meant here a student of the habits and life histories
of insects. Most of the men whose names have already been mentioned contributed
very materially to our knowledge of insect habits, but these contributions were
incidental to the study of anatomy.
Francesco Redi, the Florentine scholar, poet, physician and naturalist (1626-
1697) did much to shatter the dogma of spontaneous generation which, as we
have already seen, had been accepted as the doctrine of the Church, and the
scientific world for nearly 2,000 years. Aristotle had accepted the theory to explain
the origin of many of the “bloodless ” or invertebrate animals, but had excepted
the higher animals. Redi proved by experiment that if the flesh of a dead animal
were protected carefully from intruding insects no grubs or insects developed in it.
He was not so successful in solving the problem of the generation of parasites
and gall insects where he was forced to the conclusion, in spite of contrary con-
victions, that these insects arose spontaneously. The results of his researches
were published in 1668 under the title of “ Experiments on the Generation of
Insects.” His translator says that “The title of the work gives little hint of
its varied contents. It is a formal letter grown into a book showing the attitude
of seyenteenth-century Italians towards their surroundings, and affording a clear
insight into their conception of nature. The opinions of priests, philosophers,
and poets of the period on natural phenomena of perennial interest, and here set
down with grave simplicity, enlivened by occasional humorous comment, and many
elaborate quotations from the classics are inserted as proof or refutations of
theories advanced.”
Among the other interesting topics discussed by Redi are Cherry Fruit Flies,
Sheep Bot Flies, and Biting Lice of Birds. Our President, I surmise, will be
interested in his description and drawing of the Cherry Fruit Fly. His drawings
of the Mallophaga are numerous and suggestive of much close observation. He
tells us that he used a microscope furnished with three lenses and made in Rome,
and that the drawings were made at his request, by F. Pizzichi.
To the student of the history of biology, the book is a milestone marking
the beginning of a great epoch. It records the first, and therefore the most
important, statement supported by experimental evidence of that great general-
ization named by Huxley the Theory of Biogenesis.
It will be noted that Germany lagged behind the other countries of Europe
in the study of insects, producing only two writers of any merit. Roesel von
Rosenhof (1705-1759), a miniature painter, published “ Insecten-Belustigungen ”
which contains many observations on the habits and metamorphoses of insects.
His colored figures and sketches are interesting even at the present time. Frisch,
a school teacher, published a number of observations.
Charles Bonnet (1720-1793), acting on the suggestion of Réaumur, demon-
strated the sexual reproduction of aphids, but it was Lyonnet who discovered that
male aphids appeared towards the end of summer and fertilized the eggs that
wintered over.
Francois Huber (1750-1831), the blind Swiss naturalist, has given us much
interesting information regarding the habits and economy of the honey-bee. It is
said that “out of simple curiosity having undertaken to verify certain experiments
of Réaumur’s he was so completely fascinated by the subject that it became the
object of the rest of his life” (Legros). He made discoveries respecting the im-
preenation of the queen, the conversion of a worker-larva into a queen by the
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
~~
Oo
workers, the origin and elaboration of wax, the nature of propolis, the manner
of constructing the cells and combs, and the ventilation of the hives. These dis-
coveries are all the more wonderful when we remember that during the first period
of his investigation Huber employed a half-educated assistant to make the necessary
observations and experiments. During the middle and later periods of his life
his talented wife and his son Pierre acted as his assistants. The latter made
contributions of his own on the habits of ants and bees.
One of the first writers to give more attention to general habits and life
histories than to structure was Réaumur, (1683-1757). His “ Histoire des
Insectes” gave a great impetus to the development of the scientific method of
research by observation and experiment, and is one of the great entomological
classics. Réaumur did not possess the manual skill for dissection or drawing
of Lyonnet, Malpighi of Swammerdam, and he had to employ artists to draw for
him. He possessed, however, great patience in observation and displayed much
ingenuity in his experiments. Besides, his pages show a charm of language which
made his volumes popular and gave them a wide reading.
Baron Chas. De Geer (1720-1728) of Sweden, was an anatomist, physiologist,
and systematist, and his great memoirs on the “ History of Insects” (7 volumes)
compare very favorably with those of Réaumur. “ A pupil of Linnaeus and a great
admirer of Réaumur, he combined the systematic regularity of the one with the
experimental skill and patient observation of the other.” His works have always
been considered a storehouse of important facts, clear descriptions, and enlightened
observations. They contain “ descriptions of upwards of 1,500 insects, a general
history of their manners and metamorphoses and carefully executed engravings
filling 238 plates.”
Like Réaumur, De Geer was born to wealth, and had immediate command of
everything that could help him in his investigations. Compared with Réaumur
he was more concise and precise in detailing facts and vastly more methodical.
On the other hand he showed less skill in making and recording his observations
and experiments.
Great INsEcT SYSTEMATISTS.
Aristotle, as I have already observed, may be considered the first systematist,
and his classification remained practically unchanged until the 17th century,
when John Ray (1628-1705) made many important advances, bridging, as it were,
the Medievalist and the modern systems. Ray published systematic works on
both plants and animals, but his chief contributions were to botany. “He was
the first to define the use of the word “ species” and to lay emphasis on anatomical
characteristics as a basis of classification.” In his Methodus Insectorum the
Arachnida, Crustacea, Myriapoda and Annelida are grouped with the Hexapoda
under Insecta.
According to Ray, all similar individuals which show constant characters from
generation to generation, or which breed true, form a species.
Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) was a compatriot of De Geer. He was essentially
a systematist. Sachs says: “He might almost be said to have been a classifying,
co-ordinating, and subordinating machine.” It is hard for us to realize the immense
service Linnaeus did for science by the introduction of some system of order
among the multitude of living things.
Locy says: “The chief services of Linnaeus to natural science consisted of
these three things: bringing into. current use the binomial nomenclature, the
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. v7
introduction of terse formulae for descriptions, and fixing attention upon species.”
The “Species Plantarum” published in 1753 and the tenth edition of the
“ Systema Naturae ” in 1758 are essentially catalogues of the names of the plants
and animals arranged in a methodical way. The terms, class, order, genus and
species, were established in classification. With the adoption of the binominal
methods, “certainty and precision were introduced into the art of description.”
Linnaeus’ classification of the Insecta is as follows :—
I—Insects with four wings:
1. The anterior ones horny.
2. The anterior ones half horny and half membraneous.
a. All covered with scales.
3. The anterior and posterior membranous. 3. Lepidoptera.
b. All naked. The nervures
* Recticulated. 4. Neuroptera.
** Ramose. 5. Hymenoptera.
6
7
. Coleoptera.
. Hemiptera.
wore
II.—Insects with two wings: . Diptera.
I1I.—Insects without wings: . Aptera.
1. With six feet, louse, flea and some others.
2. With more than six feet.
a. Head connected with thorax (spiders, crabs, etc.).
b. Head free (centipedes, wood-lice, etc.).
His Insecta corresponds, therefore, to our modern Arthropoda.
De Geer’s classification is :—
1.—Insects with wings:
A.—Gymnoptera.
1. Lepidoptera.
2. Elingula (Ephemerae, etc.).
3. Neuroptera (Libellulae, and other Linnean Neuroptera).
4. Hymenoptera.
5. Siphonata (Aphides and Cicada).
B.—Vaginata.
6. Dermaptera (bugs and water bugs).
7. Hemiptera (cockroaches and grasshoppers).
8. Coleoptera (beetles).
C.—Diptera.
9. Halterata (Linnaeus Diptera).
10. Proboscidae (the genus Coccus).
II.—Insects without wings. Aptera:
D.—Saltatoria.
11. Suctoria (the genus Culex).
E.—Gressoria.
12. Aucenata (the general Lepisma, Podura, Termes, Pédiculus, Recinus).
13. Atrachelia (the spiders and crabs).
14, Crustacea (the Isopoda, Amphipoda, and Myriapoda of Latreille).
Fabricius (1748-1808), a Dane, was born in Schleswig and became a Pro-
fessor at Kiel. His classification, published in his “Systema Entomologiae” in
1775 followed along a new path, the orders being defined by differences in the
mouth-parts. By his system insects far remote were grouped together. His
method of using solitary characters did not make for natural grouping.
His classification is as follows:—
I—INSECTS WITH BITING MouTHS.
A.—Two pairs of mandibles.
a. The lower ones having palpi.
1. Free without covering. 1. Class. Eleutherata (beetles).
2. Covered. 2. ae Ulonata (Orthoptera).
3. Connate with labium. 3. a Synistata (Neuroptera).
4. Distended, thin, coriaceous. 4 se Piegata (Hymenoptera).
78 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
5. Horny, strongly toothed, labium 5. Class. Odonata (Libellulae).
without palpi.
6. All without palpi. 6. es Mitosata (Scolopendra).
B.—A pair of maxillae resembling scis- Bs i Unogata (scorpions and
sors. spiders).
C.—More than two pair of maxillae.
1. Within the labium. 8. ts Polygonata (Isopoda).
2. Outside the lip closing the mouth. 9. ‘° Kleistognatha (short-tailed
crabs).
3. Cutside the lip but covered by LO = Ss Exochnata (long-tailed crabs).
the palpi.
II—INSECTS wiTH SuctorraL MouTtHs.
1. In the mouth a spiral tongue. 11. Class. Glossata (Lepidoptera).
2. In the mouth a horny proboscis, phe Rhyngota (Hemiptera).
surrounded by jointed sheaths. :
3. In the mouths a soft unjointed ate eae Antiliata (Diptera).
proboscis.
Summarizing the results briefly one may say that Swammerdam based his
classification on metamorphosis, Linnaeus on wings, and Fabricius on mouth-parts.
As already observed the classifications of Linnacus, De Geer, and Fabricius
were based chiefly upon superficial features and not upon deep fundamental
characters. The systems were artificial, but convenient for purposes of identi-
fication. The natural system was not fully established for another seventy-
five years, and was elaborated by Cuvier (1769-1832), Latreille, Lamarck, Leach,
Kirby and Spence, Oken and Macleay. The division Aptera had long perplexed
systematists. Cuvier proved clearly that the crabs, etc., could not be retained
among insects, forming the class Crustacea for them.*
Lamarck removed the spiders, scorpions, etc., constituting the class Arachnida
for them, including therein the mites, centipedes, springtails and lice. Latreille,**
however, formed the class Myriapoda for the centipedes, the order Thysanura for
the springtails and the order Parasita for the lice.
Latreille’s ordinal classification is as follows :—
I—Apiropoda. Condylopes with more than six legs.
1. Class. Crustacea.
2. “ Arachnides.
3. “ Myriapoda.
TIl—Hexapoda. Condylopes with six legs.
4. Class. Insecta.
A—Insects without wings.
a. Without metamorphosis.
* With mandibulate organs. 1. Order. Thysanura.
** With suctorial mouths. 2. SF Parasita.
b. With perfect metamorphosis. 3. ve Siphonaptera.
B.— Insects with wings.
a. Elytroptera. The anterior wing covers
the posterior like a sheath.
* Mandibulate mouth. Cases horny.
Perfect metamorphosis 4. a Coleoptera.
Cases horny, imperfect metamorphosis. 5 Ue Dermaptera the
genus.
Cases coriaceous. Imperfect 6. Orthoptera.
metamorphosis.
** Suctorial mouth. Ae ss ‘Hemiptera.
b. Gymnoptera. Wings alike.
* Four wings.
*It will be recalled that Aristotle separated the Crustacea from the insects as a
separate class (Malacostraca).
**Leach first used the term Myriapoda for centipedes and millipedes.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79
7 Mandibulate oral organs at least
distinct mandibles.
Wings with reticulated nervures. 8. Order. Neuroptera.
Wings with ramose nervures. 9. Hymenoptera.
7+ Suctorial mouth. Mandibles abortive. 10. .s Lepidoptera.
** Two wings.
7 Two distorted moveable processes on ible Strepsiptera.
the prothorax.
77 Poisers behind the wings. 12. a Diptera.
Kirby and Spence’s Classification (Introduction) is as follows:
I—Insects with mandibles. Mandibulata.
Order. Coleoptera (like Linnaeus and Latreille. Eleutherata, Fab.).
Ls Strepsiptera, Kirb. (Rhiphiptera, Latr.)
Dermaptera, Leach (Family Forficula, Latr.).
fe Orthoptera (like Latreille, but without Forficula).
oid Neuroptera (like Linnaeus and Latreille, but without the Trichoptera).
s Hymenoptera (like Linnaeus and Latreille).
1].—Insects with suctorial mouths. Haustellata.
7. Order. Hemiptera (like Linnaeus and Latreille).
ae Trichoptera (Leach).
POT Ye 9 BS pa
oi a Lepidoptera (Linnaeus and Latreille).
10. oo Diptera (like Linnaeus and Latreille).
ith yY Aphaniptera, Kirby (Suctoria, Latr.).
12. id Aptera (all apterous insects breathing through tracheae).
* Hexapoda (Ametabola, Leach, Thysanura, Parasita Latr.).
** Octopoda (Arachnides, Tracheales, Latr.).
*** Polypoda (Myriapoda, Leach, Latr.).
We will note that in the Aptera are included the hexapod spring-tails and
lice, the octopod mites, and the polypod centipedes.
McLeay’s Classification (Horae Hntomologicae, 1821) is as follows :—
ANNULOSA:
1. Crustacea (according to Latreille).
2. Arachnida (according to Latreille).
3. Ametabola (Myriapoda, Thysanura, Parasita of Latreille).
4. Haustellata.
5. Mandibulata.
Ptilota.
Mandibulata Haustellata.
Larvae with feet, pupae obtectae.
Trichoptera Lepidoptera
(Semblodes, Phryganea, etc.)
Larvae apods, pupae exaratae.
Hymenoptera Diptera
Larvae varying, pupae free and quiet
Coleoptera Aptera (Suctoria, Latr.).
Metamorphosis semi-complete, Larvae resembling the imago.
Orthoptera Hemiptera
(Hemip. Heteroptera, Lat.).
Larvae with six feet, metamorphosis varying.
Neuroptera Homoptera
(Hemip. Homopt. Latr.).
Tue Strupy or ParAsitismM AND NaturAL Mretruop oF CONTROL.
From early times students of insect life have observed that sometimes from
caterpillars and their chrysalids there emerge insects that are different from them
and that often cause their death. According to Silvestri, Aldroyandi (1602) was
the first to observe the exit to the larve of Apanteles glomeratus, which he
thought were eggs, from the common cabbage caterpillar. Later, Redi (1668)
tecorded the same observation, and others on insects of different species.
Valisnieri (1661-1730) was probably the first to discover the real nature of
80 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
parasitism. About the nature and work of these parasites he wrote, “ If sometimes
there are born, (from one insect different ones) they are what I should call false
individuals, being born from a different kind of worms which have been deposited
there by their mothers, so that they may feed off the real native worm. This is
a law ordained in this base world by the Supreme Creator which I haye not yet
well understood, that the larger always devours the smaller, and is its tyrant,
a law which I have constantly observed in all forms of life, winged, four-footed,
and aquatic.”
Cestoni, a contemporary of Valisnieri, in a letter to him speaks at length
about the parasites of Aphis brassicae, Pieris brassicae, and finally of Aleyrodes
brassicae. He calls the insects of this latter species first “ butterfly -atoms ” and
then “little cabbage sheep ” and their parasites, “ wolf-mosquito.”
Réaumur, about 1735, and De Geer about 1760, published records of many
parasitic forms. About the beginning of the 19th century considerable attention
was given to the study of insect parasites by several Zoologists, and many records
were published. Ratzeburg’s great work on “ The Ichneumons of Forest Insects,”
published about 1850, was for a long time the great classic on the subject. During
the last part of the 19th century entomologists of many countries made important
contributions so that by the end of the century the literature on the subject was
quite voluminous.
Professor Trotter tells us that the first person to divine the importance of
parasitism and to apply the principle successfully was Boisgiraud of Poictiers in
France. About 1840 he freed the poplars in the suburbs of his town of Gypsy
Moth by placing there Calosoma sycophanta, and he destroyed forficulids in his
own garden by using Staphylinus oleus.
These successes seem to have inspired the Milanese in 1843 to offer a medal
to be given in 1845 to any person who had in the meantime conducted successful
experiments in the artificial breeding of carnivorous insects which may be used
advantageously to destroy insects injurious to agriculture. To this appeal Antonio
Villa responded in 1844 by a pamphlet entitled: “ Carnivorous Insects used to
destroy Species Injurious to Agriculture,’ in which are set forth at length the
results of successful experiments carried on by him at Desio in the Province of
Milan. In these experiments Carabids and Staphylinids were used. Villa’s results
were criticized by Bassi, Bellani, and Ratzeburg. The latter said that “ Carni-
vorous insects can be applied to the needs of agriculture only by the beneficent
hand of nature and that every effort to assist it must be in vain.”
Rondani, a few years later in the sixties, made important studies of insect
parasites, chiefly dipterous and hymenoperous forms. In his “ Account of
Parasitic Insects and their Victims” he shows the importance of these insects
in agriculture, and gives a table of parasites known as enemies of injurious insects.
In France, Perris and Decaux carried on valuable experimental work with
parasites and predaceous insects in the early seventies.
From that time the U.S. have taken the lead, not only in the study of
parasitism but also in economic entomology. |
REFERENCES.
Burmeister, Hs veieeicecteceles Manual of Entomology, trans. by Shuckard ........ 1836
Greenes Fria ston cies) lore Carolus Linnaeus, €. Sower & Co. ©... 2.0. cess cwes 1912
Hennepuy, saa ey ates ce Les’ Insectes,: Masson 1&1 COs.) <c)(.:00. 212 velo e wieleieietaciantaltre 1904
Jardine: Wiwcietemertons wine The Naturalist’s #bibrary: << cxcp-% selsmiesih=/elastep eine 1852-3
Kirby and Spence ...... Introduction to. Hntomolosy, eee c deve e ecient 1826
IOC YW. ALN oessten a cite ee Biology. and. its Makers; “Hoit '& Co: "ico. cele ante cielere 1908
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81
0) Cee a « The History of Biology, Putnam ................... 1911
Miall and Denny......... MHenCockroachs, REGVEi@, COlmer cies sisicisielniess -uisieie safer 1886
SEMINOLE aiajnjois'oic 0101s 0 s'0 sisis Experiments on the Generation of Insects, trans. by
t M. Bigelow, Open Court Pub. Co. .............. 1909
Swammerdam ........... History of Insects, trans. by Thos. Floyd & Hill .... 1758
RUM EM sek, cic cies viqpe ccsiers A Survey of the Actual State of Agricultural Entomo-
logyein the) United! States: sais 5 < « <:0.cere slo's oyeis erele nue 1909
remanOnS I. A: ...6---.s The Science of Life, Blackie & Son ................ 1899
Westwood, J. O. ......... An Introduction to the Modern Classification of
TTS COTE VOLS Pycysterch arate lever Z Gree o wraiaialiotoets.clo te Blerevee seus 1839
Article “Entomology” in Encyclopedia Britannica,
BROT OCLs ayetciesiacs ccathefarnislate cist iecefere’ scale: s)'s07s. haveraralete rene ancverp
THE PEAR PSYLLA IN ONTARIO.
W. A. Ross, Dominion Enromoiocican Lagoratory, VINELAND STATION.
The following paper is based largely on insectary and orchard investigations
which were conducted at the Dominion Entomological Laboratory at Vineland
Station, Ontario, in 1917 and 1918. In the insectary the psylla was bred on
pear seedlings grown in flower pots and covered with lantern chimneys.
History AND DistTRIBUTION.
It is believed that the pear psylla (Psylla pyricola) was first introduced into
North America in 1832 on pear trees imported into Connecticut from Europe.
According to Slingerland and Crosby,* the insect is now generally distributed
over the Hastern United States as far south as Virginia, and it also occurs in
California.
It was first discovered in Canada in 1894 at Freeman, Ont., at which place
it was found seriously injuring a block of three hundred Dwarf Duchess pear
trees. Since then it has been recorded from other parts of Ontario, from Nova
Seotia, and from British Columbia. Professor Lochhead informs me it has never
been taken in Quebec.
In British Columbia, according to Mr. R. C. Treherne of the Dominion
Entomological Branch, the psylla is present only in the lower Kootenay country
where it was first observed in the spring of 1917. As the B.C. form occurs only
on apple and as it differs slightly from its Eastern fellow, there is room for doubt,
in my mind at least, as to its being P. pyricola.
Professor W. H. Brittain, Provincial Entomologist for Nova Scotia, informs
me that in that province the pear psylla is injurious in some years and in other
years it is very little in evidence.
In Ontario the insect has been taken in the counties bordering Lake Erie
and Lake Ontario as far East as Trenton. However, outside of the Niagara and
Burlington districts (where it is only too frequently very destructive), it is of
comparatively little importance.
Our observations indicate that, in this province at least, the psylla is primarily
a pest of the large orchard or of sheltered orchards. For reasons at present not
clear to us, conditions in small plantings do not seem to be favorable for its rapid
multiplication and in such places it seldom attains destructive proportions.
*Manual of Fruit Insects.
6-E.
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
ioe)
cas)
NATURE OF INJURY.
The psylla causes injury by extracting with its sucking mouth-parts the sap
from the leaves, leaf petioles, fruit stems, and tender wood on which it feeds.
On badly infested trees, the contmual sapping of the life juices by myriads of
insects robs the tree of vitality, dwarfs the fruit, produces brown, dead areas on
the leaves (Fig. 14) and, in extreme cases, causes the foliage to drop prematurely.
Trees seriously weakened by this pest are especially susceptible to winter injury
and in a hard winter like that of 1917-18 readily succumb to low temperatures.
Large quantities of a sweet sticky liquid called honey-dew are excreted by the
psyllas, and on attacked trees the foliage, fruit, twigs and branches may be covered
with this sticky material and with a sooty fungus which grows in it. (Fig. 15).
This coating of honeydew and sooty fungus not only makes the trees and fruit
very unsightly but it is very probable that it is also detrimental to the physiological
functions of the leaves.
Fig. 14.—Leaf injury caused by Fig. 15—Leaves showing honey-dew fungus and
pear psylla. nymphs.
Lire History.
Summary.
The winter is passed in the adult stage. The adults hibernate under the rough
bark on the trunks and main limbs, and under grass, leaves and rubbish near the
infested pear trees. In late March or early April the insects leave their winter
quarters, congregate on the twigs and fruit spurs and in a short time, provided
the weather remains propitious, commence to lay eggs. Oviposition may continue
until about the time the petals drop; however, the vast majority of the eggs are
laid by the time the fruit buds have burst. The eggs are deposited on the twigs,
fruit spurs and smaller branches, chiefly on the under surface. They commence
to hatch when the fruit buds are beginning to break, and nearly all have hatehed
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83
by the time the petals drop. The period of incubation varies, according to the
temperature, from 8 to 32 days, the average being about three weeks. The newly
hatched nymphs migrate to the opening buds where they feed chiefly on the
petioles and blossom stems. They grow rapidly and after moulting five times
reach the adult stage in about one month. This first brood is then succeeded
by three other broods, and the life cycle is finally completed in the fall by the
appearance of the winter adults—the hibernating forms.
Tue Rec.
Description: The egg (Fig. 18) is sub-oval, blunt at the base and pointed at
the apex. In colour it is creamy or pale yellowish with orange at the base. In
length it varies from .315 mm. to .340 mm.
The egg is attached to leaf or bark by a short stalk projecting from near
the basal end, and at the apex there is a long hair-like Ament
Fig. 16.—Showing eggs along Fig. 17—First generation eggs laid on bark.
midrib of leaf. (Much enlarged.) (Much enlarged.)
Location of Eggs: The overwintering females deposit their eggs on the twigs,
fruit spurs and smaller branches, chiefly on the under surface. (Fig. 16). After
the buds have burst, belated females may be found laying their eggs on the young
leaves.
The eggs of the summer forms are laid principally on the leaves, singly or
in clusters, along the midrib (Fig. 17). They also may be found on the leaf
petioles and shoots.
Period of Incubation: In the case of first generation eggs, i.e., eggs laid by
overwintering females, the period of incubation was determined in 1917 from a
study of 21 batches of eggs deposited at various dates from April 14th to June 9th.
The average period was about 20 days, the maximum and minimum being respec-
tively 32 and 8 days. The average duration of the egg stage “ ce was 26 days,
in May 19 days, and in early June 11 days. (See Table No.
84 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
TABLE No. 1.
Duration of Incubation of Ist Generation Eggs.
Year.
Date of | Number of | Maximum Minimum | Average
Deposition. Lots. | Duration. Duration. | Duration.
| Days } Days Days
1) (een naonbooe nts: April 14-22... 8 32 | 23 26
GUT tescjceclsiges teaenereo| May 2-29..... 9 | 28 11 19
‘ | |
IOUT oes eh adess ope | June 3-9...... 4 13 8 11
In experiments with 40 lots of 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation eggs, the average
duration of the egg stage proved to be 1114 days in June, 7% days in July, 10
days in August, and 1214 days in September. (See Table No. 2).
TABLE No. 2.
Duration of Incubation of 2nd, 3rd and 4th Generation Eggs. |
|
Year. |
|
Deraition, | Generation, [er | Tratioa: | Duration | Dmeaees
Days | Days. | Days
IG Bepaicpedasc June 19-29.. 2nd 5 15 ! 11
IOUS: Rasae ameter June 8-12..| 2nd 3 mM [5 -s0
Average ......... June At 2nd 8 15 | 8 | 113
TS oe eee Mead Kits aa 2nd, 3rd 10 12 4 7
{9186.65 Pen July -9-26..) 2nd, 3rd 5 | Saae 6 8
Average ........ July 3-31.. 2nd, 3rd 15 12 4 7k
CIEE Sone on ne Aug. 3-27..| 2nd, 3rd 10 15 28 10
191Seetecso ee Aug. 15-26... 3rd, 4th 3 11 9 10
Average ..i..03. Aug. 3-27..|2nd, 3rd, 4th! 13 15 6 10
TRE eee epee Sept. 5.....| 3rd 1 u 12 Vee
LOIS saree ce Sept. 1-17...) 4th 3 23 6 12
Average .....5... Sept. 1-17..) 3rd, 4th 4 23 6 123
(1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85
Tue Nymru.
Description: 1st instar. Oval and very flat in shape. Antennae translucent
with dusky tips. Eyes reddish. Head pale yellow with a narrow median line of
eream. Thorax pale yellow. Abdomen yellowish with lunule of deep orange.
Legs translucent, dusky tarsi. Length .36 mm.
2nd instar. Similar to the 1st. Length .54 mm.
3rd instar. Similar to the 1st. Wing-pads apparent. Length .72 mm. to
8 mm.
4th instar. Similar to the 5th. Length .9 mm. to 1.08 mm.
5th instar. Oval and very flat in shape. Antennae light brown with dark
brown tips. yes reddish. Head dark brown with a longitudinal median line
of creamy grey. Thorax creamy grey blotched with red, with dark brown markings
arranged as in illustration; wing-pads dark brown. Abdomen: anterior third
creamy grey with three dark brown transverse bands interrupted in the middle,
posterior two-thirds dark brown. Length 1.44 to 1.62 mm. (Fig. 18).
Habits: Upon hatching out in the spring, the nymphs of the first generation
migrate to the opening buds where they feed principally on the leaf petioles and
blossom stems. The nymphs of the later generations are found chiefly on the
upper and under side of the foliage. They also occur to some extent on the
tender wood, especially in the fall.
The nymphs secrete copious quantities of honeydew, and, as a general rule,
are enveloped by this liquid. According to our observations, the nymphs of the
first generation secrete less honeydew than those of the succeeding broods.
Molting: The nymph molts five times, attaining the adult stage after the
fifth molt. In ®xperiments with 39 individuals the average duration of each
instar was: ist instar 6 days: 2nd instar 6 days; 3rd instar 6 days; 4th instar
- 6 days; 5th instar 8 days.
Length of Nymphal Life: In experiments conducted with 192 individuals
of the 1st generation, the duration of the nymphal stage varied from 20 to 35 days
with an average of 28 days.
86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Further data on the duration of the nymphal stage of summer and winter
forms are presented in Tables No. 3 and 4.
TABLE No. 3.
Length of Nymphal Life of Summer Forms.
Year. : :
| = Duration.
) abate of | Generation. | Matviduals
| aa "| Max. Min. Aver.
days days days
IOUG/(B SAE neo clacoodocd=ncc ‘May 11-31... Ist 71 35 24 30
TOA reeaSearctatetass roreileretetantolavars June 5-30...| Ist, 2nd 40 24 19 21
AGUS a aeclewemicesilceitasere =r June 18-24... 2nd 10 27 21 254
Kwarsene: See dodsmeseenade June 5-30...) Ist, 2nd - 50 27 19 23
11 17
12 224
11 20
19. aes
Forms.
ition.
in. | Aver
lays davs
MM TGErAOAOOUCOCSOOSOIAOOC Aug. 1-ou... piu 74 55 | 29 38
TIS heen ee eee Aug. 26-31...) 4th 11 pl | 30 43
TAVOTALEls sceleisie ra'ieisenie sisi Aug. 1-31...| 3rd, 4th 33 55 29 « 403
TID a adeenone soanecodtage Sept. 1-8 3rd 5 | 61 51 58
Tue Summer ADULT.
The summer adult commences to appear a short time after the pear blossoms:
fall, and from then until early autumn it is always present.
Description: The adult (Fig. 18) is a tiny four-winged insect bearing a
striking resemblance to a Cicada in miniature. The transparent wings slope roof-
like over the abdomen, and the legs are adapted for jumping. The differences
in the external appearance of the male and female are shown in Fig. 21. The
female is about 2 mm. in length and the male about 1.8 mm.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87
Colour notes: Predominating colour red. Antennae yellowish brown; 1, 11
reddish; tips black. Head crimson, mesal suture and a spot on either side black.
Eyes dark red. Thorax crimson with black markings. Abdomen crimson with
five black transverse bands. Legs pale yellowish brown. Front wings faintly
clouded with yellow, veins pale yellowish brown, hind wings transparent.
Mating Habits: The female mates several times, and the male is polygamous.
In copulating, the male gets along side the female on her right side, lifts
his left wing to some extent, grasps the upper genital plate with his claspers and
inserts the penis.
Preoviposition Period of Female: The average preoviposition period of con-
fined females was 4 days in 1917 and 6 days in 1918, the minimum and maximum
for both seasons being 3 days and 9 days respectively.
Reproductive Capacity of Female: According to our observations, one female
may lay from 1 to 61 eggs per day.
“ny”
Fig. 20—Abdomen of a
male, and “bd” female pear
h psylla. (Much enlarged.)
a a = ee
_ In our experiments the maximum production per insect was 695 eggs and
the minimum 65 eggs. (See Table No. 5).
TABLE No. 5.
Showing Comparative Reproductive Capacity of Summer and Overwintering Females.
‘ : Nn ber | , Reproductive Capacity
Yeas. | (Simmer), | of Couples | PaR, Dering fae
: Max. Min. Aver.
_ULS. Bee | 1st 7 June 19—Aug. 14. a maa | 2h
) 1918.................. Ist 5 June 7—July 25. 695 459 | 625
: eee s .2... c..- | 1st 12 June 7—Aug. 14. 695 | 427 582
ee) Ulrereeerereeereeee | 2nd 10 July 23—Sept. 4. 684 | 65 343
a 2nd 5 July 18—Sept.10.. 636 | 258 | 456
f Average ..... Bee. = | 2nd 15 ‘July 18—Sept.10. 684 65 399
Mc !........ | 3rd 5 Aug. 15—Oct. 5. 285 86 19)
z: aa ee 2 Winter 4 |April12—June 13. 448 121 279
F |
88 THE REPORT OF THE ‘No. 36
Reproductive Period of Female: The average reproductive period of 17 females
in 1917 was about 30 days and in 1918 with 15 individuals it was 36 days, the
maximum and minimum for both seasons being respectively 63 days and 16 days.
Length of Adult Life: Our observations indicate that the average length of
life of the male is about 5 weeks and that of the female a few days longer.
THE OVERWINTERING ADULT.
Description: The overwintering adult can be readily distinguished from the
summer adult by its larger size, darker coloration, and by its transparent front
wings. The predominating colour of this form is black or dark brown. The female
is about 2.43 mm. in length and the male about 2.16 mm.
Habits: In September, with the coming of autumn, the overwintering forms
commence to appear, and their production is continued until the close of the
season. They feed to some extent but do not mate or lay eggs. During
winter they hibernate chiefly beneath th main
limbs and also under grass, leaves and r b, ee
late March of early April, with the comi Their
winter quarters, congregate on the twig: juWer
central portions of the trees, and in a sk ains
propitious, they mate and commence to la Hing,
and by the time the fruit buds have bu 3 left
on the trees. A few stragglers survive unti B
Egg Laying Period: The females usu: pril,
and, by the time the fruit buds have burst, lated -
individuals continue to oviposit up to tl Ly or
early June.
Reproductive Capacity of Female: Vu un vaprrsneuy vice + wvuples, the egg
production per female varied from 121 eggs to 448 eggs, with an average of 279
eges. Each female laid from 1 egg to 48 eggs per day.
NUMBER OF GENERATIONS.
‘ In our insectary studies we obtained a maximum of four from the earliest
laid eggs and a minimum of two generations from the last laid eggs. This would
indicate, at least theoretically, that in the Niagara district there are two complete
generations, a very large third generation and a small fourth generation.
ConTROL.
Natural Control.
Several species of insects, notably ladybird beetles, attack the psylla and check
its rapid multiplication to some extent. However, undoubtedly the most impor-
tant control agency afforded by nature is the weather. Our observations indicate
that protracted periods of cold, wet weather in spring may be disastrous to the
eggs and newly hatched young. Hodgkiss records the destruction of hibernating
forms in spring by ice storms, heavy washing rains, and sudden changes in tem-
perature. Professor Brittain, in a letter dated September 23rd 1918, reports a
great diminution of the psylla in Nova Scotia, which he thinks was caused by the
hard winter of 1917-18. Long spells of hot, dry weather also appear to be fatal
to many psyllas chiefly, we think, because such weather renders much of the
foliage hard and dry and therefore unsuitable for the development of nymphs.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. »°. 89
ARTIFICIAL CONTROL.
The fact that a combination of the delayed dormant spray of lime sulphur
and the post blossom application of nicotine extract will control the psylla was
demonstrated this year in a twelve-acre orchard of Bartlett, Duchess, Anjou and
Flemish Beauty pears near Beamsville. This orchard had been subject to serious
psylla injury for a number of years and last year it was very heavily infested.
This spring myriads of hibernating adults were found in it on the twigs and
branches and a very large deposition of eggs was made.
The dormant spray of lime sulphur (winter strength) was delayed until
shortly before the blossoms opened (Fig. 21) and it was then applied with great
thoroughness, care being taken to coat every part of the tree. At this stage, the
Fig. 22.—Blossoms fallen; time of second
application.
Fig. 21—Showing stage of fruit
bud development at the time
of first application.
yast majority of the eggs had been deposited and many of the earliest laid eggs
had hatched. After the blossoms fell (Fig. 22), the trees were again thoroughly
sprayed with lime sulphur and arsenate of lead (for scab and codling worm) and
Black Leaf 40, 34 pt. to 80 gals. of spray mixture, the latter of course being
added to destroy the psylla nymphs. At this stage an odd winter adult and a very
few belated eggs were still present on the trees.
Results: About two weeks after the delayed dormant spray was applied, an
examination of the orchard was made and it was observed that. although the vast
bulk of the eggs and recently hatched nymphs had been destroyed, too many
prymphs were still present. In other words, we found that the spray for the eggs
would not by itself give us satisfactory control. The orchard was frequently
inspected after the post blossom application and up to the time the Flemish
Beauty pears were picked the trees were found to be practically free of psylla.
Early in July, we examined trees situated in different parts of the orchard and
on as much of the tree as could be conveniently looked over, we found from two
90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
to nine psyllas per tree. At the end of August, the orchard was still practically
free of psylla, the foilage was abundant and healthy green in colour, whereas in
our check orchard the trees were heavily infested, all the foliage was spotted with
brown and some of it was dead. The last examination of the treated orchard
was made in late October and rather to our surprise, we found that the insect
had increased to quite an extent and that the winter adults were fairly common.
Conclusions: Our results this year show that although the two applications
will not eradicate the psylla, they will reduce it to insignificant proportions. To
obtain absolute control, it seems to us in the light of our present knowledge, that
it would be necessary to spray with nicotine extract two to-three weeks after the
calyx application in order to destroy the nymphs derived from belated eggs.
Pror. Parrorr: Pear Psylla is next to Blight the worst pest we have to
contend with in the upkeep of our pear plantings, and the experience of Mr. Ross
in the control of the insect resembles a great many of our experiences. Control
varies with seasonal conditions, and the numbers of females that hang over to
take part in the spring oviposition. It takes two sprays to give good commercial
control. A great many experiments have been carried on both by the Station and
by spraying experts and some years results have been almost perfect and in other
years or in other experiments the results have not been so satisfactory.
Mr. Ross: I should like to ask Prof. Parrott if he can explain why the Pear
Psylla never seems to be troublesome in small plantings. ; z
Pror. Parrorr: I cannot explain it any more than I can understand why
roadside trees are so free from it. I think it likes sheltered, and undisturbed
areas in an orchard. As to what influences it I do not know.
CONTROL OF THE APPLE MAGGOT.
L. Cagsar anp W. A. Ross.
A full account of all our tests of control measures against the Apple Maggot
would require too long an article; hence we shall give only the outstanding points
of interest and value.
In 1911 and 1912 the destruction of the fallen fruit was tested in a small,
isolated, badly infested orchard, and gave fairly satisfactory results, but the labor
involved was.so great that it was seen that not many fruit growers could or would
adopt the method and in many cases live stock could not be used for the purpose.
In 1913 we tried sweetened poison sprays on individual trees or groups of
trees in the orchards and found that though the number of infested fruits compared
with those on some of the checks was lessened yet the results were not satisfactory.
In 1914 believing that a larger continuous area should be sprayed we gave
two applications of arsenate of lead and molasses to a 25 acre orchard at Mountain
and left a narrow strip of about 2 acres along the east side as a check. Both check
and sprayed portion had been badly infested the previous year and much of the
fruit had been left on the ground.
Resvtt: In the whole orchard, after an examination in September by both
writers, less than a dozen infested apples were found. This no doubt would look
like a case of natural control and in no way due to spraying; but such was not
the case, because examination of the trees soon after the first application and ~
again during the second showed that, though the flies were not abundant yet
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91
sufficient were present to have punctured numerous apples evea though the per-
centage thus injured might not have been high. Moreover, the season was very
dry and the owner had sprayed the whole orchard, check and all, very heavily
for Codling Moth. Much of this spray was still on the check trees at the time
of the first application to the rest of the orchard. This together with the narrow
width of the check strip and its closeness to the sprayed trees was sufficient to
account for the destruction of the flies on the check.
In 1915 we sprayed a small orchard in Simcoe village, near which were other
infested trees. The season was wet and seven applications were given, but in
spite of these approximately 60 per cent. of the Tolmans, 20 per cent. of the
Snows and 15 per cent of the Spies were punctured. These results showed that
one could not hope to control the pest by spraying in a town without treating
all trees for many rods on every side; especially would this be true if there were
high winds to help in the dispersal of the insects.
We also sprayed in 1915 all of a small, isolated orchard at Villa Nova, which
had been badly infested the previous year and most of the fruit of which had
been left on the ground.
Resutt: Though the crop was very light, thus making it harder to protect,
and though only two applications were given, which certainly were not sufficient
for so wet a season, approximately only 12 per cent. of the fruit was infested;
which was very encouraging.
In 1916 we sprayed with the sweetened poison two adjoining orchards on
one side of the road at Lyn, near Brockville, and left another orchard about twenty-
five rods away as a check. There was a hedge and also a house and barn situated
between this orchard and the sprayed ones. On the opposite side of the road we
sprayed a third orchard and left a check adjoining it and in the same direction
as.the other check. Two sprays were given. Many flies were seen in the sprayed
orchards after the first spray and some during it.
Resuitt: The two first-mentioned orchards had 95 per cent. or more of the
fruit, including such susceptible varieties as Tolman, Wealthy and Snow, free from
punctures, though most of the fruit the previous year had been so badly infested
it was left on the ground to rot. The orchard on the opposite side of the road
was not so clean, some of the Tolmans having as high as 25 per cent. of punctured
apples, though most of these apples had only one or two punctures. The check
orchards on both sides of the road showed. that the Tolman, Snow, Wealthy
and St. Lawrence, had from 75 per cent. to 95 per cent. of punctured apples, most
of the apples having many punctures.
In 1917 we sprayed these same three orchards again, and to protect the one
in which the results had not been quite satisfactory we sprayed a buffer area of
about fifteen rods between it and the check.
Rescutr: No punctures were found even on Snow, Alexander or Tolman,
in the orchard farthest from the check. In the second orchard, on this side
of the road punctures were found on only one tree in the extreme north corner.
The third orchard, the one on which there had been 25 per cent. of punctured
Tolmans the previous year, was this year almost totally free from punctures, less
than two score being found in the whole orchard. In the check orchards Snow,
Wealthy and St. Lawrence and a heavily laden wild apple tree had almost every
apple punctured. There was practically no crop on the Tolmans in the check
orchard this year.
In this same year (1917) we also sprayed a small, old orchard north of Trenton,
92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 3S
which had been badly infested the previous year. The results here, too, were very
satisfactory, only a very few apples being punctured, and nearly all of these on
trees situated at some distance from the main orchard and near two trees that
had received only one partial spraying.
In the fall of 1917 we found the worst infested apple orchard that we had
yet seen. It consisted of nearly three hundred trees, including Snow, Wealthy,
Tolman, Belleflower, Ben Davis and half a dozen other varieties. There had been
a good crop, which if clean should have been worth $1,000 at least, but every apple
that we could find on any variety was punctured by the insect and nearly all of
them so badly punctured as to be conspicuously deformed. We therefore decided
to make this orchard our final test. In 1918 it was given the regular sprayings
for Apple Scab and Codling Moth, and then two extra fairly heavy applications
for the Apple Maggot, the first of these being on the 12th and 13th of July and
the next the first week in August. Orchards close by were sprayed to act as buffer
orchards.
Resutts: The whole orchard was beautifully free from Scab and Codling
Moth, and the effect upon the Apple Maggot was a clear demonstration of the
power of poison sprays to control this pest; for instead of 100 per cent. of punctured
fruit there was less than 5 per cent. Apple buyers, fruit growers and everybody
who visited the orchard this year and had seen it last year were convinced that
our method was as nearly perfect as anyone could hope for. There is no doubt at
all that without the spraying the crop would have been ruined by the Apple Maggot,
for one of the writers visited the orchard every few days from the time the flies
began to emerge up to the end of July, and saw that they were very abundant.
It was no trouble to capture twenty or more on a single tree in an hour even without
a net. Moreover, a neighbouring orchard used as a check but so situated as not
to endanger our test orchard was also visited frequently to see how many flies were
present. (This orchard had not been badly infested the previous year and the fruit
on it had been sold.) Hight or ten flies was the largest number seen on any one day:
yet at the end of the season the Snows, Wealthy, Ben Davis and Phoenix in this
orchard had 75 per cent. of the fruit infested, in fact so bad was the fruit that the
chief apple buyer of the district, who had bought the fruit on the test orchard,
absolutely refused to buy the crop on the check, declaring that it was worthless.
It may be of value to note that though so many flies were seen in the sprayed
orchard yet at no time were they observed copulating or ovipositing, whereas in
the check orchard oviposition was observed on several occasions and egg punctures
could be readily found before the end of July. No egg punctures were visible in
the sprayed orchard at this date or at the time of the second spraying, all having
evidently been made much later.
CONCLUSIONS.
The results of our field tests conducted in various parts of Ontario and spread
over five consecutive years and corroborated by laboratory tests justify us, we believe,
in stating confidently that the Apple Maggot can be successfully controlled in apple
orchards by spraying.
The first application should be given just before or as the adults begin to
emerge, which in the south-western part of the Province is about the last week in
June, and in the parts with a somewhat colder climate such as Guelph, Stratford
and the district all along Lake Ontario, about the first week of July, and in the
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93
still colder parts such as Ottawa and the St. Lawrence River valley about the second
week in July.
The second application should be made when the first has begun to disappear
or usually in from two to three weeks. In wet seasons like the summer of 1915,
a third application about ten days after the second will be necessary. T'wo years
should almost completely destroy the insect in any-orchard provided that infested
orchards are not situated close by. In such case every effort should be made to
haye these treated also.
In all orchards every tree whether bearing fruit or not should be sprayed,
because the adults often frequent such trees until egg laying begins.
As to the mixture to use, in 1914, 1915, and 1916 we used molasses along with
arsenate of lead, but in 1917 and 1918 omitted the molasses and found that the
results were equally good. This is fortunate, for molasses tends to cause the spray
to wash off more quickly, sometimes burns the foliage, adds to the cost, and may
cause complaints from beekeepers, though these complaints are not justified. We
therefore recommend the use of from two to three pounds of the paste form or one
to one and a half pounds of the powder form of arsenate of lead to forty gallons
of water. We believe that heavy rather than hght applications of the mixture
should be made, especially if only two are given, because adults continue to emerge
for a period of six weeks or more, and so the poison must remain on the trees to
kill them before they can lay their eggs. Heavy applications remain on longer
than light.
OUR GARDEN SLUGS.
Gro. MAHEUX, QUEBEC.
It is only during about the past thirty years that the Mollusks of the Province
of Quebec have attracted the attention of naturalists and have been the object
of their studies. As long as they remained inoffensive, or nearly so, they were
objects of interest only to amateurs, on account of their strange forms, some pre-
senting the richest of garments, of admirable color and composition, while others are
of a viscous and almost repulsive nakedness. The day these Mollusca Gasteropoda
came to feed in our yegetable gardens their economical stature changed hastily
and the extent of their havoc soon necessitated the interference of zoologists.
Of course, the first thine was to acquaint oneself with the species composing
this branch of invertebrates; specialists devoted themselves to this study and sys-
tematic treatises were soon published; and from this departure, experimentalists
endeavored to discover an efficient remedy against these new ravagers.
In 1890, very few text-books bearing on this subject were in existence,
except, perhaps, the Manual of Conchology of Tryon, then published by Mr.
Piisbury, of Philadelphia, and a few other works of smaller-importance. The
following year (1891) our great Canadian naturalist, Abbé Provancher, published
a new part of his Canadian Fauna, an illustrated book of over 150 pages, under
the title of: “Les Mollusques de la Province de Quebec,” Part I; Pteropoda,
Cephalopoda and Gasteropoda. Provancher had been, for a long time, collecting
specimens of these animals. From his book entitled: “ Voyage aux Antilles,”
we can see that he was taking a great interest in this study and that he then
made a large gathering of remarkable shells.
94 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
In our days, conchologists are rather numerous and with them the science
of mollusks has enormously advanced. However, those who are interested in
economic zoology, in the relations of beasts with cultivated plants particularly,
still have much to learn as regards their habits, the noxiousness and the destructive
work of our garden slugs.
The summer of 1918 seems to have been very propitious to observers and
experimentalists. Slugs have increased in number in 12 months and their des-
tructive work has developed. Many “war gardens” in the vicinity of Quebee
have had to stand the attacks of these destroyers, usually unknown to average
people, in this capacity at least. We might say that we have very often seen
considerable damage; amateur gardeners were so much the more puzzled because
they could not see the culprit at work. The ordinary species found in our gardens
are: Limax. campestris, L. agrestis, L. maximus.
The three of them seem to operate in the same manner. Everywhere they
have injured several kinds of vegetables, never all at a time but rather one after
the other. Is this a question of inclination, of caprice, of instinct or hazard?
All hypotheses are allowed, and each of these agents probably has some influence
upon the work, the choice of the beast.
The following is the order followed by the slugs and the vegetables they
successively infested :
1. Beans.—The first vegetable infested everywhere, the slug only changing its
food when this first plant has become inadequate.
2. Peas.——The relationship between beans and peas no doubt explains this
transition and the appetite of the ravager.
3. Turnips.—After leaving peas, slags spend most of the summer on turnip
leaves, into which they cut large holes, with different contours.
4. Cabbages and Cauliflowers.—These crucifers equally attract slugs. At
first, they are only seen on turnips, then upon all of them simultaneously.
5. Pumpkins.—Towards the end of the season, when the pumpkin has as-
sumed a good round shape and is swelled with juice, the slug penetrates into the
pulp and bores holes often as much as two inches deep.
Authors have noted the preference of slugs for cucumbers. For one reason
or another, their presence upon this plant has nowhere been noticed by us,
although, in most cases, the latter were close neighbors to turnips thoroughly
infested by slugs.
The places they like best are gardens with a damp soil, naturally wet or kept
in that condition artificially.
The slug does not only eat the plants at night; the weather seems to direct
its line of conduct. We have seen slugs at work at night, after its coolness
began to be felt; this is evidently the most common habit. The darkness of the
night, however, is not indispensable to the coming out of these animals. They
willingly show up when it is raining; if the sky is cloudy and the humidity
of the air high, they will sometimes be seen upon the leaves. Their presence
can even be noticed in the daytime, when the sun is shining brightly, on parts
of vegetables that are well shaded and where the moisture will easily be retained,
as, for instance, between rows of peas that have grown high and thick. It seems
that the only factor essential to their activity is moisture and the absence of
a bright light. Moreover, this is very easy to ascertain by a simple experiment ;
if vegetables are watered at the close of day, they come out almost immediately
and much earlier than usual.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95
The damage done by the slug varies with the various plants on which it
feeds, according to their age and consistency. Amongst the vegetables above
mentioned, it is obvious that the youngest are the most badly infested.
Thus, beans had only grown three or four leaves when slugs started eating
them up; after 8 or 10 days a dried stem was all that was left. It resulted
that 50 per cent. of the plants did not bear any crop and 25 per cent. of the
remainder only yielded one-third or one-half of the normal crop; one-fourth only
was left intact or at least strong enough to bloom normally and yield accordingly.
In a field where there were several varieties, the Burpee beans were completely
cut down.
The crop of peas has only suffered a small diminution. When slugs launched
an attack upon their stems, they were already nearing ripeness and had attained
a remarkable degree of resistance. There has been a loss of a few leaves and
pods, or a total loss of about 2 per cent.
Of the crucifers, cauliflowers are the only ones that seem to have been
injured, and then only when the slugs were successful in penetrating into the
fruit. Finally, in the case of pumpkins, there still remained the expedient of
removing the injured part, the sides of the hole bored by the slug.
Control—tThe following substances were used: Paris green, arsenate of lead,
Bordeaux mixture, quicklime (powder).
The first two insecticides only gave poor results; they did not seem to
diminish the number of slugs in an appreciable degree.
Bordeaux mixture containing 6 lbs. of lime to 4 lbs. of bluestone makes
slugs uneasy, kills a few of them slowly, but does not constitute an efficient
means of destruction.
Quicklime has done wonderfully well. It has been dusted on the infested
plants, in the following way:
1. At night, before slugs appear: in order that the success be complete,
it is important that all issues leading to the plant be closed to the slug, which
is not always an easy task.
2. At night, when the slugs are feeding upon the foliage. In this way the
best results are achieved. If we can apply lime to come into close contact with
the skin of the slug, the latter will die rapidly. The following morning, their
inert bodies, reduced by one-half, of a dark green color, are still sticking to the
leaves.
3. Applied during the day, lime loses its efficiency, because the coolness
of the night lessens its strength.
As a rule, dusted lime retains its destructive power, in whole or in part,
as long as it does not rain; it is excellent in a fresh condition. A small particle
of lime is then sufficient to kill a slug. We have watched the doings of 12 slugs
placed on a board and surrounded by a wall of lime, one-quarter of an inch in
height. Not a single one was successful in getting over the obstacle; as soon
_as they came into contact with lime, they twisted convulsively and died in the
space of 2 to 60 minutes, according as the injured part was more or less great
or sensible. Secretions very abundant at first, soon become nil, coinciding with
the complete absence of movement.
It would be very difficult to find a more energetic remedy and of easier
_ application. By repeating the dusting of lime, particularly at night, these des-
troyers will soon be controlled.
96 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Several other remedies are, however, to be found. In reading I happened
to come across several of them, a few of which are herewith described to bring
this study to an end, and thinking that it might interest you.
In his book, “ Recettes et Procédés,” Tissandier recommends the following
mixture, spread on the ground.
Caustic: soda, G...5.-c/ackteueao cute ioreeoeees 40 gr.
OMG lint SencncabcnosccsspacudearcooK? 960 gr.
Bellet in “ Les meilleures Recettes” say that in order to destroy slugs, it is
sufficient to spray the spots visited by these parasites, with a solution of 600
erammes of carbonate of soda dissolved in one litre of water.
Mr. Anadyx surrounds the stem of vegetables with a border of old newspapers ~
and slugs disappear. (“La Nature,” 1904.)
Mr. Noel, of the Rouen laboratory of agricultural entomology, after several
tests, states that the most efficient destructive agent is copper arsenite. He prepares
it in the following manner: He mixes 1 kilogram of coarse wheat bran, 100
grammes of copper arsenite and about 250 cubic centimetres of water. When
the whole has assumed the form of a consistent paste, little balls are made and
distributed on the ground where slugs are expected to be found. After one
week, they will practically all have disappeared. (La Nature, 1910.)
In order to attract slugs, Mr. Hardys covers cabbage leaves with rancid
butter and places them here and there in the garden; the next morning they
are thoroughly covered with slugs which are then easily destroyed.
Finally, if the chickens are allowed in the garden, they can render valuable
services, but they must not be given dead slugs as food; they should be burnt
and buried deep.
We did not have the necessary time to try all these remedies; but we place
them before you for consideration. No doubt several experimentalists in this
assembly will want to give them a trial. The result of their experiments will
certainly be both useful and interesting.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1918.
Artuur Gipson, ENtromontocicaL Brancu, DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA.
The Record for 1918, as will be seen, presents data regarding distribution
chiefly in the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera. No extensive collections,
so far as I know, have recently been made in the less known orders.
During 1918 the insects collected by members of the Canadian Arctic Expe-
dition during the years 1913-1916, have been worked over by various specialists,
and it is hoped the results of these studies will soon be available in published form.
These reports will make a valuable addition to our knowledge of the insects of
Arctic Canada.
As in other years, students of insects in Canada have received much assistance
from yarious specialists, chiefly those resident in the United States. The list of
these specialists is every year assuming greater length, and it therefore becomes
difficult to specially mention any of our good friends to the South. All who have
assisted us in our systematic studies have our grateful thanks.
LITERATURE.
Among the books, memoirs, etc., which have appeared during 1918, of interest
to Canadian students, the following may be mentioned:
Barnes, W., and McDunnoven, J. Life-histories of North American Species
of the genus Catocala; Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XX XVIII, Art. V, pp. 147-
- 177, March 21, 1918. This paper, which was published in anticipation of the
“ \llustrations of the North American Species of the Genus Catocala,” will be
valued by those doing life-history work. The ova of a number of the species
described were received from Canada, and for this reason the paper is of much
interest to our workers.
Barnes, W., and McDunnoveu, J. Illustrations of the North American
Species of the Genus Catocala, by Wm. Beutenmuller, with additional Plates and
Text. Memoirs of the Amer. Mus. Nat. History, New Series, Vol. III, Part I,
October, 1918. This most excellent memoir was received with much pleasure.
We had long known that Mr. Beutenmuller had contemplated such a work and
‘it was fortunate that Messrs. Barnes and McDunnough had his manuscript and
some of the plates before them. Pages 1 to 47 are given up to the text. Under
each species references to the literature are given, as well as notes on the synonomy
and distribution. Under each section and group structural and life-history notes
are given. The plates are excellent. I to IX and part of X illustrate adults.
Nineteen larval heads are shown on plate X. Plates XI to XIV illustrate mature
larve. On plate XV there are 25 further figures of head capsuls and 16 drawings
of segments. Plates XVI and XVII also show segments. Genetalic drawings are
reproducedyon plates XVIII to XXII. Plates I to XVII are in colours. Lepidop-
terists generally will welcome the appearance of this memoir. It is indeed an
important contribution.
Barnes, W., and McDunnovucnu, J. H. Contributions to the Natural History
of the Lepidoptera of North America, Vol. IV, No. 2—Notes and New Species.
This number of the “ Contributions,” pp. 61-208, plates XI to XXYV, is a valuable
T-E.
98 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
addition to the literature. Four new species are described from Canada and one
new variety. There is a decided improvement in the plates which accompany the
number.
Casry, THos. L. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
The New Era Printing Co., Lancaster, Pa. This large memoir of 427 pages is the
result of studies of certain groups, the species in which are closely related. It is
divided as follows: I—A Review of the North American Bembidiine (pp. 1-223) ;
I11—Studies among some of the American Amarine and Pterostichine (pp. 224-
293) ; 11I—Observations on the American Pogonine, including Trechus (pp. 394-
412) ; [V—Miscellaneous Notes and Corrections (413-416). In the Memoir, 26
new species are described from Canada, all from British Columbia, excepting one
from Ontario. In addition a number of Canadian records of previously known
species are included.
Comstock, J. H. The Wings of Insects. The Comstock Publishing Co.,
pp- xvil-423, 9 plates, 427 figs. This important publication is one which has been
well received by entomologists generally. Space here forbids us referring at any
length to this work. I would refer the reader to a review of the book which was
published in the February, 1919, issue of The Canadian Entomologist. The price
is $3.75.
Feit, Epuraim Porrer. Key to American Insect Galls. New York State
Museum, Bulletin No. 200. This a most valuable publication of 310 pages, freely
illustrated with good text drawings, in addition to which there are sixteen half-
tone plates. Entomologists generally will, indeed, be grateful to Dr. Felt for
completing this very useful work. With this publication there is an excellent
opportunity for Canadian students to add to the known knowledge of these
interesting insects.
Locuuesp, WitttaM. Class Book of Economic Entomology, with special
reference to the economic insects of the Northern United States and Canada.
Philadelphia, P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., 436 pp:, 257 illustrations; price $2.50.
This new book on economic entomology will certainly find a useful place among
economic workers. The descriptions are concise and to the point, the illustrations
well chosen and the printing excellent. Part I discusses the structure, growth
and economics of insects; Part II the identification of insects injurious to farm,
garden and orchard crops, ete., Part III, the classification and description of
common insects; Part IV, the control of injurious insects.
Lurz, Frank E. Field Book of Insects. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York
and London; with about 800 illustrations, many in colour. This field book of a
size to fit the pocket is full of useful information. Following introductory remarks,
pages 9 to 27 discuss collecting and preserving insects. Then follow chapters on
the various orders, under each of which concise information is presented. The
yolume is one of 509 pages, freely illustrated, many of the figures being coloured.
Perrit, R. H. and McDanter, Evernta. Key to Orthoptera of Michigan
with Annotations. Special Bull. No. 83, Mich. Agric. College, Jan., 1918. This
publication of 48 pages will prove of interest to collectors and students in Canada.
In addition to a key to the families of Michigan Orthoptera, it also contains generic
and specific keys. Useful illustrations are included.
Prers, Harry. The Orthoptera (Cockroaches, Locusts, Grasshoppers and —
Crickets) of Nova Scotia, with descriptions of the species and notes on their occur-
rence and habits. Halifax, N.S., Trans. N.S. Inst. Sci. Vol. XIV, Part 3, pp. 201-
356, 4 plates: author’s separates published 15 July, 1918. Such provincial contri-
1919 ; ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99
butions are of much interest and will undoubtedly assist in a better knowledge
of the species. Descriptions of all the Nova Scotia species are given, with keys
to assist in more ready identification. The economic species are discussed at
greater length.
Rav, Puin, and Rav, Nevum. Wasp Studies Afield. Introduction by W. M.
Wheeler, Princeton University Press; price $2.00. This volume of 368 pages
contains most interesting information on the habits of wasps that build their nests
in burrows. The chapter headings are: Some Bembicene Wasps; Behaviour of
Wasps belonging to the Family Pomphilide; Some Fly-catching Wasps; The Bee-
killing Wasps; Some Mud-daubing Wasps; The Hunters of Small Orthoptera;
The Hunters of Large Orthoptera; The Sand-loving Ammophila; Some Social
Wasps—Experiments on the Homing of Polistes pallipes; The Mining and other
Wasps of the Family Eumenide; General Considerations.
Swaine, J. M. Canadian Bark-beetles, Part II, a preliminary classification
with an account of the habits and means of control. Bull. No. 14, Ent. Br.,
Dept. Agriculture, Ottawa, issued Sept. 6, 1918. This bulletin was prepared with
the object of assisting students and practical foresters in determining the bark-
beetles of Canadian forests. Part I discusses “ The Beetles and Their Habits ”;
Part II “ Bark-beetle Injuries and the Means of Control”; Part III “ Structural
Characters of the Bark-beetles”; and Part IV “ Classification—A preliminary
Arrangement of the Canadian Bark-beetles.” Thirty-one plates and several figures
in the text add great value to the publication. This, the most important publication
on these insects, will be invaluable to entomologists generally.
Wasnrurn, F. L. Injurious Insects and Useful Birds. Philadelphia and
London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 414 illustrations in text and 4 coloured plates.
Price $2.00. This volume, although prepared particularly for high schools and
agricultural colleges, will be a useful work of reference for amateur entomologists,
gardeners, and farmers generally. Chapters I to VI deal with losses due to insects
and rodents, etc.; chapters VII to XVIII discuss insects affecting various crops.
Chapter XIX, “ Our Insect Friends,” XX, “The Relation of Birds to Agriculture,”
and XXI, “Some Four-footed Pests of the Farm,” complete the volume.
Winson, H. F., and Vickery, R. A. A species list of the Aphidide of the
World and their Recorded Food Plants. Reprinted from the Transactions of the
Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, Vol. XIX, part I; issued Nov.
1918, pp. 22-355. This is divided into two parts; Part I—A species list of the
Aphididae of the world with their recorded food plants; Part II—A list of Aphid
food plants and the Aphids said to attack them. Students of aphids will find
this publication of great value. It is indeed an important contribution.
NOTES OF CAPTURES.
LEPIDOPTERA.
(Arranged according to Barnes and McDunnough’s Check List of the Lepidoptera
of North America. )
Pieride.
35. Pieris napi pseudonapi B. & McD. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman).
46. Authocharis sara julia Edw. Blairmore, Alta., June, (IX. Bowman).
64. Hurymus christina gigantea Stkr. Mile 214, 332, H. B. Ry., Man., July,
1917, (J. B. Wallis).
100 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
68. Hurymus palaeno chippewa Edw. Mile 214, 332, H. B. Ry., Man., July,
1917, (J. B. Wallis).
Satyride.
122. Oeneis chryxus calais Scudd. Mile 332, H. B. Ry., Man. July, 1917,
(J. B. Wallis).
Nymphalide,
172. Argynnis edwardsi Reak. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman).
173. Argynnis platina Skin. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman).
198. Brenthis youngi Holl. In the Entomological Record for 1917, this species
was recorded from Klutlan Glacier, Y. T. On further study the specimen
proves to be Brenthis frigga var. improba Buil.
200. Brenthis epithore Bdv. Blairmore, Alta., June, (IK. Bowman).
220. Huphydryas gilletti Barnes. Nordegg, Alta., July, (IK. Bowman).
226. Melitaea palla Bdy. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman).
279. Aglais californica Bdy. Regarding this species Mr. F. C. Whitehouse sends
the following note: “Red Deer, Alta., mid-June, large migratory flight
of presumably hibernated insects from B.C.; mid-August, new brood
appeared. :
313. Chlorippe clyton Bdv. & Lec. Pt. Pelee, Ont., Aug. 14, 1909, (P. A.
Taverner).
Lycaenide.
411. Heodes cupreus Edw. Mt. McLean, B.C., 7,000 feet, and at head of Phair
Creek, about 30 miles from Lillooet, B.C., (A. W. A. Phair).
427. Plebeius melissa Kdw. Goldstream, B.C., July 3, 1918, (H. H. Blackmore).
Rather rare. This species was not included in the “Check List of B. C.
Lepidoptera, 1906,” for some unaccountable reason, as it occurs regularly
throughout the interior, although it is very common on Vancouver Island
(E.H.B.).
432. Plebeius yukona Holl. Mile 332, H. B. Ry., Man., July, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis).
433. Plebeius icarioides pembina Edw. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman).
Sphingide.
733. Haemorrhagia gracilis G@. & R. Nipigon, Ont., (J. Fletcher).
741. Pholus fasciatus Sulz. Annapolis Royal, N.S., Oct. 31, 1918, (A. Kelsall).
This is a beautiful specimen and is now in the Ottawa collection. It is
the only Canadian example I haye seen, (A. G.).
Arctiide.
892. Clemensia albata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 1917, (D. Mackie).
939. Dodia alberta Dyar. Mile 214, H. B. Ry., Man., July, 1917, (J. B. Wallis).
948b. Phragmatobia fuliginosa borealis Staud. Vernon, B.C., April 26, 1918,
(M. Ruhmann). I have also a specimen taken at Vancouver, B.C., on
April 23, 1907, by the late Captain R. V. Harvey. These are the only
two specimens known to me and constitute a new addition to the B.C.
List. (EH. H. B.). :
955. Diacrisia vagans kasloa Dyar. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman).
956. Diacrisia rubra Neum. Edmonton, Alta., June, 1916, (D. Mackie).
962. LEstigmene prima Slosson. Edmonton, Alta. and Red Deer, Alta., May-
June, 1916, (K. Bowman).
———v Pe
—_——
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101
Noctuide. .
1214. Copablepharon viridisparsa Dod. Lillooet, B.C., Aug. 24, 1916, (A. W. A.
1313.
1315.
1315a.
1353a.
1357.
1379.
1445.
1459.
1468.
1502.
1512.
1513.
1529.
1538.
1539.
1580.
1682.
1693.
1697.
1702.
1723.
1734.
2001.
Phair). One specimen a trifle worn. New to B.C., originally described
from Lethbridge, Alta., (18.H.B.).
Euxoa ontario Sm. Edmonton, Alta., and Pocahontas, Alta., July-August,
1916-1917, (K. Bowman and D. Mackie).
Euzxoa quinquelinea Sm. Rossland, B.C. No date. (W. H. Danby). New
to B.C., (E.H.B.).
ELuxoa quinquelinea lutulenta Sm. Okanagan Landing, B.C., August 25,
1915, (J. A. Munro). New to B.C., ¢E.H.B.).
Euxoa divergens abar Stkr. Duncan, B.C., June 29, 1896, (E. M. Skinner).
New to B.C., (E.H.B.).
Euaoa redimicula Morr. Atlin, B.C., Aug. 8, 1914, (E. M. Anderson).
This is an interesting record as showing the far northern range of this
species. (H.H.B.).
Chorizagrotis thanatologia Dyar. Ottawa, Ont., June 28, July 7, 1899,
(C. H. Young); Ottawa, June 29, 1905, (J. Fletcher) ; Strathroy, Ont.,
July 4, 1918, (H. F. Hudson). These specimens are very close to the
variety sordida Sm., as figured by Dod, but are slightly redder. Welling-
ton, B.C., (G. W. Taylor). This specimen is close to Dod’s figure of
boretha (Can. Ent. XLVIII, p. 4, f. 7).
Agrotis esurialis Grt. Duncan, B.C., June 4, 1910, (G. O. Day).
Agrotis atrata Morr. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman).
Pseudorthosia variabilis Grt. Blairmore, Alta., Sept., (IK. Bowman).
Lycophotia lubricans Gu. Ottawa, Ont., July 2, 1908, (C. H. Young).
Aplectoides arufa Sm. Pocahontas, Alta., Aug., 1916, (K. Bowman).
Aplectoides condita Gn. Edmonton, Alta., June, 1916-1917, (D. Mackie
and K. Bowman).
Anytus enthea Grt. Edmonton, Alta., Sept., 1916, (IK. Bowman).
Anomogyna sincera H.S. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman).
Anomogyna laetabilis Zett. Pocahontas and Nordegg, Alta., July-Aug.,
(K. Bowman).
Rhynchagrotis vittifrons Grt. Penticton, B.C., (. A. DeWolfe). Lillooet,
B.C., Oct. 19, 1917, (A. W. A. Phair). New to B.C., (E.H.B.).
Polia negussa Sm. Rossland, B.C., no date, (W. H. Danby). New to
B.C., (E.H.B.).
Polia cristifera W1k. Edmonton, Alta., and Pocahontas, Alta., June, 1917,
(K. Bowman and D. Mackie).
Polia rogenhoferi Moesch. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman).
Polia variolata Sm. Victoria, B.C., July 18, 1918, (KE. H. Blackmore).
Taken at rest on a fence at mid-day. There is one specimen in the
Provincial Museum collection taken at Victoria in 1902. . Outside of
these two specimens I have no further record from B.C., (E.H.B.).
Polia pulverulenta Sm. Aweme, Man., June 1, 1918, (N. Criddle) ;
McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S., June 30,1914, (J. Perrin).
Polia vicina Grt. Okanagan Landing, B.C., Aug. 5, 1916, (J. A. Munro).
This is the same species which has been previously listed from Kaslo as
pensilis Grt., the latter species only occurring on Vancouver Island and
in the Lower Fraser Valley, (E.H.B.).
Cucullia omissa Dod. Ottawa, Ont., June 5, 1906, (C. H. Young).
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Oncocnemis hayesi Grt. Blairmore, Alta., Sept., (IX. Bowman).
Oncocnemis atrifasciata Morr. Laterriere, Chicoutimi, Que., Aug. 25, 1878,
(V. A. Huard). I recently determined this specimen and am assured it
was captured at this place, (A.G.).
Momophana comstocki Grt. Near Quebec City, Que., (V. A. Huard).
Hillia discinigra Wik. Edmonton, Alta., Aug., 1916, (D. Mackie).
Graptolitha thavteri Grt. Edmonton, Alta., Sept., 1916-1917, (D. Mackie).
Xylena mertena Sm. Lillooet, B.C., (A. W. A. Phair).
Xylena brillians Ottol. Kdmonton, Alta., Sept., 1917, (D. Mackie).
Pleroma cinerea Sm. Lillooet, B.C., May 4, 1916, (HE. M. Anderson) ;
Armstrong, B.C., no date, (W. Downes).
Trachea parcata Sm. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (IX. Bowman).
Trachea impulsa Gn. Victoria, B.C., July 6, 1918, (BE. H. Blackmore).
First record from Vancouver Island, previously recorded from Kaslo,
(H.H.B.).
Oligia includens Wik. Edmonton, Alta., July-Sept., 1916-17, (IX. Bowman
and D. Mackie).
Eremobia claudens Wik. Hymers, Ont., Aug. 16, 30, 1913, (H. Dawson).
Acronycta lithospila Grt. Chelsea, Que, June 29, 1917, (J. H. Me-
Dunnough).
Xylomea chagnoni B. & McD. Ottawa, July 13, 1908, (C. H. Young) ;
Trenton, Ont., 1899, (J. D. Evans). In the Ent. Record for 1905, this
recently described species is recorded under the name of Hadena didonea
Sm., the specimens having been reared by Fletcher from larvee found in
the roots of Phalaris arundinacea.
Andropolia aedon Grt. Dunean, B.C., no date, (E. M. Skinner). New
to B.C., (H.H.B.).
Arzama obliqua Wik. Duncan, B.C., June 26, 1906, (E. M. Skinner).
One specimen in splendid condition; new to B.C., (K.H.B.).
Catocala atala Cassino. Hymers, Ont., Sept. 18, 1911: Lepidopterist, I,
52.
Catocala briseis clarissima Beut. Cartwright, Man., (Heath): Winnipeg.
Man., (J. B. Wallis) ; Lepidopterist, IT, 66.
Catocala blandula manitobense Cassino. Cartwright, Man., July 17;
Lepidopterist, II, 81.
Catocala blandula Hist. Red Deer, Alta., August, 1905, (IX. Bowman) ;
Ottawa, Ont., July 26, 1906, (C. HL Young).
Panthea acronyctoides Wik. Onah, Man., July 9, 1918, (N. Criddle,
J. B. Wallis and L. H. Roberts).
Autographa v-alba Ottol. Rossland, B.C., no date, (W. H. Danby). Only
B.C., previous record from Kaslo, (H.H.B.).
Autographa metallica Grt. Victoria, B.C., June 21, 1918, (B. H. Black-
more). First record from Victoria, B.C., that I know of, (E.H.B.).
Syneda hudsonica heathi B. & McD. Cartwright, Man., June, (BE
Heath) ; Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., IV, 2, 12%.
Rivula propinqualis Gn. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (IX. Bowman).
Parahypenodes quadralis B & McD. Trenton, Ont., Aug. 30, 1908, (oe:
Evans).
Zanclognatha lutalba Sm. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1915-1917, (K. Bowman
and D. Mackie).
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103
3580. Hypena californica Behr. Edmonton, Alta., Sept., 1917, (D. Mackie).
* Parahypenodes quadralis B. & McD. St. Therese Island, St. John’s Co.,
Que., July, (W. Chagnon) ; Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., IV, 2,124.
; Notodontide.
_ 3669. Cerura borealis Bdy. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1916-1917, (D. Mackie
and K. Bowman).
3670. Cerura occidentalis Lint. Nordegg, Alta., and Pocahontas, Alta., July-
August, (K. Bowman).
Lymantziide.
3704. Hemerocampa vetusta gulosa Hy. Edw. Chase, B.C., Aug. 4-6, 1917,
(W. B. Anderson).
Geometride.
3802. Synchlora rubrifrontaria Pack. Edmonton, Alta., July; 1917, (D. Mackie).
3936. Stamnoctenis morrisata Hulst. Goldstream, B.C., July 5, 1918—July 8,
1918. two males, (E. H. Blackmore). First record from here: recorded
from Duncan, B.C., last year by A. W. Hanham, which was the first record
from Vancouver Island, (E.H.B.).
3950. Acasis viridata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., May, 1915-1916, (D. Mackie).
3955. Cladura atroliturata Wik. Edmonton, Alta., April-May, 1915-1916, (Kk.
Bowman and D. Mackie).
* Eustroma fasciata B. & McD. Cowichan Lake, Vancouver Island, B.C.,
June; Cont. Lep. N.A., Vol. IV, 2, 137.
3981. Lygris destinata lugubrata Moesch. Edmonton, Alta., July-August, 1915-
1917, (D. Mackie).
3983. Lygris explanata cunigerata W\k. Edmonton, Alta., July-August, 1915-
1917, (D. Mackie).
* Lygris zylina serrataria B. & McD. Ottawa, Ont., (C. H. Young).
_* Thera georgii benesignata B. & McD. Wellington, B.C., July 28, 1905,
Sept. 12, 1903: Duncan, B.C.; Cont. Lep. N.A. ITT, No. 4, 226.
3987a. Diactinia silaceata albolineata Pack. Victoria, B.C., April 30, 1918—July
24, 1918, (EB. H. Blackmore). First record from Victoria, (E.H.B).
3993. Dysstroma citrata L. Pocahontas, Alta., Aug., 1917, (K. Bowman).
3995. Dysstroma walkerata Pears. Nordegg, Alta.. July, 1917, (K. Bowman).
* Hydriomena macdunnoughi Swett. Atlin, B.C., June 11, 1914; Can. Ent.
L, 296.
* Xanthorhoe blackmorei Swett. Victoria, B.C., May 2, 19, 1915, (H.-H.
Blackmore) ; Can. Ent. L, 21.
* Xanthorhoe macdunnoughi Swett. Victoria. B.C., May 30, 1915; May
14, 1913; (HE. H. Blackmore); Duncan, B.C., (in coll. E.H.B.); Can.
Ent. L, 17.
* Xanthorhoe atlinensis Swett. Atlin, B.C., June 26, 28, 1914; Can. Ent.
L, 20.
4050. Xanthorhoe iduata Gn. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1915-1916, (D.
Mackie).
4060. Entephria aurata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1915, (D. Mackie).
* Oporinia autumnata henshawi Swett. London, Ont., (Miss E. Morton and
J. A: Moffatt) : Lepidopterist, I, 47, (1917).
4602.
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Euphyia luctuata Schiff. Victoria, B.C., June 14, 1917, (W. Downes).
First record from Victoria, (E.H.B.).
Epirrhoe plebeculata vivida B. & McD. Wellington and Goldstream, B.C.;
Cont. Lep. N.A., III, No. 4, 232.
Perizoma basaliata grandis Hlst. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1915-1916, (D.
Mackie).
Venusia cambrica Curt. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1915, (D. Mackie).
Edule mendica W1k. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1915-1917, (K. Bowman
and D. Mackie).
Eupithecia albipunctata Haw. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (D. Mackie).
Eupithecia coagulata Gn. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (D. Mackie).
Bupithecia niphadophilata Dyar. Pocahontas, Alta., August, 1917, (K.
Bowman).
Eupithecia scelestata Tayl. Pocahontas, Alta., June, 1917, (K. Bowman).
Eupithecia alberta Tayl. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman).
Eupithecia terminata Tayl. Pocahontas, Alta., June, 1917, (K. Bowman).
Eupithecia fumata Tayl. Edmonton, Alta., May-June, 1916-1917, (D.
Mackie).
Horisme vitalbata incana Swett. Calgary, Alta., June 5, 1914; June 26,
1907; June 26, 1914, (Wolley-Dod) ; Psyche, XXIV, 190.
Dasyfidonia avuncularia Gn. Blairmore, Alta., May, (K. Bowman).
Phasiane respersata teucaria Stkr. Victoria, B.C., May 28, 1918, (E. H.
Blackmore).
Phasiane neptaria Gn. Blairmore, Alta., May and Sept., (K. Bowman).
Phasiane neptaria sinuata Pack. Victoria, B.C., May 2, 1918, (E. H.
Blackmore). This has been previously listed as neptaria Gu., but has
been found to be conspecific with sinwata described by Packard from
Vancouver Island. It occurs sparingly throughout the province,
(E.H.B.). :
Phasiane ponderosa B. & McD. Cartwright, Man., June 14, July 24;
Aweme, Man., June 20; Calgary, Alta., June 16; Cont. Lep. N.A., III,
No. 4, 235.
Phasiane ponderosa demaculata B. & McD. Calgary, Alta., May 11, July
1, 5; Banff, Alta., July 1; Field, B.C., July 2; Cont. Lep. N.A. III,
No. 4, 235.
Itame bitactata W1k. Pocahontas, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman).
Caripeta angustiorata Wlk. Blairmore, Alta., July, (K. Bowman).
Cleora indicataria Wilk. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1915-1917, (K.
Bowman and D. Mackie).
Cleora emasculata Dyar. Edmonton, Alta., June 1915-1917, (D. Mackie).
Cleora satisfacta B. & McD. Kaslo, B.C., Aug. 15; Cont. Lep. N.A., III,
No. 4, 244.
Aethaloptera anticaria fumata B. & McD. Kaslo, B.C., April-May; Cont.
Lep. N.A., III, No. 4, 244.
Xanthotype urticaria Swett. “Nova Scotia”; Lepidopterist, fig. 6, pl.
MEL Wolf:
Xanthotype manitobensis Swett. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle); Lepidop-
terist, II, 78.
Glena cognataria Hbn.. McNab’s Island, Halifax, N.S., June 14, 1910,
(J. Perrin).
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105
4608. Lycia ursaria Walk. Rossland, B.C., no date, (W. H. Danby). New to B.C,
* Plagodis intermediaria B. & McD. Ottawa, Ont., May 16, (C. H. Young) ;
Cont. Lep. N.A., III, No. 4, 248.
4680. Nematocampa limbata Haw. Edmonton, Alta., Aug., 1917, (D. Mackie).
* Metarranthis septentrionaria B. & McD. Beulah, Man., June 21; Aweme,
Man., May 29, June 18; Winnipeg, Man.; Cont. Lep. N.A., III,
No. 4, 257.
4744. Pero honestarius Wlk. Edmonton, Alta., May-June, 1915-1917, (K.
Bowman and D. Mackie).
Epiplemide.
4788. Callizzia armorata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1917, (K. Bowman
and D. Mackie).
Pyralide.
* TLoxostege albertalis B. & McD. Gleichen, Alta., July, (F. H. Wolley-
, Dod) ; Beulah and Miniota, Man.; Cont. Lep. N.A., Vol. IV, 2, 160.
5018. Lozxostege chortalis Grt. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman).
5093. Phlyctaenia itysalis Wik. Pocahontas, Alta., Aug., 1917, (IK. Bowman).
5099. Phlyctaenia terrealis Tr. Edmonton, Alta., June-July, 1917, (K. Bow-
man). :
6140. Pyrausta unifascialis Pack. Nordegg, Alta., July, (K. Bowman).
5142. Pyrausta fodinalis Led. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (IX. Bowman).
5151. Pyrausta borealis Pack. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman).
5154. Pyrausta generosa G. & R. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (IX. Bowman).
6155. Pyrausta ochosalis Dyar. Red Deer, Alta., June 1917, (KK. Bowman).
5166. Pyrausta nicalis Grt. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1917, (K. Bowman).
5176. Pyrausta funebris Strom. Edmonton, Alta., Red Deer, Alta., June, 1916-
1917, (D. Mackie and K. Bowman).
* Pyrausta pythialis B. & McD. Cartwright, Man., (IE. F. Heath) ; Aweme, -
Man., June, (N. Criddle) ; Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., Vol. IV, No. 2,
p. 164.
Pucosmide.
7114. Proteopteryx oregonana Wishm. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
7129. Proteopteryx ilicifoliana Kearf. Vancouver, B.C., July 30, 191%, reared
from holly, (R. C. Treherne).
Yponomeutide.
* Swammerdamia cuprescens Braun. Field, B.C.; Can, Ent., L, 231.
Gracilariide.
* Ornix spireifoliella Braun. Field, B.C.; Can. Ent., L, 234.
Hepialide. :
8486. Hepialus hyperboreus Moesch. Pocahontas, Alta. August, 1917, (K.
Bowman). Exactly like the type (B. & McD.). Hyperboreus appeared
in Dod’s Alberta list and he so named the species for Mr. Mackie, but
this, according to Sir George Hampson, is H. mathewi Hy. Edw. (K. B.).
8488. Hepialus mathewi Hy. Edw. Edmonton, Alta., Aug.-Sept., 1915-1916,
(D. Mackie and K. Bowman).
8-F, é
106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
CoLEOPTERA.
(Arranged according to Henshaw’s list of Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico.)
Cicindelide.
Cicindela unijuncta Csy. Edmonton, Alta., June 16, 1917, (F. 8. Carr).
30. Cicindela hyperborea Lec. Edmonton, Alta., June 29, 1917, (F. 8. Carr).
Carabide.
118. Carabus chamissonis Fisch. Edmonton, Alta., June 5, 1917; July 4, 191%,
(F. S. Carr).
154. Hlaphrus obliteratus Mann. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 14,
1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
164. Blethisa quadricollis Hald. Husavick, Man., July 4, 1917, (L. H. D.
Roberts). New to Manitoba.
172. Opisthius richardsoni Kirby. Edmonton, Alta., June 28, 1916, (FP. S.
Carr).
34. Dyschirius terminatus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., April 27, 1917, (F. S. Carr).
23. Bembidium quadrulum Lec. Mile 256, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 12,
1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
325. Bemdidiwm nigrum Say. Winnipeg, Man., May 19, 1917. One specimen
in my garden on Langside St., (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
339. Bembidium nebraskense Lec. Edmonton, Alta., March 29, 1918, (F. S.
Carr).
343. Bembidium transversale Dej. Lake Dauphin, Man., March 27, 1918, (Mrs.
W. W. Hippisley).
363. Bembidium grapii Gyll. Winnipeg, Man., April 9, 1909. This specimen
has had a varied career. Prof. Wickham identified it as dyschirinwm.
Mr. Liebeck refused to commit himself. The present determination is
Dr. Van Dyke’s, (J. B. Wallis).
Bembidium constricticolli Haywd. Winnipeg, Man., April 24, 1916. Not
quite typical, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. ;
373. Bembidium obtusangulum Lec. Leduc, Alta., May 11, 1914, (F. S. Carr).
397. Bembidium dejectum Csy. Winnipeg, Man., May 13, 1917. Also in my
garden on Langside St., one only, (J: B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Bembidion brumale Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 22, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
Bembidion vacivum Csy. Skeena River, B.C., (J. H. Keen) : Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 22, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
Bembidion blanditum Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 23, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
* Bembidion impium Csy. Agassiz, B.C. Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII,
p- 28, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
Bembidion deceptor Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 29, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
Bembidion nescium Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 30, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
Bembidion viator Csy. Massett, Q.C.I., B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 31, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
* Bembidion illea Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen): Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VITI, p. 31, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107
* — Bembidion haruspex Csy. Inverness and Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ;
Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 31, issued Nov, 12, 1918.
* Bembidion bucolicum Csy. Stikine River Canon, B.C., (H. F. Wickham) ;
Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 34, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
Bembidion insopitans Csy. Victoria, B.C., (H. F. Wickham) ; Memoirs
on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 68, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
Bembidion vancouveri Csy. Victoria, B.C., (H. F. Wickham) ; Memoirs
on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 73, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
Bembidion imperitum Csy. Victoria, B.C.; Memoirs on the Coleoptera,
VIII, p. 91, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
Bembidion mobile Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 95, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
Bembidion imitator Csy. Kamloops, B.C.; Memoirs on the Coleoptera,
VIII, p. 105, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
* Bembidion tolerans Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 132, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
* Bembidion gregale Csy. Agassiz, B.C.; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII,
p- 148, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
* Bembidion peregrinum Csy. Massett, Q.C.1, B.C. (J. H. Keen);
Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 159, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
*
Bembidion crassicornis Csy. Inverness, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIIT, p. 165, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
* Bembidion keeni Csy. Metlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen) ; Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIIT, p. 166, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
Pogonine.
* Patrobus labradorinus Csy. W. St. Modest, Labrador, (Sherman) ;
Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 395, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
* Patrobus minuens Csy. W. St. Modest, Labrador, (Sherman) ; Memoirs
ou the Coleoptera, VIIT, p. 396, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
* Patrobus laeviceps Csy. W. St. Modest, Labrador, (Sherman) ; Memoirs
on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 396, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
Patrobus insularis Csy. St. Paul Island, Alaska; Memoirs on the Coleoptera,
VIII, p. 397, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
* Trechus brumalis Csy. W. St. Modest, Labrador, (Sherman) ; Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 408, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
Pterostichine.
* Hypherpes innatus Csy. “Canada (west of the Rocky Mountains)”;
Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 329, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
* Hypherpes responsor Csy. Victoria, B.C., (H. F. Wickham) ; Memoirs on
the Coleoptera, VIII, p. 330, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
*
Hypherpes anthrax Csy. “Vancouver Island’; Memoirs on the Coleoptera,
VIII, p. 331, issued Noy. 1%, 1918.
* Buferonia quadrifera Csy. “ Ontario”; Memoirs on the Coleoptera, VIIT,
p- 366, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
Cryobius otariidinus Csy. St. Paul Island, Alaska; Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 374, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
Cryobius beringi Csy. St. Paul Island, Alaska; Memoirs on the Coleoptera,
VIII, p. 374, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
108 THE REPORT OF THE . No. 36
* Cryobius delicatus Csy. St. Paul Island, Alaska; Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 375, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
* Cryobius breviusculus Csy. St. Paul Island, Alaska; Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 375, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
Amarine.
* Curtonotus labradorensis Csy. Labrador, (W. St. Modest) ; Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 231, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
* Curtonotus scrutatus Csy. Labrador, (W. St. Modest); Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 231, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
* Bradytus nainensis Csy. Nain, Labrador, (Sherman); Memoirs on ihe
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 238, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
* Celia sinuosa Csy. Aldermere, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 277, issued Nov. 12, 1918.
* Amara keeni Csy. Inverness, B.C., (J. H. Keen); Memoirs on the
Coleoptera, VIII, p. 299, issued Noy. 12, 1918.
625. Amara haematopa Dej. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 9, 1917; Mile 332,
July 17, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). Previously recorded from Hudson Bay
territory.
651. Amara angustata Say. Onah, Man., July 9th, 1916, (J. B. Wallis) ;
Aweme, Man., July 10, 1917, (EH. Criddle). Rare in Manitoba.
657. Amara impuncticollis Say. Miami, Man., July 2, 1914; Thornhill, Man.,
June 30, 1916; Winnipeg, Man., June 8, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). Previously
recorded by Dr. BeH from Oxford House.
658. Amara littoralis Mann. Victoria Beach, Man., June 17, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
661. Amara cupreolata Putz. Winnipeg, Man., April 24, 1916; Calgary, Alta.,
April 7, 1915, (Tams). Previously mixed with protensa, of which spec‘es
I have but one really typical specimen, from Aweme, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
833. Platynus gemellus Lec. Aweme, Man., Oct. 16, 1917, (N. Criddle).
1107. Harpalus laticeps Lec. Aweme, Man., May 14, 1904, (N. Criddle).
Dytiscide.
1293. Coelambus sellatus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., April 9, 1916, (F. S C rr).
1298. Coelambus unguicularis Cr. Edmonton, Alta., April 8, 1916, (F.S. Carr).
1300. Coelambus fraternus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., June 12, 1915, (F. S. Carr).
1349. Hydroporus tartaricus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., May 8, 1915, (F. S. Carr).
1355. Hydroporus vitulus Er. Edmonton, Alta., April 11, 1917, (F. S. Carr).
Gyrinide. =
1472. Colymbetes strigatus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., May 5, 1917, (~ S, Carr).
1505. Gyrinus minutus Fab. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 10, 1917, (F 8S. Carr).
1507. Gyrinus confinis Lec. Le Pas, Man., June 30, 1917: Mile 214, Hudson
Bay Ry., July 6, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
1517. Gyrinus maculiventris Lec. Edmonton, Alta., June 12, 1915, (F. 8. Carr).
1519. Gyrinus affinis Aube. TEdmonton, Alta., May 5, 1917, (F.S. Carr).
1524. Gyrinus pectoralis Lec. Edmonton, Alta., Sept. 15, 1917, (F. S. Carr).
1525. Gyrinus impressicollis Kby. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., (J. B.
Wallis). “I feel sure this is the long lost or never recognized
impressicollis of Kirby, known only by the type in the British Museum ”
(H. C. Fall).
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109
1528. Gyrinus lugens Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Hydrophilide.
1630. Philhydrus ochraceus Mels. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., July 2, 1917,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. :
9335. Cercyon tristis Ill. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 6, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Silphide.
1727. Choleva alsiosa Harv. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 10, 1917;
under a dead mouse, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Choleva spenciana Kby. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 10, 1917;
under a dead gopher, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
1730. Choleva clavicornis Lec. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 4, 1917, (F. 8. Carr).
1732. Choleva terminans Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 10, 1917;
under a dead gopher, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Choleva horniana Blanch. Aweme, Man., July 17, 1918, (N. Criddle and
J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
1812. Clambus gibbulus Lec. Le Pas, Man., June 30, 1917, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Staphylinide.
Quedius aenescens Makl. Aweme, Man., April 22, 1918, ( N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba. ;
2011. Atheta dichroa Gray. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 18, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Atheta remulsa Csy. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 26, 1917, in fungus,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Atheta virginica Bernh. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 10, 1917; Mile
332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 18, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Atheta fungi Groh. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 5, 1912; Winnipeg, Man.,
May 18, 1912; Miami, Man., June 27, 1916; on bracket fungus, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Atheta dentata Bernh. Onah, Man., July 9, 1916; Winnipeg, Man., Oct.
10, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Atheta graminicola Gr. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., July 2, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Atheta irrita Csy. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 24-26, 1917; in fungus,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
2017. Atheta recondita Er. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 10, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
2022. Amischa analis Thom. Winnipeg, Man., May 10, 1912; April 24, 1916,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Paradilacra densissima Bernh. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 23, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
_ Metaxya awemeana Csy. Winnipeg, Man., Sept. 18, 1912; Miami, Man.
June 26, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
9562. Dasyglossa prospera Er. Winnipeg, Man., April 15, 1916; St. Norbert,
Man., June 24, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Gymnusa variegata Kiesw. Bird’s Hill, Man.. May 5, 1917, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
?
110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
2165. Philonthus basalis Horn. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July, 1918.
One specimen now in the collection of Dr. H. C. Fall. (J. B. Wallis).
2234. Philonthus aurulentus Horn. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 6,
1917; Magnus, Man., Sept. 2, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
2432. Stenus fraternus Csy. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 25, 26, 1917,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
2447. Stenus pollens Csy. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 9-26, 1917,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
2463. Stenus punctatus Er. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 26, 1917,
with pollens and fraternus, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
2634. Tachyporus jocosus Say. Le Pas, Man., June 30, 1917; Mile 214, Hudson
Bay Ry., Man., July 6-26, 1917; Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., Man.,
July 13, 1917, not taken in Manitoba for a number of years, (J. B.
Wallis).
2646. Conosoma littoreum Linn. Aweme, Man., Sept. 27, 1918, (N. Criddle).
2671. Mycetoporus humidus Say. Winnipeg, Man., April 24, 1916; Mile 214,
Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 6, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
5. Mycetoporus flavicollis Lec. Aweme, Man., July 18, 1918, (N. Criddle).
3. Olophrum latum Mahl. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 2, 1917;
Mile 214, July 24, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). “Said to be the same as
fuscum Gray. An example of the latter from the Caucasus .. . . looks
a little different.” (H. C. Fall). New to Manitoba.
Coccinellide.
3053. Hippodamia americana Cr. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 2, 1917:
one only in wash-up of lake, (J. B. Wallis).
3065a. Coccinella abdominalis Say. Winnipeg, Man., July 30, 1917, (Ll. H.
Roberts). New to Manitoba.
3122. Hyperaspis 4-vittata Lec. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 2, 191%,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
3156. Scymnus tenebrosus Muls. Darlingford, Man:, May 28, 1916, (W. R. S.
Metcalfe). Rare in Manitoba. '
3160. Stetharus (Scymnus) punctum Lec. Aweme, Man., Sept. 9, 1918, (N.
Criddle). New to Manitoba.
Colydiide.
3290. Cerylon castaneum Say. Edmonton, Alta., June 9, 1917, (F. S. Carr).
Cucujide.
3349. Brontes dubius Fab. UHusavick, Man., July, 1914, (J. B. Wallis). New
to Manitoba.
Histeride.
3486. Hister foedatus Lec. Aweme, Man., June 2, 1912; Onah, Man., July 14,
1918, (N. Criddle).
3488. Hister punctifer Payk. Edmonton, Alta., Sept. 4, 1915, (F. S. Carr).
3570. Saprinus comnomus nodifer Westn. Edmonton, Alta., April 2, 1915,
(F. S. Carr).
Nitidulide. :
3663. Brachyptum globulosus Mann. Edmonton, Alta., June 5, 1916, (F. 8.
Carr).
ee
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. i fall
3737. Meligethes swvus Lee. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 6, 1917;
on Mertensia paniculata var. longisepala. Occurred along the line of the
Hudson Bay Ry., wherever its food plant grew, (J. B. Wallis). New
to Manitoba; Edmonton, Alta., May 10, 1915, (F. S. Carr).
Nitidula nigra Schaef. Winnipeg, Man., April 23, 1916; Mile 214, Hudson
Bay Ry., July 6, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
3756. Ips vittatus Oliv. Lake Dauphin, Man., 1918, (Mrs. W. W. Hippisley).
Latridiide.
3798. Corticaria serricollis Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 26, 1917,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Byrrhide.
3890. Byrrhus cyclophorus Kirby. Edmonton, Alta., June 23, 1917, (F. 8.
Carr).
Hlateride.
4101. Cardiophorus edwardsii Horn. Lillooet, B.C., (EH. P. Venables).
4217. Hlater pedalis Germ. Mile 214, June 6, 1917; Mile 332, Hudson Bay
Ry., July 13, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
4228. later socer Lec. Mile 1%, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 2, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
4257. Drasterius debilis Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July ¢-13,
1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
4414. Paranomus costalis Payk. Le Pas, Man., June 30, 1917; Mile 17, Hudson
Bay Ry., July 2, 1917: Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 9, 1917; Mile
256, Hudson Bay Ry., July 12, 1917; Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July
17, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Buprestide.
4628. Anthravia wneogaster Lap. Edmonton, Alta., June 27, 1917, (F. S. Carr).
4728. Agrilus vittaticollis Rand. Cawston, B.C., July 2, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe).
4739. Agrilus anvius Gory. Cawston, B.C., June 24, 1917, (W. R. Metealfe).
Lampyride.
4787. Eros aurora Hbst. Cawston, B.C., Aug. 5, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe).
Ptinide.
* ~ Bucrada robusta Van Dyke. Selkirk Mts., B.C., 1905, (J. C. Bradley) ;
Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., XIII, 6.
5337. EHndecatomus rugosus Rand. Edmonton, Alta., June 6, 1916, (F.S. Carr).
Scarabeide.
5596. Geotrupes splendidus Fab. Ft. Coulonge, Que., June 1, 1918, (J. I.
Beaulne). Addition to Quebec list.
5825. Polyphylla variolosa Hentz. Ft. Coulonge, Que., July 24, 1917, (J. I.
Beaulne).
* Cremastochilus lbifoveatus Van Dyke. Vernon, B.C.. May, (W. 4H.
Brittain) ; Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., XIII, 14.
Spondylide.
5948. Spondylis upiformis Mann. Cawston, B.C., May 9, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe).
112 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Cerambycide.
5967. Tragosoma harrisii Lec. Nordegg, Alta., July 17, 1917, (K. Bowman).
5986. Gonocallus collaris Kirby. Edmonton, Alta., June 7, 1915, (F. S. Carr).
5988. Physocnemum brevilinewm Say. Cartwright, Man., (E. F. Heath).
6010. Callidium cicatricosum Mann. Edmonton, Alta., April 8, 1916, (F. S.
Carr).
6183c. Xylotrechus undulatus fuscus Kby. Le Pas, Man., July 3, 1917; Mile
214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 5-26, 1917; Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry.,
July 16, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
6184. Aylotrechus annosus Say. Cawston, B.C., June 24, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe).
6267. Acm«ops longicornis Kby. Cawston, B.C., May 20, June 30, 1917, (W. R.
Metcalfe).
6332%b. Leptura cribripennis Lec. Cawston, B.C., Aug. 5, 1917, (W. R. Metcalfe).
Leptura rufibasis Lec. Mile 17, Hudson Bay Ry., July 2, 1917; called
a variety of subargentata, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
6361. Leptura mutabilis Newm. MHusavick, Man., July 12, 1917, (. H. Roberts).
6363. Leptura aspera Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May, 1917; Mile 332, Hudson Bay
Ry., July 17, 1917. The Mile 332 specimen is the testaceous form,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Pogonocherus salicola Csy. Husavick, Man., July, 1914, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba. r=
6444. Graphisurus-: pusillus Kirby. Husavick, Man., July 11, 1917, (lL. H.
Roberts). New to Manitoba. :
Chrysomelide.
Prasocuris ovalis Blatch. Husavick, Man., July 3, 1917, (lu. H. Roberts) ;
seems undoubtedly to be this species. New to Canada (?).
6891a. Diabrotica fossata Lec. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 23, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
6932. Oecedionychis vians Ill. Ft. Coulonge, Que., June 1, 1918, (J. I. Beaulne).
Addition to Quebec list.
6982. Crepidodera modeeri Linn. Husavick, Man., July 8, 1917, (LL. H. Roberts) ;
Onah, Man., July 9, 1918, (L. H. Roberts, N. Criddle, J. B. Wallis).
Swept from herbage in swamp.
7032. Mantura floridana Cr. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 9, 1917, (F. S. Carr).
Bruchide.
7159. Bruchus macrocerus Horn. Edmonton, Alta., July 13, 1918, (F. S. Carr).
‘Tenebrionide.
%226a. Phellopsis porcata Lec. Lillooet, B.C., (E. P. Venables).
7488. Anaedus brunneus Ziegl. Husavick, Man., July 12, 1915, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
7542. Boletophagus depressus Rand. Dauphin, Man., (Mrs. W. W. Hippisley).
New to Manitoba.
Cistelide. >
7626. Mycetochares basillaris Say. Miami, Man., July 6, 1914, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Melandryide. ia
7665. Enchodes sericea Hald. Dauphin, Man., 1918, (Mrs. W. W. Hippisley).
ee
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113
Pythide.
W707. Crymodes discicollis Lec. Vernon, B.C., (E. P. Venables).
Mordellide.
1766. Anaspis atra Lec. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., diel ally alive (a, 15%
Wallis). Atra by Smith’s table; locality suggests migra (H. C. F.).
New to Manitoba.
7778. Mordella borealis Lec. Mile 214, Hudson Bay Ry., Man., July 24-26,
1917; on orange-coloured fungous growth on spruce log, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
7785. Mordella serval Say. Aweme, Man., July 24, 1903, (N. Criddle). New
to Manitoba.
7795. Mordellistena bicinctella Lec. Aweme, Man., July 20, 1917, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
7805. Mordellistena vilis Lec. Aweme, Man., June 19, 1917, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
Mordellistena frosti Lilj. Aweme, Man., July 3, 1917, (N. Criddle).
New to Canada.
7807. Mordellistena decorella Lec. Aweme, Man., July 7%, 1911, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
7819. Mordellistena tosta Lec. Aweme, Man., Aug. 2, 1917, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
7833. Mordellistena nigricans Melsh. Aweme, Man.. Aug. 10, 1917, (N. Criddle).
7840. Mordellistena convicta Lec. Aweme, Man., June 19, 1917, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
7843. Mordellistena morula Lec. Aweme, Man., July 9, 1917, (E. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
Mordellistena divisa Lec. Aweme, Man., July 29, 1917, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
7858. Mordellistena wthiops Smith. Aweme, Man., July 3, 1917, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
Anthicide.
7918. Notorus talpa Laf. Onah, Man., July 9, 1918, (Wallis, Roberts, Criddle) ;
Aweme, Man., Aug., (J. Fletcher). New to Manitoba.
Anthicus hastatus Csy. Thornhill, Man., Aug. 19, 1917, (J. B. Wallis).
“Does not agree with type in colour?’ (H. C. F.). New to Manitoba.
Meloide.
8103. Hpicauta corvinus Lec. Husavick, Man., (E. Coates). New to Manitoba.
Rhynchitide.
8203. Auletes congruus Wik. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 17, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Otiorhynchide.
8245. Ophryastes sulcirostris Say. Boissevain, Man., Sept. 20, 1917, (N. Criddle).
Curculionide.
8367. Apion punctinassum Sm. Miami, Man., July 5, 1916; Onah, Man., July
9, 1916, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Apion nebraskense. Stony Mountain, Man., July 31, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Pissodes rotundatus Lec. Grand Marais, Man., July 26, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
85. Dorytomus vagenotatus Csy. Winnipeg, Man., April 3-15, 1916, (J 383
Wallis) ; Darlingford, Man., April 23, June 4, 1916, (W. R. Metcalfe).
New to Manitoba.
8571. Lndalus limatulus Gyll. Winnipeg, Man., July 20, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
8576. Tanysphyrus lemne Fab. Miami, Man., June 27, 1916, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
8637. Anthonomus scutellatus Gyll. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 2, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis). Rare in Manitoba.
11006. Anthonomus squamulatus Dietz. Onah, Man., July 9, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis.
11018. Pseudanthonomus validus Dietz. Husavick, Man., Aug., 1913, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
8675. Orchestes minutus Horn. Onah, Man., July 9, 1918, (N. Criddle).
New to Manitoba.
8676. Orchestes rufipes Lec. Mile 332, Hudson Bay Ry., July 13, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
11079. Phytobius griseomicans Dtz. Miami, Man., July 5, 1916; Grand Marais,
Man., July 26, 1916; Stony Mountain, Man., July 51, 1916; Le Pas,
Man., June 30, 1917; Mile 17%, Hudson Bay Ry., July 2, 1917; Male
214, Hudson Bay Ry., July 6, 1917; Mile 256, Hudson Bay Ry., July
12, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). Probably equals European velatus, (H. C. F.).
New to Manitoba.
Ceutorhynchus neglectus Blatchley. Edmonton, Alta.. June 28, 1915,
GHA SaaCar:)s
8727. Conotrachelus posticatus Boh. Thornhill, Man., July 1, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
8735. Conotrachelus anaglypticus Say. Miami, Man., June 28, 1916, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Calandride.
Sphenophorus zea. Winnipeg, Man., July 1, 1916, (J. B. Wallis),
New to Manitoba.
9044. Rhyncholus brunneus Mann. Onah, Man., July 9, 1918, (N. Criddle).
Ipide.
*
Lesperisinus criddlei Sw. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle); St. Hilaire, Que.;
Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 72, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., issued Sept. 6, 1918.
Cryphalus canadensis Chamberlain. Roger’s Pass, B.C., Sept. 28, 1915,
(J. M. Swaine); Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 88, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr..
issued Sept. 6, 1918.
Pityophthorus pseudotsuge Sw. Vernon, B.C., June 29, 1914, (J. M.
Swaine) ; Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 99, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., issued Sept.
6, 1918.
Pityogenes knechteli Sw. Jasper Park, Alta., Aug. 30, 1915, (J. M.
Swaine); Nechako Valley, B.C., Atlin, B.C., Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 106,
Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., issued Sept. 6, 1918.
Tps laticollis Sw. Near Ottawa, Ont., Bull. 14, pt. 2, p. 116, Ent. Br..
Dom. Dept. Agr., issued Sept. 6, 1918.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115
* Ips dubius Sw. Roger’s Pass, B.C., Sept. 28, 1915, (J. M. Swaine) ;
Selkirks and Rockies, between Glacier, B.C., and Banff, Alta.; Bull. 14,
pt. 2, p. 119, Ent. Br., Dom. Dept. Agr., issued Sept. 6, 1918.
DIPTERA.
(Arranged according to a Catalogue of North American Diptera, by J. M.
Aldrich, Smithsonian Mise. Coll. XLVI, No. 1,444. The numbers refer to the
pages in the catalogue.)
Tipulide.
* Pachyrhina perdita Dietz. Aweme, Man., Aug. 7, 1913, (E. Criddle) ;
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIV, 116.
* Pachyrhina opacivittata Dietz. Aweme, Man., (E. Criddle) : Trans, Amer.
Ent. Soc., XLIV, 123.
* Pachyrhina festina Dietz. Ridgeway, Ont., Aug. 15, 1910, (M. C. Van
Duzee) ; Aweme, Man., (E. Criddle) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIV, 126.
=
Pachyrhina obliterata Dietz. Ottawa, Ont., July 26, 1912, (G. Beaulien) ;
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIV, 133.
* Tipula macrolaboides Alex. “Hudson Bay Territory ;” Can. Ent., L. 69.
Chironomide.
108. Johannesomyia (Ceratopogon) albaria Coq. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 15,
1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
110. Palpomyia (Ceratopogon) subasper Cog. St. Louis Que., Aug. 8, 17, 19;
1918. (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Mycetophilide.
Leia opima Lw. Outremont, Que., Aug. 25, (J. Ouellet). New to Canada,
(iM. A.).
*
Neosciara lobosa Pettey. Carbonate. Columbia River, B.C., July 17-12,
1908, (J. C. Bradley); An. Ent. Soc. Amer., XI, 333.
Neosciara ovata Pettey. Howser, Selkirk Mountains, B.C., June 22, 1905.
(J. C. Bradley) ; An. Ent. Soc. Amer., XI, 336.
2
Bibionide.
166. Bibio nervosus Lw. Outremont. Que., May 15, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.
166. Bibio xanthopus Wied. Montreal, Que., May 21, 1918, (A. F. Winn).
Addition to Quebec list.
167. Dilophus obesulus Lw. Outremont, Que., June 7, 1917; St. Louis, Que..
July 8, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
167. Dilophus tibialis Lw. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 8, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.
‘Tabanide.
197. Chrysops mechus O. 8S. Joliette. Que., July 15, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.
198. Chrysops striatus O. S. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 3, 9, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
198. Chrysops univittatus Macq. Joliette, Que., July 6, 22, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
116 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Therevide.
247. Psilocephala notata Wied. Coniston, Ont., July 26, 1915, (H. S. Parish).
Mr. J. Ouellet has also taken the species in Quebec Province. Addition
to Quebec list.
247. Psilocephala nigra Say. Montreal, Que., Aug. 25, 1917; St. Louis, Que.,
Aug. 3, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Mydaide.
251. Mydas clavatus Dr. Longwood, Ont., July 4, 1918, (G. Blair).
Asilide.
Asilus erythrocnemius Hine. Montreal, Que.,- Aug. 28, 1917; Joliette,
Que., Aug. 15, 1917; St. Louis, Que., Aug. 3, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.
283. Asilus paropus Walk. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 6, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.
Dolichopodide.
297. Hydrophorus chrysologus Walk. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 6, 20, 1918, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Empide.
* Drapetis aliternigra Mel. “ British Columbia;’ An. Ent. Soc. Amer.,
XG 192: ; .
* Drapetis infumata Mel. Nelson, B.C., July 17, 1910; An. Ent. Soe.
Amer., XI, 194.
* Drapetis setulosa Mel. “ British Columbia ;” An. Ent. Soc. Amer., XI, 196.
* Endrapetis facialis Mel. Medicine Hat, Alta., (J. R. Malloch) ; An. Ent.
Soe. Amer., XI, 200.
Microsania imperfecta Lw. Aweme, Man., Sept. 18, 1915, (N. Criddle).
317. Syneches pusillus Lw. Terrebonne, Que., Aug. 20, 1918; St. Louis, Que.,
Aug. 13, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
331. Rhamphomyia wrregularis Lw. Outremont, Que., May 19, 1917, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Phoride.
Aphiocheta evarthe Mall. Strathroy, Ont., Aug. 14, 1918, (H. F.
Hudson).
Syrphide.
Pipiza festiva Mg. Mount Royal, Que., May 21, June 2, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
350. Pipiza pisticoides Will. Mount Royal, Que., May 23, June 2, 1918, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
363. Didea lazva O. S. Outremont, Que., Sept. 19, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.
Syrphus perplerus Osb. Outremont, Que., June 5, Sept. 1, 1918, (J.
Ouellet) ; Rawdon, Que., Aug. 12, 1917. . Addition to Quebec list.
377. Volucella bombylans americana Jus. Montreal, Que., June 28, 1917, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
393. Helophilus hamatus Lw. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 16, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
393. Helophilus laetus Lw. Outremont, Que., June 5, 1917; St. Louis, Que.,
Aug. 16, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 117
399. Xylota fraudulosa Lw. Outremont, Que., May 15, June 2, 1918, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Conopide. 5
412. Oncomyia modesta Will. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 15, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Tachinidie.
Viviania lachnosterne Tns. St. Remi, Que., June 24, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
New to Canada, (J. M. A.).
(Imitomyia) Himantostoma sugens Lw. According to Aldrich Sas-
katchewania canadensis, records of which occur in the Ent. Record for
_ 1915, is evidently the long lost H. sugens.
433. Hypostena barbata Cog. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 3, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
440. Hutriva exilis Cog. Outremont, Que., May 19, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.
441. Xanthomelana flavipes Coq. “Terrebonne, Que., Aug. 19, (J. Ouellet). New
to Canada, (J. M. A.).
445. Metaplagia occidentalis Coq. Joliette, Que., July 10, 1917, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Panzeria ampelos Walk. Outremont, Que., May 20, 1917; Sept. 19, 1918;
Joliette, Que., July 5, 24, 1918; St. Louis, Que., Aug. 7, 1918, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Exorista caesar Ald. “TI lately got some material for determination which
almost convinced me that my WHvorista caesar, a Canadian fly, is a
synonym of nigripalpis Tns. The point of difference was the existence
of one, or several bristles on the outer front side of the middle tibia:
I now think this is sometimes variable, though usually constant.”
(J. Me A.)
461. Phorocera erecta Coq. Mount Royal, Que., May 23, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
New to Canada, (J.M.A.).
470. Tachina robusta Tns. Newaygo, Argenteuil Co., Que., June 17, 1917,
(A. F. Winn). No definite Quebec record in Quebec list.
475. Phorichaeta sequax Will. Outremont, Que., July 29, 1917, Sept. 16, Oct.
1, 1918; St. Louis, Que., July 30, 1918, (J. Ouellet). No Quebee records
in Quebec list.
488. Hchinomyia decisa Wilk. Cap a VAigle, Que., Aug. 3-17, 1918, (A.F.
Winn); Mount Royal, Que., June 15, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to
Quebec list.
Dexiide.
Thelairodes clemonsi Tns. St. Remi, Que., June 25, (J. Ouellet). New
to Canada, (J.M.A.).
Sarcophagide.
Sarcophaga latisterna Pk. Outremont, Que., May 20, June 23, Aug. 22,
1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Sarcophaga cooleyi Pk. Allan, Sask., Aug. 11, 1917, (A. E. Cameron).
Sarcophaga marginata Ald. Outremont, Que., Sept. 13, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
118 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
* Sarcophaga vancouverensis Pk. Vancouver, B.C., May 12, 19, 1916; June
11, 1916; Savory Island, July 3, 1916; Bd. Bay, May 22, 1915, (R. &.
Sherman). Can. Ent., L, 123.
Muscide.
Phormia azurea Fall. Outremont, Que., July 28, 1917, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
525. Pyrellia cyanicolor Zett. Outremont, Que., May 21, 23, 1917, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Anthomyide.
Hydrotwa houghi Mall. Outremont, Que., Sept. 21, 1917, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Pogonomyia minor Mall. Farewell Creek, Sask.; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.,
XLIV, 280.
544. Mydea duplicata Mg. Outremont, Que., May 15, Aug. 25, 1917, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
545. Spilogaster signia Wik. Montreal, Que., Oct. 14, 1918, (A. F. Winn).
Addition to Quebec list.
Limnophora brunneisquama Mall. St. Remi, Que., June 25, 1918, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list. ;
Fannia spathiophora Mall. Gold Rock, Rainy River District, Ont., July
21, 1905, (H. H. Newcombe) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIV, 294.
546. Mydea uniseta Stein. Outremont, Que., June 11, Sept. 18, 1918, (J. |
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Mydea rufitibia Stein. Outremont, Que., May 15, 1917, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Mydea nitida Stein. Outremont, Que., May 28, (J. Ouellet). Addition
to Quebec list. (==nigripennis Walk. J.M.A.).
548. Anthomyia albicincta Fall. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 15, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Hylemyia coenosieformis St. St. Louis, Que., July 30, Aug. 15, 1918,
(J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Hylemyia pluvialis Mall. Gold Rock, Ont., July 21, (H. H. Newcombe) :
Can. Ent. LL, 310.
Hylemyia tenar Johannsen. Joliette, Que., July 10, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
558. Pegomyia affinis Stein. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 8, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Fucellia wstuum Ald. Vancouver, B.C., Aug. 8, 1917, (Melander) ;
Pender Island, B.C., (Aldrich) ; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci.. VIII, 157-179.
Cenosia humilis Mg. Outremont, Que., Sept. 13, 20, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
561. Cenosia hypopygialis St. St. Remi, Que., June 25, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
New to Canada, (J.M.A.).
Lispocephala alma Mg. Mount Royal, Que., April 16, (J. Ouellet). Ad-
dition to Quebec list.
Scatophagide.
565. Cordylura latifrons Lw. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 14, 17, 1918,-(J. Ouellet).
New to Canada, (J.M.A.).
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. : 119
567. Hydromyza confluens Lw. Brome Lake, Que., Aug. 1, 1917, (A. F. Winn).
Addition to Quebec list.
567. Opsiomyia palpalis Cog. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 16, 1918 (J. Ouellet).
New to Canada, (J.M.A.).
Heteroneuride.
Clusia czernyi Johnson. Outremont, Que., May 31, 1917, June 15, 20,
1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Helomyzide.
Helomyza plumata Lw. Mount Royal, Que., June 15, 1917, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Leria serrata L. Outremont, Que., May 6, 18, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.
Borboride.
Borborus marmoratus Becker. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 13, 1918, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Sciomyzide.
579. Tetanocera lineata Day. Mount Royal, Que., Sept. 20, 1917; St. Louis,
Que., Aug. 7, 19, 1918, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Sapromyzide.
Sapromyza similata Mall. Mount Royal, Que., June 13, 1917, Aug. 11,
1917, (J. Ouellet). New to Canada, (J.M.A.).
Trypetida.
605. Acidia fratria Lw. Montreal, Que., June 23, 1917, (J. Ouellet).
Rhagoletis fausta O. S. =intrudens Ald. Aweme, Man., reared from fruit
of Prunus pennsylvanica, (N. Criddle).
Micropezide.
617. Calobata pallipes Say. St. Louis, Que., July 30, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Sepside.
Sepsis signifera curvitibia M. & S. Outremont, Que., Sept. 21, 1917,
(J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Piophila oriens Mel. Outremont, Que., May 16, 1918, (J. Ouellet). New
to Canada, (J.M.A.).
Piophila pusilla Mg. Outremont, Que., Sept. 23, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Psilide.
621. Chyliza notata Lw. Montreal, Que., May 23, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition
to Quebec list.
Dphydride.
Hyadina nitida Macq. Aweme, Man., July 19, 1916, (N. Criddle). An
European species, new to Canada.
629. Parydra limpidipennis Lw. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 7, 19, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
New to Canada, (J.M.A.).
120 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
630. Scatella oscitans Wlk. Outremont, Que., June 17, 1917, Sept. #3, 1917;
St. Louis, Que., Aug. 14, 1918; St. Remi, Que., June 28, 1918, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Atissa pygmea Haliday. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). An European
species, new to Canada.
Oscinide.
633. Chlorops crocota Lw. Aweme, Man., Aug. 11, 1917, (N. Criddle).
634. Chlorops rubicunda Adams. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
Elachiptera melampus Lw. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
Elachiptera nigriceps Lw. Outremont, Que., Sept. 22, 191%, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Siphonella finalis Beck. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
Dicreus incongruus Ald. Treesbank, Man., (N. Criddle); Can. Ent. L.
340
Oscinis anthracina Lw. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
Osinis incerta Beck. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
Oscinis frontalis Tucker. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
* Oscinis criddlei Ald. Treesbank and Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle); Can.
Ent. L, 341.
* Oscinis scabra Ald. Treesbank, Man., May 6, 1916; Aweme, Man., Sept.
12, Oct. 13, 1916; Estevan, Sask., May 20, 1916, (N. Criddle); Can.
‘Ent. L, 342.
Oscinis frit Li. Outremont, Que., (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
* Lasiosina canadensis Ald. Ogema, Sask.; Estevan, Sask.; Treeshank,
Man.; Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Can. Ent. L, 337.
Lasiosina similis Mall. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
Geomyzide.
Chyromya femorella Fall. Outremont, Que., (J. Ouellet). An European
species, new to Canada.
Agromyzide.
Agromyza pusilla Mg. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 14, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Agromyza posticata Mg. Mount Royal, Que., Sept. 10, 22, 1917; Outremont
Que., May 28, 1917, (J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Agromyza coquilletti Mall. St. Louis, Que., July 30, 1918; Aug. 13, 1918,
(J. Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
Agromyza laterella Zett. Terrebonne, Que., Aug. 20, 1918, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Agromyza vibrissata Mall. Outremont, Quebec., Sept. 19, 1917, (J.
Ouellet). Addition to Quebec list.
648. Agromyza parvicornis Lw. Outremont, Que., Sept. 8, 1917, (J. Ouellet).
Addition to Quebec list.
Desmometopa latipes Mg. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle).
HYMENOPTERA.
Vipionide. -
Opius fuscipennis Gahn. Aweme, Man., July 1, 1918; reared from
Rhagoletis fausta 0. S., (N. Criddle).
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121
Braconide.
* = Microbracon cephi Gahan. Treesbank, Man.; reared from Cephus cinctus
in stems of Hlymus canadensis, (N. Criddle). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.
XX, 19.
Serphide.
Serphus caudatus Say. Aweme, Man., Aug. 28, 1915, (N. Criddle).
Formicide.
Formica bradleyi Wheeler. Aweme, Man., May 30, 1916, (N. Criddle).
Camponotus abdominalis stercorarius Forel. Lillooet, B.C., found on
imported bananas probably from Central or South America; determined
by W. M. Wheeler, (A. W. A. Phair).
Audrenide.
Andrena columbiana Vier. Mission, B.C., Aug. 8, 1904, (R. V. Harvey) ;
“Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLIII, 374.
* Andrena persimulata Vier. Montreal Island, Que.; Trans. Amer. Ent.
Soe., XLIII, 390.
Apide.
Diadasia australis Cr. Lethbridge, Alta., June 28, 1914, on Opuntia,
. (F. W. L. Sladen).
Diadasia diminuta Cr. Salmon Arm, Vernon, B.C., on mallow, (F. W. L.
Sladen).
HeEMIPTERA.
(Arranged according to a Catalogue of the Hemiptera of America, North of
Mexico—excepting the Aphidide, Coccide and Aleurodide; by E. P. Van Duzee;
University of California Publications, 1917.)
Aphidide.
* Symydobius americanus Baker. Puslinch Lake, near Guelph, Ont., 1909,
(A. C. Baker) ; Can. Ent. L, 318.
Pentatomide.
184. Banasa calva Say. Jordan, Ont., May 11, 1918, (W. A. Ross).
Coreide.
247. Leptoglossus occidentalis Heid. Jordan, Ont., June 30, 1917, (W. A.
Ross). :
348. Corizus lateralis Say. Jordan, Ont., Sept. 9, 1918, (W. A. Ross).
Lygaeide.
* Peritrechus saskatchewanensis Barber. Oxbow, Sask., (F. Knab): Jour.
N.Y. Ent. Soc. XX VI, 60
Tingidide.
639. Corythucha arcuata Say. Aweme, Man., June 14, 1918, on Quercus macro-
carpus, (N. Criddle).
122 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
640. Corythucha pergandei Heid. Halifax, N.S.,. 1897, (W. H. Harrington).
Corythucha cydoninae Fitch. Aweme, Man., Aug. 9, 1918, (N. Criddle) ;
on Crategus and Amalanchier spicata.
Corythucha immaculata O. & D. TLallooet, B.C:, (A. W. A. Phair).
Corythucha heidemanni Drake. Ottawa, Ont., (W. H. Harrington).
Corythucha hewitti Drake. Aweme, Man., July 9, 1918, on Corylus ameri-
cana, (N. Criddle).
Corythucha salicis O. & D. Trenton, Ont., Sept. 1, 1910, (J. D. Evans) :
Aweme, Man., Aug. 13, 1918, on Salix discolor, (N. Criddle).
Corythucha elegans Drake. Hastings Co., Ont., July 27, 1903, (J.-D.
Evans) ; Ottawa, Ont., Oct. 13, 1908, on poplar, (H. Groh).
Corythucha betule Drake. Ottawa, Ont., (W. H. Harrington).
Anthocoridx.
847. Nylocoris sordidus Reut. Bowmanville, Ont., Aug. 19, 1913, (W. A. Ross).
Miride. :
1019. Lygus hirticulus Van D. Jordan, Ont., July 9, 1915, (W. A. Ross).
Cicadellide.
* Erythroneura ador MecAtee. Halifax, N.S., Aug. 5, 1917, Sept. 1, 1917;
Can. Ent., L, 361.
* Typhlocyba cimba McAtee. Halifax, N.S., Sept. 1, 1917; Can. Ent., L, 360.
ODONATA.
(Arranged according to Muttkowski’s Catalogue of the Odonata of North
America. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue).
Coenagrionide.
54. Enallagma antennatum Say. Ironside, Que., (LL. M. Stéhr).
60. Hnallagma hageni Walsh. Red Deer, Alta., June 23, 1918: new to Alberta
list, (F. C. Whitehouse).
65. Nehalennia posita Hagen. Ironside, Que., (i. M. Stohr).
67. Chromagrion conditum Hagen. Ironside, Que., (i. M. Stéhr).
Aeshnide.
82. Hagenius brevistylus Selys. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stéhr). First definite
record from Quebec province, (H.M.W.).
83. Ophiogomphus anomalus Harvey. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stohr). Not
previously recorded from Canada; I have, however, seen specimens from
L. Nipigon, Ont., (E.M.W.).
97. Gomphus spicatus Hagen. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stohr). First record -
from Quebec province, (E.M.W.).
Cordulegaster obliquus Say. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stohr): First un-
doubted record from Quebec province, Provanchier’s specimens being of
uncertain identity, (H.M.W.).
-2
2
Libellulide.
* Sommatochlora kennedyi E. M. Walk. Mer Bleue, near Ottawa, June 9,
1903, (A. Gibson); Godbout River, Que., July 29, 1918, (Walker) ;
De Grassi Point, Ont., June 19, 1917, (Walker) ; Can. Ent., L, 371.
1919 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 12
ie)
138. Libellula luctuosa Burm. Ironside, Que., (L. M. Stohr). New to Quebec
province.
PLECOPTERA.
* Protarcys bradleyi Smith. Lake Louise, Alta., June 25, 1908; Rogers
Pass, B.C. Aug. 7, 1908; Ground Hog Basin, Selkirk Mtns., B.C., July
22—Aug. 7, 1905, (J. C. Bradley) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLII, 470.
CoLLEMBOLA.
Mr. Charles Macnamara, of Arnprior, Ont. has continued his studies of these
insects, and during 1918 he has collected the following around Arnprior. These
have not been previously noted.
* Tsotoma macnamarai Folsom; Can. Ent., L, 291.
Seira buskii Lubbock.
Papirius maculosus Schott.
Sminthurus aquaticus Bourlet.
Sminthurus quadrimaculatus Ryder.
Sminthurus malmgreni elegantulus Reuter.
Tn addition to the above it is of interest to record Achorutes harveyi Folsom,
from Aweme. Man., (N. Criddle). In the same locality the same collector has
found Tsotoma viridis riparia Nicolet.
PAGE
manla bipunctata ..-.....-......5. 26
Agrotis ypsilon .............+--+- 56
MMOPMMRMETIINUUICA, co c.2 5 scree eee ie a cis 24
Anthonomus signatus ...........- 25
Aphid galls, uses of ............-- 28
Aphids, their human interest ..... 28
s wing production in ...... 30
Aphis, green apple ..............- 23
= “DU 60 gees Eee eeonD 23
t PITUIPIROUAO) s cic.c1- oveieis cots ove 30
Apple caterpillar, yellow-necked .. 24
Apple maggot, control of .......... 90
Apple worm, red-humped ......... 24
Aristotle, entomological work of .. 69
Aspidiosus perniciosus ............ 23
Bacterial diseases, dissemination by
insects of
Bacterial wilt of crucifers
Baker As ©., article by ........--- 28
Blackberry leaf-miner
Boisgiraud, entomological work of. 80
Bonnet, entomological work of .... 75
Bordeaux mixture, russeting effects
SMIEEEELEC o-)claciecc es os So ees 20
British Columbia Branch, report of 14
Brown rot of fruits
Brown tail moth parasite, in Canada 35
“vill TACHI. he! SQ BSCS eee eae 24
Cabbage root-worm ............... 67
Dabbare WOImMs ............-...5- 25, 27
Gacoecia rosaceana .............+- 26
pear t,, article by ...--.--5..-% 60, 90
MINIEREGCOLASE ci. 2 ee ee cess 23
Mankers in apples ....-..........- 62
DEPIMPETISG LYS =. 5-0. cece 25
Cephus cinctus ............-.-.-.: 33, 3
“s IM PIMACTIS: (< -.2<ciclskl- -eleieis oi 33
MepwmaGd PICtA, <.----. oes ess tees 28
Chermes on spruce .............--- 26
Cherry fruit, flies ..............-.- 23
MEHIMIMEMDIISNE 6... eens 61
Chortophila brassicae ............. 25
- a life history
and control of ............-. sco. MSE
Claviceps purpurea ............-.- 61
Coccinella 9-notata ..............- 26
Compsilura concinnata, recovery in
op hid) Ol 58)6 6p pCsenoREE Sean 35
Cosens, A., article by ..........---- 15
mee report Of ........-...---- “)
rinaicn IN. article by ........-.-- 32
Cryptorhynchus lapathi ........... 62
BEPIOUBPNEDOWIIE 66.522 eee e ees 63
rator, Leport of ..........6-+6: 11
Curly top of sugar beets .......... 64
0 oly cle res 28
SD SEDT = 6) aero 25, 34, 56
125
PAGE
Dasyneura rhodophaga ............ 26
DRY Gh o mb AY BA So poo CoD oo UNDO 24, 28
DAVIS), Uoads sAECICLe! Di cn hirer 47
DeGeer, entomological work of ... 76
Diabrotica 12-punctata ............ 56
be lONZICOINIS eiacwee.-1eeto eats 56
Downy mildew of lima beans ..... 61
Dufour, entomological work of .... 74
Hindothia’ parasitica, << -t.' oll 61
Entomology, present day problems
iit Sree ane CRO ore an cestogs So 47
Entomological, some chapters of the
Gtigke WUE OIAy Ly Saga doceodaro aor 69
IDPS dina Cb aoe wetog aacoc a baie.0.0 61
Eriosoma lanigera ............ 30, 31, 36
Fabricius system of classification. . 7
Field crops, insects injurious to .. 25
PIC gH Yo tee eee ein tlre wees sleet, soa 34
Fungus diseases, dissemination of
INSECES WO Veet aereoisteris lores ees lomerets 60
Gooseberry twig disease .......... 61
GrasshODPDELsis oe oc ere ciet-laterets-> ete 52
tf remedies against .....- 53
plea tee Ousie arcloisie acto veeraretoieieysreri= 62
Hemerocampa leucostigma ........ 23, 28
lgGkichn ihe pooccaoesuumeoac 4 26, 34, 47, 50
Honey dew, uses of .............. 29
Huber, entomological work of .... 15
Huckett, H. C., article by ........ 67
Hypoderma bovis ...........--.-++ 26
Them Eyrhvobistss! Bo coenecncacou0K 71
SE OCOLOPASLS iepstetel selene n= etel-eaneeTare 75
insects as agents in the dissemina-
tion of plant. diseases... -c- -cl-s 60
Insects of the season in Ontario .. 23
“ “ “ Quebec 27
SOSH UTE GLC te sterss. eheletare ucts a ie) 26
Kirby & Spence’s classification .... 79
Ladybird beetles -...-.0.22.-2--1. 26
Latreille’s classification .......... 78
Meafaminen: sDeObec en cisctomieraicie severe 25
se blackberry y ci-cesce sere 24
Leaf-roller, fruit tree ............. 23
ui strawberry ........... 25
Leydig, entomological work of .... 74
Pabrarian;, TEPOLrt OL fee teree ie -r-lnie i
Life history of a hobby horse .... 39
Linnaeus, entomological work of .. 76
Lochhead, W., article by .......... 69
ILA bs} RROD OOCORGOr DUD COCOO 34, 35
oyctus striatus, 2 or... encmcn core 26
YSIS SDLAtLCUSIS( ele seer ole iteletel- el 65.
Lyonnet, entomological work of .. 73
126 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1919
PAGE PAGE
Macrosiphuny pisio «ie aceceinieeie 30 Pteronus TIDeSe 235 v.22 oo eee 28
a HOE X oo toaboOsOE OA 30
Solanmifolid<< 33 04. 65 Quebec, insects of the season in .. 27
Mae 20t COMM ae cfakelet dis) tains raters aie 28
Mascots, STASS-StOnt. a fess cules ae 34 Réaumur, entomological work of ..76,80 ~
WANE one oonaesad 34 Redi, entomological work of ...... 75
Maheux Gy articles (by. 5<.--ier 27,93 Reports on insects of the year ..15, 17,19,
Malpighi, entomological werk of .. 72
Maple borer, relation to heart rots
OF Renee in see neler aie ee 62
Wary-Deetlesy,” cic. See ee cote wie hetereeuste 58
Mayetiola destructor ............. 26, 50
McLaine, L. S., article by ........ 35
Melanoplus: atlamis! -2.2.--.1.-...--- 35
< femur-rubrum ........ 52
vd Spretusisues oes: ae 35
Melaphis chinensis) 2.5... 0... ce. 28
Members; slistscon qsjortehetacters tee steleeatsre 7
Meéromyzay americana’ .< 252 =. <.4-n 34
Metallus: bethuneil 4.5 ecient 24
§ PU DICE A Cease, Oo chet oe eke Gy teats 24
Montreal Branch, report of ....... 12
Mornis) Hs anticles: byir.ct- ace oiay 17, 39
IMOSAICTGISCASES Gyrieieyetoter< tie tetetess)-taten= 64
My ZS PErSiGAG. heirs ac crccoetetereisear 31
Nematodes on cyclamen .......... 26
Newport, entomological work of ... 74
Nobles- di Vi) articles Dyaietcminn -ca 19
Nova Scotia Branch, report of .... 15
Opiusifernugineal accel niece eee 24
Orchard yinsects a criceetelen-taeioeree 23
Oscinidaes See ss ein © Sersints 34
GSciInIS REGIE. 0 yore acct cere ele otexe ae 3
Parasitism and natural control,
studies, early work in .......... 79
PGA DIPSET fe aciaislantetaret tar nietes eenea one 63
Peart psyllay Baas cancerous 23
ce in Ontario, control of. .87,88
Pear thrips: 25 cisecs calences ohestelenarerece 24
Pemphigus galls, tses of .......... 28
IPhorbia fusciceps: areca. eee 28
Phylloxera caryaecaulis ........... 3
Physiological diseases of plants, dis-
semination by insects of ........ 64
Phytophthora phaseoli ............ 61
Plant diseases, disseminat‘on by in-
ECO Oi aNodcacgas oooh okoacoadoar 60
Plant diseases, transmission by
ADOIGS VOL cise scotssetejore oiek iaeanevete re atere 29
Potato) fleas beetle) iva.) steno aaa ieee 27
Powder post: beetless <j..)5. 2. ms. 26
Prairie Provinces. insect problems
LILGUIG Vayavarcielore orev cteleretersreteiaicteintoter ta 32
23, 27
Rhagoletis cingulata ............ 5 23
= fausta, , .).sc.aee eee eee 23
Rhopalosiphum persicae ........... 65
Rondani, entomological work of .. 80
Root-magezots» .:.....0 cs «aicew\w aie 25
Rose: Midge... h see ke diecee eee 26
Ross, W. A., articles by :......< 23, 81, 90
San. José seale. 2.22 3 a oe 23
Schizura concinna |. ---.. eee 28
Selerotinia cinerea ...<.2:.-5.00e- 62
“Silk, bugs?) 2). eine 56
Slug, pear and'.cherry <<) .-- neta 23
SUS) oats, ais s'svacs:celoaue cleaved Se eee 93
Small fruits, insects injurious to .. 24
Soft rot of vegetables ............ 63
Spinach blightio<...:-2.<p.cee eee 3 64
Strauss-Diirckheim, work of ...... 74
Strawberry Jeaf-roller > <..i0-s-.see 25
weevil, jo3n)s7...2 eee 25
Swammerdam, entomological work
OF siidicciod a bs acres ele eee 72
Systematists, great insect ........ 76
Taeniothrigs inconsequems ........ 24
Tarnished plant bug ...<).. cc. see 65
Thecodiplosis mosellana ........... 25
Tmetocera ‘ocellana. so. 22 cee 24
Toronto Branch, report of ........ 12
Tothill, J. D., article by .o3oo.eeee 35
Toxoptera graminum ............. 31
Trichogramma minutum ....... he 23
Truck crops, insects injurious to... 25
Tussock ‘moth... ...<c:.clocsien sleeenaee 23, 28
Valisneri, work iOf 5. Scicice.-cmnee F 79
Warbler fly) 3-1 <caecic 32 oe ee 26
Webworm,, fall .0...5:i).e% 2. see 24
~ parsnip =: 6. .Saceecee 25
Wheat insects: .. 22.7.0 =e 25
« -Jjoint-worm. 200s. eseee eee 26
6 MIMBO > acecoes. ale ages Se ee 25
Wheat-stem sawfly, western ....... 33, 34
White Gerubs:. os bieliccccieeccaeietts 27, 33, 57
White pine blister rust ........ Bree en!
WirewOrms 20.5.3. -<s6. chess eee 34, 26
Zebra.’ caterpillar, (sc htm ate aie 28
hs
aa
F +
3 F
.
a i
~
‘ Department of Agriculture
| Fiftieth Annual Report
OF THE
1919
PRINTED BY ORDER OF
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO
TORONTO:
e by A. < WILGRESS, Printer to the King’ 3 Most Excellent Majesty
nn
+
iti
‘ea
1920
= as 5 |
cs
‘
f ie
Aaa
Ontario Department of Agriculture
Fiftieth Annual Report
Entomological Society
OF ONTARIO
1919
PRINTED BY ORDER OF
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO
TORONTO:
Printed by A. T. WILGRESS, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty
1920
- * eK ea E Z
; ; % . a ‘
, 5 ‘ -
(~
‘
J j
. = 2
'
‘
.
c -
le
‘ s3
_ Printed by
'
i x ep fe Le
oe sy Ee es ho.
7 = _
/
r
= x
‘ y ; .
< : c
; x ws
a : : 2%
A o
- * -
ae ‘oo ht
* | ne
a ‘ ‘
) ‘ Z . **
PS : ‘- : 38 =k Sag Stree ci PARR <8
oi , ‘ > 5
~ hie > ipl o>
ey ee tet cond
: ay
ce A
Zonour, LioneL H. Crarxe, : =
cy utenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.
ae
p Your Honour:
he honour to present herewith for your consideration, the Report of
Society for 1919.
Respectfully submitted,
- Manyine W. Douenrty,
Minister of Agriculture.
.
-_ e
s
re .
. s =
wT a
. ’ ~
- “
i
~ s 5 Fe
Petar %
4 Ta
c ~ * i.
3
Fy : ae?
4 ; i
| ae . 7 5 ¢ oe
a. F {3}, a
‘ie P . . a ri
ae oy
CONTENTS
PAGE
POSTS TLE TIRES Ye ORS © Stas Clear cls onal era ea arity CE ar PR RT 3 6
RIEMUME SS UAL ENON Digs ct cat oyotersUotsy aches sic, ebeligreia Gls, slouoa,dvellor duct o-oigtra towers Feieee as ee wtess SOE < 6
SN PEPMENLETESELEON (eC IS nc Naas SY Sic. ha, eccves los aVoyerta ts > rage Geeta ian Rens aOR OC ona Ort IAN rete 7
ov ily Gn HIG (COC T SRS Secs as Geen he cee ese cen ae tt ee commen 1 7
> GUST AVT ATI see or cba ca sacs ode ai Ranerctehs whee hear he oe terre eae 9
SUIT ALOT areca occ ck neyoheve Son oe swam oP HEee GRO tie ates een aimee 9
- PROTONUOE DB UAIIC oer siete vin ofa cunn srctes fea ner nP aE SVor dni her ieaeteh pera adres 9
WlOnUrCal eB raN Chm eretay cis ccenchete each Chea at anis Oe oN cre Seer 10
2 British eColumbiaBranchive as. ce menels motes seek ee 11
INO WES COLIAs PBTANCD rartiiet tt merc om erate eres ne ete ae ace ries 12
Reports on Insects of the Year: Division No. 3: A. COSENS ....:........-.00-0ee- 13
e 7 “ AS oH J, pAcuMORRIS, Sesiekrk aces 14
ee : F tS Gite Jeu We INOBGN) sic = rciccsis okie ioe einer 15
Entomological Progress in British Columbia: R. C. TREHERNE .................-. 16
Results of Preliminary Experiments with Chloropicrin: G. J. Spencer .......... 18
MpmeeommoneGercopidae: GEO, A. MOORE. o..:00)¢ 6 .jeejs-0:csepe oles ods wohaimei a ee selelee es 21
My Experience this Year in Dusting and Spraying (1919): Rev. Farner LEoPo.. 25
iPect outsreaks and their Causes: J: Di TOTHILL ..2.00.5 00000000 cee cece wees 31
Further Notes on the Control of the Pear Psylla: W. A. Ross and W. Ropinson.. 33
mneemederal Plant Quarantine Act: C. Tu. MARULATT «2... ce cc ues cies eee cena 38
PPE MemtMiChmaAbic aw: W. LOCHHEAD: . ..5...5.ec: ent eee ied aisles wees woe ees 43
Locusts in Manitoba, with Special Reference to the Outbreak of 1919: N. Crippre. . 49
Notes on Some Acrididae Found in British Columbia: E. R. BucKELL ........... 53
One Year’s Experiments in the Control of the Cabbage Maggot: W. H. Brirrain... 61
The Control of the Cabbage Maggot in British Columbia: R. C. TREHERNE ........ 68
Further Data on the Control of the Cabbage Root Maggot in the Ottawa District:
CRIT LE Sia Fa TY cn nV yaya, Soy areice Poye'/ar'sve (oOo car eo oc lopevie ans, Sraves’o Whalsisrsirel ecere) of) avererove 71
anppare Mapeot control: L. Carsar and H. C: HUCKETT ..-..........00-200cecee 73
The Present Status of Mill-Infesting Insects in Canada: E. H. STRICKLAND ....... 77
Some Notes on the Life History of our Common June Beetles: H. F. Hupson .... 81
Report on Insects for the Year: Division No. 6: H. F. Hupson .................. 83
The Strawberry Root Weevil in British Columbia: W. DowNEs .................. 84
The Strawberry Root Weevil: W. A. Ross and C. H. CurRAN ................50+55 88
Insects of the Season in Ontario: W. A. Ross and L. CAESAR ...............0+005- 95
Remarks on the Ancestry of Insects: G. C. CRAMPTON ............-. 002 eeeeeeees 105
Later Developments in the European Corn Borer Situation; E. P. Ferr .......... 110
The Entomological Record, 1919: A. Grmpson and N. CRIDDLE ......... 2.00.20 e eee 112
ea across 2 Soa a aw'oh aera Geis tule shee deere glace seaieine ¥ e.diore o-0)5e atbtetoiele wnchonelsiehs 135
[5]
Entomological Society of Ontario
OFFICERS FOR 1919-1920
President—Mr. ARTHUR Gipson, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa.
Vice-President—Mr. F. J. A. Morris, M.A., Peterborough.
Sctretary-Treasurer—Mk. A. W. Baker, B.S.A., Lecturer in Entomology, O. A. Col-
lege, Guelph.
Curator—Caprain G. J. SPENCER, B.S.A., O. A. College, Guelph.
Librarian—ReEv. Pror. C. J. S. Bernunr, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Professor of Ento-
mology and Zoology, O. A. College, Guelph. =
Directors—Division No 1, Mr. J. M. Swaine, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agri-
culture, Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Dr. A. CosEns,
Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Division No. 5, Mr. J. W.
Nosir, Essex; Division No. 6, Mr. J. F. Hupson, Strathroy; Division No. 7, Mr. W. A.
Ross, Vineland Station.
Directors (ex-Presidents of the Society)—Revy. Pror. ©. J. 'S. BerHune, M.A., D.C.L. .
F.R.S.C., Guelph; Pror. JoHN Drarness, Vice-Principal, Normal School, London; Rey.
Tuomas W. Fytss, D.C.L., F.L.S., Ottawa; Pror. Wm. LocuHeap, B.A., M.S., Macdonald
College, Que.; JoHN D. Evans, C.E., Trenton; Pror. E. M. Waker, B.A., M.B.,
F.R.S.C., University of Toronto; C. Gorpon Hewirt, D.Se., F.R.S.C., Dominion Ento-
mologist, Ottawa; Mr. Atzgert F. WinN, Westmount, Que.; Pror. LAwson Cassar, M.A.,
B.S.A., O. A. College, Guelph.
Editor of “ The Canadian Entomologist ’—Pror, E. M. WALKER, Toronto.
Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada—THE PRESIDENT.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
For the year ending October 31st, 1919
Receipts. Brpenditures.
Cash on hand, 1917-18 ......... $57 28 WPeNsSS, iH. is HSS NS eB eee $25 50
Advertisements ..............0% 46 00 Printing jcacid\aresem eee eee 1550 07
Backs Numbers: ..-toes-moeceeer 192 10 Annual ‘meeting... .acoee 105 65
Members’ Dues .....:.....00- cccees 124 40 Annual Report ..... Sa oarsmen 25 00
Subscriptions’. .c.02 cscs eee 470 11 Salary soi coe ot ee eee 100 00
Banks INteres ty sch.irssshertsrerslatursrtere 2 64 DGibrary so. acd coer ates ose ete 3 50
Government Grant ............ 1000 00 Cash on, hand): .)..0.07 4:02 82 81
$1892 53 $1892 53
To} balance: due: on printine sss ain ieee tetera $230 81
BY. Cash VON anal aisy.terecatictayesloetets ea evcionencbaierekeuelesceecs tet waite crete 82 81
Net “DORCIED os citicschoae coerce Os ee eee ae $148 00
Auditors: L. CAESAR.
J. BE. Howirr.
Entomological Society of Ontario
ANNUAL MEETING.
The Fifty-sixth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was
held at Ottawa on Thursday and Friday, November 6th and 7th, 1919. The chair
was occupied by the President, Prof. L. Caesar.
The following members were present: Prof. W. H. Brittain, Truro, N.S.;
Mr. George Sanders, Annapolis Royal, N.S.; Mr. J. D. Tothill, Fredericton, N.B.:
Prof. W. Lochhead, Macdonald College, Que.; Mr. A. F. Winn, Westmount, Que. :
Dr. J. A. Corcoran and Mr. G. C. Moore, Montreal, Que.; Rev. Father Leopold
and Mr. F. Letourneaux, Oka. Que.; Mr. C. E. Petch, Covey Hill, Que.; Dr. C.
G. Hewitt and J. McDunn: Messrs. A Gibson, J. M. Swaine, C. B. Hutchings,
E. F. Strickland, F. W. L. Sladen, C. B. Gooderham, J. I. Beaulne, L. S. McLaine.
V. Kitto and Drs. J. McDunnough and S. Hadwen, Ottawa, Ont.: Mr. F. J. A.
Morris, Peterborough, Ont.; Mr. H. F. Hudson, Strathroy, Ont.: Mr. W. A. Ross,
Vineland, Ont.: Mr. N. Criddle, Treeshank, Man., and Mr. R. C. Treherne,
Vancouver, B.C.
Among the visitors were Mr. C. L. Marlatt, Washington, D.C.; Prof.-Cum-
mings, Mass.; Prof. W. A. Macoun and Mr. HE. $8. Archibald, Ottawa.
Letters of regret at their inability to attend the meeting were received from
the following: Dr. W. E. Britton, New. Haven, Conn.; Prof. G. C. Crampton,
Amherst, Mass.; Dr. E. P. Felt, Albany, N.Y.; Dr. H. T. Fernald, Amherst, Mass. :
Dr. T. J. Headlee, New Brunswick, N.J., and Mr. J. J. Davis, Riverton, N.J.
On Thursday morning a meeting of the Council was held at which several
matters of importance to the Society were brought up and discussed. In view
of the increasing deficit shown by the Treasurer’s Report it was decided that the
fee to Canadian members of the Society, including members of Branches, be
increased to $2.00, and that in lieu of all expenses only the railway fares of the
Directors and Officers of the Society be paid.
In the afternoon the general meeting was called to order by the President
and the proceedings commenced with the reading of the Report of the Council.
followed by those of the Treasurer, Librarian, Curator and of the various Branches
of the Society.
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its
report for the year 1918-1919.
The Fifty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario Agri-
cultural College, Guelph, on Wednesday and Thursday, December 4th and 5th,
1918. Owing to the prevalence of influenza, the meeting was held at a much
later date than usual. The chair was occupied. by the President, Professor Lawson
Caesar, O. A. College. The attendance was very good, including members of the
Society from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba. Mr.
J. J. Davis, West Lafayette, Ind., Prof. J. P. Parrott, Geneva, N.Y. and Prof
R. Matheson, Ithaca, N.Y., were welcome visitors.
[7]
8 THE REPORT OF THE | No. 36
By the kindness of Dr. Creelman, all those in attendance who came from a
distance, were entertained in the College Residence during their stay in Guelph.
This arrangement added much to their pleasure and comfort by affording many
opportunities for social converse and by saving the time usually spent in travelling
to and from the town. This hospitality was greatly appreciated by all present, ana
a hearty vote of thanks was accorded at the close of the meeting to President
Creelman and to the Matron and the Superintendent of the Dining Hall.
At a meeting of the Council, held on Wednesday morning, it was decided to.
enlarge the pages of The Canadian Entomologist in order to be uniform with the
standard size of bulletins, and also to issue ten instead of twelve numbers per
annum, but at the same time to make no reduction in the amount of reading matter.
During the afternoon of Wednesday and on Thursday, a number of interesting
and valuable papers were read and discussed, of which the following is a list :—
Reports on insects of the year in their respective districts by Directors, Dr. A.
Cosens, Toronto, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough and Mr. J. W. Noble,
Tissex. Insects of the season in Ontario, by Mr. W. A. Ross, Vineland, and of
Quebec by Mr. G. Maheux, Quebec; “ Aphids; their human interest,” by Dr. A.
C. Baker, Washington, D.C.; “ Insect problems in the Prairie Provinces,” by Mr.
Norman Criddle, Treesbank, Man.; “The recovery in Canada of the Brown-tail
Moth Parasite, Compsilura concinnata,” by Messrs. J. D. Tothill and L. 8.
McLaine; “ The Life-history of a Hobby Horse” by Mr. F. J. A. Morris; “ Present
day problems in Entomology,” by Mr. J. J. Davis; “Insects as agents in the
dissemination of Plant Diseases,’ by Prof. Caesar; “The Cabbage-root Maggot,”
by H. C. Huckett; “Some chapters of the early history of Entomology,” by Prof.
Lochhead; “The Pear Psylla in Ontario,” by Mr. W. A. Ross; “Our Garden
Slugs,” by Mr. G. Maheux; and “The Entomological Record for 1918,” by Mr.
Arthur Gibson. The reports of the Montreal, Toronto, Nova Scotia, and British
Columbia Branches and of the Librarjan and Curator were also presented and
read.
The Canadian Entomologist, the official organ of the Society, completed its
fiftieth volume in December last; the event was commemorated by a poem from
the pen of Mr. F. J. A. Morris, which opened the fifty-first volume. This yolume
will be completed by the issue of the forthcoming November and December num-
bers. The semi-centennial volume contained 433 pages, illustrated by 12 full
page plates and 21 figures in the text. The contributors to its pages numbered
57 and included writers in Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, Alberta and
British Columbia, and also in twelve of the United States. In the systematic
articles there were described five new genera, 103 new species and four new varieties
of insects. The series of papers published each month on “ Popular and Practical
Entomology ” has continued to form an attractive as well as an instructive feature
for the benefit of the general reader.
The number of members of the Society continues to be much the same from
year to year. At the end of 1918 there were 179 on the list, including those on.
military service overseas. During the current year 26 have left us owing to deaths
and withdrawals, while the same number of new members has been added to the
roll.
It is again the sad duty of the Council to record the loss of one of our ablest
and most active Entomologists, Mr. Frederic Hova Wolley Dod, of Midnapore,
Alberta, who died of Enteric Fever on the 24th of July, at 49 Hospital, Chanak.
His rank was Second Lieutenant in the Yorkshire Light Infantry attached to the
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 9
Macedonian Labour Corps. Though beyond the age prescribed for military service,
his patriotic spirit compelled him to do what lay in his power for the welfare of
the Empire. He accordingly went to England and succeeded in obtaining a com-
mission and being sent out with a Labour Corps to Macedonia. Mr. Wolley Dod
devoted himself to the Lepidoptera and became the highest authority in North
America on the Noctuid Moths. He published in the Canadian Entomologist a
long series of papers, extending over many years, on the synonymy and classifi-
cation of this difficult family.
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN.
Owing to the lack of funds available for the purpose, only one book has been
bought for the Library during the year now drawn to a close, namely, “ Illustra-
tions of the North American species of the genus Catocala” by Drs. Barnes and
MecDunnough, published by the American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Seven bound volumes have been received, making the total number 2,292. A
notable gift to the Library has been made by the Rev. Dr. Fyles, a Life-member
and Ex-President of the Society. It is a large folio volume, handsomely bound
in red leather and entitled “Illustrations in Natural History.” It contains 107
water-colour drawings, chiefly of insects, but including a few depicting flowers,
birds, reptiles and other creatures. It was presented by the author “as a token
of his appreciation of the great pleasure and profit his connection with the Society
as afforded him.”
The Library continues to receive a large number of periodicals in exchange
for The Canadian Entomologist and a great variety of bulletins, reports and
pamphlets, many of which should be collected into volumes and bound for con-
venient reference.
Cuaruss J. S. BeruuNe, Librarian.
REPORT OF THE CURATOR.
Mr. Eric Hearle resigned the position of curator last spring on account of
his departure for British Columbia where he has been studying mosquitoes during
the summer. In the meantime I have myself, assisted at first by Mr. H. G. Craw-
ford and later by Mr. G. J. Spencer, looked after the collection. They are all
in good condition and have been so throughout the year. Very few new insects
have been added.
L. Cansar, President.
REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH.
October 9th, 1919.—The 23rd Annual Meeting of the Toronto Branch was
held in the Biological Building of the University of Toronto.
The report of the Council showed that seven regular meetings and one annual
meeting were held during the year, and that the average attendance was fifteen
persons.
2 ES.
10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
The annual meeting held on November 21st, 1918 was an open meeting for
general discussion of entomological topics. But at the regular meetings a variety
of papers were read, these were as follows :—
Dec. 6th,1918—“‘The Natural Control of Insects.” By Mr. John D. Tothill, of Fred-
ericton, N.B. :
Jan. 9th, 1919—"Insects as Food of Trout.” By Dr. W. A. Clemens.
Feb. 6th, 1919—“A Month on the Lower St. Lawrence.” By Dr. E. M. Walker.
Feb. 27th, 1919—“ Notes on the Biology of Stoneflies.” By Mrs. W. A. Clemens.
Mar. 21st, 1919—“Insect Life in British Honduras.” By N. K. Bigelow.
April 24th, 1919—“Investigations into the Habits of the Nymphs of the Mayflies of
Genus Chirotonetes.” By Dr. W. A. Clemens.
Also “Insectivorous Birds in Ontario.” By Dr. E. M. Walker.
May 29th, 1919—‘‘The Food and Feeding Habits of some Larval Hymenoptera.”
By Dr. A Cosens.
The report of the Librarian showed that many publications had been received
during the year, and that these had been catalogued and filed.
The financial statement showed a balance on hand of $22.47.
It was owing to the epidemic of influenza in the autumn of 1918 that the
annual meeting was not held until November.
Three new members: Mrs. W. A. Clemens, Mr. N. K. Bigelow, and Mr.
H. Hesket were elected during the year.
After the reading of the annual report, one new member, Mr. R. W. Hall.
was nominated and elected a member of the Toronto Branch.
The election of officers was then proceeded with, the results were as follows:
President, Mr. H. V. Anprews; Vice-President, Mr. 8. Loerer; Secretary-
Treasurer, Miss Norma Forp; Librarian, Mr. N. K. Brcztow; Council, Dr. E.
M. Watxer, Dr. W. A. Cremens, Dr. A. Cosens, Mr. T. B. Kurata, Mr. J.
HANNIBAL, Mr. C. K. Brosst.
When the annual business was finished the meeting was left open for general
discussions in entomology and for notes and observations of the season. Those
present at the meeting were: Dr. Clemens, Dr. Walker, Miss Ford, Mr. A. W.
Baker of the Parent Society, Messrs. Andrews, Hannibal, Wright, Bigelow, Hall.
Logier, and two visitors.
It is with sincere regret that the Toronto Branch record the death of Mr.
Chas. M. Snazelle, who had been a member since 1912. During the last two years
he had been unable to attend the meetings owing to business obligations in con-
nection with war work. Mr. Snazelle was an enthusiastic student of nature both
in entomology and in other branches, and his presence at our meetings will be
greatly missed through the coming days.
SHELLEY LoaiEr, Sec.-Treasurer.
REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH.
The 46th Annual Meeting of the Montreal Branch of the Entomological
Society of Ontario was held in the Lyman Entomological Room, Redpath Museum,
McGill University, on May 17th, 1919.
During the season 1918-1919 we held eight meetings with a total attendance
of seventy or an average-of nine per meeting. This was smaller than that of the
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11
previous season, which however was the largest on record because of a large public
meeting held in 1918. We did not hold such a meeting during the past season,
but nevertheless we had successful meetings and the interest was keen.
We have added several recruits to our ranks and hope they will all become
ardent entomologists.
We held our regular Victoria Day outing to St. Hilaire and those who were
able to go were rewarded as usual from this good collecting ground.
Our Society provided the programme at the Natural History Society’s meeting
in March.
The Treasurer’s Report showed a balance of $158.61 on hand.
¥
The following papers and talks were given during the year:—
PeannnaL-Adaress, Subject “Tables” ............ccccccesecceses A. F. WINN.
EMRE ERS RE TAS CALILOL TIA jh 5 <n'e a) o'nis)-.cpc.oseys ola)sialeleistafnie > «ioje siavs salem H. F. Srmms.
3. Preparation of Hemiptera lists ...........-.22.cee eee ceeeeees Gro. A. Moore.
4. Hemiptera taken at St. Hilaire, May 24th, 1918 .............. Geo. A. Moore.
ET ERIE RE TUNEL GUE 0-1-5 «chal <\cls;sj0!5)<,=1c)<,0he/sielj2a)eja)siehe.s a 1aue's pepeloy’ Dr. F. S. JACKSON.
6. Notes on the Season 1918—‘‘ Hemiptera” ...............-.-. Geo. A. MOORE.
7. Argynus apachana St. and Edwards’ Plates of A. nokomis .... A. F. WINN.
8. Economic importance of Samia Cecropia ..................-. Dr. CORCORAN.
Pmminnoriiandia Wab. at Oka .....0.-.-0.5. ccs cece ete ae ecne G. CHAGNON.
10. Zerene cesonia Stal. the Dog’s Head Butterfly ............... A. F. WINN.
11. On which plant to collect Chalepus nervosa Say ............. BROTHER OUELLET.
12. The'Milkweed Bug. Lygeus Kalmii Stal. ................... Gro. A. Moore.
1. 2 TTT CS R66 p088 005 NdREO SeOCOG Dee SOO om atcir erc LACHLAN GIBB.
14. Muscoid larvae found in a human patient .................--- Dr. F. 'S. JACKSON.
15. The Raspberry Root Borer or Clear Wing Borer, Bembecia
WARP ANTAL AM EACATE ais 5/cjcic s supiole 0/016 0 © © e/0/sidis ofs/0\esiejeie tisje eis = *eje/es A. F. WINN.
16. Notes on some localities outside Montreal Island ............. BROTHER OUELLET.
ene ICA! GICAGA 2... 0. 5 ccc ce ce ee este tee mnes Gro. A. Moore.
18. Lantern Lecture, Nature Photography .-..............-.4.--- G. H. HALL.
SP OUnenre SpItle INSeCtS: . 2... 3 620'- sceisig ese eile cnn seinen Gro. A. Moore.
Gro. A, Moone, Secretary.
REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH.
The 18th Annual Meeting of the British Columbia Branch was held in the
biology lecture room at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, on Satur-
day, March 15th, 1919. In the absence of the President, Mr. R. S. Sherman,
owing to sickness, the chair was taken by the Vice-President for the Coast, Mr.
W. Downes.
The Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. Williams Hugh, presented his financial state-
ment and report as librarian. The morning session included the following
programme :—
Discussion on Aims and Objects of the Society.
Resolutions.
Notes on Tubuliferous Thysanoptera ............. cece eee eee eens R. C. TREHERNE.
Pamamoten on Bb. CG. Lepidoptera .:..........scccsscre econ ne ets cles B. H. BracKMORE.
ST TTCe HODPETS OL) Bs Ce aio. oc ..oc cine cee ne cece cede e enim ale W. Downes.
Some descriptions of New Species of Mycetophilidae .............. R. S. SHERMAN.
12 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Afternoon Session.
ASwarmvroflsVanessai californica se... eee sete eee ee eee J. W. CocKLe.
The Lycaenidae iol BSC iyi atest wt See eie o eee BE. H. BLACKMORE.
(Illustrated with Specimens)
The: Locusts :O£BY Cli sess his See teh lacs tee en eee E, R. BUCKELL.
Discussion by Thos. MacKenzie, B. C. Commissioner of grazing.
Notes:'on Huropean) Moul, Broodsin) B.C year eee eee WILLIAMS HucH.
Cutworm! Control “H23)., heeiah was Fhe RRS ae earns ere Mr. H. RUHMAN.
Life Histories and Control of Our Strawberry Insects ............ “W. Downes.
The Onion IME eh EOE ai5, Se fen Bis Tote he Rho aye inc susraTol telalio os Rane anes ae Crome Mr. H. RUHMAN.
Tent Caterpillars, their life-history and control ................... A. B. Bartrp.
The “Alfalfa Seed sChaleids.s< caiic.ccciseca/tess cine om co ore > sievsles creases eiamnattey E. R. BUCKELL.
Insect notes of the year, leading a discussion on control of
injurious insects affecting Agriculture
The officers elected for the year 1919 were as follows :— -
HOn* Presidents «oie cose ea ee F. Kermope, Victoria
1PFESULCIE 5 Re ac tare ners tobercte tah tA IS EAN IE E. H. BrAckMoreE, Victoria.
Vice-President (Coast) a5 ans «snes © areienarors R. S. SHERMAN, Vancouver.
iVice-Prestdent. (interior)! occ oe oe ame ee J. W. Cockte, Kaslo.
Fone (Secretary-Lreasurer.: oc «eis ee eee W. Downes, Victoria.
AGVSOTY BOG Gx oo ccan Pl ea) AAS Messrs. Lyne, R. C. TREHERNE, G.
O. Day, JoHN Davipson, L. A.
BREUN.
Among the resolutions passed was one providing for prizes at the principal
fall fairs for the best exhibits of insects collected by students attending the public
schools, $100.00 being voted for this purpose from the Society’s funds.
The Society at the present time is in a flourishing condition and although
interest in the Society’s work diminished during the war, in which two valued
members lost their lives, we have since been strengthened by the addition of
several new members and signs are not wanting that interest in the work of the
Society will continue to increase.
W. Downes, Hon. Secretary-Treasurer.
~ REPORT OF THE NOVA SCOTIA BRANCH.
The Fifth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Nova Scotia was
held at the College of Agriculture, Truro, on July 31st. The morning session
was devoted to a report of the Society’s work, financial statement, and the general
business of the Society. During the afternoon and evening a number of papers
were read by various members.
The following officers for the year were elected :-—
HONG OY: PVCS CME oe ae care ate st ae ee the otatene Dr. A. H. McKay, Halifax.
TR Ag ce bia 28 UMS SO OOOO GES Gr SOG TIO W. H. Britrarn, Truro.
WAPEZPIeSidents © xc: ais. ah eee Re kt SEIS J. D. Totum., Fredericton.
BECTCLATYATCUSUT ET in.c.0.c tale crore ee, arorsiantiave (eps ae A. Kesar, Annapolis Royal.
AlsSt | SCCrELGrY-TLEGSUTON, |. 5 ccs ee E. A. McManon.
COMME TCES BE siens on. Ges wes tots ere rere ates meres W. N. KEENAN, G. E. SANDERS.
Miss Dora BAKER.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13
During the year, No. 4 of the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of
Nova Scotia was issued, a publication comprising about a hundred pages. Besides
including a great deal of new data on the insects of the Maritime Provinces, it
contains several articles on comparatively new, or modified, insecticide-fungicide
combinations, which are proving to be of considerable economic value.
A. Kesau, Secretary.
REPORTS ON INSECTS FOR THE YEAR.*
Division No. 3, Toronto District—A. CoseEns.
The frail structure of many insects adapts them only to the warmth and
soft breezes of summer, not to the cold and bitter gales of winter. In bridging
the period of low temperature the casualties must be heavy among these fairy-like
creatures of sunny, dreamy days. Last winter was so uniformly and extremely
mild that the hibernating conditions of many groups of insects were no doubt
ameliorated, and. as a result, an unusually large number of survivors awakened
into activity at the beginning of the season.
This may explain in part the abundance of several species of butterflies.
On May 7th, which was a very warm spring day, many specimens of the Red
Admiral, Vanessa atalanta, emerged from their winter hiding-places. Dozens
of them were skimming lazily over the lawns or flitting about among the blossoms
of the Norway maples. From that date throughout the whole summer these butter-
flies were exceedingly numerous, more so than for many years. Later in the
season, the Painted Lady, Vanessa cardui, also became very plentiful and continued
so until nearly the end of August. The Banded Purple, Basilarchia arthemis
usually a rather scarce butterfly in this locality, was quite frequent along the paths
in the parks. Its relative, the Viceroy, Basilarchia disippus, never a rare insect
here, was this summer, however, uncommonly abundant.
The hibernating habits of these last two species are such as to point to the
possibility of a close relation between their unusually large numbers and the
mildness of the winter. As soon as the nights begin to become cool, the cater-
pillars of the butterflies commence the preparation of their winter quarters. The
larva selects a suitable leaf on its food plant, and bites off the blade on each side
of the midrib, leaving only two flaps at the base. The whole of the leaf remaining
is then covered with silk, and the flaps are drawn together so as to form a cosy
silk-lined nest. To prevent the leaf from falling some of the threads of silk, that
covered its stalk, were passed around a branch of the plant. Into this Esquimaux-
like sleeping-bag the caterpillar then crawls, and remains in its snug retreat until
the spring sun has burst the buds on its food plants.
Gardeners state that the Cabbage Butterfly, Pieris rapae, has been very trouble
some this season. It is only seldom that the southern relative of this form comes
so far north, but on August ist, I captured a much-worn female specimen of
Pieris protodice. The latter species has never proven injurious in Ontario, but
is occasionally numerous enough to become destructive in some of the states to the
south of us. Throughout the whole of its range, however, this native American
butterfly is being gradually driven out by the alien from Europe. The latter, by
ovipositing earlier and raising more broods a year, has been able to gain possession
of almost all the available, cultivated Cruciferous plants, limiting the former to
the wild species only.
*For Report of Division No. 6, see p. 83.
14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
August Ist must have been a red-letter day in the entomological calendar
as I find in my notes that on that date I captured also the Zebra or Papaw Butter-
fly, Iphiclides ajax var. ajax, A strong southern wind that had been blowing for
a couple of days may account for these rare stragglers from the south. Speaking
of Papilios, it is interesting to note that the Pipe-vine Swallow-tail, Papilio
philenor, is becoming less rare in this district. This is probably due to the in-
ereasing popularity of its favourite food-plant, the Dutchman’s Pipe, Aristolochia
macrophylla, for ornamental purposes.
Although many species of butterflies were exceedingly common this season
the Monarch, Anosia plexippus, was much less plentiful than usual. I saw only
four specimens, and these late in the year—September 7th, 9th and 14th. In a
note just received from Mr. C. W. Nash he states that he saw a specimen on each
of the dates, September 26th, October 4th and 5th. These butterflies, that have
visited us so late are probably members of the rear guard of the migrating columns
on their treck to the south from a more northerly summer home.
The Entomological season was opened on April 5th this year by the finding
of four specimens of the Ground Beetle, Calosoma calidum. In spite of the early
date, a pair of these insects were already mated. On two occasions this sumnter
I have seen the larve of Ground Beetles attacking earthworms. The beetles were
finding their prey rather large, and one at least of the worms escaped.
Some variation in the conditions has proven favourable to the production,
this season, of the gall Andricus operatola Bassett. On the ground, under several
oak trees, infested acorns were plentiful. In previous years it has been rarely
that I have found the gall, and never before attached to the acorns. The specimens
obtained had dropped from the acorns which had remained on the trees.
This pointed, tooth-shaped gall is enclosed between the cup and the acorn,
but originates from the latter. In general the gall projects only slightly above
the edge of the cup. Often four or five galls are found irregularly spaced around
the base of an acorn. In this locality both red and black oaks act as hosts.
‘From the galls, that have remained on the ground over winter, producers
emerge early the next spring.
Division No. 4, PeTerBoroucH District—F. Morris, PETERBOROUGH.
One or two items only seem worthy to be reported in this season’s collecting.
The interruption of school work owing to influenza, in October and November,
necessitated the extension of the summer term till the end of June; almost imme-
diately after, your director passed to examination work till late in July. Field
observations were very few and not of much value.
Among the collections handed in by pupils at the Peterborough Collegiate
was noticed a very rare borer in alder, Saperda obliqua, and a member of the staff
captured three or four specimens of Phymatodes dimidiatus in the latter part of
May, the captures being made in his woodshed. A few days after a pupil brought
in a specimen of Saperda puncticollis just captured on Virginia Creeper. This
insect had been taken two or three times by pupils and I was very anxious to make
observations. Enquiries had always pointed to Virginia Creeper rather than
Poison Ivy as the food plant. The Science teacher accordingly hurried over to
examine the vine and captured four or five more specimens, as well as specimens
of Psenocerus supernotatus emerging from dead stems of the same plant. On
learning of the discovery I hurried over to our opposite neighbor’s where the low
wall is overgrown with the plant in question. I captured over a score of the first
insect and three or four of the second. Casual search on four or five other vines
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15
of Virginia Creeper at different parts of the city secured further specimens of
both insects. The beetle is quite the prettiest of the Saperdas, but small, shy,
and easily overlooked. In the hot sun it often climbs out to the surface of the
upper leaves, but takes to wing very readily and drops as readily into the heart
of its shrubbery. The period of emergence and activity lasts about a fortnight;
from May 27th to June 10th. Large numbers of a clearwing moth were observed
frequenting blossoms along the edge of a corduroy road through the heart of a
tamarac swamp, but so far the insect has not been determined. No other insects
‘of interest have been noted by your observer this season.
Division No. 5, Essex District—J. W. Nosin, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
Essex.
Arrackine Fretp Crops. Hessian Fly has been very conspicuous in its
work this year, large acreages of wheat have been cut down in yield 50 per cent.
and even some of the later sown wheat planted in the fall of 1918 have been badly
attacked. A great deal of injury has already been noticed this fall. It is altogether
likely to be as bad in 1920 as this year. Grasshoppers and crickets were quite
bad in June owing to extremely dry weather prevailing at that time. Considerable
damage was done to cereal grains and some other crops by these insects. Wire-
worms and cutworms did a great deal of damage in the spring of 1919. Cut-
worms have been quite successfully controlled by the poison bran mixture.
Atracxinc Fruir Trees. The Codling Moth has possibly never been worse
in this county owing to the exceptionally favourable season for its development.
yen well-cared-for orchards are heavily infested with this insect. Where the
spraying was omitted in the season of the year three weeks after the blossoms
have fallen the sideworm injury is especially conspicuous, but in well-cared-for
orchards that received the calyx cup spray very little injury has been noticed from
the blossom end. A considerable number of specimens at work of Plum Curculio
have been submitted for identification, but commercially speaking, the Codling
Moth has been much the worst insect on fruit trees.
Fruits AND VEGETABLES. The Onion Marsh at Leamington where about
500 acres were grown this year had considerable trouble from both root maggot
and onion thrips. Very little success has been obtained from trying to combat
either of these pests.
Aphids were very bad this season on cucumbers but did not seem to do much
damage to‘melons. The general use of Black Leaf 40 and tobacco decoction have
been very successful in combating these insects. Tomatoes have been greatly
infested this year with Tomato Sphinx, crickets and grasshoppers. Cauliflower
plants have suffered considerably from crickets gnawing the stems above the roots.
Considerable dame was done, but wet weather checked their depredations before
poison solution could be tried.
Tobacco was attacked by the usual pests, the tobacco sphinx being very plenti-
ful this year. Dusting the small plants with arsenate of lead, spraying the partly
grown plants with solution and spraying the larger plants with the dust gun
when they were too large to allow the spray machine to be used successfully,
controls these worms. Wire-worms did an exceptional amount of damage to
tobacco plants this year and made the stand very uneven in many cases.
GreenHouse Insects. The usual greenhouse insects have been reported, but
where proper methods have been used very little trouble has been reported. Green-
house white fly, greenhouse aphids and nematodes are among the greenhouse man’s
worst enemies.
16 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
ENTOMOLOGICAL PROGRESS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.
R. C. TREHERNE, ENTOMOLOGIST IN CHARGE FOR BRITISH COLUMBIA, DOMINION
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The products of entomological labors during the past year in British Columbia
have been many and varied. In addition to my work as a Federal Officer under
the Dominion Entomological Branch, I have undertaken the general direction of
the Provincial Entomological work, pending the appointment of a Provincial
officer. Under the Dominion Entomological Branch, Messrs. W. Downes and E.
P. Venables are engaged, the former on a study of small fruit insects in the Coast
sections and the latter on a study of tree fruit insects in the interior of the
province. Mr. A. B. Baird is stationed at Agassiz, B.C., working under the general
direction of Mr. J. D. Tothill, who has charge of the Federal Natural Control
Investigations. His work has been mainly a study of the natural control agencies
of the Tent Caterpillar, the Fall Webworm and the Spruce Bud-worm, and these
studies begun by Mr. Tothill in 1917 have been continued by Mr. Baird in
1918 and 1919, at Victoria, Vancouver, Agassiz and Lillooet. Mr. Eric Hearle
commenced a study of the mosquitoes in the Lower Fraser Valley of British
Columbia in March 1919, acting conjointly under the authority of the Dominion
Entomologist and under a studentship granted by the Honorary Advisory Council
for Scientific and Industrial Research, and he will doubtless not only continue
this work in the Lower Fraser Valley but extend it over the province at other
important centres. Mr. Ralph Hopping was appointed under Dr. J. M. Swaine,
Chief, Dominion Division of Forest Insects, in December, 1919, and he is stationed
at Vernon, B.C., engaged on the studies relating to certain forest infesting insects,
particularly some Dendroctonus beetles affecting commercial pine.
Under the Provincial Entomological Branch, I am fortunate in being associated
with Messrs. M. H. Ruhman and E. R. Buckell. The former is engaged in a study
of vegetable insects and has made the study of the Root Maggots of the onion
and the cabbage his special work during the past two years. Mr. Buckell has
taken in hand studies relating to cereal and range insects, the most pressing prob-
lem, at the present time, being the control and investigation of locusts on the range.
Vernon, at the north end of Okanagan Lake, has been selected as the head-
quarters for entomological work in the Province at the present time. Here the
central office is located with a reference library and collection of insects for study
available to members of the staff, and Riker Mounts and photographie displays
of insect pests, in appropriate arrangements, of interest to farmers. Brancly
laboratories have been established at Victoria, Agassiz and Mission. Another
movable laboratory was stationed at Penticton in 1919 but doubtless will be located
in the Chileotins in 1920.
During the past year, 1919, the following investigations have been conducted,
excluding the reports of Messrs. Hearle and Baird, who will issue the results of
their work independently.
The Peach Twig Borer, Anarsia uailaes was studied at Penticton, making
the second consecutive year in which this insect has received attention. We are
satisfied that the early application of lime-sulphur, 1-9, as close to, but previous
to, the blossoming period as possible, will achieve good commercial results. Appli-
cations of arsenate of lead may be made immediately after blossoming with
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ie
equally good results. The two applications of spray may be made in cases of
seyere infestation. This insect is known to attack prunes, plums, peaches, apricots,
and cherries, and where these fruits are seriously attacked the same procedure for
control, as outlined above, may be followed.
Certain studies were undertaken at Vernon this year to breed to maturity
the yarious “ worms ” affecting fruit. This work was carried out to determine with
accuracy the species present in the fruit orchards and to differentiate between the
lary of the various species for the purpose of assisting in diagnosing outbreaks
of Codling Moth. The following species occur: T'metocera ocellana, Argyroploce
- consainguiniana, Cacoecia rosaceana, Mineola tricolorella, and Laspeyresia pruniwora.
Insect distributors of fire blight were also the subject of study. Many insects
received attention in this connection and while some were incriminated as carriers
of both summer and winter blight, it is not believed that their control will either
eliminate the disease or control it to the extent expected by many growers.
The Strawberry Root Weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus, is still being subjected to
investigation, the main line of work being a demonstration in the principles of
erop of rotation. A section of land has been engaged for a period of six years to
put into practice the remedies for this weevil which we believe may be successfully
held in control by cultural methods. Mr. W. Downes, assistant in charge of this
work, has recently shown that the weevils are parthenogenetic and that certain
overwintering females may oviposit in the early spring months.
The chief small-fruit insects, with the exception of the Strawberry Root Weevil,
which is the most serious, are the following: Bembecia marginata, Phorbia rubivora,
Aristotelia fragariae, Synanthedon rutilans, Epochra canadensis, and an Empoasca
of the Loganberry. It is hoped that all these insects will be studied closely during
- the next few years. With Hpochra canadensis we have been unable, thus far, to
prove any value from the poisoned bait spray and are still recommending growers
to rely on cultivation and the use of chickens to rid themselves of this pest.
Among the vegetable insects the Cabbage Root Maggot and the Onion Maggot
were each the subject of considerable study. The bulk of the work against the
Cabbage Root Maggot is recounted on another page of these proceedings. The
work against the Onion Maggot has not resulted, as yet, in our being able to offer
definite recommendations for control under field conditions as they pertain to the
Okanagan Valley. Our efforts to test the value of the poisoned bait spray have
not apparently been rewarded with success. Our inclinations lead us to believe
that late thinning and the use of a spring trap crop have considerable value, and
in this belief our growers are recommended, at present, to plant a few rows of
eull onions, 3-4 inches deep in the soil, in the early spring months, allowing the
onions to sprout and thus act as a trap crop for the first generation of the fly.
The work with the poisoned bait spray, which is, according to report, giving very
good results in Eastern Canada and in the Eastern United States, is being con-
tinued. Consequently it is hoped that our recommendations will assume a more
definite state in a few years’ time.
Among the insects affecting grain and range crops, the locusts situation
received considerable attention during the past year. The main species involved
were Camnula pellucida, Melanoplus atlanis and M. femur-rubrum. The paper
in this number of the Proceedings by Mr. E. R. Buckell, on some ecological and
life history notes of locusts, covers in part, the work accomplished.
Spraying investigations that are being carried on, at present, in the Province,
are being maintained by the Provincial Horticultural Division. Their main in-
18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
vestigations have been conducted against the Green Apple Aphis, in order to
determine the cheapest spray to apply; and against Apple Scab where different
mixtures, strengths, and formulae have been used in test against each other. The
Codling Moth field work has also been in the hands of the Provincial Horticultural
authorities, working in association with the officers of the Entomological Branch.
Approximately 223 acres of apple orchards were handled under quarantine in the
neighbourhood of Vernon during the past year. 107 acres of this 223 were infested
with Codling Moth in the year previous, 116 acres were contiguous to the infested
area and were treated as though infested. 11,422 apple trees in this acreage were
banded and were sprayed three times, and at the end of the season 19,401 boxes
of apples were individually examined for larve. Altogether 373 larve and pupae
of the Codling Moth were taken at Vernon, and as Vernon, during 1919, was the
only point in the Okanagan Valley where examples of this moth were taken, the
control operations have succeeded to a very creditable degree. A few years ago
three distinct and separate outbreaks of the moth occurred in the Okanagan Valley,
with as many as 10,000 larve being taken in a single year. The record as it stands,
therefore, is not only very encouraging but is an indication that incipient outbreaks,
in small areas, with proper support by the growers, can be not only reduced but
also eradicated. A small new outbreak of this pernicious pest occurred at North
Bend this year, which will necessitate action this coming year.
The Tent Caterpillars, Malacosoma pluvialis and M. erosa were exceedingly
common at Vancouver and Victoria in 1919. The outbreak at certain points. being
exceptionally severe. A memorandum outlining the method for control was sub-
mitted to the City Councils of the Cities of Vancouver and Victoria, but with this
exception, these insects were studied exclusively by Mr. Baird.
Many sundry insect notes were collected during the course of the year-and
the more important minor records have been incorporated in a report to the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Victoria, B.C. A similar report for the year 1918 was sub-
mitted in the same way to the Provincial Department of Agriculture and was
published in two sections in the official organ of the Department, the Agricultura
Journal.
RESULTS OF SOME PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS WITH
CHLOROPICRIN.
G. J. Spencer, O. A. CoLLecr, GuELPH.
In 1917, when meditating upon the effects of enemy gas that I had received
at Passchendaele it occurred to me that British gas might be turned upon enemies
other than Germans.
The opportunity to try this out came in the spring of 1919 when the Khaki
University of Canada obtained permission for men of the Canadian forces to study
at British Universities. I went to Victoria University, Manchester, where through
the courtesy of Prof. 8S. J. Hickson, I was given the run of the research laboratory
and the insectaries at Fallowfield. From the explosives department of the Ministry
of Munitions I obtained samples of three of our common battle gases, one of them
being chloropicrin, formula tri-chlor-nitrite.
It was decided to try the effects of these gases with a view to greenhouse,
flour-mill and domestic fumigation. There was time to carry out only one experi-
ment in Manchester before I was recalled to camp.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19
\
EXPERIMENT OF CHLOROPICRIN ON PLANTS IN A GREENHOUSE..
Capacity of greenhouse, 675 cubic feet approximately. Temperature in the
house (June) 90° F. Ten cubic centimetres of gas were used in each of three petri
dishes, two in opposite corners of the room on a table, and one on the floor. The
nearest dish was right amongst the plants, which were: Recently potted dandelion in
flower, Michaelmas daisy, wild vetch and curled dock, a geranium in a pot and eut
boughs of willow. Insects present: Thrips, geometrid larve, leaf-rollers, Cer-
eopidae, immature Jassidae and some Muscidae flying around the room.
A gas mask was used throughout the experiment in order to obserye the action
of the gas on the insects.
The leaf-hoppers were the first to show signs of distress by falling off the
willow boughs six minutes after the gas was introduced. At the end of 10 minutes
and 20 minutes respectively 10 cubic centimetres more of gas were poured out,
this time on the floor making a total concentration of 50 c.c. After an exposure
of 23 minutes the thrips were apparently all dead, although they had fallen out
of the flowers after 11 minutes. At this time the Jassids and the immature
Cereopids whose spittle masses had not been disturbed at all were also on the table
moving feebly.
The experiment terminated in 38 minutes with the thrips, Jassids and
Muscids all dead and the cercopids, the geometrid and leaf rollers very feebly
moving. The doors and windows were opened and kept open until the house could
be freely entered without discomfort, the gas being dispelled in 5 minutes. Next
morning, i.e. after 17 hours those insects which had been feebly moving the day
before were all dead. The cercopids alone, in untouched masses of spittle, were
apparently unharmed. But all the plants were drooping badly, especially the
yetch and michaelmas daisy, and at the same hour the second day, all the plants
were dead.
In this experiment-the temperature was very high and the relative humidity
must have been high also as the floor of the house had been recently watered.
But the volume of gas was very low, being for half the experiment only 30 c.c.
and at the end of the experiment only 50 ¢.c. per 675 cubic feet, which amounts to
only 3.7 oz. per 1,000 cubic feet.
With these results in mind, the following experiments were carried out at
Guelph, the relative humidity being determined in each case:
1. Varying strengths of gas—other factors being equal.
2. Shorter or longer period of exposure.
3. Exposure by night and by day.
4. The killing power of the gas on various insects.
A good supply of Red Spider on salvia and of mealy bugs on coleus was avail-
able in the greenhouses of the College and as both these host plants show great
susceptibility to killing by hydrocyanie gas,. it was considered advisable to try
the comparative value of chloropicrin on them.
Experiments were conducted at first in daylight, and proved that exposure
to an atmosphere at the rate of 3 pounds of gas per 1,000 cubic feet, relative
humidity 87, temperature 55.8° F. kill red spider effectively in 8 minutes—but
kill salvia host plants in 5 minutes. And while 40 minutes exposure kills coleus
and begonia, it does not kill all the mealy bug; those with their mouth-parts
inserted in the stem of the plant seeming to survive those that were moying about.
By next day young were issuing freely from the egg masses.
20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
l
Errect oF GAs oN Various INSECTS.
The effect of the gas was tried also on leaf-hoppers and aphis on rose, red
spider on salvia, tarnished plant bug and mites on aster and on cutworms. . Temper-
ature 66.2° F. Relative humidity 89. Concentration 3 lbs. per 1,000 cubic feet-
Result. Some leaf-hoppers died in 4 minutes, others in 14 minutes; red
spiders and aphis seemed to be killed in 8 minutes. The aphis do not remove
their beaks from the plant. On the insects being removed from the chamber at
the end of 30 minutes, the capsids, cutworms and a few aphis that had been
covered under a mass of leaves were still kicking feebly. After being exposed to-
the air for one hour everything was seen to be dead.
The action of choloropicrin on man is cumulative, and this would seem to be
the case with insects also. In most instances, insects that may be kicking feebly
when remoyed from the gas die after a while, even if placed in a current of fresh
air.
Effect of rapid concentration. To determine if a sudden rush of gas would
prove more effective even in reduced quantity, choloropicrin at the rate of 114
pounds per 1,000 cubic feet was heated in a retort over a spirit lamp and the gas
introduced into the chamber through rubber tubing. Mealy bug on begonia were
the insects and plants used. Temperature 68° F. Relative humidity 82. The
gas was practically volatilised in 14 minutes. When heating ceased and the
plant was left in the chamber for two hours and then removed, 6n removal a few
bugs showed signs of life but these died in three or four hours. Unfortunately
the plant was withering at the time of removal.
Experiments at night. Finally, gas was used on red spider and mealy bug at
night at a strength of 8.7 oz. per 1,000 eubic feet, temperature 59.0° F., relative
humidity 99. Plants used salvia and coleus. Exposure lasted 90 minutes and
by this time all red spider and mealy bug were dead; plants apparently normal.
Next morning both species of plants were withering.
Inferences from foregoing experiments. It would seem that chloropicrin
cannot be used for greenhouse fumigation as it has deadly effects on plants.
Penetration in earth. To test the penetration of the gas in earth, a flower
pot about 7 inches deep, of ordinary greenhouse potting soil was used. LHartl>
worms and millipedes were placed at different depths. (1) On the surface, (2)
1% inches down, (3) 5 inches down. Experiments done at night, concentration
at the rate of 8.7 oz. per 1,000 cubic feet. Time of exposure to gas 11 hours and
30 minutes. Temperature 55.4° F., relative humidity 88.
Result. Of those millipedes on the surface, some had crawled off the soil
and some into it. Those at 144 inches depth had gone deeper. At the end of
the experiment all the millipedes and worms appeared dead, and while after 514
hours the largest millipedes showed slight movement, the worms were all dried
up. Eight hours afterwards another large millipede was bending slightly, but 12
hours after, all were dead without having moved from their original positions.
EFrrect oF CHLOROPICRIN ON House FURNISHINGS.
With a view to finding out if choloropicrin would have any effect on furnish-
ings in houses, the following articles were exposed to its vapors for 12 hours:
bright steel, copper, brass, silver, oatmeal wall paper with gilt splashings, several
styles of lithographing in colors, cotton material, aluminum and varnished wood
(as of cabinets). Relative humidity 88. Temperature 55.6° F.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21
Result. The gas has a tendency slightly to rust polished steel. Nothing
else was affected. Exposure to the gas for 5 or 6 days, even at mild concentrations
will rust steel badly. If however, the liquid itself should come into contact with
cotton material, it will eat holes into it in a few days’ time. Especially is this
noticeable after the material has been washed. The gas has little or no action
on rubber.
EFFECTS OF CHLOROPICRIN ON GRAIN, MEAL AND FLour PEsTs.
Into cotton bags containing respectively 2,000 grams of pure wheat flour,
and 1,000 grams of a mixture of flour and bran, the following insects were placed
in a position about half-way through the contents of the bags: Saw toothed grain
beetle (Silvanus surinamensis), Meal worm (Tenebrio molitor), Drug store beetle
(Sitodrepa panicea), Confused flour beetle (Triboliwm confusum), Cadelle larve
(Tenebroides mauritanicus), Granary Weevil (Calandra granaria). Temperature
63.5° F. Relative humidity 88 to 84. Concentration 8.7 oz. per 1,000.cubic feet.
Time of exposure 25 hours and 15 minutes. :
Of these insects, the meal worm lary alone moved through the flour either
up or down. In both materials, flour and the flour bran mixture, all the adult
_ and larve were killed. But 58.3 per cent. of the ane store beetle pupae were
still alive when their cases were opened.
HFFECT OF CHLOROPICRIN ON MEAL WorM MoTH Lary (Plodia interpunctella).
A packet of Quaker Oats, very heavily infested with all stages of meal worm
moth was exposed to concentration of 8.7 oz. per 1,000 cubic feet for 24 hours.
‘Temperature 64° F. Relative humidity 86. All stages of the pest were killed.
OUR COMMON CERCOPIDAE.
Gro. A. Moorrt, Montreat, Que.
As no doubt some here are not familiar with the Cercopidae, or at least do
not know these interesting insects by their scientific name, I will begin by telling
you their common name and the interesting feature that is characteristic of the
family. They are most commonly known as Spittle insects, a term given them
heeause of the habit the nymphs or young have of making a spittle-like froth in
which they live.
Many curious explanations have been made to senaune for this frothy substance
seen upon grasses and plants, which is sometimes so thick as to cover and wet
a person’s boots or clothes when passing through a field or path. Superstitious
fear is sometimes felt by the uneducated, who steer clear of it. Some attribute it
to frogs, hence the common name “ frog spittle” is given, likewise “snake spit ”
is used in other localities. Negroes of the South claim that horseflies are produced
from such masses.
So much now for this peculiar substance, let us now get to know the insect
that produces it and afterwards we can learn why it is made and how.
The Cercopidae are a family in the sub-order Homoptera of the great order
Hemiptera.
mw
cas)
The Hemiptera includes the true bugs: cicadas, treehoppers, spittle insects,
lantern flies, plant lice, and scale insects; the sub-order Homoptera all the above
except the true. bugs.
The Homoptera can be readily divided into two groups; (1) those in which
the beak clearly arises from the head and (2) those in which the beak arises
apparently from between the front legs or is absent.
Our Cercopidae belong to the first group and have associated with ‘aa:
The Cicadide —cicadas.
The Flugorida—lantern flies, etc.
The Membracide —tree-hoppers.
The Cicadelliaw —leaf-hoppers.
Funkhouser has given their phylogenetic rank, beginning with the lowest,
as follows:
1. Cicadide. 5. Fulgoride.
2. Membracide. = 5. Cercopide.
3. Jasside.
The Cercopidae differ from the Jassidae by having only one or two teeth
instead of a row of spines on their hind tibiae. They differ from the Membracidae
by not having their prothorax prolonged into a horn or point above the abdomen.
They differ from the Fulgoridae by having the antenne inserted in front of and
between the eyes instead of being inserted on the sides of the cheeks beneath the
eyes.
According to Uhler the Cercopidae have characteristics which mark an im-
portant advance in the direction of the higher sub-order Heteroptera. Let us
itemize the important features which lead to this decision.
1. The large size of the pronotum or prothorax is in contrast to the small
one in the Fulgoridae and is not a phantastic ornament like that in the Mem-
bracidae. According to Uhler it is an important regional portion, exercising
various important functions.
2. The increased freedom of the anterior coxae thereby approaching a walking
insect.
3. The terminal portion of the wing covers being membranous and trans-
parent suggesting the Heteroptera.
4. The hind tibiae having only one or two short stout spines.
In some respects therefore the Cercopidae represent the highest and most
specialized forms of the Homoptera, and although most students consider the
Fulgoridae to be the highest and most specialized there is evidence in favor of
the Cercopidae occupying the position.
So much then for their rank. They are members of a sub-order approaching
the higher sub-order and exhibiting interesting links between the two.
I have not yet observed the eggs’ and have read but few details of what they
are like. They are slightly curved and cylindrical and are said to be deposited in
the stems of grasses, plants and twigs.
The Cercopidae like other Hemiptera develop gradually, undergoing a series
of moults and the young exhibit the characteristics of the adult, becoming more
like it at each moult or instar, of which there are five.
They most likely hibernate here both in the adult stage and in the egg.
T have taken adults on May 24th of Lepyronia quadrangularis, and on June
20th Philaenus spumarius.
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
0 a a
Lae J
ne)
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 2:
It is in the nymphal stage that they live within the frothy mass mentioned
above. This substance is manufactured by the newly hatched nymph and they
live within it until they emerge as adults. It was formerly supposed that this
was made by thrashing about of the oval end of the body in a clear viscid fluid
exuded from the posterior end of the body. Prof. E. S. Morse has, however, care-
fully observed the operation and states that the bubbles are made as follows:
the insect exudes a clear viscid fluid from the posterior end of the abdomen, after
a short time the posterior end of the abdomen is extended out of the fluid and
as it-were, grasps a quantity of air and then it is pulled down into the fluid and,
the air released, making a bubble. This is continued at the rate of seventy or
eighty times a minute. The tail is moved alternately to and fro so that the bubbles
are distributed around its body.
Now what is the exudate for? According to most students it is a protective
covering which, even if it is conspicuous, apparently serves the creature well. It
is said that wasps know that in this juicy covering there is a goodly meal for
their young and that they dive in and take the unfortunate nymph to its nest
to feed its offspring. However, it would appear that it protects*the young Cercopid
well, both from the sun and from the ravages of spiders, birds, etc.
Dr. Ball has given some interesting facts upon Cercopidae living in arid regions
where many of them do not make spittle masses. He records an interesting case
where the nymphs were living in a gall-like sheath in a plant enlarged enough
to harbour many of them, and all living in spittle. This was in the Cow Parsnip
(Heracleum lanatum). In these arid districts others lived on the roots and crowns
of Compositae and lecumes where they were protected from the hot sun and dry
air.
Lintner suggests that the covering is necessary to cover the delicate-skinned
nymph from the burning heat of the sun.
‘The Cercopidae found in Canada are as follows:
Family CERCOPID® (Leach)
SUBFAMILY CERCOPIN.© (Am. and Serv.)
No species.
SUBFAMILY APHROPHORIN-E (Am. and Serv.)
Genus Aphrophora Germ.
1546. A. quadrinotata Say. Quebec, Ontario.
1548. A. parallela Say. Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario.
1549. A. irrorata Ball. British Columbia.
1551. A. saratogensis Fh. Nova Scotia, Ontario.
1553. A. signoreti Fh. Ontario.
Genus Lepyronia Am. and Serv.
1555. L. quadrangularis Say. Noya Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba.
j Genus Philaronia.
1558. P. abjecta Uhl. Manitoba.
1559. P. bilineata Say. Quebec, Ontario, N. W. Canada.
Genus Philenus.
1560. P. leucophthalmus Linn. Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba.
(a) Var. falleni V. D.
™ (b) Var. ustulatus Fall.
> (ec) Var. lateralis Linn.
(d) Var. lewcocephalus Linn.
‘ (e) Var. marginellus Fabr.
(f) Var. fasciatus Fabr.
(g) Var. fabricii Van D.
(h) Var. pallidus Zett. ;
1561. P. lineatus Linn. Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario.
Genus Clastoptera Germ. *
24 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
1562. C. obtusa Say. Quebec, Ontario. ,
(a) Var. achatina Germ.
(b) Var. testacea Fh.
(c) Var. tristis V. D.
1566. C. proteus Fh. Quebec, Ontario.
(a) Var. proteus Fh.
(b) Var. vittata Ball.
(ec) Var. pini Fh.
The commonest Cercopid in the Province of Quebec is Philaenus leucophthal-
mus Linn. with its hosts of varieties. This insect is found swarming in meadows
and Osborn has called it the meadow Froghopper. It feeds upon the common
flowers, such as the buttercup, yarrow, thistle, daisy, clover, and particularly the
golden-rod.
The egg is moderately elongated, irregularly elliptic, about three times as
long as broad, narrowing to one end, slightly flattened. One side straight or
slightly ineuryed, the outer convexly curved, giving the egg a slightly curved
appearance. The shell is tough and hard and developed while the eggs are still
in the ovariole ducts.
They are deposited in the stalks of their food plants and pass the winter there.
The young hatch out early in the summer, during June, and after passing
through five stages emerge as adults throughout July and part of August.
The nymphs are somewhat like the adults even in the earliest stages and
gradually become more like it. The fifth instar is to all intents and purposes a
pupal stage and in their later stages show colour and have large wing-pads.
As already mentioned this species is extremely variable, running from plain
yellow to black and having varied patterns. According to Fallemand in Genera
Insectorum, there are at least seventeen well-marked varieties, and Van Duzee
lists eight as occuring in America, north of Mexico. I have at least six distinct
varieties, but there are many others and the intergrading makes it difficult to
separate them. Different varieties mate together and it would be interesting to
breed them and see what a brood would bring forth.
The second commonest Cercopid is Philaenus lineatus Linn., or the Lined
Spittle Hopper, or as Osborn calls it, the Grassfeeding Froghopper. This insect
belongs to the same genus as does the first mentioned and has a similar life history,
but feeds upon grass, timothy and red-top. This is a European species introduced
into Canada. It is remarkable in that the former species is very variable, this
one is constant in its form and coloring. The male is a little smaller than the
female.
Aphrophora quadrinotata Say, or the Four-spotted Spittle Insect, is also com-
mon and is often found upon grape vines. They are usually taken in the adult
stage during the months of July and August.
Aphrophora parallela Say, or the Parallel Spittle Insect is found quite
commonly on pine trees. In reality we should designate it the Pine Froghopper
as this tree is its home. There is lives in company with A. saratogensis Fh. It
does not show the same degree of variation as does P. leucopthalmus, but it varies
from dark to light forms. a
Lepyronia quadrangularis Say, or the Angulated Froghopper is more angular
in form than the others and is fairly common. It is said to feed upon grasses,
weeds and the blackberry. Little variation is seen in it.
» The Genus Clastoptera has two species and they are variable.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25
The first is C. obtusa Germa, or the Alder Spittle insect. This has four
varieties and is common. It feeds upon the Alder.
C. proteus has three varieties. It feeds upon the dogwood, cranberry. and
blueberry.
- They are called hoppers because of their remarkable jumping habits. They
are generally found on the boughs of trees or standing on the stalks of flowers,
especially the golden rod. They are very shy and when approached they slide
around to the other side and they keep out of sight.
ee Se
MY EXPERIENCE THIS YEAR IN DUSTING AND SPRAYING
(1919).
Farner Leopvorp, 0.C.R., OKA, QUE.
Your kind President, Mr. Caesar, insisted that I give you a paper this year,
and I thought it would interest you to know of our work at the Oka Agricultural
Tnstitute in dusting and spraying during the past season.
Tue OrcHarp. The following remarks are limited to one of our orchards °
only, the most uniform we have to carry on a commercial experience in dusting
and spraying: Our Wealthy orchard, situated on a gentle slope with a south-west
exposure. It is not the best exposure for our Province, but we seem to get good
results with this particular orchard.
I chose 30 rows of this orchard, as you can ascertain in looking over Table 1,
so as to have a complete row of 11 trees separating each plot which number 6 in
all, three plots sprayed and three plots dusted. Remember that the 6 plots are all
in the same orchard, on the same site, the trees all the same age, 30 years old,
and all the operations made on the same day. We could not get more uniform
conditions, considering also that the bloom on each plot was quite uniform.
Broom. Looking over Table I, we may see that in plot I, 4 trees only out
of 44, did not bloom and 23 were in full bloom; in plot II, 10 trees did not bloom
and 18 were in full bloom; in plot III, 11 did not bloom and 16 were in full
bloom; in plot IV, 11 also did not bloom and 11 were in full bloom, while 18 had
half to three quarter of a full bloom; in plot V, only one tree did not bloom, while
21 were in full bloom; in plot VI, 4 only did not bloom and though three only
were in full bloom, 15 had from one half to three quarters of a full bloom.
Ossect oF ExprrRIENCE. I insist somewhat on the fact that the greatest
part of each plot had trees in bloom, as the first object I had in view, was to
determine the action of liquid Lime-Sulphur on the apples in comparison with
the action of liquid Bordeaux mixture on the same. I did not care what were
the results as far as scab is considered, Wealthy apples not being very subject
to scab.
The second object I was after was to determine just what the cost was in
comparison of the dusted plots, per tree, with the sprayed plots. I have carefully
gone over this in Table VIII.
I did not intend to tabulate the results of each plot separately in picking
and classifying the crop, as this would have entailed too much work, for a com-
mercial experiment. But, by going over the entire orchard, plot by plot, we had
a very good idea of the results per plot.
26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Dusrep Priors. Plots II (Table III), IV (Table V), and VI (Table VII),
were dusted, with the exception of the first semi-dormant liquid spray on all
except the VI’s plot. :
Taking up Table III we see that we used sulphur, tale and arsenate of lead
in this plot, while in Table VII we see that in the last plot we substituted Hydrated
Lime to the tale and arsenate of lime to the arsenate of lead and with every sort
of satisfaction, thus making the last formula the most economical of all the dusted
plots, as arsenate of lead is dearer than arsenate of lime.
Another interesting point was the use, for the first time in our orchards, of
anhydrous Bordeaux mixture or dust Bordeaux. The arsenate of lime was used
with perfect safety with this bordeaux dust. Having found the commercial copper
dust too strong we reduced it by adding more hydrated lime, thus using the
following formula, (Table V):
Dry Bordeaux as bought mixed already .......... 4614, lbs.
Hydrated Lime added to above ................ 4614, lbs.
Arsenate) (of: Limes. onistiwccwsos eke ieee 71% Ibs.
Looking over the table of comparative costs, we can see that this new dusting
material costs a little over 3414 cents per tree for the four applications, as against
3334 cents for Sulphur-Talc-Arsenate of Lead Dusting and 17% cents for the
Sulphur-Hydrated Lime-Arsenate of Lime Dusting material :
As to results on the crop, the copper dust seems to have good fungicidal yalue,
perhaps a little better than the sulphur dusts, without any russeting to the fruit.
Sprayep Prots. I come now to the first object in view: to determine if
Bordeaux mixture, as employed here in our orchards, is a superior spray than the
Lime-Sulphur wash we have used since the past 10 years. In a word what the
advocates of Bordeaux maintain is that Lime-Sulphur wash, far from being a bene-
ficial spray, sprays the apples of the tree. This has not proven true at all in our
orchards. In fact after we were sure that the apples in the plot sprayed with
sulphur were sticking just as heavily on each tree, we had to thin each tree in
plot III as in any other of the sprayed or dusted plots.
A good many visitors came to see the orchard this summer, and I may mention
especially Mr. Petch, Mr. Davis and Mr. Bunting of Macdonald College. These
gentlemen went over the orchard very carefully, and were convinced of the fact
that Lime-Sulphur is surely a safe spray for our Province at least.
No russeting to speak of was noticed on either of the two Bordeaux mixture
plots, plot I and plot V, though more Copper Sulphate was used on plot 1 than
on plot V, the old formula of 4-4-40 being maintained on plot I and the new
one of 2-10-40 on the other.
Resvutts. Time is lacking to give too many details, but as I have mentioned
before, we did not tabulate results, plot per plot, but after looking over the whole
orchard, we have found that any of the formulas employed gave satisfactory results,
both as to quantity and quality of the fruit. The 6 plots gave 1,500 boxes of fine
apples, after they had been all thinned.
In looking over the last table of costs, dusting is certainly a more expensive
way of treating an orchard than spraying; but I am going to stick to both, as
both have their utility, dusting is a much quicker way to get around the trees
in bad weather, and some times no results can be obtained if the applications are
not made on time and thoroughly.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
1920 2%
TABLE I.
Snowinc A CoMPARISON OF THE BLooM IN tHE Srx Dirrerent PLoTs.
i: I. j}@ I. LV. ¥. VI |
ape fe! ee
1234 5 6789 | 10 \11 12 13 14) 15 |16 171819) 20 |21 22 23 24) 25 26 27 28 29) 30
} j | |
eee Rls aie | =
Z00¥% Zoxo | 0000 ooo xi3x | 2433
424% xoz% | | 0000 Z004 x$22 | 4443
4X2x 4400 | x234 y220 Z3xx | 344%
3423 23XXx | &xZo Oxd3 XXxX¥ | 3334
XX4X maxd | | x084 Zoxd | | 2243.) | oako
ee x ao O)X, | | xo4x EXC EN | xoxx | x#i4
x4xx | Foxo } xx $2 xoo#? | XXX 0 #240
| #oxo i ko xox xx x | #204
xx2x xx42 ea xx Pe ae Poneto tena Aiea |
rao op pd x}xx xo 2x xgez axx eed
ofox gxxx Pa x 42x $333 | 9x22 | ees
i | }
Explanation of signs:
fourth, one-half and three-fourths of a full bloom respectively.
Each plot contains four complete rows of trees, rows 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 separat-
ing each plot.
TABLE II.
Prior Il: 39 TrEES—BorpDEAUX Mixture, 4-4-40.
o, no bloom at all; x, full bloom and the fractions mean one-
Timeof | : < Cost || Cost of | rm:
Date. | Applications. Temperature. Material. Quantity. Matern ator! Time.
sate ‘ps lee ;
May 13 .|Buds quite open Fine Bord. mix. 4-4-40} 90 gls. | $0.92% | 0.372 30
May 26. Buds showing Fine Bord. mix. 4-4-40) 80 gls. 0.82 | 0.314 25
pink
June 4./After blossoms Rain, night of|Soluble sulphur,| 95 gls. 0.803 | 0.50 40
have fallen 5 to 6, 6 to 7} 1 lb. to 2 Ib
and 7 to 8. Ars. Lime,Hyd.
Cloudy Lime, 5 lbs,
June 16.|Apples wel! Fin Same as above. 90 gls. 0.763 | 0.373 30
formed ie:
28 THE REPORT OF THE - No. 36
TABLE III.
DusTED PLOT: SULPHUR, TALC, ARSENATE OF LEAD IN PowpER ForM—34 TREES.
| | |
Time of | 2 < = Cost of | Cost of | Time
Date. Apolitation: Temperature. Material. Quantity. Material! |litabonl ace
May 15 .|Rain from night Leaf buds welllla:S, 1.008 semi-| 90 gls. 0.594 | 0.313 125 min.
of 16 to 18 at} open dormant
night
May 26.|Buds — showing|Fine Sulphur-Tale 80 lbs. 2.04 | 0.182 |15 min.
| pink ; 60-40
June 4../After blossoms/Rainy, nights of/Sulphur of Tale.| 70 lbs. 3.623 | 0.182 |15 min.
have fallen 5to7. Cloudy,| Arsenate of
7 and 8 lead, 40-50-10
Junel7./Apples well/Fine Same as above 80 lbs. 4.36 | 0.182 |15 min.
formed
N.B.—We put on a semi-dormant spray of lime-sulphur wash on the 15th of May.
TABLE IV.
SPRAYED Phot: 32 Trees—Limr-SULPHUR-ARSENATE OF LEAD (Powner).
Time of Saree | é . Cost of | Costof| Time
Date. | Rppiication: Temperature. Material. | Quantity. Materialll inberetipaieas
May 16 .\Leaf buds well Rain from night|L.-S. 1.008 semi-| 80 gls. 0.538 0.37% |30 min.
| open of 16 to 18 at) dormant
} night
May 26 -/Buds showing Fine 'L.-Sulphur, 1.007; 70 gis. 0.374 | 0.25 |20 min.
| pin
;
June 4.|/Blossom having Rainy, nights of L.-Sulphur1.007., 70 gls. | 0.97 | 0.18% |15 min.
fallen 5 to7. Cloudy,| Arsenate of :
7 and 8 lead, 1 1b. in 40
| | |
June 16.j;Apples welljFine |L.-S. 1.006, 4 1b.) 80 gls. 0.42 | 0.25 {20 min.
| formed | ars. of lead
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29
TABLE V.
Dustep Pior: ANHYDROUS BoRDEAUX AND DRY ARSENATE OF CALCIUM,
| Sree |
| Time of ee : : | -« | Cost of |Cost of, Time
Date. Maaligation. Temperature. Material. | Quantity. Material. Labor. | taken.
May 16. Leaf buds well|Rain from night|/L.-S. 1.008 80 lbs. 0.53 0.374 (30 min.
open of 16 to 18 at | |
night |
May 26 .|/Buds = showing|F ine Bordeaux dust,| 80 lbs. 3.20 | 0.314 be min.
pink at 24% metallic, | |
copper | |
|
June 4 .|Blossomshaving|/Rainy nights of/Dry Bordeaux, 70 lbs B15 0.31 |25 min.
fallen S5to7. Cloudy, 464 lbs. Hy-: | |
7 and 8 drated Lime,;
46} Ars. |
Lime, 7% lbs. |
June 17 .|Apples well/Fine Same formula as) 65 lbs. | 2.928 0.25 20 min.
| formed on June 4th
TABLE VI.
SPRAYED PLoT: BoRDEAUX MIXTURE 2-10-40 AND SoLUBLE SULPHUR—41 TREES.
Date.
May 16.
May 28.
June 4.
June 16.
Do not use arsenate of lead with soluble sulphur.
Perce. Weather. Material. Quantity.
Leaf buds well|/Rain from nights Lime-Sul. semi-| 90 gls.
open of 16 to 18 dorm., 1.008
Buds — showing|Fine B. mixture, 80 gls.
pink | 2-10-40. 2 lbs.
| |. CuSo,
Blossomshaving|Rain nights ofl 1b. solution sul-| 90 gls.
fallen 5to7. Cloudy, phur; 3 lb.ars.
on 7 and & of lime to 40
gls.; 5 lbs. H.L.
\A pples welljFine Same as aboye,| 75 gls.
exo le lbs (ars;
lime
formed
Cost of |Costof Time
Material. Labor. | taken.
0.59% | 0.434 /35 min
i}
0.53 | 0.312 |25 min
0.48 | 0.27% |20 min
* 1.013 | 0,273 |20 min.
lime (H.L.) to the soluble sulphur ars. of lime combination.
Be sure to add the hydrated
30 THE REPORT OF THE
No. 36
TABLE VII.
DustTep PLoT: SULPHUR, HybpRATED Liwr, ARSENATE OF
There is no semi-dormant spray in this plot.
Lime—38 TREES.
The Oka formula for dusting.
Time of : ‘ , : ‘ties | Cost of | Cost of} Time
Date. Applitation: Weather. Material. Quantity. M aterial!| Labor. meee
aa
May 26.|Buds — showing|Fine iSulphur and Hy-| 80lbs. | 2.08 0.25 |20 min.
pink drated Lime,
60-40
June 4.\Blossoms hay-|Rain, nights of 15 lbs. Sulphur, 75 lbs. 1.904 | 0.25 /20 min.
ing fallen 5 to6. Cloudy, 5 lbs. Ars. Lime, |
7 to8 80 lbs. Hyd. Lime
| |
June17.|Apples well|Fine Same formulaas) 80 lbs. 2.02% | 0.18% |15 min.
formed on 4th of June
We have found the above dusting formulas, omitting the
Quebec, to be the most economical dusting sprays.
TABLE VIII.
semi-dormant spray in
A COMPARISON OF THE CosT OF THE DUSTED AND SPRAYED PLorts.
: Plot Material. | Labor. | te Total Number. | Trees. Cost per Tree.
ve al : a a3 28 =
ILEPetiy seta arate aleiegseuste: sto $ 3.312 $1.562 | $ 4.873 39 | $0.123
1) RRs ee tae oe one 10.61 0.873 11.484 | 34 0.3378
110 Pet AB OR Geese ae pode 2.29% 0.063 3.352 | 32 0.1049
LV ivose Gosnetesborseats 9.804 1.25 11.053 | 32 0.3454
Visuiwnciisteecke aes 2.624 1.303 3.922 41 0.0957
Wibiters dite ctibefecis chewcatrers 6.002 0.682 6.693 } 38 0.1762
| J
ee ee
-
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31
INSECT OUTBREAKS AND THEIR CAUSES.
JoHN D. Toruitt, Freperteton, N.B.
The Standard Dictionary defines an outbreak as “a sudden and violent
breaking forth as of something that has been. pent up or restrained.” This defi-
nition seems peculiarly apt for describing the biological meaning of the word
because it implies that all nature is in a condition of restraint and that an out-
break is something abnormal due to the breaking of one or more restraining bonds.
Outbreaks are not confined to species of the insect world and neither are they
confined to the animal kingdom. In the vegetable kingdom for instance, there are the
familiar cases of the Russian thistle in Western Canada and the California Prickly
Pear in Australia. There is also in our own country the case of the Northern
Serub Pine that so often comes up in pure stands after a fire has swept away
the original soft wood forest. In the animal kingdom we have among insects
such familar cases as the European Gipsy Moth in the New England States, the
Forest Tent Caterpillars that greased the tracks and stopped some trains in Canada
in 1914; the Army-Worms that at times have spoiled the Western wheat crop;
and periodical outbreaks of short-horned grasshoppers. Examples of outbreaks
of various species of vertebrates are also quite plentiful: there is the historical
case of the European Cotton-tail Rabbit in Australia and there is the present case
of the little prairie dog in Alberta. Even man himself has been known to be in
a condition of biological outbreak; Caucasian Man in the 17th and 18th centuries
doubled his population every twenty-five years on the North American Continent.
So that outbreaks of general occurrence may be met with almost anywhere in
the realm of living things.
To what causes are these outbreaks due?
As each species is held in equilibrium by the pressures of its environment it
is obvious that an outbreak is due to a relaxing of one or more of these pressures.
Let us examine the cases of a few insect outbreaks the causes of which have
been studied.
During the first twenty-five years of the Oyster Shell Scale’s regime on this
continent it increased so abundantly that men like Fitch held fears for the develop-
ment of an apple industry. With the passage of the time, however, the menace
of this scale insect has subsided. In the light of studies made on the present
environmental conditions of this insect in Canada it seems probable that the early
outbreak was due to an absence of its most effective enemy, a predaceous mite.
Turning to the Gipsy Moth I think we are more or less agreed that the
New England outbreak was due more especially to an absence of natural enemies,
such as the handsome Calosoma of Europe and the efficient little two-winged fly
Compsilura; and also perhaps to a partial release of the food pressure.
In some of our Maritime Province cities there was last year an outbreak of
the White-Marked Tussock. Mr. Dustan, who was detailed to make a study of
these outbreaks, found that they were due largely to an abundant food supply;
fo an absence in cities of chickadees and the larger species of woodland ants; and
to a relative scarcity of parasitic insects.
There is, at the present time, an outbreak of the Forest Tent insect in Alberta.
Studies by Mr. Baird and myself haye shown that the outbreak is due at least
partially to an almost total absence of its usual insect parasites. It is also in-
iluenced- perhaps by a relaxing of the food pressure or, in other words, to an
increased proportion of trembling poplar.
32 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
In New Brunswick our last outbreak of the Forest Tent insect subsided
suddenly in 1915. The outbreak seems to have been due to an over abundance
of the poplar supply, as a direct result of civilization and forest fires.
In the case of the Spruce Budworm a study of the New Brunswick outbreak
has shown the fundamental cause to be a relaxing of the normal food pressure
in the form of an increased supply of balsam fir, which is the favored food plant.
This relaxing of the food pressure has been brought about by the hand of
man and has been an inevitable result of existing lumbering practices.
Without going into details it can be said that the increase of balsam fir has
not only meant an increased fogd supply, but has also meant a decreased bird
supply. For the birds that under conditions of the primeval mixed type of growth
keep this insect properly subdued, seldom nest or feed in pure stands of balsam fir.
In New Brunswick we now have an incipient outbreak of the Fall Webworm,
and as our studies on this insect have been carried through the best part of a’ decade,
it may be of interest to examine this case a little more closely than the others.
In order to show the causes of the present outbreak let us glance for a moment
at the situation obtaining toward the end of the last outbreak, and then let us
tollow the situation through a short term of years until the insect became almost
extinct in the Province, and finally let us glance at the conditions of the present
incipient outbreak.
In 1912 the Fall Webworm was abundant in New Brunswick and from the
fact that the environmental pressures were then in a very nice state of equilibrium
I infer that the insect had been a fairly conspicuous member"of the fauna for at
least a decade.
The food pressure was not very great because the staple diet is Alder anc
there is an abundance of this shrub along our streams and waterways; the food
supply is not great enough to produce menacing millions of the insects but it is
sufficient for their maintenance in a condition of mild outbreak.
On the basis of an average egg mass of 260 eggs, there were about 26 that
for some reason or other failed to hatch. Of the 234 that did hatch about 42
were attacked in the young caterpillar stage by a four-winged parasite called
Apanteles. Of the 192 left to tell the tale about 6 were attacked by another little
four-winged fly Meteorus. Then as the larve grew in stature about 22 of those
surviving fell prey to a fair-sized Ichneumon that is now known as a Campoplez.
In spite of these attacks by insect parasites there were still left about 164 half-
grown caterpillars. Of these about 85 were parasitized and so removed from the
contest by another species of Campoplex. The 79 remaining larve became about
three parts grown when a two-winged fly Varichaeta began an attack upon
them. This fly victimised about 45 and this attack together with that of another
species of minor importance reduced the inmates of our average nest to about 32.
About this time the young red-eyed vireos were getting very hungry and the
webworm caterpillars fell a prey to them. Of the 32 remaining these birds devoured
over 90 per cent. leaving only about two in each nest. The few not attacked by
birds were able to pupate, but some of them fell victims to pupal parasites of
which an Exochilum was the most effective.
As a result of the combined environmental pressures the average number
of moths yielded by each egg mass was less than. two, so that in the following:
year there was a measurable decrease in the numbers of the webworm.
This decrease continued very regularly year after year until 1916 when the
insect became almost extinct in the Province.
oe
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33
It is interesting to note in passing that as the species became less and less
abundant the environmental pressures became so great that it was threatened
with: extinction. It may also be noted that as the’species became rare so did its
parasites until finally the red-eyed Vireos were averaging a spoil of 198 caterpillars
from each web.
When the Webworm had practically disappeared from the entire Province,
as represented by nine observation points, something happened that changed the
whole situation. A flight of moths was blown across the Bay of Fundy and the
coastal belt from St. John to Moncton was heavily seeded with the insects.
This condition enabled the species to do battle once more on favorable terms
with the Vireos, and it began to increase and spread out again over the Province.
It has’ now spread out over more than half the Province and is gaining ground
rapidly.
The gain in numbers is Als greatly favored because the parasites died out
as the host became rare and they have not yet returned to the feast. Moreover
they are not likely to return until our present outbreak becomes linked up with
territory in which they now occur.
Tn a word then the causes of our present outbreak are, first an elimination
of parasites from New Brunswick, then a flight of moths from new territory.
Having now considered a few insect outbreaks and their causes it may be
remarked by way of conclusion that civilization is directly responsible for many
of our more notorious outbreaks. We are increasing the food supply of particular
insects and thereby making conditions favorable for outbreaks. This is not only
true for the insects attacking agricultural crops but is also true for some of our
forest insects. In New Brunswick we now have many square miles of forest lands
- supporting pure stands of poplar and these areas are the nursing grounds of our
all too numerous forest tent caterpillar outbreaks. The pure stands of poplar
haye come in after the fires of civilization have swept away the ancient mixed
growth. We also have many square miles of forest now composed of pure stands
of balsam fir. In these stands has been nursed the present outbreak of Spruce
Budworm—an outbreak that has swept away about three-fourths of the entire crop
of merchantable fir in the Province. The overproduction of fir, as already pointed
out, is a direct and necessary result of the existing methods of lumbering. In
the cases of the Forest Tent insect and the Spruce Budworm civilization has had
the effect of removing one of the most powerful of the restraining bonds, namely,
that which under natural conditions constitutes a food pressure.
FURTHER NOTES ON THE CONTROL OF PEAR PSYLLIA.
W. A. Ross anp W. Rosinson, Dominion Entromotocicat LABORATORY,
VINELAND STATION, ON'rARTIO.
With a view of securing some definite data on the susceptibility to common
contact insecticides of pear psylla eggs at different stages of incubation, and in
order to ascertain what spray material is the most effective ovicide, the following
preliminary experiments were conducted this past year (1919).
EXPERIMENTS UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS.
During the latter part of the winter adult psyllas were taken from their
hibernating quarters in the orchards and were brought into the greenhouse. There
3 ES.
34 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
they were placed on small pear trees—French seedlings—grown in flower pots
and were then confined by means of lantern globes. The insects mated readily
and deposited their eggs on the seedlings. Large numbers of eggs of known age
were in this way readily secured.
Prrtop.oF IncusatTion. The duration of incubation of the egg was obtained
from the “check” experiments, which will be referred to later, and was found
to vary to no considerable extent under the fairly uniform greenhouse temperatures.
In fourteen out of sixteen experiments it varied from nine to eleven days. The
exceptional periods of incubation were respectively eight days and twelve days.
EXPERIMENTS wITH Contract INSECTICIDES.
Batches of eggs, at different stages of development from newly-laid to those
cn the point of hatching, were sprayed by means of an atomizer with four different
dilutions of lime-sulphur wash; soluble sulphur and hydrated lime; lime-sulphur
and starch; and lime-sulphur and Black Leaf 40. The results were as follows:
LIME-SULPHUR WASH.
TABLE I—Errecr oF Lime-SuLpHour, 1-10, 1.027 sp. cr. oN Psyira Eacs.
No. of Tests Total No. of Stage of Incubation Average per cent.| Actual.per cent.
made. Eggs. when eggs were treated. | killed. killed.
= SSS |
2 557 Newly laid } 64 70.0
2 470 4 days old 74 67.2
3 466 Sa : | 67 68.8
1 414 PON eg rg | 74 73.4
Total.. 8 1,907 |
TasLe JI—Errect or LIME-SULPHUR, 1-9, 1.029, sp. Gr. oN PSYLLA EGGs. ~
No. of Tests Total No. of Stage of Incubation |Average per cent. Actual per cent.
made. Eggs. when eggs were treated. killed. | killed.
6 843 Newly laid 89 91.3
8 730 4 days «ld 79 78.6
6 744 ae 6 cit 75.5
2 282 EO a nh 43 32.3
Total.. 22 2,599
TasLe III—Errect or Lime+Sutpuur, 1-8, 1.032 sp. Gk. oN PsyLLA Eas.
Actual per cent.
No. of Tests Total No. of Stage of Incubation |Average per cent.
made. Eggs. when eggs were treated. killed. killed.
10 679 Newly laid 99 99.7
9 593 4 days old 95 99.1
6 609 Sees, 99 99.3
5 848 9-10. 5 5 ae 93 92.1
Total.. 30 2,729
i i i
1920. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35
Taste IV—EFFect or LIME-SuLPHUR, 1-7, 1.037 sp. GR. ON PsYLLA Ecos.
|
No. of tests Total No. of Stage of Incubation {Average per cent.! Actual per cent.
made. Eggs. when eggs were treated. | killed. killed.
2 636 8 days old 100 100
2 635 ZO-VON ae tas 100 100
Total.. 4 1,271
* On the Point of Hatching.
As shown in the foregoing tables, lime-sulphur is most effective as an ovicide
when used at the strength of 1-7. The tables also show that the newly-laid eggs
are on the whole more readily destroyed than those on the point of hatching.
In the experiments with lime-sulphur 1-8 and 1-9 it was observed that fre-
quently a large percentage of the eggs would hatch. However, the spraying
mixtures apparently had weakened the embryos or nymphs within the eggs to
such an extent that in emerging or immediately after emerging they succumbed.
In the tests where lime-sulphur 1-7 was used 100 per cent. of the eggs in-
variably collapsed.
Limn-SuLPHUR AND STARCH.
An effort to increase the ovicidal value of the weaker lime-sulphur sprays
by adding starch to them in order to make them spread and stick better met with
success. (See Tables Nos. 4, 6, 7.)
TABLE V—Errect or Liwe-SuteHur 1-10 pLus 2 Les. StarcH TO 40 GALS. ON
PsytLa EccGs.
No. of Tests. Total No. of: Stage of Incubation |Average per cent.| Actual per cent.
made. Eggs. when eggs were treated. killed. killed.
lt 364 Newly laid 100 100
2 392 4 days old 100 100
2 577 Stee. 100 100
2 438 9-10 ,, ,, 100 100
Total.. 7 Usrical
Taste VI—EFrrect or Lime-SuLPpHurR 1-9 PLUS 2 LBS. STARCH TO 40 GALS. ON
Psytia Eccs.
No. of Tests Total No. of - Stage of Incubation verage per cent.| Actual per cent.
made. Eggs. when eggs were treated. killed. killed.
4 588 Newly laid 100 100
a 471 4 days old 100 100
2 251 8). Geese 100 100
4 581 S10 ee as 100 100
Total. a7 1 ,891
36 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Tasie VII—Errect oF LIME-SULPHUR 1-8 PLUS 2 LBS. STARCH TO 40 GALS. ON
PsyLLa EcGs.
No. of Tests Total No. of Stage of Incubation {Average percent.) Actual per cent.
made. Eggs. | when eggs were treated. killed. killed.
5 615 8 days old 99 99.6
5) 867 9-10) Bo cas 100 100
Total.. 10 1,482 |
|
*In some of the tests a small percentage of eggs hatched, but the nymphs, in the
process of emerging or just after emerging, succumbed.
Lime-SuLtpHur AND Buack Lear 40.
A combination of lime-sulphur 1-9 and Black Leaf 40 also proved 100 per
cent. effective.
TasLe VIII—Errecr or Lime-SuLtpHur 1-9 pLtus BLAcK Lear 40, 3¢ pT. TO 40 GALS. ON
PsyLtLa EcGs.
No. of Tests Total No. of Stage of Incubation {Average per cent.) Actual per cent.
made. Eggs. when eggs were treated. killed. killed.
PhS 435 Newly laid 100 100
wil 540 4 days old 100 100
I 558 Sana 100 100
it 485 Or oe Se 100 100
Total.. 5 2,018
*In these cases a small percentage of eggs hatched, but the nymphs, in the process
of emerging or just after emerging, succumbed.
SoLuBLE SuLPHUR AND Hypratep LIME.
In using soluble sulphur, hydrated lime Was added to the spray primarily
to prevent injury to the bursting buds.
Taste IX—Errect or SoLuBLeE SuLpHuR, 1214 tgs., HypRATED Lime, 10 LBs., To 40 GALS.
on PsyLxia Eoces.
No. of Tests Total No. of Stage of Incubation Average per cent.) Actual per cent.
made. Eggs. when eggs were laid. killed. killed.
3 796 Newly laid 100 100
2 700 4 days old 100 | 100
Z 845 Sr! oe. 100 | 100
2 500 OFF Ae oe 100 | 100
Total.. 9 2.841 |
eee
a
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37
CHecks. Sixteen batches of eggs were left untreated at various times while
the foregoing experiments were being conducted. These served as checks. Out
of a total of 1,346 eggs, 93 per cent. hatched.
Errects oN Nympus. The few tests which were made with lime-sulphur, etc.,
on recently hatched nymphs were sufficient to show that 1st and 2nd instar nymphs
are readily destroyed by lime-sulphur 1-8 and 1-9, with or without starch.
TaBLeE X—EFFECT OF SPRAY MIXTURES ON RECENTLY HATCHED PSYLLA NYMPHS.
No. of | Total Average Actual
Treatment. Tests No. of Instar. | per cent. | per cent.
made. | Nymphs. killed. killed.
oat 2 47 1st 100 100
Pame-solphur, 1-8. 2... .....2...0000. > 107 On a 100 «=| «100
a 7 S a4
USS red { 3 ong an ie A
_ Lime-Sulphur, 1-9 ....:...:. Ree Soest = &
Starch, 2 Ibs. to 40 .........- Sots. } - 2h ue aot Lt
oa ae '=_k 5 SARS SHS Sees 1 85 Ist 91 91
ime-Sulphur, 1 to10................ = A
Sie Wilio4)................-. } : aii! 3 ae
T0221 jn ood oe Eee 12 1,054 im
OrncuArpd EXPERIMENTS.
S. M. Cure’s Orcwarp. Our orchard experiments on the control of psylla
were conducted at Beamsville in S. M. Culp’s thirteen-acre orchard of Bartlett,
Duchess, Kieffer, Flemish Beauty, Bosc, Winter Nelis and Anjou pears. The mild
winter of 1918-19 was very favorable for the hibernating adults and in the spring
they emerged in large numbers and a large deposition of eggs was made.
First Apprication. The first application, i.e. the application to destroy
the eggs, was put on by means of a spray gun at the usual time,* and the following
spray mixtures were used:
(1) Limesulphur 1-7
Lime-sulphur 1-9
(2) Starch 2 lbs. to 40 gallons
(3) Lime-sulphur 1-10
Starch 2 lbs. to 40 gallons
(4) Soluble sulphur 1245 Jbs.
Hydrated lime 10 lbs.
Water 40 gals.
No one spray mixture, so far as we could judge, proved superior to the others.
Each destroyed practically all the eggs and exposed nymphs. The nymphs which
had hatched out before the sprays were applied and had sought shelter in the leaf
buds beneath the bud scales were uninjured. These averaged about 1.5 to a leaf-
bud on all varieties other than Kieffer. On the Kieffer trees the infestation was
about .18 to a leaf cluster. This difference no doubt was due to the fact that
the Kieffer trees were out in leaf when the spray was applied and therefore did
not afford the nymphs much protection.
* The Pear Psylla in Ontario—Report of the Ent. Soc. of Ont., 1918, pp. 81-90.
38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
All the spraying mixtures injured the buds and foliage to a slight but not
appreciable extent. In comparing the Culp orchard with pear trees which had
been sprayed with lime-sulphur 1-20, no difference in the amount of “ burning”
was noticed.
Sprayine For THE Nympus. In order to destroy the nymphs which had
escaped the first spray and those which had hatched from the eggs of belated
females, a second application was made after the blossoms fell. Black Leaf 40,
3/8 pint to 40 gallons, was added to the regular codling moth spray (Lime-sulphur
1-40, arsenate of lead 2% lbs. to 40) and this was applied with great thoroughness.
This application gave excellent results. When the orchard was examined a
few days later only an old psylla was found. The insect increased very slowly in
numbers throughout the season and right up to early September its numbers were
very insignificant. The foliage was in beautiful condition all season and the
trees bore an excellent crop of pears.
W. F. W. FisHer’s OrcHarp. Part of a large pear orchard at Burlington was
sprayed at the usual time for the “egg spray,” with lime-sulphur wash 1-9 and
starch 2 Ibs. to 40 gallons and the other and smaller part was sprayed with lime-
sulphur 1-7. In addition to this all the trees received the post-blossom appli-
cation of Black Leaf 40.
Resutts. Excellent results were secured—the psylla was reduced to very
insignificant proportions, and for the first time in many years caused no damage.
EVENING SESSION.
The Evening Meeting was held at 8 p.m. in the Carnegie Library and was well
attended by members and others interested. The chair was occupied by the Deputy
Minister of Agriculture, Mr. J. H. Grisdale: The Popular Address was given by
Mr. C. L. Marlatt, Chairman of the Federal Horticultural Board, Washington,
D.C., his subject being “The Federal Plant Quarantine Act” or “How the
United States is Preventing the Introduction of Foreign Insect Pests and Plant
Diseases.” The address was highly appreciated and felt to be of special value to
Canadian Entomologists, as was pointed out by the President of the Society,
Prof. Lawson Caesar, while proposing a vote of thanks.
THE FEDERAL PLANT QUARANTINE ACT.
C. L. Marzart, CHarrman, Feprerat Horticutturat Boarp, Wasuineton, D.C.
[The following discussion covers the subject in a general way as it was pre-
sented extemporaneously. |
Most of you undoubtedly are familiar with the Federal Plant Quarantine
Act and with the general features of its administration through a Federal Horti-
eultural Board. This Act was the outcome of a long, hard fight which began
twenty years ago as a result of a nation-wide conference called in Washington.
This conference included state entomologists and inspectors and secretaries of
agriculture and horticulture and other persons interested in plant protection.
The need of a federal quarantine which should give protection to the whole United
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39
States had long been felt. The San José Scale excitement of that period was,
however, the leading element in bringing about the demand for a federal plant
law. As a result of the conference in Washington a broad plant law was drafted
which was intended to regulate both foreign importation of plants and also inter-
state traffic. On account of its breadth of field this proposed law aroused a good
deal of opposition and failed to get any real standing before Congress. It was
re-introduced at different sessions of Congress for a number of years but never
received effective support
In 1908 and 1909 the plant import situation became very serious on account
of the sudden increase of infestation of nursery stock received from Europe and
Japan by gipsy and brown-tail moths. This was about eight years after the original
attempt to get federal plant quarantine law. The failure up to that time to get
Congress to act had rather dispelled the enthusiasm of most of us, and the passage
of any satisfactory law through Congress was generally looked upon as being
practically impossible. The securing of legislation, giving new federal powers,
is always a difficult matter and especially so where such powers involve an entirely
new subject of legislation encroaching in any degree on the police or other powers
of the states.
Im the face of the great danger which this country was under from the
character of nursery stock importations of 1908-09 I secured permission from the
Secretary of Agriculture to draft a new plant quarantine law and to have it in-
troduced in Congress. That draft was the original of the present plant quarantine
act. It was a very difficult matter to get this legislation through Congress. The
bill was revised and re-introduced many times before it was finally passed in August,
1912, and the story of the long fight to get this legislation would be a very interest-
ing one if {i had time to relate it.
The Federal Plant Quarantine Act of 1912 is limited to control of entry of
foreign plants and plant products, and to the establishment of domestic quarantines
within the United States controlling interstate movement of such quarantined
or restricted plants or plant products. As to its foreign features, all plants or
plant products of whatever kind are subject to restriction. As to the domestic
and interstate features, not only plants and plant products may be restricted but
any other article which may be the means of conveying insect or disease enemies
of plants, a control broad enough to cover, for example, stone and other quarry
products, earth, or even manufactured articles. The law does not provide for
any general interstate control of plant traffic except in relation to specific quaran-
tines to prevent the spread of dangerous insects or plant diseases, and in this
respect is less broad than the law drafted by the original conference at Washington
referred to at the outset of this discussion.
This quarantine act has now been in force seven years. There are now in
force under it some fifteen foreign quarantines and seven orders restricting or
regulating the entry of plants and plant products and some twelve domestic quaran-
tines. With most of this quarantine and control action you are doubtless fairly
familiar. I will discuss rather briefly a few of the more important activities of
the Board in respect to these quarantines and restrictions on plant movement.
Perhaps the most important activity of the Board at the moment is in relation
to the pink bollworm of cotton. This insect is a very important new enemy of
eotton which has recently obtained foothold in Mexico and also scant foothold in
Texas. To prevent the further entry of this insect into the United States and
to effect its control in the limited areas where it is now established we are now
40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
receiving from Congress an annual appropriation of upwards of half a million
dollars. The work involved covers a very wide range, including extensive clean-up
operations in Texas, the enforcement of a quarantine service between Mexico and
the United States, the control of all import cotton into the United States and of
the cotton mills in this country which make use of such import cotton, and also
the control of cottonseed cake and meal and any other product relating to cotton
which may be a means of introducing the insect.
Another important quarantine feature under the Board is the white pine
blister rust quarantine, which has for its special object the protection of the great
pine areas of the western half of the United States from infestation from the
eastern half of the United States where this disease has gained wide and probably
firm foothold.
One of the later quarantines has relation to the European borer which has
recently obtained foothold in the neighborhood of Boston and in a limited area
near Albany, N. Y. We are asking Congress for an appropriation of $500,000 for
quarantine and other control work in relation to this borer. Inasmuch as this
insect is known to infest practically all succulent vegetation, even grasses, and
is so concealed as to make its discovery difficult, its extermination is recognized
as an impossibility, but if it cannot be exterminated, it certain'y can le controlled.
I do not believe in being unnecessarily alarmed over the introduction of any new
pest, and in the case of this new corn borer, the last year’s experience has demon-
strated that there are at least four important controlling factors which may later
on show this pest to be a comparatively unimportant one, certainly indicating
that Canada, for example, need have very little fear on account of it. These
hopeful or controlling factors are: (1) for the northern areas of corn culture,
single-broodedness with accompanying negligible damage indicated; (2) possi-
bility of cultural control by the elimination of weeds; (3) the immunity now
indicated for ordinary field corn, and (4) the possibility of effective egg parasitism.
(The introduction of this insect through the agency of imported broom corn
and its probable wide dissemination in the United States was discussed in some
detail.)
Another problem that has recently come up to the Board is the potato wart
disease, one of the three plant enemies specifically mentioned in the Federal
Quarantine Act to be immediately guarded against. This disease was evidently
brought into. this country in the winter and spring of 1911-12 before the Quaran-
tine Act was passed. The Department of Agriculture through the Federal Horti-
cultural Board is co-operating with the State of Pennsylvania in a thoroughgoing
campaign to eradicate this pest. The work of the last season, now concluded, has
presented a very much more hopeful outlook also with respect to this potato
disease. In other words, the principal commercial varieties of potatoes grown
in the United States have developed a substantial immunity to this disease and
it looks very possible, therefore, that it can be controlled through the growth of
these immune varieties and other varieties, the immunity of which has already
been demonstrated in European countries.
These are a few of the important subjects which the Board now has under
way. Other subjects are the Oriental fruit or peach moth which came from Japan
on ornamental cherry stock and has obtained rather wide fcothold in the District
of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia and also in New York and a few other places.
This pest might have come to this country-on any shipment of Japanese ornamental
cherry or peach stock, but apparently obtained its first foothold through a ship-
—
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41
ment of cherry trees made as a gift of the City of Tokio of Japan to the City
of Washington. The first lot was of large sized trees and so seriously infested with
various insects that the trees were burned. A second sending was later made of
young trees and these were apparently in a fairly healthy condition and at least
had been so pruned back that any evidences of the work of this insect had been
entirely removed. Incidentally, it may be said that it is a very difficult matter
to detect an insect about which you know nothing and which you are not antici-
pating. The inspector does not know where to look for it. In the case of this
pest, even with full knowledge of its habits, it is a very difficult insect to detect
by inspection, so carefully concealed is it in its hibernating situation. This in-
festation was not discovered at the time and the trees were planted in Washington’s
Riverside Park. The local infestation of the District of Columbia and adjacent
Maryland and Virginia has undoubtedly originated- from this importation of
flowering Japanese cherries. The incident illustrates the futility of inspection,
even when carefully conducted, as a means of detecting unknown or unfamiliar
pests and is one of the strong arguments for the more radical quarantine action
which the Board has recently taken in respect to all such ornamental and nursery
stock.
Another pest recently imported is the so-called Japanese beetle. It was in-
troduced apparently about eight years ago on iris stock imported by the Dreer
nurseries. It now has a very strong foothold in a comparatively small area in New
Jersey opposite Philadelphia. This insect lives nine months of the year in the
ground out of sight, is a strong flier, feeds miscellaneously on all sorts of vegetation,
and there is therefore very little likelihood that it can ever be exterminated. By
federal and state appropriation, liowever, a strong effort is being made to control
this insect and to demonstrate the possibilities of exterminating it if such possi-
bilities exist.
One of the last, and perhaps one of the worst, plant pests that has turned
up in this country is the “take-all” disease of wheat which has recently been
determined in a few fields in southern Illinois and in a similarly small area in
Indiana. War conditions and food shortage led to a movement looking to the
importation of wheat from Australia into the United States to replace American-
grown wheat which was being exported to meet European needs. A knowledge
of the risk from such Australian wheat led the Board to declare a federal quarantine
and to place such restrictions as to disinfection and use of such wheat as to safe-
guard its entry. While these steps were in progress this disease was discovered
in a small area in southern Illinois and later in a small area in Indiana.
The method of entry of this disease is unknown and nothing has been found
to indicate that it came with any wheat imported from Australia for com-
mercial purposes. It is probable that its entry was due to some experimental
importation of Australian wheat. Very energetic action was undertaken in co-
operation with the two states. concerned to stamp out the disease in the infected
areas, including the prohibition of the further growth of wheat in such areas
and the disinfection of the grain and the burning of infected straw and stubble.
These seven or eight quarantine subjects which I haye mentioned, together
with the nursery stock quarantine, are the big items of work which the Federal
Horticultural Board has under way at the present time.
I will close with a brief discussion of the nursery stock, seed and plant quaran-
tine, a subject which has perhaps as great interest for you as any of these others
and is one of the oldest of our lines of work. This quarantine has been adminis-
4 ES.
42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
tered since the passage of the Act in 1912, but has been revised under what is
known as Quarantine No. 3%. For seven years the Board had been endeavoring
to prevent the entry of pests with imported nursery stock and other plants and
seeds by a system of foreign inspection and certification with re-inspection of
imported goods at destination in this country. Under this system all foreign
countries wishing to engage in plant traffic with the United States on a commercial
scale have been required to establish an adequate inspection and certification
service. Practically all of the important countries of the world have now estab-
lished such service in response to the demands of the plant quarantine act of the
United States. The benefit of this service, as evidenced in the character of the
plant shipments to this country, has been tremendous. Whereas, before these in-
spection and certification measures were compelled by our act, thousands of in-
stances of browntail moth and gipsy moth infestations occurred in a single year
in our plant imports, there are now comparatively few instances of these pests
heing found. Freedom from all kinds of insect pests and plant diseases has been
very marked as compared with the old conditions, but, after all, it is only a marked
improvement, not absolute freedom. ‘These pests still come in. For example,
sixty-three instances of browntail and gipsy moth infestations have been discovered
by the inspection service in the seven years since the act went into effect, and it
is unfortunately not at all certain that all infestations by these insects were dis-
covered in re-inspection at destination in this country. Hundreds of other, pests
have also been discovered as a result of these inspections. This state of affairs was the
important reason leading to the enactment of a new nursery stock, plant and seed
quarantine, namely, Quarantine Order No. 3%. Before this quarantine was pro-
mulgated the subject was given long and careful consideration. A thoroughgoing
investigation was inaugurated by the Board, bringing into its scope all the depart-
mental plant experts of its various bureaus. The matter had also been under
consideration for several years by state men through their organizations. Finally
the whole subject was discussed fully at a hearing at which the producing horti-
culturists and the state experts of the whole country were brought together. This
discussion indicated a practically unanimous support of a quarantine which had
been outlined and which was substantially the same in scope as Quarantine No. 37.
Following this hearing the matter was given further study by our experts
and some of these experts visited producing horticultural establishments of this
country to discuss the needs of this country as to plant importations. Some months
later a final conference was called of all the interests concerned and to this con-
ference was submitted a provisional draft of the quarantine. It was eight months ~
after the quarantine had been first broached that it was finally promulgated. The
action of the department and the Board, therefore, can certainly not be charged
with having been precipitant. The quarantine became effective June Ist, 1919.
It has aroused a wide criticism and protest, much of this protest being based on
misrepresentation. It has been represented, for example, that the quarantine will
prevent the entry into the United States of new plant creations of Europe and
other foreign countries and that America will be forever deprived of all such
additions to its horticulture and floriculture. There is no foundation for this
charge. The quarantine does not really prevent the importation of any plants
into the United Satates for which a real need can be shown. Provision is made
in the quarantine for the entry for introduction purposes of any new plant creations
of Europe or other foreign countries. Furthermore, the quarantine provides for
the entry of any reasonable amount of plant material not available in the United
ee
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43
States which is needed for the development of reproduction enterprises to supply
home needs. All such special introductions, however, must be made through the
Department of Agriculture and will be subject to all the safeguards which the
highly developed inspection service of the Department in Washington can give,
including, if necessary, detention in quarantine or even the destruction of the im-
ported material if its condition of infestation is such that such destruction is
determined as necessary to prevent entry of pests or plant diseases. It is not prob-
able, however, that material offered for entry under this provision of the quarantine
will be often so infested as to require such drastic action. As a result of the mis-
representation referred to and other phases of misrepresentation Congress and the
Department of Agriculture at Washington have been flooded with letters and
petitions in opposition to the quarantine. This opposition has largely come from
certain importing interests which will be-necessarily restricted in business by the
quarantine.
The experts of the Department of Agriculture, and, I think, also the thought-
ful horticultural interests of the country, are convinced of the need of such quaran-
tine action. Undoubtedly this quarantine will lead to a developmént in this
country of horticultural productions to take the place of the articles which have
hitherto been obtained from foreign sources. In this way it will indirectly be the
means of developing American horticulture and floriculture. It is only fair to
say to those who go into production enterprises to supply the material the importa-
tion of which has been cut off that this quarantine in all probability in its main
lines will stand and that such enterprises will therefore fill a permanent place in
our horticulture. This does not mean that Quarantine No. 37 is not subject to
modification or change, but it does mean that the department and the experts of
the country are convinced that it is sound in principle and that its enforcement
practically along its present lines will afford a needed protection for the forest,
fruit and farm interests of this country. Wherever an error can be shown it will
be corrected but changes will not be made for personal, selfish, or commercial
interests, however powerful their backing, to the loss of the principle of protection
which underlies and is the basis for this quarantine.
HOPKINS’ BIOCLIMATIC LAW.
Wm. LocHHEAD, MAcDONALD COLLEGE, QUE.
Economic Entomology is ever drawing on other sciences for aid in the solution
of its problems. It is indebted to chemistry for help in solving the problem of
insecticides, to bacteriology and botany in the effort to work out means of con-
trolling certain insects by bacteria and fungi, to agriculture for the introduction
of farm practices that tend to control certain insects, to zoology for a knowledge
of the habits of birds and other animals that feed upon insects; to physics for
suggestions and explanations regarding the construction of many useful devices,
and to Meteorology for the help it has given toward a better understanding of
the distribution of organic life and of the factors that influence its seasonal activi-
ties. Without a knowledge of these sciences an economic entomologist may make
but little headway when brought face to face with a new practical problem.
One of the most recent and most far-reaching contributions to Economie
Entomology is the Bioclimatic Law of Dr. Hopkins of the U. 8. Bureau of
Entomology.
44 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Tue Science og PHeNoLoGy. From time immemorial agricultural practice
has been guided by meteorological factors. Primitive man, no doubt, soon dis-
coyered that his food plants required a limited period to reach maturity and that
every growing season had its earliest and latest dates for planting. He soon
learned, too, that these dates varied with different regions, with different seasons,
and with local weather conditions. In the course of time a mass of observations
accumulated, which constituted the basis of farm practice. Naturally much error
crept into the observations and false deductions were drawn from certain co-
incidences, but on the whole the early growers of plants were guided by experience.
Their contact with nature was very intimate, perhaps more intimate than that
of the farmers of to-day. They knew the times of opening of the buds of the various
shrubs and trees, and of the arrival and departure of the birds, and learned to
associate certain farm practices with these events as natural guides.
For example, the time of the appearance of the blossoms on the maple was
considered by many people a suitable time to begin gardening; the blossoming
of blackberries the best time for bean planting; the blooming of the locust trees for
the planting of cotton; the mouse-ear size of white oak or maple leaves for the
planting of corn; the opening of the elder flowers for the sowing of turnip seed;
the ripening of the elder berries for the harvesting of the early onions; and the
ripening of the burs of the small cockle-bur for the harvesting of the late crops.
In other words, the early farmers associated their farming operations with periodic
phenomena connected with some tree, shrub or plant.
In the eighteenth century when plants began to be studied scientifically
attention was given to the recording of observations on such periodic phenomena
as the opening of the buds, the time of flowering, the ripening of the seeds, etc.,
which give rise to the science of phenology. At the same time studies were made
to determine the geographical distribution of plants and animals.
In the course of these investigations the rates of variation in the dates were
partially determined for different latitude, longitude and altitude, but the number
of data was not sufficient to permit a definite law of variation to be formulated.
It was early observed that while temperature was the main controlling factor
in bringing about variations in periodic phenomena other factors also played an
important part. Dr. Merriam’s maps of the zonal distribution of plants and
animals into Life Zones were largely based on the temperature factor and are very
suggestive and helpful in matters of life distribution. These maps, however, de
not furnish information regarding the dates of periodic phenomena in different
regions and districts so much desired by the economic biologist in the matter of
application of methods of control in the different regions.
As an example, the old spraying calendars, based on regional distribution
rather than phenological phenomena, have been discarded as unsatisfactory, and
instead “some periodic event in the plant to pa the spray is to be applied
is given as the index to the time to do the work
Dr. A:D: Hopkins was the first person in eres I believe, who attempted
to apply this science of phenology to the solution of entomological problems,
especially those relating to certain forest insects in West Virginia. Later it was
applied in connection with the control of the Hessian Fly, and as an outcome of
the investigations a definite Bioclimatic Law was formulated, which forms a work-
ing guide for farm practice and biological research over the entire continent. In
connection with this law Dr. Hopkins has prepared a system of maps and com-
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13
KL
LLL
BE
: - ro es
HOSE fe ales
Say yl
a
S,
sy
Oa i
Fy
ee are
| ao
| |
f
I
OE!
Fig. 1. Isophanal Map of the United States in 1 degree isophanes and 1 x 5 degree
quadrangles to illustrate method of expressing the geographical constants of the Law.
Fig. 2. Isophanal Map of the United States in 5 degree isophanes and 5 x 5 degree
quadrangles to illustrate method of designating phenological areas for the study of
influences which contribute to time, altitude or latitude departures from the geographical
constants. The estimated minus (earlier) and plus (later) departures in days from the
computed time constant for spring and autumn events, as given for each quadrangle,
are based on a study of more than 40,000 reports on the date wheat harvest begins and
on other statistics of planting and harvest dates for wheat, potatoes, etc., and represent
averages for the entire quadrangle.
46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
puting calendars and tables which aid very much in the computation of phenologi-
cal dates.
Dr. Hopkins informs us that the rates of variation in the dates of periodic
events were determined earlier by Schubler in 1830 for the distance between Parma,
Italy, and Greifswald, Prussia, as 4 days for a difference of about 325 feet of
altitude and 1 degree of latitude. Although Quetelet, in 1846, was aware of the
influence of longitude, it remained for Fritsch, in 1865, to state that each degree
of longitude westward made a variation of 4/10 of a day. In 1893 Ihne found
the variation to be about 9/10 of a day. Dr. Hopkins, in 1900, concluded from
his investigations in West Virginia that the rate of variation was 4 days to 1 degree
of latitude and 400 feet of altitude, and later in 1915 concluded that there was a
variation of 4 days to 5 degrees of longitude.
Tue Broctimatio Law. The Bioclimatic Law may be stated as follows:
The variation in the time in which periodical events occur in the seasonal develop-
ment and habits of plants and animals at different geographical positions within
the range of their distribution is, other things being equal, at the rate of four days
for each degree of latitude, five degrees of longitude, or 400 feet of altitude.
According to this law, lines running from the east toward the north-west
at the rate of one degree of latitude to five degrees of longitude represent the same
constant or average date of periodical phenomenon for any given level throughout
their length. Such lines are called isophanal lines, and in accordance with this
law Dr. Hopkins has constructed isophanal maps of the United States (Fig. 1).
Meridian lines drawn at right angles to the isophanal lines are called phenological
meridians.
The influence of certain local factors that modify the average dates of the
periodic phenomena for each quadrangle, such as topography, lakes, large rivers,
rainfall, sunshine, etc., according to their intensity, is marked on each quadrangle
as plus (later) or minus (earlier) departures for both spring and autumn (Fig. 2).
Dr. Hopkins believes that the amount of departure of the actual from the
computed date for any locality represents the intensity of the action of local factors.
For example, in Florida the departures are ten days earlier than computed
time for autumn and ten days later for spring events; for Western Ontario only
nine days later for autumn. Such departures were based on a study of more than
40,000 reports on the date wheat harvest begins.
The departure constants were obtained by establishing phenological bases or
“localities where a sufficient number of observations have been made to establish
corrections for local and regional influences, so that the date of any seasonal event
recorded there may serve as a reliable basis for the computation of corresponding
dates for the same event at any other geographical position within the same or
different regions of a country or continent.”
Wooster, Ohio, was taken as the base for fall wheat seeding on account of the
thorough work done there by Webster in connection with the determination of
Hessian fly-free dates, while Minnesota was taken as the base for spring wheat
seeding.
In accordance with the law and with the amount of departures for different
localities Dr. Hopkins, in 191%, proposed to the U. 8. Department of Agricul-
ture to make wheat seeding map-calendars for all the States for the purpose of
increasing the wheat yields for 1918 by the control of the Hessian Fly. On
account of the limited time, however, posters with maps and instructions were
prepared for only New York, Pennsylvania, Ilinois, Indiana, Nebraska, New
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47
Jersey, West Virginia, Oklahoma, Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee.
(Fig. 3.)
Fig. 3 is a calendar of winter wheat seeding date constants for map (Fig. 1)
computed for latitude, longitude and altitude. To illustrate its use let us select
the Guelph region. This lies in the quadrangle bounded by the phenological
meridians 45 and 50 and the isophanes 47 and 48 and at an altitude of 1,000. feet.
By referring to Fig. 3 it will be seen that the date for winter wheat seeding is
September 10th for an altitude of 1,000 feet. Next, by referring to Fig. 2 we find
Miclataisislalsiels. A|LEVEL
$18 1/8 18 [8 |8 |s 3/318 8/8/1818 °
So 3 |o a SISISIis S
ABE SRE SPP EIE
[estate fslnl es esa | Saeco
| Pielzz| is |r [10 [%6 [224] etetntatats Reed
Pec nthtatacet samt
Hees Sele hoe tb
rT relealislafiofehalenlesiafi7jis/ats Nese | | [
| [ral ae so]zejz2] is]i4 [ios Bee Se
Se
rT [eof te | HRS SSS SE Seat
a estab tate ‘ies 30|2elza [18 [rato] S| 229] aslzil17| 13/4 | 528 2a
at [es |ea|zo}te [2] eS f0)2el 22}re [14] 10] fale) 33121 [rf sfa [5 Pz
ae 1 DNealeeleoliel iz [elt ls0]zelze| is [afroPe [2 lza]2s[z1|r7]/ 8] a [SP]
gol Le PNeeled zofic [rel Pe loofelzelialraliol ele [zalzsiar[ iis] 4 [5
Tats |nlesles|z0| reli | a) 130] ze 22) 13 14] of el ZIzalzs[2r|r1/r3 (4 |
rs [Neelzalzol reli’ [&l20lzalze|is}ia] sole [2 leales|2n|r|i3,
5 4] = NJze|za[zo| tefiz Se also] 2elze|s¢|r4 [rope Pe faales|z4 [1]
gt [i7(ig 1 9] 5 [fas [ea |zo] te [iz [|S] 30 fale] ta [ra [ro fea aszales|2.|
Ui hlzsl2l 7a] als N Jee|esfeo} relia [ofS [30 [alee] 9 [r+| sof @ fa. Jzales
Fig. 3. Calendar of wheat seeding date constants for Isophanal, Map, Fig. 1. a
Isophanes. The dates in this calendar are the cosmured constants for the given altitudes
to be corrected for the 5 x 5 quadrangles:of Fig. 2, by adding the + and subtracting the
—autumn date which will give the general average date for the average altitude and
average season.
the departure constants are 0 for fall events. For this locality, therefore, the
best date for winter wheat seeding is September 10th.
It is impossible in the short time allotted me for the presentation of this
paper to give in detail the many interesting studies made by Dr. Hopkins in the
formulation of his Bioclimatic Law. Such details will be found in Supp'ement
No. 9 of the Monthly Weather Review, issued May 1st, 1918, and in an article in
the June, 1919, number of the Scientific Monthly.
48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
It seems to me that Dr. Hopkins’ Bioclimatic Law is an important contri-
bution to service inasmuch as it is based on phenological phenomena which are
the best means of determining the influence of all the complex factors that play
upon plant and animal life.
I have already referred to the use of the Law in the control of the Hessian Fly.
Dr. Hopkins has used it in connection with certain forest insects, viz., the Southern
Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis), the Western Pine Beetle (D. brevicomis),
the Mountain Pine Beetle (D. monticolae), and the Pine Bark Louse or Spruce
Gall Louse (Pineus strobi).
By means of a map-calendar the dates for the beginning and ending of control
measures between the autumn and spring flights can be recommended, in the ease
of the Pine Beetles, and in the case of the Pine Bark Louse the date of hatching
and time of moving about.
Dr. Hopkins believes that the Law can be applied with great advantage in
farm practice as a means of determining the dates of best seeding and harvesting
for the production of maximum crops. While he has shown the application of
the Law to winter and spring wheat he is of the opinion that it can be applied
equally well to all kinds of crops.
Moreover, it can be used for the making of reliable spray calendars 7 in orchard
practice for the control of insect and fonpus) diseases,
This Law, moreover, is of value in determining the northern limit in the
geographical distribution of species of plants and animals. It is, therefore, a
valuable supplement to Merriam’s work on Life Zones.
Regarding the value of phenology Dr. Hopkins says: “ Properly recorded and
correctly interpreted there is nothing perhaps to equal the records of the dates
of periodical events in plants and animals as indices to the bioclimatic character
of a place or local area, because such events are in direct response, not to one or
a few, but to all the complex elements and factors of the enyironment which no
artificial instrument or set of instruments yet available will record. In other
words, while species and varieties and even individuals of the same species and
variety respond in a more or less different degree to the same complex influences,
there are certain constant elements in the response of individuals and groups of
varieties and species which, if properly interpreted, will serve as a key to the
bioclimatic character and conditions which distinguish a particular region, locality,
or place from that of other nearby or distant ones.
Tue Brocrimatic LAw in CANnapaA.
Most of the data from which Dr. Hopkins prepared his maps were obtained
from the United States, and it will be observed that the departures from the Law
constants are practically absent from the Canadian section of his maps. No doubt
the reason for this absence was the lack of sufficient data from Canada.
The writer believes, however, that Canada has the data if they can only be
compiled. This country has not only a large number of experiment stations
scattered from the Atlantic to the Pacific, but also a large number of reports
prepared by Federal and Provincial agencies, that could supply the necessary data
relating to phenological phenomena. A compilation of such data would be most
valuable in extending the practical application of the Bioclimatie Law to the
different sections of Canada. The writer expresses the hope that some competent
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49
government official may be detailed to gather such data, so that Canada may reap
the advantages which may flow from the application of the Law to agricultural
practice and to the solution of many entomological and other problems.
FRIDAY MORNING, 9 O’CLOCK.
LOCUSTS IN MANITOBA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE
OUTBREAK OF 1919.
Norman Cripptz, Domrston Entromotoeicat Laporatory, TREESBANK, MAN.
We have had locust plagues in the Prairie Provinces as far back as history
will take us; that they occurred long before that time is extremely probable. There
were, however, no crops in those days and very few observers, conscquently the
locust outbreaks were imperfectly recorded and our knowledge of the species involved
is extremely dubious. There were at least seven distinct locust outbreaks in the
Nineteenth Century most of which extended over two or more years. The first
was recorded from Lord Selkirk Red River colony in 1818, another probably
occurred about 1830; then we have records for: 1855-57, 1864-66, 1868-70, 1872-
- 75, 1897-98, and 1900 to 1904 of the new century. In other words there were
fully 22 locust years in the last hundred. Another significant point is that in
almost every instance the infestation lasted two or more years.
Reading from Riley, and from Lugger of Minnesota, one notes that by far
the most important injury in all their records was attributed to the Migratory
locust, Melanoplus spretis, a species which was supposed to have its permanent
abode in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains and from that breeding ground
to spread far over the surrounding country. In his later reports Lugger also
attributes much to the Lesser Migratory locust. MW. atlanis, and in a smaller extent
to the Pellucid locust, Camnula pellucida. Judging from more recent occurrences
I think it would be safe in concluding that these latter species were present in
most of the former outbreaks, especially the Lesser Migratory locust which is,
after all, very like spretis.
It is evident from this brief summary of the past, that we can expect locusts
to become troublesome at intervals of about 15 years though these periodic visits
are not, of course, by any means regular. The insect’s appearance depends largely
upon meteorological conditions among the most important of which are abnormally
dry seasons, especially during May and June. There is one other point to bear
in mind and that is while we talk of a locust outbreak every 15 years we should
remember that such an invasion does not necessarily cover the whole country
because, as a rule, it is far from doing so. Indeed most of our outbreaks have been
confined to the southern portion of the province.
My personal experience with locusts dates back to 1900, when we had an
outbreak in our neighbourhood involving our own farm among the rest. - The
species concerned was chiefly atlanis though there were a fair number of spretis
among them for the first two years, after which that species disappeared and has
not, so far as I am aware, been heard of since. Much crop was destroyed the first
season owing to lack of knowledge and proper equipment. The second year, how-
ever, we learned the merits of poisoned baits and from that time forward the ecm-
paratively small losses were due almost entirely to neglect.
50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
It is fourteen years since the events I have just recorded took place and during
the interval we have been free from locusts in the province. The present year,
however, has once more brought the insects into prominence.
The new outbreak is a serious one and promises to become still more so.
Fully half a million acres are already involved in the southern portion of Manitoba,
while there are several areas of lesser extent isolated from the rest.
Strange as it may seem this severe outbreak came to us as a complete surprise,
not a report came in of injury the previous year though we know that the insects
must have been present in large numbers. This shows how little one can rely
upon farmers for such information and indicates how necessary it is to have
reliable scouts to be on the watch for just such a plague. The savings from such
observers, on this year alone, would have been sufficient to pay the salaries of half
a dozen scouts for the next ten years. When information did reach us the young
hoppers were already beyond immediate control, and when I arrived at the infested
area whole fields had been swept bare; added to this was the fact that we were totally
unprepared and in consequence all the necessary supplies were lacking. It was
a week before poison could be shipped into the affected territory, and even then
it could not be secured in anything like sufficient quantity to cope with the out-
break. The Winnipeg labor strike was partly to blame for this and it also greatly
hampered transportation when the supplies were shipped from the east. These
are a few of the first difficulties we had to contend against. Next we had to
educate the farmers as to the means of control and this in itself was no simple
task. Most of the farmers involved had never witnessed a locust outbreak before
and when they saw the millions upon millions of tiny hoppers turning the green
fields black, many lost heart. Scoffers, too, were numerous, but some enterprising
men remained and by their aid examples were provided which added much to
our own demonstrations. Dead hoppers, small and hard to find among the grass,
were pointed out and as their numbers increased, and the dark areas grew no
larger, farmers took heart again; but only temporarily, soon fresh hordes were
making their way over the bodies of their dead companions and commenced to eat
new inroads into the crop. It was at this time that the human barometer fell
very low indeed and but for the former experience of a few men we might have
had difficulty in keeping the work going. Some farmers did indeed lose all hope
and, later, their crops also. Others of more persistent character continued in
their efforts and ultimately had the satisfaction of at least saving part of their
erops. As for the dead locusts it is hard to realize the vast numbers that covered
the ground. In one instance we found an average of 244 dead to the foot over a
large field, that is to say approximately 260 bushels per acre. On one square foot
at another place I counted 641 dead locusts, two-thirds of which were adults. I
give these instances from many similar ones. Had these locusts been permitted
to breed they would have produced at least 6,000 eggs to every square foot of land
on the field and these in their turn would have provided locusts enough to destroy
fully two thousand acres of crop next year.
Much of the success obtained was due to the Provincial departments supply-
ing the poison free, while the municipalities, as a rule, provided the bran and
attractants. There was some delay, however, before these measures were adopted ;
many farmers in the meantime, procuring their own materials.
Our measures of control did not differ to any marked extent from those in
use elsewhere: we relied chiefly upon the Kansas bait partly because it was more
easily mixed and also because it seemed more attractive to the grasshoppers than
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51
the Criddle mixture. Another point in favor of the former was the difficulty in
securing horse droppings in sufficient quantity. However, there were some farmers
in nearly every district who spoke very highly of the droppings and used nothing
else. Two instances came to my notice where the farmers had used manure
spreaders and while this might seem a rather extravagant method of spreading
poison, we must take into consideration the cheapness of the material which would
permit a far greater quantity to be used in comparison with Kansas bait, at the
same cost. The results of this method were, at least, all that could be desired
and probably exceeded any other.
Later in the season a large type of hopper catcher was used, this being an
improved model of the old hopper-dozer. It was sixteen feet long and some three
feet in height, made, apart from the frame, with galvanized iron. With this
implement, drawn by two horses, some farmers claimed to have caught as many
as fourteen bushels of locusts in one day. Certainly some excellent work was done
with them while the enthusiasm lasted, but in spite of the apparent success I am
of the opinion that the machines are a poor substitute for poison baits.
There is one feature in the present locust outbreak that makes it different
from any other we have experienced in western Canada and that is the fact that
we have had to deal with an entirely different kind of locust. Our previous know-
ledge referred entirely to the genus Melanoplus and chiefly to the Migratory and
Lesser Migratory species, whereas the present insects involved are largely the
Pellucid locust. It was, perhaps fortunate that we visited the infested districts
before giving advice and more so that we were able to distinguish the species
involved, because the habits of the two genera are different in many respects. For
instance the species of Melanoplus we have been dealing with, oviposit in and
around small openings amid sparse vegetation, or more frequently still, in the
stubble fields. Camnula, on the other hand, avoids such places and instead, selects
the roadsides and sodded areas, depositing its eggs in the clumps of grass. It thus
happened that instead of swarming of the stubble fields, as might have been
expected before knowing the species, the insects came from the roadsides. This
was how conditions were in most districts, but in a few Melanoplus predominated,
while in others, all kinds were found together.
It is an interesting sight to see the small hoppers all moving in one direction,
as if all were induced by a similar impulse. These movements may be towards
the sun or away from it, with or against the wind so that it is difficult to arrive
at a reason for the uniformity of movement. One thing is certain: having once
located a field they seldom abandon it while food remains available. Moving
inward they first steadily work their way towards the centre of the field while the
rear guard clean up what is left, or that which re-sprouts. Large masses of these
hoppers may also be seen in the morning while the dew is still on the herbage,
sunning themselves before partaking of the morning meal. It is then that they
sometimes gather along roadsides so thickly that the road looks black with them;
on other occasions they have been known to collect on the railway irons in such
numbers as to actually stop the trains. The greatest sight of all, however, is to see
a migration after the insects have attained the winged stage. At such times they
moye in regular swarms and drift along with the wind like a thick snow storm.
Such 9 swarm may last for hours or but a few minutes. All depends upon the
weather, when the sun comes out bright and hot the insects are on the wing in
a moment, should a cloud obscure that orb’s surface, the locusts as quickly drop
to earth again. The flights, too, seem to be infectious because no sooner do the
'
ec
THE REPORT OF THE No, 36—
insects from a distance drift past than those in the vicinity fly up to join them
and so add to the moving swarm. To witness such a sight for the first time cannot
but prove a joy to the naturalist, but it has a very different effect upon the farmer,
who perhaps sees the hard work of months brought to nothing in a few hours.
We had instances, at such times, when hundred acre fields of wheat where destroyed
in two days by successive swarms of migrating locusts. Other fields, however,
were actually freed through the insects moving elsewhere. It was owing to these
habits that some farmers who had done little still harvested some crop while other
men, working hard to prevent the locusts depredations, lost everything.
The almost daily flights mentioned above, naturally scattered the insects far
afield and over much new territory, but while they thus moved in vast numbers
their movements were much closer to the ground than are those of the Lesser
Migratory locust which often rises far above the area of ordinary vision. Melan-
oplus also takes part in the low flights though less frequently. All species com-
mence to migrate soon after they obtain wings, and continue, on and off, for fully
a month and a half. In 1919 they commenced to fly about the middle of July
and continued for a considerable time after the insects had begun to oviposit.
Indeed there is strong evidence to show that the female frequently deposited one
lot of eggs and then moved to other territory to complete her work.
During the wingless stages, and for a time afterwards, the Pellucid locust
spreads all. through the fields and in this habit resembles the common species of
Melanoplus, but as the breeding season draws near it returns to the sod-land,
while the latter remain on the stubble to deposit their eggs. This habit alone
usually enables us to distinguish the species involved without seeing it. For
instance, should a farmer report extensive cutting of twine we are reasonably safe
in referring the injury to species of Melanoplus because Camnula will be on the
sod at the time the grain is cut. The only other insect, therefore, that could be
involved would be the larger crickets (Gryllus assimilis). Another difference is
in the kind of soil preferred, the Lesser Migratory locust inhabits sandy land,
Camnula the richer soil; though both prefer the dry uplands for egg-laying.
The conditions favoring the increase of any particular species are almost sure
to be beneficial to the dev elopment of others, consequently there are always others
present of lesser importance, and in 1919 we had Melanoplus minor, which is the
earliest to develop; M. packardii, gladstoni, dawsont, bivittatus, and femur-rubrun.
The first three are upland species while the last two prefer slightly moister situa-
tions. I found a remarkable little outbreak of M. gladstoni near Pilot Mound
which is, I believe, the first occasion that this species has been recorded as notably
injurious.
As I have already mentioned, the eggs of Camnula are deposited along road-
sides or in pasture fields. Contrary to the general idea the insects, with us, prefer
the higher land rather than low spots. Any sodded soil is suitable provided it is
comparatively dry. In preparing to oviposit the female selects a low clump of
grass in which she forces her abdomen to that the egg mass. that she deposits,
is situated among the grasses roots. The eggs, however, are always close to the
surface and when the grass clump is a dense one, may actually protrude above
ground though, of course, hidden amid the base of the plant. Owing to the
peculiarity in selecting egg sites the eg g pods, too, are frequently massed together
and often actually touching one another in their density. In this connection I
have found as many as 84 egg sacks within a square foot, that is to say approxi-
mately 2,000 eggs.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53
It was unfortunate that the seriousness of the 1919 outbreak prevented the
few of us engaged in control measures from conducting investigations as to the
effectiveness of the various poisons or attractants. When it is considered, however,
that the Dominion had but one man in each province and that there was work
enough for a dozen, it will be readily understood why we were obliged to devote
all our time to the immediate needs of the farmers. In other words, we became,
for the time being, demonstrators and encouragers rather than research men.
When we view the results, however, we cannot but feel gratified at the thousands
of acres that were saved even though much was lost also. We have surely demon-
strated what can be done with more effective preparation, and as a result organi-
zation is well under way to combat the probable outbreak of next year. We know
where the eggs are, having made a careful survey during the autumn months and
this knowledge will help us much in locating the young hoppers as soon as they
hatch out. We can then attack them immediately rather than wait until they
invade the crop.
Deep ploughing has undoubtedly accounted for many eggs, especially in those
districts where Melanoplus predominated. Unfortunately the sod land is much
more difficult to attend to and I fear that it will, in most instances, remain un-
touched. Experiments conducted at the Treesbank Laboratory, have shown that
the eggs, even when incased in their usual covering, cannot withstand a temperature
of 90°F. for many hours when the sun is shining and, therefore, exposing them
early in the season is an effective means of destroying the eggs. A lesser tempera-
ture, however, is not as effective though exposing the eggs to the vicissitudes of
autumn, winter and spring may help to prevent their hatching.
Turning to the prospects for next year, we cannot, of course, predict with
certainty that there will be an outbreak, as weather conditions may intervene, but
judging from the past the chances for this are small, in which case we may expect
a worse and more widespread outbreak than the one of 1919. As I said before,
I think we shall be prepared. This, however, is a matter that the provinces are
chiefly taking in hand. Naturally we have all been working together against the
common enemy and for myself, I should lke to take this opportunity of expressing
my appreciation of the splendid co-operation that has taken place. We have been
in the field together and worked together for the common benefit.
LIFE-HISTORY NOTES ON SOME SPECIES OF ACRIDIDAE
(ORTHOPTERA) FOUND IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.
E.R. Bucxetr, B.A., Entomonocicat Lanoratory, VERNON, B.C.
In presenting some notes on some species of Acrididae occurring in British
Celumbia I do so with some hesitation for the reason that I have not been able
to complete the life-history of many of the species. My hope, however, is that
such notes as I have prepared will prove of service to those undertaking any further
* ecological and life history studies on western species of Acrididae.
My thanks are particularly due to Mr. R. C. Treherne for his encouragement
and advice during the past two years in this work, and to Messrs. L. P. Rockwood
of the U. S. Federal Entomological Station, Forest Grove, Oregon; and Norman
Criddle of the Dominioa Entomological Branch, for their kindness in assisting
me in the identification of species.
54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
The following species represent the majority of the various Acrididae I have
collected in British Columbia during the past two years, and the localities where
they were taken.
Acrydiine (Tettigine)
Acrydium granulatum Kirby. Penticton.
Acrydium ornatum Say. Fairview.
Acridine (Tryxaline)
Pseudopomala brachyptera (Scudder). Vaseaux Lake. Fairview.
Akentetus unicolor (McNeill). Fairview. Westbank.
Orphulella pelidna (Burm). Fairview.
Chloealtis conspersa Harris. Salmon Arm.
Chloealtis abdominalis Thomas. Salmon Arm. Vernon.
Stirapleura decussata (Scudder). Naramata. Penticton. Fairview. Vaseaux Lake. O.
K. Falls. Keremeos.
Ageneotettix scudderi (Burner). Westbank. Fairview.
Aulocara elliotti (Thomas). Westbank. Fairview.
Chorthippus curtipennis (Harris). Penticton. Vernon.
Oedipodine
Arphia pseudonietana , (Thomas). Salmon Arm. Vernon. Penticton. Fairview.
Camnula pellucida (Scudder). Celesta. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Westbank. Penticton.
Fairview. Bridesville.
Hippiscus neglectus (Thomas). Westbank. Penticton. Keremeos. Fairview.
Hippiscus obscurus (Scudder). Westbank. Penticton. Keremeos. Fairview.
Hippiscus viteilinus (Saussure). Penticton. Fairview. i
Hippiscus latefasciatus Scudder. Fairview.
Dissosteira carolina (Linnzeus). Salmon Arm, Vernon. Penticton. Fairview.
Spharagemon equale (Say). Vernon. Westbank. Penticton. Fairview.
Mestobregma sp. (probably kiowa). Okanagan Landing.
Mestobregma sp. Westbank. Fairview.
Conozoa wallula (Scudder). Vernon. Westbank. Penticton. Fairview.
Circotettix suffusus (Scudder). Celesta. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Westbank. Penticton.
Fairview.
Circotettiz lobatus Saussure. Fairview.
Trimerotropis ceruleipes (Scudder). Celesta. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Penticton.
Fairview.
Trimerotropis vinculata (Scudder). Salmon Arm. Penticton. Fairview.
Locustine (Acridiine)
Melanoplus atlanis (Riley). Celesta. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Westbank. Penticton.
Fairview.
Melanoplus femur-rubrum (DeGeer). Celesta. Salmon Arm. Vernon. Westbank. Pen-
ticton. Fairview.
Melanoplus packardii (Scudder). Fairview.
Melanoplus bivittatus (Say). Salmon Arm. Vernon, Penticton. Fairview.
Melanoplus cinereus (Scudder). Fairview.
ACRYDIINAE.
Two species of the sub-family Acrydiinae were taken during the summer of
1919. Both belong to the Genus Acrydium.
Acrydium granulatum Kirby. Large numbers of adults of these insects were
taken on April 12th in the meadows at Penticton. During April and May they
were common everywhere in damp meadows around Penticton. A few were again
taken during the latter part of August. No records of their breeding habits were
obtained. The specimens varied greatly in coloration and markings, and all ex-
amined were macropterous.
Acrydium ornatum Say. A single male adult of this species was taken on
August 7th at Fairview.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55
Dee ee ee
ACRIDINAE.
In this sub-family nine species were collected belonging to eight genera.
Pseudopomala brachyptera. (Scudder). Two immature insects of this species
were taken at Vaseaux Lake, between Penticton and Fairview, on June 14th. No
mature specimens were taken this summer.
Akentetus unicolor (McNeill). On June 27th, at Fairview, adults of this
species were first seen, and at this date considerable numbers were present on the
dry bunch-grass ranges. The nymphs had been observed since the middle of May.
By the end of July all were adult and they were found, scattered about all over
the dry ranges south of Fairview, to the U.S. Boundary Line. A few adults could
still be found at the end of August. No observations were obtained as to their
“breeding habits. These grasshoppers are very active and can jump long distances.
Orphulella pelidna (Burin). These grasshoppers were first taken near Fair-
view on August 7th (1919) and were found during August fairly commonly near
the edges of ponds, and along the banks of the Okanagan River. They were only
seen where the grass was still green and were never observed out on the dry ranges.
They vary very much in colour, from a dark brown to a bright apple green. ‘They
are strong jumpers but do not use their wings muck. This is the first time that
this insect has been recorded from British Columbia.
Chlocaltis abdominalis (Thomas). This species was found in bushy pasture
jand among dry grass tufts and in burnt-off bush land at Salmon Arm on September
29th. The males were heard stridulating and by approaching them carefully a
few were secured.
Only one female was found; it was brachypterous and considerably larger than
the males, it was very sluggish and made no attempt to escape but its coloration
made it very hard to see among the grass tufts. When the males were at last spotted
after a careful stalk they were by no means easy to capture, as they would take
one or two big jumps and then burrow down among the leaves and rubbish on the
ground, their colour harmonizing closely with their surroundings. When stridu-
lating the males usually crawled up on to a log or stone. These grasshoppers were
found again at Vernon on October 4th, on light bush land. The males were
stridulating and one or two were secured but I could not find any females. The
eggs of this species are laid in rotten logs, fence-posts, etc.
Chloealtis conspersa Harris. One male of this species was taken on September
29th at Salmon Arm while collecting Chloealtis obdominalis. These two species
are very similar, but (. conspersa can be distinguished by having the entire sides
of the pronotum and first few segments of the abdomen black, and the lower surface
of the last few abdominal segments orange-red.
Stirapleura decussata (Scudder). This species was first observed at Penticton
on April 26th on a sheltered stony tract of land from which the snow had gone off
early. They were present in considerable numbers but were not very active at
this date, not having been out of hibernation very long. A few of them were still
in the nymph stage but by far the greater number were adult. As the spring had
only opened a short while before and snow was still present on the higher hills,
it would have been quite impossible for these to have hatched from eggs this spring
and to have grown to adult in this short time. They must, therefore, have hiber-
nated as adults and large nymphs. On May 4th this species was found commonly
seattered over the dry range country in the neighborhood of Fairview in the Lower
Okanagan Valley. They were most plentiful on stony ground and sage-brush land,
56 THE REPORT OF THE . No. 36
although some were seen on the open bunch-grass plains. They were now fully
active and the males could be heard stridulating while at rest upon the ground.
When disturbed they would hop away but would not readily take wing. They are
silent when in flight. On May 19th this species was found to be egg-laying and
from the middle of May to the middle of June oviposition was at its height. From
this date on, however, they decreased rapidly in numbers and by the end of June
no specimens could be found. I do not know when these eggs hatch, and all that
I am able to say about their further life history is that up to September 1st, when
my observations ended, no specimens of this species were taken. I think, however,
that they would soon have appeared as adults again as another species (Hippiscus
neglectus) with a similar life history was just appearing again on August 28th.
Ageneotettix scudderi (Bruner). This species was first taken on July 20th
at Westbank, and on July 23rd they were found to be fairly common on the dry
range land around Fairview. They were very similar in habits and distribution
to Aulocara elliotti and seemed to take their place, for as Aulocara elliotti decreased
Ageneotettix scudderi increased. Both these species when at their height were the
most abundant grasshoppers present on the ranges. Although a small species they
were easily seen on the ground on account of their white antennae and bright red
hind tibiae. They are an active species with great jumping powers. .Toward the
end of August they began to decrease and were not so frequently taken, and I think
that they had deposited their eggs by this time. :
Aulocara elliotti (Thomas). This species at the end of June was thé most
plentiful grasshopper on the dry range country of the Southern Okanagan Valley.
1 do not know when this species first appears as adults but I should judge that
it would be during the second week in June. By the middle of July adults were
very plentiful and were evenly distributed over the range country south of Pen-
ticton. It was seen egg-laying in the third week in July from which date it
decreased in numbers, its place being taken by a very similar but smaller grass-
hopper Ageneotettix scudderi. Aulocara elliotti is a powerful jumper but does not
make much use of its wings. A few adults could still be found up to the end of
August. The females are very much larger than the males and varied considerably
in coloration, some haying the white markings on the pronotum yery distinct, while
_ in others these markings were hardly visible. The males appeared to be far more
numerous than the females and were very active, running on the ground with
considerable speed. On several occasions from three to five males were observed
following a female. In each case the female was hopping while the males were
running rapidly behind.
Chorthippus curtipennis (Harris). Adults of these grasshoppers were col-
lected in considerable numbers on September 1st in a damp meadow at Penticton ©
where the grass was long and green. The males could be heard ‘stridulating. I
do not know when this species first appears as adult.
OEDIPODINAE.
In the Oedipodinae fifteen species were collected belonging to ten genera.
Arphia pseudonietana (Thomas). The first adults of these grasshoppers were
seen on July 18th at Penticton. It has practically the same distribution in the
Okanagan Valley as Dissosteira carolina and appears at about the same date. It
is rather more common and more eyenly distributed over all types of land than is
D. carolina, which remains together in small flocks on certain dry hill sides, rail-
road tracks, etc. The disk of the wing in A. pseudonietana is dark red. The
~—
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 5
general body colours do not vary much. The usual colour is dark blackish brown
with black speckles ; the female being larger and lighter in colour. Some specimens
are found with a chalky-white pronotum and two or three white bands across the
top of the hind femora. This grasshopper flies with a rather slow zigzag flight
and can produce, at will, a slow rattling noise when on the wing. Egg-laying
is commenced in the last week in August.
Camnula pellucida (Scudder). This species is probably the most destructive
erasshopper that we have in British Columbia and has at various times caused very
great loss to stockmen and farmers by increasing in enormous numbers and com-
pletely destroying crops and range grasses. This year it has been singularly scarce
in the Okanagan Valley although it was plentiful in northern Washington State,
erossing the British Columbia Boundary Line into the Bridesvyille-Rockcreek section
where it did considerable damage. The first adults were seen at Fairview on June
12th when small swarms were observed in damp places near the Okanagan River
where the vegetation was still green. Mating took place during the middle of
August and eggs were being laid during the last week. in August and doubtless
continued until killing frosts occured in the fall.
Hippiscus neglectus (Thomas). The first specimen of this species was found
at Penticton on April 4th when the ground was still frozen in many places, and
snow was still present in the bush. This specimen was a nymph and was nearly
full grown. On April 26th they were found commonly at Penticton and nearly
all were adult. On May 4th at Fairview adults were plentiful. These grasshoppers
were found in company with Stirapleura decussata and Hippiscus obscurus and
in similar locations, i.e. stony flats and sage-brush lands and a few were seen out
on the open bunch-grass plains of the Okanagan Valley. They are not very active
and were neyer observed to stridulate. On May 19th females were seen with their
bodies distended with eggs, and they were observed ovipositing in late June.
These grasshoppers vary much in coloration and size and are ‘similar to H. obscurus
differing from this species by the presence of a distinct tegminal stripe. There
are two colour varieties, the first having the disk of the wing red and the hind
tibiae yellow, and the other the disk of the wing yellow and the hind tibiae red.
From my observations this year it appears that the first variety, with red wings,
appears first, preceding the yellow-winged variety by several weeks and is also
the first to disappear, and this peculiarity seems to be the case with H. obscurus
also. Adults resulting from the eggs laid in late May and June were beginning
to appear during the last week in August and possibly some eggs: may be laid in
the Fall but the majority of the adults and nymphs seen in the Fall evidently
hibernate and reappear in the spring.
Hippiscus obscwrus (Scudder). These grasshoppers appear to have exactly
the same life history as Hippiscus neglectus and only differ from them in the
absence of the tegminal stripe. They have the two colour varieties, with the red
wings and yellow hind tibiae, which, as before, are the first to appear; and those
with yellow wings and red hind tibiae, which are later in appearing. They were
found with Hippiscus neglectus and Stirapleura decussata at Penticton and Fair-
view in the spring, and freshly emerged specimens were seen again during the
last week in August. I believe that this grasshopper is, by some writers, considered
to be a variety of H. neglectus and not a distinct species.
Hippiscus vitellinus (Saussure). This grasshopper is ‘very similar to
Hippiscus obscurus but differs from it by having regularly distributed blotches
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Or
(o's)
on the tegmina instead of dark areas tending to form bands. A few were taken
at Penticton and Fairview while collecting H. neglectus and H. obscurus.
Hippiscus latefasciatus (Scudder). Only two adults of this species were
seen and both were females. The first was taken on May 4th and the second on
May 18th at Fairview. The body of the female taken on May 18th was distended
with eggs. Consequently I think that this is another species which hibernates,
lays its eggs during May and June, and then reappears in September and October,
but further observations are required to determine this. The only other locality
where this species has been recorded in British Columbia to my knowledge is from
Lillooet, where it was taken by Mr. R. C. Treherne.
Dissosteira carolina (Linneus). This grasshopper is common along road
sides and hard dry places throughout the Okanagan Valley. The first adults were
seen at Westbank on July 20th and by the middle of August these grasshoppers
were common everywhere. They are very variable in size and colour; some males
can be found which measure very little more than an inch in length, while some
females measure more than two inches. The general body colour ranges from a
pale straw to nearly black passing through various shades of rusty-red and brown.
This species is a great lover of dusty roads and may be found in the centre of
large towns. By the end of August they were egg-laying. Several were seen in
Penticton ovipositing in the earth between the boards of the side-walks. The
males of this species have a rather curious “ song ” during mating time; they jump
up into the air until about three feet from the ground and there remain hovering
like a hawk in the same spot their wings making a soft rustling sound. After
remaining in this position for about half a minute they flutter down to the ground
again. There is no dancing up and down and no clicking sounds produced as in
the genus Trimerotropis or Circotettic. This species is found until killed by the
frost.
Spharagemon aequale (Say). Adults of this species were seen first at West-
bank on July 20th where they were present on the dry range land in considerable
numbers. They are active insects often flying long distances before alighting
again. When disturbed they fly away in a straight line keeping close to the ground
and turning suddenly to one side immediately before alighting, run along the
ground for several feet before remaining quiet. This species was frequently seen
attacked by a Sarcophagid fly while in flight. During August they were common
everywhere on the range lands of the Okanagan Valley and were usually associated
with Trimerotropis vinculata which they closely resemble. They were seen
ovipositing during the latter part of August. A few adults could still be found
on the ranges at Vernon on September 15th. The adults of this species were never
found together in large numbers but were evenly distributed all over the bunch-
grass benches in the valleys and also on some of the higher ranges. There was one
very marked variety of this species which was fairly often seen in which the light
and dark bands on the tegminia were very clearly defined and the posterior half
of the pronotum was white, causing the insect to show up quite conspicuously
when resting upon the ground.
Mestobregma (probably kiowa). A large number of these grasshoppers were
seen on a dry gravelly piece of land adjoining the shore at the north end of the
Okanagan Lake, at Okanagan Landing, on September 8th, 1918. I have not taken
this species since and they could not be found this year (1919) on the gravelly
patch at Okanagan Landing where they were common last year although I searched
for them on the same date.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59
Mestobregma sp. This is an extremely pretty grasshopper when alive; pinned
specimens soon lose their colours. Adults of this species were first taken at Fairview
on June 27th. During July a few were seen at Westbank and an occasional adult
was taken in the neighborhood of Fairview up until the end of August. This
species was never found in any numbers, but one or two might be found in a day.
They were taken out on the dry bunch-grass flats and were very inactive, often
allowing themselves to be caught by hand. No notes were obtained as to their
egg-laying habits nor were they ever observed to produce any sound.
Conozoa wallula (Scudder). This was a very common species in certain
localities and on certain types of soil. Adults were first observed in large numbers
at Westbank on July 20th on a piece of flat sandy ground running out into the
Okanagan Lake. This species was seen in many places in the Okanagan Valley,
but when observed was always on dry, hot, sandy spots, such as roadsides, waggon
tracks across the ranges, on pieces of sandy land in the bend of rivers, or along
lake shores. Where they occurred they were usually in large numbers. Although
they were all adult by the end of July I noticed no decrease in their numbers at
the end of August and I think that they would probably be present until killed
by frost. They were very inconspicuous on the ground and very difficult to catch
as they were very quick in leaving the ground. When disturbed they only flew
a short wav before alighting again. The sexes were pairing during the middle of
August. This species seemed to be particularly infested by the red mite Trombi-
dium locustarum, and I saw some specimens whose under wings were so covered
by these mites that they were unable to fly or even to close their tegmina. There
were usually some Tachinids and Sarcophagids flying about among these swarms
of grasshoppers. The Sarcophagids were observed to dart at the grasshoppers.
while they were in flight, as if to place an egg or living larva upon the bodies
of the grasshoppers before they closed their wings on alighting. This same thing
was noticed in the case of Spharagemon aequale and Trimerotropis vinculata.
Circotettiz suffusus (Scudder). Adults of this species were first collected
at Westbank on July 20th where they were commonly seen along the roads. I do
not know when this species first appears but I do not think that those collected
on this date had been in the adult state long. I did not see many of these grass-
hoppers this summer in the Southern Okanagan Valley. This is one of the
dominant species at Salmon Arm during August and September and may be found
commonly in the orchards and along the roads. On September 29th I found large
numbers of them in the orchards in company with Trimerotropis caecruletpes.
They were depositing eggs in the hard ground around the apple trees and nearly
all were in good condition, so that in this locality at any rate, they are one of
the chief species present during September. This grasshopper is a strong flier
and hard to capture. When approached they leave the ground very rapidly, rising
to five or six feet in the air and then zigzag away making a very loud and sharp
clicking noise. :
Circotettiz lobatus (Saussure). These grasshoppers were only taken in one
or two localities. They were found in considerable numbers on August 7th near
Fairview on a rock slide at the foot of a cliff. The males produce a loud crackling
and snapping sound when on the wing. They have a regular “song” at mating
time; dancing up and down in the air, producing five or six sharp clicks followed
by a shrill rattling sound, very similar to the noise made by a rattle-snake. As
these grasshoppers seem to occur almost entirely on rocky slopes at the base of
cliffs, which is a favorite haunt of the rattle-snake, I have often found that people
60 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
mistake their “song” for a rattle-snake which is common in that locality. This
species often flies high up on the rocks and rests on the perpendicular face of the
cliff and is very hard to capture, its colours harmonizing with the green and grey
of the rocks. I do not know where they deposit their eggs.
Trimerotropis caeruleipes (Scudder). This grasshopper does not seem to be
at all common in the Okanagan Valley, more especially in the southern halt,
but is one of the commonest species at Salmon Arm and at more northerly points..
lt was first taken in the adult form on July 20th at Westbank and a few were
collected at Fairview and Penticton during the latter part of August. The only
place where this species was seen in any numbers was at Salmon Arm on September
28th. On this date is was seen in large numbers in the orchards and appeared
to be at its maximum abundance. They were observed to be pairing and a few
were egg-laying. They were found in company with Trimerotropis vinculata,
Circotettia suffusus, and Arphia pseudonietana. The males of this species are much
smaller than the females and produce a soft clicking sound when in flight. Frosts
of thirteen and ten degrees on September 27th and 28th respectively, caused no
visible decrease in the numbers of this species.
Trimerotropis vinculata (Scudder). Adults were first taken at Westbank
on July 20th, and from that date on were found in company with Spharagemon
aequale all over the ranges at Fairview. A few adults were taken at Salmon a
on September 29th, and “had, I think, completed their egg-laying.
LocusTINAE.
Five species of Locustinae were collected. All belong to the genus Melanoplus.
Melanoplus atlanis (Riley). This year there have been remarkably few of
any of the genus Melanoplus present in British Columbia in the localities where
they are usually common. In the southern Okanagan Valley there were very few
grasshoppers of this species present. The only place in B.C. to my knowledge,
where this species was common was at Celesta on the Shuswap Lake where an
outbreak of considerable severity occured. Both this species and Melanoplus femur-
rubrum have been far more plentiful this year in the humid sections of the Proyince
than they have in the Dry Belt where they are usually most in evidence. They
began to hatch about the middle of June, the first of them becoming adult in the
latter part of July. Nymphs of this species were still to be found in the beginning
of September. Eggs were being deposited during September.
Melanoplus femur-rubrum (DeGeer). These grasshoppers have been fairly
numerous this year throughout the Province and I have seen more of this species
than I have of Melanoplus atlanis which is usually the more abundant species ot
the two in British Columbia. This grasshopper began hatching about the middle
of June and the first adults were taken on July 20th at Westbank. The hatching
period of these grasshoppers seems to be very protracted, for nymphs were still
found on September 21st in considerable numbers at Vernon. This species was
responsible for the outbreak in the Lower Fraser Valley this year. Eggs were
being laid during the first week in September and doubtless continued until the
frost killed the adults.
Melanoplus packardii (Scudder). This species was only taken on one or twe
occasions in the Okanagan Valley close to Fairview. It was first seen in a dry
gully on June 27th, on which date only a few were adult. On August 22nd this
gully was again visited and a considerable number of specimens caught and all
were adult. Oviposition began in the third week in August. An odd specimen~
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61
was found here and there on the open ranges but it was nowhere very plentiful
and not more than fifty specimens were seen during the entire summer. The
specimens collected belonged to the form rufipes (Cockerell).
Melanoplus bivittatus (Say). This grasshopper was not seen very often this
year and did not seem to be nearly as common as usual. The first adult taken
was at Fairview on June 27th, but from this date until the middle of August
no adults were seen. During the last week in August and in the first week in
September a considerable number of females were taken while depositing eggs in
the earth betwen the planks of the side-walks at Penticton. At the end of “Ser:
tember ragged adults could still be found at Vernon and some eggs were still being
deposited.
Melanoplus cinereus (Scudder). Adults of this species were first collected at
Fairview on August 7th, and were found during August very occasionally in this
locality. They are very pale in colour and have bright blue hind tibiae when alive.
Only one male of this species was taken and ten females. They were all taken
among sage-brush and Chrysothamnus bushes. When disturbed they jumped for
great distances and using their wings would usually land in one of these bushes,
thus making it very difficult to capture them. Several were found by shaking
the Chrysothamnus bushes in which they seemed to spend a good deal of their
time. They were observed to feed on the leaves of the Chrysothamnus. Several
large nymphs of this species were seen on August 23rd. This is the first record
of this species from Canada.
ONE YEAR’S EXPERIMENTS IN THE CONTROL OF THE CABBAGE
MAGGOT.
W. H. Brirrars, Provincia Enromonocist ror Nova Scorra.
Experiments in the control of the cabbage maggot (Phorbia brassicae Bouche)
were initiated in a small way at Truro in 1917, as a joint project to be carried
on co-operatively by the Horticultural and Entomological Departments of the
Agricultural College. In 1918 these experiments were continued on a larger scale
and the 1919 experiments have grown out of the work of the previous two years,
of which they are simply the continuation. Since the records for 1919 reveal
nothing inconsistent with the results of the previous seasons, it has been considered
sufficient, for the purpose of this paper, to confine our attention entirely to the
former. None of the results herein outlined should be considered as final, but
we believe that they indicate promising lines for further research, and they form
the basis for another season’s work. While the utmost care was taken to make
the records as accurate as possible and to eliminate possible sources of error, our
findings will all be checked up in subsequent’ seasons before definite recommenda-
tions based on our own experiments can be made.
Conrrot InyrEsTiGaTIons, 1919.
The plots in which the different control experiments were conducted in 1919
were divided into three main series. The first series designated “‘ continuation
plots,” included trials of those materials found to be of promise in previous years,
either in our own experiments or in those of other workers. The second series
which were called “field plots,” included the three treatments which previous .
results showed to be most promising, these being applied to later cabbage on a
-
62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
field scale. The last series known as “trial plots” includes methods or material
not previously tested by us.
In addition to these there were a number of small miscellaneous experiments
conducted with a view to determining the exact method of action of some of the
chief materials used.
I. Continuation Puors.
These plots were situated on a piece of ground 275 ft. long by 30 ft. wide.
The plants were set out in rows 2 ft. apart and 18 inches apart in the rows, there
being 12 rows each containing 240 cabbages of the Early Jersey Wakefield variety.
With the exception of tar paper discs and wire screens, 2 applications of each
treatment were made, the first on May 21st, the day the adult’flies first made their
appearance, and again on May 31st.
The different plots were arranged in triplicate and each section removed as
far as possible from the corresponding one, to make more certain of securing a
uniform infestation. The table lists the different treatments and gives the results
obtained from each. The figures given are representative of costs at Truro during
the past season and would doubtless vary materially in different localities and in
different seasons. Since, however, they indicate the actual set of conditions en-
countered by us in growing the crop and treating it for the maggot, they are here
given. The figure showing cost of production of an acre of cabbage was worked
out and furnished us by Mr. James Dickson of the Horticultural Department. of the
College.
In the following table showing the results of the different treatments the
weight of the heads is taken as the main basis for comparison for several reasons,
the most important being that, under our conditions of marketing, sales are made
by weight. Consequently, it is simplest to make our calculations on that basis.
More important is the fact that this is the only really quantitative way to record
results. Simply to give the number or percentage destroyed is insufficient, since
many cabbages may be dwarfed or retarded, though not actually destroyed or
rendered unmarketable. It would be impossible to record the number dwarfed
as a result of the work of the maggot or to indicate in any way the degree of
dwarfing, since there is no method of determining from the appearance of the
plants just where it begins or ends. On the other hand, the total weight from
each plot indicates this in a very exact manner. It also brings out the fact that
certain treatments increase the weight of heads produced, irrespective of their
insecticidal value. The weight, therefore, is the best method of expressing results
of the different treatments. The actual price obtained for the cabbage from each
plot has been recorded, since this is the point that most interests the commercial
grower and is the ultimate test of the practicability of any treatment. The average
price per pound is also an important item, for certain treatments retard and others
accelerate the developments of the head. Those that hasten the heading up process
result in a higher price per pound, as the earliest cabbage brings the highest price.
It will be seen that the tar paper discs from which the earth was removed
after the first two cultivations, gave the only absolutely perfect stand outside of
the wire screens. In weight of heads, in price per pound and in total net profit
per acre, this plot is greatly inferior to the one receiving corrosive sublimate 1—
1,000, though this plot lost a single plant. Curiously enough double the strength
of corrosive sublimate did not increase the efficiency of the material, but rather
. appeared to reduce it. Hither directly or indirectly the use of this material seemed
to bring about a great increase in the weight of heads produced.
63
OP PLT$ “OJ ‘Suryoed puv Burqyno ‘Bulyearyno ‘prey Url 3urjjes ‘sjyue]d Buistel JO 4SOD x
| | | | aise isle
g.96F 06 6€ g0TIL \6rgr 66°¢ en eee alee Poe
86 166 02 €G RG Ge2T 10 1Z 6L'F OF TPS 62 0°2 g e0G [te eres eeeeleressecvcelserrscrsecees ween none [tos
| | : jo oatj Jdoy ‘sostip aeded AB) TT
nnd 90 OST T |S €2 00 Schl |8F te IL. P 66° 1426 FE a Ft L8G cl € ****(Q00'T-@) 8VBUATTGNS PATSOILOD| OT
a OL F9FT \e8 SF 26 FRG‘T LT Le 96°F 9L'eze'1e | 078 ZI geo 0 I **°*(Q00°T-1) eyeunqus eueOnICD eG
| 80692 [fh 8o 6168 62 et eave 6LOro'or | Gt “|. Sz cz | 09. [ttt *syaed penbe { Suen paReaen Mee
eo) ; ***Japmod dB0g
—) €h €80 LT |cr €9 Go Ie& I 89 ca ce? VG (ss) = Cy 81 “ss "sqaed [Bnbay **** 4008 0}60g
RD | | ** 4snp ooonqoy,| 2
fia } | | eeeee "** LOT
<i | &¢ c69 08 8b GL 816 ~—«*[GL SI IL G6" 120 a2 OG We RW Wee &¢ “rs ssqved [Bnba , °° rapmod dBog
S) | | | | ** q4snp oooeqoy,) 9
ia | | | | | veeteew es Jong
(=) cL TEL \O8 8P 66 LS6 \LE OF 926 f PL 90F ce CG 8 T8& | 6 Le L9 “sss *sqred Tenba+ ** Bpos SUIYSB A
AS | | | “* qsnp oo0eqoy,| ¢
‘S OL L0¢ | 39940 (0G 18 [PS 9 69°F G6 ThO'8 VG 8 G&L | Ge 9L Est eae? Sa ty *30940) + F
ma OL LLG 106 08 00 €&8 8¢ tI ILE"P 9S°§Th OGL) 0°¢ GCLOcemal Soule GL ne Rei oe Sige VOOR MO} O08 Eee
=) 09 €&8 (00 ¢@F 00 0G0°T (00 8T 6° f 8T 818° &@ CG cl 60F | 6.4 gg Trereeeeeesresess gostp taded 1B) ¢
a 96 89S T8 G92 LT 600°T 0 LT 8é°P 6P 686 °4e yey BeOS a ee cee es Eee BU SOLOS TON TAN SL
A ma) Seve Vo ty es g mo) $ a) 2 wh WC ee _|'8z0 ‘Sq al ee
| | |
(ti Pein bas aa “‘SUSAATeY
A ; ‘adoe Jad aloe lad | , qt tad 9108 Jad peoy i i ‘
aloe Lad paatooor a a : ye jo[d 1ad|pado.4seap | pefo14sep i ON
quemyeeig,| ao1ad ees aot Sp JO ‘ON | JO VqSIOM ; ; : quouryea.y,
«19d JN) jo vine ‘poyetnopeg| Md asvioay |peyepnoyey| ssva0ay 5 Tan PSO) 28h SEMEL ON Vld
‘6I16T ‘SLOTG NOMVANILNOD—SINGWINGAXG TOULNOD LONOV ANVaLVO—T ATAVL
64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
The foregoing treatments are so greatly superior to any of the others that the
latter may be disposed of in a few words. The tobacco dust, soap powder and
soot mixture is worthy of note as coming next in efficiency to the foregoing and
giving a heavy average weight of head. The tar paper discs from which the soil
was not removed, were markedly inferior to those where this was done. The
screens, while giving perfect control, are too costly and their application too
laborious ever to come into general use, and in addition, they seem to have a bad —
effect upon the plants. The tobacco dust and lime, while inferior to the foregoing
in maggot control gave, nevertheless, greatly superior results to those of last
season. This is doubtless due to the fact that the material was put on fresh when
the flies first appeared and then renewed ten days later. The previous season
the material was applied several days before the appearance of the flies, a heavy
rain intervening between that time and their appearance. The tobacco dust is
apparently only effective when fresh and its usefulness is destroyed by a heavy
rain. In conjunction with sulphur, washing soda or soap powder, is apparently
more effective than with lime.
It is interesting to note that practically all the substances used in our con-
tinuation plots were mentioned by Slingerland in his bulletin on this insect
(Bul. 78, Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta., 1894), though he did not consider them
in all the combinations used by us. Among the effective methods he lists screens
and tar paper discs; among the ineffective, soot, sulphur and tobacco dust. The
two former he did not test himself, but he did some experiments with the latter,
which did not turn out entirely satisfactory. The material was applied twice,
the first time immediately after planting, the second ten days later. He does not
state whether the flies were out at the time of the first application, but says
that they were abundant at the time of the second. As a result of the experiments
nearly one-half of the treated plants were salable, while only 90 marketable heads
were secured out of 600 of the untreated plants.
Particularly interesting is his mention of corrosive sublimate in view of the
success that has lately attended the use of this chemical. On this account we
reproduce his remarks in full:
* An editorial in 1864 (Country Gentleman, p. 65) states that a contemporary
recommends 1 oz. of the substance dissolved in 4 gals. of water. A correspondent
of a Canadian Journal (American Cultivator for April 30, 1881) says all of the
London market gardeners secretly use a solution of 1 oz. of this substance in
4 gals. of water for these maggots. He has used the solution quite extensively,
using enough to saturate the ground. But it is not clear from the account whether
it is applied as a preventive or whether it kills the maggots. We have little faith
in its effectiveness but it should be further tested.”
The foregoing shows that this material was in use many years ago and it seems
strange that it never seems to haye made headway until recently. The reason for
this may have been that the average person takes no notice of the infestation
until the plants begin to wilt, when the maggots are well grown and it is too late -
to apply control measures. All our experiments indicate that to control the maggot
a material must be either a repellent, in which case it should be applied at planting
or before the flies appear or, it should be one that will destroy the eggs of very
young larve, a fact that has often been lost sight of in studies of this pest. If the
cabbage can be protected for- evén two weeks after setting out, our experiments
indicate that it stands a very good chance of surviving the attacks of the maggot.
— 1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65
Il. Fretp Ptors.
Field tests were conducted on 3,200 cabbages (Danish Round-head). These —
were the treatments showing most promise in the previous years’ experiments.
The plants were set ont on July 19th during the emergence of the 2nd brood flics
and while oviposition was actively proceeding.- There was some infestation of the
plants in the seed bed, which was mostly, but probably not entirely, remawed by
carefully washing the roots in water. ‘Two applications at intervals of one week
were made in the case of corrosive sublimate. One application of the dust was
made and the earth was not removed from the discs after cultivation.
Fietp TESTE ON LATE CABBAGES (3.200 PLANTS).
: | | = - P Per cent.
| =< No. No. with | Per cent. .
| a
a Materials used. | ENO. ot destroyed marketable | destroyed a bl
Pee SESS: by maggot. heads. by maggot. HES ae
4 | heads.
MRAM DANEr GISCS ........650.05+ | g00 42 758 5.25 94.75
2 |Tobacco dust, soap powder and) |
021) oyge cOsCG eee eae 800 | 104 696 13.0 87.0
(equal parts.) |
3 |Corrosive sublimate .......... 800 11 789 1.375 | 98.625
(1-1, 000.) | |
(0) Co 5) Ae - Le LCE ICO IAS 890 350 450 43.75 56.25
Fietp Tests oN Lare Caunirrower (280 PLANTs).
et (-S== Se |
= = : | Per cent.
= No. No. with | Per cent. 2
eat Materials used. Beal destroyed | marketable | destroyed ek bl
aD: | * |by maggot. heads. jby maggot. are eee ©
eads.
us x ie |g
|
Meee paper GISCS ........60.05 70 5 65 {mapa 92.86
2 |Tobacco dust and sulphur .....) 70 15, | 55 | 21.42 78.58
(equal parts.) |
3 {Corrosive sublimate .......... 70 4 66 leone 94.29
(1-1,000.) |
(GUE | |ao 3 00 Gee ooo eae 70 16 54 | 22.86 77.14
The accompanying table shows the treatments given and the results. It will
be seen that the corrosive sublimate is again superior to the other treatments,
the control being almost perfect. While the other two treatments were hardly
given a fair chance in comparison with the corrosive sublimate, the lesser cost
of the latter and the prospect of still greater reduction in the price of the material,
places it definitely ahead as a method of control of the cabbage maggot.
A similar experiment was carried out on a small adjoining block of cauli-
flowers, using sulphur in conjunction with the tobacco dust, instead of» Scotch
soot and soap powder. The results, as will be seen from the table, are comparable.
It was originally intended to make further tests using the main crop of late
cabbage, but this was not done as our investigations brought to light the fact that
July planted cabbage suffer very little from the attacks of the maggot. ~*
dD E.S.
66
No. 36.
99
8t
OF
t6
86
6G
OR
0€
OT
O8t'T
ple°T
AS
O9L
64EL' I
8c8
Got’
69
Ile’
00" |
166
ITZ
Ste
699° T
e299
LTS
6H8¢
S$
‘aoe Jad
—
06 SOL Oe I9L'T jor ge
9G zg e Ttt'T [69 02
8¢ &E 08 099 FFG
0€ 19 Or 666 |@ tT
og €¢ =: (06 ETe*E. |22 gr
thes OE 960'T 60 GI
YT BL OL L89°T |IL tz
P6 LL 00 ae 09 t
29 0G SEFT |s¢ 02
\0z 22 00 G&L 0g 02
OT SL 0¢ 296 CL €I
ZI Gt 08 [LF |FL 9
80 92 OL ZB‘ 19 92
a ES IG) i
Ko Sig eotGle al KSeUL
0g ENS co. 8
‘A108 19d
amy Baa]
‘aloe rad
aol
WYO] VAN | Jo qs09, : poyepnopeg
‘yo[d Sty} WoOIJ a[qe[LVAv Jou splodar ajaTdULOD y
OP FLI$ “018 ‘Suryord “dulyjuo ‘SuUlpBAIR NO ‘pley Ul sutyjes ‘sjyuRld SuUISTel JO 4s0—
98°E | G°2GG' Sh $-€
|
Log GEC ‘66 0°
66'S | $°LE9"CZ t-2
lp € | SLEL' 62 Line
9L°S Co Lt6 Fe VE
GOS GEL ‘OE hid
IPL°S geic0) Shh) Vers
It's | S'aeh 6 We
GL GEC’ SE 8%
1G°¢ OSL OF 6%
Ge"g S289 °8z cu
68° C12 91 a%
GL OFS 6F Gg
SOP Ss olla CROs Naa LONE
t6°< Gr8 ‘92 82
cg" G29 Te tard
A}
“qt tod | canoe tad | “pray
Datel [ JO ON | JO WY FIA
DIRTOAV |PeJR[NO[BD | IsRIOAY
al 09 €
gs oo | 9
f 228 | te
t Olt tZ
fb 66t reps
8 0&t Prat
F €t9 iat)
Zl f£1 6°39
| § oss | z
0 TL¢ Gal
él 60F Col
8 az G'Of
0 @IL I
0 tte tt
AS gon
8 ESE a
cl G06 e¢
"SZO Sq]
| SUSOArey
ye jold vad *pasorpsap
Ssaneqqey "Juan lof
| JO 119M
9
*padcarisap
syaelq
‘6T6T ‘SLOTG IVIL —SINUNTHAdIXY TOULNOD LODDVI Govasvp
_———_—e oO
verse ss** %4 0G ‘JOOS Yoyoog
% Q[ ‘AUaznaqOLOT YO p-B.1Bq
Tees ee ene sees Of Og HhETA
% QT ‘AuezZUEqoO.10[ OI p-B1Bg
Ce % G6 ‘£BIO
treseeess yg ‘OtTASIB OTT MA
*(pozyeinves % (jG) UOI4NTOS 418g
piaes nya cola ts ** 496 ‘aNYdTNS
Z ‘(UOIyNTOS % OF) aurjooru sat
Peer aregeeneewerie gon kteTA
“"" %@ ‘ayeqdyns autjoorny
renee tees sees Yea ‘Kara
%{ ‘APBULITGNS aATsor.tog
“"*""" % Ob “Asnp oaBqoy,
88s wey ‘KETO
* %) “Bpos JO ayeuasay
*Ne ‘Maydyns auty £a(y
tite teeerees gaa ‘Kerg
Therese sees og ‘QTass'® OTT AA
% (fF “YSUp odd¥BqOT,
Pree eee YER CaBID
%{ [lO suaoRAQquy
“""* GOP ‘A810
* 4O0t ‘ISP o99¥BqQOT,
4% Oe “tnydpas smtp £17
ee ey %08 ‘ARID
“* Og “ANYdTNs suury AA
rrtteteeeeees ge ‘eETD
rtteseeesees oT ‘ngsoaty
4904s poyuRydsurs) aay,
“Tes * . peas OAS poyURT
se
“** Bpos JO 9}B171U asesop atqnog
“**** yo0]8 poyueydsues4 aug
“quOUry BOLL, °
€L
9
wn
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67
Tran Proms, 1919.
For trial of treatments not previously tested in our experiments, we had at
our disposal a section of land 170 ft. wide by 60 ft. long. With the rows of cabbage
2 ft. apart, there was thus space for 85 rows of cabbage, and with the plants
18 inches apart in the rows, 40 plants for each row. With seventeen different
treatments including checks, this gave us 200 plants (Copenhagen Market) for
each plot. Instead of having all the 200 plants for each plot together, however,
we divided the piece into five sections, one row i.e., 40 plants in each section
being devoted to each of the different treatments. We thus had on this piece of
eround five repeatings of each treatment, this method tending to equalize variations
in intensity of maggot infestation and any in equalities of the soil that might
affect the final weight of heads from each plot.
It will be seen that there are four check plots, each receiving a different horti-
cultural treatment, but none protected from the maggot. All the other treatments
with the exception of the salt solution were in the form of dry powder and were
applied at the rate of 700 lbs. per acre. In the case of the salt, a saturated solution
was first made and this then diluted with an equal quantity of water.
Three of the sections were planted May 31st, the remaining two, June 2nd.
An exception to this were the plants on Check Plot D, which were planted a week
earlier than the others. It was intended to plant them all on the same date, but
conditions arose which made this impossible. Normal applications of nitrate of
soda, i.e., 250 lbs. per acre, applied in two equal sowings on June 11th and June
28th were made. On Check B, an extra application was applied on July 12th,
this plot receiving a total amount equal to an application of 500 Ibs. per acre.
All the treated plots received two applications of the material used, the first at
planting, the second on June 13th. The first brood flies were actively ovipositing
at the time of planting.
Discussion oF RESULTS.
Had it been possible to set out these plots two weeks earlier, it would naturally
have been a more severe test of the different materials, since they would have
been exposed for a longer period during the height of the oviposition period.
At the same time the number lost in the check rows enables us to make sufficiently
striking comparisons.
A consideration of the results from the check plots shows that “‘ A ” and “ B”
are equal as regards the number of plants killed, but the acceleration of the head-
ing process and the greater weight of head, owing to the extra application of
nitrate, haye given us a: much larger price per acre in the case of “ B.” Obviously,
the results of this treatment would depend upon the chemical requirements of
the soil. Plot “C” shows a lower rate of infestation, due doubtless to the fact
that it escaped the period of most active oviposition. It also missed the high
prices obtained for the early crop. Check Plot “ D” having been planted earlier
than the others, cannot, unfortunately, be compared with them on an equal basis.
Exposed during a longer period of active oviposition, more plants succumbed than
in the other check plot. Had conditions been different it is not likely that this
would have occurred. As it is, the greater average weight of the heads which
suryived and the earlier heading up of the plants. gives us the largest financial
returns of any of the check plots.
68 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
It is obvious that some of the treatments are entirely inadequate to control
ihe maggot. A few show a decided advantage over the check plots, but not
sufficient to make them worthy of further trial, in view of the very much better
results obtained by other materials. In this class may be mentioned nicotine
sulphate and clay, nicotine and sulphur, para-dichlorolienzene alone, and sait
solution in the strength tested. Others actually appear to have weakened the plants
to such an extent that a greater number succumbed to the attacks of the maggot
than on the check rows. These include dry lime sulphur, white arsenic, arsenate
of soda and combinations of these compounds. No further discussion is necessary
regarding these two classes, all the required facts being found in the table.
A consideration of the other treatments shows that Plot VII, (the tobacco
dust, corrosive sublimate and clay mixture) gave the smallest number of plants
actually destroyed, but Plot I (creosote) is a close second with only one more
casualty aud with the largest tonnage per acre of any plot, lower cost of treatment
and greater profit per acre. Plot IV (anthracene oil) is only slightly behind the
foregoing in number of marketable heads produced, but it also falls below Plot
NII (para-dichlorobenzene and soot) in tonnage per acre. This is probably due
to another reason than maggot control as will be seen later. The treatment given
to No. V (tobacco dust, white arsenic and clay) is apparently next in efficiency,
but this plot also falls below No. XIII in tonnage per acre, and even No. XII
(para-dichlorobenzene and clay) which lost three times as many plants, has pro-
duced a greater weight of head. No. XIII actually comes second in tonnage per
aere produced, though behind the plots previously mentioned in the number
of plants free from injury. Thé plants in this plot were noticeably benefited by
the treatment, having a deeper green colour of leaf and a healthier general appear-
ance than the other plots. The results from the foregoing treatments are con-
sidered promising and will be tested further in the “ Continuation Plots ” of 1920.
Tested out on earliest planted cabbage, the relative merits of these materials as
compared with the test in the “ Continuation Plots” of 1919, should be clearly
indicated.
THE CONTROL OF THE CABBAGE ROOT MAGGOT IN BRITISH
COLUMBIA.
R. C. Trenerne, ENromoLoGcist iN CHARGE For BritisH CoLUMBIA, AND
M. H. Runmann, Assistant ProvinctaL ENTOMOLOGIST..
At the request of Mr. Arthur Gibson, Chief, Division of Field Crop and
Garden Insects of the Dominion Entomological Branch, the virtue of the corrosive
sublimate treatment for the control of the Cabbage Root Maggot, Phorbia
brassice, was tested in British Columbia during 1919, m comparison with the
Tar-paper-dise method of control. At Mr. Gibson’s further request the following
report is submitted on the record of the experiments performed.
THE PLAN oF EXPERIMENT.
The work was conducted altogether in the large commercial vegetable-growing
district of Armstrong, B.C., where the Cabbage Root Maggot has for several
years exacted a heavy toll. The “block” system of experimentation was adopted
in preference to the “row” system. Twelve blocks were employed, with from
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCINTY. 6u
70 to 210 plants to a block. Three control untreated blocks were interspaced
between the treated blocks and they, with the tar-paper blocks, only received
applications of ordinary water on the same occasions as the treatments of corrosive
sublimate were made. Six tar-paper-dise blocks, consisting in all of 611 plants
were employed in the experiment, interspaced between the other blocks, and three
corrosive sublimate blocks on which various strengths were used, at 1 oz. to 6
gallons, 1 02. to 8 gallons and 1 oz. to 10 gallons of water. The corrosive sub-
limate blocks were in turn divided into three parts, which received res spectively
1, 2 and 3 applications in the season. Observations were made on cabbages and
cauliflowers. The following notes deal with cauliflowers in particular and, inas-
much as the cauliflower is more susceptible to injury than the cabbage, it would
necessarily follow that what was shown to be the case with the cauliflower would
also be so with the cabbage. Cauliflowers were transplanted on May 3rd and set
in their permanent positions in the field, and tar-paper discs were placed around
the plants at this time. Applications of corrosive sublimate were made on May
ith, May 13th and May 23rd: the first application requiring the use of 1 gallon
of diluted mixture, the second application 1'4 gallons and the third nearly 2
gallons per 100 plants. One cultivation was given the entire plantation after
transplanting between May 3rd and May 23rd.
In checking results a great deal of care was exercised to determine exactly
what Caused the plants to die or suffer, and observations were made on the vege-
tative growth and development of the root system. Every plant received a
separate number and each was checked weekly throughout the period of the
experiment.
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT.
- °
The untreated blocks of cauliflowers showed considerable (76.5 per cent.)
characteristic injury from maggots and stood out very clearly in the plantation.
The tar-paper-disc blocks og “ed pronounced injury but only 25.3 per cent. of
‘the injury caused was due to maggot attack. Fully 36 per cent. was caused by
a “wilt” produced by the presence of the disc. It would be well. to mention
. clearly at this point, that the field chosen for the experiments was a low-lying
one with a large quantity of vegetable matter in the soil composition, with a
tendency to remain cold for a long time in the spring months. The sun is usually
yery warny in the Okanagan V alley during May and this last year Was no exception
in this regard. Consequently with conditions. such as these, on cauliflowers. the
influence of heat acting on and in association with the subsoil moisture produced
a condensation of moisture beneath the disc below the soil surface. This condi-
tion was not observed in the case of the cabbages, for the reason that the growth
of a cabbage is sufficiently strong to outgrow many adverse conditions. Any check
in the growth of cauliflowers is serious in commercial growing. as a process known
s “buttoning ” takes place. This “wilt ” condition was not observed in any case
with the plants treated with corrosive sublimate. but some plants were injured
by the proximity of fresh manure to the roots, causing the loss “from other
causes shown in. the table given below. In fact after three treatments with
corrosive sublimate at all three strengths the loss due to maggot attack was less
than 2 per cent., and the growth of the plants in “top” and “root” was double
the growth on any other block. The results clearly showed that under “ bottom ”
land conditions, with cauliflowers, tar-paper discs were unsatisfactory and that
corrosive sublimate in three treatments at 1 oz. to 8 or 10 gallons gave eminently
70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
satisfactory and safe results. With cabbages growing in the same field under same
conditions as the cauliflowers the loss due to maggot attack varied in different
parts of a two-acre field from 18 per cent. to 50 per cent. Where cabbages had
tar-paper dises applied as was the case in one acre, the loss averaged rather less
than 5 per cent. from maggot attack. This loss from maggot attack, when tar-
paper dises were used in previous years, is considered by growers in the locality
a fair average annual loss. Where corrosive sublimate was used on cabbages the
loss by maggot attack was less than 5 per cent. and the growth of the plant while
somewhat better at the commencement of the year, was not appreciably different
at the time of marketing the crop. The summarized results are giyen herewith:
oo I— Ca AULIFLOW BS Se el ERAGES AND SUMMARY.
Pe centage.
Form of Treatment. | 2a
Affected by | Affected by
maggots. other causes.
"ay paper GiSts va caycte's acre ksccee eee "oa sete raiatnteee Stace eater 25.3 36.4
Corrosive sublimate—
Pappliea tions 1G sie atria veins xo oes ale sfarctbnne a eleterersersoee 68.6 3.9
18 Fada, oleae ng eee nares oe iteeareare 62.0 8.0
DLO i oie Raw ron Oa ee re eee 64.0 16.0
Ja Plieg ONS: LH Oh wero. ooo oe Uae oo eee 6.0 4.0
SEB Ed Socjtateis snare ees Selo cae sees 2.0 8.0
1 Fal 1 Reeree Ae acon Orestes crehecairi ts Site 64.0 16.0
3 applications, l= "Gee c. shee niece ataln tis oars ol cdots mia tiniaeresioes 1.8 | 19.2
SR eae pesca no precmhaer Hee seis 23.4
NEDO arrives visser oS N's snpe wrateanie siorsaltie ecparroere a ewes 1.8 19.0
INO ICOM EO lis tare crickets eee tee EET Sree: SIE eons erin 76.5 21.9
|
Lire-Hisrory Notes.
Inasmuch as all previous study given the Cabbage Root Maggot in British
Columbia has taken place in the Lower Fraser Valley, this year’s work in the
Armstrong district adds another locality where this msect has been under obser-
vation. The transplanting of the cabbages and cauliflowers was completed by
May 3rd in 1919. The first adult flies were captured on May 7th in the field,
and on examination of 100 plants on this day, only 3 eggs were taken. Oviposition
was heavy previous to May 23rd and on this date small larvee were found in the
root systems of some plants that were showing signs of injury. Two large half-
grown maggots were seen on this day also. Twenty-five plants were under more
or less continuous observation during the early spring and on the dates May 12th
and 13th and June 4th, these plants carried respectively 59, 847 and 1,091 eggs,
the eggs on each examination being carefully removed by hand. It was exceed-
ingly interesting to note that the largest plants received the greatest number of
eges and in view of the fact that the corrosive sublimate blocks contained the
largest plants the blocks were the greatest attraction areas. The same point is
drawn on page 27 of Bulletin No. 12 of the Dominion Entomological Branch,
1916, which details, so far as the bulletin relates to British Columbia, the life-
history studies carried on in the Lower Fraser Valley. The sundry other points
in the life-history of this maggot in the Armstrong district are so closely allied
to the results detailed in Bulletin 12 on this insect that there is no need to take up
further space in this paper for their discussion.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 71
FURTHER DATA ON THE CONTROL OF THE CABBAGE ROOT
MAGGOT IN THE OTTAWA DISTRICT.
AnrHurR Gisson, CHIEF, Division oF FIELD Crop AND GARDEN INSECTS:
EntomorocicaL Brancu, DeparTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA.
Since the publication, in 1912, of our Bulletin on the cabbage root maggot*
_we have conducted a number of further experiments on the control of this insect,
particularly with corrosive sublimate and tobacco dust and lime. The former has
received special study during the past four years, and we consider its value to be
undoubted and that it has now passed the experimental stage having been used
with remarkable success under field conditions. arly references in the literature
point to the fact that corrosive sublimate has been known as a remedy for the
cabbage root maggot for over 50 years. and it is remarkable that its value has only
been appreciated during comparatively recent years. In the years 1916 and 1917
we conducted experiments with corrosive sublimate on a small scale. In 1918,
we used in one experiment 800 early cabbage plants. These plants were treated
with corrosive sublimate in the strength of one ounce to four gallons of water
on four occasions, namely, on May 27th, June 6th, 14th and 23rd. The results
from this experiment were very striking, 96 per cent. of the plants treated with
the corrosive sublimate being saved. In the same field in which the experiment
was conducted the main cabbage plantation was destroyed by the root maggot to
the extent of fully 60 per cent. In 1919, over 8,000 cabbage plants were placed
at our disposal by Mr. J. I. Farquharson, who resides on the Aylmer Road, near
Ottawa. Of this number 2,731 plants of the varieties Jersey Wakefield and
Copenhagen Market were used in one experiment. This block of 2.731 cabbage
plants was divided into 38 smaller blocks, of which blocks 1 to 18 inclusive. except-
ing blocks 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, and 17, which were left as checks, were treated with
commercial corrosive sublimate mixture in the strengths of 1 oz. in 4 gallons of
water, 1 oz. to 6 gallons of water, 1 0z. to 8 gallons of water, and 1 oz. to 10 gallons
of water, some blocks having four treatments others only three. The plants were
put out in the field on May 12th. The first application was made on the fourth
day after planting, the second application six days later and one or two further
‘applications ten. days -apart, about half a cupful of the mixture being poured
around the base of the stem of each plant on each occasion. Each block consisted
of 100 plants excepting the checks which varied from 20 to 36 plants each. Blocks
19 to 24 inclusive (100 plants each) excepting checks 20 and 22 (30 plants each)
were used for felt-tarred-paper discs of various shapes. Blocks 25 to 23 inclusive
(100 plants each) excepting blocks 26, 29, 32, 35, and 38 (20 plants each) were
treated with tobacco dust and lime in the proportion of 1 part tobacco dust to
2 parts of lime, 1 part of tobacco dust to 3 parts of lime, and 1 part of tobacco
dust to 4 parts of lime, two. three and four applications being made.
The results of this experiment are very striking. Briefly, they are as follows:
Corrosive Sustimare. There was practically no difference in the plots
treated with the various strengths of corrosive sublimate. The weakest solution.
namely, one ounce in ten gallons of water, gave as good results as did the strongest
mixture of one ounce to four gallons of water. Three applications, too, aré appar-
ently equal to four applications. The percentage of plants destroyed by the maggot
*Bull, 12, Ent. Br., Dept. Agr., 1916.
=~
oo
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
in all of these plots ranged from 0 per cent. to 4 per cent., whereas the plants in the
check plots were destroyed to the extent of 52 per cent., 57 per cent., 61 per cent.,
66 per cent., 70 per cent., and 80 per cent. respectively.
Discs Usrp. Hexagonal dise (block 19); small square dise (block 21);
large square disc (block 24): and round dise (block 23). All gave excellent pro-
tection. In blocks 19 and 24 (100 plants in each) 100 per cent. results were
obtained; in block 21 of similar size 1 per cent. destruction occurred and in the
fourth block (23) 2 per cent. destruction. In the two check blocks, Nos. 20 and
22 (30 plants in each) the loss from maggot was 10 per cent. and 1% per cent.
respectively.
Tospacco anD Lime. One part tobacco dust and 2 of lime, also in propor-
tions 1-3 and 1-4. Block 25, 1 to 2; Block 27, 1 to 3; Block 28, 1 to 4, (100 plants
in each) had 4 applications about 1% to 1 inch of the mixture being placed around
the stem of each plant. Block 30, 12 ; Block 31, 1-3: Block 33, 1-4 (100 plants
in each) had three applications. Block 34, 1-2 (100 plants) ; Block 36, 1-3; Block
37, 1-4 (150 plants in each) had two applications. The percentage of plants in
these blocks destroyed was also very small, varying from 1 per cent. to 4 per cent.,
the latter percentage being in Blocks 36 and 37 which received two applications
only of the more diluted mixtures. Three applications of the mixture was prac-
tically as effective as four applications, and the weakest mixture gave practically
as good results as the strongest. Check blocks (20 plants in each) with these
series, were destroyed as follows: Block 26, 25 per cent.: Block 29, 20 per cent.:
Block 32, 30 per cent.: Block 35, 30 per cent.; Block 38. 30 per cent.
A larger plantation of later cabbages. 3.560 in number, planted May 21st,
was used for corrosive sublimate solutions solely. The plantation was divided into
11 blocks, 8 of equal size, each consisting of 378 plants, and the remaining three,
which were used as check blocks, contained respectively, 105 plants each and one
21 plants. The corrosive sublimate was used in the same strengths as in previous
experiment, namely, 1 oz. to 10 gallons water—1:1,280 (Block A, 4 applications;
Block B, 3 applications) ; 1 oz. to 8 gallons water—1:1,024 (Bloek D, 4 applica-
tions: Block E, 3 applications); 1 0z. to 6 gallons water==1:768 (Block G, 4
eee Block H, 3 applications) ; 1 oz. to 4 gallons water—1:512 (Block J,
t applications; Block K, 3 applications). Blocks C, F, J and L were used as
checks. Blocks A, D, G and J were treated on May 27th, June 4th, June 13th,
and June 24th; Blocks B, E, H and K, on the first three dates only. In this
experiment the time required to treat 3,000 plants was 31 hours, using a watering
can with spout closed slightly with wooden plug. In this experiment no attempt
was made to keep a definite record of every plant. The blocks were examined at
frequent intervals and from a practical standpoint no injury took place in those
treated with corrosive sublimate. Conspicuous injury, however, was apparent in
the check plots and the plants in these latter were certainly not as thrifty as those
treated.
That the cabbage maggot was abundant in the immediate area of our work
in 1919 was well evidenced by the losses which took place on the farms close by.
Hundreds of plants of the early varieties were completely killed.
The above experiment following those conducted by us previously, particularly
in 1917 and 1918, certainly strengthens the belief that in corrosive sublimate -
we haye a valuable control measure for the cabbage maggot.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 3
Cost or TreatMeENts. In connection with the cost of treating cabbages per
acre of plants with corrosive sublimate in comparison with cost of applying discs,
it is of interest to record the following:
Corrosive sublimate—Total cost per acre, including labor and material:
TELLIER Seen or ee 2 re NS ey A ere $24.21
4 ee to ey sar She ce a, co, erage eigvate ee Rites aisha eloie MremterCayn Sate alge a geese 32.28
Tarred discs—Total cost per acre, including labor and material.............. 16.75
Brrect oF CorrosivE SuBLimaTe ON Soi: Bacrerta. In order to deter-
mine the numbers of bacteria in the soil in the field where our cabbage maggot
control work was conducted, bacteriological soil tests were made by an assistant,
Mr. J. A. Flock, working under Mr. H. T. Gussow, of (a) soil treated with cor-
rosive sublimate and (b) untreated soil. These soil samples were taken on August
18th, when most of the crop had been harvested. Briefly, the data resulting from
these experiments clearly indicated that the corrosive sublimate treatment showed
no deleterious influence either upon the plants or on the relative number of soil
organisms present in the treated versus the untreated soil. Under field conditions
the applications of the corrosive sublimate mixtures certainly seemed to have a
stimulating effect upon the growth of the plants.
In the contro] measures conducted in 1919, Mr. J. A. Flock and Mr. W. P.
Shorey, rendered valuable help.
CABBAGE MAGGOT CONTROL.
L. Carsar anp H. C. Hucxert.
In neither the Guelph nor Burlington districts did cabbages or cauliflowers
suffer any damage worth speaking of in 1919 from the Cabbage Maggot (Chorto-
phila brassicae). Only 14 plants out of 7,000 in the plot were killed by the maggots
and these 14 were not in any one row but widely distributed over the field.
Fortunately we included in our experiments a plot of radishes, and as radishes
were much worse attacked than cabbage some interesting and suggestive results
were obtained.
We also devoted considerable time to trying to discover how corrosive subli-
mate controls the insect.
The results of the work along these two lines is given below:
74. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
TABLE SHOWING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS
Prior 1—Composep
|
| |
=. | -; Date No. of
ne: °. Date °: plants Substance used. Dates and strength of application. | sound
row. ; Sowing. -
appeared. plants.
{ 4
=i as a een a 7h as cE 70 a a Ge 5
3 Mayas) Mayalon |Gheck: gacroceaclterarss HOHEG, = oe cigiveertc ate taste ae 4
17 aa 8 | Ss iCheck yes caeerrcser Cheek ioe. cic nek epetehe eeu 44
a Sali 13 Tobacco dust 1 part/May 14 and 26 ................ 90
19 ! | and soot 2 parts..
20 6 13 |Corrosive sublimate.|May 7—1 to 640 ................ 128
H May 26—1 to. 2,000 232 = eee }
21 hGit 13 |Corrosive sublimate.|May 7—1 to 640 ............... ins
-| May, 26—=18 to) 1000) ee
Oe “6 13 |Tobacco dust ...... IM ay D4 ie osc saietes eve, aeyeieis oie ae 55
23 ~ 10 13 |Tobacco dust ...... May 14 and 26 2.3 ...ac2 Ge eee 34
24 6 13 |Tobacco dust ...... {May 14 and 26, and June 10..... 45
25 > & 16} | OG econ gago dps sek Ghee <.0804. 0% on 8 42
26 «| 1G T3eSoot' - base May 14:and 26 =..." eeo.o eee i
Sia. | cee 6 135 |Salt(dny ere May 126 os. acs 2e eee 8
27b 16.) 13 Salt (solution) 5 May 26 <2 cacao seein eee 10
28 | "GI 13 |Corrosive sublimate.|May 7—1 to 640 ................ os
|May 26—1 to 1,000 ............. } &
i} |
Prot 2—Mrpivm
|
x | Ateot Date , : No. of
NO OI rca plants Substance used. Dates and strength of application. | sound
row. | sow1ng. a ppeared. | plants.
{
ie rai
207 Maye, Maye30 mie NeCk: sania tele CHECK 6.0) f508 Cis ote enh 121
33a} ., 26 ,. 30 [Corrosive sublimate.|May 31—1 to 240 .............. I oa
33h) | |. 26! .. 30 [Corrosive sublimate.|May 31—1 to 480 ............... 49
33¢ | i 26 | , 30 |Corrosive sublimate.|May 31—1 to 720 .............. 60
334 | . 26 , 30 [Corrosive sublimate.|May 31—1 to 1,000 .......:.... | 58
34 | 26 | , 130) | |SOOts stray ae May 80 2s s.500 hewanedacce eee 64
go ee 2Gu 302 |Soots. <.ceiees oe ewe May 31 and June 7. .:......0 22. <3) skuw
37 6 | 3) Ammonia. 255.370 May 31,-1' ‘to 16 of water 25. -2. sa
\ !
Prior 3—LATE
Sa ee - Date No. of
No. of Date ot plants Substance used. Dates and strength of application. | sound
row. | SOWIN8: | appeared. plants.
{ {
{
4 July 8| July 16 (Corrosive sublimate.|July 8—1 to 500 .............--- 96
5 -. 81 ,, 16 \Sorrosive sublimate.|July 16—1 to 1,000 ............. 78
6 8; ,, 16 Corrosive sublimate.|July 8—1 to 500 ................ } 88
Duly. 26—1 “to: 1;000 ss oc se craters
7 Pa 2216 MNChetk acest Check es. seein cet Some 48
8 “8 ,, 16 |Corrosive sublimate.|July 8—1 to 500 ............... 96
it) Foe) ., 16 Corrosive sublimate.|July 16—1 to 1,000 ............. 62
10 a8, ,, 16 |Corrosive sublimate.|July 8—1 to 500 ................ ins
} | July. 16—1 ‘to 1,000). ..2....ieSaa z
HW ef) ASG Jeb eck iver caiace ses (0) 1z() cepa thn RES owt Stoke oS 28
12 ats ,, 16 Tobacco dust, sul-
} | phur and arsenate
! Ofsleda! 5x sarees oe DULY Si tantyscs ctteeiore ee hey keto ee 24
13 aes ps, 16; | as Joly Scand AG sees ae eer 37
144; ,, 8| ,, 46 |Careo............, _.|July 16, 23 and 30 .............. | 33
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
SUBSTANCES UPON RADISH MAGGOTS.
or EARLY RADISHES.
No. of N
No. of
wormy a Remarks. pets
plants
38 | 90.4 |Roots not nearly so good as in corrosive sublimate rows. 15
o4 | 668.1 « « “a ‘“ is “ ré “ li
201 | 69.1 |Vigorous foliage, long, rough, slender, poor quality roots. | aS
7 | 11.7 {Moderate foliage, large, globular, smooth, good quality roots. 20
|
Mee ee dag
50 | 47.6 {Vigorous foliage, long, slender, rough, poor quality roots. | 22
68 | 67.9 “ “ “ “ “ “ ‘“ “ 23
70 | 60.8 “ “ « “ “ “ “ “ 24
79 | 65.2 |Roots not nearly so good as on corrosive sublimate rows. oes
50 81.9 |Roots like tobacco rows, much inferior to corrosive sublimate. ~ | 26
30 .| 78.9 |Not a good test. | 2a
25 71.4 : nee aa 27b
37. | 33.0 |Mostly surface injury; good roots for table purposes. 28
EarLy RADISHES.
No. of Hes
Per cen | No ~.f
wormy Remarks. i <
plants. | YOT™Y- | tow
121 50.0 }|Not so good roots as on corrosive sublimate rows. 32
0 0.0 |Good quality of roots, growth of young plants checked at first 33a
0 0.0 “ ‘a “a FF “ Pr te ¥e 33)
3 4.7 “ee “ “ea “e “e “e “e “ 33c
een 0.9 ea 3 o % ‘ 33d
82 56.2 |Foliage good, roots not so good as corrosive sublimate rows. 34
128 p 56.1 “ “ “ae “e “ce “ee “ a 35
0 0.0 |All plants killed; same result later where 1 part to 32 of water 37
was used.
RADISHES.
No. of | 1a
Per cent. No. of
wormy Remarks. pees
plants. | F™Y row
20 17.2 4
7 8.2 |Note: The later application gave the better results. {7 50
4 4.3. |Note: The two applications gave better results than one. | 6
15 23.8 7
27 21.9 8
12 16.2 {The later date here again gave better results than row 8. 9
8 6.5 |Note: Two applications better than one. | 10
12 30.0 1]
15 38.4 ate.
18 32.7 13
y 21.4 14
76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
INFERENCES FROM THE Apove TABLE AND FROM OBSERVATIONS IN THE FIELD.
First. Corrosive sublimate was the only substance used which gave satisfae-
‘tory or fairly satisfactory results, the results from it being better than the per-
centages indicate, because nearly all the injuries were on the surface, only a few
being deep in the tissues, whereas in the checks a considerable percentage were
deep in the tissues. ‘The plants were somewhat older than usual when pulled.
This possibly accounts for surface injuries.
Second. ‘Tobacco dust alone, or soft coal soot alone, or a combination of the
two, or a combination of tobacco dust, sulphur and arsenate of lead powder, gaye
no contro] and in most cases seemed to encourage the presence of the insect.
Third. Under conditions such as we had last year, corrosive sublimate had
a decidedly beneficial result upon the size, shape and quality of the radishes causing
them to be smooth-skinned and of good size. On the contrary, tobacco and soot
both acted as fertilizers and gave excellent foliage but inferior form and size of
the enlarged part of the root, this being elongate, slender, rough on the surface
and unattractive in appearance.
Fourth. Corvosive sublimate if applied stronger than 1-1,000 to young plants,
weakens them and causes a distinct shock, though they soon outgrow this. The
same thing happens to cabbages if the roots, when being transplanted, are soaked
a couple of minutes in the liquid, yet even then they recover. 'Too heavy soaking
of soil around very young plants in the field, even with 1 to 1,000 may cause a
sickly appearance of foliage for a few days.
Fifth. Sufficient tests have not been made yet to allow a rehable conclusion
to be formed as to the best time to apply corrosive sublimate to radishes, ~*
Sizth. Corrosive sublimate applied within 24 hours of sowing the seed
appears to have no injurious effect upon germination.
Tlow pors CorrosivE SUBLIMATE ACT IN TITE CONTROL OF THE CABBAGE MAGGOT ?
1. Dops iy Kitt rue Eacs? Eggs were placed on blotting paper in pill
‘boxes containing soil freshly saturated with corrosive sublimate 1-1,000. The
result was that of 80 eges treated, 64 or 80 per cent. hatched. In the check, out
of 184 eggs, 128 hatched or 95 per cent. The above results represent not a single
test, but a series with a few eggs at a time. There seems no doubt therefore, that
if the eggs hatch under these circumstances, they would hatch in the field im soil
treated with corrosive sublimate.
2. Dogs rr Kirn vue Larve? Various methods were employed to test
whether corrosive sublimate kills the larvee in any stage of their growth.
Out of 190 lary treated 83 pupated, 4 remained larve to the end of the test
and 103 or 56.8 per cent. were missing. More would have been missing had they
not in some cases been put in retainers from which they could not eseape.
In the checks, out of 46 larve, 35 pupated and 11 or 23.8 per cent. were
missing, 5 of these by accident.
Some of the missing treated larve were doubtless killed, especially the
very small larvie, but most of them crawled away and escaped. Where
the larve were confined so that they could not escape, it was found that,
while a good many died, yet many lived. It was observed however, that there was
an evident desire both of large and small larve to avoid contact with this liquid
compared with water. Our inference is therefore, that control is not to any large
extent brought about by the death of the larve from contact with corrosive sub-
ere
nn nn ar ay
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Lis
limate, but possibly from its repellent action, which causes the larve to wander
away from the plant and thus perish. Larve, however, once well inside the plant,
do not seem to be affected.
3. Dorks rv Kitt tHE Pupsar? Three flower pots filled with fine sandy soil
were sunk in the soil this spring and then thoroughly saturated with corrosive
sublimate. Pot 1 contained 100 puparia and was saturated with 1-1,000 strength.
Pot 2 contained 100 puparia and was saturated with 1-1,000 strength.
Pot 3 contained 35 puparia and was saturated with 1-240 strength.
Hight other pots containing in all 885 pupae were left untreated and served
as checks.
ReEsutts.
Pot 1 of the treated puparia gave an emergence of 11 flies.
Pot 2 of the treated puparia gave an emergence of 47 flies. 5
Pot 3 of the treated puparia gave an emergence of 2 flies.
Total emergence from treated pots 60==25.5 per cent.
From the 885 pupae in the checks 174 flies, or 19.6 per cent. emerged. We
can therefore only conclude that corrosive sublimate does not kill the pupae.
Incidentally it may be mentioned that from the 885 untreated pupae, 424
eynipid and 15 staphylinid parasites emerged, and from the 235 treated puparia
20 eynipids and 1 staphylinid.
THE PRESENT STATUS OF MILL-INFESTING PESTS IN CANADA.
« EB. H. Srricxianp, EnromorocicaL Brancu, OTtTawa.
The Entomological Branch of the Dominion Department of Agriculture is
undertaking a series of investigations and experiments upon the control of the
insect and other pests of flour mills, bakeries, elevators and warehouses. This has
necessitated a preliminary visit to representatives of these yarious industries
throughout the Dominion for the purpose of ascertaining what are the most im-
portant pests, and the effectiveness of methods already in operation for their
control.
In so far as the flour mills are concerned one pest, namely, the Mediterranean
Flour Moth (Hphestia kwehniella), so far exceeds all other classes of mil] pests in
the trouble it causes, that the majority of millers look upon it as the only one merit-
ing serious consideration. One of the favorite breeding places of this pest is inside
the legs of conveyors, where the larve spin a voluminous mass of silk, which
eollects large quantities of flour and dust. If no precautions are taken this, in
time, entirely clogs the elevator, which must then be dismantled and thoroughly
cleaned. — :
One other group of mill pests—the Flour Beetles (Tribolium spp.}—is almost
as prolific in Canadian mills as is the moth, but since these beetles do not interfere
with the milling process they are, unfortunately, inclined to be tolerated in the
various parts of a mill which they inhabit. From the millers’ point of view this
is readily understood. The moth is a serious menace to the smooth running of
the mill. Hence its control is of great, sometimes even of vital, importance to
the operation of an infested mill. The beetles on the other hand do not incon-
venience the miller, and they are readily sifted out of flour, which apparently
78 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
leaves the mill in as good condition as if it had never been in contact with them.
Suppose, however, one takes a sample of flour which is, to all appearance, in good
condition from the mill badly infested with these beetles, and places it in a
tightly closed tin, thus assuring that no beetles can obtain entrance for oviposition.
An examination of this tin, say in six months’ time, will in all probability reveal
the presence of a large number of beetles. This is due to the fact that the beetle
lays its eggs in such places as the inside of spouts, and in elevator boots. Thus
the presence of the beetles results in the contamination of passing flour with eggs.
They measure about 1/60 inch in diameter and could never be detected in the flour.
The owner of a badly infested mill rarely experiences any trouble with his
flour, since he stores it for a very short time, and when it leaves his warehouse
it is, in so far as he knows, a perfectly clean consignment. Should this flour be
sold for local consumption it will probably be sterilized by being baked before the
newly hatched larve have attained a sufficient size to attract the attention of their
consumer. If, on the other hand, the flour is exported to some such warm climate
as that of the West Indies, the time which must elapse, together with the tempera-
tures at which it will be kept, before it arrives at its destination, offer every
opportunity for the completion of at least the greater part of the beetle’s life
cycle. A further delay in the consumption of ‘this flour may allow the completion
of several generations, with the result that the consignment becomes seriously
infested. Such conditions may not often occur, but prior to the general adoption
of control measures, complaints were more frequently made of infestations develop-
ing in consignments of exported flour. Hence, from a national point of view,
it is seen that mill pests have a greater significance than merely in so far as they
affect the mill in which they live and breed.
Fortunately, we have at our disposal several means of reducing to a minimum,
if not in all cases entirely eradicating, these pests, and the majority of millers
have shown great energy and enterprise in adapting these remedies to their mills.
The most important control measures are: superheating, fumigating and freezing.
Superheating is a method of control based upon the observation that a tem-
perature of about 120° Fah. will destroy any stage of insect life m a very short
time. A mill in which the pests are controlled by superheating is usually fitted
with sufficient permanent steam pipes to raise its “room temperature” to about
130°F., but similar results can be obtained with the aid of temporary coils, and
by utilizing the heat from a drier.
Heating is most conveniently effected over a week-end. When the mill closes
down on Saturday night all elevator boots, ete., are opened up to allow a free
circulation of air, and the heat is turned on. By the followmg morning the
required temperature is obtained, and by preference it is maintained for over
twenty hours. This duration of time is not necessary for the destruction of ex-
posed pests, but it is desirable in order to assure that the heat penetrates into
all accessible places. Work can be resumed on the Monday, though the first part
of this day is usually occupied in giving the mill a thorough cleaning down. The
result of this treatment is that all species of mill pests, in whatever stage they were
present, have been destroyed in every part of the mill which was raised to a tem-
perature of 120°, whether such places were accessible to a free circulation of air
or not. Superheating is becoming increasingly popular with miHers, and it is
significant that only those who have never employed it are able to adyance serious
objections to its use.
>
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIHNTY.
Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is a control method which served a
yery useful purpose before the superheating process was perfected, but it must
now be relegated to the “ out-of-date ” class, since it has the following disadvant-
ages when compared with the rival method: 1. It is dangerous to human life.
2. While the initial expense is less than that of installmg an efficient heating
system every subsequent operation is far more expensive than that of turning on
the steam. 38. The gas fumes are less penetrating than the heat, and since a high
concentration is required for the destruction of eggs many of these, which are
laid in protected places, may escape. 4. The mill must be idle for a longer period
at each operation.
Freezing is a method much in vogue in the Prairie Provinces, where extremely
low temperatures can be relied upon at almost any time in the winter. When
there is so much of this “natural resource” annually going to waste it would
seem to be desirable that it be utilized to the greatest extent possible. We have
no records of experimental data as to what low temperature is necessary to destroy
the different stages of the various pests, and there is some doubt as to whether
the extreme cold experienced in this country will destroy all of the stages. Some
of the smaller mills do not run at all in the winter but they never appear to be
quite free from pests when they commence operations in the spring. This may,
however, be due to an annual re-infestation.
A mill, when it is opened up to freeze for a couple of days, is usually sub-
mitted just before or after the operation to a more vigorous cleaning than it
receives at any other time in the year. To what extent the evident benefit derived
ean be ascribed to the cold or to the broom is a debatable point. Adults of the moth
and the beetle certainly perish without exception at 25° below zero, but we have
no definite data as yet upon the effect on immature stages.
Freezing is, in most cases, acknowledged to be hard on the mill. Steam
pipes obviously must be completely drained, and this is not always easy. Some
lubricating oils stiffen up at low temperatures, and the mill should not be re-started
until it has warmed up to normal temperature. Metal work warms up more
slowly than the rest of the mill. This results in sweating, which collects dust
and may eyen cause rust. These difficulties have been overcome in several mills,
among them some of the largest in the country, and freezing is practised by them
with evident success. The first cold snap of winter is, however, usually rather
anxiously awaited in such mills since, by the.time it arrives, the moth is often
* getting pretty numerous again.” This is the main disadvantage to freezing as
the sole method of controlling pests. It cannot be applied at any season of the
year, and is not available in the summer when the moths are most active. It is,
howeyer, to be hoped that an opportunity will be offered this winter for us to
obtain some definite data upon the value that low temperatures haye in the ex-
termination of mill pests.
These, then, are the chief methods of reducing the pests in our mills, but
we are faced with one more problem in this connection, namely, that of re-infesta-
tion. This possibly is the main problem, and certainly, had it been solved in the
first place, the problems of eradication would have been non-existent, for mill
pests are not indigenous to mills. Some of the newest mills in the country have
heen heayily infested almost as soon as they were put into commission, while some
others haye remained almost free after many years of running.
Often this infestation, and re-infestation after eradication, is well-nigh
unavoidable. A city mill with a local trade stands little chance of immunity.
30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
but a large isolated mill, catering mainly to export trade, should avoid infestation
if proper precautions are taken.
In probably 90 per cent. of the mills now infested with moths the pest has
been introduced in second-hand bags. These bags are rarely taken into the mill.
In most cases they are dumped into the adjacent warehouse to be used for’teed
stuffs. Sometimes they are cleaned with beaters or by suction, but a few eggs
are able to escape destruction by either treatment. More often the bags are not
treated at all. In either case, the warehouse sooner or later becomes infested and
it is only a matter of time as to when the pest will appear in the mill itself. The
moths are rather unwilling fliers but they are very tame and are readily conveyed
from one room to another on the clothes of people passing back and forth.
The remedies which are suggested for this means of infestation are:
(1) To avoid using second hand bags entirely. This, however, is not often
practicable, except in the case of manufacturers of special brands of breakfast
foods, whose reputation would suffer immeasurably were they to be unfortunate
enough to distribute a consignment of “buggy” cereals among an unforgiving
publie.
(2) To sterilize by heat all second-hand bags before they are allowed to enter
the warehouse. The bags should be allowed to accumulate in a small detached
building which can be superheated say, once every two weeks: after each operation
all of the contained bags should be transferred to the warehouse before more are
admitted.
For a new uninfested mill such a method would pay for its small initial cost in
a few months. In so far as we are aware, this method is not actually in use as
yet in any mill, though it is “ under construction * in at least one plant.
(3) To superheat the warehouse as well as the mill. This method would
entail too much expense to be practised for most mills, though it would be of
ereat value.
Generally speaking, then, millers throughout the country are keenly alive to
ile questions relating to the control of pests, but it would seem that a little more
attention might be paid to the problem of avoiding re-infestation of a mill once
it has been effectively cleared of its present unwelcome guests.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 3]
SOME NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF OUR COMMON JUNE
BEETLES.
H. F. Hupson, Dominion EnromoLocicaL LAporAvtory, STRATHROY.
The white grub, the immature form of the May or June beetle, is one of the
most important and most injurious of soil-infesting insects, and one of the hardest
to control, on the sand and sandy loam soils of Western Ontario. They may
occur occasionally in clay soils, but I have never observed or known of any in-
jury by these insects on the heavier types of soil. Since 1914, observations on
the life history of these important insects have been under observation, and though
the work has had a chequered career, we haye been able to breed out from the egg,
the complete life history of three species. So far as our collection of beetles is
concerned, and that involves many thousands, we have in Middlesex County seven
distinct species, but probably only four are really common, although ro extensive
collections of beetles have been made outside of Caradoc Township. This is some-
what to be regretted as it does not give us a proper idea of the distribution of the
different species. The seven species known to exist in Middlesex County are
L. fusea, L. rugosa, L. dubia, L. gibbosa, L. marginalis, L. ilicis, and L. inveaysa.
The three species raised from the egg are L. dubia, L. rugosa, L. gibbosa. The year
1914 was an excellent year for the collection of beetles, thousands were present,
and ash, willow and butternut trees, were freely stripped of their foliage, while
the early blossoms of cherry trees were freely fed on by the beetles. Coming early
in May, the time of appearance being governed largely by temperature the beetles
soon pair, frequently before they have eaten anything, but from observation eggs
are not laid until from two to three weeks after fertilization. The female pairs
frequently, at least I have seen the same pairs frequently in copula in their breed-
ing cages. Pairs taken in copula May 16th, 1914, did not lay eggs until Jun
16th, but this was possibly due to my negligence in omitting to place a piece of
sod in the breeding cage for the female to oviposit in. I noticed the day after
the sod was introduced eggs were laid. The eggs are small, oval, of a pearly
white lustre, each deposited singly in a ball of earth from 2 in. to 6 in. below the
surface. After having been laid several days the eggs increase slightly in size,
probably due to the absorption of moisture, become spherical in form and change
to a reddish colour just prior to hatching. Our breeding cage records show that
eggs hatch in from ten days to three weeks with an average of two weeks. This
is somewhat difficult to gauge as we have noticed breaking open the little balls
of earth to ascertain the egg yield, has undoubtedly a detrimental effect on the
vitality of the young grub. The work of 1914 was practically. concluded owing
to the war, and although an assistant was procured in 1915, the results of the
previous year’s work amounted to nil. With the appointment of Mr. H. G. Craw-
ford in the spring of 1916 the work obtained a new lease of life and much of the
success of this work is due to his untiring and unceasing efforts. Starting with
two species the results of that work were carried through to completion in the
fall of 1918. On my return in the spring of 1917 the work was enlarged and
additional species studied. We have now definitely ascertained the life history
of L. gibbosa, L. rugosa, and L. dubia to be at least three years and in some cases
it may be four.
The grubs feed most ravenously during the second and third year of their
gorih, prepare to pupate the latter part of July or early August of the third year
E.8,
82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
and produce the adult early in September where it lies comfortably in its earthen
cell 6 to 8 in. below the surface until the advent of warm spring weather. In
1914 some 8,370 beetles were collected from various trees and shrubs, and a sum-
mary of the collection data thus obtained is worthy of mention. L. gibbosa is
about the earliest species to appear in numbers and is very abundant until the
middle of June when its numbers begin to decrease although scattering individuals
may be taken until the middle of July. In fact the species comprise 66 per cent.
of all beetles collected that year. In point of numbers the males exceed the females
in the proportion of 1.74 to 1 or nearly twice as many males as females, the col-
lection from lights and trap lanterns have not been included.
L. rugosa. This species appears about a week later than gibbosa and is not an
abundant species, it feeds freely on the foliage of most trees. In point of numbers
the males exceed the females in the proportion of 1.78 to 1. ~
L. fusca. Appears about the same time as gibbosa but is not so abundant
in the early part of the season. Taking the season through it is next to gibbesa
in order of abundance. The proportion of males to females in this case is reversed,
the females predominating in the proportion of 1.47 to 1.
L. dubia. | One of the first species to appear in spring but not common. Its
season would seem to be shorter than any other species, no specimens having been
taken after the 24th June. Females were more abundant than males the former
predominating in the ratio of 2.2 to 1.
Nores on CoLLecrinG. There are some points of interest in collecting that
are worthy of mention. In May and early June the beetle movement is quite
regular, and the evening migration takes place usually a few minutes before 8 p.m.,
and is usually complete in 15 or 20 minutes. They are most abundant on warm
nights with a temperature between 65 and 70 degrees, and the best time for col-
lection is between 11.30 p.m. and 1.30 a.m. Likewise the return migration to the
ground is similar, and is usually complete by 4 a.m. It seems to be governed hy
the brightness of the morning and as “ West” (8th report 111. State Ent.) has
pointed out, it seems as though the first bird note were a signal for the beetles
to fly to their day-time hiding places. Should the temperature be not over 60
degrees, collecting may be safely begun by 9 p.m. as the beetles are not over active
at that temperature, but should it be above that it is better to wait a little, until
the beetles are less active as they are strongly attracted to lights, and will fly
to the light or assemble on the collecting sheets from all directions and from all
varieties of trees. The earlier in the evening collections are made the more beating
the branches require, while if it is delayed, say until midnight or a little later, the
least touch will cause the beetles to fall. It seems as though the cool night air
has a stupefying effect, and once dislodged they make no effort to rise again.
Collecting from trees inhabited by June beetles does not always indicate that they
feed upon that particular plant, as I have ascertained. For instance, on May 18th
a soft maple tree was found to be alive with June beetles, and the noise was like
the hum of swarms of bees, yet on examination the following morning, no injury
of any consequence was observed, except that an occasional outside margin of a
leaf had been slightly eaten. Their sole object in thus assembling in this tree
was principally for copulation purposes. Their habits in the daytime are equally
interesting, leaving their food plants early in the morning, they hide themselves
in tufts of grass, or in the soil % to 1 in. deep. A heavy rain will keep them
in their daytime hiding places, but a light rain will not interfere with their move-
ments. Should a heavy rain come on while they are feeding it has the effect of
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83
making them less attractive to lights. Temperature is a very important factor,
the lowest temperature I have recorded when collections were made was 47 degrees
at 9 p.m. At this temperature beetles are very scarce.
Controt Measures. We have been rather unfortunate in securing much
information on the natural control of these insects. It is a matter of common
observation that crows, blackbirds and domestic poultry feed readily on the young
erubs, while skunks undoubtedly also relish them. On several occasions we have
reared the tachinid Micnophthalma disjuncta and probably Pelecinus polyturator,
although the specimen is not perfect. On two occasions in badly in-
fested fields I collected a number of cocoons of a digger wasp, pre-
sumably Tiphia inornata, but have not been very fortunate in rearing
them out. With the scarcity of birds and other natural agencies of
control, the question of suppressing an outbreak seems to be one of agricultural
rather than entomological procedure. From a careful survey of the crop rotation
on several farms in Caradoc Township, it would seem to indicate that arable land
should not be in pasture more than two years and a definite system of short crop
rotation followed. The following rotation followed on one farm is of particular
importance, in that not only is the fertility of the soil increased, but since the
adoption, there has been no injury whatever by white grubs or any other insect.
First year oats, seeded to clover, hay crop removed, land planted te wheat, seeded
to clover again and planted again to potatoes and corn. Here we have two clover
crops in four years and no crop longer than one year on the ground. This, of
course, is only applicable to arable land, the question of old pastures is still a
perplexed problem, except when brought under cultivaton. Trapping the beetles
hy the use of lanterns is hardly applicable, because fully 75 per cent. of such col-
lections are males. It would appear that short crop rotations, frequent growing
of clover, and clean farming will do more to decrease the spread of this insect than
any other means.
REPORT OF THE INSECTS OF THE YEAR—DIVISION NO. 6.
H. F. Hupson, Straruroy.
Weather conditions in Western Ontario have been both favorable and otherwise
to insect life. The spring was cold and very wet, this was followed by a hot and
yery dry summer. A brief summary of the more important injurious insects is
appended below:
Crover Lear Wervit (P. punctatus). In the low-lying pasture fields south
of London, Ont., more especially in and around Delaware Township, clover and
timothy fields were most heavily infested with this weevil. They were present
literally by millions and probably no such heavy infestation has ever been witnessed
in this section before. Every blade of timothy had a grub curled around it and
every clover leaf was badly riddled with small holes and over seventy grubs were
taken from a single clover plant. Fortunately the extremely wet weather produced
a fungus disease amongst them and in less than a week the whole outbreak had
subsided.
Curworms. These insects have been responsible for considerable injury and
in nearly all cases the culprit has been the “glassy cutworm.” In nearly all cases
the affected field was an old sod. :
84 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Poraro Firea BEErLe (Hpitria cucwmeris). Extremely abundant this year
but is readily controlled by spraying with arsenate of lead.
Poraro Berries (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Probably more abundant this
year than usual, but late planted potatoes were scarcely injured; in quite a num-
ber of cases potatoes planted in late June were not sprayed at all.
Porato Lear-Hopper (Hmpasca mali). An old pest in a new guise. The
potato crop in Western Ontario has been considerably reduced in yield, in some
cases 1 should say at least 25 per cent., due to the ravages of this insect. Classed as
anew pest by potato growers adequate means of control were not generally known;
consequently the insect had almost its own way. I have had partial success by the
use of “* Black Leaf 40” and soap, using one tablespoonful of the nicotine solution
to one gallon of water plus two ozs. soap.
THE STRAWBERRY ROOT WEEVIL IN BRITISH COLUMBIA.
W. Downes, Vicrorta, B.C.
Of the many many insects that trouble the small fruit grower perhaps few
equal in destructiveness the Strawberry Root Weevil (Otiorhynchus ovatus Linn.).
Within the last ten years or so its prevalence in the strawherry-growing sections
of the British Columbia mainland and Vancouver Island has been a matter of
increasing concern to the planters, and in some of the districts where the industry
has been longest established it became a question whether its profitable continu-
ance could be any longer maintained.
In Oregon in 1912 some work was done in the study of the Weevil by Prof.
A. L. Lovett! and notable work was done in British Columbia in 1913 by Mr. R.
C. Treherne? who established the main principles for its control. During the last
two seasons further studies on this insect have been made by the writer in the
Gordon Head district of Vancouver Island and some new information regarding
its life-history has been brought to light.
The strawberry-growing sections of Vancouver Island are mainly areas of
light sandy soil on which the berries seem to do better than on heavier land,
though here and there one finds plantations on stronger soil, usually on the lower
levels. Cultivation is on the hill system. The worst infestations were: found
always on the light land, the reason probably being that such soils provide the
best facilities for penetration by the young grubs. The degree of infestation usually
varied according to the age of the plantations, one-year-old fields being frequently
free or showing an average infestation of one or two weevils to the hill. Two-
year-old fields would average three or four times that number, while the highest
numbers were nearly always recorded from three-year-old fields. This is, however,
not by any means a general rule, as much depends on the proximity of young fields
to older plantations and cases were found where one-year-old fields adjacent to an
old plantation were badly infested, and in 1918 a two-year-old fiel of five acres
was totally destroyed. This field in 1917 produced 2,000 crates of berries; in
1918 only forty were gathered. In this case the owner had been growing straw-
berries on his farm for many years until a heavy population of weevils had con-
centrated there; moreover, the situation was aggravated by the practice of planting
strawberries after clover sod, a proceeding calculated to provide the succeeding
_ berry crop with a plentiful supply of weevils, as clover is one of the crops upon
which the strawherry root weevil thrives.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
iv a
Gr
At the present time, owing to general appreciation of the principles of control,
the strawberry root weevil seems to be decreasing in the Gordon Head district.
At Keatings, on the Saanich peninsula, a slight increase is reported, and on the
Lower Mainland the situation is very much as it was some years ago with heavy
infestations reported from certain points.
OricIn aNnp Lire Hisrory.
Recent investigations show that the strawberry root weevil is undoubtedly
indigenous and not introduced. Mr. R. C. Treherne* has found the weevil at
various altitudes up to 4,000 ft. in the mountains and on isolated rocky islands
several hundred yards from the mainland. I myself have found it in spots far
-removed from cultivated areas, and all the evidence tends to show that it is not
an introduced insect but primarily a species infesting grasses and various forms
of native vegetation. ‘lo the list of wild host plants of the larvee given by Lovett’
1 am able to add two more, Snowberry (Symphoricarpus racemosus) and Oak on
both of which I have found the larve in Victoria. It is a common pest in gardens
and the grubs may be found attacking a great variety of plants.
To the list of cultivated plants attacked by the larvee Red Clover must be
added. I have found them very numerous in clover sod at Gordon Head, even
in the spring, on sod that had been ploughed down the previous fall. Thus in any
scheme of cultivation in which strawberries have a place it would be obviously
unwise to plant them following a crop of clover. <A suitable system of rotation
will be referred to later.
Ovirosition. Observations taken during two seasons at Gordon Head
showed that the oviposition period extended from the middle of May to the middle
of September. The eggs are laid promiscuously around the plants, sometimes
against the crown itself, and often buried a quarter to half an inch below the
surface. When a crevice in the soil is available this may be taken advantage of
as a spot in which to deposit the eggs. Formerly it was supposed that all the
eggs were deposited by those weevils which emerged in the summer, but I have
this year conclusive evidence that the over-wintered adults also deposit eggs in
large numbers. Commencing on April Ist, collections of over-wintered weevils
were made at intervals up to June 13th and kept for observation. That these were
true over-wintered individuals there can be no doubt, as the earliest date of the
emergence of the summer brood at Gordon Head is during the last week in May,
and this year adults were not found in the soil in teneral condition until June
13th. Throwing out of consideration those collected in June, we have four lots
of over-wintered adults collected on April Ist, May Ist, May 19th and May 31st.
The first lot collected commenced to oviposit on May 18th (probably later than
under natural conditions) and those collected on May 19th commenced to oviposit
on May 28th. All the lots continued to lay eggs throughout the summer until
“August 30th when oviposition ceased. The highest average number of eggs per
individual was 198, laid by those collected on June 13th, and the next highest
130, laid by those collected on May 19th. The earliest lots collected laid very few
eggs, averaging 12 and 28 respectively, this being perhaps due to artificial con-
ditions. Jn the third week in August the weevils began to die rapidly and by the
first week in September nearly all were dead.
Oyreosition By SuMMeEr Broop. It was intended to make the study of this
point more complete this year, but owing to an unfortunate accident to our
86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
emergence boxes in the field, sufficient material was not obtained and the data
were got from a limited number which were bred in the laboratory. These com-
menced to deposit eggs on July 20th, probably very much later than would be the
case in the field. Under laboratory conditions the weevils are somewhat retarded
and do not prove as healthy as those in the field. The vials were examined and
ihe eggs counted every four days. The maximum number of eggs laid by an
individual in this experiment was 249 and the minimum 73, while the average
was 154, all deposited within a period of six weeks. Thus it will be seen that there
are two broods depositing eggs simultaneously. In the case of both broods oyi-
position ceased at the same time this year but in last year’s experiments many
weevils continued to lay until the middle of September. Endeavour will be made
another season to determine whether the same weevils oviposit twice. In no single
instance as yet have I discovered weevils of the summer brood that did not lay
eggs and therefore I assume that a proportion of the summer brood does not die
but after ovipositing hibernates, and in the spring, after a period spent in
feeding and development, oviposits again. If this is not the case, it is difficult
to account for the origin of the numerous overwintered individuals.
PARTHENOGENESIS. In all the experiments conducted here no male weevils
have been discovered. Although about 200 specimens have been examined and
dissected only those have been found possessing the genitalia proper to the female.
Also among the large number kept in confinement none were ever found in copula-
tion; neither has it been observed in the field. Consequently the belief has been
held by us for some time that O. ovatus is parthenogenetic. This impression was
strengthened by the recent discovery in France by J. Feytaud* that O. sulcatus,
its near ally, was parthenogenetic, making the fourth Coleopteron known in which
the method of reproduction is by parthenogenesis. To test the matter a number
of pupae were collected in the field this season and isolated in vials. On reaching
adult condition they were placed each in a glass vial loosely stoppered with cotton
wrapped round with paper, and fed on strawberry leaves. The vials were kept in
my house and examined at intervals of two or three days. At first cotton wool
was used for vial stoppers but it was found that the weevils deposited eggs among
the wool, making them very difficult to find. When the wool was wrapped in paper
the difficulty was surmounted, although the beetles would occasionally deposit eggs
in a fold of the paper. Oviposition commenced on July 20th and continued until
August 30th. The eggs of each individual were kept separate. On August 24th
larve were found to have hatched from eggs laid by weevil No. 5 and within a
few days larve were also found in the other vials. Thus it appears evident that
the weevil is parthenogenetic. O. ovatus thus makes the fifth coleopteron known
to be parthenogenetic the others being O. turca Bohem, 0. cribricollis Gyll, A.
ligustici Linn., and O. sulcatus Fabr. Some individuals produced a larger propor-
tion of infertile eggs than others, and it may be noted that twenty days elapsed
between the time when the first food was given and the commencement of oviposi-
tion. This is a greater period than would occur in nature and in the experiments
conducted by Treherne> the minimum period was found to be eight days. I
attribute the difference to confinement and artificial conditions of feeding. ~
INcuBATION AND FertiLiry. Experiments made to find the period of incuba-
tion showed that it varied from sixteen to twenty-two days.
The fertility of the eggs varied from 68 per cent. in the case of those laid
by overwintered adults to 80 per cent. in the case of those laid by the summer
brood.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87
eee EEE EEE eee
Duration or Pura Stace. This was found to vary from ten to twenty-six
days. The adults commenced to harden at the end of twelve hours and are com-
pletely chitinized in seven days. One individual came to the surface in four days,
but while able to climb was not completely hardened.
Emergence of the adults commenced at the end of May. In 1918 the first
were taken in the cages on May 25th and the emergence continued until the end of
June with a maximum during the second week in June. In 1919 the emergence
was later, the first adults being found in teneral condition on June 13th and these
would not normally emerge for another week. The season was colder than the
previous one and this would account for the difference as the pupae are retarded
by lower temperatures.
Migration. On the advent of warm weather in the spring there is a general
moyement of hibernated weevils from their winter quarters to their feeding ground.
Eyery conceivable spot may be used by them in which to hibernate and where they
are especially numerous, dwellings are frequently invaded by them to the conster-
nation and annoyance of the owners. Piles of stones or logs, and fence lines over-
grown with weeds and brush form ideal quarters, but where the winters are mild, as
on Vancouver Island, many spend the winter among the crowns of the strawberry
plants. The weevils begin to move in March and are fairly active until May when
their migratory activities appear to lessen, after which, in June, their numbers
are augmented by the newly emerging summer brood and a further movement
begins which reaches its climax at midsummer, then lessening until late summer
when they seek winter quarters.
Regarding the distance travelled by them in a season no definite evidence was
obtained, but one new field at Gordon Head, eighty yards wide, was infested
throughout in a single season, the weevils coming from an old patch adjoining.
The young patch was bordered on three sides by bush so the weevils could only
come from the side adjoining the old patch. On this side the average number of
larve per hill was 27, in the centre 16, and at the further end 7. I would say,
therefore, that the weevils would be likely to travel at least double the width of
this patch, or from 160 to 200 yards.
Mrasuris or Controt. The observations made during the last two seasons
have shown that the main principles of control as formerly laid down are undoubt-
edly correct. There is no poison or chemical treatment of any kind that we know
of that can be applied to the plants without injury and will at the same time
control the weevil. The question is a cultural one and the best results are obtained
by a suitable rotation of crops, a double object being attained by discouraging the
weevil and maintaining soil fertility. At Gordon Head the Provincial Goyern-
ment has leased six acres in a badly infested locality and is endeavouring to
demonstrate a system suitable to the. district. Briefly outlined this would be as
follows: Presuming that we start with an infested field, the plants should be pulled
up and burnt at the end of August or beginning of September. Leaving them until
this time induces the adult weevils to remain in the field and deposit their eggs
there. Then the field may be ploughed and should be kept fallow about a month,
the spring-tooth cultivator being frequently used to bring out all strawberry roots
that may remain. This proceeding will starve out all the young grubs in the soil.
A suitable crop to sow the land to would be fall wheat with vetches or clover.
The land may remain in clover two years and should then be fall ploughed and
potatoes planted the following year. The next year the field may be planted back
88 THE REPORT OF THIS No. 36
to strawberries the land being clean and free from weevils as the potato is one of
the crops on which they cannot live.
Tt is recommended that not more than two crops of strawberries be taken
from a field under ordinary conditions. It is not only important not to overerop
the land, but leaving the land in strawberries too long allows the weevils to con-
centrate there and is inviting disaster. It is also important that judicious appli-
cations of barnyard manure be applied to keep the land in good heart. By growing
vigorous healthy plants they will be in better condition to stand an attack of
weevil and will recover more rapidly. As to the advisability of including clover
in the scheme of rotation, we have doubts as to the wisdom of this owing to the
danger of maintaining weeyil in the land, but we know of nothing that will quite
take its place unless it can be shown that it is equally profitable to grow peas or
vetches or some other legume and still maintain the fertility of the soil.
The recent light thrown on the oviposition of the weevil emphasizes the neces-
sity of destroying as many adults as possible. It is believed that chickens will
prove of the greatest help in this matter and it is suggested that small lots in
colony houses should be allowed to run in the plantations. They readily pick up
the weevils and the good they do far outbalances the harm done by scratching
among the plants. At blossoming time they may be shut up and allowed to run
again after the crop is off. The difficulty in closely settled districts of preventing
newly set plantations from being re-infested by adjacent old ones is a problem
that we are attempting to solve by the aid of wooden barriers with a band of
tanglefoot. These have been tried elsewhere and have been found to be partially
successful and the results obtained at Gordon Head fully justified us in continuing
our experiments. At the present time we have not gone sufficiently far to be able
to say that they are commercially practicable but we believe they will prove a
useful adjunct in weevil control.
REPERENCES.
(1) Lovett, A. L. Ore. Agr. Exp. Station, Bi. Hort. Rep., 1913.
(2) Treherne, R. C. Dom. Ent. Bul. 18.
(3) Treherne, R. C. Can. Ent., XLIX., No. 8.
(4) Feytaud, J. Comptes Rend. des Séances de |’Acad. des Sei., Vol. 165, No. 22.
Paris.
THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL.
W. A. Ross anp C. H. Curran, Dominion EnromonoGicaL LABORATORY,
VINELAND STATION.
The following paper is based largely on field observations made in 1918-19 and
on preliminary experiments conducted during the past season in the Niagara and
Oakyille districts.
History anp Disrrrpurion.tN Canapa.
The strawberry weevil is a native insect, which, it is believed, bred originally
in the buds of the redbud, the wild blackberry and wild strawberry.*
It has been known as a strawberry pest in Canada at least since 1886. In
the Dominion Entomologist’s Report for 1890, Mr. W. H. Hale, of Sherbrooke,
*Slingerland and Crosby, Man. of Fruit Insects, p. 373.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. $9
makes the following statement: ‘“ For several years I have been suffering from the
ravages of some sort of insect which attacks the buds of all the staminate varieties
of strawberries: a small puncture is made through an unopened sepal and an egg
is deposited. The stalk is then partially or entirely cut through. . . . Ina
large field of strawberries in which 80 per cent. of the rows were pistillate varieties
not a single bud was touched, while the remaining rows of strawberries were
almost entirely denuded of buds. This same trouble was noticed in Staten Island
and Hamilton, Ontario, in 1886. . . .”
Further reference is made to strawberry weevil outbreaks in succeeding reports
of the Dominion Entomologist, and also in the reports of the Entomological
Society of Ontario.
So far as we are aware the weevil is recorded as being injurious in only
two provinces in Canada, viz: Ontario and Quebec.
Hosr PLants anp Injury. In Ontario the strawberry weevil has been bred
from the buds of the strawberry, raspberry and blackberry, and it has also been
observed attacking wild strawberries and rambler roses. The dewberry, the red-
bud or Judas tree and the yellow flowered cinquefoil, are recorded by Slingerland
and Crosby as being additional host plants of this species.
The injury is caused by the female weevil cutting off the flower buds, after
depositing her eggs within them.
Srrawzerry. Occasionally the yield of strawberry plantations in Southern
Ontario, especially in the Niagara District and Halton County, is seriously reduced
by the weevil, or as it is commonly called, “the cutter.’ For example, in 1918
from 30 to 75 per cent. of the buds in some strawberry fields near Oakville and
Jordan were destroyed by the pest. In a badly infested 34 acre plantation at
Jordan only nineteen crates, or 513 quarts of berries were harvested.
All the common staminate varieties are subject to attack. Varieties with
imperfect or pistillate flowers are practically immune.
Raspserry. According to our observations the raspberry crop is never in-
jured to any appreciable extent, chiefly, we believe, because at the time raspberry
buds are put forth the overwintering adult weevils are fast dying out. This past
season we examined seyeral raspberry plantations adjoining strawberry fields, but
even the worst attacked bushes had less than ten per cent. of the buds severed.
Bracxperry. <A patch of blackberries in the Vineland district was rather
seriously injured by the weevil last spring, about 25 per cent. of the buds being
destroyed. In the row next to an adjoining fi-ld of strawberries about 75 per cent.
of the buds were severed. It was noted that frequently the weevil severed the
cluster stem and thus, at one stroke, destroyed several buds.
As a general rule, however, weevil injury to the blackberry is negligible.
Roses. Mr. Bartlett, an Oakville fruit grower, observed the weevil—an
insect with which he is very familiar—severing the buds of his rambler roses.
Lire Hisvrory.
Summary. The winter is passed in the adult stage, probably under vegetation
and rubbish, in waste and bush lands adjoining the strawberry fields. In spring
the insects leave their winter quarters and appear on the strawberry plants about
the time the first buds are forming. By means of her slender snout the female
weevil punctures the blossom buds, and deposits her eggs singly in the interior of
the buds. After depositing an ege she then crawls down the blossom stem and cuts
it so that the bud either falls immediately, or is left hanging for a few days, by
f Es.
90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
a thread. Within the severed buds the whitish grubs which hatch out from the
‘gos, feed on the pollen and other interior parts. They become mature in about
two weeks, pupate, and emerge as adults during the latter part of Jure and
throughout July. The new adults feed for a short time on the pollen of various
flowers and, then in midsummer, they seek their hibernating quarters. There is
ouly one generation a year.
THE ADULT.
Drscriprion. Oval, robust, brownish-red to blackish, thinly c'othed with
whitish pubescence, condensed on a medium line of the thorax and scutellum;
elytra dark red, the denuded fascia and scutellar space darker. Antennal grooves
directed against the eyes, funicle seven-jointed: antennae dull yellow, club darker.
Beak longer than the head and thorax, slender, feebly curved, striate and punctate
on the sides, carinate above. Thorax wider at the base than long, sides fechly
rounded, narrowed towards the apex: dise densely and rather coarsely punctate.
Mlytra one-fourth wider at the base than the thorax, one-half longer than wide:
striae rather deep, their punctures large, close set; intervals convey, finely punctu-
late. Ventral segments nearly equal, the third longer than the fourth: pygidium
convex, not grooved. Front femora with one tooth, hind tibiae with a short spine
at the tip, claws armed with an acute tooth. Length, 2-3 mm. (Adapted from
Blatchley). :
EMERGENCE IN Spring anp Hasrrs. The weevils appear in strawberry fields
in May, about the time the first buds are formed. Last spring they were first
observed in the Vineland district on May 14th. At this time the buds of Senator
Dunlap were in evidence, but the buds of Williams had not yet been produced.
The insects eat out holes in the buds and feed on the pollen with. Often
several punctures are made in a single bud, so that when the blossom opens the
petals present the appearance of having been shot full of holes. The weevils also
feed on the stamens of open blossoms and occasionally they eat out holes in the
foliage. -
So far as we could judge strawberry weevil adults are capable of flying only
a few feet.
Eee Layine. In ovipositing the female chews a small hole through the bud,
inserting the snout to the base. She then turns around, locates the puncture
with her ovipositor, and deposits the egg within—usually among the stamens.
In observing this process of oviposition we noted that sometimes two holes would
be made, but that only one egg would be laid in the bud. After ovipositing the
weevil crawls down the stem and cuts it, so that the bud either falls immediately,
or, as is more commonly the case, is left hanging by a mere thread for a few days.
The stem may be severed at the base of the bud. or further down. Infrequently
the stem of the cluster may be severed.
Jn the field the adults were observed oyipositing first on strawberry, and later
on blackberry and raspberry from May 14th to June 26th. However, it should
be stated that by the time the raspberry buds appeared most of the adults had died.
The reproductive capacity of the female was not determined.
Errect or Corp WearHer on THE WeeEvIL. This spring it was observed that
during the cold, wet spell of weather prior to May 19th, the weevils were compara-
tively inactive, and little injury was done to varieties such as Glen Mary. which
were in full bud during that period.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. v1
THE EGG.
¢ is translucent, broadly oval, and is about 1/50” in length. As pre-
viously stated, it is deposited within the bud and usually adheres to the stamens
or pistils.
Duration or Incubation. In experiments with 100 eggs from May 28th to
June 6th the duration of incubation varied from four to eight days, the average
The es.
being six days.
Morratiry. In experiments with 65 eggs from May 28th to May 31st the
mortality was 14 or 21.4 per cent.
THe Larva.
Description. Length, extended, slightly over 2-mm. Color, whitish-sul-
phurous, often mottled with blackish. Eyes sub-translucent, yellowish: mouth
parts brown, lighter below. Thorax less roughened than the abdomen, of three
=|
Adult of the Straw- Strawberry bud opened to show egg of the Straw-
berry Weevil. berry Weevil within.
distinet segments; narrow dorsal anterior margin of the first segment brownish.
Legs wanting, but represented by six fleshy protuberances, each bearing three
bristles, the middle one longer and slightly blackish: between the first pair of
protuberances a narrow brownish stripe. Abdomen below more translucent, flat-
tened, the sides produced slightly as a longitudinal fold. Above, the abdomen is
deeply rugose; there are eight complete folds commencing at the lateral fold, each
hearing two lateral, two sub-lateral and two dorsal hairs; between these, on each
side a shorter fold, extending from the lateral fold to one-third the upper curve,
and a second dorsal fold. commencing immediately before the dorsal termination
of the lateral fold. The dorsal fold bears four hairs, the lateral, two. All the ab-
dominal hairs are without color. Behind the thorax the abdomen is naturally
euryed beneath, so that the distal end rests below the thorax. Abdomen gradually
tapering to the sub-apical segment, which bears the posterior respiratory organs
heneath a sub-apical fold. Respiratory organs not at all projecting: a slender,
92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
brownish-yellow transverse line runs across them. Last segment tapering, sub-
conical, on each side with a very narrow yellow longitudinal line, from the base
to near the tip; the extreme tip yellowish.
Haxsirs. Within the severed bud the larva at first feeds on the pollen. Pollen,
however, is not absolutely necessary for its sustenance, as is shown by the fact that
we reared a few adults from buds of Sample, a pistillate variety. The grub feeds
on the other interior parts of the bud and eventually bores its way into the re-
ceptacle, forming here an enclosed cell, the entrance to which is plugged with
closely packed excreta.
Errecr on Larva or Dryrye Our or Bup. In cases where the buds persist
on the plants or dry out on the soil, the majority of the larve die. Last season
only 11 adults were reared from 180 dried out buds.
Duration or Lanvan Srace. The average duraticn of the larval stage of
96 grubs was 13 days, the maximum and minimum periods being respectively 16
and 11 days.
———————
Work of Strawberry Weevil. Note the severed buds and punctured petals.
Tuer Pupa.
Pupation takes place within the bud. The pupa is creamy white, sometimes
mottled with black. All the appendages of the adult are apparent.
Duration or Pupan Stace. In experiments with 90 pupae the maximum,
minimum and ayerage periods of pupation were respectively, 18 days, 6 days and
10 days.
FurtHer Notes oN THE ADULTS.
Emercence From Buns. According to observations made during the past
two years the adults commence to emerge from the buds about June 20th, and
continue to emerge throughout the greater part of July.
Hasits Ann Foop Prants. In the insectary the newly emerged adults fed
very freely upon the leaves of strawberries. On some of the plants practically all
the foliage was devoured—little more than the bare ribs being left. In the straw-
berry fields, however, very few beetles were found attacking the foliage, and no
Ee ——————
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93
=
ease of skeletonizing of the leaves was observed. Prior to July 14th the weevils
were noticed only in strawberry patches. On that date, however, large numbers
were found feeding on the flowers of milkweed (Asclepias) there being from
twenty to seventy on each head. Later on the weevils were taken on the leaves of
golden rod, and on the bloom of Canada Mint (Mentha arvensis canadensis), Cat-
nip (Nepeta cataria), and Heal-all (Prunella vulgaris).
Slingerland and Crosby state that the weevil feeds on the flowers of wild
bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) : and Dr. Hamilton* mentions that it was taken feed-
ing on the leaves and flowers of basswood (Tilia).
-Hrpernatron. The beetles apparently go into hibernation in mid-summer.
After the second week in August we found no more weevils feeding on flowers, nor
did we find out where the insects went. Rubbish and long grass in the neighbor-
hood of strawberry fields were searched, but no weevils were located.
According to Slingerland and Crosby the insects hibernate “under rubbish,
particularly in wood lots or hedgerows adjoining strawberry fields.” In Minnesota
Strawberry bud cut open to show the Strawberry
Weevil grub feeding within.
fhe weevils have been found snuggled down about the base of strawberry plants,
and in New Jersey they have been found in woodlands adjacent to strawberry
fields resting upon the upright stems of a common moss.
MerHops oF REARING.
Pill boxes were used for rearing the weevils from the egg to adult stage.
A small amount of soil was placed in the box and kept slightly moist: Too much
moisture, or too little, resulted in many cases in the death of the larve. The buds
were secured in the field or from potted plants, and only buds which were observed
being cut by the adults were used. In examining the bud. the sepals and petals
were carefully raised, so as not to disturb the grub. It was found that this seldom
resulted in any apparent injury to the grub, and it did not appear to deter its
development. Where only the numbers developing from cut buds was desired,
the buds were placed in a flower pot half filled with moist soil and covered with
cheesecloth.
*Can. Ent. XXIV., p. 41.
94 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
CONTROL,
The excellent results secured in New Jersey in the control of the strawberry
weevil by the use of a dust preparation composed or powdered arsenate of lead
and finely ground sulphur Jed us to give this remedy a trial. Two mixtures were
tested (1) 100 sulphur, 20 arsenate of lead, and (2) 90 sulphur, 10 arsenate of
lead.
Two strawberry fields at Oakville were treated by the junior writer, and one
plantation at Vineland was. dusted under our supervision. In addition to these a
considerable number of strawberry patches in the Oakville and Niagara districts
were treated by their owners. The applications were made by means of: (1) a
Monarch duster, (2) a home-made twirler,* and some of the growers used cheese-
cloth bags.
The dust was applied, weather permitting, as soon as the weevils were found
in large numbers. The Bartlett patch at Oakville, and part of the Church patch
at Vineland, were dusted twice on account of the first application being washed
off by rains, but all the others received only one application.
Resuits.
W. Bartierr, Oakville. The weevil has been injurious to Mr. Bartlett’s
strawberries for a number of years and this sprig the adults were again very
abundant in his patch and threatened to cause serious loss. The two dust mix-
tures mentioned above were tested and two applications were made.
Resutts. No more than 5 per cent. of the buds in the whole patch were
destroyed and Mr. Bartlett picked the largest crop of berries he had ever harvested.
No marked difference was noted between the rows dusted with the 100:20 mixture
and those with the 90:10.
As this was the main experimental patch we arranged to leave an adjoining
berry patch untreated as a “check.” However, Mr. Bartlett found the weevil hard
at work in our “ check” patch, and decided very suddenly that he was more inter-
ested in dollar and cent returns than in experiment results, and he gave what was
to have been our “check” patch a heavy coat of dust.
R. Burton, Oakville. Last year (1918) at least 75 per cent. of the buds were
destroyed in Mr. Burton’s two-acre patch of Glen Mary strawberries. The two
dust mixtures were tested this year and only one application was made.
Resutts. Here again there was no difference in the amount of injury
between the rows dusted respectively with 100:20 and 90:10. Throughout the
whole of the patch no more than 10 per cent. of the buds were destroyed. and at
least half of this injury was done before the dust was applied.
It should be mentioned that in our estimation this particular experiment was
of little value because in all cases which came under our observation this year, the
variety, Glen Mary. escaped serious injury.
S. Cuuncu, Vineland. Last year over 50 per cent. of the buds in Mr.
Church’s patch were destroyed, and this spring the weevils were present in large
numbers. Several rows of early berries were dusted twice. However, the main
patch of Williams only received one application. Only the one dust, the 90:10,
was used.
*The frame work of the holder was made of a wire ring 9”-10” in diameter and
two bent wires crossed at right angles. This was lined with fine wire cloth, twenty or
more meshes to the inch. A bent branch was used as a handle.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 95
— +
Resutts. An insignificant percentage of the buds were destroyed in this
patch and a splendid crop of berries was harvested—ahbout 250 crates per acre.
In a pateh about 14 mile from Mr. Church’s at least 60 per cent. of the buds were
p i : ]
destroyed by the weevil and the yield was only 100 erates per acre,
y M J J ]
Resutts 1N OrHEr STRAWBERRY PatrcHEs.
Tn eyery strawberry field where the dust was put on at the right time excel-
lent control was obtained. All the growers who used the dust remedy expressed
5 y ex}
themselves as being well satisfied with the results.
INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN ONTARIO.
.
W. A. Ross, Dominton Envomonocican Lasorarory, VINELAND STATION, AND
L. Carsar, Onrarto AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH.
The past year was a notable one from the entomologist’s point of yiew. ‘The
mild winter of 1918-19 and the hot, dry summer were very favourable to insect
life, and consequently injurious insects of many kinds were numerous.
Fig. 1—Young apples deformed by
nymphs of the Mullein Leaf Bug
(Campyloma verbasci).
Orcnard INszors.
It is worth while noting here that the carefully and regularly sprayed apple
orchards were practically the only ones which had crops of fruit this year.
Copuinc Mora (Cydia pomonella). This well-known pest was very much
more abundant than usual and caused great loss in the warmer: parts of the
Province where the percentage of second brood is largest. Some unsprayed orchards
in the Niagara District had almost eyery apple infested. Orchards, well sprayed
this year, but which in preceding years had been neglected or poorly sprayed had
as high as 50 per cent. “sideworm injury.” On the other hand, orchards in
districts that had been well sprayed for several years suffered little injury, thus
showing the cumulative effects of good spraying.
Cigar Case-Bearer (Coleophora fletcherella). This species is usually of
comparatively small importance, even in unsprayed orchards, but this year it was
present in very large numbers and made the foliage of unsprayed trees very tattered
and unsightly.
96 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
3cp Morxu (Hucosma ocellana). This species was somewhat more abundant
than usual, especially in Norfolk County.
Pear Lear Buisrer MITE (Lriophyes pyri). This well-known pest has for
several years been held in check by unknown natural factors, but during the past
two years it has increased to a very marked extent in many orchards which have
not been receiving the so-called dormant application of lime-sulphur. The present
indications are that the blister mite will again have to be reckoned with as a
first-class orchard pest.
THe MuLiern Lear Bue (Campyloma verbasci). A small mirid,* which
occurs throughout the Province on mullein, catnip, potatoes and several other
plants, was found attacking apples this year in two orchards in Norfolk County.
Baldwin, Roxbury Russet and Spy were freely attacked and on a few of the in-
fested trees 75 per cent or more of the apples were more or less injured by the
bugs feeding on them. It was not uncommon to see one to seven of the little
ereen nymphs on a single apple.
Fig. 2—Mullein Leaf Bug injury on mature apples.
?
Conspicuous brown or sometimes blackish corky warts formed at the spots
where the punctures were made. In most cases there was only one or two such
scars to an apple; in others a ring of them almost encircled the apple: and in
others several, close together on the one side, caused the fruit to be lopsided.
All the puncturing was done by the nymphs while the apples were still small
—not more than one-half to two-thirds of an inch in diameter. (According to our
observations, the adults do not attack the fruit but they do feed very freely upon
the leaves and wood of the new growth, and are specially fond of the water-
sprouts. )
The nymphs are light green in color and are very small, being. even in the
last instar, only about 2 mm. in length. The adults vary in color from greenish
to brown, and average about 3 mm. in length. The life history of this species
was not worked out, but from the fact that on June 12th most of the nymphs
were in the last instar and a few had transformed into adults it would appear
*Species determined by E. P. Van Duzee.
~
1920 ' ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97
that these must have hatched from the eggs, at the latest, by the time the blossoms
appeared, ;
At the time of picking it was found that most of the apples had almost
completely outgrown the plant-bug injury save for small brown or blackish elevated
sears on the surface. Badly punctured apples, however, were greatly deformed
by the failure of the injured areas to grow. The percentage of blemished apples
could not be determined because the fruit was thinned early in the season and
the worst specimens picked off.
THe San José Scatn (Aspidiotus perniciosus) has not yet regained the
position it held prior to the winter of 1917-18. Both last year and this year it was
difficult to find many badly infested trees. The insect, however, is gradually in-
creasing in its old haunts—neglected orchards. ;
Toe Appie Lear Sewer (Ancylis nubeculana) was present in most orchards
fhis autumn in moderate numbers. It is usually a rare insect in Ontario.
|
Fig. 3.—Apple leaves folded by the Apple Leaf Sewer. Fig. 4—Pear Slugs skeletoni-
zing cherry leaf.
Lesser Appte Worm (Lnarmonia prunivora) was, as last year, very scarce.
Pear Stvue (Hriocampoides limacina). The outbreak of pear slug was re-
peated this year on an even larger scale than that of 1918. The foliage ot thousands
of pear and cherry trees throughout a large part of the Province was destroyed,
and in the case of early Richmond cherries much of the fruit was rendered
worthless. Just as last year, it was the first brood that did nearly all the damage.
In a few localities the second brood larve were fairly numerous, but in most
places they could scarcely be said to have done any injury worth mentioning.
The eggs of the second brood were this year, as last, highly parasitized. A few
parasites were reared also from the pupae.
Rose CHarer (Macrodactylus subspinosus). In June hordes of rose chafers
appeared in the Simcoe and Fonthill sections and injured apples, grapes and
cherries.
98 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Tussoex Morm (Hemerocampa leucostigma). As forecasted in last year’s
report, little or no injury was done by this species.
Fart. Wesworm (Hyphantria cunea). The unsightly webs of this sprees
were again very conspicuous throughout the province. However, according to our
observations the insect was not so abundant as it was last year.
Prum Curcunio (Conotrachelus nenuphar). This species was unusually
destructive in the Niagara District. It was especially injurious to peaches and
was responsible for a large “drop.” In a peach orchard at Winona over 40 per
cent. of the crop was destroyed by it.
Unsvorren Tentirorm Lear Miner (Ornia geminatella). This unimport-
ant apple insect was common in some orchards in the Niagara District and Norfolk
County.
Fig. 5.—Cherry leaves and fruit injured by the Pear
Slug. Note the wizened fruit.
Stnver Lear Mite (Phyllocoptes schlechtendalt). Practically all the fohage
in a block of seedling peaches at the Horticultural Experiment Station, Vineland,
was affected with silver leaf. This same disease was quite common in other peach
orchards in the Vineland district; and in every case we examined we found it was
caused by the mite Phyllocoptes. It is of interest to note that according to our
observations this mite hibernates under the protection of the bud scales and between
ihe leaf petioles and the base of the bud.
Rost Lear-Hoprer (Empoa rosae). In late summer and fall myriads of
rose leaf-hoppers were present in many apple orchards in the Niagara District
and Norfolk County and produced a characteristic mottling of the leaves. In a
large infested orchard at Simcoe practically all the foliage became pallid and in
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1G
——— —
the case of Greening trees the appearance of much of the fruit was spoiled hy
specks of excrement yoided by the hoppers.
On October 17th large numbers of females were observed depositing their
eggs on apple—in the bark of the smaller branches and twigs.
AppLE ApuHips. Exceptionally large numbers of recently hatched nymphs
were observed in the spring in most sections of Ontario. Heavy washing rains
and insect enemies, however, destroyed such a large percentage of the plant Jiee
that no serious injury was effected.
Prar Tarips (Vaeniothrips inconsequens). This pest was found only in the
orchard in which it was taken last year, and here again it was present in very
small numbers. ;
J}
Fig. 6—(a) A normal peach leaf contrasted with
(b) a leaf injured by the Silver Leaf Mite.
Puncorip oN Prar (Ormenis pruinosa). In a Beamsyille pear orchard
large numbers of a fulgorid nymph pale green in colour and more or less covered
with a white woolly material, were found about mid-July feeding on the water-
sprouts. The species was reared and proved to he Ormenis pruinosa.
Insects ATTACKING GRAPES AND SMALL Fruits.
Grave Lear-Hoprer (rythroneura comes). In view of the abundance of
various species of leaf hoppers, notably the rose leaf-hopper (2mpoa rosae) and the
100 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
potato leat-hopper (Lmpoasca mali) it is of interest to note that the grape leaf-
hopper was much less conspicuous than usual im vineyards in the Niaraga District.
Brackperry LeAr-MineR (JMetallus bethunet). This leaf-miner was again
very destructive in blackberry plantations in the Burlington and Niagara districts.
Ege and larval parasites were much more abundant than last year.
STRAWBERRY LEAF-ROLLER (Ancylis camptana). This species was appar-
ently somewhat more general than last year but did comparatively little damage.
Iuvorted Currant Worm (Pteronus ribesw). As usual, this sawfly did
considerable damage to currants and gooseberries.
Strawperry Roor Louse (Aphis forbesi). It is worth mentioning that
this species. which is so destructive in Illinois and other parts of the United
States, was found in small numbers in a strawberry plantation at Bismark.
Imvorred Currant Borer (Sesia tipuliformis). Adults of this species were
very abundant about mid-June in some black currant plantations in the Niagara
(listrict.
Serayserry Roor Borer (Typophorus canellus). Adults of this species
were common in a strawberry patch at Oakville, but apart from eating out holes
in the fohage the insects apparently caused no serious injury.
Raspperry SAwrry (Monophadnus rubi). This well-known pest of the
raspberry was conspicuous by its absence.
Fig. 7—Corn Ear Worm and its work.
Insrcts ArracKxinG VEGETABLES.
Cabpice Maccor (Chortophila brassicae). This insect varied greatly in
numbers and destructiveness in the different districts. At Vineland, Burlington,
Guelph. London and other parts of southern and western Ontario it did almost
no harm except to radishes, but at Ottawa and to a lesser extent in Norfolk County
it was abundant and destructive.
Ontox Maccor (Hylemia antiqua). The onion maggot did much harm at
Dixie and in seyeral other localities, but at Burlington and Leamington, as last
year, was not of much importance.
Imporrep Canpace Worm (Pieris rapae). This insect caused much injury
in cabbage and cauliflower fields all over the western and southwestern parts of
the Province.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101
Dramonv-Back Morn (Plutella maculipennis) was yery conspicuous in
fields of cabbage.
Corn Earn Worm (Heliothis obsoleta). This insect attacked the ears of
sweet and field corn in many localities this fall. Infested ears were received by
the writers from Welland, Lincoln, Wellington and Lambton Counties. Injury
was practically confined to late planted corn. In Welland County it was observed
that Dent corn was injured more than Flint.
Tomato or Tosacco Worm (Philegethontius quinquemaculata). This
species was present in exceptionally large numbers in tomato and tobacco fields
in the Leamington district and other parts of western Ontario. It was also com-
mon in Norfolk County.
Pea ApHis (Macrosiphum pist). This plant louse was again very destructive
to peas grown for the canning factories in Prince Edward County and to a lesser
extent in Norfolk County. Field peas were also injured in Lincoln County.
Curworms. Quite a few complaints were received regarding cutworm injury
to cabbage, tomato and corn. What we took to be the dingy cutworm Feltia ducens
Was injurious to cabbage at Vineland about mid-May. ‘The variegated cutworm was
moderately abundant throughout the Burlington district and was apparently the
cause of most of the holes eaten in tomatoes in September.
AsparaGus BEETLes (Crioceris asparagi and C. 12-punctata.) The two
species were very common and injurious in the Niagara district. At Vineland
the chaleid parasite (Tetrastichus asparagi) was again observed.
Cotorapo Poraro BrErLe (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). The beetles came
through the winter in large numbers and caused much damage early in the year
to potatoes and tomatoes. According to reports received. the “ Friendly Perillus ”
was unusually effective as a check.
Cappace ApHis (Aphis brassicae). This louse was very abundant in late
summer and fall on cabbage, cauliflower and turnips and caused considerable
injury. However, due to the effective work of the parasitic and predaceous enemies,
the outbreak did not reach the alarming proportions we anticipated. It is of
interest to note that one of the most important insect checks of this species was
the larva of Aphidoletes fulva.
Rep HEADED FLEA-BEETLE (Systena frontalis). This species was unusually
prevalent on beans.
Brack StinK-Bue (Cosmopepla bimaculata) was remarkably abundant this
year on grains but so far as we could see caused no injury. Mr. MacLellan,
Ontario Vegetable Specialist, reports that during the summer this species killed
the tips of asparagus plants in a truck garden at London.
Poraro LEAF-HoprEr (Hmpoasca mali) was remarkably abundant on pota-
toes and beans throughout the Province. It was generally credited with being
responsible for all the leaf burn which was so prevalent on early potatoes. However,
we are not at all sure that this claim was wholly correct.
In this connection the following preliminary experiments conducted at the
Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Vineland Station, by Mr. Robinson are of
interest. Three cheesecloth cages each large enough to cover three plants were
put over potatoes growing in the field in June before there were any signs of leaf-
burn. Large numbers of leaf-hoppers were introduced into two cages and the
third was used as a check. None of the plants were watered. Tip-burn developed
on the potatoes in all three cages, and, strange to say, just as rapidly on the check
plants as on the infested ones. These experiments were duplicated in the insectary
102 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
+
with potted potato plants which were kept well watered. Here the results were
quite different: leaf-burn deyeloped on the infested plants whereas the check (one
plant) showed no indications of it at all. The interpretation of these results
would appear to be that two factors caused the leaf-burn this year, namely the
drought (probably the more important) and the leaf-hopper.
Oxton Turirs (Vhrips tabaci). This pest exacted a very heavy toll this
year from the truck gardeners of Ontario. In the counties of Kent and Essex
the thrips, aided by the hot. dry weather, reduced the onion crop to one-third of
a normal yield.
TarnisHepD Prant Bue (Lygus pratensis). This well known bug was pre-
sent in exceptionally large numbers this year and caused a considerable amount
of damage especially in gardens. Asters and dahlias were attacked so freely that
in many sections they were a complete failure. At the Dale Estate, Brampton,
only about one thousand flowers were cut from twenty thousand plants. At
Kingston spinach grown for seed was injured to such an extent that the plants
failed to produce any seed. Plant bug injury, in the form of blasted compound
leaves was common in potato fields. The black joint disease of celery caused by
the bugs feeding at the joints was prevalent throughout the province. It should
be mentioned here that Mr. MacLennan, Ontario Vegetable Specialist, is positive
that the tarnished plant bug is the chief agent concerned with the spread of
bacterial soft rot or black heart of celery.
Porato FUBA-BEETLE (Mpitrix cucumeris).. In June this species and its
work were conspicuous in potato patches in the Niagara district. It was also
injurious to tomatoes.
THE THREE-LINED LEAF-BEETLE (Lema trilineata) was unusually common
on potatoes in the Niagara peninsula.
Tue Srripep Cucumeer Beertr (Diabrotica vittata) occurred in more than
usual numbers in parts of Norfolk County, but around Burlington and in many
other localities it was scarce.
Insects ATTAcKkING Fretp Crors.
Crover Lear Weevin (Phylonomus punctatus). The larve of this pest
occurred in exceptionally large numbers in parts of the Niagara peninsula and
southwestern Ontario. In Norfolk County a whole field of clover was ruined.
However, in most fields serious injury was prevented by the almost complete
destruction of the grubs by a fungus disease.
Curxcu Bue (Blissus leucopterus). The chinch bug appeared in large
numbers this summer in Gainsboro? Township, Lincoln County, and caused a
considerable amount of alarm among the farmers. The centre of infestation was
at the village of Bismark and the infested area extended, roughly speaking, about
two miles around the village. Meadow grasses, particularly timothy, were in some
instances killed outright. Oats were injured to a considerable extent. One six-
acre field was completely destroyed and in another field a strip about the width
of a drill was also killed outright. However, as a general rule the infested oats
did not die but ripened prematurely and produced little or no grain. Some damage
was also done to corn.
Late in September we found large numbers of the adults destroyed by the
chinch bug fungus (Sporotrichum globuliferum). The percentage of mortality
varied from 25 per cent. to 75 per cent. in the fields examined.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103
We hope and expect that the wet weather we have had this fall along with
the coming winter will reduce the hibernating adults to insignificant proportions.
Cramp Arrackine Wrear (Crambus caliginosellus).* In the seyen-acre
field of wheat in Wainfleet 1 lownship, Welland County, over 60 per cent. of ihe
wheat was destroyed by a crambid or sod-worm. Because of the very wet spring
this particular field was not worked until August and as a result had been covered
with weeds and grasses most of the year. One-half of the field was ploughed about
August Ist. This part was not seriously injured. The other half was not ploughed
until the middle of August and in this the wheat was so badly damaged that it
had to be resown.
Chover Sresp Cirancis (Bruchophagus funebris). Judging from samples of
seed sent in Jast winter from Kent County, this insect must have been very abund-
ant there in 1918. One correspondent claimed that much of the seed produced
in Kent County was destroyed by this tiny insect.
NYY
Fig. 8—Nymphs of Chinch Bug (much Fig. 9.—Showing the long-winged
enlarged). and short-winged forms of the
Chineh Bug adult.
Guassy Curworm (Sidemia devastatrix). This cutworm caused some alarm
in Middlesex County in mid-June by cutting off wheat plants. The total loss.
however, was not great.
Hesstan Fry (Mayetiola destructor). So far as observed, this insect did not
cause any appreciable injury in any district. In several fields approximately
® per cent. of the plants were attacked.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Wansie Fries (Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum) threatened to be very
numerous judging by the great numbers of warbles seen on the backs of cattle
in the spring. Fortunate ‘ly the danger so far, at least, as the heel fly was concerned
did not materialize, and very few complaints of cattle eadding were received.
Spruce Gari Lice (Chermes abietis and C. similis). Galls caused by these
insects were somewhat more conspicuous than they have been for several years.
There are evidently powerful natural factors keeping these insects under control.
Grasswoppers. Few complaints were received regarding grasshoppers or
locusts. In the Smithville district, however, these pests were more abundant than
they had been for many years. Garden crops, alfalfa and oats were very freely
attacked.
Corron Worm (Alabama argillacea). Moths of this species visited many
parts of Ontario this autumn and attracted considerable attention.
*Species determined by Dr. McDunnough.
104 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
RosE Mince (Dasynewra rhodophaga). We regret to report that this
destructive midge has made further inroads into Ontario. It is now present in
six large greenhouses: three in Toronto, one at Grimsby, one at Port Dover, and
in the large Dale Estate at Brampton. In every instance the pest was brought
in on rose stock imported from the United States.
= — or
Fig. 10—Injured rose bud opened to
show Rose Midge maggots feeding
within. (Enlarged three times.)
Trumeer Vrxe Mivce (Itonida tecomiae). During the past two years
trumpet vines at Guelph haye been seriously injured by a white cecidomyiid larva
which curls and distorts the leaves. Badly infested leaves turn brown and die
and in this way much of the young growth may be destroyed. We reared the aduli
and the species was determined by Dr. E. P. Felt, as [tonida tecomiae Felt.
7y
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105
REMARKS ON THE ANCESTRY OF INSECTS AND THEIR ALLIES.
G. C. Crampron, MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.
It has been a matter of considerable surprise that so much time and attention
have been expended upon the subject of the evolution of mammals, reptiles, and
other yertebrates, to the practical exclusion of the consideration of the development
of the lines of descent of the insects, Crustacea, “Myriopoda,” and other arthropods,
especially since the study of the latter forms involves no great outlay in the matter
of coliecting expeditions, equipment, housing facilities, etc., as is the case with
the study of the vertebrate groups. In fact, the arthropods offer unrivaled oppor-
tunities for the study of evolution, including, as they do, the greatest number
of species of living things, as well as a marvellous range of modifications in adapta-
tion to yaried environmental conditions, and a height of development of the psychic
faculties (social instincts, etc.) unapproached elsewhere save in the group Mam-
malia. In addition to these advantages, the ease with which many of them can be
obtained, and the fact that no elaborate equipment or technique is necessary for
studying their external anatomy brings the group within the reach of practically
everyone, and it is most earnestly to be hoped that so fertile a field for research
will soon attract a number of investigators commensurate with its great possibili-
ties and its importance from the standpoint of evolution.
Not only has this potentially rich field of research been sadly neglected, but
eyen the meagre investigations which I was able to carry out during the past
summer yery quickly demonstrated that the prevalent conceptions concerning the
meaning of the parts in insects (as interpreted from the standpoint of a com-
parison with the structures of Crustacea and other arthropods) are in many cases
wholly erroneous. Thus the oft repeated statement that the “superlinguae” or
“araglossae” on either side of the hypopharynx of insects represent the first
maxillae or “maxillulae” of imsects is quite wrong, since the structures in
question clearly correspond to the so-called paragnaths or structures on either
side of the median ridge (corresponding to the hypopharynx or tongue of insects)
in the mouth region of certain Crustacea—and the “superlinguae” or “ para-
glossae ” therefore cannot be regarded as the appendages of a distinct “ super-
lingual ” segment in insects, as Folsom has claimed is the case in these forms.
The inyestigations of all embryologists other than Folsom have clearly shown that
the “superlinguae” are not appendages of a distinct segment; but practically
all recent entomologists have been led astray in a matter which could easily have
* been righted had they but taken the trouble to examine the corresponding parts
in the lower insects and Crustacea. Furthermore, a study of the Crustacea clearly
demonstrates that the first maxillae of insects correspond to the first maxillae
of Crustacea, while the second maxillae of insects (i.e. the halves of the labium)
correspond to the second maxillae of Crustacea, and the head of an insect is there-
fore comprised of but six (not seven) segments, as embryology has long indicated
to be the case. ~
The statement that the parts of an insect’s mandible are comparable to the
parts of the maxillae, which has received universal acceptance in the textbooks
dealing with the subject, is at once seen to be impossible when one compares a
series of crustacean mandibles with those of insects, since such a comparison very
clearly shows that the insect’s mandible represents the basal segment alone of the
corresponding appendage in the Crustacea, while the maxillary galea and lacinia
8 Es.
106 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
represent processes of two distinct basal segments of an appendage, whose terminal
portion forms the palpus of the maxilla. Furthermore, a comparison with the
parts of the Crustacea very clearly shows that the universally accepted opinion
that an insect’s maxilla represents a “ biramous” appendage is wholly false (the
galea and lacinia being merely processes of two basal segments of an appendage
whose endopodite alone forms the maxillary palpus), and the attempt on the part
of several investigators to compare parts of an insect’s mandible (as well as the
parts of the maxillae) to the endopodite and exopodite of a crustacean appendage
would never have been made if they had but taken the trouble to compare a series
of crustacean mandibles with those of insects.
Since the second maxillae of Crustacea are homologous with the second
maxillae of insects, which unite to form the labium in the latter forms, it is
impossible to homologize the united poison claws. of chilopods (which represent
the first maxillipedes of Crustacea, and therefore occur behind the second maxillae)
CRUSTACEA INSECTA MYRIOPODA
with the second maxillae or labium of insects, as many investigators have sought
to do, and the erroneous claim that the underlip (united first maxillae) of dip-
lopods is formed by the fusion of two pairs of appendages, is seen to be untenable
when one compares the structures in question with the underlip of certain isopods
(which here, however, is formed by the united first maxillipedes) in which the
corresponding parts are clearly seen to belong to but one pair of appendages, as
embryology has shown to be the case all along, although most anatomists have
totally disregarded its evidence.
From a comparison with the parts in the Tanaidacea and other Crustacea
the cerci of insects are seen to represent one of the rami of the uropods on either
side of the telson, and the meaning of the styli attached to the basal segments
of the abdominal limbs of the Machilidae and other primitive insects is at once
apparent when one examines the reduced abdominal appendages of the Isopoda and
other Crustacea. Indeed, the study of the parts in the Crustacea has furnished
the key for the interpretation of the corresponding parts in insects in practically
every instance, as I am hoping to show in a series of articles soon to be published
upon the subject, and these facts are referred to at this point merely to show that
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107
a
a study of this most promising field has been grossly neglected, and even the few
observations which have been made are for the most part badly in need of revision!
Despite Handlirsch’s claim to the contrary (and his opinion has gained a
surprisingly wide acceptance among recent writers), a comparison with the
Crustacea and “ Myriopoda” should convince anyone that the Apterygota rather
than the winged insects, are the most primitive representatives of the class Insecta,
and by no possible stretch of the imagination can the Apterygota be regarded
as degenerate winged forms, as Handlirsch would have us believe! Instead of
upholding Handlirsch’s fantastic view that winged insects can be directly derived
from Trilobites without the intervention of apterygotan forms, and a long series
of intermediate stages, a comparison of the parts in insects, “ Myriopoda,”
INSECTA
MYRIOPODA
TANAIDACE
ANASPIDACE
Crustacea, Trilobita, and the Merostomata, would clearly indicate that between
the type of mouthparts, head capsule, and other structures found in the Trilobita,
and those of even the most primitive representatives of the group Insecta, there
must have occurred a long series of intermediate stages leading through the lower
Crustacea, the lower Malacostraca, and the ancestors of the higher Crustacea (i.e.
Isopoda, Tanaidacea, etc.) before the insectan types of structures were developed;
and one cannot help but suspect that Handlirsch and his followers are either wholly
ignorant of the absolutely obvious and patent evidence afforded by a study of the
parts in the Crustacea and their allies, or they have deliberately ignored the
tremendous array of facts whose evidence should have convinced them of the error
of their contentions.
It is the fashion nowadays to consider the “ Myriopoda ” as the nearest repre-
sentatives of the common ancestors of pterygotan and apterygotan insects; but
here again, a comparative study of the structures in the Crustacea and certain
of the Apterygota such as Machilis and Lepisma should have been made before
108 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
such a view was promulgated, for such a study clearly indicates that the lines
of development lead from the common ancestors of the isopods, Tanaidacea,
Cumacea, and other Crustacea, through those of the Machilidae and Lepismatidae
to the ancestors of the most primitive representatives of the winged insects such
as the mayflies (Ephemerida) and stoneflies (Plecoptera). The structural re-
semblance between the mayflies and the Machilidae, or that between the Plecoptera
and the Lepismatidae, is most striking, and the lines of descent of the Machilidae
and Lepismatidae clearly lead back to Crustacea-like, rather than to “ Myriopod ”-
like ancestors. It must be admitted, however, that certain other apterygotan
insects such as the Campodeidae, Protura, etc., are extremely closely related .to
certain “Myriopoda” such as Scolopendrella, Pauropus, etc., but the lines of
descent of these forms appear to represent merely side issues of the main trunk
which leads to the evolution of the pterygotan insects (unless such insects as
HIGHER ORDERS
Campodea, Japyx, and other insects of the apterygotan order Rhabdura, are near
the forms giving rise to the line of development of the pterygotan order Dermap-
tera, as I formerly held to be the case—but a further study of the insects in
question has tended to discredit this view).
Although the main lines of descent of the pterygotan insects appear to avoid
the “ myriopodan ” side of the ancestry of insects and to lead back more directly
to Orustacea-like forms through ancestors resembling the Machilidae and Lepisma-
tidae, the dual relationship of apterygotan insects to the “ Myriopoda ” as well as
to the Crustacea, cannot be ignored. This dual relationship is expressed graphic-
ally in Fig.1. As is shown in the figure, the lines of descent of the “ Myriopoda,”
Insecta, and higher Crustacea (Isopoda, Tanaidacea, Cumacea, etc.) taken at the
level “ A,” are quite distinct (as is represented by cross sections of these lines of
descent shown in Fig. 2); but at the level “B,” where the lines of descent begin
to converge as they approach their common source, it is evident that the members
of the three groups come very close together, and those insects occupying the
ss
1920 . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109
“hereditary area” labeled “ X” in Fig. 1, would naturally be expected to resemble
the Crustacea quite closely, since the territory which they oceupy is contiguous
to that of the higher Crustacea. Similarly, those insects which occupy the
“hereditary area” labeled “ Y,” would greatly resemble the “ Myriopoda,” since
the territory which they occupy is contiguous to that of the “ Myriopoda.” Cross
sections of the three lines of descent at the level “B” would be represented as
three intersecting circles (Fig. 3), each of which, taken separately, demarks a
distinct group (Crustacea, Insecta and Myriopoda) ; but the intersecting circles
have a certain amount of territory in common, and those insects in the area labeled
“X” (Fig. 3) being next to the Crustacea, would naturally have much in common
with the Crustacea (left hand circle), whilg those insects in the area labeled “ Y ”
being next to the “ Myriopoda” (right hand circle) would naturally have much
in common with the “Myriopoda.” If we trace the lines of descent back to the
level “C” (Fig. 1) they are seen to merge in a common “crustaceoid” ancestry ;
and a cross section at this level would represent the circles as completely coinciding
(Fig. 4). It is thus readily comprehensible that there may be a dual relationship
between the Insecta and higher Crustacea, on the one hand, and between the In-
secta and the “ Myriopoda ” on the other—as we are forced to conclude is the case,
from a study of the anatomy and embryology of the forms in question. This
may indicate that the group Insecta is a polyphyletic one, and although I have
been loath to accept this view, I can see no escape from the conclusion that insects
are very closely related to both the higher Crustacea (Isopoda, Tanaidacea,
Cumacea, etc.) and the “ Myriopoda.”
Since it is quite evident that the lines of descent of the higher Crustacea,
Insecta, and “ Myriopoda ” soon merge in a common ancestry, the question natur-
ally arises as to what these common ancestors were like. That these common
ancestors were all of one type is out of the question, for they apparently differed
among themselves as much as the Mysidacea, Anaspidacea and other “intermediate
Malacostraca” (possibly including Arthropleura also) differ among themselves;
and these common ancestors probably resembled all of the forms just mentioned
(ie. the Mysidacea, Anaspidacea, etc.), though it is possible that the Cumacea and
Tanaidacea are more like the immediate ancestors of insects than are the Mysidacea,
Anaspidacea, etc., which are more like their remote ancestors.
The Anaspidacea, Mysidacea, and other “intermediate Malacostraca” are in
turn derived from ancestors resembling the Nabaliacea and other primitive
Malacostraca, and the lines of development of the malacostracan Crustacea have
undoubtedly accompanied those of the insects and “ myriopods” more closely and
for a longer distance than any other forms have done. The primitive malacostracan
Crustacea such as Nebalia and its allies, exhibit undoubted affinities with the
Branchiopoda and Copepoda, and to some extent with the Trilobita also, and they
have even preserved some ancestral features in common with the Merostomata,
although the latter forms lead off toward the lines of development of the
Arachnoidea, and away from the lines of development of the higher Crustacea,
Insecta, and “ Myriopoda.”
The question as to which arthropods have departed the least from the common
ancestors of the phylum Arthropoda is an extremely difficult one to answer. The
Copepoda, Branchiopoda and Trilobita are among the most primitive known
arthropods, and it is quite probable that the first representatives of the group
combined in themselves characters common to all three. Thus, for example, the
earliest arthropods were in all probability not trilobites alone, but were doubtless
110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
trilobite-branchiopods, trilobite-copepods, ete., having many features in common
with all three of these primitive groups, though in many respects the Trilobita
haye departed as little as any known forms from the ancestral type. It is thus
necessary to make composites combining the primitive characters occurring in all
of these primitive groups in order to come to the correct conclusion concerning
the character of the ancestral arthropods. The Merostomata have also retained
many features which must have been present in the ancestral arthropods; but their
lines of descent (which apparently sprang from ancestors resembling the Trilobita)
lead off toward the arachnoids, which lie in a side line having no direct bearing
on the origin of the insectan and myriopodan type of arthropod. The ancestors
of the arthropods themselves were in all probability very much like annelid worms,
though other forms such as the Onychophora, etc., have retained many features
characteristic of the ancestors of the phylum Arthropoda; but a discussion of these
forms has no particular bearing upon the question of the nature of the more
immediate ancestors of the higher Crustacea, Insecta, and “‘ Myriopoda,” and they
need not be further considered here. It may be of some interest, however, to
indicate briefly the principle lines of descent of the more primitive representatives
of the class Insecta, and I have therefore included a diagram giving the lines of
descent of those forms which have departed the least from the types ancestral to
the higher groups of insects, although, as is also the case with the. diagram of the
lines of descent of the arthropodan allies of insects, it has been necessary to omit
many important groups in order not to make the diagrams too cumbersome and
intricate for practical purposes.
LATER DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER
SITUATION.
E. P. FELT, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST OF NEW YORK.
The last two months have witnessed a considerable extension of infested terri-
tory, the most significant being the area in Erie and Chautauqua Counties, New
York, some twenty-five miles long, extending from Angola to Fredonia and with
a known maximum width of ten miles. There is in addition a small infestation
at North Girard, Erie County, Pennsylvania, and the probabilities are that the
New York and Pennsylvania areas may be connected by a sparse infestation. In
fact, the early corn planted on the light soil south of the lake is a suspicious area
and it is impossible at the present time to define closely the extent of the infested
territory in this section.
Explorations in the vicinity of the Schenectady area tend to confirm in a
general way at least the limits established during the summer. The infestation
in Massachusetts and New Hampshire has already been described in detail and
requires no further comment at the present time.
A most significant development has been the failure of the European corn
borer to produce two broods in the infested area in New York State. This means
a very material reduction in the possibilities of injury and it is gratifying to state
that in the earlier discovered Schenectady area, a section thoroughly cleaned up
last spring, the maximum injury has hardly overrun one per cent. in a few very
restricted areas, possibly amounting to five per cent. It is considered advisable
for the present to content ourselves with the statement that but one generation -
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 111
I
developed last year since there is a possibility, perhaps very remote, that two gener-
ations may occur in this area during certain seasons and this condition may, after
all, prove to be the normal.
The decidedly disturbing feature is the very sparse, inconspicuous character
of the infestation in the western part of the state, a section where the insect has
bred in a few localities at least for two seasons. The infestation was brought to
the attention of Cornell University authorities through the accidental discovery of
a few borers in a stalk, although a farmer in that vicinity had noted the injury the
preceding season but had failed to appreciate its significance. In most of the terri-
tory, however, a very close examination is necessary to find the borer and these
conditions suggest the comparative inefficiency of publicity measures and the great
difficulty of organizing a sufficiently thorough scout of the corn fields of America
to determine with a reasonable degree of accuracy the limits of the present infested
areas.
We have yet to find unquestioned evidence as to the agencies producing these
isolated infestations. It looks very much as though railway lines were an important
factor, possibly in carrying the moths, since both the eastern and western areas in
New York State have good railway connections with the older infested area in
Massachusetts.
_ The occurrence of but one brood in the cooler corn-producing areas of New
York State, even if this be normal, cannot be construed as being true of our great
southern and warmer corn belt. The sparsely infested areas must be regarded as
a real menace to much of the corn crop of America. The most practical method
of handling the situation appears to be pushing the publicity campaign as far as
practical, systematic scouting of the more suspicious areas so far as they can be
determined and a comprehensive campaign of control designed specially to check
spread until the economic status of the borer can be determined in this country.
112 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1919.
ARTHUR GIBSON AND NorMAN CrippLe, EnroMoLoGicAL Brancu,
Dominion DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,
The collecting season of 1919 does not appear to have provided any marked
variation from the preceding year. In the Middle West a continuation of the drought
in southern sections was especially favourable to the development of dry-loving in-
sects, more notably Orthoptera, which in some parts increased to injurious numbers.
Somewhat similar conditions prevailed in British Columbia-and probably to a lesser
extent in Ontario. Collecting, generally, was reported to have been good during
the first part of the season but later became less so. It is gratifying to report that
more attention is being devoted to hitherto neglected orders; as a result a far
broader knowledge of the distribution of Canadian insects is being obtained.
During 1919, students of insects in Canada, have, as in previous years, been
much assisted in their studies by various specialists, particularly those resident in
the United States. To all who have assisted us, we extend our grateful thanks.
LITERATURE.
Among the publications which have appeared during 1919, the following are
of interest to Canadian students.
BowMAN, Kennetu. Annotated Check List of the Macrolepidoptera of
Alberta. Published by the Alberta Natural History Society, Red Deer, Alta., 16
pp., February, 1919. In the preparation of this list the author has “ endeayoured
to provide an epitome of what has been accomplished by students of this order
within the province to date, as an aid, not only to present workers but those who
will follow after.” We were very glad indeed to receive this list. It is a very useful
contribution.
Canapian Arctic EXPEDITION (1913-1918) Insect Reports. These reports
on the insects of the various orders collected by members of the expedition were
published in 1919, with the exception of the one on the Lepidoptera which was
issued early in January, 1920. They comprise Vol. III of the Report of the
Canadian Arctic Expedition. Ottawa: J. de Labroquerie Tache, Printer to the
King’s Most Excellent Majesty.
Part A: CottemBora, by Justus W. Folsom, 29 pp., 8 plates. Twelve species
are discussed, three of which are described as new. The plates illustrate structural
characters.
Part B: Nevuroprerorp Insects, by Nathan Banks, 5 pages, 1 plate. Five
species are definitely determined, two of which are described as new. Two addi-
tional generic determinations are given. The plate illustrates genitalia of the two
new species and views of other male characters. ;
Part C: Diptera, 90 pp. Crane flies, by C. P. Alexander; Mosquitoes by H.
G. Dyar, and other Diptera by J. R. Malloch. In the first portion on the Tipulidae,
sixteen species are reported upon. Of these, thirteen are new. The six plates
accompanying the section, illustrate wings, antennae and other structures. The
mosquitoes represented three species one of which only is definitely determined and
‘this is described as new. The third section reporting upon other Diptera collected,
comprises pages 34 to 90, (10 plates).. The number of species listed is ninety-three,
1920 ENTOMOLOGIUCAL SOCIETY. 113
representing fifty-five genera. Thirty-two new species are described and one new
variety. The plates show various structural characters.
Part D: MatiopHaca, 12 pp., by A. W. Baker; ANopLurA, by G. F. Ferris and
G. H. F. Nuttall. Sixteen species are recognized in the former paper. One plate
illustrates four species. In the latter contribution three species are listed.
Part E: CoLnoprrera, 27 pp. Forest Insects, including Ipidae, Cerambycidae
and Buprestidae, by J. M. Swaine; Carabidae and Silphidae, by H. C. Fall;
Coccinellidae, Elateridae, Chrysomelidae and Rhynchophora (excluding Ipidae),
by C. W. Leng; Dytiscidae, by J. D. Sherman, Jr. In this part sixty species are
determined, four of which are described as new. Three plates showing ipid beetles
and their work, illustrate Dr. Swaine’s section.
Part F: Hemrerers, 5 pp., by Edward P. Van Duzee. Six species are definitely
recognized, one of which is described as new. Generic determinations of five other
species are given.
Part G: HyMenoprera and Puan? GaLts, 38 pp. Sawflies—Tenthredinoidea,
by Alex. D. MaeGillivray: Parasitic Hymenoptera, Chas. T. Brues; Wasps and
Bees, F. W. L. Sladen; Plant Galls, E. P. Felt. In this part, records of thirty-
five species are included; others have been determined generically. Of the thirty-
five species, twenty-one, mostly sawflies, are described as new. Two plates illus-
trate the eighth yentral segment in the males of four species of Bombus.
Part H: Spiers, by J. H. Emerton; Acarina, by N. Banks; Curtopopa, by
Ralph V. Chamberlin; 22 pp. Twelve species of spiders are recorded, three of
which ere described as new. Two plates show structural characters. The Acarina
collected include seventeen species, all but one previously known. Only two species
of Chilopods were represented in the material secured by the expedition. A new
species of Hthpolys from Washington and Oregon States, as well as a sub-species
of this new species, the former from Alaska, are also described by Mr. Chamberlin.
Part I: Lepmoprers, by Arthur Gibson, 58 pp., 6 plates. In this report is
also included notes on other species collected in Arctic America, not met with by
members of the expedition, all of which material is in the National Collection of
Insects at Ottawa. Altogether notes and records of ninety-seven species are in-
cluded, nine of-which are described as new species. In addition, two new varieties
are recognized. Plate i shows genitalia of species of Oeneis; ii, undersides of nine
examples and underside of one, of species of the same genus. Plates iii, iv and v,
the latter two coloured, illustrate a number of the rarer and new species collected by
the expedition, of the genera Pieris, Hrebia, Brenthis, Eurymus, Oeneis, etc.
Emerton, J. H. Catalogue of the Spiders of Canada, known to the year 1919.
Trans. Royal Canadian Institute, Toronto, 1919. This catalogue which contains
the names of 342 species of spiders which have been found in Canada will be of
considerable interest and value to those persons who are collecting these creatures
in Canada.
Fatt, H.C. The North American Species of Coelambus. Published by John
D. Sherman, Jr., 1919. This pamphlet of 20 pp. includes several Canadian records.
Twelve new species are described, three of which are from Western Canada.
Aart, Cuartes AntHur. ‘he Pentatomoidea of Illinois with keys to the
Nearctic Genera. Division of Natural History Survey, Vol. XIII, Article VII,
pp. 157-223. This contribution will undoubtedly be of value to our students of
Hemiptera. Keys to families, sub-families, tribes, genera and species are given,
Notes and distribution records are included of each species. Five plates illustrate
structural differences, and one plate shows typical Pentatomoidea.
9 ES.
114 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
LocHHEAD, WM. Class Book of Economic Entomology, with special reference
to the economic insects of the Northern United States and Canada. Philadelphia:
P. Blakeston’s Son & Co., 436 pp., 257 illustrations, price $2.50. This volume
is a companion to Reese’s book on Economie Zoology. It is divided into four parts:
Part I discusses the structure, growth and economics of insects; Part II the
identification of insects injurious to farm, garden and orchard crops, etc.; Part IIT
the classification and description of common insects; Part IV the control of in-
jurious insects. This new volume will certainly find a useful place among
economic workers.
WasHBurn, F. L. Injurious Insects and Useful Birds. J. B. Lippincott
Company, Philadelphia; 414 illustrations in text and four coloured plates. A
useful work of reference, the result of 21 years of work in entomology on the part
of the author. Chapters I to VI deal with the losses to agriculture due to insects
and rodents, etc.; Chapters VII to XVIII discuss insects affecting the various
crops; chapter XIX, “Our Insect Friends”; XX, “The Relation of Birds to
Agriculture” and XXI, “Some Four-footed Pests of the Farm,” completes the
volume.
NOTES OF CAPTURES.
Species preceded by an asterisk (*) described during 1919.
LEPIDOPTERA.
(Arranged according to Barnes and McDunnough’s Check List of the Lepidoptera
of North America).
Pieride.
33. Pieris occidentalis calyce Edw. Edmonton, Alta.; Pocahontas, Alta.; April
(K. Bowman). Addition to the Alberta list.
57. Eurymus hecla glacialis McLach. Nordegg, Alta.; June, (K. Bowman).
Addition to the Alberta list.
59. Eurymus eriphyle autumnalis Ckll. Edmonton, Alta.; Banff, Alta.; Nord-
egg, Alta.; Red Deer, Alta.; (K. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list.
64. Eurymus christina pallida Ckll. Nordegg, Alta.; Red Deer, Alta.; (K.
Bowman). Addition to Alberta list.
64. Hurymus christina gigantea Stkr. Edmonton, Alta.; Nordegg, Alta.; Red
Deer, Alta.; (K. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list.
Satyride.
* Oeceneis semidea arctica Gibson. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July, 1916,
(F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18; Vol. III, Part I, Lepi-
doptera, p. 13.
* Oecneis simulans Gibson. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July, 1915, (F.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-18; Vol. III, Part I, Lepidoptera,
p. 14.
* Oeneis cairnesi Gibson. White River District, Y.T., lat. 61° 55’, long. 141°,
July 16, 1913, (D. D. Cairnes) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-18, Vol. IT,
Part I, Lepidoptera, p. 15.
* Oeneis brucei yukonensis Gibson. Klutlan Glacier, Y.T., June 13-15, 1913,
(E. W. Nesham) ; elevations 8,200-8,500 feet: Rep. Can. Arctic Exp.
1913-18, Vol. III, part I, Lepidoptera, p. 15.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115
Nymphalide.
151. Luptoieta claudia Cram. Fort Steele, B.C., (W. B. Anderson). First
record we have for British Columbia.
157. Argynnis leto Behr. Blairmore, Alta., July, (K. Bowman). Addition to
Alberta list.
* Brenthis natazhati Gibson. 141st Meridian, north of Mount Natazhat,
8,600 feet, June 15, 1913, (EH. W. Nesham) ; Bernard Harbour, N.W.T.,
July 14, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-18, Vol. III,
Part I, Lepidoptera, p. 21.
* Brenthis distincta Gibson. Harrington Creek, Y.T., lat. 65° 05’, July 30,
1912, (D. D. Cairnes); Eduni Mt., 6,000 ft., Grayel River, N.W.T.,
July 8, 1908, (J. Keele) ; Tindir Creek, Yukon Territory, lat. 65° 20’
international boundary; July 25, 1912, (D. D. Cairnes); Rep. Can.
Arctic Exp. 1913-18, Vol. III, Part I, Lepidoptera, p. 25.
211. Huphydryas nubigena beani Skin. Pocahontas, Alta., July, (K. Bowman).
Addition to Alberta list.
283. Vanessa virginiensis Dru. Edmonton, Alta., July, (D. Mackie). Addition
to Alberta list.
Lycaenide. :
352. Strymon melinus Hbn. Onah, Man., Aug. 20, 1914, (E. Criddle).
* Plebeius incariodes blackmorei B. & McD. Goldstream, V. I., B.C., May
31, (E. H. Blackmore) ; Can. Ent. LI, 92.
42%. Plebeius melissa Edw. In the note regarding this species published in the
Ent. Record for 1918, the word “common ” should be corrected to read
“uncommon.”
Sphingide.
753. Proserpinus flavofasciata Wik. Mile 214, H. B. Ry., Man., July 17, (J.
B. Wallis).
Saturniide.
794. Pseudohazis eglanterina Bdv. Blairmore, Alta., (K. Bowman). Addition
to Alberta list.
Arctiide.
351. Roeselia minuscula Zell. Miami Man., July 4, 1914, (J. B. Wallis).
Noctuidae,
1076 Melaporphyria immortua Grt. Edmonton, Alta., May, (K. Bowman).
Addition to Alberta list.
* Parabarrovia keelei Gibson. Mountain below Twitza River, near Gravel
River, N.W.T., July 2, 1908, (J. Keele) ; Rep Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-18,
Vol. III, Part I, Lepidoptera, p. 33.
1275 Buaoa infracta Morr. Blairmore, Alta., Aug., (K. Bowman). Addition to
Alberta list.
1332. Fuzoa esta Sm. Wellington, B.C., Aug., 19, 1903, (T. Bryant) ; Victoria,
B.C., Sept. 3, 1916, (E. H. Blackmore). Listed in 1906 B.C. list under
the name velleripennis, (E.H.B.).
1339. Euaoa campestris Grt. Edmonton, Alta., August, (D. Mackie). Addition
to Alberta list.
1379. Chorizagrotis thanatologia perfida Dod. Peachland, B.C., July 30, 1919,
(J. B. Wallis).
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
1900.
1986.
2060.
Agrotis cinereicollis Grt. Lillooet, B.C., July 3, 1918, (A. W. A. Phair).
Peachland, B.C., Aug. 8, 1915, (J. B. Wallis). New to British Columbia, _
(J. B. Wallis).
Aplectoides occidens Hamps. Sicamous, B.C., Aug. 12, 1915, (J. B.
Wallis).
Rhynchagrotis gilvipennis Grt. Maillardville, B.C., July 18, 1919, (L. E.
Marmont). ;
Anarta subfumosa Gibson. Armstrong Point, Victoria Island, N.W.T.,
July, 1916, (J. Hadley) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-18, Vol. III, Part I,
Lepidoptera, p. 34.
Stretchia plusieformis Hy. Edw. Among some specimens determined for
Canon V. A. Huard, of Quebec, Que., was one of this species, which was
described from Nevada. As I had never seen this species from Eastern
Canada, I questioned its occurrence in Quebec Province, but Canon
Huard assured me that it was captured at Chicoutimi in 1881. (A.G.).
Perigrapha algula Sm. Sahtlam, Van. Isl., B.C., May 10, 1918, (G. O.
Day).
Rancora brucei Sm. Nordegg, Alta., June, (K. Bowman). Addition to
Alberta list.
Oncocnemis umbrifascia Sm. Lillooet, B.C., Sept. 5, 1918, (A. W. A.
Phair). New to British Columbia, (E.H.B). :
Graptolitha ferrealis Grt. Edmonton, Alta., April (D. Mackie). Addition
to Alberta list.
Xylena thoracica Put.-Cram. Okanagan Falls, B.C., April 7, 1913, (E.
M. Anderson) ; Rossland, B.C., (W. H. Danby). New to British Colum-
bia. It may be mentioned here that the species going under the name
of cineritia Grt., in B.C. collections is in reality mertena Sm., (E.H.B.).
Eurotype confragosa Morr. Tahu River, B.C., Sept. 30, 1906, (T. Bryant).
This is the first authentic record for B.C. Medialis Grt., which is a
synonym of confragosa Morr. is recorded from Wellington, B.C., in the
1906 check list but upon a recent examination of the specimen I find it
to be #. contadina Sm. (H.H.B.).
Homoglaea murrayi Gibson. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 10, 1916.
(F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-18, Vol. III, Part J,
Lepidoptera, p. 36. :
Trachea mixta Grt. Winnipeg, Man., June 24, 1911, (J. B. Wallis).
Luperina passer conspicua Morr. Edmonton, Alta., (D. Mackie). Addition
to Alberta list.
Merolonche ursina Sm. Nordegg, Alta., June, (K. Bowman). Addition
to Alberta list. Wellington, B.C., June 6, 1904, (T. Bryant). This
name is new to B.C., but I suspect it is the same insect which has been
previously recorded under the name lupini Grt. Very rare in B.C. col-
lections, (E.H.B).
Helotropha reniformis atra Grt. Victoria, B.C., Aug. 2, 1916, (E. H.
Blackmore) ; Duncan, B.C., (E. M. Skinner). First record of the form
atra from B.C., (E.H.B.).
Eutricopis nexilis Morr. Reared from larve found on Antennaria at
Aylmer, Que., emerged in office Jan. 10, 1920, (J. McDunnough).
Sarrothripus revayana cinereana N. & D. Vancouver, B. C., May 6, 1902;
Mission, B.C., Aug. 8, 1904, (R. V. Harvey). New record for B.C.,
(#.H.B.).
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ilaliey
Autographa rectangula nargenta Ottol. Vancouver Island, (A. W. Han-
ham) ; Kalso, B.C., (J. W. Cockle) ; Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XX VII, 122.
* Autographa interalia Ottol. Nordegg, Alta., (IK. Bowman) ; Banff, Alta.,
(R. Ottolengui) ; Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., XX VII, 122.
* Autographa diversigna Ottol. Nordegg, Alta., (KX. Bowman); Laggan,
Alta., (T. Bean) ; Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc. XXVII, 121.
* Autographa magnifica Ottol. Ucluelet, B.C., (C. H. Young); Jour. N.Y.
Ent. Soe. XX VII, 124.
3241. Autographa ottolenguii Dyar. Dawson, Y.T., 1909, (A. Day).
Autographa pulchrina Haw. Dawson, Y.T., 1909, (A. Day). This record
was received from Mr. G. O. Day, of Duncan, B.C., with the statement
“Dr. Ottolengui gave me to understand that this is the first record for
the North American Continent.”
3313. Melipotis versabilis Harv. Quamichan, Van. Isl., B.C., May 31, 1908, (G.
O. Day) ; Cawston, B.C., July 24, 1917, (W. R. S. Metcalfe).
3333. Syneda alleni sarea Hy. Edw. Blairmore, Alta., June, (K. Bowman).
: Addition to Alberta list.
3487. Hpizeuxis scobialis Grt. Kingsmere, Que., July 23, 1919, (R. N. Chrystal).
3901. Zanclognatha minoralis Sm. Quebec, Que., July 27, 1918, (V. A. Huard).
Addition to Quebec list.
Notodontide. S
3640. Heterocampa umbrata Wik. Aylmer, Que., June 2, 1919, (C. B. Hutch-
ings). Addition to Quebec lst.
Lymantriide.
* Olene dorsipennata B. & McD. Chelsea, Que., July 8-14; Aylmer, Que.,
(J. McDunnough) ; Can. Ent. LI, 102.
3712. Olene vagans willingi B. & McD. Edmonton, Alta., July, (D. Mackie).
Addition to Alberta list.
3712. Olene vagans grisea B. & McD. Quamichan, Vancouver Island, B.C., July
22, 1916, (G. O. Day).
Geometride.
3972. Coryphista’ meadi Pack. Blairmore, Alta., June-July, (K. Bowman).
Addition to Alberta list.
3990. Thera otisi Dyar. Mt. Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, B.C., (T. Bryant).
3999. Dysstroma cervinifascia Wlk. Nordegg, Alta., July, (K. Bowman).
Addition to Alberta list.
4017. Hydriomena renunciata Wik. “Province of Quebec” (V. A. Huard).
Addition to Quebec list. Edmonton, Alta., May-June, (K. Bowman).
Addition to Alberta list.
4208. Eupithecia albicapitata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., July, (K. Bowman).
Addition to Alberta list.
* Bupithecia probata S. & C. Duncan, B.C., (C. Livingstone) ; Victoria,
B.C., March 30, 1916; April 3, 1916, (E. H. Blackmore) ; Lepidopterist
iii, 105.
Eupithecia moirata S. & C. Penticton, B.C., April, 1913, (Bb. H. Black-
more) ; Lepidopterist, iui, 107.
4325. Drepanulatrix liberaria Wik. Aylmer, Que., Sept. 3, 1919, (C. B.
Hutchings).
118 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
4332. Philobia ulsterata Pears. Edmonton, Alta., June, (K. Bowman). Ad-
dition to Alberta list.
4349. Macaria purcellata Tayl. Nordegg, Alta., July, (KX. Bowman). Addition
to Alberta list.
4465. Caripeta divisata W1k. Edmonton, Alta., July, (K. Bowman). Addition
to Alberta list. 4
4489. Pygmena simplex Dyar. Nordegg, Alta., July, (K. Bowman). Addition
to Alberta list.
Pyralide.
4974. Diaphania nitidalis Stoll. Meach Lake, Que., Sept. 16, 1903, (C. H.
Young). Addition to Quebec list.
5032. Loxostege commixtalis Wilk. Banff, Alta.; Nordegg, Alta., June-July,
(KX. Bowman). Addition to Alberta list.
Diasemia alaskalis Gibson. Collinson Point, Alaska, July 10, 1914, (F.
Johansen); W. of Konganevik (Camden Bay) Alaska, July, 1914, (F.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., Vol. III, Part I, Lepidoptera, p. 45.
5051. Diasemia plumbosignalis Fern. Nordegg, Alta., July, (K. Bowman).
Addition to Alberta list.
5088. Phlyctenia ferrugalis Hbn. Edmonton, Alta., June, (K. Bowman). Ad-
dition to Alberta list. : ;
Pyrausta ainsliei Heinrich. St. John’s, Que., (W. Chagnon). Jour. Agr.
Research, XVIII, 3, 175.
5135. Pyrausta fumoferalis Hst. Edmonton, Alta., June, (K. Bowman).
Addition to Alberta list.
5548. Mineola tricolorella Grt. Reared from larve found in apples in Okanagan
Valley, B:C., (i. P. Venables).
* Pyla arctiella Gibson. Collinson Point, Alaska, July 17, 1914, (F.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. Il], Part I, Lepidoptera,
p. 46.
Pterophoride.
5915. Pterophorus sulphureodactylus Pack, Pointe Aux Alouelles, Ste. Cather-
ine Bay, opp. Tadousac, Que., July 28, 1919, (V. A. Huard). Addition
to Quebec list.
Gelechiide.
* Aristotelia fragarie Busck. Victoria, B.C., (W. Downes); Proce. Ent.
Soc. of Wash., XXI, 52.
6166. Paralechia pinifoliella Cham. Ottawa, Ont., July 1, 1907, (C. H. Young).
6200. Anacampsis tristrigella Wlshm. Aylmer, Que., June 21, 1919, (J. Me-
Dunnough). Addition to Quebec list.
6283. Gelechia conclusella Wilk. Ottawa, Ont., June 24, 1906, (C. H. Young).
6288. Gelechia panella Busck. Maple Bay, B.C., Aug. 3, 1914, (A. W. Hanham).
6290. Gelechia fuscoteniaella Cham. Aweme, Man., Sept. 5, 1915, (N. Criddle).
Tortricide.
* Tortricodes fragariana Busck. Victoria, B.C., (W. Downes) ; Proc. Ent.
Soec., Wash., X XI, 52.
Gracilariide.
7925. Inthocolletis affinis F. & B. Aylmer, Que., July 24, 1919; mines in
Lonicera, (J. MeDunnough).
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119
CoLEOPTERA.
(Arranged according to Henshaw’s list of Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico.)
Carabide.
Bembidium lengi Notman. Cochrane, Ont., Aug., 1918, (Howard Notman) ;
Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., XX VII. 98.
* Pterostichus laevilatus Notman. Golden, B.C., (Leng. col.); Jour. N.Y.
Ent. Soc., XXVII, 231.
680. Celia gibba Lec. Aweme, Man., March 29, 1918; Maryfield, Sask., Aug. 30,
1916, (N. Criddle).
Celia brumalis Casey. Aweme, Man., Sept. 2, 1916, (E. Criddle). New to
Canada.
* Asaphidion yukonense Wickham. Yukon Crossing, Y.T., May 21, 1911,
(J. M. Jessup) ; Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., X XI, 180.
Dytiscide.
1292. Coelambus suturalis Lec. Winnipeg, Man., Thornhill, Man., Miami, Man.,
Mile 214 to 332, H.B.R., Man., (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
* Coelambus canadensis Fall. Winnipeg, Man., Stony Mountain, Man.,
Miami, Man., (J. B. Wallis); N. A. species of Coelambus, published by
J. D. Sherman, New York, 1919.
* Coelambus tumidiventris Fall. Stony Mountain, Man., April 15, 1912;
Winnipeg, Man.; Stonewall, Man., (J. B. Wallis); Edmonton, Alta.,
April 8, 1916, (F. S. Carr); N.A. species of Coelambus, published by
J. D. Sherman, New York, 1919.
* Coelambus hudsonicus Fall. Ungava Bay, H.B.T., (L. M. Turner) ; N.A.
species of Coelambus published by J. D. Sherman, New York, 1919.
Coelambus punctilineatus Fall. Stony Mountain, Man., April 13, 1912,
(J. B. Wallis).
1441. Agabus lecontei Cr. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 7, 1919, (W. R. Metcalfe and
J.B. Wallis).
Silphide.
* Colon elongatum Notman. Cochrane, Ont., Aug., 1918, (Howard Notman) ;
Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., XX VII, 98.
Pselaphide.
1899. Batrisus fontalis Lec. Aweme, Man., April 18, 1919; in swarm of ants,
(Acanthomyops), (S. Criddle).
Staphylinide. :
Atheta (Acrostoma) blanchardi Ful. Stonewall, Man., July 18, 1918, in
« rotten fungus, (J. B. Wallis).
Atheta comitata Csy. Stonewall, Man., Aug. 18, 1918, in fungus. (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Atheta (Datomicra) celata Er. Onah, Man., July 13, 1918; in larch swamp,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Atheta (Demetrota) subrugosa Kiew. Onah, Man., July 12, 1918, in moss,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Aleochara (Polychara) defiecta Say. Stonewall, Man., Aug. 18, 1918, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
120 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Aleochara (Euryodma) pleuralis Csy. Treesbank, Man., July 18, 1918,
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Silusa modica Csy. Stonewall, Man., in rotten fungus, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Anomognathus cuspidata Er. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 27, 1918; under bark
of rotten Negundo, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Apparently intro-
duced from Europe, (A.F.).
Homalota plana Gyll. Winnipeg, Man., July 30-Aug. 14, 1918; under bark
of rotten Negundo, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. Apparently intro-
duced from Europe, (A.F.). .
Gnypeta minitobe Csy. Stonewall, Man., Aug. 18, 1918, (J. B. Wallis).
Gyrophaena nana Payk. Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 27, 1918, in fungus, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Gyrophaena pulchella Heer. Stonewall, Man., Aug. 18, 1918; Winnipeg,
Man., Aug. 27, 1918; in fresh whitish fungi, among the gills. (J. B.
Wallis). Apparently an introduction from Europe, (A.F.). New to
Manifoba.
Lathrobium tenebrosum Notman. Cochrane, Ont., Aug., 1918, (Howard
Notman) ; Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., XXVII, 99. |
* Lathrobium humile Notman. Cochrane, Ont., Aug., 1918, (Howard Not-
man); Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., XX VII, 100. F
* Scopeus linearis Notman. Cochrane, Ont., Aug., 1918, (Howard Notman) ;
Jour. N.Y, Ent. Soc., XX VII, 100.
Endomychide.
3180. Phymaphora californica Horn. Duncan, B.C., (A. W. Hanham).
Erotylide.
3239. Tritoma flavicollis Lec. Duncan, B.C., (A. W. Hanham).
Colydiide.
3271. Lasconotus pusillus Lec. Aweme, Man., Onah, Man., July, 1919, (N.
Criddle).
Histeride.
* Saprinus rugosifrons Fall. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle) ; Can. Ent., LI, 213.
* Saprinus castanipennis Fall. Aweme, Man., June 21,.1918, (N. Criddle) ;
Can. Ent., LI, 214.
* Saprinus iris Fall. Aweme, Man., May 31, 1909, July 1, 1915, (N. Criddle) ;
Can. Ent., LI, 214.
Nitidulide.
3713. Epurea aestiva Linn. Aweme, Man., 1919, (N. Criddle).
* Epurea ornatula Notman. Cochrane, Ont., Aug., 1918, (H. Notman) ;
Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., XX VII, 102.
Dascyllide.
3991. Hucinetus punctulatus Lee. Stonewall, Man., Aug. 18, 1918; in rotten
fungus, (J. B. Wallis).
Elateride.
4390. Anthous cucullatus Say. Husavick, Man., July 27, 1912, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
4403. Anthous vittiger Lec. Winnipeg, Man., (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 121
Ptinide.
Ptilinus lobatus Csy. Aweme, Man., June 24, 1919, (N. Criddle) ; Husa-
vick, Man., July 6, 1917, (L. H. D. Roberts). New to Manitoba.
5359. Dinoderus substriatus Payk. Mile 214, H.B.R., Man., Winnipeg, Man.,
June, July; Peachland, B.C., (J. B. Wallis).
Ciside.
* Dolichocis manitoba Dury. Aweme, Man., Oct., 1918, (N. and T. Criddle) ;
Can. Ent., LI, 158.
* (is criddlei Dury. Aweme, Man., Oct., 1915-1918, (E. and N. Criddle) ;
Can. Ent., LI, 158.
Scarabeide.
5426. Canthon ebenus Say. Lyleton, Man., Aug. 27, 1919; Boissevain, Man.,
(N. Criddle).
5551. Aphodius haldemani Horn. Rosebank, Man., Aug. 10, 1917, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
* Serica cucullata Dawson. Montreal, Que., May 6, 1905, (A. F. Winn);
Ottawa, QOnt.; Winnipeg, Man., (J. B. Wallis); Aweme, Man., (N.
Criddle) ; Kentville, N.S.; British Columbia; Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soe.,
XXVITI, 34.
Cerambycide.
* Callidium subopacum Sw. South of Rampart House, Y.T., (D. H. Nelles) ;
Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Part EH, Coleoptera, p. 12.
6250. Pachyta rugipennis Newm. Winnipeg, Man., May 18, 1919, (L. H. D.
Roberts). New to Manitoba.
6385. Monohammus minor Lec. Winnipe
New to Manitoba.
g, Man., July 15, 1918, (J. B. Wallis).
for
Chrysomelide.
6558. Syneta carinata Mann. Mt. Prevost, near Duncan, B.C., 2,500 feet, (A. W.
Hanham).
6721. Xanthonia villosula Melsh. Bird’s Hill, Man., Sept. 23, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
10407. Monozia debilis Lec. Melita, Man., July 1, 1919; collected on Grindelia
squarrosa, (N. Criddle).
7001a. Systena ligata Lec. Husavick, Man., Aug. 3, 1914, on Canada thistle;
Winnipeg, Man., Aug. 14, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Tenebrionide.
7528. Scaphidema aenolum Lec. Stonewall, Man., Aug. 7, 1918; under bark of
dead aspen, (J. B. Wallis).
Melandryide.
7656. Phryganophilus collaris Lec. Duncan, B.C., (A. W. Hanham).
7695. Canifa pallipes Melsh. Winnipeg, Man., May 28, 1911; Victoria Beach,
Man., July 1, 1918; Miami, Man., June 27, 1916; Aweme, Man., July
15, 1918, (J. B. Wallis).
@demeride.
7733. Nacerdes melanura Linn. Vancouver, B.C., July 15,1919, (A. W. Hanham).
122 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Meloide.
8025. Nemognatha apicalis Lec. Tallooet, B.C., July 13, (A. W. Hanham).
Curculionide.
* Trichalophus stefanssoni Leng. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., Sept. 26, 1914;
May 22, July 6, 7, 1915; June, July and Sept., 1916, (F. Johansen) ;
Cape Krusenstern, N.W.T., July, 1916, (D. Jenness) ; Kogluktualuk
river, Coronation Gulf, N.W.T., July, 1915, (J. J. O’Neill) ; Langton
Bay, N.W.T., 1911, (V. Stefansson) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918,
Vol. III, Part E, Coleoptera, p. 20.
8381. Apion pennsylvanicum Boh. Magnus, Man., Sept. 2, 1917, (J. B. Wallis).
Apion commodum Fall. Stony Mountain, Man., Aug. 8, 1918, on Psoralea
esculenta, (J. B. Wallis).
Apion finitimum Fall. Magnus, Man., Sept. 2, 1917, (J. B. Wallis).
Apion nasutum Fall. Onah, Man., July 12, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). New to
Canada.
10823. Macrops ulkei Dietz. Aweme, Man., May 7, 1919, (N. Criddle).
8576. Tanysphyrus lemne Fab. Miami, Man., June 27, 1916; Treesbank, Man.,
July 18, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba.
8619. Magdalis subtincta Lec. St. Norbert, Man., June 24, 1917; Aweme, Man.,
July 15, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). :
8620. Magdalis hispoides Lec. Onah, Man., July 8-12, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). New
to Manitoba.
8627. Magdalis alutacea Lec. Victoria Beach, Man., July 1, 1918, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Canada.
10958. Promecotarsus densus Csy. Aweme, Man., July 15, 1918, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
8669. Anthonomus canus Lec. Onah, Man., July 13, 1918, (J. B. Wallis). New to
Manitoba.
Ceutorhynchus solitarius Fall. St. Norbert, Man., June 24, 1917, (J. B.
Wallis). New to Manitoba.
Calandride.
Sphenophorus aequalis. Stonewall, Man., July 5, 1918, (J. B. Wallis).
New to Manitoba.
Ipide.
* Dendroctonus johansent Sw. Sandstone rapids, Coppermine river, N.W.T.,
Feb., 1915, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III,
Part E, Coleoptera, p. 5.
Carphoborus andersoni Sw. Sandsione rapids, Coppermine river, N.W.T.,
Feb. 15, 1915, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III,
Part EH, Coleoptera, p. 6.
Diptera.
(Arranged according to a catalogue of North American Diptera, by J. M.
Aldrich, Smithsonian Mise. Coll. XLVI, No. 1,444. The numbers refer to the
pages in the catalogue.)
Tipulide.
* Dicranomyia alascaensis Alex. Nome, Alaska, Aug. 24, 25, 1916. (F.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can, Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera,
p. 5. ;
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 123
- Limnobia sciophila O.S. Lillooet, B.C., June 21, 1917, (M. H. Ruhmann) ;
Gordon Head, B.C., April 30, 1918, (W. Downes).
. Limnobia solitaria O.S. Lillooet, B.C., June 25, 1919, (M. H. Ruhmann).
. Xiphura topazina O.S. Vineland, Ont., May 5, 1915, (W. A. Ross).
Nephrotoma arcticola Alex. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 1-14, 1916;
July-Aug., 1915, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol.
III, Part C, Diptera, p. 10.
. Nephrotoma ferruginea Fab. Bowmanville, Ont., June, 1913, (W. A. Ross).
Nephrotoma euceroides Alex. Perth, N.B., June 15, 1915, (F. M. Mc-
Kenzie) ; Can. Ent., LI, 172.
Erioptera angustipennis Alex. Bernard Harbour, Dolphin and Union Strait,
N.W.T., Aug. 1-7, 1915, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18,
Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 5.
Tipula nebulipennis Alex. Battle Harbour, Labrador, Aug. 1, 1912, (G. P.
Engelhardt) ; Can. Ent., LI, 170.
Tipula trypetophora Dietz. Victoria, B.C., July 6, 1912; An. Ent. Soc.
Amer., XII, 89.
Tipula johanseni Alex. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 10, 1916, (F.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Part C, Diptera, p. 11.
Tipula diflave Alex. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 12, 1915; Herschel
Island, Y.T., July, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18,
Part C, Diptera, p. 12.
Tipula hewitti Alex. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 1-14, 1916, (PF.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Part C, Diptera, p. 14.
Tipula subpolaris Alex. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July-Aug., (F. Johan-
sen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Part C, Diptera, p. 14.
Tipula besselsoides Alex. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 1-14, 1916, (F.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Part C, Diptera, p. 15.
Tipula subarctica Alex. W. of Kongenevik, Camden bay, Alaska, July 4,
1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., Part C, Diptera, p. 15.
Tricyphona frigida Alex. Ketchikan, Alaska, Sept. 10, 1916, (F. Johan-
sen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 7.
Tricyphona brevifurcata Alex. W. of Konganevik, Camden bay, Alaska,
July 4, 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III,
Part C, Diptera, p. 6.
Limnophila rhicnoptiloides Alex. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 15, 1915,
(F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera,
mG:
Chapircpis parrioides Alex. W. of Konganevik, Camden bay, Alaska, June
1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part C,
Diptera, p. 9.
. Tipula angustnpennis Loew. Vernon, B.C., April 2, 1915, (M. H. Ruh-
mann).
. Tipula cognata Doane. Vernon, B.C., April 2, 1915, (M. H. Ruhmann).
. Tipula dorsolineata Doane. Vernon, B.C., (M. H. Ruhmann) ; Victoria,
B.C., (W. Downes).
Tipula eluta Loew. Vineland, Ont., Aug. 18, 1914, (W. A. Ross).
Tipula noveboracensis Alex. Beaver Dam, N.B., June 23, 1914, (J. D.
Tothill) ; Can. Ent., LI, 167.
124 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Chironomide.
* Tanypus alaskensis Mall.; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Part C, Diptera,
p. 39.
* Diamesa arctica Mall. Colville Mts., Wollaston peninsula, Victoria Island,
July 22-29, 1915, (D. Jenness). Angmaloktok, Colville mountains, Wol-
laston peninsula, Victoria Island, July 29, 1915, (D. Jenness); Rep.
Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Part C, Diptera, p. 37.
Culicide.
* Ades pionips Dyar. White River, Ont., June 17-25, 1918; Prince Albert,
Sask., Aug. 14-18, 1918; Red Deer, Alta., July 30-Aug. 3, 1918; Nepigon,
Ont., June 26, 1918; Lochearn, Alta, Aug. 5-7, 1918; Lamoral, Alta.,
Aug. 6, 1918; Lake Louise, Alta., July 11-17, 1918, (H. G. Dyar) ; White
River, Ont., June 24, 1907, (Knab); Kenogami river, Ont., June 30,
1903, (W. J. Wilson) ; Insecutor Insciti# Menstruus, VII, 19.
“ * des intrudens Dyar. White River, Ont., June 12-25, 1918; Nepigon, Ont.,
June 26, 1918; Dryden, Ont., June 29-30, 1918; Winnipeg Beach, Man.,
July, 1918; Lake Minnewanka, Alta, July 22, 1918; Banff, Alta., July
7-25, 1918; Laggan, Alta, July 11,1918, (H. G. Dyar). With the descrip-
tion the following statement appears: “‘ Kastern records are found in the
monograph under impiger (page 757). They are correct, except that
‘Ottawa, Ontario (J. Fletcher)’ should be transferred to lazarensis ;”
Insecutor Inscitie Menstruus, VII, 24.
Aides nearcticus Dyar. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 9, 1915; June 21-
July 1, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Collinson Point, Alaska, June 23, 1914,
(F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Part C, Diptera, p. 32.
Bibionide.
166. Bibio nervosus Loew. Vernon, B.C., (M. H. Ruhmann) ; Saanich, B.C.,
(W. Downes).
Simuliide.
Simulium similis Mall. Hood river, Arctic sound, N.W.T., Aug. 28, 1915,
(R. M. Anderson) ; Bathurst inlet, N.W.T., Sept 1, 1915, (R. M. Ander-
son) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18; Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 42.
* Prosimulium borealis Mall. Wollaston peninsula, Victoria island, 1915,
(D. Jenness) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera,
p. 41.
Stratiomyide.
179. Sargus decorus Say. Lillooet, B.C., June 20, 1917, (M. H. Ruhmann).
180. Sargus viridis Say. Kelowna, B.C., June 18, 1918, (R..C. Treherne).
182. Stratiomyia discalis Loew. Vernon, B.C., May 17, 1917, (M. H. Ruhmann).
183. Stratiomyia norma Wied. Kelowna, B.C., June 26, 1918, (‘R. C. Treherne). ~
183. Stratiomyia meigenti Wied. Vernon, B.C., June 21, 1917, (R. C. Tre-
herne).
183. Stratiomyia maculosa Loew. Lillooet, B.C., June 25, 1917, (M. H. Ruh-
mann).
189. Nemotelus arator Mel. Walhachin, B.C., July 11, 1918, (EH. R. Buckell).
Tabanide.
195. Chrysops obsoletus Wied. Vineland, Ont., June 20, 1919, (W. A. Ross).
204. Tabanus insuetus O.S. Vernon, B.C., April 15, 1915, (M. H. Ruhmann).
*
*
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 125
Ne eee eee
205. Tabanus maculifer Bigot. Lillooet, B.C., July 24, 1917, (R. C. Theherne).
206. Tabanus procyon O.S. Vernon, B.C., June 8, 1918, (R. C. Treherne).
207. Tabanus rhombicus O.S. Vernon, B.C., April 15, 1915, (M. H. Ruhmann).
208. Tabanus stygius Say. Vineland, Ont., July 8, 1919, (C. H. Curran).
Banbehide.
231. Anthrax hypomelas Macq. Penticton, B.C., (R. C. Treherne) ; Walhachin,
B.C., (E. R. Buckell).
234. Anthrax sinuosa Wied. Lillooet, B.C., July 23, 1917, (R. C. Treherne).
236. Bombylius lancifer O.S. Lillooet, B.C., Oyama, B.C., (M. H. Ruhmann).
* Villa webberi Jhn. Montreal, Que., June 11, (G. Chagnon), Ottawa, Ont.,
June 14, (Bro. Germain) ; Psyche, XX VI, 11.
* Ploas atratula Loew. Goldstream, B.C., June 2, 1918, (W. Downes).
Therevide. :
247. Psilocephala levigata Loew. Walhachin, B.C., July 11, 1918, (E. R.
Buckell).
248. Thereva egressa Cog. Vernon, B.C., June 10, 1918, (R. C. Treherne).
Asilide. :
256. Stenopogon california Wik. Vernon, B.C., July 8, 1918, (R. C. Treherne).
259. Cyrtopogon callipedilus Loew. Vernon, B.C., May 5, 1915, (M. H. Ruh-
mann).
260. Cyrtopogon longimanus Loew. Lillooet, B.C., July 16, 1917, (M. H. Ruh-
mann. %
271. Laphria pubescens Will. Duncan, B.C., July 28, 1918, (W. Downes).
* ~Eraa harveyi Hine. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 11-15, 1904, (R. V. Harvey) ; An.
Ent. Soc. Amer., XII, 115.
Dolichopodide. :
* Medeterus frontalis Van Duzee. Joliette, Que., July 13, (J. Ouillet) ;
Proe. Cal. Acad. Sci., Aug., 1919, p. 266.
* WMedeterus vittatus Van. Duzee. Kearney, Ont., July 26: Toronto, Ont.,
Sept. 2; Niagara Falls, Ont., July 20, (M. C. Van Duzee); Proc. Cal.
Acad. Sci., Aug., 1919, p. 268.
* Hydrophorus pilitarsis Mall. Teller, Alaska, July 29, 1913; Aug. 6, 1913,
(F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part C, Dip-
tera, p. 51.
303. Dolichopus pachynemus Loew. Outremont, Que., June 20, (J. Ouillett) ;
Chatham, Ont., June 17, 1915. (M. C. Van Duzee). Addition to Quebec
list.
* Dolichopus dasyops Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 10; 1916, (F.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-18, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera.
p. 49.
309. Pelastoneurus laetus Loew. St. Louis, Que., Aug. 14. (J. Ouillet). Addi-
tion to Quebec list.
Empide.
* Rhamphomyia erinacioides Mall. W. of Konganevik, Camden bay, Alaska,
July 4, 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Barter island, Arctic coast of Alaska, July
11, 1914, (D. Jenness); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. ale
Part C, Diptera, p. 45.
126 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
* Rhamphomyia ursina Mall, Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 19, 1915, (F.
Jonhansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera,
p. 46.
* Rhamphomyia similata Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 18, 1915,
(F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C,
Diptera, p. 46.
* Rhamphomyta herschelli Mall. Herschel island, Y.T., July 29, 1916, (FP.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera,
p. 47.
* Rhamphomyia conservativa Mall. W. of Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July
14, 1916; Herschel Is., Y.T., July 29, 1916; Bernard Harbour, N.W.T.,
July 10, 18, 19, and Aug. 1-7, 1915; Young Point, N.W.T., July 18.
1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913- 1918, Vol. III, Part C,
Diptera, p. 48.
Lonchopteride.
333. Lonchoptera lutea Panz. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 31, 1917, (M. H. Ruhmann).
Phoride.
Aphiochaeta platychira Mall. Nome, Alaska, Aug. 21, 24, 25, 1916, (P.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera,
p. 52.
Aphiochaeta alaskensis Mall. Nome, Alaska, Aug. 24, 25, 1916, (F. Johan-
sen). Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 52.
Syrphide.
350. Pipiza fraudulenta Loew. Vineland, Ont., June 8, 1919, (C. H. Curran).
354. Myiolepta strigilata Loew. Vineland, Ont., June 10, 1919, (C. H. Curran).
354. Myiolepta nigra Loew. Vineland, Ont., June 16, 1919, (C. H. Curran).
362. Didea fasciata fuscipes Loew. Lillooet, B.C., July 24, 1917, (R. C. Tre-
herne) ; Vineland, Ont., June 6, Sept. 20, 1919, (C. H. Curran). .
366. Syrphus genualis Will. Walhachin, B.C., July 30, 1918, (E. R. Buckell).
Syrphus knabi Shan. Vineland, Ont., Sept. 9, 1919, (C. H. Curran).
* Syrphus sodalis interruptus Mall. W. of Kongenevik, Camden Bay, Alaska,
July 4, 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. IIT,
Part C, Diptera, p. 55.
368. Syrphus xanthostoma Will. Vernon, B.C., ree 13, 191755 (USE
Ruhmann).
370. Mesogramma boscit Macq. Saanich, B.C., May 10, 1918, (W. Downes).
371. Mesogramma geminata Say. Saanich, B.C., June 10, 1918, (W. Downes).
384. Bristalis aeneus Fab. Vineland, Ont., July 3-9, 1919, (C. H. Curran).
First record we have for Canada.
387. Lristalis inornatus Loew. Vernon, B.C., May 31, 1917, ( M. H. Ruhmann).
392. Helophilus chrysostoma Wied. . Kelowna, B.C., June 26, 1918, (R. C.
Treherne). °
393. Helophilus lactus Loew. Vineland, Ont., June 4, July 7, 1919. (C. H.
Curran).
394. Asemosyrphus mexicanus Macq. Kelowna, B.C., July 9, 1918, (R. C.
Treherne).
Eumerus strigatus Fall. Aweme, Man., May 17, 1919, (N. Criddle) ;
Vineland, Ont., June-Sept., (C. H. Curran).
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 127
398. Xylota flavitibia Bigot. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 10, 1915, (M. H. Ruhmann).
402. Criorhina analis Macq. Vineland, Ont., June 10, 1919, (C. H. Curran).
404. Spilomyia longicornis Loew. London, Ont., Aug. 25; Vineland, Ont., Sept.
8, 1919, (C. H. Curran).
Conopide.
412. Myopa clausa Loew. Kelowna, B.C., May 17, 1917, (M. H. Ruhmann).
413. Myopia vicaria Walk. Nelson, B.C., April 29, 1918, (R. C. Treherne).
Oestride.
419. Cuterebra tenebrosa Coq. Vernon, B.C., July, 1916, (M. H. Ruhmann).
Tachinide.
423. Phorantha occidentis Walk. Walhachin, B.C., July 16, 1918, (E. R.
Buckell).
447. Senotainia rubriventris Macq. Vernon, B.C., (M. H. Ruhmann); Wal-
hachin, B.C., July, (E. R. Buckell).
448. Senotainia trilineata Van der Wulp. Walhachin, B.C., July, (E. R.
Buckell) ; Vernon, B.C., (M. H. Ruhmann).
* Peleteria arctica Mall. Cockburn Point, N.W.T., Sept. 5, 1914, (F.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera,
p- 57.
Sarcophagide.
Meloposarcophaga tothilli Parker. British Columbia, Savary Island, June
13-31, 1917, (R. S. Sherman) ; Can. Ent. LI., 155.
Sarcophaga communis Park. Walhachin, B.C., (E. R. Buckell).
512. Sarcophaga helicis Towns. Kelowna, B.C., June 13, 1918, (R. C.
Treherne).
Sarcophaga planifrons Ald. Walhachin, B.C., (E. R. Buckell).
Muscide.
* Phormia caerulea Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., May 24, 1915; June-
July, 1915-1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol.
III, Part C, Diptera, p. 58.
Pyrellia cyanicolor Zett. Vernon, B.C., May 30, 1917, (M. H. Ruhmann).
Anthomyide.
* Phaonia imitatriz Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July, 1916, (F.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. IIT, Part C, Diptera,
p. 61.
Phaonia minima Mall. Nome, Alaska, Aug. 21, 24, 25, 1916, (F. Johan-
sen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part ©, Diptera, p. 61.
* Mydaeina obscura Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., Aug. 4, 1915, June,
1916, (F. Johansen) ; Colville Mts., Wollaston Peninsula, Victoria Island,
July 22, 1915, (D. Jenness) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. ITI,
Part C., Diptera, p. 62.
Aricia borealis Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July, 1916, (F. Johan-
sen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C. Diptera, p. 64.
* Alliopsis obesa Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., June, 1915-16, (F.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera,
ip. 10:
THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
547. Limnophora narona Walk. Walhachin, B.C., July 17, 1918, (E. R.
Buckell).
548. Anthomyia albicincta Fall. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 1, 1917, (M. H.
Ruhmann). :
* Helina fletcheri Mall. Radisson, Sask., July 30, 1907, (J. Fletcher) ; Can.
Ent. LI. 274. :
* Helina tuberculata Mall. Rigolet, Labrador, July 18, 1906; Can. Ent. LI.
277.
550. Anthomyia pratincola Panzer. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 1, 1917, (M. H.
Ruhmann).
* Hydrophoria arctica Mall. Cockburn Point, Sept. 5, 1914, (F. Johansen) ;
Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., June, 1915, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Aretic
Exp. 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 69.
* Hylemyia acrostichalis Mall. Nome, Alaska, Aug. 21, 1916, (F. Johansen) ;
Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 72.
* Hylemyia quintilis Mall. Godbout, Que.. July 25, 1918, (E. M. Walker) ;
Can. Ent. LI. 274.
* Hylemyia pedestris Mall. Godbout, Que.. July 25, 1918, (E. M. Walker) ;
Can. Ent. LI. 274.
* Hylemyia spinosissima Mall. Port Hope, Ont., June 13, 1897, (W. R.
Metcalfe) ; Can. Ent. LI. 95. : ;
* Phorbia brevitarsata Mall. W. of Konganevik, Camden Bay, Alaska, June,
July 4, 1914, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol.
Ill, Part €, Diptera, p. 73.
558. Pegomyia ruficeps Stein. Vernon, B.C., (R. C. Treherne).
* Pogonomyia quadrisetosa Mall. W. of Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 14,
1916, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. Ill, Part
C, Diptera, p. 66. :
* Pogonomyioides atrata Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 7%, 1915,
(F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C,
_ Diptera, p. 67.
* Coenosia fuscifrons Mall. Brockville, Ont., Aug. 12, 1903, (W. R. Met-
calfe) ; Ottawa, Ont., Aug. 17, 1907, (J. Fletcher); Port Hope, Ont.,
May 14, 1897, (W. R. Metcalfe) ; Can. Ent. LI. 96.
563. Schoenomyza chrysostoma Loew. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 19, 1917, (M. H.
Ruhmann).
Scatophagide. 2
* Gonatherus atricornis Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T. and Cape Krusen-
stern, July 3, 1919, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp. 1913-1918,
Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 77.
* Cordylurella subvittata Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 18-19, 1915,
(F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C,
Diptera, p. 78.
* Dasypleuron tibialis Mall. Collinson Point, Alaska, June 20, 1914, (F.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part C, Diptera,
p: 79.
*
Allomyia unguiculata Mall. Chantry Island, Bernard Harbour, N.W.T.,
July 17, 1916, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol.
ITI, Part C, Diptera, p. 80.
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 129
Helomyzide.
* Neoleria rotundicornis Mall. Nome, Alaska, Aug. 24-25, 1916, (F.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. II], Part C, Diptera,
p. 83.
* Oecothea aristata Mall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., Aug. 1-7, 14, Sept.,
1915; July 10, 1916, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918,
Vol. III, Part C, Diptera, p. 82.
573. Tephrochlamys rufiventris Mg. Vernon, B.C., April 12, 1915, (M. H.
Ruhmann).-
Borboride.
* Leptocera transversalis Mall. Collinson Point, Alaska, June 13, 1914, (F.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol.-IIJ, Part C, Diptera,
p. 53.
Sciomyzide.
580. Tetanocera plumosa Loew. Lillooet, B.C.; Vernon, B.C., (M. H.
e Ruhmann).
Sapromyzide.
582. Palloptera jucunda Loew. Creston, B.C., Sept. 19, 1918, (R. C. Treherne).
Ortalide.
592. Anacampta latiuscula Loew. Vernon, B.C., (R. C. Treherne).
595. Chrysomyza demandata Fab. Vernon, B.C., July 5, 1918, (M. H. Ruh-
mann).
598. Seoptera vibrans Linn. Vernon, B.C., July 1, 1918, (R. C. Treherne).
Trypetide.
604. Spilographa setosa Doane. Vernon, B.C., July 17, 1919, (M. H.
Ruhmann).
Piophilide.
* Piophila borealis Mall. W. of Konganevik, Camden Bay, Alaska, July 4,
1914, (F. Johansen): Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part
C, Diptera, p. 84.
HYMENOPTERA.
The following new species of saw-flies appear in the Report of the Canadian
Aretie Expedition, 1913-1918, issued Nov. 3, 1919, Vol. III, Part G.
Tenthredinoidea,
* Rhogogastera reliqua MacG. Nome, Alaska, Aug. 21-25, 1916, (F.
Johansen).
* Puura abortiva MacG. Herschel Island, Y.T., adults from galls on leaves
of Salix reticulata L., July, 1915, (F. Johansen).
* Puura arctica MacG. Bernard Harbour and Cape Krusenstern, N.W.T,
July 6, 1916, (F. Johansen).
* Pontania atrata MacG. Herschel Island, Y.T., July, 1915, (F. Johansen).
* Pontania lorata MacG. Herschel Island, Y.T., adults from galls on Salix
arctica, July, 1915, (F. Johansen).
* Pontania delicatula MacG. Herschel Island, Y.T., adults from galls on
leaves of Salix reticulata, July, 1915, (F. Johansen).
* Pontania deminuta MacG. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., Aug. 16, 1915, (F.
Johansen).
130 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Pontania quadrifasciata MacG. Sandstone Rapids, Coppermine River,
N.W.T., July, 1915, (F. Johansen).
Pontania subpallida MacG. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 12, 1915,
(F. Johansen).
Pontania trifasciata MacG. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 15, 1915
(F. Johansen).
Amauronematus completus MacG. Collinson Point, Alaska, June 20, 1914,
(F. Johansen).
Amauronematus indicatus MacG. West of Konganevik, Camden Bay,
Alaska, July 4, 1914, (F. Johansen).
Amauronematus digestus MacG. West of WKonganevik, Camden Bay,
Alaska, July 4, 1914, (F. Johansen). ‘
Amauronematus cogitatus MacG. Demarcation Point, Alaska, June 23,
1914, (F. Johansen). 5
Amauronematus varianus MacG. West of Konganevik, Camden Bay,
Alaska, June 27, 1914, (F. Johansen).
Amauronematus aulatus MacG. Barter Island, Alaskan Arctic Coast, June :
16, 1914, (D. Jenness).
Amauronematus magnus MacG. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 15, 1914,
(F. Johansen). :
Braconide. ;
Opius downesi Gahan. Victoria, B.C., host Rhagoletis pomonella (W.
Downes) ; Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXI, 164.
Ichneumonide.
Dioctes modestus Brues. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., Aug. 7, 12, 1915,
(F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part G, p. 23.
Polyblastus arcticus Brues. (Ketchikan, Southern Alaska, Sept. 10, 1914,
(F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part G,
p. 22.
Aptesis nivartus Brues. Collinson Point, Alaska, June 20, 1914, (F.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part G, Hy-
menoptera, p. 21.
Formicide.
Solenopsis molesta Say. Found generally at points south of Penticton in
Okanagan Valley, B.C., June, 1919, (R. C. Treherne and E. R. Buckell).
Tapinoma sessile Say. Found generally at points south of Penticton, in
Okanagan Valley, B.C., June, 1919, (R. C. Treherne and E. R. Buckell).
Pogonomyrmea occidentalis Cresson. Found in Lower Okanagan, B.C.,
fairly common at points. south of Fairview, but not common at points
north of Fairview. Also found at Summerland, B.C., (R. C. Treherne
and E. R. Buckell. Determined by Dr. W. M. Wheeler, who reported
“first record of any species of Pogonomyrmex from British America.”
Formica subpolita Mayr. var. camponoticeps Wheeler. Found at points
south of Penticton, in Lower Okanagan Valley, B.C., June, 1919, (R.
C. Treherne and E. R. Buckell).
Formica fusca L. var. argentea Walker. Fairview, B.C., Vaseaux Lake,
B.C., Rock Creek, B.C., Naramata, B.C., June, 1919, (R. C. Treherne and
E. R. Buckell).
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 131
Formica sanguinea Latr. subsp. subintegra Emery. Fairview, B.C.,
Vaseaux Lake, B.C., June, 1919, (R. C. Treherne and E. R. Buckell).
Formica neogagates Em. Fairview, B.C., Okanagan Falls, B.C., Kaleden,
B.C., Vaseaux Lake, B.C., June, 1919, (R. C. Treherne and E. R.
Buckell).
Camponotus laevigatus F. Smith. Osoyoos, B.C., June, 1919, (R. C.
Treherne and E. R. Buckell).
Psammocharide.
* Pompiloides canadensis Banks. Truro, N.S., Aug. 12, (R. Matheson) ;
Val Morin, Que., July 29, 30, (J. Ouellet) ; Can. Ent. LI., 82.
Apide.
* Bombus neoboreus Sladen. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., Aug 17, 18, 1915;
July 10, 1916; June 6, 21, 25; July 2, 9, 30; Aug. 7, 8, 17, 18, 1915;
June 16, July 3, 1916; July 19, Aug. 10, 14, 1915, (F. Johansen) ; Rep.
Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part G, p. 28.
Philanthide.
Philanthus (Anthophilus) psyche Dunn. Aweme, Man., August, 1914, (N.
Criddle) ; Medicine Hat, Alta., July, August, 1917, (F. W. L. Sladen).
Philanthus (Anthophilus) inversus Patt. Medicine Hat, Alta., August,
1916, 1917, (F. W. L. Sladen). (What I believe to be the males of this
rare species were taken by me at Medicine Hat, July, August. 1916, 1917
—F.W.L.S.).
Philanthus (Pseuanthophilus) frontalis Cr. Summerland, B.C., July,
August, 1916, 1917; Medicine Hat, Alta., July, August, 1916, 1917,
(F. W. L. Sladen).
Philanthus (Anthophilus) multimaculatus Cam. Vernon, Summerland,
Keremeos, B.C., July, 1916, (F. W. L. Sladen).
Prosopide.
Prosopis ziziae Rob. Ottawa, June, 1913, (F. W: L. Sladen).
Prosopis modestus Say. Kaslo, B.C., June, July, 1906, (J. W. Cockle) :
Ottawa, June, July, August, 1913; Kazubazua, Que., August, 1913, (F.
W. L. Sladen).
Prosopis elliptica Wirby. Kaslo, B.C., June, 1906, (J. W. Cockle) :
Prosopis varifrons Cr. Ottawa, June, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen).
Prosopis cressoni Ckll. Ottawa, June, July, August, 1913, -(F. W. LL.
Sladen).
Colietide.
Colletes lacustris Swenk. Toronto, August, 1887, (W. Brodie) ; Ottawa,
June, July, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen).
Colletes brevicornis Rob. Aweme, Man., June, 1913, (N. Criddle).
Oolletes compactus hesperius Swenk. Similkameen, Okanagan, B.C., Sept.
1913, (T. Wilson).
Colletes armatus Patton. Toronto, August, September, 1885, 1890, 1893,
(W. Brodie) ; Rostrevor, Ont., September, 1907, (A. Gibson) ; Kazubazua,
Que., August, 1913; Hull, Que. August, 1913, on Solidago; Ottawa,
August, September, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen). ;
Colletes fulgidus Swenk. Peachland, B.C., July, 1909, (J. B. Wallis).
132 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Colletes americanus Cr. Toronto, August, 1885, (W. Brodie) ; Kazubazua,
Que., August, September, 1913; Ottawa, October, 1913, (F. W. L.
Sladen).
Colletes similis Rob. Aweme, Man., August, 1913, (N. Criddle).
Colletes hyalinus Prov. Toronto, July to September, 1882 to 1893, (W-
Brodie) ; Ottawa, June, July, 1913; Kirk’s Ferry, Que., July, 1913;
Kazubazua, Que., July, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen).
Colletes mesocopus Swenk. Toronto, June, July, August, 1887-1893; Port
Sidney, Ont., June, 1897, (W. Brodie); Kazubazua, Que., July, 1913,
(F. W. L. Sladen).
Colletes eulophi Rob. ‘Toronto, June, July, August, 1885-1893, (W-~
Brodie) ; Ottawa, June, July, 1913; Kirk’s Ferry, Que., July, 1913;
Kazubazua, Que., July, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen). i
Colletes phaceliae Ckll. (Salicicola geranti Ckll.). Teulon, Man.; Pincher,
Alta., July 10, 1904, (T. N. Willing). :
ODONATA.
Coenagrionide.
* Enallagma vesperum Calvert. Toronto, Ont., Aug. 16, 1907, (E. M.
Walker) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., XLV, 380. ?
HeEMIPTERA.
Cicadellide.
* Buscelis hyperboreus Van Duzee. West of Kongenevik, Camden Bay,
Alaska, June 27, 1914; Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 15, 1915, (F.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part F, p. 4. —
NEUROPTEROID INSECTS.
Psocide.
Atropos pulsatoria Linn. Montreal, Que., Sept. 24, 1919, (E. H. Strick-
land).
Perlide.
ok
Capnia nearctica Banks. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., June 25, 1915, (P-
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. II], Part B, p. 3.
Trichoptera.
* Analobia emarginata Banks. Teller, Alaska, July 29, 1913, (F. Johansen).
Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part B, p. 4.
DERMOPTERA.
Forficulide.
Forficula auricularia Linn. Vancouver, B.C., in house, (R. C. Treherne).
ORTHOPTERA.
Acridiide.
Orphulella pelidna Burm. Fairview, B.C., Aug. 7, 1919, (E. R. Buckell)-
New to British Columbia.
Chloealtis abdominalis Brun. Salmon Arm, B.C., Sept. 29, 1919, (EB. R-
Buckell).
Nanthippus (Hippiscus) vitellinus Sauss. Fairview, B.C., (E. R.
Buckell) ; Osoyoos, B.C., (W. B. Anderson).
1920 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. _ 133
———d
Melanoplus cinereus Scud. Fairview, B.C., Aug. 7, 1919, (E. R. Buckell).
New to Canada.
* Asemoplus somesi Hebard. Banff, Alta., (N. B. Sanson); Lake Louise,
Alta, (Mrs. Schaeffer) ; Kitchener Glacier on Mt. Kokanee, B.C., (A. N.
Caudell) ; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XLV, 274.
Locustide.
Amblycorypha oblongifolia De. G. Pt. Pelee, Ont., Sept., 1905, (P. A.
Taverner).
CoLLEMBOLA.
* Achorutes sensilis Folsom. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July 5, 1916, (F.
Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part A, p. 5.
* Onychiurus duodecimpunctatus Folsom. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., July
1915, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part
A, p. 6.
Entomobrya comparata Folsom. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., May, 1915,
(F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part A,
p- 13.
THYSANOPTERA.
Apterothrips subreticulatus Bagnall. This species was described in the
Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Northumberland, Vol. III, pt. 1, p. 185. The
type locality is Massett, Q.C.I., collected most probably by J. H. Keen.
I have also taken the species at Lillooet, B.C., July, 1918. The type
is in the British Museum, (R. C. Treherne).
* Mlothrips auricestus Treherne. Vernon, B.C., Kelowna, B.C., July, 1917,
(R. C. Treherne) ; Can. Ent. LI., 184. ©
* Huthrips cameroni Bagnall. Seamans, Sask., Aug. 4, 1917, (A. E. Camer-
on); An. Mag. Nat. Hist. IV, ninth series, 271.
* Frankliniella varicorne Bagnall. Seamans, Sask., Aug. 4, 191%, ( A. E.
Cameron) ; An. Mag. Nat. Hist., IV, ninth series, 269.
AcARINA.
Cheyletide. :
Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank). Montreal, Que., Sept. 24, 1919, (E. H.
Strickland). First Canadian record, (E.H.S.).
Tetranychide.
* Stigmaeus arcticus Banks. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., June 18, 1915
(F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. III, Part H
p- i:
?
?
ARANEIDA.
(Arranged according to Bank’s Catalogue of Nearctic Spiders, U.S.N.M.,
Bull. 72. The numbers refer to the pages in the catalogue.)
Clubionide.
14. Clubiona riparia Koch. Klondike Valley, Y.T., 1919, (W. E. Cockfield).
134 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36
Linyphiide.
* ~ Microneta maritima Emer. Cockburn Point, Dolphin and Union Strait,
N.W.T., Sept., 1914, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctic Exp., 1913-1918,
Vol. 1, Part H, p. 4
Tmeticus-alatus Emer. Cockburn Point, N.W.T., Sept. 26, 1914; Bernard
Harbour, N.W.T., June 27, 1916, (F. Johansen) ; Rep. Can. Arctie Exp.,
1913-1918, Vol. III, Part H, p. 3.
Tmeticus conicus Emer. Klondike Valley, Y.T., 1919, (W. E. Cockfield).
Epeiride. ;
41. Epeira carbonaria Koch. Klondike Valley, Y.T., 1919, (W. E. Cockfield)
42. Hpeira diadema Clerck. St. John’s, Nfld., (A. English).
Thomiside. i
48. NXysticus limbatus Keys. Klondike Valley, Y.T., 1919, (W. E. Cockfield).
49. Coriarachne brunneipes Banks. Klondike Valley, Y.T., 1919, (W. E.
Cocktfield).
51. Tibellus oblongus Wal. Klondike Valley, Y.T., 1919, (W. E. Cockfield).
2. Philodromus pacificus Banks. Klondike Valley, Y.T., 1919, (W. E.
Cockfield). First Canadian record.
Lycoside. : 4
* Lycosa asivak Emer. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., June to September;
Camden Bay, Alaska, July 4, 1914, (F. Johansen); Rep. Can. Arctic
Exp., 1913-1918, Vol. 11], Part H, p. 5.
Pardosa albiceps Emer. Klondike Valley, Y. T., 1919, (W. E. Cockfield).
59. Pardosa uncata Thor. (Klondike Valley, near Dawson, Y.T., 1919, (W. E.
Cockfield).
INDEX
PAGE
Acrididae, from British Columbia 53
Acrydium granulatum ............ 54
“5 TET OTT SRS ones 54
Ageneotettix scudderi ............. 56
Akentetus unicolor ............... 55
PariamMieaArPiliacea .............-. 103
mmareia lineatella ...............- 16
Anmcyus comptana ...4..........5.- 100
ze MMEENMANIA (oii. osc ccs se Sees 100
Andricus operatola ............... 14
obi: il 3. § ee 32
memminoleres fulva ...........0...0% 101
PREROHEAESICAC 20... swe ec cece 101
e CPIUDET 1443250 eee 100
“4 LiD oo 4908 ee eee eee 101
Aphrophora parallela ............. 24
= quadrinotata .......... 24
ca ftilh Si Cy rr 99
2) DN UGS SG) 97
Apple worm, lesser ............... 97
Arphia pseudonietana ............. 56
PAINMALAPHS | DECLICS ~.......5.-.2..086 101
Aspidiosus perniciosus ............ 97
PRIMICAIARCHIOELD 5-0-5... sete see 56
Basilarchia arthemis .............. 13
< BITPEDIA cloak arc ese aace 13
Black leaf 40, in control of pear
Ui 2 6.5655 6S 36
Blissus leucopterus ............... 102
Blister mite, pear leaf ............ 96
British Columbia entomological pro-
EMi3f 10 25650606 16
British Columbia, locusts from .... 53
Bruchophagus funebris ............ 103
(ol 1 DD ASO 8 Aan 96
AMUAPEODULLCENY ............2.00. 13
Cabbage root maggot.17, 61, 68, 71, 73, 100
Chief. Vat | 100
ealonemia CANON: .............0..% 14
Cammula pellucida ............. 17, 49, 57
Campeloma verbasci .............. 96
2 TLE 5 See 32
Cercopidae, our common .......... 21
oe BIMUATIAGA 25 ceva cls face ove 23
OhsuG? 2G 103
2 TITS. oe eee 103
Cine! DP= 36) 5a 102
Chloealtis abdominalis ............ 55
s CULT DT a ita 55
Chloropicrin, experiments with .... 18
Chorthippus curtipennis .......... 56
Chortophila brassicae ........... 73, 100
Olot VS) 95
GitegtermislOpAuIS ...............- 59
i MME eee, ¢.fielen s Gs. sisters 59
Clastoptera obtusa ................ 25
e 100 Go) SE Rae ees 25
Clover leaf weevil .............. 83, 102
Glaverseed chalcis. ..........-.... 103
MEER INE PESO ote os reise olaw oa 15, 18, 95
Coleophora fletcherella s........... 95
Conotrachelus nenuphar .......... 98
PAGE
Conozoarwatlulatac.:.caceton ns ee 59
Corrosive sublimate, in control of
Cabbageimareot) pss. seek «te cae 71
Corn borer, European ............ 110
Gorn: ear Worm) 224. 20.8522 ee ee 101
Cosmopepla bimaculata ........... 101
Cossus centerensiS:. j. 5.56502 cbse 83
a ligniperda’iamas Rote 83
“ UNGOSUSI4A ec eee 83
Colton t worm e. ener ea 103
Crambus caliginosellus ............ 103
Crioceris| asparagin jcc Gees ee 101
x 1 2-punctata, 4 = sc6 «ecu oe 101
Crustacea, relation of insects to.... 105
Cucumber beetle, striped .......... 102
Currant worm, imported .......... 100
Cutworms! occ. eke ote a ee ae 101, 103
Cydia pomonelia specs ce sate 95
Dasyneura rhodophaga ............ 104
Diabrotica vittata 6225. ses. 102
Diamond-back moth .............. 101
Dissosteira carolina <2./::5...-+...2 58
Dusting and spraying, experience at
Ok aya n ns 5, Bacbaa aa Ae meee 25
HapOa sLOSACy oe can en aie Ae eee 98
Mmpodscasmalil, 2.15.0) oe 101
Enarmonia prunivora ............. 97
Entomological Record ............ 112
Ephestia kuehniella ............... 77
Hpitnixe CUcuMerisncasesaesos 6. ae 84, 102
Eriocampoides limacina ........... 97
MTIODRYV ES: NYT acu cee ieee coe 96
Erythroneura comes .............. 99
Eucosma ocellana ................ 96
PxOch Mum eee vas tehssoitehere- sca 32
Wall WwebwWOvMe a=. deversnc aes De 32, 98
Field crops, insects attacking ....15, 102
Fire blight, insect’ distributors of.. 17%
Flea-beetle, red-headed ............ 101
s POtaLOr okvics se ee enor 102
Wlouz! beetles? 424.05. eee ee. 77
Flour insects, influence of chloro-
pierin’ ON). = <.22. + .oattee aera ee ee 21
Flour moth, Mediterranean ....... 77
Freezing, in control of mill-infest-
ins INSeCts, nc. Aoetemistalsahe ee ss ais 79
Fruits, insects attacking small .... 99
Fruit worms, in British Columbia .. 17
Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid
for mill-infesting pests .......... 79
Gipsy MOtn hob coe ttae he aches ei 31
Grain insects, influence of chloro-
DICLIN-ON) case deticoe ene 21
Grasshoppers: 4. 2. eee eee 155 V7) 1038
Heliothis obsoleta ................ 101
TLESSIAN ST o.oo, Ne elo nasi eae ee 15,103
Hippiscus latefasciatus ............ 58
oS MESTCCHUSh se zeit cee 57
a ODSCHITUGh Eso i epson oes 57
“e Wihellinnsty..o.10jexeys sees 57
136 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
—
x : : , PAGE PAGE
Hopkins’ bioclimatic NAW batemieete se 43 Parthenogenesis in Otiorhynchus .. 96
Hydrated lime in control of pear Peach. twig: borer. >... .<\. ..e> sane “oe 16
psylla .... wee teen teen eee e ees 36 Pear psylla, control of ............. 33
Ehyleniyia amtiqua: 527. 21 is\1-ae)sieta ne 100 Pear slug \jcod2s Sisutls oa oe eee 97
Eryphantrin | Cunea is <)-1- cs << 98 Pear thrips) .2.. .. 225+ 0¥-eeseeeeee 99
Hypoderma bovis ...----. 2.2.0 sees 103 Pieris protodice .....=< ....eee"en 13
Vineata: sehaids bc eee 103 - PADAO - 55h cw sec ae 13, 100
Phenology . «....2.....«!:,< sis suvie ee ete 44
bisects; ancestry Of oo n.4:<2.as cornice 105 Phlegethontius quinquemaculatus .. 101
Insects for the year, reports on ...13, 83 Phorbia brassicae .......225¢ s-eseae 61, 68
Insect outbreaks and their causes .. 31 Phyllocoptes schlechtendali . ...... 98 4
Iphiclides AJAX oe. ee eee eee cece eee 14 Phymatodes dimidiatus ......... +~ oe
Wonidsstecomiae -. 2... a.ccctsenees 104 Phytonomus punctatus ....... no dates
Plant Quarantine Act ........... oe ree
Japanese, beetle ..:%..:.c2¥oeee-e es 41 Plum curculio .....:<..<.ts ssa 15, 98
June heetles * 5 <.s.0. ie ecrslerein oats 81, 83 Plutella maculipennis ............. 191
Potato beetle -.........3:0sssenaee 84, 101
Bachnosterna dubia .5..2:<e.< 2os* 82 Potato flea-beetle. .......... cue ; 84
> PUSS Lass cls dase see 82 Potato leaf-hopper .......-... Sate
3 TUSUOSR< cinrcsceciaievesraeee 82 Psenocerus supernotatus .......... 15
Leaf-beetle, three-lined ............ 102 Pseudopomala brachyptera ......-. 55
Beat-pipeemullein: (7... oetcmicws «cle os 96 Psylla, pear, control of ......J26.. 33
Leaf-hopper, grape ..............-- 99 Pteronus ribesSil ..... ..ims. chee 100
< potato a> caieseae Gees 84
¥ TOSGL 4. 5. else ee ae 98 Raspberry Sawfly ....<<ccsaseeee =o eB
Leaf-miner, blackberry ............ 100 Rose chafer ......<5%.clestesleeaene -97
2] unspotted tentiform 98 Rose midge=...... 5 .ceseeee Pee. 104
PSEHIAALC SILVER. 9510. 55. cye.c wien a 98 ;
Leaf-roller, strawberry ........... 100 Saperda obliqua ia Ee
ferrin. (PEERINGATA, 2 oor tes. ale ieee ore 102 > puncticollis .....++-++++- :
Leptinotarsa decemlineata ........ 101 Scale, San José .....-.++++-++++00s 97
Lepyronia quadrangularis ......... 24 Sesia tipuliformis ............s-s. 100
Life zones, Merriam’s ............ 44 Sidemia devastatrix ....-...ssunee 103
Lime-sulphur, in control of pear eiataen re aequale ......-.+---- og
TMU ro ccta Screw ithe Gata toe le 44 pruce DUGWOTM ....---++s--eeres0
Locusts in Manitoba .............. 49 Spruce gall-louse .......----+--+- = 103
Locusts of British Columbia ...... 53 Stink-bug, black... «..°. . «= .0=/=peuneaneee 101
Tayeus pratensis .......00.ss++2es> 102 Stirapleura decussata ...-..-.----- 55
Strawberry leaf-roller .....- ea sate 100
Macrodactylus subspinosus ........ 97 bs root-borer ...--.+--+-+: 100 .
Macrosiphum pisi ................ 101 < root-louse ...-.--.-.+ -. 100
Malacosoma erosa ..........+.---- 18 _ Weevil ...---.- -..-17, 84, 88
: pluvialis ............. 18 Super Ee control \@8 a
Mayetiola destructor ............. 103 infesting imsects .....-.-+-- Sea
Meal insects, influence of chlor- Systena frontalis ..---.+++-s+5e ee:
MASECOHEN! ON? |< sais) cvic! seve o eiele eis eteeiee 21 > -
Mediterranean flour moth ......... 17 Taeniothrips inconsequens: "sss =
Melanoplus atlanis ............ 17, 49, 60 Tarnished plant-bus. ..---)ssssaa a6
Rivitiead "52. 61 Tent, caterpillar, forest .........-. 31
« Brn ere ite teen 61 Tent caterpillars ...........- eo ate B
“ [seas ey age ey 7 Thrips tabaci ......----+++++++--+s
“ See ae ~ Tobacco and lime in control of cab-
- caizion Shee eee 52 bage root maggot ........------- 72
4 Se ated ee 9 Tomato or tobacco Worm ......-.-- 101
MAGKArGTI 2 22> ee eR 52, 60 Tomato sphinx 15
id BDPFELIS Cociic2 se oe an 49 bears pre > ae
Mestobregma kiowa .............. 58 Tribolium spp. cuicines ae pe
Metallus bethunei ..............-- 100 Trimerotropis _caerepes am eal
MMPI She < s/c Sd ters ce sicne ater 32 Vinculata .<: aaa a
Mill-infesting pests in Canada ..... 77 Eee Rea midge .........-eomee 1
iemeeeods, telation to inked: eto Typophorus canellus .......-+++-++ 100
Onion maggot .......---..-.+- 15, 17, 100 Vanessa atalanta ........-.+-: es
Onion thrips 8 EE RRS OE 102 “ caTdui™ iciw os eee Rea
Ormenis pruinosa ......-.-.-.---- 99 Varichaeta ....------eeeeeees ere)
Ornix geminatella ................ 98 Vegetables. insects affecting ...-.- 15
Orphulella pelidna ............--+- 55
Otiorhynchus ovatus ............. 17, 84 Warble flies . Wo. c.c. 25 sac seen emes 103
Oyster shell scale .......-.---+---+> 31 Wheat, crambid attacking ga ere 103
E
5
as
2 aL pean >, ~ n :
aps? EM TEER PNT RO NITEM OP means
LONE PFOA ER
IIe as 3 - sin
POMS TIS OR IO VEER ER) Ree
ROOD Sa eyy
Entomological Society of
Ontario
Proceedings
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY
q
|
}
TAs aii Set ag = non
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11