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-Fifty-First Annual Report 


OF THE 


‘Entomological Society 


OF ONTARIO 
1920 


we PRINTED BY ORDER OF 
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO 





c TORONTO: 
Printed by CLARKSON W. JAMES, her e the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 
1 





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Ontario Department of Agriculture 


Fifty-First Annual Report 
Entomological Society 
OF ONTARIO 
1920 





PRINTED BY ORDER OF 
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO 








TORONTO: 
Printed by CLARKSON W. JAMES, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 
1921 





Printed by 
THE RYERSON PRESS. 


To His Honour, Lionet H. CLARKE, 
Ineutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario. 


May 1T PLEASE Your HONOUR: 


I have the honour to present herewith for your consideration, the Report of 
the Entomological Society for 1920. 


Respectfully submitted, 


ManNING W. DOHERTY, 


Minister of Agriculture. 


Digitized by the Internet Archive 
in 2009 with funding from 
University of Toronto 


http://www.archive.org/details/proceedings51 ento 


CONTENTS 


PAGE. 

PESISER PE SUM OE 9.2 (1 9.251 Meter cies ote sl c6 a) cnsiisyS areitie ous Sycteselrelesevetossiaceteieleiel« »,c-0/e] se). s\e's).0.siwieTelele Val 6 
PORTA OAL, SIG oe Be Ges geri Siree a blo oe bo ooo bn On U OOO OCOmr camo cooonbianro ny 5.0m 6 
PREGA on VEO RTI Gaer aiict afiel cveyalte Javoue \ ois cheat alle eisicnchee! sich ele Sus oh ove ‘ot «] e wileile, ores) #auereievele-e\elimisteversiaie Us 
VCO Rim Ota Om OUNCI en sca pisrcc'< le apes fe cleietecbete enclci ce ousiie nia lei eft ele) cheues sie: 1 (el asshole) =\ere exelieira 8 

a ILAMATRMEN DT Laat mitdlo’ Ob 0.60 6. Gan ODO OD Coa OUC clo Clo inloicigHinio oO OLiCIOS 9 

i WiGyirOA| BIG NG OS CSR SG aie ode Bld o cos Combos obo OD onda don odic 9 

ee AMoTopRGy, “ATO OY “SS Sods pow ea de aan dou Gobo oueL UUaUaacoU OD ooo das 10 

a Iie Colkrnenore, Iie 66 ooccsobunudoocusedcn0oVocod0g00g= 10 

zs NOVAS COLT ANE Inaun Chafee cee cic sere ccc terete icles eel ekekee caciok-cl.eyol'er loneneeeKenopeie 11 
Reports on Insects of the Year: Division No. 3: A. COSENS ............++.--- 12 
Reports on Insects of the Year: Division No. 4: F. J. A. Morris ................-.; 113? 
Notes on Leaf Bugs Attacking Fruit Trees in Ontario: L. CAESAR .......... 14 
The Manitoba Grasshopper Campaign of 1920: A. V. MITCHENER ............ 16 
Some Phases of the Present Locust Outbreak in Manitoba: N. CRIDDLE ...... 19 
The Influence of Locusts on the Ranges of British Columbia: E. R. BUCKELL . 23 
The Invasion of Southern Alberta by Beet Webworms: E. H. STRICKLAND .. 29 
The Present State of the Hessian Fly in Western Ontario: H. F. Hupson .. 32 
meeioeetne Saison: tio E ELUDSON ae. o<c-ciccc sas ass oe sees ee el otewiisia cas aos 
Inseets of the Season in Ontario: LL. CAESAR .......... cece cece ccc rcsccccces 35 
Some of the Broader Aspects of Insect Control: HE. P. FELT ................. 43 
Further Data on the Cabbage Maggot (Phorbia brassicae): L. CAESAR ...... 50 
The Control of the Cabbage Root Maggot in British Columbia: R. C. TREHERNE 61 
Inter-relations in Nature: W. LOCHHEAD ..2.........c. ccc cece csc ssccccces 53 
Conference on the European Corn Borer ............cccceeececnsecrcvcrcees 60 
Notes on the Control of the Rose Midge: W. A. ROSS .............--.++-+---- 63 
Some Mosquito Problems of British Columbia: ERIc HEARLE ..........---- 66 
Report on Injurious Insects in Quebec for 1920: Gro. MAHEUX ............. 70 
The Entomological Record: NORMAN CRIDDLE .........e sees eee cence ceeeee 12 
SSL ELSA TIN er Hato hha oa encv ata cite goyataval arene usages eiGiaylevelle oisrale ore: «ene alorerelelene slaves ais shales 91 


[5] 


Entomological Society of Ontario 


OFFICERS FOR 1920-21 


President—Mr. ARTHUR GIBSON, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa. 
Vice-President—Mr. F. J. A. Morris, M.A., Peterborough. 
Secretary-Treasurer—Pror. A. W. BAKER, B.S.A., O. A. College, Guelph. 
Curator—Mr. G. J. Spencer, BJS.A., Lecturer in Entomology, O. A. College, Guelph. 
Librarian—Mkr. G. J. SPENCER, B.S.A., O. A. ‘College, Guelph. 


Directors—Division No. 1, Dr. J. M. Swatne, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agri: 
culture, Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Dr. A. CosEns, 
Toronto; Division No. 4, Dr. Watson, Port Hope; Division No. 5, Mr. J. W. Noste, 
Essex; Division No. 6, Mr. H. F. Hupson, Strathroy; Division No. 7, Mr. W. A Ross, 
Vineland Station. 


Directors (ex-Presidents of the Society)—Rev. Pror. C. J. S. BerHune, M.A., D.C.L., 
F.R.S.C., Guelph; Pror. JOHN DEARNESS, Vice-Principal, Normal School, London; Rey. 
THOMAS W. Fytes, D.C.L., F.Y.S, Ottawa; Pror. Wm. LocHHEAD, B.A. M. Sc., Macdonald 
College, Que.; JoHN D. Evans, C.E., Trenton; Pror. E. M. WALKER, B.A., M.B., F.R.S.C., 
University of Toronto; C. Gorpnon Hewitt. D.Se., F.R.S.C., Dominion Entomologist, 
Ottawa; Mr. ALBERT F. WINN, Westmount, Que.; Pror. LAwson Carsar, M.A., B.S.A., 
O. A. College, Guelph. j 


Editor of “The Canadian Entomologist’—Dr. J. McDunnoucH, Entomological 
Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa. 


Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada—THE PRESIDENT. 


FINANCIAL STATEMENT 





For the Year Ending October 3lst, 1920 


Expenditures. Receipts. 

Printiner sete cae eee $1,692 09 Gash on hand 1919")... eee $ 82 81 
Anninaleeetingis.i eerie 28 05 Subscriptions <....... 5. .seeee 475 86 
EXPENSE) So 2 Shae eee ee 19 00 Members’ Dues .........-.---. 102 00 
: Advertisements 2 ...-.5 2. sneer 93 29 
Cash in Bank ................ 94 15 Back Numbers ...se2-.0oo ee 70 75 
Bank Interest. 14...) eee 8 58 
Government Grant ->.5.-.s-eee 1,000 00 
$1,833 29 $1,833 29 

Tompalance dieson printings ee see eee $467 51 

To.Hditor’s ‘salary... isis occa ceo be eee eee 100 00 

Mos AnnualReport. 225.6 6.Ress coi eee ies ee ee 25 00 

$592 51 

By cash’ in Bank igen 36s a Se cee ee eee 94 15 

Net. deficit, 02-5. o. osc i cscc s Sense ee eee $498 86 


Respectfully submitted, A. W. BaKer. Secretary-Treasurer. 
Auditors: L. CAESAR. 
J. E. Howitt. 


Entomological Society of Ontario 


ANNUAL MEETING 


The Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario 
was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Wednesday and Thurs- 
day, November 17th and 18th, 1920. The daily meetings were held in the En- 
tomological Lecture room of the College and the evening meeting in the men’s 
sitting room. The following members were present: Dr. E. P. Felt, State En- 
tomologist, Albany, N.Y.; Rev. Prof. C. J. S. Bethune, Prof. L. Caesar and Messrs. 
A. W. Baker and G. J. Spencer, O. A. College, Guelph; Messrs. Arthur Gibson, 
L. 8. Mcluaine, H. G. Crawford and E. Hearle, Dominion Entomological Branch, 
Ottawa; Prof. W. Lochhead, Macdonald College, Que.; Father Leopold, La Trappe, 
Que.; Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough, Ont.; Prof. E. M. Walker, Toronto, Ont. ; 
Mr. W. E. Biggar, Hamilton, Ont.; Mr. Jas. Dunlop, Woodstock, Ont.; Mr. E. R. 
Buckell, Dept. of Agriculture, Victoria, B.C.; and the following officers of the 
Dominion Entomological Branch: Messrs. C. E. Petch, Hemmingford, Que.; W. A. 
Ross, Vineland Station, Ont.; H. F. Hudson, Strathroy, Ont.; Norman Criddle, 
Treesbank, Man.; and E. H. Strickland, Lethbridge, Alta. 

Among the visitors present were Prof. C. R. Crosby, Cornell University, 
Ithaca, N.Y.; Messrs, W. R. Walton and L. H. Worthley, Bureau of Entomology, 
Washington, D.C.; Mr. A. V. Mitchener, Manitoba Agricultural College, Winnipeg, 
Man.; Mr. A. H. McLennan, Dept. of Agriculture, Toronto ; Mr. R. H. Gurst, 
Dominion Pathological Laboratory, St. Catherines, Ont.; and Professors R. Har- 
court, J. E. Howitt, D. H. Jones and J. W. Crow, Dr. R. E. Stone, and Messrs. 
C. R. Klinck and W. G. Garlick,.O. A. College, Guelph. 

Letters of regret on their inability to attend the meeting were received from 
the following: Rev. Dr: T. W. Fyles, Mr. George Maheux, Prof. P. J. Parrott, 
Prof. O’Kane, Prof. Headlee, Prof. J. J. Davis, and Messrs. Moore, Winn and 
Corcoran of the Montreal Branch. 

On Wednesday morning a meeting of the Council was held, at which the 
report of the proceedings of the Society for the year was read by the Secretary 
and approved and several important matters concerning the welfare of the Society 
discussed. A-committee, consisting of:the President and secretary of the Society 
and Dr. E. M. Walker was appointed to deal with the matter of adjusting the 
finances of the Society. It was also decided that the following policy with re- 
spect to the journal of the Society be followed in future as closely as possible; : 
viz:_that no papers be published unless the author be a subscriber or member 
of the Society and that the author bear the full cost of all cuts. It was suggested 
that in view of the fact that the Annual Meeting of the American Association for 
the Advancement of Science is to be held in Toronto in 1921, that the Annual 
Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario be held in the same city at such 
a time that visiting entomologists could attend our sessions. 


WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON 


The regular meeting was called to order by the President, Mr. Arthur Gibson. 
The various reports of the Society, except that of the treasurer, were taken . 
as read. The financial statement was then read by the Secretary-Treasurer. 


7 


8 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





Professor Caesar spoke a few words of appreciation of Dr. Hewitt’s work, and 
moved that a letter be sent to Mrs. Hewitt expressing great regret that Dr. Hewitt 
was not with us. This was seconded by Prof. Lochhead and carried. 

The remainder of the afternoon was occupied by the reading of papers and 
discussion. 


REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 


The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its 
report for the year 1919-20. 

The fifty-sixth annual meeting of the Society was held at Ottawa on November 
the sixth and seventh, 1919. The attendance was good and very representative 
of the National character of the Society, members being present from Nova Scotia, 
New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia. In addition to 
the Canadian members there were two welcome visitors from the United States: Mr. 
C. L. Marlatt, Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C., 
and Dr. Summers of Massachusetts. 

The following papers were read:—“ Insects of the season in Ontario,” W. A. 
Ross and L. Caesar. “Insect Conditions in the Province of British Columbia,” 
R. C. Treherne. “ Results of some Preliminary Experiments with Chloropicrin,” 
G. J. Spencer. “Ephydra hians and its Occurrence in Western Canada,” Dr. 
C. Gordon Hewitt. “Our Common Cercopidae,” George A. Moore. “ Further 
Notes on the control of the Pear Psylla,”’ W. A. Ross and W. Robinson. “ My 
Experience this year in Dusting and Spraying,’ Rev. Father Leopold. “ The 
Chief Factors in the Natural Control of Insects,” J. D. Tothill. “The Present 
Condition of the Balsam and Spruce Injury in Quebec,” J. M. Swaine. “ Recent 
Observations on Eastern Ticks,” S. Hawden. “How the United States is pre- 
venting the Introduction of Foreign Insect Pests and Plant Diseases,” C. L. 
Marlatt. “ Hopkins Bioclimatic Law,” W. Lochhead. “On the Wings of the 
Wind,” A. F. Winn. “Locusts in Manitoba with Special Reference to the Out- 
break in 1919,’ Norman Criddle. “Ecological Notes on certain Species of 
Locusts prevalent in British Columbia,” E. R. Buckell. “ Symposium on the 
Cabbage Root Maggot and its Control in 1919,” W. H. Brittain, R. C. Treherne, 
Arthur Gibson and L. Caesar. “ Present Status of Pests of Canadian Flour Mills,” 
E. H. Strickland. “Life-History of a hobby Horse—Part II—Boy and Man,” F. J. 
A. Morris. “Some Notes on the Life History of our Common June Beetles,” 
H. F. Hudson. “Further Notes on the Life History and Control of the Straw- 
berry Root Weevil,” W. Downes. “ The Strawberry Weevil,” W. A. Ross. “ Borers 
in Corn and other Field and Garden Plants which have been or may be mistaken 
for the European Corn Borer,” Arthur Gibson. 

The Canadian Entomologist, the official organ of the Society completed 
its fifty-first volume in December last. The size of the magazine was enlarged in 
order to be uniform with the standard size of bulletins, and the number of pages 
in each issue was reduced but without making any diminution in the amount of 
reading matter published. The volume contained 287 pages, illustrated by 20 full 
page plates and 36 figures from original drawings. The contributors to its pages 
number 65, and include writers in Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, Alberta and British 
Columbia, and also in twenty-one of the United States. Ten papers were pub- 
lished on “ Popular and Practical Entomology,” which continued to form an 
attractive and instructive feature for the benefit of the general reader. 





1921 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. J) 





Ten numbers of the 52nd volume have so far been issued and the volume will 
be completed by the publication of the November and December numbers. 

It is again the sad duty of the Council to record the loss of one of our most 
eminent members, and it is difficult to express in suitable terms the profound 
regret that all Entomologists feel at the death of Dr. 'C. Gordom Hewitt, Dominion 
Entomologist and a former President of the Society. He died at Ottawa on Feb- 
ruary the 29th, 1920, of pneumonia, following a brief but very severe attack of 
influenza . By his death Canada has lost one of her ablest men of science and 
the Department of Agriculture a most valuable and efficient servant, through 
whose wide knowledge of economic zoology, great administrative ability and 
far-seeing judgment, the Dominion Entomological service has developed to a re- 
markable extent since his appointment as Dominion Entomologist in 1909. A 
full acount of his life and work, together with an excellent portrait, was published 
in the Canadian Entomologist for May. 


REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. 


No books have been purchased for the Library during the year ending October 
31st, 1920, owing to the lack of funds for the purpose. Thirty-six bound: volumes, 
nearly all of them the gift of the Librarian, have been added to the Society’s collec- 
tion making the total number 2,328. There is a large accumulation of periodicals, 
bulletins and other publications, many of which should be bound in order to be 
available for reference, but at present there is no prospect of any means being 
available, nor has it been possible to have them classified and catalogued. 

Respectfully submitted, 
Cuaries J. S. BerHune, Librarian. 


REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH. 


The 392nd regular and 47th Annual Meeting of the Montreal Branch was 
held on Saturday, May 8th, 1920, in the Lyman Entomological Room, Redpath 
Museum, McGill University. 

The following reports were given :— 

The Council reported that during the season 1919-20, eight meetings had been 
held with a total attendance of eighty-one or an average of ten per meeting. This 
was larger than for the previous season. The Annual Field Day was held at 
St. Hilaire on Victoria Day. During the year twenty-one papers were read on 
the following subjects: 





MEET STAC Sm tO OT OSS ts reve -o0e aoe Tels cette cre ae eT ee ee ies Sess Saba eke BS WINN, 
PE CHOM ECHO coe CELT EGTA) 4 hats ore aoe een ce eet deh ass Ae knees Gro. A. Moore. 
3. (CUM eRe Pi eM erste fis CRS a 2 1 (ict A. F. WINN. 
SPEED BUM L AMLOUISAC,/ QULC Es ysis hare ccapcta me Re eayeie eo orale ies efe fe Hapaneie oct a @uele's.2 A. F. W1NN. 
WaRnCEAMTMUalMeeting at. Ottaway teccis.c tone cas becleat cb eceiwecvoeee Gro. A. Moore. 
6 Common characteristics of the Ephemeride ................ssseccee Dr. CORCORAN. 
iene North America species. of Coelambus\.. . fo.) ou... oace ee sce sndauscceee J. I. BEAUNE. 
8. The House Centipede, Cermatia forceps Raf. in Montreal ............ Dr. A. WILEY. 
PEVCESTIIOUSEAUOILE INSCCUSR- FE? cette tants atm nce Uh eon Bio oc are barnes A. F. WINN. 
POT COMMNIOL: CeClCOP 1G oaiaiyes'-te > ele oF A Ones anes civlo cites ee ane Geo. A. Moore. 
eS SATIRIC me Ua eA) OTT CLA ars) fs Rear chores ee a oboe wae bie Diels G. CHAGON. 
iapNorth American species of Parnassius® : cco sok ie. Sees vac bas ceslenle A. F. WINN. 
iaeDanserous, insects found, in Montreal: = ce.na-% cee cans clececscocecde J. I. BEAUNE. 


NC WERVIEALIS IVICSSAS CUS 5. 5 cin a catacls eee ee bce shen on bbb see cebu A. EF. WINN. 


10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 
rte DN ee ee ee 
15. Woodboring beetles found at Ft. Coulonge ..................2+-eeees J. I. BEAUNE. 
TCR 0 ers) 1h eee en de I Reema aad eis bbe GOO US CIOUd aoc ad Ge OGmE GEO. A. MOORE. 
17. The preparation of Entomological material for the microscope ...Dr. F. S. JACKSON. 
18. Studies in the genus Podisus (Hemiptera) ....................--:- Gro. A. Moore. 
19. Notes on a collection of Lepidoptera from Murray Bay, col- 

Nei we dah Cadehohitecy A546 po onudodooreud cosdOd oO Us oOo NCO CoO OUR SoS A, F. WINN. 
20. Specific, subspecific and varietal categories ..........-. sees eee eens Gro. A. MOoRE. 
21. Note on a species of Bot Fly, Bogeria grisea Coq. taken at 

ABBY (KR Sima can ConOMOOn Ono UT OUdu Gs ddcnoocoDonGEGD aos Dope S + A. FF. WINN: 


The Treasurer reported a balance on hand of $157.38. 
The following were elected orficers :-— 


PPHECSTMONE reer TT Re EET eluen s Shed alone eee OO Ree oie A. F. WINN. 
VACE=PTESTDCIUE ee ee Aaa ee Se Pave To aa Taleb siete) coeenctons G. CHAGNON. 
SAGO RU RIURAUSUAREP. oo clocic ono eco woe oT saGaooaonok toaaoos Geo. A. Moore. 
YBN RAY R AGN Oh RRO RE Ot clo EG RD ORO Rn Oca COO Cid SS ORS J. W. BUCKLE: 
GCOUNGCULE wre erets ous hee oes R. connonan? G. OH. Harty, A. C. SHEPHERD. 


Gro. A. Moors, Secretary. 


REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH. 
The 239th regular and 24th Annual Meeting of the Toronto Branch was 


held in the Biological Building of the University of Toronto on Thursday evening, 
October 21, 1920. 


The report of the Council showed that during the season eight regular meet- 


ings amd a field meeting were held, with an average attendance of twelve persons. 


During the season the following papers and addresses were given before the 


Society :— 


VW Oohtahrtia. vi2ileasva Hailmoans ParasitGuseesoiwiciee comicierienenrteris Dr. E. M. WALKER. 

Collecting vat, Porte Sydney. ane Ou 91 eee ea ee ein rete re eas N. K. BIGELow. 

> Collecting -at,-Go- Home Bay. Ont 2.12 sie ere ee eee eee H. V. ANDREWS. 

{ Habits of Our Commoner, Dipterous anv esa. cis caterer N. K. BIcELow. 
Exhibit of the Entomological Collection of the Royal Ontario 

Museum of OGlORYy Sass eons eco eceneueie ek -ueeet romeo S. Locier and N. K. BIGELOw. 

- “Insects as’ Carriers, ofspiseaser 242... .2 06 so oat ee ole Cee H. V. ANDREWS. 

“May flies? ot iors nus. Se © core ton ee Dr. W. A. CLEMENS. 

, “Grasshoppers! ind Tiocusts??)i 74.0 eee. cae eco. orem Dr. EB. M. WALKER. 

af @)-<ol 610) Pamel sk (2): en een onc ammo doe scot. Ny, LELAECUIE- 

| “SThe. Nesting sHabitssok ~Amts)?: jsi.tes-shtels soto icin i nee one eee S. LociEr. 


Seven new members were elected ae the year, i.e. Miss C. A. Brown, 


Miss Jean Scott, Miss M. Maitland, Mr. R. W. Hall, Mr. A. H. Leim, Mr H. 
Haworth and Mr. A. C. Auchinachie. 


The Treasurer’s Report showed a balance of $26.25. 
The following officers were elected for the coming year :— 


er CSTMCNE: — Saleaiketo bc oes Aen aC hee ee Ee Cee H. V. ANDREWS. 
WAiCE=PTESIGCNT’ 25 bs diod bw Ce OOO ee ee eee S. Locimr. 
Secrelary-TTeasurer: Ss. a. sone One eee Norma Forp. 
TAOT ION. Sis aie's eosns esis, ya) cee RC ee N. K. BIGELOW. 
GOUN CTI Rae ee cee cn eee Dr. E. M. WALKER, Dr. A. COSENS, 


Dr. W. A. CLEMENS, and A. H. LEI. 
Respectfully submitted, 


Norma Forp, Sec.-Treas. 


REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH. 
The 19th Annual Meeting of the British Columbia Entomological Society 


was held in the I.0.D.E. rooms, No. 401 Jones Building. Victoria, on Saturday, 
Feb. 21st, 1920. Seventeen members were present and several visitors. The meet- 
ing was a most successful one and several important resolutions were passed. Chief 


1921 . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11 





among these was one moved by Mr. Treherne and seconded by Mr. Lyne in favour 
of co-ordinating entomological work throughout the Dominion and in favour of 
establishing national journals of entomology, one for systematic and one for 
economic entomology. The secretary was instructed to forward a copy of this 
resolution to the Ontario Entomological Society. 

Other resolutions were passed as follows :— 


“That the Dominion Government be asked to publish a handbook on the 
birds of Canada west of the Rocky Mountains.” 

“That the Secretary write to the Natural History Societies requesting co- 
operation in bringing the HeEGessity for eee of the Tent Caterpillar to the Civic 
and Municipal Authorities ;” 

“That prizes be given at the fall fairs for the best collection of insects by 
school children, at the discretion of the Advisory Board.” 

“That the subscriptions of members joining later than August be good for 
the following year.” 

“That arrangements be made with a dealer in the city of Victoria to act as 
agent for entomological supplies.” 


The following papers were read during the meeting :— 


aT AON CS a Ober Eos ny yore eas) oitas or enereacKe isis s (eis) <) Slegenies © exeasieyekeun, sys elle, ishe ie,'0 ine) oi¥el's W. DOWNES. 
MeEcolechine strip tO ldILOOCE «> cicwe «cle ticle We cso soe eels cues cierele's wie em ese ene G. O. Day. 
Hiunener motes om Aecolothripide: <2. 6. cra .w.cicec scree erm c ce see es ees ecese R. C. TREHERNE. 
Native flowers for bees settee enst eee ec ences ete t eect eens eee ee ees seerecya J. Davison. 
Some new species of Mycetophilidz ..........----2---cecceeeeeere cee: R. 'S. SHERMAN. 
MLeMHISEGLVaLOl ADALCTICUS CLOGALIS ic 6 ccs = crsperc scree ieee sowie oe le ss econo W. Downes. 
TRieweAreynnids-and Brenthids’ of BC. vy... jase ewe cece ten eee e vee E. H. BLACKMORE. 
Prpomolorvaninerther SChHOOIS Haas acl cig asta eelaic’s ere ectese eo slejcloreleie efeiailc om es J. W. Grsson. 
Further notes on the control of the Onion Maggot ................ R. C. TREHERNE and 
M. H. RUHMANN. 
Further notes on the Tent Caterpillar and its natural control ............/ A. B. Batrp. 
AM GU ONOV-CACINE LAT VA Ua cre orsielsrs! » "orsictoreus nde «) S)steile wlohe) o's ol sia wlelonelelersyeye 'ai@iehia aie J. W. COCKLE. 
SESE LLCVererSkgy Ne 1E Ch ogee Be See oetO no oti re ier eercl iia eect cro choranc E. R. BUCKLE. 
The following officers were elected :— 

[EOKtis TERRY TRC OO 6 CO DO XO OC OU CSOD DOCS COCO oe FRANCIS KERMODE. 

VE SULT Ea ronstnhe es oh dado Sie cete eu to nual Shesdisha on eee socal elelsies eves ene eiets E. H. BLACKMORE. 

Ni CE-LLCSI@eNE ACCOASL)) “Ssteciccictste o Silos Jrelcrstae sie ens R. S. SHERMAN. 

WAGCE-ETEWSt CEN Fe GIMCCLIOI))! erate akties ci sisieke Sloe See nuebels, «pegs hs R. C. TREHERNE. 

ACEISOTY BOOKG Hs oi558 oe oy siohs Shae -.... Messrs. J. Davipson, J. W. GIBSON, 


L. E. Breun, E. W. WHITE, 
L. E. MARMONT. 


ALAN G. DustTAn, Secretary. 


REPORT OF THE NOVA SCOTIA BRANCH. 


The sixth meeting of the Entomological Society of Nova Scotia was held in 
the biology lecture room at Acadia University, Wolfville, N.S.. on August 24th. 
In the absence of the President, Prof. W. H. Brittain, due to illness, the chair 
was taken by the Vice-president, Mr. J. D. Tothill. At the business meeting, 
which was held in the morning, it was decided to hold in future two meetings 
of the Society each year; a summer meeting, to take the form of a field day; and 
a winter meeting, at which papers and addresses would be presented. The fol- 
lowing officers were elected for the ensuing year: 


12 5 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


FIGHNOTOLYMETESIMCNE Fi aa <ialeiele hater tote eee Dr. A. H. MacKay, Halifax. 
TEAGUE Tis COO D GOONS COG Cd dso acoagC Pror. W. H. Britrarn, Truro. 
WWVACE-ETESIGENE. <-.sceeleee ene enc eererrr J. D. Toru, Fredericton. 
SEGTCLOTY- LT COSULET. cinie oie hens ls 21) heielorel ome A. G. Dustan, Fredericton. 
Ganvimitteere er <i tena cl- lorie Dr. EpNA MosuHer, L. G. SAUNDERS, 

V .B. DURLING. 
Publications Committee =... -. see W. H. Brittarn, A. KELSALL, 

A. G. DUSTAN. 


At the afternoon session addresses were given by Mr. ArTHurR Gipson, Do- 
minion Entomologist, and Dr. A. H. MacKay, Superintendent of Education for 
Nova Scotia, and a number of papers were read by different members. 

During the past year the fifth “ Proceedings of the Entomological Society ” 
was issued. This publication, which comprises ninety-four pages and includes 
four plates, contains some very valuable data on the various insects studied through- 
out the year. It also includes an account of the latest insecticide-fungicide com- 
binations which have been tested in Nova Scotia during the past season. 


Atan G. DustaNn, Secretary. 


REPORTS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR. 


Division No. 3. Toronto District—A. Cosens. 


With reports from different parts of the province of serious damage done by 
the Hessian Fly, and from another part of the appearance of the Corn Borer, the 
Entomological happenings in the Toronto District seem very unimportant. 

The Tussock moth, so much in evidence for several years, has apparently 
passed the peak of its development and will now decrease in numbers for a term 
of years. In the western part of the city few caterpillars were seen in districts 
where the trees have been badly infested for several years. The parasites are clearly 
establishing a control of the pest, but this natural check has been assisted by the 
system of spraying and intelligent collection of egg masses carried out by the City 
Parks’ Department. 

Two moths, noted as being unusually plentiful, were the day-flying, black and 
white Shearmark. Rheumaptera hastata and the Linden Moth, Hrannis tiharia. 
The latter was common, flitting about the electric street lamps, until the cold 
spell that commenced October 25th brought its activities to a close. 

The Monarch butterfly was only rarely seen this season and specimens of the 
Common Sulphur were less numerous than usual. 

Reports from the eastern part of the city indicate that the Soldier Bugs have 
been more than usually aggressive in their attacks on the Colorado Potato Beetle. 
These carnivorous insects kill the “ Potato Bug” by thrusting their beaks into 
it, a mode of attack quite different to that of the beetles for which they are often 
mistaken. 

There is a beetle, Lebia grandis, however, that kills large numbers of the ° 
Potato Beetles. It attacks both larvae and adults as well as feeding on the egg 
clusters of the pest. This insect friend of the gardener is easily recognized by its 
dark blue outer wings and red-coloured legs and body. 

Other beneficial insects, frequently seen in this district, are the Ground Beetles, 
There are two common species of them, both of which are distinctly marked. The 
Searcher or Caterpillar Hunter, Calosoma scrutator, has its outer wings colored a 


1921 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13 


vivid violet green, margined with reddish, while those of the Fiery Hunter, 
Calosoma calidum, are black, marked with regular rows of yellowish, punctated 
_ dots. 

These species destroy a large number of destructive, leaf-eating insects, tent- 
caterpillars, cutworms, canker-worms and other equally injurious forms. Their 
segmented, flattened larvae burrow just beneath the surface of the ground and 
attack the insects entering the ground to complete their development. These 
larvae are very active and so well-armed with a sharp pair of jaws, that they are 
able to overcome larve much larger than themselves. The adult insects hunt at 
night, and like the larvae feed upon other insects. Because of this nocturnal 
habit and their hiding under stones and logs during the day, they are seem less 
frequently than some other insects that are not so plentiful. They are, however, 
found often in the mornings on the pavements under the electric lights that have 
attracted them during their night-marauding expeditions. 

There have beem very few acorns on the mossy-cup oaks, Quercus macrocarpa, 
in this locality for several years, but this season, on the contrary, nearly all the trees 
are well-fruited. A large number of the acorns bear on their cups galls produced 
by Andricus glandulus. These galls resemble closely minature acorns, as the 
inner gall containing the larve is formed in a small cup with a mossy-fringed 
border like that of the acorm. When mature the inner gall falls out of the cup to 
the ground, where the larva remains in it and does not mature until the following 
spring. 

Division No. 4.—F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough. 

One of the first events of the season was the appearance of borers about 
Virginia Creeper on a neighbour’s garden wall. Warned by the previous year’s 
date of emergency I was on the look out before the close of May. Sure enough, 
on the 29th of May I began to find specimens of Psenocerus supernotatus about the 
broken stems and dead twigs at the base of the shrubbery and in the course of four 
or five days captured over a score of these. On May 31st I observed the first 
specimen of Saperda puncticollis, and between June 1st and June 10ah I captured 
over forty. They were nearly always taken om the foliage near the top of the 
hedge. In bright, hot sunshine they became very active crawling out on to leaves 
_ and flying about with great readiness. On June 19th while exploring a wood 
west of Bethany Junction I found feeding on the blossoms of maple-leaved 
Vibernum or Dockmackie a species of Leptura that was new to me; it proved to 
be L. octonotata. On June 30th while exploring the northwest corner of the 
famous Murray Swamp between Meyersburg and Codrington, on the alders at its 
edge I captured my first specimen of the handsome little buprestid Hupristocerus 
cogitans. 

On Saturday, July 17. while wheeling across the Oak Hills between Stirling 
and Frankford, noticing large patches of New Jersey Tea in bloom about the 
edges of the groves of oak and pine, I dismounted in the hope that the oak might 
breed certain new species of anthophilous beetles; my hopes were realized by finding 
among several familiar forms of Leptura and Typocerus, the less common 
Typocerus lugubris and Leptura zebra; the latter I regard as quite a prize; it 
bores in oak and I made three captures in my short stay. 

On Tuesday, July 20th, while on a botany trip north of Norwood, I spied a 
specimen of the brilliant little Chrysobothris Harristi settling on some pine brush ; 
T had only once before seen this creature (many years ago, at Lanark) and had 


14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


Dee en ee SE  — ——— SSS 


never captured it. It was therefore a great triumph to take three specimens during 
the day, all on branches of white pine lying beside the road. I saw several others, 
but they were too active for capture. On the same day, in a rocky hardwood 
heavily culled, I noticed by the path some shrubs of New Jersey Tea in bloom and 
acting hosts to a varied gathering of guests; among many common species I was 
overjoyed to capture two specimens of Leptura plebeja. 

In August while camping im the Algonquin Park I took both sexes of Leptura 
hamata and a single speciment of Leptura biforis. 


NOTES ON LEAF BUGS (MIRIDAE) ATTACKING FRUIT TREES 
IN ONTARIO. 


L. Caesar, Guelph. 


The cause of deformed or disfigured fruit is always a matter of much interest 
to entomologists. All deformities of course are not due to insects for there is no 
doubt that some are brought about by other factors such as imperfect fertilization, 
some of the so-called physiological diseases, and by fungi. By far the majority, 
however, are due to insects. Of the insect agents Leaf Bugs (Miridae) play an 
important part—a part that has only begun to be realized the last few years. 
Slingerland and Crosby by their work on the Red Bugs (Heterocordylus malinus 
and Lygidea mendax), were among the first to call our attention to Leaf Bug 
injuries. Since then Parrott and Hodgkiss, Brittain and several others both in 
North America and Europe have added greatly to our knowledge; so that now 
there is a fairly long list of Miridae known to attack fruit. In Ontario I have 
observed the following :—Heterocordylus malinus, Lygidea mendax, Neurocolpus 
nubilus, Paracalocoris colon, Campylomma verbasci, Lygus communis and Lygus 
quercalbae. 

The last two were discovered as offenders only this year and fortunately each 
seems limited to a small area. They are not, however, new insects nor are their 
- fruit-feeding habits in Ontario new; for the owners of the orchards in each case 
have observed their work for several years without, however, knowing the name 
of the insect. ; 

Lygus communis is the so-called Green Apple Bug of Nova Scotia, and also 
the False Tarnished Plant Bug of New York which Parrott and Hodgkiss found 
attacking pears in that State. This insect was found by me this year in two 
orchards at Newcastle, both orchards containing apples as well as pears. 

An interesting feature about its work was that both pears and apples were 
attacked. Now Knight states in his “Revision of the Genus Lygus” that he 
spent four summers inspecting orchards in New York state and was unable to take 
any form of ZL. communis om apples, though he says Herrick received the typical 
communis last year from apples in Eastern New York. Brittain, however, tells 
me that it is preeminently an apple pest in Nova Scotia and that any injury to 
pears there is largely brought about by the adults flying in from neighboring 
apple trees and feeding upon the fruit. At Newcastle both nymphs and adults 
were observed both on apples and pears. For instance, at my second visit I 
estimated that from 20 to 60 per cent. of Ben Davis apples were attacked and from 
30 to 90 per cent. of the pears. 


1921 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 





Another interesting peculiarity of the attack was that the blighting of young 
fruit and twigs, so common in Nova Scotia and at first mistaken there for Pear 
Blight, was very little, if at all, in evidence on any tree. My first visit to the 
orchards was on June 25th at which time most of the nymphs were in their last 
instar and a considerable number had transformed into adults. The second visit 
was on July 14th when no nymphs were seen but adults were very abundant and 
though concealed on the twigs could easily be knocked into any receptacle; in 
fact I caught nearly all mine by tapping the branches and knocking them into 
my hat. The third visit was on September 10th. No adults were then present. 


An examination of the orchard at this date showed that a remarkably large 
percentage of the apples had outgrown the injury, though some had doubtless 
dropped off. Only about two per cent. showed any noticeable injuries. These 
injuries took the form either of deep depressions or of small elevations with a 
brown, rusty surface. 

Pears had not outgrown the injury but had become worse as they increased 
in size. In orchards of about an acre in extent the fruit of every variety was badly 
deformed, apparently over 90 per cent. being knotty or scarred and unmarketable. 
In the other orchard 50 per cent. were affected. In this latter orchard the injury 
consisted chiefly of unsightly large and small brown scars on the surface without 
many deep depressions. The former pear orchard had more of the knotty type 
of injury with the deep depressions and stone cells; though many surface scars 
were also in evidence. Hence, it is just possible another Mirid, or some other 
insect than L. communis was also at work in it. 

In both orchards many specimens of Camptobrochis borealis, a brown Mirid 
slightly larger than 4. communis were taken by beating, both species being present, 
as a rule, in about equal numbers on the same branches. Knight ‘says this species 
feeds upon Rosy Aphis of Apple and also upon Phyllaphis fagi on beech trees, but 
that, while he has never seen it puncturing apples he thinks it might do so when 
abundant, for when aphids are not present it will subsist on sap from the apple 
tree. In the case in question there were very few aphids on the apple trees; there- 
fore it will be interesting to see next year whether we have here, as in the case of 
Campylomma verbasci, Neurocolpus nubilus and some other Mirids, an example 
of the changing food habits of an insect. 

All the Mirids referred to so far have attacked either apple or pear or in 
some cases both, but I wish now to call attention to a species that did much damage 
to peaches in at least one orchard and to some extent for several years. At St. 
David’s in the Niagara district there is a peach orchard of about six acres, bordered 
on two adjoining sides by woods, in which are a good many oak trees. About 
90 per cent. of the fruit on fully half of this orchard, namely all the portion near 
the oak trees, was so badly scarred by the feeding of adult Mirids that it was 
unmarketable and not profitable for canning factory purposes because it would 
all have to be pared by hand instead of. by alkali and machinery as is the usual 
custom. Only a small part of the affected fruit was knobby for the injury seldom 
affected the shape of the peach. At my first visit, June 26th, almost every fruit 
in this portion of the orchard had from one to five or six adults feeding or resting 
upon it. The species as determined by Knight was Lygus quercalbae, a species 
that Knight says breeds so far as he knows on white oak only. There is almost no 
doubt that the adults flew to the peaches from the surrounding oak trees, though 
I could find very few on oak leaves at the above date. A neighbor stated at the 


16 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


time, and of course before I heard from Knight, that he felt sure they had come 
from the oak trees because a few days before they were very plentiful on these 
trees. An inspection of the orchard also revealed that the farther the peach trees 
were situated from the oaks the fewer the number of adults and of injuries. This 
was true even of peaches alongside a pond surrounded by such trees as poplar, 
sassafras, willow and sumac but not oaks. 


As fully three-quarters of the oak trees in the woods were not white oaks 
but red oaks with sharp pointed lobes on the leaves, I cannot help but think that 
Lygus quercalbae must breed on red oak also. Another thing that tends to confirm 
this belief is that numerous eggs of a Mirid were found on red oak twigs, either 
in the tissues beneath or alongside the newly formed buds or beneath the leaf 
stem. Eggs on white oak were also easily found in the same place though more 
in this case were situated beneath the leaf stem. This slight variation, however, 
could be accounted for easily by the difference in size of the buds of the two 
varieties. Knight tells me that Parrott reported to him from New York State a 
similar case of injury to peaches this year from Lygus caryae, the adults having 
flown into the orchard from hickory trees on which they breed. 


Whether the above action of Lygus quercalbae and L. caryae portends a greater 
amount of trouble in orchards from Miridae or not, only time can tell, but I 
sincerely hope it does not because they are among the most difficult of insects 
to control. 


THE MANITOBA GRASSHOPPER CAMPAIGN OF 1920. 
A. V. Mitchener, Winnipeg, Man. 


As early as the year 1865 we have records of damage done by grasshoppers 
in Manitoba. The Rocky Mountain Locust (Melanoplus spretus) migrated from 
the south-west to the Red River Valley and entirely devoured the crops of those 
early settlers. Since that time there have been outbreaks of locusts at various 
times, but none so severe and extended as the outbreak which began in 1919. 
During that year, damage was largely confined to a restricted portion of the 
south-western part of Manitoba. In the spring of 1920, grasshoppers appeared 
over a much larger area; and it is with this particular phase of the outbreak that 
we are here concerned. 


The area most severely infested in 1920 included six municipalities in the 
extreme south-western corner of the province with an area of 1,728 square miles. 
Here practically every farm was polluted with eggs, and later on with locusts. 
Outside of this area and immediately surrounding it on the north and on the 
west was an area of over 4,000 square miles where the infestation was less severe 
on an average but where grasshoppers. were very numerous in places. In other 
parts of the province there were scattered areas, usually not large, where grass- 
hoppers did some damage to the crops. 

On May 17th when the area was first visited, young grasshoppers were hatching 
in great numbers from the lighter soils. Examinations were made in the sod along 
roadsides, fences, lanes, etc., and in stubble fields to find out what the prospects 
were for grasshoppers later in the season. As many as seventy-five egg clusters 


1921 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17 


were found to the square foot. Each egg cluster averaged about twenty eggs. 
This meant that millions of eggs were in the sod along fences bordering the grain 
fiids. Later in the season when most of the eggs had hatched, the edges of grain 
fields were literally swarming with tiny hoppers, and it was no unusual sight to see 
hundreds of thousands huddled together along the edges of the fields. When young 
they went into a field slowly: as they progressed, they entirely stripped the ground 
of every blade of grain. Nothing was left. The ground was as bare as a summer- 
fallow. During this period of their life poisoning was much more easily accom- 
plished than later when they had spread all through the standing grain. 


In Manitoba we have a large number of species of locusts which are native 
to the province. All those species that have been injurious during the present 
outbreak are native. They are present every year; but due to dry weather and 
other causes have increased enormously in numbers during the past few years. 
The four most injurious forms are: 

Camnula pellucida, The Pellucid Locust. 

Melanoplus atlanis, The Lesser Migratory Locust. 


Melanoplus femur-rubrum. The Red-legged Locust. 
Melanoplus bivittatus, The Two-striped Locust. 


These are not the only ones, but are the principal ones with which we 
had to contend. 


During the latter part of May organization meetings were held in the 
towns in the infested area where it was decided to fight the locusts with poisoned 
baits. The plan suggested by the provincial Department of Agriculture was 
adopted. The plan of campaign, briefly, was to have each municipality a unit 
with the reeve in charge of the whole. Each of the four councillors was to 
have charge of his ward under the general control of the reeve. Mixing stations 
were to be established at convenient points where the farmers could obtain the 
poisoned bait ready mixed. Each farmer was responsible for his own land 
and the roadsides next to his land. Im case of waste lands, men were to be hired 
by the council to put the bait out. The cost of the campaign was to be borne 
both by the provincial government and by the municipalities where the campaign 
was carried on. The provincial government agreed to furnish all the ingredients 
for the poisoned baits free, while the municipalities were to bear all the local 
expenses such as the cost of labor for mixing, rentals for buildings, gasoline, etc. 


At the beginning of the campaign the mixing was done mostly by hand, 
but soon the demand for bait was so great that the farmers could not be supplied. 
This situation produced the Manitoba Mixer, a machine designed to turn out 
several tons of mixture per day. This machine is run with a_ gasoline 
engine of 1% to 2 horse-power. Other types of machines were tried 
out; but the one based upon he principle of a_ stationary drum _ with 
revolving stirring rods on the inside proved pre-eminently satisfactory. Two 
or three men are required to keep the mixer running to full capacity. A maxi- 
mum output was obtained when the routine work was divided among the workers, 
each man having certain duties to perform. Some idea may be gained of the 
amount of work accomplished at one of these stations in a day when it is stated 
that on June 15th, 185 farmers called at one station alone for some 39,800 lbs. 
of poisoned bait. Records were kept of all the poisoned bait sent out from 
these stations. A blank form was provided, which was filled in by the farmer 
when the baits were taken from the station. 


18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


At the beginning of the campaigm the poisoned bait known as the Kansas 
Mixture was used with success. This bait is made up of the following materials: 


BTAN: S30) si ie Re Ae ee ee ee ee 100 Ibs. 
White Arsenic, or Paris Green........... 5 lbs. 
Tpemion sy, £20). eS EBS R eee 12-15 fruits. 
Black; Strap ‘molasses s.<eieeee eee Se ioe et: 2 gals. 
Wiaberiyy ttc desto2 te, JLo. ene Se eee 14 gals. 


The bran and the dry poison were first put in the Mixer and thoroughly 
intermingled. ‘The Mixer was then opened and the liquid consisting of ground 
lemons, molasses, and water was added. The whole was then stirred until 
thoroughly mixed, when it was dumped out on the floor, ready to be scooped up 
in sacks by the waiting farmers. The whole operation was immediately repeated. 
During the worst part of the campaign, the mixing stations were kept going 
from early in the morning until well on toward midnight. 


At some of the stations, a mixture consisting of the following atone 


was used; viz., ; 
Bran: tc. d. as ee ee eee 100 Ibs. 
White Arsenic, or: Paris Green .....:.... 4 lbs. 
Sal fie’. dts oS ei ee eee 2 lbs 
Water: it ons oo as eieeaeas ane one ere 14 gals. 


This mixture was first substituted for the Kansas Mixture when supplies 
of molasses and lemons ran out, and later was used at one of the stations even 
when fruit and molasses were obtainable. At this station, they claimed that 
it gave as good results as the Kansas Mixture. However, the consensus of opinion 
was that the Kansas Mixture gave somewhat more reliable results over the whole 
area. 

Later in the season, a modified Kansas Mixture was used with most excellent 
results. In this mixture, instead of using 1C0 lbs. of bran as a base for the other 
ingredients, 50 lbs of bran and an equal bulk of sawdust were used as the base. 
The addition of the sawdust improved the physical properties of the mixture. 
It broke up more readily when being scattered on the land, and of course, had 
the other advantage of making a much cheaper mixture. The other ingredients 
used in this bait were the same as those used in the Kansas Mixture. 

The Criddle Mixture was used with good results by some of the farmers; 
but owing to the relative scarcity of horse droppings, and also due to the fact that 
the other mixture was free, this remedy was not used on a large scale. The mix- 
ture consists of the following ingredients. 


Hresh horses droppings, aces ener eae 15 gals. 
White Arsenic or Paris Greem ............ 1 lb. 
BE eit io nals os aocin Mietincs ithe, Shee ae 1 Ib. 


Water sufficient to moisten. 

Sawdust to replace one-half of the horse droppings was found to improve 
the physical condition of the mixture. 

White Arsenic is superior to Paris Green as a poison in the mixtures. 
Paris Green is a very fine powder and rises readily as a dust in the air. This 
is breathed by the workers, and sometimes produces bad cases of poisoning. The 
White Arsenic does not float around in the air nearly so readily; hence, is 
greatly to be preferred on that account. Some of the workers used masks so 
that they might not breathe the poisons. White Arsenic seemed to give as good 


1921 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 





results as Paris Green, and costs about a quarter as much per poumd. Its one 
disadvantage is its color. Paris Green can be seen in the mixture more easily. 

The mixtures were spread during the first part of the season in the early 
morning. Later, they were spread almost at any time except in the heat of the 
day. Bright, sunny, calm days were best. Very poor results were obtained 
when the mixture was scattered during cold, wet weather. 

The campaign of poisoning continued from the last week in May until 
about July 23rd. The demand for bait fluctuated very much during that time, 
but reached it maximum during the week of June 14th to 19th. There were 
upon record 7,703 applications from farmers for a total of 1,659,100 Ibs. 
of prepared bait during that time. 

Practically every farmer in the grasshopper area reports satisfaction from 
the use of poisoned baits. Actual counts of dead “hoppers showed almost 
incredible numbers in some places. On June 12th on a piece of sod road 
allowance, an area of one square foot showed 440 dead grasshoppers. An average 
of eight counts taken in widely separated places showed 1,035 dead “hoppers 
per sq. yd. The largest count made was 34 dead to 4 square inches of surface. 
This figures out to over 53 million dead “hoppers to the acre. There is absolutely 
no question about the effectiveness of poisoned baits. 

The following table shows the estimated value of the various crops saved 
by the use of the poisoned baits: 


Value of Crops Saved By Poisoned Baits, 1920. 


WUE pestae. setts cos. ete eae lee $10,293,920.00 
Guise PA Nowa neo Voahs £4 3,900,067.00 
atleyoide ose’. eka sees. ee ones 1,065,370.00 
PEyCiee sigan eee see's Mateeres, Sz EL 574,576.00 
PM cern rat trae oor eae Ewe ne ete 250,755.00 

PR Otlle Shia. ei ess SAN Seer ante Ns $16,084,688.00 


This estimate only includes that part of the province lying west of range 
15, and south of township 12. The value of the total crop saved outside of this 
area is roughly valued at one milion dollars, making a total saving of over 
seventeen million dollars’ worth of grain besides a great deal of native grass, etc. 

The ingredients for the poisoned baits used in Manitoba in 1920 cost in the 
neighborhood of $155,000.00 while the estimated value of the crops saved is 
$17,084,688.00. This means that for every dollar spent in baits one hundred 
and ten dollars’ worth of crop was saved. From the standpoint of this year’s 
crop alone, it can be seen that the campaign was a success. What it will mean 
to subsequent crops, we can only venture an opinion. 


SOME PHASES OF THE PRESENT LOCUST OUTBREAK IN 
MANITOBA. 
Norman Criddle, 
Dom. Entomological Lab., Treesbank, Man. 

The present locust outbreak in Manitoba is the first that has occurred in 
those parts with a professional entomologist residing close at hand. It is, there- 
fore. the first occasion we have had for studying the insects in all their conditions 
of life. Unfortunately the severity of the outbreak obliged us to devote most 


20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


of our time to control measures rather than to life studies, but no one could 
cover the infested areas, as we have dome, without observing the insects’ habits. 
Nor could they fail to take note of the various factors which must eventually 
bring the pest under control. It is true that such observations were often casual 
at first and frequently quite fragmentary, but, by degrees, they have been marshalled 
into definite order so that the accumulation provides many of the facts we were 
in search of. 

One of the most important features of the present locust outbreak has been 
the complications due to the presence of two genera which have, in some respects, 
very dissimilar habits. There have also been a number of species involved 
which differ somewhat in their general habits, though with the one ee 
these all belong to the genus Melanoplus. 

The chief offenders during the present outbreak have been the Lesser Migratory 
Locust, Melanoplus atlanis, and the Road-side locust, Camnula pellucida. The 
habits of the first are too well known to make it necessary for me to go into 
details. I will merely state, therefore, that it prefers the stubble fields or old 
deserted farms for egg laying and that it deposits its eggs around vegetation 
rather than in the midst of it. The Road-side locust, on the other hand, avoids 
the stubble fields and similar areas, selecting instead land that is alee grass, 
with a special preference for the unbroken ‘lands along road-sides. Hence the 
name Road-side locust instead of the inappropriate one of Pellucid locust. Inci- 
dently I might point out that the wings of Camnula are not truly pellucid, but are 
yellowish, secondly all species of Melanoplus are clear-winged, consequently the 
name “pellucid” is not at all a happy one. In addition to its habit of selecting 
sod land for egg laying purposes the Road-side locust differs from the Lesser 
Migratory locust in that it deposits its eggs amid the clumps of grass instead of 
around or between them. 

The marked difference in egg laying habits was detected at the commence- 
ment of the outbreak even before we were sure of the species involved. Later 
we found that the Road-side locust was even more particular in its selection of 
egg-laying sites than we supposed. Not only grass lands were required but a 
particular species of grass. True there are exceptions to this habit but, so far 
as we could learn, the only marked exceptions occurred when the favorite breeding 
grounds were absemt while somewhat similar ones were present in their stead. 


The areas chosen by the Road-side locust for egg laying are generally on 
uplands having a dryish aspect. Their chief attraction, however lies in the 
presence of Western Couch grass, Agropyron smithii. This grass has many of 
the habits of its eastern ally, but is distinguished by a very marked bluish tinge 
to the leaves. It is a common grass in the west and grows in large dense patches. 
It is amid this grass that the Road-side locusts congregate towards the middle of 
July, flying from the fields that they have previously infested. They soon attain 
very large numbers so that an area of a few square yards may contain thousands. 
Breeding is now the chief object in life, and egg-laying is continuous whenevet 
the weather is suitable. The appearance of the breeding areas at this time is 
a remarkable one. Individuals of both sexes are constantly in motion while the 
least alarm sends them off into the air. Scattered over the practically bare ground, 
for they have eaten it clean, are numerous small heaps of the insects which 
close inspection shows to be made up of ovipositing females with eight or tem 
males clinging around each. 


1921 ~* ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21 


It is no wonder that these breeding grounds become literally packed with 
eggs, yet it seems remarkable that the lands so close around should be practically 
without them. I have observed places where it was impossible to stick the point 
of a knife into the ground without revealing a sac of eggs. In others I counted 
fully 3,000 eggs to a square foot of sod. 

As noted above, these breeding places become very much denuded of vegeta- 
tion, and they are, consequently, easily noted even at a distance. This fact has 
been of great value to us in scouting for eggs, as it has enabled us to drive quickly 
‘over the country and pick out the infested places from a motor car. We have also 
been able to make practical recommendations to the farmers for dealing with these 
egg areas. 

Apart from the two main locusts mentioned before, we have had several others 
of less importance. In some districts the Two-striped locust occurred in large 
numbers and its egg masses of sixty or more eggs were not uncommon last fall. 
The Red-legged locust was also present in all parts and was especially noticeable 
late in the season due to the fact that it appears later in the spring and is conse- 
quently later in maturing. This last insect inhabits rather wetter ground than 
does atlantis. 

The natural control of locusts involves many factors, some at least of which 
are imperfectly understood. That dryness favours the insects’ increase, is generally 
acknowledged, just as wet seems to produce a contrary effect, but we have 
yet to learh when these factors come most into play. My own experiments go to 
show that cold in itself does not affect the eggs but that heat does. Thus eggs 
exposed to all the vicissitudes of winter on top of the ground came through 
without important mishap while similar ones exposed to the sun in April and 
May were nearly all destroyed. Eggs exposed in September in the same way 
also lost their vitality. 

The most interesting part of the work, in my estimation, has been that of 
watching for the causes which must eventually reduce the pest to insignificance. 
They are undoubtedly at work around us now, but so many circumstances arise 
in connection with them that it is very difficult even at this time, to accurately 
forecast what agencies will ultimately bring the insects under control. 

In 1919 we had reason to expect that flesh flies, among which Sarcophaga 
kellyit was prominent, would prove an important factor in the locusts control, but 
unfortunately the large increase of the previous year was not maintained in 1920. 

The common fungus disease, Empusa grilli, did much in restricted areas, and 
took locusts sparingly nearly everywhere in both 1919 and 1920. It is one of 
those diseases that appears with great suddenness over large sections of the country 
but is checked with equal rapidity. 

Locust mites (J’rombidium sp.) have increased enormously and during the 
present year fully seventy per cent. of the species of Melanoplus were heavily 
infested. Their presence on the locusts, however, appeared to produce little effect 
and when they dropped off in the course of a few weeks, the locusts went about 
their work apparently none the worse for the experience. 

It is interesting to note here, that the Road-side locust escaped these mites 
almost entirely even when the two genera intermingled. 

While mites appear to play but a minor part in reducing the adult locusts 
it is possible that they are of more importance as destroyers of locust eggs. I 
found them not uncommonly in egg sacs of Melanoplus where they appeared to 
be doing excellent work, but here again Camnula escaped their attack. 


22 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


Two locust enemies came prominently into play during 1920, both egg 
destroyers. ‘Tihey were species of blister beetle and the Locust bee-fly (Systechus 
vulgaris). There is no doubt that these insects have been of marked benefit, and 
at present they are by far the most promising of all the locust enemies. The 
locust bee-fly has been especially notable for its destruction of locust eggs, in 
some restricted areas ninety per cent. of the eggs being destroyed by its larve, 
while there are very few districts that do not show its presence in numbers. In 
the earlier locust infested parts of the province, the Bee-flies occurred in enormous 
numbers and during July they might be seen resting on nearly every blossom. 


We found blister beetles nearly everywhere though the abundance of the 
various species is naturally governed by the presence or absence of their food 
plants. The two most important species during 1920 were Macrobasis unicolor 
var. murina and Cantharis sphericollis. The first is somewhat of a pest to all 
members of the pea family as well as to potatoes, and is often known as the 
Black Potato beetle. The Cantharis, on the other hand, has for its native food plant 
the prairie snowberry, Symphorocarpus occidentalis, but from this it has spread 
to species of cultivated honeysuckle which it sometimes defoliates. 


Apart from these more important species there are two others of lesser 
value, namely Epicauta sericans and Cantharis nuttalli. The first of these feeds 
chiefly upon species of Anemone, but haz been found eating lambsquarters also. 
The latter is usually found upon members of the pea family, and is locally known 
as the Caragana beetle owing to its habit of feeding upon that shrub. 


There seems to be little doubt that the larve of each of these species destroy 
locust eggs as the increase of the beetles coincide with a similar increase of 
locusts. We have also reared seme kinds from the egg, while others have been 
found among them. 


In comparing the destruction wrought by the principal enemies of locusts’ 
egos, I was interested to find that the larve of bee-flies were much more numerous 
in the egg-sacs of Camnula than in those of Melanoplus, while blister beetle 
larve, on the other hand, showed a marked preference for the eggs of the latter 
genus. 

One other ally was reared from locust eggs during the year. It is, I think, 
that small hymenopterous insect described by Riley as Scelio luggeri. As a rule 
every egg in a sac will be infested, each producing a single adult. It is interesting 
to know that this insect takes a full year to reach maturity and that it emerges 
at the time when the locusts are busily laying eggs. The parasite, therefore, finds 
abundance of food available for the perpetuation of the species. I am unable to 


state, at present, what part this little insect played in the locust egg destruction 
of 1920. 


On reviewing the results to date, I think we have every reason for being 
satisfied with the progress attained. The artificial methods of control were all 
that we could possibly expect. I do not think the country has ever been threatened 
with such serious losses by insects and yet escaped so lightly, and this, of course 
applies equally to Saskatchewan and Alberta. We have also reason for believing 
that the locu-* outbreak in Manitoba has reached its greatest magnitude and that 
next year wil’ begin to show a reduction in the hordes of *hoppers which have 
given us so much trouble to date. Such reductions, when they do come, usually 
terminate the outbreaks quickly. But while the prospects are encouraging for 


1921 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23 





the near future, we must not forget the present. We have almost surely to face a 
continuation ‘of the pest next spring and it behooves us to be prepared for the 
worst, even though we may expect relief in the course of a year or so. 


THE INFLUENCE OF LOCUSTS ON THE RANGES OF BRITISH 
COLUMBIA. 


E. R.. Buckell, 
Assistant Entomologist, Province of British Columbia. 


During the past few years there have been a number of reports of locust 
injury in British Columbia. The most important outbreaks have been in the 
range areas throughout the Dry Belt of the Province from the United States 
Boundary to the Chilcotin district as far north as Latitude 52. 

As the damage done by locusts has been in some cases of considerable 
importance, and in view of the fact that the Provincial Government has been 
asked, by settlers, for aid in controlling the locusts which have been destroying 
their crops, it was thought advisable to make a study of the species of locusts to 
be found on the range areas of British Columbia and to devise, if possible, remedial 
measures. 

Reports had been received that the Riske Creek range and adjoining ranges 
in the Chilcotin district were being seriously damaged by locusts. Consequently 
this area, being a typical range area, was selected for special study, although con- 
tact was maintained with the conditions presented on other range areas. 

The work undertaken in the Chilcotin district was a study of the life-histories 
and habits of the Orthoptera of the regiom. Special attention was paid to the 
species damaging the grass on the cattle ranges. Some experiments have also been 
conducted with poisoned bran bait on the open range to ascertain its value. 

In studying the distribution, life histories and habits of a zroup of insects, 
such as the Orthoptera, it is of great importance to make a collection of all the 
species present, in as many localities as possible, with notes on their relative 
abundance and typical habitats. It is desirable also at the same time to make a 
study of the Ecological factors, Meteorological conditions, and the Floral and 
Faunal characteristics of the locality, and the types of soils. If the line of study 
indicated above is carried out it may be found that certain species of Orthoptera 
are definitely associated with certain distinct types of soils, vegetation or Faunal 
zones. If our information be exact enough we may be able to decide with little 
difficulty what species may be expected to occur in any given locality, and whether 
any of the species present are liable to cause serious or marked injury. Further- 
more from poison bait experiments we would be able to tell whether am outbreak 
is one which can or cannot be successfully controlled. 

The Riske Creek range is a triangular piece of country lying in the angle 
made by the junction of the Chilcotin and Fraser rivers. This area contains 
about 300 square miles of which by far the greater part is open grass land used 
as a cattle range. It lies 150 miles north-west of Ashcroft on-the 52nd Parallel. 
_ The Riske Creek range is part of an undulating plateau ranging in elevation 
from 3,000 ft. to 3,500 ft. and the rivers bounding this area on two sides lie in 
deep terraced U-shaped valleys from 1.500 to 2,000 ft. below the level of the 
main plateau. According to the Canadian Commission of Conservation Report 
on the Forests of British Columbia by H. N. Whitford and R. D. Craig, the 


24 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


Chilcotin district at Big Creek has a mean annual temperature of 37°, a winter 
mean of 17°, and a summer mean of 57° Fahr. The annual rainfall is about 
15 inches. This area is volcanic in origin, but many glacial deposits occur; some 
portions of the range showing long lines of ice-worn boulders undoubtedly the 
remains of glacial moraines. 

The Riske Creek range and the country adjoining it les in the Interior 
Douglas Fir type of forest. The Sage- brush (Artemesia tridentata) reaches up 
the lower part of the Fraser valley to the mouth of the Chilcotin river, and the 
Western Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa) also disappears at about this point. On 
the higher portions of the Chilcotin plateau above 3,500 ft. line, the Douglas Fir 
type merges into the Englemann Spruce type of forest. At the present time a 
large portion of the original Douglas Fir stand has been replaced by the Lodge- 
pole Pine (Pinus contoria), the Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga mucronata) having 
been destroyed by fires. 

The open range was originally and approximately 15 years ago covered 
with a fine stand of Bunch-grass (Agropyron spp.), often from two or three feet 
in height and the settlers were in the habit of mowing and stacking it for hay. 
To-day this grass has been practically destroyed, largely by evergrazing. Three 
species of Agropyron are believed to occur. 

Several plants which are typical of the Dry Belt are found, among which may 
be mentioned the Rabbit-brush (Chrysothamnus sp.) and the Prickly Pear or 
Cactus (Opuntia polyacantha). 

The main plateau of the Riske Creek range lying south of a line drawn from 
Hanceville on the Chilcotin river to Meldrum Creek on the Fraser, is almost 
entirely open grass land on which innumerable clumps and patches of timber grow 

The timber is either Aspen (Populus tremuloid s) or Douglas Fir and Lodge- 
pole Pine. In many cases the centre of the clump is composed of Fir and Pine 
while a narrow belt of Aspen fringes the outside. These patches of timber may 
be less than an acre in extent or may cover an area of from 200 to 300 acres. In 
moist locations, such as the margins of lakes and in creek bottoms, the Western 
Birch (Betula occidentalis) is often associated with the Aspen and several species 
of Willow (Salix) are commonly found. The Mountain Birch (Betula fontinalis) 
grows commonly in the bogs. On many of the warm slopes the Rocky Mountain 
Juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) is common. 

The range is well watered by several creeks and innumerable lakes and “ pot- 
holes.” Many of these are permanent, while others gradually dry up during the 
summer and are filled again by the melting snow in the spring. 

The area just described with the vast timbered country to the north forms 
the summer range for the cattle. 

There is also a very large area of land on the steep slopes of the river valleys. 

The upper range often ends very abruptly and the land descends precipitously 
in a series of terraces to the rivers, which are from 1,500 ft. to 2,000 ft. below. 
These steep river valley slopes are of two distinct types. Slopes facing towards 
the north and east are heavily timbered and of little value to the cattle industry. 
Those ‘slopes facing towards the south and west are free from timber and covered 
with Bunch-grass. 

Those Bunch-grass slopes form the winter ranges, which having been fenced 
many years ago, and all cattle and horses kept off them except during the winter, 
still produce a fair stand of Bunch-grass. On any unfenced portions of these 


1921 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25 





slopes on which the cattle have been allowed to range all summer and spring, the 
Bunch-grass has been practically exterminated by overgrazing just in the same 
way as it has on the main ranges. 

As the cattle and horses increased the Bunch-grass died out, being replaced 
by a number of other grasses, until to-day the Bunch-grass has been almost en- 
tirely destroyed. It can only be found growing in enclosed pastures, such as the 
winter ranges just mentioned on the river valley slopes, and around homesteaders’ 
shacks where a small area is sometimes fenced to keep out the cattle, or in clumps 
of rose bushes, cacti, etc., where the cattle cannot eat it down to the ground. 

On an adjoining range, known as Alkali Lake range, there are ‘some large 
areas which have been fenced for a number of years and some interesting observa- 
tions can be made in these pastures. The winter range, sloping down to the Fraser 
river has been most carefully guarded and has a fine stand of Bunch-grass growing 
on it. Many of the plants were more than three feet in height and very large 
in circumference. 

Other fenced areas on the upper range had a fair percentage of Bunch-grass 
among the other grasses. In these fenced pastures the cattle had been allowed 
to run only for a few months each year, but even this small amount of grazing 
has caused about 60: per cent. of the Bunch-grass to disappear. 
pastures mentioned above, the Bunch-grass has been. almost exterminated and 
the range presented the same appearance as at Riske Creek. A piece of this 
bare, depleted range, was fenced in about 1914 and no cattle have been allowed 
on it since. To-day we find a good stand of grass on this piece of land, but very 
little Bunch-grass. 

From these observations it would appear that Bunch-grass is very easily killed 
out by cattle, and once gone will not return again unless the roots are still present 
and alive. The other grasses, however, which replace the Bunch-grass, if kept 
free from cattle for five or six years, will form a good pasture again. It is 
worth emphasizing at this point, in drawing attention to the influence of locusts 
on the range, that the only difference between these good pastures and the bare 
range outside is the presence of a barbed-wire fence, a complete barrier to the 
cattle but no hindrance to the grasshoppers should they wish to leave this range 
and enter the taller grasses of the pastures. As a matter of fact, as will be shown 
later, the grasshoppers do not prefer the longer grass of these pastures but will 
remain outside so long as a vestige of green vegetation remains. If they enter 
they only feed on the edges, the tall grass being an unnatural habitat of these insects, 
particularly of the main injurious species. 

At the time when the Riske Creek range was covered with Bunch-grass, and 
in fact, up until the last few years when the increase in cattle and horses has kept 
the range continually eaten down, the grasshoppers were never in sufficient numbers 
to be noticed by the settlers. Several of the older ranchers claim that grasshoppers 
were not present on the ranges in the early days, but have come suddenly during the 
last few years. There is little doubt that this statement in its substance is incorrect. 
It is probable that all the injurious species, now found, were present in the years 
gone by, but in far smaller numbers and have only increased but slightly from 
time to time. 

There is little doubt that the main injurious species of grasshoppers found 
on the British Columbia ranges are insects whose natural habitat is a dry, bare. 


26 THE REPOR'! OF THE No. 36 





closely-grazed range, their food consisting of the small tender grass shoots which 
continue to come up although the grass is persistently eaten down by stock. This 
young grass comes up throughout the spring and summer and early fall, except 
during the hottest weather in July and August, in the same manner that lawn 
grass continues to grow on a lawn which is kept mown. As soon as the intense 
heat comes about July Ist, the young shoots of grass cease to appear and in a few 
days all the young green blades are eaten up by the grasshoppers and the range 
changes suddenly from a green cclour to a dead brown and not a particle of green 
feed is left. The cattle which have been on this open range since they were turned 
out of the feed-yards and winter ranges in the spring, disappear into the timber 
for the first time and search out the wild hay in the small natural meadows in the 
timber. 

The majority of the grasshoppers whose natural habitat is the open range, 
spread into the timber, or into any growing crop or fenced pasture where there 
is standing grass or vegetation of any kind. The reason for this is that, after 
they have cut off all standing grass on the open ranges and the grass particles 
being left lying loose upon the ground, they were unable to feed upon it as it 
slips away from them when they try to bite it. The range often presents an 
appearance as though a miniature mowing machine had been over it when examined 
two or three days after a hot spell has set in and checked further growth. Until 
this time of drought the tall tough flowering stalks are seldom touched by the 
grasshoppers, but the tiny tender new shoots coming up around the base of the 
plant form the chief food. They are attacked from the tip when less than 1% inches 
high and are eaten down to the ground, there being no waste. Any grass blades 
from two to six inches in height which have escaped the grasshoppers and the 
coarse flowering stalks, are only attacked when drought causes the supply of tender 
shoots to fail. This grass is gnawed off about one inch from the ground. and 
forms the material seen on the ground a few days after drought sets in, as de-. 
scribed above. 

Where cattle are allowed, as on the Riske Creek range, to remain out on the 
open grass land from the time the snow goes in the spring until it becomes deep 
again in the fall, the grass has very little chance to seed as the flowering heads 
are eagerly sought after by cattle, particularly by horses and sheep. It is believed 
that the part played by grasshoppers in causing the disappearance of the Bunch- 
grass from range so grazed may be considered slight indeed. That they help very 
materially to keep it in a depleted condition cannot be doubted. 

The feeding of the cattle and horses, by killing out the Bunch-grass and causing’ 
the range to be thinly clothed by low growing grasses, opened the range to the 
full glare of the sun and creates an ideal habitat for the species which are the most 
injurious in British Columbia. With the disappearance of the Bunch-grass, these 
injurious species, probably rare hitherto, doubtless increased rapidly in numbers 
while the species adapted to the Bunch-grass type of land are to-day practically 
extinct on the upper ranges, and are only met with among the Bunch-grass of the 
winter ranges. The species whose natural habitat is among the Bunch-grass, have 
seldom been known to increase sufficiently to cause injury, so that the Bunch- -gTass 
does not suffer much damage from its natural inhabitants, the damage being done 
during periods of drought, by the migration of the injurious species, which are 
present in great numbers on the depleted range immediately outside the winter 
range fences. 


1921 ‘ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27 








A good example of this point was seen this summer. A section of winter 
range situated on the banks of the Fraser river was observed. For five miles 
outside this winter range fence the range was swarming with the injurious species 
of locusts and no Bunch-grass was visible. In many places the grasshoppers were 
present at the rate of from fifteen to thirty to the square yard. Immediately 
inside the barbed-wire fence was a fine stand of Bunch-grass, in places higher than 
one’s waist and showing no signs of grasshopper injury. Ten yards inside the 
fence there were about five grasshoppers to the square yard; at twenty only an 
occasional specimen of the injurious species could be found, but a few of the 
species typical to Bunch-grass land were seen. At the time that these first obser- 
vations were made the injurious species were confining their attention to the 
young green grass shoots which were plentiful on the open range. The barbed-wire 
fence seemed literally to be a barrier, the choice of food keeping them outside. 


A few weeks later, on July 30th, after the drought had set in, this area was 
again visited. In riding across the main range it was noticed that there were now 
no green shoots coming up and the grasshoppers had cut down all the standing 
grass, which was lying about on the ground as before described. As the winter 
range was approached the grasshoppers became markedly scarcer, especially was 
this the case with Camnula pellucida, a habitually migratory species. On reaching 
the winter range a distinct change could be seen, particularly just inside the 
fence. On entering the winter range it was found to be swarming with the 
injurious species of grasshoppers which were working in from the open range 
outside. The Bunch-grass plants presented a broken, ragged appearance, and the 
ground beneath the plants was strewn with pieces of stalk and leaves which had 
been bitten off. 


As one advanced further into the winter range the damage became gradually 
less and less apparent, until at about 300 yards from the fence hardly any of the 
injurious species could be found. The spell of dry weather was unusually severe 
this year and the grasshoppers being more numerous than hitherto recorded in 
this locality, the damage to winter ranges was of considerable importance. As well 
as spreading into the winter ranges the grasshoppers entered the timber and ate 
the timber grass and the Aspen leaves, and could be found in some places to have 
penetrated to a depth of two miles. Towards the end of August some very heavy 
rains occurred, and in the course of a week the range was a sheet of green again 
instead of a dead brown. Every grass plant had sent up a number of new tender 
shoots. 


As soon as this occurred the majority of the grasshoppers deserted the dry 
Bunch-grass of the winter ranges and the timber, and went out on to the main 
ranges again. They were on the decrease by this time, and were quite incapable 
of keeping down the new grass. The cattle, it was also noticed, left the timber at 
this time and worked out on to the open ranges again, where they had an abundance 
of good green fall feed. 


It may be understood from what has been said that overgrazing of a range 
bears a very important relation to the increase of the locusts. Owergrazing causes 
the disappearance of some species of grasshoppers, while it favours the increase of 
others. The species which benefit by the overgrazing are unfortunately the most 
destructive species found in British Columbia. Not only does the overgrazing of 
a large area favour the increase of some species but it may even change the habits 
of oviposition and feeding of some of those species. 


28 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


To illustrate this point it may be mentioned that Camnula pellucida, one of 
the main injurious species, is stated to have the habit of remaining together 
in swarms and of migrating over the country during the summer, often entering 
long grass and grain fields which are quite unsuitable for oviposition. Under 
ordinary circumstances, as soon as the females are ready to lay their eggs they 
leave the main swarm and fly to special egg-laying grounds. These egg-laying 
grounds or egg-beds, it is claimed, are usually situated om flat, dry, alkaline pieces 
of ground covered with close cropped grass, or on low, raised, dry, gravelly knolls. 
It has been recorded that this species, although distributed over hundreds of square 
miles of ground while feeding, will resort to a comparatively few acres of ground 
for oviposition, where only a small amount of land is of the right nature for their 
egg-beds. These egg-beds are said to be covered by these grasshoppers during 
oviposition time, and can be detected from a distance by the smell of the dead 
bodies of the males, which die soon after pairing. 

Camnula pellucida was common on the Riske Creek range and seemed to find 
_ the whole range so much to its liking that it did not keep at all rigidly to the so- 
called typical habits mentioned above. It did not migrate in dense swarms, but 
spread out from innumerable small egg-beds scattered all over the range. It was 
often, also, observed to be much more common in some places than in others, but 
was never observed exhibiting the typical migratory habits in swarms. Oviposition 
grounds were scattered all over the ranges and eggs were laid in comparatively 
small numbers in innumerable locations throughout the whole of the high ground 
on the main upper range. 


The range areas in British Columbia, which from time to time become seriously 
damaged by grasshoppers, are so large and the population so small that at the 
present time it is not thought to be possible to conduct any control measures by 
means of poison bran bait. It would also appear in addition that some of our most 
injurious species will not eat the poison bran bait. The use of hopper-catchers 
is also considered impractical on account of the enormous areas involved on the 
British Columbia ranges. The only use that could be made of these machines 
would be on the small dry farms, where they could probably be used to advantage 
on the young grain. 

Sufficient data have not been gathered at present to give any defiinite statement 
as to the effect of the natural control agencies, such as parasites and weather 
conditions, upon a locust outbreak under range conditions. Probably weather 
conditions at the time of emergence of the young nymphs from their eggs is the 
chief controlling agent. To what extent the parasitic and predaceous insects 
help in controlling the locusts needs further study. Birds undoubtedly destroy 
Jarge numbers. The fungus disease, undoubtedly Empusa grylli, in the Chilcotin 
district only attacked Camnula pellucida. Other species equally common and 
closely associated with Camnula pellucida appeared to be immune to the disease. 
It is hoped that further information on these points will be available at a later 
date. 

Our chief hope of improving our ranges, and thereby increasing the number 
of our cattle, would seem to be in an organized system of range rotation where 
sufficient fences are present to keep the cattle off portions of the range during 
the growing and seeding seasons of the grasses. It is also believed that the main 
injurious species of grasshoppers, whose most favourable habitat is a dry, depleted 
range, would probably decrease considerably in numbers if the range was again 


1921 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29 





covered with a taller and thicker growth of grass. The erection of fences on some 
of our main ranges, and the close observation of a small, fenced, experimental 
plot, may help us to find out our best method of improving our cattle ranges 
throughout British Columbia, and this is the work planned for 1921. 

In conclusion, I would like to express my appreciation to Mr. R. C. Treherne, 
who materially assisted me in the preparatiom of this paper, and who was largely 
responsible for the conduct of the experiments, and for his personal supervision of 
the general details of the locust studies. 


THE INVASION OF SOUTHERN ALBERTA BY BEET WEBWORMS. 


E. H. Strickland, 
Entomologist in Charge of Lethbridge Laboratory. 


In the fall of 1919, the second generation of Beet Webworm larvee (Lozostege 
sticticalis L.) were extremely abundant in several districts in the southern part 
of Alberta, but since this generation did not appear until September they attracted 
little attention other than by somewhat impeding trains and by proving an annoying 
household pest. These larvee migrate im immense armies, prior to spinning their 
subterranean cocoons, and refuse to turn aside for any obstruction. Hence they 
may enter houses in vast swarms, while if any irrigation ditch, or even a horse- 
trough lies in their line of march they will enter it and drown by the million. 

The majority of these hatched from eggs laid on the abundant growth of 
weeds that sprang up after heavy rains in August, and-though they cleared out 
miles of lambs-quarters and Russian thistle they fed very little on other vegetation. 

In the early spring of 1920 immense numbers of cocoons were turned up on 
weedy stubble, and from a large number of these that were sent to the laboratory 
for determination, a few specimens of the parasite Meterous loxostegu were bred. 

By June 6th adults were flying freely, and this flight reached its maximum 
intensity between the 9th and 20th, when a single light trap om the Entomological 
Laboratory at Lethbridge captured an average of 2,000 moths a night. Since this 
was much in excess of anything seen in previous years, and these moths were 
almost invariably considered as being “ cutworm millers,” illustrated press articles 
were sent out from the laboratory describing the habits of the species and the 
likelihood of there being large migrations of larve later in the season. Eggs 
were not located at Lethbridge on lambs-quarters, which possibly is the exclusive 
breeding plant in Alberta, till July 12th, but by the 19th a flood of reports were 
received by phone and letter from points throughout an area of some 3,600 square 
miles between Lethbridge and Calgary to the effect that migrating larve were 
appearing im enormous numbers and that hundreds of promising gardens were 
disappearing before their onslaughts. On the 19th of July the district agent of 
the C.P.R. reported that two trains had been stalled by them on the lines running 
south from Calgary, and that section foremen were anxious to know what steps 
should be taken. As a result the whole ‘C.P.R. system. in Alberta was 
circularised that afternoon. ~Press articles were prepared, and given widespread 
circulation, but control measures proved somewhat inadequate, inasmuch as the 
larve travelled mainly at night-time and gardens were so heavily infested when 
the ravages were first seen that spraying was of little avail. Paris green certainly 
killed them, but they were so numerous that they usually destroyed the crops 


30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


before they succumbed. Furrows treated with poisoned bait proved to be effective 
in staying the approach of armies, but since the larve bred for the most part upon 
weeds in “stubbed in” grain fields, and the gardens were often adjoining such 
fields, little was seen of the moving swarms till they had actually entered the 
gardens and had almost destroyed them. 

On the 28rd-25th of July a trip was made from the laboratory through the 
worst infested area. For mile after mile the roadsides were stripped bare of weeds, 
while from many grain fields which had been shockingly weedy there now projected 
above the wheat, only a forest of bare lambs-quarters’ stems. The wheat being 
practically immune from attack now had the fields to itself. To what extent this 
most effective weeder improved our crops, which were unavoidably weedy owing 
to the exceptional seasonal conditions, it is difficult to estimate. One farmer, who 
was receiving much commiseration from his neighbours since his wreck of a 
garden had always been considered the best for miles around, was with difficulty 
lured from the Paris green and coal oil that had taken the entire attention of his 
family and himself since the larve appeared. He did not want to take us to his 
fields, for he said that he was ashamed of them; he knew they contained more weeds 
than wheat. When, however, we had made a thorough inspection of them and had 
found them entirely free from weeds, he asserted that after all the “worms” were 
the best thing that had ever come his way. The depredation to gardens, however, 
attracted far more attention than did the improvement of grain fields. At every 
point visited the same conditions were encountered. Onions were invariably wiped 
out of existence, and the “worms” often followed these plants down below the 
surface of the soi] in order to feed on the bulb. ‘Sunflowers which are now some- 
what extensively grown, had their leaves veined overnight, cabbages, turnips, swedes, 
and rhubarb came next in preference, beans were less favoured than peas, while 
potatoes enjoyed immunity when other dainties were present, but fields of this 
crop which were free from weeds suffered as badly as any, for the larve had a 
tendency to bite through the stem, thus cutting off, though not eating the leaves. 
The most surprising observation regarding the food choice of these Beet Webworms 
was that they never fed on beets till they had exhausted other possibilities. Cot- 
tonwoods and other poplars to a height of three to four feet from the ground, had 
their leaves stripped of epidermis. This was a new record, for in former years 
these trees had proved immune. 

In so far as field crops were concerned grain was almost untouched. Wheat, 
in some cases, had a little epidermis removed from a few blades after all weeds 
had been entirely destroyed, but the damage was insignificant. No feeding 
was observed on oats or barley, though we received an unconfirmed report that 
rye had suffered rather severely. In a few cases corn leaves were attacked and had 
the upper epidermis extensively eaten. Flax, though fed on freely, was left 
untouched until all lambs-quarters, pigweed, Russian thistle and buck brush had 
been consumed. Alfalfa, however, was eaten readily. Fortunately the first 
generations of webworms were not present in large numbers in the alfalfa-growing 
districts of Alberta. 

On July 26th migrating swarms of larve appeared in the city of Calgary, 
and their numbers increased with such startling rapidity that the effect upon the 
citizens might almost be described as one of panic. Newspaper headlines referring 
to the “ devastating bugs ” appeared in type that is usually reserved for announcing 
war news or murders. Not only were gardens destroyed wholesale, but the larve 
were entering houses, much to the annoyance of their inmates. All available 


1921 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31 





Paris green was rapidly used up, some lead arsenate, and Black-leaf-40 were un- 
earthed from forgotten stocks, but by July 30th a newspaper headline announced 
that there was “ No Poison in City to Destroy Bad Bugs.” As a result many 
methods, some of them rather unfortunate, were advocated and put into practice 
by the city authorities. Among these was the use of a flame thrower for the treat- 
ment of vacant lots, om which lambs-quarters grew to profusion. 

Migrations of larve, however, precede by a few days only their entrance 
into the soil for pupation and the trouble subsided almost as quickly as it arose. 


At the laboratory it was anticipated that the second generation would greatly 
outnumber the first. Such had been the case in former years. This belief was 
strengthened when the second flight of moths appeared. As was stated earlier, 
we captured some 2,000 moths a night in June, during the first flight. Early in 
August, however, our trap repeatedly overflowed, and since it had a capacity for 
only some 15,000 moths we do not know how many more visited that single electric 
bulb in a might, and escaped, by being unable to fall into the cyanide jar below. 
For this reason we considered it advisable once more to enlist the services of the 
press in order that we might warn the public of what they might anticipate. 

The second generation, however, failed to materialize, owing to the following 
interesting conditions. 


During July the whole infested territory was blessed with two days of heavy 
rain. This was followed by hot “forcing” weather. As a result there was an 
excessive growth of tender lambs-quarters, on which the moths laid their eggs 
in abundance, Subsequently there was an entire absence of rain until late in 
the fall. This dry period was accompanied by hot winds which soon dried up the 
egg-infested weeds. In many cases the eggs had not hatched, while very few of 
the larve were sufficiently mature to migrate when the food supply was thus cut off. 
Hence the majority of them died from starvation among the dead weeds on which 
they had bred. The shortage of food resulted in am acceleration of maturation in 
the case of a few individuals, with the result that, during the middle of September, 
our trap captured a few dwarfed adults, which had little more than half the wing 
expanse of the normal moth. This is our only record of a partial third generation 
in Alberta. 

Some idea of the possibilities of the second generation, given favourable 
conditions, was gained in the irrigated district around Brooks. Here the weeds 
remained succulent, thus allowing the larve to develop and to migrate normally. 
In this district the first generation was insufficiently numerous to attract attention. 

Towards the end of August several fields of first year alfalfa, standing about 
one foot in height, were attacked by migrating swarms. Almost overnight, they 
had every leaf veined, so that the whole field turned white. The growers feared 
that their crops had been killed outright. Alfalfa, however, stands more rough 
treatment than does any other crop grown in Alberta, and when the infested 
fields were inspected on September 10th they were found to be covered with new 
growth and apparently they suffered very little from the close pasturing to which 
they had been subjected. 


Probably the Beet Webworm will attract little attention in 1921, even though 
cocoons containing hibernating larve are abundant in weedy stubble field. When 
it is present in comparatively small numbers it is always a beneficial insect. and 
despite the alarm and inconvenience that it caused this year we are convinced 
that its activities have been of financial benefit to Southern Alberta. 


32 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE HESSIAN FLY IN 
WESTERN ONTARIO. 


H. F. Hudson, Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Strathroy. 


The Hessian fly during the past season has inflicted a considerable loss on 
farmers in Western Ontario, particularly in the counties of Essex, Elgin, Kent, 
Middlesex and Lambton. While it is difficult to estimate the financial loss en- 
tailed, it may be stated that in some cases the crop has been entirely ruined, necess- 
itating the planting of other grains, while very few fly-infested fields averaged 
more than ten bushels of grain per acre, and on the lighter soils the yield was 
reduced to five bushels per acre. This loss is due entirely to the “fly,” for in 
localities where the fly was not present the yield of wheat ran from thirty-five 
to forty-five bushels per acre. For the past three years repeated warnings have 
been sent out, telling the farmers of the presence of the insect, and that once 
a crop was infested nothing could be done to prevent the injury, but in spite of 
all warnings the custom that prevailed was to sow as early as possible, with the 
result that conditions so favoured the increase of the pest, that more loss has 
been entailed this year than for a number of years past. Investigation work has 
not yet reached that stage where it is possible to give a “fly-free” date to all 
these localities, but in connection with our experimental work, the progress made 
toward this end is decidedly satisfactory. 

In the fall of 1919 it was noticed that the insect was on the increase, and 1/10 
of an acre wheat plots were planted at different dates to ascertain the fly-free date 
for that year. Careful daily observations were made on these plots until 
October 5th, when no more flies were observed on the wing. This work was again 
checked up in the early spring before the middle of April as an infested plant 
could be more easily determined in the spring. It was found that wheat planted 
September 18th, was only slightly infested, and a later sowing made September 
25th was free. This seems rather remarkable, as the flies were on the wing in 
small numbers until October 5th. It may be that the female flies live for a short 
time after their ovaries are “ spent,” as no oviposition was. observed in October. 
One thing is quite certain, and that is, that no wheat should be sown in August, as 
an examination in early spring showed that between 70% and 90% of August sown 
wheat was killed by the fly where no fertilizer was applied. Where fertilizer 
was applied the injury ran from 30%-50%. A gradual decrease in injury followed 
the later sowings and an extra sowing put in in October and treated with fer- 
tilizer was the most promising of all. The fertilizers used were:—lime only at 
the rate of 1,000 lbs. per acre, acid phosphate, 200 Ibs. per acre, lime and acid 
phosphate mixed, and no treatment. Infested August sown wheat ran from two 
to ten flax-seeds to the plant. On May 5th, 1920, the first female fly was observed 
on the wing in the field. The weather from that date until Mav 16th was de- 
cidedly ‘cool and wet, but emergence was very active May 17th. Under field con- 
ditions emergence was practically complete May 21st. No flies were observed on 
the wing in the field after May 25th. These plots were subsequently harvested, 
but the infestation was so heavy in all the plots, that the wheat was mowed with 
a scythe and thrown to chickens; it is doubtful if there was a bushel of grain 
on the whole experimental field. A similar experiment was duplicated this fall 
on the same .ground. The soil was thoroughly worked, the stubble carefully 
buried, and the field manured with barn yard manure, reinforced with 
acid phosphate. The first sowing was made September 15th; second sowing, Sep- 


a 


a oe 


. 
; 
; 


1921 | “ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33 








tember 22nd; third sowing, September 29th; fourth sowing, October 5th; last 
sowing, October 9th. The infestation will be checked up in the spring as other 
work prevented this from being done this fall. We do know, however, that the 
first planting is fairly heavily infested. 

It is gratifying to mention that the campaign launched the past summer 
to delay the sowing of wheat as late as possible has met with a fairly generous 
response. Talking to Mr. Noble, the agricultural representative of Essex Co., 
J am informed that little if any wheat was planted before the middle of October. 
In Middlesex Co. some wheat was sown early and all such wheat examined is in- 
fested. In Elgin Co. very little wheat was planted before October. Most of my in- 
formation regarding the sowing cf wheat has been obtained from the weekly report 
of the Ontario Department of Agriculture, Toronto, Ontario. The area sown 
to wheat this yeaf is less than that last year, and generally speaking planting 
has been delayed from two to three weeks later than last year. The fine open 
fall has been perfect for the late planting of wheat, and this may mean a material 
check on fly increase. How long the flies were on the wing this fall is not known. 


Notes on the Stages and Life History of the Insect. 

The eggs which are small, long, slender. and of a shining reddish colour, 
are usually placed in the grooves on the upper surface of the wheat Jeaf. Some- 
times they are placed at the base of the leaf and stem. Eggs hatch in from four 
to six or seven days, depending on temperature and the moisture content. The 


maggot on hatching is a bright red colour. and apparently makes its way down 


between the leaf sheath and stalk through the agency of moisture. In the 


outside insectary where the moisture content can be controlled, the young maggots 
died on the surface of the leaf where moisture or dew was withheld, while under 
normal conditions outside. the larve were able to get between the leaf and 
stem and develop. A maggot may be scratched with a dissecting needle, but no 
movement is observable, hut in the presence of water, it squirms vigorously. 
For the first few days the young maggot is almost translucent, as feeding pro- 
gresses the colour changes to a greenish white. The larval stage lasts in the 
spring about three weeks. Flies were abundant May 17th, and the first flax- 
seed was discovered June Yth.- In the fall conditions vary, some larve may 
winter over in small numbers as maggots, hut the majority as flax-seeds. In the 
fall practically all the maggots and flax-seeds are Jocated at the base of the 
plants and around the roots, but in the spring the larve usually change to the 
“flax-seed” stage at the first or second joint above ground. At the time wheat 
is starting to head ninety-five per cent. of the maggots will have changed to 
the flax-seed state. The injury is too well known to need description. The 
killine of the tissue of the stem interferes with the passage of food material, and 
the plant js consequently starved, and the degree of infestation governs whether 
the plant will be killed outright, or produce a dwarfed head of shrivelled grain. 

Means or Contron. From the few parasites that were obtained this year. 
it would indicate that other means of control are necessary. The destruction of 
all volunteer wheat, the careful ploughing under of all infested stubble as soon 
after the harvest as possible, rolling the ground as firm as possible, thorough 
preparation of the seed-bed, generous application of fertilizers, the avoidance 
of planting wheat after wheat, and delaving the planting of wheat as late as 
possible to insure sufficient growth before winter, will materially check the ravages 
of this pest. As there are two broods, one in the spring, and another in the fall, 


34 | THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 | 


ee el 


to insure effective control farmers should realize that indiscriminate dates of 
planting will not keep this pest in check, and a community should agree among 
themselves to plant during a certain stipulated week, because an infested field 
in the fall is a menace to late planted fields in the spring. 


INSECTS OF THE SEASON 1920. 
H. F. Hudson, 
Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Strathroy 

The season of 1920 has been remarkable for the exceptionally heavy yields 
of all crops, truck, orchard, and farm alike. The season has been somewhat 
cool, but there has been ample moisture for all crops. In spite of the fact that _ 
it has been frequently stated that the average yield of farm crops has been heavier 
than the average for the last twenty-five years, insect pests have in some cases 
materially reduced the yield. This is particularly noticeable in the wheat yield 
due to the ravages of the Hessian Fry (Mayetiole destructor). Fields in Essex 
Co. were in some cases completely destroyed, necessitating the planting of other 
crops: in Kent Co. the injury was not so noticeable although frequently the 
yield has only been from nine to ten bushels per acre; in Middlesex Co. in the 
vicinity of Ekfrid Twp. cattle were turned in to pasture the wheat crop, while 
the average yield in Caradoc Twp. in infested fields varied from five to ten 
bushels per acre. In Elgin and Lambton Counties similar conditions prevailed. 
The appearance of the European Corn Borer (Pyrausta nubilalis) in Western 
Ontario has added another important insect to our already long list of field crop 
insects. While considerable data have been gathered on the ravages of this pest, 
the extent of injury and possible means of prevention, a sufficient study has 
not been made to recommend suitable control measures. It would appear that 
cutting the corn low, just at or a little below the surface, feeding the stalks up 
early, or better ensiling them, combined with the destruction of such plants 
as racweed (Artemesia trifida), barn yard grass (Panicum crusgalli), and other 
thick-stemmed plants and weeds would materially reduce the ravages of this pest. 

Tip Wneat Wrreworm (Agriotes mancus) has been responsible for con- 
considerable injury to the oat crop in the vicinity of St. Mary’s, Ontario. Informa- 
tion as to the prevalence of this pest was not received in time for us to make 
an investigation as to the extent of the outbreak, but from reports received 
from my colleague Mr. J. A. Flock, who was requested to look over the situation, 
there can be little doubt that the crop yield was considerably reduced. The 
potato beetle is still with us, and with an extremely heavy first brood indications 
pointed to serious injury. However the weather kept cool, and with plenty of- 
rain, a larger yield of tubers was gathered this year than for several years 
past. Strange as it may seem, in our experimental breeding work on this insect, 
we were unable to obtain a second brood. The beetles fed for a few days and 
hibernated. A number of late planted fields were not even sprayed, a rather 
unusual occurrence. 

Cucumper Breeties (Diabrotica vittata): were more than usually abundant. 
They seemed to be fairly easily controlled by dusting when the vines have 
started to run. I dusted one and one-half acres this year for the beetle, using a 
mixture of hydrated lime twenty pounds, Paris green one pound. The plants 
were thoroughly coated and one application seemed to be sufficient. 


1921 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35 


eae Tea a na 


Cappace Roor Maceor. I do not know when I can recall a season when 
so much damage was done to cabbage, cauliflower, radish and turnip, by the 
yarious root maggots. Practically all local early crops of the above vegetables 
were ruined. Although corrosive sublimate was recommended, I do not know 
of anyone who tried it. | 

Curworms were not frequently mentioned as injurious’ this year, except 
in old sod. The poisoned bran mixture for the surface-feeding species is so well 
known that reports of injury are less numerous than formerly. 

Srerp Corn Maccor. This is the first time that I have seen any injury by 
this pest in Western Ontario. The injury was slight, generally speaking, although 
it was necessary to replant several corn fields in Harwich Twp., Kent Co. Part 
of this injury was also due to an unidentified species of elaterid. 

Cappace Worm. Unusually destructive this year, but easily controlled by 
using pyrethrum powder. 

Parsnip Wesworm (Depressaria heracliana). A pest of considerable eco- 
nomic importance when seed is required. Very abundant this year. 

Warsrn Fry (IHypoderma bovis). Undoubtedly this noxious cattle pest 
is increasing in numbers, and is causing cattle graziers some alarm. Some 
thirty-eight warbles were extracted from the backs of cattle this summer, but 
we were unable to secure the adult fly. In contradistinctiom to general belief 
that the warbles emerge in early summer, they were still present in small numbers 
in the cattle in early August. 


INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN ONTARIO. 


I. Caesar, O. A. C., Guelph, and W. A. Ross, Dominion Entomological 
Laboratory, Vineland Station, Ont. 


Orchard Insects. 


Tir Coptine Mori (Cydia pomonella). This insect was not nearly so abun- 
dant as last year. Low temperatures in June and July caused the adults to 
appear late, and this, together with the general lower summer temperature, 
resulted in there being practically only one brood even in the warmer parts of 
the province. The large percentage of dead young larve found in apples in 
early July would indicate that disease also may have played a considerable part 
in lessening the amount of injury. In most sections the percentage of “side- 
worm” injury in sprayed orchards was small. 

Tar San Josh Scare (Aspidiotus perniciosus). This well-known pest con- 
tinues to increase in unsprayed and poorly sprayed orchards. It is worth while 
noting that in some localities it is being parasitized to an appreciable extent 
by chalcids. 

Tur Ovsrer-suern Scare (Lepidosaphes ulmi). There has been a marked 
increase of this scale insect in many orchards during the past two or three years. 

Tre Frurr Tree Lear-rouier (Tortrix argyrospila). This insect is coming 
into prominence in the vicinity of Newcastle, where from ten to twenty per cent. 
of the apples in several orchards were injured by it this year. On the other hand, 
in the Simcoe district, where it used to be so troublesome, it has almost dis- 
appeared. 

Tue Green Appir Bua (Lygus communis). This species has been found 
in the Newcastle district in two orchards attacking apples and pears, and doing 
considerable damage, especially to pears. 


36 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





Tae Fart Canker Worm (Alsophila pometaria). The fall canker worm 
is rapidly increasing in Halton and Wentworth counties. One orchard at Flam- 
borough Centre was almost completely defoliated by it this year. The probability 
is that many orchards will suffer considerably next year from its depredations. 





Apple leaves. On left showing whitening of leaf by sucking nymphs 
of Rose Leaf-hopper; on right norma! leaf. 
Life size. 

THE Rosrt Lear Hopper (Empoa rosae). This species, which was so pre- 
valent last year, was even more abundant this past season on apple trees through- 
out the province. In many infested orchards practically all the foliage became 
mottled and pallid, as a result of the feeding activities of the hopper and much 
of the fruit, especially in the lower parts of the trees, became specked and dirty 
with hopper excreta. Fortunately most of this excreta was washed off by rains 
before picking time. 

Tur Rosy AppLte APHIs (Aphis malifoliae). This plant louse was very in- 
jurious in different parts of the province, and in many orchards a large percentage 
of the fruit, in the lower and inner parts of the trees, was dwarfed and deformed 
by its depredations. ; 

Aprte Maccor (Rhagoletis pomonella). By way of record it should be 
mentioned that the apple maggot was found this year in Elgin and Huron—two 
counties from which it had not been reported heretofore. 

(Hopria TRIFASCIATA?). Stout scarabeid beetles of the genus Hoplia, pro- 
bably H. trifasciata, occurred in destructive numbers both in 1919 and 1920 in 
an orchard near Nottawa, Simcoe county. They attacked the blossoms of young 
Duchess apple trees, and destroyed them almost as quickly as they opened. 
Wealthy blossoms were also attacked. but to a lesser extent. It seems probable 
that the beetle came from the woods near by. This is the first time either writer 
has seen injury from this insect in Ontario. 


1921 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37 





Pistot CAse-BuarER (Coleophora malivorella). ‘This insect is usually unim- 
, portant in Ontario, especially in the colder parts, being much less abundant than 
the Cigar Case-Bearer. This year, however, it was very prevalent on apple 
foliage at Newcastle. 

THe Oak Lrar-suG (Lygus quercalbae). This mirid, which normally breeds 
and feeds on oak, attacked the fruit of peaches in late June at St. Davids, and 
rendered a large percentage unfit for sale. Only orchards close to oak trees were 
affected. 

THE MuLiein PLanr Bue (Cam pylomma verbasci). This small plant bug 
was again found attacking apples in two large orchards at Simcoe. It was present 
however, in comparatively small numbers, “and caused no serious injury. 

‘Tur Prar Psytra (Psylla pyricola). The cool summer and the comparative 
scarcity of insect enemies were apparently very favorable for the development 
of this insect and it became unusually abundant in the Niagara,. Burlington, 
Bowmanville and Newcastle districts. At Burlington practically all the Bartlett 
pears were stained by the honey-dew fungus to such an extent that they had to 
be washed before the buyers would accept them. The psylla was very scarce at 
Guelph. 

THE PEAR AND Crrerry SLuG Gece limacina). We are glad to 
report that this insect, which was so destructive in 1918-19, was comparatively 
scarce this year. In a few neglected cherry orchards some trees were partially 
defoliated, but in most fruit peations the slug caused no appreciable damage. 

GREEN Frvir Worms (Graptolitha sp.). A species of Graptolitha was quite 
abundant on peaches in the Vineland district. However, on account of the abund- 
ance of fruit the loss caused by this insect was not felt after the injured peaches had 
been thinned out. 

PracH Trer Borer (Sanninoidea exitiosa). According to complaints 
received from growers, and reports from the Provincial Inspector and his staff, 
this borer was responsible for more injury than usual in the Niagara district. 

Fruit-TreE Bark-BEETLE (Eccoptogaster rugulosus). Several complaints of 
bark-beetle injury to peach trees were received from the Niagara district and 
Kent county. 

Rose Cuarrr (Macrodactylus subspinosus). Vocal outhreaks of this pest 
occurred at Simcoe, St. Catharines and Fenwick. Grapes, peaches, apples and 
other plants were attacked and in some cases seriously injured. 

Buack Cuerry Aputs (Mysus cerasi). This plant louse was very abundant 
on, and injurious to sweet cherry trees in the Niagara fruit belt. 

Pium Spiper-mite (Telranychus pilosus). In the Niagara district plum 
trees, unsprayed or sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, were heavily infested by 
this species. On badly attacked trees the mite not only made the foliage pallid 
and sickly im» appearance. and checked the growth of the trees, but it also dwarfed 
the fruit and retarded its ripening. 

By weighing and measuring lots of plums from infested and uninfested 
‘trees we secured the following data: 

Loss of weight due to mite infestation—Gueii 41.5%, Pond Seedling 20.6%, 
Lombard 27.3%, Reine Claude 28.7%. 

Loss in size—Gueii 40.3%, Pond Seedling 24.3%, Lombard 19.1%, Reine 
Claude 24.8%, 

Our experiments.this year proved again that this pest can readily he con- 
trolled by spraying with Lime Sulphur. 


38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





(A) Dwarfed plums from trees infested with plum spider mites. 
(B) Normal fruit from uninfested trees. 
Life size. 
Tp Meaty Pium Louse (Hyalopterus arundinis). In early summer many 
plum trees in the Niagara district became heavily infested with this species and 
in several orchards spraying had to be resorted to. 


Grape and Small Fruit Insects. 


BLACKBERRY LEAF-MINER (Metallus bethunei). This miner was again injuri- 
ous to blackberries in the Collingwood, Oakville, Burlington and Niagara districts. 
In a number of fields almost every leaf was badly mined. 

The great abundance of an Ichneumon parasite this fall will probably result 
in lessened injury next year. Egg parasites were also present. 

The life history of the miner has been worked out and a promising method 
of control discovered. Further experiments, however, are necessary to discover 
whether there are any unforeseen difficulties in applying the remedy. 

SrrawBerryY Werevin (Anthonomus signatus). This weevil was again in- 
jurious in some strawberry patches in the Niagara district. 

Tip RED-HEADED FLEA-BEETLE (Systena frontalis). This large, black flea- 
beetle was found attacking the foliage of black currants, raspberries, apples and 
several kinds of weeds at Mountain in September. 

Tur Srrawperry Root-worm (Typophorus canellus). Here and there in 
strawberry patches in the Niagara and Burlington districts, leaves riddled by 
this flea-beetle were very conspicuous. The flea-beetle was most abundant in old 
patches, but even in them caused no serious damage. 

Currant Stem-cirpier (Janus integer). The work of this saw-fly was 
conspicuous in a number of currant patches in the Niagara district. 

Raspperry Saw-FLy (Monophadnus rubi). The spiny, green larve of this 
saw-fly were present in greater or less numbers in practically all raspberry patches 
throughout the Niagara district. 

Grape Lear-Horrer (Typhlocyba comes). This hopper was present in 
injurious numbers in several Niagara vineyards. 


1921 .. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 





Tue Rose ScaLe (Aulacaspis rosae). This scale insect was unusually com- 
mon on raspberries in some parts of the Niagara district. 

Tue TREE CrRICKELY (Oecanthus nigricornis). Quite a few complaints were 
received last spring regarding injury to raspberry canes by this species. 


Vegetable Insects. 


Cutworms. According to reports received from different parts of the 
province, cutworms were unusually destructive in May and June to tomatoes, 
corn and cabbage. 2 

Tue Imporrep Capsace Worm (Pieris rapae). This well-known pest was 
not nearly so abundant as last year, although as usual it was present in fairly 
large numbers toward the end of the season. 

THe CapBaGE Maccor (Phorbia brassicae). This destructive insect was 
very common and very injurious in many localities to early cabbage, cauliflower, 
early turnips and radishes. In New Ontario it seems to be even a greater pest 
than in old Ontario, and sometimes does serious damage there to field turnips. 

We are pleased to report that the corrosive sublimate remedy is coming into 
quite general use. In all cases where the treatment was made according to the 
usual directions, excellent results were secured this year. 

Tue Onion Maccor (Hylemyia antiqua). Here and there throughout the 
province this maggot caused considerable loss. 

THe Onton Turip (Thrips tabaci). Weather conditions were unfavorable 
for the development of this insect, and as a result no injury was done by it to 
the onion crop. 

Tue Cotorapo Potato Berrie (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Was remark- 
ably scarce in the Niagara and some other districts. 

- Poraro Apuips. In July some potato patches in the vicinity of Grimsby 
became very heavily infested with the spinach aphis—Myzus persicae. This pest 
was readily brought under control by spraying with Black-leaf-40 in combination 
with Bordeaux mixture. 

THe Destructive Pea ApHis. (Macrosiphum ptsi). This plant louse was 
again very injurious to canning factory peas. In Norfolk county it was estimated 
that it cut down the yield of peas to about one-third of a crop. For the first 
time in the experience of the Dominion Canners at Simcoe, early peas were 
severely attacked by the aphis. 

Bortnc CarTerPrunars. Many specimens of the common _ stalk-borer 
(Papaipema nitela) and of the burdock borer (P. cataphracta) were submitted for 
identification by growers who mistook these caterpillars for the European Corn 
Borer. The common stalk-borer was found in corn and potatoes, and the other 
species in corn and cultivated asters. . 

Stem-Bor1inc Wireworms. In a tomato field near Vineland, about 65% 
of the plants were infested by two species of stem-boring wireworms, (Agrtotes 
mancus and Melanotus sp.).- In some instances the larve bored five to five and 
one-half inches up the stem. About 20% of the tomatoes were so seriously injured 
that they were pulled out. The infested plants left in the field managed to 
survive, but made very little growth. 

Parsnip Wes Worm (Depressaria heracliana). The greenish-yellow cater- 
pillars of this species were abundant as usual on parsnips grown for seed. 

European Corn Borer (Pyrausta nubilalis). The outbreak in Southern 
Ontario of this undesirable alien is discussed elsewhere. 


“No. 36 


THE REPORT OF THE 


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BI[es AZU{MOYS WNMeYQUeShIYO Jo Weg 


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esoy MOS 0} pouedo pnq ossol poinfay 


‘OZIS OPT 
SvALe, AG pel SIP SstMeIS png sso0xy 















1921 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 44 





THe StripeD CucuMBER BEETLE (Diabrotica vittata), THE SquasH Bue 
(Anasa tristis), ASPARAGUS BEETLES (Crioceris asparagi and C. duodecim- 
punctata). Except in a few localities these insects were rather scarce. 

Porato Lear Hopper (HLmpoasca mali). This species, although not nearly 
so atundant as it was last year, was present in quite large numbers, and im some 
localities a considerable amount of “hopper-burn” developed on the potatoes. 

Experiments conducted at Vineland indicated that this year, unlike last year, 
weather conditions played little or no part in producing potato “leaf-burn” and 
that all or practically all the “burning” was caused by hoppers. 

Frea Breries. The Pale-Striped Flea-Beetle (Systena taeniata) was very 
prevalent on potatoes, tomatoes, beans, egg plants, peppers, and asters. 

Early in the season tomato plants in parts of the Niagara district were badly 
damaged by the potato flea-beetle (Hpitrix cucwmeris). 

Insects Injurious to Field Crops. 

WirEworMs AND WHITE Gruss. These well-known pests were as usual the 
cause of considerable damage to various crops. 

GRASSHOPPERS, Outbreaks of grasshoppers occurred in Huntsville and 
Waterdown districts and in several other parts of the province. At Thedford, 
celery grown near waste land was badly injured. Greater loss from grasshoppers 
was prevented by copious showers in July and August. 

Tue Hesstan Fry (Mayetiola destructor). The outbreak of Hessian fly 
is discussed elsewhere. 

Tue Grass THries (Anaphothrips striatus). Specimens of oat heads with 
characteristic thrip injury were received from central Ontario with the report 
that a considerable percentage of the oat plants were similarly affected. 

GREATER WHEAT-STEM Maccor (Meromyza americana). In Manitoulin 
Island, according to the Agricultural Representative, ten per cent. of the heads 
of spring wheat in some fields was destroyed by this maggot. 

CuincH Bua (Blissus leucopterus). In referring to the outbreak of chinch 
bug in Lincoln county last year, we expressed the hope that fall rains and the 
winter would reduce the hibernating adults to insignificant proportions. Our 
hope was more than realized, because this season it was practically impossible 
to find a bug in the infested district. 

Corrony Grass ScaLe (Friopeltis festucae). This scale, which we believe 
has not been reported from Ontario before, was very abundant on grass at Coniston 
in Northern Ontario. 

Greenhouse Insects. 


Tue CHRYSANTHEMUM Mince (Diarthronomyia hypogaea). We regret to 
report that the chrysanthemum midge appears to be pretty well established 
throughout the province. It is present in greenhouses in St. Catharines, Toronto, 
Kitchener, London, Chatham, Midland and Ottawa, and there is no doubt that 
a survey of Ontario greenhouses would show it to be established in other places. 
It would appear from the manner in which the midge has spread, that in a 
comparatively short time practically all our growers of chrysanthemums will 
have to contend with it. 

Tt is worth while noting that Mr. W. W. Gammage, London, claims that 
he has practically eliminated the midge by spraying with the following mixture . 


Hammond’s “Whritt  JUiCe bia 5 oe mie te Gre 00 olen whee ele sisie.o a i ‘pt. 
Latah Wie Iie cine) Sey ee disc podecn peoeo Ie oO conr ocean Vf 
NAIA Coy meee BEE SN ote, GIA «PCTS siete oie Siehs: &: 2 simile Melee lols ele erans a 5 gals. 


42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


This spray was applied two or three times a week for a period of five weeks. 

THE Rose Mipcr (Dasyneura rhodophaga). Discussed elsewhere. 

THE CycLaAMEN Mite (Tarsonemus pallidus). In a St. Catinarines green- 
house, somewhere in the neighbourhood of three thousand cyclamens were so 
badly damaged by this species that they had to be discarded. The florist estimated 
that the mite had caused a loss of approximately $2,000.00. 

THE CurLeD Rose Stue (Hmphytus cinctipes). This fall there was a minor 
outbreak of this slug in greenhouses at Grimsby. 

THe TARNISHED PLant Bue (Lygus pratensis). This notorious pest was 
apparently not so abundant as usual; however in some districts it caused a 
considerable amount of damage, especially to asters. Miss Olfield of Grimsby, 
reports that hydrated lime, which we advised her to try, when dusted on asters 
was quite effective as a repellant. 

THE GREENHOUSE LEAF TyER (Phlyctaenia ferrugals). Judging by the 
number of complaints received from florists, this pest was more injurious than 
usual to chrysanthemums, cinerarias and other plants. 


Insects Injurious to Domestic Animals. 


Tur Warsie Fry (Hypoderma bovis). Complaints of “gadding” of cattle 
caused by this fly were received from Lambton, Oxford, Lincoln, Norfolk, Perth, 
Huron and Peel counties. “Gadding” was reported as early as June 12th and 
15th. 


Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees and Shrubs. 


BrrcH LEAF SKELETONIZER (Bucculatrix canadensisella). In September 
birch trees along the C.P.R. from Ottawa to Napanee looked as if their foliage 
had been blighted, so severely had the leaves been attacked by the tiny larve 
of this species. 

WuitEe Oak Caterpitiars. Almost every oak with the white oak type of 
leaf along the C.P.R. from a few miles east of Napanee to a few miles west of 
Belleville had its foliage destroyed by some caterpillar. The injury was first 
noticed in August, and the leaves were off early in September. Oaks, like red 
oak, with sharp pointed leaves were apparently not attacked. The writer did not 
see the caterpillars, but received about a score of pupe collected from under- 
neath one of the trees, and hopes to rear the adults from them next year. 

TrETRANYCHUS Bicotor. Ornamental oak trees in different parts of the 
Niagara district were heavily infested by this mite. 

Snow-BaLL ApHips (Aphis viburnicola and Aphis rumicis). These insects 
as usual were abundant and caused typical curling of the foliage and the defective 
development of the bloom. Tests made in 1919 and 1920 demonstrated that 
they can be controlled easily by spraying with Black-leal-40 and soap just as 
the buds are commencing to burst. Heavy and thorough spraying is necessary. 
The difference between the bloom and foliage on sprayed and unsprayed bushes 
is very striking. 


WEDNESDAY EVENING. 


In the evening a meeting, in the form of a smoker, was held in the men’s 
sitting-room of the College Residence, at which Prof. Lochhead acted as chairman. 
Dr. E. P. Felt. State Entomologist of New York, read a paper entitled “Some 

of the Broader Aspects of Insect Control,” in which much interest was shown 


1921 ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43 


by the audience in the discussion that followed. The second event of the evening 
was the reading of the continuation of Mr. Morris’ delightful “Life History 
of a Hobby Horse.” Mr. Morris captivated his audience by the charm of his 
language and delivery, and the fine scholarship and whimsical humour whict 
characterised his address. 

Dr. Felt’s paper appears below, while Mr. Morris’s “Hobby Horse” which 
was commenced in our Report for 1918, is being continued in the “Canadian 
Entomologist,” in the series of papers on “Popular and Practical Entomology.” 
The meeting was enlivened by several musical selections played by the 
College Orchestra. 


SOME OF THE BROADER ASPECTS OF INSECT CONTROL. 
E. R. Felt, State Entomologist of New York. 


This is not so much a contribution as a general consideration of the primary 
function of the economic entomologist, namely, the more effective control of 
injurious insects. 

Insect abundance depends upon a certain prolificacy, sufficient suitable food, 
favorable climatic conditions and relative freedom from the operation of checks 
of one kind or another. 

Very limited reproduction prevents an insect from becoming economically 
important and such species therefore usually escape notice. 

A sufficiency of suitable food is necessary, and we desire in this connection 
to call attention to the adjective, suitable, because food habit limitations are 
often more real than apparent. There is need of distinguishing between plants 
upon which a species thrives and those upon which it can just maintain itself, 
or where this is true only of some of the older larval stages. In the case of 
borers there is a marked economic difference between real food plants and 
“shelter” plants. 

Although some insects can withstand great extremes, it is a fact that most- 
economic species are greatly affected’ by climatic conditions, and some respond 
so readily that it is difficult to recognize the cause for the difference in behaviour. 

Controlling factors, aside from climate noted above, are susceptible of 
modifications in some cases and deserve most careful consideration. 

The past twenty-five years have witnessed notable improvements in both 
spraying outfits and insecticides. Compare for example, the hand sprayers and 
blowers of the earlier days with the large power spraying outfits and dusters of 
the present time; and recall the development and extensive use of arsenate of 
lead. lime sulphur wash and nicotine sulphate, all important and extremely 
valuable additions to the pharmacopeeia of the oconomic entomologist. 

It is quite within possibilities that the airplane may be used for distributing 
poisons over forest areas, and perhaps extensive orchards, and investigations of 
insectides indicate continued progress in the search for amd development of 
materials which can be used for the better control of insect pests. 

The profound influence of climate must be taken into account. It is well 
known that cool, backward weather conditions in the spring greatly reduce the 
numbers of certain insects, for example, the first generation of the San José 
scale and the elm leaf beetle: and in the case of the former, adverse winter 


44. THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





conditions may destroy a very large proportion of the hibernating females. Cold, 
wet rains are fatal to many insects, and, on the other hand, unusually high tem- 
peratures and low humidity have their effect, and various combinations of this 
character exert marked changes upon insect abundance from season to season. 
It sometimes happens that exceptionally good growing weather appears to be 
the main reason why plants outgrow insect attack and as a consequence there is 
very little serious injury. 

The concentration of crops following local specialization is likely to result 
in unusual outbreaks. This is very marked in orchard regions, vineyard areas and 
wheat growing sections, and is the main justification for modifying agricultural 
practices by the rotation of crops, variations in the time of planting and other 
changes. 

The United States is spending many thousand dollars annually in the support 
of a quarantine system which logically should be extended to every port if it 
is to accomplish its purpose namely, the exclusion of dangerously injurious insects 
and plant diseases. Everyone acquainted with this line of work must realize 
that occasionally some pest may escape the watchful eye of the inspector, and 
perhaps establish itself in a limited section. Furthermore, there is always the 
possibility that an insect, harmless in its native surroundings may develop 
destructive habits in a new environment. 

Quarantine should logically be supplemented by provisions for the early 
detection and elimination of restricted infestations. It may be remembered 
that the gypsy moth maintained itself in America practically unnoticed for 
twenty-two years, and the European corn borer for some ten years. These cases 
and others of a like nature suggest the need of more efficient methods for the 
early detection of unusual and potentially injurious species. There should be 
wider appreciation of the important part played by insects, and the general 
public should be systematically encouraged to report anything unusual, because 
this is an economical and apparently a very effective method of bringing such 
developments to light. 

It is admittedly difficult to forecast the probable economic status of a recently 
introduced insect and partly for this reason there has usually been an investigation 
of the species before a comprehensive effort for extermination was begun and, as 
a consequence, such insects as the gypsy moth, the San Jose scale and the cotton 
boll weevil, to mention only a few, spread rapidly and golden opportunities were 
lost, not necessarily through the fault of any individual or group of individuals 
but because methods had not been developed and possibilities demonstrated to 
such an extent as to make any other course practicable under the conditions then 
obtaining. The experience of the last twenty-five years has laid an excellent 
foundation for the adoption of a more comprehensive and effective policy which 
might reasonably be expected to eventuate in the better handling of problems in 
connection with recently introduced insects. The conditions are sufficiently similar 
in these projects that it would seem advisable to create an organization specially 
qualified by training and experience to handle such propositions, and to make 
provision in the annual appropriations for a reasonable sum to be available in 
the case of emergencies, which latter are never anticipated and should not be 
compelled to await the relatively slow process of legislative investigation and ap- 
proval. It should at least be possible to adopt at once a vigorous policy of 
suppression and control designed to keep the pest within certain bounds until 


1921 ' ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 





investigations and field experience—both are important—develop a fund of infor- 
mation sufficient to ensure a satisfactory disposal of the case. The bean lady- 
bird situation in Alabama with no Federal or State funds available is a striking 
instance of unpreparedness. An incipient infestation compels immediate, though 
somewhat wasteful, action if an insect is to be eradicated. ‘Time, tide and insects 
wait for no man. The drastic and prompt extermination of the Colorado beetle 
infestations in both England and Germany are cases of this character. 

The utilization of natural enemies of one kind or another for the control of 
insects should be advocated wherever practicable. There is no question as to the 
great value of many birds in checking leaf-eating caterpillars and the better 
protection of bird life is one of the most promising methods of safeguarding 
forest areas from insect depredations. 

The importation of the Australian lady beetle and its speedy control of the 
cottony cushion scale gave a great impetus to the utilization of natural enemies. 
The collection and redistribution of native hibernating lady beetles on the Pacific 
slope is a similar method of making use of beneficial insects. 

Most of our recently introduced pests are comparatively insignificant forms 
in their native countries, and are there controlled presumably very largely by 
beneficial insects. The extended and systematic introduction of natural enemies 
of both the gypsy and brown tail moths has resulted in a very thorough study of 
these insects and eventuated in a reasonable expectation of control through these 
agencies. The present search for the natural enemies of the green Japanese 
beetle and of the European corn borer are later attempts along the same line. 

There is also the possibility of utilizing native beneficial insects. Doctor 
Pierce made an extensive study of the parasites of native weevils and has demon- 
strated the possibility of concentrating them upon the introduced cotton boll 
weevil. Similar work has been undertaken in connection with the European corn 
borer. The probabilities are that native species will largely retain their charac- 
teristics when attacking introduced forms as was the case with the extraordinary 
abundance of Trichogramma in the eggs of the European corn borer in 1919, and 
its relative great scarcity the past season. The possibilities along this line are 
well worthy of most careful attention. 

The marked reduction in the numbers of a certain insect may have a much 
greater effect than is commonly supposed. The studies of bark beetles by Doctor 
Hopkins have shown the possibility of securing very efficient control by simply 
reducing their numbers, in some instances by seventy-five per cent, to such an 
extent that those remaining would be unable to overcome the resistance of the 
tree. This of course applies to enemies of living trees and presupposes that a 
minimum amount of injury must be inflicted or the attack can be successfully 
resisted, a condition which accords very closely with the facts. 

The work of W. F. Fisk upon the Tsetse fly has shown that it is only necessary 
to reduce the infestation by this pest to moderate limits in order to secure very 
satisfactory freedom from attack. The studies of Roubaud upon malaria in France 
indicate intimate connection between this disease and the numbers of mosquitoes 
per host. The author suggests what he calls animal prophylaxis, that is the 
introduction of enough cattle to attract the insects and thus to protect man to 
a large extent. Both of these cases are simply forms of percentage reduction. 

Somewhat similar conditions prevail when the farmer relies upon good cul- 
ture to prevent insect injury, since vigorous growth frequently enables the plant 


46 THE REPORT OF THE . No. 38 








to successfully resist or outgrow insect attack. The late Professor F. M. Webster 
was a strong believer in good cultivation, and on more than one occasion has 
expressed his faith in such treatment as a means of preventing insect injury. 


There is much data along this line and yet present day entomologists content 
themselves largely with alluding in general terms to the value of good agriculture 
and sometimes unduly emphasize direct remedial measures, whereas in certain 
eases there should be emphasis upon the former rather than the latter. 


Let us turn for a moment to the early history of the wheat midge and the 
Hessian fly in thils country. Both insects caused huge losses over large areas, 
and owing to practical limitations direct repressive measures were impossible. 
These insects are now largely controlled by a modified agriculture, though it has 
taken years to demonstrate the feasibility of such measures. We have in the 
European corn-borer an insect which apparently must be controlled by modifica- 
tions in agricultural methods, and we believe that in this particular case there 
is a splendid opportunity for economic entomologists to demonstrate in a most 
convincing manner possibilities in this direction and on a sufficiently large scale, 
so that there can be no question as to the validity of the findings. 

It is very probable that the efficiency of quarantine measures is materially 
increased by the fact that ordinarily the chances are against a small infestation 
surviving, since a few insects are very liable to succumb to attacks by birds, 
predaceous and parasitic insects, or to the effects of untoward climatic conditions, 
or unfavorable food. This very probably occurs in many sections and escapes 
record because the entire incident is on such a small scale. It may be recalled 
in this connection that five living nun moths were taken in Brooklyn, N.Y., in 
1901, and yet the insect does not appear to have become established. 

The potency of a more or less systematic reduction in numbers is well illus- 
trated in certain of the larger animals. We refer to these forms because the 
process is more easily seen and understood. It should also be noted that in not 
a few instances the supposedly impossible has been brought about by the irrespon- 
sible urge of self-interest, and not through carefully directed co-operative efforts 
for the attainment of a definite aim. One of the most striking instances of this 
kind is the extermination of the passenger pigeon, a bird at one time so extremely 
abundant that three carloads a day were shipped from one small Michigan town 
for a period of forty days. The large herds of buffalo were saved from extinction 
at the last moment through the intervention of naturalists interested in preserving 
the wild life of the country. The depleted salmon, shad and herring fisheries, 
the necessity of protecting both the oyster and the lobster and the great scarcity 
of certain whales have been brought about by similar agencies, though it would 
seem: as if inhabitants of the water would have a better chance of escape from a 
persistent human enemy than would be the case with terrestrial forms. It is true 
-that these unfortunate conditions have resulted through specific peculiarities or 
limitations which have made attack at certain points particularly detrimental, 
such as killing birds when migrating or in their nesting retreats, the wholesale 
catching of spawning shad or salmon and the depletion of oyster beds. Those 
dependent in large measure for their living upon these various forms could not 
believe that the natural prolificacy of the various species would not offset almost 
any attack by human or other agencies. Have we reason for believing that similar 
conditions may not exist among invertebrates, especially insects, and particularly 
those species considered injurious or destructive ? 


1921 -ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. AY 





It follows from the above that the mere occurrence of immense numbers by 
no means indicates impossibility of control or extermination. 

Secondly, it would appear that relatively minor changes in environment or 
attacks limited to comparatively restricted areas might accomplish the apparently 
impossible. 

Thirdly, although there were probably in the case of the larger animals 
enumerated above, exceptional individuals which under certain conditions varied 
widely from the normal habit, these departures were not sufficiently marked or 
numerous to save the species from extinction. 

The possibilities of extermination demand more than a passing notice. The 
layman is inclined to approach the subject with an easy confidence, unembarassed 
by experience, while the expert, oppressed with the numercus possibilities of 
exceptional behavior may conclude that nothing short of absolutely destroying 
all life in the infested area will accomplish the desired results. There is a 
possipility that the truth les midway between these extremes. 

Those familiar with the early efforts of the State of Massachusetts to exter- 
minate the gypsy moth, will recall that attempts were made to destroy much of 
the vegetation and great attention was given to killing the eggs and a little later, 
larve. It required more than ten years experience to show that a fairly speedy 
elimination of the insect was possible without wholesale destruction of the vegeta- 
tion, providing advantage was taken of the feeding limitations of the species. The 
efficacy of these methods has been repeatedly demonstrated on relatively large 
though restricted infestations. 

The State Plant Board of Florida has undertaken a very similar piece of 
work and is exterminating an isolated infestation of the sweet potato weevil by 
the application of modified agricultural methods and the elimination of con- 
ditions favorable to the existence of the insect, and although this work has been 
in progress for less than three years, the speaker has been informed by Plant 
Commissioner Newell that the inspectors hope and are confident that 85 per cent. 
of the previously infested farms will be found free from weevil this fall and the 
possibilities are that portions of the infested tract may be freed from restrictions 
another season. It is true that the wingless sweet potato weevil with its closely 
restricted food habits offers exceptionally favorable opportunity for the demon- 
stration of such measures and yet the present partial success of the undertaking 
is striking evidence of the soundness of the policy and by no means proves its 
inapplicability to insects well provided with wings and possessing more general 
food habits. 

The attack along all lines upon the green Japanese beetle infestation in New 
Jersey will soon disclose the possibilities of both control and eradication in the 
case of a very difficult insect, though it should be remembered that the really 
early work against the gypsy moth appeared relatively hopeless and that the really 
efficient methods were developed only after years of study and practical experience. 

The attempted eradication of the pink boll weevil in the south affords another 
opportunity of demonstrating possibilities along this line. 

The systematic destruction of the ermine moth in nursery centers is relatively 
easy and is a most practical method of preventing another potentially serious pest 
becoming established in this country. 

The progressive extermination of the cattle tick from nearly 500,000 sanare 
miles of territory and the consequent elimination from this area of a very des- 
tructive infection is along the same line though outside the usually accepted 


48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


bounds of entomology. Gratifying progress has been made in demonstrating 
methods of controlling the Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick, a carrier of deadly 
human infection. 

The mere fact that a proposition is a large one does not make it impossible 
or impracticable in these days of excellent organization and unsurpassed publicity. 
Both are exceedingly important in the development of any large undertaking, 
be it scientific or commercial. There is no reason why advantages demonstrated 
in other branches of human activity, may not be appropriated for the better con- 
trol of insect pests, and it is gratifying to know that there is a distinct trend 
along these lines. 

Within a year an attempt to exterminate the cotton boll weevil has been pro- 
posed in all seriousness, and while the undertaking is a gigantic one and involves 
an organization extending over a group of large states with provision for financing 
one of the most important crops of the country, and a profound change in the 
agriculture of the infested section for at least one season, present day develop- 
ments prohibit our classing this as impossible though the entire proposition should 
be studied most carefully from all angles before any attempt is made to put the 
plan into execution. 

The repressive work in connection with the gypsy moth in New England is 
the outcome of sound policy. It has been admirably administered for a series 
of years. This destructive pest has been well controlled and in certain large 
areas exterminated under conditions as adverse as any obtaining in the earlier 
days when the Commonwealth of Massachusetts entered the lists alone against 
this insect. The failure to obtain appropriations proportionate to the increased 
costs of the last few years and the recent discovery of the insect in several areas 
remote from the main infested section will shortly compel a decision in regard 
to this pest, and incidentally the verdict is bound to affect our attitude toward 
similar problems. It is only necessary to turn to the recorded discussion of the 
1919 session of the American Association of Economic Entomologists to find a 
confident statement to the effect that this insect even now could be exterminated 
from America if sufficient funds were available. This utterance is the matured 
conviction of a man qualified by years of practical experience to express an opinion 
regarding this insect. 

The agricultural interests of this country are confronted by grave problems 
along many lines and they rightly look to the entomologists for the solution of 
those relating to insects. Among the most urgent are those in connection with 
the exclusion and control of introduced or recently established insect pests. 
Quarantines must be effective or we may expect in the near future a series of 
introductions which will be followed by extensive depredations, and contro] of 
the latter must be prompt and effective if golden opportunities are seized. The 
only practical solution is to recognize the seriousness of the situation and so far 
as possible adopt adequate measures. There is no peculiar merit in large scale 
operations unless they are absolutely justified by conditions and in some cases 
in the past it would seem as though the work had not been planned and executed 
on a sufficiently extended scale to warrant a reasonable hope of success. Such 
projects are not only possible but entirely feasible if a careful, though tentative, 
plan is presented and the preparation for the execution of the undertaking be 
advanced by means of a well directed educational campaign. This latter is 
necessary in any large project, otherwise it is impossible to secure the essential 


1921 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49 


EE EEE 


co-operation. It is the speaker’s opinion that we have not yet reached the prac- 
tical limits in large scale repressive work, a type of activity which appears to be 
in its infancy and one, in the speaker’s judgment, as worthy of recognition and 
development as the commonly, more highly regarded, investigative activities. 


THURSDAY MORNING. 


The session was commenced with the election of the officers for the ensuing 
year, the results of which are given on page 6. 

The remainder of the morning was occupied by papers and discussion on the 
European Corn-borer in Ontario. 

At the close of the discussion it was moved by Professor Carsar, seconded by 
Mr. CrawrorD. that the thanks of the Society be extended to Dr. Howarp for 
sending Messrs. Walton and Wortlley to the meeting. Carried. 


THURSDAY AFTERNOON. 


Before proceeding with the reading of papers the following resolution was 
moved by Professor LocuHEApD and seconded by Professor Caxrsar, viz., “That 
the Society learns with regret that the Rev. Dr. Bethune is retiring from his 
Professorship in the Ontario Agricultural College on account of advancing years. 
It is pleased to know, however, that the Government has seen fit to allow him a 
superannuation allowance on account of long and prominent service as Entomolo- 
gist and Professor. 

“The Society cannot permit the occasion of Dr. Bethune’s retirement from 
active work to pass without an expression of appreciation of his long and valued 
services on behalf of Entomology. It remembers that Dr. Bethune was one of 
the prime movers in. the founding of the Entomological Society of Ontario, fifty- 
eight years ago. It remembers, also, that he acted for many years as Editor of 
the “Canadian Entomologist ” and during this period the “ Canadian Entomolo- 
gist ” became recognized as one of the best entomological magazines on this con- 
tinent. It remembers also his long service as Professor of Entomology in the 
Ontario Agricultural College and his wide influence on the many young men who 
have been his students, many now occupying high positions. 

“The Society desires, therefore, at this time, to place on record its high 
appreciation of Dr. Bethune’s long and unselfish service to Entomology, especially 
in connection with the origin and development of this Society, to extend to him 
its best wishes for many happy years in his well-earned retirement, and to hope 
that he will continue to give the Society the benefit of his long experience.” 

The motion was spoken to by Messrs. CrrppLe and Baker. Carried. 

It was then moved by Mr. Crippr®, seconded by Mr. Morris, “ That a telegram 
be sent to Dr. Fyles offering the greetings of the Society.” Carried. 

It was also moved by Mr. Morris, seconded by Mr. Crippie, “ That this 
meeting express to President Reynolds its appreciation of the courtesy shown. by 
himself and various officers of the Ontario Agricultural College to the Entomolo- 
gical Society of Ontario during its present session at the College.” Carried. 


50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





FURTHER DATA ON PHORBIA BRASSICAE. 
L. CAESAR, O. A. C., GUELPH. 


1. Numerous tests made not only by the writer and his assistants, but also 
by Gibson, Brittain, and Treherne, have proven beyond question that corrosive 
sublimate in solution will control the cabbage maggot both on cabbage and cauli- 
flower. Many growers, largely due to the influence of Mr. A. H. MacLennan, 
the vegetable specialist, and his predecessor Mr. S. Johnston, have used this sub- 
stance on their plots for several years with excellent results: so that it is now 
long past the experimental stage. 


2. Our own experiments in 1919 and 1920 have shown that this substance 
will also control the radish maggot. Two applications are all that a grower 
can afford to give to radishes because they are such a low-priced crop that more 
than two would make the growing of them unprofitable. To treat radishes suc- 
cessfully they must be grown in rows, not broadcast 

3. Our experience with creosote clay has not been satisfactory. Some of the 
compound was made by ourselves, using air-slaked lime instead of clay, and some 
was obtained from Nova Scotia. On radishes it failed to control the maggot, and 
on half the cabbages treated once it so stunted the plants that we dare not repeat 
the treatment. The other half showed very little difference from those treated 
with corrosive sublimate. I have not been able to make sure whether the injured 
plants were treated with our own or Brittain’s mixture. Therefore the substance 
should be retested. ; 


4, Judging from results on radishes—all of which were pulled, washed 
and carefully examined—a strength of 1 to 1,000: (1 oz. to 6% imperial gallons) 
was considerably superior to 1 to 1,600 (1 oz. to 10 gallons) but not much superior 
to 1 to 1,280 (1 oz. to 8 gallons). As radishes would appear to be well suited 
for testing the most satisfactory strength of corrosive sublimate to use against 
Phorbia brassicae, I feel like recommending our own growers ta use 1 to 1,280 

oa oz. to 8 gallons). 

. Some work was done with cabbage ae beds, this indicated that the cor- 
rosive S publiznate was satisfactory for them also; but further tests are necessary 
to determine the point definitely under different aia conditions. 

6. Our experiments this year on. both cabbage and radishes cause us to 
think that two well-timed applications at a strength of 1 oz. to 8 gallons of water 
are probably all that should be required any year. Often one application would 
suffice, but variations in weather from year to year are so great that it would 
not be safe to rely on fewer than two. 


?. The proper time to make the first application. to early sown radishes, 
cabbage and cauliflower requires long and. close observation to determine, but its 
determination is a matter of great importance; for it would often mean the saving 
of one application. The rule:—to apply the solution first four days after setting 
out the plants and again twice at intervals of a week—is not a scientific rule and 
is unsatisfactory. Judging by last year’s experience, the first treatment should 
be just about the time that European plums begin to bloom. Flies began to 
emerge in our cages last year on May 12th, and were first observed im the field 
on May 13th. Egg laying in cages began May 17th, and eggs in the field 
were fairly common by May 22nd. European plums began to bloom in the same 
district between May 17th and 19th. 


1921 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 


8. When plants are not set out until the flies are known, to be present and 
to be laying eggs, the first application should apparently be made on the third 
day after the setting out or, in the case of radishes, the third day after the earliest 
plants have come through the soil. The reason for this is that we must try to de- 
stroy the eggs and prevent the entrance of the tiny maggots into the root. As eggs 
sometimes hatch in two days it would be unsafe to postpone treatment later than 
the third day, unless of course the weather was cool, when an extra day might be 
allowed. 

9. The best length of time between applications may vary somewhat from 
year to year because of variations in weather but, judging from our results on 
tadishes this year, a five days interval is better than a week. 

10. The presence of a mixed fertilizer (4-8-4) did not make much difference 
in results on radishes (It was not tried on cabbage). There was a little higher 
percentage of infestation on the fertilized part, but not sufficient to justify one in 
concluding that the fertilizer was the cause. 

11. Much time was devoted to determining how the corrosive sublimate 
controls the maggot. Strange to say our results this year are almost directly 
opposite to those in 1919. The difference in results may be partly due to the 
great difference in the seasons themselves, and partly to the different methods 
employed in the two years. In 1919 our results indicated that corrosive sublimate 
controlled only by repelling the larve, but this year they indicated that it 
controlled by killing most of the eggs and also many small larve and some larger 
larye and by repelling larve from the plants. 


THE CONTROL OF ‘THE CABBAGE ROOT MAGGOT IN BRITISH 
COLUMBIA. 


R. C. Treherne, Entomologist in Charge for British Columbia, and 
M. H. Ruhman, Assistant Entomologist. 


During 1919 the experiment conducted for the control of the Cabbage Root 
Maggot (Chortophila brassicae) on both cabbages and cauliflowers proved the 
superiority of the Mercury Bichloride treatment over other remedial measures, 
including the tar-paper protector. The 1920 experiments, therefore, were planned 
to test the value of Mercury Bichloride on a strictly commercial scale. A field 
of 25,000 Harly Jersey Wakefield cabbages was chosen, and four applications 
were planned with Mercury Bichloride in solution at the rate of 1 oz. to 10 
Imperial gallons of water. The first application was to be given three days 
after transplanting, and this was to be followed by three further applications 
at ten day intervals. Close watch was kept for the deposition of the first genera- 
tion eggs and for the first appearance of adults. Transplanting took place in 
the field on April 25th this year and on the few days following. The materials 
for application were in readiness for the third-day treatment but, inasmuch as 
no eggs were yet laid and no flies had been seen, it was decided to withhold 
any action. The first adults seen in the field were observed on May 5ta 
and the first eggs were laid on May 10th. Hence the first treatment took 
place on May 11th, or sixteen days after transplanting, or in other words, 
again, exactly in time for the scheduled second treatment. 

The second treatment should have been made on May 21st, but owing to 
a recent irrigation which left the soil too wet to walk over, it was delayed 


52 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





until.May 25th. The third treatment was made on June 4th. A fourth treat- 
ment was applied on June 18th, but only to half the acreage. So that, in 
summary, 25,000 cabbage plants, transplanted about April 25th., received three 
applications of Mercury Bichloride at 1 0z. to 10 gallons of water on May 11th, 
May 25th, and June 4th, and about 12,000 plants received a fourth application 
at the same strength on June 18th. 


The results showed no maggot injury, and no larval infestation was observed 
on any plants examined either on those plants which had received three applications 
or those which had received four. The stand was perfect, and the experiment 
was a complete commercial success. About 1,000 plants died in the first week 
or two after transplanting, from a damping-off fungus, but these were not 
replaced. In fact no plants were replaced throughout the season. The crop 
harvested was 29 tons of marketable cabbages. It may be stated here, that in 
another block of 25,000 cabbages under similar crop handling and growing on 
similar soil and presumably with a similar degree of infestation but untreated, 
the crop harvest was 16 tons. Time did not allow us to check closely the 
comparative data of fly or larval infestation. Consequently, even allowing for 
all variations and experimental errors the difference in. the marketable yields 
was so great as to leave no doubt at all as to the efficacy of the Mercury Bichloride 
treatment. 

Various blocks of cabbages at various points in the North Okanagan were 
treated on our recommendations with Mercury Bichloride, under individual 
growers’ own immediate directions. | Records from these blocks have now been 
received, and without exception complete satisfaction has been obtained. Several 
growers reported no loss at all, others claimed a shght degree of infestation 
after the last treatment at the end of May, and all recorded yields per acre of 
from fifteen to twenty tons. In the Armstrong district, of those cabbage planta- 
tions which were not treated, not twenty-five per cent made even small cabbages, 
and in those blocks where the paper dises were used about seventy five per cent of 
marketable heads were cut. The results of the 1919 and 1920 experiments 
have left no doubt in our minds as to the efficacy of the mercury salt treatment, 
and those growers with whom we have worked are clearly of the opinion that 
the tar paper disc is not so good, and although the cost may be less, the tar paper 
method is not so commercially practicable as the mercury treatment. 


METHOD OF APPLICATION. The method of application we used in handling 
25,000 plants was as follows: 

A concentrated stock solution was prepared the day previous to treatment 
by dissolving the mercury salt in boiling water. This was done by suspending 
the salt in the sugar sack in a fifty American gallon oil barrel, and pouring the 
boiling water over the sack. This stock solution was drawn on a waggon to the 
centre of the field, a large watering cart with a capacity of two hundred Imperial 
gallons and a number of empty barrels being drawn also to the same point. 
This stock solution was reduced to make a solution of 1 oz. to 10 gallons of 
water, there being 2 oz. of mercury salts in each gallon of stock solution. Two 
ordinary four gallon coal oil tins were suspended on a yoke placed across the 
labourer’s shoulders, and the diluted solution was applied to the roots of each 
plant, at the rate of two fluid ounces, by means of a cheap dipper. 


1921 ~ BNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 
ce EE 2 SS 
The Cost of Application. 


Per 24,000 plants. 


1 on st Oliy PES les swans exe A Deir tas Meg Smee gocooadds some $ 10 00 

1st Application: Time: 20 hours, 1 man at 50c per br. ............0000e 10 00 
F eC orlpScvat, o4.00 Per ID) a c.crese cores cred ove sei eres eystovers « 12 00 

Re ITHILICLTAONS AF CE AING: 7 AS) ADOVE oc. 5 Lia's sto ise. ele aels J del emelens de 10 00 
3rd Application: Hel as lbs: at: $4.00 spertD soi i sieteishorisciosy idee iets siete 12 00 
eee anetite ITPA CUD OW Cig cau dn iatcusPetebed reissue ev aani oe al overs emateres b otererazcfareranars 10: 00 
POM CRORBSLORATATION  ELAULINE, (CEC;,. 70.500 eeieis eens e100 isc. eel sleisls oie eis 68 erefth oars 3 00 
Total Cost: $ 67 00 


The total cost of three applications approximates one cent for four plants, 
while for four applications the cost would be one cent for three plants. 


INTER-RELATIONS IN NATURE. 
W. Lochhead, Macdonald College, Que. 


To the economic entomologist the investigation of the “Inter-relations in 
Nature” should be one of the most important fields of study, for abundant 
evidence has been collected to show that all nature is a vast system of linkages, 
one part dependent upon another in an, intricate web of life, and that disturbances 
in one portion of the system are followed by disturbances in another. To Darwin, 
more tham any other person, science is indebted for the elaboration of the idea 
and for the clear demonstration of its practical importance. 

Since Darwin’s time the number of examples of inter-relations has been 
greatly extended through the observations of thousands of investigators. In 
our boyhood days we were accustomed to rhyme the chain of events in “The House 
that Jack Built,’ which ends with “This is the cat that killed the rat that ate 
the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.” In Nature many such chains 
have been unravelled, binding animal with animal, and animals with plants and 
these again with the inorganic world.’ Man eats the fishes that eat crustacea 
that eat infusoria that cat bacteria that feed on decaying organic matter in 
some pond. 

The purpose of this paper is to discuss briefly, or rather to point out those 
inter-relations in nature that have to do more particularly with insect life. The 
subject is a big one, so that much more must necessarily be left unsaid than can 
possibly be said in a paper on this occasion. 

The following relationships will be discussed. 

1. Insects in relation to insects. 

2. Insects in relation to other animals. 

3. Insects in relation to plants, including bacteria and fungi. 

4. Insects in relation to inorganic nature. 


1. Insects in Relation to Insects. 


The part played by predatory and parasitic insects in the regulation of 
insect life has been frequently discussed at these meetings. The topic is a very 
important one and studies are being carried on at many stations, and none better 
than, those by Mr. Tothill, of the Dominion Entomological Laboratory at Frederic- 


54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





ton, on the factors operating on the Forest Caterpillar and the Fall Web Worm. 

The elaborate studies of the parasites of the Gypsy Moth in New England, 
and their part in the control of the pest have been summarized by H. 8S. Smith 
in the “Journal of Economic Entomology,” August 1919, as follows:— 

1. The reproductive capacity of available entomophagous insects must be 
much higher than that of the host. This proposition is self-evident, and needs 
no amplification. 

2. A complete sequence of parasites affecting the egg, larva and pupa of 
the pest. The importance of this factor was fully shown in the campaign against 
the gypsy moth. 

3. The entomophagous forms must be capable of being reared or obtained 
in sufficient quantities to overcome the pest in the field. This factor is one of 
the most difficult to bring into operation. Lady-birds are readily reared and 
collected. 


4, The cost of producing natural enemies must remain well within the 
bounds of profitable crop production. 

5. Secondary parasites in the local fauna should limit as little as possible, 
much less entirely prevent, the action of the primary parasites. This factor 
is also one that is most difficult to control. 


6. Agricultural practices such as spraying and fumigation which affect 
adversely the breeding of natural enemies should be prevented. It is probable 
that the extermination of the imported Chinese lady-bird in southern orchards 
was due mainly to spraying operations with lime-sulphur carried on as a practice. 

%. The relative ability of the pest and its enemies to spread is an important 
factor. If both be good fliers, the power of spreading is increased but the likeli-— 
hood of extermination of the pest is lessened. 


The citrus mealy-bug has been controlled in Southern California by the 
Australian lady-bird Cryptolaenus montrouziert which was reared in large numbers 
at the State Insectary, and collected in orchards where they had become abundant 
late in the season. In this instance, as in that of the cottony-cushion scale, 
the lady-bird is an active insect while the scale insect is fixed to the plant. 
Moreover, the lady-bird has more generations than the scale insect, and is 
practically free from parasites. 

Dr. P. Marchal calls the gipsy and brown-tail experiments in America “a 
gigantic biological analysis and synthesis hearing upon all the elements which 
constitute the harmonic groupings of plant-feeding insects, their predators, para- 
sites and hyperparasites; the taking apart piece by piece of the whole system, 
and its partial reconstruction in a new environment, forcing it to give the greatest 
possible stress to the elements most favorable to man, and reducing to the minimum 
those which oppose their action.” 


2. Insects in Relation to Other Animals. 


Nature has evolved not as independent but often as closely dependent 
organisms. The well-being of one set is frequently related in many ways to 
other sets, and no creature can be said to live unto itself. Insects and plants, for 
example, have been for long ages mutually adapting themselves one to the other, 
the plant to the insect and the insect to the plant. We all know how birds keep 
down insects and many rodents; in fact, an approximate equilibrium has been 


1921 _ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55 





established between them. Any disturbance or sudden, reduction in the numbers 
of the birds of a region is sure to disturb the balance in the insect world and 
cause much loss to the crops upon which the insects feed. 

Moreover, the number of carnivorous animals bears a definite proportion 
to the herbivorous animals upon which they feed, the herbivorous animals to 
the plants, the plants to insect visitors, ete. In this web of nature we may note 
that the animals preyed upon are more prolific than the predaceous forms. 
“Small rodents tend to be much more prolific than carnivores. The primary 
reason for this is probably that less individuated types tend to be more prolific.” 
—(Thomson). 

Sometimes man interferes with the balance of nature and serious conse- 
quences follow. Rats became a great plague in Jamaica, and to offset them 
the mongoose, a weasel-like animal, was introduced. The mongoose made short 
work of the rats, but it turned its attention to useful animals such as poultry, 
ground-birds and insect-eating lizards and snakes. As a result injurious insects 
and ticks have increased greatly, and both plants and animals have suffered 
much injury. 

Facts which convince even the most sceptical are accumulating regarding 
the valuable role played by birds in the control of noxious insects. Studies of 
bird diets prove conclusively that the majority of our common birds feed mainly 
upon insects. Forbes of Illinois states after a careful study of the contents of 
the stomachs of birds that about two-thirds of the food of birds consists of insects. 
Well-informed writers tell us that without birds the earth would be uninhabitable 
after six years, and yet man in his ignorance is constantly destroying these 
valuable friends, simply because he finds that they levy an insignificant toll on 
his fruits and grains. It is possible that we would be better off if certain birds 
were greatly reduced in numbers, but of this we are not absolutely certain, for 
the web of life is most complex, and no person knows how far-reaching the results 
would be. 


Aside from the fact that birds aid very materially in reducing the numbers 
of insects when they come as scourges, it is very important to remember thet 
birds nip many incipient scourges in the bud. Their mobility and varied character 
and habits enable them to move rapidly from place to place and thus maintain 
the balance of nature which man is always tending to upset. Even in wild nature 
the balance is never quite complete; at best the equilibrium is unstable. 


“It is very interesting that the two great classes of successful fliers should 
be, in the wide economics of nature, pitted against one another, wings against 
wings, freeman against freeman, invertebrate against vertebrate, ‘little brain’ 
against ‘big brain,’ ‘instinct’ against ‘intelligence.’ Practically this is the most 
important conflict of classes that the world knows.”—(Thomson). 

It is worthy of note that the Italian entomologists do nof share the opinion 
of American and British fellow-workers as to the great value of birds in the 
control of insect life. 

From 1850 to 1873, Rondani, an Italian, made most valuable contributions 
to the study of parasitology. He was of the opinion, however, that parasites 
were far more important than birds as control factors. He said: “The policing 
of the fields cannot be entrusted to birds because they are unreliable and kill 
the guilty with the innocent; they are robbers as well as guardians of the field 


56 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





products, amd therefore do not yield the most, and sometimes any, calculable 
advantage. In the latter case they often do even more harm than good in the 
very things which were sought to be saved by their means.” 

Perris and Decaux of France in the seventies and eighties advocated strongly 
the use of parasites, and Berlese and Del Guercio of Italy, later recognized and 
emphasized the value of entomophagous insects rather than insectivorous birds. 

In this conection it is interesting to note Silvestri’s own opinion. He says: 
“I, for my part, believe that the usefulness and the harm of insectivorous birds 
balance each other, and that more frequently the former may be superior to the 
latter, considering things only from the viewpoint of immediate agricultural 
interest.” 


Insects and Animal Diseases. 


The relation of insects to animal diseases is now well known. The Anopheles 
mosquito carries the malarial organism, the Stegomyia mosquito the yellow-fever 
organism, the house-fly tubercular, typhoid fever and other germs, tsetse flies 
the trypanosomes of the terrible “sleeping sickness” of Central Africa, rat-fleas 
plague germs, lice typhus fever germs, ete. There is no longer any doubt as to 
the inter-relationships that exist in this part of the web of life. 

Again, fishes furnish another link in the chain connecting mosquitoes and 
malaria. As is well known, certain fishes feed upon mosquito larve, and in many 
districts are undoubtedly instrumental in regulating the amount of malaria. I 
is believed that the presence of the small fish called “millions” in Barbados is 
the reason why that island is so free from malaria. 

Rabbits are not only a direct cause of great losses to the Australian farmers, 
but also in directly developing the blow-fly pest which is very destructive. 


3. Insects and Plants. 


We are familiar with the enormous losses produced every year by the action 
of insects and fungous diseases on our cultivated crops.. But we should not 
fail to look at the other side of the shield, and ascertain how many plants are 
dependent upon insects for their fertilization and the production of seed. 

Elsewhere (In the Third and Fourth Reports of the Quebec Society for 
the Protection of Plants) I have discussed the relations between insects and plants, 
and their value as pollinators of useful plants. In this connection I may quote 
Dr. Phillips’ remarks regarding the value of the honey-bee: “The production of 
millions of dollars worth of fruit depends largely on insect pollination, and no 
insect is so important in this work as the honey-bee. It is a most conservative 
estimate to claim that the honey-bee does more good to American agriculture in 
its office as a cross-pollinator than it does as a honey-gatherer.” 

In the relation of insects to plant diseases, two aspects present themselves, 
viz. 1, the role of insects as disease-carriers to plants, and 2, the role of fungous 
diseases in destroying insects. 

It is clear that if these relations are to be thoroughly investigated, the 
economic entomologist must work in close co-operation with the plant-pathologist. 

With regard to the part played by insects as disease-carriers to plants, I 
cannot do better than refer you to the excellent paper by Prof. Caesar read at 
the last meeting here (1918 Report Ont. Ent. Soc.), and to the article by. Mr. 
E. M. DuPorte in the 11th Report of the Que. Soc. Protection of Plants (1918-19) 
where the subject is fully discussed. 


1921 ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 5% 


a 


An interesting relation is the double-host relation of many aphids. Nearly 
every year adds to the number of aphids that have this relation, and future 
studies will perhaps furnish an explanation of this interesting movement in early 
and late summer to the host plants. The relation is of interest to the economic 
worker as it suggests additional means of control. 

Another inter-relation somewhat closely related to the foregoing is that 
of useless plants and insects. ‘One instance will suffice. The hawthorns act 
as hosts for many insects that are injurious to the apple. It is clear that this 
relationship demands more careful study by economic entomologists. 

With regard to the utilization of fungous and protozoan diseases’ in insect 
control, it may be said that many experiments have been conducted within the 
last thirty years with the object of controlling injurious insects through the 
artificial production of epidemics of fungous diseases. As in the case of parasitism, 
unexpected difficulties have appeared under field conditions. It was soon discover- 
ed that “fungi are very dependent upon external conditions, and in many cases the 
apparent absence of a particular fungus in a locality is usually an index of con- 
ditions unfavorable for its development and an artificial introduction will be 
useless.” (Glaser). 

Out of the large number of experiments that have been carried out, I shall 
briefly refer to a few of the most outstanding ones. Franz Tang] in 1892 used 
spore emulsions of Botrytis bassiana against the caterpillars of the nun moth of 
Central Europe. While the experiments were eminently successful in the labor- 
atory where all the infected caterpillars died of “muscardine,” those carried on 
outdoors gave negative results. Tubeuf also obtained like results with Cordyceps 
militaris. 

Many of us perhaps are familiar with the work of Snow and Forbes in 
connection with the artificial use of Sporotrichum globuliferum against chinch 
bugs. Later Billings and Glenn also carried on experiments with the same 
fungus. Their results are summarized as follows :— 

“1. In fields where the natural presence of the fungus is plainly evident, 


its effect on the bugs cannot be accelerated to any appreciable degree by the 
artificial introduction of spores. 


“2. In fields where the fungus is not in evidence, spores introduced artificially 
have no measurable effect. 


“5. Apparent absence of the fungus among chinch bugs in a field is evidence 
of unfavorable conditions rather than lack of fungous spores. 


“4. Laboratory experiments can be made to prove that, artificial infection 
accomplishes results upon bugs confined in cramped quarters and without food, 
but in the field, where fresh and usually drier air prevails and food is abundant, 
an entirely different situation is presented.” 

In 1912, Morrill and Black experimented with the artificial use of the white 
fly fungi, Aegerita webberi, Aschersonia aleyrodis and A. flavocinta. They sum- 
marized their conclusions in’these words: 





(1) European botanists, such as DeBary and Tulasne, about the middle of the last 
century, called attention to the importance of white muscardine (Isaria Densa Link.) 
as a check on many insects. Metchnikoff, and Krassilstscik cultivated the green mus- 


cardine (Metarhizium anisopliae Sorokin) for the control of Anisoplia and the beet 
weevil (Cleonus punctiventris). 


Efforts have also been made to check the white grub in Europe by means of 
Cordyceps melolonthae Tul., Isaria densa, and Botrytis tenella Sace. 


58 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





“1. The fungus parasites thrive only under suitable weather conditions 
during a period of about three months each year; generally speaking the summer 
months in the case of the two Aschersonias and the fall months in the case of 
the brown fungus. 

“2. Under natural conditions, without artificial assistance in spreading, the 
fungi have ordinarily, in favored localities, controlled the white fly to the extent 
of about one-third of a complete remedy through a series of years. 

“3. The infections secured by artificial means of introducing fungi, while 
successful in introducing fungi, have thus far proved of little or no avail in 
increasing their efficacy after they have once become generally established in a 
grove. 

“4, Experiments by the authors, and by citrus growers in co-operation with 
the authors, involving the treatment of thousands of trees with suitable ‘checks’ 
or ‘controls’ have shown that when fungus (red or yellow Aschersonia) even in 
small quantities is present in a grove, there is no certainty that from three to 
six applications of fungus spores in water solution will result in an increased 
abundance of the infection on the treated blocks of trees by the end of the season. 
In some of the most important and carefully planned and executed experiments, 
the fungus has increased more rapidly in sections of the groves which were not 
sprayed with spore solutions than in the experimental blocks.” 

The brown-tail caterpillar is attacked by the fungus Entomophthora aulicae, 
and an attempt was made by Speare and Colley in 1912 to use it in the control 
of the pest. They state that considerable success has attended their efforts, not 
that the fungus is a “cure-all” but it is a powerful check. Under proper conditions 
of introduction from sixty-three to one hundred per cent. of the caterpillars can 
be destroyed. 

Reference has already been made to the “wilt disease” of the gipsy-moth 
caterpillars as a factor in the control of these pests in New England. It made 
its appearance about 1900, and is now distributed over the territory infested with 
the gypsy moth, according to Glaser. It is an infectious disease but epidemics oc- 
cur only in localities infested heavily with the gypsy moth. Infected caterpillars 
became flaccid, and later their tissues disintegrate completely, due to the fermenta- 
tive and toxic nature of the virus. The brown liquid of a dead caterpillar shows 
under the high power of the microscope large numbers of polyhedral bodies of 
various sizes, but the exact nature of the casual organism has not been determined. 
The virus is filterable with difficulty. 

The success of wilt infection experiments is absolutely dependent upon atten- 
tion to seemingly insignificant details, but this much is known, that infection 
takes place through the mouth by means of the food. 

It is possible that further studies of the disease will evolve some practical 
method of using the virus for the destruction of larger numbers of the cater- 
pillars. Already, however, it has been ascertained that climatic conditions appear 
to bear an important relation to wilt in the field, and that temperature has an 
{mportant relation to the period of incubation of wilt. 


4. The Relation of Insects to Inorganic Nature. 


This relation has also been investigated by many workers, for it has long 
been known that insects are influenced profoundly by climatic conditions. The 


1921 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59 


effects of changing and unusual conditions of heat and cold, snows and rains, 
humidity and dryness, and other seasonal changes have long been known to be 
important factors in regulating the number of insects. 


A variable winter is more fatal to most forms of insect life than a continuously 
severe or a continuously mild winter. When insects go into hibernation they 
become torpid and are able to resist quite low degrees of cold, but if thaws occur 
they may become partially active for a short time. With every change of this 
nature the insect loses vitality and this loss may prevent transformation in the 
spring. Moreover, the effects of thaws in breaking up larval and pupal cells in 
the ground are often quite marked. 

Sudden changes of temperature of say thirty degree range within a few 
hours, which are quite common in our latitude, are very fatal to aphids and many 
caterpillars during their early stages. 

Another feature of the environment of insects is the different degree of 
humidity demanded by each species or genus. Some insects like the thrips, chinch 
bug, wheat midge and red spiders are more abundant under dry conditions, 
while other insects like the plant lice and Hessian-fly develop best under moist 
conditions. 

Observations seem to show that meteorological changes are often fatal to 
those insects that live on the fringe of their distributional range. Under favor- 
able conditions some insects may migrate northward, and even do much damage, 
but such movements may be termed incursions, as they are temporary and 
spasmodic in their character. 

The range of distribution of different insects has been mapped .and this 
has shown that insects tend to conform to the same zonal distribution as plants, 
birds and mammals. Dr. Hopkins, of Washington, has extended our knowledge 
of the Bioclimatic Law and has shown how it may be utilized by the economig 
entomologist in solving some of his problems. (See Article in 1919 Report of 
this Society.) 

The recent study of tropisms appears to show that the movements and conduct 
of insects are often the result of stimuli proceeding from the inorganic world, 
such as light, gravitation, heat, electricity, moisture, pressure, and chemical sub- 
stances. Already many interesting observations have been made and a few of these 
have an economic bearing. 


It seems to me that this field of study, viz., the reactions of insects to stimuli, 
is full of great possibilities for the economic entomologist. In the future, when 
our knowledge of tropistic responses has greatly increased, we may expect to see 
the intreduction of many modifications of our present methods of control. 


He who studies attentively any common plant or animal may form a con- 
ception, often an imperfect one, of the widely extending lines and cross lines 
of inter-relationships with other plants and animals. The work of science is to 
classify and describe these inter-relations, and in this line much progress has been 
made since Darwin’s day. The economic entomologist and botanist, who are 
specially interested in the control of injurious insects and plants, must keep con- 
stantly in view this idea of relationships in Nature if they would deal successfully 
with the problems confronting them. 


At the recent meeting of the American Association of Economic Entomologists 
at Philadelphia many prominent leaders emphasized the necessity for a more 


60 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





thorough biological study of all injurious forms. In other words, more attention 
should be given to ecologic or bionomic relations, that is, to the study of the 
Web of Life. 

A knowledge of inter-relations, even in departments not usually considered 
in close alliance, is often essential in unravelling the intricate pattern of life’s web. 

“Over a ploughed field in the summer morning we see the spider-webs in 
thousands, glistening with dew-drops, and this is an emblem of the intricacy of 
the threads in the web of life—to be seen more and more as our eyes grow clear. 
Or, is not the face of Nature like the surface of a gentle stream, where hundreds 
of dimpling circles touch and influence one another in an intricate complexity of 
action and reaction beyond the ken of the wisest ?’—(Thomson). 


CONFERENCE ON THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER. 


Mr. Greson, in introducing the subject, discussed in general the corn borer 
situation in Canada and stated that the pest had been found in southern Ontario 
on August 10th, 1920. He also gave a brief account of visits which he had made 
to Massachusetts and New York States where the borer has become established, 
and referred to important conferences held in Ontario to discuss our infestations. 
The methods of control which the Entomological Branch had recommended were 
mentioned. Investigational studies were being made by the Division of Field Crop 
and Garden Insects chiefly by Mr. H. G. Crawford. The quarantine and scouting 
work was being done by the Division of Foreign Pests Suppression, under the 
direction of Mr. L. S. McLaine, Chief of the Division. 

Mr. McLaArINe outlined the work that had been carried on by the Entomological 
Branch since the corn borer was found in the vicinity of Boston in 1917. The first 
steps taken were in the spring of 1919 when scouting work was undertaken in the 
Maritime Provinces and all shipments of corn on the cob from the infested areas 
in Massachusetts were traced. With the finding of the European Corn Borer in 
Western New York in the fall of 1919, two Canadian scouts were sent to the New 
York territory to receive training. Later in the season they scouted Welland 
County, particularly along the Niagara River. 

Early in August, 1920, scouting was again started in southern Ontario and on 
August 10th, the first infestation was found at Lorraine Station, Humberstone 
Township, Welland County. The scouting was finally completed on October 23rd. 
Thirteen counties in all were scouted of which seven were found to be infested. One 
hundred and five townships were visited of which thirty-five were infested. As 
a result of the scouting work two distinct infestations were uncovered. 

Infestation No. 1 extends along the Lake Erie shore from Fort Erie on the 
east to Dunnville on the west and about ten miles inland. This infestation covers 
approximately 340 square miles. 

Infestation No. 2 extends along the Lake Erie shore from Bayham township 
on the east, to Harwich on the west and from Farquhar, Usbourne township, Huron 
County, on the north to the Lake shore. This infestation covers approximately 
2,440 square miles. : 

Pror. CAEsar stated that as soon as he learned of the discovery of the insect, 
he visited the district, and then appealed to the Ontario Department of Agriculture 
for the use of a Ford car and the appointment of two scouts. This request was 
granted and the men joined the Dominion forces and remained on the work until 
the close of the scouting. One of the scouts, Mr. Garlick, was then assigned to 


1921 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61 





make field observations and prepare for next season’s investigations. He made 
estimates of the percentage of larve in the stubble, and also treated stubble in 
various ways to see the effect of the winter on the larve under different conditions. 

All the District Representatives of the western portion of the province were 
called together, and a field meeting was held in some of the worst infested fields 
near St. Thomas. The life history of the insect was explained, and means of 
control outlined. Later in the season a similar meeting was held with the Dis- 
trict Representatives in the eastern portion of the province. 

He realized that the European Corn Borer was a serious pest, and that the 
handling of the situation was a serious problem, but he was optimist enough to be- 
lieve that the combined efforts of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, the Entomo- 
logical Branch and the Ontario Department of Entomology, would result in the 
discovery of a practical method of contro] and that the corn industry would be 
saved: 

Mr. WortTHLEY (in charge of the corn borer field work) of the U.S. Bureau of 
Entomology stated that in 1919 the state of Massachusetts appropriated $100,000. 
for corn borer control. This was the first large appropriation for the control of 
this pest. On July 1st of the same year the U.S. Federal appropriation of $250,000 
was made available. 

At the present time a total of 5,651 square miles are infested by the pest in 
the United States. 

The New England infestation covers 3,350 square miles. 

”» eastern New York ” eS 16 SG ohne Zi 

” western New York ” za ENS ae a $6 

Mr. WorTHLEY pointed out the difficulty of handling the corn borer situation 
in Massachusetts, particularly in the vicinity of the market gardens. It was found 
that the weed infestation was very heavy in certain market garden sections and it 
was stated that in a ten acre weed patch adjacent to some celery fields the number 
of corn borer larvae probably averaged two million to the acre. In order to over- 
come this difficulty extensive operations were carried on in burning over these 
districts. When the burning was first started fuel oil was used but this grade 
of material deteriorated so that it was necessary to replace it with kerosene oil 
which was purchased in 50,000 gallon lots. 

Tn addition to burning, extensive experiments were carried on with weed killers 
and in some localities were found to be generally satisfactory. 

As regards the control work in western New York extensive experiments were 
carried on in the mowing of corn stubble close to the ground. The stubble after 
being cut was collected and thrown into a machine for crulshing. 

Potato diggers have also been experimented with for the purpose of taking out 
stubble but these were not found practicable in all cases on account of the fact that 
whereas they work satisfactorily in sandy soil a great deal of trouble is encountered 
if the soil is at all heavy or wet. 

In addition to the control work the quarantine of the infested territory has 
to be maintained. This necessitates the inspection of all plants liable to harbour 
the corn borer consigned to points outside the area infested by the pest. Eighty 
inspectors are now engaged on this inspection work and up to the present time 
500,000 inspections have been made. 

European corn borer egg clusters have been found on celery, beans, rhubarb 
and spinach. Chrysanthemums have also been found to be infested with the borer 
in the greenhouses and markets. 


62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





Mr. Warton, Entomologist in charge of Cereal and Forage Insect Investiga- 
tions, briefly stated his Division was continuing a series of investigations on the 
biology, habits, ete., of the corn borer and had established a laboratory at Arlington, 
Mass. Branch laboratories were also located in the vicinity of Schenectady and 
Silver Creek, N.Y. 

In addition to the investigational work arrangements were being completed 
for the importation of parasites from Europe. A laboratory was also established 
at Auch, France, in charge of Mr. W. R. Thompson. It was expected that a large 
importation of parasites would be made this coming winter. It is also expected 
that additional laboratories would be established in Europe as necessity arose. 


Ye \ .S 
ey 


\ 







~ 
Sh 


PENNSYVYLVANTA 





Map of Western Ontario, showing area scouted for European Corn Borer in 1920. 
Townships in solid black were found to be infested, those crossed by the diagonal 
lines only, were scouted but no borers were found. 

Mr. CRAWFORD spoke in general of his investigations in the Union Village area 
about six miles from St. Thomas, Ont., in the autumn of 1920. It was in this 
area, an essentially flint growing region where the greatest infestation was found. 
In some fields from 70 to 99% of the stalks were infested, while pure stands of dent 
corn in the same vicinity had a 45% stalk infestation. 

One field of flint corn in which 93% of the stalks were infested had been 
studied closely. The attack in this field was distributed over the different parts 
of the plant as follows: Tassels, 50% injured; nodes, 17%; internodes, 25%; cobs, 
55% ; shanks, 51%; nubbins, 45%; stubble, 29%. This infestation resulted in the 
falling of 50% of the tassels, a devouring of 3% of the kernels and a breaking down 
of 42% of stalks at one or two points. 

Mr. Crawrorp referring to the infestation in dent corn stated that this variety 
was very markedly less intensely attacked than flint corn and the effect upon the 
plant much less. Thus the field of dent corn 45% infested lost but 7.7% of tassels 
and only 8% of the stalks were broken over, almost no cobs infested and the stubble 


but very slightly infested. Even in a mixed field of flint and dent corn where 
tha 14 POD & amnice worga 9QG% peel he TN oy Alea nnnrny a) a | Naar am, 


1921 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 





NOTES ON THE CONTROL OF THE ROSE MIDGE. 


William A. Ross, 
Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Vineland Station. 


At the annual meeting of this Society held at Guelph in 1916, Mr. Arthur 
Gibson, of the Dominion Entomological Branch, directed your attention to a serious 
greenhouse pest—the rose midge—which recently had been introduced from United 
States into Canada.* At that time, it was present only in one greenhouse, but 
since then it has been found in seven other greenhouses. 

The experience of florists, both in United States and Canada, has shown that 
this insect when present is by far the most destructive pest of roses. In 1919 
its depredations in one Ontario greenhouse caused a loss of twelve thousand dollars, 
and in another six to seven thousand dollars. 

The following description of the injurious habits and life history of the rose 
midge is taken from a short article, which the writer published in the Agricultural 
Gazette of Canada, Vol. 6, No. 2, Feb. 1919. 

Nature or Ingury. “ When very abundant, the larve of the midge—whitish 
maggots—may be found feeding on any succulent part of the rose bush, as for 
instance, at the base of the flower buds, within the buds, on the upper side of 
tender leaves, and on leaf petioles. However, the usual point of attack is on the 
young shoot in the axil of a leaf petiole. Infested shoots grow crooked, and, as 
a general rule, witherand die. Affected flower buds, when not killed outright, may 
be so disfigured as to be unsaleable.” 

Lire History. “ The adult insect is a fragile two-winged fly, less than 1/16” 
in length. The female deposits her eggs between the folded leaves of the leaf buds, 
and to some extent in the axils of tender leaves and between the sepals and petals 
of the blossom buds. Under greenhouse conditions the eggs hatch in about two 
days. The maggots, as previously stated, feed on the tender tissues of shoots and 
buds, and become mature in from five to seven days. They then drop to the soil, 
change to the pupal stage and emerge as adult flies in about six days.” 

“The midge is most abundant and destructive during summer. With the coming 
of autumn it declines in numbers and by winter wholly disappears from the rose 
plants. Itremains dormant in the soil through the winter months, and does not 
reappear again until the last of February or early March.” 

Controt. Various methods of combating this pest have been tested or at 
least recommended—and among others the following: 

Crop Rotation AND THOROUGH CLEANING OF House IN Mip Winter. At 
the time the attention of the Entomological Branch was first directed to this pest 
only two reliable methods of controlling it were known, namely: (1) the growing 
of another crop instead of roses for one year, and (2) the destruction of all the 
plants and the removal of the soil in mid winter. Both of these methods would 
entail a very serious derangement and loss in business, and for this reason the 
growers refused to consider them until all other possible remedies had been 
exhausted. 


* The Superintendent of the Dale Estate, Brampton, informs me that a pest, which 
he believes was the rose midge, was present in one of the Dale rose beds fifteen years 
ago. It was very destructive that year, but wholly disappeared after the soil in the 
infested bed was thrown out in March. 


64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





CuHancine THE Sorn ANNUALLY. The value of changing the soil annually 
as a method of controlling rose midge, supplemented by the pinching off of all in- 
fected buds, has been proved by the experience of the Bedford Park Floral Co., 
Toronto. According to the foreman, the midge has been present in these green- 
houses for the past four years, and although at times it has been fairly abundant on 
Ophelia roses, it has never increased to such an extent as to cause any serious 
loss. The soil in these houses is removed and replaced annually during the period 
early May to the first of July. Infested buds have always been destroyed as soon 
as they were noticed. 

Liquip Barts. Several experiments were conducted at Grimsby in 1919, in 
order to determine if it were possible to trap the adult midges by means of liquid 
baits. Pans containing various mixtures with the following substances used as 
lures—molasses, oil of citronella, oil of lemon, oil of rhodium, oil of cloves, kerosene, 
eresol—were suspended among the rose bushes, and were left for two or three weeks. 
A considerable number of Diptera were caught in the pans, but not one of the 
“catch” proved to be a rose midge—most of the insects were fungus-gnats. 

Dryine Orr. Although this method has not been tested, it seems certain that 
the rose midge could be exterminated in a greenhouse by drying off all the rose 
plants at the same time during the summer. As there would be no tender shoots 
on the plants for at least four weeks, the midge would die of starvation. 

Tosacco FuMIGATION AND DESTRUCTION OF INFESTED Bups. Since 1916 
Messrs. Miller & Sons, Toronto, have been combating the midge by means of tobacco 
fumigatiom and pinching off and destruction of all infested buds. At first 
they made a practice of fumigating for a period of three or four weeks in spring, 
and again whenever the midge became troublesome, but as this method did not 
wholly eliminate serious midge injury, they changed the system this past year, and 
fumigated every other night from early April to the last of October. This kept the 
insect down to insignificant proportions ali season, and as a result no damage worth 
mentioning was effected. 

The disadvantages of this remedial measure are (1) that in places where 
tobacco stems are not easily procured and where commercial nicotine preparations 
would have to be used, it is very costly: (2) that it does not wholly eradicate the 
pest: and (3) that according to some florists frequent fumigations stunt the growth 
of the plants. 

NicoTiInE FuMIGATION aND TosBacco Dust TreatMENT. In 1916 Messrs. 
Sasscer and Borden * of the United States Bureau of Entomology, having deter- 
mined by cage experiments that a covering of tobacco dust on the rose beds would 
prevent the full-grown larvee from entering the soil, conducted the following ex- 
periment in a midge infested house in Maryland. All the rose beds were covered 
on October 12th, 1916, with tobacco dust averaging from one fourth to one half 
inch deep. To prevent the larve from entering the dirt walks of the houses, all 
walks were sprayed with kerosene emulsion. Simultaneously nightly fumigation 
with tobacco stems was inaugurated and continued until October 30th, inclusive, 
and from that date until November 8th the houses were fumigated every other 
night. The object of this fumigation was to kill all adults before eggs were 
deposited. 

The results secured from this experiment were excellent—the midge was prac- 
tically eradicated. 


el 
* The Rose Midge—Bulletin No. 778 of the United States Department of Agriculture. 


1821 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65 





Tosacco Dust TreatMENT. The results secured by Sasscer and Borden with 
tobacco dust were, later on, confirmed by laboratory experiments at Vineland 
Station. These experiments furnished us not only with positive evidence that a 
coat of tobacco dust would kill the full-grown larve which dropped from the plantz, 
hut also that the nicotine absorbed by the soil from the dust would destroy the 
midge pup and larve in the soil. In short, our laboratory tests indicated that 
in combating the midge it was not necessary to supplement the soil treatment by 
mightly fumigation with nicotine. In view of the cost of nightly fumigation the 
importance of this discovery is apparent. 

For various reasoms we were unable to give the tobacco dust remedy a trial 
under commercial conditions until this year, when it was tried out in four 
greenhouses. 

OLFIELD’S GREENHOUSES. Messrs. Olfield and Sons’ establishment at Grimsby, 
with 250,000 sq. ft. of glass, and containing some 85,000 rose plants, was very 
heavily imfested with midge in 1919, when the insect caused a loss of approximately 
$12,000. At the time operations were commenced against the midge practically 
one hundred per cent. of the young growth of all the susceptible varieties was 
infested. 

During the second week of August the fallen leaves on the beds were removed 
and the soil was tamped in order to break up lumps and to make the surface as 
smooth as possible. The beds were them thoroughly drenched with water, and a coat 
of tobacco dust one-fourth to one-half inch thick was applied, great care being 
taken to cover all parts of the beds (35 tons of dust used). As an additional 
precaution all the walks were sprayed with kerosene emulsion, in order to kill any 
larve which might have fallen from the plants to the walks. For two weeks after 
the dust was applied the foliage was syringed occasionally, but the beds were not 
actually watered. Our object in withholding the water was to prevent the washing 
of nicotine out of the dust until all the larve present on the plants had dropped to 
the soil. 

Resurts. The establishment consists of three ridge and furrow houses, which, 
for the sake of convenience may be referred to as Nos. 1, 2, and 3. In houses 1 
and 3 absolutely no larve, with the exception of some present on the plants for a 
short time after treatment, have been found since the application of the remedy. 
In No. 2 a few infested Ophelia buds * were discovered on September 11th. All 
these buds were immediately destroyed, and the section in which they were dis- 
covered was promptly treated again with tobacco dust. Since this second treatment 
no midge has been seen up to the present. 

It is of interest to note that the application of kerosene emulsion to the walks 
caused a very small percentage of the foliage of White Killarney to drop. The 
plants, however, were not injured to any appreciable extent. 

Date Estate. The Midge, introduced into this large plant in 1919, had 
established itself in three houses, and was causing serious loss. Early in July of 
the present year, from 300 to 400 infested buds were pinched off and destroyed 
daily in the worst affected section. 

Operations were commenced against the midge about mid July. The beds 
were cleaned up, tamped, and were then carefully covered with tobacco dust, (38 
tons used). At the same time the sidewalks were sprayed with kerosene emulsion. 





* We have good reason to believe that this infestation came from affected buds 
thrown under the benches by a careless grower. 


66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


-REsuutts. Excellent results were secured from this treatment. With the 
exception of some larve present on the plants for a short time after treatment, 
no midge has been seen up to the present. 

OTHER CoRROBORATIVE Resutts. The tobacco dust remedy proved equally 
effective in two other greenhouses—one in Toronto and the other in Grimsby. 

It is of interest to note that at Ivey’s Conservatories, Port Dover, good results 
in the control of midge were secured by covering all the rose beds early in the 
season with a heavy coat of finely cut tobacco stems. The beds were watered as 
usual, and it would appear that the nicotine washed in this way from the stems 
destroyed practically all the insects in the soil, because throughout the season no 
infested plants were found except in one section. This particular secticn was 
treated with tobacco dust in September, and Messrs. Ivey are now pretty con- 
fident that they have wholly eradicated the pest. 


SOME MOSQUITO PROBLEMS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
Eric Hearle, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 


British Columbia has many serious mosquito problems with which to cope. 
She is not alone in this respect, for, on the Atlantic coast, in Northern Ontario 
and Quebec, and in certain of the Prairie provinces, mosquitoes occur in such 
numbers as to be of economic importance. The mountain provmee has, however, 
conditions and problems peculiar to herself, which are very different from those 
found elsewhere in Canada. 

In British Columbia the huge ranges of mountains and the rivers fed by 
their melting snows constitute the main factors determining mosquito abundance. 
Other important factors are the climatic conditions, which determine whether 
the snow shall melt gradually or shall melt so suddenly that the rivers are unable 
to carry off the water sufficiently fast to prevent the flooding of the low-lying lands. 
The main mosquito problems of British Columbia are caused by those species of 
the mosquito fauna which breed in the flooded bottom lands bordering the rivers. 


The Lower Fraser Valley Problem. 


For the last two years a detailed study has been conducted of the serious 
mosquito problem presented in the Lower Fraser Valley. By means of automo- 
bile, motor boat and canoe, larval and adult surveys were made over an area of 
more than two thousand square miles. These, life history and laboratory experi- 
ments, and aerial surveys over some of the main breeding areas have resulted in 
the accumulation of sufficient data to indicate the important factors in the prob- 
lem. 
The Fraser river emerges below Hope from the precipitous, recky, Fraser 
canyon into the Fraser delta—a broad low-lying valley of over two thousand square 
miles. The low elevation may be gauged from the fact that at the town of Mission, 
about forty miles from the coast, the altitude is only twenty-one feet above sea 
level. The dyking of huge tracts of land has appreciably reduced the mosquito 
breeding places; but there remain along the river many extensive low-lying areas 
capable of flooding at high freshets, and which are the cause of the mosquito 

trouble in the district. The height of freshet varies considerably. In 1919, the 
river Tose 17’ 4” (at Mission) and there was no mosquito pest. In 1920, the 
river rose 21’ 0” (at Mission) and a very serious pest resulted. 


1921 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 





It is very hard to estimate with accuracy the losses involved when a fairly 
thickly settled district such as the Fraser Valley is subject to the attacks of 
hordes of blood thirsty mosquitoes, but there are very few industries necessitating 
outside labour that are not seriously affected. The picking of small fruit is ham- 
pered, general farm labour is hard to obtain, work in the woods is almost impos- 
sible and, in 1920, most of the labour camps in the affected district were closed 
during the worst of the scourge. In places, the construction of roads and high- 
ways was held up. Cattle became emaciated and the drop in milk production 
was very marked. During 1920, in the worst affected places, even hens stopped 
laying eggs as they were unable to rest at night owing to the attacks of mosqui- 
toes. In spite of screens, mosquito dope, and the general use of smudges, the 
inhabitants of the affected district suffer terribly from the winged pest that makes 
life a misery. ' 

The Lower Fraser Valley has a fairly rich mosquito fauna, twenty species 
coming to hand during the two years, 1919 and 1920. Of these, two only consti- 
tute the really serious pest as conditions are not suitable for the development of 
the others in very large numbers. 


Flood Water Mosquitoes. 


Aedes aldrichi Dyar and Knab. This is a very small sage-grey mosquito with 
a central, divided brown line on the thorax. The abdomen has crisp, white bands, 
and the legs are dark and unbanded. The species is the dominant one in the 
Lower Fraser Valley, and breeds mainly in the flood pools in the alder-bottom 
areas bordering the river. The larva, previously unknown, was taken for the 
first time by the writer this summer. The only other records we have of this 
insect come from Idaho and Montana. 

Aedes verans Meigen. A medium-sized, dusty-brown mosquito. The abdom- 
inal bands are strongly constricted in the centre and the legs have small rings at 
the base of the tarsal segments. This species is second in importance in the 
Lower Fraser Valley and although not so abundant as Aedes aldrichi, it sometimes 
occurs in enormous numbers. Open flooded meadows and prairies are the main 
breeding places, although great numbers also breed in the alder-bottom tlood pools. 
The species is a very common one both in Europe and America. 

Aedes cinereus Meigen. A very small species with a rusty brown thorax 
and unbanded black legs. The abdominal segments are usually unbanded but there 
is a broad, white stripe along the side of the abdomen. The species is a fairly 
common one in the Lower Fraser Valley but is comparatively unimportant. The 
larve are found in shallow protected surface pools, as well as in flooded alder- 
bottoms, 


General Breeders. 


Culex tarsalis Coquillett. This fairly large brown mosquito has a very 
striped appearance. The legs have broad bands at the base and apex of the tarsal 
segments and the proboscis has a broad crisp stripe, the abdomen is fairly broadly 
banded. The thorax is dark chestnut brown and is ornamented with fairly dis- 
tinct markings. The tip of the wing has an indistinct patch of yellow scales 
Although generally distributed throughout the valley, this species is not a very 
abundant one. It is a vicious and persistent biter, and enters houses. The larve 
are found in a great variety of habitats, roadside ditches and open flooded meadows 
being the chief among them. 


68 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





Anopheles punctipennis Say. The yellow and black patches on the wings 
are the distinguishing feature of this mosquito, which is the commonest anophe- 
line in the district. The poison is very irritating and the insect shows great per- 
sistence in entering houses. The larve are ubiquitous. Fortunately this species 
dogs not occur in abundance in the district. | 

Culex saxatilis Grossbeck. A very small dark culex in which the white 
abdominal bands are at the apex of the segments, instead of the base. The legs 
are dark and unbanded, and the brown thorax is ornamented with two paler spots. 
This mosquito is very generally distributed in the valley and is fairly common. 
It is of no importance, however, as it is non-predaceous on warm-blooded animals. 
The larve are found mainly in surface pools and ditches, especially those pro- 
tected by willow and other growth. 


Woodland Mosquitoes. 


Aedes punctor Kirby. This is the commonest mosquito in deep woodlands 
and in wooded mountain areas. It is a fairly large, dark, robust species with a 
yellowish grey thorax having a broad, central, brown band. The abdominal seg- 
ments have narrow white bands and the legs are dark and unbanded. Although 
not a very vicious biter, this species is troublesome in localized areas, as it some- 
times occurs in great abundance. It is restricted to woods and the larve breed in 
temporary woodland pools. 

Aedes varipalpus Coquillett. This is a very beautiful black and white mos- 
quito. The tarsal segments have broad, white basal bands and the white abdom- 
inal bands are V shaped, being narrowed at the sides and broadened centrally. 
The thorax is beautifully ornamented with a variegated pattern of black and white. 
Although it is a bad biter, the species is of no importance as, although very gen- 
erally distributed, it is never abundant. It is a woodland species and breeds in 
treeholes. The males will hover around and settle on the person, as well as the 
females. | 

Aedes canadensis Theobald. This species has a light brown thorax. The 
legs are banded at the base and apex of the tarsal segments, and the ultimate hind 
tarsal segment is entirely white, The black abdomen has indistinct white bands 
at the base of the segments. This is essentially a woodland species. It is very 
rare in the Lower Fraser Valley. 

Aedes fletcheri aloponotum Dyar. This Jarge red-brown mosquito has broad 
white bands on the legs at the base of the tarsal segments. The abdomen has broad 
white basal segmental bands, and the thorax is brown and unornamented. It is 
rare in the district and is found mainly in wooded areas. 


Salt Marshes and Coastal Pools. 


Aedes curriet Coquillett. A very beautiful fawn-coloured species. The legs 
have small bands at the base and apex of the tarsal segments, and the abdomen 
has a broad longitudinal stripe as well as basal segmental bands. The thorax is 
straw-coloured and is ornamented with a median and sublateral brown stripes 
This species was taken only along the coast-line and on outlying islands. Larve 
are found in brackish water in rock pool and salt marshes. It is seldom suffi- 
ciently abundant to be of importance. 


Permanent Swamps. 
Mansonia pertubans Walker. This stoutly-built, dusty-looking mosquito 
is easily recognised by the mixture of broad black and white scales clothing the 
wings, the striped proboscis and abdomen, and the striped legs in which the tarsal 


1921 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69 


segments have broad basal stripes and the hind tibiw have also broad stripes. The 
poison of this species is more virulent than that of any other Canadian mosquito, 
but fortunately the species is a rare one in the Lower Fraser Valley. It breeds 
in permanent swamps where there is much vegetation. The larve and pupz do 
not come to the surface to breath, but remain attached to the submerged portions 
of certain aquatic plants. 


Artificial Receptacles and Small Collections of Waters. 


Culiseta incidens Thompson. This is the common rain-water barrel mosquito 
of British Columbia, and is one of the most abundant mosquitoes of the Lower 
Fraser Valley. Fortunately the blood-lust is so poorly developed that the species is 
practically non-predaceous on man. The very large size, dark appearance, and the 
black spots om the wings render the species an easy one to recognize. The abdomen 
is truncate at the tip and has broad white basal bands. The thorax is ornamented 
with indistinct markings and the legs have very indistinct bands at the apices of the 
tarsal segments. The larve, although preferring rain-water barrels to other breed- 
ing places, are to be found in a great variety of habitats, even having been taken in 
brackish coastal pools in company with Aedes curriet. 

Culex pipiens Linneus. This mosquito has probably only recently been 
introduced into British Columbia, as it was found only in Vancouver and was very 
scarce there. It was probably brought in by shipping, as it is known to have been 
very widely spread in this way. The species is one without very outstanding char- 
acters. The abdomen has crisp white basal bands, the legs are dark and unbanded 
and the thorax is a dusty reddish-brown, Although rain-water barrels are the 
favorite larval habitats, the larve are to be found in almost any collections of water 
round houses. Culex pipiens is essentially a domesticated species whereas Culiseta 
incidens is in the transition stage and is only semi-domesticated. 


Miscellaneous. 


Culiseta impatiens Walker. This very large brown mosquito is fairly com- 
mon in the Lower Fraser Valley, but is of little economic importance. The legs 
and prosboscis are brown and unbanded and the thorax is clothed with brown 
scales. The abdomen has broad basal segmental bands. 

Culiseta inornatus Williston. This mosquito is very hard to distinguish from 
the last. The color is somewhat paler and the cross-veins on the wings are scaled, 
unlike C. impatiens, in which they are bare. This species is comparatively rare. 

Culiseta alaskensis Ludlow. This species is larger and darker than the above 
two, and is easily recognized by the indistinct spots on the wings and the distinct 
white basal bands on the tarsal segments. It is a very rare mosquito in the Lower 
Fraser Valley. 

Besides the above, two other species were found which have not yet been identi- 
fied; one of these, a rare species from the Fraser Canyon, appears to be new to 
science. 

Eucorethra underwood and Sayomyia trivittata, two interesting insects very 
closely allied to the true mosquito, were also found to be fairly abundant in the 
district. 

In dealing with the mosquito problem of the Lower Fraser Valley only two 
species need to be given serious consideration. The peculiarities of topography and 
flooding, at times, provide these two members of the mosquito fauna with satisfac- 
tory conditions for developing in enormous numbers. The reclamation of the low 
lands bordering the river, by dyking and pumping, has proved to be the most effec- 


70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 
ed a 


tive control measure, whenever it has been undertaken in an efficient manner. 
While much dyking has been done, huge breeding areas remain unreclaimed and 
produce little but mosquitoes. An aerial survey is to be undertaken next year to 
map out the unreclaimed areas capable of flooding, and it is believed that when 
these large breeding places have been dealt with, the mosquito pest will cease to be 
a source of misery and financial loss to the inhabitants of the affected parts of the 
valley. 


Other Southern British Columbian Mosquito Problems. 


During the past two years a number of brief surveys of mosquito conditions in 
other parts of British Columbia were undertaken. The Columbia valley, the Arrow- 
lake district, the Slocan valley, the Osayoos valley and other places were visited. 
Although the details of the problem, the species involved, and the intensity of the 
pest at different places varied considerably, the basic factors in the problems ap- 
peared much the same, the flooding of breeding areas through the quick melting of 
the snow at the mountain sources of the rivers. Aedes vexans was found to be a very 
constant species, but the fauna of the different valleys varied constderably ; Aedes 
punctor replaced Aedes aldrichi as the dominant species in the more deeply wooded, 
less developed valleys, while still other species, not found in the Lower Fraser 
Valley, were dominant in the drier, more arid regions. As the surveys were very 
brief and incomplete, these species will not be dealt with here, but enough has been 
said to indicate the enormous field for valuable research that British Columbia offers 
to those interested in the study of Mosquito Control. The problems are of vast 
importance and their satisfactory solution can only be arrived at as a result of care- 
ful faunal and topographical investigations. 





REPORT ON INJURIOUS INSECTS IN QUEBEC DISTRICT FOR 1920. 
Georges Maheux, Provincial Entomologist, Que. 


From the viewpoint of injurious insects, we have not experienced, during this 
last summer, any higher damages than the previous year. It is to be noted that 
most of those inseets which are usually prevalent were rather scarce this year; and 
this especially proved true of two species, H emerocampa leucostigma (Sm. and 
Ab.) and Vanessa antiopa L. The few serious cases we have on record were 
generally restricted to a limited area. On the whole, no regular outbreak has been 
observed. 

ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE Trees. The most remarkable thing in this group 
of plants was the large increase of poplar borers, Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn., 
undoubtably due to the fact that shade tree plantations have made enormous pro- 
gress these last two years. Plants imported from Ontario nurseries and elsewhere 
are too often infested by this borer. The writer inspected a place where out of 
eight Carolina poplars set up in May six were literally crowded with grubs and died 
before the end of August. This situation has rapidly grown into a serious problem 
requiring our attention without delay. 

The bronze birch borer, Agrilus anzius Gory, has continued to kill our fine 
cut-leaved birches at the same rate as last year; in fact, we receive about the same 
number of complaints each season indicating that the reproduction of the borer is 
simply normal. From Levis and Portneuf counties injuries to the sugar maple 
were reported caused by the cottony leaf scale, Phenacoccus acericola King. In 


1921 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 71 


et 


the city of Levis particularly some maples had their foliage badly infested; con- 
sequently, the leaves started to turn yellow and dried by the middle of August. 
Since 1918, as mentioned above, Vanessa antiopa L. and Hemerocampa leucostigma 
Sm. & Ab., have gradually decreased in number; these two species are evidently in 
a period of depression and, in all probability, will not be worth mentioning for a 
few yeats to come. Forest tent caterpillars were so scarce that they hardly deserve 
mention in a list of actually injurious pests. 


VEGETABLES. In our vegetable gardens, the most conspicuous insect was again 
the cabbage butterfly (Pieris rape, Linn.). This year, as usual, it was largely dis- 
tributed and worked havoc till the end of September. Next in importance would 
come the common cutworms (Agrotis, Huxoa sp.) which, in Portneuf county, sev- 
ered a large number of cabbage and tobacco plants. During June we observed an 
outbreak of flea-beetles, Epitrix cucumeris Harris; for a fortnight they could be 
seen riddling the leaves of potatoes and tomatoes. Bordeaux mixture sprays 
drove them away in quick style, and. after all, the damage was smaller than last 
year. Cabbage and onion maggots (Phorbia brassice Bouche, P. ceparum Mg.) 
were reported at work in Quebec, Lotbiniére and Portneuf counties; onions were the 
chief victims in most localities, but this could not be taken for a general outbreak, 
-as the occurrence was only local and scattered over widely separated areas. 


We may mention the return of an old offender, the old fashioned potato beetle, 
at Lac-au-Sable, county of Portneuf, which rapidly defoliated the potato plants 
during the last two weeks of June; this species, Macrobasis wnicolor Kirby, was 
nowhere else observed. In July around Quebec city we have noticed an abundance 
of minute jumping insects belonging to the Thysanura group, which we identified 
as being Smynthurus hortensis. They occured in large numbers at night on beans, 
but the injury was only slight. Beans were chiefly attacked by garden slugs, which 
seem to have greatly increased in number since three years. They have a marked 
preference for moist and low soils. Due to their concentration in rather small 
sections ten days were sufficient for them to destroy entire bean plots covered with 
two week old plants. Two species, nearly equally represented, worked together, 
Limaz agrestis and L. campestris; they also paid a visit later on to cabbages, turnips, 
cauliflowers and green peas, injuring the foliage or the pods. From Richmond we 
receive the information that wire-worms have seriously damaged the potato crop 
tunnelling the tubers, which later, were more suspectible to rot. White grubs 
were also observed to be numerous in many fields in Eastern Townships. For the 
first time, the writer collected a celery caterpillar in Quebec city; there was just 
one specimen. 


Fruit Trees. Early in spring, bud moths (Z’metocera ocellana D. & S.) 
killed a large percentage of buds in neglected family orchards and others not pro- 
tected by sprays. The worst case was observed at Saint-Nicolas, six miles above 
Quebec city, along the Saint-Lawrence river. As a logical consequence of this out- 
break, the crop has been greatly reduced. Codling moths (Carpocapsa pomonella 
Linn.) and apple maggots (Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh) were still numerous, though 
showing a slight decrease over last year. The same may be said for apple aphis 
(Aphis pomi De G.). We only had a few isolated cases of woolly aphis (Schizo- 
neura lanigera Haus.) and none of a dangerous character. Among the late summer 
caterpillars the red-humped (Schizwra concinna Sm. & Ab.) is the only one worth 
mention. Generally speaking, insects caused, this year, much less damage to fruits 
and fruit trees than fungous diseases. 


(ye 
rad) 


THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





Fretp Crops. The writer has inspected a field in lake Saint-John district 
where locusts ( Melanoplus atlanis Riley) nearly swarmed especially on sandy 
hills. Damages were reduced to nothing as means of protection were applied in 
due time. 

FrLowers. Before closing these remarks I may mention the information given 
me by a florist, which I was unable to confirm myself. This florist says that an 
insect has destroyed a very high percentage of flower buds on dahlias. The insect 
he sends as representative of the pest is nothing but the tarnished plant bug (Lygus 
pratensis L.). I wonder if this is the real offender, as I personally had no oppor- 
tunity to look after his case. A large number of dahlia plants did not flower at 
all and the whole trouble is attributed to this species by the gardener. I would be 
pleased to have the opinion of the members of this society on this point, if they have 
already met with the same injury and if L. pratensis is really the cause of the 
damage experienced. 


THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1920. 


Norman Criddle, Entomological Branch, Dominion Department 
of Agriculture, Ottawa. 

The collecting season of 1920 appears to have been more varied than usual. 
In British Columbia collectors report it as generally unfavorable, especially for 
Lepidoptera. On the prairies there was not much variation from normal, except- 
ing for the abundance of grasshoppers, while in the east insect life seems to have 
been rather more prevalent than usual. 

Canadian entomologists will ‘be pleased to learn that much progress has been 
made in arranging the National Collection of insects, under the able curatorship 
of Dr. McDunnough; as a result species in many families can now be determined 
much more quickly and accurately than was formerly possible. 

It is gratifying also to know that Canadian collectors are recognizing the im- 
portance of placing types in the National Collection where they can be seen at a 
central point and where they are moreover comparatively safe from the dangers 
to which private collections are subject. A particularly notable addition to the 
Collection during the year was the acquisition of the Wolley-Dod Collection of 
Lepidoptera, generously willed to us by the late owner. 

Our entomologists are again greatly indebted to specialists in the United 
States and Great Britain for assistance in determining specimens as well as for 
many other favors for all of which we express our grateful thanks. 

Among the publications which have appeared during 1920, the followiug 
should be of special interest to Canadian students. 

McDunnovucH, J. H. Studies in North American Cleorini (Geometridae). 
Bul. No. 18, Dom. Entomological Branch, Ottawa. This work is primarily a gen- 
eric revision of a group of moths that were previously nearly all lumped under 
the genus Cleora. In it are described 16 new genera, and a generic key is provided 
on page 11. The bulletin comprises 64 pages includiny eleven plates of illustra- 
tions showing genitalia and other structural characters, in addition to a number 


of species. 


1921 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. “ae 





BARNES, WILLIAM AND Buscx, AvcGust. Contributions to the Natural 
History of the Lepidoptera of North America, Vol. IV, No. 3, 1920, entitled, 
Notes and New Spectes. This number is a continuation of the series’ previously 
issued under the authorship of Barnes and McDunnough, and deals with micro- 
Jepidoptera. A number of new species are described, several being from Canada. 
There are three plates showing photographs of moths and twelve depicting the 
genitalia. 

Hampson, Sir GEorGE. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae, Supple- 
ment, Vol. II, 1920, entitled, Catalogue of the Lithoside (Arctianae) and 
Phalaenoididae in the Collection of the British Museum. This volume is supple- 
mentary to Vol. III, and includes descriptions of the species described since the 
original volume was published, besides bringing other matter up to date. It is 
accompanied by the usual separate of colored plates and in every way maintains 
the reputation of previous volumes. | 

Carr, F.S. An Annotated List of the Coleoptera of Northern Alberta. Pub- 
lished by the Alberta Natural History Society, Red Deer, Alberta, 1920. This list 
will be welcomed by all who are interested in the distribution of North American 
Coleoptera. It is largely compiled from the personal collection of Mr. Carr made 
in the vicinity of Edmonton, and includes 525 species. Valuable notes on food 
plants are added. 

Casey, Cot. T. L. Memoirs on the Coleoptera IX. The New Era Publish-- 
ing Company, Lancaster, Pa. This latest publication of Col. Casey contains : 1. 
A Revisional Study of the American Platyninae; IJ. Random studies among the 
American Caraboidea; III. Some descriptive Studies among the American Bari- 
nae. In this large work there are 527 pages of printed matter containing descrip- 
tions of approximately 650 new species or varieties of which several are recorded 
from Canada.. 

Biatcuiey, W. S. The Orthoptera of Northeastern America. The Nature 
Publishing Company, Indianapolis, Ind. This Book will be welcomed by all 
students of North American Orthoptera and especially by those residing within 
the territory covered by it. It contains keys and descriptions of all the species 
found in the “U.S. east of the Mississippi River and Canada east of the 90’ 
Meridian.” It includes in all 353 species and 55 varieties. The work is clearly 
written and contains many text and other illustrations in black and white. The 
work is a necessary part of an Orthopterist’s library. 

Morse, AtBert P. Manual of the Orthoptera of New England including the 
Locusts, Grasshoppers, Crickets, and their Allies. Proceedings of the Boston 
Society of Natural History, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 197-556, pl. 10-29. April, 1920. 

This is a valuable contribution to a knowledge of the Orthoptera and as a work 
covering a limited area probably ranks alone in its thoroughness. The book is 
designed for the beginner as well as for the advanced student and is in consequence 
provided with careful anatomical descriptions accompanied by clear text figures. 
There are keys to the various genera and species followed by descriptions and often 
accompanied by figures. At the end of the book are 12 plates, six of them colored, 
showing adults and anatomical structures used in classifications. We believe that 
no orthopterist can afford to be without this Manual. 

Banks, NatHan, A Revision of the Nearctic Termites with notes on Biology 
and Geographic Distribution hy Thomas E. Snider, U.S. National Museum Bul- 


V4 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





letin 108, Washington, 1920. This work forms a complete treatise on the Ter- 
mites found within the United States and ‘Canada. The descriptions are accompa- 
nied by excellent drawings prepared chiefly by Miss Mary Carmody, under the 
guidance of Mr. Snider. Part 2, Biology, prepared by the junior writer, treats 
interestingly of the general habits of the insect, gives their distribution and pro- 
vides a bibliography of the species. 

Comstock, J. H. An Introduction to Entomology. The Comstock Publish- 
ing Company, Ithaca, New York. This is the first part of a text book on ento- 
mology and it deals chiefly with the structure and metamorphosis of insects. 
There are 4 chapters under the following headings: I. The Characteristics of in- 
sects and their near relations; II. The External Anatomy of Insects; III. The 
Internal Anatomy of Insects; IV. The Metamorphosis of Insects. The work is 
illustrated by many text figures and is provided with an important bibliography. 
It comprises 220 pages. 


RECORD OF CAPTURES. 
Species preceded by an asterisk (*) described during 1920. 


Lepidoptera. 


(Arranged according to Barnes and McDunnough’s Check List of the Lepidoptera 
of North America.) 


Nymphaiide. 
186. Argynnis eurynome Edw.  Miniota, Man.; Hugh Gibbon. New to Mani- 
toba. 
205. Euphydryas colon Edw. — Blairmore, Alta.; June, (IX. Bowman). 
* — Strymon acadica ab. muskoka Wat. and Comst. | Gravenhurst, Muskoka, 


Ont.; July, 1918, (H. 8S. Parrish). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Vol: 
XLT, Dee. 1920: 
Sphinzide. 
742. Pholus labruscae Linn. Winnipeg, Man.; Oct , 1920, (E. Webster). 
Arctiide. ; 
955. Diacrisia vagans Bdyv. Blairmore, Alta.; June 1920, (K. Bowman). 
957, Isia isabella A and #. Calgary, Alta.; June, 1920, (G. Salt). 
987. Apantesis blaket Grt. Calgary, Alta.; July, 1920, (G. Salt). 
989. Apantesis phyllira Dru. Lake of Bays, Ont.; Aug. 14, 1920, (J. Me- 
Dunnough). 
Noctuide. 
1218. Copablepharon alba Harv. Lethbridge, Alta.; (E. H. Strickland). 
1259. Huxroa catenula Grt. Lethbridge, Alta.; (2. H. Strickland). 
1310. Huxoa atropulverea Sm. Blairmore, Alta. ; Sept., 1920, (K. Bowman). 
* Euxoa scholastica McD. Meach Lake, Que. ; July, (C. H. Young) ; 
Ottawa, Ont. ; Aug. 1904; Trenton, Ont. ; July, (J. D. Evans). Can. 
Ent. Vol. LII, Nos. 6-7, 1920. 
1459. Agrotis atrata Morr. Larder Lake, Ont.; July, 1920, (H.-C. Cook). 
New to Canada. 
2022. Oncocnemis albifascia'a Hamp. Lethbridge, Alta. ; (E. H. Strickland). 
2043. Oncocnemis augustus Harv. Lethbridge, Alta.; (E. H. Strickland). 


| 
i 
} 


1921 ~ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 





* Feralia deceptiva, McD. Vancouver, B.C.; April, (Bush.). Can. Ent. 
Vol. LII, Nos. 6-7, 1920. 
2215. Conistra fringata B. & McD. Salmon Arm, B.C. ; (W. R. Buckell). 
New to Canada. 
2362. Hremobia alticola Sm. Cadomin, Alta.; Aug.; (K. Bowman). 
2596. Crambodes talidiformis Gn. Lethbridge, Alta.; (E. H. Strickland). 
3057. Catocala verecunda Hist. Lethbridge, Alta. ; (E. H. Strickland). 
* Caenurgia erechtea form parva Blackmore. Victoria, B.C.;  April- 
May; (HE. H. Blackmore). Can. Ent. Vol. LII, No. 11, 1920. 
3555. Capis curvata Grt. Aweme. Man.; June, 1920; (‘Criddle). 
3576. Lomanaltes eductalis Wlk. Edmonton, Alta.; July, 1920. (D. Mackie). 
Lymantriide. 


3712. Olene vagans B. & McD. Aweme, Man.; July, 1920. (Criddle). 


Lasiocampide. 
*  Tolype dayi Blackm. Quamichan Lake, Sept. ; (G. O. Day) ; Slugget, 
Sept.; (W. Downes); Victoria, Sept.; (Blackmore); All on Van- 
couver Island, B.C. Can. Ent. Vol. LII, No. 12, 1920. 


Geometride. 
3945. Carsia paludata Thun. Edmonton, Alta., August, (D. Mackie). 
* FEustroma nubilata form macdunnought Blackm. Rossdale, June, 
(Blackmore), Goldstream and Vancouver, (Blackmore), Vancouver, 
(R. V. Harvey), Chilliwack, (W. B. Anderson). Fraser Mills, (L. E. 
Marmont). All B.C. Can. Ent., Vol. LIT, No. 12, 1920. 
* Lobophora simsata Swett. Victoria, B.C., May, (Blackmore), Duncans, 
B.C., May, (Livingston), Wabasha River, Alta., June, Edmonton, Alta., 
(Swett). Lepidopterist, Vol. III, Nos. 4 and 5, 1920. 
3977. Lygris diversilineata Hbn. Calgary, Alta., August, (K. Bowman). 
Lygris propulsata Wilk. Edmonton, Alta., July-August, (K. Bowman). 
* Dysstroma sobria form Swetti Blackm. Victoria, B.C., June, (Black- 
more). Can. Ent., Vol. LII, No. 12, 1920. 
Hydriomena macdunnoughi Swett. Nordegg and Cadomin, Alta.; May, 
(K. Bowman). ; 
Xanthorhoe ramaria Swett and Cassino. Rama, Lab., 1899, (Strecker 
and Sornburg Col). 
* Xanthorhoe reclivisata Swett and Cassino. Lake Louise, Laggan, Alta., 
July, 1904, (Wolley-Dod). 
Xanthorhoe dodata Swett and Cassino. Emerald Lake, (Woolley-Dod. ) 
Pocahontas, (K. Bowman). | 
Xanthorhoe incurvata laqqanata Swett and Cassino. Laggan and Field, 
Alta, (Wolley-Dod) ; Nordegg, July, (K. Bowman). 
The above four species described in Lepidopterist, Vol. TIT, Nos. 3 and 
4, 1920. 
* Orthonama evansi McD. Trenton, Ont., (J. D. Evans), Hull, Que., Can. 
Ent. Vol. LII, No. 12, 1920. 
* Lulype albodecorata Blackm. Gold Stream, B.C.., May-June, (Black- 
more). ‘Can. Ent: Vol. Lil, No. 3. 1919. 
* Eupithecia moirata Swett and ‘Cassino. Penticton. B.C... April, 1913, 
(Blackmore). Lepidopterist, Vol. IIT, No. 2, 1919. 


76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





4156. Hupithecia palpata Pack. Edmonton, Alta., June, (K. Bowman). 

* Hupithecia probata Swett and Cassino. Duncans, B.C., (Livingston). 
Victoria, B.C., March-April, 1916, (Blackmore). Lepidopterist Vol. 
eS NiO; eet OL: 

4401. tame occiduaria Pack. Nordegg, Alta., July, (K. Bowman). 
4424. Itame decorata Hlst. Calgary, Alta., July-August, (G. Salt). 
4568. Cleora manitoba Grossb. Larder Lake, Ont., July, 16, 1920, (H. C. 
Cook). New to Ontario. 
4644, Sicya macularia agyllaria Walk. Nordegg, Alta., (August) ; Banff, Cado- 
min, Alta., (K. Bowman). Hh 
4711. Selenia alciphearia Wik. Aweme, Man., June, (E. Criddle). 
41726. Metanema quercivoraria Gn. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1920, (i<. Bowman). 
4748. Pero occidentalis Hist. Pocahontas, and Nordegg, Alta, June, (K. 
Bowman). 
Pyralide. 
D097. Phlyctaenta indistinctalis Warr. Nordegg, Alta., July, (K. Bowman). 
9102. Phlyctaema tertialis Gn. Edmonton, Alta., Nordegg, Alta., July, (K. 
Bowman). 
Pyrausta nubllalis Hbn. South West Ontario, (Simpson and Keenan). 
Cornifrons simalis Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). 
Herculia florencealis Blackm. Rossland, B.C.. July, (W. H. Danby). 
Can. Ent. Vol. LII, No. 12, 1920. 
0322. Prionapteryx nebulifera Steph. Aweme East, July 7%, 1920, (E. and 
N. Criddle). 
9403. Thaumatopsis perellus coloradellus Kearf. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strick- 
land). 
5591. Ambesa laetella Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). 
5689. Lipographis leoninella Pack. Aweme, Man., August, 1920, (Criddle). 
9694. Melitara dentata Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). 
5739. Staudingeria albipenella 1st. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). 
5743. Hulstia undulatella Clem. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). 
Pterophoride. 
586%. Platyptilia edwardsi Fish. Mt. Cheam, B.C. August, (Bush). 
6932. Pterophorus brucei Fern. Aweme. Man., March. 1920, (Criddle). 
5934. Pterophorus grisescens Wlshm. Lillooet, B.C., June, (A. Phair). 
5946. Stenoptilia exclamationis Wlshm. Trenton, Ont., August, (J. D. Evans). 
Gelechiide. 
*  Gelecia psiloptera B. and B. Meach Lake, Que., (J. McDunnough), 
Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. Vol. IV, No. 3, 1920. 
Eucosmide. 
6866. Argyroploce glaciana Moesch. Uaird River, Y.T., at mouth of Poplar 
River, July, 1919, (E. J. Whittaker). 

*  Laspeyresia novimundi Hein. Previously referred to as L. nigricana 
Steph. Wide spread in Canada as a pea pest and in wild vetches. Can. 
Ent. Vol. LIT, No. 11, 1920. 

6878. Pseudogalleria inimicella Zell. Aweme, Man.., June, 1920, (Criddle). 
Tortricide. 
7308. Sparganothis vocaridorsana Kearf. Lethbridge. Alta., (Strickland). 

*  Cacoecia hewittana Busck. Sydney, N.S., (Mrs. S. J. Harrington). 
Bred from raspberry by A. Gibson. Can. Ent. Vol. LIT, No. 6, 1920. 





1921 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. rare 





* Tortrix invidana B. and B. Duncans, B.C., (Hanham), also Victoria, 
B.C, 

* Tortriz dimorphana B. and B. Duncans, B.C., (Hanham). 

* Peronea mazimana B. and B. Vancouver, B. C., (Hanham), Victoria, 
B.C., (J. Croker). 

* Peronea fuscana B. and B. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 

* Peronea stadiana B. and B. Ottawa, Ont., (C. H. Young). The above 
five species described by Barnes and Busck. Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. Vol. 
IV, No. 3, 1920. 


Haploptilide. 


* Haploptilia atlantica Hein. Trenton, Ont., (J. D. Evans). Proc. Ent. 
Soc. Wash. Vol. 22, No. 7, 1920. 


Coleoptera. 


Arranged according to Henshaw’s List of Coleoptera of America, North 
of Mexico. 
Cincindelide. 
Cicendela lengi var. versuta Csy. Chilcotin, B.C., August, (EH. R. 
Buckell). New to B.C. 


* Cicindela repanda edmontonensis Carr. Edmonton, Alta., August 21, 
mo AGH. oe Carr). Can: nt. Vol Li No: ho 920) 


Carabide. 


86. Cychrus elevatus Fab. Onah, Man; July, 1919 (Criddle and Roberts). 
Apparently a small race. 
96. Cychrus marginatus Fisch. Peachland, B.C., August 27, 1919, (W. Met- 
calfe). 
147. Calasoma wilkesii Lec. Peachland, B.C., August 17, 1919, (Metcalfe 
and Wallis). 
* Callisthenes ('‘Calosoma) reflexus Coq. “Northern Rocky Mountains 
Region.” Mem. Col. IX, 1920. 
156. Elaphrus lecontei Cr. Beaver Lake, Alta., July, 1907, (A. Halkett). 
373. Bembidium obtusangulus Lec. Baldur, Man., May 25, 1920, (Criddle 
and Vroom). New to Manitoba. 
396. Bembidium ephippiger Lec. Baldur, Man; May 25, 1920, (Criddle and 
Vroom). New to Manitoba. 
Bembidium henshawi Hayd. Baldur, Man., May 25, 1920, (Criddle and 


Vroom). 

403. Bembidium scudderi Lec. Baldur, Man., May 25th, 1920, (Criddle and 
Vroom). 

431. Tachys vittiger Lec. Baldur, Man., May 25th, 1920 (Criddle and 
(Vroom). 


* Brennus columbianus Csy. Victoria, B.C. Mem. Col. IX, 1920. 
* Cryobius patulus Csy. Stikine River, B.C., (Wickham). Mem. Col. IX., 
1920. 
Amara coelebs Howe.  Cawston, B.C., October, 21, 1919, (W. Metcalfe) 
*  Diplochila modesta Csy. Montreal, Que. Mem. Col. IX. 1920. 


THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


i 


ste 


Diplochila undulata Carr. Edmonton, Alta., May 10, 1919, (F. S. Carr). 
Can. Ent. Vol. LII, No. 10, 1920. 


*  Platynus puncticeps Csy. Ontario, Can. 
*  Platynus turbidus Csy. Winnipeg, Man., (Wickham). 
*  Platynus distinguendus Csy. Ontario, Can. 
* Platynus frigidulus Csy. Stikine River, B. C., (Wickham). 
* — Platynus fragilissimus Csy. Toronto, Ont., (Wickham). 
*  Platynus wnsulina Csy. Victoria, B.C., (Wickham). 
* Platynus suffusum Csy. Agassiz, B.C. 
* Platynus symmetricus Csy. Vernon, B. C. 
The above 9 species described in Mem. Col. IX, 1920. 
Chlaenius frostu Carr. Edmonton, Alta., May 11, 1918, (F. S. Carr). 
Can. Ent. Vol. LIT, No. 10, 1920. 
1059. Agonoderus lineola Fab. Baldur, Man., May 25, 1920, (N. Criddle). 
1103. Harpalus carbonatus Lec. Baldur, Man., May 25, 1920, (Paul N. 
Vroom). 
1164. Tachycellus nigrinus Dej. Peachland, B.C., July 27, 1919, (W. Met- 
cali): 
Dytiscide. 
Coelambus dispar Lec. Le Pas, Man., June 30, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). 
Hydroporus appalachius Sherm. Mile 332, H. B. Railway, Man., July 
18, 1917, Winnipeg, June 26th, 1820, (Wallis)., Aweme, East, July 
10, 1920; (Wallis and Roberts). 
1331. Hydroporus septentrionalis Gyll. Mile 332, H. B. Railway, Man., July 
13, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 
1338. Hydroporus solitarius Sharp. Mile 214, H. B. Railway, Man., (J. B. 
Wallis). New to Manitoba. 
Hydroporus congruus Lec. Peachland, B. C., July 27, 1909, (J. B. 
Wallis). Previously identified as rivalis var. by C. H. Roberts. 
Hydroporus obesus Lec. var. Peachland, B. C. July 27, 1919, (J. B. 
Wallis). 
1342. Hydroporus occidentalis Sharp. Peachland, B. C. August 7, 1919 (J. B. 
Wallis). 
1344. Hydroporus obscurus Sturm. Miles 214 and 332; H. B. Railway, Man.. 
July, 1917, (Jj2 Ba Wallis): 
1345. Hydroporus tenebrosus Lec. Winnipeg, Mile 214, H. B. R., Man., 
(Wallis). Previously recorded as rustcus, (J. B. W... 
Hydroporus dispectus Sharp. Peachland, B. C., August, 1919; (Wallis), 
Foulder, B. C., (S. Criddle). 
1346. Hydroporus signatus Mann. Mile 332, H. B. Mtailway, Man., July, 1917, 
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 
1348. Hydroporus glabriusculus Aub. Mile 256-532. H. B. Ry., Man., July, 
1917, and Winnipeg, Augusz 7, 1920, (.7. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 
1351. Hydroporus notabilis Lec. Stony Mountain, Man., June, Miami, Man., 


October, Mile 332, H.B.Ry., July 18, 1917, (J. B. Wallis). New to 
Manitoba. 


1921 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. “9 


fe. !_ m7 


Hydroporus striola Gyll. (vittula Er.) Mile 214-332, H.B. Ry., Man., 
August, Onah, Man., July; Stonewall, Man., April; Peachland, B.C., 
August 7%, 1919, (J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 

1352. Hydroporus tristis Payk. Peachland, B.C., August 7%, 1919, (J. B. 
(Wallis). 

1356. Hydroporus humeralis Aube. Peachland, B.C., August 17, 1919, (J. B. 
Wallis). 

1361. Hydroporus niger Say. St. Norbert, Man., September ; Onah, Man.., 
July; Stonewall, Man., September 20, 1919, (J. B. Wallis). New to 
Manitoba. 

1367. Hydroporus stagnalis G. and H. Stonewall, Man., September 18, 1920, 
(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 

Hydroporus conoideus Lec. Winnipeg, April, Aweme East, July 10, 1920, 
(J. B. Wallis) ; previously recorded, (teste C. I. Roberts) as oblongus 
Steph. 

9297. Hydroporus fuscipennis Schaum. Peachland, B. C., August 7, 1919, 
(J. B. Wallis). 

All the above species have been submitted to Dr. Fall who is revising the 


group. 
Gyrinide. 
1519. Gyrinus affinis Aube. Cawston, B.C., April 29, 1907 (We Rs 5. Met: 
calf). 
1529. Ps picipes Aube. Cawston, B. C., April 17-29, TONS CW Rate: 
Metcalf). 
Hydrophilide. 


1683. Cercyon granarius Er. Stonewall, Man., August 18, 1918. In fungus,— 

(J. B. Wallis). 
Silphide. 

1698. Cecrophorus marginatus Fab. Lethbridge, Alta., September 22, 1920, 
(E. H. Strickland) ; Red Deer River, September 11, 1917, (C. H. 
Young). ’ 

1782. Liodes globosa Lec. Winnipeg, Man., June 15, 1918, (L. Roberts). New 
to Manitoba. 

Staphylinide. 

2101. Quedius sublimbatus Makl. St. Norbert, Man., August 24, 1917, (J. B. 
Wallis). Previously taken at Hudson Bay by Dr. Bell. 

2150. Philonthus furvus Nord. Stoney Mountain, April 21, 1916, (Wallis). 

Leptacinus, (Leptacinodes) flavipes Lec. Winnipeg; September 2, 1916, 

(J. B. Wallis). New to Manitoba. 

2970. Xantholinus obsidianus Melsh. Miami, Man., July 27, 1916, (J. B. 
Wallis). 

2325. Stenus pettiti Csy. Onah, Man., July 11, 1918, (Wallis). New to Man- 
itoba. 

2329. Stenus rugifer Csy. Winnipeg, July, 1917, (LL. Roberts). 
Treeshbank, Man., July 18, 1918. (Wallis). New to Manitoba. 

92376. Stenus colonus Er. Treeshank, Man., July, 1918, (Wallis). New to 
Manitoba. 


80 THE REPORT OF THE . No. 36 


2384. Stenus egenus Er. Victoria Beach, Man., August 7th, 1916, (Wallis). 
New to Manitoba. 

2396. Stenus rigidus Csy. Winnipeg, June 10, 1916, (Wallis). New to Mani- 
toba. 

2435. Stenus advena Csy. Husavick, Man., J uly, (Roberts) ; Rosebank, Man., 
July; Onah, Man., July, 1913, (Wallis). New to Manitoba. 

Stilicus hanhami Wick. Winnipeg, May 1, 1916, (Roberts). 
2560. Trachysectus conflwens Say. Birds Hill, Man., May 3, 1917, (Wallis). 
2679. Habroceerus schwarzi Horn. Stoney Mountain, Man., August, 18, 1918 


(Wallis). In rotten fungus; new to Manitoba. 
Erotylide. 


38200. Languria mozardi Lec. Aweme, Man., September, 1920, (EK. Criddle). 
Histeride. . 


3625. Saprinus petruelis Lec. Aweme East, July, 1920, (Criddle and Wal- 
lis) ; New to Manitoba. ] 
Heteroceride. 
*  Heterocerus moleculus Fall. Aweme, Man., July-September, 1917, (Wal- 
lis and Criddle). Can. Ent. Vol. LII. No. 9, 1920. 
*  Heterocerus canadensis Fall. Thornhill, Man., July 31, 1916, (Wallis). 
Can Ent. Vol. LIT. No. 9, 1920. 
Elateride. 
4083. Adelocera profusa Cond. Peachland, B. C., July, 1919, (Wallis). | 
4161. Cryptohypnus pectoralis Say. Wusavick, Man., July 4, 1918, (L. 
Roberts). 
4218. LElater nigrinus Payk. Calgary, Alta., May 20, 1915, (Tams). 
4220. LHlater pullus Germ. Aweme, Man., May 2, 1920, (Criddle). 
4496. Corymbites inflatus Say. Calgary, Alta., May 20, 1915, (Tams). 
4504. Asaphes dilatricollis Mots. Peachland, B. C. August, 1919, (Wallis). 
Buprestidae. : 
4631. Anthaxia viridicornis Say. Aweme, East, July 6, 1920, (Criddle). 
*  Agrilus criddlei Frost. Aweme, Man., June, (Criddle). Can: Ent. Vol. 
LII, No 11, 1920. 
Ptinide. 
* Hadrobregmus subconnatus Fall. Aweme, Man., June, 1919-20, (N. and 
E. Criddle). Im rotten spruce. Can. Ent. Vol. LIT. No. 9, 1920. 


Ciside. 
Dolichocis manitoba Dury. Victoria, B:C., May, (W. B. Anderson). 
New to B. C. 
Plisiocis cribrum Csy. Saanich, B. C., September 10, 1918, (W. Downes). 
New to B. C. 
Scarabeeide. 


* Aphodius canadensis Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C., May-July, Crows Nest, 
B.C., ApriliMay, (Garrett). Can. Ent. Vol. LIT, Nos. 6-7, 1920. 
5682. Serica curvata Lec. Onah, Man., July, (Wallis, Roberts and Criddle), 
Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 
5705. Diplotaxts obscura Lec. Cawston, B. C., August, 1917, (W. Metcalf). 
5739. Lachnosterna lanceolata Say. Aweme East, Man., July, 1920, (Wallis, 
Criddle, Roberts, Vroom, Robertson). New to Canada. 


et 


1921 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81 


5796. Lachnosterna tristis Fab. Vernon, B.C., April, 1920, (R. Hoppy). New 
to Canada. 
Cerambycide. 
5992. Hylotrupes ligneus Fab. Peterborough, Ont., (F. J. A. Morris). 
6351. Leptura octonotata Say. Peterborough, Ont., (F. J. A. Morris). 
6487. Saperda puncticollis Say. Peterborough, Ont., (F. J. A. Morris). 
From Virginia creeper. 
Chrysomelide. 
Donacia serricauda Schaeff. British Columbia. Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 
Vol. XXVII, No. 4, 1920. 
*  Donacia tuberculifrons Schaeff. Toronto, Ont., Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soe. 
Vol. XXVII, No. 4, 1920. 
10,337. Syneta hamata Horp. Okuty Falls, B. C., (Hanham). 
6785. Doryphora clivicollis Kby. Teulon, Man., July, 1918, (F. Pandier). 
* Lina (Malosoma) immaculata Schaeff. British ‘Columbia, (Chas. We'dt). 
Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. XXVII, No. 4, 1920. 
6964. Haltica inaerata Lec. Husavick, Man., July, 1917, (L. H. Roberts). 
New to Manitoba. 
Haltica carni Woods. Husavick, Man., July, 1915, (L. H. Roberts). 
New to Manitoba. 
6967. Taltica torquata Lee. British Columbia, (Taylor Col.). 
* Haltica heucherae Fall. Aweme Man., May, September, (N. and E. 
Criddle). On Heuchera hispida. Psyche, Vol. XX VII, October, 1920. 
6971. Haltica foliacea Lee. Onah, Aweme, Stockton, Lyleton, Man., (Wallis 
and Criddle). On Oenothera and Epilobium. Previously recorded as 
punctipennis Lec. 
Cassida flaveola Thunb. Mile 17, H. B. Ry., Man., July 2, 1917, (Wal- 
lis). 
9097. Cassida nigripes Oliv. Winnipeg, Man., (F. Dolman). 
Tenebrionide. 


7226a. Phellopsis parcata Lec. Peachland, B. C., August 12, 1919, (Wallis). 


Cistelide. 
7594. Hymenorus niger Melsh. Winnipeg, June, 24, 1919, (Wallis). 
7631. Androchirus erythropus Kby. Aweme, Man., 1920, (Criddle). 
Mordellide. 
7761. Penturia trifasciata Melsh. Aweme, Man., July 15, 1918, (Wallis). 
7811. Mordellistena pallipes Sm. Aweme, Man., July, 15, 1918, (Wallis). 
7847. Mordellistena marginalis Melsh. Aweme, Man., 1919, (Criddle). 
"852. Mordellistena bihamata Melsh. Aweme, Man., 1919, (Criddle). 


Anthicide. . 

7943. Anthicus californicus Laf. Baldur, Man., May, 1920, (Criddle and 
Vroom). 

Meloide. 

8026. Nemognatha lutea Lec. Waskada, Lyleton, Lauder, and Melita, Man., 
July, (Criddle). New to Manitoba. 

8037. Nemognatha immaculata Say. Melita and Pipestone, Man., July, 1920, 
(Criddle and Vroom). New to Manitoba. 


82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





8083. Epicauta ferruginea Say. Ninga, Man., July, 1920, (Criddle and 
Vroom). 
8158. Cantharis sphaericollis Say.  Hartney to Boissevain and Westward, 
July-August, (Criddle and Vroom). 
Curculionide. 
8525. Cleonus carinicollis Lec. Aweme East, July 9, 1920, (E. Criddle). 
* Elleschus borealis Carr. Edmonton, Alta., May 24, 1919. (F. S. Carr). 
Can. Ent. Vol. LII, No. 10, 1920. 
8827. Auleutes epilobi Payk. Aweme, Man., June 3, 1920, (Criddle). 
* Centrinogyna canadensis Csy. Winnipeg, Man., (Hanham). Mem. 
Col. TX, 1920. 
Anthribide. 
* Allandrus brevicornis Frost. Edmonton, Alta., July 30, 1916, (F. 8. 
Carr). Can. Ent. Vol. LII, No. 11, 1920. 


Diptera. 


(Arranged according to the Catalogue of North America Diptera by J. M. 
Aldrich. The numbers refer to the pages.) 


Tipulide. 


* Dicranomyia terrae-novae Alex. Spruce Brook, Newfoundland, (G. E. 


Englehardt). Jour. Ent. and Zool. Vol. 12, No. 4, 1920. 
8%. Chionea vulga Harr. Mara, B. C., March, 1920, 8000 feet, (R. C. Tre- 
herne). 
* Limnophila adjuncta Dietz. Eastern Harbour, Cape Breton Isl., July, 
1917, (G. A. Huntsman). 
* Limnophila magdalena Dietz. Amherst Isl., Magdalen Isl., Que., July, 
1917, (G. A. Huntsman). 
* Tipula huntsmaniana Dietz. Eastern Harbour, Cape Breton Isl., N. S. 
The above three species described in Can. Ent. Vol. LII, No. 1, 1920. 
Cullcide. 
* Aedes leuconotips Dyar. Prince Rupert, B.C., May, 1919, (H. G. Dyar). 
* Aedes cyclocerculus Dyar. ‘Prince Rupert, BC., May, 1919, (H. G. Dyar). 
* Aedes callithotrys Dyar. White Horse, Yukon Ter., June, 1919, (H. 
G. Dyar). 
* Aedes mercurator Dyar. Dawson, Yukon Territory, (H. G@. Dyar). 
Aedes stimulans albertue Dyar. Edmonton, Alta., May, 19:19; (Ee G. 


Dyar). 
The above mosquitoes described in Ins. Ins. Mens., Vol. VIII, No. 1-3, 
1920. 
Stratiomyide. 
Euparyphus pretiosa Banks. Vancouver, B.C. Can. Ent. Vol. LIT, No. 
3, 1920. 


Tabanide. 
195. Chrysops callidus 0. 'S. Aweme, Man., July, 1920, (Criddle). 
196. Chrysops discalis Will. Baldur, Man., July, 1920, (Criddle and Vroom). 
196. Chrysops fallax O.S. Simcoe, Ont., July, 1915. 


1921 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 


Bombyliide. 


221. Spogostylum vandykei Cog. Osoyoos, B. C., June, 1919, (W. B. Ander- 
son). 

222. Spogostylum albofasciatum Macq. Hull, Que., Ottawa, Ont., Trenton, 
Ont., (Evans); Lake of Bays, Ont., (McDunnough) ; Aweme, Man., 
(Criddle and H. A. Robertson). 

223. Spogostylum simson Fab. Jordan, Ont., September, 1917, (W. A. Ross). 

223. Spogostylum varium Fab. Lillooet, B. C., July, 1918, (A. W. Phair). 

225. Exoprosopa caliptera Say. Aweme, Man., July-August, (Criddle) ; 
Lethbridge, Alta., July, (Wallis) ; Lillooet, B. C., June., (A. W. A. 
Phair). 

225. Exoprosopa capucina Fab. Sudbury, Ont., August, 1889, (Evans Coll.). 

Exoprosopa decora Loew. Aweme and Melita, Man., (Criddle and 
Vroom) ; Lethbridge, (J. B. Wallis); Princeton, B.C., (W. B. Ander- 
son); Peachland, B.C., (J. B. Wallis). 

225. Exoprosopa doris 0. S. Osoyoos, B. C., June, 1919. (Buckell). 

225. Ezxoprosopa eremita O. S. Victoria, B. C., July, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). 

225. Exoprosopa fascipennis Say. Treesbank, Man., July, (Wallis). 

Exoprosopa grata Cog. Osoyoos, B. C., June, 1919., (Anderson and 
Buckell). 

227. Anthrax alpha O. S. Lethbridge, Alta., August, 1912, (J. B. Wallis). 

229. Anthrax bigradata Loew. Aweme, Man., (Fletcher) ; Aweme East, June., 
(S. Criddle). 

229. Anthrax catulina Coq. Kamloops, B. C., May, (W. B. Anderson) ; Ebert, 
B. C., June, (N. Chrystal). 

Anthrax fenestratoides Cog. Aweme, Man., July, 1920, (P. Vroom) ; 
Princeton, B. 'C., July, 1919., (W. B. Anderson). 
Anthrax lepidota O.S. Fairview, B.C., August, 1919, (E. R. Buckell). 

233. Anthrax nugator Cog. Osoyoos, B. C., June, 1919, (W. B. Anderson). 

233. Anthrax pretiosa Cog. Penticton, B. C., (E. R. Buckell) ; Peachland, 
B. C. (Wallis) ; Lillooet, B. C., (Anderson). 

234. Anthrax serpentina O. S. Peachland, (Wallis); Fairview, (Buckland). 

Anthrax webberi Johns. Chelsea, Que., (C. H. Young) ; Bellville, Ont., 
(Evans) ; Norway Pt., Lake of Bays, Ont., (J. McDunnough). 

234. Anthrax willistonii Coq. Aweme, Man. 1904, (Fletcher) ; 1920, (Crid- 
dle and Vroom); Fairview, B. C., (Buckell) ; Williams Lake, B. C.., 
(Anderson). 

235. Bombylius albicapillus Loew. Victoria, B. C., (A. W. Hanham). 

235. Bombylius aurifer 0. S. Banff, Alta., (N. B. Sanson) ; Cranbrook, B. C.. 
(C. B. Garrett). 

238. Ploas atratula Loew. Vernon, B.C., May. 

238. Ploas nigripennis Loew. Goldstream, B/C., July, 1998. 

238. Ploas serrata Cog. Victoria, B. C., (A. W. Hanham). 

240. Lepidophora aegertiformis West. Sudbury, Ont., (J. D. Evans). 

Geron senths Fab. Fairview, B. C., August, 1919, (E. &. Buckell). 
Therevide. 
247. Psilocephala pectipennis Wied. Toronto, Ont. July, 1911, (M.-C. Van 


Duzee). 


THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





84 
256. Stenopogon californiae Walk. Penticton, B. C., June, 1919, and Lillooet, 
Asilide. 
B. C., (Anderson). 
258. Myelaphus lobicornis O.S. Invermear, B.C., June, (F. W. L. Sladen). 
259. Dioctria sackeni Wills. Buccaneer Bay, B.C., July, (Treherne) ; Ebert. 
B. C., (Chrystal) ; Cowichan, B. C., July, (W. Downes). 
259. Cyrtopogon bimacula Walk. Truro, N.S., Gaspé, Que., (C. H. Young) ; 
Sudbury, Ont., (Evans). 
260. Cyrtopogon maculosus Cog. Penticton, B.C., April, (E. R. Buckell). 
260. Cyrtopogon montanus Loew. Banff Alta., (Hewitt and Sanson). 
260. Cyrtopogon nugator O.S. Banff, Alta., June, (Hewitt) ; July, (Sanson). 
260. Cyrtopogon varipennis Cog. Royal Oak, Duncan and Victoria, B. C., (R- 
C. Treherne). 
260. Lastopogon cinereus Cole. Banff, Alta., (N. B. Sanson). 
262. Stichopogon trifasciatus Say. Ottawa, (W. Metcalf) ; Severn, Ont., (C. 
H. Curran): Aweme. Man., (Fletcher, Criddle and Vroom). 
267. Nicocles dives Loew. Royal Oak, B.C., May, 1917, (Treherne). 
271. Dasyllis californica Banks. Vancouver, B. C., (R. V. Harvey). 
Agassiz, B. C., (Treherne). 
271. Dasyllis fernaldi Banks. Kelso, B. C., (Fletcher); Vancouver, B. C., 
(Anderson); Royal Oak. (W. Downes). 
271. Dasyllis partitor Banks. Banff. Alia.. (Sanson); Peachland, B. C., 
(Wallis) ; Penticton, B. C., (E. R. Buckell). 
271. Dasyllis insignis Banks. Qu’Appelle, Sask., July, (A.Halkett). 
272. Laphria janus McA. Ft. Coulonge, Que., (J. I. Beaulne) ; Kazabazua, 
Que., (F. W. L. Sladen); Chelsea, Que., (Fletcher) ; Sudbury, Ont., 
(Evans) ; Aweme, Man., (Fletcher and Criddle) ; Miami, Man., (Wal- 
lis); Banff, Alta., (Sanson) ; Kaslo, B. C., (Cockle). 
272. Laphria felis O. S. Kaslo, B. C., June, 1906, (J. C. Cockle). 
z Lavhria ferox Willst. Banff, Alta., October, (N. B. Sanson). 
Laphria gilva Linn. Peachland, B. C., July, (J. B. Wallis). 
275. Erax bicaudatus Hine. Lethbridge, Alta., August, (Wallis). 
Dolichopodide, 
284. Psilopus caudatus Wied. Toronto, Ont., 1912. (M.C. Van Duzee). 
285. Psilopus patibulatus Say. Ridgeway, Ont., July, (Van Duzee). 
286. Psilopus scobinator Loew. Montreal, Que., (Beaulieu). 
287. Psilopus unifasciatus Say. Ridgeway, Ont., June, (Van Duzee). 
287. Psilopus scintillans Loew. Ridgeway, Ont., September, (Van Duzee). 
288. Diaphorus opacus Loew. Joliette, Que., July, St. Louis. Que, August, 
(J. Ouellet). 
Hl Diaphorus leucostoma Loew. Ridgeway, Ont., July, (Van Duzee). 
Diaphorus gibbosus VanD. St. Remi, Que., July, (J. Ouellet). 
288. Diaphorus palpiger Wheel. Toronto, Ont., 1911, (Van Duzee). 
289. Chrysotus affinis Loew. St Remi and Montreal. June, (Jas. Ouellet). 
Chrysotus ciliatus Mall. Ft. Erie. Ont.. Tune, (Van Duzee). 
290. Chrysotus picticornis Loew. Ft. Erie, Ont., June. (Van Duzee). 
290. Campsicnemus hirtipes Loew. . Ridgeway. Ont.. June, (Van Duzee) 
291. Argyra calcitrans Loew. Ridgeway, Ont., June, (Van Duzee). 


291. Porphyrops effilatus Wheel. Toronto, Ont., July, (Van Duzee). 

291. Porphyrops melampus Loew. Toronto, Ont., June, (Van Duzee). 

294, Xanthina helvinus Loew. Ridgeway, Ont., July, (Van Duzee). 

Neurigona maculata Van D. Joliette, Que., July, (Van Duzee). 

296. Medeterus veles Loew. Chatham, Ont., June, (Van Duzee). 

296. Medeterus nigripes Loew. Ridgeway, Ont., July, (Van Duzee). 

297. Scellus exustus Walk. Ridgeway, Ont., June, 1919, (Van Duzee). 

29%. Hydrophorus aestuum Loew. Ft. Erie, Ont., July, (Van Duzee). 

297%. Hydrophorus pirata Loew. Mount Roval, Que., September. 

298, Liancalus genualis Loew. Niagara Falls, Ont., (Van Duzee). 

299. Dolichopus acuminatus Loew. Montreal and St. Louis, Que., July, 
(Jas. Ouellet). 

299. Dolichopus bifractus Loew. Ridgeway, Ont., August, (Van Duzee). 

299. Dolichopus batillifer Loew. Joliette, Que., July, (J. Ouellet). 

300. Dolichopus calcaratus Ald. Kearney, Ont., (Van Duzee). 

301. Dolichopus cuprinus Wied. Bond Lake, Ont., July, 1919, (Van Duzee). 

301. Dolichopus dakotensis Ald. Ridgeway, Ont., June, 1919, (Van Duzee). 

301. Dolichopus discifer Stan. Montreal, Que., May, (J. Ouellet). 

301. Dolichopus fulvipes Loew. Ridgeway, Ont., July, (Van Duzee). 

301. Dolichopus gratus Loew. Toronto, Ont., June, 1918, (Van Duzee). 

302. Dolichopus longimanus Loew. Kearney. Ont., June. (Van Duzee). 

303. Dolichopus occidentalis Ald. Nanaimo, B.C., June, 1920, (Van Duzee). 

304. Dolichopus ramifer Loew. Ft. Erie, Ont., May, (Van Duzee). 

304. Dolichopus scapularis Loew. Kearney, Ont., July, (Van Duzee). 

304. Dolichopus setifer Loew. Niagara Falls, Ont., September, (Van Duzee). 

304. Dolichopus sincerus Melan. Elmsdale, Ont., July, (Van Duzee). 

304. Dolichopus splendidus Loew. Ridgeway, Ont., June, (Van Duzee). 

305. Dolichopus terminalis Loew. Ridgeway, Ont., July, (Van Duzee). 

305. Dolichopus variabilis Loew. Brule Lake, Ont., August, (Van Duzee). 

305. Dolichopus vigilans Ald. Ft. Erie, Ont., July, (Van Duzee). 

305. Dolichopus vittatus Loew. Ridgeway, Ont., June, (Van Duzee). 

305. Gymnopterus crassicauda Loew. Ft. Erie, Ont., June, (Van Duzee). 

305. Gymnopterus flavus Loew. Niagara Falls, Ont., July, (Van Duzee). 

305. Gymnopterus frequens Loew. Montreal, Que., June, (J. Ouellet). 

305. Gymnopterus despicatus Loew. Montreal, Que., June., (J. Ouellet). 

305. Gymuopterus humeralis Loew. Montreal, Que., June, (J. Ouellet). 

306. Gymnopterus tristis Loew. Joliette, Que., July, (J. Ouellet) ). 

308. Tachytrechus vorar Loew. Ft. Erie, Ont., July, (Van Duzee). 
Representatives of the above species collected by Mr. M. C. Van Duzee, 
have been kindly presented to the National Collection by him. 

Sarcophagide, 
*  Sarcophaga apertella Park. British Columbia, (R. S. Sherman). 
*  Sarcophaga savoryi Park. B.C. 
* Sarcophaga wrangeliensis Park. Vancouver, B C., May, Canfield, B. C., 


Or 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 8 


May, 1918, (R. S. Sherman). 


The above three species were described in the Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 
Vol. XV. No. 4, 1920. 


86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 
a ae 
Sciomyzide. 

Dryomyza dayi Cres. Columbia River, B:C;; (3.9G. Bradley). Trans. Am. 

Ent. Soc. Vol. XLVI, No. 1, 1920. 
578. Sciomyza pubera Loew. Montreal, Que., September, (J. Ouellet). 
Melina palustris Melan. Nelson, B.C. Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. Vol. XIII, 
No. 3, 1920. 
* Melina maculata Cres. Done Creek, Selkirk Mts., B. C., (J. C. Bradley). 
Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. Vol. XLVI, No. 1, 1920. 
* Fenocera johnsoni Cres. Bear Lake, B. C., (R. P. Currie). Trans. Am. 
Ent. Soc. Vol. XLVI, No. 1, 1920. 
Sapromyzide. 
* Lonchaea aberrans Mal. Spruce Brook, N ewfoundland, August 8; El- 
phinstonee, Man., (W. A. Burman). Can. Ent. Vol. LIT, Nos. 6 and 7, 
1920. 
Anthomyiide. 
* Mydaea persimilis Mal. Lake Louise, Alta., (C. S. Minot). 
* — Mydaea brevipilosa Mal. Fogo Island, Newfoundland. 
* Helina hylemyoides Mal. Field, B. C., (S. Brown). 
* Helina tuberculata Mal. Lake Louise, July, (C. S. Minot). 
* Helina nasoni Mal. Grand Lake. Newfoundland, July. 
* — Lamnophora gibsoni Mal. Youghill, N. B., July, (A. Gibson). 
Limnophora alticola Mal. — Nain, Labrador: Lewis Port, Newfoundland. 
July. 

* Trichopticus conformis Mal. Mt. St. Piran, Alta., (H. Skinner) ; Cape 
Breton, N. 8, Youghill N. B., (Gibson) : Spruce Brook, Newfound- 
land; Lillooet, B. C. 

* Trichopticus brevitarsis Mal. Bear Lake, B. C., (Currie) ; Kokanee Mt., 
B.1C (Curie), 

*  Coenosia dichaeta Mal. Fairwell Creek, Sask., July. 

*  Coenosia denticornis Mal. Fairwell Creek, Sask., July. 

*  Coenosia johnsoni Mal. Gold Rock, Ont., (H. H. Newcomb). 

* Pegomyia unguiculata Mal. Lake Louise, Alta., July, (Minot). 

* Pegomyia labradorensis Mal. Nain, Labrador, August. 

*  Pegomyia triseta Mal. Montreal, Que., June, (G. Beaulieu). 

* Prosalpia angustitarsis Mal. Cape Breton, N. S., July. 

* Hylemyia innocua Mal. Lewisport, Newfoundland, July-August, (L. P. 
Gratacap) ; Godbout, Que., (E. M. Walker). 


* Hylemyia bicruciata Mal. Great Caribou Island, Labrador, July. 
All the above Anthomyiidae described in Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Philadel- 
phia, Vol. XLVI, No. 2, 1920. 
Hymenoptera. 
Tenthredinide. 


* Platycampus victoria MacG. Victoria, B. C., (W. Downes), on T.ombardy 
Poplar. Can. Ent. Vol. LII, No. 3, 1920. 
Braconide. 
Meteorus dimidiatus Cres. Retlaw, Alta., (E. H. Strickland). 
Apantelese victoriae Mues. Victoria. B.C. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 
LVIIT, 1920. 


* 








1921 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87 





* Apanteles tmetocerae Mues. Nova Scotia, (W. H. Brittain). Proc. U.S. 
Nat.. Mus. Vol. LVIJI, 1920. 


Ichneumonine. 
* Ephialtes leavitti Cush. St. Johns, N. B., (A. G. Leavitt). Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus. Vol. LVIII, 1920. 
* Ephialtis pacificus Cush. Vancouver, B. C., (C. F. Baker). Proc. U. S. 
Nat. Mus. Vol. LVIII, 1920. 
Arutus maurus Roh. Mission, B.C. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. LVITI, 
1920. 
Amblyteles subfuscus Cres. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland). 


* 


Miscogasteride. 
* Tridymus clavicornis Girau. Oxbow, Sask., (F. Knab). Proc. U.S. Nat. 
Mus. Vol. LVITII, 1920. 


Encyrtide. 
* Copidosoma gelechiae var. saga Girau. Ottawa. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
Vol. LVIII, 1920: 


Hemiptera 


Arranged according to A Check List of the Hemiptera—excepting the Aphi- 
didae, Aleurodidae and Coccidae——of America north of Mexico by E. P. Van. 
Duzee, N. Y. Ent. Soc. 1916). 

Scutelleride. 
15. Homaemus bijugis Uhl. Regina, Sask., (J. Fletcher). 
23. Phimodera torpida Walk. Aweme, Man., June, 1903, (Fletcher) ; Dau- 
phin, Man., (Mrs Hippesley). 
Cydnide. 
29. Thyreocoris anthracinus Uhl. Dauphin, Man., (Mrs. Hippesley). 
58. Pangaeus bilineatus Say. Kaslo, B.C., June, (J. W. Cockle). 
(1. Sehirus cinctus (P. B.) Winnipeg. (A. W. Hanham) ; Dauphin, Man., 
(Mrs. Hippesley) ; Sask., (Fletcher). 
Pentatomide. 
93. Pertbalus abbreviatus (Uhl). Carp, Ont., June, 1905, (A. Gibson). 
105. Rhytidolomia faceta (Say). Aweme, Man., April, 1906, (Criddle). 
110. Carpocoris remotus Hory. Aweme, Man., June, 1916, (Criddle). 
125. Euschistus tristigmus (Say). Winnipeg, Man., (Hanham). 
139. Coenus delius (Say). Winnipeg, (Hanham); Westburn, Man., (J. B. 
Wallis) ; Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 
144. Aelia americana Dall. Ottawa, (Fletcher) ; Winnipeg, (Hanham). Dau- 
phin, Man., (Mrs. Hippesley) ; Aweme, Man., (Criddle) ; Lethbridge, 
Alta., (E. H. Strickland). 
206. Elasmostethus atricornis (Van D.). Ottawa, Sept. 25, 1920, (J. McDun- 
nough). 
Coreide. 


247. Leptoglossus occidentalis Heid. Jordan, Ont., June, 1917, (W. A. Ross). 
322. Alydus pluto Uhl. Meach Lake, Que., October 17, 1906, (Fletcher) ; 
Olds, Alta. (T. N. Willing); Dunvegan, Alta., (E. H. Strickland). 


88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





Aradide. 
361. Aradus quadrilineatus Say. Aweme, Man., May, 1915, (Criddle). 


389. Aradus falleni Stal. Victoria, B.C. 
Lygeide. 
538. Ligyrocoris diffusus (Uhl.) Beaver Dam, Alta., August, (Strickland). 
600. Hremocoris ferus Say. Aweme, Man., May, (Criddle); Jasper, Alta., 
August, (C. G. Hewitt). 
Tingidide. 
654. Gargaphia tiliae (Walsh). Norway Pt., Lake of Bays, Ont., July 25, 
1920, (J. MeDunnough). 
Reduviide. 
724. Pygolampis pectoralis (Say). Winnipeg, Man., (Hanham). 
Artlus audax Banks. Aweme and Carberry, Man., July, (Fletcher). 


Anthocoride. 
861. Anthocoris musculus Say. Montreal, Que., (G. Beaulieu) ; Lake of Bays, 


Ont. (J. McDunnough) ; Winnipeg, (Hanham). 
Miride 
Phytocoris erectus Van D. Norway Pt., Lake of Bays, Ont., July 30, 
1920, (J. MeDunnough). 
* Phytocoris conspurcatus Knt. Trenton, Ont., August 6, (J. D. Evans). 
Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. Vol. XV, Nos. 2-8, 1920. 
* Phytocoris corticevivens Knt. Wingsmere, Que., July, (Chrystal) ; Hem- 
mingford and Covey Hill, Que., (C. E. Petch). Bull. Brooklyn Ent. 
Soe. Vol. XV., Nos. 2-3, 1920. 
967. Adelphocoris superbus (Uhl). Raddison, Sask., June, 1907, (Fletcher). 
1004. Poecilocapsus lineatus (Fabr.) Aweme, Man., July, 1909, (Criddle). 
1032. Lygus elisus Van D. Cowley, Alta., (R. N. Chrystal). 
1035. Lygus plagiatus Uhl. Winnipeg, Man., September, 1909, (Wallis). 
Lygus fagi Knt. Lake of Bays, Ont., July, (McDunnough). 
Lygus atritylus Knt. ake of Bays; Ont., July, (McDunnough). 
Lygus ulmi Knt. Chicoutimi, Que., July, (Beaulieu). 
Lygus tiliae Knt. Lake of Bays, Ont., July, (McDunnough). 
Lygus omnivagus Knt. Aylmer, Que., June., Lake of Bays, Ont., July, 
(McDunnough). 
Lygus ostryae Knt. Ottawa, Ont., June, (Crawford), Lake of Bays, Ont., 
(McDunnough). 
Lygus canadensis Knt. Lake of Bays, Ont., July, (Aiclunnough). 
1044. Neoborus pettiti (Reut.) Ottawa, Ont., June, 1920, (McDunnough). 
*  Neoborus pubescens Knt. Kirk’s Ferry, Que., June, (Crawford). 
Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc. XII, 1917. 
1063. Camptobrochis histrio (Reut.) \Aweme, Man., June, (E. Criddle). 
1106. Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say). Lake of Bays, Ont., June, (McDunnough) ; 
Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle). 
1147. Lopidea confluenta (Say). Aweme, Man., June 21, (Criddle). 
Lopidea miner Knt. Winnipeg, Man., (Hanham); Spirit River, Alta., 
August, (Strickland). 
1153. Hadronema militaris Uhl. Raddison, Sask., July, 1907, (Fletcher) ; 
Olds, Alta., (T. N. Willing): Lethbridge, Alta., July, (Strickland). 
Orthotylus ornatus Van Du. Ft. Coulonge, Que., July, (J. E. Beaulne). 


1921 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 


1188. Mecomma gilvipes Stal. Cascades, Que., July, (H. G. Crawford). 

1204. Macrotylus tristis Uhl. Ottawa, Ont., June, 1913, (W. Metcalf). 

1256. Huropiella rubida (Uhi.) Hull, Que., and Ottawa, Ont., (Beaulieu) ; 

Winnipeg, Man., (Hanham). 
Cicadellide. 

1767. Agallia sanguinolenta (Prov.). Lake of Bays, Ont., (McDunnough) ; 

Winnipeg, (Hanham) ; Dauphin, Man., (Mrs. Hippesley) ; Aweme, Man., 
(Criddle). 
1779. Idiocerus suturalis Fh. Edmonton, Alta., August., (Strickland). 
1795. Idiocerus lachrymalis Fh. Aweme, Man., June, (Criddle). Crows Nest, 
{ Alta., 1888, (J. Macoun). 

1839. Bythoscopus rufoscutellatus (Bak). Raddison, Sask., (Fletcher). 

1847a. Oncometopia lateralis Fab. Aweme, Man., September, 1904, (Criddle). 

1855. Cuicadella gothica (Sign.). Aweme, Man., (Hewitt and Griddle). 

1864. Graphocephala coccinea (Forst.). Aweme, Man., August, (Criddle). 

1955. Parabolccratus viridus (Uhl.). Lethbridge, Alta., June, (Strickland). 

1987. Scaphoideus consors Uhl. Aweme, Man., July 10, 1914, (Criddle). 

2179. Hutettix seminudus (Say). Aweme, Man., August 12, (Criddle). 

2181. Hutettix strobi Fh. Aweme,. Man., July, 1907, (Fletcher). 

2265. Thamnoettix clitellarius (Say). Aweme, Man., August, 1909, (Criddle). 

2356. Cicadula punctifrons Fall. Aweme, Man., July, 17, (Criddle). 

2370. Balclutha punctatus (Thun.). Lake of Bays, Ont., August, (McDun- 


nough). 
Orthoptera. 
Tryxaline. 
Cheoealtis abdominalis Thom. Chilcotin, B.C., July-August, (EH. R. 
Buckell). 


Cheoealtis consperca Han. Chilcotin, B. C., July-August-September, 
1920, (E. R. Buckell). 
Platubothrus brunneus Thom. Chilcotin, B. C., July, 1920, (E. R. 
Buckell). New to B. C. 
Oedipodine. 
Circotettix carlinianus Thom. Chilcotin, B. C., July, 1920, (E. R. 
Buckell). 
Locustine. 
Melanoplus occidentalis Thom. Newgate, B.C., July, 1920, (W. B. An- 
derson). New to B. C. 
Melanoplus brunneri Scudd. Chilcotin, B. C., July-September, 1920, 
(E. R. Buckell). 
Melanoplus alpinus Seudd. Chileotin, -B. C., July, 1920, (E. R 


Buckell). 

Melanoplus borealis Fab. Chilcotin, B. C., July, 1920, (E. R. Buckell). 
New to B. C. 

Melanoplus infantilis Scudd. Chilcotin, B.C., July, 1920, (E. R. Buck- 
ell). 


Melanoplus altitudinum Seudd. Chileotin, B.C., July, 1920, (E. R. 
Buckell). 


90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





Odonata. 


(Arranged according to Muttkowski’s Catalogue of the Odonata of North 
America. The numbers refer to pages in the Catalogues.) 


Gomphine. 
91. Gomphus descriptus Banks. Cascades, Que., June 13, 1920, (J. MeDun- 
nough). 
97. Gomphus spicatus Hagen. Ottawa, Ont., June 3, 1920, (J. McDun- 
nough). 
Ephemeridae. 
1%. Choroterpes basalis Banks. Ottawa, Ont., August 25, 1920, (C. B. 
Hutchings). 
20. Baetisca obesa Say. Ottawa, Ont., June 14, (J. McDunnough). 
Collembola. 


* Pseudochorutes saxatilis Macna. Marshalls Bay, Ont., August-October, 
(C. Macnamara). Can. Ent. Vol. LIT, No. 8, 1920. 
Myriapoda. 
Scytonotus Columbianus Cham. Columbia Valley, B.C., September 26, 
1883, (J. B. Tyrrell). 
*  Conotyla albertana Cham. Bow River, Alta., September 28, 1883, (J. 
Bo tyrrell), 
*  Parajulus perditus Cham. Waterton Lake, August 24, 1883, Wigwam 
River, July 25, 1883, (J. B. Tyrrell). 
The above three species described in Can. Ent. Vol. LII, No.6-7, 1920. 


Aedes aldrichi 
. canadensis 
cinereus 

curriei 

fletcheri 
punctor 
varipalpus 
vexans 

Agrilus anxius 

Agriotes mancus 

Alsophila pometaria 

Anaphothrips striatus 

Anasa tristis 

Andricus glandulus 

Anopheles punctipennis 

Anthonomus signatus 

Aphis malifolize 
os pomi 

rumicis 

viburnicola 

Apple aphis 

Apple maggot 

Asparagus beetles 

Aispidiosus perniciosus 

Aulaeaspis rosae 

Australian lady-bird 


. 
‘ 
- 
. 


oe 


se 


“ee 


Birch leaf skeletonizer 
Black Cherry aphis 
Blackberry leaf-miner 
Blissus leucopterus 
Boring caterpillars 


Bud moth 
Cabbage butterfly 
Cabbage root maggot 
Cabbage worm 
Calosoma calidum 

oe scrutator 
Camnula pellucida 
Camptcbrochis borealis 
Campylomma verbasci 
Cantharis sphericollis 

nuttalis 

Carpocapsa pomonella 
Chinch bug 
Chortophila brassicae 
Chrysanthemum midge 
Chrysobothris Harrisii 
Codling moth 
Coleophora malivorella 
Colorado potato, beetle 
Common sulphur butterfly 


Corn borer, European...... ab SAY 


Cottony Grass scale 
Cottony leaf scale 
Crioceris asparagi 


“ec 


Cryptorhynechus lapathi 


aloponotum 
Beet webworms in S. Alberta 
Bucculatrix canadensisella 


duodecimpunctata 
Cryptolaenus montrouzieri 


ee eee 


INDEX 











| 


(91) 


Cucumber beetles ....... 
oS 2 striped 
Culex pip lensieeis cei r-ri 
Hg Sexatilis: a. neers 
£ Carsalis® Ce aceseee 
Culisetay incidensms sae. 
a inornatus wie toys 
Re alaskaensis . .. 
ye impatiens BS 
MulbWORMS se fas.ccc cis cae 


coco o doe 


Curled Rose slug 
Current stem-girdler 
Cyclamen mite 
Cydia pomonella ........ 
Depressaria heracliana .. 
Diabrotica vittata 
Diarthronomyia hypogea 
Eccoptogaster rugulosus . 
Emphytus cinctipes 
EXMPOAyMOSACy © cxers ee euerecs 
Himpoasea mali 2: ...5... 
Entomological Record 
Epicauta sericans 
Epitrix cucumeris 
ideaobisy WINNS Gao as dees 
Eriocampoides limacina . 
Hriopelitis festuce ....... 
Eucorethra underwoodii . 
Eupristocerus cogitans .. 
Fall canker worm ....... 
Flea-beetle, pale-striped 
f potato 
red-headed 
Fruit-Tree bark-beetle 
Fruit-tree leaf-roller 
Graptolitha 
Crasshoppersms -ieeeceee 
Grasshopper Campaign in 
Grass thrips 


Sh e)¢ eee) 6 ele 


ee eee 


oe 


Greater Wheat-stem maggot 


Green appleybug ......... 
Green fruit worms, 
Greenhouse leaf-tyer 
Ground beetles .......... 
Hemerocampa leucostigma 
Hessian fly 
Heterocordylus malinus . 
Hoplia trifasciata ....... 
Hyalopterus arundinis 
Hylemyia antiqua 
‘Hypoderma ‘bovis 


Insects of the year, reports on .. 


Janus integer 


eect wees eee 


aie} 'e|'o elie =|\\6 10 areola 


Eersuers ye ony 
Be eee 34, 
ren feaente ae 40), 
Be, ci Bee 40, 
Manitoba 

ya, Sy! 


Al. qusieve!-e lel s\.0 


Leaf-bug attacking fruit trees 


Leaf-happer, grape 
a potato 

rose 
Lebia grandis 
Lepidosaphes ulmi 
Leptinotarsa, decemlineata 
Leptura biforis 


“ec 


Crs,\e) sie ole 


Noonan 





92 INDEX 
MEPL MATA Wepel-retclowe ee <e='~ (= <ion 14 Plum.-ispider: mite. -42.4.....oee erie 37 
re OcLonotatate ie «coe teers 1183 Potato, aphids Gaieiaa. «+ irene 39 
“ nleleie oo odegnueceecoos 14 Psenocerus supernotatus -.......... 1% 
se AGIAN WinigtineeernS O00 C i133 Psylla pyricola.'!o.. 2: . eee eee 37 
eis ASLEStIS \.)i5 01+ cles sieleseys eietelal> ral Pyrausta nubilalis))2>...--eeer on acie oe, 
FSLGAIIpPeSULIS! 2) scitee meme al: Raspberry, Saw-lly 22.2) oeeee eee 38 
iLinGr Gt iveacteoncmoggccasouddac 12 Rhagoletis pomonella ....... sisvors! 3 OFNROEL 
Locust in British Columbia ...... Re Rheumaptera hastata, ---eeeeeereeeele 
Locust outbreak in Manitoba ...... 19 Rose. \chater:.... i220 4... soe eee 37 
Loxostege sticticalis ........ mcd 7) Rose, midges... 5s... see BAS 42, 63 
lbyzidea mendax =~ ~ 1 e--l 14 Rose scale 2... 0... - cone ee = iio 
Lyeus communis: -~-.-.-....--.- 14, 35 Rosy apple aphis ......... «. sioeeneropene 36 
66) GALYAC™ lonesome er 16 Sanninoidea exitiosa ............. 37 
43 FORERWEINSIIS| g soacloclgsoddocs 42, 72 Saperda puncticollis .............. 13 
—) (quencallbacieates ocr terete 14, 37 Sarcophaga —kellyi = ..-= beeen 21 
Macrobasis unicolor’ i.c...csscess ) tn Sayomyia trivittata 2). 5.eeeeeeee 69 
M. unicolor var. Murina .......... 22 Seale, San Jose ........ oacefole ieee 35 
Macrodactylus subspinosus ...... Shes tr Scelio luggeri << ..t 3... ee eee 22 
Mansonia pertubans .............. 68 Schizoneura Janizera ~~ -seeeeeeeee 71 
Mayetiola destructor ............. 34, 40 Schizura= concinnay..- s.- 2 eee 7fal 
Mealy elim slousen mero ate eee 38 Seed corn maggot... -- eee 35 
Melanoplus atlanis ........... Uh 2s WZ Shearmark, black and white ...... 12 
a DADE o weal da Solon ae iG Smynthurus hortensis ........... (fil 
femur-rubrum . ....... aE Snow-ball “Aphids -:2e—-eeeee eee 42 
Metalhis bethunel seen cece eee 38 Soldier bug ois0.. ice coe eee 12 
IMeteorus loxostegii ......cce0cce0. 29 Squash ‘bug ......0.2: see 49 
Meromyza americana ............. 40 Strawberry weevil’ -- 42.5 sneeeeeee 3 38 
MONAT Chm DUGleliya rane iecieieciereet 12 Stem-boring wire worm <=....2see8 39 
Monophadnus rubi ............... 38 root-worm' . "2... eeee 38 
IMYSUS" COrasinl vee ae eee ete 3 Systena: drontalis. 22.5) 3 see 38 
Neurocolpus nubilus ............. 14 ss taeniata..- 2.2 6c eee 40 
Occanthus, nigricormis! = seers. 1 39 Systaechus: vulgaris ~.. 13s eeeeis 22 
Oniom magicots.:'. es eine ee eee 3 Tarnished iplantsbuge -.....-..222-% 42 
Onton’ thrips le.c.5 oe eee ee 39 Tarsonemus pallidus” 322 22e eee 42 
Oystershelll ‘scale= - 24. «nemesis 35 Tetranychus ‘bicolor ~.”..- eee 42 
Papaipenia witela. oc eee soe 29 Tetranychus pilosus...2.22--eueee 37 
Cataphractalieeieeee oe 39 Thrips: tabaci*-. 2:4... eee 39 
Paracalocoris, colony as-cast eee 14 Tmetocera. ocellana ©: 25--seeeeeee 71 
Parspip WebwOrlt ...2 enum ssce sk 35, 39 Tortrix argyrospila ©. 7-2 oeeeeerae 35 
Pea aphis, destructive ............ 39 Tree enicket™ .1.5. 5. «c < <iesueboleteneteene 39 
Peach treesporeieeccoen eee 37 Tussock moth, ~~. <(sice-e cee eee i 
PearaandOnennryes licen eee 37 TyPOCGErUsS Wi UDEIS) cy-l-erelketetonenee ales 
Pear ApSVles (cs Sacispstparsone eer yore eae 3 Typhlocy ba Comes” 2 -\- cere tens 38 
Phenacoceus acericola ............ 70 Typophorus canellus .....-.......-- 38 
Phiyetaenia ferrugalis ...........- 42 Vanessa antviopa) 2.) cier-:e-ie ieee 70 
Phorbia fbrassicae ............ 39, 50, 71 Warible files. 2... os. eee 35, 42 
PICLISSTADACE . 5 enc sts « c aiswers eve oe as 7 Wheat “wireworm <.... 2... eee 34 
Pistol teasesbearer ooo lee ST White oak caterpillar ............ 42 
iant-bussemilleinn see... ee ee 37 Woolly. aphiis’ .:¢.2 2.222. coeeeeee {(il 





ne RST 






See Licey ean po ae 
5 a oe ne - ‘ 
i er nar tal a 
2 ya 


Agee 


} epartment of Agriculture 


tario D 
__ Fifty-Second Annual Report 


OF THE 





OF ONTARIO 
— 1921 





mil 
~~ 


| t a) Dm Se Se 
ae Dae saNB aie Se eee Fa te be 
PERS oe Re Li Eee 
es a ras Dnt ¢ eee ee Tas . \ 
Nee eee mee neta AS 


. PRINTED BY ORDER OF 
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO 


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Fa 
ao 





7 ES ee Se E 
Oe ee ee ee eae 





Sher ; 3 TORONTO: 
B Printed by CLARKSON W. JAMES, ee é the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 


Entomological Society | 








Ontario Department of Agriculture 


Fifty-Second Annual Report 


OF THE 


Entomological Society 


OF ONTARIO 


1921 


PRINTED BY ORDER OF 
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO 





was TORONTO: 
Printed by CLARKSON W. JAMES, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 
1922 


Printed by 


THE RYERSON PRESS 


To His Honour, HENRY COCKSHUTT, EsQ., 
Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontarto. 
May 17 PLEASE YouR HONOUR: 
I have the honour to present herewith for your consideration, the Report of 
the Entomological Society for 1921. 
Respectfully submitted, 
Mannine W. DoHERTy, 
Minister of Agrveulture. 


Toronto, 1922. 


CONTENTS 





PAGE 
ORETOBRS HOR 1921-22 .cciccdcelims Sarscie ioe the ons eee ecoltiouiene -eicic le a Ge ee ee 5 
HINANGIAL STATEMENT + 5/500 cei e steiete leis “ato eeus) ose ousia ale chele) otal oie ecole ore ee 5 
ANNUAL MEETING | 50225. cise 2! sie cisials oer sus-staie' ave ayejele o #016) # sus, Share eevee Wt a 
Report on Insects; of the year; Division No: 3: A. COSENS .-......55oeeeen 12 
Report ofthe Nova Scotia) Branch’ <.2- 25222. 4-0. - 06 ee) eo eee 9 
Report: ‘of. Montreal *Branch, 233.2 seo aren eee eee 9 
Report of the ‘Toronto Branches c8e05 « osc ees cee erence ee ee 10 
Report of the British olmmbie Braneh: oiGe eon Set aans eee 11 
Report of the Entomological Society of British Columbia ................ ib 
Reports on Insects, of the year, Division No. 3: A COSENS .................. alps 
Poisoned Molasses for the Destruction of Noctuid Moths: E. H. STRICKLAND .. 13 
The Western Wheat-Stem Sawfly in Canada: NORMAN CRIDDLE .............. 18 
The European Corn Borer (Pyrausta Nubilalis Hubn.) Life History in On- 
tario: E.G. Crawrorp: and G. J. ISBENCER) 6 boi. cracy-ncte) tele ace eee 22 


The Spread of the European Corn Borer in Southern Ontario: L. S. McLAINE 26 


The Imported Onion Maggot in British Celumbia with Notes on Its Life 
History and Control under “Dry Belt” Conditions: R. C, TREHERNE .... 29 


Notes on the Plum Spider Mite or European Red Mite: W. A. Ross and W. 


FROBENSON ... .. 5d iepaers che. fs bec s atarse! arc ysu atte oeeuenete rete tel oss aire Gailel aa SHUNOy lite tae 33 
Insects of. the Season in Ontario: W. A. Ross and L. CAESAR .............- 42 
The Cabbage Maggot (Phorbia brassice Bouche): L. CAESAR ............ 50 
Economic Entomology in Quebec during the Past Decade: FATHER LEOPOLD .. 52 
The Entomological Record, 1921: NoRMAN CRIDDLE .............-....----:: 57 

INDEX: (.5 5 opener eo ino Den nie an On Om IRC OGD Gio eat tl i 


[4] 


Entomological Society of Ontario 





OFFICERS FOR 1921-22 


President—Mr. F. J. A. Morris, M.A., Peterborough. 

Vice-President—Dr. J. M. Swatne, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 

‘Secretary-Treasurer—Pror. A. W. Baker, B.S.A., O. A. College, Guelph. 

Curator and Librarian—Caprain G. J. SPENCER, B.S.A., O.A. College, Guelph. 

Directors—Division No. 1, Dr. J. M. SwarneE, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agri- 
culture, Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Dr. A. COSENs, 
Toronto; Division No. 4, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Division No. 5, Dr. J. D. 
DETWILER, Western University, London; Division No. 6, Mr. J. F. Hupson, Strathroy; 
Division No. 7, Mr. W. A. Ross, Vineland Station. 5 

Directors (ex-President of the Society)—Rev. Pror. C. J. S. BeTHuNE, M.A., D.C.L., 
F.R.S.C., Toronto; PRor. JOHN DEARNESS, Vice-Principal, Normal School, London; PROF. 
Wx. LocHHeap, B.A., M.S., Macdonald College, Que.; JoHN D. Evans, C.E., Trenton; 
Pror. E. M. WaLkKeER, B.A., M.B., F.R.S.C., University of Toronto; Mr. ALBerT F. WINN, 
Westmount, Que.; Pror. LAwson Carsar, M.A., B.S.A., O. A. College, Guelph; ARTHUR 
Gisson, F.E.S., F.E.S.A., F.R.S:C., Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa. 

Editor of “The Canadian Entomologist”’—Dr. J. McDuNNoucH, Entomological 
Branch, Ottawa. 


Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada—THE PRESIDENT. 


FINANCIAL STATEMENT 


For the year ending October 31st, 1921. 





Receipts. Accounts Receivable, 

Cash on hand, 1920 .......... $94 15 Advertising ......... $140 00 

SRMBCEIMIIONS. .-:-.---55...52%: 494 31 CUES, CCC reine aS" 58 86 
MEPMIMEEC MICS 2. oss. inna. cas 135 40 $198 86 
Advertisements ............... 226 86 Casha in Banke 723s) ccc: tos: 55 25 
eremrgimnipers,.... 0.05. ees e PAS aL ppetcain ry, 
Seatimeamiterest ....... 2.5.2... 6 45 $254 11 

LEU a htit. “S25 See eee 27 22 
DSS. EGS cae eee 69 32 ale! Accounts Payable. 
Government Grant ............ 1000 90 Printing .....----s seer eens $320 00 
pees LE EES Salary sas: Shor sone eee eee 100 00 
$2075 22 CHIE Bosc peedaoaea hc dcoccddE 36 77 
ATIMTUAIERE DORs se. see ei ate 25 00 
Expenditures. Salary and Annual Report 
2c) 2 

| $1861 46 ee ak 
COL ees a ae 40 46 96 77 
“o> | eee 6 50 | at 
MIIERORO Oe coe cee late ok: 109 68 To Accounts Payable ......... $626 77 

Do) 10) ar 1 8a By Accounts Receivable and 
Balance Cash in Bank ...... 55 25 Cashwin Bank Jh2.2-a.. os 254 11 
$2075 22 Net Deficit $372 66 


A. W. BAKER, 
Secretary-Treasurer. 


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Entomological Society of Ontario 





ANNUAL MEETING. 


The fifty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario was 
held at the University of Toronto during the week of December 28th. The meet- 
ing was held at this time in order to afford our members an opportunity of meet- 
ing with the members of the Entomological Society of America and of the American 
Association of Economic Entomologists. 

Among the members present were Dr. C. J. S. Bethune, Toronto, Ontario; 
Mr. J. D. Evans, Trenton, Ontario; Prof. J. H. Comstock, Ithaca, N.Y.;Dr. L. O. 
Howard, Washington, D.C.; Dr. E. P. Felt, Albany, N.Y.; Prof. E. M. Walker. 
Dr. W. A. Clemens, Dr. Craigie, Mr. Bigelow and Miss Norma Ford, Toronto 
University ; Messrs. A. Gibson, Dr. Swaine, L. S. Mchlaine, R. C. Treherne, H. G 
Crawford, F. C. Craighead, Dominion Entomological Branch, Ottawa; Profs. L. 
Caesar, A. W. Baker and Messrs. G. J. Spencer and W. G. Garlick, O. A. College 
Guelph, Ont.; Miss Edna Mosher, Albuquerque, N.M.; Father Leopold, La Trappe, 
Ont.; Prof. W. H. Brittain, Truro, N.S.; Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough, 
Ont.; Dr. J. D. Detwiler, Western University, London, Ont.; Mr. C. H. Curran, 
Orillia, Ont.; Mr. W. E. Biggar, Hamilton, Ont.; Prof. A. V. Mitchener, M.A. 
College, “saree Man.; Dr. Matheson and Mr. H. C. Huckett, Cornell Univer- 
sity, Ithaca, N.Y.; Drs. S. Hadwin and A. C. Baker, Washington, D.C.; and the 
following officers of the Dominion Entomological Branch:—Messrs. G. E. "Sanders, 
Annapolis Royal, N.S.; J. D. Tothill, Frederickton, N.B.; C. E. Petch, Hem- 
mingford, Ont.; W. A. Ross, Vineland Station, Ont.; H. F. Hudson, Strathroy. 
Ont.; Norman Criddle, Treesbank, Man.; E. H. Strickland, Lethbridge, Alta., 
and W. Downes, Victoria, B.C. 

The meetings were also well attended by members of the Entomological Society 
of America, The American Association of Economic Entomologists and others. 

On Wednesday afternoon a meeting was held with the Entomological Society 
of America in Room 10, Medical Building, at which a number of papers were con- 
tributed by members of the two societies. 

On Friday evening an Entomologists’ dinner was held at the Prince George 
Hotel under the auspices of the American Association of Economic Entomologists. 
Many members of our society accepted the kind invitation of this society to be 
present. 

The business meeting was held on Saturday morning. Considerable discussion 
in regard to the financial condition of the society took place. 


REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 


The council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its report 
for the year 1920-1921. 

The fifty-seventh annual meeting of the society was held at the Ontario 
‘Agricultural College, Guelph on Wednesday and Thursday, November 17th and 
18th, 1920. 


~ 


8 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 
ee 


The meeting was well attended by members of the society from the various 
provinces of the Dominion, members of the staff of the Ontario Agricultural Col- 
lege and other visitors from Ontario, as well as several distinguished ones from the 
United States. Among the latter were Dr. E. P. Felt, State Entomologist, Albany, 
New York; Professor C. P. Crosby, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York: Messrs. 
W. R. Walton and L. H. Worthley, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C. 


The following papers were presented at the meeting: “Notes on Leaf Bugs 
(Miridae) Attacking Apples in Ontario,” by Prof. L. Caesar; “The Manitoba 
Grasshopper Campaign, 1920,” by A. V. Mitchener; “Some Phases of the Present 
Grasshopper Outbreak in Manitoba,” by N. Criddle; “The Influence of Locusts : 
on the Ranges of British Columbia,” by E. R. Buckell; “The Beet Webworm 
Outbreak of 1920,” by E. H. Strickland ; “Paris Green should be Discontinued as 
an Insecticide,” by Rev. Fr. Leopold; “Present Status of the Hessian Fly in 
Western Ontario,’ by H. F. Hudson; “Life-history of a Hobby Horse, 3rd and 
concluding part,” by F. J. A. Morris; “Recent Investigations in Forest Insects,” 
by Dr. J. M. Swaine; “Further Evidence of the Effectiveness of Mercury Bi- 
chloride in the Control of the Cabbage Root Maggot in British Columbia,” by R. C. 
Treherne; “Some Further Data on the Cabbage Maggot (Phorbia brassice) ,” by 
Prof. L. Caesar; “Some of the Broader Aspects of Insect Control,” by Dr. E. 
P. Felt; “Codling Moth Investigation in Michigan,” by Prof. R. H. Pettit : 
“Insects of the Year in Ontario,” by Prof. L. Caesar and W. A. Ross; “Inter- 
relations in Nature,” by Prof. W. Lochhead; “Notes on Psyllia mali Schmid,” 
by Prof. W. H. Brittain’: “Collecting Lepidoptera in the West and Far West,” | 
by Dr. J. O. Corcoran; “The Control of the Rose Midge” by W. A. Ross: 
“Insects of the Season in Quebec District,” by George Maheux; “Some Mosquito 
Problems of British Columbia,” by E Hearle. 


In addition to the papers presented at the meeting a very interesting dis- 
cussion took place on the European Corn Borer in which many members and visi- 
tors took part. 


The Canadian Entomologist, the official organ of the society completed its 
fifty-second volume in December last. The volume contained 290 pages, illustrated 
by eleven full page plates and twenty-five original figures. The contributors to these 
pages numbered fifty-eight, and included writers in Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, 
Alberta and British Columbia, and also in sixteen of the United States, in south 
America, Hawaiian Islands and Japan. Ten papers were published during the 
year on popular and practical entomology. 


It is the sad duty of the council to record the loss of two of our best- 
known members. The Rev. Dr. Fyles was one of the oldest members of the 
society. He has long been a contributor to'the pages of the Canadian Entomologist 
and to the annual report of the society. His presence at our annual meetings was 
looked forward to by all members. For thirty-four years he did not fail to furnish 
a paper for these meetings. He died at Ottawa on Tuesday, August 9th, in his 
ninetieth year. A full account of his life and works was published in the Novem- 
ber number of the Canadian Entomologist. 


Mr. F. W. L, Sladen, Dominion Apiarist, met accidental death by drowning off 
Duck Island in Lake Ontario on September 10th. Mr. Sladen joined the society in 
1912, and has been an active worker in the various groups of the aculeate hymen- 
optera since that time. An obituary appeared in the October number of the 
Canadian Entomologist. 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 9 





It would not \be fitting to close this report without a reference to the fact that 
Dr. C. J. S. Bethune has given up active work in Entomology at the Ontario 
Agricultural College and is now living in well earned retirement in Toronto. 


The council also wishes to express its regret that the illness of Prof. Loch- 
head has prevented him from being present at this meeting. It is hoped that soon 
he again will be able to take up his duties in Entomology. 


REPORT OF THE NOVA SCOTIA BRANCH. 


Since the last report was presented to our parent Society our scope has been 
broadened out to include the Maritime Provinces and our name changed to the 
Acadian Entomological Society. A new number (1920) of our “Proceedings” was 
published in March 1921 comprising 89 pages and including considerable new data 
on the biology and control of insects. 

Two meetings have been held—one in Halifax, N.S. and the other in St. 
John, N.B.—The papers presented at the Halifax Meeting were published in the 
last Proceedings. At the St. John Meeting the following papers were read and 
discussed : 


The Alpine Flora of British Columbia, (Public Lecture) Dr. JoHN D. ToTHILt. 


Some Properties of the Lead Arsenates .................. A. IKELSALL. 
Insecticide Investigations in New Brunswick ............ G. P. WALKER. 
Some notes on the Female Reproductive Organs in the 

LBS HEDYETACTOET ET hl Gag ieecter sacisies Ap Ree ioe Sicha ieee Ach Oona Ronee Renee IoC A. B. BArrp. 
The Work of the Museum of the New Brunswick Natural 

PME Sieve SOCLCLY mi t= OMI Nin see! cyeccdercl als slater etsierevers ay elefe Wm. McIntTosH. 
Experiences in the Collection and Study of Hymenoptera A. GorDON LEAVITT. 
The Production of Altae in certain Aphidide ........... Pror. W. H. BRITTAIN. 


Life History and Natural Control of the Pine Leaf ScaleR. P. GorHAm. 
Losses caused by the recent outbreak of the Spruce Bud- 
MAING WwW! COMUNS WICK sc cisrae uiciaiale cw sid/s ive eislee cree J. D. TOTHILL. 


The following officers for the year 1922 were elected: 
EMO TCSIVLOMNE. oop cic ccc ces De. A. H. Mackay, Halifax, N. S. 


(2D PO IMEI Fe a Mr. Wm. MecIntrosH, St. John, N. B. 
IWAGEMPETESTGENt =... 0.205008 Pror. W. H. Brirrain, Truro, N. S. 
MECMETMEUSUTEN (oi sc's eck cee Mr. A. B. BArRD, FREDERICTON, N. B. 
PUSSt MVE OSUT CT... i cisisie safe ssie Mr. W. E. WHITEHEAD, Truro, N. S. 
Member of Committee...... Dr. EpnAa MosuHer, ‘Albuquerque, New Mexico. 


A. B. BAIRD, 
Secretary-Treasurer. 


REPORT OF MONTREAL BRANCH. 


The 400th regular and 48th Annual Meeting of the Montreal Branch was 
held in the Lyman Entomological Room, Redpath Museum, McGill University 
on Thursday, May 12th, 1921. 

The President read his Annual Address which was entitled “The lighter side 
of Entomology” which was both amusing and entertaining. 


The Council’s report showed that eight meetings had been held during the 
season with a total attendance of 91. 


Field Days were held at St. Hilaire on Victoria Day and Labour Day at which 
good catches were taken. 





10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


Papers were read and talks given by nine members during the year as 
follows :— 


1. President’s Address. ‘The Value of a long series of Specimens ..A. F. WINN. 
PePATACUS -ILCOLUSiVIES « jis Gore chaceee eR cee clo oe Bee Gro. A. Moore. 
seo@olleeting «in. Hnelands. PONS ci eee ies eae 3 ae eel ood stains eee L. GIse. 
#~ ihe breeding” of Antsain=a-formicary, 2. oases ek) cae G. Hae 
5: Hemiptera from) Peaks ds siiet 1918-19-20 isso ck eee ale oe Gro. A. MOORE. 
6-1Collecting, at..Great. Chebeasue> We. .4 . ise ene eee ee A. F. WINN. 
iastrip, through “thes Western serovineess —- oe eee eee. eee DR. CORCORAN. 
Spuszaring for Catacolas 27. ccc. ss oe eee eee J. W. BUCKLE. 
OP PHeredity. vais bisens ace eee eee eee eee S teitede os Beas GEO. A. MOoRE. 
10. The Association of Pentatomids with certain plants .............. A. F. WINN. 
11. Work of the Entomological Branch of the Dominion Department 
OF AZTICUIEUTG Pl SeE sce ood tie soe ee ee Se eee A. GIBSON. 
2. Notes son ANGtonectidas 24S! Be eS eee aes T. C. BAINES, 
13. Annual meeting of the Quebec Society for the Protection of 
PIANtsS Sas cgeveos0 ooo Srore cena rere ee Oe A. F. WINN. 
14;“intomology “in Wranee ! oo Sh See, Pe ee eee. M. Du PorTE. 
15. Notes on the genus Utetheisa Hubn. (Arctiide) ...... Lee ee A. F. WINN. 
L Gs ULS OTIC? eis iso acer gs aad <P ee Oe Oe Gro. A. MOORE. 
i. Lareze Copper bitterly and Varieties. 0.2 eee ee eee ee L. GIBB. 
18. A butterfly hunting trip in the Orient, 1919-20 .................. H. M. SIMs. 
The following were elected officers for the ensuing year :— 
ETE SULCIVG ert cfotte fs i he cio Wea ea ae Oe os os Ee A. F. WINN. 
Wace-F resident ©. 2.4 0s. SA SOO, CR) ee. Bene ae G. CHAGNON. 
DW ECUELATY LTE ASUT- CP. Ei TE a Beale ole 000: cyrst age ar Ca TE eee GEo. A. MOoRE. 
FHOTATION os ERROR NA, es Se en age EE, CEL Se ee J. W. BUCKLE. 
COUNGHD Gace Oe Meee ee Ane Aiaale Dr. CoRcoRAN, G. H. Hatt, A. C. SHEPHERD. 
GEO. A. MOORE, 
Secretary. 


ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH. 


The twenty-fifth Annual Meeting of the ‘Toronto Branch was held in the Bio- 
logical Building on October 26th, 1921. 


The report of the council showed that during the past season seven regular 
meetings and a field meeting were held at which there was an average attendance 
of sixteen persons. At a special meeting we were very fortunate in having as the 
speaker Mr. F. Morris of Peterborough, who read Part III of his delightful paper, 
“The Life-history of a Hobby Horse.” This lecture had an attendance of about » 
seventy. During the year the following papers and addresses were given: 


“Respiralion ot Insects’ * 5.1024. inoe lok ae ice vceceee PROF, LE. M. WALEEEE 
the Life-history of a Hobby. Horse’ +. ..-0 ) seen Mr. F. Morris. 
“Protective: Coloration’ @ .22.). 2S eee. See Mr. C. W. NASH. 
“Hymenoptera or Point -Pelee’’),... i... <k.ctletacn ee Mr. N. K. BIGELOW. 
-Notes on Insects;of.eoint Pelee” ...°-.. 2. ..2. eee Mr. S. LoaIer. 
“The Bees in the Collection of the Royal Ontario 

Misenri?’>) Aes ee de Mr. N. K. BIGELOW: 
“The Rearing of (hepmoptera’ : © .). 22.) elec eee eee Mr. R. W. HALL. 
“Insect Hood! of Bears’ta. ) ae. 2h. osha hee ee MR. N. K. BIGELOW. 
“The Ant Fauna of the Nipigon Region” :.2..:.......-.ee Mr. S. LOGIER. 


One new member was elected, viz, Miss Mary Pettigrew. The Treasurer’s re- 
port showed a balance of $22.52. 


j 


(1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1l 





For the season of 1921-1922 the following officers were elected :— 


ETRE REIT SPOOR CIE og aso ave av crsiave, cuole« eic’ele veers eeeee MB. S. LOGIER. 
ERASTUS) Se Se oe ae ee Re Mr. A. H. LEM. 
EIT COSI ER ete ec ey IN 8 tad oh Ba wore BR ah ...Miss NorMA Forp. 
(EIST, BLA SU OS a ee ee nO Mr. N. K. BIGELOW. 

IE ia aan ek a seeeeee DR. WALKER, MB. ANDREWS, 


. the 


Mr. BuaKEty, Mr. HALL. 
NorMa Forp, 
Secretary-Treasurer. 





REPORT OF THE BRITISH. COLUMBIA BRANCH. 


The twentieth annual meeting of the B.C. Entomological Society was held in 
Chamber Court Room of the Provincial Court House, Vancouver, B.C. on 


Saturday, February 12th, 1921. There was an attendance of seventeen BE: 
at the morning session and twenty-two in the afternoon.. 


The meeting was called to order at 9.30 a.m. and. the Secretary read the 


annual report and statement of accounts. Among the resolutions passed it was 
decided to take steps to have the Society ideon erie under the Benevolent Socie- 
ties’ Act. The annual subscription was raised to $2.00. 


ea 


for 


During the morning and afternoon sessions the following papers were read :— 
A review of Economic Entomology in British Col- : 


umbia and its progress in recent years.......... R, C. TREHERNE, 
Notes on the early stages of Nepytia Phantasmaria ..G. O. Day. 
nheweepidoptera, of the Kootenay ...............s.s2. J. W. Cockle. 
A Talk on insects imported from the Orient........ W. H. Lyne. 


Notes on the Fauna and Flora of Mount McLean..R. GLENDENNING. | 
Man’s influence on the native flora with special re- 


PEECNICC LO. INSCCE: DOSES) oy) ciciictc aes weiss roe elev J. DAvIDSsoN. 
The Sphingidae of.British Columbia 7:...05..264.... E. H. BLacKMorE. 
Notes on Amnesia decorata and the Holly Bud Moth. W. Downkss. 
Meee EHO SACI SIMOUIL ~.) 5). 010,c,. o%. 0.6 ss ie s sareierreterncs R GLENDENNING. 
Report on collections of Hemiptera from B.C. ....... Dr. H. M. PARSHLEY. 
Notes on the ecological distribution of some Orth- 

optera from the Chilcotin district of B. C. ........ E. R. BUCKELL. 


In celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the Society the members met 
supper at the Citizens Club and later returned to the meeting room and 


listened to a lecture by Mr. W. B. Anderson on “Collecting Places in B.C.” il- 
lustrated with lantern slides. It was decided to hold the next meeting in Victoria. 


During the season the Society will publish four numbers of its annual Pro- 


ceedings, namely, Nos. 16 and 18 of the Systematic series and No. 13 and 15 of 


the Economic series, and a complete index to all numbers published, from 1 to 15,, 


is being prepared by one of our members, Mr. E. P. Venables, and will be published 
shortly. 


one, 


The Society is in a flourishing condition and the members now number forty- 


W. DowNngs, 
Hon. Secretary-Treasurer. 


REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 


The twenty-first annual meeting was held in. Victoria on Saturday, vanuary 


21st, 1922. 


The President L. E. Marmont was in the chair and 14 members were present. 
The Secretary’s Report and Financial Statement was read by Mr. R. Glen- 


denning, Assistant Secretary, in the absence of Mr, Downes. 


12 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





The business and discussion upon it occupied nearly the whole of the morning 
session, the subjects being:—The continuance of the Entomological Record; The 
Society’s Cup offered for school competition; The by-laws revised for meorpora- 
tion, and the proposed increase in subscriptions to the parent society. 

The following motion was passed relative to the last subject “That this Society 
thinks a subscription of $1 to the Ontario Entomological Society is sufficient, in 
view of the decrease in prices.” 


The following papers were read :— 


The use’ of Spreaders in Poison Sprays... eee eee eee A. i. LOVETT. 
Hemisarcoptes malus andits relation to Oyster shell scaleE. P. VENABLES. 
Economic Insects of the Year in the Lower Fraser Valley.R. GLENDENNING. 


A talk on the ‘Chilcoten country and its Orthoptera. ....E. R. BUCKELL. 
(illustrated with lantern slides). 

The Teaching of Entomology in the public schools ....... J. W. GIBSON. 

Aerial Surveys as an aid to Entomological Investigation... E. HEARLE. 

ThemMifesof the poplar SAwily, ee cae oe oe ee crorerentn ner W. DOWNES. 

The Hiunopeanwearwic. ant BiG 2s eke coe eee ose R. C. TREHERNE. 

Incidental observations regarding certain insects ........ W.-H. LYNE. 


Election of officers resulted as follows: — 


TONOLOTY-ENCSLOCINE: Waa < eet sice eRe COR te eee ee F. KERMODE, 
TETRA OME SA EES OTOP NSO Ts ORS Lone CRE oe Oe oe aT near oe L. E. MARMONT. 
aeviai the tafe tees owe era e euevs (cettusececdeaseececscdt. SO. SHERMAN ECCOaStE 
M. H. RuuMaANN (Interior). 
Advisory Board.—The above and E. H. BLAckMmorgE, W. H. Ropertson, J. W. GIBSON, 
W. H. LYNE. E. HEARLE. 


LONG BS CChELOLY- DEC OSUT CIs mee CE cine ao vie eget R. GLENDENNING, Agassiz, B.C. 


A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. W. Downes, the retiring Secre- 
tary, for his valuable services. 
It was decided that the next meeting would be held in Vancouver. 
R. GLENDENNING, 
Hon, Secretary-Treasurer. 





REPORTS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR. 
Division No. 3. Toronto DISTRICT—A. COSENS. 


The promise of the warm weather of April was not fulfilled in an early spring. 
There were no insects of any kind plentiful until June. On May 28th, the 
Toronto Entomologists held a field day at Lawrence Park, north of the city. 
Although the day was warm and sunny only a few captures were made. Two 
butterflies were taken :—the Meadow Fritillary. Brenthis bellona, and the Common 
Blue, Lycaena ladon. A few Cabbage butterflies and Common Sulphurs were 
seen, also two or three Tiger Swallowtails, Papilio turnus. 

Again this season as in 1920 and 1919, the Monarch butterflies were rare. 
They became more plentiful later in the season as the following dates on which 
specimens were seen show:—Sept. 21st, 22nd, 26th, 29th, Oct. Ist and 3rd. 

Early in June, from about the 10th to the 14th, large beetles were reported 
to be emerging from a lawn in the northern part of the city. The question con- 
cerning whether they were harmful or not led to the examination of a couple of 
specimens. They were found to be Stag Beetles, Lucanus dama. The group 
owes its name to the peculiar mandibles of the male, which are very long, sharply 
pointed, sickle-shaped and bear in this species a small tooth on their inner edge 
near the centre. The head is correspondingly large in the male, being much 


1922 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13 


smaller in the female. The eggs of the beetles are deposited, about the end of 
July, in the bark of a tree, commonly willow or oak. The long, thick, white 
larve require several years to reach full development. When mature they build 
a cocoon of the chips formed in their feeding. By boring into the trunks and the 
roots of the trees they sometimes do considerable damage. 

An explanation of their emergence from the lawn is found in the nature of 
the soil in that part of the city. A great deal of filing in was done in that district 
when it was opened up for building operations. Trunks of trees were no doubt 
buried at that time and from these the bettles were emerging. 

The Stag beetles are closely related to another family, the Scarabeide. This 
includes two main groups, the,beneficial scavenger beetles and the injurious leaf- 
chafers. The former contains forms that have the curious habit of rolling up 
balls of manure to provide food for their larve. The historically interesting 
Sacred Scarabeus may be taken as a type of this group. These beetles were 
held in such high; veneration by the (Kgyptians that paintings and carvings of 
them are often found among the relics of this ancient people. Some of the 
beetle models are small and made of gem stones or of gold, while others are 
large and fashioned from less expensive materials, a granite specimen in the 
British Museum being four feet in length. 

The June-bugs or May-beetles, Lachnosterna fusca, are the most familiar 
examples of the leaf-chafers. Their white larve, often plentiful in sandy soil, 
are very injurious to pastures, strawberry patches etc. The large, brownish black 
adult beetles feed on the foliage of fruit trees and in some instances do ap- 
preciable damage. 


POISONED MOLASSES FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOCTUID MOTHS. 
By E. H. SrrickLanp, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA. 


The annual loss on the western prairies from the destruction of grain crops 
by the Pale Western Cutworm (Porosagrotis orthogonia Morr.) has amounted ix 
recent years to several millions of dollars. ‘Numerous experiments, conducted in 
the infested provinces and states, have failed to produce an effective method of 
controlling this pest in its larval stage. For this reason the problem of destroying 
the adults before they have reproduced has received considerable attention. 

Three methods have presented themselves to us as a possible means of gain- 
ing this end, namely, light-traps, molasses troughs and poisoned molasses. In 
experimenting with these we have aimed at producing a method that will have the 
following qualifications; all materials used are readily procurable in any farming 
community, very frequent attention to traps is unnecessary, and it is inexpensive 
to operate. The employment of poisoned molasses approaches more closely to the 
fulfillment of the conditions than does either of the other methods. 


LIGHT-TRAPS, 


In 1913, we placed a few light-traps in fields around Lethbridge, where an 
outbreak of P. orthogonia had been somewhat severe. The nightly catch never 
exceeded 58 moths of this species, and of the total capture 97.5% were males. 
For this reason we considered the method to be economically ineffective. In 1920, 
Cireular 94 of the Montana Experiment Station recorded a night’s capture of as 
many as 1,500 moths of this species in individual light-traps which were of a 
superior type to that which we had used in 1913. This year Mr. H. L. Seamans, 


14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





who has recently come from the Montana Station to take charge of the Dominion 
Entomological Laboratory at Lethbridge, constructed a number of traps similar 
to those in which these large captures were made. ‘Two of these were set out in 
a badly infested field at Lethbridge, and about six were operated by our assistant 
Mr. W. Carter with the help of some farmers in the very heavily infested dis- 
trict around Retlaw, which is about sixty miles to the north-east of Lethbridge. 
These traps were set out from the middle of July till September 8th, when snow 
and frost put an end to the flight of P. orthogonia. During periods of moon- 
light, high wind and other unfayourable weather these traps were not operated. 





Trap So arranged that the inalority of moths will The most suitable type of trap for moth destruction. 
be retained. 
Tue ALBERTA Mots Trap 


The results were disappointing. The largest capture of P. orthogoni at Leth- 
bridge was 517 males and 17 females, the average per “trap-night” being 84.3 
males and 2.03 females. The Retlaw traps captured 41.3 males and 3.8 females 
per “trap-night.” Of the total capture of 34,500 specimens of P. orthogonia which 
were taken in the field by light-traps 94.97% were males. This percentage was 
very little better than that obtained in 1913. 

We do not know to what extent the males are monogamous in nature, but it 
would appear that on this factor alone depends any appreciable benefit to be de- 
rived from light-traps. 





1922 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


15 
it 
We consider light-traps to be unsatisfactory as a general method of control i 
on the prairies for the following reasons : — if 


1. They require attention twice daily. 
2. They are somewhat expensive to operate. 
3. They are practically ineffective during periods of full moon. 
_ 4, They are not well adapted to a windy country. i, 
5. For the species under consideration they catch too small a percentage of 
females. 


Mo.nasses TROUGHS. 


This method was suggested by the experiments conducted by Dobrovljansky* 
for the control of #. segetum in Russia. Early in September 1920, three gal- 
vanized iron troughs, 2 feet long and 6 inches wide and deep, were set out in a 
badly infested area. Each was half filled with a 66% solution of molasses in water. 
On the first night they captured a total of 382 moths of which 135 were females 
of P. orthogonia. A slight crust had formed on the surface of the molasses by the 
following night when 16 moths only were retained. Of these 8 were females. It was 
obvious that we might be attracting to the field moths that we were unable to 
capture and that possibly our troughs were doing more harm than good to the owner. 

Attempts to improve the consistency of the molasses solution: failed to give 
satisfactory results. In a 50% solution many moths swam to the sides and escaped 
while any stronger solution crusted over in a very short time. Some twenty 
troughs were used in 1921, and attempts were made to retain the moths in weak 
solutions by the addition of vegetable and other. oils, with tanglefoot and with 
poisons, but without success. . i 

This method was early abandoned for the following reasons: ik 

1. The troughs require very frequent attention. i 

2. A great many of the moths escape. ib 

PoIsoONED MoLassEs. * 


P. orthogonia comes very readily to “sugar’’ applied to fence posts. A fence bi 
post can be kept permanently “sugared” every evening for from ten to fourteen iv 
days by means of a simple apparatus. The only material required is a quart bottle if 
with a cork to fit, 6 inches of lamp wick and a small piece of absorbent cloth. The iy 
bottle is filled with the sugaring mixture and the end of the wick, which has 
first been well saturated in the mixture, is inserted. A. well-fitting cork, that 
has been slightly flattened on one side by cutting away a small portion with a 
knife, is pressed fairly tightly into the bottle with the flattened side next to the it 
‘wick. The bottle is then inverted and wired or tied to the west side of a fence re | 
post, and the free end of the wick is nailed to the post through a piece of absorbent pl 
cloth. When a rapidly killing poison is used, and it is desired that material | 
obtained be preserved, a partial funnel of mosquito netting or paper can be attached | 
to the post. A modification, suggested by Mr. Carter, is to replace the cloth 
with a shallow pan made from a tomato can. This forms a reservoir for any 
surplus flow of poison. 

The bottle is fastened to the west side of the fence post in order that it will 
not be exposed to the direct rays of the sun till the afternoon. The heat then 
‘causes its contents to expand and to drive some of the liquid down the wick and 
on to the cloth. This action usually continues till nearly sunset and it liberates 
sufficient bait to attract moths throughout the night. After the sun has set a 
reverse pressure in the bottle draws in sufficient air to replace the expelled liquid. 

*PExtract in Rev. applied Ent. Series A. Vol. I, page 490, 1913. 





~ 8, pee 


oe See 


I 


16 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





Provided the variations in temperature are not too extreme, or fermentation 
too rapid, a quart bottle will run every evening for from ten to fourteen days. 
We have tried several modifications of reservoir and methods of controlling the 
flow of bait, such as the “drinking fountain,” siphon, and gravity feed, but find 
the inverted bottle to be as satisfactory as any. 


Having obtained a satisfactory apparatus, our next concern was to find a 
suitable poisoned bait. As a basis a 10% solution of cane molasses was used in 
all cases. This ferments within a few days of mixing. In the fall of 1920, ex- 
periments were made in which the decantation from a saturated solution of white 
arsenic was used as the diluent. This killed moths in the laboratory in from 8 
to 40 hours, but was found to be somewhat deterrent to feeding. 


When this solution was used in bottle traps moths fed on it and obtained suf- 
ficient poison to cause their death within 24 hours. This was proved by captured 
specimens. In the field, however, they all flew from the traps ‘before dying. It 
was hoped that some immediate killer could be obtained in order that we might 
estimate the value of the traps, and be certain that gravid females were unable to 
deposit their eggs before dying. It was also highly desirable that those who might 
be using the traps as a practical means of control should be able to see some results 
from their efforts in the form of dead moths. 


To this end we planned a series of experiments in 1921, but it was not until 
nearly the end of the season that Mr. Seamans found quassia to be the nearest 
approach to what we desired. Subsequent observations showed that this material 
must be used in conjunction with some other poison. 


Among substances employed with the hope of obtaining an immediate killer 
were various arsenicals, soluble strychnine, copper sulphate, formalin, mercuric 
chloride, sodium cyanide in solution, and sodium fluoride. All of these failed to 
kill in less than about 12 hours except in strengths that proved to be deterrent. 
Arsenical poisons showed the least deterrent effect in the field when they were 
employed in weak solutions. Various objections to most of the forms of arsenic 
that are readily available to a farming community decided us to adopt commercial 
fly pads, at the rate of one pad per quart of solution, as the most satisfactory 
source of supply. At this strength the arsenic is very slightly deterrent and there 
is no precipitation. The pads can either be soaked in the solution over-night or 
cut into strips which are inserted into the bottles. Moths captured while feeding 
on bottles so poisoned ‘died in from six to one hundred hours, depending upon the 
amount of feeding prior to capture. The majority of poisoned moths died within 
36 hours. Checks taken from. unpoisoned bottles lived for an average of 130 
hours without subsequent feeding. 


The season was unfavourable for bait traps. A very dry summer had resulted 
in the failure of many crops and had seriously hampered summer-fallowing, with the 
result that nearly all classes of fields were covered with Russian thistle. This was 
flowering at the time of flight. Noctuide feed freely on these fiowers, but the 
favourite food plant in Alberta appears to be golden-rod, which flourishes in 
restricted areas of waste land. Experiments with traps placed in these golden-rod 
areas showed that fermenting molasses, when used alone, was not sufficiently at- 
tractive to overcome the predilection of the moths for these flowers. With the’ ad- 
dition of eight drops of amyl acetate per quart of the solution, both sexes of 
P. orthogonia could be attracted to feed on the bait despite the close proximity of 
a strong counter-attractant. 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. fi 


The abundance of feeding is very variable, and we did not obtain very definite 
data upon the probable catches made by our experimental traps. At night there were 
frequently as many as 20 to 30 moths, of which over 50% were female, feeding on 
a single trap at a time when very few were attracted to troughs of molasses. By day 
males were found feeding at all hours, though they were most abundant between 
the hours of two and five p.m. Females appeared less frequently in the morning 
and were seldom seen in numbers till about 4 p.m., by which time they visited the 
traps freely and were nearly as numerous as the males on golden-rod blossoms. 


We did not discover that quassia would retain the majority of moths that 
visited a trap till too late in the season for this to supply ws with many data, 

In the laboratory, however, and with a few bottle traps, we found that the 
deterrent effect of quassia is very slight and that it is readily overcome by the 
addition of a little saccharine to the bait. 


The effect of quassia on moths is very variable, and it cannot be predicted for 
the individual. Moths captured feeding on flowers, were offered a choice of 
formule. Those containing quassia and saccharine were preferred to straight 
molasses. ‘This was also demonstrated in the field. At a strength of two ounces to 
a quart of solution quassia (kills about 65% of all moths that feed on it. In some 
cases death is rapid, and within ten minutes of feeding either sex of P. orthogonia 
loses all power of locomotion, lies on its back and response to stimulation becomes 
continually less apparent till it ceases entirely. Death in such cases appears to be 
gradual and progressive. In other cases moths feed freely on the bait for a few 
minutes and suddenly flop around the receptacle as though in great pain, till sudden 
death puts an end to their activity. 


On the other hand some 35% of the moths which have imbibed quassia solution, 
sometimes more extensively than have those which die, become either very sluggish 
or quite inactive a few minutes after feeding and they may remain in this condition 
for two or three days. ‘Sometimes females, which have been quite inactive for 
over 24 hours, will laboriously struggle to their feet, lay a few eggs, and relapse 
into inactivity. Recovery in other caseS appears to be complete, and since it per- 
mits oviposition, we have retained the use of fly pads in addition to quassia. Our 
experiments indicate that very few moths will recover from the effects of the latter 
before they succumb to the arsenical poison of the former. 


At present our poisoned bait formula, therefore, consists of :—a 10% solution 
of cane molasses, the diluent being water in which quassia chips have been soaked 
overnight at the rate of two ounces to the quart. In each bottle of this solution 


is inserted one fly pad, sufficient saccharine to cover a Canadian 5 cent piece (1 
gram), and eight drops of amyl acetate. 


This formula undoubtedly can be improved considerably both as regards its 
attractiveness and poisoning quality. As it stands, all of the materials, with the 
exception of amyl acetate, which is not essential, can ibe obtained in any village. 


The present retail cost of materials for a dozen traps, including the bottles, 
is approximately $2.65. 

We have no definite data as to what distribution of traps will give the greatest 
returns for money expended, but believe that one to every ten rods of fencing 
around a field that is free from fiowering weeds should be sufficient to reduce an 
outbreak very materially. On weedy fields subsidiary posts erected in the field 
might be necessary. 


18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





Poisoned molasses traps give more promise for controlling noctuid moths than 
do other methods tried because :— 
_1. They require attention, at the most, once a week. 
2. Females are attracted as readily as males to bait and they are usually gravid. 
3. With a combination of quassia and arsenic very few females that feed on 
the bait are able to lay eggs subsequently. 
4, Quassia 1s non-poisonous to stock and is distasteful to them. 
5. Individual traps attract more moths than do corresponding troughs of 
pe 
. All materials are cheap and are readily obtainable anywhere. ) 
. The bait is effective by day as well as by night and its efficacy is not re- 
faced by moonlight. 
8. Climatic conditions affect the eae very little. 


THE WESTERN WHEAT-STEM SAWFLY IN CANADA. 
NorMAN CrIDDLE, Dom. ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, TREESBANK, MAN. 


The Western Wheat-stem Sawfly—Cephus cinctus (Nort.) is a native insect 
that has become a pest because of the introduction of cereals such as wheat and 
rye. It originally lived in various native grasses such as Agropyron, Elymus, 
Calomogrostis and Bromus. While confined to these food plants it fluctuated 
from year to year according to the prevalence of flowering stems in which the 
larve lived, or to the presence of natural enemies. These two factors usually 
kept the insect well in hand until the grains mentioned above were introduced 
when abundance of new food became available. The sawfly, however, was slow 
in adapting itself to the new conditions and it was only towards the beginning 
of the present century that it finally became established in our grain fields. Since 
then it has steadily increased. To begin with, only the edges of wheat fields were 
attacked by the overflow from native grasses but gradually the adults flew fur- 
ther afield until, eventually, whole fields became infested and in some instances 
more than eighty per cent. of the wheat stem was cut by the larve. Both 
Saskatchewan and Manitoba suffered heavy loss in 1921, the total amounting 
to several million bushels and in south-west Manitoba exceeding twenty-five per- 
cent. of the crop. The insect is steadily spreading and so far as we can judge, it 
will continue to do so until the entire spring wheat area is invaded. 

Natural Controt. The Wheat-stem Sawfly appears to have been kept well 
under control in the past by various natural factors which include natural enemies 
and meteorological conditions. Of the natural enemies Hymenopterous parasites 
seem to have played the leading part though there was, at times, quite a high 
death rate brought about by an unknown cause apparently of a fungus origin. 
The rainfall has always been an important factor because it has controlled the 
insect’s food supply by governing the number of flowering stems in wie the 
larve live. 

The sowing of cereals over large areas of country has entirely upset the con- 
trol conditions that previously existed. Factors that were then of the utmost value 
have been almost eliminated, the available stems of grain having done away with 
the check of limited food supply. while for reasons that are only beginning to be 
understood, the parasites so prevalent in grasses are unable to follow their hosts 
into the grain fields. On account of these conditions the sawfly has practically a 
free hand, and as a result it has spread over large stretches of country. 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 


PARASITES. Two hymenopterous parasites were reared by Ainslie in North 
Dakota and Utah namely Microbracon cephi Gahan and Pleurotropis utahensis 
Crafd. The same insects have been taken by us in Manitoba, while two. others 
Eupelmus allynit French and.a species of Eurytoma also are present in some 
numbers. All these parasites are natives of the country and they occur where- 
ever infested grasses are-met with. Cultivated grasses which are attacked by 
the sawfly have proved equally suitable to the parasites, but when it comes 
to fields of grain there is a sudden check which practically leaves the saw- 
fly free of enemies. 

The sudden check of the parasites when they come to grains is the most 
important and interesting of the problems before us and a number of details 
will have to be supplied before we can ultimately define what the causes are 
that bring about this change. There are, however, several significant facts to 
be taken into consideration; firstly, both Hupelmus and Hurytoma emerge in 
large numbers during August and September, the Cephus larve being at this 
time in their winter quarters in the stubs below the ground where it is doubt- 
ful whether the parasites would find them. If this is so, in what do the above 
parasites oviposit during the Autumn months or do they hibernate and remain 
inactive until the following July? If the parasites breed in their hosts then they 
would obviously have to return to the plants harbouring them and consequently 
leave the grain fields. This might well account for the insects’ abundance in 
wild grass lands, but it would only partly explain the problem before us. We 
know that Microbracon hibernates in cocoons, either as larve or pupe, to emerge 
as adults sometime during the following spring, in this case there being probably 
no secondary host. We must, therefore, look to other causes for the absence of 
this parasite in infested grain fields. 

Turning to Pleurotropis utahensis we find that this parasite is late in matur- 
ing. and that it is even more restricted in its habits than Microbracon. It has 
been found in most of the Cephus infested grasses and once in fall rye, but 
not in wheat. It was comparatively rare in 1921. 


The third parasite Hupelmus allynu (French) is a very general one, being 


known to attack various other grass-infesting insects, but it has not previously 
been recorded from Cephus. Our specimens emerged in September. The fourth 
Eurytoma sp. appears in August. It has been reared from both grain and 
grasses as a host of Cephus. 

The second point is that sawfly-infested winter rye is quite thickly inhabitated 
by parasites when said rye is found growing as a volunteer crop amid other 
grasses and weeds of various kinds, but not when it is growing alone. 

Thirdly, infested wheat and spring rye are both found to contain Micro- 
bracon and Eupelmus around the edges of fields next to grass areas but very 
rarely towards the centres of fields. All of which points strongly to the para- 
sites having their home among the grasses, in which they find necessary factors 
not present in the growing grain. We are still at a loss to know what; these 
factors are, but it is significant that parasites of sawfly larve may be found 
in both grain and grasses when those plants are growing together on land that 
has been left uncultivated. 

Cuimatic ConTrou. It is noteworthy that there is a marked fluctuation 
in the yearly development of the sawfly, even though the species has gradually 
become more numerous. In North Dakota, for instance, the infestation of 1921 
did not apparently exceed that of 1917, whereas had the insect developed at what 


20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





might be termed a normal ratio it must have wiped the wheat crop out of 
existence. We have noted similar conditions in Manitoba more than once, which 
have led us to suspect that meteorological factors play an important part in the 
development of the sawfly. This has been still further borne out by a survey of 
the province and by an examination of the reports issued by the Manitoba and 
Saskatchewan governments, together with those of the Manitoba Free Press. We 
found in these surveys that the greatest prevalence of Cephus followed very 
closely the areas of least rainfall, and that where the moisture was ample 
the injury fell to a marked degree. This fluctuation, apparently due to humid- 
ity, was even well marked over local areas. It was also apparent that the low, 
moist, portions of a field were much less infested than the high drier parts. 
More data is necessary before definite conclusions can be arrived at but judging 
from our experiments, rain in itself is not harmful except during the adults’ 
life. It would seem, therefore, that the cause of the greater immunity lies in 
the quicker growth, this in its turn perhaps providing an excess of sap that is 
detrimental to the sawfly larve. In any case the facts of this flutuation are 
hopeful because they indicate that with the passing of dry seasons the sawfly 
menace may become less acute. 

ReMeDies. The remedies for the Western Wheat-stem sawfly are entirely 
cultural, and the most important of them consists of ploughing down the in- 
fested stubble any time between August 1st and June Sth of the following year. In 
order to be thoroughly effective the ploughing must be well turned so that there is 
no overlapping edge to the furrows, and it should be not less than six inches 
deep. A wide furrowed plough is better than a narrow one for this purpose. 
Fall ploughing will pack during the winter, but that done in the spring should 
be packed by machinery. ; 

In addition to the destruction of larve by ploughing a good deal can be 
accomplished by sowing immune, or partly immune, crops. Oats, for instance, 
are perfectly free from attack; barley; owing to its rapid growth escapes, with 
-small injury, while winter rye is able to withstand the insects’ effort to a marked 
degree and, on account of its early ripening, is cut before loss occurs. Indeed, 
there are indications for the belief that winter rye may prove one of the most 
important checks to the development of the sawfly owing to the fact that it 
is often heavily infested but the sawfly larve are usually unable to mature in 
it. Moreover, even should they develop normally, the early ripening of the rye 
enables it to be harvested before the larve can get below the point where the 
straw is cut by the binder and as a result they perish. 

Trap Crops. We have noted that volunteer wheat on land intended for 
summerfallow is often a great attraction for adult sawflies that have emerged in 
the vicinity. On one such plant we counted 14 of these insects at rest, while on 
another three were attempting to oviposit at the same time. It is probable, 
therefore, that a single plant of this nature might be the receptacle for many 
egos, especially as it is not uncommon to find the remains of two or more larve 
in one stem. For this reason we believe that a narrow strip of thinly sown wheat 
round the edges and across the middle of a field intended for summerfallow, might 
attract and be the means of destroying a large number of these insects. 

Crop Rotation. Should the sawfly continue to maintain its present pro- 
portions or increase still further, then it will be necessary to consider more 
drastic measures of control and make an initial sacrifice in order to reduce the 
pest sufficiently to make wheat growing profitable. To do this farmers in in- 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21 








fested districts will have to discontinue wheat and spring rye growing for a year, 
and in their place sow crops that are free, or nearly so, from the insects’ attack. 
Crops that can be recommended for this purpose are: Oats, winter rye, barley, 
corn and any broad-leafed vegetable or fodder plant, including. flax. 

GRAINS THAT SuFFER Most. Spring wheat is the most severely infested, 
with spring rye a close second. Durum wheat, according to Ainslie, suffers 
almost as much as common wheat, and our own observations made over restricted 
areas, bear out this contention. Some of our correspondents in North Dakota, 
however, claim a much greater immunity for durum than other wheats, but it is 
necessary to know more about the conditions under which it was grown before 
we can reach definite conclusions as to its utility. Speltz also is badly infested 

As a general rule, it seems that quickly maturing crops are \safer to sow 
than late ones, and in this respect it might be worth while testing one or 
more of the new early wheats. A winter wheat hardy enough to stand our 
climate would probably prove an ideal factor in overcoming the sawfly depreda- 
tions. 


THE DESTRUCTION OF Grasses. It was C. N. Ainslie who first questioned _ 


the utility of destroying infested grasses owing to the fact that these harboured 
large numbers of parasites. The problem is a moot one and requires careful 
study. In 1921, we found Brome grass (Bb. enermis) infested with sawfly to the 
extent of 70 per cent but from these infested stems not more than 5 per cent 
of the larve reached maturity and of those that cut and plugged the stems, 
not more than 6 per cent survived. In other words there was a death rate of 
94 per cent very largely through parasites. To cut the grass in July for the 
purpose of destroying the larve would, under such circumstances, be of no 
practical value, and might do considerable harm. Judging from our work of 
1921 other grasses mature a larger number of sawflies than does brome. A field 
of Agropyron tenerum, for instance, showed a parasitism of about 35 per cent in a 
total infestation of 72 per cent, and practically the same death rate was recorded 
in Agropyron richardsonii. In these there would seem to be an overflow of adults 
sufficient to infest nearby crops, leaving their enemies to attend to those that 
remained to breed in the grass; whereas if these grasses were cut early in July 
all the sawfly larve would be killed while the parasites which had not yet 
oviposited might be induced to fly to infest hosts in the growing grain. 

From the evidence so far obtained we believe Brome grass can safely be 
left to rear sawfly parasites, but that other grasses should be cut before the 
middle of July to kill the sawfly larve infesting them. 

HarpInuss or Larva. The larve are capable of great endurance, and 
for that reason we have been unable to discover any practical method of destroy- 
ing them in the fall. Immersing the infested stubs in water for three days merely 
produced a torpor which passed off after a few hours. Exposing the stubs to 
all the vicissitudes of autumn, winter and spring on top of the ground was also 
of no avail. Burning the stubble is likewise abortive. 

In conclusion, it is my pleasure to acknowledge the help I have received 
from Mr. C. N. Ainslie, both ‘personally and through his publication. I am 
indebted to Mr. W. R. Walton for his kindness in arranging for the determination 
of parasites, and to Mr. M. P. Tullis of the Department of Agriculture, Regina, 
for information concerning the sawfly outbreak in Saskatchewan. Finally, I have 
to acknowledge the assistance of my fellow worker, Mr. P. N. Vroom, who has 
been with me during the last two summers. 


a 


22. THE REPORT OF THE ‘No. 36 





TABLE SHOWING PERCENTAGE INFESTATION OF VARIOUS GRASSES AND MorTaliry 
AMONG THE CEPHUS LARV2. 
WINTER RYE. 
Sown in 1920 but not cut; 21 per cent. of stems not infested. 


Harve Matured) iss. Sees. AS ee Poe HS. Sth tee ee 19 
WGAT VE: GEAG. oe sis iss Siarasays, 80 apsuec cee cae ae coi neo dine Ee S1 
Volunteer crop among ather grasses; 19 per cent. of stems not infested. 
Larvae: i Matured: Geiss teed eee Oe ES Seah i ie! 
lary. dead: catisesaim an awison ee ee 78 
LarvVe “Parasitized” soc cee eke oon Sonne oe ee eee 11 


BROME GRAss (B. Enermis.) 
Collected in August; 12 per cent. of stems not infested. 


Larve, mabure. Jciries os byes) nei eniesos + Ms Ree eee eee 23 
Larve: dead; “causes tmkin OW ge.).5 nee eee a eee ee ill 
LAr Vie! “ParaASiiZed eres eee eee ee eee ete ete to ere eee 40 
Collected in October; 14 per cent. of stems not infested. , 
aT Vie MACE Cc paca ere rnin Soin elated uislagei te Mae see ee 8 
harve dead, cause: WMKMOWI 2.1 Neo. icles. See eee eee Sat ee 44 
Liarveel! parasitized "itis atest SIS. ee ee eee 48 
Collected in late October; 13 per cent. of stems not infested. 
IAT Vile TNALUTC 72 .ojetecia ccs niece ieee os ee ee Pe aoe ry Pieris )- 2 
larve, dead: cause unknown © oss. eea coe ae e eeE ee 44 
Lanvees-Darasitized osc 658 os ested lo wo ee oes Se eee 54 


é Agropyron tenerum 
Collected in October; 32 per cent. cf stems not infested. 


arves *Matune: Pi nes soe Oe ea cake eee De eects es, cee 42 
larver dead: cause pun knowns ists. deci. <cesiseis cities lod hacen ie ee 20 
Lary parasitized | ccc s & auc eae neus Bed tsoeter ieee eee 38 


Agropyron richardsonii 
Collected in August, 24 per cent of stems not infested. 


aryeawy mature: wishes ahh e Seiee es ee ee kee 40 

haryeenidead, cause, am kn own 4s. asia so Sao oe ae ee 19 

WATVEE  PATASIEIZEd . Sepeer erciseclcc sisi Shae oe etic ee ee ee 41 
Collected in October; 21 per cent. of stems not infested. 

Larne. Malire. pa hrwet.s . osats . ade ehee Saku giles Hee eee ee 32 

ILarves dead. cause unknGwn' an. 4-cimesiee ose eerie ene nee eee 7 

Lar veMPATaSitiZed sc etek ee ee ee eee ee CE ete aoe 61 


LYME GRASS (E. canadensis.) 
Collected in August; 24 per cent. of stems not infested. 


arven Matures: 3 cet ccs ate toe gidkns ak eae koe ie ne ee oe eee Sieasis ae 

Larve dead; “Cause. unknown, oc ne ee So ee 34> 

anv} PaArasitazed’: nee. Ula Ee oe ne Sets eae 36 
Collected in October; 16 per cent. of stems not infested. 

harves, Mature: “6.050 wiih eee OE AE oe ee eRe 26 

harvee* dead;* cause “Unknown. tee oe ee eee ee ee eee 37 

Larve parasitized: sce .(6e Sa ea a seis oe ae oe ere 37 


The above tables are compiled from the examination of several hundred 
stems in each instance. 


THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER (Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn.) : 
LIFE HISTORY IN ONTARIO. 


H. G. Crawrorp, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA, AND 
G. J. SPENCER, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH, ONT.* 


The apology for presenting so incomplete a study rests upon the fact that 
this is a recently introduced and already widely distributed insect, spreading with 
great rapidity and capable of doing very serious damage. Consequently, its re- 
action to Canadian conditions where it has demonstrated its ability to increase 
over 300 per cent. in a single year, and where its presence results in severe 
damage to our corn crop, cannot but be of interest and value. 


* A joint progress report cf the life history studies carried on at the laboratories 
¥f the Dominion and Ontario Departments of Agriculture in the season of 1921.. 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23 


The larve of the European corn borer normally winter in corn stalks or 
stubble, either standing or lying on the ground. Almost any other not absolutely 
submerged shelter, from a corn leaf in the ground to the centre of the cob in the 
crib, will serve for successful wintering. In the spring as soon as the weather 
warms up, the larve do a variable amount of boring and possibly feeding in pre- 
paring the pupal chambers from which an outlet for the escape of the adult is 
made. 


Pupation in the field in 1921 began on May 27th being practically complete by 


June 22nd, though one or two larve were taken in the following week. Adults. 


began to emerge June 16th, and by July 4th 90 per cent. of the moths had issued, 
the balance following more slowly ; a small percentage failed to develop. 


In the laboratory where the whole process of development was delayed, pupa- 
tion did not begin until June 6th, ten days later. The males began to pupate 7 
days before the females, outnumbering them until just before the end of the pupa- 
tion period. Similarly with the moths the males began to emerge about 4 days be- 
fore the females, and exceeded them in number until just before the end of the 
emergence period, which extended from June 29th to August 12th. The duration 
of the pupation period of the males varied from 8 to 18 days, an average of 12.33 
days, while for the femalés it was distinctly less, from 7 to 17 days, an average of 
11.29. At the laboratory located a little further inland the average durations, 


however, were 12 days for males and 10.19 for females, a distinctly more rapid 


rate. 


The male moths lived in confinement for from 6 to 21 days, averaging 13 
days, while the females lived for from 10 to 31 days, averaging 17.4 days, with a 
_pre-oviposition period (20 females) of from 3 to 9 days, averaging 4 days. After 
this period they laid from 95 to 988 eggs per female, at the rate of from 12-231, 
an average of 75.3 eggs per day, in masses containing from 1-64 eggs, an average 
of 33-per mass. All of the eggs kept under observation hatched. The duration of 
this stage was from 3 to 8 days, averaging for the period between June 28th and 
August 2nd 4.71 days. 


In the field a study of the incidence of egg laying on corn henate on May 
31st in a field adjacent to the northern margin of an old corn patch of 1920, at 


this time in oats and barley, was started. The moths began to emerge on June: 


18th from the old stubble in the standing grain, and eggs were not found until 
July 1st when 5 masses were secured from 100 plants, though a most careful: 
search was maintained in the intervening period of 14 days; on July 3rd 15 masses: 
were secured on approximately 200 plants, at which time egg laying was be- 
coming general, and some masses were observed to be hatching. The corn at 
this time was from 9-20 inches high. No eggs were laid until the corn averaged 
about 15 inches in height. In the interval the adults were, without doubt, flying 
southwest to another field planted on May 18th which, at this time, was markedly 
in advance of the field: under observation in development and finally suffered a 
loss of 65%. The field under study in the north, however, was but 63.2% infested 
and the loss would not exceed 5%. 


The first eggs taken in the season, however, were found in the field June 
21st, and by July 15th hatching was general, and the infestation was shown up 
very clearly on the unrolling leaves where the newly hatched larve were feeding 
at the base. The evidence of attack became clearly marked in the first week in 
July, and by the second week the tassels were falling on the early planted flint 


24 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





and sweet corn. As the plant increased in length and the larve on the rolled up 
leaves were exposed to light, they bored into the stalks, which by the end of July 
in the early planted corn began to break over. 


By the third week in July in the very early sweet corn, and to a much less 
extent in the flint, the majority of the larve were full grown. At that time a 
very small second brood developed in the very earliest planted sweet corn, involving 
but a fraction of one per cent. of the larve. In this sweet corn 10 pupe in all 
were collected between July 21st and 26th and 4 pupe were secured from larve 
collected at the same time. From these pup, after a period of 13 days, 2 male 
moths and 1 female moth were reared. The female laid fertile eggs, the larvee 
from which established themselves on a corn plant in an experimental cage. The 
only other evidences of the second brood were 1 pupa and 2 female pupal cases 
from the earliest fiimt corn, an adult male in late July, an egg mass found on 
August 9th and a few 3rd instar larve taken late in August. 


The larve in all varieties of the later corn, matured distinctly later on the 
average and showed no signs of developing a second brood, but prepared for 
winter about the middle of August and where not disturbed, would probably not 
move until spring. At harvest time about the last of August and in early Sept- 
ember in a flint corn field showing 70% total loss, the estimated number of larve 
per acre was 191,800. Of these 27% were within 12 inches of the ground and 
a four inch stubble carried 28,079 larve, 6.82% of the larval population. 


There was no movement of any import in the standing field corn in the fall, 
the distribution in the middle of October being practically the same as at the end 
of August. However, there is a noticeable movement outward and downward in 
the stalks in shock, but none of any importance from the shock to the ground and 
neighbouring stubble. 


The date of sowing was closely correlated with the degree of infestation, the 
larval population and the total loss both in experimental and field conditions. 
In general, corn sown before May 24th was either practically ruined or suffered 
severe loss: that sown between May 24th and June ist was heavily infested, 
but suffered relatively less or but slight actual loss, depending of course upon the 
type of corn; while the corn sown after June 1st, although in some cases showing 
a fairly high percentage of infestation carried few larve and practically no loss 
except in the case of sweet corn. Thus, on one farm of three corn patches 
within 100 yards of each other, the sweet corn sown April 25th carried a larval 
population of 234.200 per acre with a loss of 100%; sweet corn planted June Ist 
developed an infestation of 75% and carried a larval population of 80,000 per acre 
with a loss of 20%; while flint (smut nose yellow) planted May 22nd, only carried 
54,400 per acre. a stalk infestation of 67% and a total loss of not more than 10%. 
The sweet corn here doubtless protected the flint by attracting a large number 
of the moths. 


In the experimental plots the effect of the date of planting shows up most 
clearly, as can be seen in the tabulation below, though here the loss was slight 
and the larval population meagre, the corn all being planted after May 24th. 
























































1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25 
Variety Date Per cent of Per cent of Per cent of 
stocks infested |stocks broken over | cobs infested 
Golden Bantam May 24 30.18 16.93 16.9 
sweet corn May 31 34.4 20.00 2.14 
June 3 15.33 7.66 1.89 
June 9 7.52 4.30’ ale ie, 
Dent Corn May 31 24.30 69.44 4 
Early Leaming June 3 13.45 1.50 .99 
June 9 aah 1.62 ae aly 
Golden Glow May 28 53.42 Weil 22 
June 3 21.08 9.73 .99 
June 9 7.44 4.65 63 
Wisconsin No. 1 May 28 54.44 16.14 2.65 
June 3 15.61 200 1.29 
June 9 3.66 2.44 1.16 
Flint Corn May 28 70.9 20: 77 13.31 
Saizers’ June 3 10.62 10.12 Ba Tle 
North Dakota June 9 14.74 Drala 4,11 
Compton’s Early May 28 82.4 50.00 10.47 
June 3 _ 44.14 WAGs 9.68 
June 9 15.10 4.17 3.45 
. Smut Nose Yellow May 31 30.14 11.41 6.10 
June 3 Pasa} 14.29 4.11 
June 9 3.45 { . 86 1.89 








The larval population in badly infested fields attained enormous magnitudes ; 
a dent corn field sown May 18th carried an estimated total of 294,152 per acre, a 
flint field sown on the same day suffered a total loss of at least 65%, supported a 
total of 258,400 per acre and left when cut, in the stubble (less than 4 inches in 
height) and the crop refuse, a residue of 43,487 caterpillars going into the winter. 

In general, all things considered, there seems to be no marked preference for 
any particular type or variety of corn; the severe loss associated with sweet corns 
and the flint varieties being due to the early planting, the ability of the larve to 
establish themselves and the small dimension of the stalks. The obvious relatively 
slight loss in the dent corns is due to the later planting, its vastly greater 
bulk and its harder and coarser texture preventing a large proportion of the 
larve establishing themselves in the first instance, 


THE INFESTATION OF PLANTS OTHER THAN CORN. 


About the middle of July in the very severely infested fields of early sweet 
corn, to a less extent in severely infested flint and to a very slight extent in dent 
corn except in the one severely injured field, the nearly full grown and full grown 
larve become restless. At this time large numbers of them leave the now breaking, 
shrivelling and drying corn stalks and carry on an apparently, haphazard migra- 
tion throughont a period of about two weeks. In the course of this migration as 
many as 24,400 larve per acre found their way into the weeds in one field of 
sweet corn sown April 25th. Others doubtless returned to the corn plants. ' Cen- 
siderable feeding was done in the larger weeds, the pigweeds, the lamb’s quarters 
and barnyard grass breaking over in a high percentage of cases. ‘The barnyard grass 
was infested as high as 88% and in one instance a plant with 26 stems was found 
to contain 17 larve. The weeds infested in this field in the order of frequency were: 
barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli, Beauy.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus 


26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


retroflerus L.), yellow fox-tail (Setaria glauca Beauy.) Lamb’s quarters (Cheno- 
podium album 1), tumble weed or Russian thistle (Salsola var. tenuifolia 
G.F.W. Mey), green fox-tail(Seteria viridis Beauy.), Lady’s thumb (Polygonum 
persicaria Li.), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.) ground cherry (Phrysa- 
lis heterophylla Nees.) ; other weeds present but not infested were: purslane, Canada 
thistle, bitter sweet. milkweed and crab grass. However, throughout the district 
of the weeds found to be infested in addition to the above the following can be 
listed: orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense 
Scop.) wild sunflowers (Helianthus sp.), blue weed or vipor’s bugloss (#chium vul- 
gare u.), ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) ; mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.), 
goldenrod (Solidago sp.), old witchgrass (Panicum aatiare L.), yarrow (Achillea 
millefolium L.), burdock (Arctiwm minus Bernh.). 

In cultivated crops and flowers larve have been secured in the field feeding on 
dahlia, geranium, aster, golden glow, beets, mangolds, tomatoes (fruit), beans, oats, 
squash, vines, broom corn, sudan grass, early amber sugar cane, Hungarian grass 
and Mann’s Wonder sorghum. 

No success was achieved in establishing larve upon a long series of common 
weeds by attaching eggs laid upon a slip of corn leaf. The eggs hatched but the 
larvee rarely were able to infest the plant. In a series of experiments with paired 
adults caged over 35 common cultivated vegetables and flowers the larve in very 
small numbers established themselves apon mangels, potatoes, celery, cauliflower, 
peas, beans, peppers, eggplant, radish (gone to seed) salvia and aster. Summing 
up, however, the entire infestation in the open of plants other than corn, with 
the exception of the dahlias, and possibly barnyard grass and Mann’s Wonder 
sorghum was due entirely to the migrating larve. These larvee, particularly in the 
weeds, together with those in corn stalks, stubble and refuse have gone into the 
winter in very large numbers with every prospect of coming through successfully 
and giving rise to an increased infestation in 1922. 


THE SPREAD OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER IN 
SOUTHERN ONTARIO. 


L. S. McLANE, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA. . 


When the European Corn Borer was realized to be a serious pest, that 1s, m 
the summer of 1918, the Canada Department of Agriculture took steps to warn the 
general public of the danger of introducing this insect into Canada, and also 
carried on investigations to determine the amount of corn, and other products 
likely to harbour the borer, that had been imported into the’ Dominion from the 
infested districts in Massachusetts. As a result of these investigations scouting 
for the pest in the maritime provinces was carried on during the summer of 1919. 

With the discovery of the insect in western New York in the fall of that 
year, the attention of the Department was directed to the possibility of the pest 
having spread into the province of Ontario. Some scouting was done in Welland 
County and along the Niagara River that fall, but was soon discontinued on ac- 
count of the lateness of the season and the unfavourable chmatic conditions. 
Plans were made, however, to resume the scouting in this territory the following 
summer. . Ee 

On August 10th, 1920, the first infestation was found near Lorraine Station. 
Humberstone township, Welland county. The larve were small in size and were 
collected in a field of ensilage corn, A preliminary survey of the infestation showed 


EEE 


wt oT 








1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27 





that it was exceedingly light, but widely scattered. On August 22nd, a farmer 
living near St. Thomas, Ontario, submitted some samples of larve found in his 
field corn which were readily identified as caterpillars of the European Corn 
Borer. A prompt examination of this district showed the degree of infestation to 
be much greater than that in Welland county. 

With the co-operation of the Ontario Department of Agriculture extensive 
scouting was started at once. The extent of the infestations exceeded by far 
anything that had been anticipated, and as the season was advancing rapidly, 
the scouting had to be carried on at undue speed. 

At the close of the scouting work it was found that there were two distinct 
infestations in southern Ontario, the first centering about Welland county, and the 
second centering about Middlesex and Elgin counties. During the scouting sea- 
sons one hundred and five townships in thirteen counties were examined, thirty-five 
of which were found infested by this insect. The area found infested covered ap- 
proximately 2,780 square miles. ‘ 


The season of 1921 was unusual in several respects, the continued hot dry 
weather in June and July causing all vegetation to develop with abnormal rapidity. 
and it was necessary to start the scouting work two weeks previously to the time 
originally planned. The scouting was actually started on August 1st and com- 
pleted by October 3rd. During this period one hundred and ninety-seven town- 
ships were scouted, of which sixty-five were found infested; these added to the 
thirty-five townships found infested in 1920 make a total of one hundred town- 
ships infested to date. The area found infested by the scouting this past season 
is approximately 4.910 square miles, which, in addition to the 2,780 square miles 
infested in 1920, make a total of .7,690 square miles now infested by the European 
Corn Borer in this district. 

The following townships in Ontario are infested at the present time: Oakland, 
Brantford, Burford, and Onodaga in the county of Brant; the seven townships 
in Elgin county; Gosfield South, Mersea and Pelee Island in Essex county; nine 
out of ten townships in Haldimand county, the tenth township was not scouted on 
account of the small amount of corn grown, but was included in the quarantine, 
Goderich, Hay, Stephen, Tuckersmith and Usborne in Huron county; Gore of Cam- 
den, Harwich, Howard, Orford, Raleigh, Romney, Tilbury East and Zone in Kent 
county; Brooke, Euphemia and Warwick in Lambton county; Clinton, Grantham, 
Louth and Niagara in Lincoln county; the fifteen townships of Middlesex county ; 
the eight townships in Norfolk county; Pickering in Ontario county; the eleven 
townships in Oxford county; Blanshard, Downie, Easthope North, Easthope 
South, Ellice, Fullerton, Hibbert, Logan and Mornington in Perth county; Water- 
loo, Wilmot and Woolwich in Waterloo county; the eight townships in Welland 
county; Guelph in Wellington county; and Lancaster in Wentworth county. 

The degree of infestation is heaviest in Elgin and Middlesex counties, and on 
the outer edges of the infested area borers were very hard to find. 

It is also to be hoped that the past season was an unusually favorable one for 
the European corn borer, for there has been a general spread from practically all 
points of the 1920 area, but the most notieeable spread has been north, northeast 
and east. 

The scouting work of 1920 showed that there are two distinct infestations 
in the province at this time, and the results of this past summer’s work appear 
to bear out that conclusion. This season the scouts had no difficulty in making 
several collections of larve in the townships adjacent to the western end of the old 


rns) 
oA) 


THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





Welland infestation, and in townships adjacent to the eastern end of the Middle- 
sex and Elgin infestation, whereas great difficulty was encountered in locating 
borers in the centre townships, that is, between the two infestations. 

The infestation is exceedingly light on the extreme western edge of the infested 
area, that is, in Kent and Essex counties, in fact the only collections in the town- 
ships found infested in these counties this year, were taken along the main high- 
way which runs east and west. The spread into this area may be due to artificial 
spread, either from carriers such as automobiles, or from infested corn refuse washed 
up on the shore of the lake, as the highway is adjacent to the lake in this district. 

The discovery of the borer on the Lake Huron shore was made late in the 
season, and only a single collection of larvae was taken in the township of Gooderich. 
As the neighboring township was found to be lightly infested, it appears as if the 
infestation in Goderich township may be due to an exceptionally long flight of the 
adult moths. 

The only isolated infestation was found in Pickering township, about twenty 
miles east of Toronto and bordering Lake Ontario. The collection of larve was 
made in the town of Pickering. Although the entire township, as well as the 
neighboring townships were carefully re-scouted, no further collections were taken 
The nearest infestation to this point is in Lincoln county approximately forty-five 
miles away. 

Upon the completion of the scouting season in 1920. a domestic quarantine 
was placed on the infested area prohibiting the movement of corn stalks, broom 
corn, green sweet corn, roasting ears, corn on cob and corn cobs from the area 
placed under embargo. Exception was made, however, to seed corn on the cob 
consigned to recognized fairs and exhibition, which were inspected immediately 
upon arrival at destination. This quarantine was amended in May 1921, and 
three additional amendments were passed during the summer and early fall, 
quarantining the additional townships found infested. 


In order to bring the attention of the general public to this embargo, warning 
notices were placed at the intersection of every road leading out of the quarantined 
area. In addition, large canvas banners 2/2 feet by 11 feet were stretched across 
the main automobile highways leading out of the district. ‘Automobiles were 
stopped and searched on the main highways on Sundays and holidays for evasions 
of the quarantine. A careful watch was also kept on all markets and fall fairs. 
It was found that live stock men were in the habit of taking corn stalks as fodder 
for their live stock exhibits at the larger shows, thus making it necessary to 
station inspectors at such fairs. 


Although no direct evidence has been secured as to the origin of the out- 
break of the European corn borer, this may have been due in Elgin and Middle- 
sex counties to importations of broom corn from Europe. From correspondence 
it has been learned that all Canadian broom manufacturers prefer to use broom 
corn grown on this continent, but in 1909-10 there was apparently a shortage of 
this product and one firm at least, located in this district, imported large 
auantities of corn from Central Europe. 





1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. a 





THE IMPORTED ONION MAGGOT IN BRITISH COLUMBIA WITH 
NOTES ON ITS LIFE HISTORY AND CONTROL UNDER “DRY BELT” 


CONDITIONS. 
R. C. TREHERNE, DoMINION ENTOMOLOGIST IN CHARGE FOR B.C.. AND 
M. 1H. RuuMmann, ASSISTANT PROVINCIAL ENTOMOLOGIST. 


The imported Onion Maggot, Hylemyia antiqua, (Meigen), is known to have 
been present in British Columbia for many years. William Couper, writing in the 
1875 Report of the Ontario Entomological Society, states that this species “is 
a terrible pest throughout the extent of the Dominion.” Inasmuch as this date 
was ten years before railway connections were made with the Prairies and only 
five years after British Columbia entered Confederation, the record is of interest. 
Dr. James Fletcher in his first Annual Report as Dominion Entomologist in 1884 
records the Onion Maggot as having been very injurious in many districts in 
Canada. His correspondent, Mr. Homer of New Westminster, in this year, how- 
ever, makes no mention of the Onion Maggot in British Columbia. In the second 
Annual Report for 1885 the Onion Maggot is dealt with in detail and particular 
attention is drawn to the serious attacks of this insect in Ontario and Quebec, 
but no reference is made to British Columbia. In view of the lack of published 
data, it is possible that this insect did not occur in British Columbia at this 
early date. This belief is based on the lack of references to British Columbia in 
Dr, Fletcher’s Annual Reports between the years 1885 and 1903. In the 1904 
report, however, we find the first direct suggestion that this insect occurred in 
British Columbia. It was not until the year ending 1909 that direct proof that 
this insect occurred in British Columbia was received, according to these same 
reports. 


During the past ten years reports of injuries caused by this insect have been 
common in the humid transitional areas of the Pacific Coastal region, but they 
have been confined usually to garden and small vegetable plantations. In the 
arid transitional areas or in the so-called “dry belt” of the province, onion growing 
on a commercial basis has been in vogue for about eight years, but the first 
specimens bred to maturity were obtained in 1912. In 1914 this insect had 
become very injurious and extremely numerous especially in the north end of 
the Okanagan Valley. The acreage in onions during the past few years comprises 
between 500 and 800 acres at the two settlements of Vernon and Kelowna. 
During 1914 and 1915 some growers were literally forced to abandon commercial 
onion growing and to-day are undecided as to the value of the crop with this 
insect prevalent in the country. 


In the year 1917, in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, the demand 
for information as to the control of this insect became so insistent that the senior 
author decided that some actiqn was necessary. Consequently in the year 1918, re- 
view of the literature on this insect under North American conditions was under- 
taken. A surprising lack of detailed information both as regards the life-history 
and the control was revealed. The sodium arsenite and molasses bait as a remedial 
Measure was receiving prominence at the time and while several authors were 
subjecting this method of control to certain criticisms, the method seemed to 
possess the weight of authority behind it. 

We were unable to conduct any material investigations in 1918, owing to the 
pressure of other duties, but we felt justified in advising our growers to apply the 
sodium arsenite bait using the open “pie dish” method of application, believing 


30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


this method to be better suited to our low humidity conditions than the broad- 
casting of the bait in coarse drops across the plantations. Several leading growers 
adopted this method in 1918, and without exception each one reported a very 
serious loss by the onion maggot, the poisoned bait apparently having failed to 
influence the degree of infestation. An average field of three acres, for instance. 
grown under the ordinary cultural methods and treated with the bait in open 
“pie dishes” yielded only 900 lbs. when a total crop of sixty tons should have 
been received. Twenty “pie dishes’ were used to the acre and they were kept 
continually moist with bait renewals for the best part of six weeks commencing 
at the time when the seedling onions were three inches high. 

These results severely tested our faith in the poisoned bait method of control 
under irrigated conditions, but with no information as to the habits of the fly 
under such conditions we decided to test the bait more fully in the following 
years. Hence during 1919, 1920 and 1921. certain life history notes have heen 
obtained at Vernon, B.C., and we take pleasure in presenting them in summarized 
form together with further results on control operations. 


Lire History. 


The individual egg stage lasted from 3 to 8 days. The number of eggs 
laid in clusters, evidently the product of an individual female’s deposition during 
the height of the spring oviposition period, varied from 3 to 27 on seedling onions 
and from 11 to 59 on volunteer onions, growing from the remains of the previous 
year’s crop. Solitary eggs were common, clusters of 10 to 15 eggs were frequent. 
but clusters of 5 to 7 eggs were most usually seen. The most interesting records, 
which in principle were ordinary, were 59 eggs laid in the soil in a single cluster 
two inches away from the nearest plant and 39 eggs laid in a cluster on a leaf 
three inches above the soil surface. 

The individual larval stage varied from 14 to 29 days, during spring and 
early summer, while the puparium stage lasted approximately the same length 
of time. Puparia were usually seen between the roots of the plants during the ~ 
summer but, later in the season and in stored onions, pupation frequently occurred 
between the outer fleshy layers of the bulb or beneath loose epidermis. 

Adult male flies, bred. held and fed in confinement lived from 3 to 13 days 
and females from 3 to 33 days. Sweeping and breeding records indicated that the 
sexes were about evenly divided throughout the year. 

During the past three years the first adults to develop from over-wintering 
puparia in the field appeared at the same time i.e. between May 10th and May 
15th, at the time when the seedling onions were 1 to 1% inches high. In the 
same three years oviposition commenced in the field between May 16th and May 
19th and continued into September or until the crop was harvested. 

Second generation adults, developing from the spring deposition of eggs first 
made their appearance under field conditions on July 7th, 1919; on June 29th. 
1920, and on June 17th, 1921, and in each year continued to appear until late 
in August. Second generation eggs, larve and puparia were present in the field 
shen July, August and September. 

Third generation adults, developing from eggs laid during the first aa weeks. 
of July appeared, under field conditions, between August 13th and August 20th 
and deposited eggs, a few resulting puparia overwintering. 

hile the studies necessary to prove the existence of the third generation 
were successfully negotiated, we are unable to give the exact percentage of second 
generation puparia that produced third generation adults. Suffice it-to say that,. 





1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31 


in 1920, from material bred in sequence from eggs laid in May and recovered 
_ during July, 55% of the July second-generation puparia hibernated while 45% 
_ emerged as third generation adults in mid-August. Second-generation puparia, of 
course, were being produced during August and September, hence only a fraction 
of the second generation really produced a third generation. 

From our records we are able to state, therefore, that two generations are 
eomplete at Vernon, B.C., while in certain years, a partial third generation 
occurs. 


NATURE OF JNJURIEs. 


While adults were extremely active on the wing on bright sunny days and 
very sluggish on dull, cloudy days, weather conditions did not seem to affect the 
rate or degree of oviposition per diem. Eggs were laid most frequently on the 
strongest growing seedlings in the early spring, and at this time of the year 
oviposition nearly always occurred at or just below the surface of the soil on or 
in the vicinity of a plant. After the end of June the leaves and leaf sheaths were 
most favoured, particularly those of the weaker plants or those previously injured 
by the first generation larve. Eggs were rarely laid on those plants with the 
bulb showing and seldom on plants with a prominent ‘neck.’ 

In the earlier part of the growing season larve hatching from eggs laid on 
the soil surface enter the plant at the junction of the roots and the forming 
bulb, presumably finding their way down through the soil and not. so far as we 
have heen able to determine, entering the plant in the stem and then passing 
down to the bulb. The larve, after feeding at the base of the bulb, gradually 
work their way towards the top, causing the plant to decay and wilt. Partly 
grown larve also migrate from one plant to another in a row and have frequently 
heen observed entering the stem of the new plant just below the surface of the 
soil. These larve do not necessarily descend to the roots, although this down- 
ward movement is usual, but occasionally burrow upwards to the tops, causing 
the leaves to wilt, leaving a sound and uninjured bulb below. 

When eggs are laid on the leaves or in the leaf sheaths the larve usually 
find their way to the bulb as soon after hatching as possible by passing down in- 
side the sheath. Larve have frequently been taken within the hollow stems 
from one to six inches above the soil surface, as many as one to sixteen maggots 
being found at times in a single leaf, but these doubtless have been forced up 
by the decomposition of the bulb and stem below ground rather than have 
hatched and lived together in the leaves. Larve, even in small seedling onions, 
will continue to feed in the plant they are attacking, passing up into the leaf 
above the soil surface before they migrate to another plant in the same row. 

In general, this insect causes loss by the direct destruction of seedling 
onions in the early spring, by the decay or rot of developing bulbs in early summer 
and by a reduction in weight in the marketable crop as a result of larval feeding 
which has not been sufficient to cause the death of the plant. 


CONTROL MEASURES, 


From records under North American conditions it appears to be conceded 
that soil treatments with gaseous substances, dry and wet applications to the 
soil surface and such like treatments are of no value under commercial methods 
of onion growing. Commercial fertilizers have had the effect of increasing the 
tonnage and have to some extent enabled plants to withstand an attack. The 
poisoned bait mixture consisting of sodium arsenite, molasses and water, applied 


a Th oe 


i. a 


ame? 


> eed 


8 eS. HO 


32 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





in the form of coarse drops and placed in open “pie-dishes” finds favour in many 
sections of North America. In such sections this bait is regarded as the most 
satisfactory commercial control operation, but it must be conceded that even it 
has not always been successful in preventing infestation. Too much rain during 
the spring oviposition period or adverse climatic factors are offered as excuses for 
such failures. Nevertheless, judging from information at our disposal, onion 
growers, particularly in Eastern Canada and United States, are being advised 
to use the sodium arsenite bait. Under conditions that prevail at Vernon, B.C. 
and doubtless applicable to all “dry belt” conditions, we are clearly of the opinion 
that this bait is of no practical value, possibly owing to the presence of irrigation 
water in ditches or furrows. This statement is based on four years’ records in its 
use at Vernon. In 1918, the ordinary “pie dish” method of application was 
employed and the growers took a decided loss following its use. In 1919, an 
improved “pie-dish” was devised containing a bait-saturated felt pad over which 
was arranged an air tight reservoir capable of holding a half gallon of water. 
The felt pads were thus maintained in a continuous moistened condition for about 
two months with occasional renewals of water and bait. The same dishes were 
used in 1920 and 1921 and records on oviposition in baited and non-baited areas 
were carefully kept each year. No variable weather condition affected these baits 
and twice-a-week tests of liquids yielded 100% mortality with flies when fed in 
confinement. Dead flies were also seen in the field, but the simple fact remains 
that under field conditions results of value were not obtained, and we are now 
forced to abandon the poisoned bait control measure as a recommendation to 
growers in the “dry belt” of British Columbia. 

We have, however, been able to devise another controi operation which 
judging from results thus far obtained, is more efficient and less expensive. 
This operation takes advantage of the selective habits of the adults for ovi- 
position. It was noticed that any volunteer onion growth present in the field 
invariably attracted the first flies during the May oviposition period and further 
it was observed that the stronger growing seedling onions, near an irrigation 
ditch, attracted the adults during June. As pointed out in the life history 
notes oviposition commences in the middle of May when the onions are only 1% 
inches high. At this time the volunteer onion growth was four to eight times 
that of the seedlings. In other words, the volunteer onion growth of May was 
equal to the seedling onion growth of June and both attracted flies for the pur- 
pose of oviposition. 

We learnt, therefore, to recognize the fact that these volunteer onions were 
a powerful factor in trapping the first generation flies for oviposition and, on 
developing this idea, we also found out that a great deal depends on the type of 
erowth produced. We have already mentioned the fact thar in mid-summer, 
during the flight period of the second generation flies, the weakest plants or those 
often previously attacked, proved more attractive to the adults than the strong 
erowing bulbs. This observation, as it applies to the mid-summer habits of the 
flies also applies to the spring habits as it relates to the type of volunteer onion 
srowth. In short, the volunteer onion which shows a bulb or “neck” with the 
leaves arising some distance from the soil was not chosen for oviposition. The 
type of growth which proved most attractive was produced by a cull bulb in 
which the leaves grew flaccid and which arose at the ground level. As a matter 
of experience less than 10% of the volunteer onion growth under normal conditions 
vielded the most suitable type of growth, but on such plants practically the entire 


EEE eee 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33 





first generation of flies oviposited. On this information we laid down the 
following plan which has been followed now for three years on commercial plant- 
ations of from eight to ten acres and results have been checked against the 
poisoned bait experiments. At the time the seed is being sown in the main 
plantation or following the seeding operations, plant a row of cull onions, held 
over from the previous year’s crop, every 100 feet through the plantation, setting 
them about four inches deep and about six inches apart in the row. Allow these 
culls to sprout and grow so that when the seedlings are an inch high, the volunteer 
growth is 6 to 8 inches. Pull up and burn these volunteers about June 15th or 
at the time when the greatest number of first generation larvee are present in 
them and before pupation occurs. 

Time and space does not allow us to present the data covering this “trap 
crop” method of control or the records on the poisoned bait measure as obtained 
at Vernon. B.C.. but we hope at some later time to do so. 





(A) Showing pallid, sickly appearance of mite-injured plum foliage; 
(B) Normal plum foliage. (Reduced) 


NOTES ON THE PLUM SPIDER MITE OR EUROPEAN RED MITE. 


W. A. Ross aND W. RoBINSON, DOMINION ENNTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, 
VINELAND STA'TION. . 
The following paper on the Plum Spider Mite is largely based on orchard 
observations made from 1914 to 1921, and on life history studies conducted 
during 1921 by the junior writer. 


History AND DISTRIBUTION. 


The Plum Spider Mite or European Red Mite (Paratetranychus pilosus Can. 
and Fanz.) is an European species which doubtless was introduced into Canada on 
imported nursery stock. It was first noticed in Ontario in 1912 by Caesar (1), 


34 THE REPORT OF THE ; No. 36 


and this appears to be the earliest record of its appearance in North America. 
Since then, it has been reported from Pennsylvania and Connecticut (2) and 
last summer (1921) specimens of the mite were forwarded to us from Vernon, 
B.C. 


. 


The spider mite occurs in all the fruit growing districts of Ontario, but is . 


especially troublesome in the Niagara district. In view of its wide-spread occur- 
rence in this province, it appears to the writers that it must have been introduced 
many years before its discovery, and that it must have a much wider distribution 
in North America than that recorded in literature. It is highly probable that 
in many cases P. pilosus has been mistaken for the common red spider 7’. telarius 
or for the clover mite bryobia pratensis and has been reported under one or the 
other name. 


Tiost PLANTS AND NATURE oF LNJURY. 


We have taken the mite on European and Japanese plums, apple, sour and 
sweet cherries, pear and peach. According to Caesar, it also occurs on hawthorn, 
and Garman (3) records its occurrence on rose. The European plum is by far 
the favourite host plant with apple next and then sour cherry. .In Connecticut 
the mite has caused severe injury to apples, particularly Baldwin trees, but in 
_Ontario it has proved to be, so far, only of importance as a pest of European 
plums. 

In the Niagara fruit belt, the mite is one of the major pests of the plum 
orchard. It attacks both surfaces of the leaves and, by means of its mouthparts, 
punctures the tissues and withdraws the plant juices. At first this results in a 
speckling of the leaves, due doubtless to the withdrawal of chlorophyll. Later 
on, if the infestation is severe, all the leaves become pallid, sickly in appearance, 
tough and largely functionless. From a distance the foliage on badly attacked 
plum trees looks as if it were coated with road dust. 

The injury to the leaves naturally robs the trees of vigour, and, when 
severe, checks the growth of the wood, dwarfs the fruit and retards its ripening. 
Two years ago the following data (table No. 1), showing the loss in weight and 
size of fruit and in growth of wood due to mite injury, was secured by comparing 
the trees in an infested block of plums with those in an uninfested block. The 
trees were the same age, and were grown under the same conditions, apart from the 
fact that the uninfested trees had been sprayed with lime sulphur and the others 
with bordeaux mixture. 


TABLE No. 1—SHowine LOSS IN WEIGHT AND SIZE OF FRUIT AND IN GROWTH OF Woop 
Due To Mitre INFESTATION 





Variety Loss in Weight of Loss in Size of Loss in Terminal 

Fruit Fruit Growth of Wood 
Gueii 41.5% 40.3% 23.9% 
Pond’s 20.6% 24.3% 45.6% 
Lombard Pap aes 19.1% 22.3% 
Reine Claude 28.7% 24.8% 85.0% 


On apple trees, according to Garman, the infested foliage becomes brownish or 
assumes a dull leaden appearance, and later in the summer many of the leaves 
drop. The same author reports a marked reduction in the size of the fruit on 
infested Baldwin trees. 


Co 
Ct 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 





Lirz History. 
The Eqq. 


’ Description: The egg is flattened spherical in shape, and measures .15 mm to 
-.16 mm in diameter. When newly laid, it is pearly to pink in colour, and later 
on becomes a dull dark red. At the apex there is a hair-like process about as 
long as the diameter of the egg. 

The overwintering and summer eggs are similar in size, shape and colour. 

Location: The overwintering eggs are located on the bark anywhere from the 
tips of the twigs to the trunk, usually on rough bark and in the axles of shoots 
and spurs. 

The summer eggs, in the early part of the season, are laid on any part of 
the upper or lower surface of the leaves and on the petioles. Later on, some of 
them are deposited on the bud scales and on the bark. 

Hatching of Overwintering Egqs. The eggs commence to hatch at the time 
European plums are in full bloom. In the plum orchard (situated near the 
lake shore) which we had under observation this past season, the period of hatch- 
ing extended from May 2nd to May 9th. 

Incubation Period of Summer Eqqs: The period of incubation in our expeti- 
ments varied according to the temperature, from 13 days in the spring, to 6 
days in midsummer. The average for the season was about 9 davs. More 
precise data on the duration of the egg stage is given in table No. 2: 


TABLE No. 2—SxHowrine Duration or INCUBATION 


No of |No of ' Incubation Period Temperature 
Brood Exp’s | Eggs Time of year 


Min.| Max.| Aver. |Min.| Max.| Mean 















































Seen 72 |) May 2ardito Janeth |10\|- 13] 10.5 40} 85 61 
Pos | st || Tmelghiouysh  iev|. sl 75 Ser rer: oe 
es) | is |) July 11th te July 26th. |e s| 7.0. | eo 91| 77 
eee eee iio |) July 30th to Auetofe | S|) bal. 9 Bull Ses) oes 
Beet a9. |) Aue 24th ta sept. cain | Sle aml 10 de] 2 gziee ceo. 


Stage of Growth when First Summer Eqgs are Laid: The first generation 
adults commenced laying eggs about May 25th, or, in other words, at the time 
the calyces on early varieties of plums were beginning to fall. 


IMMATURE FORMS, 


During its growth the spider mite moults three times and thus passes 
through three immature stages. The newly hatched mite is termed the larva, 
after the first moult it is the so-called first nymph or protonymph and after the 
second moult the deutonymph. 

Description: The larva is oval in shape, sparsely clothed with long bristles 
delicate, pearly pink to dull red in colour and measur2s about .16 mm by .083 
mm. I¢ has only three pairs of legs. 

The protonymph has four pairs of legs and is somewhat darker in colour 
than the larva. It measures .198—.270 mm. x .162—.198 mm. 

The deutonymph in shape and colour resembles the other immature forms, 
The legs are translucent and sparsely covered with hairs. Like the larva and 
first nymph, the deutonymph is very delicate and soft-bodied. In size it is .32 mm. 
—.36 mm x .23 mm. 


a 


36 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





Habits of Immature Forms: The larve and nymphs feed principally on the 
lower surface of the leaf, generally close to the veins. They may remain feeding in 
ene spot for several hours. 

Each moult is preceded by a quiescent period of one or two days during ~ 
‘which time the larva or nymph remains attached to the leaf and shows indica- 
tion of life. 

Length of Larval-nymphal Period: t our studies this period varied from 
17 days in the spring to 7 days in June and July, the average being 10.7 days. 
Fuller data covering the six generations are shown in Table No. 3. 





(a) Fellenburg plum severely injured by 
mite. (Reduced) 


TABLE No. 3—SHowine Duration OF LARVAL-NYMPHAL PERIOD 





| Nymphal Period Temperature 


| JES) eee 
Brood | No. of} . No. of | Time of year. Min. | Max. | Aver. | Min. | Max. | Mean 
Exp’s} Nymphs 





Days | Days | Days : 






























































Ist 11 48 May 3rd. to May 21st 16 18 ile 34 75 53 
2nd 12 60 June 5th to June 20th 8 11 9 42 ios aae ea 
3rd 213 are June 20th to July 13th 1:27 «1| AOU Emel isan oeta laa 
Ath 12 | 82 july 18th to -Saeacdnee ae 19 isola vse Lot Sven 
Sean ius (si Ml Aue 7th to Sept. 20th | gna ts pera ie mn ag |e 














6th 13 35 Sept. Ist.to Sept. 23rd 11 15 13 48 90 66 


bl 








1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37 


THE ADULT. 


After the third and final moult the mite reaches the adult stage. 


Descriptions: The female is oval in shape and rather stout; carmine in colour 
with dark red to black blotches on the abdomen; and measures .36—.46 mm x 
258—.28 mm. The legs are cream to dusky yellow in colour. On the dorsal 
surface there are 26 setose bristles, each of which is set in a conspicnous white 
tubercle. 


The male is considerably smaller than the female and measures about .20 mm. 
—.28 mm x .14mm—.16 mm. The cephalothorax is pearly pink to reddish with a 
median crimson eye-spot; the abdomen is dark red to purplish black and the legs 
are translucent. 


Egg Laying Actiwities of the Female: In our insectary studies, the female 
mutes commenced to deposit eggs 2 to 5 days (the average was three days) after 
reaching maturity. Each female laid from 11 to 90 eggs with an average of 
38.6, (table No. 4). The daily rate of deposition per female varied from 1 egg 
to 12 eggs, and the egg-laying period ranged from 3 to 29 days. (Table No. 5). 


TABLE No. 4—Ssowine Dairy NuMBER anD TotaL NuMBER oF Haas LAID PER FEMALE 


























































































































No. of; Eggs Laid Daily Total Egy s Laid Time of Temperature 
Brood iat fo Ne SC ey ee ae Year area 
airs |"Min. ) Max. | Aver. Min. | Max. | Aver. Min. , Max. , Mean 
Ist 6 1 12 3 12 39 29 | May 19th to] 38 90 1 
June 14th 
2nd 7 1 9 4 11 62 42 | June ldthto} 48 98 74 
July 14th 
3rd 7 1 9 3 41 90 66 | July 7th to 52 95 abe 
Aug. 6th 
4th (i 1 9 3 38 75 52 | July 26th to | 46 92 75 
Aug. 30th 
5th 7 1 8 3 13 52 31 | Aug. 19th to |. 46 92 60 
Sept. 16th 
6th 8 al 8 3 5 20 15 | Sept. 14thto} 45 80 |. 58 
Sept. 29th 
Average throughout season: See: 38.6 





38 THE REPORT OR TRH No. 36 - 

Length of Adult Life of Female: As shown in table No. 5, the adult females 

lived from 6 to 33 days, with an average covering the six generations of 17.7 days. 
TABLE No. 5-—-SHowine Eaa Layinc PERIOD AND LENGTH OF ADULT LIFE OF FEMALE 





Egg Laying Period | Length of Life 


Brood | No. of | Min. | Max. | Aver. | Min. | Max. | Aver. Time of 


Pairs — Year Min. |Max. | Mean 
days | days | days | days | days | days 


Temperature 






















































































Ist 6 3 13 9 8 25 18 |May19thto| 38 90 61 
June 14th 

2nd 7 4 20 12 6 25 16 |Junel5thto| 48 98 74 
July 14th : 

3rd 7 6 24 19 19 27 23. | July 7th to: | +52 95 77 
Aug. 6th 

4th 7 12 29 19 18 33 24 | July 26thto| 46 92 75 
Aug. 30th 

5th i 6 17 12 10 29 18 | Aug.19thto} 46 92 50 
Sept. 16th 

6th 8 g feos |} “9 lage "eso" (Bape. Teh to! 245 ean eee 
Sept. 29th 

Average throughout season: 1285 thet 





(a) Typical Gueii plums from miteinfested trees compared with 
(b) plums from uninfested Gueii tree. (Reduced) 


Habits of Male and Length of Adult Life: The males are active, and appear 
to be engaged most of the time running nimbly over the leaf surface in search of 
females. They are occasionally found attending quiescent female deutonymphs. 

In mating, the male crawls under the female, extends his genital parts up- 
ward and curving slightly forward engages with the female. Several males may 
gather around a female, and each may in turn mate with her. 

The male is short-lived. In our studies, the average length of life was 
3 days, the maximum 4 days and the minimum 2 days. 


Pea 2 


1922 ; ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 


Parthenogenesis. In order to determine whether this species is parthenogene- 
tic, six female deutonymphs were placed in separate cages and were kept isolated 
during their entire life. Four days after reaching maturity, all the females 
commenced to lay eggs, and each deposited from 10 to 41 eggs, the average being 
25 eggs. All the progeny proved to be males. 


Proportion of Males to Females: At no time, during the past season, did our 
observations in various orchards show a preponderance of males over females. 
Counts made in the orchard at different times gave an average ratio of about 1 
male to 10 females. In the insectary, the ratio was 1 to 4. This would 
indicate that, under normal conditions, most of the females are fertilized. 


NUMBER OF GENERATIONS. 


The activities of the mite extended this past year from May 2nd when the over- 
wintering eggs commenced to hatch, to mid-October, when the last eggs were laid. 
During this period—51,4 months—a maximum of six (“‘first hatched series”) and a 
minimum of three generations (“last hatched series”) developed in the insectary. 
This, of course, means that under our conditions, there are three full generations 


and three additional partial generations. . 


OVERLAPPING OF Broops. 


Except for two weeks in the spring, namely, from May 11th to 25th, when 
only immature forms were found, all stages from eggs to adults were present in 
the orchard throughout the season. The overlapping of the different generations 
is shown in table No. 6. 


TABLE No. 6—Ssowina Numser, DurRATION AND OVERLAPPING OF GENERATIONS. 

















bleene May | June July Aug. Sept. | Oct. wintes 
| Fethicwckt Ged oie a Pas Rees | RRP 23 
Gen 
PA aXe lea | le ete (a eee a 3 
Gen 
3rd Oia PaO! Soe saan dent ewes |i ps2 Petes 14S Be Se 
Gen 
4th Tees ct meee sis tale 1 If ase I pied We ea 
Gen 
5th S0| sa ere Se eee a PAA waters tosis, ob Te 
Gen. 
Gthy24ee lear eee 11 US al bea acta ete ta 
Gen. 


PeEriop oF MAxIMUM INFESTATION. 


From the first appearance of the mite in early May until the middle of June, 
the degree of infestation was very light. However, during the month of July 
the mites increased marvellously, at this time as many as 800 to 1,200 eggs being 
found on a single plum leaf. The mites spread throughout the trees and attacked 
every leaf. From the third week in August to the end of the season their numbers 
fell even more rapidly than they had increased. The explanation of this is noted 
under the heading of Natural Control. 


COMPARATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF VARIETIES OF PLUMs. 


Notes made on the comparative susceptibility of over fifty varieties of Euro- 
pean plums are presented herewith in tabular form, 


40 THE REPORT OF THE : : No. 36 





TABLE No. 7—SHowrna CompARATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF EUROPEAN PLUMS TO 
Mire Inuury. 














Severe Moderate Light Very Light 
Smith Orleans Arch Duke Duane Reine Claude 
German Prune ‘Victoria Quackenboss 
Shipper’s Pride Guell Lombard 
Shropshire Damson Washington Grand Duke 
McLaughlin |Hand Diamond 
Pond |Monarch ‘Tennant Prune 
King Damson Yellow Egg Warner’s Late 
Moore’s Imperial Gage Latechford 
French Damson | Kingston Bleeker’s Gage 
Ancaster [Bradshaw Hulling’s Superb 
Emerald Fellenburg 
Riley Damson John A. 
Belgium Field 
Pearl Klondyke 
Early Rivers 
Moyer 


Blue Prolific 

Early Transparent 
Gage 

Canada Orleans 

Hudson 

Large Golden 
Prolific | 

Curlew 

Sugar Plum 

Pacific Prune 

Improved Lombard 


Wyedale Lawson 














CONTROL. 
_ Natural Control. 


Depletion of Food Supply: The depletion of the food supply was undoubtedly 
the most important natural check on the multiplication of the spider mite this 
past season. The leaves of severely attacked trees became tough and dry in mid- 
summer, and ceased to provide the mites with sufficient nourishment, consequently 
most of them on such trees perished. Trees, which in July had been infested with 
countless numbers of mites. became almost free towards the end of August. Thus 
it happened that the smallest number of overwintering eggs were deposited on the 
most severely infested trees. 


Weather: The mites, feeding as they do on the upper and lower surfaces of 
the foliage, are not afforded very much shelter by the leaves during the storms. 
Rains wash them off the upper surface, and heavy rains accompanied by strong 
winds, wash them from the lower surface. Immediately after a heavy rain 
storm last summer, infested trees were examined and it was found that approxima- 
tely 90% of the mites had been washed off the upper surface, and approximately 
707% from the lower. The eggs, of course, remained attached to the leaves. 


Predaceous Enemies: In view of the fact that the mite was so very abundant 
this past season, it was very surprising to find that predaceous enemies were remark- 
ably scarce. The minute, black ladybird beetle, Stethorus punctum Lec. was 
found in small numbers feeding on the mites. The well-known two-spotted lady- 
bird beetle, Adalia bipunctata Linn. was also observed on infested foliage ap- 
parently attacking the mites. But so far as we could judge, no predaceous enemies 
had any appreciable effect in reducing the numbers of the spider mite. 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 





Mortality Due to Location of Overwintering Eggs: In cases where the over- 
‘wintering eggs were located a considerable distance from the leaves, for example, 
near the crotch or on the trunk, it was observed that quite a number of the minute, 
newly-hatched larve perished before reaching the leaves. 


Artificial. 

Lime Sulphur: It is very fortunate that, in order to successfully combat the 
spider mite on plum trees, it is not necessary to make any special applications or 
to use any special spray material. Our experiments have shown definitely that 
the pest can be controlled by spraying twice with commercial Lime Sulphur 1-40, 





Overwintering eggs on plum twig. X 10. 
Plum Spider Mite; male and female. X. 10. (Inset) 


at the times recommended for the control of Brown Rot, Curculio, etc. viz: (i) 
when the fruit is set and most of the calyces have dropped and (2) two weeks 
later. Needless to say the spraying must be done very thoroughly. 

The results secured in a Vineland orchard in 1920 were very striking. One 
large block of plum trees was sprayed with Lime Sulphur and another adjoining 
block, with the same varieties in it, was sprayed with Bordeaux mixture. By 
midsummer the foliage on the trees sprayed with Bordeaux mixture was pallid, 
largely functionless and stood out in very marked contrast to the healthy, green 
foliage in the blocks sprayed with Lime Sulphur. 


42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


Sulphur Dust: Preliminary experiments indicate that heavy applications of 
sulphur dust will control the mite. 


LITERATURE CITED. 
1Caesar, L., Can...Ent. X1LVII, No. 2, pp. 57-58, 1915 
2Garman, P. Bulletin 226, pp. 184-189, Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1921. 
3Garman, P., Journ. Econ. Ent., 14, pp. 355-358, 1921. 


INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN ONTARIO. 


W. A. Ross, DoMINIoN ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, VINELAND STATION, AND 
L. CArEsAR, PROVINCIAL ENTOMOLOGIST, O.A.C. GUELPH. 


OrncHARD INSECTS. 
Copitinc Motu (Carpocapsa pomonella). The very hot weather throughout 
July aroused fears that there would be an abnormally large percentage of second 
brood Jarvee and consequently a much greater amount of injury to apples and pears. 





Lygus injury on peaches. Note the unsightly scars. 


Fortunately these fears were not realized to any marked extent, apparently because 
the weather became comparatively cool in early August and remained moderately 
cool throughout that month. 

Pium CurcuLio (Conotrachelus nenuphar). In some localities this pest did 
much harm, but in most parts of Ontario it was not more troublesome than usual. 

C1GAR AND Piston CasE-BEAreRS (Coleophora fletcherella and C. malivorella). 
These two insects, usually considered minor orchard pests, were remarkably abun- 
dant in the Newcastle district. Almost every apple orchard which had not been 
well-sprayed the previous year, or which had only received the post-blossom ap- 
plication, was badly infested. In June many of the trees were almost completely 
defoliated and what foliage was left was brown and ragged. In one case about 30 
acres of Stark trees were so severely damaged that the brown, blighted appearance 
of the trees was conspicuous a mile away. A cursory examination this fall of af- 
fected trees indicated that the outbreak was over. 

Bup Motu (Tmetocera ocellana). In the Newcastle apple orchards, infested 
with case-bearers, the bud moth was also quite abundant and contributed its share 
of injury to the foliage. In other parts of the province it was not especially con- 
spicuous. 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43 





CaNKER Worm Work (FPaleacrita vernata and Alsophila pometaria). The 
spring canker worm was abundant in several parts of the provinces—notably in 
Huron and Pell counties. The fall canker worm was also present in large numbers, 
especially near the southern end of Halton county. It will not be surprising if there 
are several outbreaks of these insects this coming season. 

GREEN APPLE Bua (Lygus communis). In last year’s report we stated that 
this insect had been discovered in a few orchards near Newcastle, and that it had 
done much harm to pears and apples, especially to the former. This year we con- 





Peach tree severly attacked by fruit- 
tree bark-beetles. 


ducted experiments on the control of the bug in the two worst infested pear and 
apple orchards. Most of the trees were sprayed with nicotine sulphate, 1 pint to 
100 gallons of the regular spray mixture, and the others were dusted with a 
sulphur contact dust, containing 2% nicotine. High pressure, 225 lbs. was used 
for liquid applications, and the trees were thoroughly drenched. Most 
of the spraying and all the dusting was done just after the blossoms fell, but 
some of the spraying could not be completed until four days later. The results! 
on all the early sprayed trees were excellent, scarcely a pear and very few apples 
showing any gréen bug injury. On the later sprayed pear trees, at least 50% 
of the fruit was injured by the bug. The dust proved to be very unsatisfactory; 
for instance, practically all the fruit on two rows of pears which were well dusted, 
was so deformed that it was unsaleable. 

Fruit Tree Lear Rotter (Tortrix (Cacoecia) argyrospila). This destrue- 
tive pest, unfortunately difficult to control, seems to be increasing and spreading 
More widely than in the past. Many fruit growers in the apple growing sections 
from Whitby to Trenton now consider it the worst insect pest in their orchards. 


44 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





Approximately one-half of the crop in an apple orchard near Trenton was dam- 
aged by the leaf-roller this year. According to the owner, this particular orchard 
was badly infested about eight years ago, then it became nearly free from the insect. 

Tur Pium Spiper Mite  (Paratetranychus pilosus). There was another 
severe outbreak of the Plum Spider Mite in the Niagara district, and more plum 
orchards were injured by it than in any other previous season. ‘To some extent 





Plum trees injured by leaf’ hoppers. Note the 
defoliation of the terminal growth. 


at least, this was undoubtedly due to the fact that, because of the very light 
crop of plums, many orchards did not receive the regular applications of lime 
sulphur. The life-history, habits, economic status and control of this pest are dis- 
cussed elsewhere in this report. 

Tur Prar Psyiua (Psyllia pyricola). This destructive pest was again very 
abundant and injurious in pear orchards at Burlington and Queenston and in 
other parts of the Niagara fruit belt. 

Oax PLant Buas (Lygus quercalbae and L. omnivagus). In last year’s 
report we mentioned that in a peach orchard at St. Davids the fruit was quite 
seriously injured by Lygus quercalbae. This year the same species and another 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 


plant bug LZ. omnivagus were found in June attacking peaches near St. Catharines. 
Later on peaches injured by Lygus were observed in fourteen other orchards in 
the section between Beamsville and St. Davids. In one planting, about 75% of 
Elberta and St. John peaches were more or less damaged. As one would expect, 
only orchards close to oak trees were affected. Se 


It is of interest to note that according to Prof. P. J. Parrott of Geneva, 
L. quercalbae and L. caryae were taken this year feeding on peaches in New 
York State. 


Knight* states that L. quercalbae has been found breeding ouly on white 
oak (Quercus alba), and that L. omnivagus is most abundant on oaks, particularly 
Q. alba, Q. rubra, Q. coccinea, Q. prinus and Q. velutina. Knight has also reared 
specimens from chestnut (Castanea dentata), Cornus florida, C. circinata and 
Virburnum acerifolium. lL. caryae breeds on various kinds of hickory. 


Fruit-Tree Bark-Beette (LHecoptogaster rugulosus). In the Niagara 
fruit belt and in Lambton county this species was decidedly more troublesome 
than usual on fruit trees, particularly on cherry and peach. In most of the cases 
we investigated, wood-piles and brush-piles proved to be the source of infestation. 
During late summer bark beetles were quite commonly found on cherry trees, 
boring into the spurs, which bear the leaf clusters, causing in this way what some 
growers referred to as a new “fire-blight.” Similar leaf injury was observed on 
apples and peaches. 


OrcHARD APHIDS: Apple aphids, Aphis pomi and A. sorbi caused no ap- 
preciable injury this year in most orchards. 


In the Fenwick district, sweet cherries were heavily infested with the black 
cherry aphis, Myzus cerasi, but in the other fruit growing sections, this species 
was not especially troublesome. 


Pear Buster Mite (Lriophyes pyri). We are glad to report that this pest 
has not increased, as we were afraid it would, to any marked extent. 


THE RippeD CocooN-MAKkER (Bucculatrir pomifoliella). Last winter the 
white cocoons of this species were sufficiently abundant and conspicuous on apple 
trees in a Simcoe orchard to seriously alarm the owner. He, of course, imagined 
that his trees were infested with a new and dangerous pest. 


LeAF Hoppers oN Fruit Trees. The outbreak of rose leaf hopper, Zmpoa 
rosae, referred to in our reports for 1919 and 1920, was to a very large extent 
brought under control, no doubt by natural agencies, and this year the insect, 
although common on apples, was of little importance. 


The apple or potato loaf-hopper, Empoasca mali, was very abundant on apple 
and plum trees throughout the Niagara district. On apples the feeding activities 
of the insect caused all the tender foliage on the terminal growth to become curled. 
In the case of plums the foliage not only became curled, but a leaf-burn, similar 
to hopper-burn on potatoes, developed, and on badly attacked trees many leaves 
on the terminal growth fell prematurely. 


PracH TREE Borer (Sanninoidea exitiosa). More inquiries than usual were 
received from the Niagara district regarding the control of this borer. Observa- 
tions made in Lambton county indicate that the borer is much more injurious 
in that county than in other Ontario peach growing sections. 


*Bul. 391, Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta., May, 1917. 


46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


GRAPE AND SMALL FRuItT INSEcTs. 


THE Grape LEAF Hopper (Typhlocyba comes). There was a serious out- 
break of the grape leaf hopper in the Niagara district, particularly in the section 
between Grimsby and the Niagara river. During late summer and autumn badly 
infested vineyards were conspicuous from a distance on account of the brownish, 
or, as some growers put it, “rusty” condition of the foliage. The severe injury to 
the leaves naturally affected both the size and quality of the fruit. 





Agawam grapes.—A. Typical bunch from sprayed vines. 
B. Typical bunch from hopper-infested vines. 


As a gerzieral rule, the leaf hopper is only troublesome in the vicinity of wood- 
lots and waste land, where the fallen leaves, long grass, weeds, etc. afford the 
insect favorable hibernating quarters, but this year it was abundant and injurious 
even in vineyards with comparatively clean surroundings. 


Immense numbers of hoppers went into hibernation in the fall and no doubt, 
if the winter is favorable for the insect, there will be another outbreak next year. 
Rosp CHarer (Macrodactylus subspinosus). A severe outbreak of the rose 
chafer occurred at Fenwick, and in the affected section graperies, which were not 
sprayed, were completely or almost completely stripped clean of blossoms and 
newly-set fruit. The chafers were present in the vineyards for some three weeks. 

There was also a small outbreak of the chafer near Beamsville. 

SrRAWBERRY LEAF BEETLE (Paria canella). Strawberry leaf beetles occurred 
in exceptionally large numbers last spring in the Vineland-Jordan district, and 
attacked and riddled the foliage of strawberries. They also attacked the opening 
buds of raspberries and in some cases destroyed them. The larvee were commonly 


- 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. AY 


found feeding on strawberry roots, and, to some extent on the crowns. However, 
on account of the prevalence of “black-root” (winter injury) we found it im- 
possible to gauge the injury caused by the root-worms. 





Rose chafers feeding on apples. 


STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus). This pest was again injur- 
ious in some strawberry fields in the Niagara district. 


RAspBeRRY SAW-Fiy (Monophadnoides rubi). This insect was very abun- 
dant in a number of places, notably at Burford, Waterford and Brighton. At 
Burford several acres of raspberries were nearly defoliated by it. 


' 





A. Grape blossom cluster destroyed by 
rose chafers, B. Normal 
blossom cluster. 


Strawberry leaf beetles feeding on 
and destroying opening 
raspberry buds. 


RASPBERRY CANE Maccor (Phorbia rubivora). 
Hope the maggot of this fly caused considerable alarm by boring into and killing 


At Brighton and Port 


the young raspberry shoots.. It is seldom that injuries from this insect in Ontario 
are reported. The variety affected was Columbia, 


48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


BLACKBERRY LEAF MINER (Metallus bethunei). This miner was abundant 
in most of the blackberry patches in the Niagara and Burlington districts. We 
regret to report that all our efforts to discover a satisfactory method of controlling 
this pest have so far met with failure. 


VEGETABLE INSECTS 


CapBaGE Maacor (Phorbia brassicae). There was about the usual amount 
of cabbage maggot injury in the early part of the season. The very hot weather 
in the first part of July apparently had the effect of reducing the insect to 
insignificant numbers, because from that time to about the first of October 
scarcely a fly could be found. 


CABBAGE Worms (Pieris rapae and Autographa brassicae). The cabbage 
worm was apparently not more injurious than it is in the average season, but the 
cabbage looper was unusually abundant, at least in the Niagara district on 
cabbage, cauliflower and turnips. In a turnip field at Jordan Harbor, the looper 
practically stripped off all the leaves. 





Turnips nearly defoliated by cabbage looper. 


THE CappacGe APHIS (Aphis brassicae). This plant louse was quite abun- 
dant and injurious in the Niagara and Burlington districts. 


Onion TuHrips (Thrips tabaci). The thrips was again injurious in the 
onion growing sections of southern Ontario. 


THE Corn Ear Worm (Heliothis obsoleta). There was a remarkable out- 
break of the corn ear worm in Ontario, undoubtedly the worst outbreak of this 
insect that has ever occurred in the province. From almost every part of the 
province, even from Port Arthur and Northern Muskoka, the same story came that 
practically every ear of the late corn was infested with caterpillars. In certain 
districts, canning factories were closed down because there was not sufficient 
uninjured corn to keep them going. At Port Dover, Simcoe and Vineland, the 
ear worm was found on greenhouse tomatoes, boring into the fruit, and in this 
way making it absolutely unfit for consumption. 


THe Streep CucumBer BEETLE (Diabrotica vittata). This species was 
abundant and injuriéus in the Niagara district. 





1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49 





THE Brown Fruir CHarer (Muphoria inda). For the first time in our 
experience, this insect was commonly found in different parts of southern Ontario 
attacking the ears of sweet corn. Enquiries regarding its economic status were 
received from the Niagara fruit district, Norfolk county, Burlington, Clarkson 
and St. Thomas. The insect was also found, as it has been in previous years, 
feeding on ripe fruit, particularly on peaches and pears. 


Bean WeeEviL (Bruchus obtectus). In June living specimens of this weevil 
were received from Ford, Ontario, where they were causing considerable damage to 


beans. Mention of this is made because injuries from the weevil are seldom 
reported. 


Curworms: Cutworms were again very destructive in the Niagara district. 
At Port Dalhousie asparagus was badly injured by them. 

ASPARAGUS BEETLE (Crioceris asparagi). Judging by the reports we received, 
this beetle was more troublesome than usual. A grower at Queenston had splen- 
did success in controlling the beetle in his large asparagus fields by dusting with 


arsenate of lime and hydrated lime. A power potato-duster was used in making 
the applications. 


Potato Insects: The potato leaf hopper (Hmpoasca mali) was undoubt- 
edly the most important pest of potatoes this year. Experiments and field observ- 
ations indicated that practically all the so-called blighting of early potatoes, in 
the Niagara district at least, was caused by the hopper. It is very fortunate that 
thorough applications of poisoned bordeaux mixture will control most of the 
major fungus and insect pests of the potato, including the’ leaf hopper. 

The potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and potato flea-beetle (Hpitrix 
cucumeris, were abundant in most parts of the province. In the Niagara pen- 
insula the three-lined beetle (Lema trilineata) was common on potatoes. 


GREENHOUSE INSECTS. 


THE Rose Mince (Dasyneura rhodophaga). It is very gratifying to find that 
‘the tobacco dust treatment (see last year’s report) will wholly eradicate this pest. 
In the two large greenhouse establishments at Grimsby no maggots have been 
found since the rose beds were treated in 1920. 


THE CHRYSANTHEMUM MidcE (Diarthronomyia hypogaea). We are pleased 
to report that experience has shown us that this pest can be eradicated by spray- 
ing with nicotine and soap every second day for a period of about six weeks. 

THE CYcLaMEN MITE (Tarsonemus pallidus). This mite was again decidedly 
troublesome in Ontario greenhouses, and on account of its depredations, great 
difficulty was experienced in growing cyclamens successfully. Conflicting reports 
have been received regarding the efficacy of systematic spraying with a nicotine- 
soap solution as a means of controlling the mite. 


EartHworms: Last September there was a veritable plague of earthworms 
in the rose beds of a iarge greenhouse at Grimsby. The earth was literally alive 
with worms; the manure disappeared rapidly; the soil lost its friability and be- 
came lumpy, porous and somewhat “sticky”; and the worms apparently disturbed 
the roots of the roses. 


At our suggestion the beds were given a very light dressing of hydrated lime. 
and the lime was then washed in. This treatment was successful; it destroyed 
most of the worms and at the same time caused no injury to the rose plants. 


50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


ForEST AND SHADE TREES. 

CANKER Worms (Alsophila pometaria and Paleacrita vernata). The preval- 
ence of these worms has already been mentioned under orchard insects. 

BircH LEAF SKELETONIZER (Bucculatrix canadensisella). Last year the 
work of this small caterpillar was very conspicuous in the Eastern part of the 
province. This year it was conspicuous in forests between Galt and London 
where in September the brown appearance of the birch foliage was very notice- 
able. 

Oak Twia Pruner (Hlaphidion villosum). In the Muskoka district great 


numbers of dead twigs and branches, killed by this insect, were everywhere to be | 


seen. 

ImporTED PopLAR AND WILLOW CurcuLIo (Cryptorhynchus lapathi). This 
destructive insect has now spread almost everywhere through the province and 
has destroyed great numbers of native willows and poplars. ‘Considerable damage 
has also been done to ‘Carolina poplars set out for shade or ornamental purposes. 


THE CABBAGE MAGGOT (Phorbia brassicae Bouche). 
L. CAESAR, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH. 


This paper is a brief statement of some of the more interesting results 
obtained from a study of the cabbage maggot during the four years, 1918 to 1921. 
These are as follows :— 


There was no evidence to indicate that the insect winters in any other way 
than as a puparium in the soil or occasionally in the stumps of cabbage, cauli- 
flower or other similar plants. 

Adults from these puparia begin to emerge in April or May and _ the 
great majority are out by the end of May, a few, however, continue to emerge 
over a long period—in 1918 up to the end of August, in 1919 and 1920 to the 
middle of July and in 1921 to the 21st of June. Later broods have also a pro- 
longed emergence period. 

The shortest preoviposition period in our cages was a little over four days. 
Fifty per cent. of the flies that oviposited in the cages did so inside of six days. 
There is considerable evidence to indicate that in the field the preoviposition 
period may be as short as two days. This would not be at all surprising since 
we know that females can mature eggs at the rate of 20 or 30 a day. 

The largest number of eggs laid by any one fly was 117. These were deposited 
on six different days over a period of nine days—June 17th to June 25th. 
Another fly laid 103 eggs as follows:—May 28th, 51, May 29th, 29, May 30th, 23. 
Thus it is evident that egg laying may continue over a considerable period: and 
that 20 or more eggs may be deposited each day. It would, therefore, not be 
surprising if at least some individuals laid 200 eggs or more. 

The length of life of the flies is apparently, as Schoene suggested, three weeks 
or more. In cages situated in the north-east corner of pine woods males of the 
first brood averaged 19.1 days and of the second brood 16.6 days: females of the 
first brood 22.7 days and of the second brood 22 days. 

No fly was in any case seen to lay eggs where these would be exposed to the 
sunlicht but always in the shade. / 

The shortest incubation period for the eggs was slightly under 48 hours, 2% 
out of a total of 475, or 4.6 per cent. hatching in this time. In 1918 the average 


<n tye a 


— 1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 





period of incubation was 5.5 days: in 1919 3.8 days: in 1920 6 days; and in 
1921 5.7 days. Under normal conditions nearly all eggs hatch inside of a 
week. 

Sunlight and dryness of the soil or surroundings are destructive to eggs, 
approximately 90 per cent. of eggs under these conditions failing to hatch. Shade 
and moisture are favorable to them. 

The number of broods a year has not been worked out, but we have been 
able to trace three and believe there may be a fourth, because third brood adults 
normally begin to emerge by at least the middle of August and as flies continue 
to emerge throughout most of September and are some years common to the 
Ist of October or later, there is very little doubt that some of these will be 
fourth brood. As implied above adults of all three broods may be present to- 
gether in August and September. 

It is interesting to learn that no brood. not even the first, is a full one; for 
a small percentage, some years about 4%, of the overwintering puparia fail to 
produce adults that year and pass through a second winter before doing so. 
Strange to say these adults in our test were not among the earliest to emerge the 
second year, the first of them coming out the first week in June, and the last the 
last week. Professor Brittain tells me he, too, has found that there is a two- 
year life cycle for a few individuals. 

The exemption, with a few exceptions, of ee crops of cabbage and cauli- 
flower from serious injury would appear to be due to—first, the greatly increased 
number and activity of predaceous enemies, chiefly rove beetles, ground beetles 
and a large red mite, which destroy the eggs or larve or both; second, to the 
greater dryness and heat of the soil which lessens the percentage of eggs hatching; 
and third probably, as Schoene suggested, to the harder texture of the root 
tissues themselves at this season of the year. 

Prolonged wet, cold weather when adults are about to emerge seems to lessen 
greatly the number that do so; for instance in 1919, May was very wet and cold 
and only 21.9% of the overwintering puparia produced adults, compared with an 
average of 85% the other three years. 

Very hot weather seems also to have a great effect upon puparia. Juast 
July was exceptionally hot, especially the first half of it, and from the middle 
of the month to the end of our work—October 1st—scarcely a fly emerged, radishes 
being 100% clean. Other years flies were present all through this period and 
radishes always somewhat wormy. 


ControL MEASURES 


(1) Cabbage and Cauliflower :—F¥rom all over Canada and from New York, 
New Jersey and Indiana reports of excellent success from the use of corrosive 
sublimate have been received.. I need not give figures to prove this but simply 
state that careful treatment will give from 80% to 100% control even in the 
worst years. Moreover, growers will use this treatment where they would not 
use tarred felt-paper discs. 

Number of treatments: One, well-timed, will give fair results; two, well- 
timed, are better and are all that should be necessary, but if the timing, especially 
of the first application, is not well chosen three will be desirable. 

Length of interval between treatments: On the average, one week seems 
about right. It should not be longer, a day less would not as a rule decrease 
its value much, and sometimes would even increase it. 


52 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





Strength of corrosive sublimate: If only one treatment is given use 1 to 
1000 i.e. 1 oz. to 614 gallons; if two treatments or more 1 to 1280 or 1 to 1600; 
i.e. 1 oz. to 8 or 10 gallons. The weaker strength, 1 to 1600, probably will’ be 
preferred by most men but should be applied a little more liberally than the 
stronger and the soil around each plant very thoroughly saturated. 

Time of the first application: This should be just as the earliest eggs are 
beginning to hatch, which is usually about four days after egg-laying begins. 
This time seems to correspond with the date when European plums are almost, 
but not quite, in full bloom or when American plums are just beginning to 
bloom. Hence, if plants are set out early postpone treatment until this date. 
If plants are not set out until European plums are in full bloom or American 
plums are beginning to bloom or even later, treat in four days after setting out. 
If three treatments are to be used, the grower, even if he sets out his plants 
early may make the first treatment four days after setting out and the others 
at intervals of a week. ‘A good plan and one that is being gradually adopted 
by growers is to watch for the first eggs and to begin treatment the second or 
third day after their discovery. 

(2) Radishes and Seed Beds of Cabbage and Cauliflower: We have found 
that two treatments of radishes and also of seed beds of cabbage or cauliflower 
will give an average of about 80% or more absolutely clean. plants, most of the 
remainder being only very slightly injured. 

The first treatment of radishes should be in three or not more than four days 
after egg-laying begins; so treatment should begin preferably one day before the 
earliest treatment of cabbage. If radishes come up after European plums are in 
bloom make the first treatment on the fourth day after the first plants appear 
above the soil and the second five days or not more than six days later. The 
same recommendations apply to seed beds of cabbage or cauliflower. 

Implements used in Treating: For very large fields probably the best method 
is a wooden tank or barrel supplied with two lines of thin rubber hose and one 
man to attend to each, controlling the flow by means of his thumb. For ordinary 
plots up to 12.009 to 25,000 cabbage plants we find that a wooden bucket or pail 
and a tomato can with a wooden handle about two feet long fastened firmly by 
tacks to the folded-over top of the can is a very cheap and rapid method. Fer 
radishes use a watering can with the knob removed. 

How corrosive sublimate Controls: It does this in three ways; first it 
destroys nearly all of the eggs in contact with the moist treated soil; second, it 
kills many of the smaller larve and some of the larger; and third, it repels 
larve and thus by warding them off from the plant causes them to perish from 
lack of food. lLarvee once buried inside the root tissues usually escape injury. 
Corrosive sublimate does not deter flies from laying their eggs around the 
plant. 





ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY IN QUEBEC DURING THE PAST DECADE 


FarHer LEopotp, DIRECTOR OF THE OKA AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE, LA ‘TRAPPE, 
QUE. 


The history of Economic Entomology in the Province of Quebec is intimately 
related with two Societies in our Province: The Quebec Society for the Protection 
of Plants from Insects and Fungous Diseases and the Pomological and Fruit 
srowing Society of the Province of Quebec. I had first intended to deal with 


ae 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 


economic entomology in its relation with fruit growing only, but the Dominion 
Entomologist suggested that I should widen its scope and deal with economic 
entomology in general, with special references to fruit-growing. I have, indeed, 
no pretention of being an entomologogist, but primarily a pomologist. Fruit- 
growing in one of its important phases, spraying and dusting trees, is intimately 
related with economic entomology. That was a sufficient reason to become a 
practical entomologist in my leisure hours. 

As I said, our two societies mentioned above are intimately related, the 
scope of their endeavours coming into contact on more than one point. Econ- 
omic entomology is that phase of entomology which relates to the control of 
injurious insects. Considering the great variety of insect forms, their diverse 
methods of food habits, the larger number of kinds of hosts which supply them 
with food, and the enemies which tend to destroy them, it becomes evident that 
the problem of insect control is a complex one. “The subject matter of this 
science is not insects alone, nor plants alone, nor farming alone. One may be 
a most excellent entomologist or botanist, or he may have the whole theory and 
practice of agriculture at his tomgue’s end, and at his finger’s end as well, and yet 
be without knowledge or resources when brought face to face with a new practical 
problem in economic entomology. The subject is essentially the relation of 
things to each other; of insect to plant and of plant to insect, and of both 
these to the purposes and operations of the farm or orchard, and it involves 
some knowledge of them all.” This definition by Dr. 8. A. Forbes of economic ento- 
mology in its wider scope suffices to give the reasons why the Province of Quebec 
has not exclusively an Entomological Society but a Society “For the Protection of 
Plants from Insects and Fungous Diseases.” 

If we go rapidly over the history of our Society we will know what Quebec 
has done for the advancement of economic entomology in the past decade. 

It is now a little over twelve years ago that the Society was founded with 
two or three definite objects in view: 

1st. To bring together annually the biological workers of the Province who 
are interested in the study of economic entomology and fungi. Much inspiration, 
encouragement and help are gained at such meetings where workers have an 
opportunity of listening to papers and talking over matters in common. New view- 
points are presented, valuable information is frequently obtained, concerted action 
and mutual help are more likely secured, and fresh enthusiasm aroused. 

2nd. To spread abroad among the people the new gospel of insect and plant 
disease control so that larger crops might be harvested and greater profits 
secured by the farmer. The need for such was evident from the annual loss to 
the oat crop of Quebec of over two million dollars; “blights” to the potato crop 
of over three million dollars; “scab and codling-moth” pest to the apple crop of 
over half a million etc. This information is given especially by the Annual 
Reports, are now in the hands of its members: The Lepidoptera, complied by Mr. 
printed in both languages, English and French. The twelve reports published up 
to date have received favorable recommendations from co-workers in the same 
field of endeavours in other Provinces and the United States. 

3rd. The promotion of sciences of Entomology, Botany and Plant Pathology 
in the Province of Quebec. Three lists, published as supplements to the Annual 
Reports, are now in the hands of its members: The Lepidstera, compiled by Mr. 
A. F. Winn of Montreal; The Diptera, by Messrs Beaulieu (Montreal) and 
Winn; the Coleoptera by Mr. C. A. Chagnon, also of Mc utreal. 


cr 


54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


Remarkable progress has been made in economic entomology and plant path- 
ology in our Province, thanks to such men as our President, Prof. W. Lochhead, 
professor of Biology at Macdonald College, who has occupied the chair of the 
Quebec Society for Protection of Plants since its very inception; Mr. C. HE. Petch, 
an enthusiastic worker at the Federal Entomological Station of Hemmingford; 
the following professors of Macdonald College; Messrs W. 8. Blair, who organized 
the spraying work done in our several demonstration orchards; P. I. Bryce and 
W. P. Fraser, who ably seconded Prof. Lochhead, T. G. Bunting, who succeeded 
Prof. Blair as Horticulturist at Macdonald College and who is responsible for 
the good work done there in spraying annually, seconded by such men as D. M. 
Straight, E. M. DuPorte, A. H. Maclennan, A. C. Gorham, E. M. Ricker and 
Mr. Tawse. Dr. J. C. Chapais and Mr. Auguste Dupuis, besides being charter 
members of the Society, have always taken a keen interest in entomology, Dr. 
Chapais not having missed reading a paper annually. 

At Oka also, entomology had played an important part in the history of the 
College: In 1913, Mr. Firmin Letourneau, was made professor of Entomology, 
and the writer ever since 1911 has had charge of the spraying operations in the 
Oka extensive orchards, over 60 acres, being appointed vice-President of the 
Society in 1917, and since. I may add that we were the first to use Lime-Sulphur 
wash on our trees as well as the first commercial fruit-growers to dust orchards 
in the Province. 

Dr. J. M. Swaine was appointed the first secretary of the Society at its 
inception and occupied the post until he resigned on account of his duties as 
Dominion Entomologist in charge of Forest Insects. Since 1919, Professor B. T. 
Dickson has ably succeeded Dr, Swaine as Secretary-Treasurer of Quebec Society. 


It would not be just if I did not mention here that other remarkable men 
have played a very important part in the dissemination of entomological economic 
knowledge in our Province, as the Dominion Entomologists, the late Dr. G. Hewitt 
and his successor Mr. Arthur Gibson, who have always been in the front at every 
meeting of our Society. One may judge of their co-operation by the following 
papers read during the past ten years: 


1911: The Care of the Farm Wood-Let, by J. M. Swaine, C. E. Farm, Ottawa. 
Cutworms and how to Control Them, by ARTHUR GIBSON, the Chief Ass. Ent., Otta. 
1912: The Role Played by Bees in the Fertilization of Flcewers, by F. W. Li. SLADEN. 
Some Insects which Attack the Roots of Vegetables, by A. GisBson. 
1913: Some Insect Enemies of Shade Trees, by J. M. SwAINe. 
Injurious Flea-Beetles of Quebec, by A. GIBSON. 
Let us Instruct the Farmers, by G. BEAULIEU, Ent. Branch, Ottawa. 
Insects and the Forest, by J. M. SwAINE: 
Bee Diseases, by F. W. L. SLADEN. 
Notes on the Life-History and Control of the Bee-Moth, by J. I. BEAULNE, Ottawa. 
1914: The Brown-Tail Moth in New Brunswick, by E. H. STricKLAND, Ottawa. 
Forest Insects in Stanley Park, B.C., by R. N. CHRYSTAL. 
Insects Affecting Ornamental Stack in Quebec, by J. M. SWAINE. 
1915: Grasshoppers and their Control, by A. GIBsoNn. 
Three Injurious Locusts of Nova Scotia, by C. B. HuTcHINGS. 
1916: Carriers for Dusting, by C. E. PetcH, Hemmingford. 
Cabbage Insects, by A. GIBSON. 
The White Weevil in Quebec, by J. M. SwAINE. 
Twe Destructive Shade Tree Barers, Locust Borer and the Bronze Birch Borer, 
by C. B. HUTCHINGS. 
1917: Warbles and Bots, by Dr. A. E. CAMERON, Ottawa. 
The Control of the White-Marked Tussock Moth, by J. M. SwWAINE. 
1918: Dusting and Spraying Suggestions for Quebec, by C. E. PETCH. 
The Imported Alder Leaf Miner, by C. B. HUTCHINGS, 
Some Insect; Injuries in Wood Lots, by J. M. Swarne. 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55 


1919: There were only pathological papers from Ottawa. 
1920: The Entomological Branch in Canada, by A. GIBSON. 
The European Corn Borer in Ontaria, by L. S. McLAIne. 
Spraying vs Dusting, by C. HE. PrEtcu. 


Quite a few distinguished entomologists have come from time to time from 
the United States as speakers at our Society, and we note among others, Professor 
C. R. Crosby of Cornell who gave us in 1914 a synopsis of his work in the control 
of insects during that season, both in dusting and spraying. In 1918, Dr. W. H. 
Rankin from Cornell, also gave us a paper On e'tictency factors in potato spray- 
ing. 

Until 1913, Quebec had no Provincial Entomologist. Canon V. A. Huard, 
well known as the Editor of Le Naturaliste Canadien was made the first Provin- 
cial Entomologist, and held this position until 1916, when he resigned and Mr. 
George: Maheux, the present titular, was appointed to the office. The Provincial 
Entomologist does not have the means of doing any actual field work, but co- 
operates with the Federal Department in their work at Hemmingford, P.Q. 

Besides our Society for the Protection of Plants, the horticulturists and pom- 
ologists of the Province, members of the Pomological ‘Society have always shown 
very keen interest in spraying problems of all sorts. As particularly interested 
in fruit-growing in our Province you will forgive me for insisting a little ‘on 
this phase of economic entomology in Quebec during the past decade. 

The most important work, during the first part of the last decade was ac- 
complished through experimental work of a high practical value in the five demon- 
stration orchards of the Province.of Quebec. The original committee of these 
demonstration orchards comprised Prof. Blair, Mr. Peter Reid, Mr. Robert Brodie 
and the writer. Practical demonstrations were begun in 1911 and continued for 
five years, to determine the value of paris green and arsenate of lead as in- 
secticides and lime sulphur and bordeaux mixture as fungicides. The different 
mixtures were put on in all the possible combinations in the same orchard, on 
practically the same dates with very different results. The conclusion was, that 
arsenate of lead was a much superior insecticide for biting imsects, and lime 
sulphur wash did not burn the foliage of the apple trees nor deteriorate the fruit 
when applied in the quantity and density then recommended by the committee. 
Anybody visiting the demonstration orchards came back with the firm resolu- 
tion of substituting lime sulphur wash for bordeaux. After the departure of 
Prof. Blair for Kentville, Prof. Bunting took over the continuance of his work on 
the committee of demonstration orchards. 

The good results obtained in the orchards did much to expand the spraying 
in the province of Quebec and soon the large growers were possessors of gasoline 
spraying rigs of all description when they were the exception before. 

Soon we found out that a good substitute for arsenate of lead was arsenate of 
calcium and the writer did not take much time to adopt this new insecticide 
generally in his orchards. Arsenate of calcium was eventually found to be a safer 
combination with lime sulphur wash than the arsenate of lead mixed with the 
same fungicide. 

In a paper read before the Pomological and Fruit-growing Society of the 
Province of Quebec, the writer took up the importance of dusting for the contro} 
of the Codling Moth, one of the most destructive pests around our district, and 
at the same time enumerated the advantages dusting seemed to have. My 
resolution was suddenly taken to get a large, powerful duster, and after the fire 
that consumed our monastery and my spraying gasoline outfit, which was winter- 


56 THE, REPORM OF LAE No. 36 





ing in our cellars, I bought a Niagara Dusting machine and have had no reason 
since to regret it. Since then we used this outfit in our orchards and on our 
potatoes with great success and on account of an educational point of view, 
1 have purchased a powerful bean spraying rig. I am satisfied that in a large 
orchard like ours, and especially in certain seasons, when the time factor is the all- 
important one, dusting has come to stay in our Province. Let me say again that 
in our orchards the Codling moth is the most destructive pest we have to control, 
in other districts it is the Curculio. but at home we have no trouble with the 
latter pest. 

Things were running rather smoothly in our Province, and Mr. Petch and 
myself were making comparisons in dusting and spraying our orchards. and we had 
all confidence in lime sulphur wash as a fungicide, when our friend Mr. George 
Sanders sprung a surprise on us, in a paper he read before our Society in con- 
vention at Macdonald College, on the 5th of December 1917. Mr. Sanders, in 
due justice to this paper, took the precaution to state that what he told us was 
applied to Nova Scotia conditions as he could not pronounce himself about con- 
ditions in Quebec. However, his stand against lime sulphur wash, especially in 
combination with arsenate of lead, was so strong and his talking for Bordeaux so 
convincing that we could not help thinking that his opinion would have some 
strong weight upon such practical fruit-growers and Entomologists as were there 
hearing him. I can but mention Prof. Macoun and Dr. Hewitt. You remem- 
ber that his thesis was that lime sulphur did actually spray the apples of the trees. 

I went back to Oka with the idea of putting on again some practical experi- 
ments to determine, for my own use, if that thesis was true even in using the new 
spray gun and power behind it. I will not relate here that experiment, which 
you can find in full in the report of the Entomological Society of Ontario in 1919. 
The orchard was well chosen, all varieties being the same (Wealthies), the bloom 
on all plots being excellent. On the first plot, we used Boardeaux mixture, 
4-4-40, the usual one, sprayed on the trees: we dusted sulphur-tale and arsenate 
of lead, 40-50-10 on the second plot, sprayed lime sulphur-arsenate of lead on the 
third plot; dusted dry Bordeaux and calcium arsenate on the fourth plot; sprayed 
the new formula of Bordeaux mixture, 2-10-40, on the 5th plot, and dusted my own 
combination of sulphur-hydrated lime and arsenate of lime, 15-805. on the 6th 
and last plot. The cheapest dusting mixture was the last one. No injury what- 
ever was noticed either on the lime-sulphur-arsenate of lead plot or the dusted 
sulphur-hydrated lime and calcium arsenate plots. We cannot therefore advocate 
returning to Bordeaux mixture in our Province, as we had such a large crop of 
apples that year on the lime sulphur plot that we had to thin them. 

We use exciusively now in our sprayings or dusting propositions arsenate of 
lime as a contact poison in combination with either lime sulphur or the dry 
sulphur when dusted on the trees, adding hydrated lime in the last case to safe- 
guard the application and reduce the costs as a filler. In orchards where the scab 
is not really bad, we do not use much sulphur and find that 5 lbs. of calcium arsen- 
ate will control effectively Codling Moth when we do not get, like the past sea- 
son, an outbreak of a second brood. 

1 may add that dry Bordeaux is freely used also in the Province but even there 
we get the russetting from the Bordeaux which we avoid with the lime sulphur 
spray. 

Last year a committee appointed by our Society, with Prof. Bunting of Mac- 
donald College as chairman, Prof. Dickson, Prof. Lochhead, Mr. Petch and the 
writer on the board, printed a Calendar which Macdonald College sent out all 
over the Province. 


Ct 
“2 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1921. 


NORMAN CRIDDLE, OTTAWA. 


The Entomological Record was begun in the year 1901 by Dr. James Fletcher, 
then Dominion Entomologist. It was originated, primarily, with the idea of 
encouraging Canadian collectors and of bringing them in closer contact with 
each other’s work. It included in its scope the recording of rare species, a list of 
persons actually engaged in insect studies, a review of entomological books issued 
during the year, and such other matter as was considered of special value to 
Canadians. 


The original scheme has been maintained in all the succeeding issues with 
such modifications as seemed desirable or became necessary, and we believe the pub- 
lication has fully served the purpose its originator had in view. Many things have 
taken place during the twenty years the Record has been in existence. Its founder, 
that “Prince of Good Fellows”, has gone, and with him many of the handicaps 
which he and other entomologists then laboured under. Entomology has advanced 
by leaps and bounds since then, and it has largely become a professional rather 
than an amateur pursuit. In other words, the labour of love has to some extent 
become a labour for dollars and cents. Nevertheless, I believe the old spirit is still 
with us; but are our needs the same? 


Active societies are now publishing their own lists of species; collectors in 
some instances are doing likewise; publications once few in number and difficult to 
procure, are now scattered broadcast over the land; hundreds of species have been 
described that were unknown in 1901, and untold numbers more have been identified 
for collectors. 


Noting all these changes the question arises as to whether the Record has ful- 
filled its place and in the course of entomological evolution has ceased to be of 
practical value to its readers. We leave this question in their hands. 


The preparation of the Entomological Record is a task of considerable labour, 
and it occupies time that might be profitably employed in other ways. Collectors 
could assist considerably in reducing this labour by putting records in as good 
order as possible. In many instances there are local lists available. In such cases 
it is as easy for the collector to sort out his new records from those already pub- 
lished as it is for the compiler. Secondly, many of the check lists are numbered and 
in these cases adding the number to the species is desirable. Thirdly, lists of cap- 
tures should be arranged as nearly as possible in the order of check lists. In ad- 
dition localities should be supplied and authority given for the determination of 
species. By following these outlines the collector would save the compiler much 
time and Jabour and unless some aid is supplied the Record must cease for lack 
of time to prepare it. 


We are again under deep obligation to our many friends in the United States 
und Great Britain for assistance in the determination of specimens. There is hardly 
a specialist that has not helped us in some way and we extend to all hearty 
appreciation. 


The 1920 Record has been delayed beyond all expectation by the printers’ strike 
and since at the time of writing it is still in the hands of the printers, we fear that 
this paper will also be retarded. 


58 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


It has been thought advisable to discontinue the book review for lack of time 
and space. As a rule all such publications are reviewed in the various entomolo- 
gical periodicals. We cannot, however, refrain from noting the appearance of Leng’s 
List of Coleoptera published by John D. Sherman, Mount Vernon, N.Y. This 
important publication is indispensable to Coleopterists. 


The season of 1921 does not appear to have been a good one for Reis: 
This applies particularly to the east and extreme west. On the Prairies insect pre- 
valence seems to have been maintained though there was a scarcity of Noctuid 
moths in Manitoba. 


NOTES OF CAPTURES. 


Species preceded by an asterisk (*) described during 1921). 
LEPIDOPTERA. 


(Arranged according to Barnes and McDunnough’s Check List of the Lepidoptera 
of Boreal America, 1917). 
Pieride 
40. Euchloe ausonides Bdv. Slave Falls, Winnipeg River, May 24, 1921, 
(J. D. Suffield). 
5%c. Hurymus hecla pallida 8S. & M. Nordegg, Alta., June, 1919, (K. Bow- 
man). 
65. EHurymus alexandra Edw. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1917, (Bowman) ; 1921. 
(McDunnough). 
69. Hurymus nastes streckeri Gr. Lillooet, B.C., August, (G. 0. Day). 
Nymphalide 
187. Brenthis myrina Cram. Godbout, .Que., (EH. M. Walker). 
305. Basilarchia arthemis Dru. Waugh, Man., July 1, 1921, (R. S. Brooks). 
305a. Basilarchia arthemis rubrofasciata B. & McD. Waugh, Man., July 1, 
1921, (Brooks). 
306. Basilarchia lorquint ab. eavesi Hy. Edw. Hillcrest, Alta., June, 1921. 
(Bowman). 
Lycaenide 
393. Erora leta Edw. 16 Island Lake, Que., May 18, (Miss J. B. Muir). 
394. Callipsyche behri Edw. Penticton, B.C., June 2, (J. A. Corcoran). 
411. Heodes cupreus Edw. Lillooet, B.C., August, 1921, (Day). 
*  Strymon melinus atrofasciata McD. Wellington, B.C., July 12, 1904, 
(G. W. Taylor); Duncan, B.C., (C. Livingstone) ; Royal Oak, B.C., 
May 26, 1917; Victoria, B.C., May. 
Can. Ent., Vol. LITI. No. 2, 1921. 
426. Plebeius scudderi Edw. Winnipeg Beach, Man., July 20, (J. D. Suf- 
field) . 
437. Plebeius lupint Bdy. Blairmore, Alta., June, 1918; Hillcrest, Alta., 
June, 1921; Mt. McLean, B.C., (Hanham). 
Acmon in Dod’s list is probably this (Bowman). 
449. Glaucopsyche lygdamus columbia Skin. Hillcrest, Alta., June, 1920-21, 
(Bowman). 
Hesperiidze 
598. Atrytone lagus Edw. Aweme, Man., July 15, 1921, (N. Criddle). 
Sphingide 
691. Sphina canadensis Bdv. Winnipeg, Man., (Whitehead). 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 59 





742. Pholus labrusce Linn, Winnipeg, Man., October 20, (J. B. Wallis). 
753. Proserpinus flavofasciata Wik. Victoria Beach, Man., June 20, (Wallis). 
Ceratocampidz 
*  Anisota manitobensis McD. Aweme, Man., June-July, (N. and E. 
Criddle) ; Winnipeg, Man., (Whitehead and Suffield). 
Can. Ent. Vol. LIII; No. 4, 1921. 
Arctiide 
*  Neoarctia sordida McD. Banff, Alta., June 13, 1914, (N. B. Sanson). 
860. Crambidia casta Sanb. Quamichan, B.C., September, 1921, (Day). 
Noctuide 
1210. Canthylidia scutosa Schf. Lethbridge, Alta., July 12, 1921, (Strick- 
land and Seamans). 
1226. Orosagrotis incognita Sm. Mt. McLean, B.C., 7,000 feet, August, 


(Hanham). 

1274a. Huroa rufula basiflava Sm. Lake Louise, Alta, August, 1921, 
(Bowman). 

1315. Euroa quinquelinea Sm. Mt. McLean, B.C., 7500 feet, August, (Han- 
ham). 


1342. Huaoa colata Grt. Mt. McLean, B.C., 7500 feet; August, (Hanham). 
1525. Anytus evelina French. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 

* Anomogyna partita McD. Banff, Alta., July 4, (Wallis) ; Kalso, B.C., 
July 24 and August 7, (J. W. Cockle) ; Nordegg, Alta., June 23, 1921, 
(McDunnough). 

* Anomogyna homogena McD. Banff, Alta., Sept. 5, 4911. (Satison) ; 
Pocahontas and Nordegg, Alta., August, (Bowman). 

Can. Ent. Vol. LIII, No. 8, 1921. 

1548. Myihimna olivata Harv. Lake Louise ,Alta., August, 1921, (Bowman). 

1642. Anarta hampa Sm. Mt. McLean, B.C., 7500 feet, August, (Hanham). 

1652. Lasionycta subfuscula Grt. Hillcrest, Alta., June. 1921, (Bowman). 

1653. Lasionycta sedilis Sm. Mt. McLean, B.C., 7500 feet, August, (Hanham). 

1789. Trichoclea fuscolutea Sm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland and Seamans). 

1905. Orthosia mys Dyar. Quamichan. B.C., October, 1917, (Day). 

2018. Oncocnemis hayesi Grt. Mt. McLean, B.C., August, (Hanham). 

2061. Oncocnemis atrifasciata Morr., Mt. McLean, B.C., (Hanham). 

2064. Oncocnemis major Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland and Seamans). 

2096. Feralia jocosa Gn. Hudson, Que., May 7th, (Winn). 

2439. Acronycta marmorata Sm. Quamichan, B.C., (Day). 

2513. Merolonche ursina Dyar. Aweme, Man., 1921, (Criddle). 

2559. Hadenella pergentilis Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 

2588. Platyperigea anotha Dyar. lake Louise, Alta., August, 1921, (Bowman), 

2615. Xylomoea didonea Sm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 

2930. Spragueia leo Gn. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 

3222. Synarapha alticola Wlk., Mt. McLean, B.C., 7500 feet, August, (Han- 
ham). 

3227. Autographa diasema Bdv. Nordegg, Alta., 1916, (Bowman) ; July, 1921, 
(McDunnough and Bowman). 

3245. Autographa v-alba Ottol. Mt. McLean, B.C., 6000 feet, August, (Han- 
ham). 

Lymantriide 

* Hemerocampa pseudotsugata McD., Chase, B.C., (W. B. Anderson). 

Can. Ent. Vol. LIII, No. 3, 1921. 


60 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


Lasiocampide 
3750. Malacosoma pluvialis Dyar. Nordegg, Alta., July, 1921 (McDunnough 
and Bowman). 
Geometride : 
3945a. Carsia paludata alpinata Pack. Lake Louise, Aagust, 1921, (Bowman) ; 
Mt. McLean, B.C., (Hanham). 
3984. Lygris atrifasciata Hist. Quamichan, B.C., August, 1919, (Day). 
4002. Dysstroma formosa Hlst. Lillooet, B.C., July 1919, (Day). 
4601. Aethaloptera anticaria fumata B. & McD. Edmonton, Alta., May, 1921. 
(D. Mackie). 
462%. Hrannis vancouverensis Hist. Edmonton, Alta., 1921, (Bowman and 
Mackie). 
4670. Plagodis approximaria Dyar. Quamichan Lake, B.C., May 30, 1920, (Han- 
ham). 
Pyralide 
4933. Diastictis argyrals Hbn. Lethbridge, Alta., 1921 (Seamans). 
4994, Evergestis subterminalis B. & McD. Lillooet, B.C., August, 1921. (Day) 
4996. LHvergestis simulatalis Grt. Lillooet, B.C., August, 1921, (Day). 
5182. Noctuelia thalialis Wik. Edmonton, Alta., July, 1921, (Bowman). 
* Crambus tutillus McD., Victoria B.C., May 12-28, (W. Downes). 
*  Crambus awemellus McD. Aweme, Man., August 8, 1920, (N..Criddle). 
The above two species described in Can. Ent. Vol. LITT, 1921. 
5473. Jocara breviornatalis Grt. Lethbridge, Alta.. (Strickland). 
Pterophoride 
5859. Ozyptilus ningoris Wishm. Cowichan Lake, B.C.. June 18 1913, (Day). 
5862. Platyptilia edwardsii Fish. Lillooet,, B.C., August, 1921, (Day). 
5888. Platyptilia modesta ‘\Wishm. Aweme, Man., June, 1921, (Criddle). 
*  Platyptilia albertae B. & L. Laggan, Alta., August; Mt. Cheam, B.C., 
August, (Blackmore). 
Oidaematophorus corvus B. & lL. British Columbia, July and August. 
The above two species described in Cont. Nat. His. Lep. Vol. IV, No. 
4, 1921, by Barnes and Lindsey. 
5898. Pterorphorus mathewianus Zell. Tllooet, B.C., August, 1921, (Day). 
Oecophoride 
* ~ Agonopteryx blackmori Buseck. Victoria, B.C. (Blackmore). 
Can. Ent. Vol. LIII, No. 12. 1921. 
Aegeriidz 
6751. Paranthrene polistiformis Harris. Calgary, Alta., July, 1920, (Hincke) ; 
Hillcrest, Alta., June, 1921, ((Bowman). 
Eucosmide 
6864. Argyroploce campestrana Zell. Lillooet, B.C., July, 1919, (Day). - 
7100. Eucosma montanana Wlshm. Lillooet, B.C., August, 1921, (Day). 
7224. Laspeyresia albimaculana Fern. Aweme, Man., May 11, 1921, (Criddle). 
Tertricide 
Cacoecia victoriana Busck. Victoria and Go!ldstream, B.C., (Blackmore). 
Can, Ent. Vol. LITI, 1921. 
7402. Cnephasia argentana Cl. Mt. McLean, B.C., 5000 feet. August, (Han- 
ham. 
Yponomeutide 
* Argyresthia monochromella Busck. Victoria, B.C., (Blackmore). 
Can. Ent. Vol. LITI, No. 12, 1921. 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOGIETY. 61 





Glyphipterygide 
* Hilarographa youngiella Busck. Departure Bay, B.C., (Young) ; Vic- 
toria, B.C., (Downes). 
Can. Ent. Vol. LIII, No. 12, 1921. 
Elachistide 
*  filachista (Aphelosetia) cygnodiella Busck. Victoria, B.C., (Downes). 
Can. Ent. Vol. LITI. No. 12, 1921. 
Hepialide 
8487a. Hepialus pulcher macglashani Hy. Edw. Mt. Mclean, B.C., 7500 feet 
August 21, 1920, (Hanham). 


COLEOPTERA 


Arranged according to Leng’s Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America north of 
Mexico—1920. 


’ 


Carabide 
241. Loricera caerulescens Linn. Edmonton, Alta., May 12, 1919, (F. S. 
Carr). 
274. Nebria metallica Fisch. Peachland, B.C., July 17%, 1921, (W. Metcalf). 
276. Nebria sahlbergi Fisch. Godbout, Quebec, (EH. M. Walker). 
346. Dyschirius pallipennis Say. Berthierville, Quebec, June, (J. Ouellet). 
540. Bembidion transversale Dej. Edmonton, Alta., Sept. 4, 1920, (F. S. 
Carr). 
681. Bembidion dentellum Thunb. Edmonton, Alta., May 7%, 1917, (F. S. 
Carr). 
683. Bembidion insulatum Lec. Baldur, Manitoba, (N. Criddle). 
902. Patrobus septentrionis Dej. Peachland, B.C., August 17, 1919, (W. 
Metcalf). 
1489. Pristodactyla impunctata Say. Peachland, B.C., July 27, 1919, (Met- 
calf). 
1548. Platynus corvus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., May 5, 1919 (Carr). 
1586. Platynus gemellus Lec. Edmonton, Alta., June 3, 1918, (Carr). 
1642. Lebia pulchella Dej. Edmonton, Alta., Oct. 21, 1919, (Carr). 
1646. Lebia atriceps Lec. Aweme, Man., October 17, 1921, (N. Criddle). 
1742. Cymindis planipenms Lec. Brooks, Alta., August, 1921, (Carr). 
Stenolophus fidelis Csy. Peachland, B.C., July 18, 1919, (Metcalf). 
2087. Anitsodactylus harrisi Lec. Cawston, B.C., May 24, 1917, (Metcalf). 
Dytiscide 
2414. Coelambus sellatus Lec. Castar, Alta., September, (Carr). : 
2428. Deronectes depressus Fabr. Edmonton, Alta., August 29, 1919, (Carr). 
2454. Hydroporus consimilis Lec. Castar, Alta., October, 9, 1920, (Carr). 
2466. Hydroporus sericeus Lec. Castar, Alta., October 9, 1920, (Carr). 
2616. Rhantus binotatus Harr. Edmonton, Alta., September 11, 1920, (Carr). 
* 2649. Hydaticus piceus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., May 8, 1920, (J. B. Wallis) ; 
Edmonton, Alta., August 4, 1917, (Carr). 
2660. Graphoderes fasciatocollis Harr. Peachland, B.C., August 7, 1919, (Met- 
calf). 
Gyrinide 
2685. Gyrinus confinis Lec. Berthierville, Que., June, (J. Ouellet). 
2701. Gyrinus opacus Sahl. Edmonton, Alta., April 27, 1919, (Carr). 


Hydrophilide : 
2754. Hydrochus scabratus Muls. St. Renni, Que., May, (J. Ouellet). 


62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 
Silphide 
2945. Catoptrichus frankenhaeuseri Mann., Peachland, B.C., Aug. 16, 1919, 
(Metcalf). 
2947. Choleva luridipennis Mann. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 16, 1919. In fun- 
gus. (Metcalf). 
2949. Choleva gratiosa Blanch. Peach:ana, B.C., Aug., 1919. In fungus. 
(Metcalf). 
2951. Choleva spenciana Kby. Peachland, B.C., Aug., 1919. In fungus. 
(Metcalf). 
2953. Choleva horniana Blanch. Peachlund, B.C., Aug., 1919. In gungus. 
(Metcalf). | 
2955. Choleva terminans (Lec. Peachland, B.C., ‘Aug., 1919. In fungus. 
Schydmenine 
3066. Huconnus similis Blatch. Edmonton, Alta., June 28, 1919, (Carr). 
Staphylinide 
4314. Gyrophypnus pusillus Sach. Outremont, Que., May—June, (J. Ouellet). 
4638. Ozxyparus occipitalis Fauv. Cawston, B.C., May 13, 1919. (Metcalf). 
4739. Bolitobius cincticollis Say. Edmonton, Alta., Aug. 27, 1919, (Carr). 
4840. Placusa tacomae Csy. Peachland, B.C., July 13, 1919; Victoria Beach, 
Man., June 19, 1920. (Wallis). 
4936. Goniusa obtusa Lec. Aweme, Man., May 17, 1919, (Criddle). 
Gyrophaena rara Payk. Peachland, B.C., July 13, 1919, (Wallis). 
5068. Trichiusa postica Csy. ‘Winnipeg, Man., April 21, 1917. New to 
Man., (Wallis). 
5102. Atheta cormria Kr. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 16, 1919. In fungus. 
(Wallis). 
5119. Atheta oregonensis Bnhr. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 16, 1919, (Wallis). 
5120. Atheta frosti Bnhr. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 16, 1919. Fenyes reports 
this as not quite typical (Wallis). 
5124. Atheta metlakatlana Bnhr. Peachland, B.C., July 13, 1919, (Wallis). 
5125. Atheta relicta Csy. Peachland, B.C., July—Aug., 1919. In fungus. 
( Wallis}. 
5288. Atheta militaris Bnhr. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 16, 1919, (Wallis). 
5296. Atheta impressipennis Bnhr. Rosebank, Man., June 16, 1917; Stone- 
wall, Man., April 27. In ants’ nests. (Wallis). 
Dinaraea angustula Gyll. Winnipeg, Man., May 25, 1920, (Wallis). 
5417. Metaxya subpolaris Fenyes. Stonewall, Man., May 2, 1920. Deter- 
mined by Fenyes with some doubt. (Wallis). 
5504. Datomicra celata Er. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 16, 1919, (Wallis). 
5540. Dimetrota macklint Feny. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 16, 1919. In fungus 
(Wallis). 
5544. Dimetrota cursor Makl. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 16, 1919. Winnipeg, 
Man., Oct. 4, 1919. In fungus. (Wallis). 
5545. Dimetrota recondita Er. Peachland, B.C., July 6, 1919. (Wallis). 
5709. Gnypeto helenae Csy. Peachland, B.C., July, 1919. (Wallis). 
*  Cyphea wallist Feny. Winnineg, Man., April 15, 1916. 
*  §trophogasta ‘penicillata Feny. Stonewall, Man., Aug. 18, 1918. In 
fungus. 
* 


Aleochara purturbans Feny. 'Treesbank, Man., May 18, 1918, (Wallis). 
The above three species described in Bull. Mus. of Comp. Zoology, 
Harvard, Vol. LXV, No. 2, 1921. 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. gg 


6028. Phloeopora inquilina Csy.. Stonewall, Man., April 27, 1919. Among 
ants. (Wallis). 
Histeride 
6766. Plegaderus nitidus Horn. Peachland, B.C., July 13, 1919. In galleries 
of Ipidae. (Wallis). 
6827. Saprinus lugens Er. Edmonton, Alta., June 28, 1921. (Carr). 
6830. Saprinus profusus Csy. Aweme East, Man., July 9, 1920. New to Man., 
(Wallis). 
Melyride 
7203. Collops hirtellus Lec. Cawston, B.C., May 18, 191%. (Metcalf). 
* Instrus provincialis Blais. Spinous Creek, B.C., (Ralph Hopping). 
@an- “Emit. Vol) LIT, No. 6, 1921. 
7430. Listrus interruptus Lec. Cawston, B.C., May 18, 1917. (Metcalf). 
Mordellide 
* Mordellistena incommunis Lilj. Aweme, Man., June 19, (Criddle). 
Can. Ent. Vol. LIT, No. 8, 1921. . 
Hlateridz 
8557. Adelocera brevicorms Lec. Winnipeg, Man., (F. Dolman). 
8966. later socer Lec. Onah, Man., July 13, 1920, (Wallis). 
*  Melanotus hislom Zwal. Toronto, Ont., May 22, (R. J. Crew). 
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. Vol. 23, No. 9, 1921. 
Buprestide 
9207. Chrysophana placida Lec. British Columbia. Previously recorded as 
Melanophila gentilis (Hanham). 
9338. Dicerca pectorosa Lec. Peachland, B.C., June 17, 1920, (Metcalf). 
9360. Buprestis sulcicollis Lee. Godbout, Que.,,.(E. M. Walker). 
9397. Anthazxia deleta Lec. Lillooet, B.C., July, 1919, (Hanham). 
Dryopide i 
9586. Lara avara Lec. Lillooet, B.C., July, 1919, (Hanham). 
9604. Helichus fastigiatus Say. Treesbank, Man., August and October, 1921, 
(E. and N. Criddle). 
Helmide F 
9615. Helmis vittata Melsh. Edmonton, Alta., July 9, 1920, (Carr). 
Heteroceride ) 
9646. Helerocerus undatus Melsh. Peachland, B.C., July 18, 1919, (Wallis). 
9648. Heterocerus brunneus Melsh. Peachland, B.C., July 18, 1919, (Wallis). 
Dascillide 
9657. Macropogon piceus Lec. Cawston, B.C., June 17, 1917, (Metcalf). 
Dermestide j 
9757. Novelsis perplerus Jayne. Peachland, B.C., July 24, (Metcalf). 
Ostomidz 
9994. Tenebroides corticalis Melsh. Castor, Alta., April 11, 1920, (Carr). 
Nitidulide im 
10013. Cateretes sericans Lec. Cawston, B.C., July 2, 1917, (Metcalf). 
10024. Meligethes aeneus Fab. Cawston, B.C., July 5, 1917, (Metcalf). 
Cucujide 
10273. Brontes dubius Fab. ‘Cawston, B.C., July 17, 1917, (Metcalf). 
Mycetophagide 
10503. Mycetophagus bipustulatus Melsh. Aweme, Man., Aug. 30, 1921, (E. 
. Criddle). 
Colydiide 
Aulomium longum Lee. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 13, 1919, (Wallis). 


64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


Endomychide 
Mycetina idahoensis Fall. Cawston, B.C., April 15, 1917, (Metcalf). 
Coccinellide 
10874. Hyperaspis lateralis Muls. Cawston, BC., Aug. 17, 1917, (Metcalf). 
10954. Hyperaspis vittigera Lec. Cawston, B.C., July, 1917, (Metcalf). 
10972b. Brachyacantha uteela Csy. Edmonton, Alta., June 5, 1920, (Carr). 
11076. Scymnus coniferarum Cr. Cawston, B.C., March 11, 1917, (Metcalf). 
11096. Scymnus naviculatus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., June 18, 1919, (Carr). 
Alleculide 
11322. Mycetochara fraterna Say. Aweme, Man., July—August, (BE. and N. 
Criddle). 
11324. Mycetochara megalops Csy. Aweme Hast, Man., July 5, 1920, (Criddle). 
Tenebricnide 
*  Eleodes vandykit var: modificata Blais. Vernon, B.C., April 6, 1920, 
(Hopping). 
Can. Ent. Vol. LITI, No. 6, 1921. - 
12298. LEleates explanatus Csy. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 7, 1919. On fungus. 
(Wallis). 
12372. Hypophloeus substriatus Lec. Peachland. B.C., July; Winnipeg, Man., 
August, (Wallis). : 
12374. Hypophloeus parallelus Melsh. Peachland, B.C., July 15, 1919, (Wallis). 
Melandryide 
12566. Scotochroa basalis Lec. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 3, 1919, (Wallis). 


Anobiideze 
12689. Sitodrepa panicea Linn. Edmonton, Alta., March, 1920, (Carr). 
Cerambycide 
14123. Tetropium abietis Fall. Victoria, B.C., July 9, 1915, (Wallis). 
14396. Acmaeops pratensis Laich. Edmonton, Alta. July 2, 1920, (Carr). 
14420. Anthophilaz mirificus Bland. Hillcrest, Alta., June 19, 1920. 
14514. Leptura nigrella Say. Nordegg, Alta., August. 
14584. Molorchus longicollis Lec. Lillooet, B.C., July, 1919, (Hanham). 
14625. Callidium frigidum Csy. Thornhill, Man., July 19, (J. South). 
14968. Leiopus vartegatus Hald. Edmonton, Alta., July 18, 1921. 
Chrysomelide 
15204. Donacia curticollis Knob. Rigaud, Que., July, (J. Ouellet). 
15239. Lema brunnicollis Lac. Edmonton, Alta., June 29, 1918, (Carr). 
15481. Cryptocephalus sanguinicollis Suffr. Cawston, B.C., July, (Metcalf). 
15703. Gastroidea cyanea Melsh. Peachland, B.C. 
15713. Phytodecta arctica Mann. Mt. McLean, BC. 7500 feet, (Hanham). 
15724. Trirhabda canadensis Kby. Brooks, Alta., Aug. 21, (Carr). 
15733. Trirhabda convergens Lec. Rigaud, Que., August, (J. Ouellet). 
15745. Galerucella servittata Lec. Aweme, Man., Aug. 15, 1921. Cn Solidago. 
(Criddle). 
16016. Chaetocnema confinis Cr. Stonewall, Man., Sept. 6, 1918. New to Man. 
(Wallis). 
16086. Dibolia borealis Chev. Norman, Ont., July-August, (B.M. Bradshaw). 
Mylabride 
16232. Mylabris fraterculus Horn. Edmonton, Alta., July 3, 1919, .(Carr). 
Curculionide 
16392. Apion pennsylvanicum Boh. Cawston, B.C., July 29, 1917. On wild 
parsnip. (Metcalf). 


1922 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65 


16480. Apion centrale Fall. Cawston, B.C., June 15, 1917, (Metcalf). 
16584. Panscopus aequalis Horn. Cawston, B.C., June 3, 1917, (Metcalf). 
16679. Brachyrhinus rugifrons Gyll. Mission. B.C., On strawberry (R. Glen- 
denning). 
16872. Hyperodes humilis Gyll. Edmonton, Alta., June 6, 1918, (Carr). 
16897. Dorytomus parvicollis Csy. Edmonton, Alta., July %, 1915, (Carr). 
16910. Doryiomus vagenotatus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., June 12, 1920, (Carr). 
16922. Notaris puncticollis Lec. Edmonton, Alta., June 12, 1918, (Carr). 
17036. Bagous restrictus Lec. Peachland, B.C., July 18, 1919, (Wallis). 
17334. Elleschus scanicus Payk. Edmonton, Alta., Apri! +, 1915, (Carr). 
17338. Orchestes salicis Linn. Cawston, B.C., July 15, (Metcalf) ; Edmonton, 
Alta., June 26, 1918, (Carr). 
17345. Orchestes pallicornis Say. Edmonton, Alta., July 2, 1919, (Carr). 
17842. Rhinoncus pyrrhopus Boh. Peachland, B.C., July 27, 1919, (Wallis). 
18209. Phthorophloeus piceae Swaine. Edmonton. Alta., Sept. 2, 1916, (Carr). 
DIPTERA 


Arranged according to a Catalogue of North America Diptera by J. M. Aldrich. 
The numbers refer to the pages of the catalogue. 
Tipulide 
* Tipula beauliewi Dietz. Ottawa, Ont., 1912, (G. Beaulieu). 
Ent. News, Vol. XXXII, No. 10, 1921. 
Culicidz 
Culex tarsalis Coq. Aweme, Man., July 28—31, 1921, (H. A. Robert- 
son). New to Manitoba. 
Culex territans Walk. Aweme, Man., Aug. 1, 1921, (H. A. Robert- 
son). New to Manitoba. 
Aedes intrudens Dyar. Aweme, Man., May 23—26, 1921, (Robert- 


son). 

Aedes canadensis Theo. Douglas and Glenora, Man., July, 1921, 
(Robertson). 

Aedes curriei Coq. Aweme and Delta, Man., August—October, 1921, 
(Robertson ). : 


Ades campestris D. & K. Aweme, Oberon and Westburne, Man., 
June, August. 1921, (Robertson). 
Mycetophilide 
139. Platyura elegans Coq., Joliette, Que., July 13. 1921. (J. Ouellet). 


Tabanide at: 
* Tabanus trepidus McD. Ottawa. Ont., (W. Metcalf) ; Shelburne, N.S.. 


July, (A. Gibson); Harcourt, N.B.; Fort Coulonge, Que., (J. I. 
Beaulne) ; Aweme, Man., (Criddle) : Peachland. BC., (Wallis). 

* Tabanus nudus McD. Mer Bleue, Ont., June, 1908: Fredericton and 
St. Stephen, N.B.; Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man.; Saskatchewan; British 
Columbia. 

Tabanus rupestris McD. Cowley, Alta., (R. N. Chrystal). 

* Tabanus atrobasis McD. Mt. Lehman, B.C., June 30: (S. Hadwen) : 
Victoria and Royal Oak, B.C.. 

The above four species described in Can. Ent. Vol. LITT. No. 6, 1921. 
Bombyliide 

* Calopelta fallar Green. Royal Oak, B.C., May 9, 1917, (R. C. Treherne). 

Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 23, No. 1, 1921. 


66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


Asilide 
262. Stichopogon urgenteus Say. Onah, Man., July-August, 1920, (Vroom 
and Criddle). 
Empidide 
318. Sayneches rufus Loew. Joliette, Que., July 13-17, 1921, (J. Ouellet). 
319. Leptopeza flavipes Mg. Mount Royal, Que., May 28, 1921, (J. Ouellet). 
Dolichopodide 
375. Huilara mutabilis Loew. Joliette, Que., July 13, 1920, (J. Ouellet). 
Lonchopteride 
339. Gymnophora arcuata Stein. Joliette, Que., July 13, 1920, (J. Ouellet). 
Syrphide 
We are indebted to Mr. C. Howard Curran for the following list of 
Syrphide. 
353. Chilosia plumata Loew. Orillia, Ont., May-June. (Curran). 
353. Chilosia petulca Will. Guelph, Ont. 
352. Chilosia capillata Loew. Orillia, Ont., June, (Curran). 
Chilosia prima Hunter. Orillia, Ont., May 7-29, 1921, (Curran). 
* Cnemodon carinata Curr. Guelph and Jordan, Ont., June, (Curran) 
Cnemodon longiseta Curr. Jordan, Ont., June-July; Orillia, Ont., June, 
1921, (Curran). 
*  Cnemodon squamule Curr. Jordan, Ont., May 16, 1920. (Curran). 
* Cnemodon cevelata Curr. Guelph, Jordan and Orillia, Ont., (Curran). 
* Cnemodon elongata Curr. Orillia, Ont., June 22; Jordan, Ont., June 
15, 1919, (Curran). 
*  Cnemodon coxalis Curr. Guelph, Orillia and Jordan, Ont., May-Septem- 
ber, (Curran). 
350. Cnemodon pisticoides Will. Orillia and Jordan, Ont., June, August, 
(Curran). ; 
Cnemodon auripleura Curr. Cranbrook, B.C., (C. B. D. Garrett). 
Onemodon carinata Curr. Guelph and Jordan, Ont., June, (Curran). 
Cnemodon venteris Curr. Jordan, Ont.. June, (Curran). 
* Cnemodon myerma Curr. Jordan, Ont., June, (Curran). 
* Onemodon ontarioensis Curr. Guelph and Jordan, Ont., June, (Curran). 
*  Heringia canadensis Curr. Guelph, Ont., June 15, 1919, (Curran). 
*  Heringia intensica Curr. Jordan, Ont., June 15, 1919, (Curran). 
* Pipiza vanduzeei Curr. Cranbrook, B.C., June, (C. B. D. Garrett). 
350. Pipiza puella Will. Orillia and Jordan, Ont.. May. June, (Curran). 
Pipiza quadrimaculata Pz. Orillia, Ont.. June 8, 1914, (Curran). 
*  Pipiza tricolor Curr. Orillia and Jordan, Ont.. May, June. (Curran). 
*  Pipiza severnensis Curr. Severn, Ont:, July 31. 1913, (Curran). 
The above new species were described in Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Vol. XJ, 
pp. 345-393, 1921. 
* Melanostoma squamule Curr. Victoria, B.C., April-May. 
*  Melanostoma chilosia Curr. Banff. Alta., (N. B. Sanson). 
Melanostoma lata Curr. White Horse Yukon Territory, (A. P. Hawes). 
The above three species described in Can. Ent. Vol. LITT. No. 12, 1921. 
Paragus auricaudatus Bigot. British Columbia, 1919, (E. R. Buckell). 
Distinct from P. tibialis (Curran). 
Crysogaster terana Shan. Orillia. Ont.. May, Jume—on Crataegus 
blossoms (Curran). 


366. 


354. 


375. 





ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. | 67 





Platychirus perpallidus Verrall. Ogema, Sask., June 17, 1916, (Criddle) ; 
Fredericton, N.B., July 5, 1913, (J. D. Tothill). 

Platychirus scutatus Meig. British Columbia, (Garrett). 

Platychirus discimanus Loew. Orillia Ont., April 24, 1921, (Curran). 
Aylmer, Que., May 13, 1921, (J. McDunnough). 

Syrphus.venustus Meig. Orillia, Ont., May 38, 1921, on bloom of 
Osmorrhiza claytoni (Curran). 

Syrphus paucillus Will. Orillia, Ont., May, 1921. On Caliha (Curran). 

Syrphus mentalis Will. Orilha, Ont., May, On plum flowers, (Curran). 

Syrphus cinctus Fall. Orillia, Ont., April. A European species not pre- 
viously recorded for North America. 

Syrphus vigorus Curr. Orillia, Ont., May 5-30. On Wild Plum (Cur- 
ran). 

Syrphus americanus var. vinelandi Curr. Jordan and Orillia, Ont., May 
to August (Curran). 

Syrphus americanus var. pomus Curr. Jordan and Orillia, Ont., June 
29, 1919, (Curran). 

Syrphus nitidicollis Meig. Orillia, Ont., May, 1921, (Curran). 

Syrphus rectoides Curr. Cranbrook and Bull River, B.C., (Garrett). 

Syrphus mentalis Will. Orillia, Ont., May, On plum flowers, (Curran). 
May 5, (J. McDunnough). 

Syrphus transversalis Curr. Orillia, Ont., May to September, (Curran). 

Syrphus reflectipenms Curr. Orillia, Ont., May 26, 1913, (Curran). 

The above six species described in Can. Ent. Vol. LILI, Nos. 7 and 8, 
1921. 

Syrphus lineola Zett. Glacier, B.C., July 5, 1915, (J. B. Wallis). A 
European species not previously recorded for North America (Curran). 

Syrphus medius Jones. Orillia, Ont., May-June, (Curran). 

Leucozona lucorum L. McDiarmid, Ont., (N. K. Bigelow). 

Didea laxa O. 8S. McDiarmid, Ont., June 10, 1921, (N. K. Bigelow). 
New to Ontario, (Curran). . 

Baccha cognata Loew. Orillia, Ont., June 28, 1921, (Curran). 

Ocyptamus fuscipennis Say. Point Pelee, Ont., (Bigelow). 

Toxomerus occidentals Curr. British Columbia. 
Can, Rint Vol: LITT, No. 11, 192d. 

Ascia metallica Will. Orillia, Ont., April-May. This is apparently quite 
a distinct species. (Curran). 

Sphegina keeniana Will. Orillia, Ont., May-June. Abundant on flowers 
of Osmorrhiza clayton. (Curran). 

Sphegina infuscata Loew. Lillooet, B.C., 1919, (A. Phair); Orillia, 
Ont., May 30, 1921, (Curran). 

Sphegina lobata Loew. Orillia, Ont., May to July, 1921, (Curran). 

Sphegina petiolata Coq. Orillia, Ont., May to July, 1921. (Curran). 

Sphegina campanulata Robert. Joliette, Que., (J. Ouellet). 

Myiolepta bella Will. British Columbia. April to July, (Treherne and 
Keen). 

Hammerschmidtia ferruginea Fall. Orillia, Ont., May, 1921, (Curran). 

Brachyopa diversa Johns. Orrilia, Ont., May, 1921., (Curran). 

Brachyopa flavescens Shan. Orillia, Ont., May 5, 1921, (Curran). 

Brachyopa media Will. Orillia, Ont., May 5, 1921. (Curran). 


68 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


Brachyopa gigas Lovett. British Columbia, (Treherne). 
Ceria ontartoensis Curr. Orillia, Ont., May 30, 1921. (Curran). 
Can. Ent.. Vol. LIT, No. 8, 1921. 
381. Volucella vesiculosa Fabr. Toronto, Ont. 
Sericomyia seafasciata Loew. Orillia, Ont., May 29, 1921, (Curran). 
Cheticamp, B.C., June 30, 1917, (F. Johansen); Barker, N.B., June 
24, 1914, (J. D. Tothill). 
38%. FHristalis nemorum lL. Vernon, B.C., (M. Ruhmann); Banff, Alta., 
(N. B. Sanson). 
387. Hristalis obscurus Loew. Orillia, Ont., May 5-20, 1921, (Curran). 
385. Hristalis compactus Walk. Orillia, Ont., April-May, 1921, (Curran). 
392. Helophilus dycher Will. McDiarmid, Ont., (N. K. Bigelow). 
393. Helophilus groelandicus O. Fabr. Lillooet, B.C., (C. H. Young). 
392. Helophilus bilinearis Will. Orillia, Ont., April-May, (Curran). 
393. Helophilus lunulatus Meig. Orillia, Ont., April-June, (Curran). 
Criorhina luna Lovett. Wellington, B.C., April 17, 1903, (R. N. Har- 
vey) ; Ucluelet, B.C., (Young). : 
Criorhina aurea Lovett. Penticton, B.C., April 21, 1919, (EK. R. Buckell). 
401. Pocota bomboides Hunter. Victoria, B.C., May 6, 1919, (W. Downes). 
402. Cynorhina armillata O. 8. Orilha, Ont., May 18, 1921, (Curran). 
403. Milesia virginiensis Drury. Point Pelee, Ont., (Bigelow). 
405. Sphecomyia vittata Wied. Orillia, Ont., May 16, 18, 1921, (Curran). 
401. Brachypalpus frontosus Loew. Ottawa, Ont., May 23, 1908, (J. Fletcher). 
401. Brachypalpus parvus Will. Penticton, B.C., April 21, 1919, (Buckell) ; 
Duncan, B. C., (A. W. Hanham). 
383. Arctophila flagrans O. S. Lake Louise, Alta.. Aug. 15, 1915, (J. B. 
Wallis). 
Tachinide 
*  Ernestia nigropalpis Toth. Stickeen River, Savary Island, B.C., (Town- 
send, Wicham, Sherman). 
Ernestia johnsoni Toth. Fry Creek, B.C. 
Ernestia frontalis Toth. Cranbrook, B.C., (Harrington and Garrett). 
Ernestia platycarina Toth. Savary Island and Bear Lake, B.C. 


*  Hrnestia sulcocarina Toth. Cranbrook, B.C., Lillooet, B.C., (Garrett and 
Bird) ; Husavick, Man., (Wallis). 
*  Ernestia bicarina Toth. Bear Lake, B.C. 
The above six species described in Can. Ent. Vol. LITT, Nos. 11 and 12, 
1921. 
476. Metopia lateralis Macq. Quebec, (J. Ouellet). 
Dexiide 


504. Ptilodexia harposa Walk.  Joliette, Que., July 13, 1920, (J. Ouellet). 


Anthomyiide 

538. Fennia corvina Verr. Mt. Royal, Que., Joliette, Que., May, June, 1920. 
(Ouellet). 

543. Mydaea occidentalis Mal. Mt. Royal, Que., May 31, 1920, (Ouellet). 

Hydrotaea militaris Macq. Mt. Royal and Lauzon, Que., May-June, © 

1920, (Ouellet). 

552. Hylemyia johnsoni Stein. Outremont, Que., May 28, 1920, (Ouellet). 

553. Hylemyia trivittata Stein. Joliette, Lauzon and St. Remi. Que., June- 
July, (Ouellet). 

553. Hylemyia testacea Stein. Mt. Royal, Que.. June 20. 1920, (Ouellet). 


1922 KNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69 


553. Prosalpia silvestris Fall. Mt. Royal, Que., May 28, 1920, (Ouellet). 
558. Pegomyia lipsia Walk. Outremont, Joliette, and St. Louis, Que., June- 
August, (Ouellet). 
558. Pegomyia viltigera Zett. Mt. Royal, Que., May 28, 1920, (Ouellet). 
559. Hoplogaster mgritarsis Stein. Joliette, Que., July 13, 1920, (Ouellet) 
560. Coenosia compressa Stein. Joliette, Que., July 10, 1920, (Ouellet). 
560. Coenosia flavicosa Stein. Mt. Royal, St. Louis, Que., June-August. 
(Ouellet). 
Scatophagide 
566. Chactosa punctipes Macq. Joliette, Que., July 15, 1920, (Ouellet). 
Sapromyzide 
*  Palloptera albertensis John. Calgary, Alta., (Owen Bryant). 
Psyche, Vol. XXVIII, p. 22, 1921. 


Oscinide 
Elachiptera costata Loew. Outremont, St .Louis, Que, May-July, 
(Ouellet). 
Geomyzidz 
645. <Anthomyza tenuis Loew. Joliette, Que., July 13, 1920, (Ouellet). 


HEMIPTERA. 

Arranged according to a Check List of the Hemiptera excepting the Aphididae, 
Aleurodidz and Coccide of America, North of Mexico by E. P. Van Duzee. 
Aradide 

Aradus parshleyi Van D. Vernon, B.C., April 28, 1915, (M. Ruhmann). 
Aradus implanus Parsh. Trenton, Ont., June 18, 1907, (J. D. Evans) ; 
Montreal, Que., May 15, 1906, (J. I. Beaulne). 
Aradus medioximus Parsh. Vancouver Island, B.C., May 21, 1897, (G. 
W. Taylor). 
Aradus umannulatus Parsh. Edmonton, Alta., April 17, 1919, (F. S. 
Carr). 
*  Aradus cinnamonus sub. sp. antennalis Parsh. Kelowna, B.C., 1917, 
(Treherne) ; Vernon, B.C., April 12, (Ruhmann). 
The above four species described in Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. No. 1, Vol. 
XLVIL, 1921. 
Lygeide 
461. Ortholomus longiceps Stal. Aweme, Man., Aug. 21, 1920, (Criddle). 
Kolenetrus plenus Dist. Ottawa, Ont., July 20, 1912. (J. I. Beaulne). 
588. Stignocoris rusticus Fall. Hemmingford, Que., Aug. 30. 1916, (C. E. 
Petch). 


Membracide 


1611. Carynota stupida Walk. Onah, Man., July. 1920, (P. N. Vroom). 
1633. Telamona westcotti Godg. Aweme, Man., June 26 and July 15, 1920, 
(Criddle). 


Cicadellide 
2181. Hutettia strobi Fitch. Aweme, Man., Aug. 13, 1921, (Criddle). 


2251. Thamnotettic kennicotti Uhl. Aweme. Man., Aug. 13-22. 1920. 
(Criddle). 


Aphidide 
Schizineura ulmo Linn. Chilliwack and Agassiz, B.C., on elm and eur- 


rant. (R. Glendenning). 
ORTHOPTERA. 


Mantide * 
Titaneuria minor Scudd. Osoyoos, B.C., Aug. 23. 1920, (Eric Hearle). 


70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 





Oedipodine 
Aulocara elliotti Thom. Lethbridge, Alta., July, 1920, (Strickland and 
Seamans). 
Trimerotronis brunneri McNeill. Lethbridge, Alta., July 29, 1912, (J. 
B. Wallis). 
Acrididz 
Melanoplus flabellifer Scudd. Lethbridge, Alta., July 7, 1921, (Strick- 
land). 


ODONATA. 
Arranged according to Muttkowski’s Catalogne of the Odonata of North 
America. 
Dr. E. M. Walker has supplied the following list of Species which he considers 
of sufficient interest to be reported upon. 
Coenagrionide 
Lestes disjunctus Selys. Revelstoke, B.C., July 19, 1921, (E. M. Walker). 
Lestes uncatus Kby. Revelstoke, B.C., July 17, 1921, (Walker). 
Enallagma hageni Walsh. Caron, Sask., June 26, 1921, (Walker). 
Enallagma ebrium Hag. Verden, Man., June 23, 1921; Herbert, Sask., 
June 28, (Walker). 
Enallagma civile Hag. Lepelletiar, Man., June 18, 1921, (Walker). 
Enallagma carunculatum Morse. Nebrom, B.C., July 22, 1921, (Walker). 
Tschnura cervula Selys. Revelestoke, B.C., July 19 ,1921; Nelson, B.C., 
July 21, (Walker and Whitehead). 
Aishnide 
Ophiogomphus severus montanus Selys. Neison, B.C., July 19, 1921; 
Nelson, B.C., July 21, (Walker and Whitehead). 
Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis Walk. Griswold and Virden, Man., June, 
(Walker). 
Aishna sitchensis Hag. Field, B.C., Aug. 5th, 1921, (Walker). 
Aishna interrupta Walk. Nelson, B.C., July 22, 1921, (Walker). 
Ashna umbrosa occidentalis Walk. Kootenay Lake near Nelson, B.C., 
July 22, 1921, (Walker). 


Libellulidze . 
Cordulia shurteffi Scud. Revelstoke, B.C., July (Walker); Nelson, 


B.C., (Walker and Whitehead). 
Somatochlora albicincta Burm. Vancouver, B.C., 4500 feet, July 30, 
(Walker). 
Somatochlora hudsonica Hag. Banff, Alta., July 13, 1921, (Walker). 
Sympetrum madidum Hag. East of Portage la Prairie, Man., June. 
Manitoba record. (Walker). Piapot, Sask., June 29, (Walker). 
Leucorrhinia hudsonica Selys. 10 miles west of Portage la Prairie, 
Man., June, 1921. Field and Vancouver, B.C., (Walker). 
EPHEMERIDE 
* Betis intercalaris Mc). Ottawa, Ont., June 11-14, 1920, (McDun- 
nough). : 
* Betis flavistriga McD. Ottawa, Ont., June 14, 1920, (McDunnough). 
These species described in Can. Ent. Vol. LIII; No. 5, 1921. 
CoLLEMBOLA | 


*  Priesea sublimis MacNam. Arnprior, Ont., April and October (C. Mac- 
Namara). Can. Ent. Vol. LIIT; No. 6, 1921. 


INDEX 





PAGE 

Adalia bipunctata Linn. ............ 40 
misophila pometaria <...........-. 43, 50 
Anthonomus signatus ...........6-. 47 
EU ICOS UAUSSOCA SS Sg ge cio ohne cio om Bon 48 
MITER OOIIL TB a. orc sve ins osnue lose one Sie fiav'eie'ie. 45 
PANTIE SEES OTE ia loco ct chm ads, shove sjsusser ee ieieee0s 45 
JIRL@ GOOG) esas Sor Onin Como ban cnn 45 
PMA UIS SDCCLLE: ipscis oc a ccce of wlio 49 
BULCOOMUDIG (UTASSIC® 2... mse wee e- 48 
EST MERUOC EC WLLE oF osc: alan Soave tere Wee, ales, che) suavrerens 49 
Birch-leaf skeletonizer ............ 50 
Blackberry leaf miner ............. 48 
PMGCKCHELEY ADNIS nos oe wee cc ee re 45 
SMCILEILUS UCLLOMG Sava die sioie vile wane seein 12 
na wieiniit) GHAtel oo acs 2. cc tee e's 49 
STBICIEU SOU LEGEUS) Na... 6 cleversisie' « sje esis 49 
BU OUUE DG OUENSUS <0 .65 selei ce wie ese eons 34 
Bucculatrix canadensisella ......... 50 
Bucculatriz pomifoliella ........... 45 
TEvyail. Ten De nee ee none 42 
EAS OMENS sce sete) ate a.selie tie we Sole 48 
Wapbase  HUCterieS) 2n.s. 3 cerns os cote 11} 
CMI AL LOL .i.fcie.c\< scapes. cree «ove 48, 50 
EAD OAC MWOTING: cc. 6 cee Senecis secies 48 
AICPA WOLTOS 212i oe oe Shon en eee sole Seen 50 
Gankermworm, WOPrk.)..5 . cc <5 «ois 43 
Carnocapsa pomonella .......2:.... 42 
CEMIIS ° << SS GAS ape cere rami 19 
CEDRUS CLTUClHLS NOt. 2.6655 eee os 18 
Chrysanthemum midge ............ 49 
Misare@aAse-VCaLers: . .coccs esc e ee ears 42 
CCUGWGie TTT) Se eet Rees ase ean mene eres 34 
BGO SE EO GM hc e fiats cients Gis erties e 42 
Coleophora, fletcherella . 2.2.3.2 2 6. 42 
COLCOPROTG MOMNVOTElWa ... 5.0.02 e es 42 
Gonmon: Blue Butterfly. ......-...:. 12 
OORWHOMETCOOSPIGED cei. sie, ccc dete hare 34 
Common eSuUIpHUrs. 2s. se esas 12 
Conotrachelus nenuphar ..:........ 42 
Corm. Borer, European. .... 6... 5... 22, 26 
MO DPISTA EAT MWOTI. chee dacs: 0 cd sie vic ewes ecees 48 
PTOGCETIS AS DONQQGU: J ievciwveraie cle Gipewiss 6s 49 
Cryptorhyncnhus lapatni ...6....->..- 50 
Cucumber beetle, striped .......... 48 
(CHEE ADELIOANSE Sook eco La ee 49 
COVCIETONGI O01 Re eae ie ie ne 49 
Dasyneura rhodophaga ............ 49 
PPT OMOULCO NS ULELOLD: sie barns. oes bec ee ne 48 
Diarthronomyia hypogwa .......... 49 
Loa iiet TE OTHE ES eee eae ee 49 
HWECOBLOGUSLET, TUGUWIOSUS- 2.0.2... 3 45 
ECR AULONM ULILOSUIM: soos as ceed eens 50 
EPI IE METZO SOEs ak sive oS ova Searc  dava aie ae 45 
ETT OOSGM WUGUL. cia 2% ods Wesel ela ota e alt als 45, 49 
GT EMMCICUNUCTUS) cists aie sn dinctiwa oe ee 49 
OPUS] YT nc cl e.t > eade ey eiseiae s eee 45 
Eupelmus allynii French .......... 19 
ETE OUOMNILOG. oiditeuaiar ete mrelekss ole t oreteie s 49 
[DTA IOTGS CA Paes Aa ee 19 
Fruit-tree bark-beetle .............. 45 
Henipetree leat Toller. .25 3. ...6. 606%. 3 
ECCMID LC MOUS a iirc sieietere vo cee c 0 oe eye 43 
ENCLEOHILU ST OUSOLCLG. - ok eitetelsie ts) oo 2! 22 48 
EIULENUYUG ANLIGUE 2. bocce tis oss vee 29 
Imported poplar & willow curculio .. 50 
Insects of the Season in Ontario .. 42 


Insects of the Year, Reports on .... 12 
June-bugs 


Sana) sr elie Sle is.s 6 Bele 0 8.6 o1 6) 6 ere 0 


LEGERNOSCERICOMUSGUD) ieicksis tele) sis ichenetetne 13 
Lady-bird beetle. minute black 40 
Lady-bird beetle, two-spotted ...... 40 
Leaf- hopper, apple OAS eae Ate 45 
SEANC. Rae cers cui ees 46 

potatovwAay eee 45, 49 

= TOSOY ae ee ee eae 45 
LeMG, Crime acd Pee eee 49 
Leptinotarsa decemlineata .......:. 49 
LGUCONUS AUG. Tae ie eke 12 
LY COCNG MACON. serie eee 12 
LY GUS CORYME? 3:05 ae hoo 45 
AGUS CONUNUILIVIST: se aie ete ee 43 
EY OASHOMERCOUOT V7. ites on ee ee 44 
LY GUSMONENTUGGIUS Weciaa se -iareerne 44 
Macrodactylus subspinosus ......... 46 
May=peectleSitacsacicmea es oe a ee 13 
Mead owaebritillaryinee:s cri cele 2 ote 12 
IMICTOUTUSROCTIVUIVC Aa ooo ae eee 48 
MACE OUT UCONN Mere ate es Nore ce eee 19 
Microbracon cephi Gahan .......... 19 
Monarch putteriiiesh eee... 44 5-0. 4 1, 
Monophadnoides rubi .............. 47 
May2r se COGS Bh loo oie < aa 45 
Oak plant: Duss 222 eee ee ewes 44 
Oak twas pruners ener ccs ae ace 50 
Onion Masesot. Woes 2 tes noe ee 2 
Onion maggot in B.C., imported 29 
Onion thrips, .ceya tee celeron 48 
OrchardMaphids aa se aces 45 
POLECOCTILASDETILALO ee ieee ee ieee Ae Bill 
Pale Western Cutworm ~-:25.--..- 13 
PED UO MUUTIVUS ae No eats er tear 12 
PararernanyCnius PilOSUs 222-2 33, 44 
POTiGsCANelia: 4 lea ee ee 46 
iPeachwtree, borer, Sacra jc eee 45 
Pearsplistemmmite aon. <4 ce tene eee 45 
(PearcpSsydllae vicpelmote cbs «oe cae 43 
Phorbia brassice Bouche .......... 50 
BROROLAATNOLUOTU see eee 7 
PRCTIUSIF EDO. oo 05 cal oe 48 
Pistolm@ase-pearers, see cee eee 42 
Pleurotropis utahensis Cratd. ...... ites 
Phim Curculioysc eae eee Lee 42 
Pinm Spider Mites wees ane econ 
Potato: beetle: cea ac erate 49 
Potato ‘flea-bectlewmsancmeen eee a. 49 
Porosagrotis orthogonia Morr. ..... 13 
SULLY DUGLGOLG metres eh ele= 34 
Pyrausta, niovlanis, TMbDS =... = 22 
Rasberry cane umareobe ee. oa 47 
Rasbenryvercaweallive b.tech ee ec 47 
RedevMiter(@buropean))) sss si see oe 33 
Ribbed’ i@ocoon-makcer’ 72 .....-:-+5-- 45 
LEXOR(SV (OIE HTSNey sey rea Chae Epok eco}, 46 
EUOSG MIMIC Ce rrsnsrotecanant aries tok ree 49 
SOMMUILOVUCD MCLULUOSO) ses ae eects 45 
Sia SAM DECU OSes ne sien cote a ota, shel clone Ceapeete ne 
Stethorus punctum Wee. ............ 40) 
Strawberry leaf beetle .............. 46 
StrawDerny, WeEeVIl- 2a. 5. settee 47 
Tarsonemus pallidus .........-.--- 49 
EREUDS NCUOGGE cis sean ats Pes Ole wai tT 48 
Micer iswallowtalls, 22/0. een es 12 
MECOCET. A OCCULANG snide eter 42 
Tortrix (Cacascia) argyrospila .... 3 
TyMilOCyOd. CONVES ‘rrcreersiete hereto 46 
Western Wheat-stem Sawfly ....... 18 








1" 





Ontario Department of Agriculture 


] 
| 
| 
| 


Fifty- Third Annual Report 


OF THE 


IENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OF 


ONTARIO 
1922 


| 


PRINTED BY ORDER OF 
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO 


TORONTO: 
Printed by CLARKSON W. JAMES, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 
1923 





ie 


Pe 
we ANS 





Ontario Department of Agriculture 


Fifty- Third Annual Report 


OF THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OF 


ONTARIO 
2 


PRINTED BY ORDER OF 
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO 





TORONTO: 
Published by CLARKSON W. JAMES, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 
1923 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 
OFFICERS FOR. 1922-23 sinc RIS Hehe ew ye a I SNC a oS ee 4 
FINANCIAL, STATEMENT. |e: 2 cots os ee oa ore new nee ie cheap cures pe Sant ek) ek ea Ba 
IANNUAL, MEETING. © 5 352 Seco eats Sie owe Se sae fe SE See NT sce 5 
Report. of the Council cae olen es shag ote ante a eee ae 5 
Report. of the Maritime Branch. -¢ :2 154227. soe a o2 eo tls a ee ee ee 6 
Report of the: Montreal- Branch.’ 22...) 2 bce wie wo nm See se oe ee 7 
Report of the Toronto: Branch®2,.\.\52. 2 4. De. Seats ates ae oer ee ge 8 
Report of the Bratish Columbia. Branch: .. 2.6 .c2G5 520 J... 5 ts ke es 8 
Report of the Entomological Society of British Columbia...............-...-+--- 9 
Report on Insects of the year, Division No. 3: A. COSENS...............-2--5005 10 
Distribution of the European Corn Borer in Ontario during the Summer of 1922: 
Ts Se MGLAING Sa.do Santee See oe Bee eae certs Fae cca Re ents es oe see 10 
Ploughing as a Factor in the Control of the European Corn Borer in Ontario: H. G. 
(CRA WEORD o°: $sug 55 0% castes oe ee ele eg, Mee Fe Baia Rage oe ctral et ey Oh aco eee 13 
Further Notes on the Life History of the European Corn Borer in Ontario: G. 
SPENCER: i5.caco slender IOS BINGE Ve Site DEE elas, Ele e petus aC EOD koe een a 18 
DISCUSSIOM eye o5 S55 a nics Bb sas wns be os Ries tact alltaa, ee Sy Se as She Re 25 
Economic Importance of Insects as Food for the Common Whitefish: W.A. CLEMENS 26 
Provancher, The Canadian Linnaeus—His Life and Works: G. MAHEUX.......... 28 
Relation of the Biological and Taxonomic Studies in Syrphidae: C.H. CURRAN.... 30 
Insects of the Season in Ontario: L. CAESAR and W. A. Ross.................... 33 
Notes on Franki:niglla tring Fitch: R. C. PREBERNE:.......0.....2--+-0sceeeee 39 
Notes on the Biology of Two Buprestids infesting Blackberry and Hazel: C. G. 
ELUTCHINGS: 6 yiesse oe Se ie eon ee ee Rye es: 43 
Insects of the:Season.in Quebec in 1922: (G. MAHEUK.. 22.22: .2. 50-2. = oe 46 
The Feather: Mite—A New Pestof Poultry<. LO CAESAR, .222 522 oe 2 eee 47 
The Grape Leaf-Hopper: W. A: Ross and W. ROBINSON... .22..:..----1-o=- re 48 
Mechanical Devices as Aids in the Control of the Strawberry Root Weevil: W. 
BD OWINES }5.5ico 25) Silene Se des ae ee ae eco ee 61 
Recent Work on the Rose Chafer in Ontario: W.A. Ross and J. A. HALL......... 64 
Oviposition of Hypera punctata: H.F. Hupson and A. A. WooD................- 70 
The Sunflower Maggot (Straussia longipennis Wied.): J. E. BRINK.............-. 72 
Notes on the Seed Potato Maggot (Hylemyia trichodactyla Rond.): G.H. HAMMOND 74 
The Entomological Record, 1922: N.CrmppLeE and C. H. CURRAN.............-. 76 
| 5S) D>. Coe an eR er re ce ae Mout Nok coeds Coon oGoabaSsf2¢ 91 


[2] 


To His Honour HENRY CocksuHutTtT, Esq@., 


Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario. 


May IT PLEASE YouR HONOUR: 


I have the honour to present herewith for your consideration the Report of 


the Entomological Society for 1922. 
Respectfully submitted, 


MANNING W. DOHERTY, 
Minister of Agriculture. 


Toronto, 1923. 


Entomological Society of Ontario 


OFFICERS FOR 1922-23 


President—Mr. F. J. A. Morris, M.A., Peterborough. x 
Vice-President—Dr. J. M. SwWAINnE, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 
Secretary-Treasurer—Pror. A. W. BAKER, B.S.A., O. A. College, Guelph. 
Curator and Librarian—Mnr. J. A. FLocxk, O. A. College, Guelph. 


Directors—Division No. 1, Dr. J. M. SWAINE, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, 
Ottawa; Division No. 2, Mr. C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Dr. A. CosEns, Toronto; 
Division No. 4, Mr. F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Division No. 5, Dr. J. D. DETWILER, 
Western University, London; Division No. 6, Mr. J. F. Hupson, Strathroy; Division No. 7, 
Mr. W. A. Ross, Vineland Station. 


Directors (ex-Presidents of the Society)—REv. Pror. C. J. S. BETHUNE, M.A., D.C.L., 
F.R.S.C., Toronto; Pror. JOHN DEARNEss, Vice-Principal, Normal School, London; PRor. 
Wma. Locuueap, B.A., M.S., Macdonald College, Que.; JoHN D. Evans, C.E., Trenton; PRoF. 
E. M. Wacker, B.A., M.B., F.R.C.S., University of Toronto; Mr. ALBERT F. WINN, West- 
mount, Que.; Pror. Lawson Caesar, M.A., B.S.A., O. A. College, Guelph; ArTHUR GIBSON, 
F.E.S., F.E.S.A., F.R.S.C., Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa. 


Editor of ‘‘The Canadian Entomologist’'—Dr. J. McDuNNovuGuH, Entomological Branch, 
Ottawa. 


Delegate to the Reyal Society of Canada—THE PRESIDENT. 


FINANCIAL STATEMENT 


For THE YEAR ENDING OCTOBER 3ist, 1922. 


Receipts. Expenditures. 
Cashion dands Ooty eee eee $55 25 Printing. .c.02 2. ocen 2 $1,284 28 
SMDSchiplLiOnss -Y.. 5. oe os eae 442 25 EXpenSes.. ano ee eeer Beet 65:37 
Miembexs’ Dues:.. sires ee eee 82 50 Cuts. 2503 see ee eee 66 97 
Advertisements: 2.7... 2 lee eee 54 65 Salaries\ (arrears) .90. o47-eee eee 200 00 
BackoNumbers: 22 -bi< sae Cee Sih aii AnnualReport: < 5-2... ae eee 25 00 
Banke Interest: |. 2s fas: ose 45 Insurance! 32.) .5.5266 00 222 See 36 00 
exchange se er. seat ee ee 15 Exchanges (as 9: 2895. Ga 4 76 
USS ARE SiGe st ee eee £1191 Balance Cash on Hand.......... 384 39 
Contributionsts.. © iu vate eee 137 15 ; 
Wifes Membersass {2 6. vac ee lveoene 175, 15 
Government Grant... 2.5 #5. 020 1,000 00 
$2,066 77 $2,066 77 
Accounts Receivable. Accounts Payable. 
dVeRpISiien- (4 tease ccc. oo ais $338 17 Printing: 0) 3.6) 3 ja oe $460 00 
Backs Nimibersess o5c5). cle gece cies 8 10 Salaty.i23 ss Fda es eee 100 00 
Cashronshiandnese ayaa. yerieice 384 39 
$730 66 $560 00 
By Accounts Receivable......... $730 66 
To Accountssbayablesey. os. «:. 2s 560 00 
WetiBalance: sari ete '- $170 66 
AL ns Jk ASELOCK, Respectfully submitted, 
Auditors - CAESAR. A. W. BAKER, 


Secretary-Treasurer. 


[4] 


Entomological Society of Ontario 


ANNUAL MEETING 


The Fifty-ninth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario 
was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on Friday and Saturday, 
November 24th and 25th. 

The general meetings of the society were held in the lecture room of the 
Department of Entomology. On Friday evening a dinner was held in the College 
cafeteria, after which the members and visitors adjourned to the Common 
Room of Mills Hall for a smoker and social evening, when the President, Mr. 
Morris, read an interesting paper on a collecting trip to Rondeau Park and 
Point Pelee. 

Among the members present were: Mr. N. K. Bigelow, Toronto, Ont.; 
Messrs. A. Gibson, L.S. McLaine, R. C. Treherne, H. G. Crawford, C. Hutchings, 
Dominion Entomological Branch, Ottawa, Ont.; Profs. L. Caesar, A. W. Baker 
and Mr. G. J. Spencer, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ont.; Mr. F. J. A. 
Morris, Peterborough, Ont.; Mr. W. E. Biggar, Hamilton, Ont.; Mr. J. A. Hall, 
Guelph, Ont.; Father Leopold, La Trappe, Que.; and the following officers of 
the Dominion Entomological Branch: Messrs. W. A. Ross, Vineland Station, 
Ont.; H. F. Hudson, Strathroy, Ont. 

The officers of the society were re-elected save that Mr. J. A. Flock was 
elected curator in place of Mr. Spencer. 


REPORT; OF (aE -COUNEIL 


The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its 
report for the year 1921-1922. 

The Fifty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario 
was held at the University of Toronto during the week of December the twenty- 
eighth. The meeting was held at this time in order that our members might have 
an opportunity of meeting with the members of the Entomological Society of 
America and of the American Association of Economic Entomologists. 

Many members of the society were present from the various provinces 
of the Dominion and from the United States. The meetings were also well 
attended by members of the Entomological Society of America, the American 
Association of Economic Entomologists and others. 

On Wednesday afternoon a meeting was held with the Entomological Society 
of America in Room 10, Medical Building. The following papers were contributed 
by members of the two societies: 

“Algonquin Days,” F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough, Ontario; ‘‘Hatching in 
Three Species of Neuroptera,” Roger C. Smith, Kansas State Agricultural 
College; ‘‘Ecdysis in Tmetocera Ocellana,’’ S. W. Frost, Arendtsville, Pa; ‘‘Cocoon 
Spinning by Species of Bucculatrix,’”” O. A. Johannsen, Cornell University; 
“The Ventral Pro-thoracic Gland of the Red-humped Apple Caterpillar (Schz- 
zura Concinna)’’ J. D. Detwiler, Western University; ‘‘Observations on a New 
Species of Chrysops from Central New York,’ Raymond C. Shannon, Cornell 
University; ““Are there Two Species of the Oyster Shell Scale?’’ Grace H. Gris- 
wold, Cornell University; ‘‘A Classification of the Larvae of Tenthredinoidea,”’ 
H. Yuasa, University of Illinois; ‘The Phylogeny of the Gall Mites and a New 


[S] 


Be _ eee 


6 THE REPORT OF BoE No. 36 


Classification of the Suborder Prostigmata of the Order Acrina,’’ H. E. Ewing, 
United States National Museum; ‘‘The Syrphid Genera Hammerschmidtia and 
Brachyopa in Canada,’’ C. Howard Curran, Orillia, Ontario; ‘“Taxonomic Results 
From a Study of the Genitalia of Male Syrphide,’’ C. L. Metcalf, University 
of Illinois; ‘Report of the Lepidoptera of the Cornell Expedition of 1919-1920,” 
Wm. T. M. Forbes, Cornell University; ““An Extreme Case of Delayed Fall 
Emergence of Hessian Fly (Phytophaga destructor),’’ W. H. Larrimer, United 
States Bureau of Entomology; ‘Importance of Insects in the Food of the Brook — 
Trout,’ W. A. Clemens, University of Toronto; “The effects of Vitamines on 
the Growth of Ephestia Kuehniella in Wheat Flour,’’ Charles H. Richardson, 
United States Bureau of Entomology. 

On Friday afternoon the society met with the American Association of 
Economic Entomologists when the following programme was delivered: 

“One Year of the Crop Protection Institute,” W. C. O’Kane, Durham, 
N. H.; ‘Poisoned Molasses for the Destruction of Noctuid Moths,” E. C. Strick- 
land, Ottawa, Canada; ‘‘The Western Wheat Stem Sawfly in Canada,’’ Norman 
Criddle, Treesbank, Manitoba; ‘‘Progress in Hessian Fly Control,’’ H. A. Gossard, 
Wooster, Ohio, and T. H. Parks, Columbus, Ohio; ‘European Corn Borer— 
Life History in Ontario,” H. G. Crawford, Ottawa, Canada; ‘“‘European Corn 
Borer—FPresent Distribution in Ontario,’ L. S. McLaine, Ottawa, Canada; 
“European Corn Borer; Control Under Ontario Conditions,” G. J. Spencer, 
Guelph, Ontario; ‘“The Corn Borer Problem in New York State,” E. P. Felt, 
Albany, N.Y.; ‘“Chemotropism of Chinch Bug,’’ H. Yuasa, Urbana, IIl; “Obser- 
vations on Insects Attacking Sorghums,’’ Wm. P. Hayes, Manhattan, Kansas; 
“The Onion Maggot in British Columbia Under Irrigated Conditions,” R. C. 
Treherne, Ottawa; ‘“The Cabbage Root Maggot,” L. Caesar, Guelph, Canada; 
‘“‘A Forest Insect Survey From the Air,” J. M. Swaine, Ottawa, Canada; “Forest 
Sample Plot Studies in a Spruce Budworm Outbreak,” F. C. Craighead, Ottawa, 
Canada; “The Life History, Habits and Tnjusics of the Maple Case-bearer,”’ 
Glenn W. Herrick, Ithaca, N.Y. 

On Friday evening, an Entomologists’ png: was held at the Prince George 
Hotel under the gies of the American Association of Economic Entomologists. 
Many members of our society —o the kind invitation of this society to 
be present. 

The Canadian Entomologist, the official organ of the society completed its 
fifty-third volume in December last. The volume contained 342 pages, illu- 
strated by seventeen full page plates and nineteen original figures. The contri- 
butors to these pages numbered fifty-three and included writers in Ontario, 
British Columbia, Alberta, New Brunswick, sixteen of the United States, South 
Africa and New Zealand. Six papers were published during the year on popular 
and practical entomology. 


REPORT OF THE MARIFIME BRANCH 


The Eighth Annual Meeting of the Acadian Entomological Society was held 
in Amherst, N.S., on Thursday, December 14th, 1922. In the absence of the 
President, the Vice-President, Dr. Brittain, occupied the chair. A short business 
meeting was held and last year’s officers were all re-elected as follows: 


LONOTOTVER LESTMETE EN eee ty ear is eae eee Dr. A. H. McKay, Halifax, N.S. 
PESTAENE renee ig oe ae a Mr. Wn. McIntosu, St. John, N.B. 
Vice-President a: (Aa. Bae eae Dr. W. H. Britratn, Truro, N.S. 
SééretiryRTeaSUnerseen. ore oe ee Mr. A. B. Bairp, Fredericton, N.B. 
A sststant Secretary stereos as ation 1 oe Oe eee Mr. W. E. WHITEHEAD, Truro, N.S. 


Member of (Council age stesso. BO ee ee Dr. Epona MosHER, Kempt Shore, N.S. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAT SOCIETY. | 


The remainder of the day was devoted to the discussion of entomological 
problems and the reading of the following papers: 


Some Notes on Entomophthora sphaerosperma, a Fungal Parasite of the Apple Sucker—A. G. 
DustaNn, Entomological Laboratory, Fredericton, N.B. 

Some Notes on the Natural Control of the Pine Bark Aphid in New Brunswick—A. H. 
McAnprews, Entomological Laboratory, Fredericton, N.B. 

Insect Pests of the Year in Nova Scotia—Pror. W. H. BRITTAIN, College of Agriculture, Truro, 


Insect Pests of the Year in New Brunswick—R. P. GorHam, Entomological Laboratory, Fred- 
ericton, N.B. 

The Results of Further Experiments on the Control of the Cabbage Maggot—Pror. W. H. 
BRITTAIN, Truro, N.S. 

Sulphur Dust as an Insecticide—A. KELSALL, Entomological Laboratory, Annapolis, N.S. 

Some General Results of Natural Control Studiesin Canada, Applying Particularly to the Spruce 
Budworm, Forest Tent Caterpillar and Larch Sawfly—Dr. J. D. Toruitit, Entomological 
Laboratory, Fredericton, N.B. 

The Use of Aluminium Sulphate in Place of Copper Sulphate in Insecticide-Fungicide Combina- 
tions—A. KELSALL, Annapolis, N.S. 

Some Notes on the Larch Sawfly and Larch Case Bearer and Their Natural Control in New 
Brunswick—A. B. Barrp, Entomological Laboratory, Fredericton, N.B. 


Since our last report was presented we have published the seventh number 
of our ‘“‘Proceedings’”’ which comprises some 88 pages and includes all the papers 
presented at our last annual meeting. An informal field meeting of the Society 
was held at Wolfville, N.S., on Friday, August 11th. Our membership remains 
about the same from year to year, twenty-four paid-up members being now 
on our list. 

A. B. Batrp, Secretary-Treasurer. 


REPORT OF THE. MONTREAL BRANCH 


The Forty-ninth Annual Meeting was held on May 13th, 1922, in the 
Lyman Entomological Room, Redpath Museum, McGill University. 

Eight meetings were held during the season with an average attendance 
of nine. 

The following papers and talks were given: 


Sioreite tein oide ot Butomology <<“. 2.20. hoe bye egy epee es Rots ales hee ed A. F. WINN. 
Rupeeeebind Catching a Green Veined White: 5. ./00....0...608-5. 50002. J. W. BUCKLE. 
Early Anjearance of Some of Our Common Butterflies ................0. J. W. BUCKLE. 
MimumomrelowebuttertlyAcesigi tote. jose. sink peeks Rw Razed A. F. WINN. 
Ran CEO OLMIS ee A ie RAs td et Aa Se ete gains Nu, WINN: 
MucmAeniMreLons Gents, IerceOCOriS: sss. he. eke ee cess ce cee tow on Gro. A. Moore. 
Pinna ae,Hemale of(C! Philodices: 2). 22%. Cu tone A. F. WINN. 
Hemiptera-Homoptera Taken at Peaks Is., Me., 1921................0... Gro. A. MOORE. 
Notes on the Gypsy Moth at Portland, iat 4 eo eee te oa A. F. WINN. 
Report of the Seventy-fourth Meeting of the American Association for the 

PEANG EM CUES Olt OCLeNCe sno. ti: Schr. nee da nde ae ee ea oe eae Dr. CORCORAN. 
= re) Lave aya Nein Gh ates Sheet Sk ae ge Ne Oe vee hier: 2 ae ne yey A. F. WINN. 
Mesewedre Githe- jungle,” by, Beebes¢ cf s.c acces cs tigen 2 hy crete od od tes Gro. A. Moore. 
fae White Border of Euvanessa Antiopa Lf... 62040. eee ol od A. F. WINN. 
The Cicadellidae Taken at Peaks Is., Me.; 1918-1920. :.2..22..0.-200505.- Gero. A. Moore. 
PeEMaPeSONE SK WOE LArVAG. «\-. kaos oe Ao ewe treks ccgeyips es wie ces « T. C. BAINEs. 


The Treasurer reported a balance on hand of $165.27. 
The following were elected officers: 


NEN LET LE a yee ot Bice cs Os Ee tes Ee Pon. ud A. F. WINN. 

OT be PLA RSET leks HES Se ela oe FA PEM 101 COED Od Rea G. CHAGNON. 
PTD APE SIUIC NIN Rs a,b 5 6s = 2 sb. oF OO, OF NL, WA a Geo. A. Moore. 

ca NESEY Cie G10 teppei Ais ee) Lent Oa Se eee ee J. W. BucKLeE. 
DEUCE, SR Seo A, bo as ee re Dr. Corcoran, E. H. HAti, A. C. SHEPPARD. 


GEO. A. Moore, Secretary. 





8 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH FOR 1921-1922 


The Twenty-sixth Annual Meeting of the Toronto Branch was held in the 
Biological Building on October 18, 1922. 

The report of the council showed that during the past season eight regular 
meetings were held at which there was an average attendance of fourteen persons. 
The following papers and addresses were given: 


A-Trip tothe Rocky Mountains. 2 2c. . ches. oct seein eee ee ee Pror. E. M. WALKER. 
INIDIBOM..... oe sere eee ee OE esta ae Ge ee Dr. W. A. CLEMENS. 
Rambling by the’GrandiRiver.. eo. ae a wees eee ate ee ae Miss Mary PETTIGREW. 
Education and Tnstinct: yes. Aland. ee Geo ae easier A ee eae Mr. C. W. Nasa. 
he Free Warval Chamber Gall. cyn.' oe ea eee eed eee eee Dr. A. COSENS. 
The Wasps‘of the Nipivom Region... 4.0 oe ass Soe ae eet ae ae ee Mr. S. LoGIErR. 
Arctic" Botterfiresyt 52 ieee oor ca aks coders Site eo eee ote aoe ere ae Pror. E. M. WALKER. 
Syrphidae in the Collection of the Royal Ontario Museum............. Mr. N. K. BIGELow. 
An interestineAnt trom: MiUSkokd eo cece. ee ee ee Mr. S. LociEr. 
The Planidium Stage of Parasitic Hymenoptera...............2.0.- Miss Norma Forp. 
New Records in Odonata and Orthoptera from Southern Ontario......PRor. E. M. WALKER. 
The Occurrence of the Strawberry Petiole Gall, Diastrophus fragariae, 

on Cultivated) Plants 2025 peticsaer $cc, ecin ee aeee  o Dr. A. CosENs. 
imsects of The Nipigon Region... 2... ei ee eee cee eee Mr. N. K. BIGELow. 


One new member was elected, viz., Mr. E. C. Corfe. 
The Treasurer’s report showed a balance of $23.96. 
For the season of 1922-23 the following officers were elected: 


UP PE STLETE hx his cvs RT ee TOES Deere en Mr. S. LOGIER. 

Vice PPESICEIE hh Oe EO ie eet ato eater te Levees Dr. E. M. WALKER. 
Becrelary-RreaSUren® oi oc rope teks aval selon neat ths ety ode Ne hn ae Mr. A. H. Lem. 
TABPaTiGn. 20 ee See oe oe Te aac eaten eel Miss NorMa Forp. 
COURT... Pea Ree Dr. CosENs, Dr. CLEMENS, Mr. BIGELOW, Mr. HAtt. 


NorMA Forp, Secretary-Treasurer. 


REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH 


The Twenty-first Annual Meeting was held in Victoria on Saturday, January 
DI192 2% i 

The President, L. E. Marmont, was in the chair, and fourteen members 
were present. 

The Secretary’s Report and Financial Statement was read by Mr. R. 
Glendenning, Assistant Secretary, in the absence of Mr. Downes. 

The business and discussions upon it occupied nearly the whole of the 
morning session, the subjects being: 

The continuance of the Entomological Record; the Society’s Cup, offered 
for school competition; the by-laws revised for incorporation, and the proposed 
increase in subscription to the parent society. The following motion was passed 
relative to the last subject: ‘“That this Society thinks a subscription of $1 to 
the Ontario Entomological Society is sufficient, in view of the decrease in prices.” 

The following papers were read: 


The Use of Spreadersaum Roison Spraysieese se see eee A. L. LOVETT. 

He dic coupes Malus and Its Relation to Oyster Shell Scale....E. P. VENABLEs. 

Economic Insects of the Year in the Lower Fraser Valley...... R. GLENDENNING. 

A Talk on the Chilcotin Country and Its Orthoptera.......... E. R. BUCKELL. 
(Illustrated with lantern slides.) _ 

The Teaching of Entomology in the Public Schools. ........-.. J. W. Gipson. 

Aerial Surveys as an Aid to Entomological Investigation....... E. HEARLE. 

The Life History of the Poplar Sawfly...........-....++++-+- W. Downes. 

The European Earwig in British Columbia...............---- R. C. TREHERNE. 


Incidental Observations Regarding Certain Insects............ W. H. Lyne. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 9 


The election of officers resulted as follows: 


op BE) LESS THI eg A ec ee oS ea F. KERMODE. 
CEST D7 MGA ae BRE ClO 0 Oe OPN COS Sie Sone anne eo L. E. MARMONT. 

: : R. S. SHERMAN (Coast). 
EMILE PEL Se Ie ee eth cc PS cyctope tela biayalie late. «. syeisiecel’ (he. H. RUBMANN (Interior). 


Advisory Board—The above and E. H. BLackmore, W. H. RosBertson, J. W. Gipson, W. He 
LYNE, E. HEARLE. 


ann SECECLUTY 2 TEGSUTED ».. <a) eo.) 21 4:n13,00.81\0 eeistelele oloele sid cle R. GLENDENNING, Agassiz, B.C. 


A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. W. Downes, the retiring 
secretary, for his valuable services. 
It was decided that the next meeting would be held in Vancouver. 


R. GLENDENNING, 
Secretary-Treasurer. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 


At the Twenty-second Annual Meeting the President, L. E. Marmont, 
occupied the chair and fourteen members were present. The report of the 
Secretary-Treasurer and the Financial Statement were adopted, the latter 
showing a credit of balance of $73. 

The discussion on general business and policy resulted in three motions 
being carried: ' 

1. To proceed with Incorporation. 

2. To hold a summer meeting in the Okanagan this year. 

_3. To discontinue the offering of a cup or other prizes for school competition 
for the present. 


The election of officers resulted as follows: 


ETRE EVR TARESLO CIN RA ote oh << rate ls afte: aia lo's efe! ays ave\ oyajotels: Sta) ausseveer sta F. KERMODE. 
JER ISOURT Ho AGS eG EOI O DER OE TOE IEE rar eee L. E. MARMONT. 
. - R. S. SHERMAN. 
pce EP EET SOON AUIS ilar sot aos, 2c, ats y=.) 0 Sis! Saline ele ewer el = a reed 
Honorary Secretary-Treasurer...........-.4- CE SS eee RES ee R. GLENDENNING, Agassiz, B.C. 
BNL TBODIDY ALPHA tee aca, BEC CEASE Oe Rea AA Oe Ree ieee W. S. Moore, J.P. 
Advisory Board—The Officers and J. Davipson, W. Downes, E. HEARLE, W. H. Lyng, E. P. 
VENABLES. 


The following papers were presented: 


ESBS Grell Jee lo Rees i SP L. E. MARMONT. 


Salleceme im sage Brush of S: Okanagan. ....... 224. ot ee nan: E. R. BUCKELL. 
SSS IED SS /D ETL: 2 Sie ete en nee nee arbres Roe tee Dee C. B. GARRETT. 
Control of Oyster-shell Scale with Oil Sprays................. M. H. RUHMANN. 
The Peach Twig Borer in British Columbia.................. R. C. TREHERNE. 
Economic Entomology in the Dry Belt of British Columbia....E. P. VENABLEs. 
Merenon economic Insectsiin 19223.) 2 34k be eee to c.8 > W. Downes. 
New Records of British Columbia Hemiptera................. W. Downes. 
Effect of Fumigation on Certain Insects...............-.-00:- W. H. Lyne. 
The Elm-Currant Aphis—(With lantern slides)............... R. GLENDENNING. 
Bema rOnIOlOGY: = 65 ahs 2 cos cele oA ee Dosen ee as R. HoppinG. 
seg Ontroliat, antl...) ).\stl aioe ots heise issn east See ee ee E. HEARLE. 
mention ar Botany to Entomology...) 2.05.02 0.c. cee eee W. B. ANDERSON. 


Under the microscope were shown slides of Mymaride by O. Whittaker. 
It was decided to hold next year’s meeting at Victoria, B.C. 


R. GLENDENNING, 
Hon. Secretary-Treasurer. 


10 THE REPORT OF SHE No. 36 


REPORTS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR 
Diviston No. 3 Toronto District—A. CosENS 


The relatively low temperature of the past summer must have acted as 
a check on the insect pests, as some of them were less troublesome than usual. 
The Aphids were not so plentiful on the roses and spirzeas, a very little spraying 
serving to keep the bushes immune from attack. The Cutworms were much 
less in evidence, even in the sandy gardens of the northern part of the City, 
and there also seemed to be a smaller percentage of the fruit on unsprayed 
trees infected by the codling-moth. 

After three years in which the Monarch Butterflies were only rarely seen, 
they have again been very numerous this summer. They congregated in High 
Park during the latter part of August, but left that locality early in September. 

The introduced Ground Beetle, Carabus nemoralis, is becoming so common 
that anxious inquiries have been made as to whether it is harmful or not. These 
large, dark-coloured beetles, so often found under leaves and other garden debris 
are.among the most beneficial of our insects. That-they are not recognized as 
such is owing to their habit shared by their !arve, of hunting at night and re- 
maining in hiding during the day. They are closely related to other of our beetle 
friends, the blue-winged Caterpillar Hunters, Calosoma. 

In July my attention was drawn to Lepidopterous larve feeding in the 
flower buds of a cultivated Evening Primrose, Oenothera biennis. The buds 
were swollen, especially in the stalks, and were also much shortened. The 
adult moths were sent to Mr. A. Busck, Washington, and were kindly identified 
by him as Mompha stellella Busck. 

Although the Strawberry Petiole Gall, Diastrophus fragariae Beutm. is 
fairly common here, I have not found it on cultivated plants until this season. 
The gall consists of an elongated, cylindrical swelling of the petiole. The en- 
largement, when dry, has a regularly beaded appearance, owing to a constriction 
occurring between every two larval cells. The gall-bearing leaves die early in 
the season. 

Two other species of the gall-producing genus Diastrophus infect both the 
wild and cultivated species of their hosts. Dziastrophus turgidus Bass. forms ~ 
irregular, pithy swellings around the stems of the raspberry, and Diastrophus 
cuscuteformis O.S. deformities on the stems of bramble. The latter gall is 
made up of a large number of small galls clustered together. Each of these 
consists of a small, hard spherical mass of tissue surrounded by a rosette of 
minute filaments. 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER IN ONTARIO 
DURING THE SUMMER OF 1922 


L. S. McLaIng, DIVISION OF FOREIGN PESTS SUPPRESSION, DEPARTMENT OF 
AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA 


The results of the scouting work for the European Corn Borer carried on 
in southern Ontario during the summer of 1922, show that although this insect 
has spread over quite a large area during this past season, the amount of spread 
is not quite as large as was the case in 1921. It is to be hoped that the latter 
year was an unusually favourable one for the European Corn Borer owing to 
the long dry summer and excessive heat. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. att 


The scouting was carried on under the same co-operative scheme which 
was adopted when this insect was first found in the Province, that is, the work 
was under the immediate supervision of the Canada Department of Agriculture, 
but the Ontario Department of Agriculture assisted by delegating four men and 
two Ford cars for the scouting work. A total of fifteen men and five Ford cars 
were engaged on the scouting which commenced on July 24th, and was completed 
September 20th. During this period one hundred and sixty-five townships were 
carefully examined, and of these forty-five were found to be infested by the 
European Corn Borer. 

This insect has spread during the past year over Kent, Essex and Lambton 

counties, and the important corn growing area of Ontario may now be said to be 
‘infested by this pest. The infestation in the counties mentioned is, fortunately, 
extremely ‘“‘light,’’ and up to the present time no actual damage has resulted 
to the corn crop in these areas, although the same cannot be said for the ‘‘heavily”’ 
infested districts in Elgin and Middlesex counties. In 1921 a single township 
(Pickering) was found infested on the north shore of Lake Ontario, but the scout- 
ing carried on during the past summer adds nine additional townships to the 
infested area. The greater portion of these have undoubtedly been infested 
by the natural dispersion of the insect, but the cause of infestation in two town- 
ships (Clarke and Brighton) at least, is unknown. The infestations in these 
counties were very light and isolated, ane may possibly have been due to import- 
ing infested corn or corn stalks. 

There was very little spread of this insect in a northerly or As eee 
direction, which may be due to the fact that there is comparatively little corn 
grown in this area. In addition the infestation found in the northern territory 
in 1921 was very slight. 

The area known to be infested by the European Corn Borer up to October 
1922 is as follows: 

The entire county of Brant, Elgin, Essex, Haldimand, Kent, Lambton, 
Middlesex, Norfolk, Oxford, Perth, Waterloo, and Welland; and the following 
townships, Culross in Bruce county, Clarke in Durham county; Trafalgar in 
Halton county; all but Ashfield, Wawanosh East, Wawanosh West and Howick 
in Huron county; all but Caistor in Lincoln county; Brighton in Northumber- 
land county; Pickering, Whitby East and Whitby West in Ontario County; 
Albion, Chinguacousy, and Toronto in Peel county; Guelph in Wellington county; 
Ancaster, Barton, Flamborough East and Flamborough West in Wentworth 
county; and York and Scarborough in York county. A total of one hundred 
and fifty-two townships covering approximately eleven thousand seven hundred 
and eleven miles is represented by the above area. 

The following table indicates the spread of the European Corn Borer in 
southern Ontario since its discovery in 1920, together with the number of town- 
ships and square miles infested up to October, 1922: 











Year Townships Infested Square Miles Infested 
eee? 35 2,780 
ee ee x 52k 
ee as 45 3,497 

: 152 11,711 








*Seven townships were added to the quarantined area in February, 1922, in order to provide 
_markets and straighten the quarantine line. 


12 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


In February, 1922, the European Corn Borert quarantine was amended. 
By this amendment a double quarantine was established which prevented the 
movement of corn on the cob, corn stalks, etc., from the heavily infested areas 
(Elgin and Middlesex counties), to the lighter infested districts. This was done 
in order to prevent shipments, heavily infested with European Corn Borer 
larve, being forwarded to newly or very lightly infested areas, and thus tostart 
up new and possibly heavy infestations on the border of the quarantined area. 
The advisability of taking this step can best be illustrated by the results obtained 
from the making of field counts to determine the degree of infestation in different 
districts. Port Stanley was taken as the centre for this work, three circles were 
drawn with a radius of approximately eight, sixteen and thirty miles. Fields - 
of corn were examined at frequent intervals on these circles. The degree of 
infestation in the inner circle showed a variation of from ten to one hundred 
per cent., whereas the variation in the middle circle was from seven to seventy- 
seven per cent., and in the outer circle from one to seven per cent. The per- 
centages were secured by counting the number of stalks infested in lots of one 
hundred stalks, three counts were made in each field and the results averaged. 

During the summer quarantine on the movement of corn and corn products 
was maintained in various ways. Warning notices were placed at all road inter- 
sections leading out of the quarantined area. Large banners were placed on 
the main automobile highways, warning motorists not to take corn from the 
infested area. Inspectors were stationed at Toronto, Hamilton, Sarnia and 
Windsor to watch for evasions, in the case of shipments of sweet corn on trains, 
boats, via express and freight,etc. At Hamilton 15,000 dozen and at Toronto 
47,000 dozen ears of corn were examined and traced. When it is realized that 
sweet corn from southern Ontario goes as far east as Cape Breton, N.S., and as 
far west as the Soo and Port Arthur, the necessity of keeping a close watch on 
all shipments of corn to prevent the spread of the European Corn Borer can 
readily be understood. In addition, a close watch was kept on Fall Fairs, as 
it has been customary in the past to send green corn for fodder with exhibits of 
live stock. The general public is co-operating with the Department of Agriculture 
in a very gratifying manner. During the entire season it was only necessary 
to prosecute six individuals for evading the quarantine by shipping corn on 
the cob from the quarantined area. 

In July, 1921, the United States Department of Agriculture placed a quaran- 
tine2 on the province of Ontario, which prohibited the importation into the 
United States of certain cut flowers and vegetables unless the same were 
accompanied by a certificate of inspection, stating that the shipment was free 
from infestation by the European Corn Borer. Between February 15th and 
November 11th, 1922, nine hundred and sixty-five certificates were issued. The 
articles inspected and covered by these certificates included the following: 


Oatsiand Rye Straw.2 jane ste oaete Se eee 440 tons. 
CutsBlowersdoss. i. oc ae ee eee 2,059 dozen. 
BeetSiwithtops: cis cies oe cae Se ee ee 26,850 dozen bunches. 
Rhubarb ees ci, oe oe oe ee 200 dozen bunches. 
Beans. (greene. J. . 6. Yo Place ee ee oo Up asbele: 
Celery aseptic tio) 5 sae ad proto tame renee ae 290 crates. 
100 acres inspected in the field. 
Spinachiseriivare ce estnc sk vas Bek ee ae 115 bushels. - 
Miuscellaneoustblants evo. sate or oem eae 150. 


spe ee eee eee eee 


1 Quarantine No. 2, Domestic, (Revised), Canada Gazette, Vol. LV., No. 34, February 
18th, 1922, page 3440. 


2 Notice of Quarantine No. 41, with Regulations (Revised), United States Department of 
Agriculture, July 21st, 1921. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13 


In regard to the European Corn Borer infestation in the United States it 
may be said that, since its discovery in 1917, the insect has spread over a large 
area, and particularly in Massachusetts has been responsible for a great deal 
of damage not only to corn but also to other crops. When first discovered in 
Massachusetts, Vinal3 reports corn as “‘the only valuable commercial crop seri- 
ously attacked by this pest.’’ He mentions it as also attacking pigweed, barn- 
yard and foxtail grass and dahlia stems. But conditions have changed, and the 
insect is now doing serious damage to beets, celery, beans, chrysanthemums, 
etc. In fact the list of host plants in the Massachusetts area is now one hundred 
and seventy.4 

The following table illustrates the spread of the European Corn Borer in 
the United States:s 





Year No. Twp. Inf. States Infested 

1108 ee ha eae 32 Massachusetts 

OTS ees. 122 Mass., southern New Hampshire, central and western New 

York, and Pennsylvania (1). 

MO DOR ey erced 53 105 Mass., N.H., and N.Y. 

A ee 127 Mass., N.H., N.Y., Penn., Ohio and Michigan. 

TODAS ace © 177 Mass., N.H., N.Y., Penn., Ohio, Mich., Maine, and Rhode Island 
Total. 563 





Now that the European Corn Borer has invaded the corn growing sections 
- of Ontario, it is to be hoped that it will continue to confine its activities to corn 
and not attack other plants to the same extent as it has done in Massachusetts, 
for up to the present time in Ontario corn has been the only plant seriously 
injured; but time alone will solve this question. 


PLOUGHING AS A FACTOR IN THE CONTROL OF THE EUROPEAN 
CORN BORER IN ONTARIO 


H. G. CRAWFORD, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF 
AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA 


During the preliminary investigation of the European Corn Borer it was 
noted that the larve, when buried with infested corn stalks under certain condi- 
tions, subsequently came to the surface of the ground. This was inferred in 
1921, and clearly demonstrated in 1922. The weakness in the 1921 data was 
that the larvae emerging from below ground were not recovered. 

With this shortcoming in mind, the 1922 studies were carried.on with a 
view to recovering the larve as they came to the surface after the corn refuse 
had been buried or ploughed down. 

The technique of the study was simple. It consisted in burying, by hand 





3S.C. Vinal, The European Corn Borer, Bulletin 178, Massachusetts Agriculture Experi- 
ment Station, December, 1917. 

4E. P, Felt, The European Corn Borer, Extension Bulletin 31, New York State College 
of Agriculture, Revised March, 1922. 

5 W. N. Keenan, The Distribution of the European Corn Borer in Canada and the United 
States. Ann. Rept., Que. Soc. Prot. Plants, 1921-22. Also from Quarantine No. 43 of the 
United States Department of Agriculture (2nd Revision), May 1st, 1922, with amendments to 
November 16th, 1922. 


14 THE, REPORT. OF THE No. 36 


in single or double layers, infested stalks containing an unknown number of 
larve, at a uniform depth of six inches, in variety of soils; as well as of other 
series of experiments by ploughing down the undisturbed crop refuse of stubble 
and stalk in a field from which the crop had been cut and which was known to 
have been severely infested. This material contained large numbers of larve. 
Traps were placed on the soil surface surrounding the material thus disposed 
of for the recovery of the caterpillars. About the burials, the traps were arranged 
to recover larve only on the inner side, while on the ploughed areas they were 
designed to capture the larve wandering about the surface on both the inner 
and the outer sides. These recovery traps were constructed to present to the 
wandering larve a suitable place in which to spin up for the winter, where the 
larve, thus taken, would be easily available for daily examination and removal. 
A description of this trap will appear in the Canadian Entomologist for 1923. 

Of the studies carried on between 1920 and 1922, the series of ploughings 
in the fall of 1922 most directly bear upon and illustrate the conditions to be 
met with in the field. This paper thus takes the form of a progress report and 
deals with the autumn activities of the corn borer larve ploughed down with 
the crop refuse left in the field after a severely infested crop had been harvested 
in the regular manner, that is, to say, with the binder cutting the corn at a height 
of approximately six inches. 

The study was carried on at Dexter, Ontario, upon the eastern edge of the 
area of most severe infestation in 1921. It consisted of a four acre sand loam 
field, planted on May 27th, 1922, to smut-nose, white and yellow Fiint corn in 
hills 3’ 6’’ square. By the end of the season it had sustained a stalk infestation 
of 100 per cent. and a farm loss of 40 per cent. The crop was cut early in Septem- 
ber and the stalks stooked in the field throughout most of the fall experiments. 
The larve under study were those normally present in the stubble and pieces 
of broken stalk left by the crop. The ploughing was done with an ordinary 
single furrow walking plough and skimmer about seven inches deep in strips 
about fifteen feet wide running north and south, at intervals across the field, 
of from 35-42 feet. The ploughings began on September 28th and were carried 
out at weekly intervals till November 9th. The work was done very carefully, 
and though there was present an average of 18.29 feet of stalk and 20 stubble 
per 36.75 square feet of surface, the surface of the ground was exceedingly clean. 
It was with difficulty that 25 feet of refuse for study was found on the surface 
of 1/10 of an acre. In 1921 a similar field, ploughed between September 19th 
and 24th and seeded to wheat, had practically all the larve leave the material 
below ground and come to the surface before the freeze-up in November. Hence, 
in 1922, it was of particular interest to determine the reaction under the later 
fall conditions. 

Seven ploughings were made, one upon each of the respective dates; Septem- 
ber 28, October 6, 12, 19, 26, November 2, and November 9, each strip involving 
the space between a row of stooks. 

On top of each ploughed strip a two-way recovery trap 8 feet square was 
placed, enclosing 64 square feet and supposed to surround nine hills of stubble 
and the associated refuse. The traps were placed in position immediately after 
the ploughing and were looked at daily, in the early morning until the nights 
became frosty, after which time the recording was done later in the day. 

The narrowness of the ploughed strip resulted in that the east and west 
outer sides of the trap were not as favourably situated for recovering larve 
in numbers as the other two sides and hence cannot be used in attempting to 
determine the direction of migration. The numbers recovered on the inside of 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15 


the trap can readily be looked upon as those coming out of the material ploughed 
down and surrounded by the trap. The observations were made early in the 
morning and scant opportunity was given for moving from one side of the trap 
to the other. The numbers recovered by the trap, together with those later 
recovered from the enclosed refuse from below ground, reasonably approximated 
the expectation upon an area of this size. Any lateral movement underground 
would be of little consequence and would equalize itself. 

Table I summarizes the weekly recoveries from each entire trap of the 
series for the period under observation. Table Il summarizes the records of the 
larvae recovered from the inside of the traps and from the material below 
ground within the area enclosed. The percentages are based upon the assump- 
tion that the larve recovered from the inside of the trap were those coming 
up from enclosed stalks and stubble. 


TaBLE I—Summary of Larve Recovered in Two-way Recovery Traps above a Series of Plough- 
ings in 1922. 





Total Larve Recovered in Traps by Weeks. 








N n Ko) N ion Ko) — 
oT? = = a : tf tes fh LIEN 
Date of Ploughing “Slo |/ Ag] R81 a5 1% aN 6 weer Total 

SOuesOrl OL sOnl see (RA pi | ee 

#3182182 | 82123123 | 2 
Sepeesans -'Piec nee. 39 19 3 3 1 4 0 2 ial 
(Ort: (s') | tee Se ee 23 12 6 7 3 2 2 55 
Oat IOS ee ae eee oe 49 39 9 24 3 2 126 
(Oye: 1D ales eae 18 17 16 1 4 56 
Octe26 Fhe) .42it- i 2st ae 4 10 1 3 18 
INNA as Aes eee 2 1 2 5 
iS LO Ose = 1 4 5 
Motal anv involved vir. te seit 336 


TasLe Il—Summary of Larve Recovered inside Two-way Recovery Traps above a Series of 
Ploughings in 1922. The recoveries are from the trap itself and from the ma- 
terial below the ground, examined November 20th, 1922. 


Total Number of Larve Recovered Inside Traps. 








Above Ground Below Ground Total Recovered 

No. Per cent. No. Per cent. No. 
35 85.36 6 14.63 41 
27 61.36 17 38.63 44 
52 67253 25 32.46 if 
23 29.87 54 E0212 77 
11 1255 Hil 87.5 88 
3 10.0 27 90.0 36 
4 1255 28 87.5 32 











A study of the totals, recovered from inside the traps, indicates a progressive 
increase of from 41 to 88 larve from the ploughings up to October 26, there- 
after a marked decrease in totals. This is due, in a large measure at least, to the 
fluctuating larve population and to the amount of refuse in different parts of 
the field. It need not seriously interfere with the general value of the per- 
centages. 


16 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


The tables, as a whole, indicate clearly some interesting general correlations. 
The first and most important is the fact, as shown in Table I, that a large pro- 
portion of the larvee come to the surface when ploughing is done early in the 
season. Even when ploughed as late as September 28, 85.36 per cent. of the 
larve Jeft the buried material. The later ploughings were markedly less effective 
in this respect, the operation but a week later causing but 61.36 per cent. to 
come up. Oddly enough the experiment of October 12, two weeks later, was 
somewhat more effective than that of October 6, 67.53 per cent. of the larve 
being recovered at the surface. With the four later ploughings the proportion 
attaining the surface decreased still further, so that for the study started on 
October 19, 29.87 per cent., from that of October 26, 12.5 per cent., from that 
of November 2, but 10 per cent., and from November 9, 12.5 per cent. were 
recovered. The last two studies dealt with relatively small numbers of larve, 
and the value of the figures should be discounted somewhat. 

The second important point, as shown in Table I, is that the first week 
following ploughing is the most important in respect to the numbers of larve 
coming to the surface. This is particularly true in the early season when the 
soil is warm. As the season advances a progressingly decreasing proportion 
moves in the first week and the proportion coming up on the second and third 
week increases. These late moving larve in an early fall would be very apt 
to be retained underground by the rapid cooling of the soil. 

The reaction of the larve below ground in the spring was studied somewhat 
sketchily in the same way in 1922. The larve were recovered at the surface 
in traps in fairly large numbers both from material ploughed down in the spring 
of 1922 and also from a field ploughed late in the fall of 1921. 

The general reaction of the larva was very similar to that in the fall, though 
the activity following immediately after turning down was not at all character- 
istic of the spring conditions. Warm rains on the other hand in early May 
were followed by very prompt appearance at the surface of relatively large 
numbers of larve. 

The larve which were below ground all winter came through surprisingly 
successfully. A characteristic count demonstrated a mortality of 11.1 per 
cent. in stalks and 26.8 per cent. in stubble below ground, while the material on 
the surface of the same field suffered comparatively lightly, the death rate 
in stalks being 5.76 per cent. and that in stubble lying on the surface but 4.65 
per cent. The spring studies were not prosecuted with the thoroughness of the 


fall operations, and it will not be till the summer of 1923 that a detailed knowl- 


edge of the reaction at this season will be available. 

That the larve in Ontario in an essentially one-brooded area actually 
come to the surface in important proportions when ploughed down in the fall, 
and that this proportion increases with earliness of ploughing, has been clearly 
demonstrated. What, however, becomes of these larve after being brought 
to the surface is not at all clear. For the most part they simply disappear, all 
trace of the bulk of them so far being lost. 

The subsequent history of these larve is a most important matter and has 
been given a great deal of study both by the Federal and Provincial investigators, 
with as yet very little definite result. This study has shown that beetles, ants 
and even birds in the fall, account for relatively few, as none of these predators 
are particularly active. The missing larve could not be found among the clods 
of soil on the surface of the ploughed area, they did not again dig into the soil 
having once come to the surface, nor could they even be demonstrated in the 
grass about the margins of heavily infested fields after ploughing, either in 1921 
or 1922. 


ae ae 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17 





A general survey of some other experimental results bearing upon the prob- 
able behaviour of the larvee when moving from a given experimental concentra- 
tion, indicates that they wander for short distances and establish themselves 
rather promptly in available suitable material in the immediate vicinity. 

Thus in the dead and hollow weeds, both standing and on the ground, about 
a series of burials in 1921, 155 larve were recovered, which had emerged from 
buried material and were found almost entirely within six feet of the source 
of supply. In another experiment in which 1,000 larve were buried in stalks 
in the centre of a weed patch in 1922, all the larve recovered were within ten 
feet of the edge of the burial. Where the material in the surroundings made 
it possible, the larve established a sharp density of population gradient. This 
was well illustrated by a study on a two-foot strip from the margin of this burial 
at a point where there happened to be a continuous supply of refuse suitable 
for accommodating borers. Here a count in areas two feet wide and one foot 
deep, extending westward in a straight line from the edge of the burial for ten 
feet, gave a count per area of 11, 4, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, caterpillars. 

There is no decided preference evidenced for movement in any given direc- 
tion, at least as shown by the recoveries in the traps. There was a somewhat 
greater number taken on the south side when the larve within the cage only 
were considered. However, the total number moving north or south, as indicated 
by the total count both inside and out, is remarkably evenly divided. 

The following table indicates the distribution of the larve recovered on 
the several sides of the traps throughout the season: 


TABLE II].—Summary of the Direction of Travel of the Larve Recovered Above a Series of 
Ploughings in 1922. 


Inside of Outside of Total Going in 


Trap Trap Given Direction 
Side of Trap 
No. % No. % No. % 
INorthsstts.. crt ts3h fis). a 33 Dian} 49 38.2 112 51.6 
20) ea ee 56 SPS: 79 61.7 105 48.3 
22 eee 27 18.0 Vis 64* 
eS Lie A ee 34 2216 37* 517 


*East and West numbers from outside of the trap cannot b= used on account of the nar- 
rowness of the strips ploughed. 


With these general behavior studies in mind it is most surprising that it 
has not been possible to find any indication of migration from ploughed surfaces 
to adjacent refuse and stubble-littered, unploughed parts of the same field. 

The expected evidence of this migration would be increased larval count 
in the refuse surrounding the ploughed area, a gradient in density of larval 
population radiating from the centre of migration and an increment in the number 
of larve found spun up in the leaves associated with refuse about this area. 
These likewise, in the later season, would be expected to be present in somewhat 
of a gradient. To date none of these relations of the missing larve present 
in numbers up to the rate of 30,000 per acre have been established in the areas 
adjacent to ploughings from which the larve have disappeared. 

A small proportion of the larve do find their way into the material left 
upon the surface of the ploughed ground. These in a given experiment raised 
the count of this material from an expectation of 0.8 larve per foot to 5.92 


18 THE REPORT OR THE No. 36 


per foot by the end of the season. But as there was little of this refuse on the 
surface but a small proportion of the larve were thus accounted for. Further, 
in connection with this experiment in which the ploughing had been done October 
12, and the count made November 20, the refuse in the eastern dead furrow was 
found to have had its average population per foot of stalk and associated leaves 
raised to but 1.33 larve and that of the western dead furrow to 1.107 larve, 
both inexplicably small. This count is more to be wondered at in that practically 
all larve leaving the ploughed land must have passed through the refuse lying 
in these dead furrows. It is estimated that on this ploughed strip 3,748 larve 
came to the surface. Did they migrate equally east and west there were suff- 
cient to raise the larval content of the refuse in the first 3.5 foot strip of unploughed 
area by 3.3 larve per foot. By actual count of a 12.29 foot section of this strip 
the population was found to be but one larve per foot on the eastern edge and 
1.769 per foot on the western edge. A further study in the unploughed areas 
between the experiments shows no clear indication of any general migration. 

Further studies will, of course, be made, using uninfested stalks in the inter- 
vals between the ploughings. This was not done in these experiments owing 
to the large number of larve involved and their apparent tendency to enter 
the first suitable hiding place encountered. 

The whole matter of the final resting place of the larve is still in the realm 
of conjecture and the work will have to be repeated, using uninfested cornstalks 
to finally settle how serious is the danger of wholesale migration of the larve 
to wintering or pupating quarters from land ploughed in spring or fall. 


FURTHER NOTES ON_.THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE EUROPE 
CORN BORER IN ONTARIO 


G. J. SPENCER, O.A.C., GUELPH 


The winter of 1921 had very little effect upon the larve of the European 
Corn Borer and only between 4 per cent. and 5 per cent. were killed by all causes. 
However, this was more than in the winter of 1920, when a fraction less than 
3 per cent. was killed. In addition to winter killing, the numbers of larve in 
some fields of corn stubble were reduced by woodpeckers which in one field were 
found to have taken 60 per cent. of the larve (H. G. Crawford’s notes). The 
Downey woodpecker is the chief bird concerned in this reduction during the 
winter, although the Hairy woodpecker may be seen attacking cornstalks in 
the fall. Birds are too uncertain an element to be depended upon to have any > 
material effect on the numbers of borers in the country. 

In spring, as soon as the weather warmed up, it was found that small greyish 
red ants were taking many borers out of experimental cages. These ants were 
kindly indentified by Dr. Wheeler of Harvard, as Lastus niger, Linn, var. amert- 
canus, the common garden ant, and we found that they stung any borers they 
came across and dragged them down their holes. As high as 62 per cent. of borers 
in their shelters of corrugated paper placed in covered tin cans, were found to 
have been killed by these ants in a single night, and were being bitten to pieces 
and hauled out of the can. In the field also, it was found that the ants entered 
the tunnels in corn stalks and killed and removed the borers. However, when 
the borers were completely covered up in their silken cases, the ants generally 
left them alone, although it was found that even these were removed when all 
the freely exposed larve had been taken. In 1921 these same ants had been 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19 


observed to be eating the borers in cages, and from one series alone had taken 
1,200 borers, but no observations were made at the time on their methods of 
attack. It is possible that these ants may have some slight effect in springtime, 
in reducing the numbers of borers in any field where they might occur. The 
Tachinid fly, Exorista nigripalpis Towns, which was found in 1921 to be a para- 
site on from four to eight per cent. of larve in one field, was practically absent 
in 1922, and a very small and practically negligible number of larve were des- 
troyed by it. 

It will be seen that we have found very few natural enemies of the borer 
in Canada so far, and that the attacks of these parasites have very little effect 
in reducing the number of larve. Consequently it was found this spring that 
there were enough borers in the areas under observation to practically ensure 
a heavy infestation of the 1922 crop. 


PUPATION 


Pupation began this year about two days later than last year, but the pupal 
periods showed certain differences, as tabulated below: 








1921 1922 
1. Length of pupal period, in days: 
MIM AV ELAGGn ss Tati Nee hit ne ee oe 12 15 E 2 
eral estOnlye AV elas eo. 6 hens 2 cio o ecivrn cute ma seeps 10.19 14.63 
SORMESCKES AVELAGE) Aa that Fl Aas tat. ad SO Nike 7 15.29 
22 Shortestspupal: period: either SOx .c84. 5 aoe sc des presi 8 11 
Moucesispupaliyperntod, malesionly.. i. 8... oc. ss +) 25,20 dee ae 16 21 
Sescasomrolshortest pupal periods... 8.2... se... eee ee June 24 to July 14 | July 7 to 12 
Average temperature for these periods.................. 86°-87° F. d5eek. 
4. Relative numbers of each sex.— 
BLURS OSI 25 tere es eae Seren eS Sea a tO a nal 56.38% 51.08% 
PEiEtestOniyeret et. ae) Sees. RMN Ios ec Geos oe ee 43.62% 48.92% 


RATES OF PUPATION UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS 


Experiments conducted over both years, showed that the rates of pupation 
of the corn borer larve varied under different conditions. 

1. Extreme Dryness. In the autumn of 1921, thirty-nine larve were placed in 
a corrugated roll of paper in which they had spun up, inadry can witha ventilated 
lid, and were kept indoors in a dry place all winter. They were examined from 
time to time all during the summer of 1922. By August 17 twenty-nine had 
dried up; by September 30, one only showed very slight movement and was 
very shrivelled. The rest were dead. 

2. Exposed to Outside Conditions. As opposed to the experiment above, 
nearly one hundred larve were placed in a can with a perforated lid in precisely 
the same way as above, but the can was left outside on a window sill all winter, 
‘exposed to all conditions of weather, By the end of the emergence season in 
1922, less than a dozen larve had failed to come through as moths and had 
died. 

3. In Piled Stalks. In the case of stalks which had been in stooks in the 
field all winter, as opposed to stalks which had been lying loose on the ground 
during the same period, it was found that the moths emerged sooner from the 
loose-lying and damper stalks, than from the former drier material. 

4. Debris Gathered from the Field. From debris and stubble picked in early 
spring from a cornfield and heaped in a pile under the shade of an apple tree, 


20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


the moths emerged at almost the exact rate at which they emerged from identical 
material left lying in the field; which was later sown to oats. 
General pupation in the field started about June 7th and reached its maxi- 


mum about June 25th, although the first pupa found occurred on May 31st. — 


Last year the first pupa was found on June 2nd. The daily count in 1922 showed 
that a high point of pupation was reached on June 16, which was the date on 
which the first moths were found in the field in 1921. Although pupation was 
fairly uniform all over the oat field kept under observation, it was found that 
the emergence of moths from the lowest and dampest areas was considerably 
delayed. In fact in this low, damp north corner of the field, many borers died 
after pupating and the moths did not emerge. This was the only instance found 
where larve that had pupated failed to come through to moths unless the pupe 
were eaten by ants. 

EMERGENCE OF ADULTS. The emergence of adults started this year about 
June 26 in the oat field and by July 12, 80 per cent. of the moths had emerged 
from the corn debris and stubble in this field. 








1921 1922 
Period of Max. Emergence............ June 26-July 1 July 2-18 
Henitly oft merpences: .. soos tae eee June 28 July 8-12 


This later date July 12, 1922, for emergence in the field, coincided with the 
result obtained from material kept in cages in the open, exposed to the elements. 

OVIPOSITION RECORDS. There was a slight difference this year, compared 
to last, in the number of eggs laid per moth and in the fertility of the eggs. 
This is summed up by the following figures: 





1921 1922 
Pre-oviposition: period]... donc. a2a55 56 - 3-9ds. Av. 4 ds. 1%-8 ds. Av. 3.5 ds. 
Egg-laying capacity per moth.......... 95-988. Av. 442. 37 to 1,210. Av. 642.07. 
Pongevity of temales:.- 7.2 see ee coe 10-31 ds. Av. 15.4 ds. 7-28 ds. Av. 17.07. 
Fertility of eggs...... fide LRA ORE 100%. 99%. 
Mortality. oftembryos- ¢ .< seeamiteences nil. About 1% just before 


time to hatch. 


Hasits OF Motus. This year’s observations confirmed those of last year, 
when it was found that most moths emerged from the pupe between 5 a.m. 
and 9 a.m. In some cases they emerged before 5 a.m., but generally they did 
not begin to appear above the top of the stalks in the cages until that time. 
The process of emergence was watched in several cases between 7 and 9 a.m.; 
it occupied only a few minutes and in less than half-an-hour they were able to 
fly. Occasionally moths come out later in the day, and but rarely in the after- 
noons or evenings. One would expect that nocturnal insects such as these are, 
would emerge at dusk, but such seems not to be the case in this instance. 

If the moths are confined in wire cages exposed to wind, they must have 
water to drink soon after emerging or else they die. We have reared them better 
on water alone than on sugar solutions. Moths have been kept alive for from 
two to four days without food in tightly closed cans, but in open cages they must 
have food or else they die. As soon as they take flight after emergence, they 
seek cover on the under side of leaves and will remain there all day unless dis- 
turbed, or unless the sun should happen to strike them, when they will move 
into shade. 


s 
: 
3 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21 


It was found that in the field they do not begin to move freely until about 
9 p.m., although a few will commence to move just after dusk. In cages they 
would commence to flutter between 8.30 and 9 p.m. every night. 

The few records kept in 1922 regarding the flight habits confirmed those 
of 1921 and nothing new was found out. The moths fly into a slight wind and 
with a high wind, although they will always try to battle against it at first. 
When there is no wind, they are liable to soar up above the tops of the tallest 
trees near-by and may then go in any direction. 

When engaged in egg laying at night, the moths hover about three feet 
above ground, and take no notice of bright light. In 1921, a 300 candle power 
lantern was used to try and attract them but only a few males were taken, and 
those arrived at great speed. 

Having tried in 1921 to attract moths at night with brilliant lights of several 
colours, the Strickland liquid poison bait of quassia, arsenic and molasses was 
tried this season, with exactly the same negative results that attended the light 
experiments. An effort was made on several occasions to attract male moths 
to females confined in a trap of the lobster pot type, into which males could 
enter but from which the females.could not escape, but without any success. 

During the day both sexes rest in the thickest clumps of corn, and in instances 
where they occur in oat fields sown on the previous year’s corn stubble, they 
may be found most easily in the tallest, darkest oats. At the maximum period 
of their emergence, they may be found generally distributed over any field of 
evenly growing corn except in the first few yards around the edges, where they 
are seldom found. 

EGG-LAYING. It was found from observations on moths kept in square 
paper cages in the laboratory, that eggs are laid rather late at night chiefly 
on the sides of the cases; in a few instances only, were eggs laid before 11 o’clock. 
Moths oviposit freely on corn or other leaves inserted into the cages, but they 
seem to lay just as freely on the paper. The number of eggs laid per night was 
about the same in 1922 as in 1921, in masses of from 1, 3, 8 or 12, to about 60 
eggs per mass. In the field the average egg mass contains between 20'to 30 eggs. 

As far as our field counts show, moths seem to lay equally freely on flint 
corn and ondent. The difference that exists between the respective larval in- 
festations per stalk of these varieties, must be attributed to some other factor 
than preference during oviposition. In the earlier part of the season the finding 
of eggs coincides with the finding of moths, and the latter occur most commonly 
on the tallest corn or thickest clumps. In a rolling field, the tops of the knolls 
are laid on first, even though the corn in the hollows may be nearly twice as 
tall as that on the knolls. Later in the season, however, eggs may be found equally 
all over a field. Curious exceptions to this have been found. In one case the 
eggs were laid in one end of a field first, then in the opposite end and finally in 
the centre. The larval infestation in September in this field, was greatest in. 
the centre. In another instance eggs occurred first in a field in the side farthest 
from the source of infestation, and then equally all over. In 1921, in one field, 
the infestation remained throughout the season on the south side of the field 
only, close to a wood; the rest of the field was only very slightly infested. 

Moths lay at all heights from the ground, from 14% inches up to 4 feet. 
However, if tall and short stems occur side by side, they lay on the tall stems 
first, although they may lay very low down on them. The under side of the 
crown of leaves is the favorite laying place, though this year (1922) eggs were 
frequently found on the upper surface of the leaves. These eggs failed to hatch, 
although in some of them the embryos nearly reached maturity before being 
killed by the sun. 


22 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


‘ 


Hasits OF YOUNG Larva. As stated previously, practically 100 per cent. 
of all eggs kept under observation during both seasons, hatched. The only 
instances of complete sterility occurred where males were not introduced into 
the cages containing females, for periods of six days after the emergence of the 
females, and though the latter laid freely, none of the eggs hatched. 

The emergence of all the young larve from any given hatch of eggs, occurs 
at practically the same time, and usually within 20 minutes all eggs have hatched. 
The typical action of young larve on hatching, is to travel in all directions and 
to rapidly make for the shelter of rolled up leaves, or to remain quiescent for 
varying lengths of time on the under side of the leaves on which they were 
hatched. Observations at intervals of a few minutes, extended over three hours 
in one case and over two hours in each of three other cases, showed that larve 
for some unknown reason sometimes leave the under side of the leaf where 
they have taken shelter and will come into the sunlight on top of the leaf. 


Soon after being hatched, and during their wanderings over the leaves, 
many begin to die, some of them just curling up and in a few seconds, dropping 
off the leaf; others are blown off by the wind and die on the ground; some 
reach a leaf below and enter the stem at its axil, and others find shelter along- 
side the mid-rib of the leaf and stay there passively for hours. In three hours 
after hatching, only nine larve out of 39 that were seen to hatch from a mass 
of eggs, could be found on a corn plant under observation; in six hours after 
hatching, only four larvee could be found. This result was obtained propor- 
.tionately in four cases and only about one-tenth of all larva that hatched sur- 
vived the day and passed into the night. The plants on which these records 
were made had no tassels. When larve hatch in the immediate neighbourhood 
of young tassels into which they can readily work their way and find shelter 
soon after hatching, it is probable that a larger majority of them will survive 
the first 24 hours. This seemed to be the case in two instances where seven and 
nine larvee, respectively, all of the same instar, were dissected out of two tassels. 
First instar larve readily eat their way into the individual flowers of a tassel; 
it is usually not until the third instar that they tunnel into the stem of the 
tassel and cause it to fall over. 


Although the young larve find their way into some sort of shelter soon 
after they hatch and do no feeding on the upper surface of the leaf at this time, 
they have been seen, even half an hour after emergence, to have eaten very 
shallow areas out of the under surface of the leaf. The work could not be 
detected by the naked eye, but required a hand lens to show it up. However, 
by next morning, they had apparently emerged from the shelters of the day 
before, to eat small easily seen areas out of the top and under sides of the nearest 
leaves. In some cases these external feeding areas perforated the leaf like small 
shot-holes, being done the first night and to a lesser extent the following night, 
but not afterwards. Many observations showed that this injury is done the 
first part of the season only, when the corn leaves are young and tender and the 
corn plant not over three or four feet high; thus later in the season one may find 
larvee of early instars established in the tassels and upper stem of tall corn plants, 
and the only visible injury to the leaves is that which was done in the early 
part of the season to the lowest leaves. Poisoned spray or dust applied at this 
time may help to control many of the early borers, especially on sweet corn 
plots. Occasionally larve of instars later than the second, may be found appar- 
ently basking in the sun on the surface of leaves or on grass outside’ burrows. 
This unusual habit of otherwise nocturnal insects, seems to be the only loop- 
hole in their behaviour which leaves them open to attack by our common diurnal 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23 


hymenopterous or dipterous parasites. It also leaves them exposed to preda- 
ceous insects such as Chrysopid larve and adults of the pink, 12-spotted lady- 
bird beetle (Megzlla maculata). The squeezing of a stem or breaking of it at 
the point where a borer is working, will cause the latter to hurriedly craw! out 
and to lower itself down by a silken thread. The action of wind may some- 
times do this. 

Except on the occasions mentioned, borers remain feeding in the stems 
they originally entered, until they reach the fifth and sometimes the sixth instar, 
and then they develop a sort of wanderlust which causes them to leave the stems 
where they have been feeding, and to migrate to near-by hills of corn or to weeds 
growing among or alongside the corn. Inspection by night of badly infested 
corn at the fifth or early sixth instar periods of the larve, reveals many of them 
wandering around. By this migration, and subsequent eating of new holes in 
cornstalks, the damage in a field is materially increased towards harvest time. 
The new entrance holes are generally low down and frequently occur among 
the adventitious or prop roots; from this position, the borers often work down 
in late autumn right into the tap roots, especially in the case of flint corn. 

By the end of July, or at any rate by the middle of August, by which time 
the borers are full grown, this migration ceases, as was proved several times in 
experiments by placing absolutely untouched hills of corn alongside heavily 
infested hills, and then cutting up both series at various times to determine 
the lateness of migration. Each test was guarded by recovery traps and tangle- 
foot barriers. Just how far these migrating larve will wander was not deter- 
mined, but it is probably not beyond the range of the nearest corn plants. 


This migration, which ceases by the middle of August, of mature or nearly 
mature larva, cannot account for the fact that the larval population of a field 
diminishes more and more the later the season advances. For instance: In 
1922, in a small patch of sweet corn of some 1,000 stalks, sown May 13th, there 
was by the end of July a carefully estimated and re-checked average infestation 
of 4.6 larve per stalk throughout the plot. By the middle of August, two 
weeks later, this infestation had dropped to a fraction over three larve per stalk 
through the plot, and had not increased in corn growing near-by nor in the 
few weeds among the corn. By the middle of September the infestation was 
reduced to just two larve per stalk. 


This same peculiarity was noted in 1921 in flint corn, which at time of 
cutting and stooking contained approximately four larve per stalk, but only just 
over one larve per stalk in one month’s time. Also in stalks that were stooked 
outside the laboratory in the first week of October, 1921, the larval population 
was greatly reduced when counts were made in spring, 1922, and no trace of 
the larve could be found in grass or weed stems or pieces of stalk around the 
pile. 

A secondary movement of larve is noticeable under certain conditions of 
stooking and storing cornstalks. Thus borers will leave the inner stalks of a 
stook within a week of the stooking and will migrate to the outer stalks. The 
rapidity of this movement depends upon the dryness of the stalks and upon the 
closeness of piling; the drier the stalks the less the migration, and the closer 
the stalks are piled the more rapid the migration. Also in thoroughly dry 
stalks piled in a mow in a barn the larve will remain in their burrows without 
migration. This was the case in one instance even where the stalks were covered 
later by a layer of hay. Such larve in very dry material have been found to 
pupate very slowly throughout the season, and to emerge as moths as late as 
the first week in September. 


24 THESREPORTIOR THE No. 36 


In closely piled corn that is left outside all winter, whether it is stooked 
tightly or shredded and then piled closely, the larve leave the dense damp 
centre of the mass and will be found entirely in the outer six to eight inches 
of the pile. 

VARIETAL INFESTATION OF Corn. As far as we have determined at present, 
there does not seem to be any variety more subject than another to the deposition 
of eggs by Corn Borer moths. During the egg-laying season, comparative counts 
were kept on various plots of flint, dent and sweet corn and the larval popula- 
tion of these plots was determined at time of harvest. It was found that the 
results were somewhat contradictory, but on the average in the first part of 
oviposition period the sweet corn was free from eggs while the taller flint and 
dent varieties were freely laid on. By harvest time, the sweet corn was generally 
more heavily infested than the other varieties. In some cases, however, the 
flint corn did have more eggs on it than the dent and the larval population was 
higher. But on an average through the season eggs were laid equally on all 
varieties. 

ARTIFICIAL INFESTATION OF PLANTS OTHER THAN Corn. The following 
plants other than corn, were used in garden plots to see if moths would ovi- 
posit on them under natural conditions and if larve could mature in them. 
These plants were grown right amongst the corn plots, under identical conditions. 

Plants used: Zinnia, snap dragon, salvia, mignonette, gladiolus, potato, 
tomato, cosmos, bachelor’s button, barnyard grass, green fox-tail, yellow fox- 
tail, pigweed, ragweed, lambs quarters. Also two other plants with thick soft 
stems, commonly grown in gardens, whose names were not recorded. 

On none of these plants did moths lay eggs and to none of them did larve 
migrate from infested corn alongside. Therefore they were all covered with 
wire cages in which moths were liberated in numbers from three pairs (male 
and female) to 16 pairs at a time. With the exception of cosmos, tomato and 
tobacco, the caged moths laid eggs freely on all plants, especially on the snap- 
dragon, pigweed, lambs quarters, dahlia and the grasses, and the larve flourished 
and reached maturity, although most of them died in the first instance, as on 
corn. 

This failure on the part of larve to arrive at maturity, was especially notice- 
able on weeds such as pigweed (an apparently ideal host as far as softness and 
thickness of stem is concerned) and lambs quarters, where out of a total of 224 
eggs on one large plant of pigweed five larve reached maturity and out of 744 
eggs laid on one plant of lambs quarters no larve reached maturity. The 
cosmos became infested by larve which hatched from eggs laid on the sides of 
the cage, but the potato, tobacco and tomato plants were untouched to the end. 

FIELD INFESTATIONS OF PLANTS OTHER THAN Corn. Of plants growing 
among corn or immediately contiguous to cornfields, the following were found 
at different times in 1921 and 1922, to be infested by corn borer larvae: White 
sweet clover (only one very slight infestation) golden rod, mullein, Canada 
thistle, wild sunflower, blueweed, wild raspberry, burdock, yarrow, ground 
cherry, lady’s thumb, pigweed (favorite host) ragweed and tumbling pigweed. 
The borer was also found in apples on the ground and tomato fruit. It is practi- 
cally certain that all the above infestations were from migrating larve only, 
never by larve from direct oviposition. It was never found in tomato, tobacco 
or potato stems, in red clover, beans, pumpkins and garden sunflowers, although 
these were grown right amongst infested corn. 

In 1922, a heavy infestation was found in oats growing in a field which had 
contained very heavily infested corn in 1921. This oat infestation was suspected 
in 1921 as being probable but it was not confirmed until this year, when it was 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25 


RIE eee 


found that larve of all instars up to the fifth, were abundant in the oats, feeding 
right inside the stems or between the stems and the leaf sheaths, so as to rob 
the oat heads of proper nourishment and to kill and bleach them. The estimated 
loss of grain from these bleached and unfilled heads (in this one field only) 
amounted to half bushel per acre. At the time of oat harvest, no larve were 
over the fifth instar, and when the oats were cut all larve died within two 
days after cutting. In some cases it was found that the more mature larve 
had left the cut oat stems and had attempted to enter weed stems in the field, 
but even these all perished within three days. Thus what threatened at first 
to be a serious situation ultimately amounted to nothing. Within 300 yards 
of this oat field which was so heavily infested, was a large early-planted field of 
dent corn which was lightly infested, at harvest, even for dent. Thus the in- 
festation of oats promises to be a fortunate occurrence as far as corn is concerned, 
because if moths will oviposit freely on oats, they will be content to remain there 
and neighboring cornfields will escape what would otherwise be an added 
infestation. 

Also in 1922, a slight infestation was found on sugar mangels growing 
alongside a fairly heavily infested cornfield. With the exception of three cater- 
pillars found in one mangel, which all circumstances pointed to having been 
hatched from eggs laid on that mangel—all the larve found in this field had 
migrated from the corn alongside. The total damage to the mangels was neglig- 
ible. Experiments conducted all through September, of trying to establish 
mature borers on large mangels, amounted to nothing, although as many as 
40 larvee were caged over a single tuber. The borers did not seem sufficiently 
attracted to induce them to make more than temporary tunnels in the leaves, 
which they vacated shortly afterwards. 


In reply to a vote of thanks moved by Mr. Grsson and Prof. CAESAR, 
and carried, the following was said: 

Mr. CrawForp: The expression of appreciation of the work and results 
obtained in the Corn Borer investigations were most encouraging to all those 
directly engaged in the work. That for myself, I am glad of this opportunity 
- to publicly thank the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Dr. Grisdale, Deputy 
Minister of Agriculture, for their support of the work, Mr. Gibson, Dominion 
Entomologist, Mr. Treherne, Chief, Division Field Crop and Garden Insects, 
for their never ceasing encouragement, support and directive suggestions, and 
Mr. L. S. McLaine, Chief Division Foreign Pests Suppression, for support, 
suggestion, and loan of assistants. In particular, I wish to mention that in a 
large measure the quality and quantity of work has been due to the tireless 
application and effort of my two assistants, Mr. Painter and Mr. Oliver. Further, 
the professional value of the remarkably close inter-relation between the Federal 
and Provincial Investigations cannot be too greatly stressed. Nor can the 
contribution to the study arising out of the constant discussion, comparison 
of notes and inspiration due to our intimate association, personal and professional, 
with Prof. Caesar and Mr. Spencer, be too highly evaluated. 

Mr. SPENCER: I greatly appreciate what Mr. Gibson and Mr. Caesar have 
said. The work on the borer has been largely inspired by them. Mr. Caesar 
especially has helped us in every way and at all times; I cannot thank him suffi- 
ciently. Mr. Crawford has helped me tremendously—he knows that I appreciate 
‘+t. Continuous co-operation with him has alone made possible what results 
we have obtained. I would like to thank my assistants, Mr. Twinn in 1921, 
and Messrs. Brink and Wishart, this year, for their never-failing loyalty, hard 
work and keenness, sometimes to all hours of the night. The farmers in the 
neighbourhood, too, helped us in every way; we all owe them thanks. 


26 THE-REPORT/Or THE No. 36 | 


THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF INSECTS AS FOOD FOR THE 
COMMON WHITEFISH 


NILBERT A. CLEMENS, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, 
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO 


During the summer of 1921 a field party from the Ontario Fisheries Research 
Laboratory of the University of Toronto commenced an intensive study of 
fishery problems in Lake Nipigon. One phase of the investigations has had 
to do with the food supply for fish in the lake and the percentages of the various 
food organisms in the diets of the fish as revealed by the examination of stomach 
contents. Special attention has been given to the common whitefish, Core- 
gonus clupeaformis, as it is the most important of the commercial fishes taken 
in Lake Nipigon. 

The writer desires to express his appreciation of the assistance given by 
Messrs Dymond, Bigelow, Adamstone, and Harkness, who as 7 of the 
party assisted in various ways in the work. 

During the first season the stomachs of 209 whitefish were exaniinet The 
results show that this fish is almost entirely a bottom feeder and its diet consists 
chiefly of Chironomid larve and pupe, snails and small clams, Hoy’s fresh 
water shrimp, Pontoporeia hoyi, mayfly nymphs, caddis larve, corixids, water 
mites, Ostracods, terrestrial insects and occasionally small fish such as ciscoes, 
sticklebacks and miller’s thumbs. The following examples will illustrate*: 





Whitefish Shrimps Caddis Chironomde Snails Miscellaneous 
size (Pontoporeia) larve larve pupe 
14.0 cm. a a2 80% 10 6 4 
14.5 20 of 30 5 25 20 
22.0 - oe 2 85 val 13 
28.0 30 oe 70 5 > a 
35.0 : 2 Reheat 15 75 (fish) 
5 (misc.) 
35.0 70 (terrestrial insects) , 
30 (misc.) 
37.0 50 40 f. 10 a 
38.0 25 25 3 40 7 — Nymphs, 
etc. 
40.0 3 2 95 (terrestrial insects) 
45.0 99 1 (terrestrial insects) 























It is evident that the insects form very important items in the food of the 
whitefish. Calculations for the 209 fish examined show that they constitute 
53 per cent. of the food—roughly 50 per cent. Chironomids, particularly the 
larve, are by far the most important of the insects and constitute 35 percent. of 
the food of the whitefish, while mayfly nymphs form approximately 6 per cent., 
terrestrial insects 6 per cent. and miscellaneous insects such as caddis larve, 
corixids etc. 3 per cent. 

These percentages are particularly significant when the catch of whitefish 
is considered. In 1919 (the latest available statistics) 1,620,970 lbs. of white- 
fish were taken from Lake Nipigon. At the wholesale price to the fisherman of 
10c per lb., the value of this catch was $162,097. It appears to be a reasonable 


*The stomach contents of 65 whitefish are described in detail in a paper now in press, Uni- 
versity of Toronto Studies, Publications Ont. Fish. Research Laboratory, by Messrs. eT 
Dymond, Bigelow, Adamstone and Harkness. 





1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27 


deduction, therefore, that the insects of Lake Nipigon as food for whitefish were 
worth half this amount, namely $81,000. The Chironomids would contribute 
$56,000. 

If the whitefish in all lakes feed upon insects in like proportions, then we 
have these figures for the Province of Ontario in 1919: 


MntarcatehewOiensne ee oe le bec oe cee eed ek 6,625,304 Ibs. 
Bereta Ace penilbom rots tee er titt iate Tile a os nelle hel rae hk $662,530.00 
Mainesatctne LASCELSIAS TOOG niet at cskicre® wie chees aos. onshorciv over davefe $330,000 .00 
Rea eel tebnes( MTOHOMIAS ox © ccheye Goods olecseer~ a¥ovavsisrs. edsseus. sue wb eae $230,000.00 


These calculations appear to be reasonable and are not essentially different 
from those used by stockmen. Cattle are fed certain feeds in definite ratios 
and later are sold at a certain amount per pound. The feeds have been worth 
to the stockman the amount which he obtains from his sale of steers. There 
is this difference between the two cases, however, in that the food crop for the 
fish has cost the fisherman absolutely nothing, whereas the food-stuffs, for the 
cattle have cost the stockman a considerable sum. Some day when aquiculture 
has advanced along lines similar to those of agriculture the fisherman may 
pay more attention to his crops of food-stuffs. 

Do the results of our investigation of the occurrence of the food animals 
on the bottom of Lake Nipigon correspond with the results of the examination 
of the stomach contents of the whitefish? During the summer of 1921, Messrs 
Adamstone and Harkness operated a small Ekman dredge and obtained bottom 
samples in various parts of the lake in depths from two to 275 feet.* The area 
of bottom brought up was 81 square inches, and the animals in this area were 
sifted out, classified and counted. They found the following average number 
of animals per square yard, irrespective of depth: 


Chironomide Shrimps Pontoporeia Snails, etc. Mayflies 
256 144 128 16 


At this rate there would be for the whole lake in the neighbourhood of 
1200 billion Chironomid larve, which on the basis of calculations used by 
Richardsonf for the Illinois river, would amount to about 100 million pounds 
or about 100 pounds per acre of bottom. Further, using the ratio of five pounds 
of food to one pound of fish as developed by certain European investigators, 
whose publications the writer has not seen but which are referred to by Richard- 
son (loc. cit.), it is evident that the Chironomids alone occur in numbers suffi- 
cient to support a very large fish population. 

The bottom inhabiting insects form one of the most important sources 
of food supply for bottom-feeding fish such as the whitefish. Here is a crop 
which grows without cost of money, time or labour on the part of man and of 
which very few people, very few fisherman especially, have any appreciation. 
In our investigation we are trying to get at all the facts concerning this crop, 
especially the factors which have to do with its development, and some day we 
may be able to develop methods for exerting some measure of control. It is 
apparent from the data already at hand, that the crop should be very carefully 
protected from destructive industrial wastes and from any smothering materials. 


*For complete account see forthcoming report by Messrs. Adamstone and Harkness, in 
University of Toronto Studies, Publications Ont. Fish Research Laboratory. 

TRichardson, Robert E. The Small Bottom and Shore Fauna of the Middle and Lower 
Illinois River and its connecting Lakes, Chillicothe to Grafton, its Valuation, its Sources of 
Food Supply and its Relation to the Fishery. Bull. Nat. Hist. Survey Illinois, vol. XIII, 
article XV. 





28 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 
TR ee ee 


PROVANCHER, THE CANADIAN LINN/US-HIS LIFE AND WORKS 
GEORGE MAHEUX, PROVINCIAL ENTOMOLOGIST, QUEBEC 


During the last five years, Canadian naturalists and scientists have heard 
more about Provancher than during the previous quarter of century; scientific 
societies, reviews of all kinds and even the daily papers, have in succession paid 
warm tribute of admiration to the high value of the late Abbé Provancher 
as a priest, citizen and naturalist. 

One day, in August 1918, a large group of friends, admirers and disciples 
gathered in the Provincial Museum at Quebec. The object of the meeting 
was the celebration of the 25th anniversay of the death of Provancher, and the 
unveiling of a tablet presented by the Quebec Society for the Protection of 
Plants and bearing the following inscription: 


A LA MEMOIRE DE 
PROVANCHER 
NATURALISTE ET ENTOMOLOGISTE 
1820-1892. 


A few months before, in the church of Cap Rouge, where the remains of 
Provancher have been piously kept, Canon Huard erected another memorial 
with the financial aid of the Ontario Entomological Society and numerous other 
institutions. Nevertheless, all the publicity accorded to the name of Provancher 
fails to give anything like a complete idea of his career; the entomologist re- 
gards him as an entomologist, the botanist as a botanist, while the man was 
really the Linnzeus of Canada; that is to say a true naturalist in the broadest sense 
of the word, having been interested in and written competently on the various 
kingdoms of Nature. The complete list of his works reveals a great similitude 
with Linne’s Systema Nature, at least, as to the subjects treated and the divi- 
sion into classes, orders, genera and species. The resemblance is much more 
striking when we come to compare the means of study followed by both natural- 
ists, though separated by more than a century of marked progress in the field 
of natural sciences.” Like Linneus, Provancher might have said at the end of 
his life: ‘‘Ea que fecimus sunt pars minima eorum que ignoramus,” but we 
know that his life was well filled, and that his work added substantially to the 
sum of human knowledge. 

Born at Bécancourt, province of Quebec, on March 10th, 1820, Provancher 
received his education in the newly erected college at Nicolet. There, under 
the shade of lofty pines, he picked up some flowers which determined his passion 
for the things of Nature. There, on the dusted shelves of the library he dis- 
covered, by chance, an old text-book of botany that helped him greatly in his 
new studies. These studies were quite private, for until about 1835 the teaching 
of natural sciences was still in the womb of the future. 

At the end of his classical course, in 1840, Provancher decided to become 
a priest, and he refrained for a while from his scientific ambitions. He occupied 
various positions in many parishes between 1844-1847. In 1847 he devoted 
himself to the service of some hundreds of Irish immigrants, stricken down with 
an epidemic of typhus. His heroism upon this occasion gives an idea of his 
unselfish character. Though nervous and rather irascible, he concealed under 
a coarse appearance the heart of a true friend, always frank and generous. 

The active scientific life of Provancher began in 1848 with some essays 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29 


on grafting that met at first with failure, but that brought back his attention 
to botany through the channels of horticulture. When transferred, in 1855, 
to St. Joachim at the foot of Cape Tourmente, Provancher was chiefly interested 
in botany, and we see from his writings in various papers that he strongly 
advocated the teaching of natural sciences in all schools. To give a proof of 
his convictions along these lines, and to help to realize this plan, three years later 
he published a ‘‘Traité élémentaire de Botanique,’’ which was soon adopted 
by numerous educational institutions. 

With this first production Provancher took rank among educators. In 
1859 his ‘‘Tabieau chronologique et synoptique de l’histoire du Canada”’ was 
published with the same object in view. While at St. Joachim, Provancher 
with his devouring activity, commenced experiments on the varietal resistance 
of fruit trees that can be grown successfully around Quebec. In the newspapers 
of those days he wrote many articles to convince the farmers of the necessity 
and advantage of growing fruit trees. His untiring efforts resulted in the planting 
of a very large area with apple and plum trees, most of which lasted over half 
a century, the last survivors being killed a few years ago by a severe winter. 

Transferred to Portneuf in 1860, Provancher continued his horticultural 
experiments with great success, even establishing a fruit tree nursery for the 
advantage of the farmers of this county. Two years later, he was ready to make 
known the results of his experience as a fruit grower. His new work published 
in 1882 and entitled: ‘‘Le Verger Canadien’’ has been until lately the classic 
guide of fruit culture in the province of Quebec. This little book reached its 
fifth edition in 1885. For the economic entomologist it contains a very interest- 
ing section, namely the chapter dealing with the insect pests of the orchards, 
and describing the means of controlling them. This was, in all probability 
one of the first expressions of applied entomology ever presented in book form 
in Canada. But it is not the first in date. Provancher is known almost exclus- 
ively as a systematist. Nevertheless, the first paper he published in his life 
was a discussion on ‘‘Insectes et maladies nuisibles au blé,’”’ an essay prepared 
for a competition on this subject organized by the Department of Agriculture 
for which Provancher received a third prize (under the nom de plume of Emilien 
Dupont). 

The first important work of our great naturalist was published in the year 
1862. It was the voluminous ‘‘Flore Canadienne,”’ the first and only complete 
work dealing with Canadian plants. Heretofore, no other worker has dared 
undertake the gigantic task of revising and completing this now old treatise. 

Every Canadian and American entomologist knows Provancher as a pioneer 
entomologist, and it is as such that he merits fame. His systematic classification 
of insects modestly entitled ‘‘Petite Faune Entolomogique du Canada’’ fills 
four compact volumes making a total of 2506 pages as follows: 


Vol. 1—Coléoptéres and additions. 

Vol. I1.—Orthoptéres, Nevroptéres, Hymenopteéres. 
Vol. IJ1.—Hémiptéres. 

Vol. IV.—Additions and corrections to Hymenoptéres. 


There may be found the description of all the Canadian species contained in 
his collections, many hundreds of which were unknown to science. In the order 
of Hymenoptera alone, Provancher described 923 new species. Rohwer and 
Gahan, of the Washington Bureau of Entomology have pronounced the accuracy 
of his descriptions, and pointed out some mistakes in referring species to the 
wrong genera. 


30 THESREEORD OF fHk No. 36 





From 1868 until his death in 1892, Provancher devoted much of his time | 
and resources to the maintainence of his review “‘Le Naturaliste Canadien.” 
The editor filled with his own pen most of the 20 volumes of this publication 
(nearly 8,000 pages). Apart from insect studies that were later published in 
book form, this collection contains an elaborate classification of vertebrates, 
a study on the birds of Quebec, vermes, etc. A volume on Mollusks was published 
about 1888, and two years later two volumes of travels, one to Jerusalem, the 
other to the West Indies. 

Besides all these occupations Provancher found time to contribute regularly 
to such weekly papers as “La Minerve’’ and ‘‘La Gazette des Campagnes.”’ 
These articles discuss a great variety of subjects, especially agricultural and 
educational. Sometimes he severely criticized public authorities, for instance 
when the government cut off the annual grant given by previous administrations 
for sustaining the ‘‘Naturaliste Canadien.’”’ The life of the publication was 
seriously menaced three times by such decisions; in 1880, 1883 and again in 
1890. 

Provancher’s activity never knew any limit and left its distinctive mark in 
many fields. He was known as a very successful organizer, as well in building 
churches, as in organizing two Canadian pilgrimages to Jerusalem, and 
promoting a steamship company, etc. In 1888, he started a new publication, 
“Ta Semaine Religieuse’’ a weekly review that is still in existence. During his 
life he had the pleasure of seeing a large group of learned men interested in 
natural sciences, many of them being his own disciples, whose studies he directed 
personally. Such were: Canon Huard, his successor as editor of ‘Le Natural- 
iste Canadien,’’ and now curator of the Public Museum, Quebec; Abbé Laflamme, 
late professor of natural history at Laval University and a geologist of wide 
reputation; F. X. Bélanger, entomologist, late curator of the Zoological Museum 
of Laval-University; Dr. Crevier, microbiologist; Dr. St. Cyr, geologist, and 
many others. 

When Provancher died at Cap Rouge, March 23rd, 1892, at the age of 
72, he could see the realization of the dream of a life time, the natural sciences 
being then taught in all the colleges and many young men interested in various 
branches of nature study. 

He has been honoured by Laval University with the degree D. Sc.; he was 
a charter member of the Royal Society, and member of many European and 
American scientific societies. 

His three collections of insects may be found at the College de Lévis and 
at the Quebec Public Museum. All other specimens collected by Provancher 
have been kept with care by Rev. Canon Huard, who for the last thirty years 
has kept alive the memory of the Canadian Linneus. 


RELATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND TAXONOMIC STUDIES IN 
SYRPHIDA:* 


C. HowarD CURRAN, OTTAWA 


With regard to the relationships between the biological and taxonomic 
aspects of entomology, it is hoped that the question as here dealt with will not 
be considered in general as laying down any definite policy which must be followed. 
It is my hope that the subject is treated in such a manner that the suggestions 





*Contribution from the Entomological Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31 


offered may be of assistance to some one who has both the time and inclination 
to investigate and reach more definite conclusions in the problems which are 
as yet but slightly known. An attempt has been made to limit technical 
phraseology to the minimum. Certain obvious facts stand out above all others; 
we have yet to furnish the details and connections. 

In discussing the relationships which exist between the immature stages 
of insects, and the value which their study may be to the taxonomist, it is 
necessary to first consider in general the prevailing views which are held by prom- 
inent entomologists at the present time. It is almost impossible to draw 
any separating line between the two schools of thought if we consider them as 
“schools,’’ for the reason that there is complete intergradation. The one extreme 
holds that the immature stages are an adaptation for the purpose of distri- 
buting the various members of the insect world over all the available food 
plants, and thus guaranteeing against the extermination of plants which might 
be most desirable as food. Therefore, it is argued, the immature stages, being 
secondary, cannot indicate relationships of the adults to any great extent. The 
other view is that the immature stages are a direct indication of relationship. 
Various modifications of both views exist, and it is very doubtful if any entomo- 
logist today holds either extreme as practicable. Rather there is a tendency 
toward an equal balance between the two, and this would seem to be the obvious 
basis for all studies pertaining to a stable classification. 

So many factors enter into a study of this nature, many of them wholly 
conjectural, that one must advance with the greatest caution. What may 
be considered as a definite group of causative factors bearing upon the develop- 
ment of one tribe of insects possessing similar biological habits may not apply 
or must be greatly modified in another tribe having very similar immature 
stages yet possessing definite though small differences in the imagines. It 
has been argued by many, among them some of the foremost students of zoology, 
that a character, once lost, can never be regained. If such were the case the 
problems confronting us in the systematic arrangement of insects would be very 
simple in their solution. We may consider that a character lost through the 
various environmental conditions will never recur as long as those conditions 
exist, but the whole scheme of nature is so complex that the very causes which 
brought about the change are themselves altered because of changes involved. 
Life in one form reacts upon life in another form, animal life upon vegetable 
life, vegetable life upon animal life, animal upon animal and vegetable upon 
vegetable. To exemplify this well-known but always remarkable phase of exist- 
ence, it is merely necessary to point cut that a superabundance of a given 
species of plant life induces an abundance Ji enem‘es, both plant and animai, 
else the plant species would develop to such an extent that other plants would 
find life impossible. 


In the case of life the prime object is the perpetuation of the species. The 
result is that environmental influences bear upon insects in such a way that 
they always react to the slightest changes either in food or temperature. Such 
changes may or may not be sufficiently marked to cause the fauna or any one 
member to become specialized to such a degree as to be quite distinct from its 
ancestors of many generations previous. If certain environmental conditions 
are more or less local, and do not cover the whole range of a species what is 
considered a new or distinct species may be developed. 

It seems reasonable to suppose that similar environment will, in many cases, 
develop stimuli along certain lines in more than one species of insect, indeed 
in insects belonging to moderately or widely separated groups. Where the 


32 THE REPORT ‘OF. THE No. 36 





outstanding nature of the surroundings is very marked in contrast to the general 
habitus it is reasonable to believe that the whole fauna inhabiting such a region 
will develop to a marked degree along similar or parallel lines, although the 
method of combating strange conditions may not manifest itself in the same 

way. Still, a similarity must be expected. 

I have said that environment is changed by the modifications it produces. 
All the laws of nature move in cycles and environment is no exception although 
exactly similar conditions may not recur. Nevertheless they may approach 
each other closely, and thus cause development along lines similar to those which 
previously existed, and we may thus find insects receiving very similar stimuli 
at widely divergent periods and developing much the same characters, although 
their ancestors may have been distinct, but closely related, species, and those 
forms resulting from the somewhat similar environment may resemble each 
other closely. At any rate we should have two distinct series of insects developed 
along parallel or similar lines, many of which would resemble each other much 
more closely than did their ancestors, or more closely than they themselves 
and their ancestors. . 

It will be seen that it is therefore impossible to devise a lineal classification 
of insects from either the imagines or immature forms, but at the same time it 
must be realized that much reliance can be placed upon lineal descent, probably 
in the majority of cases. This applies especially in what we are pleased to term 
the families of insects, but becomes more obscure and less reliable as the groups 
are enlarged, until, when we reach the orders and consider the near relatives 
of insects we must trust entirely to deduction. I say this notwithstanding our 
ever increasing knowledge of fossil forms, a complete understanding of which 
is necessary in order to arrive at definite conclusions. These forms, their relation- 
ship to each other and the changes manifest in the various strata in which they 
are found will eventually lead to a more or less definite understanding of the 
environmental conditions, and the changes in these conditions which influenced 
and produced the stimuli causing insect modifications. 

It is, I think, an indication of progress when we are able to attain a classi- 
fication of the adult forms of any family which corresponds as well to the larval 
classification. It seems that we have reached this condition in the Syrphide, 
and while much still remains to be done, and several discordant factors are 
apparent, it is a matter of great satisfaction. No group is better adapted for 
such study nor does any family present such a diverse and yet remarkably 
consistent group of characters from both the biologic and taxonomic aspect. 

Speaking generally, we have now grouped the genera in such a way that 
all the Aphidophagous (species predaceous upon aphids), all the wood-boring 
larvee, (the short-tailed maggots) and all the liquid or semi-liquid feeding larvee 
(long-tailed maggots) fall naturally together. There are of course, as must 
be in the case, exceptions. The remaining groups are varied in their habits. 
Some species live in the nests of ants and termites, others in the nests of bees. 
Those in which the larve are dwellers in ants’ nests form a compact group. 
In the case of the second group, the adults form a moderately homogenous group, 
but the larve are very diversified in habits: some live in bees’ nests, while, so 
far as is known the majority bore in juicy plants, although it is by no means 
certain that healthy plants are attacked. I have observed many adults of one 
of these species (Volucella fasciata Macq.) about cactus plants in Kansas and 
all the plants visited by the females had been previously injured by other insects. 

Among the Syrphide which contain almost all the aphid eating larve 
I have found it practically impossible to distinguish several of the adults with 
certainty, but the larve are wholly different. In one case (S. americanus 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33 


pomus) the larvee feed upon aphids which are exposed to the sun, (A phis pomt) 
and are unique in this respect as Syrphid larve rarely are able to survive under 
such conditions, but must seek the shade of a leaf or stem. The adult is small 
and dark in colour as compared to the typical form (S. americanus). The 
other form (S. americanus vinelandit) has a green larva while that of americanus 
is greyish yellowish. While there are evidently three distinct species, it was 
considered advisable to consider them merely as varieties. I cite here only the 
one instance, where such a condition occurs in our Syrphide, as an illustration 
of the problems confronting the student and the need of further study. I might 
point out that Barnes and McDunnough (Mem. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., II], 
Pt. 1, p. 4) have found that they have been unable to definitely satisfy them- 
selves as to the limits of certain species of Catacola without referring to the 
biological peculiarities and distinctions. 

I have dealt in more detail, in a paper which will be published within the 
next few months, with the influence of larval food upon the appearance, habitus 
and deportment of the adult insect and therefore feel that the subject may be 
lightly dealt with here. I may say that is very often possible to ascertain by 
the appearance of an imago, whether the larva is predaceous, parasitic or a 
scavenger, omitting entirely our knowledge of the habits of the species or genus 
as conveyed by familiarity with it. Such a thing is possible because the larval 
habits have influenced the adult to develop along definite lines. With the aphid 
feeding forms the adult has a compressed, light abdomen, or a long slender one, 
due to the relative paucity of food, the thorax is large and well supplied with 
muscles and the head large, the eyes being unusually well developed, apparently 
in order that the insect may readily discern aphids and deposit their eggs. On 
the other extreme the forms living in liquid media are robust, the head is relatively 
smaller, and while they are also excellent hoverers, they have a much stronger 
wing venation in order to carry their weight. Those living in decaying wood 
are, generally speaking, intermediate; while predators and parasites all havea 
quite different shape of abdomen, with the exception of Tachinids, which really 
are allied to those living in liquid media because of the succulence of the larval 
host. 


INSECTS OF ‘THE SEASON IN ONTARIO 


L. CAESAR AND W. A. Ross 


ORCHARD INSECTS 


Copiinc Mora (Carpocapsa pomonella). In orchards east of Toronto and 
also around Burlington there was more than the usual amount of loss from side- 
worm injuries, Kings in some orchards having as high as 50 per cent. of injury 
and Snows 30 per cent. In Niagara, Norfolk and several other districts the 
amount of injury of this kind was not nearly so great and was scarcely up to 
the average. 

FRUIT-TREE-LEAF-ROLLER (Tortrix [Cacoecia] argysrospila). There was a 
considerable diminution in the numbers of this troublesome insect this year 
compared with the years 1920 and 1921. 

AppLeE Maccot (Rhagoletis pomonella). From Burford very badly infested 
apples were sent in with the statement that some varieties had been almost 
ruined by this insect. Taking the province however, as a whole our observations 
tended to show that the apple maggot had not done so much damage as it 
often does. 


2 ES. 





34 THE ‘REPORT,-OF DHE No. 36 





CHERRY FRUIT-FLIEs (Rhagoletis cingulata and R. fausta). These insects 
were not abundant this year. 

Bup Mots (Tmetocera ocellana). CIGAR CASE-BEARER (Coleophora flet- 
cherella) and Pisrot CASE-BEARER (Coleophora malivorella). In the oschards 
around Newcastle where these insects were so abundant last year very few could 
be found this year. This was apparently due to parasitism or else unfavourable 
weather conditions in the summer of 1921 and not to the effect last of winter, 
because in the fall of 1921 an examination of the trees showed that there were 
very few insects of the new generation. 

CANKER Worms (Paleacrita vernata and Alsophila pometaria). In several 
of the districts where canker worm outbreaks occurred last year there was 
considerable trouble again this year, but on the whole they did much less damage 
than in 1921. From the number of females of the fall canker worms to be 
seen this November in some districts it would not be surprising if considerable 
injury were done next year by this species. 

LEAF HOPPERS OF THE APPLE (Empoa rose and Empoasca mali). In 
the orchards around Brighton these hoppers, especially the rose hopper, were 
exceptionally abundant and almost every leaf on the apple trees was severely 
blotched and whitened by their work. In the Niagara district the hoppers 
were also abundant, but in Norfolk where they had been very abundant a few 
years before there was not nearly so much evidence of their work. In the Niagara 
district observations indicated that the hoppers had played an important part 
in the spread of pear blight. . 

LeaF Bucs or PLANT Bucs (Miride). Almost every year one or more 
species of leaf bug causes serious loss to fruit, especially to apples in one or 
more of the fruit districts of the province. Last year a well cared for apple 
orchard of nine acres at Lucknow had 25 per cent. of the fruit so injured by a 
species of Red Bug (Lygidea mendax) that it had to be graded as domestic or 
culls. This year, though many of the nymphs could be seen when the blossoms 
were just bursting, the owner, following instructions on control, harvested a 
good crop which graded nearly all under number 1 and 2. 

THE GREEN APPLE BuG (Lygus communis) at Newcastle this year was 
kept under good control both on pears and apples by careful spraying with 
nicotine sulphate. 

In the Niagara district the peach orchards which in 1920 and 1921 had been 
attacked by Lygus quercalbe, Lygus carye and Lygus omnivagus were not 
much injured this year. The terms Oak Plant Bug and Hickory Plant Bug 
are suggested as appropriate names for Lygus quercalbe and Lygus carye 
respectively. 

APPLE ApuHiIDs. Aphids this year in some districts did considerable damage 
to apples, for instance, in one orchard visited, the fruit in the centre and lower 
parts of Greening trees was all deformed by the rosy aphis. In most districts, 
however, there was comparatively little damage done to bearing trees by this 
or the green apple aphis. On young apple trees in the Niagara district the 
latter species was fairly abundant. 

BLACK CHERRY APHIS (Myzus cerasi). The stem mothers of this species 
were more numerous than usual in Niagara; Owing however, to spraying and 
> no doubt to weather conditions also the aphis did not become sufficiently abundant 
at any time to cause serious loss. 

GREEN PeaAcH Apuis (Myzus persice). As quite frequently happens in 
the Niagara district the air on bright warm days the last week in September 
was full of returned migrants of this species. 


 . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35 


; 


fr 


Prum Mite (Paratetranychus pilosus). This mite was not so abundant 
as last year. Heavy washing rains apparently did much to hold it in check. 

PEAR PsyLiA (Psylla pyricola). There were fewer of these insects this 
year than last and consequently control was easier. 

ROSE CHAFER (Macrodactylus subspinosus). These beetles were very com- 
mon and destructive in many localities. 

SAN JOSE SCALE (Aspidiotus perniciosus). An examination of infested 

fruit and twigs indicates that parasites of this insect are becoming more numerous. 
This may help to explain the slow increase of this scale since the severe winter 
of 1917-18. 
THE PEAR AND CHERRY SLUG (Eriocampoides limacina). A young pear 
_ orchard at Vineland was partially defoliated by this pest, but generally speaking, 
the slug was exceedingly scarce. On account of the rarity of the male fly, it 
is worth mentioning that one was captured at Vineland by Mr. Garlick. 

THE WHITE-MARKED TussocK-MOTH (Hemerocampa leucostigma). This 
pest was present in several Niagara orchards in sufficient numbers to be noticed, 
but in no case, which came under our observation, did it cause any serious injury. 

THE PLuM CurRcuLio (Conotrachelus nenuphar). This Curculio was not 
particularly troublesome. 

PEAR BLISTER MITE (Eriophyes pyri). In the 1919 report we expressed 
the opinion that this species was coming back into prominence as an orchard 
pest, but what we looked for at that time has failed to happen. The mite is 
still of very minor importance. 


Oe 


INSECTS AFFECTING GRAPES AND SMALL FRUITS 


GRAPE LEAF-Hoppers; Discussed elsewhere in this report. 

RosE CHAFER (Macrodactylus subspinosus). Discussed elsewhere. 

BLACKBERRY LEAF MINER (WMetallus bethunet). This insect was decidedly 
less abundant and injurious than last year. Parasites were more prevalent than 
in 1921, but they were hardly sufficiently numerous to account for the very 
marked decrease in the number of miners. 

Blotched mines containing larve very similar to the blackberry leaf- 
miner were noticed in many raspberry patches at Vineland. In no case was 
the injury serious, but it was conspicuous enough to attract attention. Some 
larve were collected by Mr. Garlick of the Dominion Entomological Laboratory, 
and adults which could not be distinguished from M. bethunei were reared. 
These flies readily laid eggs on blackberry leaves. 

The blackberry leaf miner apparently occurs wherever blackberries are 
grown in the province. It has been found as far north as Collingwood, and 
this year it was fairly troublesome at Brighton. 

GOOSEBERRY SAW-FLy (Diphadnus appendiculatus). This rather uncommon 
insect was found defoliating red currants and gooseberries in the Vineland dis- 
trict. According to Mr. Garlick this insect when present does more damage 
than the common currant worm. 

RASPBERRY SAW-FLY (Monophadnus rubt). .This saw-fly was present in 
many raspberry patches, but, generally speaking, did not cause much injury. 
However, in one large patch at Vineland, the canes were almost completely 
defoliated by it before the owner noticed the injury. 

The saw-fly is very easily controlled by spraying with arsenate of lead 
1% lbs. powder, 5 lbs. hydrated lime, 40 gallons of water. 

RASPBERRY Byturus (Byturus unicolor). This small pale-brown beetle 


36 THE REPORT-OF THE No. 36 





was quite plentiful in the spring, and several reports were received, particularly 
from Jordan, to the effect that it was seriously injuring raspberry blossom buds. 
Mr. Garlick found the eggs of this species tucked in between the glandular 


hairs on the pedicel of the flower and close to the bud or just on it. On hatching — 


the larve bore into the receptacle, and as the berries ripen, they are found 
tunneling in the white hull or feeding on the berry. Infested hulls turn black 
and soft, the berry becomes soft and is easily shaken off. 

RASPBERRY LEAF-ROLLER (Exartema permundanum). Leaves webbed 
together by this species were quite commonly found in raspberries and black- 
berry patches in the Niagara peninsula, particularly at Fenwick. However, 
in no instance was the injury serious. 

GOOSEBERRY FRuIt WorM (Zophodia grossulariae). It is seldom that one 
finds any trace of this insect in Ontario, hence it seems worth recording that 
it was found doing considerable damage to red currants in one locality in Carleton 
County and was sent in from Russell County with the report that it was injuring 
gooseberries. 

STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus), and the STRAWBERRY LEAF 
BEETLE (Paria canella) were again abundant in some strawberry patches in 
the Niagara district. The latter was very abundant also at Campbellville. 


INSECTS AFFECTING VEGETABLES OR TRUCK CROPS 


CapBAGE Maccor (Phorbia brassicae). There was less injury than usual 
this year from the Cabbage Maggot. 

Onion Maccor (Hylemyia antiqua). This insect was relatively more 
abundant and destructive than its close relative, the Cabbage Maggot. 

On1on Turip (Thrips tabaci). On the whole there appeared to be less 
injury from this thrip than last year, as one would expect from a comparison 
of the amount of moisture in the two seasons. 

STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Diabrotica vittata). The beetles varied greatly 
in numbers in different parts of the province, and even in different fields in the 
same part. In Norfolk and Niagara there were several fields of cucumbers 
severely injured while other fields were scarcely at all attacked, the worst 
attacked fields being those in which cucumbers had been grown the previous 
year or those situated close to where they had been grown. A study of the life 
history and control of the insect has been begun by the senior writers, and will 
be continued next year. It may be mentioned in passing that so far neither of 
the writers has found the nicotine dust satisfactory. It stupefies the insects, 
but almost all recover later. 

MeELon Apuis (Aphis gossypi). This aphis was decidedly injurious to 
melons and cucumbers at Vineland. 

IMPORTED CABBAGE WorM (Pieris rape). This year, as in 1921, these 
worms were abundant towards the end of the summer, and along with Cabbage 
Looper did great damage to the leaves of cabbage, cauliflower and in some 
cases turnips. 

CABBAGE LOOPER (Autographa brassice). As just mentioned this looper 
was very abundant this fall; in fact, it has been more abundant in 1921 and 1922 
than at any time for the last ten or twelve years. 

RHUBABB CURCULIO (Lixus concavus). Usually this insect is difficult to 
find, and does insignificant damage, but this year from several localities it was 
reported as being so abundant as almost to ruin the crop. One plot near Cayuga 
was visited and the complaint found to be justified, many of the leaf stalks 
having from six to twelve feeding or egg-laying punctures. The tissues around 


- 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37 


these injuries had in some cases died out and in others become diseased, so 
that the stalks readily broke with very little strain. Eggs were found in some 
of the punctures, but as usual no larve were present. 

Corn Ear Worm (Heliothis obsoleta). The almost total disappearance of 
this insect in 1922, after the remarkable outbreak in 1921, was very interesting. 
Only about half-a-dozen larve in all were seen by the writers this summer. 
Experiments with larva in the fall of 1921 and the great scarcity of the insect 
this year tend to confirm the theory that the insect does not winter in Ontario, 
or if so, only to a very slight extent. 

EUROPEAN CORN BoRER (Pyrausta nubilalis). Discussed elsewhere in this 
report. 

SPOTTED CuTWoRM (Agrotis c. nigrum). This cutworm was much more 
numerous than usual, and during the latter half of July in several localities, 
especially in Norfolk, Lambton, Peel and Lennox and Addington counties, there 
were outbreaks of considerable importance. The newspapers erroneously 
referred to these as “‘Army Worm Outbreaks.’”’ The outbreaks were not unex- 
pected, because in Norfolk on April 26th the senior writer saw fields in which 
the early brood of this same cutworm was abundant. At this date some of the 
larve were almost full-grown and others only half-grown, the average being 
about one inch long. 

Potato Insects. The Potato Leaf Hopper (Empoasca malt) was perhaps 
the most important potato pest in Southern Ontario. Flea Beetles (Epiztrix 
cucumeris) were very numerous, in some localities almost destroying potato 
leaves and injuring considerably leaves of tomatoes. The Colorado Potato 
Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) was not of its usual importance. 


MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS 


TARNISHED PLANT BuG (Lygus pratensis). This pest, although less trouble- 
some than usual on asters, was again injurious to chrysanthemums in some 
greenhouses. 

The most effective method of preventing plant bug injury in greenhouses 
is to screen the ventilators and doors with wire cloth. This past summer the 
Dale Estate people at Brampton screened one of their chrysanthemum houses 
and in reference to the results secured from this the Assistant General Manager 
wrote under date of October 12th as follows: 

“There seems to be little question that the screening of the ventilators has 
been very beneficial. In the house where this was carried out the tarnished 
plant bug has been practically eliminated, while in the other houses the bugs 
have been as bad this year as ever. Further, we have noticed no detrimental 
effect in the matter of ventilation.’ 

CoILED RosE Worm (Emphyctus cinciipes). There was an outbreak of 
this species in two large greenhouses near Grimsby. In both houses the larve 
were most abundant on the variety Premier. The slugs were easily destroyed 
by an application of arsenate of lead. 

GRASSHOPPERS. In Manitoulin Island there was the most extensive and 
severe outbreak of. grasshoppers which the senior writer has seen in Ontario. 
The chief species involved was the Roadside Grasshopper (Camnula pellucida). 
Almost every farm throughout the whole length of the island, over 100 miles, 
was more or less infested. So numerous were the nymphs in the middle of June, 
when the writer visited the district, that there seemed no doubt that, if not com- 
bated, they would totally destroy the grain crop and also much of the hay and 
pasture. 


38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 
eee 


Manitoulin is unfortunate in having a great deal of very shallow soil, in 
many fields the rock being only from two to five inches below the surface. As 
such fields are not cultivated they afforded ideal breeding places for the grass- 
hoppers. 

Meetings were held in the worst infested areas, at which the situation was 
discussed and control measures outlined. These were followed by field demon- 
strations on the making and applying of the poison bait. The work was then 
left in charge of local committees and of the agricultural representative. 

The formula for the bait recommended was:— 


IBrAD iG ie LG eaE EE aL, SEAN AUN sa ars cee gi aa tag ee 12 lbs. 
SAWdSt i. PAR aie ASA Ss tele ea ene ae an equal quantity to 12 lbs. bran. 
White*Arsenien2 01:2. 710 4... SSS ea On San 0” aac a on 1 Ib. 
Salblisdatee ce. DEE. iis. ad: Ge ee epee ened 1 to 1% lbs. 
Waters S44 totter. vg} un ete soe ee land pipiens wane about 214 gals. 


The total amount of arsenic purchased was 29,218 Ibs., which gives some 
idea of the extent or severity of the outbreak. 

The result of treatment was that in spite of some of the arsenic being de- 
layed in shipment, a fairly good crop was harvested, and the farmers, from being 
sceptical of the possibility of combating the grasshoppers, became convinced of 
the efficiency of the bait and to quote the words of R. E. Cumming, the 
agricultural representative, ‘Are all ready to use poison at the first sign of a 
grasshopper outbreak.” 

Cicapa (Okanagana canadensis; det. by Wm. T. Davis). While driving 
through the woods in Manitoulin Island on June 16th, in connection with the 
grasshopper outbreak, a loud hissing noise was heard. On investigation this was 
found to come from numerous. Cicadas of the above species. Many of these 
were on low bushes; others were higher up in the branches of trees, still others 
were on the trunks, some of them just emerging from their nymphal skins, while 
others had not yet begun to emerge. The cast skins were much in evidence, 
some of them six feet or more up on the trunk, but most right at the crown, a 
few being on the ground a foot or more away from the trunk. Seventy-five of 
these skins were counted on or close to a single poplar tree, (Populus tremulotdes). 
The singing was heard from various woods that day from 11.00 a.m. to 4.30 
p.m., though it may have begun earlier and lasted later. In each case the 
greatest volume of sound appeared to come from the part of the woods where 
poplars were most abundant. This may be of interest to entomologists, because 
the species is supposed to have a strong preference for pitch pine. 

I regret that I had only one comparatively small cyanide bottle with me, 
into which I could crowd only a dozen specimens. Had I time and anything 
to put the Cicadas in, I think it would not have required long to capture one 
hundred or more; for while many were very shy others could be captured with 
fair ease by placing the hand quickly over them where they sat. 

CuincH Buc (Blissus leucopterus). In the third week in July the corn 
growers in Essex county became alarmed by the migration of what proved to 
be the Chinch Bug from wheat to corn. On July 21st all stages, or almost all 
stages, of the insect could be seen on the corn, though the third and fourth instars 
seemed the most common. Later the infestation became more general, and 
farmers said there were millions of the bugs to be seen in a single field. That 
the outbreak was fairly serious there is no doubt, for Mr. Justus Miller in his 
final report to the writer estimated that the total injury would be about 10 per 
cent of the corn crop of the county. 

This is apparently much the worst outbreak of Chinch Bug in Ontario on 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39 





record, and must be attributed to the very favourable climatic conditions, 
especially during the winter of 1921-22. So far the dry weather of this fall has 
given almost ideal conditions for the hibernating insects, and should the winter 
prove mild and fairly dry it will not be surprising if next year will witness much 
greater injury even than this; though in the past outbreaks have usually lasted 
only one season in this province. 

Instructions for guarding against an attack next year have been sent to the 
agricultural representative and by him published in the local press. 

Ants. There have been more requests for information on how to control 
ants in houses and lawns this year than at any time in the writer’s experience. 
The most troublesome house species to deal with has been Pharaoh’s Ant, 
(Monomorium pharaonis), which is evidently spreading rapidly. 

BUFFALO CARPET BEETLE (Anthrenus scrophularie). Many requests for 
information on how to rid buildings from this pest have been received. 

MILL AND STORED GRAIN Pests. The mild weather of the last three 
winters would appear to have something to do with the greatly increased num- 
bers of insects affecting stored grain. The chief species involved are the Indian 
Meal Worm (Plodia interpunctella), the Rice Weevil (Calandra oryze), and the 
Saw-toothed Grain Beetle (Silvanus surmamensis). 

CLOVER MITE (Bryobia pratensis). A correspondent from Melbourne, 
Ontario, writes of this mite: ‘This vermin comes out around the foundation 
of our dwelling house every year about May Ist, and continues to infest the 
outside and get inside the house by thousands on warm days for a period of 
three weeks or a month, and then all disappear until the next year. They crawl 
all up on the pine siding and all over the windows, both upstairs and down- 
stairs.”’ 

Hitherto these mites have been sent in in the fall instead of the spring. 

MosguiToEs. Tourists in Muskoka and many other parts of the province 
were unanimous in declaring that mosquitoes were never so numerous or bit so 
viciously as this year. The claim was made that this year the mosquitoes were 
much smaller than usual and worked their way into houses through screened 
windows. The species was not determined, but the writer observed that many 
specimens were indeed very small. 

HEEL FLy (Hypoderma bovis). There were not so many complaints as 
usual of cattle being tormented by this fly. 


NOTES ON FRANKLINIELLA TRITICI (Fitcn) 


R. C. TREHERNE, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF 
AGRICULTURE 


The Order Thysanoptera is rapidly assuming an important place in econ- 
omic entomology, and many members to-day are recognized as among the most 
important injurious insects of cultivated crops. In Canada the pear thrips, 
Tentothrips tnconsequens Uzel, the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, the 
greenhouse thrips, Heliothrips hemorrhoidalis Bouche and femoralis Reuter, the 
grass thrips, Anaphothrips obscurus Muller, are known and have been recorded 
in our literature as major pests of the crops they attack. To these we must 
unquestionably add Frankliniella tritici Fitch and its two closely allied species 
(which may ultimately be classed as ‘forms’ or ‘“‘subspecies’’) occidentalis 
Pergande and californica Moulton. All three commonly occur in Canada; the 
last named, thus far, is only recorded from Central and Western Canada, but 


40 THE .REPORT-OF DHE No. 36. 


doubtless will be found in Ontario and the Maritime Provinces in a suitable 
environment. Practically all of the injurious species of thrips are contained 
within the family Thripide, and they all appear to have similar feeding habits 
though the parts of plants they affect may differ. The average length of North 
American species is about 1 mm., and their mouth parts are suctorial. There 
is a forward and a backward movement of the head which enables the minute 
styliform mandibles to pierce the epidermal cells of the plant, after which the 
mouth parts are inserted into the opening formed, pressed down to the labrum 
and sucking commences. A minute or so is apparently sufficient to remove all 
the available sap within reach, after which a new location is taken up and the 
same process of insertion proceeds again. It will not be necessary for me to’ 
describe in detail the mouth parts of these minute insects. This has been done 
on former occasions by several writers. It is only necessary to receive an im- 
pression on the general motions undertaken and to appreciate the nature of the 
injuries. In addition to the often pronounced injuries caused by direct feeding, 
which may cause “‘blasting’’ of the buds and flowers, leaves and seed pods, the 
oviposition habits must also be noted. Members of the Thripidz are provided 
with a saw-like ovipositor which is used to cut a cavity in the delicate portions 
of plant growth, such as the pistils, stamens, developing ovules, fruit and leaf 
petioles, before an egg is inserted. Microtome sections of such plant portions 
may frequently disclose as many as 8-10 egg cavities. This habit naturally 
greatly weakens the plant tissue and it is not surprising to find developing fruits, 
seed pods, etc., failing to mature or dropping off completely as the season ad- 
vances, due to oviposition injuries alone. More injury is caused by the feeding 
habits than by oviposition but, in examination, the latter form of injury must 
not be ignored. 

There is a third consideration worthy of mention at this point that relates 
to the plant breeders. JI have seen supposedly careful experiments conducted 
in the cross-breeding of vegetables under cheesecloth and cheap calico screens 
which, if they were not entirely negatived, were at least severely endangered 
by the presence of innumerable thrips within the cages to which the screening 
presented practically no obstacle. Thrips, particularly on bright sunny days, 
may be observed passing in and out through the screen meshes and although 
no immediate examination has been made at the time under the binoculars, it 
is certain that they carried pollen grains attached to their measurably hairy 
bodies and fringe-like wings, for pollen grains may be quite commonly seen on 
live thrips gathered from blossoms under somewhat similar conditions. 

It is strange that up until the present time in Canada we can only record 
one crop which is severely affected by Frankliniella tritici and its allied species, 
despite the fact that these insects occur so commonly. This crop is alfalfa, 
and Mr. H. L. Seamans, of the Dominion Entomological Branch, is now making 
an exhaustive study of the economic relationship of F. occidentalis to alfalfa in 
the alfalfa seed-producing areas of Alberta. He has already found that in cer- 
tain seasons fully 80 per cent. of the young florets and seed pods are destroyed 
or fail to mature by reason of the activities of this species. It seems possible 
that the future may show these insects to be of more than passing interest in 
Canada. There are, however, some observations made in the United States. 
In California, Arizona and Montana, both F. tritict and occidentalis are known 
to cause much damage to alfalfa, much in the manner already mentioned, 
wherein the floral parts are attacked, causing the premature falling of the flower, 
or the ovaries or tender stigmas are injured, preventing the development of the 
seed pod. In New York State, F. tritici is not usually injurious though a com- 
mon species in orchards. Parrott, however, in 1909, noted very extreme injury 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41 


to pear orchards in Western New York State wherein ‘‘the injured blossom 
clusters turned brown as if blighted, while the leaves became discoloured about 
the wounded areas and curled.’ Similar injury to deciduous fruits has been 
noted by Morril in the Salt River Valley of Arizona and in California young 
developing apricots have been, on occasions, severely injured. The floral parts 
of blackberries and raspberries have been injured also in the mid-central United 
States, and Quaintance even presented the name of the Strawberry Thrips to - 
F. tritici in Florida from its pronounced injuries to this crop. It is probable, 
however, in this connection that the species involved was F. bispinosus or its 
variety projectus and not F. tritici as imagined in Florida, a belief that is sup- 
ported by a later study given the matter by Watson, of Florida, who draws 
attention to the fact that F. bispinosus usually finds its habitat in flowers of 
an open structure, while F. tritict prefers blossoms and parts of plants that are 
closed. To wheat, oats, peas and like crops notable injury has been caused 
not only in the United States, but also in Europe at various times. Lastly, 
attention must be drawn to the possible relation of insects of this class to the 
distribution of plant diseases, and to the fact that many species, including F. 
tritici, may be predaceous on insect eggs. In our own experience in Canada 
F. tritici has been incriminated as a carrier of blossom infection of Fire Blight, 
but in the Rogue River Valley of Oregon this species is said to rank high in 
this connection. Sufficient has been said to indicate the possible relationship 
of these exceedingly common insects to cultivated crops. It is only necessary 
to close this phase of the subject by stating that all plants are liable to be in- 
fested, but that the typical habitat of F. tritici is among the florets of composite 
flowers, in clusters of young leaves, in any crevice where the tissue is not too 
tough to be pierced provided the situation is concealed. Shull, in the American 
Naturalist, Vol. 48, has drawn attention to this fact and records, for example, 
that the species is usually very abundant in the flowers of white clover (T. 
repens) and red clover (7. pratense), while it is rarely found in the related yellow 
and white sweet clovers (M. officinalis and alba). The larve, likewise, frequents 
a similar habitat. 
THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION 


It would be well to briefly mention the characters of this insect which has 
such potentialities as a pest. The term Euthrips may have a familiar sound 
to many present, as it was under this genus that the pear thrips Euthrips pyrt 
was dealt with in American literature. Tvitici, occidentalis, floridensis, gossypit, 
heliantht, runnert, insularis, cephalicus, fuscus, nicotiane, minuta, nervosa, etc., 
have all been dealt with under the genus Euthrips. The genus Euthrips now 
no longer exists, or, if it is employed, is usually applied synonymously with 
Anaphothrips, Uzel. Its use was shown by Hood to bea contravention to Article 
9 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The genera T@nzo- 
thrips Serville, Frankliniella Karny, Parafrankliniella Priesner, Kakothrips 
Williams, Odontothrips Serville and others are now erected by their respective 
authors to take care of former members of the genus Euthrips. Dr. Karny, ina 
recent issue of Treubia, has given us some suggestions in key form which assist 
us materially in separating the related genera of the Thripine. For our pur- 
poses this key is adapted and modified as follows:— 


Antenne 7 or 8, or apparently 9, segmented. 
a. Fore tibia unarmed; 
b. Anterior angles of prothorax on each side with a long, strong bristle; 
c. Prothorax with a rather long bristle in the middle of each. 
Scolothrips Hinds. 


42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


cc. Sides of prothorax without bristles; 
d. Interocellar bristles located on the sides of the ocellar triangle; 
e. The inner of the two prominent bristles on the anterior margin of 
the prothorax nearly twice as long as the outer. ' 
Parafrankliniella Priesner. 
ee. The outer of the two bristles the longer. 
Frankliniella Karny. 
dd. Interocellar bristles between the posterior pair of ocelli. 
Kakothrips Williams.* 
bb. Anterior angles of prothorax without a strong bristle; 
c. Posterior angles of prothorax with only one strong bristle on each side; 
d. Head little broader than long; fore wings not regularly set with 
bristles. 
Scirtothrips Shull. 
dd. Head one and one-half times as long as broad. Fore wings with 
a continuous row of bristles on both wings. Pseudothrips Hinds 
e. Antenne apparently 9 segmented. Pseudothrips. 
ee. Antenne clearly 8 segmented. Glaucothrips Karny. 
cc. Antenne clearly 8 segmented. Posterior angles of prothorax with two 
strong bristles on each side; 
f. The front and the eyes greatly enlarged. The 8th abdominal 
segment without comblike teeth on the posterior margin. 
Cricothrips Trybom. 
ff. Shape of the head normal. A comblike structure usually present 
on the posterior margin of the 8th abdominal segment. 
Teniothrips Serville.t 
g. Sixth antennal segment normal. 
Teniothrips. 
gg. Sixth antennal segment sharply pointed. 
Rhopalandrothrips Priesner. 
aa. Fore tibiz armed at the end with one or two teeth; 
g. Antenne 8 segmented. 
Odontothrips Serville. 
gg. Antenne 7 segmented. 
Sminyothrips Uzel. 


Of the genus Frankliniella erected by Karny in 1910, over forty species 
are now recognized. Thrips intonsa Trybom was erected by Hood as the geno- 
type, but there is a question whether it is correctly designated. Frankliniella 
tritict Fitch, the species we are concerned with at this time, is briefly described 
as follows: 

FEMALE: Length 1.1-1.2 mm.; width .2-.26 mm. 

Heap: three-fourths as long as broad; back of head transversely striated; ocelli subapproxi- 


mate pale yellow, margined inwardly with reddish-orange crescents; interocellar spines long, 
postocular spines shorter, both conspicuous; antennae, about two and a half times as long as 





*Dr. Karny separates these three genera on the presence or absence of abdominal processes 
on the 8th segment. Inasmuch as certain reduced but recognizable processes may be found in 
certain female species of Frankliniella this character would not appear to be so useful in differ- 
entiation as the location of the interocellar bristles. 

+Dr. Karny separates Physothrips Karny from Teniothrips Serville by the presence or 
absence of transverse bands on the fore wings. This character is not well stabilized; hence 
Physothrips falls within the genus Teniothrips. Amblythrips Bagnall and Pezothrips Karny 
were both erected for wingless species. Information has been received that winged forms have 
been taken, hence, the characters being the same, the two genera also fall within the genus 
Teniothrips. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43 


the head; segment 1 pale yellow; segment 2 light brown, dusky, sometimes yellowish as base, 
symmetrical in outline, without bristle bearing hump and no bristles markedly enlarged; seg- 
ment 3, light brown or dusky at apex, light yellow in basal half (the longest joint of the antennz); 
segments 4 and 5, dusky, brown, light yellow in basal half, 4 about 114 times longer than the 
5th joint; segment 6, brown, about equal in length to 4; segments 7 and 8 (style) brown, the 
last segment nearly twice the length of the 7th; spines in segments 2-5 usually stout and con- 
spicuous. 

PROTHORAX: three-fourths as long as broad, slightly longer than the head, normal; wings, 
slightly shaded, costa bearing 26-28 evenly placed spines, fore vein 20-22, hind vein 15-18, scale 
5, interior 1; legs concolourous with body, usually pale yellow or slightly shaded light brown, 
a pair of stout spines at extremity of each tibia, spines on inside of hind tibie rather weak. 

ABDOMEN: Normal in shape, in the darker forms there is usually a brown stripe on anterior 
edges of segments 2-7, dorsal plates also more or less brown, tip of abdomen slightly darker than 
other segments, without any pale areas on abdominal sternites, spines prominent and shaded 
brown on lighter coloured portions of the abdominal segments. ° 


It is well to point out, however, that the species is very variable in colour, 
as is to be expected in one with such a wide distribution with so many different 
types of habitat. There are some very complex relationships to F. occidentalis 
Pergande and F. californica Moulton, which will only be properly settled by an 
exact morphological study or by breeding. 


SOME NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF TWO BUPRESTIDS INFESTING 
BLACKBERRY AND HAZEL 


Agrilus ruficollis and A. politus, 


C. B. HutcHines, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DEPARTMENT 
OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA 


During the past summer we had an opportunity of observing the activities 
of Agrilus ruficollis upon Blackberry (Rubus villosus), and Agrilus politus on 
Hazel (Corylus rostrata Ait). In a plot adjoining our field laboratory at Queen’s 
Park, Aylmer, were scattered thick clumps of brambles and hazel shrubbery 
upon which the beetles were discovered in considerable numbers. A study of 
these was begun and the notes takén have been embodied in this paper. 

I am indebted to my field assistant, Mr. Reginald Balch, for his help in 
this connection. 

Agrilus ruficolis Fab. The adults were first seen about the third week in 
June feeding freely upon the upper leaf surfaces of blackberries and raspberries, 
and also, sparingly, upon the purple flowering raspberry, Rubus odoratus; a 
decided preference being shown for blackberries. When approached cautiously 
the beetles could be taken easily by hand, but if one failed to catch them then 
they would promptly feign death, or dodge beneath the underside of the foliage, 
or quickly seek other feeding grounds by short rapid flights. While an occa- 
sional beetle might be seen on the bushes almost at any time of a bright day, 
the noon hours and early afternoon when the sun was brightest and hottest, 
favoured their appearance in large numbers. The method of feeding was for 
the most part upon the central areas of the leaf surfaces, where holes irregular 
in size and outline were made, but the edges of the leaves were also well eaten 
into. The presence of the small, dark, dry excrement pellets upon the leaves 
were always good indications of the presence of ruficollis. Mating began soon 
after emergence and pairs were constantly found in copula. 

The adult is somewhat cylindric in outline, and rather active, buprestid, 
measuring from 7 to 8 mm. long and about 1.75 mm. broad across the wing 
covers. A striking characteristic of this species is the dull coppery bronze 









s clfeched. 
© inner Grocts 


Eous attached, yy 
tevloner breck a4 


Stems of Blackberry (enlarged) showing location of eggs of Agrilus ruficollis. 


44 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45 


colour of the prothorax from which it derives its name. The head is decidedly 
dark and the wing covers dull black. 

The eggs are irregularly oval in outline with two sides flattened, and measure, 
on an average, from 1 to 1.5 mm. across. They are dirty-white in colour with 
brownish edges, of soft shell, and are deposited either singly or in groups of 
from two to six, at the axils of the branches, being inserted chiefly between the 
outer and inner bracts close to the main stem. Hatching begins in three weeks. 
The young larva on emerging approximates 1.5 mm. in length, is dull white in 
colour and flat headed. It always enters the branch from beneath the egg, 
usually at a point near the centre, although 25 per cent. of the larve leave at 
the edge. The empty case is made the receptacle for the first borings, which 
are of very fine brown dust. After working spirally around the branch, the 
larva continues on to the main stem of the plant, which it tunnels two or three 
times in the outer bark tissues before entering the pith. This girdling work 
causes the stem at this point to crack longitudinally in many places, producing 
an elliptical swelling, commonly known as gouty-gall and results in killing the 
branch the following year. Once the pith is entered, the tunnel becomes straight- 
ened out and is packed with castings and the larva proceeds to bore upwards. 
It attains a length of 16 to 18 mm. and is a flat, slender, white, legless grub. 
Winter is passed in the stem and pupation occurs in May in a specially enlarged 
cell. The adult then gnaws its way to the surface and escapes through an exit 
semi-lunar in shape. The tunnels vary considerably in length, from three to 
six inches or more. 

Cutting out the galls in spring and destroying them is a simple and ready 
method to control this pest. Do this soon after the leaves appear. 


Agrilus politus Say. This species is of less importance economically than 
ruficollis. It is a serious enemy of the hazel (Corylus), and does much injury 
by forming ugly, knot-like galls on the branches, killing back all attacked parts. 

The adult is more robust, less trim in outline, and somewhat shorter than 
ruficollis, averaging about 6.5 mm. in length and 2 mm. in breadth, and is of a 
dull, uniform bronze colour, the tips of the wing covers being forked. 

The eggs are oval in outline, of soft shell, shiny, transparent white in colour, 
and each about 1.5 mm. long and half as wide. They are laid singly and in 
small groups of two or three, and covered afterwards with a protective secretion 
which hardens into a capsule, brown in colour of a shade a little lighter than 
the bark, being quite conspicuous scale-like objects on the branches. The 
female, in laying, appears to have no special choice of location, and will deposit 
a group of eggs near the axil of a small shoot, another group beside a raised 
. portion of bark or lenticle, and others quite often upon the clean, exposed bark 
surfaces. This habit differs from ruficollis in that the last mentioned tucks its 
eggs safely behind the bracts at the axils of the branches. The period of incuba- 
tion requires approximately three weeks, hatching beginning about July 20th. 
The larva eats its way out at the smaller end of the egg, without disturbing the 
capsule and enters the bark beneath, expelled frass being packed away into the 
empty shell case. Several groups were under observation, and it was found 
that the larve left at the same end of each egg and bored, side by side in the 
same direction, for 7 to 10 mm. lengthwise of the twig; then branching out 
began to tunnel around the twig, near the surface, each circuit being close to 
the previous one. The branch is consequently completely girdled. This 
action sets up an abnormal stimulation of growth, cracking the outer bark sur- 
faces and producing ugly, knot-like swellings or galls, eventually killing the 
branches affected in this way. 


46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


The pupal cell is constructed well down in the woody tissues of the stem, 
and the adult comes to the outside by way of a D-shaped hole, quite character- 
istic of the genus. 

Pupation occurred this year during the last week in May and continued to 
about the middle of June, the largest number of adults being taken between 
the 16th and 20th of the month. 

The control is the same as in ruficollis; viz., cut out the gall-infested branches 
in spring and destroy. 


INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN QUEBEC IN 1922 
GEORGES MAHEUX, PROVINCIAL ENTOMOLOGIST, QUEBEC 


The summer of 1922 has been a heavy season for injurious insects. Except 
perhaps for the field crops, all other groups of plants have had to suffer from 
the intrusion of numerous enemies. 

Fruit TREES. Fruit tree insects were at work early, and kept on attacking 
the various parts of the trees during the whole season. Tent caterpillars were 
easily three times as numerous as last year. Both species, Malacosoma americana 
and M. disstria have been recorded from different districts. These pests could 
hardly be seen in the same orchard; their distribution was local and rarely coal- 
esced. In Quebec district the chief offender was outstandingly the Forest Tent 
Caterpillar, while around Montreal it was the Apple Tent Caterpillar. Large 
numbers of apple trees were defoliated everywhere where spraying had been 
omitted or too much delayed. 

Tmetocera ocellana, Cacoecia rosaceana, Aphis mali, Carpocapsa pomonella, 
Conotrachelus nenuphar were also prominent. From the ordinary list of fruit 
tree insects the only exception came from the late summer caterpillars; though 
fairly abundant in some localities, Datana ministra, Schizura concinna, Hemero- 
campa leucostigma determined by no means serious conditions. 

VEGETABLES. It was a good season for Leptinotarsa decemlineata, which 
started its work early and seemed hard to control in many instances, due to 
too long intervals between two consecutive sprayings. Large losses from cut- 
worms were experienced by tobacco planters. Maggots in general, cabbage 
and onion especially, made a good season. Pieris rape kept last year’s good 
average. Diabrotica vittata, Epitrix cucumeris and sometimes Macrobasis umt- 
color had to be watched carefully to avoid serious damages. 

FIELD Crops. An outbreak of grasshoppers, about the same size as last 
year’s, was a serious menace to many oat fields) Damage was cut down to 
a trifle after a large educational campaign substantiated with field demonstra- 
tions carried on in every locality interested. Samples of sweet corn sent to the 
office proved to be severely attacked by Heliothis obsoleta, but this was not general, 
although this pest seems to be on the increase and may prove troublesome next 
year in the Montreal district. 

SMALL Fruits. Strawberries were affected by white grubs and Ancyls 
comptana, a leaf roller; no damage to blossoms and fruits were reported. Currants 
and gooseberries again suffered from Pteronus ribesti, that is in gardens where 
the use of arsenical is not a matter of regular practice. 

SHADE TREES. Our records show nothing worth mentioning as insect 
pests; on the contrary, diseases were very important and their injuries very 
conspicuous on maples especially. 

We look on 1923 as a very favourable season for Tent caterpillars and 
grasshoppers particularly. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47 
rr EN EULOGIC RL SOCIETY. 


THE FEATHER MITE—A NEW PEST OF POULTRY 


L. CAESAR, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH 


The presence of a new mite (Liponyssus bursa) in this province was brought 
to my attention by Mr. F. C. Bishopp, of the U.S. Bureau of Entomology, 
last December at the annual meeting in Toronto, when he informed me that 
he has seen birds badly infested with the mite which had been shipped into the 
United States by a certain Ontario poultryman. At once I wrote to this man, 
informed him of what I had been told, and urged upon him the prompt applica- 
tion of effective control measures as outlined in Circular 79 of the United States 
Department of Agriculture, of which Mr. Bishopp had given me a copy. Then 
as soon as my college work permitted I visited his plant and inspected a large 
number of his birds, but found only one mite, and that one on a feather in a 
nest. The owner, however, informed me that the birds in one section of his 
plant had been infested, but that by thorough applications of zenoleum he had, 
he believed, exterminated the mites. He certainly had at least come very near 
doing so. 

By this poultryman I was given the address of another man, about fifty 
miles away, who was having trouble with the same mite. This poultryman was 
then visited, and the mites were found in one of his houses, but as treatment 
had been carried on here too the birds were not badly infested, though the owner 
and his wife both said that a few weeks earlier the mites had been abundant 
in this particular house. 

I endeavoured to find the origin of the infestation. The first poultryman 
said he had got the mites from birds shipped in from the Southern States, but 
Mr. Bishopp was of the opinion that this must be a mistake. The other poultry- 
man thought he got his from exhibiting at a poultry show in one of our cities. 

I have not since had any complaints of trouble in other flocks, but would 
not be surprised if it should turn out that the mite was somewhat widely spread 
both in Canada and the United States. 

All the adult mites seen were blackish in colour with some white areas, 
chiefly around the head. Some of the young were blackish like the adults, others 
were nearly white. The adults look to the naked eye like mere black specks, 
and, as one of the poultrymen said, when on a bright winter day they cluster 
upon the tail feathers of a white bird to bask in the sunshine, they make the 
feathers appear as if dusted with black pepper. 

Unlike the common red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae De Geer), which attacks 
poultry only at night, hiding in crevices in roosts and in other places by day, 
this species usually remains both night and day upon its host. They can be 
found most easily in the feathers around the vent, but may occur almost any- 
where among the feathers. Some of them, however, may also be found in the 
nest on feathers and other substances. 

The eggs are oval, and glossy white, and, so far as observed, were situated 
in the feathers near the base where they could easily be dislodged by tapping 
_ the feathers. 

The mites are able to endure a great deal of cold, as I discovered by placing 
several feathers with mites on them in a bottle and exposing this overnight 
to a temperature which reached 7° F. Next day, after carrying the bottle in 
my pocket for a couple of hours, I examined it and found almost all the mites 
alive and quite active. These same mites were kept in this bottle for 18 days 
before they all died. These facts show that the pest might easily be transported 


48 THE REPORT OF ‘THE | No. 36 


long distances even in cool weather in the packages around eggs, even apart 
from the ease with which they could be transported on the birds themselves. 
It is possible sparrows may also be a means of spreading them. 

How destructive the mites are was not observed, but Mr. Bishopp considers 
them a serious pest, and one of the poultrymen said that when they became 
abundant on a bird they quickly caused it to droop and become valueless. 

Fortunately. control measures do not appear to be specially difficult. Mr. 
Bishopp found that by thoroughly cleaning out the houses, nests and brooders, 
burning the nesting material and placing the manure where birds could not 
reach it, then thoroughly spraying the houses, nests and brooders with car- 
bolineum and dusting the birds heavily with sulphur, the mites could be exter- 
minated. 

In this country carbolineum in most places is not easy to procure, hence 
it seems to me that creosote oil could be substituted. I am also of the opinion 
that owing to the presence of lice on most poultry it would pay to combine 
sodium fluoride with the sulphur in the proportions of about four parts sulphur 
to one part sodium fluoride. A test was made on twenty-one birds, including 
several breeds, with two parts sulphur to one part sodium fluoride, and, though 
the dusting was purposely done very heavily, no injury followed, and every 
louse present was killed. (There were no mites in this case to begin with.) 


THE GRAPE LEAF-HOPPER 


W. A. Ross, AND W. Ropinson, DoMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, 
VINELAND STATION 


The Grape Leaf-hopper, Erythroneura comes Say, a native American species, 
apparently occurs in North America wherever grapes are grown. It has been 
recorded from the eastern states, from California in the west, from Texas and 
New Mexico in the south, and from Ontario and Quebec in the north. Named 
and described for the first time by Say in 1825, it has long been known as a pest 
of grape vines, and has at times caused very serious losses, notably in California 
and in the Chautauqua and Erie grape belts. 

In Canada the hopper is only of importance, in the Niagara peninsula— 
the only section where grapes are grown on an extensive scale. In the past 
there have been many severe local outbreaks of the insect in the Niagara dis- 
trict, particularly in graperies adjoining bushland, wasteland and other places 
favourable for hibernation, but prior to 1921, as far as we can learn, there was 
no general outbreak throughout the district. 


THe 1921-22 OUTBREAK. 


Early in July, 1921, we noticed that the Grape Leaf-hopper was present 
in injurious numbers in several graperies near Vineland, but we did not realize 
that there was a general outbreak of the insect until the end of the month, at 
which time the hopper made its presence known in different parts of the penin- 
sula by the mottled and unthrifty condition of the grape foliage. Conditions 
were favourable for the increase of the pest, and by the time grapes were being 
cut the adults were so abundant in many vineyards that they annoyed the 
cutters by getting into their eyes and mouths. The adults went into hiberna- 
tion in immense numbers, and this spring they emerged in full force, the mild 
winter having had little if any effect in diminishing their numbers. By the 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL, SOCIETY. 49 


time the grapes were in leaf, most of the graperies were literally alive with leaf- 
hoppers. During the period the overwintering adults were on the vines, there 
were several heavy washing rains. For example, on May 25th there was a rainfall 
of 1.23 inches, on June 11th 3.08 inches, and on June 17th 1.38 inches. These 
rain storms reduced the number of adults to some extent (we found hoppers 
washed into the soil) but not to a sufficient extent to prevent a serious outbreak. 
During late June and early July hopper nymphs were present in immense num- 
bers, as many as 100 to 800 being found on a leaf, and spraying had to be resorted 
to in order to prevent serious injury. 

The badly infested area extended from the Niagara river to Grimsby—west of 
Grimsby the insect was abundant in some vineyards, but generally speaking it 
was of little importance. 

It would not be out of place here to say a word about the campaign which 
was conducted in the Niagara district against the leaf hopper. By means of 
meetings, short timely articles and circular letters, practically every grape 
grower in the district was made acquainted with the leaf hopper situation and 
also with the methods of combating the pest. The success we had in dissemin- 
ating this information was due largely to the co-operation of the Niagara Dis- 
trict Grape Growers’ Association, a selling organization with a membership of 
over 900 growers, covering over 90 per cent. of the total acreage of grapes. The 
association held meetings at different points for the purpose of discussing the 
leaf-hopper outbreak, and they sent out copies of the short circular letters, 
which we prepared, to all their members. Asa result of this publicity campaign, 
most of the grape growers between the Niagara river and Grimsby sprayed their 
vineyards. In some of the worst affected sections from 95 per cent. to 100 per 
cent. of the growers treated their vines. 


Lire HIstTory. 
The Overwintering Adult. 


DESCRIPTION: See page 55. 


HIBERNATION. The Grape Leaf-hopper passes the winter in the adult 
stage under fallen leaves, logs and rubbish; among clumps of grass and weeds; 
and in decayed tree stumps, etc. Woods and waste places, neglected road 
sides, headlands and ditches; old fence rows and hedges all afford the insect 
favourable quarters for wintering. 

ACTIVITIES IN EARLY SprING. This spring during March and early April, 
the adult hoppers were quite active in their hibernating quarters on mild days, 
when the temperature was in the neighbourhood of 42 degrees F. to 50 degrees F. 
They jumped readily when disturbed; however, they did not commence to 
emerge from hibernation until the last week in April, about the time grape 
buds were commencing to swell. As shown by cage experiments and field obser- 
vations, they continued to emerge over a period of three weeks. 

SPRING Foop PLants. As there are no grape leaves at the time of emerg- 
ence, the hoppers after their long winter siege are forced to feed on other plants. 
This spring they were observed first on the leaves of grasses, chickweed, dande- 
lion, strawberry and raspberry, but later on they were found feeding on a large 
number of other plants, viz.: Sweet cherry, sour cherry, apple, peach, plum, 
white sweet clover, alsike clover, lucerne, yarrow, catnip, sheep sorrel, Canada 
thistle, shepherd’s purse, hound’s tongue, common plantain, wild geranium, 
bellwort, trillium, violet sp., daisy fleabane, dandelion and curled dock. Straw- 
berry, raspberry and sweet cherry, however, appeared to be the favourite food 

3 ES. 


50 THE -KEPOR TORAH No. 36 





plants. In a large cherry orchard near Beamsville the hoppers were present 
in myriads, and in walking among the trees one would hear a continual “rustle, 
rustle, rustle,’ made by the jumping insects. The leaves in this orchard be- 
came quite badly mottled as a result of theinsects feeding activities. 


MIGRATION TO GRAPES. About May 21st, or in other words, at the time 
the third leaf on the grape was showing, the hoppers commenced to migrate to_ 
the vineyards. The migratory period extended until about the second week 
in June; the majority of the hoppers, however, were on the grapes ten days 
after the migration began. 


FEEDING Hapits. The leaf-hoppers feed on the under side of the grape 
leaves—a decided preference being shown for the lower leaves—and by means 
of their sucking mouthparts withdraw the juices from the plant tissues. As a 
result of this feeding, the leaves become mottled, and when badly affected, large, 
brown, dead areas develop on them. This spring the injury caused by the 
overwintering adults was sufficiently conspicuous to seriously alarm many of 
the growers. . 


MatTING. Pairing takes place both on the spring food plants and on the 
grape. The hoppers copulate frequently and the mating season is extended 
over a considerable period. 





Grape leaf hoppers x 10. 


(a) E. comes. (b) E. comes ziczac. (c) E. tricincta. 
(d) E. vulnerata. 


Mating is accomplished by the male and female bringing the caudal ends 
of their abdomens together, so that their bodies form a straight line. 


Ecc-LayInc. By means of her sharp lance-like ovipositor, the female 
deposits her eggs just beneath the epidermis, almost altogether on the underside 
of the leaf. 

Owing to the fact that the lower epidermis of the grape leaf on most of our 
commercial varieties is densely covered with pubescence, the eggs can be located 
only with the greatest difficulty. For this reason we found that the simplest 
method of ascertaining the duration of the egg-laying period was to subtract 
the period of incubation from the dates when the first and last hatched nymphs 
appeared. In this way we learned that in the graperies egg-laying commenced 
about May 24th,* (three to four days after the first adults arrived on the vines), 
reached its height about June 7th and ceased during the last week of June 
(June 28th.). 


In the insectary, the egg-laying period of eleven females ranged from 18 to 








*On Ampelopsis eggs laid by E. comes ziczac were first observed on May 9th. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51 


33 days, the average being 26 days; and the daily rate of deposition per female 
varied from one to nine eggs. 


FECUNDITY. Quale, in California, found that the female leaf-hopper will 
lay from 40 to 121 eggs. In our experiments with eleven couples, only the 
eggs which actually hatched were counted (it was found to be impossible to do 
otherwise without mutilating the insectary plants) and the results were as 
follows: Maximum 89, minimum 38, average 70 eggs. 


LENGTH OF LIFE IN SPRING. In the insectary, females lived from 77 to 87 
days after emerging from their winter quarters, and males from 63 to 78 days. 
They commenced to die off about June 26th, and all had perished by July 20th. 


In the field the adults began to disappear during the latter part of June, 
and most of them were gone by the second week in July. On account of the 
overlapping of the first brood adults with the hibernating forms, we were unable 
to ascertain just when the latter completely disappeared. 





Grape leaf hopper eggs laid in an 
Ampelopsis leaf x 10. 


THE Ecc. 


DescripTIon. The egg is an elongate, slightly bean-shaped, soft body. 
It is translucent creamy white in colour, and measures .63 mm. to .70 mm. 
long, by .16 mm. to .20 mm. wide. 


LocaTIon. As previously mentioned, the eggs are inserted just beneath 
the epidermis chiefly on the underside of the leaf, and on any part of the leaf 
surface. As many as one-hundred to over five hundred eggs may be deposited 
in a single leaf. They are generally laid singly; the variety ziczac, however, 
commonly lays its eggs in parallel rows with three to ten eggs in each group. 

On smooth-leaved varieties of grapes and on the leaves of Ampelopsis, the 
eggs cause little blisters to form, and these egg blisters make it a very simple 
matter to locate the eggs with the unaided eye. However, on most common 
varieties of grapes, the eggs are completely hidden from view by dense pubescence. 


PERIOD OF INCUBATION. In seven experiments with approximately 200 
eggs of the first brood, and in nine experiments with about 200 eggs of the second 
brood, the period of incubation varied only slightly, viz., from 25 to 27 days. 


DURATION OF EGG-HATCHING PERIOD. The period during which the eggs 
of the first brood hatched extended from June 19th, at which time the grape 
was coming into full bloom, to about July 24th. The majority of the eggs 
hatched before the second week of July. In table No. 1, the hatching of the 


4 ES. 


52 THE -REPORT/OF aE No. 36 





eggs on nine marked leaves is shown. Nos. 1 to 3 were old leaves in which the 
earliest egg would be deposited; Nos. 4 to 9 were younger leaves: 


TaBLeE No. 1, SHOWING DURATION OF HATCHING PERIOD OF 1st. BRoopD EGGs. 












































Date Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf 
No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 
June 20 3 3 1 me: 
ai 8 9 6 F 
22 11 13 17 s 
23 7 9 8 ne 
24 19 5 16 fe 
25 22 17 18 6 8 8 
26 7 9 4 12 16 10 
Dil 23 10 9 8 12 12 
28 20 itil 22 11 18 16 
29 19 17 10 ly 12 21 
30 51 | 16 28 22 17 6 9 2 
July <2 | 48 39 31 57 29 31 5 8 7 
3 46 45 28 44 38 45 18 11 9 
AL) 14 11 8 45 20 61 26 18 17 
5 10 4 3 20 19 16 12 18 27 
64 6 8 5 41 13 26 6 8 10 
7 a 26 13 9 5 2 4 
8 ae 8 10 26 7 8 14 
10 ake Avy 21 14 10 8 13 
11 st 6 4 7 3 7 6 
12 if 5 3 6 6 if 
ifs} | 7 10 8 7 5 6 
1455 5 4 4 6 3 7 
15,7] 3 3 6 4 3 4 
i fae 9 9 12 10 0 12 
18 | 0 2 2 3 0 2 
19 0 0 3 3 0 3 
20 0 0 3 2 0 il 
21 0 5 8 1 0 4 
22, 9 4 5 2 0 0 
24 6 0 3 0 0 0 
Totals—| 314 231 202 503 : 287 376 142 114 =e[45 




















Eggs of the second brood commenced to hatch about August 15th, and all 
had hatched by September 10th. 


THE NYMPH. 


Like other species of Cicadellide the grape leaf-hopper passes through five 
nymphal stages, or in other words it moults five times. Descriptions of the 
five nymphal instars are presented herewith: 


First Instar. Size .79 to .84 mm. long by .25 mm. to .27 mm. wide. Body 
very frail and soft, translucent white with crimson eyes; head and thorax 
slightly broader than the abdomen which tapers to the caudal end; antenne, 
thread-like; legs, translucent white; wing pads absent. 


Second Instar. Size 1.36 mm. to 1.45 mm. long by .32 mm. to .36 mm. 
wide. Same as first instar except: Body creamy white, eyes becoming pearly; 
abdomen nearly as broad as thorax; light-yellow irregular spot toward the lateral 
margins of each thoracic segment, continued on to the head behind each eye; 
wing pads beginning to appear. 


Third Instar. Size 1.72 mm. to 1.80 mm. long by .50 mm. to .55 mm. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53 








wide. Same as second instar except the thoracic colour markings more pro- 
nounced, and the wing pads extend beyond the first abdominal segment. 


Fourth Instar. Size 1.98 mm. to 2.16 mm. long, by .54 mm. to .72 mm. 
wide. Same as second instar except wing pads extend to posterior margin of 
second abdominal segment. 


Fifth Instar. Size 2.61 mm. to 2.70 mm. long, by .72 mm. to .81 mm. 
wide. Same as second instar except wing pads extend to the fourth abdominal 
segment. 


EMERGENCE FROM Eaas. When hatching occurs the shell of the egg and 
the leaf epidermis are ruptured, and the soft, round, glossy nymphal head begins 
to appear slowly—oozing out as it were, like a globule of sap. The nymph 
gradually wriggles its way out; the appendages which are folded beneath the 
body slowly become free, and the nymph walks off with a wobbling gait. 





Recently hatched leaf hopper nymphs on grape leaf (natural size). 


Hasits. The nymph inserts its mouth parts into the leaf tissues and 
commences to imbibe the plant juices an hour or two after it emerges from the 
leaf; and it continues to feed throughout its entire life except when moulting 
or when disturbed. It feeds altogether on the underside of the leaf, preferably 
alongside a vein or in the junction of two veins; but under crowded conditions 
it will insert its proboscis anywhere on the lower leaf surface. 

Ordinarily the nymph will remain until reaching maturity on the leaf on 
which it was hatched out. It was commonly observed in the insectary that, 
even on the plants with fresh uninfested leaves, a small colony of nymphs would 
remain on one leaf until they reached the adult stage. On badly infested vines, 
however, the nymphs undoubtedly migrate to some extent. In making observa- 
tions on the hatching of the eggs, it was frequently observed that leaves from 
which all nymphs had been removed became infested overnight with a few third, 
fourth and fifth instar nymphs. 


54 THE REPORT (OFS REE No. 36 





Mouttine. When about to moult the nymph attaches its claws to the 
surface and also inserts its mouthparts into the leaf tissue. The old skin splits 
along the middle of the front, vertex and prothorax, and the nymph with a 
slight wriggling motion gradually works its way out head foremost. The 
whole process takes between five and fifteen minutes, and the nymph shortly 
after moulting resumes feeding. 





Last moult of grape leaf hopper nymph. 


In the final moult the wings expand to full size as the body emerges from 
the old skin. The hopper then moves away a short distance and rests until 
the thin, transparent wings dry. The entire process takes about thirty minutes. 
The colour markings may not develop for several hours. 

The exuvie of the first four instars are lightly attached to the leaf and are 
soon blown away. The last moulted skin remains upon the leaf indefinitely. 

LENGTH OF NyMpPHAL Lire. The duration of each instar and the total 
length of nymphal life of first and second brood nymphs reared in the insectary 
are shown in the following table: 























First Brood Minimum Maximum Average 
Rirstwlinstar ti. : .: eae eee 4 days 7 days 5.7 days 
Second, Imstaresey: s-.-ceege eo ierer eee: 4 days 6 days 5.3 days 
dthird'instars: <. /o e. e ae eee 4 days 5 days 4.2 days 
Hourth) Instance eer 3 days 5 days 4 days 
Pitthelinstarsaes.. ood ae ae ee 3 days 7 days 5 days 
aiGtaleNympialbleiteys. ese eee 22 days 26 days 24 days 

Second Brood Minimum Maximum Average 








| 14 Individuals 














Hirstulnstar. ss. < 4sscae a eee wee 4 days 5 days 4.2 days 
Secondtnstary* an sci ee ee: 4 days 6 days 4.5 days 
Dhind Tastaren. 210... | 4 days 6 days 4.5 days 
Eounthylnstarages ee ener | 4 days 5 days 4.5 days 
ifth instar! 25s). ae eke | 4 days 5 days 4.5 days 
Total Nymphallliite ye. 5. eee | 21 days 25 days 24 days 





1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 55 





TIME OF OCCURRENCE OF First BrRoop Nympus. Newly hatched nymphs 
were first observed on June 19th, at the time grapes were coming into bloom. 
From three to ten nymphs to a leaf, the number rapidly increased until by the 
end of June 200-300 nymphs could be found on a leaf. During the first and 
second weeks of July, the inner and lower leaves on the vines were literally 
alive with nymphs—on leaves picked at random from 500 to 800 nymphs to 
a leaf were counted. 

As shown in table No. 1, the nymphs continued to hatch out until about 
July 24th, and it was not until the latter part of August that all the nymphs 
of the first brood matured. 

TIME OF OCCURRENCE OF SECOND Broop Nympus. Second brood nymphs 
first appeared on August 15th; they continued to hatch out until about September 
10th, and all had transformed to adults by October 9th. 


THE SUMMER ADULT 


DESCRIPTION. Say’s description is as follows: 


“Body pale yellowish; head, a transverse sanguineous line, profoundly arcuated in the middle» 
and a smaller transverse spot before; eyes fuscous; thorax with three sanguineous spots, the lateral 
ones smaller, and the intermediate one arcuated: scutel, a sanguineous spot at tip; hemelytra 
yellowish white spotted with sanguineous; spots arranged two at base, of which the outer one is 
small and the inner one elongated and abruptly dilated on the inner side at tip; two upon the 
middle, of which the outer one is elongated in a very oblique line; two behind the middle, of which 
the inner one is obliquely elongated, and the outer one smaller and interrupted; and a transverse 
linear one near the tip, ramose upon the nervures; feet whitish. 

“Length to the tip of the hemelytra one-ninth of an inch. 

“The line and spot on the head and the spots of the thorax are sometimes obsolete, but always 
visible, and the latter are sometimes connected by curving toward the anterior edge of the thorax. 
The spots of the hemelytra are also sometimes slightly interrupted, or connected into four oblique 


bands.” 

CoLouR CHANGES. During the summer the colour markings of the adults 
are yellowish. With the approach of autumn the coloured areas become salmon 
or light reddish, and when the insects go into hibernation the markings deepen 
into a conspicuous blood red, which colour is maintained throughout the winter. 
However, when the adults emerge in spring and begin to feed on the grape this 
colour fades to the light yellow, characteristic of the summer adults and remains 
light throughout life. 

Eaa Layina. In insectary experiments with six first brood couples, ovi- 
position commenced six to nine days after the adults reached maturity, the 
average pre-oviposition period being seven days. Each female deposited from 
22 to 46 viable eggs, the average being 29 eggs.* The period of oviposition 
of the individual varied from eleven to twenty-two days. As determined by 
subtracting the incubation period from the dates when the earliest and last newly 
hatched nymphs appeared, the egg-laying period of first brood adults in the 
vineyards extended from about July 20th to August 17th. 

LENGTH OF LirE. The adults which give rise to a second brood succumb 
before winter; the others go into hibernation, and, as previously stated, many 
of them survive until the following July. In the insectary all second brood 
progenitors perished before the end of September. The females lived from twenty 
six to forty-seven days with an average length of life of thirty-eight days, and 
the males from six to seventeen days, the average being fifteen days. 

PROPORTION OF SEXES. The males and females of this species are practi- 
cally equal in numbers. Ina collection of 2827 leaf hoppers captured in different 
vineyards throughout the district, the sex ratio was 48 males, 52 females. 


*It should be mentioned that here again only the eggs which actually hatched were counted. 





56 THE REPORT OF ThE No. 36 





NUMBER OF BrRoops 


There are two broods of the grape leaf hopper, but under our conditions 
the second brood is only a partial one. This season apparently only the first 
brood adults which matured during July gave rise to a second brood. In the 
insectary 7 colonies of leaf hoppers which reached the adult stage during the 
period July 15th to July 27th reproduced; on the other hand, 11 colonies which 
matured from July 26th to August 17th failed to lay any eggs and went into 
hibernation. 


NATURE OF INJURY 


The leaf hopper both as a nymph and an adult feeds almost exclusively 
on the underside of the leaves, preferably close to the veins. The feeding results 
in the appearance of minute white points on the upper surface of the leaf, no 
doubt due to the destruction of the chlorophyl. These points coalesce and form 
white spots, which, as feeding progresses, become more numerous and form 





Grape foliage injured by leaf hoppers. 


pallid areas, until the whole leaf is mottled and pallid. On badly affected 
leaves brown dead areas form as a result of the death of the tissues, and in due 
course these areas may spread until the whole leaf is brown and dry. Severely 
injured foliage falls prematurely. 

EarLy Injury. This year mottling caused by the feeding activities of the 
overwintering adults was quite noticeable on the inner and lower leaves by the 
end of May, and later on in many instances dead brown areas appeared on these 
leaves. This injury, although confined to the older leaves, made many vines 
look very unthrifty and was sufficiently conspicuous to alarm many growers. 

SuMMER InjuRY. During July the feeding of myriads of nymphs and adults 
in unsprayed graperies gradually deprived the leaves of their green colour, and 
the vines became conspicuously pallid. The following month the foliage com- 
menced to turn brown and to become dry and curled. Badly damaged leaves 
dropped prematurely, and as a result of this many vines were largely denuded 
of their foliage at the time the grapes were ripening. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57 


RELATION OF LEAF INJURY TO THE QUALITY OF FRUIT. The injury to the 
leaf naturally affects the growth of the wood, but what is still more serious, 
it affects both the size and quality of the fruit. This season we noticed that 
grapes on badly infested vines did not attain their full size, aad that they failed 
to ripen properly. Concord grapes instead of having the normal dark blue 
colour were reddish. As Hartzell has demonstrated by chemical analyses, 
grape leaf hopper injury has the effect of reducing the sugar and of increasing 
the acid content. In his experiments he found: (1) “That every sample of 
Concord from a sprayed section gave a gain in sugar over its mate in the adjoining 
unsprayed section. These increases varied from 8.4 per cent. to 68.1 per cent., 
an average of 27.0 per cent.’ (2) “That in every sample of unsprayed grapes 
except one, the amount of acid was greater than in the corresponding sample 
from a sprayed vine. The excess of acid in the unsprayed grapes as compared 
with those sprayed varied from 0 per cent to 20.6 per cent., an average of 11.2 











per cent.” 
Analyses of Concord grapes this year gave the following results: 
Acid Calcu- 
Brix lated as Tar- | Sugar Ratio 
No. Treatment Sacchar- Dextrose taric Per Dextrose Be Aerie 
ometer Per Cent. Cent. Acid 
HIS pEayed. -.< ss... 16.4 13.41 855 i ley 19.18 
De ISDEAVEG sc 55 +s 16.4 13.75 .879 15.6 18.66 
3. |Unsprayed....... ia! 8.62 12 (Le7/ 9.90 
4 |Unsprayed....... 1253 9.76 .892 10.9 13.79 











ASSOCIATED SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF ERYTHRONEURA COMES 


Along with E. comes two other species of Erythroneura and three varieties 
of E. comes were involved in the outbreak of leaf-hoppers, viz: E. tricincta, 
E. vulneraia, E. comes vitis, E. comes ziczac, E. comes octonotata. The distribution 
and proportionate occurrence of the different species and varieties in the Niagara 
peninsula are shown in table No. 3. 

E. tricincta Fitch. Fitch’s description is as follows: 

“Pale yellow with three broad bands, the anterior velvet black, occupying the thorax and 


basal half of scutel; the middle bright ferruginous ending outwardly in black, forward of the middle 
of the elytra, the posterior dusky brown on the apex. Length, 0.12 inch.”’ 


Between St. Catharines and the Niagara river tricincta was the dominant 
species, in fact in some vineyards near the river it almost completely displaced 
comes. 

Field observations and preliminary insectary experiments indicate that 
the life history of this species is very similar to that of comes. Some data, secured 
from a comparative study of two colonies of each of the three species of grape 
leaf-hoppers, are shown in table No. 2. 


TasB_eE No. 2—SHOWING SIMILARITY OF LIFE HISTORIES OF THE THREE SPECIES. 

















First Brood E. Comes E. Tricincta | E. Vulnerata 
Eggs Commenced Hatching........... June 20th June 21st June 23rd 
Earliest Nymphs Matured............ July 14th July 13th July 18th 
Duration of Nymphal Stage........... 23-25 days 22-3 dayS= ee e20-2iadays 

Second Brood 
Eggs Commenced Hatching........... Aug. 15th Aug. 13th Aug. 19th 
Earliest Nymphs Matured............ Sept. 8th Sept. 4th Sept. 16th 
Duration of Nymphal Stage........... 25-26 days 24-26 days | 27-29 days 








58 THE REPORT OF TRE No. 36 


E. vulnerata Fitch. Fitch’s description is as follows: 


“Fulvous brown, spotted and lined with whitish; elytra with an abbreviated yellowish- 
white vitta on the outer margin, interrupted near the middle by an oblique black line, and toward 
the apex by an oblique sanguineous one; tips dusky, with whitish nervures and spots; a whitish 
medial line common to the vertex, thorax and scutel; beneath black, legs pallid. Length, 0.12 
inch.” 


This species occurred in considerable numbers at and east of Vineland 
(see table No. 3). Apart from the fact that the nymphs of vulnerata mature 
somewhat more slowly than those of comes. there are apparently no outstanding 
differences between the habits and life histories of the two species. 

E. comes vitis Harris. Description: 


“Mostly red above, with two transverse yellow lines on the elytra, surrounding a large 
central red or brown spot.’’—(Gillette.) 


Vitis was taken in large numbers only in one vineyard (Port Dalhousie) 
and here it was found breeding almost exclusively on Clinton vines. 
E. comes ziczac Walsh. Description: 


“Like comes, except that the zigzag line running from the humerus to the inner margin and 
thence to the cross-nervures of the elytron is broad and smoky or blood brown in colour.””— 
(Gillette. ) 


This variety occurred on grapes in comparatively insignificant numbers 
but it was very abundant on and injurious to Ampelopsis vines. On Ampelopsis 
the first brood nymphs hatched out and reached the adult stage two weeks 
earlier than those of comes on grape vines. In spite, however, of the early matur- 
ing of the first brood nymphs the second brood was surprisingly small. The 
eggs of variety ziczac were commonly found laid parallel to each other in groups 
of from three to ten eggs. 


TABLE No. 3—SHOWING PROPORTIONATE OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION. 





























| Number} | E. E. Em- 
Locality Exam- E. Var. Var. Var. Tri- Vulner- | poasca 
ined comes | 8-notatal Ziczac | Vitis Cincta |) jatags|peemaalt 
See Ae ee 387 5% aescie aoa | 3% 909 eee 
amsay) 
Naroali 52 colar 710 15% Jochty See ell Mee 80% Seon 5% 
(Taylor) 
Niagara Towrship. 800 U5! Mo Seer al Ae | ee SRR ae 
(Bufton) 
Nok Township. 391 18% Sere | eee ea ge (5 met 3 1% 
(Lee) | | 
St. Catharines... ..- 408 15% Ree me pac 85% 
(Counsell) 
St. Catharines.... 510 Sh% ely SIN ee ere 58% Pes 3 x 5% 
(Davis) 
St Gatharmess.. 500 Sls BA yaa 1% Sater 48% 
(Coles) 
Port Daihousie. .. . 612 20% ican 3% e535 35% 2% 2% 
(Barnesdale).... 695 36% Lae 2% 2% 55% whens 71% 
Wanelan clap = ses 605 82% 4% 2% ae 10% 2% 
Arnott 
eee Be eee 402 52% pale 12% Se 3% 5% 28% 
(HESS) 
Vineland = ee.e 470 98% 1 ee Ce cher a hee 1% 
(Rittenhouse) 
Beamsville........ 483 05% | 1s 5% ae 8% 15% 
(Hobden 
mses raut a 419 76% 2% 1% a 7% 14% 
(Cox) , 
(Grimsboyars ena iiont 210 91% 3% Nha SNe eet 4% 2% 
“Mountain” 
Winonassenee et 310 80% 3% aoe EES on 16% 1% 
“Mountain” 
Winona eee 487 48% 4% 3% sas 29% 16% 
(Carpenter) 
Vinemount....... 380 56% 15% 5% tact rare 35% 2% 











*Clinton variety of grape. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


wn 
\O 








CONTROL 
SPRAYING 


SPRAY MATERIAL. The grape leaf-hopper nymph is very susceptible to 
nicotine sprays, and is easily destroyed with as weak a dilution of nicotine 
sulphate as 1-1600. Spraying experiments conducted during the past two years 
with nicotine sulphate 1-1600 in combination with different materials, indicate 
that the addition of lime, soap, kayso or bordeaux does not increase the efficiency 
of the spray to any marked degree, at least it does not when the spraying is 
done very thoroughly. However, in spite of this, we would not advise growers 
to use nicotine sulphate alone. This year we urged them to combine the nicotine 
with bordeaux mixture, and most of them did so. We believe that the bordeaux 
more than paid for itself by checking to a greater or lesser extent fungus diseases, 
and by stimulating the vines. 

TIME OF APPLICATION. With reference to the time when the hopper spray 
should be applied, the usual recommendation in the past has been to spray 
when the maximum number of nymphs are present and before many have trans- 
formed to adults; or in other words, when the vast majority of the eggs have 
hatched. It is not a particularly simple matter (as we found out from experience) 
to ascertain when the majority of the eggs have hatched, in view of the fact 
that the eggs are hidden within the leaf tissues. This year we decided that the 
maximum number of nymphs were present by the end of the first week of July, at 
which time a few first brood adults had commenced to appear in early graperies, 
and we advised the growers to spray their vineyards the following week, July 
10th to 15th. In all cases where the spraying was thoroughly done during the 
second week of July, excellent commercial control was secured, but our exper- 
ience indicates that spraying a week earlier, especially in the early sections, 
would have been still more effective. Two badly infested graperies at Vineland 
were thoroughly sprayed on July 3rd and 4th. At this time the most advanced 
nymphs were on the point of changing from the 4th to the 5th instar. The 
majority, however, were first and second instar nymphs. This spray destroyed 
practically all the hoppers, and much to our surprise it also apparently destroyed 
most of the eggs, because, although the eggs were hatching in large numbers 
on adjoining vines, only an insignificant number hatched in the two early sprayed 
graperies. In order to secure confirmatory data regarding the ovicidal value 
of nicotine sulphate, we sprayed leaves on July 8th with nicotine sulphate, 
(1) 1-1600, (2) 1-1200, (3) 1-800 and marked some other leaves as ‘“‘checks.”’ 
In each experiment lime was added to the nicotine sulphate. On the leaves 
sprayed with 1-1600 no eggs hatched for 11 days, and after that only 4.4 eggs 
per leaf hatched. On the leaves sprayed with 1-200 and 1-800, 3.2 and 1.8 eggs 
per leaf hatched respectively, but no nymphs appeared until 12 days after the 
application. On the “‘check” leaves 88.2 eggs per leaf hatched. The evidence 
secured from these tests and from the two early sprayed graperies that nicotine 
sulphate destroys the eggs and that eggs on the point of hatching are most 
susceptible, appears to us to be pretty conclusive, however, in order to secure 
more positive information regarding this matter, we have planned to conduct 
a series of experiments in the laboratory with definite numbers of eggs and with 
eggs of known age. 

And now to come back to the question of when the leaf-hopper application 
should be made, we are of the opinion that it should be put on when the most 
advanced nymphs are in the fifth instar. In cases where it takes a week or longer 
to spray the vines, spraying operations might well be started when the earliest 
nymphs are in the fifth instar. Spraying at the time we recommend gives just 


60 THE REPOR®D. GF THE No. 36 





as good, if not better, control of the first brood nymphs as later spraying; it 
practically eliminates the second brood; in dry seasons it should lessen the danger 
of staining the fruit; and most probably it would prove to be of greater value 
in preventing fungus diseases than later spraying. 

SPRAYING RESULTS IN THE INFESTED DistRIcT. As previously mentioned, 
a very large percentage of the growers in the leaf-hopper affected district sprayed 
their vines with bordeaux mixture and nicotine sulphate, or lime and nicotine 
sulphate. In most graperies the bordeaux-nicotine combination was used. As 
we expected, the results varied from almost perfect control to practically no 
control; however, we are pleased to say that in the majority of cases, good results 
were obtained. For example, in thirty-two graperies which we inspected in 
the Vineland-Beamsville section, good commercial control was secured in no 
less than twenty-six of them. In the other six, the results were unsatisfactory, 
due to lateness or to carelessness in making the application. 

The most important lessons learned from this year’s experience are as 
follows: 

(1) That thoroughness in spraying is more than half the battle. In order 
to do thorough work, it is essential to use angle nozzles, good pressure and liberal 
quantities of the spray mixture. By liberal quantities we mean sufficient material 
to wet practically all the under surface of the foliage—the exact amount required 
to do this may vary from 120 to 250 gallons per acre, depending on the density 
of the foliage. 

(2) That early spraying i.e. before any nymphs have transformed to adults, 
will give the most clean cut results. 


DUSTING 


This year lime-nicotine dust containing 2.2 per cent. nicotine was tested 
on a fairly extensive scale when the hoppers were in the nymphal stage. The 
dust was applied by means of a Niagara power duster with a vineyard distributor. 
When the application was made under ideal weather conditions, the dust brought 
most of the nymphs to the ground, and results comparable with those secured 
from thorough spraying were obtained. It was observed that a considerable 
percentage of the nymphs brought to the ground recovered, and that some of 
them returned to the vines by crawling up the posts and grape trunks. However, 
only an inconsiderable number of them actually got back to the leaves. (In 
one dusted grapery we noticed ants carrying the nymphs off). Different amounts 
of dusts varying from 20 to 60 lbs. per acre were used, but out experience indic- 
ated that 35-40 lbs per acre was the most economical and effective dosage. 
With improved dusts and machinery, we are of the opinion that this amount 
could be cut down very materially. 

With our present outfits effective work can only be done with contact dusts 
when the atmospheric conditions are very calm. Unfortunately, as we found 
out from experience, these conditions, in sections bordering the Lake Ontario, 
are seldom present when wanted. Only too frequently this past season dusting 
operations had to be suspended even at night and early in the morning because 
the air was not sufficiently calm. Dusting is largely a fumigation process—it 
is the nicotine fumes which kill the insects—and if some means could be devised 
whereby the fumes could be held longer among the foliage, the efficiency of 
contact dusts would be greatly increased. It is possible that this could be effected - 
by shooting the dust into a light canvas structure with a topand twoside pieces, 
suspended over the grape row from a boom. This idea is given for what it is 
worth. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL ‘SOCIETY. 61 





MECHANICAL DEVICES AS AIDS IN THE CONTROL OF THE STRAW- 
BERRY ROOT WEEVIL (O. ovatus L.) 


W. Downes, GORDON HEaD, B.C. 


Experimental work on Stawberry Root Weevil control has been carried 
on during the last four years at Gordon Head near Victoria, British Columbia, 
and one of the principal features of this work has been the trial of various weevil- 
proof barriers. It was realized early in the work that while the established 
methods of keeping the weevil in check by the use of proper crop rotation, and 
by ploughing up infested fields in the fall, were efficient enough so far as they 
went, yet these methods did not prevent the weevils from passing from one 
plantation to another and re-infesting newly-planted fields. Moreover, efficiency 
in contro! by cultural methods only, is dependent very largely in a closely settled 
district upon co-operation between neighbouring growers, and with the varying 
opinions held by ‘many as to the best cultural practices and weevil control 
methods, such co-operation is nearly impossible to bring about. The desirability 





Crude oil barrier at Gordon Head, B. C. 


was apparent, therefore, of providing some barrier or device which would make 
a grower independent of his neighbour’s plans. Also, weevil control by cultural 
methods entails the replanting of fields every third year, as even with the best 
of care it is generally found that only two crops of berries can be depended upon. 

To meet this deficiency in our weevil control methods two types of weevil- 
proof barrier have been tried at Gordon Head. Bothof these barriers have given 
excellent results, in that it has been found possible not only to keep plantations 
nearly free from attack, but by their use to destroy the hordes of adult weevils 
passing from one plot to another or from adjoining infested land, so that 
the menace from their presence is removed and the risk of infestation annually 
becomes less. 

The first kind of barrier tried was of the tangiefoot type, as first suggested 
in 1912 by Prof. Lovett in Oregon. It is constructed of 1’’x 12’’ lumber, set on 
edge about two or three inches in the soil and supported at the joints by 
2""x 6’ posts eighteen inches in length to which the boards are nailed or bolted. 
Bolts are preferable to nails as warping is thereby largely overcome and the barrier 


62 THE REPORTOP40HE No. 36 





can be readily taken apart. Those portions of the lumber that enter the ground 
are tarred. A band of tanglefoot is smeared along the upper edge. Since the 
wood absorbs a certain amount of the tanglefoot it is a good plan to give the 
upper two inches a coat of paint and if cedar lumber is used this is essential. 
On the sides chiefly exposed to the sun it has been found a good plan to place 
an overlap of half inch by four inch wood. Staples are driven into the edge of 
the overlap and other staples passed through them and then driven into the top 
of the barrier, thus forming a hinge so that the overlap can be raised when the 
sticky band requires attention. One or two nails are driven through the tangle- 
foot to keep the overlap from touching. It was found that a band protected 
in this way lasted three times as long as one without, as the effect of exposure 
to the direct rays of the sun is to dry out the tanglefoot. About every fortnight 
the tanglefoot must be scraped to keep the surface in good condition or as often 





Trap No. 2 at Keatings, B.C., which captured 17,000 weevils. 


as it becomes dust coated and when it has been in use about three months it 
should be removed entirely and a fresh band spread. If properly constructed 
and kept in good condition this is an entirely efficient barrier, but it was found 
almost at the outset that it could be immensely improved by placing traps to 
catch the weevils at intervals along the outside of the barrier. Strawberry 
Root Weevils cannot fly and coming to the barrier they have a natural tendency 
to follow it along on the soil surface rather than attempt to cross it, so that if 
traps formed of shallow flat sided tins filled with coal oil and water are sunk 
in the ground against the side of the barrier, the weevils fall in and are drowned 
by thousands. 

The trap I have used with much success is formed of half a coal oil tin sunk 
in the soil against the side of the barrier. The edges should be turned back at 
right angles for about an inch and pressed down flat on the surface of the soil. 
At the back, against the side of the barrier a sheet of glass is fixed by two or 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63 


three small nails, and the tanglefoot strip brought down to meet the glass, so 
that the weevils crawling along the barrier are forced to walk onto the glass. 
The tin is partly filled with water and about a cupful of coal oil is poured on top. 
The traps are more effective if the glasses are kept well cleaned. The weevils 
either fall directly into the trap or walking on the glass slip off that into the water. 
It has been found necessary to fix a “‘leader’’ or strip of wood at each side of the 
glass to induce the weevils to walk on it. These strips are the same thickness 
as the glass where they touch it and are bevelled to a thin edge at the other side. 

Recently the efficiency of these traps was strikingly illustrated. A grower 
had placed a tanglefoot barrier around two sides of a badly infested plot of 
about one acre in extent to prevent the weevils from crossing onto newly planted 
land adjoining. A trap as above described was placed at each end of the barrier 
and one in the angle at the corner of the plot. The corner trap (No. 1) was 
put down in the first week in July and those at the ends (Nos. 2 and 3) on the 
12th of August. The number of weevils destroyed was extraordinary. The 
traps were cleaned out on September 1st and about two quarts of weevils were 
taken out of No. 1 and half the quantity out of No. 2. After the weevils had 
been dried and foreign matter removed, the numbers were computed by dividing 
the weight of 6,000 weevils, carefully counted, into that of the bulk. According 
to this method there were approximately 44,660 weevils in trap No. 1, and 17,000 
in trap No. 2. Trap No. 3 was not counted, owing to the putrid condition of 
the contents, but there were fully as many as in trap No. 2. Consequently the 
total number of weevils caught in these three traps could not be far short of 
80,000. In each trap there were several dead mice, and in one the remains of 
a bird and a lizard. Their putrefying bodies gave an odour to the entire contents 
which made the job of counting a most unsavoury one, so that after completing 
the examination of traps 1 and 2 the writer concluded that he had done enough. 

The following is an analysis of the different kinds of insects caught and it 
shows that the number of useful species destroyed is not very appreciable: 


Trap No. 1 (in use for 2 months) 


NEMS read oe. 0% Lone se wd od 44,660 SJonalsidcrds 2's atin. ore teisicae Hee Rees WS 
RGIS 2 7) rr ee ae 33u ElyAMeN@ DLet aya ee) poce. tet erst ss eae 5 
CURIEIGE SS aie ol een ae arene aes ie 77 ELCMIDtCLAtt a, aera SAAN ee + 
SSG es Pe ats Pkt 11 Termites. 2 vy. eee TSR eee ee 4 
Sieajolay tins eae a oe 1 Goccinellidstse sitet a 4. ao eos os 6 
570 12 PS eee 60 GrasshOpPenSa whorl yoo eee 3 
PTEUMIERISS 5. aes lee ses 19 


Trap No. 2 (in use for 3 weeks) 


Deer es. es CR! 17,000 SOW Wester Poe ee nereh cess as 2 32 
Drer weevils... S205... ee 17 SPLGELS Fae pot wee Ged a aye eee shies $ 4 
MaMa 8 is, oa estes Bohne 33 laleinauioy tage dee a ee Be ae a ee 26 
SSUELTC EE SS RI Ae a ae a 5 Goceineldsrs er torte 8 igs sted oe 2 
Sip Attlee es ares 8 IDIDECKArE See Te ah ee ee Sere 1 


The second type of barrier combines the advantages of a barrier and trap 
in one. It is constructed of heavy lumber, usually 2’” x 10’’ with a V-shaped 
groove in the upper edge. The groove is 1% inches deep and 1 inch wide. It 
is supported at the joints by 2” x 6” posts, and the ends of the groove are blocked 
and rendered oil tight. The groove is filled with crude oil of the type used forspread- 
ing on roads. This kind of barrier needs very little attention, beyond seeing 
that the groove contains sufficient oil and that leaks do not occur. It has the 
disadvantage that it can only be used on level or nearly level land and on sloping 
land it must be built in steps to keep the troughs level and a little tanglefoot 


64 THE: REPOR TOR THE No. 36 


is placed at the joints where the weevils might cross. It is almost impossible 
for weevils to cross such a barrier. They have been seen to crawl through the 
oil but they .never survive. This type of barrier is at present the one most 
generally used by growers in the Victoria district. It was first used at Gordon 
Head by Mr. G. Vantreight who placed a barrier of this description between 
two of his plots and thereby saved his young plantation from destruction by 
the weevils crossing from the old plot. Later we used an improved form of this 
barrier on our experimental plots. Access to the field is by means of a panel 
which can be removed to allow a team to pass. 

The cost of these devices is an important matter, and hitherto there has 
been a certain amount of objection to them on the score of expense. The costs 
have now been greatly reduced, and one important fact must not be lost sight 
of, that these costs are not an annual charge, because the barriers last for a number 
of years. The barriers can now be erected for a sum of from $60 to $78 for one 
acre including labour, the cost for several acres being proportionately less. The 
annual upkeep in the case of a tanglefoot barrier would be $25 and for an oil 
barrier $10 per acre. The minimum time that the barriers would be expected 
to last is three years, and thus the total expense for three years would be approxi- 
mately from $90 to $120 or from $30 to $40 per acre per year. But as a matter 
of fact the barriers will last very much longer than this and there is no reason 
to suppose that given ordinary care and protection against decay when first 
erected that the lumber would not last for five or six years. We are still using 
at Gordon Head lumber that has been in use for four years which only received 
a coat of paint and it appears to be still in serviceable condition. 

It has been difficult, owing to the fact that growers have had two unpro- 
fitable years in succession, to induce them to spend anything at all on weevil 
control, and they do not realize that the expense is spread over a number of 
years. The average value of a full crop of strawberries in this district is $800 
per acre, so that the annual charges suggested above are not by any means high. 
Growers who are using barriers are unanimously in favour of their use. As 
one of them, who had at first been rather sceptical, remarked to me the other 
day: “I can see now that this thing is going to pay for itself many times over.” 

To sum the matter up, it appears as if the growing of strawberries between 
barriers in a weevil infested territory was coming to be a recognized necessity. 
Local growers are becoming strongly impressed with the idea, and recognize 
that the immunity from weevil attack which the barriers provide will abundantly 
justify the outlay. One of the principal advantages claimed for the barriers 
is that a grower can now depend on obtaining more than two crops from one 
planting and owing to freedom from weevil the fields may remain in strawberries 
for four years or even longer. The presence of other pests than weevils, however, 
may upset this comfortable belief, but at present there seems to be no doubt 
that the adoption of these aids to weevil control will be of the greatest value 
in obtaining larger returns for the strawberry grower. 


RECENT WORK ON THE ROSE CHAFER IN ONTARIO 


W. A. Ross anpD J. A. HALL, DoMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, 
VINELAND STATION 


In certain sandy sections of Ontario, such as at Fenwick, Oakville and 
Simcoe, the rose chafer has proved to be an extremely troublesome and destruc- 
tive pest of grapes, other fruits, flowering plants, etc. At Fenwick the rose 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 6 


Cn 





chafer has been particularly injurious for a number of years. For example, 
in 1921 it destroyed practically the whole crop in several graperies in that district, 
besides injuring other crops. The high prices obtained for grapes in 1921 made 
the growers feel this loss very keenly, and at a meeting held in Pelham Centre 
on March 15th, they passed a resolution strongly urging the Dominion Depart- 
ment of Agriculture to send an Entomologist to their district to investigate 
the chafer problem. A petition to the same effect was forwarded to the Deputy 
Minister of Agriculture by the Pelham Township Council. In response to these 
requests, the junior writer was sent to Fenwick the latter part of May, and for 
the next three months or so, devoted his whole time to a study of the rose chafer 
and its control. The following notes are based on this study and on observations 
made in previous years. 





Rose chafers feeding on apples. 


Foop PLANTS AND NATURE OF INJURY 


The rose chafer feeds on the blossoms, fruit and leaves of a host of plants; 
in fact, it is almost omnivorous. It destroys the blossoms and newly-set fruit 
of grapes, and skeletonizes the foliage, although this leaf injury is seldom impor- 
tant. It eats out holes in apples, peaches and other fruits—we have found as 
many as twelve beetles clustering on one small apple. It may defoliate sweet 
cherry and peach trees. It may skeletonize strawberry plants, as it commonly 
did this past year; and much to the distress of amateur gardeners, it plays havoc 
with the blossoms of roses, peonies and some other ornamentals. Generally 
speaking, it shows a preference for the blossoms of its food plant, if these are 
present. The following list of food plants, in which the plants are presented 
more or less in the order of their susceptibility, will give some idea of the catholic 
taste of the chafer. 

Grapes, Roses, Peonies, Sumac, Sweet Cherries, Strawberries, Milkweed, 
Wild Grape, Apples, Peaches, Raspberries, Blackberries, Virginia Creeper, 
Corn, Beans, Rhubarb, Ox-eye, Daisy Bracken, Dock, Sorrel, Beets, Cabbages, 
Peppers, Chestnut, Walnut, Sour Cherries, Plums, Birch, Mountain Ash, Grasses, 
Poison-Ivy, Smartweed, Mullein, Red and White Clovers. The beetle is also 
said to attack: Quince, Magnolia, Poppy, Hollyhock, Foxglove, Willow, Alder, 
Tulip Tree, Sassafras, Sour Gum, Oak, Hawthorn, Dogwood and Elder. 

In the Fenwick infested area no chafers were found on the following culti- 
vated plants: Currants, Gooseberries, Potatoes, Tomatoes, Onions, Tobacco, 
Sweet Clover and Peas. 


66 THE REPORT-OF fib No. 36 





CHAFERS POISONOUS TO CHICKENS. Chittenden and Quaintance in Farmer’s 
Bulletin No. 721, U.S.D.A., state that cases have been reported of hundreds of 
chickens being killed by eating rose chafers. They refer to experiments conducted 
by Lamson, which indicate that the body of the rose chafer contains a neuro- 
toxin, probably derived from the plants on which it feeds, and that this poison 
affects the hearts of small animals such as chickens. Last June we received a 
report from Oakville to the effect that a large number of chickens had died as 
a result of eating chafers. On investigating this, we found that considerably 
over 100 range chickens from five to six weeks old had been killed. In a post- 
mortem examination, 68 chafers were found in one chicken, and 32 in another. 
Only one chicken older than six weeks died, and it was about four months old. 
According to the owner of the flock, hens and young turkeys refused to eat the 
beetles. 





A. Grape blossom cluster destroyed by rose 
chafers. B. Normal blossom cluster. 


LIPE BIsStoORy. 
THE ADULT 


The adult is an ungainly, somewhat slender, long-legged beetle about 
3-8 inch long. The wing covers are reddish-brown, the head, thorax and ventral 
surface are blackish in colour; and the whole body is densely covered with small 
yellowish hairs, which make the beetle look as if it were fawn-coloured. 


EMERGENCE. In 1921 the beetles were first noticed at Fenwick on June 
2nd. This year they commenced to emerge from the soil on June 4th, five days 
before Concord grape blossomed; they continued to emerge for almost two weeks, 
and by mid-June they were present in immense numbers. After emerging, and 
before invading the graperies and gardens, the beetles generally clung for some- 
time to the grass and weeds growing near the place of emergence, hence it was 
no uncommon sight to see the grass and weeds in a neglected field literally alive 
with chafers. 


Hasits. The beetles are very voracious—they feed and keep on feeding 
and do not even allow mating to interfere with their feeding. As mentioned 
before they show a decided preference for the blossoms when these are present. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67 





Mating commences shortly after the adults emerge, and copulating couples 
may be found almost as long as any beetles are present. It would appear that 
up to the time egg-laying commences, mating is almost continuous. 


Eaa-Layinc. The females deposit their eggs in sandy soil—in grain and 
grass lands, in neglected fields, and to a lesser extent in cultivated land such as 
cornfields, raspberry patches and graperies. So far as we could ascertain they 
do not oviposit in heavy soils. 

In egg-laying the chafers burrow into sandy soil and lay the eggs at a depth 
of from three to six inches. The females apparently are not very prolific. Smith 
found that the number of eggs deposited by a female varied from 24 to 36, and 
in Our experiments with eight couples, the average was 27 eggs per female. 

According to our field observations oviposition commenced on June 15th, 
that is, eleven days after the earliest beetles emerged. 


DURATION OF CHAFER SEASON. The beetles were present in large numbers 
for about three weeks and then they commenced to disappear and some four 
weeks later they were all gone. The length of adult life apparently varies from 
about three to five weeks. 


THE Eee 


The egg is oval, smooth, shining-white in appearance, and is about 
1.2 mm. long. 

We found the eggs laid in groups of from six to 25 at a depth of from three 
to six inches in the soil—each egg in a separate pocket. 


HATCHING AND PERIOD OF INCUBATION. The duration of the period of 
incubation is about two and one-half weeks. The earliest hatched larve were 
found in the field on July 3rd, that is 18 days after the first eggs were deposited. 
Eggs kept in pill boxes hatched in from 15 to 16 days. 


THe LARVA 


The larva is very much like a small white grub. When full grown it is about 
three-quarters of an inch long. 


Hapits. The larve feed on the roots of grasses, grains and some weeds, 
and our observations indicate that they also feed to some extent on the roots 
of clovers. During the summer they occur in uncultivated land at a depth of 
from one to three inches. They are almost full grown by fall, and on the approach 
of winter, they descend to a depth of six to 16 inches*, and there they spend the 
winter. In spring they come near the surface again and resume feeding. During 
the latter part of May they transform to the pupal stage. Pupation commences 
about the time the third leaf of the grape is showing. This past year on May 
20th—our first day at Fenwick—a very large percentage of the larve had pupated. 

In heavily infested sections the larve are present in the soil in very large 
numbers. We frequently found over 100 larve to the square yard, and in one 
field at Fenwick we counted 549 larve in one square yard and 510 larve in 
another. 








*On November 11th, 1922, out of a total of 1,176 larve 970 or 82.48 per cent. were found 
in the top 6 inches of the soil, 202 or 17.18 per cent. between 6 and 8 inches, and only 4 or .34 
per cent. between 8 and 10 inches. On December 23rd, 1922, out of a total of 723 larve only 
3 or .41 per cent. were found in the top 6 inches, 286 or 39.55 per cent. at a depth of 6 to 10 inches, 
344 or 47.58 per cent. at a depth of 10 to 14 inches, 73 or 10.1 per cent. at a depth of 14 to 18 
inches and 17 or 2.36 per cent. at a depth of 18 to 24 inches. 689 larve or 95.29 per cent. were 
located between 6 and 16 inches from the surface. 


68 THE-REPORT OFTHE No. 36 


THE PUPA 


The pupa is about one-half inch long, is yellowish-brown in colour and 
has the shrivelled larval skin attached to the posterior end. It is found in the 
soil in a little earthen cell, at a depth of three to seven inches. 

DURATION OF PUPAL STAGE. An attempt was made to determine definitely 
the duration of this stage. Larvae and pupe were reared in pill boxes, but all 
succumbed before reaching the adult stage. Our observations in the field 
indicate that the insects are in the pupal stage about three weeks. 


BREEDING GROUNDS 


During the latter part of May, a survey was made of sections of the infested 
area at Fenwick, in order to locate the principal breeding grounds. As a rule, 
in doing this work, the owner of the farm which was being surveyed was requested 
to accompany us, and in this way we were able to show the growers where the 
insects were breeding. 





Rose chafer larva Rose chafer pupa 
or grub x 2. (natural size). 


Some of the data secured from this survey are as follows: 

Neglected raspberry patches: Six plots (1 square yard) were examined and 
from 68 to 177 larvee and pupz per square yard were found, the average being 
115. 

Uncultivated graperies: Seven plots were examined and from 16 to 135 
insects per square yard were found, the average being 84. 

Land in grass during 1821-22: Nine plots were examined, and from 18 
to 105 insects per square yard were found, the average being 45. 

Land in oats or wheat during 1921: Six plots were examined and from 20 
to 51 insects per square yard were found, the average being 30. 

Well-kept lawns proved to be practically free. 

Rather to our surprise only an insignificant number of insects were found 
in roadsides at Fenwick. However, this fall at Oakville, roadside plots yielded 
from 40 to 184 larve per square yard, with an average of 84. 

In land which had been planted to corn, potatoes or grapes, and which had 
been well cultivated during the season of 1921, no pupe or larve were found. 

No insects were located in clay, clay loam or in gravelly soils. 

The breeding places were largely confined to areas near graperies. 

Surveys of sections of the Fenwick and Oakville infested areas made this 
fall, furnished us with additional evidence that neglected sandy fields are the 
all-important breeding places, and that the rose chafer does not breed at all in 
heavy soils. It is of interest to note here that in a common at Fenwick, 549 
iarvee were counted in one square yard. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69 


CONTROL 
Cultivation 


It is very evident from what has been said that the importance of cultiva- 
tion as a means of combating the rose chafer cannot be over-emphasized. We 
have mentioned that the ovipositing adults are not attracted to cultivated 
fields to the same extent that they are to uncultivated land, and we have also 
referred to the fact that land in which cultivated crops such as corn and potatoes 
are grown, will be free or practically free from larve and pupae the following 
spring. We have no information so far relative to the value of fall ploughing 
or of early spring cultivation, but we do know that the ploughing and cultivating 
of infested fields during the latter part of May and early June, or in other words, 
during the period the insect is in the pupal stage, is very fatal to the chafer. 
The pupe are very readily destroyed by cultivation. Our field observations 
last spring indicate that all or practically all the pupz which were disturbed 
by the plough and cultivator died. In eight cage experiments stirring the soil 
destroyed 100 per cent. of the pupe. 


Spraying 


In 1921 two spray mixtures, viz: (1) arsenate of lead powder three lbs, 
molasses one gallon, water 40 gallons and (2) self-boiled lime sulphur (8-8-40), 
were tested in three graperies at Fenwick, the growers making the applications 
themselves. The sweetened arsenate of lead gave good commercial control on 
grapes, and was found to be even more effective on sweet cherries. On the 
other hand self-boiled lime-sulphur proved to be absolutely useless, and where 
it was applied practically the whole crop was destroyed by the beetles. This 
was rather surprising in view of the fact that self-boiled lime-sulphur is used 
for repelling rose chafers in New Jersey. Personally, we could not see that it 
had any value as a deterrent, as we found the beetles attacking blossom clusters 
and foliage well coated with spray. 

This year we made a special effort to get all the growers in the affected 
district to spray their grapes, and our efforts met with a very large measure of 
success. Several growers expressed: themselves as being skeptical about the 
value of spraying. They informed us that experience had shown them that 
the chafer “grew fat’”’ on arsenate of lead. However, they were willing to give 
what we suggested a trial. The spray mixture we recommended and the one 
which was generally used consisted of four lbs. arsenate of lead powder, one 
gallon molasses, 40 gallons of water. We increased the dosage of arsenate of 
lead to four lbs, in order to increase the liability of the beetles consuming a killing 
dose before they were repelled by the toxic effects of the arsenical.. For psy- 
chological reasons we wanted to make it possible for the grower to readily find 
dead beetles near his sprayed vines, and we are glad to say that the increased 
dosage had the desired effect. The growers, even the skeptics, had no trouble 
in finding fairly large numbers of dead beetles in the sprayed graperies. 

The number of applications given varied from one to four, depending on 
the severity of the infestation, and on the weather conditions. We had several 
heavy rains during the chafer season, and this made it necessary in most cases 
to put on extra applications. In the average season one or two sprays should 
be sufficient. 

The spray mixture proved very effective in saving the crop of grapes. 
In twenty-four sprayed graperies the average estimated loss was three per cent., 
while in seven unsprayed graperies the estimated loss was 84 per cent. 


5 E.S. 


70 THE REPORD IOF THE No. 36 





In the grapery which we sprayed, three applications of sweetened arsenate 
of lead gave almost perfect protection. The chafer injury was so trifling that we 
did not attempt to express it in terms of a percentage. 

Sweet cherry trees, one-year-old strawberry patches, cabbages and peppers 
were also sprayed with sweetened arsenate of lead, and in all cases the spray 
gave good results. 

OTHER SPRAY MATERIALS. Three applications of bordeaux mixture with 
an excess of lime (4-25-40) proved to be useless as a deterrent. Practically all 
the blossoms were destroyed on the row sprayed with this material. Calcium 
arsenate (three lbs. powder, five lbs. hydrated lime, 40 gallons), was quite in- 
effective in protecting the crop. A 10 per cent. nicotine sulphate dust was 
also tested, but failed to kill the beetles. 


Recommendations for Control 


Our present recommendations for the control of the rose chafer are as 
follows: 

In affected districts an organized effort should be made to reduce waste 
sandy land to a minimum. As much of the land as possible should be worked, 
and, if possible, fields should not be left in grass for longer than one season. 

As much as possible of the land surrounding the vineyards should be kept 
in cultivated crops, such as corn and potatoes. 

Old neglected fence rows should be broken up. 

All breeding places should be ploughed and cultivated frequently at the tume 
the chafers are in the pupal stage, that is, from about May 20th to June 10th. 

Grape vines, sweet cherry trees and one-year-old strawberry patches should 
be sprayed as soon as the beetles attack them with arsenate of lead powder 
four lbs., cheap molasses one gallon, water 40 gallons. Especially in the case 
of graperies one, two or more extra applications may be necessary, the number 
of sprays of course depending on the severity of the infestation and also on the 
weather conditions, in view of the fact that heavy rains wash the material off. 
We have no information relative to the value of this spray as a means of pro- 
tecting apples. 


OVIPOSITION OF HYPERA PUNCTATA 


H. F. Hupson anp A. A. Woop, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, 
STRATHROY 


During our preliminary studies on the life history of the clover leaf weevil, the 
opportunity to study the act of oviposition has occasionally occurred. So far as 
the present writers are aware the published data on this rather interesting point is 
somewhat meagre, and these observations may add something to our general 
knowledge. They have all been made under insectary conditions, at different 
hours of the day and night, and may to a certain extent coincide with conditions 
as met with in the field. In choosing a suitable location for egg deposition un- 
usual care is exercised. The fresh succulent petioles with a more or less solid 
stem are never chosen unless to deposit a mass on the side of the stem. A petiole 
that is mature or slightly withered, having a partially hollow centre, is usually 
selected. Generally eggs are introduced into the petiole through a very small 
puncture, just above the sheath, or about 34 inch below the leaflets, although 
they may be placed anywhere along the stem. Large masses may be laid out- 
side on the petiole or in the sheath; in the latter case a small puncture is made 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. il 


in the side and the eggs introduced. Eggs may sometimes be laid on the glass, 
but this is rather unusual except with the first batch of eggs, which is usually 
infertile. When opportunity was given eggs were freely laid in wheat stems. 
Temperature perhaps is a more important factor in egg laying than darkness. 
A cold night will retard egg laying, in fact at a temperature between 45° and 
50° egg laying ceases. Cool nights also retard feeding, but with the morning 
sun the beetles become active and egg laying may be accomplished at any hour 
of the day. Were it not for these daytime ovipositions these observations would 
never have been recorded, for to approach the breeding cage at night with a 
light will instantly cause the female to leave the plant and seek seclusion. But 
in the daytime when the female has started in earnest to lay, the hand lens may 
be safely used for she will not leave her work or position. The following are 
some notes made during the act of oviposition: 

Morning of September 15th. The female in breeding cage No. 17 was 
noticed to be very uneasy walking up and down the plant, and carefully surveying 
the situation. Having selected a petiole that seemed suitable to her liking the 
leaf was severed in six minutes. After accomplishing this she secreted herself 
beneath the leaf. Remaining there only a few minutes she proceeded up the 
stem again. Bracing herself to the petiole, she began rasping a small hole. 
She did not feed. Just a minute was required to make the opening. Thirty- 
six movements of the body were noted in the placing of nine eggs. The time 
occupied was a little over seven minutes. Contrary to the observations of 
some authors the eggs are forced up or down the stem by the ovipositor not by 
'the rostrum. The beetle under observation did not change her position, and 
when the stem was opened it was found there were five eggs above the puncture, 
two below, and the balance inserted at the puncture. Those at the base and 
nearest the puncture were more compressed than those higher in the petiole. 
This is quite frequent, and can be commonly observed in splitting open a small 
stem. An egg puncture is quite different to a feeding puncture. In the latter 
case the puncture is larger and smooth, while in the former it is much smaller 
and the opening is left rough. 


September 19th. Visiting the insectary at 12.45 p.m. a female was observed 
completing an egg mass of nine eggs on a green petiole, near the base of the 
plant. An egg puncture had been made, but for some reason did not prove 
satisfactory, and the mass was laid at the side of the puncture. She was hanging 
on the stem, head downwards, just below the egg mass, and for nearly one minute 
continued to probe the eggs with the genital plates until they were adhering 
to each other and to the plant. They were noticed to be quite “rubbery,” 
indentations made by each thrust of the plates were quite deep, but the egg 
instantly regained its shape, no mark being left on the shell. Contrary to 
expectations the beetle did not inspect her completed work, but walked away 
without turning around. After a tour around the cage she ate nearly half a 
clover leaf and retired to seclusion. The elasticity of the egg was tested with 
a needle and found to be very great, fully equal to the strain of being pushed 
up a hollow petiole. In hundreds of eggs examined which were laid inside the 
petiole not a single egg was found to be broken. 

October 10th. At 8.24 a.m. a female was observed making a puncture in 
the under side of a horizontal petiole. She reversed her position, inserting 
her ovipositor immediately, and in three minutes laid a single egg in the cavity. 
After withdrawing the ovipositor two minutes were spent in sealing the aperture. 
In an egg puncture no material is eaten out. A small hole is chiselled through 
and the opening made by bending back the little flap of tissue like a hinge. If 


2. THE REPORT OF ‘THE No. 36 


no egg is left in the opening this is all smoothed down and usually sealed tight 
with a glue-like secretion used on the eggs.. The present instance, however, was 
the only one noted where no liquid was used in the operation. Whether due 
to the position of hanging under the petiole or not could not be seen. The plant 
was throughly examined but found to contain only three eggs. Feeling certain 
that all eggs for the day had not been laid the beetles were transferred to a more 
inviting plant. The female at once proceeded to make a puncture in a petiole 
one-half inch above the sheath. This operation took five minutes, then the 
position was reversed with head down. One egg was laid in three and one-half 
minutes. Very little movement of the body was noted in the process. After 
the egg had passed into the ovipositor it was forced cut by pressure from the 
genital plates. When the ovipositor was withdrawn two eggs were on the surface 
laid in one and one-half minutes. The most remarkable feature of external 
oviposition is the drastic treatment given the egg mass after being laid on the 
outside of the plant. The genital plates are partially opened, to be used as a 
battering ram, the eggs being pounded about with such apparent carelessness, 
that it seems strange they are not all broken. A copious flow of liquid, and a 
rubbery pliant egg shell is all that saves them from destruction. This cementing 
process occupies two to three minutes, a little fluid being secreted at intervals 
on the eggs, and the plant surface where the eggs are to be fastened. This 
continual battering of the eggs finally forces them all together, and in close 
contact with the freshly glued stem surface. where they are fairly secure after 
the liquid dries. This beetle, which had been under close observation with the 
hand lens, rested a few moments, then made a puncture in the sheath of the 
same petiole, reversed her position and at once began to lay a mass. Twenty- 
four eggs were deposited in twenty-five minutes. The mass was well coated with 
fluid. The eggs were all introduced through the puncture in the same way, 
each egg pushing the one before it farther in. 


THE SUNFLOWER MAGGOT (Siraussia longipennis Wied.) 
J. Eric BRINK 


The cultivated sunflower is coming to hold a very important place as a 
silage crop in Western Canada and in other regions where corn does not thrive. 
The utilization of this plant as a feed for dairy cows is economically important, 
not only for the reason that it is well adapted for soiling and silage purposes, 
but because it is suited to a wide variation of climatic and soil conditions. It 
is an exceptionally hardy plant, even resisting 5° or 6° of frost. 

Corn has always been looked upon as the king of silage crops in sections 
where it is grown. But the European Corn Borer is proving to be a serious 
pest to the corn grower. The wave of the Chinch Bug northward in the great 
corn belt has made farmers in certain sections actually abandon its cultivation. 
So far the sunflower has been immune to the ravages of the European Corn 
Borer and also of the Chinch Bug. 

From this one can readily see that the sunflower is gaining recognition as 
a silage crop. As the old saying is ‘‘There is a bug for everything,” so the sun- 
flower has its enemy in the sunflower maggot. The earliest record found in 
regard to this fly was in 1887, when it was discovered in the State of Maine 
ovipositing in sunflower stalks. Since then it has been recorded in California, 
Maine, New York, Alberta, and Ontario, showing that it is generally distributed 


1923 | ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 73 


over the North American continent. Its host plant is almost entirely the sun- 
flower, both cultivated and wild. It has however, been found attacking peat: 
salem artichokes (Helianthus tuberosus L). 

The sunflower fly is a true dipterous fly belonging to the family Tmnetides: 
The general colour of the adult is yellow; a few black hairs on both the upper 
and lower surface of the thorax; legs medium length resembling the body in 
colour. The abdomen is a little narrower than the thorax, and is slightly darker 
in appearance, owing to the numerous black hairs that cover it. On an average 
the wings are seven m.m. long and three m.m. wide; the entire margin is 
armed with small black bristles. The banding of the wings resembles somewhat 
the letters “‘U F,”’ as you may see from the specimens passed around. 

The time at which the first flies emerge would depend somewhat on the 
temperature and moisture conditions. It would also vary in different localities. 
At Port Stanley this summer the first fly was found on the 29th of May. The 
maximum emergence was from June 3rd to June 14th; adults may, however, 
continue to emerge up to August. Of all the flies throughout the season approxi- 
mately 60 per cent. were females. The average length of life of the flies is 21 
days, although some lived in cages for a much longer time. It was very difficult 
to find out definitely the pre-oviposition period but it is believed to be about 
13 days. 

Before laying the female moves from plant to plant in a very nervous and 
restless manner until she finds a suitable spot. She then rises on her feet and 
inserts her sharp sting-like ovipositor by repeated thrusts. The whole operation 
requires from 30 to 40 seconds. 

In 14 feet of wild sunflower stalk there were 53 punctures and only 31 eggs, 
showing that only 58.5 per cent. of the punctures contain eggs. 

The egg is very small, semi-transparent, almost elliptical, and about three 
times as long as wide. It is perfectly smooth. The egg requires from five to 
six days to hatch. 

The larva is cream coloured. The body consists of 13 segments and is 
stout, tapering gradually to the anterior end. It is from seven to eight m.m. 
long when full grown and 1.5 to 2 m.m. wide. 

The injury is caused by the larve. They scratch the pith with two small 
black hooks, and then suck up the juice, soon causing the pith to turn brown or 
black. As the larve grow they work towards the ground, and by the end of 
the season in many stalks the whole of the pulp is eaten out, thus weakening 
the stalk and causing many to fall over. On September 27th fully 1,400 stalks 
were counted, and 10.4 per cent. of them had broken over. In many of the stalks 
a mold sets in where the pulp has been destroyed. We tried to have the infested 
stalks analysed to find the actual loss in food value. But the chemistry depart- 
ment said that they could not determine that. 

Counts were also made of the seeds in the heads of the infested sunflowers. 
Approximately 50 per cent. of the seeds were empty. Counts were also made 
of the heads in uninfested stalks and 13 per cent. of the seeds wereempty. This 
shows that 37 per cent. of the seeds fail to develop, directly due to this fly. 

The maggots remain in the stalk from the time they hatch until the fall, 
when they leave the stalk, and enter the ground to pupate. This year they began 
to pupate the 8th of September, and all had left the stalks by the 21st of Septem- 
ber. The larve near the base enter the ground right through the stalk, while 
others further up bore their way out wherever they are and drop to the ground, 

No control measures have as yet been worked out. At the California Experi- 
mental Station attempts were made to control these flies with the hydrocarbons 


74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


and oil of citronella, but this was a complete failure. Since the adult flies have 
similar feeding habits to the cherry fruit flies, I believe that the same control 
could be used, 7.e., spraying with arsenate of lead. However, this is still to be 
tested. 


NOTES ON THE SEED POTATO MAGGOT 
(Hylemyia trichodactyla Rond.) 


G. H. HammMonp, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
OTTAWA. 


There are few records of injury by the Seed Potato Maggot from North 
America, and, so far as can be determined, there are no records of injuries by 
this insect to turnips. 

The following notes are now presented in reference to this crop as the result 
of some observations made during the past summer (1922) at Ottawa. 

On August 2nd, a report was received by the Dominion Entomological 
Branch of severe root injury to turnips in a field near Ottawa. Investigation 
showed that the tap root of the plants was being cut through about the ground 
level. The injured surfaces were found to be rather evenly cut, the root being 
completely separated from the plant in many instances. In all the plants 
examined there was no evidence of direct tunneling into the turnips. On the 
date above mentioned the roots were approximately two inches in diameter and 
the injured seedlings were, in the majority of cases, already shrivelled and dying, 
and some which survived the initial injury were throwing out a lateral root 
system. In an acre fully 65 per cent. of the plants were attacked and approx- 
imately 50 per cent. of the plants were injured beyond hope of recovery. In 
many cases all of the plants in ten feet of row were destroyed. The injury was 
not localized, but was distributed generally throughout the field. The owner, 
Mr. W. F. Bell, stated that the injury had been noted for over a week and that 

the type of injury was new to him. wy 

In an examination of the injured roots, puparia were found in the sandy 
soil two inches deep and within half-an-inch from the root. These puparia 
resembled those of the Cabbage Maggot (H. brassice), but were somewhat 
smaller. Some larve were also found feeding in the slight hollows on the upper 
portions of the main root at the ground level. These larve, on a superficial 
examination, resembled the Seed-corn Maggot (Hylemyia cilicrura). 

Adults were reared in due course and they have been identified by Mr. 
H. C. Huckett, of the Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N.Y., as 
Hi. trichodactyla Rond. 

From an article by Johanssen in the Journal of Economic Entomology, 
Vol. XIV., December, 1921, this insect is recorded in Canada from Truro, N.S., 
and Sandford, Ont. In the Canadian National Collection of insects there are 
eleven specimens of Hylemyia trichodactyla, three collected by Mr. W. Metcalfe, 
at Brockville, dated September 13th and 20th, 1903; seven by the late Dr. James 
Fletcher, at Ottawa, dated August 25th, 1908, and one from Chateauguay 
Basin, dated August, 1910, probably collected by J. F. Jack. The specimens 
collected by Dr. Fletcher were taken off asters, according to information on 
the pinned specimens; it seems unlikely that they were reared from asters, but 
were probably taken from these plants in general collecting. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 75 


To these records we may now add those reared from turnips at Ottawa, 
which became adult on August 21st and 22nd, 1922, after a puparium stage of 
approximately seventeen days. 

In Europe, reports of injury from this species apparently are common. 
Young cucumber vines, beans, asparagus and seed potatoes are recorded as 
being injured. In America the seed potato seems to be most commonly attacked, 
hence the name. 

Johanssen, in the former reference, states that the species is “widely dis- 
tributed,” but reports of injury to crops are rare and very little is known of 
the life-history in America. 

Females of H. cilicrura and H. trichodactyla are difficult to distinguish, but 
the males may be separated by the armature of the middle tarsus, which in the 
latter species has a few long bristly hairs on the upper (extensor) side of basal 
segment. 

The larval characters, of which an account is given by Johanssen, show the 
close relationship of this species to H. cilicrura, H. brassice and H. antiqua; 
but from the structure of the mouth hooks H. trichodactyla is probably more 
closely allied to H. brassice than the others. 


76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1922 


NORMAN CRIDDLE AND C. HOWARD CURRAN, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, 
DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA 


We regret that the records of rare captures available for the Entomological 
Record of 1922, are largely from collectors in the Dominion Government service; 
in other words, from professional rather than from amateur collectors. A few 
exceptions occur, however, more noticeably in Manitoba, and we have to par- 
ticularly express our appreciation of Mr. J. B. Wallis, who has sent in a long 
list carefully arranged in order for inclusion in the Record. 

As is well known, the Entomological Record was originated by the late 
Dr. James Fletcher largely to aid and encourage amateur collectors, and its 
maintainance has been mainly with that object in view. We hope, therefore, 
that the present, number will prove useful in that respect. We would urge 
once again the necessity of sending in records in good time in order that we 
may have the manuscript in the printers’ hands by the first of February. 

It should be of general interest to Canadian collectors to know that the 
Systematic Staff of the Entomological Branch has now made sufficient headway 
in arranging the collections to be able to determine the species of several orders 
with accuracy. This is now true of Lepidoptera, Diptera, with some exceptions, 
Ephemeridze, Odonata, Orthoptera and certain Coleoptera. We hope this fact 
will be taken advantage of by those who find difficulty in determining insect 
material. 

There is still a great deal to be done by Canadian collectors before the many 
rich entomological fields have been adequately explored. Hundreds of new 
species await the collector and many others will have to be taken before an 
accurate idea of our insect fauna is available. 

We wish once again to express our indebtedness to our fellow-workers in 
the United States and in Europe for assistance in determining species in various 
groups and for that courtesy which we believe is proverbial among Entomological 
workers. 

There has been some overlapping in years due to publications not appear- 
ing on time. Several of the 1922 numbers have not been issued at this date. 


NOTES OF CAPTURES 


Species preceded by an asterisk (*) described since the last Record was prepared. 
LEPIDOPTERA 
Pieridze 
63. Eurymus interior Scud. Algonquin Park, Ont., June 17, (J. Mc- 
Dunnough); Victoria Beach, Man., (G. S. Brooks). 
Lycenide : 
430. Plebetus sepiolus Bdv. Algonquin Park, Ont., June 17, (McDunnough). 
432. Plebetus yukona Holl. Edmonton, Alta., July (D. Mackie). 


Sphingide 
749. Amphion nessus Cram. Victoria Beach, Man., May 24, (Brooks). 


Arctiidae 
955, Duacrisia vagans kasloa Dyar. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. hd 


Rhodophora gaure A. & S. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 

Schinia jaguarina Gn. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 

Copablepharon longipennis Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 

Euxoa brevipennisSm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). New to Canada. 

Euxoa detersa Wik. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 

Euxoa intrita form strigilis Grt. Edmonton, Alta., Aug., (D: Mackie). 

Lycophotia nanalis Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). New to 
Canada. 

Xylotype arcadia B. & B. Digby, N.S., Sept. 1907, (J. Russell). 
Barnes and Benjamin, Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep. N.A., Vol. V, No. 1, 
1922. 

Oncocnemis lepipoloides McD. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 24, (H. L. 
Seamans). 

Oncocnemis youngt McD. Departure Bay, B.C., Aug., (C. H. Young). 

Oncocnemis columbia McD. Salmon Arm, B.C., July, (W.R. Buckell). 

Trachea pluraloides McD. Lethbridge, Alta., July, (Seamans). 

Euplexia veresimtlis McD. Ottawa, Ont., (J. McDunnough). 

The above five species described in Can. Ent., Vol. LIV, No. 10, 
1922. 


. Graptolitha tepida atincta Sm. Edmonton, Alta., Aug., (Mackie). 


Contstra signata Frch. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). New to Canada. 

Escaria homogena McD. Lethbridge, Alta., June 28, (W. Carter). 
Can. Ent:,; Vol. LIV, No: 10, 1922: 

Acopa perpallida Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). New to Canada. 

Menopsimus caducus Dyar. Edmonton and Nordegg, Alta., (Bowman). 

Stiria rugifrons Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). New to Canada. 

Bellura diffusa Grt. Edmonton, Alta., June, (R. Atcheson). 


. Sarrothripus revayana lintnerana Spey. Edmonton, Alta., July, 


(Mackie). 
3055. Catocala parta Gn. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 
3056. Catocala luciana Stkr. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). New to Canada. 
3094. Catocala gracilis Edw. Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis aud Brooks); 
Malarche, Ont., (L. H. Roberts). 
3013. Catocala ultrontia Hbn. Rosebank, Man., (Davidson and Wallis); 
Victoria Beach, Man., Aug., (Brooks and Wallis). 
*  Catocala orion McD. Lethbridge, Alta., Aug. 31., (Seamans). 
Can, hat. Vol. LIV, No. 12> 1922. 
3333. Syneda allent Grt. Victoria Beach, Man., June, (Brooks). 
3562. Bomolocha bijugalis Wik. Edmonton, Alta., July, (Mackie). 
3571. Bomolocha toreuta Grt. Edmonton, Alta., July, (Atcheson). 
Notodontide 
*  Cerura occidentalis gigans McD. Raleaby: Alta., (Wolley Dod). 
Can.) Ent rVol. LIV; «Ne: 641922. 
Drepanide 
3758. Oreta irrorata Pack. St. Vital, Man., July (J. D. Suffield). 
3760. Drepana arcuata form geniculata Grt. Victoria Beach, Man., Aug., 
(Wallis). 
Geometride 
* Lygris lugubrata bowmani Swt. and Cass. Cadomin, Alta., Aug.. 


6 E.S. 


1919, (Bowman). 
Lepidopterist, Vol. III, No. 9, 1922. 


78 THE REPORT OF THe No. 36 


*  Xanthorhoe aquilonaria Swt. and Cass. Atlin, B.C., June, 1914. 
* —Xanthorhoe incursata harveyata Swt. and Cass. Vancouver, B.C., July, 
(R. V. Harvey). 
These two species described in Lepidopterist, Vol. III, No. 8, 1922. 
* Xanthorhoe ramaria delectaria Swt. and Cass. Atlin, B.C., June 28, 
1914, (E. H. Blackmore). 
Lepidopterist, Vol. III, No. 9, 1922. 
4148. Eupithecia obumbrata Taylor. Edmonton, Alta., July, (Mackie). 
Eupithecia nordeggensis Swt. and Cass. Pocahontas, Alta., June, 1918, 


* 


(Bowman). 

* Eupithecia stikineata Swt. and Cass. Stikine, B.C., May, 1905, 
(Blackmore). 

*  Eupithecia anataria Swt. and Cass. Goldstream, B.C., Sept., (Black- 
more). 


The above described in Lepidopterist, Vol. III, 1922. 
4486. Nepytia canosaria Wik. Victoria Beach, Man., Aug., (Wallis). 
4654. Ellopia fiscellaria Gn. Edmonton, Alta., Sept., (Atcheson). 
Pyralide 
5415. Thaumatopsis pectinifer Zell. Aweme, Man., Aug., (Criddle). 
Pyraustra ainsliet Hein. Wawanesa, Man., (E. Criddle); in wild 
parsnip; Rockcliffe, Ont., (Young). 
5585. Glyptocera consobrinella Zell. Aweme, Man., June, (Criddle). 
* Scoparia truncatalis McD. Norway Point, Lake of Bays, Ont., July, 
(McDunnough). 
* Acrobasis alnella McD. Ottawa, Ont., July, (McDunnough). 
The above in Can. Ent., Vol. LIV., No. 2, 1922. 
Gelechiidz 
6355. Tvrichoiaphe flavocostella Clem. Aweme, Man., June, (Criddle). 
6376. Trichotaphe fernaldella Busck. Aweme, Man., May, (Criddle). 


Eucosmidze 


* Exartema troglodanum McD. Meach Lake, Que., June, (Young). 


*  Exartema furfuranum McD. Ottawa, Ont., June, (Young). 
*  Exartema rusticanum McD. Onah, Man., July, (Criddle). 
*  Exartema fraternanum McD. Ottawa, Ont., July, (Young). 
*  Exartema terminanum McD. Ottawa, Ont., July, (James Fletcher). 
* Argyroploce apateticana McD. (deceptana McD.). Ottawa, Ont., July, 
(Young). 
* Argyroploce tertiana McD. Ottawa, Ont., June 15, (Young). 
*  Argyroploce buckellana McD. Salmon Arm, B.C., May 28, (W. R. 
Buckell). 
Argyroploce sordidana McD. Nordegg, Alta., July, (McDunnough). | 
Argyroploce thallasana McD. Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle). 
Argyroploce aspasiana McD. Mer Bleue, and Ottawa, Ont., 
July, (Young). 
*  Argyroploce castorana McD. Nordegg, Alta., July, (McDunnough). 
*  Argyroploce polluxana McD. Nordegg, Alta., July, (McDunnough). 
*  Argyroploce carolana McD. Ottawa, Ont., June, (Young). 
*  Argyroploce vulgana McD. Nordegg, Alta., July, (McDunnough). 
* 


Argyroploce nordeggana McD. Nordegg, Alta., July, (McDunnough). 
The above new species described in Can. Ent., Vol. LIV, No. 2, 
1922. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79 


6974. Eucosma transmissana Wlk. Aweme, Man., June, July, (Criddle). 
7102. Thiodia octopunctana Wishm. Tressbank, Man., July, (Criddle). 
7203. Ancylis tineana Hbn. Aweme, Man., May 25, (Criddle). 


Tortricide 
7282. Adoxophyes furcatana Wals. Aweme, Man., June, (Criddle). 
Tortricodes horariana Wals. Aweme, Man., Sept. 20, (Criddle). 


COLEOPTERA 


(Arranged according to Leng’s Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America North 
of Mexico—1i920.) 
Cicindelide 
45. Cuicindela limbalis K\. Ft. Norman, N.W.T., Aug. 9, (C. H. Crickmay). 
Not quite typical. 
45b. Cicindela limbalis spreta Lec. Ft. Wrigley, N.W.T., July 23, (Crick- 
may). 
53. Cuicindela tranquebarica Hbst. Ft. Norman, N.W.T., Aug., 14, 
(Crickmay). 
59. Cicindela longilabris Say. Victoria Beach, Man., July-Aug., (Roberts, 
Brooks, Wallis). 
* Cicindela fulgida wallisi Cald. Penticton, B.C., Aug. 13, 1909, (J. B. 
Wallis); Okanagan, B.C., Aug, 22, 1914, (Tom Wilson). 
*  Cicindela fulgida westburnei Cald. Westburne, Man., Aug. 14, (Wallis). 
The above two species described in Can. Ent., Vol. LIV, No. 3, 
1922. 
Carabide 
* Elaphrus chairivelli frosti Hipps. Terrace, B.C., (W. W. Hippesley). 
Can. Ent: Vol. LIV, No.3, 1922. 
*  Dyschirius pervergus Fall. Miami, Man., (Wallis). 
* Dyschirius interior Fall. Baldur, Man., June-July (Wallis and Criddle). 
Can. Ents, Vol: LIV, No.8, 1922: 
435. Bembidion cheyennense Csy. Baldur, Man., July, (Wallis, Davidson, — 
Criddle). , 
590. Bembidion dilatatum Lec. Treesbank, Man., Aug. 7, (R. M. White). 
*  Bembidion obtusidens Fall. Baldur, Man., June-July, (Criddle, Vroom, 
Wallis, Roberts). 
Cae Ent. Vol! LIV, No. 8: 
603. Bembidion salinarium Csy. Baldur, Man., July, (Wallis, Criddle, 
Roberts, Robertson, White). 
725. Bembidion muscicola Hayd. Aweme, Man., Aug. 29, (Criddle). 
1575. Platynus bembidoides Kby. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 
1646. Lebia atriceps Lec. Lethbridge, Alta., May 26, (H. L. Seamans). 
1712. Calleida purpurea Say. Kamloops, B.C., Apr. 20, (P. Vroom); Whitla, 
Alta., Sept. 10, 1922 (W. Carter). 
1806. Chlenius tomentosus Say. Aweme, Man., Sept. 25, (E. Criddle). 
1878. Geopinus incrassatus, Dej. Winnipeg, Man., June 23, (Wallis). 


Dytiscide 
2539. Agabus seriatus Fab. Aweme, Man., Sept. 20, (R. M. White). 
* Agabus sharpi Fall. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis); Grimsby, Ont., 
(Pettit). 
* — Agabus triton Fall. Edmonton, Alta., May 1917 (F.S. Carr); Winnipeg, 
Man., May 1911 (Wallis). 


a 


2598. 


Gyrinidz 
2700. 
* 
2702. 
2706. 
2707a. 


% 


* 
* 


Hydrophilide 


Zod2. 
2875. 


THE'‘ REPORT OR THE No. 36 


Agabus confertus Lec. Mile 17, H.B. Ry., Man., July, 1917, (Wallis). 
Determined with some doubt by Prof. Fall. 

Agabus bicolor Kby. Mile 214, H.B. Ry., Man., July 1917, (Wallis). 

Agabus inscriptus Cr. Mile 332, H.B. Ry., Man.; Peachland, B.C., 
Aug., 1919 (Wallis). 

Agabus canadensis Fall. Aweme East and Winnipeg, Man., July and 
June, (Wallis). 

Agabus ontarionsis Fall. Makinak, Man., (Fanshaw); Belleville, Ont. 

Agabus ajax Fall. Waghorn, Alta.; Aweme East, Man., (Wallis and 
Roberts); West St. Modest, Labrador, (Sherman). 

Agabus congener Payk. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). 

Agabus ambiguus Say. Winnipeg, Man., April; Stonewall, July, 
-Aweme East, July, (Wallis). 

Agabus confinits Gyll. Mile 214, H.B. Ry., Man., (Wallis). 

Agabus discolor Harr. Mile 332, H.B. Ry., Man.; Onah and Winnipeg, 

« Man., July (Wallis). 

Agabus lutosus Lec. Peachland, B.C., Aug. 1919, (Wallis). 

Agabus pheopterus Kby. Winnipeg, Stonewall, Aweme East and 
Mile 332, H. R. Ry., Man., also Peachland, B.C., (Wallis). 

Agabus infuscatus Aube. Mile 332, H.B. Ry., Man., (Wallis). 

Agabus morosus Lec. Peachland, B.C., August 1919, (Wallis). 

Agabus anthracinus Mann. ‘Widely distributed in Man.” (Wallis). 

Agabus arcticus Payk. Mile 214, H.B. Ry., Man., July, (Wallis). 

Carrhydrus crasstpes Fali. Edmonton, Alta., June 14, 1916, (F. S. 
Carr). 
The above genus has recently been revised by H. C. Fall—A Review 
of the North American Species of Agabus, John D. Sherman, Jr., 
publications—in which the above new species are described. Mr. 
Wallis has also made a special study ofethe group and we include 
these records on the joint authority. 

Ilybius biguttulus Germ. Thornhill, Man., July 1, 1916, (Wallis). 


Gyrinus analis Say. Onah, Man., May 24, 1912, (Wallis). 

Gyrinus latilimbus Fall. British Columbia, (Keen); Searchmont, Ont. 

Gyrinus opacus Sahl. Mile 332, H.B. Ry., Man., July, (Wallis). 

Gyrinus impressicollis Kby. Mile 214, H.B. Ry., (Wallis). 

Gyrinus lagens Lec. Mile 214, 332, H.B. Ry., Man., (Wallis). 

Gyrinus befarius Fall. Le Pas and Mile 332, H.B. Ry., Man., July, 
(Wallis); St. Dennis, Que. (Ouillet). 

Gyrinus wallisi Fall. Le Pas, Mile 214, 256, H.B. Ry., Man., July, 
1917, (Wallis); Ontario (Evans). 

Gyrinus lecontet Fall. Toronto, Ont. 

Gyrinus pleuralis Fall. Lethbridge, Alta., (Wallis). 
The above new species of Gyrinide are from Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 
Vol. XLVII, No. 4, 1921. 


Cymbiodyta lacustris Lec. Stonewall, Man., May 25, 1919, (Wallis). 
Cercyon ocellatus Say. Miami, Man., June 17, (Wallis). 


Staphylinide 


4553. 


Ontholestes capitatus Blan. Aweme, Man., (R. M. White). 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81 


Corynetide 
7696. Phyllobeus dislocatus Say. Aweme, Man., (E. Criddle). 


Meloide 
*  Macrobasis subglabra Fall. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
CansEat.,) Vol, ULV; No..8,.1922. 


Buprestidz 
9318. Chalcophora angulicollis Lec. Victoria Beach, Man., July, (B. and 
G. S. Brooks, L. H. Roberts). 
9333. Dicerca dwaricata Say. Aweme, Man., June 22. In Prunus, (Criddle). 
9353. Pecilonoia thureura Say. Aweme, Man., July 1920, (Criddle). 
* Pecilonota montanus Chamb. Makinah, Man., (J. M. Swaine). 
* Pecilonota fraseri Chamb. Fraser River, B.C., (Weldt). 
The above two species described in the Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. 
meen Nos, 1, 1922. 
9369. Buprestis subornata Lec. Faulkland, B.C., July 26, 1922, (P. Vroom). 
9372a. Buprestis nuttalli consularis Gory. Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis). 
9373a. Buprestis leviventris alternans Lec. Victoria Beach, Man., July 9, 
(Wallis).- 
9513. Agrilus ruficollis Fab. Victoria Beach, Man., July, (Brooks, Roberts, 
Wallis). On raspberry. 
Helmide 
9615. Helms vittatus Melsh. Treesbank, Man., July 6, (Criddle). 
9618. Helmis quadrinotatus Say. Glen Souris, Man., July, Sept., (Criddle 
and White). 


Tenebrionide 
12008. Embaphion muricatum Say. Grassy Lake, Alta., (H. L. Seamans). 


Bostrichidz 


12898. Lichenophanes armiger Lec. Treesbank, Man., (T. Criddle). 


Scarabeide 
13345. Trox atrox Lec. Lethbridge, Alta., June, (Seamans). 
13654. Dichelonyx testacea Kby. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 


Cerambycide 
14384. Acmeops subpilosa Lec. Peachland, B.C., June 20, (W. Metcalf). 
14391. Acmeops longicornis Kby. Peachland, B.C., June, (Metcalf). 
14486. Leptura plagifera Lec. Peachland, B.C., July, (Wallis). 
14518. Leptura prestans Csy. Peachland, B.C., July 22, (Wallis). 
* Leptura aspera parkeri Hipps. Terrace, B.C., (W. W. Hippisley). 
Can. Ent., Vol. LIV, No. 3, 1922. 
14984. Leiopus cinerus Lec. Aweme, Man., (Criddle and White). 
15118. Saperda imitans Felt and J. Treesbank and Glen Souris, Man., 
(H: A. Robertson). 


Chrysomelidz 
15305. Exema gibba Oliv. Aweme, Man., June 20, 1922, (R. M. White). 
DIPTERA 


(Arranged according to “A Catalogue of North American Diptera’ by J. M. 
Aldrich. The numbers refer to the pages of the catalogue.) 


82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 
RT eee TOONS 


Tipulide 
* — Chionea canadensis Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C., Nov. 22, 192 1, (Garrett). 
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIV, Feb. 1929. 
100. Tipula apicalis Loew. Hemmingford, Que., (C. E. Petch). 
101. Tipula caloptera Loew. Hemmingford, Que:, (C.°E. “Perch: 
102. Tipula fragila Lew. Hemmingford, Que., (C[EPeten): 
*  Alexandriaria suffusca Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C., Octaws: 1920, 
(Garrett). 
* Alexandriaria intermedia Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C., July 10, 1920, 
(Garrett). 
*  Alexandriaria kootenensis Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C., July 15, (Garrett). 
These three species described in Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXIV, 
No. 2, Feb. 1922). 


Mycetophilide 
*  Macrocera trivittata Johns. Farewell Creek, Sacsk., Aug. 1887, (Mrs. 
V. A. Armstrong). 
Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. NV Dec? it ee 
Culicidz 
Aedes nigromaculis Lud. Aweme, Man., Aug., (Robertson and Criddle). 
122. Anopheles walkeri Theo. Westbourne, Man., Aug. 24, 1922, (Robert- 
son, Criddle). 


Blepharoceride 
* —Bibiocephala kelloggt Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C,,* July} 133 eet, 
(Garrett). 


* Blepharocera canadensis Garrett. Wilson Creek, B.C., 54008 Aug. 
26, 1921, (Garrett). 
These species described in Ins. Ins. Mens., Vol. X, No. An6y; 1922 


Stratiomyide 
179. Sargus elegans Loew. Hastings Co., Ont., April, 1896, (Evans). 
* — Stratiomyia discaloides Curran. Chilcotin, B.C., June 4, 1920, June 
10, 1920, (E. R. Buckell); Kelowna, B.C., July 2, 1914, (M. H. Ruh- 
man). 
Stratiomyia velutina Curran. Aspen Grove, B.C., June 15; 1929: 
(P. N. Vroom); Lillooet, B.C., May 24, 1917, (A. W. Phair). 
These two species described in Can. Ent.; Vol: LIV“ puaaa 
185. Odontomyia hieroglyphica Oliv. Orillia, Ont., May 30, 1920, (C. H. 
Curran). 
186. Odontomyia pilimana Leew. Ottawa and Trenton, Ont., (Jas. Fletcher), 
(Evans). 
186. Odontomyia hoodiana Big. Banff, Alta., May, June, (C.B.D. Garrett). 
Odontomyia plebeja Loew. Belleville, Ont. 
187. Odontomyia varipes Loew. (alberta Curran). Banff, Alta., Aug., Sept., 
(Garrett and Sanson), 
188. Euparyphus quadrimaculata Cresson. Banff, Alta., June 1, (C. B. D. 
Garrett). 
Tabanidz 
196. Chrysops fallax O.S. Hemmingford, Que., (GCE. Peteh): 
* Tabanus metabolus McD. Nordegg, Alta., June 15, (McDunnough). 
* — Tabanus laniferus McD. Banff, Alta., July 24, (McDunnough). 
These two species described in Can, Ent., Vol. LIV, No. 10, 1922. 





1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83 


Bombyliidz 
, 238. Ploas obesula Lew. Nicola, B.C., May 25, (E. R. Buckell). 
. Systechus solitus Walker. Lethbridge, Alta., July 9-13, 1921, (E. H. 
Strickland). 
Asilidz 
259. Dioctria nitida Willist. Victoria, B.C., June, 1919, (P. N. Vroom). 
259. Cyrtopogon bimacula Walk. Douglas, Man., June 10, 1921, (N. 
Criddle). 
260. Cyriopogon leucozona Loew. Aspen Grove, B.C., June 28, (P. N 
Vroom). 
* Cyrtopogon willistoni Curran. British Columbia, various localities, 
and Banff, Alta. 
* Cyrtopogon albitarsis Curran. Banff, Alta., July 17, 1916, (C. G. 
Hewitt); July 23, 1909, (N. B. Sanson). 
Canrbnut., Vol. LIV, No: 12,4922: 


Dolichopodide 
The following records of Dolichopodidae are based on material in the 
Canadian National Collection. 


Sciapus pilicornis Ald. Vernon, B.C., July 16, 1920, (N. Cutler); 
Penticton, B.C. July 24, 1916, (R: C..\@reherne). June 19, 
(W. B. Anderson). 
Sciapus flavipes Ald. Glen Souris, Man., July 24, (H. A. Robertson). 
293. Nothosympycnus nodatus Loew. Aweme, Man., Sept. 4, (H. A. Rob- 
ertson). 
297. Hydrophorus altivagus Ald. Treesbank, Man., Aug. 29, (H. A.. 
Robertson); Lethbridge, Alta., July 20, (H. L. Seamans). 
298. Scellus monstrosus O. S. Aweme, Man., June 26, 1920; Washoda, 
Man., Aug’ 3, (H. A. Robertson). 
Dolichopus nigrimanus V. D., C. & A., Banff, Alta, July 1, (C. B. D. 
Garrett); Aweme, Man., July 6, (H. A. Robertson); Ottawa, Ont., 
June 6, 1900. 
303. Dolichopus myosota O. S. Royal Oak “"B:Ge. July 3iF 1917, (WW. 
Downes). 
Dolichopus adequatus V. D., C. & A. Banff, Alta., June 1, (C. B. D. 
Garrett); Chilcotin, B.C., June 30, 1920, (E. R. Buckell). 
303.  Dolichopus. paluster Mel. & Br. Banff, Alta., May 29, Aug. 4, 
(C. B. D. Garrett). 
Dolichopus manicula V. D., C. & A. Banff, Alta., July 1, (C. B. D. 
Garrett). 
Dolichopus acuminatus Loew. Elkhorn, Man., Aug. 9, (N. Criddle). 
* Dolichopus albertensis Curran. Banff, Alta., (C. B. D. Garrett). 
* Dolichopus vanduzeet Curran. Banff, Alta., (C. B. D. Garrett). 
* Dolichopus diversipennis Curran. Banff, Alta., (C. B. D. Garrett). 
These three species were described in Can. Ent., LIV, No. 12, 1922. 
Dolichopus conspectus V. D., C. & A. Chilcotin, B.C., June 3, (E. R. 
Buckell). 
301. Dolichopus gratus Loew. Banff, Alta., May 5, June 15, (C. B. D. 
Garrett). 
305. Dolichopus xanthocnemus Loew. Vernon, B.C., June 18, (N.S. Cutler), 
Ottawa, Ont., June 10 (G. Beaulieu); ia Ont., + June 30, 1902, 
(J. Evans). 


84 


ZOO: 


303. 


300. 


304. 
304. 


302. 


304. 


303. 


303. 


305. 
301. 


303. 


THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


Dolichopus retinens V. D., C. & A. Trenton, Ont., June 24, 1906, 
Port Hope, Ont., May 30, 1897. 

Dolichopus umbrosus V. D., C. & A. Port Hope, Ont., June 13, 1897, 
(W. E. Metcalfe). 

Dolichopus apheles Mel. & Br. Ogema, Sask., June 16, (N. Criddle). 

Dolichopus trisetosus V. D., C. & A. Norway Pt., Lake of Bays, Ont., 
June 28, (J. McDunnough); Kentville, N.S., June 19, 1916. 

Dolichopus virga Coq. Truro, N.S., July 11, 1913. 

Dolichopus pachycnemus Voew. Treesbank, Man., June 22, (H. A. 
Robertson); Hemmingford, Que., (Petch). 

Dolichopus brevipennis Meig. Sask., June 30, 1917, (A. E. Cameron); 
Banff, Alta., June, July, (C. B. D. Garrett). 

Dolichopus brevimanus Loew. Cottage Beaulieu, Que., July 7, 1906, 
(Beaulieu); Ottawa, Ont., July 2, (Beaulieu); Winnipeg, Man., 
July 6, 1908, (J. B. Wallis). 

Dolichopus tndigina V. D., C. & A. Hull, Que., July 18, 1914, (J. I. 
Beaulne). 

Dolichopus canadensis V. D., C. & A. Roberval, Que., July 28, 1915, 
(G. Beaulieu). 

Dolichopus defectus V. D., C. & A. Roberval, Que., July 28, 1915, 
(G. Beaulieu). 

Dolichopus decorus V. D., C. & A. Strathroy, Ont., June 10, (H. F. 
Hudson). 

Dolichopus setosus Loew. Truro, N.S., June 19, 1914. 

Dolichopus renidescens Mel. & Br. Banff, Alta., May and Aug., 
(C. B. D. Garrett). 

Dolichopus marginatus Ald. Youghall, N.B., July 7, 1908, (J. 
Fletcher); Algonquin Park, Ont., June 19-21, (J. McDunnough); 
Dauphin, Man., (Mrs. W. W. Hippisley). 

Dolichopus reflectus Ald. Ft. Coulonge, Que.; July 6, 1917, (J. I. 
Beaulne); Jordan, Ont., July 8, 1914, (W. A. Ross). 

Dolichopus albicoxa Ald. Cottage Beaulieu, Que., June 19, (G. 
Beaulieu); Banff, Alta., Aug. 24, (C. B. D. Garrett). 

Dolichopus pilatus V. D., C. & A. Banff, Alta., Aug. 23, (C. B. D. 
Garrett). 

Dolichopus porphyrops V. D., C. & A. Truro, N.S., July 8, 1913; 
Robervale, Que., July 28, (G. Beaulieu); Algonquin Park, Ont., 
July 28, (J. McDunnough). 

Dolichopus pollex O. S. Banff, Alta., July 7, (C. B. D. Garrett). 

Dolichopus obcordatus Ald. Nordegg, Alta., July 5, 1921, (J. Mc- 
Dunnough); Banff, Alta., June, July, (C. B. D. Garrett). 

Dolichopus pernix Mel. & Br. Banff, Alta., July 7, 30, (C. B. D- 
Garrett). 

Dolichopus blandus V. D., C. & A. Ontario, June 9, 1900. 

Dolichopus vigilans Ald. Youghall, N.B., July 7, 1908, (J. Fletcher). 

Dolichopus flagellitenens Wheeler. Aylmer, Que., June 15, (C. B. 
Hutchings). : 

Dolichopus pugil Leew. Youghall, N.B., July 6, 1908, (Jas. Fletcher); 
Hantsport, N.S., June 15, 1913, (H. G. Payne). 

Dolichopus uxorcula V. D., C. & A. Banff, Alta., July 1, (C. B. D. 
Garrett). 


1923 


301. 


305. 


302. 


305. 


303. 


300. 


300. 


301. 


301. 
299. 
305. 


304. 


305. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85 


Dolichopus fulvipes Loew. Kentville, N.S., June 14, 1914; Aweme, 
Man., June 24, (H. A. Robertson); Banff, Alta., July 1, (C. B. D. 
Garrett). 

Dolichopus variabilis gracilis Ald. Banff, Alta., July 1, (C. B. D, 
Garrett). 

Dolichopus wheelert Mel. & Br. Trenton, Ont., Aug. 17, 1902, (Evans); 
Aweme, Man., July 6, Baldur, Man., July 29, (H. A. Robertson); 
Maniwaska, Que., June 13, 1917, (Arthur Gibson). 

Dolichopus longimanus Loew. Meach Lake, Que., June 21, 1916, 
(Arthur Gibson). 

Dolichopus subciliatus Loew. Truro, N.S., July 8, 11, 1913; Algon- 
quin Park, Ont., June 19-21, (J. McDunnough). 

Dolichopus nudus Loew. Banff, Alta., Aug. 16, 1922, (C. B. D- 
Garrett). 

Dolichopus speciosus V. D., C. & A. Banff, Alta., July and Aug., 
abundant, (C. B. D. Garrett). 

Dolichopus procerus V. D., C. & A. Cowley, Alta., June 16, 1918, 
(R. N. Chrystal); Banff, Alta., Aug. 27, (C. B. D. Garrett); Leth- 
bridge, Alta., June 25, (W. Carter); Baldur, Man., July 29, (H. A. 
Robertson). 

Dolichopus completus V. D., C. & A. Royal Oak, B.C., June 20, 1917, 
(W. Downes). 

Dolichopus @eraius V. D., C. & A. Banff, Alta., July 1, (C. B. D. 
Garrett). 

Dolichopus subflavus V. D., C. & A. Banff, Alta., Aug. 21, (C. B. D. 
Garrett). : 

Dolichopus coloradensis Ald. Roberval, Que., July 28, 1915, (G. 
Beaulieu); Banff, Alta., June, August, (C. B. D. Garrett). 

Dolichopus omnwagus V. D., C. & A. Banff, Alta., June 26, (C. B. D. 
Garrett). 

Dolichopus chrysostoma Loew. Kentville, N.S., June 24, 1914. 

Dolichopus slossone V. D., C. & A. Roberval, Que., July 28, 1915. 
(G. Beaulieu). 

Dolichopus bakert Cole. Banff, Alta., June, July, (C. B. D. Garrett). 

Dolichopus domesticus V. D., C. & A. Norway Point, Lake of Bays, 
Ont., July 28, 1919, (J. McDunnough). 

Dolichopus eudactylus Loew. ‘Truro, N.S., July 11, 1913. 

Dolichopus versutus V. D., C. & A. Lanoraie, Que., June 21, 1915, 
(G. Beaulieu). 

Dolichopus dakotensis Ald. Aweme, Man., June 17, 1921, (P. Vroom). 

Dolichopus batillifer Loew. Truro, N.S., July 11, 1913. 

Dolichopus tener Loew. Trenton, Ont., Sept. 6, 1903, (Evans). 

Dolichopus sicarius V. D., C.& A. Kentville, N.S., June 24, 1914. 

Dolichopus scopiarius Leew. Kentville, N.S., June 24, 1914. 

Dolichopus ainsliet V. D., C. & A. Hull, Que., July 19, 1914, (J. I. 
Beaulne). 

Dolichopus frauditor distinctus V. D., C. & A. Ottawa, Ont., July 12, 
1919, (J. McDunnough), 

Dolichopus tenuipes Ald. Saanich, B.C., June 22, Aug. 13, (W. 
Downes). 


86 


* 


x* 


Empidide 
310. 


314. 


313: 
314. 


Ste 
318. 


320. 


327. 


Pale 
S27. 


Syrphide 


THE REPORT OF THE ~ No. 36 


Dolichopus delicatus Ald. Ungava Bay and Fort Chimo, Labrador, 
(Turner). 
Proc. U.S.N-M.. Voliaixas May, 1922. 

Xiphandrium femoratum Ald. Skagway, June 10, 1921, (Aldrich). 
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVIII, No. 1, March, 1922. 


Phoneustica maculipennis Walker. Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta, June 
to Aug. 

Dike Melander. N.S., Ont., Man. 

Drapetis scissa Melander. Chilcotin, B.C., May 7, (E. R. Buckell); 
Ogema, Man., June 16, (N. Criddle). 

Drapetis septentrionalis Melander. Truro, N.S., Sept. 25, Belleville, 
Ont. 

Tachydromia winthemi Zett. Nordegg, Alta., July 25, (JJ. McDun- 
nough). 

Tachydromia brachialis Mel. Ottawa, Ont., July 20, (Beaulieu). 

Hemerodromia albipes Walker. Ottawa, Ont., June 9, 1904, (W. E. 
Metcalf.) : 

Clinocera simplex Loew. Banff, Alta., Sept., (C. B. D. Garrett). 

Syneches thoracicus Say. Brockville, Ont., Aug. 12, 1903, (W. E. 
Metcalf); Kingsmere, Que., July 18, 1919, (R. H. Chrystal). 

Brachystoma occidentalis Mel. Saanich, B.C., June 22, 1918, (W. 
Downes). 

Hormopeza brevicornis Loew. Fort Wrigley, N.W.T., July 27, (C. H. 
Crickmay). 

Hormopeza bullata Mel. Ottawa, Aug. 18, 1912, (Beaulieu). 

Hormopeza nigricans Loew. Banff, Alta., June-Sept., (C. B. D. 
Garrett); Cairncross, Y.T., July 28, 1919, (A. P. Hawes). 


Heryngia comutata Curran. Victoria, B.C., May, 1916, (R. C. Tre- 
herne); Victoria, May 3, 1919, (W. B. Anderson). 

Heryngia canadensis Curran. Ft. Coulonge, Que., July 6, 1917, (J. I. 
Beaulne). 

Heryngia californica David. Victoria, B.C., May 3, 1919, (W. B. 
Anderson). | 

Pipiza quadrimaculata Panz. Banff, Alta., June -16, 24.°(C 3B me 
Garrett). 

Pipiza atrata Curran. Chilcotin, B.C., June 18, 1920, (Buckell).° 

Cnemodon nigricornis Curran. Banff, Alta., June 15, 1922, (Garrett). 
These two species described in Can. Ent., Vol. LIV, No. 12,4633: 

Chilosia variabilis Panz. Lillooet, B.C. 

Chilosta ferruginea Lovett. Duncan, B.C., April 12, (W. B. Anderson). 

Chilosia nigrovittata Lovett. Banff, Alta., May 5-June 9, (C. B. D. 
Garrett). 

Chilosia chalybescens Willist. Agassiz, B.C., May 22, (R. Glendenning) 

Chilosia huntert Curran. Teulon, Man., May 17, 1920, (A. J. Hunter). 

Chilosia orilliaensis Curran. Orillia, Ont., May, June, (Curran). 

Chilosia robusta Hine. (columbie Curran), Cranbrook, B.C., May 
8, 1920, (Garrett). 
This species described in Can. Ent., Vol. LIV, No. 1 and 3. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87 
352. Cartosyrphus levis Big. Banff, Alta., July 5, (C. B. D. Garrett). 
* Cartosyrphus ontario Curran. Orillia, Ont., May 5, 1921, (Curran). 
*  Cartosyrphus rita Curran. MacDiarmid, Ont., June 7, 1921, (Bigelow). 
* Cartosyrphus sensuus Curran. Orillia, Ont., May 5, 1921, (Curran). 
Those species described as Chilosia, in Can. Ent., Vol. LIV, No. 1 
and 3. 
Platychirus discimanus Loew. Aweme, Man., May 1, (R. M. White). 
Platychirus scutatus Meig. Banff, Alta., June 2-29, (C. B. D. Garrett). 
Platychirus albimanus Fabr. Vernon, B.C., May 11, 1920, (M. H. 
Ruhmann), Victoria, B.C., April 28, 1917, (A. E. Cameron). 
Platychirus podagratus Fabr. Banff, Alta., May to July, (C. B. D. 
Garrett). 
All the above are European species; some have been previously 
recorded from North America. 
365. Stenosyrphus contumax O.S. Hopedale, Labrador, July, Aug.; Banff, 
milfs. june 2, juby li) (GB. 1D: Garrett): 
368. Stenosyrphus sodalis Willist. Banff, Alta., May 29, (C. B. D. Garrett); 
Chilcotin, B.C., July 29, (E. R. Buckell). 
* Syrphus grossularie var. melanis Curr. Orillia, Ont., Sept. 18, 1921, 
(Curran). 
Can. Ent. Vol. LIV, No. 4, 1922. 
Neoascia metallica Will. . Banff, Alta., May, June, (Garrett). Distinct 
from globosa. 
376. Brackhyopa notata O. S. Kentville, N.S., June 9, 1915. 
* Brachyopa perplexa Curran. Orillia, Ont., June 2, 1921 (Curran). 
Can Bint, Wol. LIV. Noi5..1922. 
Sericomyia bifasciata Willist. Bathurst, N.B., June 15, (J. N. Knull); 
McDiarmid, Ont., (N. K. Bigelow); Lac la Peche, Que., June 30, 
1919, (M. B. Dunn). 
*  Cynorhina robusta Curr. British Columbia. 
*  Cynorhinella canadensis Curr. Inverness, B.C., July, 1910, (Keen). 
*  Mallota columbie Curr. Penticton, B.C., June 5, 1919, (Treherne). 
*  Mallota diversipennis Curr. (Probably Canadian.) 
These species described‘in Can. Ent., Vol. LIV, No. 1, 1922. 
401. Brachypalpus frontosus Loew. Bathurst, N.B., April to June, (J. N. 
Knull). 
Brachypalpus tnarmatus Hunter. (apicaudus Curran). Cranbrook, 
B.C., June 2, 1921, (Garrett). 
400. Xylota vecors O.S. Aweme, Man., July 25, 1917, (N. Criddle). 
398. Xvylota flavitibia Loew. Banff, Alta., July, Aug., (C. B. D. Garrett). 
405. Temnostoma obscura Loew. Montreal, Que., June 10, 1906; Ottawa, 
Ont., June 21, 1913, (J. I. Beaulne); Bathurst, N.B., July 27, (J. N. 
Knull), (bombylans of Ald. Cat.). 
405. Temnostoma trifasciata Robertson. Ont., Quebec; May, June. 
Helomyzidz 
* Amebaleria bisetata Garr. Teulon, Man., May 31, 1920, (Hunter). 
* Anorastoma currant Garr. Teulon, Man., Aug. 28, 1920, (Hunter). 
* Leria serrata var. nigricana Garr. Cranbrook, B.C., June 6, 1921. 
(Garrett). 
* 


Leria serrata var. vinus Garr. Cranbrook, B.C., Mar. 20 to April 8; 
Michel, B.C., Aug. 2, (Garrett). 
Insec. Inscit. Mens., Vol. X, Pt. 10-12, Dec., 1922. 


88 THE REPORT OF THE No. 36 


Scatophagide 
*  Amaurosoma nuda Mall. Cape Charles, Labrador, July 30, 1906. 
Bull. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XVII, No. 3, 1922. 


HYMENOPTERA. 
Ichneumonide 
* Phytodietus fumiferane Roh. Lillooet, B.C., (A. B. Baird), 
Can: Ent; \Votceiv. No.’ 7, 1922: 


Braconide 
*  Rogas hyphantrie Gah. Fredericton, N.B., Sept., 1917, (A. G. 
Dustan). 
* Ma1ucropletus stigmaticus Gah. Vancouver, B.C. 
* Microgaster canadensis Gah. Canada, (C. F. Baker). 
*  Apanteles olenides Museb. Vernon, B.C., (E. P. Venables). 


The above four species described in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 
EX, 1922. 


HEMIPTERA. 


(Arranged according to ‘“‘A Check List of the Hemiptera (excepting the Aphid- 
idz, Aleurodide and Coccidz) of America North of Mexico,” 
by E. P. Van Duzee). 
Miride 
* Labops hirtus Kgt. Chilcotin, B.C., (E. R. Buckell); Edmonton, 
Alta., (Carr); Parry Sound, Ont., (H. S. Parish); and Strathroy, 
Ont., (H. G. Crawford). 
* Labops tumidiformis Kgt. Chilcotin, B.C., June 15, 1920, (R. C. 
Treherne). 


The above two species described in Can, Ent., Vol. LIV, No. 11, 1922. 


NEUROPTERA. 
Perlide 
* Kathroperla perdita Banks. Kaslo, B.C., (Taylor). 
Sialidz 
*  Sialis rotunda Banks. Bon Accord, B.C., May, (J. Russell). 
Raphididz 


* Raphidia bifurca Banks. Wellington, B.C., (Taylor). 


Limnephilide 
* Limnephilus adustus Banks. Banff, Alta., Aug., (N. Sanson). 


* Limnephilus kennicotti Banks. Great Stone Lake, N.W.T., (Robert 
Kennicott). 


* Limnephilus elongatus Banks. Fort Resolution, N.W.T., (Kennicott). 
* Homophylox crotcht Banks. Vancouver Island, B.C., (G. R. Crotch). 


The above species were described in Bull. eas Comp. Zool., Harv- 
ard, Vol. LXIV, No. 3, 1920. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89 


ORTHOPTERA. 


Prepared by E. R. Buckell. 
Tryxaline 

Pseudopomala brachyptera Scudd. Vernon, B.C., (E. R. Buckell). 

Amphitornus nanus R. & H. Chilcotin, B.C., July, 1920, (E. R. 
Buckell). New to Canada. 

Orphulella salina Scudd. Fairview, B.C., Aug.7,1919, (E.R. Buckell). 
Previously recorded as O. pelidna, Ent. Rec. 1919. 

Ageneotettix occidentalis Brun. Southern Okanagan Valley, B.C., 
1919, (E. R. Buckell). New to Canada. 

Mecostethus lineatus Scudd. Chilcotin, B.C., Aug., 1920, (E. R. 
Buckell). 

Mecostethus gracilis Scudd. Chilcotin, B.C., Aug., 1921, (E. R. Buckell). 

Chorthippus oregonensis Scudd. Penticton and Chilcotin, B.C., 1920, 
(E. R. Buckell). New to Canada. 


Oedipodine 
Pardalophora apiculata Harris. Chilcotin, B.C., June, 1920, (E. R. 
Buckell). 
Xanthippus leprosus Saussure. Chilcotin, 1920, (E. R. Buckell). New 
to Canada. 


Metator nevadensis Bruner. Osoyoos, 1919; Chilcotin, 1920-21, (E. R. 
Buckell). New to Canada. 

Mestobregma kiowa Scudd. Okanagan Landing, B.C., 1919, (E. R. 
Buckell). 

Trimerotropis ferruginea McNeill. Vernon, B.C., 1919; Chilcotin, 
B.C., 1920-21, (E. R. Buckell). New to Canada. 


Locustine 
Asemoplus montanus Bruner. Rockcreek, B.C., 1922, (E. R. Buckell). 
*  Bradynotes chilcotine WHebard. Chilcotin, B.C., June 7th, 1920, 

(E. R. Buckell). 
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XLVIII, 1922, No. 821. 

Bradynotes pinguis Scudd. Rockcreek, B.C., Aug., 1922, (E. R. 
Buckell). New to Canada. 

Melanoplus flabellifer Scudd. Chilcotin, B.C., 1921, (E. R. Buckell). 

Melanoplus flavidus Scudd. Aweme, Man., Aug. 23, 1922, (R. M. 
White). New to Canada. 

Melanoplus confusus Scudd. Chilcotin, B.C., 1920, (E. R. Buckell). 

Melanoplus washingtonianus Bruner. Nicola, B.C., 1922, (E. R. 
Buckell). 


Tettigoniide 

Neoconocephalus triops Linn. Cote St. Paul, Montreal, Que., July 22, 
1900, (G. Beaulieu). 

Stenopelmatus fuscus Haldeman. Fairview, B.C., 1919, (E. R. Buckell). 
New to Canada. 

Ceuthophilus agassizit Scudd. Chilcotin, B.C., 1921, (E. R. Buckell). 

Pristoceuthophilus celatus Scudd. Vernon, B.C., 1919, (E. R. Buckell). 

Stetroxys trilineata Thomas. Chilcotin, B.C., 1920, (E. R. Buckell) 

A pote notabilis Scudd. Fairview, B.C., 1922, (E. R. Buckell). 


90 THE’ REPORT ‘OF THE No. 36 


THYSANOPTERA 
Thripidz 
Sericothrips standordt Moult. Victoria, B. C., May, 1918, (R. C. 
Treherne). 
Sericothrips variabilis Beach. Lillooet, B.C., 1917, (Treherne). 
Parthenothrips dracene Heeger. Vancouver, B.C., (J. W. Eastham). 
Teniothrips albus Moult. Kelowna, B.C., 1917, (Treherne). 
Teniothrips pallipennis Uzel. Lillooet, B.C., June; Treesbank, Man., 
May, (Treherne). 
Phiceothripide 
Haplothrips verbasct Osb. Vineland, Ont., (W. A. Ross). 
Haplothrips fauret Hood. Beamsville, Ont., 1918, (W. A. Ross). 


COLLEMBOLA 


* Achorutes nothus MacN. Arnprior, Ont., April, (MacNamara). 


* ~~ Achorutes pannosus MacN. Monteith, Ont., (J. D. Allen). 
The above two species described in Can. Ent., Vol. LIV, No. 7 
1922. 


1923 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


PAGE PAGE 
20) 43 Erythroneura comes Say............. 
RMMEPALIECOLLUS tis. 5.54 sicceckaw. a nes ee 43 LS OMRON ss 5.50.5 
PUMISTESTIAEPIII 6 oto. ss Sw nie eee 3 8's Sik ¢ te UEELSH 5: ae cen 
Mlsaphsla pometaria. .. 6.6.0 k 34 « Se vecceac..'. 2 eee 
WAMENEESIGOMEPLONG «25 3). oe ose ee sone 46 SSnLLUCUIL CLD ween 
Anthonomus signatus.............-. 36 « UULLCLOLG No.2. 
Anthrenus scrophulariae............. 39 Exartema permundanum............. 
BN I ir 32 Exorista nigripalpis Towns.......... 
PAMTHESAEOSSIV PIs Teas 52sec as ae ees 36 Heathersamitey oo etcsts 2 sole esis, +d ee ahene 
STS RE ep ease oe 46 Plea. beetlesad seen eerie a occas es 
SOMME TIVTILIRE Roi F CNS Sc cae gag Winialele 33 Porest tenticaterpillarere: .- se. acer 
O25 [ES DIC Ca ae eee eee 34 Frankliniella californica Moulton..... 
MN ESL Sys cas 2 o Siscs stots 8 33 s occidentalis Pergande.... 
omatentcatenpillar:, : gio... ses oie 46 . initicr etches Gee, vols 
Aspidiotus perniciosus.............. 35 Psuit=treevleat-rollernsen a eeetan vcr. 
Autographa brassicaé........6 262.54. 36 Gooseberry fruit worm.............. 
Blackbermysleat miner... 25... 5. 000% 35 ss SAWHILVis a chevete tio secre sw ai 
Blackechertayyaphnisss 0.4... sae, 34 Grasshoppersiacncn daca cei ae 
IES VESSUSHIEUGOPLETUS 2 iy eel atic sce ta sae 38 Greentappleibugies eam. <2 aese sirens 
LBY uo) SOaUOLEL AY je ies ee ean leo 34 Green peachyaphish-ys etter ere 
Buttaloicarpet beetle. =2 2.0.25 26.0% 39 Groundsbectlethe fk. cae a one 
ESPODLONDTGICNSUS ES @ oo diss wet a's) act 3-5 39 Heel flys. ss Ste ees: . a areeetens 
ESL UE USHUMIEGOLOT ice aroiey's dice ae ie eos ews 35 eliothys/oUSglelaee eee. ae eee Sie 
BEIM AP CMOMEICL sy. 06. eis sc eed ee es 36 Hemerocampa leucostigma........... 35) 
MIAO OLR Ey evade teils ce Ses eee 36, 74 ickony, plamtalou gees 2. a eee 
WOCCGEGIA OSU CCONG. 6.05 oo viens ios s sie 46 ELA TEN LUM OT VOTO 3 Bow 68 6 6 OA eo 
(CNGi Hh CAE i ere ee 39 es BLOSSIGIE. 5.5.10) a Meee 
CHOSIETEDs 6 cele ge Ce 10 ss CUVCMUIGS 3. seer ee 
Cammla pellucida... ..8 0 os se ne 37 ss trichodactyla Rond........ 
SP BURWOETIS! 0. ooo so sev ees 34 Hyperarpunciata...-... .. “ee ae 
COL ABUSMEMOTANS 50.5 se dee 10 Ey poderma Dovrs). « -02)-))1-1r eee 
Carpocapsa pomonella............... 33, 46 Imported cabbage worm............ 
PArerpillanwumters....... 2.2. 0es ens 10 acdiaiaameal’ wOrmliciis me eeneeietetere 
(Giersy truit-tltes,.. 2... ce ee ae 34° Lady-bird beetle, 12-spotted . ...... 
(CISC) DS re 38 Lasius niger Linn. var. americanus... 
Ea GE 20 ea 38 eat bugs. )..\: 2./2 sitemeter eet. sie 
IPHmIeASE-DEATED <5. oe ee es 34 Eeat-hopper, applene mae eee a 
Mlovermleat beetle. 2c... c505 866 ee 70 ‘ STADE ead ork eee 35, 
SeMMMETTINU CM Ve Sree oS cease 0) sae dala ate 39 POtALOMMe ee a ameses 
Coa 2 33 Leptinotarsa decemlineata............ 37, 
aledOse WOIl. . 2... 65.62. ee ba 0) EA POnySSUS DUN SURE ses ns). coven 
Coleophora fletcherella............... 34 LACUS GON CUUUS cae oh clner ecoe 
SMTIIITUOLEI 3. . -.-< 2 oe ease 34 Long-tailedimagcotaa. soca 
Colorado potato beetle.............. Sif IL) SU SSCORNCACERAE Pe ea Sern ee ee ae 
Common carden ant....).........005 18 CSUN COMLIIEIET Slavens) 6.013 sictPiere oss aie-eee) 3 
Conotrachelus nenuphar............. 35, 46 DET AD), FADES, lyoiBis ool Lace Ae 
Corn borer, European......... 10, 13, 18; 37 EN GWUSROMIMUURUS. ~ a> states oe tne teers 3 
SCA WOLEM <<< /icc'sse ave sboraie soiree 37 SME T LLC TESES) a vedi vero Gir sans ne eden 
Saewocm, spotted... 2.622502 .5.% RY RMR ENGOLOLE hc oN meee oie trike one ase 
GAMO MIEMISET Ow s ss nite Se cpeiedone es 8 46 VEL OUOSt SHILILEGOLOT, mrs emeis oh lees yah a = 
WUT OLICOMSULLELOS >. . <o-ts eres ee 36, 46 Macrodactylus subspinosus........... 
Diastrophus cuscutaeformis O.S....... 10 Malacesma americana.............-- 
“ fragariae Beutm......... 10 2 LISSIPIA no eee 
RULUTOTOUS BASS apie ccr. 3): sss 10 Wieorllgimaeulara yan eye ieee kets 
Diphadnus appendiculatus........... 35 Miclombaphisye eso asrac os ursceeaene gare 
EMA PIWYCIUS CINCULDES. 25.0. 2 ce ess 37 Metallus bethunet.... 0.05 ..2.0 60.55 
LE TNUO TOE SER A ee 34 JUG tha la Veta Sy SN a Re RCI AE 
ETD OGSCOMMON oe as se ee hes 34, 37 Mompha stellella Busck............. 
EBS CUCUINENES. © a8 sleicse ebb ho 4 os 37, 46 Monarch buttertlies ..) 3. an ccna 
Eriocampoides limacina............. 35 Monomorium pharaonis.........-.+. 


LED BIZTG Sle ae Se eS Ar eee 35 WMona PRGdnustrubts.s\-10 12 tacit - 


92 THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 36 


PAGE 

IN OSGUTEOES |. ss olai's:ohcisheke ate ies 39 
WMS GET OSE <5 cco Seve OE 34 
Sori DEPSICOE 0s ayo cee nee ee 34 
Oak plant-bug:4s espa eee oe 34 
Okanagana canadensis.............. 38 
Onion maggot... ui eee eee 36 
6 thrips Wee ae eee 36 
Ottorrhynchus ovatus L.............. 61 
Paleacrila vernal eee 34 
Paratetranychus prlosuse. ee een se ee 35 
Paria canclia yn e) ae een eee ee 36 
Pear blister miteijss petites sie s ieee 35 
*) “and cherry: Slugiwer.: hao 04 cha 35 

Oi" psyllal sc. '21) ce baie e ia: Pee eit ake a 35 
Pharach/s Ait seer ags ei eae 39 
(Phorbid brassicae. 2... aie eres 36 
PIertS TAPAS 5 in cis A Re ae 36, 46 
Pistol case-bearer,ja4on Y eee 34 
Blant Bugs Wel en ee aa 34 
Plodia snterpunctella.. ..... os seein 39 
Blum: curculia;y .. <2. 452 eines eee 35) 
So omiites bent aG ei ont eee thee hel 35 
JERR AI RIBI Ie bs AC MOO Oe aoe 35 
LEFONUS TIDES «ax hdaete ee aR es oh teks 46 
Pyrausia NUvUAUS. 5 Pic Sepa ee eee 37 
Raspberry, bytacus. +. sae. Be 35 
< leatcroller.s <<; \ceevsrerten ce. 36 

a Sawfly i 95%... i) suicie. goes 35 
Red DUS ee A caine ain alan Mae Oe 34 
iRhacoleiss cingulate. - 002 accel Ree 34 
es SPOUSES. rN yeaah 34 

<s BOMONEUE 055 varmigeinisinisiererats 33 


Rhubarb curculio..;...<:.5..seeeee 
Rice weevil. :<0.2.s25455 <6. oe 
Roadside grasshopper............... 
Rose, chafer . . |. 4 [adhe shee ee 
San Jose scale’... E20... ae Ree 
Saw-toothed grain beetle............ 
Schizura, concinna. <5 eee 
Seed-corn.maggot : ..). 33a 
Seed-potato maggot......... eS (oi 
Short-tailed maggot. >... presen 
Silvanus SUYMAMENSIS..... 0... ceeees 
Straussia longipennis Wied.......... 
Strawberry leaf beetle.............. 

< petiole gall. «cece 

cs root weevil, ..; 2).a.esueee 

Wo weevil. . ......:5 Jie 
Striped cucumber beetle........ elated 
Sunflower maggot. . .: .. sgn Beet 
Syrphidae... .. ..4).....'in. see 
SYPPhUs AMertCanus. ...:. 2. eee 

“ as 


“ ts 


‘Tachinid: fly... i... as joe 
Tarnished plant bug). 72 aeeseeee 
‘Tent caterpillars). 13 eee 
Thrips tabact... .-... «cee 
Timetocera oceiland: . .1.. eee 
Tortrix (Cacoecia) argysrospila ...... 
Volucella fasciata Macq............- 
White-marked tussock-moth......... 
Zophodia grossulariae..........-...- 





a 


Ontario Department of Agriculture 


- 
. Fifty-Fourth Annual Report 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


ONTARIO | 
E923 


PRINTED BY ORDER OF. 
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO 





_ TORONTO 
Printed by CLARKSON W. JAMES, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 
1924 





Ontario Department of Agriculture 


Fifty-Fourth Annual Report 


OF THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OF 


ONTARIO 
1925 


PRINTED BY ORDER OF 
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO 





TORONTO 
Printed by CLARKSON W. JAMES, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 
19 24 





CONTENTS 


PAGE 
IRENE SSeS rg Tee a fire ads ob nla Sicha.e Hea dei ag ed oe eye 4 
INRINORR NBS TUTTE RUROINI ES ta a IE Se a re eS pn Soe nce acca = mate ol ne eee ae 4 
Peep yuner MERTING =f STOR 00). . Sia. Ado) Re oe 8 nee oe ee 5 
prea Me EE OPTIC Ie 2°) ois eects oes Sle ote ies Sb LE ae Pinte ra nee ete eee 5 
omset om the aviaritiine Branch, fo ..5- 0 Sat. elec oe ess eee oboe ele Aol ahaa eRe veM 6 
memento ture, Montreal Branch hs Veo ee TO eat be eeme dee 7 
iongrtot the herosio Branch. +. 00). SR. s ak Shh... Ee es See 7 
memset tue British Columbia Branch; 3). 2X 96s. syoyeys ess a - o] selec, ee Se EE 8 
Reports on Insects of the year, Division No. 3: A. COSENS.............+++-++-+-- 9 
Divisions No20s Ea BE UDSONG: a... -ererns sere 10 
The Early Days of the Entomological Society of Ontario: Rev. C. J. S. BETHUNE... 11 
The Rose Curculio in Manitoba—with Notes on Other Insects Affecting Roses: 

Ele AtaxXe ROBERTSON Yip yee coats eel otis DRS Dae ees aan ee 12 
Two Problems in Natural Control: NORMAN CRIDDLE.........2........5-85----5 16 
The Present Status and Distribution of the Apple and Thorn Skeletonizer (Hemero- 

phila partana Clerck, Lepid.): M: D.-LEONARD. 0.0: -:000! . seine ew cone mer ve eee 18 
Taxonomic and Synonymic Tendencies with Especial Reference to Diptera: C. H. 

RUISAIN Seacrest 2 caus hone rete < Whuthal braiardat oud cy Shstaplnge an «aout tue, carers tls! Sea 20 
Miscellaneous Notes on Grape Leaf Hopper Control: WiLLiAM A. Ross............ 24 
The New Regulations under the Destructive Insect and Pest Act: LEONARD S. 

PS UNG EES Pits ont) cis Aree oY nr Pe Deis kins SG ad Salas ARE ate alae Ne 27 
The Value of Natural Enemies of Injurious Insects: A. F. BURGESS..........-.... 30 
Seatac Viasat iwi Albertasit i. GRAV SY. )s 4 Poke. Suiabils Cae us Vale eee meee 36 
The Onion Maggot in the Ottawa District: G. H. HAMMOND.................-05- 39 
Onion Maggot Studies in the District of Montreal, Quebec, 1923: T. ARMSTRONG.... 42 
Notes on the Life History of the Clover Leaf Weevil (Hypera punctata): H. F. 

FAMBSOM ANG 1h. ee WV OOD 5 62 od esi po op HIS ces EP Hy ERR OMEEE ID aoe cela toners 45 
Siguesand Gisy-Moth- Spread: E. PS PRLT. ov... 27 5 sks ate «rnin bears mele po Ok ey ole 47 
Will the Gipsy-Moth Cross the International Boundary?: H. L. McINTYRE........ 51 
Rhagoletis Pomonella and Two Allied Species (Trypaneidae, Diptera): C. HowaRD 

CURRAR SE oe Se eee ee Ea ee ee thin ol eMC at eotC Ocoee boot 56 
iasectsiof the: Season | WevAGRossiandtl:. (CABSAR Sot fone ers cree ee etree 57 
A Study of the Pupal Case of Prionoxystus Macmurtrei: C. B. HUTCHINGS......... 63 
Notes on Lice with Special Reference to the Chicken Louse (Lipeurus heterographus): 

ae Ree WICK WARES o.c css «viata a phaeretge Rea Be Ate Vee aN ee hee ioarns 67 
Insects of the Season in Quebec in 1923: GEORGES MAHEUX..............-+-+-- (fil 
The Spread and Degree of Infestation of the European Corn Borer in Ontario in 1923: 

Raia IEE NAN cor. isis feo ase ag eee MES OeT Ns ogs cass tons wna es nipe eee 74 
The Status of the Control Practice for the European Corn Borer in Ontario (A 

PGOT ESA IRE PONT) <7 Wa nO RAWHORD re tcle misters ene, cco > Sota o lone Sa oe haste space oe meemere 78 
Studies in the Life-History, Bionomics, and Control of the Cabbage Worm in Ontario: 

tebe. CERN Ree ata Steen nna MR al ms, yin vn ee «ohn age oy hain eRe 82 


The Entomological Record, 1923: Messrs. CRIDDLE, CURRAN, VIERECK and BUCKELL 87 


DISUSE: -gi5 Re ee ee Se Se ae a eae a ee RN PI eCt IC one ae 103 


Entomological Society of Ontario 


OFFICERS FOR 1923-1924 


President—Dr. J. M. SwAIneE, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 
Vice-President—R. C. TREHERNE, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 
Secretary-Treasurer—Pror. A. W. BAKER, B.S.A., O. A. College, Guelph. 
Curator and Librarian—J. A. FLock, O. A. College, Guelph. 


Directors—Division No. 1, C. B. Hutcuines, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, 
Ottawa; Division No. 2, C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Dr. A. CosEns, Toronto; 
Division No. 4, F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Division No. 5, Dr. J. D. DETWILER, Western 
University, London; Division No. 6, J. F. Hupson, Strathroy; Division No. 7, W. A. Ross, 
Vineland Station. 


Directors (ex-Presidents of the Society)—ReEv. Pror, C. J. S. BETHUNE, Toronto; PROF. 
JouN DearneEss, London; Pror. Wm. LocHHEAD, Macdonald College, Que.; JoHN D. Evans, 
Trenton; Pror. E. M. WALKER, University of Torcnto: ALBERT F. WINN, ‘Westmount, Que.; 
Bor LAWson CAESAR, O. A. College, Guelph; ARTHUR GIBSON, Dominion Entomologist, 

ttawa. 


Editor of ‘“‘The Canadian Entomologist’'—Dr. J. McDuNNouGH, Entomological Branch, 
Ottawa. 


Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada—THE PRESIDENT. 


FINANCIAL STATEMENT 


For THE YEAR ENDING OCTOBER 31st. 1923. 


Receipts 7 Expenditures 
Cash on hand, 1922............. $384 39 Printing... to icles eee $1,750 00 
SNPScpclons.;.. 554s Ae oe eee 612 22 Salaries 25 here's deca cee 200 00 
Members: (Dies: ih: t1 0 tae eee 174 95 Expense? 20 07.0.3. co eee 84 43 
Advertisements. a0. 52. dp Sade 308 67 AnnualsMeectingey. -pbacce See 8 40 
Backs Numbers. -.5 <hs eaet ee 54 09 Library. v2 <td ee 5 00 
RConitigouitOnie 3. Shoe. ee 2 00 Exchangve® 2) o. Suce Sees eee 7 89 
Banks interestiecgs shi56 ce ashen) & 4 32 Balance Cash on Hand = ~...: 2. 484 92 
Government Grant. 22.0252... -.. 1,000 00 
$2,540 64 $2,540 64 
By Cash onsetand |. ovo i ski $484 92 
To Printing Account, payable... . 115 00 
NetsBalancekc nome jac cm soni $369 92 


Respectfully submitted, 


Audit L. CAESAR. 
Auditors J. A. Flock. A. W. BAKER, 


Secretary-Treasurer. 


[4] 


Entomological Society of Ontario 


DIAMOND JUBILEE MEETING 


The Diamond Jubilee Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario 
was held in Ottawa on Thursday, Friday and Saturday, November 1st, 2nd, 
and 3rd, 1923. 

The morning and afternoon meetings were held in the exhibition room of 
the Dominion Entomological Branch. The Thursday evening meeting was 
held in the assembly hall of the Normal School, when Dr. A. F. Burgess delivered 
the public address on ‘“‘The Value of Natural Enemies of Injurious Insects.” 
On Friday evening the members and visitors met at dinner in the University 
Club. After dinner the gathering was addressed by Mr. J. A. Ruddick, of the 
Dominion Department of Agriculture, and Mr. Morris delivered the presidential 
address: ‘‘Nature’s Clairvoyant; a Study of W. H. Hudson.” A short paper 
from Dr. Bethune, entitled ‘‘The Early Days of the Entomological Society of 
Ontario,’’ was read by Mr. Gibson. An interesting feature of the meeting was 
the visit to the Parliament Buildings and Central Experimental Farm on 
Saturday morning. During the meeting motion picture films entitled ‘““Where 
the Moose Runs Loose,”’ ‘“A New Yorker’s Canadian Week-end,”’ and ‘‘The 
European Corn Borer,’’ were shown through the kindness of the National Parks 
Branch, Department of Interior, the Motion Picture Branch, Department of 
Trade and Commerce, and the Provincial Motion Picture Bureau. 

The meetings were very well attended by members of the society and 
visitors and were highly successful. Much credit must be given to the local 
committee in charge for the splendid arrangements made for the convenience 
and entertainment of visiting members. 

The officers for the year 1923-24 were elected as follows: President, Dr. 
J. M. Swaine; Vice-President, Mr. R. C. Treherne; Director of District No. 1, 
Mr. C. B. Hutchings. The remaining officers were re-elected. 


A. W. BAKER, Secretary. 


KEPORT OF -THE COUNCIL 


The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its 
report for the year 1922-1923. 

The Fifty-ninth Annual Meeting of the Society was held at the Ontario 
Agricultural College, Guelph, on Friday and Saturday, November 24th and 25th. 

The meeting was well attended by members of the society from various 
provinces of the Dominion and by members of the staff of the Ontario Agri- 
cultural College and other visitors. The members of the Council were gratified 
to see a number of the older members of the society present in the persons of 
Messrs. Evans, Dunlop, Southey and Brimley. 

On Friday evening a dinner was held in the College cafeteria, after which 
the members and visitors adjourned to the common room of Mills Hall for a 
smoker. During the evening the President, Mr. Morris, read a very interesting 
paper on a collecting trip to Rondeau Park and Point Pelee. 


[S] 


6 THE: REPORT OF WEE No. 33 


During the rest of the time of meeting the following papers were presented: 


The Spread of the Cornf Borermy1922 ie ¢ te set ch Fi Eee L. S. McLAINeE. 
Further Notes on the Life History of the European Corn Borer......... G. J. SPENCER. 
Revised Control Measures for European Corn Borer.................-. H. G. CRAWFORD. 
The Economic Importance of Insects as Food for our Common Whitefish.Dr. W. A. CLEMENS. 
The Haunts and Habits of'Sematechlora. +.~-8) 234 4 &. AS Ee Dr. E. M. WALKER. 
Mechanical Devices used in the Control of the Strawberry Root Weevil..W. Downes. 
Prevancher—iis Tife’and Works y0 2 rn ee. te ca ee GEORGE MAHEUX. 
Observations on the Oviposition of Senotatnia trilineata V. der Wulp 

(Fachinidae)> 46 6 Ca dteetess Wht ees Se ee ce EE ae ae C. H. CurRAN. 
Insects of the Season-in Quebet\é..4. ance sce doi: vectearaed a. Dee GEORGE MAHEUX. 
The Relationship of Biological and Taxonomic Studies of Syrphidae 

Diptera’) ect. Ae cprce cts ke Se ey SEO: LAS Sth AR ee Ee ROE rae C. H. CurRRAN. 

Eriseers OF Che Season Ml ONtaTiG. soa fo rte eee eee Pror. L. CAESAR, W. A. Ross. 
Wotes:onsfrankiintellattritice atch te eee oa eee eae eee R. C. TREHERNE. 
Biological Notes on two Buprestid Beetles (Agrilus ruficollis and A. 

holiiuds bo: ke Acakh eh basenbhs oer Bee isos C. B. HuTcHINGs. 
The Outbreak of Grape-Leaf Hoppers...................... W. A. Ross and W. ROBINSON. 
Lhe-KeathersMite—A: New, Ponltry Pest-4.. ..yfyoe sg adh ocr foe a ee Pror. L. CAESAR. 
Some Observations on the Oviposition of Hypera punctata ............. H. F. Hupson. 
Recent Developments in the Dominion Entomological Service.......... ARTHUR GIBSON. 
ebhe:SuniowereMagcOt-s 2 sak cc chit. cies c ceee heen ea ee J. E. Brink. 
Recent workton-the RosecChafer ti. 02. se ee ee ee pee nae W. A. Ross and J. A. HALL. 
The Occurrence of the Potato Seed Maggot, Hylemyia trichodactyla, in 

Gutatig.. beaks. fe bees.) ete. E : Mas. Tao G. H. HAMMOND. 


An interesting feature was the presentation by the Ontario Provincial 
Motion Picture Bureau of a motion picture film on the European corn-borer. 


The Canadian Entomologist, the official organ of the society, completed its 
fifty-fourth volume in December last. The volume contained 294 pages, illus- 
trated by eleven full-page plates and nineteen original figures. The contributors 
to these pages numbered fifty-three and included writers in British Columbia, 
Alberta, Ontario, New Brunswick, seventeen of the United States and the 
Hawaiian Islands. Twelve papers were published during the year on popular 
and practical entomology. 


REPORT OF THE MARITIME BRANCH 


The ninth annual meeting of the Acadian Entomological Society was held 
in Amherst, N.S., on December 12th, 1923. The regular business session was 
held and the following officers were elected for 1924: 


(Honoraryieresident sce eed. SR Be a eet Dr. A. H. MacKay, Halifax. 
Prestdent Peete: 338 iss sacl s «3 ay Saar - ee bee Dr. J. D. Toruitt, Fredericton, 
WLCC IE TESTUCT A Petes 8 oo oh) hoe id ee a a Ee Mr. J. P. SpittTaLi, Annapolis Royal, 
ESECTELOT NA CUSUTCTE sansa on St = fa» 305 Sees hectare eee oe Mr. W. E. WHITEHEAD, Truro. 


The remainder of the day was devoted to an informal discussion of entomo- 
logical problems. 

During the past year ‘‘Proceedings’”” No. 8 had been published, which con- 
tains 182 pages and 25 plates, the increase in size of this number being made 
possible by a surplus of funds which the society had on hand. Our membership 
is about the same as that of last year. 


W. E. WHITEHEAD, Secretary-Treasurer. 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 7 


REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH 


The fiftieth annual meeting was held on May 12th, 1923, in the Lyman 
Entomological Room, Redpath Museum, McGill University. 

Eight meetings were held during the season, with an average attendance 
of eight members. 

A very successful field day was held at St. Hilaire on May 24th. 


The following papers were read during the year: 


SRST ES Bynioy 000) (0-4 | a A. F. WINN. 
SRM I RE ORAS ca creer inc Ooo ie sein eid ae'a's Wolatale clone G, Hy Farr: 
ieee on the Amateur Intomologist.) 0. . 2) 60 0S. ee Geo. A. Moore. 
Notes on Arge pecioralis—the Birch Sawfly... ............. 0000 e cece ees J. W. BUCKLE. 
EES Sg Sarees en om Se ree fn ae ee Geo. A. Moore. 
Notes on some flies commonly seen in our dwellings.................... Bro. OUELLET. 
EN CCHS BS ALOCOLA . i 5,. 5 oe. 5. cos ais Go's tsa os a wjawiateua 6 Setwmiee G. CHAGNON. 
Gelastocoridae—Toad-Shaped Bugs... ..:........0. 00 cee cece nee eeee Geo. A. Moore. 
ee rantiriae trOm Chinas: .: 6. ccs 2 42 SALE: Apdaereytnl> Fey AL: G. CHAGNON. 
REM ac i Lee ro ny Glee SS eee tos ape te «aden Saangade e Geo. A. Moore. 
Notes on the Dipterous family Bombyliidae........................... Bro. OUELLET. 
On the larval and pupal stages of Chtronomus ...........00..0 cece eens T. W. BARNES. 
RE ea ity os a ES ed i Bh ee Ye Geo. A. Moore. 


The treasurer reported a balance on hand of $176.28. 


The following were elected officers: 


Ie ees tae Aad oye at: Heyhaisaty ac ap da -adtctnera loeb «va Ress Geo. A. Moore 

5 be [EDIE ITI oes nite SRE er ae SEO ee MEDEA RET cr 4 Seb wen eee G.H.-HALL 
MITRE MIT CR Toe 08 Pet NAS, RT cole hake oie wi oes Secale Gye ee J. W. BUCKLE. 

ODO STE <0) 8 BE el ee G. CHAGNON, A. C. SHEPHERD, and J. WARREN. 


J. W. BUCKLE, Secretary. 


REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH 


The twenty-seventh annual meeting of the Toronto Branch was held in the 
Biological Building, University of Toronto, on October the 24th, 1923. The 
President, Mr. S. Logier, occupied the chair. 

The report of the Council showed that during the past year eight regular 
meetings were held at which there was an average attendance of eleven persons. 
The following papers and addresses were given at the meetings. 


Odonata and Orthoptera collected at Rondeau Park and Point Pelee....Pror. E. M. WALKER. 


mea MPA ee NSIC ON) fess: ape-8 has) aii Pom ik ey geet Shbs eeek- waar: Mr. N. K. BIGELOow. 
The Strawberry Petiole Gall, Diastrophus fragariae...............0.45. Dr. A. COSENs. 
ide Le) arra lh By aha Sigg yi ac Sane ce are Mr. N. K. BIGELOW. 
EOP, LW) oS Paes Ae pelts choke ae ae I etal ce Pror. A. W. BAKER. 
Pema tadella bits-ot somatochlora: ... shi fee lsc sees Stands Sisk oe Pror. E. M. WALKER. 
nae AEM IN IDISOMS EH ISIES sit. tear. iatenee isto youl Oh ccsioies wees Bad Teese Pror. W. A. CLEMENS. 
Beemesprequenting the Household... 7.0.2. b os gee tee ee ee bs Mr. N. K. BIGELow. 
JASE NVGE. 2 Ag Ai cee epee, so RD Se) a Mr. W. A. Ross. 
ame E AAR ie, wee en ccs aU sets e 5) WE as, cee Plat toe Pror. E. M. WALKER, Dr. N. H. C. Forp 


Four new members were elected, namely, Sister Lilian, Sister Ruth, Mr. 
G. N. Bird and Mr. H. H. MacKay. One member was dropped from the roll. 

The treasurer’s report showed a balance of $25.72. 

The report of the librarian noted that forty-six publications had been added 
to the library during the year. These had been catalogued and filed. 


8 THE REPORT OF THE Noi 33 


The following officers were elected for 1923-24: 


LEASED a IIE oe cn STATE RMS FR oe El A ee ee ee ike Mr. SHELLEY LOGIER. 
Wacese resident 2. et ne ok ae Fe er ga eee Pror. E. M. WALKER. 
PSCCLELUPI=L TEOSULED Pe Oe 0 ins Se rs TE tags oe Pa Mr. H. H. MacKay. 
EVOL UTVAI. TOO ee se Oe NAO SAE SIS Dr. N. H. C. Forp. 
Council. = Pe Pror. W. A. CLEMENS, Dr. A. CosEns, Mr. N. K. BiGELow, Mr. A. H. Lem. 


A. H. Letm, Secretary-Treasurer. 


REPORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH 


The twenty-second annual meeting was held in the Court House, Vancouver, 
on Saturday the 17th of February, 1923. 

The President, Mr. L. E. Marmont, was in the chair, and from twelve to 
fifteen members were present throughout the meeting. 

At the business session in the morning, three new members were proposed 
and accepted, Mr. K. F. Auden, Mr. A. O. Hope, and Mr. O. Whittaker. 

A redraft of the by-laws was passed upon for incorporation purposes. 

It was decided not to provide another cup this year for school competition. 

Upon the motion of Mr. Venables, it was decided to hold a summer meeting 
at Vernon during the visit of the Dominion Entomologist. 


The following papers were read: 


Presidental \Address< ..c./ke eee eh: ok se i, SU ee ee ee L. E. MARMONT. 
Collecting in the Sagebrush of the Southern Okanagan Valley............ E. R. BUCKELL. 
Key jfothe Vespint 1. :s. ic SR RAR a tak Sekt abe eat eee C. D. GARRETT. 
Gontrol of Oyster-shell/Scale with.Oil Sprays*-% Dae ee ae ee ee M. H. RUHMANN. 
Pheseeach shwic Borerin gs. C.F. cst itn che ices ete ee eee R. C. TREHERNE. 
Economic Entomology in the Dry Belt............. ae POSS Mie ep ee E. P. VENABLES. 
Noteés:on. Econoniic Insects’in, 1922 4 C3 AT. SEPT. ft}. DSO AS W. Downes. 
New hecerds ol-B.CHenipteras | sss 2.4) Gein. ee eyoee ee a eee W. Downes. 
Effect;of Fumigation on, Certain -Ansects 44+. 22y..9 a 4orn-leucen- dae W. H. Lyne. 

(ese n-GurtantsAphis.1.. «nd 4al): Aes< ask octea be oy arta A oe R. GLENDENNING. 
PGrest entomology. 2. ts. 0 S8 oboe cee Catan ee ele aca eee R. Hoppine. 
Mosqiito Control at Batis. sc Os Cees BA eC She Oe Oy ek ee E. HEARLE. 
iselation,o: botany 1o°EntomOlogy =. 4... a. 2. eet wee ae Serpe ae pont ee W. B. ANDERSON. 


Slides, showing the beauties of the Mymaride were shown under the micro- 
scope by Mr. Whittaker. 


The election of officers for 1923 resulted as follows: 


eiommmaryorrestdent «26! Sh a a oe E. KERMODE. 
IMgeo G2 © hh a re ee Rea. gn hes EY L. E. MARMONT. 
Vage-Lressient jar Coast), 2... o.oo. ad os ce sn ssn ee ee eee R. S. SHERMAN. 
Vaces xessiemt MortInterior.). . <6 ao. sam a w= pa Ws os a OEE M. H. RUHMANN. 
FT OnOrary SeCnehary-d PEaSUrer . 2 os be aE SRG hn R. GLENDENNING, Agassiz, B.C. 
EV OMOT ONS ATH UTLO TE Rte ors ene cn ho RR ee eee W. S. Moore, J.P. 
Advisory Board—The Sincere and J. Davipson, W. Downes, E. HEARLE, W. H. Lyng, E. P. 
ENABLES. 


It was decided, according to precedent, to hold the 1924 meeting in Victoria, 
B.C. 


*Read by proxy. 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 9 


During 1923 one number of ‘‘Proceedings’’ (Nos. 17 and 19 combined) was 
published, containing the following papers: 


Report of the Secretary-Treasurer. 
Presidental Address. 


AEE AALS AL WCCO EY 0 Nolan cigyenera ave chdh ieeeavind as fe Darn Sole beste on AN R. C. TREHERNE. 
The Relation of the Predatory Mite, Hemisarcoptes malus, to the Oyster- 

2 Sap EO Ne Se Pet Sete oe 6 oe ne Cd ne oe E. P. VENABLES. 
Insects of Economical Importance in the Lower Fraser Valley in 1921....... R. GLENDENNING. 
ie eciation of Botany. to Entomology... 3. 2.0.60. jon. eee eee cee ke eee W. B. ANDERSON. 
Effect of Fumigation on Certain Insects................ agian sit J hey he We Hes yine: 
Seem borer =|. 201). IOI. Bi POOL Oe IO! OTe S120 8: R. C. TREHERNE. 
Eo AE a er ee On ee R. Hoppine. 
Puneet Es Gari. 108. oc), co ud he ole fot Gok, od Ode ale od E. HEARLE. 

The Status of Spreaders in Poison Spray Solution....................... AG cy Coven 


The summer meeting in the Okanagan was not held, coast members finding 
it impossible to attend. 
R. GLENDENNING, Hon. Secretary-Treasurer. 


REPORTS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR 


Division No. 3, Toronto District.—A. CosENs 


Only a few insects were noted as particularly plentiful this year. Two leaf 
rollers were among these. The species, Anacampsis populella Clemens, that 
feeds upon the foliage of the large-toothed aspen, Populus grandidentata Michx, 
had infested the trees in High Park to such an extent that some branches had 
almost every leaf rolled. The larve of this form appeared to be almost mature 
on June 22nd. The other leaf-roller, Cacoecia hewittana Busck, was feeding 
upon second-growth soft elm, Ulmus Americana L. The moths emerged the 
last week of June. The latter species was kindly identified for me by August 
Busck, Smithsonian Institution, Washington. He states that the pest is common 
to both Europe and America. On the same specimens of Ulmus, on which were 
the leaf-rollers, galls were fairly common. These were on the foliage and con- 
sisted of a thickening of the leaf blade along the lines of the veins. The infected 
leaves were also folded with the upper surfaces within. The gall-producer in 
this instance is a gall gnat, Phytophaga ulmi Beutm. 

On June 30th, the rose chafer, Macrodactylus sub-spinosus, was noted in large 
numbers feeding upon wild roses and other plants in High Park. About the 
same date, rose growers in the vicinity of the park stated that the beetles were 
plentiful upon their cultivated roses. These beetles are easily recognized. The 
body is slender and thickly clothed with fine, yellow hairs, which give it a yellow 
colour. The legs are long, slender and pale red. This pest is difficult to combat. 
A poison spray is not very effective and about the only other plan suggested is 
to jar the beetles off the bushes into a dish of kerosene, a method that would be 
applicable only on a small scale. These beetles do considerable injury to plants 
as not only do the adults feed upon the foliage but the larve also feed upon the 
roots. 

Along the beach at Kincardine, during the month of August, that curious 
Hymenopterous insect, Pelecinus polyturator, was quite numerous. 

This insect, which is glossy black in colour, has short wings with only a few 
veins. The female can be readily recognized by its long, slender abdomen, nearly 
five times the length of the head and thorax together. This elongated abdomen 


10 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 


is doubtless of use to the insect in boring into the ground to reach the larve of the 
May beetles, upon which the parasite is said to deposit its eggs. The abdomen 
of the male is club-shaped, and not more than twice the length of the head and 
thorax. The males are seen only rarely, and are supposed to fly high in the air. 
The females, on the contrary, fly near the ground and often alight, apparently 
to rest. 

As usual the green aphis was troublesome on the rose bushes. In this 
connection I wish to place on record that from two independent sources I was 
informed that English sparrows were seen feeding upon the pests and destroying 
large numbers of them. This is at least one good deed that stands to the credit 
of these successful little colonizers. 


Division No. 6.—H. F. Hupson 


The season of 1923 on the whole has been a light insect year. So far as 
known to the writer, the insect loss to the staple crops has been generally light. 
There are, however, one or two entomological features worth noting. 


Field Crop Insects 


WIREWORMS.—In Elgin county, as well as in Perth county, considerable 
injury was done by various species of wireworms. Around the outskirts of 
Stratford, covering an area approximately five square miles, wireworm injury 
was very marked. Replanting was necessary in many fields. Several corn- 
fields in Elgin county had to be replanted owing to the ravages of these pests. 

CutTworms.—On the lighter soils extensive injury to oat and cornfields has 
been noted. In Middlesex county, approximately one hundred acres of corn 
land had to be replanted. The identity of the cutworm is not known. 

THE HEssIAN Fiy.—Reports of injury to the wheat crop was received from 
Huron, Waterloo, and Middlesex counties, but injury generally was light. 

THE EUROPEAN CORN BoRER.—There appears to be a slight general increase 
of this pest but on the whole the general injury was not as marked as in previous 
years. It seems to be gaining headway around London, in Middlesex county, 
especially in early sweet corn, while a similar condition prevails around Aylmer, 
in Elgin county. 

THE CoLorApdoO PoTATO BEETLE.—The spring brood of this insect was 
heavy, and very injurious, but the second brood was light. 


Truck Garden Insects 


The most important truck insect of the year was the cucumber beetle. 
Cucumbers stood the attack better than melons which were in some cases totally 
destroyed. Some efficient control measure is needed. Dusting with hydrated 
lime helps in control, but too frequent dusting appears to injure the foliage. 

THE CABBAGE Maccort.—Injury was less marked this year than for several 
years, although near Port Stanley there was a fifty per cent. loss in a commercial 
plantation. 


Shade Tree Insects 


THE WHITE-MARKED Tussock Motu.—This was quite abundant around 
London, Ontario. In the fall as many as twenty egg masses were noted on a 
single tree-trunk. 

THE WaALNut Datana.—These caterpillars were more abundant than I 
have noted for several years. Wherever walnut trees were present they were 
in many cases defoliated. 


. 
~~ 


1924 ENTOM OLOGI CAL’ SOCIETY 11 


Special Features 


Tue SEED Corn Maccor.—Specimens of potato sets were received from 
Perth county, heavily infested with maggots. A trip was made to the affected 
field to secure additional material. Infestation appeared to be limited to a 
single five-acre field. The maggots were reared to the adult flies and were 
kindly determined by Mr. Curran of the Dominion Entomological Branch as 
Hylemyia cilicura. , 


Sop WEBwormMs.—A note was received from Mr. W. H. Sands of the Pro- 
vincial Experimental Farm at Ridgetown, that several fields of corn had been 
destroyed by one of the webworms, apparently a species of crambid. No 
material was received and the exact identity of the insect is not known. 


Onton TuriIps.—Reports from the onion marsh at Leamington, Ontario, 
indicate that this pest was unusually abundant and injurious this year. 


THE EARLY DAYS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO 


Rev. C. J. S. BETHUNE, TORONTO 

It is gratifying to me, as one of the founders of the Entomological Society 
of Ontario, that it should be celebrating its ‘“‘Diamond Jubilee,” and that it 
should have continued to grow and flourish during so long a period of time. 

Sixty-one years ago, two young men—the late Dr. William Saunders and 
I—who were enthusiastically devoted to the collection and study of insects, and 
spent all their spare time in the pursuit, after a good deal of correspondence 
decided that it would be a good thing to organize a society and gather together 
the few, widely-scattered people who shared with them a deep interest in 
entomology. 

Our first proceeding was to procure the names and addresses of all those who 
shared with us an interest in the subject. After a good deal of correspondence 
we were able to make a list of thirty-six persons, four of them ladies, who col- 
lected insects. This was published in the seventh volume of The Canadian 
Naturalist and Geologist of Montreal, in June, 1862. In the autumn of that year 
a meeting was held at the residence of Prof. Croft, of the University of Toronto. 
After some discussion it was decided that as there were only ten persons present, 
it would be better to postpone any action until a larger number could take part 
in the proceedings. Later on we called another meeting, which was held in the 
rooms of the Canadian Institute of Toronto, on the 16th of April, 1863. There 
were only twelve present, but we had letters approving of the project, and so 
we decided to go on. A constitution was adopted, and the society was named 
“The Entomological Society of Canada.’ Prof. Croft was elected president; 
Dr. Saunders, secretary-treasurer; and Mr. J. Hubbert, curator. 

At this time Canada consisted of Upper and Lower Canada, now the pro- 
vinces of Ontario and Quebec, and we had members resident in both. In 1864, 
Dr. Saunders was elected president, and I became secretary-treasurer, an office 
that I held for seven years. In 1868, when I was living at Erindale on the river 
Credit, after much consultation, I began the publication of The Canadian 
Entomologist, an eight-page periodical, which has grown and flourished, and for 
a long time has been recognized as one of the leading publications on entomology 


- in America. 


12 THE. REPORT OF THE No. 33 


The next event of importance took place in 1870, when we were asked to 
prepare a report on injurious insects. This was undertaken by Dr. Saunders, 
Mr. E. Baynes-Reed (one of our original members), and myself. Three articles 
were prepared: Insects Affecting the Grape, the Plum, and the Apple-tree. 
The report was published by the Department of Agriculture early in the following 
year, and was widely distributed. So useful was it considered that it was 
reprinted twenty-five years later. This was the beginning of the issue of the 
Annual Reports of the Society which have regularly appeared for more than 
fifty years. 

One good result of the first report was a grant of $400 to the society from 
the Department. Soon afterwards, as the result of a report on the Colorado 
potato-beetle, by Dr. Saunders and Mr. Reed, the grant was increased to $1,000, 
and has been continued ever since. A further result was the incorporation of 
the society by the Legislature of Ontario, and the change of its name to its 
present designation, though it was by no means restricted in its operations to 
this province. 

For nine years the society was kindly permitted to use the rooms of the 
Canadian Institute in Toronto for its meetings, and the housing of its library 
and collections. The headquarters were then removed to London where a 
flourishing branch had been established. In 1906 the removal was made to the 
Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph. 

To many this brief record is an old story, but I trust that it may be of 
interest to our younger members to learn of our days of small things, and to 
realize how our operations have extended over the whole Dominion, with active 
branches in Montreal and Toronto, the Maritime Provinces, and British 
Columbia. 

Ten years ago a delightful celebration of the jubilee of the society was held 
at Guelph. It is sad to recall the losses that we have sustained by death since 
then. Dr. Saunders, who, however, was not able to be present at the meeting, 
died a few months afterwards. We have to deplore also the deaths of Dr. Fyles, 
Dr. Hewitt, Mr. and Mrs. Henry Lyman, and Mr. Sladen; and amongst our 
visitors, Prof. Webster and Mr. Meade-Waldo, of the British Museum. 

{ regret very much that, owing to the infirmities of old age, I am unable to 
be present at the Diamond Jubilee of the society. May it continue to grow and 
flourish, and to extend, as the years go by, the knowledge and application of 
systematic and economic entomology. 


THE ROSE CURCULIO IN MANITOBA—WITH NOTES ON- OTHER 
INSECTS AFFECTING ROSES 


H. ALEX. ROBERTSON, ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, TREESBANK, MAN. 


The destructiveness of the Rose Curculio, Rhynchites bicolor Fab., has been 
brought forcibly to our attention on many occasions in Manitoba, particularly 
during the past few summers. The characteristic puncturing of the young 
rosebuds and the failure of the petals to open are now familiar to most people 
who take an intelligent interest in rose-growing. The injury caused has given 
rise to frequent inquiries, and it is as a result of these that a brief preliminary 
study of the insect has been undertaken. 

This beetle, which is widespread in North America, has sometimes been 
confused with the Rose Chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus Fab.) because of the 


1924. ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 13 





general nature of its work. While there is little justification for this, it might 
perhaps be explained by the fact that the adult Curculio is not readily seen unless 
one is careful when approaching rosebushes. If the bushes are shaken at all, 
the beetle, which is easily alarmed, will let go and fall to the ground. The adult is 
conspicuously marked, as its name would suggest, and may be observed, if some 
caution be taken, resting upon the foliage or at work devouring the buds. Once 
seen, there is, of course, no likelihood of associating the prominently beaked 
Curculionid with the above-named Scarabaeid, which, moreover, is not found 
on the Canadian prairies. 

It is usually the depredations and seldom the insects themselves which first 
attract the attention of rose-growers, and for the most part the destruction of 
rose blossoms goes forward unchecked, so elusive and yet persistent are the 





Dipterous larva in rose hip. 








Fully developed larva, Rhyncites bicolor. Rose hip, showing emergence hole of larva of 
R. bicolor. 


attacks of the little invaders. Experiments, however, have shown us that a 
very appreciable control may be realized by combating either the early larval 
or adult forms. 


Lire Cycie. The life cycle of R. bicolor as it occurs in Manitoba may be 
summarized by the following dates: 


emir sence iss lt atom Sie Sey reo 2k. ko June 1 
Bigoslanine® SAMS Oh eee ACen June 14 
Eee IPS OLLI ES SEM BAO MaMa yes ig July 8 
Wissereon Chin ps7. Se yMOR Et BHR Nise bs Je Sept. 4 


are teas Wien CH AE, BIRO, 275) Zahte Li1dp: May 16 


14 THE: REPORT OF ‘THE No. 33 





The above dates are the earliest recorded for each stage, the averages being. 
from one to two weeks later. The period of emergence for the adult may be 
especially prolonged in some cases; certain apparently healthy larve, after 
hibernating, having failed to pupate as late as the next September. It would 
seem, therefore, that, as an additional means of preservation of the species, some 
individual members may hibernate for a second time. 


PLants ATTACKED. All of our native roses as well as various cultivated 
ones, such as Rosa rugosa, are attacked by the Curculio. While none appear to 
be immune there is yet a marked difference in the degree to which plants are 
infested, the location as well as varietal susceptibility causing variations. 

Thus in early September larve have been found in as many as 63.3 per cent. 
of the hips of R. pratincola on an open southern slope, while along a roadside in 
Bottineau county, N.D., R. pratincola was found infested to as high as 74 per 
cent. In the case of plants partially protected by trees the percentages were 
distinctly lower, probably because of the preference of the insect for bright 
sunshine. At the edge of a wood R. acicularis and R. blanda have been found 
infested to the extent of 29.6 per cent., while for plants entirely shaded within 
the wood, 6 per cent. was the highest for any species. The relative susceptibility 
of R. macounti has not been determined because of its rareness in Manitoba. 
Injury to small fruits such as blackberries and raspberries, as mentioned by 
some observers, has up to the present been negligible here. 


NaTuRAL History AND Hapits. In southern Manitoba the first adults 
appear promptly about June 1st and are most abundant by the middle of the 
month. They disappear rather suddenly in July but specimens have been seen 
by us as late as August 7th, this being due, as has been mentioned, to the late 
pupation of some of the larve. 

Upon emerging, the Curculio ascends a convenient rosebush and, after 
sunning for a while, begins to feed on the buds by making deep punctures with 
its well-adapted beak, often eating twenty or more holes in the same bud and 
sometimes a few additional ones in the hip. "When not feeding it rests upon the 
foliage a great deal, but on bright, warm mornings it is never idle. Copulation 
is common a few days later and egg-laying begins towards ghe end of June. 

The eggs are laid in the punctures and are inserted sufficiently to be almost 
concealed. Only one, or more rarely two eggs, are laid in each bud. 


Hatching commences the second week in July and the young larve live for 
a short time within the flowers, then desert the flowers for the hips where they 
are found the latter part of August feeding on the seeds. Here they develop 
rapidly. Only one fully developed larva has been found to survive in each hip. 
Beginning about September 4th, the larve bore their way out of the hips, fall to 
the ground and bury themselves to a depth of 11% to 4 inches in the soil where 
they hibernate. By the middle of the following May the first pupz are being 
formed in the soil and, after a period of two weeks, the first adult Curculio 
emerges. . 


Ecc. Pale yellow, shiny, somewhat translucent, distinctly narrower at one 
end than the other and varying a little in size. Length: 0.9-1.2 mm.; width: 
0.6-0.9 mm. ; 


Larva. Colour pale yellowish, except the portion of the head above the 
epistoma, which is dark-brownish, the coloration extending farther along the 
mid-line; clypeus and labrum pale; mandibles black with three teeth; antenne 
one-jointed and situated at the bases of the mandibles, slightly darker than the 


ie 


<,* 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 15 


body colour. Body with many small hairs, legless and strongly curved, con- 
forming with the position assumed in the hips. One pair of spiracles on the 
prothorax and eight on abdomen, each with two lobes. Larval movements are 
extremely awkward and effected by means of the two extremities and the longit- 
udinal contractions of the body. Length of larva: 5-6x2.5 mm.; width of 
head: 1 mm. 


Pupa. Resembles the larva in size and colour and responds to gentle 
stimulation with quick but purposeless jerks. 


ADULT. General appearance is as described by Blatchley and Leng (Rhyn- 
cophora of N.E. America, p. 58) except that the head frequently is entirely 
black. This was the case in 26 per cent. of a large series of the beetles collected 
by sweeping in the same vicinity. 

“Robust, convex, pyriform. Elytra, thorax and head behind eyes bright - 
red; under surface, femora and beak black; tibiz, tarsi and antennz piceous 
black. Beak as long as head and thorax, rather sparsely marked with elongate 
punctures; antenne inserted at its middle, their grooves distinct. Thorax 
cylindrical, as long as wide, rather densely and finely punctate. Elytral strize 
indistinct, their punctures but little coarser than those of intervals, which are 
very dense. Beak of female shorter and stouter than in male. Length: 5 to 
6.5 mm.” 


ConTROL. The control of the Rose Curculio is difficult, particularly so 
when the adults are not anticipated or discovered early enough, for a very few 
will cause extensive mutilation. Others, moreover, are likely to migrate from 
neighbouring bushes. When small numbers occur, hand-picking, net-sweeping 
or shaking into an umbrella, etc., will suffice, but for a severe outbreak heavy 
applications of spray, using lead arsenate in the strength of 3 to 5 lbs. per 50 U.S. 
gallons of water is the most efficient procedure. By this method a 95 per cent. 
kill has been obtained. Spraying has the advantage of also destroying certain 
other larve which feed upon the foliage at the same time of the year. 

If an examination of the hips in the autumn shows a fair percentage of 
infestation, e.g., 20 per cent., of larve present, then spraying might well be begun 
the first week of the following June, even before the beetles have been noticed. 
Still more certain is the practice of picking and burning all the hips before the 
first of September, thus catching the larve before they have fallen to the ground. 
In any event, very careful observation is a necessary factor in their control. 


OTHER INSECTS AFFECTING RosEs. In addition to the Curculio there are 
several insects which at one or more stages of their life histories produce injury 
to roses. These include a dipterous and a chrysomelid larva which infest the 
hips, a Scarabzid which feeds upon the leaves, and other chrysomelidze which 
feed largely upon the flowers. 

Noteworthy among these is the pretty green and black Scarabeid, Diche- 
lonyx backi Kay, which exhibits a distinct fondness for rose foliage. As many 
as thirteen of these beetles have been seen feeding simultaneously upon a single 
small plant of R. acicularis in the Kennedy district of Saskatchewan. 


To be noted also are certain chrysomelids, including Haltica tombacina Mann., 
and Calligrapha lunata Fab., as well as a fly Spilographa setosa Doans, which has 
been found in its larval state to inhabit the rose hips during the autumn, not 
infrequently along with R. bicolor. Later it passes to the ground, where it forms 
its puparium and emerges as an adult late the following June. In the hip the 
larva is confined more to the juicy outer wall than to the seeds as in the case of 


16 THE ‘REPORT OF HE No. 33 


the Curculio. A hymenopterous parasite has been reared from this interesting 
fly and it is hoped that further investigations of both, as well as the other species 
mentioned, may yet be carried out. In conclusion, grateful acknowledgment 
is made of the generous assistance rendered in this study by Mr. Norman Criddle, 
Entomologist in Charge for Manitoba. 


TWO PROBLEMS IN NATURAL CONTROL 


NORMAN CRIDDLE, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, 
TREESBANK, Man. 


The study of natural control has always been of great fascination to me. 
There are so many intricate byways to be traversed and so many inter-relations 
to be studied before the links begin to form a chain and the chain is joined to 
otner chains, thus eventually giving us an insight into the great web of life. 

When we view natural control in this way we see that it goes beyond the 
realms of any one science—Entomology, ornithology, mammalogy and botany 
are all involved in its kingdom, which stretches out over the entire world. 

It is not my intention, however, to involve myself in all the intricacies of 
natural control in this paper. I wish, rather, to touch upon one or two of the 
more important problems with which I have come in contact during the last few 
years. 

One of the major problems that has engaged our attention in Manitoba 
during the present century has been that of controlling the Wheat-stem Sawfly, 
Cephus cinctus Nort. The insect began its career as a pest more than twenty 
years ago and from that time on it has occasioned enormous losses to farmers of 
the Prairie Provinces. Its spread was slow at first, but later it made rapid 
inroads into the grain fields, and to-day it is found over practically the entire 
wheat-growing areas of Manitoba, over much of Saskatchewan and part of 
Alberta. It is also a common pest in North Dakota. 

Now Cephus cinctus was originally a grass-stem inhabitant and any stem 
might accommodate the larve, providing it was large enough. Consequently, 
the only limit to the insect’s increase was the number of suitable stems and the 
prevalence of its natural enemies. Of the two I think the latter were the most 
efficient in keeping it within bounds, but in spite of its enemies the sawfly managed 
to hold its own without much difficulty and when man began to upset the natural 
balance, as he is always doing, the sawfly soon took advantage of the new plants 
provided. Thus it came to pass that the sawfly became a pest, but what had 
become of its natural enemies? Had natural control, in this instance, lost its 
effectiveness? Temporarily, yes, but there is reason to hope, not permanently. 
When the sawfly invaded the wheat and rye fields it succeeded in leaving its 
parasitical enemies behind and in consequence it spread with far greater rapidity 
than would otherwise have been possible. For a long time it appeared as 
though the parasites, so common in grasses, could not follow their hosts into the 
new food plants; perhaps due to certain cultural methods, or to some other 
causes imperfectly understood. Gradually, however, odd stems of Cephus- 
infested grains were found to contain the parasites. They were found chiefly 
on the edges of fields, at first, just as the first sawflies had been, as if constituting 
an overflow from the grasses round about. Ultimately one parasite, Micro- 
bracon cephi Ghn., began to spread farther afield and such was its progress by 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 17 


1923 that Ainslie, of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, and I found a fifty per cent. 
parasitism in certain fields near Bottineau, North Dakota. In Canada, K. M. 


_ King, of the Dominion Entomological Branch, discovered a ten per cent. infes- 


tation in plots near Saskatoon, Sask., and we in Manitoba found the parasite to 
be quite widely prevalent in grain fields, though still mostly on the edges of the 
crop. Hence a beginning has been made, but the parasite will have to make far 
greater progress before we can expect to reap much benefit from its activities. 
Once a start has been made, however, and a foothold obtained, we can hope for 
further gains. There is this consolation, too, that the Cephus damage in North 
Dakota during 1923 was less than half what it was some years ago. 

There are other parasites of the Wheat-stem Sawfly which, as yet, have been 
very rarely recovered from grain stems. There are also, I regret to say, some 
secondary parasites, one of which, Eupalmus alyni, we have reared from Mzcro- 
bracon cephi. There is also a much smaller Hymenopteron, probably a parasite 
on Eupalmus. Thus the wheels within wheels complicate our problem of natural 
control, though they obviously add to its interest. 

I have some hesitation in appearing as a student of forest insects, but we 
have been so long without adequate investigators of shade-tree and forest insects 
on the prairies that it has seemed absolutely necessary to study some of the more 
important forms with which our people have had to contend. 

Two of these insects have been forced upon me with particular emphasis 
during the last two years, namely, the Forest Tent Caterpillar, which has 
defoliated more than a hundred square miles of trees in Saskatchewan, and the Fall 
Webworm, which has cleaned up local areas of trees with equal thoroughness. 

I am not going into details of these outbreaks other than to state that the 
insects involved have certain parasites in common. One in particular has 
turned up quite frequently, namely, Itoplectis conquisitor Say. We reared it 
last year from the Fall Webworm in small numbers. This year it parasitized 
tent caterpillars to the extent of about twenty per cent., and it occurred in great 
numbers among the Hyphantria this fall. Another species, Ephialtis pedalis 
Cress., has been reared from the Malacosoma larve and has been seen amid the 
fall webworms, so we may suspect that there is a linkage between the two hosts 
and the two parasites. Other Hymenopterous parasites as well as certain 
Tachinide have been reared or collected from, or near, one host or the other, but 
I am emphasizing Itoplectis because of its commonness and because of its 
dependence upon at least two hosts for its perpetuation. In the shrubby or semi- 
wooded country its usual hosts appear to be Malacosoma fragilis and certain 


- Tortricide, all tent-building species. In the more wooded country it may attack 


the insects already mentioned but readily infests as alternatives both Malacosoma 
disstria and Hyphantria textor. 

Judging from the number of Itoplectis present it would seem as if this and 
other parasites will practically eliminate the webworm outbreak next year, but 
we cannot predict as much for the tent caterpillar, because the two pests have 
occurred at widely separated places and we do not know what intermediate hosts 
are present in the tent caterpillar region, or whether Jtoplectis is a strong enough 
flier to migrate long distances in search of hosts. 


If we could only transport the heavily parasitized Hyphantria pupe to the 
Malacosoma-infested area much good might result. Perhaps, however, it would 
be better still to have actually shipped the healthy webworm pupe to the tent 
caterpillar district in order to insure a supply of alternate hosts for the parasite. 

The shipping of a healthy pest to a comparatively free region may seem a 
rather risky recommendation, and doubtless it would be were we to transport 


Oe aa a 


18 THE REPORT OF ‘FRE No. 33 


such pests beyond their known range, but within the range little harm should 
result, while much good might be accomplished. It seems reasonable to suppose 
that the shipping of healthy webworm pupz would be particularly appropriate - 
in this case, because of the fact that the second generation of [toplectis would be 
more numerous than the first and on this account the imported Hyphantria 
would probably be the first to become exterminated by the parasite. If, on the 
other hand, the tent caterpillars were the first to go, the abundance of parasites 
issuing from them would almost surely be sufficient to finish up the remaining 
webworms. 

As pointed out above there are a third series of secondary hosts for Itoplectis 
in the tent-making TJortricide from which the parasite has frequently been 
reared by us but we have not yet been able to discover any alternate hosts for the 
spring generation other than the various species of Malacosoma. Itoplectis, 
however, is known to have a very wide range of hosts in the United States and 
it is possible, therefore, that it will yet be found infesting canker worms and other 
spring larve. In any case Itoplectis conquisitor seems to be an extremely im- 
portant parasite and a knowledge of its full life-history is surely desirable. 

I have in conclusion to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. R. M. White, 
who has handled most of the rearing in the Hyphaniria studies. 


THE PRESENT STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE APPLE AND 
THORN SKELETONIZER (Hemerophila pariana Clerck, Lepid.) 


M. D. LEonaRD, ASSOCIATE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, ALBANY, N.Y. 


In the fall of 1917 it was discovered that a new apple pest had become well 
established in Westchester and Rockland counties in the lower Hudson River 
valley, and so another undesirable was added to New York’s already too long ~ 
list of insect immigrants. Dr. Felt has called this the apple and thorn 
skeletonizer. 

Just how this pest may have been introduced into New York or just how 
long it may have been present is not definitely known. It has long been known, 
however, as a minor pest to apple in Europe, and also occurs in Turkestan and 
Western Asia, 

The direction of spread in this country has been mostly to the north’ and 
east. By the end of 1918 it was definitely known to occur in Rockland county 
from Yonkers to Yorktown Heights, a distance of almost twenty-five miles. At 
the close of 1921 there had been only a moderate extension of the infested territory 
in New York northward. In the fall of 1920, however, it was observed at Orient 
Point at the far eastern end of Long Island, and was also found to have become 
established in Greenwich and Stamford, Connecticut, and at the close of 1921 
had apparently spread all over that state except along the northern border. 

According to the reports available it was first noticed in Massachusetts in 
the fall of 1922 in small numbers in the vicinity of Huntington and Chesterfield 
and also at Amherst. In the opinion of Mr. B. A. Porter, of the U.S. Bureau 
of Entomology, it had probably been present in the first two above-mentioned 
localities for a year or two. At Amherst the abundance of moths was probably 
due to a migrating flight northward from Connecticut. In New York, 1922 saw 
the extension of the range of the pest northward into Albany and Rensselaer 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 19 


counties with severe damage throughout most of the infested territory on 
neglected or poorly-sprayed trees. In 1923, it is reported for the first time from 
Rhode Island and New Jersey. 

So far as I have been able to ascertain through personal examination and 
from reliable sources, the apple and thorn skeletonizer occupies the following 
territory in this country at the close of this season—1923: 

New York—From Orient Point, at the extreme east end of Long Island, 
northward up the Hudson River valley practically to Whitehall in Washington 
county. It extends eastward from the Hudson to the Connecticut and Massa- 
chusetts and Vermont line. The pest is established from Glenn Falls southward 
throughout the whole of Schenectady and Albany counties, is on the west slope 
of the Catskills in Greene county, is probably in the western part of Ulster county 
and is present throughout the whole of Orange and Rockland counties. We 
have found it this year scatteringly as far west in Scoharie county as Cobleskille, 
a point about fifty-five miles almost due west of Albany. 


Careful search earlier in the season failed to disclose the presence of the pest 
at Johnstown, a point about fifty miles up the Mohawk from Albany. Ap- 
parently, from all reports, the insect is not yet present in Essex or Clinton counties 
—the latter adjoining the Canadian border. Also, none was found by Mr. P. M. 
Eastman, of the New York Department of Farms and Markets, after a thorough 
search of neglected apple trees at Malone. 


Connecticut—It is now reported present in all parts of the state. 


Massachusetts—Prof. A. I. Bourne reports (September, 1923, Insect Pest 
Survey, p. 280) that apparently the skeletonizer had spread clear across the 
state and that, while not yet in large numbers, there undoubtedly would be an 
increased abundance throughout the state as a whole another year. 


Rhode Island—Prof. A. E. Stene (Insect Pest Survey, September, 1923, 


p. 228) reports that it has been found this season from the Connecticut line to a 
point three-fourths of the distance across the state. 


New Jersey—Known to be present so far only in a small orchard at Pompton, 
which is about eight miles north of Paterson and almost fifteen miles southwest 
of Suffern, New York, on the border of Rockland county. 


Vermont—The skeletonizer is probably present along parts of the western 
border of Vermont since it has been found within a mile of the border at several 
points in Washington county, N.Y. I have, however, received no definite 
report as yet of its occurrence in this state. 


Canada—This past summer, Mr. J. P. Spittall, of the Annapolis Royal 
Laboratory in Nova Scotia, wrote me that he thought the pest was present up 
there, but understand from Dr. McDunnough, in charge of the national collection 
at Ottawa, that specimens submitted for determination were undoubtedly not 
this species. The caterpillars were feeding on thorn. 

Such is the brief history of the introduction, spread and present distribution 
of the apple and thorn skeletonizer in this country. My purpose has been simply 
to record all that could be ascertained to date concerning its occurrence here. 


Foop PLAnts. The apple and thorn skeletonizer seems to prefer to feed 
upon apple in this country, but has been recorded as also injuring, to a lesser 
extent, thorn and pear, and, in one instance, peach, sweet cherry and strawberry. 


DamaGE. The injury of the apple and thorn skeletonizer is not equally 
severe in all parts of its present range, but it is reasonable to conclude that its 
numbers will undoubtedly increase to a considerable extent in a season or two 


20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 


in the now lightly-infested territory. The foliage of severely injured trees 
appears, at a short distance, to be scorched by fire, and in late summer or early © 
fall many of the leaves drop to the ground. The exposed feeding of the cater- 
pillars, their susceptibility to arsenicals and to reduction in numbers by several 
native parasites, together with the fact that much of the injury is done late in 
the season, all seem to point to the skeletonizer as an apple pest of only second- 
- class rank. However, the damage is so severe in neglected or poorly sprayed 
orchards and on roadside trees that it emphasizes the necessity for thorough, 
consistent spraying wherever the pest is present. 

During the past season there were apparently three full broods and a frac- 
tional fourth in the Hudson River valley in New York. Occasional moths were 
still found in houses in Albany as late as October 30th. 


CONTROL. The caterpillars feed for the most part on the upper side of the 
leaves in an exposed manner, and are readily susceptible to even light applica- 
tions of arsenate of lead. Trees which receive the regular apple spray schedule 
through the season are but little troubled by the skeletonizer, and it is not a 
pest to be feared by the commercial grower who gives his orchard reasonable 
care. It would seem that the calyx application made just after the petals fall 
is the most effective, but in the Hudson River valley in New York, experience 
points to the advisability of another application about three weeks later on. In 
many cases, however, where this later spray has been omitted or where the calyx 
spray has not been thoroughly applied, an application about the third week in 
August should be made. This was advised for the control of the third brood of 
caterpillars in the Hudson River valley during the past season and many growers 
adopted the recommendation with apparently good results. . 


TAXONOMIC “AND SYNONYMIC TENDENCIES. WITH ESPECIAL 
REFERENCE’ TO: DIPTERA 


C. H. Curran, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA 


To entomologists of every degree and complexion there is, perhaps, nothing 
so discouraging—or. perhaps I should say annoying—as the continual shuffling 
of species from one genus to another, or the frequent changes of names of many 
of our common insects. All of us look forward to the day when stability in 
nomenclature will be a realization. Such hope is not vain, yet we must all feel 
that it will be some time in the distant future, an era of which we can only 
visualize as one of vast scientific knowledge, ruled by men who, in all probability, 
will smile indulgently when they peruse for some obscure detail the works setting 
forth our own small contributions. Be that as it may, it in nowise alters the 
conditions of the present, nor has it, in fact, any connection with the subject 
under discussion. 

I hope I may not bore you by the use of technical phraseology; at the same 
time may I be pardoned if I use such as little as possible. It is not my intention 
to go into minute detail, but to discuss, as the title indicates, tendencies in 
systematic entomology and, perhaps to some extent, the influences responsible 
for them. It is not necessary to dwell upon the work of the pioneers, nor to 
expose their shortcomings. Such a course would imply perfection in ourselves, 
and no one knows better than I how imperfect our knowledge and work is at the 
present time. 

Since the appearance of Darwin’s ‘‘Descent of Man”’ and ‘‘Origin of Species,” 
propounding theories which came as a great shock to mankind, and stimulated 
those interested in the subject to greater research, the search for ‘‘missing links” 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 21 


between the families and orders in the biological fauna has been greatly inten- 
sified. While many have striven, none have succeeded in proving or 
disproving the theories of Darwin to the satisfaction of all and there we will let 
the matter rest. It has been mentioned merely because of the great influence 
it has had upon entomological studies. 


From the time of Linne entomologists have attempted to perfect a classi- 
fication of insects without avail. To-day we have a classification which is, if 
anything, worse than that of the founder of our science. We have advanced, 
yes, but in our progress we have become so enmeshed in the complexities of 
nature that we know not which path to take to find relief. There is no stability in 
our classification; nor is there any relief in sight so long as the present tendencies 
prevail. It is safe to say that all the paths which appeared traversible to the 
students of fifty years ago have been fairly well surveyed, and, in so far as 
progress is concerned, we have been, until recently, almost at a standstill. It 
is true that we are finding new forms—new connecting links—in fact, a great 
many new things to add to the complexity of our problems. 

During the past few years new fields have been explored. We have realized 
the value of the genitalia as a guide to species. Many have over-emphasized it. 
Just what its ultimate value will be in the tracing of relationships, it is impossible 
to surmise. Dealing now with the flies in particular, I must say that a great 
deal has been accomplished quite recently. There has been some effort devoted 
by American Dipterists to the discovery of new characters which would serve 
to definitely limit certain groups. Such researches have not been in vain and 
it appears likely that within the next few years these discoveries will be embodied 
in a reclassification of the Order which will greatly simplify the determination 
of species and result in more sharply defined groups, and another step taken 
towards stability in classification. 

It is remarkable, when we look back, to observe that during the past half- 
century or more, entomologists have been playing the game of “follow the 
leader.’ Dipterists have followed Meigen and have used the same means of 
separating families as prevailed in 1820. Once more I do not mean that we 
have not advanced, but entomology as a science must be considered as one of 
the least progressive of all. To-day the implements of agriculture do not in 
any way resemble the primitive methods of a century ago. In agriculture we 
have different types of seed to those employed even by our great-grandfathers, 
but in systematic entomology we are using the same seed and securing the same 
uncertain results. 

Many systems for the classification of the wing veins of insects have been 
devised and many names have been proposed, but to-day we are no more certain 
about the origin of a vein in Diptera than was Linne, and probably he did not 
even consider the matter. For example, the anterior crossvein in the Syrphide, 
or at least in some of them, is not wholly a crossvein, but is a fusion of what is 
termed the fifth radius and the crossvein. This may not be true in the Muscoid 
groups, but we have no proof that it is or that it is not, but it is certainly true 
in the Syrphid genus Stilbosoma Philippi from Chile. No classification of the 
wings of insects is possible without thoroughly considering the world fauna, 
and anything based upon a regional fauna must be erroneous and misleading, 
and can only be a centre of controversy. But, nevertheless, all such systems 
are a means to an end—they do their bit towards attaining the final goal. At 
the same time most of us prefer a simple terminology, and such must, in the 
long run, serve the larger number of people and result in greater interest and 
advancement. 


22 THE REPORT OF THE © No. 33 





There appear to be entomologists who take the greatest delight in sur- 
rounding their specialization with a barricade of complex terminology, perhaps 
hoping thus to eliminate all contenders for their crown. They have the habit 
of describing their pets in such a manner that it is next to impossible to penetrate 
their meaning and arrive at even a remote understanding of their subject. 
Perhaps I am one of them, and if so I condemn myself without reservation. 
No one who has had occasion to refer to the monographs by Loew and Osten 
Sacken can find fault with the simple, concise, clear phraseology. These men 
knew how much to say and how much to omit, an accomplishment which we 
should to-day attempt to emulate. Many of us appear to lose sight of the fact 
that we are not, or at any rate should not be, working for our own glory. If 
by doing good work we accomplish glory, that is another matter, and something 
to our credit, but to work solely for that glory and to fancy we have attained it, 
is an admission that we have failed in an unworthy cause. The main need in 
entomology to-day is not the building up of obscure terminology, but a com- 
prehension of English, or whatever language we speak, which will enable us to 
place our findings before the world in such a manner that they may be com- 
prehended by even the poorest student. 


Most entomologists have had frequent occasion to use keys or tables of — 
species, genera or families, and few, I think, have not raved at the inconsistencies 
of the delineator. No doubt I have caused some such scenes myself, and if ! 
have not, it is through no fault of my own. The making of a key is, in my 
opinion, the most difficult task we must face. It is easy to concoct one which 
will suit our own enlightened mind, but others may be left almost entirely in 
the dark. The trouble, I believe, is due to the lumping of various characters 
in the antitheses, instead of relying upon one character, and the failure to place 
doubtful specimens under more than one section. 


There are tendencies to “lump” and to “split.” What is their effect? 
Which is the more desirable? In my opinion the lumping of species has done 
much more to confuse the student than any other procedure. This is especially 
true in the Muscoid groups where, very often, many legitimate species have 
been placed in the synonymy merely because the descriptions read alike. Unfor- 
tunately some workers will do their utmost to make a description fit a species 
when they are sure it does not, and there are others who will insist upon arriving 
at a conclusion that the author was in error in not mentioning characters which 
the specimen under examination exhibits, or that the colours were wrongly 
given, and the specimen must be that species, and so determine it. Why it 
should be concluded that an author meant yellow when he said brown, or grey 
when he said green, I do not know, but I do know that such is often the case, 
judging by determinations I have seen. Of course, some writers do appear to 
mean reddish when they say yellow or yellow when they say white, so perhaps 
there is some excuse for the aforementioned conclusion. One of the require- 
ments for all taxonomists should be the passing of a test for colour-blindness. 

The “‘splitters”” are often roundly condemned, yet they do not create nearly 
as much trouble as the “‘lumpers.’’ The chief cause of complaint against the 
‘‘splitter,’’ who is really advancing science by looking deeper than the average 
person, lies in the persistency of the student to make two species out of one. 
I have spent many hours trying to make slight variants fit the description of 
one or two apparently closely allied forms, only to feel like kicking myself 
soundly at such time as the other species came to hand. The “‘splitter’”’ is a 
keen student as a rule, and even if his enthusiasm does sometimes carry him 
beyond a reasonable limit, he may be excused, as he does not as a rule cause 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 23 


the confusion of the “lumper.’’ I do not think, however, that there is any 
excuse for carrying on the splitting of genera to such an abnormal degree as 
has been done in the Muscoidea. I gather from my studies in this group that 
some students consider that there can be only one species in a genus, unless it 
should happen by some inavoidable accident that it is practically impossible to 
tell the two species apart, in which case there might be two. At any rate it 
must be admitted that if we are to follow the lead shown here, we shall have to 
entirely discard genera and know the myriads of insects by their Christian names. 
What we need is not numerous genera, but more definite generic limitations. 
We must not lose sight of the fact that families and genera are an aid in deter- 
mining the species—the species is the ultimate, the genus, family, and order 
the means of attaining it. 


Thus far I have not dealt with synonymy, a phase of entomology which is 
extremely perplexing. It is discouraging to discover that an old and well- 
known genus is not that genus at all, but some other one, or that some other 
one is that one and that one cannot be it. If I do not make myself clear it is 
entirely because the subject is complex and rather inexplicable. At any rate, 
the rules of nomenclature demand that the oldest valid name for a genus or 
species be used and many changes are due to this fact. In other cases the 
name may be pre-occupied. This practice is, of course, to give honour where 
honour is due and as such is a commendable one. 


I am of the opinion that a great many of the changes are unwarranted. 
Certainly great caution should be used before proposing an older name to 
replace a well-known one. I believe that a great many species attributed to 
the older writers and considered as genotypes are unrecognizable, either from 
the description or due to the fact that the writer had more than one species 
before him in describing a species or in placing it under a generic name. Verrall 
has remarked upon the large number of Linne’s species which are recognizable. 
I do not agree, but consider that the majority of the species described by the 
first systematist are recognizable due to the courtesy of subsequent students. 
I heartily agree that the names should be attributed to Linne—we cannot do 
sufficient to honour him—but I repeat that every care should be taken before 
invalidating a popular genus in favour of a genus founded on a species proposed 
by an early worker. 

There are few people in America who can separate the species of Syrphus 
accurately and I venture to say that anyone founding a genus on one of the 
species allied to S. ribesii would find, upon close examination, if he had a large 
series of specimens, that there was more than one species in the series. Further, 
if the specimens were distributed, so that only two or three remained, all of the 
same species, and they were examined, it might be found that they did not 
agree with the generic description in some respect, yet being the alleged geno- 
type, the generic concept would be changed to agree with them, whereas the 
actual genotype would be lost. I admit that this is possibly a far-fetched 
example, but it is certainly not any more erroneous to believe that such a case 
has often happened than to accept determinations over a hundred years old, 
or genera based upon such determinations. And even to-day we sometimes 
determine species wrongly! It is a simple matter. 

No one takes more pleasure than I in tying down an old name. I glory 
in the fact that I have accomplished something much better than the addition 
to the lists of several species new to science. But at the same time [ do not 
believe in making things fit a description and am sure that in such cases a 
grave error is committed. I believe that there is a tendency to-day to ignore 


24 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 


for the present unrecognizable species and to describe as new those insects 
which might be the species described, or might not. Such a course permits us 
to gain a complete knowledge of our fauna, but it creates work for those who 
take pleasure in establishing described species. I believe that such a course 
is desirable at the present time, provided sufficient care is used by the student. 
Unfortunately the European species of insects are not well understood—there 
are hundreds of valid species in the synonymy—and many types of American 
species are in Europe, so that one must always bear in mind the fact that a 
new American species may have been described years ago in Europe and placed 
in the synonymy. The securing of European specimens is not always of the 
supposed value, because one might easily be sent a species, which is not typical, 
although it may agree insofar as the European concepts of the species is con- 
cerned. By this I mean that there are often included under one name a great 
many species. I have found eight species of Ocyptera included under the name 
caroline and fifteen species of Echinomyia under the name algens, as understood 
by Coquillett. So I ask, is there not a chance of receiving any one of fifteen 
species when representatives of an European Tachinid are requested. 

We cannot overcome the need of changing names; we must have regulations 
which will ultimately give us stability, but we can at least use discretion before 
proposing a change, and we can also hope that the fund of undiscovered works 
and obscure genera, species, and preoccupied names of old genera may soon 
become exhausted. 


MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON GRAPE LEAF HOPPER CONTROL 


WILLIAM A. Ross, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, 
VINELAND STATION 


In discussing the control of the grape leaf hopper at the last annual meeting 
of the Entomological Society of Ontario, we referred to certain field tests and 
observations which indicated that nicotine sulphate will destroy leaf hopper 
eggs. In order to secure more precise data regarding the susceptibility of the 
eggs, some ninety spraying and dusting tests with a total number of 9,617 eggs 
of known age were conducted by Mr. W. Robinson in the laboratory last winter. 
On account of the fact that Erythroneura comes ziczac was present in large 
numbers in the immediate vicinity of the laboratory, this variety was used in 
most of the experiments, only a few comparative tests being conducted with 
E. comes. The hoppers were placed on one-year-old Clinton vines, and were 
confined by means of celluloid cages. As the Clinton grape has little pubescence 
on the under sides of the leaves, no difficulty was experienced in locating and 
counting the eggs. The sprays were applied with a hand sprayer, care being 
taken to thoroughly coat the under sides of the leaves, and the nicotine dust 
with a hand blower. The results obtained from these tests are presented 
herewith in tabular form: 


EFFECT OF NICOTINE ON EcGs oF E. CoMEs ZICZzAC 
Table 1—Nicotine Sulphate 1-1600, Hydrated Lime 5 Pounds—4o Gallons. 














; : Age of eggs when | % killed in | % nymphs which % total 
No. of tests | No. of eggs treated egg stage | died while hatching*| mortality 
9 511 1-2 days 29.7 48.9 78.6 
4 533 Ay ass 61.9 36.3 98.3 
9 480 9-10 “ 68.5 15 100 
5 558 18-19 “ $4.4 15.6 100 
27 2,082 | 








* Nymphs succumbed in process of hatching. None of them actually emerged from the eggs. 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 25 


Table 2—Nicotine Sulphate 1-1600, and no Lime. 


3 378 1-2 days iat 49.7 64.8 
2 354 pi Dace 22.6 46.6 69.2 
5 732 





6 568 1-2 days lpg. 52.8 100 
5 513 9210-4 Bie:3 42.7 100 
2 538 18-19 “ 67.6 32.4 100 
13 1,619 





2 477 1-2 days 63.5 36.5 100 
3 519 9-10 “ 71.8 28.2 100 
2 A491 18-19 “ 78.4 21.6 100 
7 1,487 





Table 5—7{ Nicotine Dust—2.2 Per Cent. Nicotine. 


6 eee 


Age of eggs when] -% killed in| % nymphs which % total 


No. of tests | No. of eggs treated egg stage | died while hatching*| mortality 
3 482 1-2 days 8.8 20.1 28.9 
3 508 B-Ory re 20.2 33.0 532 
4 528 18-19 “ 26.9 46.7 73.6 
10 1,518 


Table 6—Checks. 





8 | 602 | Pe FER oe Stk 6.3 12.0 











EFFECT OF NICOTINE ON EcGs oF E. COMES 
Table 7—Nicotine Sulphate 1-1600, Hydrated Lime 5 Pounds—go Gallons. 





No. of Age of eggs when | % killed in | % nymphs which % total 
experiments | No. of eggs treated egg stage | died while hatching *| mortality 
5 516 9-10 days 85.7 14.3 100 
6 480 Newly laid - 65.0 26.0 91.0 
5 477 About to hatch 67.1 32.9 100 
16 1,473 





Table S—Checks. 





2 | 104 | eis aies | Lathe | 0 11.5 
| 





These laboratory experiments demonstrated that newly-laid eggs are some- 

what less susceptible to nicotine than those over eight days old; that nicotine 
dust is unsatisfactory as an ovicide; that the addition of lime apparently 
increases the ovicidal value of the nicotine sulphate{; that nicotine sulphate 





* Nymphs succumbed in process of hatching. None of them actually emerged from the eggs. 

7 Niagara D-11. 

tSee tables 1 and 2. A shortage of plants made it impossible to carry on a larger series of 
tests of nicotine sulphate without lime. 


26 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 


1-1,200 in combination with lime will destroy the eggs in all stages of develop- 
ment, and that this strength of nicotine is 100 per cent. effective. 

Having satisfactory evidence that the eggs are as readily destroyed as the 
nymphs, our next step was to ascertain when the leaf hopper spray may be 
applied to best advantage. With this object in view, three infested blocks 
of grape vines at Barnesdale, St. Catharines, were sprayed at different times 
with nicotine sulphate (34 pint—100 gals.) and Bordeaux mixture. The first 
block was sprayed on July 6th, about eight days after Concord blossoms fell, 
and the other two blocks were treated on the 13th and 20th respectively. The 
spray mixture was applied by means of a triplex Bean outfit, with two short 
rods and angle nozzles, and pains were taken to thoroughly wet the undersides 
of the leaves. The results* secured from this experiment were very gratifying 
—in the three blocks the leaf hopper was reduced to negligible proportions. 
Even in late summer only odd leaf hoppers could be found on the vines, and 
the foliage remained green all season, whereas, in the ‘‘check’’ grapery, the 
foliage showed severe leaf hopper injury from early August to the end of the 
season. 

The majority of Niagara grape growers with infested vineyards sprayed 
their vines as recommended by us during the period July 11th to the 21st, and 
in all cases where the work was done properly the hopper was reduced to insig- 
nificant numbers. At Barnesdale, for example, where there are some seventy 
acres in grapes, and where conditions, in the form of bush-land adjoining the 
vineyards, are particularly favourable for leaf hopper, early and thorough 
spraying almost completely eradicated the insect. 

From our experience in combating this insect during the past two years 
we have learned several things of importance, viz.: 

(1) That it is inadvisable to postpone spraying until the majority of the 
eggs have hatched, because this permits too many of the nymphs to transform 
to the adult stage. 

(2) That as hopper eggs are susceptible to nicotine, the spray may be applied 
shortly after the overwintering adults cease egg-laying. Our observations indicate 
that egg-laying ceases about the time Concord grape blossoms drop, so that, 
allowing a safety margin of several days, spraying operations may be commenced 
about one week efter the fruit sets. 

(3) That there is a period of at least two weeks when very effective work 
can be done (1923—July 6th to 21st). The fact that there is a considerable 
amount of latitude as to when the application may be put on, makes it possible, 
in sections where the root worm is a serious pest, to kill two birds with the one 
stone by combining the nicotine with one of the root worm sprays, thus saving 
the time and labour of a special application. Likewise, in vineyards infested 
with the grape berry moth, the leaf hopper spray can be made to coincide with 
the second application for the moth. 

(4) That, in addition to those mentioned above, the ‘‘egg-spray’’ (applied 
after cessation of egg-laying) has the following advantages over the ‘“‘nymph 
spray”’ (applied when the vast majority of the eggs have hatched): it practically 
eliminates the second brood; it lessens the danger of staining the fruit with 
Bordeaux mixture; it is usually of more value in checking plant diseases; it 
simplifies spraying operations, and saves material, because it is put on before 
the heavy new growth is made. 


* We had planned, as suggested by Mr. Van Dine, Pennsylvania State College, to present 
the results in the form of brix readings of grape juice, but we were unable to do this because 
a severe hail storm on August 24th seriously injured the crop in our experimental plots. 


—_ 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 27 


THE NEW REGULATIONS’ UNDER THE DESTRUCTIVE INSECT 
AND! PEST “ACT 


LEONARD S. McLAINE, DIVISION OF FOREIGN PEsts SUPPRESSION; SECRETARY, 
DESTRUCTIVE INSECT AND PEst Act AbDvisoRY BOARD, 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA 


The complexities that have arisen in the past twenty-five or fifty years in 
connection with the exchange of commodities throughout the entire world, 
also the increase in the diversity of established trade routes, and the danger 
that naturally results from the movement of products infested with pests and 
diseases, have made it necessary for man to take every reasonable precaution 
to prevent, in so far as possible, the introduction of new species of pests and 
diseases into uninfected areas. Whether it is due to a keener sense of observa- 
on the part of the general public, or whether it may be regarded as an established 
fact, nevertheless, there has been apparently a great increase in the amount of 
damage caused by insect pests and plant diseases during the past few decades. 

Although it is realized that all the pests responsible for damage on this 
continent are not of foreign origin, many of our worst enemies are not native 
to this hemisphere. It is also known that there are many very serious pests 
present in the older portions of the world which might prove to be most undesir- 
able guests if they were permitted to gain a foothold on our soil. Apparently 
one of the most feasible means of controlling the introduction of menaces such 
as these is by enacting laws which restrict or prohibit the importation of products 
and commodities likely to harbour these insect pests and plant diseases. It 
has been frequently stated that we on this side of the water are suffering from 
too much legislation, of all kinds and description, and while that may be true, 
I am afraid that we shall have to continue being burdened by pest legislation, 
or until such time as it is realized by all nations and peoples that only products 
free from pests and diseases shall be offered for exchange. A step in this 
direction was made in 1914 by the International Phytopathological Conference, 
which was held in Rome. Very unfortunately the Great War made it impossible 
to continue the discussions or bring into general operation some of the resolutions 
that were passed at that time. 

Questions in relation to legislation, however, were discussed at the recent 
International Conference on Entomology and Phytopathology, convened by 
the Dutch Government at Wageningen, Holland, in June, 1923, and the 
Dominion Entomologist, Mr. Arthur Gibson, who attended this conference and 
took part in the discussions, has informed me that the following resolution was 
adopted: 

“The representatives of all nations assembled at this International Entomological and 
Phytopathological Conference, June 25th-30th, 1923, at Wageningen, desire to place themselves 
on record as in full agreement with the essentials of international trade and commerce in living 


plants and plant products, namely, reasonable freedom from all insect pests and plant diseases of 
all kinds of materials imported into, or exported from any country.” 


The history of the introduction of the major foreign pests now present on 
this continent is too well known to need repetition, and it is also recognized 
that all the pests and diseases were not imported on such products as nursery 
stock. An excellent example is the European Corn Borer, which circumstantial 
evidence showed was imported on broom corn from Europe. This has been 
substantiated by the finding of an outbreak of this insect at one of the ports of 
importation for broom corn and where it was held for sterilization. As a conse- 
quence, pest legislation should only be passed and brought into force after a 


28 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 
ST Tg es 


careful study of the entire situation has been made. This will entail an investi- 
gation of the product from its source to its ultimate destination, the trade routes 
it has to follow and whether it is an essential commodity or not. Until this is 
done, mistakes are likely to be made and disastrous results follow. Crises arise, 
however, which make it imperative to take immediate action and financial loss 
may result, but such cases are very fortunately comparatively infrequent. 
Care must also be taken to base the legislation on a strictly scientific foundation 
and not to be influenced by commercial possibilities. This is a point which 
needs special attention in these days of keen trade rivalry and competition. 


Insect legislation in Canada dates back to 1883, when an Act was passed 
in Prince Edward Island to prevent the spread of the Colorado potato beetle. 
With the appearance of the San Jose scale in British Columbia, legislation was 
passed in 1894, empowering the Horticultural Board to inspect and treat plants 
and plant products for pests and diseases. Four years later the first Federal 
Act was passed, known as the San Jose Scale Act. This law, together with the 
regulation, prohibited the importation of host plants of this insect from the 
United States, Australia, Japan and the Hawaiian Islands. With the discovery 
of effective fumigation methods, the law was modified in 1900 and permitted 
the importation of fruit stocks, etc., provided they were treated at one of the 
several Federal fumigation stations. 


As a result of a serious outbreak of the brown-tail moth in France, and the 
finding of many nests on shipments of imported nursery ‘stock, an active cam- 
paign was started to inspect all foreign shipments of this character. The 
following year, 1910, the Destructive Insect and Pest Act was passed and all. 
Federal legislation since that time has been issued as regulations under this law. 


The Act stands as a monument to the men who were responsible for its 
preparation, for although innumerable regulations have been passed in accord- 
ance with its authority, and on all manner of subjects, it has never been necessary 
to recommend an amendment to the Act itself. 


Two years ago it was realized that the question of insect and pest legislation 
had assumed such a complicated aspect and involved so many different problems, 
not only as regards plant life but also trade and manufacturing interests, that 
in order to better co-ordinate opinion and effort it was deemed advisable to 
create an Advisory Board to consider such matters. On April 21st, 1922, the 
Destructive Insect and Pest Act Advisory Board was constituted, and five 
officials of the Department of Agriculture were appointed members. The 
Board is not empowered to pass legislation, but may recommend to the Minister 
of Agriculture any changes which are considered advisable and in the public ~ 
interest and, in addition, may call upon other officials of the Department of 
Agriculture or other persons to act in an advisory capacity. Furthermore, the 
Board does not administer the various regulations under the ‘Act, their adminis- 
tration being left to the Branch particularly concerned. 

After careful consideration covering more than two years, including much 
investigation, and advice sought from the horticultural interests from one end 
of Canada to the other, including public hearings, the Board recommended to 
the Minister of Agriculture a general revision of the regulations. 

On September 1st, 1923, the new regulations went into effect. These 
consist of a series of general regulations and fifteen foreign and six domestic 
regulations. The general regulations consist of fourteen sections and are more 
or less comprehensive, but are of particular interest in that they empower the 
Department to inspect or examine any plants or plant products offered for 


| 


e 


pik ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 8 


entry into Canada, which if found infested with pests or diseases may be refused 
entry, treated or destroyed. They also are of particular value in connection 
with the handling of shipments not covered by any special regulation or order, 
such as grains infested with weevils, broom corn, dried fruits, etc. Provision 
is also made for the inspection of export shipments, the powers of inspectors, 
interfering with an inspector in the performance of his duties, holding of infested 
shipments, the right to trespass, the selling of infested material, the importation 
of plants for scientific purposes, and the paying of compensation. 


The foreign and domestic regulations deal with specific problems; they 
may be increased in numbers, amended or modified as occasion demands. They 
are issued in separate form and, it is hoped, are worded so as to be readily 
understood by the general public. 


In adopting this form, the Department is of the opinion that the average 
individual may take a greater interest in the safeguards that have been enacted 
for his benefit. An inquirer will be able to see just what he may or may not 
do without the necessity of wading through endless pages of laws which are of 
no particular interest to him. 


Under the foreign regulations the importation of nursery stock from foreign 
countries is governed. All plants for ornamental purposes or propagation, 
except seeds, are now classified as nursery stock and permits are necessary to 
import such shipments. Nursery stock from countries other than the United 
States may enter only through certain ports, and all shipments are subject to 
inspection. It is hoped by this means to prevent, if possible, the further intro- 
duction of noxious pests and diseases. 


The foreign regulations also restrict the importation of plants from the 
Hawaiian Islands on account of the Mediterranean fruit-fly; the importation 
of nursery stock, forest and quarry products from the New England states on 
account of the gipsy and brown-tail moths; the importation of corn, cut flowers 
and other plants from the European corn-borer areas in the United States. A 
total prohibition has been placed on the importation of potatoes from countries 
and localities infected with the potato wart disease; all five-leaved pines and 
currants and gooseberries from all parts of the world on account of the white 


pine blister rust, chestnuts and chinquapins from Asia and the United States 


on account of the chestnut bark disease; European buckthorn and certain 
species of barberries from all countries on account of the crown rust of oats 
and the black-stem rust of wheat; alfalfa hay from the alfalfa-weevil-infested 
districts; plants with soil from Asia on account of the Japanese beetle and 
other soil-infesting insects; all species and varieties of douglas fir, hemlock, and 
larch from countries other than the United States on account of the newly 
discovered douglas fir disease; peach stock and hazel, cob and filbert from 
certain states into British Columbia on account of peach yellows and eastern 


filbert blight. 


The domestic quarantines deal with the movement of nursery stock in the 
apple-sucker-infested areas in Nova Scotia; the movement of corn from the 
European corn-borer areas in Ontario. They also coincide with the foreign 
regulations prohibiting the movement of pines and currants and gooseberries 
into Western Canada from the white pine blister rust areas in the east, and 
similarly with the importation of European buckthorn and certain barberries 
on the prairies, and peach stock and hazel, cob and filbert into the Province of 


_ British Columbia from Eastern Canada. 


30 | THE REPORT OF THE ~ Now33 


THE VALUE OF NATURAL ENEMIES OF INJURIOUS INSECTS 


A. F. BuRGEssS 


A belief has become firmly established in the public mind that insects are 
held in check by parasites under ordinary conditions. This has been taught in 
the colleges and institutions of learning and has been given prominence in the 
published works of many entomologists. The usual formula proposed is that 
when an insect is abundant its parasites increase enormously and bring about 
control, after which enormous mortality results to the parasites on account of 
scarcity of the proper host and that after a period of years the latter increases 
again and damage results. It is a well known fact that some insects, which 
are innocuous in certain parts, at least, of the regions which are their native 
homes, become excessively abundant and cause havoc after becoming established 
in a new environment. The above statements indicate the reasons for the 
attempts that have been made in this country and elsewhere to introduce 
natural enemies to control insect pests. 

We must all admit that this subject has been given scanty consideration 
when its importance and complexity is considered. It is the purpose of this 
paper to consider some of the factors involved in the hope that more attention 
may be directed to some phases of this difficult problem. 

Everyone understands that the food supply of any organism is one of the 
determining factors of its survival, but it is fair to assert that the food and feeding 
habits of many injurious insects have been studied only in a casual way. 

Intensive study of the food preferences and what might be called the inci- 
dental food of each pest is often of great importance, not only as a means of 
deciding effective methods of control but of weighing the influence of parasites 
or predatory enemies on the abundance of any pest. 

As a resuit of a careful study of the food plants of the gipsy moth in New 
England carried on for several seasons prior to 1900, it was determined that the 
larve of this insect fed upon foliage of most of the trees and shrubs in the 
region where it was then present. The possibility of the food being unsuitable 
to newly hatched caterpillars, although entirely satisfactory to those of a later 
stage, was not considered. Later experiments conducted by Mr. F. H. Mosher 
and his assistants at the Melrose Highlands Laboratory, supplemented by 
careful records made of the feeding habits of these caterpillars in the field, have 
demonstrated that a very decided preference is exhibited by different larval 
stages of this insect. This has given valuable suggestions as to control methods 
that are feasible and will be useful when an attempt is made to determine the 
proper role that parasites will play in gipsy-moth control. 

These experiments have made possible the division of the food plants into 
various classes based on the food preference of the larve in different stages 
and indicate clearly that some plants are merely incidental hosts of this insect. 
It is easy to accumulate a long list of food plants of an insect if all plants that 
may be nibbled a little here and there are recorded. Such information is fre- 
quently inaccurate, and may be misleading unless the details are carefully 
worked out. Because a few individuals feed on a given plant when the circum- 
stances are such that no other food is available, it does not necessarily follow 
that normal reproduction of a pest or continued damage will result. 

One of the essentials of having a basis for determining the normal increase 
of an insect under field conditions must rest on a thorough knowledge of its 
food plants and feeding habits. Accurate and detailed information on this 
phase of insect control is in many cases incomplete. 


~y. 
” 


1924 ; ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 31 





The entomologist is also confronted with climatic conditions which in many 
sections of the country are most variable. Meteorological data is often most 
difficult to interpret satisfactorily in so far as its effect on insect increase is 
concerned. 

Few seasons are comparable as to weather conditions, and when information 
is tabulated covering a decade or more showing the effect of any control measure, 
be it natural or artificial, which indicates that all the results point in the same 
direction, there is evidently something wrong, either with the compiler or the 
compilation. 

It is said that statistics can be used to prove almost any thing that is desired, 
and we as entomologists should exercise great care so that the conclusions that 
are drawn will be well balanced and will stand the test of time. 

In some sections of North America weather conditions remain rather con- 
stant for considerable periods, and this simplifies the weather factor. In most 
sections, however, these conditions are not so stable and more complications 
result. 

Both temperature and humidity are important, and react on the insect in 
all its stages. Our knowledge is very limited along these lines, although here 
and there attention has been given to. the behaviour of some of our insect pests 
from this angle. 

There is great variation in different species in this respect. Our experience 
in shipping parasites and predaceous insects has been that lack of a reasonable 
amount of moisture usually causes high mortality. This is particularly notice- 
able when the insects are not dormant. 

Certain Tachinid puparia do not require moist conditions. They can be 
shipped without special precautions of this sort, and can be handled successfully 
with a minimum amount of care. Excessive temperatures often cause high 
mortality among insects. In the case of the gipsy moth, high temperatures, 
particularly if accompanied with insufficient or unsatisfactory food, furnish 
conditions favourable to an outbreak of the wilt disease which frequently sweeps 
away large numbers of the caterpillars. 

Late frosts shortly after hatching, particularly if accompanied with heavy, 
beating rains, frequently result in the destruction of many small larve, due to 
temporary shortage of food supply or the inability of the small caterpillars to 
reach food after they have been washed or blown from it. The best records 
that we have been able to obtain indicate an enormous rate of mortality in the 
first and second larval stages. When weather conditions are very unfavourable 
in the spring it is doubtless true that only the most vigorous larve survive. 
In the winter, when the temperature drops below 20° F., gipsy moth eggs 
are killed unless they are protected by snow or ice or have been deposited in 
concealed situations. This has been demonstrated by the experimental work 
conducted by Dr. J. N. Summers. ‘ 

I have referred to the gipsy moth because of more intimate personal know- 
ledge of this insect. The same factors are present and affect other insects to a 
greater or less extent. 

There are other factors which have a bearing on the increase of insect life, 
but those already mentioned are among the most important. 

From what has already been said it would appear to most persons, except 
the trained entomologist, that insect life would be sufficiently held in check 
without help from other sources. This is not the case, however. The novice 
needs only to make collections of insects that are attracted to strong lights 
during the summer to be convinced that widespread havoc would result were 


32 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 


no other checks on their increase available. Frequently thousands of specimens 
of a single species of leaf-defoliating insects may be taken at a single light trap, 
in spite of the fact that no appreciable injury to its favoured food plants is 
noted throughout the year. 

The answer is that natural enemies hold these species in adjustment so that 
none but the expert fully realizes their presence. Because no serious damage 
is done, there is little demand or opportunity to study the battle for survival 
that is continually being waged by these contending forces. 

Because of insufficient study of these problems, which must of necessity 
be carried on for a series of years, it is difficult to speak with assurance of the 
value of any particular natural enemy. 

Again my remarks will be directed to the gipsy moth investigation. 

From 1869, when the insect first became established in North America, | 
until 1889, when it became so destructive that its identity became known, there 
was a relatively slow increase, and all the native natural factors that might 
function in its control were operative. During the next ten years the State of 
Massachusetts made an attempt to exterminate the insect, which was found to 
occur in an area of about 200 square miles. This work resulted in an enormous 
decrease of the species, and when the work was discontinued by the state, not 
only was it impossible to find defoliated trees in the infested area but the egg 
clusters and caterpillars were so scarce that the public deemed the expense 
unnecessary. In fact a special committee of the Massachusetts Legislature 
reported, after numerous hearings, that the insect need not be considered a 
serious pest and that “‘we find no substantial proof that garden crops or wood- 
lands have suffered serious or lasting injury or are likely, with that precaution 
or oversight which prudent owners are disposed to give their own interests, to 
be subjected to that devastation which one would have the right to anticipate 
from these reports. It appears to us that the fears of the farmers throughout 
the State have been unnecessarily and unwarrantably aroused, evidently for the 
purpose of securing the effect of those fears upon the matter of annual appro- 
priations. .. . We do not share these exaggerated fears and the prophecies 
of the devastation and ruin are unwarranted and in the most charitable view 
are but the fallacies of honest enthusiasts.”’ : 

During this period a small force of experts made careful studies, both in 
the field and in the laboratory, to determine the value of natural enemies and 
the part they were playing in gipsy moth control. The results were not promis- 
ing. A number of birds that feed on hairy caterpillars were found to attack 
the gipsy moth, and toads and skunks were occasionally reported as feeding on 
the species. A few native parasitic and predaceous enemies were noted, but 
their abundance and the frequency of their attack gave little promise of relief. 

The wilt disease must have occurred in the field during this period, but the 
records of its presence are very meagre. At any rate it was not abundant 
enough to attract the notice of experts or give promise of decreasing the severity 
of bad infestations. 

No attempt was made to introduce the natural enemies of the gipsy moth 
from Europe during the years when extermination was being attempted, as it 
was believed that the chances of control by parasites would be negligible when 
exterminative work was under way. 

In the five years following the discontinuance of the work (1900 to 1905) 
the insect increased and spread enormously and experience showed that it could 
not only defoliate and kill trees, but that it was a veritable scourge to the people 
in the region that was heavily infested. 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 33 





Work was again resumed by the state of Massachusetts in order to control 
the insect. The territory infested had increased from 200 to over 2,200 square 
miles, and it was soon found that the insect was present in eastern New Hamp- 
shire and in Rhode Island. Native natural enemies during the period when no 
field work was done had failed to increase and data collected from 1905 to 1907 
was very similar to that secured from 1890 to 1900. The wilt disease was more 
prevalent, however, particularly in heavy infestations where overcrowding and 
shortage of food occurred. 

The brown-tail moth, a European insect which was discovered in the suburbs 
of Boston in 1897, became extremely abundant and destructive by 1905 and field 
control and the introduction of natural enemies was attempted as a part of the 
gipsy moth work. 


Beginning in 1905 an effort was made to import the natural enemies of the 
gipsy moth from Europe and Japan. This was arranged as a co-operative project 
between the State of Massachusetts and the U.S. Bureau of Entomology and 
later this project was turned over to the Bureau. 


It was organized in Europe by Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the Bureau of 
Entomology, who secured the co-operation of many prominent European entom- 
ologists, and under their direction various parasites and predatory insects were 
shipped to Massachusetts. 


During the next few years considerable material was sent as a result of this 
arrangement, and a number of experts were sent abroad by the Bureau to obtain 
parasites of the gipsy moth and the brown-tail moth. 


Mr. W. F. Fiske spent two seasons on this work, most of his collections 
being made in Italy. He was assisted during one season by W. R. Thompson, 
Harry S. Smith and L. H. Worthley. The latter spent a good share of his time 

_in Germany. Professor Trevor Kincaid spent one summer each in Japan and 
Russia on similar work. As a result of arrangements which he made with 
Japanese entomologists, it was possible to introduce Schedius kuvane, a parasite 

«of the gipsy moth eggs. Dr. J. N. Summers continued the parasite work in 
Germany during the summer of 1914. The work was interrupted during the 
war but was resumed in 1922, Mr. S. S. Crossman carrying on work in European 
countries, particularly in Germany, and Dr. Summers similar work in Japan. 
The latter returned to Japan in 1923 and Messrs. Crossman and R. T. Webber 
took up work in Germany, extending operations to Spain, Austria, Hungary and 
Poland. 

As a result of all these operations many parasites of the gipsy moth have 
been shipped to Massachusetts. Some of the most noteworthy were large ship- 
ments of Chalcis flavipes and A panteles melanoscelus that were sent by Fiske from 
Italy, and a large number of Tachinid puparia that was secured by Crossman 
and Webber in Austria during the present year and A panteles fulvipes shipped 
by Summers from Japan. A large percentage of the material from Austria was 
Parasetigena segregata, a species that has not yet become established in America. 
Of the large shipments sent by Fiske, Chalcis flavipes has not become established, 
while A panteles melanoscelus. is increasing satisfactorily in the infested region. 
A panteles fulvipes has been colonized but whether it will survive and increase is 
problematical. Other parasites together with the predaceous beetle, Calosoma 
sycophanta, were received from European collectors and some of them have 
become firmly established. 

The accompanying chart indicates species that have been imported and 
those that have become established. 


2 E.S. 


34 THE REPORT. OF THE No. 33 


FoREIGN PARASITES OF Porthetria dispar L. AND Euproctis chrysorrhea L. LIRERATED IN AMERICA 
First column of figures shows the number of parasites of foreign origin actually liberated. 
Second column of figures shows the number of parasites subsequently liberated. 

Third column of figures shows the total number of parasites liberated. 


Foreign New England 
Name of Parasite stock stock Totals 


Amuastatus bifascratus HONS) «>. ah... + de fo ke ee 138,680 53,032,500 | 53,171,180 
SApanteles sul Vipes Hales: Sete ee os oo eee ee rode ta adi iad bla. 87,040 
Aipanieleslactétcolor Vier) SSSI DAS. LA ee 55,000 245,000 300,000 
Apamteles melanoscelus Rate cctepe cipases-seerepevs oie ee 23,000 58,508 81,984 
AAPANCeleS GOMtAMUSMNACZ tae oe ie ee ose te sees DISAG || See 22,546 
elephant POWSCULCILALG REO are er mre ec en te ee 5,109 71,081 76,190 
Careelia enava Meigs oir Hal tea ecras ee ire 15 ,COBh elise Cie tee 15,788 
Ghales favine: Pane ete ee ees en 90 15a eee | "90/154 
Compsilurd COnCINNGIA Meigs ae ee ee 9,000 . 104,831 113,831 

Crossocosmia sericarie Corn. and C. flavascutellata 
Shien ee ae he se ct ate: Oe ee ae aan (A! UNCER, (Rea ee Pe 700 
DPexodes'nieripes Palla iy. eat Nae ee ere ae STZ ee oe ee aA be 
Ephialtes examinator Fabr. and E. compunctor L.. AOD =f) pe hes seis 402 
Endoromyia masnicormisS Zett eo v.<-6 fencpec tim ree cpoghe A OOS as Flee knees 4,568 
Eupteromalus nidulans Foerst.......-...--.+2-+0+ 354,000 \apareys eee 354,000 
LHoyposoter dtsparis Vier kn a OE SE 12> S43 Weds |fis F) ee 12,543 
Measiceracsilvatica alle os $e 4c ios tok a eisena te reese 23 : | alt paataaytenepes 23 
Megcorus versicolor Wesm «22... fogs «Ss bw ages og 3,113 7,697 10,810 
Pales pavida- Meigen. 2 eas Chol ee he AG eee DO QIM! Fe Ae. 582 
Parasetigena segtegata Rond.)...6... 660.0 ce eee en LVSiaisdiivened: See 1,187 
IPOTEXOTASHONGHELONGE RONG . one Wien 2 peak en a LAT free Bite eee Se 9,742 
ES CUCULUS KHUUNE LOW ees aacraeeare ante Come ee ee 745,382 20,206,091 20,251,473 
hachinawya ponica MOWNSH a. hei ea ee ee ly i We Oe oe ores 471 
aachittaylatycaGuirnels evepeees ae aes yeh Rime ace ee pkee WOSO= Thy se ee 2,036 
*Telenomus phalenarum Nees................... A 650% S02. MEE 4,650 
Eeichosramima, sppi. cee: 2. FIRS Sra bee ck) 10.0007 WE. 2% tyeecect 76,000 
@richolyga. erandis Zett.".~ a Mae  s o hci. oes eA 8 166-4942) ss. Sones eee 8,766 
Aeniltaeipatrixoe Anz cask. ste eee Ae nn oe 169 AL) Pee ee 161 
Zysopotnra gilwa Harties. <9 Uae. a. Tis 1,502, [teats eee 7,502 
ZY VOROLATLONTAL COLE) OWNS). = Mae eet dee che 3,500 pig sy gona 3,500 
aLotals Pa. i ee BG? eae 917,633 73,725,708 | 74,643,341 


Some of these species were new to science and, in the case of most of them, 
the life history and habits had not been thoroughly investigated. This has re- 
quired much work in order that they might be handled with the greatest 
effectiveness. 

Time will not permit a discussion of the value of the individual species con- 
cerned, but a few points should be mentioned to illustrate the importance of 
having full information concerning the biology of natural enemies. 

Calosoma sycophanta feeds upon caterpillars and pup of numerous insects, 
but particularly on the gipsy moth. The adults climb trees freely where they 
do most of their feeding. In New England there are several native species of 
Calosoma that are good climbers and their larve are also predaceous. The 
reason why Calosoma sycophantia is more effective than any of the native species 
as an enemy of the gipsy moth is because the laryve of this beetle are able to 
climb trees that have rough bark and feed upon gipsy moth caterpillars or pupz 
that may be massed on the trunks or at a point where the limbs branch therefrom. 


+ These 45,382 Schedius were developed at the laboratory in seven generations from twelve 
adults which were obtained from Gipsy Moth eggs from Japan. 

* Species marked with asterisk were greatly increased in number by breeding at laboratory 
before colonizing. Species in italics are positively established. 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 35 


The larvz of native Calosomas do not climb well and secure practically all their 
food on the ground. This habit limits their ability to increase rapidly and 
renders them ineffective as an enemy of the gipsy moth. 

The females of Compsilura concinnata puncture the integument of the cater- 
pillars and deposit their larve in the body cavity. This Tachinid attacks up- 
wards of 100 different species of native larve. It should be no more effective 
as an enemy of the gipsy moth than some of our native species such as Tachina 
mella, except for the fact that the latter deposits eggs on the caterpillars, and 
these usually are cast off with the molted skins before the maggots: hatch and 
attack the host. 


Anastatus bifasciatus attacks the eggs of the gipsy moth and the females 
may frequently be found busily engaged in ovipositing as the eggs are being laid 
by the gipsy moth female. 

In fact, all of the species that have become established are fitted by special 
adaptation or habit to prey upon the gipsy moth as their principal host. 

What then has been the effect of the introduction of natural enemies on the 
gipsy-moth problem? 

- It is true that the area known to be infested has increased rather rapidly 
during the last few years. This is due to a considerable extent to particularly 
favourable seasons for dispersion of the small larve of the insect by windspread. 
Shortage of men and low purchasing power of funds during and since the World 
- War have also rendered the problem of prevention of spread of the insect un- 
usually difficult. 

In the area that has been longest infested there has been a heavy reduction 
of the number of favoured food plants, due to their injury or death caused by 
the insect, or by cutting operations carried on by owners. This has not been 
sufficient of itself to bring about control. There has been during the past few 
years a gradual increase in the numbers and effectiveness of most of the well- 
established introduced natural enemies and during the past season the records 
slow a greater percentage of benefit than at any time heretofore. This state- 
ment does not apply to most of the territory that has become infested in the last 
ten or fifteen years, although the different parasites are being colonized as apiely 
as possible in the lightly infested region. 

TheSe facts indicate that natural enemies are of great value, and show that 
the work that has been done thus far has been extremely beneficial. The 
question naturally arises as to what the future results will be. While it is pos- 
sible to theorize along this line, the problem is so complicated that predictions are 
almost pure guesswork. We know what has been done in the past. We hope 
for even better results in the future, but we must never lose sight of the fact 
that in spite of the natural enemies the gipsy moth has in its native home, it is 
a pest of prime importance. 

Heavy defoliations occur in Europe periodically. The best information that 
has been secured indicate that they come at five to eight-year intervals. The 
conditions under which the gipsy moth increases to a point where it causes 
extensive defoliation in Europe have not been studied as thoroughly as the im- 
portance of this problem demands. A start has been made along this line during 
the last two years and it is hoped that sufficient data may be secured in the 
future so that the value of the different factors favouring increase or decrease 
may be more accurately measured. With this knowledge available, it may be 
possible to come to a more accurate conclusion as to the ultimate status of the 
gipsy moth in America after its natural enemies have been introduced and reach 
their maximum of efficiency. It is possible to speculate and theorize indefinitely 


36 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 


as to which enemy is the most promising and which in the end may be the most 
effective. What is needed in this respect is facts and these can only be secured 
by experimentation, the methodical collection and proper weighing of field data 
and good judgment in drawing conclusions. 

The policy has been followed of securing all natural enemies of the gipsy 
moth that gave any promise of becoming successfully established in America, in 
the hope that as great or possibly greater measure of control by natural enemies 
can be secured than exists in the native home of the insect. 

Few will doubt the wisdom of this policy, and probably fewer would adopt 
a different plan were they responsible for the management of the work. 

I have dwelt at some length on the problem of natural enemies as applied to 
the gipsy moth work. Time has made it impossible to mention details. The 
project is the largest of its kind that has ever been attempted, and the data that 
has been obtained and the results thus far secured should be useful to all inter- 
ested in the control of insects by natural means. The work thus far indicates 
that enormous progress has been made along this line and demonstrates it to be 
one of the promising and valuable fields that should be thoroughly investigated 
by economic entomologists. 

A brief summary may be helpful: 

1. Natural enemies are a powerful means of controlling most insects. 

2. Insects imported from foreign lands leave their natural enemies behind 
and under favourable conditions are capable of more rapid increase and destruc- 
tiveness than is usual in their native environment. 

3. If the major factors favouring control of an insect are to be utilized it is 
necessary to make a careful study of the fluctuations of the pest, and the damage 
done in its native home, preferably before, rather than after, it becomes located 
in a new country. 

4. Until such work has been thoroughly done so that the prime factors 
which bring about the natural control of the insect in its native home have been 
thoroughly determined, it is desirable to secure and colonize all neutral enemies 
that give promise of assisting in the problem of control. 

5. While theoretical considerations may sometimes be of value, definite 
facts are needed as a basis for securing the greatest benefit by natural enemies. 


THE ONION MAGGOT IN ALBERTA 


H. E. Gray, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF 
AGRICULTURE 


Previous to the season of 1922, the Onion Maggot, Hylemyia antiqua Meig., 
had been reported from only a few localities in Alberta, including Edmonton, 
Red Deer and Lacomb. The infestation in 1922 was general over the area south 
of Calgary and somewhat localized to the north. The sudden increase over such 
a large area caused considerable consternation among the gardeners, and the 
heavy infestation late in the season of 1922 indicated that more trouble could be 
expected in 1923. With these facts in mind, the study of the onion maggot was 
made the major garden-insect problem at the Lethbridge Entomological Labor- 
atory during the season of 1923. 

This season will long be remembered in Alberta not only as a wet year, but 
as the year which broke a five years’ drought. The rainfall for May, June and 
July was well over the twenty-year average for these months, and some of the 


es 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 3% 


storms were very severe, as wind and hail were combined with the rain. The 
excessive moisture made much of the observation work disagreeable, and ovi- 
position very irregular. In at least one instance a hailstorm was undoubtedly 
responsible for the destruction of many of the flies. 


SEASONAL HISTORY 


Flies and eggs were first observed in the field on May 15th. At this time 
seedling onions were about three inches high, but there were several volunteer 
onions scattered throughout the garden and ten of these were selected for ovi- 
position records.. Eggs were collected every day and counted until oviposition 
ceased. The daily average number of eggs per plant for the first generation was 
24.6 with the height of oviposition centred on May 22nd and 23rd, no eggs of 
this generation being found after July 7th. Some of the first and last eggs of 
this generation were taken to the laboratory to get the limits of the generation. 

The first larve hatched in the laboratory in three days, and the average 
larval period of 54 individuals which reached maturity was 16.35 days, with a 
range of from 12 to22 days. The last larve to hatch from eggs of this generation 
had the same incubation period, but the larval period averaged 18 days with a 
range of from 15 to 26 days. 

The first larva pupated on June 2nd and the earliest fly emerged on June 
22nd, the average pupal period of the 54 flies being 20.37 days with a range of 
from 19 to 22 days. The last larve of this generation pupated on the first of 
August and emerged on the 20th of August, having the same average pupal 
period as the first. 

The first eggs of the second generation were secured in the field on July 13th. 
Adult flies had been collected earlier than this and many had been reared, but 
no €ggs were secured in the breeding cages and the weather was not suitable for 
extended searches in the field. From this date on, eggs were found until the 
22nd of August with the height of oviposition on the 23rd of July. The daily 
average number of eggs per plant for this generation was 7.25 based on observa- 
tions made on ten seedling plants. 

None of the first eggs of the second generation collected in the field were 
fertile and in general the fertility of this generation was much lower than that of 
the first generation. The eggs of the first generation hatched over 80 per cent. 
healthy maggots, whereas barely 35 per cent. of the eggs of the second generation 
hatched at all. This may possibly be due to the destruction of numbers of the 
male flies by a severe hailstorm which occurred on July 1st, thus forcing the 
‘females to deposit infertile eggs. The above figures are based on records ob- 
tained by hatching eggs on wet blotting paper in petri dishes. 

The first larvee of the second generation were secured on July 26th from eggs 
collected three and four days previously, the larval period averaging 18.2 days. 
These larve pupated and the first flies emerged twenty days later, on the 31st 
of August. 

There is considerable evidence of a third generation, but this point was not 
proved. The examination of onions harvested during the third week in Sep- 
tember revealed the presence of numbers of nearly mature maggots, and several 
very small ones which could easily have come from eggs laid since the emergence 
of the third generation of flies. The examination of sets on the 18th of October 
revealed large numbers of pupze and many half-grown larve. There is little 
doubt that the pupz developed from the last larve of the second generation, but 
the larve can hardly be considered as belonging to that generation. 


38 THE ‘REPORT-OF THE No. 33 





Several experiments were conducted to determine the method used by the 
maggots to get into the onion bulb. Seedling plants were used and newly- 
hatched maggots were placed within half an inch of the plant. Within two and 
a half hours all the maggots had burrowed into the soil but none were found 
within the bulb in less than twenty-two hours. The first maggots entered the 
bulb at a point about 6 mms. above the root attachment. The puncture was 
roughly oval in shape, about 1.5 mms. by .7 mms. After the opening had been 
used by the maggots and the tissues had shrunk, it materially increased in size. 


Only one case was observed where the maggots entered by the leaves. The 
eggs had been laid well up on the plant at the junction of two leaves. When the 
larvee hatched they penetrated the leaf and worked down the inside to the bulb. 
Twenty-four hours after penetrating the leaf the maggots were about 5 cms. 
below the point of entry and forty-eight hours after hatching they had reached 
the bulb. 


CONTROL EXPERIMENTS 


During the season of 1922 crude naphthalene was used on rows of onions 
after the damage had begun to appear. The results were rather surprising as 
the mixture of naphthalene and furnace ash had only been cultivated into the 
soil close to the plants and had killed over 80 per cent. of the maggots in four days. 
In 1923 it was decided to try some more experiments with this material, but 
unfortunately most of the onions were seeded before the work could be started. 
Mixtures containing crude naphthalene were worked into the soil in the prelimin- 
ary cultivation, but it was only in the case of a small late-seeded plot, and the 
results were not satisfactory. 


Other mixtures were tried after seeding, and when the damage first appeared. 
Some of these showed promise, and will be tried again next year, using larger 
plots. Each plot this season consisted of a single row of onions with check rows 
between the plots, and the damage was very nearly the same on all the rows 
with a few exceptions. It is very evident that to get any definite results from 
soil-fumigant work the plots must be larger, and separated by a greater distance 
than exists between rows as laid out in the ordinary garden. 

The fact that the volunteer and early-sown onions were most heavily in- 
fested, and that eggs were found on them earlier than on any of the other plants, 
demonstrates the possible value of using onions in a trap-crop method of control. 
The later sown onions were almost free from eggs until about the end of the 
oviposition period of the first generation. 


The females almost invariably select plants of heavy flaccid growth for 
oviposition. Volunteer onions or sets that are rather deep in the ground, so that . 
the leaves branch before reaching the surface, will carry the bulk of infestation. 
Plants that have a pronounced neck with the leaves branching an inch or more 
above the surface of the soil are seldom chosen by the females for oviposition, 
and an examination of several plants showed this type of onion to be almost free 
from infestation. 


There is a distinct relationship between rainfall and oviposition which 
requires further study. This season it was observed that oviposition dropped 
off materially before a storm and ceased until a day or so afterwards. It is hoped 
that another year will amplify our records on the life-history and natural control 
factors. 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 39 


THE ONION MAGGOT IN THE OTTAWA DISTRICT 


G. H. HAMMOND, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF 
AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA 


Since the latter part of the 19th century the onion maggot has been regarded 
as an insect pest of primary importance in the Ottawa district. Early records 
indicate that in 1875 Mr. William Couper found the maggots to be destructive 
throughout Ontario, as well as in other parts of eastern Canada. Dr. James 
Fletcher, in his annual report for 1885, mentioned a case in which a Nepean farmer 
experienced a loss of 75 per cent. from the onion maggot. During more recent 
years losses from the onion maggot in fields near Ottawa have ranged from 
1 per cent. to 95 per cent., but the average annual losses during 1922 and 1923 
have been comparatively light, not exceeding 25 per cent. 

At Ottawa the eggs of the onion maggot have been taken on garlic, leek and 
onion. During July and August, 1922 and 1923, it was observed that many 
more eggs were taken on leek than on onion under garden conditions; never- 
theless, it should be stated that fewer larve feeding in garlic and leek material 
matured. 

The attack of first generation larve to the plants in June is by far the most 
important form of injury. In the field during 1923, at Ottawa, such injury in 
the form of a distinct wilting readily seen by the naked eye first became apparent 
on June 12th in seedling plants, but was most evident between June 20th and 
June 30th. Larval attack in midsummer and autumn produced malformations 
of the bulbs and losses in weight. Secondary flies, such as Fannia sp., Muscina 
stabulans and Muscina assimilis were found in decaying onions associated with 
the larve of the onion maggot but in no case were these secondary flies of primary 
importance. 


LirE HIsToRY 


Two distinct generations of the onion maggot and a partial third generation 
were reared during 1923. Only 89 second generation puparia out of 766, or 
13 per cent., produced adults during the latter part of the season; the greater 
number of the third generation larve resulting from these adults, failed to pupate 
by November 1st. The season of 1923 was cooler than normal and considerably 
more moist. In an open and warm year doubtless a higher percentage of the 
third generation adults would have developed. 

In 1922 eggs were collected first on May 24th, and in 1923 on May 26th. 
The last eggs taken in the field during 1923 were collected on October 20th. Of 
16,000 eggs collected in 1923 from a stated area, 2 per cent. were deposited in 
May; 48 per cent. in June; 11 per cent. in July; 25 per cent. in August; 12 per 
cent. in September, and 2 per cent. in October. The majority of these eggs were 
laid in the soil, but on fine days immediately after a heavy rain, fully 95 per cent. 
of the eggs were laid on the foliage of the plants, the size of the plants having no 
appreciable relation to the location of the eggs at any period during the season. 

The egg stage averaged five days. The larval stage of first-generation 
individuals varied from eleven to twenty-two days, but the great majority of 
them took from eighteen to nineteen days to mature. The puparium stage 
varied from eleven to twenty days, the average being fifteen days. 

The individual second-generation larval period varied from fourteen to 
forty-eight days, with an average between July 25th and August 15th of twenty- 
one days, and between August 15th and September 15th of twenty-eight days. 


40 THE: REPORT) OF 2HE No. 33 » 


The average individual pupal period of the second generation was seventeen 
days, with a minimum of fourteen and a maximum of twenty-five days. Success 
attended our efforts to rear flies in continuous series from eggs collected in the 
spring, and from these it was observed that second-generation adults oviposited 
between July 20th and September 20th from the first female emergence on 
July 6th, while the third generation adults deposited eggs between September 
10th and October 17th. 

First-generation eggs were laid between May 26th and June 30th with first- 
generation larve present in the field between May 30th and July 15th. 

Many larve were observed emerging from the egg. Emergence occurred 
most frequently about 8.30 a.m., and took place through a narrow opening 
extending from near the anterior end to about one-third the length of the egg. 
The maggot when just hatched is glistening pearly white in colour and somewhat 
longer than the egg. When full-grown it attains a length of 10 mm. and retains 
the pearly colour without the lustre. 

The pre-oviposition period of adults under observation was thirteen days 
in the third generation and fourteen days in the case of the second. Hibernation 
occurs in the puparium stage, as has been noted by other investigators. 


CONTROL 


Staphylinid beetles were observed to be predaceous upon eggs and larve 
of the onion maggot in confinement and their close association with infested 
onions in the field leaves little doubt that they are also predaceous under natural 
conditions. Furthermore, certain individual parasites belonging to this impor- 
tant group of beetles were reared from first and second generation puparia. 
Unfortunately these internal parasitic Staphylinids have not as yet been definitely 
identified but from their appearance and habits it is probable they are the species 
known as Baryodma ontarionis Casey, which is an important parasite of the 
cabbage-root maggot and which has been noted by Gibson and Treherne (Bulletin 
No. 12 of the Dominion Entomological Branch). During 1923, only .4 per cent. 
of the onion maggot puparia under observation were found to be infested with 
this parasite, but in 1919 as high as 25 per cent. were parasitised. This beetle 
is apparently the most important parasitic natural control factor of the onion 
maggot in the Ottawa district, but seems very variable in its degree of prevalence. 

Among the Ichneumonids, *A phaereta musce Ashm., was reared from first- 
generation puparia in 1923. The first adult parasites emerged on July 25th, five 
appearing from a single puparium. Small, irregular holes in the anterior end of 
the puparium, marked the place of exit. The Figitid, Cothonaspis gillette: Wash., 
was also reared from second-generation puparia in August and September, eight 
specimens (all males) emerging from two puparia. The percentage of paras- 
itism of this latter species from material under observation was .83 per cent. 

Mites were also taken on adults of the onion maggot, being attached to the 
abdomen and to the front legs. These were determined by Mr. H. E. Ewing, of 
the United States National Museum, as probably Microtrombidium sp. 

Spiders are undoubtedly important enemies of the adult fly, some of the 
experimental work during the last year being affected through their depredations. 


REMEDIAL MEASURES 


In the Ottawa district the sodium arsenite poison bait method of control has 
for several years been experimented with, but in some years this method of control 


* Both parasites were kindly determined by Mr. H. L. Viereck. 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY At 


has not been satisfactory. In 1923, for instance, in one field in which the poison 
bait was set out in pans ten feet apart, so as to give the method every possible 
chance of success, the plantation suffered a 12 per cent. loss which was second 
highest degree of infestation noted in the Ottawa district this year. In this 
connection it is well to emphasize the extreme difficulty in obtaining satisfactory 
check-fields. Sufficient attention has not, it is believed, been given to such 
factors as dates of planting, soil fertility, soil moisture, and the existing degree 
of infestation in relation to the results obtained from experimental work and life- — 
history studies. 

As eggs may be taken in the field on May 24th in a normal year, poison bait 
cans would necessarily need to be set out about May 15th in the Ottawa district, 
or conjointly with the dates of germination of the onion seeds and the pans 
would have to be kept filled until about June 30th, or after the termination of the 
first-generation egg deposition period. From our egg records there was no dis- 
continuance of the egg deposition during June, hence at least eight refillings of 
the poison-bait cans would need to take place during a year of heavy infestation 
to obtain satisfactory results. Unfortunately, since the writer undertook these 
studies, he has not experienced a year of heavy attack during which close obser- 
vations were kept, and has therefore not been able to demonstrate this method 
of control applied under conditions entirely in harmony with the life-history 
records. 

As regards the trap crop or cull onion method of control developed as a 
result of studies made in British Columbia by Messrs. R. C. Treherne and M. H. 
Ruhmann, the light infestation records at Ottawa during the last few years have 
not enabled us to pronounce upon the value of this method which, however, 
undoubtedly shows much virtue as the following records show. 


As a possible improvement in the trap-crop method of control, as described 
on page 33 of the Fifty-second Annual Report of the Entomological Society of 
Ontario for 1921, a number of cull onions were planted in soil in flat boxes, ten 
inches wide and of a convenient length, with sides six inches high and fitted with 
galvanized wire screen bottom. These flats were set thirty feet apart through 
two fields of seedling onions during the summer of 1923. The percentage of loss 
(estimated by comparing the number of original seedlings tn the row with the 
number of infested plants from an actual count), at the close of the season in one 
field was 6.55 per cent., and in the other 1.08 per cent. Both fields were heavily 
infested during 1922, the former being more heavily infested than the latter. 
In three untreated fields during 1923 losses of 25 per cent., 12 per cent., and 6.8 
per cent. were observed as bases of comparison. An average count of eggs taken 
from ten trap boxes equalled the number of eggs collected from 376 feet of 
seedling rows between May 26th and June 30th. 


As previously mentioned, the loss in a certain baited field was 12 per cent. 
This may be regarded as a fair basis of comparison with the other fields men- 
tioned. The other records obtained in baited fields were interfered with by 
secondary factors which made them unsafe to use in a comparison of this descrip- 
tion, but in each case the degree of infestation was higher than in the fields where 
bait onions were used. 


Evidence is now available from a long series of notes which we could present 
if time permitted, that in the use of trap onions we have a remedy which is 
apparently more satisfactory than poison bait. A combination of the two 
systems, using a poison bait with the cull onions in flats, may prove ultimately 
to be the solution of the problem on onion-maggot control. 


42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 


ONION MAGGOT STUDIES IN THE DISTRICT OF MONTREAL, 
QUEBEC, 1923 


T. ARMSTRONG, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF 
AGRICULTURE 


During recent years the market gardeners on the Island of Montreal have 
suffered heavy losses in their onion crops due to the ravages of the onion maggot. 
This year (1923) an effort has been made to study the life history and habits of 
the insect and to determine an effective method of control. 

Dr. J. M. Swaine,’ writing in the Second Annual Report of the Quebec 
Society for the Protection of Plants, states that at Macdonald College, maggots 
appeared last season (1909) for the first time and a number of plants were 
destroyed. 

In the Montreal district serious losses were occasioned in 1920, and during 
the past three years the successful growing of onions has been menaced by this 
insect. 

‘Mr. Arthur Gibson,’ in 1916-17, made use of a poison-bait spray consisting 
of sodium arsenite, molasses, and boiling water, and apparently secured satis- 
factory results. These experiments were conducted near Rivermead, Quebec, 
and it was recommended that commercial growers test out the value of the 
mixture under their immediate local conditions. 

In the United States, commencing with the year 1913, the use of sodium 
arsenite as a bait received considerable attention, which resulted after several 
years’ experimentation, in the belief that the onion maggot could be successfully 
controlled by poisoned attractive baits. 

In the spring of 1921, control work with sodium arsenite bait was carried 
on in the Montreal district by Prof. W. Lochhead and Mr. W. J. Tawse, of Mac- 
donald College, in co-operation with the Dominion Entomclogical Branch. A 
number of fields were treated, making use of the two methods of application 
which were being advised at that time, the use of bait pans, and the diagonal 
sprinkling method. Fair control was secured according to the evidence pro- 
duced by Messrs. Lochhead and Tawse, more especially with the use of the bait 
pans. The sprinkling system proved to be unsatisfactory. 


Lire History AND HABITS 


In 1923, at Montreal, the first onion maggot fly was noticed on the wing on 
May 20, and ten days later, May 30, the first eggs were taken on a group of 
volunteer onions. Flies continued to emerge throughout the month of June from 
overwintering puparia. The maximum emergence occurred from June 10th to 
13th, at which time from twenty to forty flies were seen to a pan and the greatest 
numbers were taken sweeping. 

Eggs collected on May: 30th hatched on June 5th, a period of six days. 
These maggots reared in vials in the hollow of onion leaves commenced pupation 
fourteen days later, with the majority going into the resting stage after sixteen 
days. These puparia gave rise to second-generation adults between July 4th 
and 10th, the pupal stage lasting from fifteen to eighteen days. Oviposition of 
the first generation was definitely in progress between May 30th and July 4th, 
but continued in all probability at least until July 20th. Second-generation 


Bi Z p03: Swaine, J. M.: Second Annual Report of the Quebec Society for the Protection of 
ants. OS: 
2.1917: Gibson, Arthur: Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario. Pp. 30-33. 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 43 





adults commenced egg-laying on July 19th, and continued until September 8th, 
giving rise in turn to maggots and puparia. Adults of the third generation first 
appeared in the vials on August 21st and continued to emerge until October 3rd. 

The average larval life of the first generation, estimated from twelve separate 
series of egg collections, was determined as being thirteen days; the average pupal 
life being estimated as 15.77 days. 

The larval and pupal life of the second generation was increased somewhat. 
For the larval period the average was 16.4 days, and for the pupal stage 19.8 days, 
in cases where flies did emerge. > 

From material reared in series from July until October, 81.4 per cent. of the 
second-generation puparia did not produce adults during 1923 but hibernated. 

From egg counts made at regular three to four-day intervals throughout the 
season it was determined that the greatest number of eggs were laid during June 
and August. In May 2.3 per cent. of the total number of eggs were laid; in June, 
36.1 per cent.; in July, 8.9 per cent.; in August, 39.6 per cent.; and in Sep- 
tember, 13.1 per cent. 

In short, first-generation eggs, larve and puparia were present in the field 
from May 30th until August 4th. Second-generation eggs, larve and puparia 
were present from July 23rd until October 4th, 81.4 per cent. of these puparia 
overwintering. 

Attempts made to breed second-generation adults in a large field cage (6 ft. x 
6 ft. x 3 ft.) proved unsuccessful. However, third-generation flies placed in this 
cage on August 24th, 27th and 29th, respectively, bred and laid eighteen eggs on 
September 17th, and forty-two eggs were collected from the onions in the cage 
on September 24th. 

Some maggots were reared successfully on onion agar, more especially on 
agar to which a little hydrochloric acid had been added. Out of twenty maggots 
fed on this agar three went into pupation and one fly emerged. 

As regards the oviposition habits of the flies it was observed that during the 
spring and summer, until the plants all attained ‘a size of approximately six to 
eight inches, practically all of the eggs laid were deposited in the soil within one 
or two inches of the plant. Towards the end of August and during September 
eggs were commonly laid on the leaves, as many as eight to fifteen eggs being 
taken at one time on a single plant. It was observed during midsummer that 
those onions injured or attacked by first-generation larve were frequently chosen 
by second-generation adults for oviposition. Plants affected by onion smut also 
proved attractive for the flies in August. 

These selective habits are doubtless of great importance in view of the 
possible use that may be made of volunteer onion growth as a means of control 
during the spring months. 


REMEDIAL MEASURES 


In applying the sodium arsenite poison bait according to the formula laid 
down in Pamphlet 32 of the Dominion Entomological Branch, two methods of 
application are suggested, viz.: the sprinkling of the bait across the field in large 
coarse drops, or the setting out of suitable containers at regular intervals through- 
out the field filled with the liquid. 

Prof. Lochhead and Mr. W. J. Tawse,! in conducting experiments in the 
Montreal section in 1921, using these two methods, found that the sprinkling of 
the bait was not nearly so successful as where bait pans were used alone. In 


11921: Lochhead, W., and Tawse, W. J.: Fourteenth Annual Report of the Quebec Society 
for the Protection of Plants. Pp. 43-48. 





44 THE REPORT. OF THE No. 33 


view of this, in 1923 our experiments in control only considered the value of these 
pans, and in order to give the method every opportunity to prove successful they 
were kept refilled for the entire period from May 22nd until July 10th. The 
commercial aspect bearing upon the point as to how many times refillings were 
necessary was not specially considered. Five acres were treated by the pan 
method, using about thirty pans to the acre. At the close of the season an 8 per 
cent. loss was observed in the plantation, and a total of 405 eggs and eggshells 
were actually taken on ten feet of row in twenty-three separate observations 
between June 11th and September 5th. 


In a two-acre check or untreated field adjoining the above the net loss was 
3.3 per cent., with a very much lower egg count throughout the season. To 
account for this negative result it would be only fair to state that while the 
conditions were as nearly comparable as it was possible to make them, the 
untreated field had not been manured so heavily and this fact may partly account 
for the lower degree of infestation if the attractiveness of the poison bait pans in 
the adjoining field is discounted. 

As mentioned in Pamphlet 32 of the Dominion Entomological Branch, Mr- 
W. J. Tawse made a suggestion that possibly encircling the bait pans with a 
number of growing cull onions would prove a more satisfactory and reliable 
remedy than where pans are used alone. This recommendation was based very 
largely on the suggestion made by Messrs. R. C. Treherne and M. H. Ruhmann,? 
where trap onions are used alone in British Columbia, coupled with his belief in 
the value of sodium arsenite baits. 

In order to test the value of this combination method, six acres were set out 
with pans and traps in adjoining fields to the plantation referred to above. At 
the close of the season the loss due to onion maggot attack was noted, as 5.4 per 
cent. with 408 eggs and eggshells being taken in ten feet of row in twenty-three 
separate observations between June 11th and September 4th as before. Occa- 
sional observations during the season indicated that eggs were being laid in fair 
numbers around the trap onions, but no definite count of eggs or record was kept. 


However, from ten trap onions especially set for oviposition counts, a total 
of 2,450 eggs were taken between May 30th and September 19th, 1,038 of these 
eggs being first generation, 1,163 second generation, and the remainder, in all 
probability, third generation. The degree of infestation this year has unques- 
tionably been light which accounts for the slight damage that was caused and 
for the low oviposition counts. The comparative value of the various control 
measures is obtainable, however, from these records. 

In addition to the above, two acres of onion field were set out with the 
special British Columbia poison-bait can, which only differs from the ordinary 
open pie dish by the addition of a water reservoir and felt mat. No records of 
oviposition or loss by onion-maggot attack were kept in this field, as the main 
object was to test the value of this special pan over the open dish from a mech- 
anical point of view. As a result of this experiment it was shown that the 
method did not prove any more desirable than the open dish with excelsior or 
straw floats, and the trouble of refilling in a field where water was not easily 
obtainable detracted very greatly from their use. 

As a result of this year’s experiments it was unfortunate, from our point of 
view, that a greater degree of infestation was not registered. Ina broad, general, 
commercial scale all fields used this year yielded equal returns and suffered a 





11921: Treherne, R. C., and Ruhmann, M. H.: Fifty-second Annual Report of the Entomo- 
logical Society of Ontario. Pp. 29-33. 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 45 


like loss, only one untreated field at Cote des Neiges, showing a loss of 9.9 per 
cent., the highest observed in the vicinity. Sufficient has been seen, however, 
to indicate that the use of cull or trap onions does offer a suitable base for 
experimental studies of the future, and that in combination with a poison bait 


liquid will probably prove the most satisfactory measures for control of the 
onion maggot. 


NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE CLOVER LEAF WEEVIL 
(Hypera punctata) 


H. F. Hupson anp A. A. Woop, DoMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, 
STRATHROY 


This paper is a very brief resumé of the more important facts concerning the 
life history of the clover leaf weevil as it occurs at Strathroy, Ontario. Clover 
insects do not appear to have caused much damage in recent years in this locality. 
This may be due to two causes; either the insects have not been sufficiently 
abundant, or more likely, they have received little or no attention. 

The clover-leaf weevil would appear to be the major clover pest which has 
come under our observation in recent years. Our first acquaintance with this 
insect was in the spring of 1917, when several hundreds of acres of clover and 
timothy meadows were severely injured in Delaware township. The depre- 
dations of the larve, however, did not last long, for a fungous disease broke out 
which,wiped out the entire infestation. Since that time they have again become 
abundant. Among food plants, red and sweet clover appear to be favourite, with 
some preference being shown for red clover. 

The beetles do not become sexually active until about the third week of 
August. Eggs are deposited quite regularly until the middle of November, the 
bulk of eggs being laid in September and October. Few, if any, beetles hibernate. 
From the time the beetles emerge from the cocoon until sexual activity com- 
mences, the beetles lead a very inactive existence, and feed sparingly. 

In our studies of the eggs over thirty pairs of beetles were used. The egg 
capacity of the female varied from 34 eggs to 667 eggs. The female with a 
record of 667 eggs oviposited over a period of 76 days with 46 days of oviposition. 
Other females laid 133, 240, 278, 324, 360 and 378 eggs, respectively. With 
4,500 eggs under close study it was found that 55 per cent. were deposited within 
the petiole of the clover plant, 27 per cent. in masses on the outside of the main 
stem of the plant, and the balance on the soil surface or on the sides of the cage. 
Under field conditions the percentage of eggs laid in the stems would have been 
high, but in our experimental work young plants were used having nostems. In 
a few cases wheat or oat stubble was introduced. Stubble was in all cases pre- 
ferred for oviposition. Eggs laid in stubble had the highest percentage hatch, 
due perhaps to the shrinkage of the green clover petioles removed with the eggs. 


Tue Ecc. The egg period varies considerably. Those deposited during 
the week of August 25th averaged 18.5 days, with the period lengthening out 
until the week of September 22nd when the average was 31.3 days. The shortest 
period obtained was 14 days, and the longest, aside from the over-wintering eggs, 
was 42 days. A mass deposited November 10th hatched April 23rd. 

The freshly-laid egg is pale yellow. The shell is semi-transparent, and shows 
the yolk indistinctly, the ends appearing watery and lighter in colour. A viscid 
liquid is voided with the egg, by the female ovipositing. This liquid dries 


46 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 


quickly when exposed to the air, adding gloss to the shell. When the egg is laid 
on the outside of the plant the shade intensifies to a clear light yellow in about 
two hours, showing evenly over the whole egg, continuing so for from one to three 
days when a faint tinge of green appears. This gradually deepens until from 
the second to the sixth day the ends darken slightly giving a general appearance 
of pale olive green. Usually the next day (although sometimes simultaneously) 
the shell begins to show slight sculpturing, becoming complete in a day or two. 
All gloss then leaves the egg, and it becomes quite dull, and slightly darker. 
The pattern of the sculpturing is more evident on eggs laid on the outside of the 
plant, and is of a very even hexagonal form. No particular change is seen after 
this until the head of the embryo begins to show. Usually this takes place in 
from three to five days after sculpturing, depending very much on the weather. 
Even in early fall it may last fourteen days. At first the head shows faintly as 
a dark mark, then soon darkening to a plainly visible circular black spot. In 
most cases this is about one-third distant from either end, but may be anywhere 
along the egg, as the larva moves about before hatching. With eggs laid inside 
the petiole, coloration is less marked. Just before hatching, the egg is a very 
pale green colour, the head of the larva within showing plainer than in eggs 
exposed to the air. The egg enlarges considerably before hatching, becoming. 
slightly distorted in outline. 


THe Larva. The newly-hatched larve remain for a short time near the 
egg mass, but soon ascend the stem, to begin feeding on the leaflets. Being 
legless, a large number fall to the ground. In the insectary most of these perished 
unless they were assisted back on to the leaf. In the field this fact doubtless 
results in considerable larval mortality, especially if hatching occurs during a 
rain or heavy wind. The first instar larvz do not retire to the base of the plant 
in the daytime, but remain on the underside of the leaf near where they were 
feeding, curled tightly, the last segment just covering the head. An epidermal 
hair or two of the leaf is usually embraced to help anchor the larva. In the field 
many of the young larve feed within the unopened leaflets at the base of the 
plants, thus obtaining ample cover during the day without leaving their feeding- 
ground. The propensity of the young larve to remain in the one location until 
some growth is made can be observed very noticeably under insectary conditions. 
With two hundred specimens observed in vials not a single one voluntarily left 
- a dried, withered leaf for a fresh one without being transferred to it bodily. 
Before the first moult the feeding is confined to the centre of the leaves, the 
injury showing as small round holes. After the larva has attained the third and 
fourth instar it feeds from the leaf margin as well. They feed at night only, 
dropping to the ground to spend the day curled up under the refuse at the base 
of the plant. 


With careful searching some larve may be found in the field any time from 
the second week of September until the third week of June of the following year. 
They are not difficult to identify, and are not likely to be confused with other 
insects in the clover field. The green larva with its pale dorsal stripe and its 
habit of curling up when not feeding is easily distinguished. Although the 
colour is usually green it may be cream, bluish, or with a tinge of pink. The 
percentage of cream-coloured larve was 2.6 per cent., and they produced normal- 
coloured adults. 


Three moults were observed, the length of instars being very variable on 
account of the intermittent feeding of the larve, due largely to adverse weather 
conditions. The first instar (fall observation) averaged 17 days, the second 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 7 47 


instar (fall observation) 21 days, the third (spring observation) 13.11 days, and 
the fourth (spring observation) 17.01 days. A very great increase in food 
consumption is noticed after the second moult. They winter in all four larval 
stages as well as in the egg stage. 


Tue Pupa. The larve cease feeding a day or two before they commence 
spinning cocoons, which operation requires one or two days. The usual location 
for the cocoon is just below the surface of the soil, but it may be over an inch 
deep in the soil, where there is lack of moisture, or on the surface under debris. 
The cocoon is not woven from one continuous thread, the silk being cut off at 
each end, at a length of from three-eighths to five-eighths inches. Arestis always 
taken after the spinning of each thread (for about the same length of time as the 
work) and a new supply of silk material is taken before resuming spinning. 
Sometimes the supply appears to run low, when the larva kneads the underside 
of the last two body segments with its head, as if forcing the secretion to the 
opening. This substance is very adhesive, adhering to the sides of the pupal 
chamber and to the threads already spun very securely. Curiously enough it 
does not seem to adhere to the body of the larva, when too large a supply is 
taken. Slightly over six inches of silk is spun in one hour. The prepupal period 
lasts from three to eight days and the pupal from five to thirteen days. 


Tue Aputt. After the pupal skin is shed the adult remains within the 
cocoon for one to four days. With specimens emerging in vials not supplied 
with food, the cocoon is always eaten, but this is not the case in the field where 
there isan abundance of food, only sufficient being eaten from one end to permit 
the beetles to emerge. After emergence they feed regularly for two weeks, then 
become dormant until August. The feeding habits of the adults are somewhat 
different during oviposition, for then the petioles as well as the blades are eaten. 
There appeai’s to be only one generation in Western Ontario, the beetles dying 
soon after oviposition is completed. 

The spread to new fields occurs during the latter part of August. On a 
bright sunny day the beetles may be seen in flight and running rapidly from 
plant to plant over the bare spaces on the ground surface. 

Although hundreds of larve have been reared and collected from the field 
we have never observed any natural parasite. In years of excessive abundance 
the outbreak seems to be controlled naturally by a fungous disease known as 


Empusa sphaerosperma. 


WINDS AND GIPSY-MOTH SPREAD 


E. P. Fett, CHIEF ENTOMOLOGIST, CONSERVATION COMMISSION, 
ALBANY, N.Y. 


It is well known that wind-spread is an important factor in the dissemination 
ofithe gipsy moth (Porthetria dispar Linn.). The earlier investigations in eastern 
Massachusetts, by agents of the United States Bureau of Entomology, have 
shown that the recently-hatched caterpillars may be carried considerable dis- 
tances—as much as twenty or twenty-five miles over water. 

The proposed barrier zone in which the gipsy moth should not be allowed 
to establish itself made it very desirable to study the winds of western Massa- 
chusetts and eastern New York during the period when conditions were favour- 


able for wind-spread. 


48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 





Five temporary weather stations equipped with self-recording instru- 
ments for registering wind direction and velocity and temperatures were 
established at approximately equal distances along the Mohawk Trail from 
North Petersburg, N.Y., to East Charlemont, Mass. They were located, in 
addition to the two above mentioned, one at a point about midway between 
Williamstown and North Adams, Mass., one on the east summit, Whitcomb 
Summit, elevation 2,200 feet, of Hoosac mountain, and the other in western 
Charlemont, just east of the grade up the mountain and about four miles east 
of Hoosac tunnel. The western two stations are in the Hoosick River valley, 
and the eastern two in the Deerfield River valley. The records of these stations 
were supplemented by hourly observations of wind direction and velocity and 
temperature at Sheffield, Mass., and Copake Falls, N.Y., the two being separated 
by a well-marked ridge of the lower Berkshires. Data were also obtained, 
through the co-operation of the various meteorologists, from those United States 
weather stations in New England and eastern New York state possessing infor- 
mation most likely to assist in solving the problem. 

The following tabulations shows a very small eastward component at any 
of the stations in or near the Berkshires, either in western Massachusetts or 
eastern New York. 


SUMMARY OF PERCENTAGES OF PRINCIPAL WIND COMPONENTS, May 10TH TO JUNE 8TH, 1923 





Locality North South East West 
INostRetecsbune Ni AVesst wc Spears tues 37.8 19.9 SED 56.1 
RMoceAdamis Massie <5 wig tugs eden 3 48.5 13.9 WAS! 55.5 
Hoosac Mountam Wass: ..ses0 2-2. s. SNS Teal 11125 69.5 
GharlemontWassh. ti. a eee ee 576 12.6 6.9 Silead 
ShetheldseMiassis .. 605 sc ic ro ees aed: 60.8 25-9 7.9 Ziel 
CopakeallsseNgveoyact > oer e oo. 40.0 24.9 10.9 40.6 

Average percentage ........-...«: 46.6 WES 9.1 50.0 





On the other hand, there is perceptibly more east wind in the Connecticut 
valley, as shown by the following tabulation: 




















| 
Locality North South East West 
|| 

Pastecharlemonty Wass). ose eee 42.4 17.4 17.4 51.8 
PATIMINETS tel ViaSGietwe en. be ps e.cp ieee paces 44.6 Sled 16.3 33.01 
aEctoncie CONE. oes cose ee 24.1 44.9 16.6 37.9 
INew Haven. (Conn 2.) py-% Ge apss Sos 19.4 47.8 15k 41.1 
Average percentage.............. 32.6 35.4 16.3 41.1 














A still greater prevalence of east wind, and consequently westward drift for 
this period, is shown at the Concord, N.H., and Boston, Mass., stations, the east 
wind at the latter stations being especially marked. 





Locality North South East _ West 
Goncord SNAED Seis SLA. SPE he 36:2 18.4 18.2 46.6 
if 5252 








Rostonba WasSeg.e acd sk eo cuss hie eck 15.0 18.8 | 26. 


Average percentage.....:.5.55.¢. 25.6 18.6 





1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 49 


The figures for 1923 show a distinctly smaller probability of the pest being 
swept westward from the New York state boundary line than is the case in the 
Connecticut valley and most evidently so in eastern Massachusetts. Further- 
more, it has taken over twenty years for the gipsy moth to spread from the 
vicinity of Boston, Mass., to the New York state line, and if the wind is an 
important factor, as is doubtless the case, we must conclude that the westward 
spread into New York state will be still slower. 

The records of the United States Weather Bureau for New England and 
eastern New York stations are the basis for the following: 

The eastern component for Albany for the past nine years, May 16th to 
June 8th, has ranged from 1.4 to 22.8 per cent., the average being 11.9. Similar 
figures for Burlington, Vt., show a range from 2.1 to 12.5 per cent., and an average 
of 6.4 per cent. Records for a six-year period for Northfield, Vt., indicate a 
range of 5.4 to 11.2 per cent., with an average of 7.4 per cent. 

It is evident from the above that east winds are much less prevalent in 
western Massachusetts and eastern New York than on the eastern coast of New 
England and consequently less likely to carry gipsy moth caterpillars westward. 

In view of the recently discovered infestation in northwestern Vermont, our 
tabulation of the principal wind components from Burlington and Northfield, 
Vt., stations for the period when wind-spread is likely to occur is of special 
interest to Canadians and is reproduced below: 


SUMMARY OF PERCENTAGES AND PRINCIPAL WIND COMPONENTS 
7 AM. TO 7 P.M., May 16TH TO JUNE 8TH. 

















Burlington, Vt. Northfield, Vt. 

North South East West North South East West 
ICUS Strate. 34.1 28.2 8.3 29.4 ef ree ful a 
I 24.9 61.9 8.2 1s ye Saas a eyeae 
IGS ee 36.01 Sa 5.06 14.65 Mee <aas ai oe 
HOM Geet ee ek ilaye 7/ 64.1 Dal 26.3 Did 56.7 5.4 30.7 
(0 (0) as ae ee 29 i SW) 12:5 Tal AQ) 43.9 45.4 5.8 17.0 
iSO 2 26.8 54.43 6.5 23.6 40.8 Soa 6.0 Bell 
AO ee. 36.2 43.9 ANS 26.6 45.8 36.3 te 21.6 
NOE kites <crd'als / 23.4 60.5 5.8 Mba DOSS 56.9 8.2 D243 
LOD Se. ae a 39.7 40.5 4.7 29.5 48.6 36.4 8.0 2325 
Average percentage] 29.61 51.46 6.4 Py 1; 39.3 47.5 7.4 19.9 











The southern component is especially important to Canada. This averages 
for Burlington 51.46 per cent., the range being from 64.1 per cent. to 28.2 per 
cent. The average for Northfield is 47.5, the extremes being 56.7 per cent. and 
36.3 per cent. 

The weather records were supplemented by releasing from the weather 
stations named above and localities in Bradford, Vt., Deerfield, Easthampton, 
and Sheffield, Mass., East Granby, Conn., and Copake Falls, N.Y.,; nearly 7,000 
hydrogen-inflated toy balloons for the purpose of obtaining records of actual 
drift. The balloons were liberated at hourly intervals from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m., 
eastern standard time, additional balloons being released on the quarter hours 
between 9 and 11 a.m. and 3 to 5 p.m., and on the half hours from 11 a.m. to 
3 p.m., and at 5.30 p.m., except when temperatures were below 60°F., or during 
the prevalence of rain. Observers were also instructed to go on to a fifteen- 


50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 


minute schedule during the prevalence of an east wind, so that no opportunity 
of securing records of western drift would be lost. Inflation was for a minimum 
buoyancy as far as possible. We desired records of the lower air currents. There 
was attached to each balloon a numbered tag requesting the finder to give his 
name, address, the date and place where found and he in turn would be informed 
as to the time and place of liberation. Records were kept of the locality, time 
and wind conditions when each balloon was released. The balloon work 
extended from May 11th to June 8th. 
The following tabulation gives some general items of interest: 


TABLE OF BALLOONS RELEASED AND TAGS RETURNED 








a: 5 miles 
Balloons drifting 
; Balloons Tags | Percent. OF aoe 
Locality released | returned | returned eke 

Number | Mileage ; sees 
No» Petersbure. Naveen se soe 794 34 4 33 1,368 41 
INOwAGams we ViaSss) cpt t <i 55s 20 Es 42 1,426 34 
Hoosac Mountain, Mass....... 575 22 4 21 1,393 66 
W. Charlemont, Mass......... 807 75 9 10 305 30 
E. Charlemont. Mass......... 648 33 5 27 653 24 
Bradtord Viewer acco wane 298 8 3 5 165 33 
Deerheld Masses ce. a, 2 = 586 35 i 29 630 22 
Easthampton, Mass.......... 495 45 9 39 861 22 
BaseGranby,) Conn... 270s. 597 50 8 43 1,290 30 
SheffieldieViass.....cystrerocs etre 459 25 6 20 696 35 
Gapake Falls NiY coc0.c50-.23< 530 31 | 6 19 660 35 
Miscellaneous localities........ 611 44 v 28 1,347 48 
Totals and averages...... 6,958 422 | 6 316 10,794 34 





The percentage of returned tags ranges for the various stations from over 
three to nine, the average for all stations being over six. The records show that 
of 298 balloons where the data were sufficiently detailed, 74, or 25 per cent., 
continued to drift in the direction they started, the others diverging to various 
degrees, even to the extent of drifting finally in a directly opposite direction. 
One balloon, No. 3,611, released at Easthampton, Mass., at 10 a.m., May 23rd, 
dropped at 4.15 p.m. on the same day within fifteen feet of the point of release, 
evidently carried back by counter currents. Another remarkable record was 
that of balloon No. 3,468, released at Easthampton, Mass., at 5 p.m. on May 
16th, and recovered by the observer at the next station north, Deerfield, some 
fifteen miles distant, the following morning. 

There were considerable variations in the distances covered by the balloons. 
The longest known was from New Lebanon, Columbia county, New York, to five 
miles off Yarmouth Cape, Nova Scotia, about 400 miles. This was the second 
balloon released in the preliminary work. Seven balloons drifted from 110 to 
145 miles, twenty-two from 85 to 100 miles, and eighteen from 60 to 75 miles, the 
greater proportion presumably dropping at shorter distances. The velocities 
for sixty-one balloons found the date of liberation average 17.9 miles per hour, the 
averages for the various stations ranging from 14 to 27 miles per hour. The 
records indicate that one balloon drifted 65 miles at the rate of 100 miles per 
hour, and another covered 65 miles in one hour. 

The records of returned tags show a general distribution of the balloons in 
southern New England, most of them, as might be expected, being found within 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 51 





thirty miles of the various points of liberation. The drift was largely south- 
easterly, widely scattering individuals landing here and there over the intervening 
territory to both eastern and southern New England coasts. Several were found 
on Long Island. There were 285 balloons which drifted a total of 9,419 miles, 
less than 2 per cent, being in a westerly direction. The distribution of the 
recovered tags is shown on a map of New England published in the Thirteenth 
Annual Report of the New York State Conservation Commission for 1923. See 
insert facing page 168. 

The important point in this work is that practically all the drift was easterly 
northerly or southerly, there being less than two per cent. in a westward direction. 
An examination of the data, see page 165 of above cited report, shows perceptibly 
more westward drift from the Connecticut valley stations than from any on 
either the eastern or western sides of the Berkshire Hills, and this in spite of the 
fact that a number of balloons released west of the range drifted over it. One 
was observed drifting over the summit of Mt. Everett, elevation 2,624 feet, in 
southwestern Massachusetts. 

Both wind records and balloon data of 1923 indicate considerable less 
probability of young gipsy-moth caterpillars being carried westward by the 
prevailing winds than in any other direction, and present indications in this 
respect are therefore favourable to the maintenance of a barrier zone. 


WILL THE GIPSY-MOTH CROSS THE INTERNATIONAL 
BOUNDARY? 


H. L. McIntyre, SUPERVISOR, Gipsy-MoTH CONTROL, NEw YorK STATE 
CONSERVATION COMMISSION, ALBANY, N.Y. 


It is possible that this has already happened, or will in the near future. If 
it has not, it surely will unless immediate action is taken to determine whether 
or not it is present, and necessary funds furnished for extermination, wherever 
it is located. 

The traveller, regardless of his mission, if crossing the international boundary 
is subjected to certain international regulations. Will insects be privileged in 
this respect, especially so in the case of the gipsy moth, which has already located 
near the border? 

International laws can be quite efficiently enforced in so far as the public is 
concerned. Insects seem to make a special effort to evade laws and regulations. 
An immediate exceptionally strenuous effort must be made if the gipsy moth is 
to be prevented from becoming firmly established in the Dominion of Canada. 

There are at this time in New England many who have been continuously 
engaged in gipsy-moth work for twenty or more consecutive years. It is doubtful 
that one can be found who, twenty or in fact ten years ago, realized that we would 
be continuing the gipsy-moth fight on the northern border of the United States 
to-day. 

As reference has been made to the period of years that gipsy-moth sup- 
pression work has been carried on in the New England states, it is only natural 
that many will consider—is this problem worth further consideration? 

Probably a few figures on the cost of the gipsy-moth suppression campaign 
in New England will clearly indicate that the problem is not only worth consider- 
ation, but more serious consideration than it has ever received. 


52 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 





Figures, or even estimates, for the total cost of this campaign in New 
England are not available, or at least are unknown to me. I will, therefore, 
quote figures on the expenditures in part of Massachusetts, which is the state 
in which the pest was first located, and which has always been the leader in the 
suppression campaign. 

Since 1905 there has been expended by the State Department charged with 
the work of moth suppression, other state departments, cities and towns, private 
individuals and corporations, about $15,000,000. Although now practically the 
entire state of Massachusetts is infested to a more or less degree, I think it is 
safe to say that 75 per cent. of the amount mentioned has been expended in 
about one-half the area of the state, or 16,520 square miles. These figures, in 
so far as corporation and individual are concerned, are partially estimated. 
They do not, however, include an unestimable amount, which certainly runs 
into the millions, for the loss due to retardation of the growth in the area where 
defoliation by the gipsy moth is frequent, or loss due to the cutting of unmatured 
growth, the latter being necessary in order to avoid a total loss by repeated 
defoliation of many valuable forest areas in the infested section of New England. 


The area in which this amount has been expended, represents the greater 
part of the commercial and industrial section of the state, and as the agriculturist, 
for his own protection, must bear the greater part of the burden, it is rather 
difficult to determine exactly what percentage of the cost should be charged to 
each individual. 

An extermination campaign against the gipsy moth had been carried on in 
Massachusetts a few years previous to 1900. So successful had they been in 
their efforts to exterminate the pest, that the State Legislature considered further 
funds for the continuance of the campaign inadvisable. The amount asked for 
that year by the State Board of Agriculture was $200,000. Had that been 
granted the millions expended since would, without question, not have been 
necessary. Neither would New York State and Canada be asked to join in the 
fight to establish a barrier zone to prevent this insect from becoming established 
within their borders. 


Massachusetts has sincerely regretted the mistake that was made in 1900, 
which was proven an expensive one to that state, as well as the balance of New 
England. New York State has taken advantage of the experience of New 
England, we hope timely advantage, to prevent the further spread of this insect. 
We ask Canada to do likewise. 

The most important part to New York State in its attempt to establish 
this barrier zone is the assistance we can secure from the United States and 
Canadian Governments, and the New England States adjacent to our border. 

The United States Bureau of Entomology is now conducting an extensive 
gipsy moth suppression campaign in northern and western New England. They 
must be given immediate assistance. Their work is of mighty importance to 
the adjacent territory. Work in eastern New York and southern Canada near 
New England and New York border is equally important to them. 

The prompt attention of New York State to the alarming condition that 
was approaching its borders, has already resulted in locating three small gipsy 
moth colonies. It is possible that the same, or even more serious conditions, 
exist in Canada to-day. So far, the colonies located in New York are at present 
easily exterminated, but if left for a few years unnoticed would mean that we 
had allowed to become established, without an effort to prevent it, a pest which 
would undoubtedly later necessitate an expenditure of millions of dollars. 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 53 


It might be well to include here a paragraph of a paper prepared by the 
writer for presentation at a meeting of the United States Committee on Reforesta- 
tion, recently held at Albany, N.Y.: 


“T believe a Gipsy Moth barrier zone can be established, and I believe it will be established. 
The date we can say this has been accomplished, and the location where it is established, depends 
entirely upon the recognition that requests for present and future Gipsy Moth appropriations 
receive.” 


The above fully applies to the present Canadian situation. A serious gipsy- 
moth infestation has been located less than a mile from your southern border. 
The present and future action that is taken regarding further funds for 

protective work against this pest will alone determine whether or not it will 
permanently cross the international boundary. 

Very few can be found to-day who do not believe in insurance. Expendi- 
tures for protective work against an invasion of the gipsy moth should not be 
considered other than a most valuable insurance. 

I regret that I am not familiar enough with Canadian resources to quote 
intelligently on the amount of money that could be wisely expended as insurance 
in protecting Canada from ravages of the gipsy moth such as have been experi- 
enced in New England. 2 

It has been said by some, even by those entirely familiar with the gipsy- 
moth situation in New England, that there was a question whether the gipsy 
moth would ever become of economic importance in northern New England or 
Canada. An illustration of this is now evident at Alburgh, Vermont. You 
can there very clearly see as great a reproduction in an unmolested colony as 
ever was found in any section where gipsy-moth colonies have been located in 
the United States. 

It has again been mentioned, or at least the fact has often been considered, 
why defoliation of forest areas is not more prevalent in northern New England 
during feeding period of the gipsy-moth larve. If more serious thought were 
given this matter, or if those interested in the problem care to look back a few 
years, they would readily find that no colony of gipsy moth, except in a residential 
section, ever became publicly noticeable, or caused extensive defoliation in less 
than ten years. Wooded areas, asa rule, are not found infested until the isolated 
growth in the surrounding open territory is found generally infested. 

The suppression work that has been carried on in that territory has naturally 
prevented rapid increase of the infestation and likewise retarded the develop- 
ment to a degree that would yet cause easily noticeable defoliation in the vast 
wooded areas of that section. A timely suggestion here would probably not be 
misplaced. 

Keep the gipsy moth out of Canada. 

Even though climatic or other conditions would retard to some extent the 
increase of the insect, it surely will, if allowed to become firmly established. in 
your territory, become of enormous economic importance. 

New York State did not undertake the problem of establishing a gipsy-moth 
barrier zone without due consideration and expert advice, which resulted in a 
unanimous decision that such was the only practical method to adopt. 

Canada was ably represented at the conference at which the decision 
mentioned was reached. The situation at that time did not appear especially 
alarming to Canada, and a direct appeal for immediate action by you was not 
made. The situation has changed, and is to-day as alarming to you as it is to 
New York. 


54 THE ‘REPORT OF THE No. 33 


The work that is being done by the United States Department of Agriculture 
adjacent to the New York border is to assist in establishing a barrier zone. 
The work they are doing south of the international boundary will assist you. 


If colonies of the gipsy moth are allowed to become established in Canada 
on the New York border, the possibility of successfully ending the barrier zone 
work that has been attempted will be an effort in vain. 

We, therefore, ask your co-operation. 


In reply to questions, Mr. McIntyre stated that scouting, to be effective, 
should cover a territory of at least a 30-mile radius from the last infestation 
found. It was formerly supposed that wind-drift was limited to 12 miles, but 
this is now thought to be low and that the 30-mile distance is necessary in 
careful scouting. He estimated that scouting in Quebec area would cost at 
least $20 per lineal mile of road, in addition, of course, to the overhead. The 
border scouting along the New Hampshire line should embrace a strip 30 miles 
wide. He further stated that in scouting, with remarkably few exceptions, 
solid blocks of woods are not infested till after the isolated and scattered trees 
in the margin of the block are fairly generally infested. 


The meeting then adjourned and the discussion was continued after junch, 
as follows: 


Dr. SWAINE: The question of the distribution and spread of the gipsy moth 
is exceedingly interesting to us in Canada. We should do everything we can 
to prevent it entering Canada and becoming a nuisance to our neighbours. 
How would the United States view the failure of Canada in their work to prevent 
the gipsy moth becoming well established along our southern border? How 
would that affect work in New York State? 


Mr. McIntyre: I would say that if Canada did not undertake the pro- 
position of keeping down the infestation adjacent to the New York border, our 
attempt to establish a barrier zone in New York will be useless. No doubt 
many consider that New York is a large state and a wealthy one. I doubt that 
there is a state that would finance an extermination campaign over an area as 
_great as that of New York State. The gipsy-moth campaign will undoubtedly, 
however, be continued, but if our attempt to establish a barrier zone is not 
successful, the problem would be carried on as an individual one, the property- 
owners themselves financing whatever work was undertaken. The attempt to 
establish a barrier zone is the first attempt of controlling the gipsy moth in 
this manner. 


In a paper which I read this morning, I mentioned the amount of money 


expended in the State of Massachusetts for gipsy-moth work in approximately | 


one-half the area of the State. The money that has been spent by the Federal 
Government in New England has been principally to establish a quarantine 
line to protect as much as possible the remainder of the country by preventing 
the shipping of infested material from that area to outside uninfested areas. 
The amount of money that they have received for this work has- not been 
sufficient to attempt to carry on an extermination campaign. 

At the present time the area in which the barrier zone work is being con- 
ducted under the direction of the United States Department of Agriculture and 
the New York State Conservation Commission, comprises approximately a 


‘ 


; 


> 


: 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 55 


fifty-mile strip from the Canadian border to Long Island Sound. If the work 
can be continued in that section and Canada sees fit to join in the proposition, 
I think a barrier zone can be established. 

The present line, as mentioned, is surely the shortest line on which this 
problem can ever be attempted in the United States. 

Mr. McLaAIneE: I should like to ask Dr. Burgess to give us some informa- 
tion as to the success of the extermination work in New Jersey; the total number 
of egg clusters found in the first year of the infestation and the number found 
each year since the extermination work was started. 

Mr. Burcess: I do not recall the number of egg clusters reported the 
first year the gipsy moth was found in New Jersey. The information came 
early in July and it was necessary to have some data about the first of August 
as to how much money would be necessary to carry on the work. Very rough 
scouting work was done and it was found that the insect had spread over 100 
square miles and the estimates for carrying on the work were based on 100 
square miles—$100,000 from New Jersey; $100,000 from the Federal Govern- 
ment. After the money had become available in the fall, work was carried on 
and by the following spring it was determined that the infested area had been 
greatly underestimated. Four hundred square miles were found to be infested. 
The New Jersey funds were increased to $125,000 and the Federal funds 
increased also. We have been carrying work on in New Jersey since that time— 
400 square mile proposition on a 100 square mile financing, and the second year 
the area was practically the same as the first year. The area now so far as 
determined by last spring’s work is approximately 200 square miles, a marked 
decrease. 

Mr. McLaIne: What was the actual amount of funds expended to bring 
about this result? 

Mr. BurGess: New Jersey—first year, $100,000; second year, $125,000; 
third year, $125,000. Federal Government—first year, $122,495; second year, 
$101,672; third year, $167,207. The work in New Jersey has been extremely 
encouraging and I think anyone who has visited the work is very much encour- 
aged at the progress that has been made. 

Mr. KEENAN: What is the distance between the Alburg infestation and 
the one nearest to it? 

Mr. Burcess: About thirty-five miles. 


Dr. SWAINE: I went over the New Jersey outbreak last spring with Dr. 
Headlee and it certainly is surprising how successful the work has been. Almost 
unbelievable that such excellent results could be obtained. 

Mr. KEENAN: When an infestation such as Alburg is discovered, do you 
adopt a policy of recording the wind direction from the viewpoint of larval 
spread? 

Mr. Burcess: This matter will be studied, but, of course, it will be 
necessary to study the wind records from the nearest point where accurate 
records are kept. A great many of the local weather stations only take tem- 
peratures twice a day and the wind velocity is not recorded. 

Mr. FINNAMORE: What time of the year would it be advisable to scout? 

Mr. BurceEss: Scouting ought to be done immediately. Scouting is 
most effective after the leaves have fallen and from then until you get deep 
snow. When you get deep snow you are apt to overlook infestations below 


_ snow-line. The most effective time for scouting is right now. 


56 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 


RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA AND TWO ALLIED SPECIES 
(Trypaneide, Diptera) 
C. HowarpD CURRAN, OTTAWA 


In volume fifty-one of the Canadian Entomologist (1919), Mr. W. 
Downes, of the Entomological Branch, gave a complete historical account of 
the occurrence of a species of Trypaneidz, supposedly Rhagoletis pomonella, in 
British Columbia and mentioned also five specimens from California which had 
been described as R. zephyria by Snow. In view of the excellent published 
account by Mr. Downes, it is unnecessary to again cover this field fully, but it 
seems advisable to mention the main points and add such information as I 
have received from Mr. Treherne, who first discovered this insect at Penticton, 
B.C., in 1916. 

In the first place both Dr. Doane and Dr. Aldrich have considered the two 
species found on the Pacific coast identical with R. pomonella, the true apple 
maggot. I have a type specimen of R. zephyria Snow before me, very kindly 
loaned for study by Prof. S. J. Hunter, of the University of Kansas. It is 





evidently quite distinct from the other species as is hereinafter shown. The 
species found in British Columbia is readily separated from pomonella and in 
addition to slight external characters I find tangible differences in the genitalia 
of the male. 

The outstanding fact concerning R. symphoricarpi, the species found in 
British Columbia, is its striking monophyllic habit. According to Downes 
and Treherne it never attacks apple and is found in the larval stage only in the 
fruit of the snowberry (Symphoricarpus racemosus Michx.). Extensive search 
was conducted to determine whether the insect attacked apples, haws or other 
fruits such as often serve as hosts for the apple maggot, but no trace of the 
maggots was found in anything but the snowberry. 

Mr. Downes suggested that P. symphoricarpi represented a biological race, 
but it is quite evident that the species is distinct. Dr. Aldrich stated that he 
could see no tangible difference between the western and eastern specimens, but 
I believe they may readily be separated in almost all cases, and the males 
assuredly can be by dissection of the hypopygium. There are, in many species, 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 57 


what may be considered biological races, but our knowledge of insects is so 
meagre in comparison to what is to be learned that we are not able, at the present 
time, to arrive at positive conclusions. as to the status of certain forms. We 
know that many species are much more easily separated in the larval than 
imaginal stage and it therefore seems possible that many insects may be most 
readily determined by their host, and that careful study will reveal imaginal 
distinctions not previously suspected. 
The three species of Rhagoletis which have been included under pomonella 
may be separated as follows: 


R. pomonella. (MALE) Genital claspers, as in Figs. 2and 2a. The lobe of the 
clasper opposite the hooks is almost transverse towards the base of the clasper 
and the hooks are longer, the lower hook being much more evidently curved; 
the spot on the scutellum usually occupies the apical half and extends on the 
disc, well beyond the apical bristles; size usually over 4mm. (FEMALE) The white 
scutellar spot occupies two-thirds or more of the length of the scutellum and is 
very prominent to the naked eye. Size usually over 4.5 mm. 


R. symphoricarpi. (MALE) Genital claspers, as in Figs. 1 and 1a. The shapes 
of the parts as well as of the clasper itself are quite different, the hooks are 
shorter, the lobe tapers towards the base of the clasper, which is always less 
curved, wider and more compressed beyond the hooks; the spot on the scutellum 
is much smaller and usually does not extend very much laterad of the apical 
bristles; size seldom over 3.5 mm., usually slightly less. (FEMALE) The white 
scutellar spot seldom occupies more than the apical half of the scutellum and 
is usually very distinctly narrower than in pomonella; length 3.5 to 5 mm., the 
average length slightly over 4 mm. 


R. zephyria. (FEMALE) The scutellar spot occupies less than the apical half of 
the scutellum and reaches well laterad of the apical bristles. The paler lateral 
margins of the front at the middle extend as far inside the frontal bristles as 
the distance from the base of the bristles to the orbit. In both the preceding 
species the pale stripe scarcely extends inside the base of the bristles and these 
are also slightly closer to the orbit. 

I must confess that the differences enumerated as separating the first two 
species, except those of the hypopygium, appear slight. However, they are 
rather constant. R. zephyria is more readily distinguished in the female sex 
than are the other two. 

It would be very interesting to know the host of R. zephyria, but we have 
no indication. A strange thing about symphoricarpi is that the first two speci- 
mens were taken by Mr. Treherne on the leaves of apple in an orchard. 


INSECTS. OF THE SEASON 


W. A. Ross, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, VINELAND STATION, 
AND L. GAESAR, PROVINCIAL ENTOMOLOGIST, O.A.C., GUELPH 


ORCHARD INSECTS 


Copiine Morn (Carpocapsa pomonella). Side-worm injury was again quite 
severe in several sections of the Province; whereas in other parts such as in 
Norfolk County the injury was negligible, even in orchards which were only 
sprayed once for codling moth control (post-blossom application). 


q 


58 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 


THE SPRING CANKER WorM (Paleacrita vernata). Many neglected apple 
orchards in the Province were completely or almost completely defoliated by 


this species. Reports of severe damage were received from Welland, Went- 


worth, Peel, Northumberland and Durham Counties, and no doubt the insect 
occurred in injurious numbers in other parts of the Province. Elms as well as 
apple trees were stripped—one elm grove of about 2,000 trees near Brampton 
lost nearly every leaf. This particular grove, according to residents of the 
district, has been defoliated three years in succession, and it is feared that further 
injury will result in the death of a number of the trees. 


THE YELLOW TUSSOCK CATERPILLAR (Halisidota tesselaris). In late sum- 
mer and fall this insect was present in immense numbers in southwestern Ontario. 
The caterpillars attacked various trees and shrubs, but the main injury was 
done to apples, whole orchards being defoliated in several instances, e.g., at 
Dixie, North Toronto, Oshawa, Owen Sound and Elmira. The caterpillars 
began to appear in August, and in early September trees were stripped as a 
result of their feeding activities. 

This is the first time in our experience that Halisidota tesselaris has been 
sufficiently abundant to cause much injury. 


SAN JOSE SCALE (Aspidiotus perniciosus). This pest is still increasing in 
the warmer sections of the Province, and requires better attention in many 
orchards than it has been given in recent years. In parts of Elgin County, 
parasites appear to have had a marked effect in checking the San Jose scale. 


THe AppLE Maacot (Rhagoletis pomoneila). Reports of injury from this 
pest were received from several localities. We are glad to say that wherever 
(except under village or town conditions) a real effort has been made to combat 
the maggot, no difficulty has been experienced in bringing it under control. 


APPLE ApuHips. The green apple aphis (Aphis pom) appeared in outbreak 
form about midsummer in several localities in southwestern Ontario. On 
badly attacked trees the wood, leaves and fruit became literally covered with 
honey-dew, and with the black honey-dew fungus. During September the 
insect largely disappeared, and heavy rains cleaned the apples in most orchards. 
However, at a few places the aphis was abundant to the close of the season, and 
much of the fruit was badly smutted with the honey-dew fungus. It is of 
interest to note that in one orchard, consisting of alternate rows of McIntosh 
and Fameuse, the former was only slightly infested, whereas the latter was 
badly attacked. 

The rosy apple aphis (Anuraphis roseus) was responsible for considerable 
injury in a few orchards in the Niagara district, but, generally speaking, this 
species was of little importance. 


CIGAR AND PIsTOL CASE BEARERS (Coleophora fletcherella and C. malivorella). 
These insects were abundant in apple orchards east of Toronto, especially 
in the Bowmanville-Newcastle district, where the severe outbreak of case 
bearers occurred in 1921. Elsewhere they were of no importance. 


THE APPLE TENT-CATERPILLAR (Malacosoma americana). In most parts 
of the Province this insect was scarce, but around Morrisburg numerous webs 


were found on trees along the roadside, indicating that possibly another out- 


break will occur in eastern Ontario in a few years. 


es — 






4924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 59 


THE RosE LEAF Hopper (Empoa rose). Some apple orchards, particularly 
in the Burlington district, were again heavily infested with this species. How- 
ever, in most parts of the Province the leaf hopper was present in smaller numbers 
than it has been for some time past. In eastern Ontario and in the Niagara 
peninsula, leaf hoppers parasitized by a dryinid were very commonly observed. 


APPLE PLANT BuGs. Apples seriously deformed by plant bugs were received 
from several new localities. Specimens from the Fonthill district were injured 
by Lygidea mendax, but in most cases it was impossible to determine what 
species were responsible for the injury. 

Although the fruit in individual orchards is sometimes practically ruined 
by plant bugs, the total yearly injury from these insects is not large in Ontario. 


PEAR PsyLLA (Psyllia pyricola). Weather conditions must have been 
particularly favourable for the multiplication of the psylla this year, because, 
although the over-wintering flies were comparatively scarce in spring, the 
insect increased at a remarkable rate, and in summer and fall, pear orchards in 
the Niagara and Burlington districts, and as far east as Newcastle, were very 
heavily infested. At Burlington the pears on practically all Kieffer trees which 
did not receive a late application of nicotine, were covered with honey-dew 
fungus, and in harvesting the crop the pickers likewise became coated with the 
sticky, sooty material. 


PLuM CuRCULIO (Conotrachelus nenuphar). For some reason: unknown to 
us, this insect, although abundant as usual in spring, was very scarce this 
autumn. Unsprayed apples, which ordinarily would show considerable punc- 
turing due to the insect’s feeding activities, were more or less free from this 
injury. 

CHERRY Fruit Firs (Rhagoletis cingulata and R. fausta). At Niagara-on- 
the-Lake several orchards of Montmorency cherries were quite badly infested 
with fruit fly maggots, but elsewhere the insects were not common. 


PLANT BuGs INJURIOUS TO PEACHES (Lygus carye, L. quercalbe and L. 
omnivagus). The hickory and oak plant bugs were much more injurious to 
peaches in the Niagara district than they were in 1922. 

In two orchards, one with hickories and the other with oaks growing near 
by, a few damaged peaches were found as far as 200 yards from the host trees, 
but in both cases the plant bug injury was only severe on the fruit in the immedi- 
ate vicinity of the oaks or hickories. 


THE BLack CHERRY APHIS (Myzus cerasi). This plant louse was very 
abundant on sweet cherry trees throughout the Niagara peninsula. 

With reference to the control of this pest, experience has shown that, in 
addition to spraying with nicotine sulphate, it is advisable to remove and destroy 
aphid-infested water-sprouts in June. 


THE GREEN PEACH APHIS (Myzus persice). In spring this species was 
sufficiently abundant in some peach orchards near Winona to alarm the growers. 
However, the outbreak was brought under control by natural agencies before 
any serious damage was done. 

To anyone who has observed the myriads of returned migrants of Myzus 
persice which appear practically every fall in the Niagara peninsula, it is sur- 
prising that this louse is so seldom injurious to peach trees. 


U 


60 THE REPORT .OF THE No. 33 


THE EUROPEAN RED MITE (Paratetranychus pilosus). By the middle of 
July many plum orchards throughout the Niagara district were quite heavily 
infested with this mite, but the outbreak did not increase in severity to the 
degree we at first anticipated. 

At Vineland the mite was easily controlled by spraying with wettable 
sulphur or lime sulphur. 


GRAPE AND SMALL FRuIT INSECTS 


THE ROsE CHAFER (Macrodactylus subspinosus). This insect has seldom, 
if ever, been more prevalent than it was this year. Severe outbreaks occurred 
in most of the sandy sections of southwestern Ontario. Grapes, fruit trees, 
ornamentals, etc., were attacked and seriously injured. It is worth while 
recording that at ‘Fonthill, according to a correspondent, a brood of ducklings 
died as a result of eating the beetles. 

It is of interest to note that Mr. Hall’s investigations at Fenwick have 
furnished us with satisfactory evidence that the chafer only breeds to a very 
slight extent in clover sod. Along with the other control measures, it would 
therefore seem to be advisable to recommend the substitution of clovers for 
grasses in chafer-infested districts. 

It is highly probable that serious cutbreaks of the rose chafer will occur 
again next year, judging by the immense numbers of grubs which were found 
in sandy soils this fall at Fenwick, Dixie and Simcoe. In this connection we 
might mention that the densest rose chafer grub population we have on record, 
namely, 1,052 larve per square yard, was found at Dixie in the Hydro-Electric 
right-of-way. 


GRAPE LEAF Hoppers (Erythroneura comes and E. tricincta). Leaf hoppers 
were again present in large numbers in Niagara vineyards. On the whole, this 
year’s outbreak was not so severe as that of 1922, but a larger area was affected, 
viz., from the Niagara River to Hamilton. . : 


THE GRAPE BERRY Motu (Polychrosis viteana). During the past two 
years the grape crop in a large vineyard near St. Catharines has been seriously 
damaged by this pest. This season a very considerable percentage of the fruit 
was infested—in many of the rows practically 100 per cent. of the bunches. 

The berry moth occurs in all parts of the Niagara peninsula, but it is very 
rarely sufficiently numerous to cause any appreciable loss. As exposed pupe 
of P. viteana are said to succumb quite readily to low temperatures, the Ontario 
winter most probably accounts for our comparative immunity from injury. — 


THE GRAPE BLossoM MIDGE (Contarinia johnsoni). What we take to be 
this species destroyed a considerable percentage of the blossom buds in a vine- 
yard near Fruitland. The affected buds, according to the grower, were swollen 
and watery in appearance, and when opened were found to contain maggots. 
The crop in this vineyard has been poor for several years back, and most of the 
bunches have been thin and ragged. 

Colaspis flavida. This leaf beetle was commonly observed feeding on grape 
foliage in the Niagara district, but only in a few cases did it cause-sufficient 
injury to attract the attention of the growers. 


Tue Rep SpripeR (Tetranychus telarius). Favoured by exceptionally dry 
weather, this pest appeared in outbreak form in the Niagara and several other 
districts of southwestern Ontario. During July the mite was present in extra- 
ordinary numbers on bush fruits and, as a result of its feeding activities, the 


‘eee i 


1924 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 61 





foliage in many black currant and in several raspberry plantations was largely 
destroyed. In one raspberry patch at Beamsville, all the leaves on the bearing 
canes were brown and dead before the berries were picked, and consequently 
the crop was almost a complete failure. In a few instances strawberries were 
also badly infested with the mite. 


BLACKBERRY LEAF MINER (Metallus bethunet). A few blackberry plantas 
tions near Vineland were fairly heavily infested with this species but, generally 
speaking, the miner was less abundant in the Niagara and Burlington districts 
than it has been for several years. 


STRIPED TREE CRICKET (Cicanthus nigricornis). Although complaints of 
tree-cricket injury to raspberry were received from all parts of the province, it 
is doubtful if this insect was more troublesome than usual. So-called winter- 
killing of the canes was remarkably prevalent, and many persons no doubt 
erroneously attributed this injury to the tree cricket. 


THE RASPBERRY SAW-FLY (Monophadnoides rubi). This pest was again 
somewhat injurious in several localities. At Vineland the emergence period of 
698 adults extended from May 28th to June 22nd, the last flies appearing approx- 
imately four weeks before Cuthbert berries ripened. 


THE STRAWBERRY Root WEEVIL (Otiorhynchus ovatus). On three fruit 
farms near Dixie portions of strawberry fields were heavily infested with this 
insect. On account of the prevalence of winter-killing, it was impossible to 
gauge the extent of the damage caused by the root weevil. This is the first time 
we have seen O. ovatus present in injurious numbers, and it is worthy of note 
that the farms on which it occurred are models for cleanliness—well cultivated 
and remarkably free from weeds. On July 4th approximately 75 per cent. of 
the insects had reached the adult stage but were still in the ground and were 
still pale brown in colour. Almost all the others were in the pupal stage, hence 
it would appear that the new generation is a cleancut and not a straggling one. 





THE STRAWBERRY LEAF BEETLE (Paria canella). For several years the 
adults of this species have done considerable damage to the foliage of strawberries 
in southwestern Ontario. This season in most places the injury was not so 
great as it was last year, but there were a few striking exceptions, notably at 
Georgetown, Campbellville and Simcoe. At the last place raspberries as well 
as strawberries were very severely injured on some farms, one plot of raspberries 
having practically every leaf destroyed. In this case the plantation was weedy 
and neglected. 


THE STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus). This pest was trouble- 
some in a few Niagara strawberry fields. 


Truck Crop INSECTS 


THE ONIoN Turips (Thrips tabaci). Dry weather conditions were favour- 
able for the multiplication of this insect, and it caused much loss in the onion 
marsh at Point Pelee and in other parts of the province. 


STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Diabrotica vittata). Cucumber beetles were 
very abundant in the Brighton district this fall, and caused some loss by eating 
out holes in pumpkins. In some instances 40 per cent. to 50 per cent. of the 
pumpkins were badly injured. One field which should have produced fifty tons 
of pumpkins, yielded only ten tons fit for canning. In most sections, however, 
the beetle was quite scarce. 


62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 


THE SQuASH BuG (Anasa tristis). This bug is usually only destructive in 
small gardens, but this season it was decidedly troublesome in commercial fields 
at Vineland. Cucumbers as well as squash and pumpkins were injured. 


THE BUMBLE FLOWER BEETLE (Euphoria inda). The flower beetle was 
somewhat common again on ripe fruit, and to a greater extent on corn, especially — 
sweet varieties. 


THE ZEBRA CATERPILLAR (Mamestra picta). This insect occurred in suffi- 
ciently large numbers on turnips and other plants to be conspicuous. At Aylmer 
it was responsible for considerable damage to gladioli. 


THE EUROPEAN CorRN BorER (Pyrausta nubilalis). Discussed elsewhere in 
this report. ; 


MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS 


GRASSHOPPERS. In most parts of the province grasshoppers were of very 
little importance. At Sudbury, however, the roadside grasshopper (Camnula 
pellucida) appeared in such large numbers that the crops would have been ruined 
if timely applications of poisoned bait had not been made under the supervision 
of Mr. Robicheau, the Agricuitural Representative. The poisoned mixture 
which was applied was prepared according to the formula given in last year’s 
report, and some three and a half tons of white arsenic were used in making it. 

WuitE Gruss. White grubs were destructive in the vicinity of Fonthill. 
At the Fonthill nurseries, nursery stock, particularly apples and cherries, was 
severely injured. According to the man in charge, the apples and cherries were 
planted on clover sod. 


THE BLACKWALNUT CATERPILLAR (Datana integerrima). Over most of 
southwestern Ontario, black walnuts and butternuts were wholly or partially 
defoliated by this caterpillar. In some cases it is claimed that walnut trees 
which have been defoliated by the insect several years in succession are dying. 


SPINY OAK CATERPILLAR (Anisota senatoria). In southwestern Ontario, 
from St. Thomas to near Brantford, many oak trees were completely or partially ~ 
defoliated by this species. 


Litac LEAF MINER. Lilac leaves severely mined by some insect were re- 
ceived from several places in Toronto, and also from Newmarket and Guelph. 
The complaint was made that if this insect increased further it would make the 
lilacs so unsightly that they would be better removed. The dates on which the 
leaves were sent in were June 16th, 28th, July 31st and August 10th. The larva 
was lepidopterous and it is possible that it was the same one as troubled lilacs in 
England, namely, Gracilaria syringella. 


COLUMBINE BorER (Papaipema purpurifascia). In the latter part of July 
complaints were sent in from various sources stating that a large borer, working 
in the base of the plants, was destroying the columbines. On examination the 
insect proved to be the above species. It is only rarely that outbreaks of this 
insect are found in Ontario. Mr. Arthur Gibson reported it as being trouble- 
some in 1893 and in 1904. 


Iris BoRER (Macronoctua onusta).. Specimens of iris infested by what we 
believed to be this insect were received from Windsor and Sombra on July 7th 
and September 5th, respectively. 


"SS . \ 


-ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 63 





SILVER FisH (Lepisma domestica and L. saccharina). In bakeshops the 
former of these two insects is very common; in fact, it is claimed by some bakers 
that practically every bakeshop is more or less infested. The other species is 
found here and there in private homes, but is not yet very common. 

| 

on 


Horn Fry (Hematobia trritans). In Middlesex and Elgin, horn flies seemed 
to be exceptionally abundant this summer. 


HEEL Fiy (Hypoderma bovis). More trouble was reported from cattle 
gadding as a result of the attacks of this warble fly this year than last. 


A STUDY OF THE PUPAL CASE OF PRIONOXYSTUS MACMURTREI. 


C. B. Hutcuines, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DEPARTMENT 
OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA. 


Prionoxystus macmurtret Guer-Men., commonly known as the Lesser 
Carpenter Worm, is a serious enemy of the red oak in parts of Eastern Canada. 
The larva makes large winding tunnels in the wood and requires three seasons 

to mature. 

| Pupation takes place, usually, in the fall of the year within a silk-lined 
cell at the further end of the tunnel. The pupa is dark, mahogany-coloured 
and shining. The average female case is 45.5 mm. long and 10.8 mm. wide; 
the male being 24.5 mm. long and 6.0 mm. wide. 

About the last few days in May or early in June, the pupa leaves its chamber 
and begins to move forward on its back into the tunnel. By a number of con- 
‘tractions and expansions of the abdomen, it makes its way along the passage 
to the mouth of the burrow, where it projects itself sufficiently to the exterior 

to expose the head, thorax and one or two segments of the abdomen. The 
remainder of the case rests within the tunnel walls, anchored there securely 
by means of the numerous spine-like processes which appear on the abdomen. 
A few violent pulsations and the head shell splits open, allowing the moth to 
gain its freedom. 

The following is a study of the principal features of the external morphology 
of the case. 


THE HEAD 


Vertex. The vertex is represented by a narrow chitinous band which is 
not clearly visible before dehiscence. 


Front. Dorsally, the front bears two conspicuous sete which are set in 
‘slight depressions near the epicranial suture; ventrally, four indistinct punctures 
arranged in an irregular row. 


Gene. The gene are probably represented only by ‘a slight rugosity 
near the fronto-clypeal suture. 


| Clypeus. In most specimens the suture separating the frons from the 
clypeus is not clearly marked. The lateral margins of the clypeus are strongly 
curved outwardly. The clypeus is truncate anteriorly and bears two sete. 


4 Labrum. The labrum is small, not so strongly chitinized as the frons, 


and slightly bilobed. 


64 THE REPORT OF THE No. a 





Mandibles. The mandibles are situated laterad of the clypeus and labrum; 
they are of a dark brown colour, present a rough surface, and are distinctly 
elevated. | 

Antenne. The antenne are pectinate and reach to the tip of the tibia 
of the second paid of legs. 

Labium. The labium approaches a rectangle in shape. The palps are 
triangular and very distinct. 

Maxille. The maxille are subtriangular and the tips meet about on the 
same level as those of the labial palps. The lateral extensions are folded and © 
are blunt at the apex. 





THE THORAX 


Prothorax. The prothorax is short, has a distinct pronotum which is 
quadrangular in shape and is bisected by a longitudinal ridge. The patagia 
are subtriangular. 

Prothoracic Legs. The coxe are exposed. They are located caudad to 
the maxilla and are contiguous to same. The articulation between the tibiz 
and tarsi is indistinct. 


Mesothorax. The mesothorax is four times as long as the pronotum. The 
caudal margin of the mesothoracic spiracle appears as a rugosity situated under 
the posterior edge of the patagia. 


Mesothoracic Legs. The coxe are caudad to those of the prothoracic legs; 
the femora are not exposed, the joint between the tibiz and tarsi is located 
near the tip of the prothoracic legs. The tarsi do not quite reach the apex of 
theforewings, which extend to and cover the anterior part of the third abdominal 
segment. 

Metathorax. The length of the metathorax is about that of the pronotum. 
There is a longitudinal ridge on the meson. The greater part of the meta- 
thoracic legs is not exposed except a small portion of the coxze appearing near 
the tips of the prothoracic legs and a few of the tarsal joints projecting beyond 
the wing covers. 

Only a small part of the hind wings is visible on the dorsum; ventrally, 
they are covered by forewings. 


ABDOMEN 


The abdomen is slightly curved toward the posterior end. The curvature 
is determined by the fixed segments, these beginning at segment 7 in the 
female and 8 in the male. 

The segments support an armature of large and small processes which assist 
the pupa to reach the exterior. They are divided into three areas, as follows: 

1. The first, or anterior, area is a flanged plate thickly chitinized, and has 
a row of prominent flattened spear-shaped spines across its posterior border. 
Under the high power of the microscope, small fine depressions can be seen on 
its surface. ‘ 

2. The second, or median, area is of a thinner chitin. It has a row of fine 
toothed spines on its posterior border. The surface markings are somewhat 
elongated and suggest a fibrous structure. : 

3. The third, or posterior, area is thinly chitinized and covered with a 
fine reticulation which may provide for any expansion or contraction of the 
pupal case. ; 


ees Es 
as 


1924 ___ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY : 65 


Spiracles. The spiracles are large, elevated and quite prominent in both 
sexes ; those of segment 8 being atrophied. They are tureen-shaped with the outer 
edges smooth and rounded, the interior being lined with fine bristles. 








EXPLANATION OF PLATE 13—metathoracic leg. 
: : cxl—coxa prothoracic leg. 
Fig. 1: Dorsal view of female pupal case. cx2—coxa mesothoracic leg. 
' es—epicranial suture. 7 cx3—coxa metathoracic leg. 
v—vertex. 


fp—flanged plate. 
pls—proleg scar. 
go—genital openings. 
ao—anal! opening. 


p—prothorax. 
ms—mesothorax. 
mt—metathorax. 
wl—Mesothoracic wing. 


w2—metathoracic wing. Fig. 3: Part dorsal view of male pupal case: 
ai-al0—abdominal segments, 1-10. aj—abdominal segment. 
{p—flanged plate. a8—abdominal segment. 
Fig. 2: Ventral view of same: Fig. 4: Ventral view of same: 
{—front. go—genital opening. 
a—antenne. ao—anal opening. 
e—eyes. ag—abdominal segment. 


cl—clypeus. 


atas : Fig. 5: Arrangement of seta on abdominal 
Ipm—lateral projections of maxilla. 


md—mandibles. eeereHty: 

mx—maxillae. Fig. 6: Type of dorsal spines in cossid genera. 
Ib—labrum. P—Prionoxystus. 

11—prothoracic leg. A—Acossus. 

12—mesothoracic leg. Z—ZLeuzera. 


3 E.S. 


66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 





Spines. The chitinous dentations or spines are arranged transversely on 
the segments, pointing away from the head. The arrangement is slightly 
different in each sex. 

Segment 1, which is reduced in size, shows only one row of very fine spines. 
On segments 2 to 9 are the larger, rounded, somewhat spear-shaped teeth, 
darkly tinted on the outer margin, each tooth being clearly visible to the naked 
eye. There is also an additional row of much smaller, finer, spine-like processes 
arranged transversely caudad to the larger and which can be seen only with the 
aid of a hand lens. These appear on segments 2 to 6 in the female and on 
segments 2: to 7 in the male. Segment 10 has several coarse spines, irregular 
in size, arranged somewhat semi-circularly, the largest being situated ventrally. 


In both sexes the large, coarse teeth are fairly regular in outline. The 
largest of these in each row are situated mid-dorsally and taper off gradually 
as they run out laterally, passing down some distance beneath the spiracular 
line and 2m front of the spiracle on all segments except the first three. In segment 
1 the entire row is absent; in 2 they terminate just above the spiracle; and in 
3 they run to the top of the spiracle. 


Genitalia. The anterior genital opening of the female is situated on the 
posterior border of the 8th segment; the caudal opening appears on a heavily 
chitinized area of the 9th segment (see figure). 

The genital opening of the male is associated with the 9th segment (see 
figure). 


Anal Opening. The anal opening situated near the caudal margin of the 
‘10th segment is slit-like and surrounded by prominent folds. 


Abdominal Sete. The abdominal sete, Fig. 5, are inconspicuous and 
occupy positions slightly different from those of the larva. The following is 
a tentative homology based on the nomenclature of the larval sete introduced 
by S. B. Fracker in ‘‘The Classification of Lepidopterous Larve’’ of [linois 
Biological Monographs, Vol. II, No. 1, July, 1915. 


a very small, close to the cephalic border of the flanged plate, about half 
way between the dorso-meson and the spiracle. 


~~. 
QW 


under the anterior row of spines nearer the dorso-meson than e 
p under the same row of spines close to and dorsad of the spiracle. 


x on the posterior border of the flanged plate directly cephalad of the 
spiracle. 


7 under the anterior row of spines close to and ventrad of the spiracle. 


» on the posterior border of the median area, caudad of the spiracle (very 
indistinct, and absent in many cases). 


Group—usually bisetose, cephalad and slighily laterad of the proleg 
scar. 


] 


7 is between the prolegs scars. 


a, K and » are represented by punctures only; elliptical in outline. 
Certain depressions or scars, the nature of which could not be determined 
occur dorsad of the spiracle and might easily be mistaken for setal 
vestages. (See Fig. 5.) 


1924 * ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 67 


GENERIC KEY TO THE PUP OF COSSIDAZ: OCCURRING 
" IN NORTH AMERICA. 


As will appear from the following key, the pupal cases of Prionoxystus 
are easily distinguishable from those of other cossid genera. 


A. Abdominal spines irregular in shape and equal in size on both cephalic 
and caudal rows.—Zeuzera. 
AA. Abdominal spines regular, larger in cephalic than in caudal row. 


B. Cephalic spines pyramidal in outline.—Acossus. 
BB. Cephalic spines flat; spear-shaped.—Prionoxystus. 


The writer is indebted to Mr. J. J. de Gryse for criticisms and suggestions. 


NOTES ON LICE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CHICKEN 
LOUSE (Lipeurus heterographus) 


Dr. A. R. WIcKWARE, HEALTH OF ANIMALS BRANCH, DOMINION DEPARTMENT 
OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA 


Insects are usually regarded as ubiquitous parasites whose persecutions, 
while annoying and distracting, are of litthe moment from the standpoint of 
general health. 

This viewpoint, per se, appears more or less correct, but when considered 
in relation to infectious diseases, as vectors or intermediate hosts, their presence 
portends an ominous state of affairs fraught with grave possibilities. 

Lice appear to be the least harmful of the insects, yet experimental evidence 
incriminates several varieties in the transmission and propagation of specific 
maladies. 

Thus it has been conclusively demonstrated that the causative organism 
(Spirocheta recurrentis) of relapsing feyer is transmitted from man to man through 
the intervention of two species of human lice, Pediculus capitus and Pediculus 
vestimentt. 

The findings of the Royal Commission appointed to investigate trench fever 
also incriminate the human head louse, Pediculus capitus, in the transmission of 
this malady, while the clothes louse, Pediculus vestimenti, is a known carrier of 
typhus fever. 

In view of the foregoing it is reasonable to expect that future research will 
establish a connecting link between many of the infectious diseases of domes- 
ticated animals and the lice parasitic upon them. 

Apart from their role in the transmission of infectious disease, what harmful 
influence do lice exert on the host, when viewed from a purely parasitic stand- 
point? It is generally agreed that a more or less intense pruritis or cutaneous 
rash is caused by the presence of lice upon the body, varying according to the 
number and variety as well as the age and condition of the infected animal. 
Their presence upon young animals is supposed to result in a stunted growth, 
while older animals harbouring them become emaciated and unthrifty. Whether 
they alone are capable of producing death by irritation without the intervention 
of some contagious disease is problematical. 


Ss We ey a 


Formerly it was thought that this loss of condition was due to the small 
traumata resulting from the activities of lice while feeding, or the minute injuries 
produced by the sharp claws with which the feet of all’these parasites are fur- 
nished; but experimental work conducted by Moore, of the Division of Entom- 
ology, University of Minnesota, throws a new light upon the subject. 


In a paper which appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, Vol. 2, 1918, he describes an interesting reaction to louse bites where symp- 
toms similar to trench fever were observed. May I be permitted to quote the 
following from this very interesting communication? 


‘‘Whereas, Miss Wentz had started feeding with a sma!l number of lice which gradually 
increased, I started feeding about 700 to 800 twice a day. Almost immediately a general tired 
feeling was noticed in the calf of the legs and along the shin bones, while on the soles of the feet 
and underneath the toes this tired feeling was so intense as often to prevent sleep until late in 
the night. An irritable and pessimistic staté of mind developed. May 7th, an illness resulted 
with symptoms very similar to grip, and a rash similar to German measles was present, particu- 
larly over the shoulders and abdomen. As German measles were prevalent in the community 
at that time, it was considered German measles; and after remaining in bed for several days I 
returned to work and again took up the feeding of the lice. The general feeling previously 
noted was present with increasing intensity. By May 15th, the number of lice in our reserve 
stock had increased to about 1,200, and May 28th, I was again forced to remain in bed. The 
family physician was called and diagnosed the case as possibly grip. The next day he was again 
called since a distinct rash was present a!l over the body. The rash was considered quite typical 
of German measles, but other symptoms of measles were absent. The heart was normal, the 
pulse about 90, and the temperature varied from 100 to 102. A blood count revealed a normal 
number of leukocytes and red corpuscles. A severe headache was experienced, accompanied with 
pains; in the legs, not only along the shins but also in the calves of the legs and the soles of the 
feet, while intense pain was present in all the joints of the body. The appetite was lost for several 
days, and the tongue was heavily coated. Dr. A. D. Hirschfelder, who has been assisting on the 
louse problem, saw me at this time and considered that it was not.German measies, nor was it 
grip, but might be trench fever. Glandular enlargement was absent and no enlargement of the 
spleen was noted. Recovery was complete except for a general weak condition by June 4th. 

“T again took up the feeding of the lice, June 6th, with the hope of producing the symptoms 
again and deciding if the illness was really caused by the lice, and, if possible, whether it was 
trench fever. The lice numbered about 800 adults, which gradually died off while young lice 
hatched from the eggs until by June 22nd about 1,800 young lice were being fed. During the 
early period between June 6th and 15th, no lassitude was noticed, but from about the 17th on, 
it gradually returned as the number of lice increased, until the 27th and 28th when it was pro- 
nounced. On the 29th I was feeling so miserable that it was a decided effort to get up in the 
morning and again feed the lice. The symptoms were the same as in the two previous illnesses. 
If the illness was due to the organism of trench fever, a day or two spent in the open with plenty 
of exercise would hardly prevent the attack, but if it was due to a toxin or toxins, it might be 
possible, by plenty of fresh air and exercise, to throw off the toxins and escape the attack; hence 
the 29th and 30th were spent in the open, rowing and fishing. During the 29th the symptoms 
were still quite pronounced, but gradually disappeared on the 30th, although a general tired feeling 
persisted for several days. Since that time the lice have not been fed, and two weeks in July 
were spent on a vacationinthe open. ‘The result has been the total disappearance of the peculiar 
tired feeling in the legs and feet and a return to perfectly norma! health.” 


The foregoing is suggestive that the clothes louse, if present in large numbers, 
may produce an illness, which appears to be an intoxication of the system, with 
some toxin that they are capable of introducing at the time of feeding. It is also 
suggestive that some of the symptoms of trench fever encountered in certain 
cases may not be due to the organism of trench fever but to certain toxins intro- 
duced by the lice. 


Without entering into a classification of the Anoplura in which four families 
including fifteen genera are recognized, they may be regarded as falling into two 
orders, Siphunculata, Sucking Lice and Mallophaga, Biting Lice. 

While most mammals may harbour both varieties, the biting lice appear 
to be less harmful to the host, owing to their methods of feeding on epidermal 
scales and products of exfoliation, instead of puncturing the skin for the sus- 
taining blood and lymph. 





1924 ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 69 


Bird lice are all included under the order Mallophaga, and live by feeding on 
the.epidermal products such as feathers, scales, etc. Blood dried on the skin 
may be eaten, but bird lice are not bloodsuckers. 

Since they do not pierce the skin their depredations may be less inimical 
to the welfare of the host than the activities of the suctorial variety. 

While these prefatory remarks may seem rather foreign to the subject in 
hand, they appear relevant in view of the fact that a traditional belief exists 
amongst poulitrymen that the head louse, Lipeurus heterographus, is responsible 
for a heavy mortality amongst young chicks. 

This parasite is well called the head louse, because of its predilection for 
this portion of the body. Infestation is most prominent on the feathers of the 

head and neck, although a few lice are occasionally found on the feathers of the 
wings. It has often been stated that lice dig into the flesh and even eat the 
brains of chickens. Undoubtedly this is the species that has caused this mis- 
conception. Often it is found on a feather with its head close to the body of the 
chicken but apparently never imbedded in the skin. 

The head louse is much darker in colour than the ordinary body lice of 
poultry, Menopon pallidum and Menopon biseriatum, and is quite easily seen 
when the feathers, especially if white, are separated. The body is edged with 
dark bands and there are markings of the same shade across the abdomen. The 

_ first segments of the antenna of the male are very large and the third segments 
are branched, while the antenne of the female are more slender. This louse 
averages slightly less than one-tenth of an inch in length. 

It is much less active than the body lice, but can easily slip between the 
barbs of the feathers and disappear from sight. It can live away from the fowl 
at normal temperatures for a longer period than the body lice, probably because 
it is accustomed to the cooler region of the feathers. 


The eggs are glued to the feathers of the head and neck, being attached to 
the barbs often between the shaft and aftershaft. Observation has shown that 
the eggs hatch in from four to five days during warm weather, but the period 
may be extended during the cold months of the year. Our own experience 
shows that the time necessary to complete the life cycle from egg to adult during 

_ moderately warm weather is about twelve days but this is undoubtedly subject 
to seasonable variation. 

To determine whether or not the head louse was capable of causing a heavy 
mortality amongst young chicks, experiments were undertaken during the 
summer of 1922. 

On June 17th, two chicks sent in for autopsy were found to be infested with 
head lice, and on the following day three chicks about one month of age were 
infected to propagate a sufficient number for experimental work, an average of 

_six to eight mature lice being placed upon each bird. 

On July 7th, these three chicks were found to be heavily infested, making 
the further carrying on of experimental work possible. 

On August 12th, thirty chicks were selected from a newly-hatched bunch 
of incubator birds and were divided into two pens of fifteen birds each. 

These chicks were fourteen days of age and had been carried through to 
this period to eliminate weaklings. 

On August 12th, one pen comprising fifteen chicks were infected with head 
lice from the older birds, from six to ten adult lice, males and females, being 
placed upon each chick, by pulling the feathers with adhering lice from the older 





70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 


chicks and allowing the lice to transfer naturally to the fluff of the head. In 
addition to this, two infected birds were placed under the hover at night and 
removed the next morning. 

The following table illustrates the comparative results, viz., the weekly 
weights, feed consumed, etc.: 


CONTROL PEN No. 2 
Chicks infected July 30—14 days old. 


INFECTED PEN No. 1 
Chicks hatched July 30, 1922. 


Infected Aug. 12—14 days old. 


Week of Aug. 12-19 
Number of birds living, 15. 
Total weight, Aug. 12, 1 Ib. 8 oz. 
Total weight, Aug. 19, 2 lb. 12 oz. 
Total gain for week, 1 Ib. 4 oz. 
Average gain per bird, 1.33 oz. 
Feed consumed ‘‘Mash,”’ 7 lb. 
Mortality, nil. 


Week of Aug. 19-26 


Number of birds living, 13. 

Total weight, Aug. 19, 2 lb. 12 oz. 
Total weight, Aug. 26, 3 Ib. 15 oz. 
Total gain for week, 1 lb. 3 oz. 
Average gain per bird, 1.46 oz. 
Feed consumed ‘‘Mash,”’ 101% Ib. 
Mortality, 2 birds. 

1 died Aug. 23, 1 died Aug. 24. 


Week of Aug. 26—Sept. . 


Number of birds living, 13 
Total weight Aug. 26, 3 Ib. 15 oz. 
Total weight Sept. 3, 5 lb. 2 oz. 


Week of Aug. 12-10 
Number of birds living, 15. 
Total weight, Aug. 12, 1 Ib. 6 oz. 
Total weight, Aug. 19, 2 lb. 2 oz. 
Total gain for week, 1 lb. 2 oz. 
Average gain per bird, 1.2 oz. 
Feed consumed ‘‘Mash,”’ 6 Ib. 
Mortality, nil. 


Week of Aug. 19-26 


Number of birds living, 14. 

Total weight, Aug. 19, 2 lb. 8 oz. 
Total weight, Aug. 26, 3 Ib. 12 oz. 
Total gain for week, 1. lb. 4 oz. 
Average gain per bird, 1.42 oz. 
Feed consumed ‘‘Mash,”’ 914 Ib. 


Mortality, 1 bird killed by rats on August 


25% 


Week of Aug. 26—Sept. 3 
Number of birds living, 14. 
Total weight Aug. 26, 3 lb. 12 oz. 
Total weight Sept. 3, 4 lb. 13 oz. 


Total gain for week, 1 Ib. 1 oz. 
Average gain per bird, 1.46 oz. Average gain per bird, 1.21 oz. 
Feed consumed ‘‘Mash,”’ 12 lbs. Feed consumed ‘‘Mash,”’ 10.8 Ib. 
Mortality, nil. Mortality, nil. 


Total gain for week, 1 lb. 3 oz. 


Week of Sept. 3-10 
Number of birds living, 12. 
Total weight Sept. 3, 5 lb. 2 oz. 
Total weight Sept. 10, 6 lb. 2 oz. 
Total gain for week, 1 lb. 
Average gain per bird, 1.33 oz. 
Feed consumed ‘‘Mash,”’ 1034 Ib. 
Mortality, 1 chick died on Sept. 8. 


Week of Sept. 3-10. 
Number of birds living, 13. 
Total weight Sept. 3, 4 lb. 13 oz. 
Total weight Sept. 10, 6 lb. 
Total gain for week, 1 Ib. 3 oz. 
Average gain per bird, 1.46 oz. 
Feed consumed ‘‘Mash,”’ 12 lb. 
Mortality, 1 bird died on Sept. 3. 


When the weighings were discontinued on September 18th, 1922, the total 
aggregate weight of the twenty-five birds was found to be 12 lbs. 8 ounces, or 
an average weight per bird of 8 ounces. 

Upon summarizing these results it will be noted that there was very little 
to choose between the infected and control pens, the average gain and mortality 
rate being about equal. 

Paradoxical as it may seem, the chicks in the infected pen at the end of the 
experiment appeared to the casual observer to be more virile and in better 
condition than the birds in the control pen. 

A second experiment was started on September 27th, 1922, fifty chicks being 
selected for the purpose. 

These chicks were picked from a flock numbering about 300 birds, all of 
which were two weeks of age and were selected for virility, etc. Twenty-five 
chicks were used for a control pen and twenty-five were infected, from six to ten 
adult lice being placed upon each bird. 


Rete ; 4 Xs 
- i 
ao . 


— 1924 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 71 





On the 29th of September it was discovered that twenty of the original 300 
chicks had previously been in contact with adult fowls and these were subse- 
quently placed in contact with the entire number which resulted in all of them 
becoming infested with head lice. This unfortunate circumstance necessitated 
treatment of all controls, blue ointment being used for the purpose. The oint- 
ment used was the ordinary commercial preparation diluted to half normal 
strength. One application only was necessary to clean up the infection and no 
untoward effects were observed in any of the treated birds. 


Without burdening you with full details of weighing, feeding, etc., it may 
be sufficient to state that our results were somewhat similar to the first experi- 
ment, the mortality rate being average and practically the same for both pens. 
The remaining 250 chicks were kept under observation until late in November 
and during this period no inordinate death rate was noted. Upon actual count 
some individual chicks were found to harbour over one hundred adult lice and 
as time progressed and the chicks grew, the numbers diminished until only a few 
lice could be detected. 


References to the head louse of chicks are mostly contained in popular 
bulletins and check lists of animal parasites, and it is therefore little to be won- 
dered at that this parasite has been given a pathological role to which it is little 
entitled, this impression being based upon the personal observations of practical 
poultrymen little familiar with the many factors contributing to the heavy death 
rate amongst early-hatched chicks. When it is considered that out of every four 
eggs incubated, an average of only one chick is raised to maturity, and that in 
many cases of early spring hatching by artificial methods, the mortality amongst 
hatched chicks may run well over 50 per cent. during the first ten days of life, 
due to such conditions as aspergillosis or brooder pneumonia, white diarrhoea, 
defective incubation, etc., we have little reason for holding head lice responsible 
for the heavy mortality during this hazardous period. Admittedly, parasitism 
of any nature or degree must be considered in relation to susceptibility to disease, 
for undoubtedly a lowered resistance resulting from a heavy infection tends to a 
fatal issue. In many cases, however, a heavy degree of infestation is an index 
of lowered resistance from debility and faulty metabolism, or in the case of fowls, 
from confinement, overcrowding and a withdrawal of the natural means of 
defense, and in such instances, the presence of parasites may be regarded as the 
result and not the cause of impaired vitality. 


While our investigations concerning this parasite are limited, sufficient 
experimental work has been done to satisfy the writer that the head louse of 
chickens is a much maligned parasite from whose passivity has been created a 
role of activity which from personal observation or analogy I judge to be little 
warranted. 





INSECTS OF THE SEASON IN QUEBEC. IN 1923 
GEORGES MAHEUX, PROVINCIAL ENTOMOLOGIST, QUEBEC 


The summer of 1923 has been a very heavy season for insect pests, and 
damages, as a whole, easily double last year’s figure. Sometimes it appeared as 
if insects of normally very little importance thought it compulsory to show, in a 
brighter light, their noxious power. This explains why the ordinary short list 
of important pests is so greatly extended. 








79 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 4 
4 


VEGETABLE INSECTS 


CutworMs have been very active in all vegetable-growing sections. Apart 
from the customary victims (cabbage, tobacco, tomato), they have destroyed 
entire fields of onions around Quebec city (May 27-June 20). 


On1oN Maccor (Phorbia ceparum). A remarkable outbreak of this pest 
was recorded and great damages registered (June 15-30). Sodium arsenite (half- 
ounce per gallon) gave very satisfactory results in our ten experimental fields. 


CABBAGE WorM (Pieris rape) kept steadily at work from June 20th until 
the very end of the season, cabbages and cauliflowers suffering equally. 


CABBAGE Maccort (Phorbia brassice). Very active during the last part of 
June. Fields treated with corrosive sublimate, even when found in bad condi- 
tion, came back wonderfully well. An unprotected field around Three Rivers 
suffered a total loss of 1,500 plants. Radishes were also among the chief victims. 


Potato BEETLEs (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) were abundant in most parts— 


of the province and were aided in their work of destruction, in many scattered 
localities, by the blister beetle (Wacrobasis unicolor). Beans were also affected 
by the last-named pest, which is certainly on the increase in Quebec. 


FLEA-BEETLE (Epitrix cucumeris) showed a decrease over last year and was 
not seen so early in the fields (June 3-10). 


CUCUMBER BEETLE (Diabrotica vittata), scarcely noticeable in 1922, did 
important damage to cucumbers in Montreal, Three Rivers, Quebec and Ri- 
mouski districts. (June 20-July 25.) 


FIELD Crop INSECTS 


GRASSHOPPERS (Velanoplus atlanis and M. femur-rubrum). Last year the 
Saint Maurice river valley had been seriously infested with swarms of grass- 
hoppers but the control work, started in due time, gave very good results and 
this year that district had no trouble from that source. The counties of Charle- 
voix and Pontiac had, last summer, some sections badly. affected with the plague. 
These sections of poor sandy soil, on account of a continuous drought, had only 
a very light crop of grain. Grasshoppers had an easy task to destroy these few 
signs of vegetation. 


WuitE Gruss (Lachnosterna sp.) are becoming a serious menace to old 
pasture lands. Reports from some localities in Eastern Townships and south 
of Montreal show that entire fields are ruined by white grubs. Around Drum- 
mondville counts give an average of six grubs to the square foot. Once more 
farmers should see the dangers of a ‘“‘long range” rotation. 


ORCHARD INSECTS 


AppL—E Maccots (Rhagoletis pomonella) have spread considerably this 
season and caused serious damage to apples. A change in spraying operations 
will have to be made to control this pest. 


PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nenuphar) was, in importance, second on the 
list in the whole province. 





eee). ee 


(1924 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 73 





APPLE ApHIs (Aphis pomi and A. sorbi) did not seem to be so numerous as 
last year or to cause as much damage. 


PISTOL AND CIGAR CASE-BEARERS (Coleophora malivorella and C. fletcherella) 
were so abundant around the city of Valleyfield as to almost completely defoliate 
the trees and ruin the apple crop in many orchards. Lack of regular and thor- 
ough spraying explains this local outbreak. Elsewhere, a few reports have been 
made concerning the same pest, but damages were not so important. 


Bubp Mors (T7metocera ocellana) showed in about the same numbers as last 
year. No special case of heavy infestation were reported. 


APPLE TENT CATERPILLAR (M. americana). Important damage in June. 


Fruit TREE LEAF-ROLLFR (Cacecia argyrospila) was widely spread and was 
certainly more abundant than the previous season (June 5-20). 


APPLE BORER (Saperda candida). More numerous than usual in some 
nurseries. One orchard around Quebec city was cut down on account of that 


pest. 
SHADE-TREE INSECTS 


TENT CATERPILLARS (Malacosoma americana and M. disstria). Important 
outbreak of these pests for the second successive year: showed large increase 
over 1922. Distribution general along the St. Lawrence river. The Apple Tent 
Caterpillar was chiefly injurious to poplars, maples, apple and cherry trees. The ~ 
Forest Tent Caterpillar defoliated poplars and maples and seemed more abundant 
than the other species. First hatching at Quebec, May 17th. 


SPINY ELM CATERPILLAR (Euvanessa antiopa). Found more numerous than 
usual, between June 20-July 20, on elms and poplars. First adults seen May 
7th; first eggs, May 8th. 


WuitE Tussock Motu CATERPILLAR (Hemerocampa leucostigma). A 
decrease over the two last years (Quebec, July 15-August 10). 

Adults of Eulype hastata were found in the woods, on the north shore of the 
St. Lawrence, in tremendous numbers from July 1st to 20th. In Charlevoix 
county horses were scared to enter the bush; specimens seen in Quebec at night 


in large numbers. 


FaLL WEBWwoRM (LTyphantria textor). Seen in good numbers during Sep- 
tember. Not important on shade trees. Mostly confined to wild-cherry trees 


along roads. 


MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS 


IMPORTANT CURRANT WorM (Pteronus ribesii). Last part of June, in about 
the usual number. 


CuRRANT APHIS (Myzus ribis). Widely spread and in large numbers. 
THREE-LINED BEETLE (Lema trilineata). Locally observed on various vege- 
table and ornamental plants. 


TORTOISE BEETLES (Coptocycla bicolor and C. signifera) damaging convolvulus, 
eating holes in the leaves. Two cases reported. 


4 ES. 





74 THE REPORT. OF ‘THE No. 33 


THE SPREAD AND DEGREE OF INFESTATION OF THE EUROPEAN 
CORN BORER IN ONTARIO IN 1923 


W. N. KEENAN, DIVISION OF FOREIGN PESTS SUPPRESSION, DEPARTMENT OF 
AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA 


The first year, 1920, that the corn borer was discovered in Ontario, thirty- 
five townships were found infested, covering an area of 2,780 square miles. In 
1921, seventy-one additional townships were added to the quarantine; in 1922, 
forty-five more were infested and eleven were included in the quarantined terri- 
tory on account of their situation. The area under quarantine in Ontario at 
the beginning of this season, 1923, totalled 12,616 square miles, as compared 
with 13,857 square miles similarly affected in the various infested portions of 
the United States. 

This season, 1923, scouting of the border territory was again carried on 
during the months of August and September. All the corn-growing townships 
between Lake Huron, Georgian Bay and Lake Simcoe were examined as well as 
the remaining unquarantined townships of the counties of York, Ontario, 
Durham, Victoria, Northumberland, Peterborough, and Prince Edward. On 
account of the possibility of water distribution, all the shore townships along 
the St. Lawrence river, as far down as Cornwall, were inspected and portions of 
the county of Carleton were also scouted. 

As a result of the above inspection, only eight additional townships were 
found infested; one in Huron county, three in Bruce, two in Wellington, one in 
York, and one in Durham county. All of the above townships adjoin the quar- 
antined territory with the exception of Saugeen and Kincardine in Bruce county. 
The Saugeen township infestation represents the most northern point of infesta- 
tion in Canada and in this connection it is interesting to note that several hills 
of corn were found infested in the field, whereas at the other points discovered 
this year, only isolated stalks were found infested. The northern spread along 
Lake Huron again demonstrates the relative importance of lake shore conditions 
in corn-borer distribution and an effort will be made to watch the development 
of the pest in the township of Saugeen. 


POSSIBILITIES OF FURTHER SPREAD 


From the viewpoint of food supply, it is, of course, possible that the European 
corn borer may spread over a much larger area in the province of Ontario than 
it covers at the present time. The reports of the foremen of the scouting parties, 
who worked Grey county in the past two seasons, would indicate that the interior 
of this county does not grow corn to any extent. Dufferin county is also unim- 
portant as well as northern and western Simcoe county in general. Northern 
Ontario county, Victoria county, and northern Peterborough county may be 
similarly classified, but corn is a sufficiently important crop in various other 
uninfested sections of the province to warrant efforts being made to retard the 
spread. An important portion of Wellington county is still uninfested. A 
large amount of corn is grown in the shore townships of Lake Simcoe, the town- 
ships bordering the quarantined territory in the counties of York, Ontario, 
Durham, Northumberland, southern Peterboro, and Prince Edward county. 
usually grow a large acreage of corn, and the townships along the St. Lawrence 
river would supply a sufficient amount of corn to favour the development of an 
outbreak. The counties of Glengarry, Prescott and Russell are somewhat 
important. The county of Lanark grows about 11,000 acres and the county 
of Carleton ranks fifth in importance in the province in silage-corn production, 
with about 18,000 acres. 


rr” 


1924 ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY he 


DEGREES OF INFESTATION IN INFESTED TERRITORY 


With the exception of a limited area in the centre of the infestation where 
accurate records were made by Messrs. Crawford and Spencer, during the 
investigational work, no special effort was attempted until last year to record 
the actual degree of infestation in the older portions of the infested territory. 
The work in this connection last season was carried on after the completion of 
the border-scouting in late September. Observations were made at various 
points in three concentric circles surrounding Union village, the centre of the 
infestation. On account of the small staff available, and the fact that the corn 
was then being cut, the records were taken from only one field at each locality. 
An effort was made to locate the most heavily-infested field at each point and 
the degree of infestation was obtained from 300 representative stalks together 
with relating data regarding the history of the field. This method did notshow 
the average conditions but substantiated the original decision regarding the 
centre of the outbreak and verified established opinions concerning the benefit 
of late planting. 

In 1923 a definite system of recording the development of the infestation 
was inaugurated with the intention of continuing the work for several seasons 
to supply accurate information regarding the importance of the pest under the 
varied soil and crop conditions which are encountered in the large territory 
affected and to locate local outbreaks. Definite points in approximately the 
same three circles as used last year were chosen and include the counties of Elgin 
and Middlesex and the western parts of Oxford and Norfolk. In addition various 
points in the counties of Essex, Huron, Perth, Oxford, Welland, and Lincoln 
have been included in this season’s records. 

’ The method of crop-handling and climatic conditions are apparently very 
favourable for the corn borer in a large proportion of the infested territory. In 
1920, the first year of discovery, accurate infestation records were taken from 


~ only a small area, due to the late date investigational work was started. One 


field near Port Stanley showed 99 per cent. of stalks infested. Ten miles west 
the heaviest infestation to be found was one per cent., and beyond that the 
degree diminished rapidly. The north and northeastern spread were somewhat 
greater than the above, and New Sarum, about ten miles from Union, showed 
approximately five per cent. stalk infestation. A marked increase occurred in 
all sections in the central area in 1921 and as noted above, the infested territory 
extended to sixty-five additional townships. 


In 1922, 100 per cent. stalk infestation was very common near the control 
area, and in the records taken on the inner concentric circle, within a radius of 
six to eight miles from Union, the per cent. stalk infestation varied from 10.6 
per cent. on the northeast and 90.3 per cent. on the west to 100 per cent. on the 
east. The second circle radiating about fifteen miles from Union, showed 
degrees of infestation varying from 7 per cent. to 77 per cent., the highest occur- 
ring on the west, in Dunwich township. The third circle, covering localities 
within a radius of thirty miles of Union, showed infestations ranging from zero 
to 6 per cent., the highest being on the west, in Aldborouth township. 

As stated previously, our 1923 records were obtained in a different manner 
from those of 1922. It is possible that individual fields between the record points 
would show a greater degree of infestation than any of those studied. Never- 
theless the survey will represent as near as possible the average intensity of 
infestation. This season’s circle records cannot be compared accurately with 
last year’s, but they will serve as a basis for standard records in future seasons. 


76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 





In obtaining the 1923 records, the five nearest fields to a definite ‘‘cross- 
road’’ point were examined. One hundred stalks were examined from three 
different parts of the field, in the case of the records from the three circles. One 
thousand stalks were examined from various parts of the fields concerned at the 
several points in the other counties. The following is a summary of the condi- 
tions noted: ‘ 





Highest Lowest Average Total 
Area Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. Fields 
Infestation | Infestation |; Infestation | Examined 

Circle No. 1 (6-8 miles from Union)........ 68.0 4.33 30.16 55 
Circle No. 2 (15 miles from Union)......... 47.0 Q. 16.97 80 
Circle No. 3 (30 miles from Union)......... 7.66 0. 1.93 135 
Essex County (80-110 miles from Union).... 13.66 0. 1.31 48 
Huron County (50-70 miles from Union).... 1.4 0. 0.30 12 
Lincoln County (95-115 miles from Union). . 0.6 0. 0.20 15 
Norfolk, east (45 miles from Union)........ 1.2 0. 0.32 5 
Oxford (40-45 miles from Union)........... 2.8 0. 0.93 15 
Perth (50-60 miles from Union)............ bes 0.1 0:57 10 
Welland (95-115 miles from Union)......... 4.4 0. 1.06 45 


Note.—Mileage stated represents distance from centre of infestation. Welland county first 
found infested in 1920 and apparently a separate infestation. 


In comparing this season’s records of circle No. 3 with those of last year, a 
very marked increase is evident, especially in a north and northeast direction 
and in the districts near the lake on both of the eastern and western edges. The 
increase, in the outside circle, is also demonstrated by the fact that the average 
infestation in the 135 fields in the outside circle is now 1.93 per cent., whereas 
two and three years ago, our inspectors had to search the majority of the field 
in most cases to find an infested stalk. 

This season, 1923, a careful consecutive field examination, chiefly in the 
counties of Elgin and Middlesex, has been carried on under the direction of 
Professor Caesar, Provincial Entomologist of Ontario. Records were taken 
from every field along the main road running south to north between Union and 
Lucan, a distance of thirty-five miles, and also west to east between St. Thomas 
and Delhi, a distance of thirty-six miles. The following is a summary of the 
results: 





Average 
District Distance | Per Cent. | No. Fields 
Miles | Infestation | Inspected 


North and South— 


Winion=—Sts (i hOMaAS s.), .2 sets te eaters eres ee ee 5 25.9 30 
SeEhomas—noreth’... 02; 20) Die IS) pA ote: bee 5 26.2 26 
Stitthomas—north5=10 milest sete odster a. ae 5 18.3 22 
Si. bhomas—norgth, 10-15) (eonden)..- . 5-4 eee 5 DX, bls 16 
Wicility omLongon {0.52 tn on one oe 20.8 16 
London—north¥ i. 2. 2 2a bo. See ee 5 6.1 20 
London—north 5-10, miles 2442 oa fxsrd erode cterslgw le ee ee 5 1.6 9 
iondon—-norti O=tOpmiles: 4. 445-060 ee eee 6-7 1.6 8 
East and West— 
Stslihomas—— Newssaniines..5 + a Sogo. ae eee 5 25.9 18 
New Sarum Aylmer “12903 © 3.73 SBP eas See 6 26.5 31 
Avlmer—eastits. eet a. TRL EE 3 eae es 8 19.1 36 
Base 16, slallsom pings sieher tab oo ieee. ae 8 12.8 6 
poillsouburs—east:;$ sc ce aca =. | Mee ee eee ee 5 Pash 10 
East-to) Delhit2 Sos FOR 9G. Se ee eee 5 1.6 12 


1924 ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ae 





As Essex county is the greatest corn-growing county of the province, with 
a corn acreage of 80,000 acres, the conditions there will naturally be of interest. 
Mersea township was found infested in 1921 and infested stalks were difficult 
to locate. The remainder of the county was scouted but nothing was found. 
In 1922, collections were made in each remaining township. Many fields of 
corn were examined in the central and northern townships before larve were 
discovered, but in the southern townships collections were more easily made, 
although the infestation was extremely light. Our records in Essex county this 
season show a decided increase. Standard records were taken from five fields 
at eight points in the shore townships, and also at Pelee Island, the results of 
which are as follows: 








Highest Lowest Average 
Township Locality Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. 
Infestation | Infestation | Infestation 





Miersearied trap hectic sais ardlgsets9 Sib Hillman Sa 2) 3.48 
MBS CI ——SOUED Ss noe o 5 og fon yeens Siret oatote lone Ruthven 1.2 0.3 0.86 
Gosfield RM Te cine ree oe Arner 0.4 0.0 0.14 
Golchester—south fi). [20S Oxley 0.8 0.0 0.34 
orchestra a) es re. Harrow 0.4 Or 0.28 
“Saelhesipane. yous Sia ate ame ne Marshfield 0.9 0.0 0.42 
_Malden REN PMRBER IR PSN FRIES hg FE hE NI coher Comet 0.9 0.0 0.42 
ihylallalere: .. (2ST See ecient Malden Center 0.6 0.0 0.3 
eeleemisiand =. 52... 6. s)-.- 5 eEN SaaS Misc. (8 fields) 13.66 0.33 5.89 








Pelee Island was found infested in 1921. The degree of infestation was very 
low at that time. In 1922, the Pelee Island conditions were not studied, but the 
survey of 1923 showed a remarkable increase and the infestation was much more 
intense than that of the neighbouring mainland. 

The infestation in Welland county, first found in 1920, is increasing, but 
much more slowly than in the western territory. The results of the records in 
the other counties listed also indicate an increase, although an exact degree of 
comparison is impossible, owing to the lack of necessary information. 


In reference to the 1923 increase, in territory near the centre of the outbreak, 
it has been most important to the north and east. The relation of the corn 
borer to the corn-canning industry in general has always been regarded with 
anxiety. This recent development is unfortunate in that it has affected canning- 
corn crops in the Aylmer region very seriously. The infestation in all other 
canning districts is as yet comparatively light. 

In 1920, the degree of infestation in the districts from which the Aylmer 
canning factory received its corn supply would average five to ten per cent. stalk 
infestation. In 1921, various canning-corn fields ran from 21 per cent. to 74 
per cent. ear infestation. In 1922 the factory refused material with ten per cent. 
ear infestation, with the result that corn was refused from one or two fields and 
two loads from other fields were turned back. This year the situation became 
serious. Corn delivered to the factory by twenty-two growers on September 
4th was examined. Notwithstanding the fact that practically all growers had 
already culled from five to thirty per cent. in the field, the corn presented to the 
factory varied in ear infestation from six to fifty-six per cent., and from two to 
forty-three per cent. of the cobs showed actual feeding. As a result of this 
condition, a special control campaign has been started in the district under the 
personal direction of Prof. L. Caesar, Provincial Entomologist. 


78 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 





The European corn borer has already established its importance as a serious 
corn-crop pest in approximately one thousand square miles of territory in Ontario. 
In Massachusetts, it is causing serious financial losses, through infestation in 
other crops in addition to corn, and the development of similar conditions in 
portions of the Ontario infested area is regarded as possible. 

Greater efforts were made this season in the enforcement of the quarantine 
which gave further assurance of the importance of infested table-corn trans- 
portation as a means of spread. One phase of the quarantine work consisted 
of automobile inspection. During the week-ends a total of 1,434 automobiles 
were held up at different points on the quarantine border from which ninety 
dozen ears were seized. Seventeen ears were found infested. 

In 1921, the township of Pickering in Ontario county was found infested, 
and in 1922 a collection of the borer was taken in Brighton township, North- 
umberland county. These outbreaks were situated some distance from the 
nearest infestation discovered in the years mentioned and were very probably 
due to the movement of infested material. The difficulty of teaching control 
methods and the financial outlay involved is naturally associated with the size 
of the infested territory and the extent of crop losses is likewise similarly affected. 
A large corn-growing acreage in Ontario is still uninfested and southwestern 
Quebec grows corn abundantly. It is therefore necessary to expend every effort 
possible to prevent the artificial spread of the pest to new districts, by means of 
strict quarantine enforcement. : 


THE STATUS OF THE CONTROL PRACTICE FOR THE EUROPEAN 
CORN BORER IN ONTARIO 


(A Progress Report) 


H. G. CRAWFORD, ENTOMOLOGIST, DIVISION OF FIELD CROP AND GARDEN 
INSECTS, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
OTTAWA 


The preliminary scouting and investigations of the European corn borer 
in Canada indicated that the focus of the most intense infestation in 1920 lay 
in the region surrounding the village of Union, midway between St. Thomas and 
the Lake Erie shore, in the county of Elgin, Ontario. The indications in 1920 
were amply confirmed in 1921 by a devastating increase of the injury caused by 
the pest in this vicinity. Hence the area in which control measures could be 
tried with greatest benefit and with most clear-cut results was selected in this 
region. Here a block of farms two miles square, referred to as the control area 
with the village of Union in the centre, was decided upon as the area of most 
pressing need. The area involved was very representative and presented a great 
variety of conditions in the immediate vicinity both physiographic and agri- 
cultural, the corn varying from that in household kitchen gardens and a con- 
siderable acreage of early market sweet corn to general farm croppings. 

Within this area ever since the fall of 1921 every reasonable effort has been 
made to ensure that the general control measures were put into practice by the 
growers. Considering the short time during which the operations have been 
carried on, the lack of care on the part of farmers here and there, the character 
of the methods themselves, the small size of the area, and the motility of the 
moths, the results have been most encouraging. The co-operation of the farmers 


- aa 


1924 ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 79 





has been wholehearted and with the exception of some assistance in the spring 
of 1921 in the cleaning up of the barnyards, the work has all been done by the 
growers. 


The suggestions made for the control were those indicated as likely to be of 
the greatest value by the investigations carried out by the Departments of 
Agriculture of the Dominion of Canada and the Province of Ontario, and reported 
upon to this society in 1921 by Mr. G. J. Spencer. Briefly, they may be referred 
to as the farm clean-up and the practice of late planting. The clean-up implied 
that all refuse from one year’s crop is either underground or burned by the first 
of June of the following year, while the planting was advised to be as late as was 
safe in the community with the assurance of getting a good crop. The early 
fall frosts were the chief limiting factors in determining lateness of planting. 


In general in the area between St. Thomas and the Lake Erie shore, the 
attack in 1920 was the most intense suffered until that time and was a decided 
increase over any previous attack. Farmers had become worried and the first 
volunteer information was received late in the season from near St. Thomas. By 
this time, however, farmers in the Union area were growing corn with 99 per cent. * 
infestation without official complaint, and the sweet corn in the district was 
most severely infested. 


The next year the investigations opened with vigour and the area was 
brought under constant and careful study. Hence our information from this 
time on is much more detailed. 


In 1921, the attack increased very markedly in intensity, the average 
infestation for six farms studied in 1920 rose from 77.2 per cent. to 85 per cent, 
and the stalk infestation for the field corn in the whole control area (four square 
miles—45 fields) was 58.17 percent. Many fields of flint corn were 100 per cent. 
infested and ruined. Dent corn attained an infestation of 78 per cent., and from 
over twenty acres of early market sweet corn the product was a total loss, as it 
was not worth while culling the crop for the few saleable ears. 


In 1922 (37 fields), conditions within the control area following the first 
control efforts in the fall of 1921 and spring of 1922 presented an entirely different 
aspect. The average infestation dropped to 26.25 per cent., and the cob injury 
and other manifestations of the attack decreased markedly. Comparing the 
attack with that of 1921 there was a most remarkable decrease in intensity and 
loss. The infestation of the market sweet corn was still high where planted 
early, though where planted late was commercially profitable. However, as 
there was almost no sweet corn grown on account of the destruction of 1921, it 
hardly serves for valid comparison. 


Throughout the general district surrounding the control area there was a 
marked increase in the infestation. This was most noticeable to the west in the 
Fingal region, and to the east in the Dexter region. To the north the increase 
was not as abrupt though it was quite distinct; southward the infestation 
decreased as a large proportion of the few growers in this region were putting the 
control methods into operation. In general, although careful systematic studies 

’ were not made in the fields surrounding the control area, it was conspicuous that 
the infestation definitely increased upon the northern, western and eastern sides 
of the area. Fields much more intensely infested than any within the control 
area were easily found even within a few hundred yards of its margin. 


*The percentage infestation of stalks refers to ear-bearing stalks unless otherwise noted. 


80 THE REPORT OF THE ~  No.'33 


In 1923, conditions within the control area (34 fields), with an average stalk 
infestation of 36.48 per cent., indicated an increase in intensity of about 10 per 
cent. in the stalks and a somewhat higher increase in percentage of injury to 
plant structures such as cobs and shanks over the 1922 conditions. This increase 
was generally distributed throughout the whole control area. Even this increase 
was still 22 per cent. less than the 1921 average. None of the sweet corn of 1923 
was ruined, the highest losses in the most severely infested fields not exceeding 
50 per cent. 


As was the case in 1922, the infestation in the control area was distinctly 
less intense than that in the surrounding areas. The most severely infested 
fields in the district were all outside the control zone. This is in marked contrast 
with the former distribution of intensity, when the focus for most intense infesta- 
tion and loss was within this area, as in 1920 and 1921. 


No definite figure has been developed to indicate exactly the actual loss in 
any year. However, an idea of the relative annual losses and severity of attack 
can be secured if we assume as an estimate that the loss as a farm crop in the 
control area was about 15 per cent. in 1921, that in 1922 would be about 2 per 
cent., and that in 1923 not over 4 per cent. 


The general trend of infestation in the surrounding district has been in 
marked contrast to the situation within the control area. To the west for six 
or seven miles the infestation increased very abruptly during the years 1921 
and 1922 when very severe losses were suffered. The intensity, however, in 
1923 in this region decreased quite markedly from this high point. Just why 
is not known. To the north the infestation has increased steadily, but not 
nearly as abruptly as in other directions, throughout the period from 1920 to 
1923. To the northeast and east the trend of the infestation has been steadily 
upward, both in percentage infestation and in total population of larve. At 
the present tirmme, November, 1923, the focus of highest infestation and loss has 
shifted to the north and east and comprises a more or less oval area beginning 
at the northeast corner of the control area.and extending for about 20 miles in 
a general northeasterly direction. The increase in infestation in this area was 
most conspicuous in 1923, both in flint corn and in canning sweet corn. 


Very little mention has been made of the narrow strip of country to the 
south of the control area. It consists of a zone one mile wide, which does not 
comprise many corn growers, lying between the control area and the lake shore. 
These growers in the cases where they have instituted the practice of late 
planting have been experiencing a clear decrease of infestation, though in other 
cases they have suffered very severe losses. In general the trend is downward, 
both on account of the control practice and also doubtless on account of the 
protection afforded by the destruction of larve in the control area to the north. 


The control suggestions made to the farmers in the observation area by the 
personal canvass were reinforced by the increasing losses being suffered and 
resulted in a noteworthy change in certain phases of handling the corn crop in 
the area. In 1922, the last year of normal planting, 55.5 per cent. of the corn ° 
crop was of the flint type, the most susceptible type to European corn borer 
infestation and damage. Of this part of the local crop 45 per cent. was planted 
by the 24th of May, 78 per cent. by the 1st of June and 85 per cent. by July 6th. 
Of the dent corn of this year 10 per cent. only was planted by May 24th, 85 
per cent. by June 1st and 90 per cent. by June 6th. 





1924 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 81 


; In 1922, after the first late planting suggestion, the planting dates were 
materially changed. The following tabulation summarizes the general 
situation: 


. 


TABULATION SHOWING THE PROPORTION OF EACH TYPE OF FIELD CORN GROWN AND THE 
SEASONABLE DISTRIBUTION OF THE PLANTING DATES IN THE CONTROL AREA 
For THE YEARS 1921-1923 


Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. | Per Cent. Per Cent. 


Year Type of of Crop of Crop of Crop of Crop 
of Crop by | planted by | planted by | planted by | planted after 

Corn Type May 24 June 1 June 6 June 6 
es I ee Fiint 55.5 45 78 85 15 
Dent 44.5 10 85 90 10 
Le Ea 8 inh Se Flint 24.5 10 26 60 40 
Dent 7535 0 28 60 40 
(209 25 Flint 38.5 0 20 55 45 
Dent 61.8 0 46 53 47 


From the above table the abrupt drop in the percentage of flint corn grown 
is clear, particularly in 1922. This change in variety of corn used was accom- 
panied by a retardation in the date of planting, the most important change 
being in the amount of corn planted before the 1st of June. As can be noted, 
in 1923, though the proportion of flint corn increased, the average planting 
dates for the whole crop were, if anything, even a little later than in 1922. 
The increased planting of flint corn was due to the increased confidence of the 
farmers which followed the excellent results of the control operations in 1922. 


In very large measure the freedom of the corn in 1922 from severe loss 
could be ascribed to the late planting, while that of 1923 was due in largest 
measure to the reduction in numbers of moths and the dilution of the attack 
associated with the late season. 


As has been noted above, the control was not as effective in 1923 as in 
1922 in spite of the still further retardation of the planting dates due in this 
case, both to design and weather conditions. This increase in infestation was 
due chiefly to the very late spring. ‘The cool weather held the development of 
the insect back even more than it retarded the development of the corn, with 
the general result that much of the corn was in condition to serve as good egg- 
laying quarters from the time that the moths began to fly. Egg-laving in 1923 
did not begin till July 4th, which was at least 13 days later than in 1921 or 1922, 
and continued in appreciable quantities till August 2nd; even after that date 
scattered eggs were being laid. This resulted in distributing the attack and 
reduced the extreme infestations. There were but two fields in the control 
area which suffered measurable damage, and at the end of the season the control 
area as a whole contrasted most favourably with the surrounding country. 


Sharp contrasts in the demonstration of the value of control efforts were 
difficult to obtain owing to the fact that a great deal of publicity for control 
practice has been carried on. Growers throughout the whole of the originally 
severely infested area have, to a greater extent than they realize, put the sug- 
gestion into practice. This is particularly true of the practice of late planting. 
The general quality of the ploughing has also improved greatly, and the habit 
of cleaning out the barnyards and the burning of miscellaneous corn refuse is 
increasingly prevalent. 


82 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 





Keeping in mind that throughout the period the infestation in the immedi- 
ately surrounding territory has been in general steadily increasing, there is 
little doubt that the control measures have had a very definite effect and have 
caused a material reduction of losses in the area under study. This was in 
spite of the fact that the area was relatively very small and was surrounded by 
country with heavy infestation in which little or nothing of a systematic nature 
was done to reduce the number of larve. 

The results attained to date leave no doubt that in any year the wide- 
spread practice of the published control would reduce the European corn borer 
population to a point where field corn would be grown with practically no loss. 
And were these measures practised for three or four years the planting date of 
May 24th or earlier could again serve as the standard and early sweet corn in 
the most severely infested areas could probably be grown once more as a reason- 
ably profitable enterprise. Sweet corn for the early market, on the other hand, 
will suffer severe losses for years after field corn can be grown free from appreci- 
able loss. 


STUDIES IN THE LIFE-HISTORY, BFIONOMICS, AND CONTROL OF 
THE CABBAGE WORM IN ONTARIO 


C. R. Twinn, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 
OTTAWA 


The cabbage white or imported cabbage butterfly, Pieris rape L., was 
first taken in Canada in 1860 in the vicinity of Quebec by Mr. William Couper. 
Its subsequent spread south and west throughout the North American continent 
was surprisingly rapid, its first appearance being recorded in the United States 
in 1865, at Norway in the State of Maine. 

Before the advent of arsenicals as a popular method of controlling leaf- 
eating insects, the cabbage worm caused considerable losses. Even now, when 
spraying and dusting of cruciferous crops is so general, and despite the usual 
high mortality among the larve due to natural factors, the damage is by no 
means inconsiderable. | 

During seasons when the cabbage butterflies are very numerous the late 
varieties of cabbage and cauliflower may suffer considerably, large irregular 
holes being eaten out of the leaves, which in addition become scattered with 
masses of dark green excrement. The larve also have a tendency to concentrate 
on the tender leaves forming the “head,” often making the latter quite unfit 
for market. 

Chittenden? estimated in 1916 that at least one-tenth of the entire cabbage 
crop of the United States was annually destroyed by the cabbage worm, and 
this statement would probably apply equally well to Canada. 


SEASONAL HISTORY 


In Ontario the butterflies may be seen on the wing from the latter part of 
May until the end of September. In 1923 none were seen until May 24th, 
when they suddenly became common. During July, August and early Septem- 
ber they were extremely abundant in the vicinity of Ottawa, on one or two 
occasions several hundreds being counted at one time over a single acre of 
cabbages. 


1924 * ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 83 





At Ottawa there are three well-defined generations. The butterflies of the 
first generation reach the height of their emergence before the middle of June; 
those of the second appearing first in early July, increase rapidly in numbers 
so that by the middle of the month they are common everywhere; the early 
butterflies of the third generation mingle with the last of the second during the 
middle of August, and continue to emerge until the end of September. It is 
almost certain that no butterflies emerge from third generation pupe until the 
following spring. 


Host PLANTS 


The host plants of the cabbage worm are not numerous, but represent four 
plant families. The most favoured belong to the Cruciferae family, including 
such crops as cabbage, cauliflower, radish and horse-radish. Cruciferous weeds 
are sought after, especially in the spring, and the flowering plant Alyssum 
marittimum, which is much used for garden borders, is also an occasional host. 
The garden plants Cleome pungens and mignonette, of the families Capparidacee 
and Resedacee respectively, and the canary vine and nasturtium of the family, 
Tropeolacee, are also attacked, but not to any serious extent. Larve were 
successfully reared on all these plants during this summer (1923) at Ottawa. 


Frequent mention has been made in literature of lettuce as a food plant 
of the cabbage worm, but numerous attempts to induce the larve to feed on it 
at Ottawa in 1923 failed, and no lettuce showing signs of injury could be found, 
although many of the plants were exposed to large numbers of butterflies 
throughout the season. 


THE LIFE OF THE INDIVIDUAL 


The male butterflies are found most commonly in the vicinity of flowers, 
and the females in the neighbourhood of their favourite host plants. They are 
conspicuous insects on account of the general colour of their wings, which is 
white, finely powdered with yellow. The spring generation butterflies are 
lighter in colour than those of the summer generation. 

The tips of the forewings are marked with black, the forewings of the 
female in addition possessing two distinct black dots which readily distinguish 
it from the male, which has only one. The wing expanse measures about one 
and three-quarters of an inch, the female usually being slightly larger than the 
male. : 

Both sexes feed upon the nectar of flowers without which they cannot live. 
The flowers of dandelion, Viola arvensis, radish, red clover, vetch and garden 
stocks are the most favoured, but frequent visits are also made to pennycress, 
field mustard, white sweet clover, burdock and Canada thistle, and to the 
flowers of garden plants such as Erysimum, Scabious, Centranthus macrosiphon, 
Clarkia, Hydrangea paniculata and cultivated sneezeweed. 

The flight of the butterflies is slow, irregular and usually low, but when 
disturbed they can travel rapidly, and often rise thirty to forty feet from the 
ground. 

Mating and egg laying occur within twenty-four hours after emergence. 
While mating the male flits awkwardly from plant to plant, the female remaining 
passive with wings folded. In depositing her eggs the female hovers on the 
leaf for a moment, the tip of the abdomen being pressed firmly against the 
surface of the leaf and withdrawn, leaving the egg adhering. The eggs are 
deposited singly on any part of the plant above ground, but usually on the 


84 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 


lower surface of the leaves close to the leaf veins. Each female is capable of 
laying a considerable number of eggs, as many as 499 having been deposited 
on cabbage by a single female under observation. 


The egg is pale greenish yellow to orange yellow in colour, elongate and 
somewhat bullet-shaped, tapering to a flattened point. It measures approxi- 
mately 1 mm. from the base to the apex and a little less than 0.5 mm. at its 
greatest diameter. The surface is raised into ten longitudinal ridges accentuated 
by numerous small transverse markings. 


The process of hatching occupies about twenty minutes. The larva tears 
a hole in the shell of the egg, about one-third of the distance from the apex, 
large enough to admit the passage of its body. On hatching it is pale-yellowish 
orange in colour and measures 1.5 mm. in length. Shortly after hatching the 
larva usually completely devours the egg-shell, often eating out a shallow 
circular depression in the leaf tissues where the egg had rested. Within forty- 
eight hours after hatching it commences to feed on the leaf tissues, the intestinal] 
tract showing green through the integument due to the ingestion of chloroplasts, 


Feeding takes place fairly slowly up to the third moult, after which the 
larve eats voraciously until just before pupating. For some hours previous to 
moulting the larve cease to feed and spin a fine platform of silk on which to 
rest. The actual process of moulting occupies about three or four minutes. 
The head of the larva is forced through the old skin immediately behind the 
head-capsule so that the latter remains attached to the anterior ventral surface 
of the head. The moulted skin is meanwhile forced back from the body by an 
undulating forward movement. The larva then frees itself from the discarded 
head-capsule by pressing it against the leaf surface while vigorously jerking 
its head from side to side. The discarded skin remains grey and shrivelled, 
firmly attached to the leaf. As it invariably disappears a few hours after 
moulting takes place it seems probable that the larva devours it. 


When nearing maturity the larve often measure over 30 mm. (114 inches) 
in length and 4 mm. in width. They are dark green in colour, often showing a 
tinge of blue; a narrow yellowish stripe extends mid-dorsally along the back, 
and the spiracles are edged with yellow. Before pupation they cease to feed 
and migrate in search of a favourable place to transform, rarely remaining on 
the plants. Pupation takes place in sheltered nooks on fences, or under the 
loose bark of trees, the larve almost always exhibiting a tendency to ascend. 
The larva spins a pad of silk to which it attaches its caudal end and a thread of 
silk is also passed over the body about one-third of the distance from the head 
and securely fastened at each side. The larva gradually becomes shorter and 
thicker. Shortly after moulting the characteristic thoracic and abdominal 
projections develop and pupation is complete. 

The chrysalids measure 18 mm. in length and 4 mm. in width. They vary 
considerably in colour, apparently depending somewhat on the colour of the 
object to which they are attached and to the amount of light to which they are 
subsequently exposed. Overwintering chrysalids found on exposed surfaces 
were pale yellowish gray, whereas those taken from dark situations were dark 
brown. Summer generation chrysalids on the leaves of cabbage are usually a 
bright green in colour, the thoracic and abdominal projections being yellow 
tinged with mauve. Rarely they were found coloured pale mauve tinged with 
yellowish green. Twenty-four hours before the imago emerges the wing pads 
become bright yellow and the black wing markings of the adult can be clearly 
seen. 


1924 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 85 


The butterfly emerges by splitting the chrysalid dorsally between the 
lateral chitinous projections and along the mid-dorsal line forward to the head. 
In two to three hours it is capable of active flight. 


AVERAGE DURATION OF LIFE STAGES, 1923 





Stage ist Generation | 2nd Generation | 3rd Generation 
FL Slee cloth daghlnns Gee giannis 5.1 days 4.8 days 6.1 days 
iemalestage 21. yA ES 18.0 days 16.0 days 26.5 days 
RERRUISOUGISLAGEL, © ecm: opyi4 eo cery eels » 11.1 days 9.0 days Overwintering 
MMeCREGRA UIT ILE sCYGClE® 5.5. a0 oc oy 2 ors 34.2 days 29.8 days Overwintering 
Number of 2nd Individuals Reared... . 23 9 13 


The maximum life of the butterflies in outside rearing cages was found to be 12 days, but 
the majority of them lived only seven days. _ 


ARTIFICIAL CONTROL 


Control experiments, involving the treatment in three series of 5,000 early 
and late cabbages, with Pyrethrum powder and lead and calcium arsenate dusts 
and sprays, lead to the conviction that under local conditions dusting with lead 
arsenate and hydrated or air-slaked lime in the proportion of one part to fifteen 
parts is the most satisfactory form of treatment. The dusts were found more 
satisfactory than the sprays in that they can be mixed and applied with the 
aid or ordinary hand dusters, in one-fourth the time occupied in spraying. 
They spread and adhere well if applied when the leaves are wet with dew, whereas 
sprays to which soap has been added as a sticker have a low surface tension and 
much of the liquid is lost in the soil. 


In these experiments calcium arsenate dusts gave less satisfactory results 
than the arsenate of lead dust, the latter giving perfect control. Calcium 
arsenate applied in the liquid form gave extremely poor results as well as causing 
some burning to the foliage. Pyrethrum powder used with four times its weight 
of hydrated lime proved satisfactory, but can hardly be used on a commercial 
scale as it costs ten times as much as the arsenate of lead dust. 

Judging by this season’s observations early market cabbages escape serious 
injury and whether treatment is ordinarily necessary or not must be left to the 
grower’s discretion. For late cabbages and cauliflowers two applications should 
be sufficient in a normal season, the first about the middle of July and the second 
four or five weeks later. When the butterflies are very abundant a third applica- 
tion may be necessary early in September. 


NATURAL CONTROL 


Despite the fecundity of the cabbage butterfly and the favourable conditions 
for its development presented by satisfactory climatic conditions and an abundant 
‘food supply, its numbers fluctuate greatly from season to season. This is 
largely due to important natural control factors which yearly account for large 
numbers of the pest. 

Probably one of the most important of these is a larval disease known as 
“flacherie,’’ which is usually present to some extent every year, occasionally 
occurring in epidemic form. Larve affected with this disease turn muddy-gray 


86 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 





in colour or become mottled with black, green, yellow and grey and remain 
attached to the plant, soft and limp, or hang suspended by the prolegs, a grayish 
or blackish fluid exuding from the mouth and anus. The body contents become 
liquid, and dead larve soon blacken and collapse; their juices spread over 
the leaves and together with their excrements serve to disseminate the. disease 
among healthy larve which ingest the virus when feeding. 


In 1886 Forbes’ experimented with this disease in Illinois. He spoke of it 
“as a frightfully contagious and destructive disease of the European cabbage 
worm,’ and came to the conclusion that the causal organism was a micrococcus. 
Glaser and Chapman,* working more recently with a very similar disease 
affecting larve of the gypsy moth, found numerous micrococci, but concluded 
that the disease was due to a filtrable virus. During the past season (1923) 
this disease killed large numbers of larve used in life-history and host selection 
experiments, but was rarely met with in the field until late in the season, when 
dead larvae became common. 


In addition to disease the cabbage worm is subject to the attacks of two 
important hymenopterous parasites, Apanteles glomeratus L. of the family 
Vipionide, and Pteromalus puparum L., a small Chalcid fly. Of these the 
latter is probably the more useful. 


teromalus puparum overwinters in the larval condition within its host, 
the adults emerging early in June, as many as 43 having been counted from a 
single cabbage butterfly pupa. Some of the flies reared in the insectary and 
fed on a weak molasses solution lived well over a month. 


The host is parasitized while in the larval stage, but pupates before dying, 
the flies during the summer months emerging two to three weeks later through 
a small hole punctured in the wail of the chrysalid. Large number of cabbage 
worms are undoubtedly destroyed by this insect, but this fact is not readily 
apparent in the field because parasitized larve on nearing pupation migrate to 
locations where they are not easily found. 


A panteles glomeratus also attacks the larva of the cabbage butterfly, such 
larve being left shrivelled and dying before reaching maturity. The parasites 
spin up in small lemon-yellow elongate-oval cocoons held together in an irregular 
pile by a fine meshwork of silk close to the dying host. This year parasitized 
larve were found from July to October, but only in small numbers. 


Another larval parasite is the Ichneumon fly, [toplectis conquisitor* Say., 
a specimen of which was observed on September 1st from a cabbage butterfly 
chrysalid at Ottawa. 


Certain species of common wasps attack the larve, Polistes pallipes* LeP. 
and Vespula germanica* Fab. having been observed in early August devouring 
almost full grown specimens on cabbage foliage. 


Spiders also take toll of the butterflies, many being devoured in our experi- 
mental cages during the season. ‘ 


REFERENCES 


. Scudder, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. IV, 3, 1887. 

. Chittenden, U. S. F. B., 766, 1916. 

. Forbes, Bull. Ill., State Lab. Nat. Hist., 1886, Vol. II, pp. 260-276. 
. Glasser & Chapman, Jr. Econ. Ent. VI, 479, 1913. 


whe 


nS 


*Species kindly determined by Mr. H. L. Viereck. 


THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1923 


Messrs. CRIDDLE, CURRAN, VIERECK AND BUCKELL, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, 
DOMINION DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


In perusing the older copies of the “‘Entomological Record”’ it will be noted 
that Lepidoptera occupy by far the largest space. Within a few years, however, 
Coleoptera assumed an equally prominent position and from that time on these 
two orders have remained as dominant features of the ‘‘Record.” 

In 1922, for the first time, Diptera exceeded all other orders in importance, 
and now we have Hymenoptera assuming its just place in our pages. We 
mention these facts because they should be gratifying to Canadian entomologists 
as showing that we have at last secured specialists who are able to work up 
nearly all our insect orders, thus giving an impetus to entomological studies 
so long retarded due to the impossibility of identifying our specimens. 

For the information of those not fully informed of the practice originally 
laid down, we may state that the ‘‘Record”’ does not include species already 
listed elsewhere. On the other hand an effort is made to include all Canadian 
species that have been described during the year and to give a reference to the 
publication in which the description appeared. Any records of captures that 
extend the known range of a species to a marked degree are desirable but local 
records of insects already listed from adjacent parts are not considered of sufficient 
general interest to record in this publication. 

Some collectors are still apparently reluctant to send in their records, but 
on the whole the material sent in has been very gratifying and it has added 
considerably to a knowledge of insect distribution. 

We have again to express our indebtedness to various specialists in different 
parts of the world for their assistance in determining specimens. Our Coleop- 
terists in particular owe much to Dr. Fall in this respect. 


‘ 


[87] 


88 THE -REPOR © OFTHE 





NOTES OF CAPTURES 
Species preceded by an asterisk (*) described since the last Record was prepared. 
LEPIDOPTERA 
Caeeanced according to Barnes and McDunnough’s Check List of the Lepidoptera). 


Lycenide 
* Plebeius sepiolus insulans Blackm. Victoria and Gold Stream, B.C., (E. H. Blackmore). 
* Plebeius icariodes montis Blackm. Mt. McLean, Mt. Cheam and Hope Mountains, B.C., 
(A. W. Hanham and R. V. Harvey). 
Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 4, 1923. 


Sphingide 
* Sphinx mordecai McD. Penticton, Wellington, Vancouver and Vernon, B.C., (Anderson, 
Taylor, Livingstone and Venaples). 
Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 6, 1923. 
749 Amphion nessus Cram. Victoria Beach, Man., May, (Miss B. Brooks). 


Arctiide 
942 Hyphoraia parthenos Harr. Transcona, Man., June, (Eric Brooks). 


Noctuidze 

Euxoa lindseyi Blackm. Victoria and Goldstream, B.C., (Blackmore); Calgary, Alta. 
Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 9, 1923. 

Euxoa eee McD. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans and Strickland); Calgary, Alta., (Wolley- 
Dod 

* Euxoa clausa McD. Lethbridge, Alta., July, (Strickland and Seamans). 

Oncocnemis parvinigra Blackm. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle); Mt. McLean, B.C., August, 
(Hanham). 

Litholomia napea umbrifasciata Blackm. Victoria, B.C., (Blackmore); Fraser Mills, B.C., 
(Marmont). 
The above four insects described in Can. Ent., Vol. LV, Nos. 7 and 9. 

3236. Autographa rectangula Kby. Victoria Beach, Man., July, (G. S. Brooks). 


Geometride 
* Dysstroma mackieata C.& S. Bilby, Alta., June, (D. Mackie). 
* Eupithecia bowmani C.&S. Nordegg, Alta., July, (K. Bowman). 
* Eupithecia inclarata C.& S. Alberta, (Swett). 
* Eupithecia divinula C.& S. Alberta, July, (Swett). 
* Nepytia canosaria form fuscaria B. & B. Meach Lake, Que., September. 
* 


Enypia venata ab. elaborata C.& S. Wellington, B.C., July, (Taylor). 
The above six insects described in the Lepidopterist, Vol. IV, Nos. 2, 3 and 4. 


Pyralidez 
* Crambus edmontellus McD. Edmonton, Alta., July, (Bowman); N.W.T., 1907, (Flet- 
cher); Calgary, Alta., (Bowman). 


Pterophoride 

* Pterophorus evansi McD. Trenton, Ont., (J. D. Evans); Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 
* Stenoptilia bowmani McD. Nordegg, Alta., June, (McDunnough). 
* Oidematophorus lindseyi McD. Aweme, Man., August, (Criddle). 

The above species described in Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 4, 1923. 


Olethreutidae 
Exartema nigranum Hein. Hamilton, Ont. 
Exartema quebecensis Hein. Quebec, (A. W. Hanham). 
These two species described in Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., Vol. XXV, Nov. 25, 1923. 
Argyroploce dextrana McD. Ottawa, Ont., July, (Young); Calgary, Alta., (Wolley- 
Dod); Edmonton, Alta., (Bowman). 
Argyroploce bowmanana McD. Nordegg, Alta., July, (Bowman). 
CanSEnet., VolocV, No- 7, 1923: 
Pammene felicitana Hein. Montreal, Que., and St. Hilaire, Que., (A. F. Winn). 
Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., Vol. XXV, No. 5, 1923. 
Eucosma metariana Hein. Victoria, B.C., July, (Blackmore). 
Eucosma palabundana Hein. Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle); Regina, Sask., (Willing). 
Thiodia influana Hein. Avenue, Man., July, (Criddle); Regina, Sask., (Willing). 
Thiodia sororiana Hein. Aweme, Man., September, (Criddl e). 
Thiodia misturana Hein. Oxbow, Sask., (F. Knab); Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 
Thiodia fertoriana Hein. Goldstream, B. Cc 
Thiodia modicellana Hein. Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle). 


* 


* 


**# # # % # * 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 89 





x* ee HHH HH 


ee# ee KH H 


Thiodia festivana Hein. Aweme, Man., June, (Criddle). 
Gypsonoma substitutionis Hein. Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle). 
Epinotia digitana Hein. Kaslo, B.C. (H. G. Dyar). 
Epinotia bicardana Hein. Aweme, Man., March, (Criddle). 
Epinotia meritana Hein. Victoria, B.C., July, (W. R. Carter). 
Epinotia vagana Hein. Victoria, B.C., (Blackmore); Duncan, B.C., (Hanham). 
Epiblema periculosana Hein. Mt. McLean, B.C., August, (Hanham). 
Ancylis carbonana Hein. White River, Ont. 
These species described in Rev. N. A. Moths of the Subfamily Eucosmine of the 
Family Olethreutidae. Bull. 123, U.S. Nat. Mus. 
Homona negundana McD. Aweme, Man., and Winnipeg, Man., (Criddle). 
Cacecia eleagnana McD. Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle). 
Cacecia myricana McD. Algonquin Park, Ont., July, (McDunnough). 
Cacecia columbiana McD. Salmon Arm, B.C., July, (W. R. Buckell). 
Tortrix alberta McD. Nordegg, Alta., August, (McDunnough). 
Tortrix trentonana McD. Trenton, Ont., (Evans). 
Tortrix flavidana McD. Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle). 
These six species described in Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 7, 1923. 


COLEOPTERA 
(Arranged according to Leng’s Catalogue of Coleoptera, 1920) 


Carabide 
169b Carabus tedatus candicus Roes. Medicine Hat, Alta., March, (Carr). 


222 
284 
416 
431 
460 
581 
732 
741 


Elaphrus clairvillei Kby. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 

Nebria obtusa Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., Sept., (Carr). 

Bembidion carinula Chd. Cobalt Lake, Labr., (Waugh). 
Bembidion bifossolatum Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., April, (Carr). 
Bembidion funereum Lec. Peachland, B.C., August, (Wallis). 
Bembidion consanguineum Hayw. Peachland, B.C., July, (Wallis). 
Bemlndion eneicolle Lec. North of Kisbey, Sask., July, (Criddle). 
Bembidion dubitans Lec. Peachland, B.C., July, (Wallis). 


902b Patrobus septentrionis lecontet Chd. Pelican Lake, Man., July, (Criddle). 


fI22 
1543 
1650 
1821 


Platynus viridis Lec. Victoria Beach and Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis and Roberts). 
Platynus propinquus G. & H. Darlingford, Man., August, (Criddle). 

Lebia divisa Lec. Cassils, Alta., (W. Carter); Medicine Hat, April, (Carr). 
Chlenius tricolor Dej. Medicine Hat, Alta., May, (Carr). 


1860 Brachyloleus lethophilus Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
2218 Slenolophus ochropezus Say. Dartingford, Man., August, (Criddle). 
Amphizoide 
2280 Amphizoa insolens Lec. Spious Creek, B.C., May, (R. Hopping). 
Omophronide 
2287 Omophron tessellatum Say. Medicine Hat., Alta., (Carr). 
Haliplide 
2324 Peltodytes tortulosus Robts. East Ont., (Evans). 
Dytiscide 
Laccophilus inconspicuus Fall. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
Celambus lumidiventris Fall. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr); Vernon, B.C., (Hopping). 
2405 Celambus farctus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., not quite typical, (Wallis). 
Celambus compar Fall. Aweme North, July, new to Canada, (Wallis). 
2410 Celambus lutescens Lec. Cawston, B.C., July, (Metcalfe). 
Celambus canadensis Fall. Medicine Hat, Alta., March, (Carr). 
2412 Celambus patruelis Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., March, (Carr). 
2414 Celambus sellatus Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., April, (Carr). 
2421 Celambus unguicularis Cr. Medicine Hat, Alta., September, (Carr). 
* Hydroporus pangus Fall. Cochrane, Ont., (Notman); Bay of Islands, Newfoundland, 
(Sherman); Aweme, Man., (Wallis). 
* Hydroporus planiusculus Fall. Aweme, Man., (Wallis); Peachland, B.C., (Wallis). 
* Hydroporus pacificus Fall. Massett, Queen Charlotte Island, B.C., (Wickham); 
Metlaktla, B.C., (Keen). 
: * Hydroporus sinuatipes Fall. Fraser Valley, B.C., and Ben Accord, B.C., (Sherman). 
* Hydroporus columbianus Fall. Golden, B.C., (Sherman); Kamloops, (Wickham); 
Aweme, Man., (Wallis). 
* Hydroporus similaris Fall. Fraser Valley, B.C., (Sherman). 
* Hydroporus badiellus Fall. Bay of Islands, Newfoundland, (Sherman); Mile 214 to 
5 332 H.B. Railway, Man., (Wallis). 


Hydroporus polaris Fall. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., (F. Johansen). 
The above species described in ‘‘A Revision of N.A. species of Hydroporus and 
Agaporus,”’ 1923. 


90 THE REPORT OF THE _ No. 33 


2551 Agabus punctulatus Aube. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
2610 Coptotomus interrogatus Fab. Medicine Hat, Alta., September, (Carr). 


Hydrophilide 
2784 Barosus striatus Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
2792 Dibolocelus ovalis Ziegl. Lethbridge, Alta., "September, (Seamans). 
2802 Hydrobius fuscipes L. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
2876 Cercyon pretextus Say. Peachland, B.C., (Wallis). 
2888 Cercyon tristis Ill. Peachland, B.C., (Wallis). 


Silphide 
3001 Anisotoma punctatostriata Kby. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). 


Orthoperide 
3266 Sacium lunatum Lec. Aweme, Man., May, (R. M. White). 


Scaphidiide 
- 6489 Scaphisoma convexum Say. Victoria Beach, Man., June, (Wallis). 


Hesteride 
6860 Saprinus cribum Csy. Melita and Aweme, Man., May, (Criddle). 


Melyride 

7203 Collops hirtellus Lec. Medi.ine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 

7227 Collops quadrimaculatus Fab. Caradoc, Ont., June, (A. A. Wood). ; 
Cupeside 


7746 Priema serrata Lec. Creston, B.C., July, (C. S. Lallamand). 


Mordellide 
7927 Mordellestena emula Lec. Ashdown, Man., June, (Criddle and White). 


Meloide 
8177 Nemognatha dubia Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., June, (Carr). 
8179 Nemognatha piezota Fab. Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle). 


Elateridz 
9089 Cardiophorus gagates Er. Victoria Beach, Man., July, (Wallis). 


Buprestide 
9368 Buprestis maculipennis Gory. Victoria Beach, Man., July, (G. S. Brooks). 
9369 Buprestis subornata Lec. Victoria Beach, Man., August, (Wallis). 
9578 Taphrocerus gracilis Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 


Heteroceridz 
9653 Heierocerus auromicans Kies. Victoria Beach, Man., July, (Wallis and Brooks). 


Helodidz 

9708 Scirtes tibialis Guer. Onah and Aweme, Man., July, (White). 
Dermestide 

9728 Dermestes tristis Fall. Medicine Hat, Alta., March, (Carr). 
Lathridiide 


10664 Cartodera filum Aube. Ottawa, Ont., (A. Gibson). 


Coccinellidz 
10981 Brachyacantha albifrons Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
Hippodamia minuta disjuncta Thum. Lethbridge, ’Alta., (W. Carter). 


11181 Coccinella perplexa Muls. Hopedale, Labr., July, (Perrett). 7 
11206 Neomysia subvittata Muls. Metashquin, S. ‘Labr., (Waugh). 

11225 Exochomus septentrionis Weise. Medicine Hat., Alta., April, (Carr). ; 
Tenebrionide 

11872 Asidopsis polita Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., an: , 
12219 Blapstinus oregonensis Coq. Vernon, B.C., (Hopping). : 


12480 Strongylum tenuicolle Say. Treesbank, Man. Ofaige "CL. Criddle). 


Ptinidze 
12613 Ptinus fur L. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 


a 


1924 ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 91 


Scarabeide 
13041 Canthon praticola Lec. Medicine Hat., Alta., (Carr). 
13048 Canthon levis Dau. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
13290 Sah balyi Jex. Victoria Beach, Man., (C. G. Wright, B. Brooks, Brooks and 
allis). 
13298 Geotrupes semiopacus Jek. Victoria Beach, Man., July, (Brooks and Wallis). 
13409 Diploloxia tristis Kby. Aweme and Baldur, Man., (Wallis). 
13993 Cremastochilus bifoveatus Van D. Peachland, B.C., (Wallis). 
Recorded in error as crinitus. 
14008 Cremastochilus wheeleri Lec. Aweme, Man., (White). 


Cerambycidz 
14424 Judolia sexmaculata L. Hopedale, Labr., July, (Perrett). 
14537 Bellamira scalaris Say. Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle). 
14548 Typocerus lugubris Say. Hull, Que., (Curran). 
14550 Typocerus balteata Horn. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
14619 Merium proteus Kby. Hopedale, Labrador, (Perrett). 
14666a Cyllene infusata Lec. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 
14672 Hithopalus fulmans Fab. Pelican Lake, Man., (Hill). 
14679 Xylotrechus colonus Fab. Darlingford, Man., August, (G. E. White). 
14830 Crissidus pulchellus Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
14877 Moncilema annulata Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
15109 Saperda cbliqua Say. Victoria Beach, Man., August, (C. E. Wright). 
15110 Saperda mutica Say. Oliver, B.C., June, (Garrett). 


Chrysomelide 
15232 Zeugophora puberula Cr. Onah, Man., July, (Wallis). 
15296 Coscinoptera vittigera Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
1568634 Chrysomela flavomarginata Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., April, (Carr). 
15759 Monoxa sordida Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
15858 Belepharida rhois For. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
16068 Phyllotreta robusta Lec. Peachland, B.C., July, (Wallis). 
16072 Phyllotreta albionica Lec. Thornhill, Man., (Wallis); Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
16135 Microrhopala cyanea Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 


Curculionide 
16331 Auletes uter Lec. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). 
16519 Ophryastes tubercosus Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
16523 Ophryastes sulcirostris Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
16558 Melamomphus alternatus Horn. Medicine Hat, Alta., April, (Carr). 
16641 Strophosoma coryli Fab. Agassiz, B.C., June, (R. Glendenning). 
16782 Lestronotus tessalatus Czy. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
16784 Lestronotus sulcirostris Lec. Darlingford, Man., August, (Criddle). 
16810 Hyperodes ulkei Dietz. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
17376 Cleonus plumbeus Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
17377 Cleonus crestatus Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
17391 Cleonus frontalis Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 


17398 Cleonus modestus Mann. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 

17405 Lexus rubellus Rand. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 

17439 Lexus terminalis Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 

17961 Gersteckeria basalis Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 

18005 Thecesternus affinis Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 

18098 Sphenophorus ulket Horn. Winnipeg and Stoney Mountain, Man., August, (Wallis). 


Scolytide 
18252 Dendroctonus borealis Sw. Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis). 
18307 Typodendron lutule Sw. Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Onah, Man., (White). 
18310 Hylurgops borealis Sw. Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis). 
18400 Gnathotrichus materiarius Fitch. Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis). 
18458 Pityogenes knechtelt Sw. Victoria Beach, Man., May, (Wallis). 
18479 Ips parroti Sw. Aweme, Man., July, (Wallis). 
18488 Pityokteines sparsus Lec. Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis). 


DIPTERA 


Species described as new in ‘‘The Canadian Entomologist’’ during 1923 are omitted from the 
““Record”’ owing to lack of space. The number given before the name of species refers to the page 
in Aldrich’s ‘‘Catalogue”’ on which the name of the genus appears. 


Psychodide 
106 Psychoda albitarsis Banks. Hull, Que., June, (Curran). 


92 THE REPORT OF THE No.133 





Culicide 
136 Wyeomyia smithi Coq. Aweme, Man., (Criddle and Robertson). 


Mycetophilide 
139 Asindulum montanum Roeder. Ft. Coulonge, Que., July, (Beaulne); Sudbury, Ont., 
(Evans); Aweme, Man., August, (Vroom). 
145 Exechia absoluta John. Megantic, Que., June, (Curran). 
146 Mycetophila quatuornotata Lw. Megantic, Que., June, (Curran). 


Bombyliide 
240 Lepidophora egeriiformis Westw. Victoria Beach, Man., July, (G. S. Brooks). 


Therevide 
*246 Psilocephala frontinalis Cole. Maniwaki and Montreal, Que., (Beaulieu); Ottawa, 
Belleville, (Gibson); Jordan, Ont., (Curran); Toronto, (C. W. Johnson). 
* Psilocephala canadensis Cole. Trenton, Ont., (Evans); Ottawa, Montfort, (Que.), 
(Johnson). 
* Psilocephala latifrons Cole. Prince Edward Co., Ont., (Evans). 
* Tabuda borealis Cole. Gull Lake, Sask., April, (T. N. Willing). 
*247 Thereva cinerascens Cole. Savary Island, B.C., July, (R. S. Sherman). 
* Thereva cockerelli Cole. Aweme, Man., June, (E. Criddle). 
* Thereva brunnea Cole. Victoria, B.C., (Downes and Anderson); Vancouver, B.C., 
(Treherne). 


* Thereva nigripilosa Cole. Victoria, B.C., (Downes); Cranbrook, B.C., (Garrett). 


Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. LXII. - 


Apioceride 
253 Apiocera haruspex O.S. Oliver, B.C., July, (Buckell, Garrett, Vroom). 


Asilidz 
259 Cyrtopogon vulneratus Melan. Coniston, Ont., July, (H.S. Parish). 
Psyche, Vol. XXX, Nos. 3-4, 1923. 
Buckellia cyrtopogona Cole. Revelstoke Mt., B.C., Aug. 12, (Buckell). (Described 
as Cophura; follows Cyrtopogon. C.H.C.). 
272 Laphria ferox Willist. Bathurst, N.B., July 26, (J. N. Knull). 
Laphria janus McAt. Revelstoke Mt., B.C., Aug. 12, (Vroom). 
274 Proctacanthus occidentalis Hine. Oliver, B.C., (Buckell, Vroom). 
275 tie ea: Hine. Lethbridge, Alta., August, (Seamans); Oliver, B.C., September, 
Garrett). 
Erax zonatus Hine. Oliver, B.C., July, (Buckell, Vroom). 
281-283 Asilus nitidifacies Hine. Moraine Lake, Alta., July, (McDunncugh); Hopedale, Labr., 
August, (Perrett). 
Asilus antimachus Walk. Taber, Alta., July, (Carter). 
Astlus montanus Hine. Victoria, B.C., July, (Anden). 


Dolichopodide 
288 Diaphorus snowii V.D. Banff, Alta., August, (Garrett). 
289 Chrysotus discolor Loew. Truro, N.S., July; Fort Coulonge, Que., July, (Beaulne); 
Orillia, Ont., August, (Curran); Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle, Robertson). 
298 Liancalus limbatus V.D. Fort Churchill, B.C., Sept. 11, (Anderson). 
291 Argyra robusta Johns. Ottawa, Ont., June, (Curran). 
Argyra albicans Lw. Hull, Que., Ottawa and Orillia, Ont., June, July, (Curran). 
Argyra calceata Loew. Orillia, Ont., July, (Curran). 
291-292 Rhaphium (Xiphandrium) dubiumV.D. Hull, Que., Ottawa, Ont., May, June, (Curran). 
Rhaphium (Xiphandrium) femoratum V.D. Banff, Alta., May, June, August, (Garrett) ; 
Waterton, Alta., June, July, (McDunnough). 
Rhaphium (Porphyrops) crassipes Mg. Megantic and Hull, Que., June, (Curran). 
Rhaphium (Porphyrops) rotundiceps Loew. Hull, Que., June, (Curran). 
Rhaphium (Porphyrops) nudus V.D. Hull, Que., Ottawa, Ont., June, July, (Curran). 
Rhaphium (Porphyrops) fascipes Mg. Hull, Que., June, (Curran). 
Rhaphium (Porphyrops) melampus Lw. Hull, Que., July, (Curran). 
Rhaphium (Porphyrops) signifer O.S. Orillia, Ont., July, (Curran). 
292 Syntormon tricoloripes Curran. Oliver, B.C., April, (Garrett); Hull, Que., and Ottawa, 
Ont., May, June, (Curran). 
292 Sympycnus cuprinus Wheeler. Banff, Alta., Aug., (Garrett). 
Sympyenus marcidas Wheeler. Banff, Alta., July, Aug., (Garrett). 
293 Neurigona albospinosa V.D. Oliver, B.C., May, (Garrett). 
Neurigona tridens V.D. Keremeos, B.C., June, (Garrett). 
290 Campsicnemus americana V.D. Ottawa, Ont., Orillia, Ont., May, July, (Curran). 
Campsicnemus degener Wheeler. Ottawa, Ont., Hull, Que., April, June, (Curran). 


2 


1924 ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 93 


296 Hydrophorus philombrius Wheeler. Aweme, Man., September, (Criddle). 
Hydrophorus altivagus Ald. Lethbridge, Alta., July, (Seamans). 
Hydrophorus algens Wheeler. Banff, Alta., July to September, (Garrett). 
Hydrophorus gratiosus Aldrich. Chin, Alta., May, (Carter, Seamans). 
Hydrophorus amplectens Ald. Hemmingford, Que., June, (Curran). 
Hydrophorus extrarius Ald. Ottawa, Ont., April, (Curran). 
Hydrophorus estuum Lw. Hemmingford, Que., June, (Curran); Aweme, Man., August, 
(Robertson); Lethbridge, Alta., June, (Seamans). 
; Hydrophorus chrysologus Walker. Ontario, Quebec, (Curran), common. 
*298 Dolichopus uliginosus V.D., Nanaimo, B.C., June, (E. P. Van Duzee). 
Psyche, XXX, No. 2. 
Dolichopus viridis V.D. Oliver, B.C., May, (Garrett). 
Dolichopus sigricauda V.D. Osoyoos and Oliver, B.C., May, June, (Garrett). 
Dolichopus burnesi V.D. Covey Hill, Que., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus conspectus V.D. Chin and Lethbridge, Alta., May, (Seamans); Osoyoos and 
Oliver, B.C., May, June, (Garrett). 
Dolichopus gratus Loew. Hemmingford, and Hull, Que., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus calcaratus Ald. Covey Hill, Que., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus melanderi V.D. Osoyoos, B.C., May, (Garrett). 
Dolichopus barbicauda V.D. Hemmingford and Covey Hill, Que., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus equalis V.D. Meganiic, Que., June, (Curran). 
_Dolichopus remipes Wahl. Orillia, Ont., July, Covey Hill and Hemmingford, Que., 
June, (Curran); Sandridge, Man., June, (Hunter and Cumming). 
_ Dolichopus incongruus Wheeler. Orillia, Ont., July, (Curran). 
Dolichopus laticornis Lw. Hull, Que., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus apheles Mel. & Br. Hull, Que., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus genualis V.D. Covey Hill, Que., Ottawa, Ont., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus trisetosus V.D. Covey Hill and Megantic, Que., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus comatus Loew. St: Cecile, Woburn and Covey Hill, Que., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus virga Coq. Covey Hill, Que., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus flaviciliatus V.D. Sudbury, Ont., (Evans). 
Dolichopus renidescens Mel. & Br. Oliver, and Osoyoos, B.C., May, June, (Garrett). 
Dolichopus porphyrops V.D. Hull, Que., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus plumitarsus Fall. Ottawa, Ont., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus fulvipes Loew. Covey Hill, Que., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus luteipennis Loew. Orillia and Seabright, Ont., July, (Curran). 
‘Dolichopus wheeleri Mel. & Br. Covey Hill, Que., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus compactus V.D. Oliver, B.C., June, (Garrett). 
Dolichopus eratus V.D. Oliver, B.C., June, (Garrett). 
Dolichopus amphericus Mel. & Br. Waterton, Alta., June, (McDunnough). 
Dolichopus penicilatus V.D. Strathclair, Man., Aug., (Robertson). 
Dolichopus chrysostoma Loew. Covey Hill, Que., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus harbecki V.D. Covey Hill, Que., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus versutus V.D. Hull, Que., June, (Curran). 
Dolichopus sicarius V.D. WHemmingford and Hull, Que., June, July, (Curran). 
Dolichopus scoparius Loew. Megantic, Hull, Covey Hill and Hemmingford, Que., June, 
July, (Curran). . 
Dolichopus plumosus Ald. Waterton, Alta., July, (McDunnough, Seamans). 
305 Gymnopternus humilis Loew. Quebec, common, (Curran). ; 
Gymnopternus phyllophorus Loew. Ontario, Quebec, June to August, (Curran). 
Gymnopternus lunifer Loew. Hull, Que., June, (Curran). 
Gymnopternus chalcochrus Loew. Ontario, Quebec, June to August, (Curran). 
*306 Soe costalis V.D. Toronto, Ont., July; Port Credit, Ont., Ridgway, Ont., (Van 
uzee). 
Psyche, XXX, No. 2. 
Hercostomus unicolor Loew. Waterton, Alta., July, (Seamans); Aweme, Man., July, 
(Robertson). 
307 Tachytrechus vorax Loew. Hemmingford, Que., Orillia, Ont., June to August, (Curran). 
eaeay binodatus Loew. Hemmingford, Que., Orillia, Ont., June to August, 
(Curran). 
Tachytrechus mechus Loew. Hemmingford, Que., Orillia, Ont., June, July, (Curran). 
Tachytrechus sanus O.S. Waterton, Alta., June, July, (McDunnough, Seamans). 
Tachytrechus bipunctatus Greene. Waterton, Alta., July, (McDunnough). 
308 Pelastoneurus ramosus V.D. Hull, Que., September, (Curran). 


Platypezide 
*340 Agathomyia canadensis Johnson. Norway Point, Lake of Bays, Ont., August, (J. 
McDunnough). 
Occ. Papers Boston Sec. Nat. Hist., Vol. V. 
Syrphidez 


347 Chrysotoxum coloradensis Greene. Kelowna, B.C., July 29, (Buckell). 
Chrysotoxum ventricosum Lw. Fort Wrigley, N.W.T., (C. H. Crickmay). 


94 THE: REPORT’ OF THE No. 33 


351 Cartosyrphus canadensis Shannon. (Ins. Insc. Mens., X, 133, 1922); B.C.; Waterton 
Lakes Park, Alta., June 12, (J. McDunnough); Hedley, B.C., Aug. 29, (Garrett)° 
(See Chilosia). 
Cartosyrphus townsendi Hunter. Hedley, B.C., August, (Garrett). 
Chilosia hoodiana Bigot. (petulca Willist.) Hedley, B.C., August, (Garrett). 
363 Syrphus attenuatus Hine. Mt. Revelstoke, B.C., Aug. 12, (Vroom, Buckell); Aspen 
Grove, B.C., Sept. 5, (Buckell). 
363 Epistrophe (Syrphus) grossularie melanis Curran. Revelstoke Mt., B.C., Aug. 12, 
(Vroom); Aspen Grove, B.C., Sept. 5, (Buckell). 
369 Epistrophe (Xanthogramma) habilis Snow. Revelstoke Mt., B.C., August, (Buckell). 
(Previously known only from the type which lacks the head, described from New 
Mexico. C/HeC.). 
Epistrophe arctica Zett. Nain, Labr., June 15, 1922, (F. W. Waugh). 
Phytomyptera (Dichetoneura) leucoptera Johns. Kentville, N.S., August 4, 1917, 
nee Ottawa, August 18, 1908, (Host for all specimens; Cacecia cerasivorana 
Fitch. 


Tachinide 
439 Hyalomyodes dorsalis Coq. Oliver, B.C., May 26, (Garrett). 
444 Heteropterina nasoni Coq. Oliver, B.C., July, (Buckell, Vroom). ; 
453 Ernestia arcuata Tothill. Macdiarmid, Ont., June 11, 1922, (N. K. Bigelow). (Panzeria 
of Aldrich Cat.) 
Ernestia sulcocarina Tothill. Macdiarmid, Ogt., June 17 to 27, 1922; Port Sydney, 
Ont., July, 1919. 
467 Acemyia tibialis Coq. Douglas Lake, B.C., May 29, (Buckell). 
472 Arctophyto gillettii Towns. Keremeos, B.C., June, (Garrett). 
Arctophyto wickmani Towns. Banff, Alta., August, (Garrett). 
(NotE—A specimen in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, determined as 
A. gilletti by Coq. (Laggan, Alta.), is this species. C.H.C.) 
475 Metacheta atra Coq. Oliver, B.C., May 10, (Buckell). 
476 Hilarella siphonina Zett. Nicola, B.C., Aug. 1, (Buckell). 


Sarcophagide 
510 suscontoce cooleyi Parker. Oliver, B.C., Aug. 22, (Buckell); reared from Melanoplus 
packardt. 


Sarcophaga hunteri Hgh. Lethbridge, Alta., July, (Seamans). 


Anthomyidez 
540 Phaoniadeleta Stein. Teulon, Man.,(A.J.Hunter). (Hyetodesia of Aldrich Catalogue). 

Phaonia basalis Mall. Winnipeg, Man., July, 1920, (A. J. Hunter). 

Phaonia solitaria Stein. Teulon, Man., May, June, (Hunter). 

mane ee Stein. Hemmingford, Que., June, (Curran); Teulon, Man., May, 
unter). 

Helina nasoni Mall. Teulon, Man., June, July, (Hunter). 

foes cntoy Mall. Hopedale, Labr., June, (Perrett); Nain, Labr., June, July, 
augh). 

Helina nigricans Stein. Oliver, B.C., May, (Buckell). 

Helina linearis Mali. Teulon, August, (Hunter). 

Mytospila meditabunda Mall. Nicola, B.C., (Buckell). 


Loncheidz 
*581 Lonchea atritarsis Mall. Kaslo, B.C., (A. N. Caudell). 
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. XXV, No. 2, 1923. 


Trypetide 
* Eurosta solidaginis fascipennis Curr. Ottawa, Ont., June, (J. Fletcher). 
Ent. News, Vol. XXXIV, No. 10, 1923. 
Eurosta solidaginis subfasciatus Curr. Vernon, B.C., March, (E. R. Buckell). 
Ent. News, XXXIV, No. 10. 


HYMENOPTERA 


Xyelide 
* Neoxyela alberta Curran. Banff, Alta., May and June, (C.B.D. Garrett). Can. Ent., 
Vol. XLV, 20, 1923. 


Tenthredinide 

Empria cava MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Empria cadurca MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Dolerus nuntius MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Dolerus nutricus MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Dolerus nummatus MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 


* 4 *& & 


1924 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 95 





* * 


* * e KH * 


Dolerus nudinus MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Dolerus nummarius MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Dolerus niceus MacG. Chilliwack, B.C., (A. L. Lovett). 
Pachyprotasis rape L. MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Rhogogastera ruga MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
(Tenthredopsis) Rhogogastera evansi Harr. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Tenthredo rutila MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F.S. Carr). 
Tenthredo erythromera Prov. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Tenthredo nigrisoma Harr. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Tenthredo scevola Cress. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Tenthredo rumina MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Abia kennicottt Nort. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Trichiosoma confundum MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Cimbex violacea Le P. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Pachynematus allegatus MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F.S. Carr). 
Pteronidea egnatia MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Pteronidea egeria MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Pteronidea elelea MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Blennocampa amara MacG. Edmonton, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 

The above Tenthredinide are treated in Can. Ent., Vol. XLV, 1923. 


Vipionide 


Apanteles (Protapanteles) leviceps Ashm. Alta., (E. H. Strickland). 


Braconidze 


* 


* 


Meteorus communis Cress. Que., Ont., B.C., (C. F. W. Muesebeck). 
Meteorus hyphantrie Riley. Que., N.S., (C. F. W. Muesebeck). 
Meteorus proximus Cress. Salines, Ont., Qaubamic, Ont., (H. S. Parish). 
Meteorus vulgaris Cress. Ont., N.S., Alta., B.C., (C. F. W. Muesebeck). 
Meteorus niveitarsis Cress. Ottawa, Ont., (C. F. W. Meusebeck). 
Meteorus tibialis Mues. Montreal, Que., May, 1902, (C. F. W. Muesebeck). 
Meteorus versicolor Wesm. N.B., N.S., (C. F. W. Muesebeck). 
Meteorus autographe Mues. Canada, (C. F. W. Muesebeck). 

The above Braconidz are treated in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol. LXIII, 1923. 


Halictidae 


Halictus viridatus Lov. Smith Cove, N.S., May 8, 1916; Ottawa, Ont., June 27, 1921, 
(J. H. McDunnough); St. John, N.B., Aug. 11, 1901, (A. G. Leavitt). 

Halictus hortensis Lov. Kazubazua, Aug. 4, 1914, (F. W. L. Sladen). 

Halictus versans Lov. Kentville, N.S., July 30, 1914, (F. W. L. Sladen). 

Halictus sparsus Rob. Aylmer, Que., July 10, 1922, (C. B. Hutchings); Ottawa, Ont., 
Sept. 16, 1913, (F. W. L. Sladen); Toronto, April, May, July, Aug., Sept. 

Halictus vierecki Cwid. Toronto, May, June, Aug., Sept. 

Halictus cressoni Rob. Smith Cove, N.S., May; Ile de Montreal, June, (Beaulieu); 
Co. Hastings, Ont., July, Sept., (Evans). 

Halictus atriventris Cwfd. Vernon,-B.C., May, Mara, B.C., May, (R. C. Treherne); 
Brent, Alta., Aug., (E. H. Strickland). 

Halictus nymphearum Rob. Ottawa, Toronto, June, July, Sept., Oct.; Hemmingford, 
Que., Aug., (J. I. Beaulne); Co. Prince Edward, Ont., Oct., (Evans). 

Halictus ovaliceps Ckll. Penticton, June, (E. R. Buckell); Vernon, B.C., June, (E. P. 
Venables). 

Halictus pectoralis Sm. Lanoraie, Que., June, (Beaulne); Toronto, June, Aug.; Ottawa, 
Sept., (F. W. L. Sladen). 

Halictus pectoraloides Ckll. Aweme, Man., Aug., (N. Criddle); Penticton, B.C., May, 
June, (E. R. Buckell). 
Halictus cooleyi Cwfd. Lethbridge, Alta., June, (Sladen); Crescent, B.C., August, 
(Sladen); Victoria, B.C., July, (J. B. Wallis); Vancouver, B.C., August, (Sladen). 
Halictus arcuatus Rob. Smith Cove, N.S., May; Ottawa, April, (Sladen); Ile de 
Montreal, May, June, (Beaulieu). 

Halictus cordleyi Cwfd. Lethbridge, July, (J. B. Wallis); Banff, Sept., (C. B. Garrett) ; 
Cranbrook, B.C., (C. B. Garrett). 

ee a eg Vier. Aweme, Man., July, (Sladen); Chilcotin, B.C., June, (E. R. 

uckell). 

Halictus quadrimaculatus Rob. Smith Cove, N.S., July, (A. Gibson); Aylmer, Que., 
June, (Hutchings); Ile de Montreal, June, (Beaulieu); Trenton, Ont., June, (Evans). 

Halictus foxit Rob. Sully, Que., June, Quebec City, Aug., (Sladen); Ottawa, June, 
(Sladen); Medicine Hat, May, (Sladen); Melfort, Sask., July, (Sladen); Aweme, 
Man., May, (N. Criddle); Kaslo, May, Lytton, April, (W. B. Anderson); Nelson, 
April, Vernon, May, (R. C. Treherne). 

Halictus similis Sm. Weymouth, N.S., June, Aug.; Ottawa, June, Oct., (Sladen); 
Ile de Montreal, July, August, (Beaulieu); Cheticamp, C.B.I., Aug., (Johansen). 


96 THE REPORT OF THE No. 33 


Halictus olympie Ckll. Royal Oak, B.C., June, (W. Downes); Victoria, B.C., May, 
June, (R. C. Treherne). 

Halictus sisymbrit Ckll. Vernon, B.C., June, July, August, (N. L. Cutler); Penticton, 

- May, (E. R. Buckell); Royal Oak, Aug., Sept., (W. Downes). 

Halictus forbesi Rob. Kentville, N.S., June, (Sladen); Aylmer, Sept., (Hutchings); 2 
St. John, N.B., Sept., (A. G. Leavitt); Ottawa, Sept. and Oct., (Sladen). 

Halictus pura Say. Aylmer, Que., May, July, (Hutchings); Grimsby, Ont., June. 

Halictus viridissimus Vier. Toronto, Ont., June; Grimsby, Ont., Aug. 

Halictus radiatus Say. Ottawa, Ont., July, (Sladen); Toronto, Ont., Aug.; Treesbank 
Sept., (C. G. Hewitt); Penticton, April, (E. R. Buckell). 

Halictus splendens Le P. Caradoc, Aug., (H. F. Hudson); Aweme, Man., May, July, 
August, (N. Criddle); Medicine Hat, July, (Sladen). 

Halictus virescens Fabr. Trenton, Ont., June, (Evans); Lethbridge, July, (Sladen); 
Okanagan, B.C., May, (E. R. Buckell). 

Halictus ligatus Say. Trenton, Ont., Sept., (Evans); Chatham, Ont., August, (Sladen); 
Lethbridge, Alta., June, July, (Sladen); Jasper Park, Alta., Sept., (Johansen); 
Agassiz, B.C., August, (Glendenning). 

Halictus farinosus Sm. Lillooet, B.C., July; Penticton, August, (Sladen). 

Sphecodes persimilis Lov. & Ckll. Ottawa, Ont., May, June, (F. W. L. Sladen); Trenton, 
Ont., June, (Evans); Hull, Que., April, (F. W. L. Sladen); Toronto, Ont., June, 
(Harrington); Sandridge, Teulon, Man., June, July, (F. W. L. Sladen); Grimsby, 
Ont., May, (Harrington). 

Sphecodes obscurans Lov. & Ckll. St. Stephens, N.B., July, (R. C. Treherne); Ottawa, 
Ont., June, (F. W. L. Sladen); Blenheim, Ont., May, (Harrington); Montreal, Que., 
May, (Beaulieu); Smith’s Cove, N.S., July, (A. Gibson); June, (Evans); Teulon, 
Man., June, (F. W. L. Sladen). 

Sphecodes lautus Lov. & Ckll. Ottawa, Can., September, (F. W. L. Sladen); Ft. 
Coulonge, Que., (J. I. Beaulne); Hastings, Ont., September, (Evans). 


Andrenide 

Andrena milwaukeensis Graen. Kentville, N.S., May, June, (Gorham); Chelsea, Que., 
May, June; Megantic, Que., June, (Curran); St. John, N.B., June; Toronto. 

Andrena perarmata Ckll. Penticton, B.C., April, (E. R. Buckell); Summerland, B.C., 
April, (Sladen); Chilcotin, B.C., May, (Buckell). 

Andrena pyrrhacita Ckll. Hanceville, April, Chilcotin, April, May, (E. R. Buckell); 
Kamloops, B.C., April, (W. B. Anderson). 

Andrena clarkella Kby. (= bicolor Prov.). Chelsea, Que., April, Sudbury, Ont., 
Ottawa, April, (Sladen); Aweme, Man., May, (Criddle); Edmonton, Alta., June, 
July, (Carr). ; 

Andrena dunningi Ckll. Grimsby, Ont., June; Ottawa, May, June, (Sladen); Ironsides, 
Que., April, (Sladen); Bird’s Hill, Man., June, (Wallis). : 

Andrena transnigra Vier. Banff, Alta., May, June, (Sladen); Armstrong, Penticton, 
B.C., May, (E. R. Buckell); Cranbrook, May, (Garrett). 

Andrena perindotata Vier. Crescent, B.C., August, (F. W. L. Sladen). 

Andrena carliniformis Vier & Ckll. Okanagan Fails, B.C., June, (E. R. Buckell); 
Victoria, B.C., (G. W. Taylor); Agassiz, B.C., May, (F. W. L. Sladen); June, (R. 
Glendeuning); Kamloops, B.C., May, (E. R. Buckell). i 

Andrena errans Sm. Aspen Grove, B.C., May, (Vroom); Chilcotin, B.C., May, (E. R. 
Buckell) ; Agassiz, May, (Sladen); Victoria. ; 

Andrena saccata Vier. Royal Oak, B.C., May, (R. C. Treberne); Sidney, B.C., May, 
(F. W. L. Sladen). 

Andrena regularis Mall. Annapolis, Royal N.S., April, (Sanders); Weymouth, N.S., 
May; Kingsmere, Que., May, (Sladen); White River, Ont., June, (Sladen). 

Andrena vicina solidula Vier. Melita, Man., July, (N. Criddle); Lethbridge, Alta., 
July, (H. L. Seamans); Armstrong, B.C., June, (N. L. Luther); Sahtlam, B.C., May, 
(E. M. Anderson). i : 

Andrena advarians Vier. Golden, B.C., May, (Sladen); Victoria, April, (Anderson). 

Andrena washingtoni Ckll. Sidney, B.C., May, (Sladen). a 

Andrena pertarda Ckll. Meach Lake, Que., Sept., (Hewitt); Medicine Hat, August, 
(Sladen); Penticton, June, (Buckell). 

Andrena azygos Vier. Lillooet, B.C., May, (W. B. Anderson). 

Andrena frigida Sm. Ottawa, April, (Sladen); White River, June, (Sladen). 

Andrena hitei Ckll. Teulon, Man., May and June, (A. J. Hunter), (F. W. L. Sladen); 
Sandridge, Man., June, (F. W. L. Sladen). : 

Andrena moesta Sm. Ottawa, Ont., April, May, (Sladen); Aweme, Man., May, (Criddle); 
Edmonton, April, (Carr); Banff, May; Penticton, April, (Treherne). 

Andrena thaspii Graen. Ottawa, June, (Sladen); Spruce Bank, Nfid., July, (Walker); 
Kentville, N.S., July, (Sladen); Lethbridge, June, (Sladen); Rosthern, Sask., July, 
Sladen). 

Andrena wilkella Kby. Fredericton, N.B., August, (Sladen); Fort Coulonge, Que., 
June, (Beaulne); Ottawa, June, (Sladen); Saanich, B.C., May, (J. Wilson). 

Andrena perplexa Sm. Blenheim, Ont., May. 


1924 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 97 


Andrena prunorum Ckll. Glenboro, June, (S. Criddle); Medicine Hat, May, July, 
Sladen); Lethbridge, July, (Sladen). 

Andrena kincaidi Ckll. Penticton, B.C., April, (Buckell). 

Andrena hilaris Sm. Trenton, Ont., May, (Evans). 

Andrena commoda Sm. Kazubazua, Que., July, (Sladen); Ottawa, June, (Sladen). 

Andrena cressoni Rob. Fort Coulonge, Que., June, (Beaulne); Trenton, Ont., May, 
(Evans); Agassiz, May, (Sladen). 

Andrena trumani Vier. & Ckll. var. Agassiz, B.C., May, (Sladen). 

Andrena lupinorum Ckll. Calgary, July, (Sladen). 

Andrena pruni Rob. Ironsides, Que., April, 1915, (Sladen); Ile de Montreal, May, 
1906, (Beaulieu). 

Andrena erythrogaster Ashm. Toronto, April, June; Grimsby, Ont., June, (Brimley); 
Fort McMurray, May, (F. Harper); Aweme, May, (White); Stony Mountain, Man., 
June, (Wallis). 

Andrena piperi Vier. Okanagan Falls, B.C., June, (Buckell). 

Andrena subtilisSm. Fairview, B.C., May, (Buckell); Cranbrook, B.C., May, (Garrett); 
Vernon, B.C., May, (Venables). 

Andrena noveanglie Vier. Co. Hastings, Ont., July, (Evans); Ironsides, Que., May, 
(L. M. Stohr). 

Andrena peckhami Ckll. Toronto, June; Rosthern, Sask., July, (Sladen); Lethbridge, 
Alta., June, (Sladen). 

Andrena atala Vier. Invermere, B.C., June, (Sladen). 

Andrena geranii Rob. Toronto, June. 

Andrena auricoma Sm. Kazubazua, Que., August, (Sladen); Medicine Hat, August, 
(Sladen); Victoria, B.C., April, May, (Treherne). 

Andrena runcinate Ckll. Boucker, Sask., Medicine Hat, July, (Sladen); Lethbridge, 
July, August, (Sladen). 

Andrena candida Sm. Royal Oak, B.C., April, (Treherne). 

Andrena scurra Vier. Lethbridge, May, June, (H. L. Seamans); Invermere, May, 
(Sladen); Penticton, June, (Buckell). 

Andrena salictaria Rob. Ottawa, April, May, (Sladen); Aweme, Man., April, May, 
(Criddle); Cranbrook, B.C., May, (Garrett). 

Andrena nigrocerulea Ckll. Vernon, B.C., May, (Ruhmann); Lillooet, June, (Ander- 
son); Royal Oak, April, (Treherne). 

Andrena neurona Vier. Duncan, B.C., April, (W. B. Anderson); Penticton, B.C., 
May, (E. R. Buckell). 

Andrena longthirtiscopa Vier. Royal Oak, B.C., April, May, (Treherne); Agassiz, 
May, (Sladen); Victoria, April, (Treherne). 

Andrena colletina Ckll. Penticton, B.C., September, (Buckell); Cranbrook, B.C., 
September, (Garrett). 

Andrena lata Vier. Ottawa, Ont., June, (Sladen); Aylmer, Que., July, on Ceanothus 
americanus, (R. Oxburn, H. L. Viereck); Trenton, Ont., May, (Evans); Toronto, 
Ont., June, (Harrington). 

Andrena astragali V.& C. Penticton, June, (Buckell); Oliver, May, (Buckell). 

Andrena tridens Rob. Ottawa. 

Andrena mandibularis Rob. Strathroy, Ont., June, (H. G. Crawford). 

Andrena accepta Rob. Medicine Hat, Alta., July, (F. W. L. Sladen). 

Andrena erigenie Rob. Covey Hill, Que., May, (C. E. Petch); Toronto, Ont., May, 
(Harrington). 

Andrena pallidifovea Vier. Penticton, B.C., May, (Buckell); Vernon, April. 

Andrena erigenoides Vier. Victoria, B.C., April, May, June, (Treherne). 

Andrena g. maculati Rob. Toronto, May, June. 

Andrena asteris Rob. St. John, N.B., September, (A. G. Leavitt); Toronto, August, 
September; Grimsby, Ont., August, (Brimley). 

Andrena haynesi V. & C. Medicine Hat, August, (Sladen). 

Andrena alicieg Rob. Toronto, August. 

Andrena solidaginis Rob. Toronto, August; Aweme, September, (Criddle). 

Andrena mendosa Vier. Penticton, B.C., May, (E. R. Buckell). 

Andrena wellesleyana Rob. Aweme, Man., April, May, (Criddle). 

Andrena nasoni Rob. Hull, Que., April, (Sladen); Ottawa, May, (Sladen); Toronto, 
June, (Sladen). : 

Andrena angustitarsata Vier. Victoria, May, (Treherne); Victoria, May, (A. E. Cam- 
eron); var. Lillooet, May, (E. M. Anderson). 

Andrena fragilis Sm. St. John, N.B., June, (Leavitt); Ironside, Que., May, (Sladen); 
Toronto, June, (E. M. Walker); Aweme, Man., May, (Criddle). 

Andrena barbarica Vier. Toronto, June, (E. M. Walker). 

Andrena integra Sm. Hemmingford, Que., June, (Beaulne); Toronto, July, August; 
Ottawa, June, July, (Sladen). 

Andrena bradleyi Vier. WKazubazua, Que., June, (Sladen); Aylmer, Que., May, (Sladen); 
Mer Bleue, Que., May, (A. W. Richardson). 

Andrena carolina Vier. Halifax, N.S., June, (J. Perrin); St. John, N.B., May, (Leavitt); 
Aylmer, Que., May, (Sladen); Ottawa, June, (Sladen); White River, June, (Sladen). 


98 THE REPORT: OF THE, - No. 33 





Andrena wheeleri Graen. Fort William, Ont., June, (Sladen); Aweme, July, (Criddle); 
Toronto, June. 

Andrena claytonie Rob. Kazubazua, Que., July, (Sladen); Ottawa, April, (Sladen). 

Andrena alleghaniensis Vier. _Port Sydney, Ont., (N. K. Bigelow). 

Andrena crategi Rob. St. John, N.B., eae ‘July, (Leavitt); Hemmingford, Que., 
June, (Petch); Ottawa, May, (Sladen); Vernon, May, (Treherne). 

Andrena sigmundi Ckll. Aylmer, Que., May, (Sladen); Ottawa, May, (Sladen). 

Andrena forbesi Rob. Toronto, June. 

Andrena miranda Sm. (= hippotes Rob.) Charlottetown, P.E.I., July, (F. W. L. 
Sladen); Trenton, Ont., May, (Evans); Truro, N.S., (Brittain). 

Andrena marie Rob. Toronio, June; Aweme, Man., May, April, (C. Criddle). 

Andrena obscura Rob. Ottawa; Toronto, July. 

Andrena striatifrons Ckll. Medicine Hat, April, (Sladen); Penticton, April, (Buckell); 
Victoria, March, (Sladen). 

Andrena swenki Vier. Golden, B.C., May, (Sladen). 

Andrena cleodora Vier. Penticton, June, (Buckell); Kaslo, June. 

Andrena grandior Ckll. Port Sydney, Ont., July, (N. K. Bigelow). 

Andrena grandior multiplicatiformis Vier. Ottawa, Ont., June, (J. I. Beaulne). 


Dufoureide 


Halictoides oryx Vier. Salmon Arm, B.C., June, (Sladen); Naramata, B.C., June, 
(Buckell). 


Panurgide 
Perdita perpallida Ckil. Medicine Hat, July, August, (Sladen). 
Perdita stottleri flavida Swenk & Ckll. Lethbridge, July, (Sladen). 
Perdita affinis Cress. Medicine Hat, August, (Sladen). 
Perdita bruneri Ckll. Medicine Hat, August, (Sladen); Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 
Perdita swenki Cwid. Medicine Hat, August, (Sladen). 


Nomadide 

Nomada cuneata Rob. Toronto, May; Ottawa, May, (Sladen). 

Nomada luteola Le P. Ottawa, May, (Sladen). 

Nomada pascoensis Ckll. Vernon, B.C., July, (Cutler). 

Nomada lLuteoloides Rob. Weymouth, NS. , May; Toronto, May, June. 

Nomada citrina Cress. Saanich Dist., B. Gc June, (Downes). 

Nomada civilis Cress. Penticton, May, (Buckell): Okanagan Falls, April, (Buckell); 
Saanich Dist., June, (Downes). 

Nomada nigrocinctaSm. Penticton, April, (Buckell); Aylmer, Que., May, (Sladen). 

Nomada corvallisensis Ckll. Salmon Arm, B.C., April, (Buckell) 

Nomada lewist Ckll. Calgary, Alta., May, (Wolley-Dod). 

Nomada vicina Cress. Kazubazua, Que., August, (Sladen); Port Sidney, August; 
Toronto, August, September; Lethbridge, August, (Sladen). 

Nomada americana Kby. Woburn, Que., June, (Curran): Agassiz, May, (Sladen); 
Ottawa, alae May, (Sladen); Banff, Alta., April, May, (Sanson): Cranbrook, May, 
(Garrett). 

Nomada cressoni Rob. Ft. Coulonge, Que., June (Beaulne); Ottawa, June, (Sladen). 

Nomada illinoensis Rob. Cheticamp, C.B.I., June, July, (Johansen); Ottawa, June, 
(Sladen); Eastern Passage, N.S., July. 

Nomada sayi Rob. Ottawa, May; Walhachin, Penticton, June, (E. R. Buckell). 

Nomada articulata Sm. Bowmanville, Ont., Co. Hastings, Ont., (Evans); Toronto, 
Ont., May, June, (Harrington). 

Nomada scita Ckll. Penticton, June, (Buckell); Walhachin, June, (Buckell). 

Nomada superba Cress. Chilcotin, June, (Buckell); Victoria, May, (Downes). 

Nomada obliterata Cress. Chelsea, May, (A. Gibson); Toronto, May, June; Ottawa, 
May 8, (Sladen). 

Epeoloides pilosula Cress. Aylmer, Que., June, (Sladen); Aweme, Man,. July, (Sladen). 

Bombomelecta pacifica Cress. Vaseaux Lake, B.C., May, (W. B. Anderson); Penticton, 
B.C., May, (Buckell). 

Bombomelecta fulvida Cress. Medicine Hat, April, (Sladen); Penticton, April, (Buckell); 
Chilcotin, May, (Buckell). 

Bombomelecta separata var. maculata Vier. Victoria, B.C., April, (Treherne); Royal 
Oak, B.C., May, (Treherne). 

Epeolus bifasciatus Cress. Grimsby, Ont., July. 

Epeolus lectoides Rob. Ottawa, Ont., July, (Sladen). 

Epeolus autumnalis Rob. Sully, Que., June, (Sladen); Siabuare Ont. 

Triepeolus pectoralis Rob. Grimsby, Ont., August. 

Triepeolus lestes Ckll. Medicine Hat, August, (Sladen); Vernon, B.C., mnie and 
July, (Sladen); Victoria, July, (Sladen). 

Triepeolus donatus Sm. Toronto, August, September; Ottawa, August, (Sladen); 
Athabasca, Alta., Aug. 

Triepeolus rectangularis Ckll. Summerland, B.C., July, (Sladen). 


: 
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Euceride 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 99 


eee helianthi Rob. Medicine Hat, July, August, (Sladen); Lethbridge, July, 
(Sladen). 
Triepeolus cressoni Rob. Ottawa, July, August, (Sladen). 
eran) occidentalis Cress. Medicine Hat, August, (Sladen); Vernon, B.C., July, 
aden). 
Holcopasites illinoensis Rob. Medicine Hat, July, August, (Sladen); Lethbridge, Alta., 
July, (Sladen); Prince Albert, July, (Sladen). 


Melissodes desponsa Sm. Ft. Coulonge, Que., August, (Beaulne); Quebec City, August, 
(Sladen); Ottawa, July, (Sladen); Toronto, July. 

Melissodes illata L. & C. Kazubazua, Que., July, August, September, (Sladen); 
Fredericton, N.B., August, (Sladen); Hull, Que., August, (Beaulne); Aweme, August, 
(Criddle); Maryfield, Sask., August, (Criddle); Medicine Hat, July, (Sladen); Vernon, 
B.C., July, (Sladen). 

Melissodes microsticta Ckll. Vernon, B.C., July, (Ruhmann); Royal Oak, August, 
(Downes). 

Melissodes mysops Ckll. Medicine Hat, July, (Sladen); Vernon, B.C., July, August, 
(Ruhmann); Thompson River, August, (T. Wilson). 

Tetralonia edwardsi Cress. Vernon, B.C., August, May, (Treherne); Fairview, B.C., 
May, (Buckell); Lillooet, B.C., May, (E. M. Anderson). 

Tetralonia actuosa Cress. Vernon, B.C., May. 

Tetralonia cordleyi Vier. Vaseaux Lake, B.C., June, (Buckell); Fairview, May, 
eee ace B.C., July, (Buckell); Vernon, June, (Treherne) ; Lillooet, Bee 

une, air. 

Tetralonia fowleri Ckll. Vaseaux Lake, B.C., June, (Buckell) ; Fairview, May, (Buckell) ; 

Victoria, June, (Downes). 


Anthophoride 


mee sii Ckll. Penticton, April, (Buckell); Okanagan Falls, May, (E. M. 

nderson). 

Anthophora sodalis Cress. Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle); Lethbridge, Alta., May, 
June, (Sladen); Penticton, June, (Buckell). 

Anthophora stanfordiana Ckll. Golden, B.C., May, (Sladen); Penticton, June, (Buckell) ; 
Kaslo, B.C., July, (Cockle). 

Anthophora washingtoni Ckll. Summerland, B.C., July, (Sladen); Penticton, August, 
September, (Buckell). : 

Anthophora ignava Cress. Vaseaux Lake, June, (Sladen); Penticton, April, May, 
(Buckell) ; Lillooet, May, (E. M. Anderson). 


Hyleide 


(Prosopis) Hyleus mesille Ckll. Medicine Hat, Alta., May, (Sladen); Fairview, May, 
(Buckell); Summerland, August, (Sladen). 

Hyleus verticalis Cress. Toronto, July; Ottawa, June. 

Hyleus sanicule Rob. Toronto, July. 

Hyleus nevadensis Ckll. Kaslo, B.C., June, (J. W. Cockle). 

Hyleus cooki Metz. Kaslo, B.C., June, (Cockle). : 

Hyleus trizentulus Ckll. Kaslo, June, (Cockle); Penticton, June, (Buckell). 


e 


Colletide 


Colletes compactus Cress. St. John, N.B., September, (Leavitt); Truro, N.S., September; 
Bridgetown, N.S., September. 

Colletes estivalis Patt. Aweme, Man., July, (Sladen). 

Colletes willistoni Rob. Point Pelee, Ont., June, (N. K. Bigelow); Kazubazua, Que., 
June, (Sladen). 

Colletes nudus Rob. Point Pelee, Ont., July, (N. K. Bigelow). 

Colletes tegularis Swenk. Verncn, B.C., September, (Buckell). 

eee Ckll. Penticton, B.C., September, (Buckell); Walhachin, September, 

uckell). 


Megachilide 


Formicapis neomexicanum Ckll. (= F. clypeata Sla.) Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle) ; 
Waterhole, Alta., August, (E. H. Strickland). 

Andronicus producta Cress. Hemmingford, Que., June, (Beaulne); Aylmer, Que., June, 
(Sladen); Toronto, June; Ottawa, May, June, July, (Sladen); Saskatoon, May, 
(Sladen); Lethbridge, June, (Sladen). 

Monumetha argentifrons Cress. Ironsides, Que., June. (Sladen); Toronto, August; 
Teulon, Man., June; Ft. William, Ont., June, (Sladen); Banff, Alta., August, (Sanson) ; 
Penticton, June, (Buckell); Ft. Simpson, McKenzie River, June, (C. H. Crickmay) ; 
Nicola Lake, B.C., May, (Buckell) ; Shawinigan Lake, V. I., July, (Sladen). 

Osmia odontogaster Ckll. “Sidney, B.C., May, (Sladen); Victoria, B.C., May, (Downes). 

Osmia georgica Cress. Toronto, June. 


sal ta ae glad 


100 THE/ REPORT OP THE No. 33 





wl 


Osmia simillima Sm. Sudbury, Ont., July. 

Osmia californica Cress. Okanagan Lake, B.C., April, (T. Wilson); Lytton, B.C., 
July, (T. Wilson). 

Megachile relativa Cress. Regina, Sask., August, (T. N. Willing); Peachland, B.C., 
August, (J. B. Wallis). 

Megachile pruina Sm. Medicine Hat, August, (Sladen); Swift Current, Sask., August, 
(Sladen); Lethbridge, June, August, (Sladen); Summerland, B.C., August, (Sladen). 

Megachile optiva Cress. Toronto; Muskoka. 

Megachile montivaga Cress. Ottawa, July, (Sladen). 

Megachile subexilis Ckll. Aweme, Man., July, (Criddle); Saskatoon, July, (Sladen); 
Melfort, Sask., July, (Sladen); Calgary, July, (Sladen); Banff, July, (Sanson); Leth- 
bridge, June, (Sladen) ; Penticton, June, (Buckell) Ft. Norman, McKenzie Rv., August, 
(Crickmay). 

Dianthidium notatum Latr. Summerland, August, (Sladen). 

Anthidium cognatum Cress. Western Canada, (Cockerell). 

Anthidium portere Ckll. Calgary, (Cockerell). 

Celioxys mesta Cress. St. Anne de la Porcatiere, August, (Sladen); Trenton, Ont., 
September, (Evans); Toronto, August; Ottawa, June, July, (Sladen); Bear Lake, 
Alta., August, (E. H. Strickland); Peachland, August, (J. B. Wallis); Shawinigan, V.I., 
July, (Sladen). 

Celioxys dubitata Sm. Kirk’s Ferry, Que., July, (Sladen); Athabasca, Alta., August, 
(E. H. Strickland). 

Celioxys deplanata Cress. Medicine Hat, August, (Sladen). 

Celioxys banksi Cwfd. Toronto, September. 

nuenee striae Cress. Lake Simcoe, Ont., September, (E. M. W.); Ottawa, July, 

aden). 

Celioxys sodalis Cress. Toronto; Point Pelee, Ont., June, (N. K. Bigelow). 


Stelidide 
Stelis tripetinum Rob. (=Stelis ontariana Sla.) Ottawa, August. 
Stelis monticola Cress. Vernon, B.C., (E. P. Venables). 
Stelis montana Cress. Okanagan Falls, B.C., July, (Sladen); Lethbridge, June, July, 
(Sladen); Banff, August, (Garrett); Ft. Steel, B.C., June, (W. B. Anderson). 
Stelis elegans Cress. Penticton, June, (Buckell). 


Ceratinide 
Ceratina acantha Prov. Aweme, Man., July, (Sladen); Oliver, B.C., April, May, June, 
pate tatiae (Garrett); Gordon Hd., B.C., July, (Downes); Victoria, April, May, 
Treherne). 


Apidz 
pee ats Cress. Grimsby, Ont., August, (Sladen); Grimsby, Ont., September, 
rimley). 
Bremus strenuus Cress. Kutlan Glacier, Y. T., June, (Alf. Pattison). 
Bremus arcticus Kby. Bernard Harbour, N.W.T., June, August, (C. E. A.); Cape Ross, 
N.W.T., June, (V. Stefansson); Herschell Is., July, (F. Johansen). 
Bremus bifarius Cress. Victoria, B.C., (F. W. Taylor); Banff, Alta., (N. B. Sanson). 
Bremus bifarius nearcticus Handlirsch. Clinton, B.C., May, (R. Phair); White Horse, 
Y.T., July, (A. P. Hawes)» Banff, Alta., September, (C. B. D. Garrett). 
Bremus americanorum Fabr. N.S. 
This is the same species that was recorded in the 1907 Ent. Rec. from Ottawa under 
the name ‘“‘Bombus pennsylvanicus D. G.” 


HEMIPTERA 
(Arranged according to Van Duzee’s Check List) 
Cicadellidz 


Phlepsius marmor S. & Del. Onah, Man., July, on Juniperus horizontalis (Criddle). 
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., Vol. 25, No. 7, 1923. 


Miride 
* Lopidea lathyre Kt. Aweme, Man., on Lathyrus (Criddle); Saskatoon, Sask., (A. E. 
Cameron). 
* Lopidea dakota Kt. Winnipeg, Man., (Mitchener and Cocks); Saskatoon, Sask., 
(Cameron). . 
These two species described in Ent. News, Vol. XXXIV, No. 3, 1923. 
Notonectidz 


* Notonecta borealis Tor. B. & Hu. Bearfoot Mountains, B.C., Sept. 
Bul. Brook. Ent. Soc., Vol. XVIII, No. 3, 1923. 


—_—— ——- oe 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 101 





* x* kee HK 


ee ee he & 


Perlidz 
* 


* 


* 
* 


EPHEMEROPTERA 


Tricorythus atrata McD. Wakefield, Que., August, (McDunnough). 

Baetis phebus McD. Ottawa, Ont., (McDunnough and Richardson). 

Baetis dardanus McD. Aweme, Man., June, (Criddle). 

Baetis nanus McD. Ottawa, Ont., August, (McDunnough). 

Centroptilum fragile McD. Ottawa, Ont., August, (McDunnough). 

Centroptilum curtosum McD. Ottawa, Ont., August, (McDunnough). 

Shae ii McD. Nordegg, Alta., (McDunnough); Banff, Alta., Banff, Alta., August, 
(Garrett). 

Cloeon rubropicta McD. Ottawa, Ont., June, August, Norway Point, Lake of Bays, 
Ont., July, (McDunnough). 

Cloeon punctiventris McD. Ottawa, Ont., August, (McDunnough). 

Cloeon chlorops McD. Ottawa, Ont., August, (McDunnough). 

Siphlonuroides cresus McD. Ottawa, Ont., May, (McDunnough). 

Siphlonuroides midas McD. Ottawa, Ont., May, (McDunnough). 

Siphlonurus berenice McD. Cascades, Que., June, (McDunnough). 

Siphlonurus phyllis McD. Banff, Alta., July, (Garrett). 

Ameletus validus McD. Banff, Alta., October, (Garrett). 
All these species described in Can. Ent., Vol. LV., No. 2, 1923. 


PLECOPTERA 


Nemoura cornuta Claas. Nanaimo, B.C., June, (E. P. Van Duzee). 
Nemoura columbiana Claas. Laggan, Alta., (J. C. Bradley). 
Nemoura trispinosa Claas. Murray Bay, Que., July, (E. Corning). 
Leuctra bradleyi Claas. Emerald Lake, B.C., July, (Bradley). 


ODONATA 


Agrionide 


Agrion equalis Say. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). 
Agrion maculatum Beau. Waugh, Man., July, (Wallis). 


Libellulidz 


Williamsonia fletcheri Will. Mer Bleue, Ont., (Young, McDunnough and Richardson), 
Can. Ent., Vol. LV., No. 4, 1923. 


ORTHOPTERA 


Acrididz 


Tettigon 


Gryllide 


Acrydium brunneri (Bolivar). Fredericton, N.B., 1918, (G. P. Walker). (New to 
Province). 

Platybothrus brunneus (Thomas). Goodlands, Man., Aug., 1923, (N. Criddle). (New 
to Province). 

7 spurcata Saussure. Oliver, B.C., Aug., 1922, (E. R. Buckell). (New to 
Canada). 

Trimerotropis gracilis (Thomas). Chilcotin, B.C., July, 1921, (E. R. Buckell). (New 
to Canada). 

Trimerotropis salina McNeill. Baldur and Ashdown, Man., July, 1920, (N. Criddle). 
(New to Canada). 

Schistocerca alutacea (Harris). Medicine Hat, Alta., Aug., 1923, (L. H. Seamans). 
(New to Canada). 

me. pratensis Scudder. Oliver, B.C., July, 1922, (E. R. Buckell). (New to 

anada). 

Hypochlora alba (Dodge). Goodlands, Man., Sept., 1923, (N. Criddle). 

Phetaliotes nebrascensis (Thomas). Oliver, B.C., Aug., 1919, (E. R. Buckell). (New 
to Province). 

Asemoplus somesi Hebard, Banff, Alta., July, 1922, (C. B. D. Garrett). 

Melanoplus borealis junius (Dodge). Anahim Lake, B.C., Aug., 1921, (E. R. Buckell). 
(New to Province). 


iid 
Peranabrus scabricollis (Thomas). Nicola, B.C., Aug., 1922, (E. R. Buckell). (New 
to Canada). 


Nemobius fasciatus (DeGeer). Kelowna, B.C., Aug., 1922, (E. R. Buckell). (New to 
Province). 


THE ‘REPORT: OF THE No. 33 


102 
ARACHNID 
Linyphiide 
Ceratinella atriceps Comb. Cabot Lake, Labr. 
Gongylidium armatus Banks. Cabot Lake, Labr. 
Hilaira brunneus Em. Cabot Lake, Labr. 
Linyphia limitanea Em. Cabot Lake, Labr. 
Erigone longipalpis Sund. South Labr. 
Epeiride 
Epeira angulata Clk. Cabot Lake, Labr. 
Lycoside 
Pardosa forcifera Thor. Nain, Labr. 
All the above spiders taken by F. W. Waugh and presented to the Canadian National 
Collection. 
The following species were described in the Can. Ent., Vol. LV, No. 10, 1923. 
Linyphiide 
* Gongylidium columbianum Em. Terrace, B.C., (Mrs. Hippisley). 


* *# KK 


Areoncus pedalis Em. Dauphin, Man., (Hippisley). 

Grammonota spinimana Em. Moose Isiand, James Bay, (F. Johansen). 
Cornicularia pacifica Em. Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). 

Delorrhipus bicornis Em. ‘Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). 

Lophocarenum minimum Em. Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). 
Lophocarenum inflatum Em. Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). 


Ee 


INDEX 








1924 - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 103 


PAGE PAGE 

Anacampsis populella............... 9 Eulype hastata...< .....,a8e3 ee caeeeenae 73 
MSE UETISEOS 2 core, does 5 Nokes ays som wD hae 62 Bupalmus alynt...5 2a, «1 tae 17 

_  Anastatus bifasciatus................ 35 Euphora ida... .n,4ss00063,40 444 62 
Meeeemisoia senatoria......-.. Je I2 VO. 62 Euvanessa antiopa...... tons es o5-ms 73 
Anthonomus signatus.............-: 61 Fall webwormi:.....4...4.5<5- 30nd WANE 

; Anuraphis roseus.............00005% 58 PANNIG, SP ce ole «oceies .0. vss RR 39 
F A panteles AWOL POSios sp ovcnsesnsn .nvyeror a2 «INN 33 Flea-beetle.,....45/.45 55 ac yay eee 72 
B LO MEL ALUS x. De LES Tae 86 orest tent caterpillar.) 7)... eee 17 
if $ MELANOSCELUSE THA 2G...» = 33 Fruit tree leaf- roller nod tien aonb HAs 73 
me Aphaereia muscac..........60045....- 40 GIpSy, MOEN... n\cstsicene.cleeactege ae 32, 47, 51 
IM ILTSELIONUL.. Fa .-ah Jt.) ae MTL 58, 73 Gracilaria syringella.. 1.0... eee eens 62 
CTI TO SACS cade oo coe IIMS EROS 73 Grape leaf hopper... -1.,.auapiase eee 24 

Apple RFA B ED cock dn: hove scot ROROUO ARI 58 «) berry moth... ;.. .<,-« «eeese ae 60 
RMN pA dct Sarkar BRIO SE. DNs 73 « ‘blossom midgess ciate ).9tisee- 60 

SINT 09. 2. sce os es aver or oe ROD 73 i leat-hoppers..\...0 744 60 
REMPINACC OG wer. as hao 2s ORS NNS DNS 58, 72 Grasshoppers... .,..., 4asiagian in -zslav ite 62, 72 
BEEIAnt UGS... os. saoad a 59 Green apple aphid......'......,,.ssenrmme: 87 

: peeebent-caterpillar. .......%.tAssiow. & 58, 73 “ peachaphis.. ..., .seenoaee Suse 59 
“and thorn skeletonizer........ 18 Haematobia irrutans. .. 45 -..+,428e* «= 63 
Aspidiotus perniciosus...........-.- 58 Halisidota tesselaris..........++. of rots 58 
Baryodma ontarionis.............+-+ 40 Haltica tombacing.......... fate ee 15 
Blackberry leaf miner.............. 61 eel flys |)... Gdes aos, aaa os ee 63 
Black cherry aphis).. ii. 300i: oa eeu. 59 Hemerocampa leucostigma........+-: 73 
Blackwalnut caterpillar............. 62 Hemerophila partana...........++-+ 18 
RUSRSRMOE ON foo THLUCG TRtD. A cenks: 73 Hessians fly... .. 0.755 cepa =. 10 
Bumble flower beetle............... 62 Horn fly-.,.,.,./:0.:.2. 42 3eereneeta.-'- 63 
Cabbage ATO OO Ley Semaine curtis ocak ae LOR 2 Hylemyia antiqua.........5+++55- 36, 39, 42 
UOTE | ree ae ee ena eee 12782 Hypera punciatas. 2 o-.6 5084 See 45 

O@aenecia argyrospila........:....... 73 FPy phair textare 3 2 cvs ote het L713 

ig hewittana Busck............ 9 Hypoderma bovis... 2.2... .00sssss5s 63 
Calligrapha lunata Fab.............- 15 Important currant worm............ 73 
Calosoma sycophanta.............--- 33, 34 iris borersckc eed ee OO ee 62 
Camnula pellucida............ aaa a 62 Ttoplectis: CONQUISIHOR 2s 2. oi oe 17 
Carpocapsa pomonella............+.. 57 DS OGHMOSLEL NG: SD oe eae 72 
Gepnus cincius Nort... . 25... 20.55-% 16 Weemantralinegigin..0 eo ee ee ee ee 73 
(COTES Li ee rr 33 Lepisma dOmesHea : : ps. one ie oso 63 
MEME ReMMOUSE. . 2. cele bees 67 £6 IS LGEME TUNE MRO eo as Ses clink 63 
PaGGmYeIEEIE Lies... erie ss 59 Leptinotarsa decemlineata.. ........ 72 
Cigar and pistol case bearers........ 58, 73 ilacwleaf minem oe aes aa ete 62 
Slgverleat weevil.............2.6-: 45 Lipeurus heterographus............+.- 67 
0 0 57 DV CUED MEDUAG: «athe aie) sty as = o> rn, 59 
DMEM PHOVIOG 2 fs ee eo 60 EN OUSICUINAE. gira sks aie 59 
Coleophora LCLCHET OW Danek ee eigen + sic Be Sion de: Ce LOMINIULCUS ena is stn he ys 59 
LT 58. 73 ROP GUEEGOIOGE: 4 ore” Bet teh, 8 Peano oe 59 

eieneine DOTEE... 2... 6 ee ee 35 WW ErODMSIS UNTCOLOT. 05 = se ee 72 
Compsilura concinnata............-- 62 Macrodactylus subspinosus..........- 9, 60 
Conotrachelus nenuphar...........-- 59, 72 IMA LTOMOCHULGVONUSLET 5 6 core cin es 2 aus 62 
COMATINIG JORNSONA..... 6. 02.66.02 e es 60 Malacosoma americana. ean aa RD OMS 
(GGBIOCYCIOADICOLOT.n.. 55 ee vi 73 OUSSIPUG Re Sok ee 17 

3 STN ee 73 € PUORLD SE aaus yo anas mts ili 

Corn borer, European............ 10, 74, 78 MIBTESH GO PICs. i.25- Sale ie ae 62 
Mormonas pis gilleties... 0... ee et 40 Melanoplus GHENIS: Seer oo as oe 72 
neumber Dectle.. 6. 6.3. cee ee 13 femur-rubrum.........+.- 72 
MIMETAPEIS, 5 ooo. seo. ee es oe 73 Menopon biseriatum...........++4-+ 69 
Ue Oa a 10 s PONGGUM Wass Fink, wpe stcen tole ale 69 
WDOLOMOTHLESETIVING. 2m ose ee ee So 62 Wier ssDELWUied nace: @ <i fel 61 
WIMIUEOLICH VIALE Ss... 4 ee eo ols 61, 72 WVIGETODTUCON CEPI... - = 2 lke r= 16 
WAGREIOn Vs COCK Kayne. 05 ee wee 15 Microtrombidium sp........-+--++++> 40 

E/T VUE POTTS Ce SRE oO 59 Monophadnoides rubi..........++++- 61 
IES PEOGIS 2) 2s Ne ee 17 Museaana assimilis. S22 siya a 39 
HPI EN CUCUINETUS «3556 tse mas seein 72 ee SLQOUONS co 52 bn hee eee 39 
EESTI ONEUTL COMES. cw wc dais wee 60 MSCS GETAST Cl hse cioe ceo tae. aera 59 

- COMES ZICZAC........+-- 24 GAD ae AOI. PREP cao 59 

oi UTAPELGHA Hea Pade eres, 23 60 SETS re eR ee on etre 73 


104. THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY No. 33 


PAGE 

Cicanthus nigricornis............... 61 
Onion maggots ss. .5 soe 36, 39, 42, 72 
= 314 0° 8 aR a eR a eM eee Ss 11, 64 
Ottorhynchus ovatus.........6.5265.%-. 61 
HAUICA CHILO VCTMOLG= 5. sein cack eke ets 58 
Papaipema purpurifascia............ 62 
IPOVASCH ENG SESTELUIA 0 se ee as 33 
Paratetranychus pilosus...........4. 60 
POTLG CONEIGS 55 hrc 61 
Pear psyllal scccccsyacce thee iyo 59 
Pelecinus polyturator. ... <0 \8 282. OF. 9 
SPHOLDtd sOF OSSUCHE Ds, 51s Poet 72 
Oe CODOLUNE,. hc Xotee cps pei wo 72 
Phytophaga ulm .. ccc ooo cone ee 9 
PREIS: FOPCC nn hac Hoh 72, 82 
Pistol and cigar case-bearers......... 58, 73 
Plum-curcaliOs.s 4 sc%.ce cc ORO 59, 72 
FP Olstes- PAs pes oo... oe: ta SOP QLASLR OT 86 
WOLYCHTOStS UCONGs 25-1) AIA 60 
POrthelrud G88 PAL. ices) ass oO Vad 47, 51 
Potato beetle, Colorado............. 10 
f beetles: : ica gerccxc eee Le 10, 72 
Prionyoxystus macmurtrei........... 63 
Psyllta- Pyle co. «025 AR 59 
Pteromalus puparum................ 86 
PICTORUS TEDESIT 6 oro os os sO TT 73 
Raspberry saw-fy: . 0.2. TSSieay OR 61 
Red mite, European... <5. 28oo a. 60 
PaaS ILCs ror ten, coc erc ch acces oases oS 60 
Rhagoletis cingulata................ 59 
¢ fausta, . 3... 2, FR 59 

= pomonella.............56, 58, 72 

se symphoricarpi............ 56 


“ BOPhyrta: 5s SON 56 





PAGE 

Rhynchites btcolor » 3-2). Son 12 
Rosevchater? 3.4.3.) sac ce eee 9, 60 
y .cureulio se 5. tol ce =e 12 
“> - leaf bhopper..:.-:4): Ge ee 59 
San Jose scale. .'ss.-::..27.. 33 eee 58 
Waperda COndtdn....- a4 ae 73 
Seéd*corn maggot. ......-. : 25) ae eee 11 
Silver fish.........../...:... Seieseeeee 63 
Sod webworms. . .\....<......4-:..:. sane 11 
Spilographa setosa Doans............ 15 
Spiny elm caterpillar...) Ace 73 
Spiny oak caterpillar. ...nx.ianase ase 62 
Spring canker worm....... 22.2... 32s 58 
Squash. bug... ........0,-...+.«...0 eee 62 
Strawberry leaf beetle.............. 61 
root-weevilea; Sagan 2. 61 

« weevil... <.../.;. eee ee 61 
Striped cucumber beetle............. 61 
“ _ -tree. cricket... .«:.<20 eee 61 
Wetranychus. telartvus........-.- see 60 
Three-lined beetle.................. 73 
DUTEPS, LA0GC4.. 6. 5esi0y 350s 1 ee 61 
Tmetocera ocelland:.. ...... >: ..- eee 73 
Tortoise. beetles. . ...-)....%. .. aie eee 73 
Vespula germanica.......2.0.02.-% 86 
Walnut datana .. 725-8022 sus Ieee 10 
Wheat-stem sawfly.........:....... 16 
White grubs...) .3.....0.....,. eee 62, 72 
White-marked Tussock moth........ 10 
White tussock moth caterpillar. ..... 73 
Wireworms-........ 3.2.35) 23¢R eee 10 
Yellow tussock caterpillar........... 58 
Yebra caterpillar =... 2... ee eee 62 


\ 


| Ontario Department of Agriculture 


4 
| 

| 
| 
| 

i 


4 
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Fifty-Fifth Annual Report 


i 
| 
| OF THE 


| ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY | 


OF 


ONTARIO 
1924 


PRINTED BY ORDER OF 
HON. J. S. MARTIN, Minister of Agriculture 


TORONTO 
Printed by CLARKSON W. JAMES, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty 
1925 











CONTENTS 


r bis Se 
q PAGE 
II SES TOR e ee ys. ace EL sao ol eis 's be DAT onan Gaara eae 
. SNIPER STATE ME NT Wc wears tee csr fb lag acs e 2s os. SOs che Soe me ee eet ae eee 4 
EESTI Ge gi AS 2 SG ee RE SORA Araceae reg: Sie ccc 5 
4 Ol Dr) PGE COSTER pee ae eae i en er ed eee SPN ee 5 
| menormartne Voutreal branch... 3.2.2. s.r. ood cx owen DBk Aa wae eee 6 
, REECE HORONLO USEAHCH ois eh hee Leyes oe wg DY serene ee eee if 
| Renormomiuerbritisn: Columbia Branch: <2 20000. Cale. ee ep hee 7 
Report on Insects of the year, Division No. 1: C. B. HUTCHINGS.................. 8 
Division Nos: vAS CosENS aw eee eee 9 
Division No.0. 2D. DETWILE Reenter 10 
Division No: J. Bs EiumSone yee te eee ee 11 
Lessons from the Grasshopper Outbreak of 1919-23 in Manitoba: NORMAN CRIDDLE 13 
The Rose Chafer and Farm Management: WILLIAM A. Ross and J. A. HALL...... 16 
The Lilac Leaf Miner (Gracilaria syringella Fabr.): C. B. HUTCHINGS............. 19 
Notes on the Occurrence of the Lesser Grapevine Flea-Beetle in Canada: ARTHUR 
ea aE Fotos cng d poe ok nthe sige ne ee eee ee Zaue 
Notes on Insect Parasites of Phyllophaga anxia in the Province of Quebec: C. E. 

HeppIuSE ATIC MG VL ANELAMIMOND: 36 5.c.00b) ste Sete eh alk Ee ae ie te 24 
Note on Ptinus fur L. and villiger Reit. as Stored Product Pests in Canada: C. 

ENON AT RD NOURI ANN ccs occ G8 ey or ee aveee tates elo Ne oi Soe) Sot eee eee DR gna Dee a ee 28 
Waranesaeainst the insects) (Cali METCAUR:. -.°)02 225. ane ee eee ee 30 
The Spread and Degree of Infestation of the European Corn-Borer in 1924: W. N. 

EAESEENVAUNG. tS bovoy-oe cfs. 3. ns EATS a LS Et ce EE ae 47 

4 Mortality of the Larvae of the European Corn-Borer (Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn.) in 

Eaeearivalnctarsun 1924 PROP: Min CAESAR. 3 as actu aon arte one eee ee 50 
A Field Study of the Reduction of European Corn-Borer Larvae in Standing Corn: 

Re BATN BE RANG GAS BICHT 2 2.) 5s'p25 isc een tte ete eee een ee ea 53 
The Introduction and Colonization in Ontario of Two Hymenopterous Parasites of 

PresTopean. Corn Borer: ) At. DATRDY serie. ann Ne > ae tea sacs n oes Rae 54 
A Brief Note on Farm Cutting Boxes and Corn Shredders as Factors in the Control of 

the European Corn Borer (Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn.): G. A. Ficat and R. H. 

RPAMRNEIRG torrie, Sey ns Atk Tatar ate i? Ea enh Ter nny oe Mes 56 
eer OMEOIS GOLEM IS OLEL ses fapsie aS bsg «2 Oe Lee on EOL et eet an ee 57 
The Outbreak of the Gipsy Moth in Quebec: LEONARD S. MCLAINE............... 60 
A Study of the Methods Used in Growing Entomophthorous Fungi in Cases Prior to 

their Artificial Dissemination in the Orchards: ALAN G. DUSTAN.............. 63 
Notes from a Study of Nepticula pomivorella Packard: HAROLD Fox............... 67 

- Notes on the Life History of the Lesser Clover Weevil (Phytonomus nigrirostis): H.F. 

UE SONP AICPA. ACONV OOD). 5>..0 ct oF os 2 oR NOP ri aes nc, AE rate ee 71 
Entomology in the Rural Schools in the Province of Quebec: PRor. GEORGES MAHEUX Us 
Observations of the Host-Selection Habits of Pieris rapae L.: C. R. TWINN........ 75 
Miscellaneous Notes on the Pear Psylla Problem: Wiu.LiAmM A. Ross.............. 80 
BISecHSicnethe season: WW. A. Rossand-lt ‘CAmSARRR ey Foc x cicvietl.c pines Mle utr 84 
@he Entomological Record, 1924: NorMAN CRIDDLE?.. 2... 2.2. Sele ee eee &9 

PRON As es oni sie cb ORL Sek aoe EPRI AC FOO: EERO 5 6 cl ot LEO Ia Oe crite 107 


[3] 


Entomological Society of Ontario 


OFFICERS FOR 1924-1925 


President—Dr. J. M. SWAINE, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 
Vice-President—REV. FATHER LEOPOLD, La Trappe, Que. 
Secretary-Treasurer—Pror. A. W. BAKER, B.S.A., O. A. College, Guelph. 
Curator and Librarian—J. A. FLock, O. A. College, Guelph. 


Directors—Division No. 1, C. B. Hutcurncs, Entomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, 
Ottawa; Division No. 2, C. E. Grant, Orillia; Division No. 3, Dr. A. CosENs, Toronto; Division 
No. 4, F. J. A. Morris, Peterborough; Division No. 5, Dr. J. D. DETWILER, Western University, 
London; Division No. 6, J. F. Hupson, Strathroy; Division No. 7, W. A. Ross, Vineland Station. 


Directors (ex-Presidents of the Society)—REeEv. Pror. C. J. S. BETHUNE, Toronto; PROF. 
JoHN DEARNEss, London; Pror. WM. LocHHEAD, Macdonald College, Que.; JoHN D. Evans, 
Trenton; Pror. E. M. WALKER, University of Toronto; ALBERT F. WINN, Westmount, Que.; 
peer Lawson Cagsar, O. A. College, Guelph; ARTHUR GIBSON, Dominion Entomologist, 

ttawa. 


Editor of ‘‘The Canadian Entomologist’’-—Dr. J. McDuNNouGH, Entomological Branch, 
Ottawa. 


Delegate to the Royal Society of Canada—THE PRESIDENT. 


FINANCIAL STATEMENT 


FOR THE YEAR ENDING OCTOBER 31stT, 1924 


Receipts 7 Expenditures ; 
Cashon-hand, 1923352527 oes $484 92 Printin gyn ies oso el ee $1,433 22 
pr OUDSCEEPEIONS 3 e.ca 0.4 soto eae ee 587 80 Salaries, 1923 and 1924:......¢. 400 00 
Membership dues 2. 7 cic ota 140 30 Expense? {34.00 2) Ae eee 90 31 
CIVErCISEMeHIS a. 2. aes ueee oe 146 00 Insurancés2% sect eee 36 00 
Back HIDELS 1.26 ace Say 46 21 Exchange’.203 4 ),. a. ee eee S570 
GES he etc ee ee SiS Balanceicash on hand =.) ee 458 83 
Bank.miterests i727 > sen sleek ee 9 23 
Pex changer n csshc: om eee ee 3 85 
GoveLninent. oratlt sapere 1,000 00 
$2,422 06 $2,422 06 
Byvecashonehainc 45. 0 eee $458 8&3 
To printing account payable..... 115 00 
INét; balance 33 ge tee $343 83 
Respectfully submitted, 
Auditors—J. A. FLock A. W. BAKER, 
L, CAESAR. Secretary-Treasurer. 


‘i pidge! 


Entomological Society of Ontario 







ANNUAL MEETING 


- _ The sixty-first annual meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario 
was held at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Thursday and Friday, 
November 27th and 28th, 1924. 

_ The morning and afternoon meetings were held in the lecture room of the 
Department of Entomology. The Thursday evening meeting was held in 
~ Memorial Hall, when President Reynolds welcomed the members and visitors 
~ to the college and Dr. C. L. Metcalf delivered the public lecture on “‘Methods 
_ of Warfare Against Insects.”’ 


REPORT OF THE. COUNCIL 


Ss The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its 
report for the year 1923-24. 
q The Diamond Jubilee Meeting of the Society was held in the quarters of 
the Dominion Entomological Branch at Ottawa on Thursday, Friday and 
- Saturday, November ist, 2nd and 3rd. 
% The meeting was well attended by members of the Society from various 
_ provinces of the Dominion, by a number of American entomologists and 
- numerous other visitors. Much credit must be given to the local committee 
_ for the success of the meeting. 
The Thursday evening meeting was held in the Assembly Hall of the Normal 
~ School, when Dr. A .F. Burgess delivered the public address on ‘‘The Value of 
~ Natural Enemies of Injurious Insects.’’ On Friday evening a dinner was held 
at the University Club. After dinner the members and visitors were addressed 
by Mr. J. A. Ruddick of the Dominion Department of Agriculture. Mr. Morris 
_ then delivered the presidential address:—‘‘Nature’s Clairvoyant, A Study of 
_ W.H.Hudson.”’ Mr. Gibson then read an interesting paper from Dr. Bethune, 
“The Early Days of the Entomological Society of Ontario.”’ 
During the meeting the following papers were presented: 


1. Notes on the Rose Curculio in Manitoba (10 minutes), Mr. H. A. Ropertson, Entomo- 
logical Branch, Treesbank, Man. 

- 2. The Control of the Apple Sucker (Psylla mali Schmid.) in Nova Scotia by Entomoph- 
thera sphaerosperma Fres. (15 minutes), Mr. A. G. Dustan, Entomological Branch, 
Wolfville, N.S. 

3. Concerning the Canadian Species of the Syrphid Genus Eumerus (Diptera) (5 minutes), 
Mr. C. Howarp CurrAN, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 

_4. The Occurrence of the Ptinid Beetle, Niptus hololeucus, in North America (5 minutes), 

Mr. ArTHUR GIBSON, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. > 

5. Transfer tests with the Green Apple Aphid (Aphis pomi DeGeer; Aphis spiraecola 
Patch) (10 minutes), Ep1ra M. Patcu, Entomologist, Orono, Maine (Read by Mr. 
W. A. Ross). 

> 6. The Distribution of Canadian Odonata (15 minutes), Dr. E. M. WaLkKeER, University of 

Toronto, Toronto, Ont. 

7. Two Problems in Natural Control (15 minutes), Mr. NorMAN CrIDDLE, Entomological 
Branch, Treesbank, Man. 

&. The Present Status and Distribution of the Apple and Thorn Skeletonizer (Hemerophila 

P een (10 minutes), Dr. M. D. LEONARD, Associate State Entomologist, Albany, 


+N 


[5] 





6 THE REPORT OF THE rc. 


9. The Inhalation of Arsenical Insecticides (15 minutes), Mr. ARTHUR KELSALL, Entomo- 


logical Branch, Annapolis, N.S 


10. Taxonomic and Synonymic Tendencies, with Special Reference to the Diptera (15 


minutes, Mr. C. Howard CurRAN, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 


11. The Control of the Grape Leaf-hopper (10 minutes), Mr. W. A. Ross, Entomological 


Branch, Vineland, Ontario. 


12. The New Regulations under the Destructive Insect and Pest Act (15 minutes), Mr. 


L.S. McLaine, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 


13. Studies in the Life- history, Bionomics and Control of the Cabbage Worm in Ontario 


(10 minutes), Mr. C. R. TWINN, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 


14. The Onion Maggot and Its Control (10 minutes), Messrs. H. E. Gray, G. H. Ham- 


MOND, and T. ARMSTRONG, Entomological Branch, Lethbridge, Ottawa and Montreal. 


15. The Garden Springtail (Sminthurus hortensis) as a Crop Pest (15 minutes), Dr. W. H. 


BRITTAIN, Provincial Entomologist, Truro, N.S. 


16. Notes on the Life-history of Hypera punctata, MEssrs. H. F. Hupson and A. A. Woop, 


Entomological Branch, Strathroy. Ont. 


17. Winds and Gipsy Moth Spread (15 minutes), Dr. H. L. McIntyre, Supervisor, Gipsy 


Moth Control, Albany, N.Y. 


19. Canadian Problems in Forest Entomology (15 minutes), Dr. J. M. Swaine, Entomo- 


logical Branch, Ottawa. 


20. Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh, and Two Allied Species (Diptera) (5 minutes), Mr. C. 


Howarb CurRAN, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 


21. Insects of the Season in Ontario (5 minutes), Pror. L. CAESAR, Guelph, and Mr. W. A. 


Ross, Vineland Station, Ont. 
Read by title only at request of PRor. CAESAR. 
22. Insects of the Season in Quebec (5 minutes), Mr. G. MAHEUX, Provincial Entomologist, 


Quebec, Que. 


23. Notes on Lice, with Special Reference to the Chicken Louse (15 minutes); Dr. A. B. 


VICKWARE, Health of Animals Branch, Ottawa. 


24. Flower Relations of Wild Bees (15 minutes, Lantern), Mr. H. L. VrEREcK, Entomolo- 


gical Branch, Ottawa. 


25. The Spread of the European Corn Borer in Ontario in 1923 (15 minutes), Mr. W. N. 


KEENAN, Entomological Branch, Ottawa: 
26. The Status of the Control Practice for the European Corn Borer in Ontario (15 minutes), 
Mr. H. G. Crawrorp, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 


27. The Present Status and Spread of the Japanese Beetle, Dr. C. H. HADLEY, Harrisburg, 


Penn. 


28. The Control of the European Corn Borer in the Light of our Present Knowledge (15 


minutes), Pror. L. CAESAR, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. 


29. A Study of the Pupal Case of Prionoxystus macmurtrei (10 minutes), Mr. C. B. 


Hutcuincs, Entomological Branch, Ottawa. 


30. Methods in Insect Photography (15 minutes), Pror. A. BROOKER KLUGH, Queen’s 


University, Kingston, Ont. 


31. Notes on the Injury Caused by Monochamus scutellatus to Burned Standing Timber in 
New Brunswick (15 minutes), Dr. J. D. TorHiL_, Entomological Branch, Fredericton, 


NB: 


It is the sad duty of the Council to record the death of our esteemed col- 


league, Mr. R. C. Treherne, the Vice-president of our Society. Each member 


of the Council knows that the country has lost a strong man in entomology, 


and each feels that he has lost a true friend. 





REPORT OF THE MONTREAL BRANCH 


The fifty-first annual meeting was held on May 10th, 1924, in the Lyman 


Entomological Room, Redpath Museum, McGill University. 


Seven meetings were held during the season with an average attendance 


of?six members. 
The following papers were read during the year: 


Notes on“Renthredimidae 32) 052 SiG ie en rn pe) ee ee J. W. BUCKLE. 
WN Madget Bag 2) Sr hy 2 es A bs Seas abe on ee ee Geo. A. Moore. 
Notes on Ranatra fusca, and how the female protects herself from parasitical 

TAILES Lek. ead «nee ahle 6 abe ay ele hae Se Weck Ste pee ee er T. C. BARNEs. 
Stilt) bugs; (Neitdidae).. 20". oo Fag oe hoe Se a aes Nien oe ena eas A. Moore. 


Life History of Prociphilus tessallata.-- 25 ses. te One eee pas Bayes. 





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~ 







-ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 7 
INTO OSSASSIT: SUES 2 nF 2, oe Gig a ols aps ale ale aol g, Moat a e ee Geo. A. Moore. 
MIELE STA MEER BPE A TS San oa ET crud oy us hoe) vise Bowe esayarioh) oiaon hoes Gero. A. Moore. 
| Histology of the Alimentary Canal of Blatta orientalis..................... T. C. BARNEs. 
BEINN ACGUALICANSECES © 02". oe Kee dhs Ses ois aie oi Lp ats Qe Mee AD T. C. BARNEs. 
MMU WRI GIA LAY Ls weld ALG re ek tye Wo dee oes CLG as SAR G, He Han: 
MEME SE LATIN type ne s creol cia ohne chow eM ya Sinus Ht, «Gee Seg Moe oy Boe Geo. A, Moore. 


The Treasurer reported a balance on hand of $180.11. — . 


The following were elected officers: President, Geo. A. Moore; Vice- 
President, G. H. Hall; Secretary-Treasurer, J. W. Buckle; Council, G. Chagnon, 


A. C. Shepherd and J. Warren. 


J. W. BUCKLE, Secretary. 


REPORT OF THE TORONTO: BRANCH 


During the past year seven regular meetings of the branch were held and 
the average attendance was nine persons. One new member was elected, 
Miss F. Hahn. 

At the meetings of the Branch the following seven papers and addresses 
were given: 


(Le Conalese, Te Iran YeicV oy oy ees a Vase Bae tet Oe SP Dr. E. M. WALKER. 
SDWwEES SANG Te Loyal eel pe ae a a Messrs. S. LoGierR and N. K. BIGELow. 
Chalcid-flies and Ichneumon-flies................ Dr. N. H. C. Forp and Dr. W. A. CLEMENS. 
paiameane social Wasps. ......... 2. heehee eee es Dr. E. M. WALKER and H. H. MacKay. 
SQUABIRY IEEOS 5. Ae Anse teaeeT P e  a a  Pre RL Mr. N. K. BiGELow. 
SSCL EASES 5. 6 is RP eee eee ir ee EI ems eg ee ey al Mr. A. T. LoGciEr. 
Smee ESTOLEATIES@. 2 Mure Se et ga eo cee hc eee nee ee Mr. S. LoGigEr. 


The treasurer reported a balance on hand of $17.25. 


SHELLEY LOGIER, President. H. H. MacKay, Secretary. 


BEEORT OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BRANCH 


The twenty-third annual meeting of the British Columbia Branch was 
held in the Provincial Museum, Victoria, on Saturday, March 15th, 1924; the 
attendance was small owing to sickness, etc. 

The following papers were read: 


Leaf Rollers attacking orchards in the Okanagan...................... E. P. VENABLES. 
Des oaPeRnCEESt pA peL-Ma ker.) so 01s sh od Poa bah aS «Mee cee OR tance edhe ok: W. B. ANDERSON. 
CS GPRES, TD CUSTER a a ae ee a Raine eR Ry Re ee ees aed, A. W. HANHAM. 
The evolution of the young entomologist.............. 0.5 .....0.0%-- R. S. SHERMAN. 
CI MIReCOLG SHUR El emlipterai teckth) ye os cp huis od ak» SEEM ee ee Be ee W. Downes. 
ihisecessoutue year om Vancouver Island’... ..2).3..) saeco oe ks W. Downes. 

Life history notes on the aphids of the genus Pemphigus............... R. GLENDENNING. 


The election of officers resulted as follows: Hon. President, F. Kermode; 


_ President, L. E. Marmont; Vice-President (coast), R.S. Sherman; Vice-President 


(interior), E. P. Venables. Advisory Board: Messrs. Bannister, Downes, 
Lyne, Ruhmann and Whittaker. Honorary Secretary-Treasurer, R. Glen- 
denning, Agassiz, B.C. 

The treasurer reported a balance on hand of $133.75. 


R. GLENDENNING, Hon. Secretary-Treasurer. 


8 THE REPORT OF THE | <2 eae 


REPORT-ON_INSEGTIS-OF HE, YEAR: 


Division. No. 1, Otrawa.D1strict:—C. B. HUTCHINGS 
SHADE TREE INSECTs . - 


The Maple Leaf Cutter, Paraclemensia acerifoliella Fitch has been exceed- 


ingly abundant this summer throughout the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. 
Trees in the vicinity of Ottawa have suffered considerably from this small leaf- 
feeding insect, though not to the severe extent as those in certain areas in Eastern 
Ontario. The worst damage done, however, was in the Eastern Townships, 
where some of the large sugar bushes were completely stripped of their foliage. 
The beech also suffered considerably from this insect. 

The Fall Webworm, Hyphantria textor Harris, was again quite apparent 





this autumn, but perhaps in less numbers than in 1923. It was seen chiefly on — 


ash, apple and elm, although other hosts claimed its attention. 
The Willow Borer, Cryptorhynchus lapatht Linn, was found in large numbers 


at Aylmer and the surrounding district on willow oa poplar. The damage to. 


willows especially was quite severe. 


The Spring Canker Worm, Paleacrita vernata Pack, appeared again in Ottawa’ 


south and completely stripped large numbers of apple, elm, basswood and other © 


trees. It was nevertheless not so numerous this year as in 1923 or 1922. 

Several species of sawflies, Tenthredinidae, were numerous on oak, butternut, 
hickory, elm and willow. 

Cicadas were prevalent about Aylmer during summer. They made their 
appearance very early in the season this year, some being taken during the later 
part of June and early in July. 

The Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hubn., appeared in less 
numbers this year and only a few scattered webs were observed. 

The Birch Leaf Skeletonizer, Buccalatrix canadensisella Chamb., has been 
remarkably scarce this year. During previous seasons 1923, 1922 and 1921, 
especially the last two mentioned, it was very abundant and ruined the foliage 
of all birches in Ontario as far west at Fort William. 

The White Spotted Sawyer, Monochamus scutellatus Say, was fairly active 
this summer.on white pines. Many beetles were seen and taken on the wing. 

The Walking Stick Insect, Diapheromera femorata Say, has been reported 
from different parts of Ottawa as being uncommonly numerous. It was found 
feeding chiefly on basswood, oak and hazel. 

The Lilac Leaf Miner, Gracilaria syringella Fab., was exceedingly severe 
this summer, everywhere the lilac was to be found. In the central part of the 
city these shrubs appeared to be special objects of attack. The infestation 


has spread westward since last year and is now to be found at the Central Experi- © 


mental Farm. Some species, however, appeared to be quite immune, and in 
spite of heavy infestation all around remained free of any signs of attack. 


FIELD Crop INSECTS ae 


The Frit Fly, Oscinis variabilis Lw., during June and July caused consider- 
able injury to wheat and barley plots at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. 
Adult flies were emerging on July 9th. 

Grasshoppers, Orthoptera, have been numerous in certain en thee on sod 
and meadow lands. Melanoplus atlantis Riley; M. femur rubrum de Geer; 
M. bivittatus Say, were the species observed. 


4 


4 





__* . _ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 9 


FRUIT AND GARDEN INSECTS 


The Codling Moth, Carpocapsa pomonella Linn., was again abundant in 
unsprayed orchards. 

The Raspberry Cane-borer, Oberea bimaculata Oliv., has been very general 
and severe in its attacks on the young cane tops this summer. As this fruit is 
being more and more extensively grown each year in the outlying districts 
of Ottawa, the borer becomes of considerable economic importance. 

The Carrot Rust Fly, Psila rosea Fab., was particularly severe this summer 
and caused serious damage to the carrot plots at the Central Experimental Farm, 
~ Ottawa. 

The Cabbage Butterfly, Pieris rapae Linn., although numerous about Ottawa 
this year, was less injurious than in 1923. 

The Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus pratensis Linn. Flowers and truck 
gardens suffered from a heavy widespread infestation of this insect, especially 
towards the close of the season. Asters and dahlias, particularly, were affected. 
The injury begins in the bud, and the flowers develop imperfectly, or not at all. 
In some localities these crops were a failure on account of the ravages of this 
pest. 

The Cabbage Maggot, Hylemyia brassicae Bouche. The injuries by this 


insect were very noticeable in the Ottawa district on cabbage, turnip and radish; 


as a consequence.many home and truck gardens suffered considerable loss. 
MISCELLANEOUS 


The Cigarette Beetle, Lasioderma sericorne Fab. Both larvae and beetles 
were found at Ottawa in tins of tobacco which originally had come from Montreal. 
The tobacco was so badly injured that it was utterly useless. 


Division No. 3, Toronto District.—A. COSENS 


My report this year will be limited to a few observations made while enjoying 
a vacation in the Province of Quebec. 

In that district three species of forest insects are outstanding in destructive- 
ness: The white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi Peck; the spruce bud-worm, 
Tortrix fumiferana Clemens; and the larch sawfly, Lygaeonematus erichsoni 
Hartgn. The larvae of the first bore in the inner bark of their host, while those 
of the other two feed upon the foliage of the infested trees. 

The white pine weevil was noted as affecting the introduced Norway spruce 
as well as the white pine A number of drooping leaders of the former were 
examined and invariably disclosed numerous larvae tunnelling in them. Many 
of the trees bore deformed tops, where leaders had been killed by attacks of the 
insects in former years. As far as observed the native white spruce is immune _ 
from attack. 

The spruce bud-worm has been known for many years in Quebec. In 


_ 1909 it was reported as very plentiful and causing much damage to the spruces 


and balsams in the Upper Gatineau country. It has been reported also as 
firmly established in the Beaupre district and along the Mattawin. This year 
it was stated to be not as plentiful as usual. Probably owing to insect parasites 
the pest is not always at its peak of destructiveness. Were this not the case the 
spruces and balsams would be doomed in districts where the infestation is of 
long standing. 

In various localities, especially north of Three Rivers, the larch sawfly 
did a great deal of damage during the past season. Many fine stands of young 
tamarack were almost defoliated by the pest. 


\ 
10 THE: REPORTIOFP £HE & = < 





The problem of the protection of the trees from these three pests is a difficult 


ae ae 


one to solve. Spraying on such a large scale is out of the question. All that ~ ; 


seems feasible is to cut the timber as soon as the trees are seriously endangered 
by the attacks of the insects. Even this plan is not always possible as the stands 
infested are in many instances too immature to be profitably marketed. This 
was true this year in the case of the tamaracks attacked by the larch sawfly. 
Over large areas the trees were thrifty but small, not averaging more than five 
inches at stump height. : 

In this report, I wish also to record the collection of a species of the False 
Scorpion or Chelifer, that is known to attach itself to house-flies. The afflicted 
fly was caught in the nursery office of the Laurentide Pulp and Paper Co., 
Proulx, Quebec. There were three specimens of the pest attached to the legs 
of the fly and one has still retained its hold after being- preserved in formalin. 

These Chelifers are strange little creatures. Their yellowish, flattened 
bodies not more than one-tenth of an inch in length, are very inconspicuous. 
Their close relation to both the spiders and the scorpions is clearly shown in the 
united head and thorax, the four pairs of legs and the well-developed pincer-like 
mouth appendages. 

Whether the pseudo-scorpion is to be regarded as a fly parasite or not is 
uncertain. It is equally difficult to decide whether it should be considered as 
leading a predatory life and pulling down the flies by its numbers. The only 
point that appears positively certain is that the fly furnishes the Chelifer with an 
excellent means of aerial transportation. 


Division No. 5.—J. D. DETWILER 


During the latter part of the summer arctiid caterpillars were very much 
in evidence. Jsia isabella was, 1 think, more abundant than I have ever seen it. 
The harlequin milkweed caterpillar, Euchaetias egle, was very common on the 
milkweed, Asclepias syriaca. The fall webworms, Hyphantria, were fairly 
common. Early in the summer, onions in my garden were attacked by small 
caterpillars which on rearing also proved to be woolly bears (probably Diacrisia 
virginica) but the adults have not yet emerged. Late in the summer I also 
notice some large sycamore trees, Platanus occidentalis, practically stripped of 
their foliage by what I believe was Halisidota harrisit. H. tesselaris and H. 
maculata were also common. 

The datanas were quite plentiful. The black walnut trees on the university 
campus were badly infested The caterpillars were no doubt those of Datana 
integerrima; Datana ministra was common. 

The apple trees on our campus were badly infested by the codlin-moth, 
Carpocapsa pomonella, and the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella. The leaf 
miner, Nepticula pomivorella, was also rather abundant. 

In the garden the imported cabbage worm, Pieris rapae, and the striped 
cucumber beetle, Diabrotica vittata, were present in considerable numbers as 
usual. My sweet corn, Golden Bantam, was badly infested with the European 
corn borer, Pyrausia nubilalts. 

I might also report that I found the egg parasite, Tetrasticus asparagt, 
of the common asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi, quite abundant here in 
1922. Mr. Gahan, of the United States National Museum, kindly identified it 
and Mr. Rohwer stated that it had not been previously reported from this 
locality. x 

In the clover the larvae of Hypera punctata were reported numerous nea 
London during the early part of June, but about June 15th the number rapidly 


y 


* 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY if 








* ° 


decreased. Of course their partial disappearance was to be expected. From 
the same locality great numbers of clover seed midges were reported, also that 
the yield of clover seed was very low. Aphids on the clover were said to be 
very numerous. 
A preliminary study of the galls of the vicinity was carried on by a student, 
_ Miss Nelda Wright, and the following forms are reported. 


Box Elder: 
Warty swellings on leaves—Eriophyes negundt. 
~Box elder leaf gall—Contarinia negundifolia. 


Cherry: 
_ Wild cherry pouch gall—Eriophyes padi. 
Goldenrod: 
i. Goldenrod ball gall—Eurosta solidaginis. 
: Goldenrod rosette gall—Rhopalomyia capitata. 
Elliptical goldenrod gall—Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis. 4 
; 


Hackberry: i 
Hackberry nipple gall—Pachypsylla celtidis-mammae. 
Hackberry blister gall—Pachypsylla vesiculum. 


Linden: 
Linden twig gall—Cecidomyia citrina. 
Linden wart gall—Cecidomyia verrucicola. 
Linden mite gall—Eriophyes abnormis. 


Oak: 
Saucer-like gall—Dryophanta discus. 
Woolly-gall—A ndricus flocct. 
Jewel oak gall—Philontx marrocarpae. 
Conical twig gall—Andricus ventricosus. 
Oak bullet galli—Disholcaspis globulus. 


. Poplar: 
Poplar vagabond gall—Pemphigus vagabundus. 
Basal leaf gall—Pemphigus populicaulis. 


Rose: 
Mossy rose gall—Rhodites rosae. 

Willow: 
Willow cone gall—Rhabdophaga strobiloides. 
Willow twig gall—Sackenomyia packardt. 


Division No. 6.—H. F. Hupson 


The season has been cool, wet, and generally backward, which doubtless 
has helped to retard the activities of certain insects, while on the other hand it 
has been decidedly helpful to others, notably the European corn-borer. In the 
latter case, at the time when eggs were hatching, the weather being cool, a much 
larger percentage of young larvae were able to enter the stalk than would 
otherwise have been the case had the weather been hot, for undoubtedly the 
direct rays of a hot sun have a detrimental effect in reducing the number of 
borers which gain access to the plant. The activities of cut-worms were likewise 
carried over a longer period than usual, their work being continued almost to 
the end of June. The more important insect pests noted are as follows :— 


FIELD Crop INSECTS 


Wireworms. The species involved is not known, they were reported to 
be generally destructive in Lambton, Essex, and Elgin Counties. 

_ Cutworms. There are probably several species involved, material not 
having been received. They were reported as being extremely abundant and 
injurious to corn, cauliflower, potatoes, and tobacco. The outbreak appears 
to have fairly general, and was recorded from Middlesex, Elgin, Kent and 
Essex Counties. 


~ Yate Li 


12 THE REPORT OF THE ee 





European Corn-borer (Pyrausta nubilalis). Possibly the most destructive 
pest of the year, certainly as far as corn is concerned. The intensity of attack 
has been most marked. It was decidedly injurious to the corn crop throughout 
Western Ontario. Early sweet corn was particularly hard hit in Middlesex 
County. : 

Hessian Fly. We have seldom had a year in which we have been so remark- 
ably free from this insect. A few early sown fields were attacked last fall, but 
this spring, owing to weather conditions at the time the spring brood cHietenes 
no injury was occasioned. 

Wheat Midge. Although the little pink red maggots could be secured in 
the wheat heads in almost any field, it was noted they were more abundant in 
low, damp locations. No injury resulted from their presence, outside a few 
shrunken grains in the affected heads. 

Potato Beetles. On the whole the insect was less numerous than last year. 
A number of late planted fields were not sprayed at all. 

Potato. Flea Beetle. A very marked reduction over last year. 

Potato Leaf Hopper. Quite common, and fairly injurious around London, 
in unsprayed fields. 

Seed Corn Maggot. Reported as being slightly injurious in Kent County. 

Bean Maggot. A slight but fairly general injury noted in Elgin County. 

Pea Weevil. Noted in exhibition peas at Simcoe Fair. 


GARDEN INSECTS 


Cucumber Beetles. These were quite abundant this year, being especially - 


prevalent from June 16th—20th. Spraying with nicotine dust when the beetles 
are pairing seems a very effective control. - 

Cabbage Maggot. Decidedly injurious where the corrosive sublimate treat- 
ment had not been applied. 

Radish Maggot. On light land there appeared to be no injury, but on heavy 
land the crop was useless. ; 

Cabbage White. Quite abundant this year, but a large percentage of the 
larvae were either parasitized or killed by the bacterial fungus ‘‘flacherie.”’ 

Carrot Worm. Not as abundant as last year, the larvae being heavily 
parasitized. : 

Tomato Worm. - Unusually scarce this year. 

Parsnip Webworm. Very abundant this year, particularly in pasture 
fields where cow parsnip, Heracleum lanatum, abounds. 

Tarnished Piant Bug. Generally reported abundant in celery and flower 
gardens. 

Four Lined Leaf Bug. Unusually abundant and destructive this year in 
perennial and herbaceous borders. 

Iixus Concavus. Present in almost all rhubarb plantations. 

Papatpema cataphracta. Injurious to potatoes and delphiniums. 


Fruit INSECTS 


Codling Moth. In unsprayed orchards this pest was quite common. 

San Jose Scale. Generally on the increase in Western Ontario. 

Aphids (species unknown). Very common on apple trees, deforming the 
fruit. > 

Alypia octomaculata. The larvae of this moth were unusually abundant 
this year in grapes. 


- | ~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY; 13 









Plum Curculio. Several local cherry plantations were injured by this 
insect, rendering the fruit useless. 
Black Cherry Aphis. Very common this year. 
_ Rose Chafer. We experienced the largest outbreak of this pest we have 
~ ever had. It feeds on practically every green thing, including immature fruit. 
LiIvE Stock INSECTS : 
Heel Fly. This pest is causing great concern with cattle men, cattle were 
reported to have died from gadding near the Muncey reserve. 


MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS 


The leaf-eating beetle Serica serica was quite common on hazel and hawthorn. 
Dichelonycha subvittata was common on linden and maple. 
Ithycerus novaboracensis was taken quite frequently from beech. 


3 
4 
7 
: 
3 
’ 


4 


= LESSONS FROM THE GRASSHOPPER OUTBREAK OF 1919-23 IN 
MANITOBA 


NORMAN CRIDDLE, TREESBANK, MANITOBA 


. 


The grasshopper outbreak of 1919-23 was the first extensive one experienced 
in Canada since 1874. It was also the most important one we have ever had 
- owing to the fact that during the earlier infestation settlers were few and far 
between, whereas now vast stretches of growing grain are involved. The 
money at stake was, therefore, immeasurably greater. 

We know very little about the former outbreak excepting that eye-witnesses 
proclaimed it to have been a sudden visitation of winged locusts in which the 
insects dropped from a clear sky, resembling as they came down the flakes of a 
snowstorm. Arriving in late summer they remained to breed, and it was from 
the young hoppers of the following year that most of the damage resulted. 
This invasion consisted of the long-winged Rocky Mountain locust, Melanoplus 
spretus Uhl., which had come from more arid parts, probably from the, foothills 
of the Rockies, but whether there were other species involved we do not know. 

The 1919-23 outbreak was less spectacular and it had its inception in quite 
a small area of southwest Manitoba and southeast Saskatchewan. The species 
involved, too, (Camnula pellucida Scudd.), was one that entomologists had 
previously experienced little trouble with, and as there had been no warnings 
of grasshopper activities the previous year, we were caught somewhat unprepared. 
. Most of our previous experience in grasshopper fighting had been derived 
from a rather restricted infestation in 1900—04, during which we had discarded 
the cumbersome hopperdozer in favour of poisoned baits and in other respects 
had made some progress. Kansas and other states had experienced grass- — 
-hopper troubles between the 1900 and 1919 outbreaks and we were, therefore, 
able to profit from their discoveries. Our work in Quebec, too, had given us 
some additional data, all of which we took full advantage of. 

From the small beginnings of 1919 the grasshoppers quickly multiplied and 
spread over most of the southwestern portion of Manitoba and extended well 
-_ to the northward. But the greatest extension was west, and ultimately a very 
large area in Saskatchewan became involved, as well as practically all of southern 


Alberta. 


kee THE REPORT OF THE ce 


It is not my intention to go into details either as to the area infested or the 
amount of poisoned bait used. Sufficient to say that while the cost was great 
the savings were vastly greater, and large stretches of growing grain were saved 
that would otherwise have been destroyed by the hungry grasshoppers. 

After the second year in Manitoba (1920), the original species, Camnula 
pellucida Scudd., began to give way to Melanopli, more particularly to M. atlantis 
Riley, until eventually Camnula vanished and the infestation was continued by 
the genus Melanoplus alone. There was thus, in reality, a double outbreak 
causing a protracted infestation not at first anticipated. = 

Now that the outbreak is over one naturally asks what are the lessons 
gained? To begin with, the outbreak has provided us with the opportunity to 
study the insects’ habits in detail. This in itself is important as an aid to 
devising remedial measures. We have studied them from eggs to adults and 
we can now not only recognize the insects in all their stages of growth but we 
also know their habits. This is particularly important in fighting Camnula, 
which, as is now recognized, migrates to regular breeding areas where its eggs 
are literally packed together in millions. It is comparatively easy to find 
these egg beds even after the adults have died, due to the denuded vegetation, 
but to find the insects in the act of ovipositing is a sight to be remembered. 
I do not intend to infer that there are not numerous smaller breeding places 
as well as the larger ones, but the species always returns from the grain fields 
and deposits its eggs amid the sod, selecting definite areas for that purpose. 

The species of Melanopli, on the other hand, choose the stubble or grass 
fields for egg laying, ovipositing around the small bare openings rather than 
actually in the grass clumps. These details are naturally of importance in 
overcoming the insect. 

We have also learnt something of the causes that lead to grasshopper 
outbreaks and also of the factors that control them under natural conditions. 

It should be remembered that grasshoppers multiply very rapidly when 
conditions are right for them. A single pair may produce fifty eggs, forty-eight 
of which must be unproductive in order to maintain a balance. Upset this 
ratio by two extra survivals for each pair and the total number will be doubled. 
It is not very difficult, therefore, to imagine how grasshopper outbreaks begin. 
Dry, hot weather during the breeding seasons and an absence of natural enemies 
might easily multiply a normal grasshopper population into an outbreak of 
importance within three years. 

Referring to natural enemies, it is evident that these vary in usefulness in 
different parts of the country and also in different years. In Manitoba, the 
most important. grasshopper enemy was a species of bee-fly, Systoechus vulgarts, 
the larvae of which devour the grasshopper eggs. Next to this in importance 
were blister beetles, Sarcophagid flies and the fungous disease Empusa gryll1. 
Red spiders, Trombidium sp., were very numerous and doubtless weakened the 
adults as well as destroyed many of the grasshopper eggs. A Carabid beetle, 
Percosia obesa Say, was frequently found in its larval stage amid the egg masses, 
and we several times reared Scelio caloptent Riley from individual eggs. 

The wonderful part performed by Bee-flies in controlling Camnula pellucida 
in Manitoba, does not seem to have been duplicated to the same extent farther 


west, though the insect did valuable work even in Alberta. But, as one extended 


westward, bee-flies grew less important and species of Sarcophagidae became 
more so. This also seems to have been the case in Montana. I was in that 
state late last August and at that time it was almost impossible for a grass- 
hopper to fly without being pursued by one or more of these flesh flies. 


t 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY -~ 15 


— Gulls proved an important local factor in preventing and controlling grass- 
hopper outbreaks and their value within an area of twenty miles of their breeding 
places can hardly be overestimated. The most important species in Manitoba 
was Franklin’s gull. 

Crows could always be counted upon to frequent grasshopper infested 
fields and several incipient outbreaks were checked by these birds. They 
also learnt to locate the Camnula egg beds, among which they did valuable 
service. Many birds feed regularly upon grasshoppers, and some, such as the 
Sharp-tailed grouse, depend very largely upon them as food for their young. 
These species are all useful in maintaining a balance, but it is to those birds 
that gather in flocks that we owe most when grasshoppers have got beyond 
their normal numbers. 

Turning to artificial control of grasshoppers, it is interesting to know we 
have been able to check our previous findings as well as to add to them. We 
have learnt that mechanical contrivances for catching the insects are of small 
value in comparison with poisoned baits. We saw numerous spectacular efforts 
‘to burn the hoppers, catch them in machines and poison them with gas. Some 
people, indeed, sprayed the insects with undiluted coal oil, obtaining thereby a 
wonderful kill both of the grasshoppers and crop. All these contrivances proved 
to be merely retarders to progress and after a short time they were discarded 
by all experienced persons. 

Of the value of poisoned baits there was no doubt even though the various 
authorities differed as to the best attractants. Fruit such as oranges and 
lemons under the formula of the Kansas bait, was used almost entirely during 
the first year, but later on it was discarded as too expensive in our northern 
latitudes. We then turned to Amy] acetate as a substitute for fruit, a substance 
first successfully used in Montana. Later on we cheapened our formula still 
more by leaving out all flavouring except salt, and during our last year’s campaign 
we used bran, sawdust, salt and arsenic alone. 

Horse droppings, the standard bait of our 1900-03 infestation, still proved © 
to be among the best formulas, but its use was not practical with mixing machines 
on the scale in which baits were used in 1920. Individual farmers, however, 
used it with much success. 


One question that has confronted us from the beginning has been the 
difference of opinion expressed by various entomologists as to the merits of 
certain attractants. There were not only differences in various states and 
provinces but, in some cases, at different mixing stations but.a few miles apart. 
The variation in results at widely separated places could be explained by climatic 

- factors and there is doubtless some reason in the explanation. As for the 
different results in near-by stations, we have in some cases traced the variation 
to the water used in mixing, which might be alkaline or not. There are times, 
however, when any of the usual baits are effective, a ninety per cent. kill resulting 

from their application. This proved a mystery for a considerable time and it 
has not been definitely disposed of yet, but the study of weather factors has 
shed important light upon the subject. We now know that temperature is 
one of the most important factors to be considered in bait application. It has, 
for instance, been long recognized that the grasshoppers do little feeding when 
the temperature is below 60 F. but it is only within the last three years that 
we have begun to draw up a definite scheme for applying bait based upon meteoro- 
logical conditions alone, the chief of which is temperature. We found in our 
experiments that grasshoppers were practically inactive at a temperature below 
65 F. in the shade even though the sun were shining. As the temperature 





e. 
ts 
. 
3 


16 THE REPORT OF THE | 


rose, however, the hoppers began to congregate into the sunlight to warm 
themselves, at 68 they began to feed in a small way and at 78 the height of — 


their feeding activities was attained. They still ate hungrily at 85, but as. — 


the temperature rose to 90 feeding became less and the insects commenced to 
seek shelter from the sun. At 96 the only noticeable attractant was water, to 
which the hoppers came readily. 

During a meeting held at Bozeman, Mont., in 1924, Mr. R. L. Parker 
showed a temperature chart in which the grasshopper activities had been worked 
out in detail. This chart agrees very closely with my own findings and indicates 
that we are in close agreement on this important subject. 

There is no doubt that loss of material and great waste of time have resulted 
from a lack of knowledge as to the best time to apply baits, and there is reason 
to suspect that most of our failures have been due to this cause. 

To put out bait before breakfast when the temperature is far below'4 the 
grasshoppers’ feeding range may seem to save time but in reality it means that 
the bait has largely dried out before the insects are ready to feed and on this 
account it has become to a great extent unpalatable and valueless. 

The wonderful kills with any kind of bait are thus explained. The baits 
were accidentally put out at the right time. I may add that we consider sun- 
light a.desirable factor to success in applying baits, though it is not actually 
necessary if the temperature is high enough. 

Lastly, we have substituted mixing machines for the old slow hand mixing, 
in this way not only saving time but also ensuring an even mix. These machines 
were situated at strategic points where strict account was kept of the amount 
of bait supplied to each farmer, and each got-a just share in accordance with 
his requirements. This phase of the work was under the direct supervision of 
the Provincial Department of Agriculture, to whose officers the highest praise is 
due. 


- 





THE ROSE CHAFER AND FARM MANAGEMENT 


WitiiamM A. Ross AND J. A. HALL, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL 
LABORATORY, VINELAND STATION, ONTARIO 


During the past three years we have conducted an investigation on the 


rose chafer problem in southern Ontario, particularly in Pelham township, 
Welland county, and this investigation has demonstrated, we believe, that 
fundamentally the control of the rose chafer is a matter of farm management. 
It is true that spraying with sweetened arsenate of lead* has proved to be of 


value—it will protect grapes and other plants from the ravages of the insect— 


but we have found that spraying has serious limitations. It is unduly expensive, 


where more than one application has to be made; plants with nearly ripe fruit — 


and certain ornamentals cannot be sprayed; but most important of all, experience 
has shown that, on account of the omnivorous habits of the beetle, the spraying 
of vineyards and orchard trees here and there throughout an infested district 
will never reduce the insect to small proportions. Spraying is of value, but let 
us make this point clear, we consider it of value only as a means of protecting 
certain plants from serious injury until the chafer has been brought under 
control by the farm methods discussed herewith. i 





*Arsenate of lead powder 3 Ibs., cheap molasses 1 gallen, water 40 gallons. 


~ 


a5 — r J a 
> . =~ 


aga _ ENTOMOLOGICAL'SOCIETY - 7 17 





EFFECT OF SPRING CULTIVATION 


Early spring cultivation or, to be more specific, cultivation done prior to 
the pre-pupal or dormant stage of the insect, has little or no effect in reducing 
the chafer population. A few grubs may be crushed by the plough or other 
implement, but the vast majority escape without injury, those turned up by 
ploughing being sufficiently active to “‘dig themselves in” rapidly. Further- 
more, at the time the earliest cultural work is done, many of the larvae are 
still below plough depth. 


We have abundant evidence, however, that ploughing and cultivating 


-in late May and early June, during the period the chafer is in the pre-pupal 


and pupal stages, are very fatal to the insect. In 1923 a badly infested field 
was ploughed on June 7th and 8th at which time approximately 92 per cent. 
of the grubs had pupated—and on the two successive days it was disked and 


‘harrowed. This cultivation reduced the average chafer population from 93.66 


insects per square yard to 27.33, or, in other words, it was responsible for a 
mortality of approximately 70 per cent. 


In 1924 a neglected sod field with an average grub population of 150 per 
square yard was ploughed on May 26th, 27th, 28th, and was then disked three 
times at intervals of five days. After cultivation the average chafer population 
was secured in two ways: (1) By taking a census of the insects in 11 square 
yards in different parts of the field, and by trapping the chafers in six large 
cages. Both methods gave approximately the same population per square yard 
namely, 14.7 in the first case and 15. in the other, showing that cultivation had 
accounted for approximately 90 per cent. of the insects. In another field—oat 
stubble—ploughing, disking and harrowing in late May and early June reduced 
the chafer population from 182.6 to 47.6 per square yard, or, in other words, 
destroyed approximately 74 per cent. of the insects. 


EFFECT OF CULTIVATION ON EGGS 


Insectary experiments and field observations indicate that eggs in the 
absence of moisture, e.g., eggs exposed to the sun and wind, and eggs in dry 
soil, fail to hatch, and furthermore that newly hatched larvae succumb when 
exposed to the sun. Advantage may be taken of this by ploughing and disking 
in July when the majority of the eggs have been deposited. 


In 1923 part of a neglected sandy field well stocked with eggs was ploughed 
on July 11th, and was then disked three times on July 14th, 25th and August 
13th. The other part was left untouched as a check. A census of the grub 
population in the cultivated and check plots gave the following results: Culti- 
vated land—121 grubs per square yard; Check—520 grubs per square yard, 
indicating that cultivation had destroyed in the neighbourhood of 76 per cent. 
of the eggs or newly hatched grubs. 


During 1924 similar experiments were conducted on a larger scale in one 
field at Fenwick and in another at Ridgeville. In both instances several strips 
of land about 20 feet wide were ploughed and then disked three times at intervals 
of 3 to 4 days, and ‘‘check”’ strips alternating with the cultivated lands were 
left uncultivated. In the experiment at Fenwick the average grub population 
per square yard in the check was 112, whereas in the cultivated strips it was 39, 
indicating a reduction of 65 per cent. At Ridgeville the figures were 208 grubs 
per square yard in the check, and 60.6 in the cultivated land, indicating a 
reduction of 71 per cent. 


18 THE REPORT°OF THE 5 





EFFECT OF FALL PLOUGHING 


The experiments on the effect of fall ploughing, which are summarized 


herewith, demonstrate that late fall ploughing has a marked effect in reducing 


the grub population. 











Fall Spring Approx- 
Exp. Ploughed population] population] imate per 
No. q per sq. per sq. cent. 
yard yard reduction 
1 October iSth. (early) ass see a ee 190.5 167.2 1S 
2 Octobert22ndevy-e onere tee cn ee Lee one 108.6 (flNS: 34.36 
3 NovemberglS thing. cess rarene oi Sacer ein ae ee 224 129 42.96 
4 November lS thie tte eas a ater ae nee an cin eee eee WD Sie2 52 
5 INovembers! Othian tater ke eee ae eee 105.6 52.8 50 








In each of the five experiments referred to in the table, a census of the 
grub population in the ‘‘checks’’ made in the fall and again in the spring showed 
no appreciable reduction in chafer population—the highest percentage of mor- 
tality being 2.04 per cent. 


ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AND CONTROL 


In conducting surveys of rose chafer breeding grounds, we have observed 
that the insect does not occur in clay, clay loam or in gravelly soils; that it is 
not present in land shaded by trees, and that it does not breed to any appreciable 
extent in clover sods. In connection with clover sods, we found in 1923 that in 
localities where the grub population in grass land averaged 190.2 per square 
yard (40 square yard examinations) it only averaged 13.8 per square yard 
(16 square yard examinations) in clover—red, sweet and alfalfa. Further 
evidence that the chafer does not breed to any extent in clover was secured by 
making “‘paired counts,”’ that is, each examination made in clover was duplicated 
in the adjoining field of grass, stubble or weeds. This yielded the following 
results: Grub population in clover, 3 per square yard; grub population in 
check, 121 per square yard. 

In the 1924 survey the grub population in grass lands was 128.6 (108 square 
yard examinations), whereas in clover sod—red, sweet and alfalfa, it was only 
5 per square yard (30 square yard examinations). In one instance, three grass 
sod examinations yielded 1,432, or 477 per square yard, and 3 examinations in 
the adjoining red clover yielded only 28 larvae, or 9 per square yard. In the 
Simcoe district ‘‘paired counts’? gave the following results: 18 square yards 
sod yield 2,742 larvae—152 per square yard, whereas, in the adjoining clover, 
the population was only 140 or 8 per square yard. 


THE APPLICATION OF FARM METHODS OF CONTROL 


We have learned that the plough, disk and cultivator are the most important 
weapons in fighting the rose chafer, and that these weapons can be used most 
effectively at three different times, namely, in late May and early June, or, in 
other words, at the time land should be prepared for corn and potatoes; in 
mid-July when land should be prepared for buckwheat, and when old straw- 
berry patches should be ploughed under; and in late fall when ploughing is 
commonly done. We have likewise learned that the insect does not occur in 
land shaded by trees; that it does not breed to any appreciable extent in culti- 
vated crops or in fields of clover. How are we going to utilize this information 


4 -ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 19 


in combating the rose chafer? First of all we have to take into consideration 
the most important breeding grounds of the insect, viz.:. the waste, sandy land; 
the idle farms, and the vacant lots and fields held fos speculative purposes, 

~ some of which are found in every district where the chafer is a serious pest. 
The most important and unfortunately the most difficult step in fighting the 
rose chafer is the reduction of these favorite breeding grounds to a minimum. 
There are three methods of dealing with neglected sandy lands, at least one of 
which should be practicable in any chafer infested section: 


(1) Bring it under cultivation. 

(2) Seed it down to alfalfa or sweet clover. 

(3) Reforest the land if it is worthless for agricultural purposes. While 
reforestation will not afford immediate relief, it will in time, when the trees are 

large enough to shade most of the ground, make the land wholly unsuitable as a 
breeding place for chafers. Apart altogether from rose chafer control, it 
should be the policy of private owners or of municipalities to reforest waste 
sandy land and convert what is worthless and ugly into something profitable 
and beautiful. 

In addition to the reclamation of waste sandy land, old neglected fence 
rows should be broken up, and all vineyards, orchards and berry patches should 
be kept well cultivated. Cultivated crops such as corn, potatoes and straw- 
berries should be grown to the greatest extent possible on the land surrounding 
the vineyards and orchards, and in the crop rotation clovers should be wholly 
substituted for grasses. Roadsides should be cultivated up to the ditch, or 
if this is not possible, shade trees should be grown along the roadside. The 
fundamental methods of controlling the rose chafer are, in brief, clean farming, 
good farming and the substitution of clovers for grasses. 





THE LILAC LEAF MINER 
Gracilaria syringella Fabr. 
C. B. Hurcutnes, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA 


Economic Note: The lilac is one of the commonest and most beautiful 
of our ornamental shrubs. Its fragrant blossoms, which in early springtime 
hang in heavy clusters ranging in colour from white to shades of purple, red and 
lilac, make it extremely popular and an object of admiration to all flower lovers. 
While there are several species of lilac in cultivation, the common lilac, Syringa 
vulgaris, and its large number of varieties, are best known. On account of 
their satisfactory foliage of many rich green shades which last throughout 
the summer months, their hardiness, ease of cultivation and general adaptability, 
they are specially prized throughout Canada and are found thriving in back- 
yard lots equally as well as on lawns and extensive gardens where they often 
act as useful hedges and windbreaks. 

History oF Livac. The lilac is a native of Europe and Asia. It belongs 
‘to the genus Syringa of the Olive family Oleaceae. There are several original 
varieties of Syringa, the principal being vulgaris, the common lilac, and persica, 
the Persian lilac. The word lilac is from lilag, the Persian word for flower. 
Syringa is from sirinx, which is the native name given to this plant in Barbary, 
a district on the Northern Coast of Africa. 

The plant was introduced into England for cultivation about 1597. It is 


20 | THE REPORT OF THE 


not known, however, when it came to this continent, but there are records of it 


being here as early as 1652, and it is highly probable that immigrants were — 


responsible for its spread later to western America. 4 
OBSERVATIONS. For the past two summers, at least, the lilacs in many 


parts of Ontario have been attacked by an insect enemy which has severely — | 


damaged the foliage, thereby ruining the beauty and symmetry of many of 


these ornamentals. 
My attention was first drawn to this insect during the summer of 1923. 
I had occasion to visit the Victoria Museum, Ottawa, some time in the month 


of August, and noticed the lilacs about the grounds there badly infested with a 


leaf miner. Curiosity led me to examine other shrubs of this kind in neighbour- 
ing gardens on Frank and Metcalfe Streets, and to my surprise found also that 
those of the central residential sections of the city, the Driveway and the Central 
Experimental Farm showed the infestation, thus indicating a general local 
outbreak. = 
Specimens of the injured leaves containing larvae were brought to the 
laboratory for closer study. From this material there emerged the following 


spring (1924), aspecies of moth which was identified by Mr. J. J. deGryse, of the - 


Entomological Branch, as Gracilaria syringella Fabr. and one considered to be a 
very serious European pest on lilacs. Just how and when this insect came 
into Canada is not definitely known, however. 

As the summer advanced complaints began to come in from various parts 


of the city, and later on at both our Ottawa and Toronto Exhibitions a number - 


of inquiries were received respecting this trouble. 

In the meantime life-history studies and some control esperiments were 
carried out. I was assisted in these investigations by Mr. A. R. Graham; 
and through the courtesy of Mrs. E. J. Chamberlain of 333 Metcalfe Street, 


we were permitted to conduct our observations and experiments on the lilac” 


hedges in her garden. 


CHARACTER OF INJURY. About the end of the third week in May the moths 
emerge and deposit their eggs in groups of from five to ten on the undersides 
of the leaves, next to the axils of the veins.. The caterpillars hatch in a week’s 
time and bore upward into the leaf, feeding upon the parenchymatous tissues 
between the upper and lower epidermis. 

The point of feeding at first appears simply as a discoloured spot; but 
this soon becomes irregularly enlarged, and since there may be several of these 
spots on one leaf, and due to the number of larvae around each, they spread 
and soon coalesce, giving the leaf surface that characteristic bladdery appear- 
ance. After feeding this way for three weeks the larvae come to the exterior 
and curl the leaves. This is generally done from the apical end, although 
side rolling is not uncommon. The roll is held in place by several strands of 
white silk fastened down on the exterior, and the larvae which still retain their 
gregarious habit feed from within on the upper surface of the leaf as they roll it. 
In ten days they mature and leave the roll, letting themselves to the ground by 
a fine thread and pupate in the rubbish or surface earth. This resting period 
occupies approximately two weeks. A second generation then emerges and 
attacks the leaves more severely than the first, with the result that the foliage 
is often completely destroyed. The time occupied for the entire life-history is 
a little over seven weeks. The first generation terminates about the third 
week in July and the second continues towards the middle of September. 

DESCRIPTION. The moth belongs to the Microlepidoptera and to the 
family Gracilariidae. The body is dark brown in colour and about 4 mm. 


ay HENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIEFY. 21 
3 Pree pee 
~ long, with a wing expanse of 1 centimeter. The uppers are of brownish tint, 
_ splashed with six yellow, irregular, transverse patches. The under wings are 
_ grey-brown and fringed with light grey, very fine hairs. The moths fly during 
the early hours of the evening. 
: The larval part of the life-history may be divided into two stages, viz.: 
_ mining and skeletonizing. In the mining stage the body of the larva is of a 
greenish tinge, quite transparent, glossy and covered with numerous fine, long 
hairs. The prolegs are wanting. Later in the skeletonizing stage it becomes 
a faint, yellow colour through which the intestinal tract is clearly defined. 
A full grown larva is approximately 8 mm. long, i.e., a little over 14 inch, and 
1144 mm. broad. The body, over which a number of sensitive spines are arranged, 
is cylindrical and somewhat spindle shaped. The head is brownish-yellow, 
quite conspicuous, smooth, sloping and somewhat compressed. The antennae 
have three joints. The ocelli, which are arranged in a semi-circular manner, 
are six in number. The true legs are three-jointed and each bears a tarsal 
claw surrounded at the base with fine bristles. On the third, fourth and fifth 
body segments are the false or prolegs, each crowned with a wreath of hooked 
feet pointing forwards. The anal pair on the tenth segment is semi-circular 
and also points towards the head. On the ninth segment are several extra 
long spines which are arranged obliquely and directed outward and backward. 
> The pupa is about 4 mm. long and yellow in colour, enclosed within a 
thinly spun cocoon of white silk which the caterpillar fastens to the earth, 
board or rubbish where the transformation is to take place. 

‘ CONTROL. Several strengths of nicotine sulphate were used. While 
one to one and a half tablespoonfuls to one gallon of water was found hardly 
strong enough for all stages of the larvae, that of two tablespoonfuls to the 
gallon effected a perfect control. Not only did this strength kill all the larvae 
in the mines, but it reached and destroyed those within the rolled leaves. It 
was observed that the poisoned liquid was supported on the curling leaf surfaces 
and later was drawn gradually into the roll and-readily affected the feeding 
larvae. The time to spray is when the leaves first show signs of being spotted, 
early in June, using one and a half tablespoonfuls of the nicotine to one gallon 
of water. Follow this with the stronger solution two weeks later, if necessary. 
The material should be applied as a fine spray and the branches well covered 
above and below. 

The picking of the spotted leaves early in the season and burning these 

. may hold the pest in check to some extent. While this plan lends itself con- 

veniently in treating small shrubs, it is obviously too tedious and impracticable 
for the larger plants and high hedges. 


SoME VARIETIES OF Syringa vulgaris SHOWING VARIOUS DEGREES OF ATTACK BY 

e Gracilaria syringella F. 

In making observations in the Arboretum at the Central Experimental 
Farm, Ottawa, where over 150 varieties of this shrub are being grown, it was 
observed that the miner showed a marked partiality for some varieties, while 
on the other hand it avoided others entirely. The following-list, which it was 
found convenient to divide into four parts, will illustrate this, and the name of 
the different varieties examined are recorded below. It must be understood, 
however, that this list is made for the year 1924, and is, therefore, only suggestive. 

Heavily Infested. 


Madame J. More! Madame Moser Macrostachya 
Rouge de Marley Ruba insignis Belle de Nancy. 
Purpurea Monument Carnot. 


22 THE REPORT OF THE Chee 





Lightly Infested. 


Prinz Notger Charles X Auvergne, 
Princess Maria Volcan Renoncule. : 
Dr. Linley Furst Liechtenstein Charles Joli. 
Prof. Sargent Senateur Volland Double Blue S. sibirica. 
’ Very Slightly Infested. 
Jacques Calot Eckenholm Congo. 
Amethyst Bulgaria Edward Andre. 
De Miribel Lovaniensis W. M. Robinson. 


Madame Casimir Perier. 


Not Infested. 


Dr. Nobbe Montgolfier ~*~ Marie Le Graye. 
Virginite Vergissmeinnicht Chas. Baltet. 

Rene Jarry Desloges S. Murillo Mad. Abel Chatenay. 
Geheimrath Singlemann Delepin Emilie Lemoine. 
Michel Buchner President Carnot Obelisque. 

Alba grandiflora Comte Horace de Choiseul Versaliensis. 

Negro Croix de Brahy Madame Briot. 


FoRMER ReEcorps. No traces could be found of Gracilaria syringella 
in the United States records, and there seems to be only one brief note from 
Canada. This appears in the fifty-fourth Annual Report of the Entomological 
Society of Ontario for 1923, on page 62, under the heading, “Insects of the 
Season,’’ by Messrs. Caesar and Ross. It reads as follows: “Lilac leaves 
severely mined by some insects were received from several places in Toronto, 
Newcastle and Guelph. Leaves were sent in on June 16th, 28th, July 31st, 
and August 10th, and complaints were made at the time that if this pest in- 
creased it would make lilacs so unsightly they would be better removed. The 
larva was lepidopterous and possibly the same one that has troubled lilacs 
in England, viz.: Gracilaria syringella.”’ / 

Two English investigators, Collinge and Gillanders, have short accounts 
of the life-history, and Truffaut, a French entomologist, at Versailles, in his 
“Les Ennemis des Plantes Cultivees,’’ devotes a short paragraph on page 377 
to a discussion of this insect. Other French and German entomologists have 
studied this insect at different times, and a list of the principal references has 
been added at the end of this paper. 

Besides feeding upon lilac, Gracilaria syringelia has been recorded on 
Ash, Privet and Eyonymus (spindle tree) and Deutzia. 


~ 


References 


Fifty-fourth annual report Entomological Society of Ontario, p. 62, 1923. 

Manual Injurious Insects, by Walter Collinge, Birmingham, Eng., G. syringella, the Lilac 
Leaf Miner, p. 173, 1912. 

Forest Entomology, A. T. Gillanders, p. 280, 1908. 

Les Ennemis des Plantes Cultivees, pp. 377; Geo. Truffant, Versailles, France. A brief life 
history note, 1913. 

Trait d’Entomologie Forestiére, pp. 539, Recorded on Ash, 1913. 

Judeich Nitsche, Forst Insecktenkunde, Vol. 2, p. 1066, recorded on ash. 

Die Raupe der Fliedminiermotte, G. syringella, Von Dr. L. Fulmek, Vienna, 1910. 

Die Feinde der Syringin, from Die Gardenwelt, Berlin X XVI, 21, 1922, Enemies of the Lilac 
including G. syringella. 

Report on Insect Pests and Fungus Diseases of Field and Orchard in 1920. Tidskrift for 
Planteavl Copenhagen, Denmark, G. syringella on lilac and privet in Denmark, 27, 1921, pp. 
697-759. 

A communication on diseases and pests of cultivated plants in Bohemia in 1918. Zemedelsky, 
Arch, Prague, Austria, 1920, pp. 80-96, 195-202. G. syringella abundant near Prague, Austria. 

Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, by Prof. Dr. P. Sorauer, p. 248, 1913. 

Les Insectes nuisibles, Vol. III, p. 105, by Ch. Goureau, 1861. 

Entomologie et Parasitologie Agricoles, by G. Guenaux, p. 394, 1917. 


a | 


: 


- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 23 


Pror. CAESAR: There were some badly affected hedges in Guelph. I 
saw one about 40 feet long and practically every leaf was dead by the end of 
July. I think there is some possibility that arsenate of lead might control this 
pest but I am very glad to hear that Mr. Hutchings has had good success with 
nicotine sulphate. 


NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE LESSER GRAPEVINE. FLEA- 
BEETLE IN CANADA 


ARTHUR GIBSON, OTTAWA 


An interesting outbreak of this insect occurred in Ottawa city in June, 
1917. In the same year, and in other years, Mr. Dwight Isely found the insect 
in numbers in the State of Pennsylvania, studies being made at North East, Pa. 
The species was found to be undescribed and the name of Altica woodsi was 
given to it by Mr. Isely. A description of the insect, with a biological account, 
was Bae ped in Bulletin No. 901, U.S. Department of Agriculéure (December, 
1920). 

The Ottawa Phresh is the only one of which we have record in Canada. 
In that year, the larvae and beetles were found in considerable numbers on 
the foliage of Virginia creeper. On June 8th, numerous eggs were seen to be 
present on the leaves. These had been deposited singly near the larger veins, 
as noted by Isely. In three instances at Ottawa, two eggs had been deposited 
close together. Nineteen eggs were counted on one small leaf 314 inches long 
by 214 inches wide; on another leaf, 314 inches long by 2% inches wide, twenty- 
six eggs were counted. The eggs lay flat upon the leaves and as has been recorded 
with other species, were streaked lengthwise with a thin line of excrement. My 
notes state that the colour of the eggs is of a pale orange-yellow; the above 
author gives the colour as “‘straw yellow.” 

Eggs collected on June 8th, hatched on June 15th. By June 30th many 
of the larvae were mature and were entering the earth. Pupation took place 
near the surface. One larva made its cell one-half an inch below the surface. 
The mature larvae were yellowish-white in colour and measured 6 mm. in length. 
In our breeding jars the larvae fed almost exclusively on the undersides of the 
leaves. 

Examples of both sexes of the beetles which emerged from this brood of 
larvae were confined in a breeding jar in an outdoor insectary and eggs were 
deposited freely on and about August 15th. This would suggest two generations 
in the Ottawa district, at least in some years. According to the above author 
there is in Pennsylvania only one generation, the insect passing the winter in 
the adult stage. Regarding the Strawberry Flea-beetle, Altica ignita, Ull., 
Chittenden (Bull. 23,‘N.S., U.S. Bureau of Entomology) states that indications 
pointed to two generations annually in the District of Columbia and that there 
was probably a third generation in the south. Most of the species in. this 
genus, however, apparently have only one annual generation. 

~ Regarding the adult, Isley says that it ‘is similar to Altica chalybea, from 
which it may be distinguished as follows: Colour, metallic green, rarely with 
purple or olivacious reflections; antennal joint 3 equal in length to joint 4; 
average length 3.05 mm., varying from 2.43 to 3.05 mm. The Ottawa speci- 
mens collected on June 8th and those which I reared from eggs are all either 
bluish or greenish in shade with, of course, the metallic reflection. 

The outbreak at Ottawa is the only one of economic interest which we 





24 THE REPORT OF THE 


have from Canada. In the Canadian National Collection of Insects we have 
the beetle from the following additional localities: ; ae 


Montreal, Que., 12 June, 1906 (G. Beaulieu) ; 

Aylmer, Que., 24 August, 1923 (C. B. Hutchings) ; 

Trenton, Ont., 17 August, 1902; 24 June, 1906 (J. D. Evans); 

Bowmanville, Ont., on grape, 19 June, 1913; 3 Aug., 1913; 8 Sept., 1913 
(W. A. Ross); ~ 

Beaumaris, Ont., 26 June, 1917 (G. Beaulieu). 


All of the specimens have been examined by Mr. Norman Criddle, of the 


Dominion Entomological Branch, who considers them to be the species under 


discussion. 
Our records indicate that the insect in Canada has been found on Virginia 
creeper and cultivated grape. In Pennsylvania wild grape is also attacked. 


Pror. CAESAR: I would like to add that several years ago I found this 


species on wild grapes in Prince Edward county. Both adults and eggs were 
easily found on the leaves. 


NOTES ON INSECT PARASITES OF PHYLLOPHAGA ANXIA IN THE 
PROVINCE OF QUEBEC 


By C. E. PetcH AnD G. H. HAmMonp, DoMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, 
HEMMINGFORD, QUE. 


For the past ten years or more white grubs have caused serious losses to 


various field and garden crops in the Province of Quebec. In Southern Quebec- 


during the summer of 1923, areas of 100 square feet were found upon which no 
vegetation survived, and from such areas 50 white grubs per square foot of 
surface were collected. 

During the past summer a study was made of the insect parasites of Phyillo- 
phaga anxia to determine the species which were important as white grub con- 
trol factors and to what extent they were effective. As investigational work 
was started toward the end of June it was impossible to secure adult parasites. 
We are hoping, however, to secure a plentiful supply of these following the heavy 
flight of adults expected to appear during the spring and early summer of 1925. 


Tiphia inornata Say. 


Few adults of this species were on the wing this season and from collections 
made at Hemmingford and Ste. Anne’s, no other species of 77phia was obtained. 
Parasitism ranged between 3 and 49 per cent. in local areas, being determined 
by collections of infested grubs and Tiphia cocoons. From muck soil collections, 
parasitism averaged 4.4 per cent.; in loose well drained gravel soil containing 
considerable sand, 20.8 per cent., and in sandy loam soil seeded to timothy and 
not ploughed for three years, 16.6 per cent. The average control from all 
types of soil, determined from 13,480 Phyllophaga larvae in various stages, was 
13:2. per cent; 

Although many cocoons. of Tiphia were collected during the summer, few 
adults emerged and only a few were noted on the wing. Hence only a few 
larvae were found attached to the white grubs. They were found always 
in a transverse feeding position near the mid-dorsal line of the prothoracic seg- 
ment of the grub, which is closely related to the position occupied by the eggs 


7 Besa’ ms athe a ve 


eee eae Oe Pods * <> a 


ig os ~ , > 
“a at Pe = ve 


Rie - ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 25 


of T. punctata Rob. (1). This position was unaltered until the parasitic larvae 
were almost full grown, when the host became flabby and distorted as a result 
of the feeding of the parasite. The above statements differ from those of 
_ J. J. Davis (1) in reference to T. inornaia, which are as follows:—‘‘the eggs are 
‘laid on the underside of the thoracic or first abdominal segments, usually be- 
tween the second and third thoracic segments and to one side of the median 
line, not infrequently relatively distant from the median line and between the 
legs.” 

Markings from T7phia stings and larvae were located on the dorso-median 
area of the prothorax of the grub, except in two cases where they were attached 
- to the mid-dorsal area of the metathorax. Usually the egg was deposited in 
the depression of a fold. The larvae hatched from eggs did not reach maturity, 
but from partially grown larvae collected in the field it was noted that an in- 
crease in length of 5 mm. commonly took place in twelve days. In the field 
larvae were noted in various stages of development between July 25th and October. 
28th. Cocoon construction was noted between July 28th and September 19th. 
There is a distinct prepupal stage within the cocoon before the pupa is formed 
in which the larva assumes a compact form. 

Hibernation occurs mainly in this prepupal stage within the cocoon. Ina 
series of 500 cocoons collected in the fall, 85.8 per cent. were over-wintering in 
this stage, .6 per cent. in the pupal stage, and 13.6 per cent. of the same series 
hibernated in the adult stage. From our present knowledge it is difficult to 
state the duration of the life cycle in the Province of Quebec, but there is a 
possibility that it occupies more than one year. _There were no hyperparasites 
reared from this species. 


Pelecinus polyturator Drury 


This species is not uncommon in the Hemmingford district and at Aylmer, 
Que. Two females were dug out of soil heavily infested with white grubs on 
August 25th at a depth of six inches but no trace of immature stages could be 
found. 


Microphthalma phyllophagae Curran 


During 1924 large white maggots with prominent black posterior spiracles 
were reared in considerable numbers from parasitized white grubs. In two 
cases three were present in a single host but in all other cases a single larva 
was found-in one white grub. Adults of these parasites were assumed to be 
M. disjuncta Wied., but Mr. C. H. Curran indentified them as an undescribed 
species of which a few specimens were present in the Canadian National Col- 

~ lection from Ottawa district and Covey Hill, Que. This species has since been 
described by Mr. Curran as Microphthalma phyllophagae. Evidently M. disjuncta 
is absent, because, out of a large series examined, all flies were M/. phyllophagae. 
Additional distributional points from material in the Canadian National Col- 
lection are Aylmer, Que.; Teulon, Man.; and Fredericton, N.B. No hyper- 
parasites were reared from this species, but the spider, Aglaope trifasciata, a 
common species in meadows in the Hemmingford district, was found to be 
predaceous on the adults. 

The comparative abundance of VW. phyllophagae this season has probably 
resulted from a moderate degree of parasitism of white grubs during the season 
of 1923 when the latter were in their second year, with the exception of a small 
overlapping series. White grubs were so abundant in the soil that the per- 
centage of Microphthalma larvae which survived and managed to reach a white 


- 


* 


26 THE. REPORT OF rine 


grub was relatively high. Hence the abundance of flies on the wing during the 
year 1924. Doubtless the number of flies on the wing during 1925 will be 
smaller because of the decrease in the number of hosts in the soil due to pupation 
and adult formation during the larviposition period. The eggs hatch within 


the fly and the living maggots presumably are deposited on the surface of the 


soil or in crevices. 

In a series of 295 white grubs collected in the last week of June from gravelly 
and sandy loam soil 11.8 per cent. were parasitized. In sandy loam soil which 
was planted to timothy for the past four years a collection of 155 white grubs 
obtained October 23rd were parasitized to the extent of 9.8 per cent. The 
highest percentage of infestation was found among grubs collected from loose 
muck soil. Collections of 181 grubs from this area were 15.4 per cent. parasitized. 
The above type of soil is believed to be ideal for the successful establishment of 
the parasite within the host. 

Pupation began July 6th and was at its height on July 13th but puparia 
were found until July 24th. There were little external signs of parasitism 
in the colour or shape of the grub. The caudal extremity of the parasitic maggot 
projected through a large opening in the ventral side of the grub, which allowed 
the escape of much of the body fluid remaining in the host. Puparia were 
formed either within the body of the grub or at a short distance from it and 
they were frequently found in empty white grub cells in the field with the larval 
skin of the host attached. Adult emergence commenced in the laboratory on 
July 26th and was at its height on August 16th but continued until August 25th. 

The rapid short flights of the species in the field, accompanied by a low, 
voluminous, droning sound, was first noted in the field on August 8th but as the 
flies were present in considerable numbers they were probably on the wing from 
the first of the month or slightly earlier. Late captures were made on October 
2nd but it was common to find specimens with badly frayed wings during~ the 
early part of September. 

Females kept in vials in the laboratory deposited living larvae and a certain 
number of eggs from which larvae emerged almost immediately throughout 
the period August 13th to October 1st. Larviposition is believed to be normal 
under field conditions, although J. J. Davis (1), in referring to JZ. disjuncta Wied. 
speaks of oviposition as the normal method of reproduction. Beaver meadows 
and pastures were favorite habitats for the flies but they did not seem to be 
attracted to flowers. Although difficult to see in their rapid flight their dark 
colouration renders them easily visible on green foliage. 

Collections made during mid-day contained a considerably greater pro- 
portion of males than females but in evening collections and in a series of speci- 
mens reared in the laboratory the proportion of sexes was about equal. Hiber- 
nation occurs within the host when the young larvae are from 1 to 3 mm. long, 
development proceeding slowly during the latter part of the season. 

The adult is a stout fly approximately 13 mm. in length with long legs 
furnished with large tarsal claws. Long black bristles occur over the abdomen 
and thorax and the legs are armed with short bristles. The female can usually 
be distinguished from the male by her darker colouration and by the short 
pseudo-ovipositor. The vagina contains mature eggs and young larvae to 
the number of from 350 to 550. Under artificial conditions never more than 
225 eggs and larvae were deposited by a single female but under field conditions, 
however, it is probable a greater number are commonly deposited. 

Both eggs and young larvae are tightly packed in the vagina at right angles 
to itslength. The egg is .8 mm. long, curved to each extremity. The anterior 


/~ 


* ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY i 


extremity is sharply pointed while the posterior extremity is usually bluntly 
pointed. A semi-transparent almost circular area occurs just beneath either 
extremity. Young larvae just out of the chorion are light yellow in colour, 
from .8 mm. to .9 mm. long, slender, tapering from the anterior to the posterior 
extremity. They progress rapidly with a partial looping movement and at 
regular intervals throw the head end violently into the air and wave the body 
back and forth while maintaining the equilibrium with the extreme caudal 
part of the body. Actual entrance of the young parasite into the grub host 
has not been observed but the young larvae have frequently been observed 
beneath the white grub cuticle.. Their progress through the host tissues is 
typically marked by an elongated dark brown streak which generally originates 
on the lateral area near the centre of the grub and continues after some sinuations 
across the dorsal area. Usually the young parasite is found near the end of 
the brownish streak, but in a number of cases cannot be found at all. Some of 
these brownish areas are rounded but the brownish colouration is usually streaky 
and it may appear granular because of the presence of many small brownish 
spots. It is usually irregular in form and in most cases the larvae can be seen. 
On the other hand, lesions of Micrococcus nigrofasciens (2), a bacterial disease 
with which it might be confused, are rounded, black to dark brown in colour. 
It is very probable that in many cases the young parasite introduces the disease 
into the white grub host when becoming established, but this point has not 
been definitely determined. 

The mature larva is approximately 16 mm. long and 4.5 mm. wide. The 
head extremity, which is bluntly pointed, bears the anterior spiracles with 
their multiple, rounded openings. The caudal extremity is truncate and some- 
what oblique. Near the central area of the caudal extremity are the two large, 
black, prominent spiracles, each of which has three raised, rounded ridges. 
The three openings are narrow, elongate and almost parallel. The anterior 
half of the six forward segments are armed with numerous rows of short, stout, 
pointed spinulae which decrease in size toward the caudal extremity and cover 
the greater part of the surface of the posterior segments. 

The puparium is rounded and cylindrical, approximately 12 mm. long 
and 4 mm. in diameter. The anterior extremity is roundly pointed and the 
posterior is bluntly pointed. The spiracles differ considerably in form from 
those figured for J/. disjuncta Wied. by J. J. Davis (1): 


A silidae 

Asilid larvae were noted in several instances to feed on white grubs in 
rearing tins. They were moderately common in a number of fields, which were 
badly infested with white grubs. Timothy sod, which had not been ploughed 
for several years, seemed to be the favorite habitat. A total of 325 larvae 
were picked up behind the plough over the same area from which 13,655 white 
grubs and June beetles were collected. No adults have yet been reared, but 
in the laboratory collection Asilus paropus Walk., Cyrtopogon falto Walk., 
Asilus novaescotiae Macq., and A silus erythrocnemius Hine are the most numerous. 
Other species not so numerous, but which are liable to be predaceous in the 
larval stage, are Asilus notatus, Asilus snowi Hine and Asilus sadyates Walk. 


Mites 
Although not properly classified as insects, mites may be included here, 
because of the occurrence of one species which has been found on 100 per cent. 
of the grubs in Hemmingford district. 


28 THE REPORT- OF THE 





All the grubs were infested with the hypopial nymphs of a species of f yro- } 


glyphus. These nymphs are.3 mm. in length, broadly oval in outline, and— 
shaped like a flattened scale. Two anterior pairs of legs are slender and taper 
to the tarsi. The beak is moderately distinct and pointed. The posterior 
pairs of legs project backwards and are smaller than the anterior pairs. In the 
living mite the colour is uniformly straw-colour or white, but in specimens 
boiled in caustic potash a round, deep brown spot may be seen on either side of 
the body near the median area, which apparently is not present in the more 
immature specimens. 

In the case of moderately infested white grubs the greater number of the 
nymphs are grouped around the legs. In badly infested specimens hundreds 
of mites may be found distributed over the host, closely attached to the cuticle 
by both the beak and legs. Asilid larvae are infested in rare cases by this 
species, which prefers the living host but does not abandon the host when it is 
dead. They do not feed in this stage, according to Dr. Banks, but are carried 
about by the insects until they reach a suitable breeding place, and further, 


they feed upon fungus and decaying vegetable matter and are never predaceous. _ 


A species of mite which is not very numerous is Rhizoglyphus phylloxerae 
Riley. It is 1 mm. in length, broadly oval in body outline, white and without 
markings of any kind. The legs are long, stout, with moderately long claws. 
The sucking beak is prominent, fairly broad at the base, and tapers to the apex. 
It is seldom found attacking live white grubs and occurs in small numbers, 
seldom more than a dozen being found on a single grub, pupa or beetle. Fre- 
quently, decaying vegetable matter is taken as food. 


White Grub Saprophytes 


Ophyra leucostoma Wd. and Muscina stabulans Fallen were found in large 
numbers in dead white grubs which were exposed, but neither species was 
observed to be parasitic, even under exceptional conditions. 


Literature Cited 


(1) Davis, J. J., Sta. of Illinois, Dep. Reg. and Education Div. of Nat. 
Bast. Sarv.:;-Vol. XI Arey. 
(2) Northrup, Zae, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., Tech. Bul. 188. 





NOTE ON PTINUS FUR L. AND.VILLIGER. REIT. AS STORED 
PRODUCT PESTS IN CANADA 


C. HowarRp CURRAN, OTTAWA, ONT. 


During the past summer reports of injury to stored flour in the Prairie 
Provinces by a beetle not previously recorded as causing serious damage have 
come to hand. Unfortunately living specimens were not secured in sufficient: 
time to conduct experiments tending to the formulation of control measures or 
to work out the life history of the insect, which proved to be Péinus villiger 
Reit., so that it is intended here to give notes regarding the occurrence and 
the products attached. 

Ptinus fur L., has also been reported as attacking flour and other stored 
products and, according to Mr. Wm. Downes of the Dominion Entomological 
Laboratory, Victoria, B.C., the beetles were troublesome in his house, infesting 





3 ae 3 ’ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 29 

_ 

; such stored products as bran, shorts and grain. They also proved to be a 

_ pest to Museum specimens, having attacked insect specimens and stuffed birds. 

: Ptinus fur has been recorded from time to time as a household pest attacking 

_ various stored products and is commonly known as the “Spider Beetle’ on 
account of its appearance. ~ 

Ptinus villiger Reit. appears to be responsible for the damage to stored 
flour, etc., in the Prairie Provinces, no specimen of P. fur having been received 
during 1924, associated with stored mill products from this region, although 
it occurs on the prairies (see distributional note below). P. villiger is distin- 
guished from fur by the presence of much longer, rather bristly hairs on alternate 

- intervals of the elytra, these hairs being sub-equal in length in fur. 

-The products attacked by villiger on the prairies are: flour, farina and 
cornmeal, according to Dr. A. W. Alcock, chemist of the Western Canada Flour 
Mills, Winnipeg, who has also made observations on the life history. Ac- 
cording to his observations, which he describes as very casual, he placed a few 
beetles in a sealer with some cornmeal, and while the beetles died, a new genera- 
tion emerged in about three and a half months. This gives some idea of the 
time required to complete the transformation from egg to adult under favorable 
conditions, a temperature of about 85 degrees Fahr. being maintained. 

The eggs have not been seen. The larvae are yellowish white, small, 
robust, curved and very densely covered with erect, soft, whitish hair. The head 
is mostly brown, and the eyes are covered with dense hair as on the body. 
The adult varies in colour from reddish brown to deep brownish black, with, 
normally, a patch of whitish, recumbent scales on each elytron near the base 
and apex. 

The damage to flour is rather characteristic: the flour becomes granular 
or flaky and may even be somewhat “‘stringy’’ when the infestation is unusually 
severe. The full-grown larvae form a ball of flour in which they pupate, and 
these may be found in numbers at the proper stage of the development of the 
insect. 

Distribution of Ptinus villiger Reit., as shown by specimens in the Canadian 
National Collection. Estevan, Sask. (material for rearing, etc.); Aweme, Man., 
and Ottawa, Ont. Leng gives “‘Nfid., Can., Wash.’’ (Since either P. fur or 
villiger, probably the latter, is proving quite troublesome in Minnesota, it is 
almost safe to include that State in the list.) Blatchley gives: ‘‘New England, 
Michigan and westward.”’ 

Distribution of P. fur. Material before me is from the following localities: 
Ottawa, Ont.; Aylmer, Que.; Medicine Hat, Alta.; Lillooet, B.C., and Victoria, 
B.C. Leng gives: “Cosmop., Ind.; Alaska, Eur., Asia.’’ Blatchley gives: 

- “Hamilton and Posey Counties (Indiana); scarce.” 


- 


39 THE REPORT OF THE 





WARFARE AGAINST THE INSECTS 
C. L. MetcaLF, DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 


A distinguished chemist recently told me that “‘the corrosion of iron,— 
ordinary rust—costs the world about $200,000,000 a year.’ I assured him that 
the corrosion by insects costs the people of this continent alone, at least 
$1,000,000,000 a year, or five times the loss by iron rust for the entire world. 

The general run of the American people are very indifferent to this tremen- 
dous loss. Entomologists have been warning us for years that the insects are 
our greatest rivals for the control of the natural resources of the world, and 
constitute a greater menace to future generations than the yellow peril, or the 
black peril, or any other human peril that has yet been uncovered. Professor 
Stephen A. Forbes has very aptly pictured the situation in these words. 

“The struggle between man and insects began long before the dawn of 
civilization, has continued without cessation to the present time, and will con- 
tinue, no doubt, as long as the human race endures. It is due to the fact that 
both men and certain insect species constantly want the same things at the 
same time. Its intensity is owing to the vital importance to both, of the things 
they struggle for, and its long continuance is due to the fact that the contestants 
are so equally matched. We commonly think of ourselves as the lords and 
conquerors of nature, but insects had thoroughly mastered the world and taken 
full possession of it long before man began the attempt. They had, consequently, 
all the advantage of a possession of the field when the contest began, and they 
have disputed every step of our invasion of their original domain so persistently 
and so successfully that we can yet scarcely flatter ourselves that we have 
gained any very important advantage over them. Here and there a truce has 
been declared, a treaty made, and even a partnership established........ as 
with the honey bees and silkworms, for example; but wherever their interests 
and ours are diametrically opposed, the war still goes on and on and neither 
side can claim a final victory. If they want our crops, they still help themselves 
to them. If they wish the blood of our domestic animals, they pump it out of 
the veins of our cattle and our horses at their leisure and under our very eyes. 
If they choose to take up their abode with us, we cannot even protect our very 
persons from their annoying and pestiferous attacks. And since the world 
began we have never yet exterminated—we probably never shall exterminate—so 
much as a single insect species. They have, in fact, inflicted upon us for ages 
the most serious evils without our even knowing it. It is the cattle tick which 
keeps alive and spreads the Texas fever; it is the mosquito which inoculates 
our blood with yellow fever and malaria; it is the house-fly which carries to our 
food the germs of typhoid fever; it is the flea of the rat and of other rodents which 
threatens all America with that dread disease, the bubonic plague—and now 
that we have begun to discover facts of this order, many other instances of this 
kind will no doubt presently be brought to light.’’—Forbes.* 

The opinion has prevailed among economic entomologists for many years 
that insects eat or otherwise destroy, on the average, about ten per cent. of every 
crop grown in the United States each year. If we strike a balance sheet between 
man and insects, on this basis, the debit side of the ledger would read something 
like this: 
er ON le Se ee 


*Forbes, S. A., The Insect, the Farmer, the Teacher, the Citizen, and the State. Illinois 
State Laboratory of Natural History, 1915. 


‘ 





ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


ai 


—————————————————— ——__—”k’k’ ew 


in account with 
THE AMERICAN PEOPLE 


DEBIT 


THE INSECTS OF THE UNITED STATES 


Most IMPORTANT ITEMS FOR THE YEAR 1924* 


Damage to 2,436,513,000 bushels, corn crop 
Damage to 872,673,000 bushels, wheat crop 
Damage to 1,541,900,000 bushels, oats crop 
Damage to 292,726,000 bushels, barley, rye, rice crops 
Damage to 112,450,000 tons, hay crop 
Damage to 977,000 bushels, cloverseed crop 
Damage to 105,619,000 bushels, grain sorghums crop 
Damage to 32,001,000 gallons sorghum syrup crop 
Damage to 6,893,000 tons, sugar beet crop 
Damage to 636,462,000 Ibs., peanut crop 
Damage to 4,476,000 tons, cottonseed crop 
Damage to 10,081,000 bales, cotton crop 
Damage to 1,474,786,000 Ibs., tobacco crop 


Total estimated damage to staple crops by insects 


Damage to 454,784,000 bushels, potato crop 
Damage to 71,861,000 bushels, sweet potato crop 
Damage te 15,740,000 bushels, bean crop 
Damage to 7,288,000 bushels, pea crop 
Damage to 16,318,000 bushels, onion crop 
Damage to 740,000 tons, cabbage crop 
Damage to 18,845,000 bushels, vegetable seeds crop 


$240,546,800 
113,659,600 
73,949,500 
24,389,300 
146,764,800 
1,336,200 
*9'935,300 
*2'759,500 
*4'089,000 
+4’ 307,800 
*20,553,800 
*156,334,700 
*29 893,600 


$829,419,900 


$29,486,100 
9,229,000 
*5 748.000 
*3'678,900 
*2'201,100 
*1,718,300 
*2'500,000 


Damage to sweet corn, tomatoes, melons, cucumbers, asparagus, hops, and other 


truck crops 


Total estimated damage to vegetable crops by insects... 


Damage to 179,443,000 bushels, apple crop 
Damage to 51,679,000 bushels, peach crop 
Damage to 17,961,000 bushels, pear crop 
Damage to 16,500,000 boxes, orange crop 
Damage to 8,000,000 boxes other citrus fruits 


Total estimated damage to fruit crops by insects 


Damage to 61,892,000 flowers and flowering plants 


Damage to 15,487,000 vegetables and vegetable plants grown under glass 


Total estimated damage to nursery and greenhouse products 


Injury to 18,263,000 head of horses 
Injury to 5,436,000 head of mules 
Injury to 66,801,000 head of milk cows and cattle 
Injury to 38,361,000 head of sheep 
Injury to 65,301,000 head of hogs 
Injury to 654,200,000 head of chickens 


Total estimated loss in live-stock production by insects 


Total estimated damage to all products in storage 


Total estimated damage to forest trees and forest products 


Injury by transmission of malaria by mosquitoes 


*10,000,000 





$64,894,000 


$21,219,300 
6,591,400 
2,528,700 
*8 415,000 
*3,750,000 


$42,504,400 


$6,189,200 
1,548,000 








$7,737,200 


$11,762,000 
4,576,000 
106,452,000 
3,020,000 
6,371,000 
*8,208,000 


$140,389,000 


*$300,000,000 
*$130,000,000 
$50,000,000 








Injury by transmission of typhoid fever, tuberculosis, enteritis, diarrhea, etc., by 


house flies 


GRAND TOTAL 


*25,000,000 
*100,000 


*$75, 100,000 
$1,590,044,500 





*In the case of the items starred (*), estimates are for the latest year available, mostly for 


1923. 


32 THE REPORT OF THE : 


Such are the considerations that have forced entomologists to conclude 
that unless insects are more efficiently controlled in the future than they are 
at present, they may eventually assume proportions that will actually threaten 
the existence of the human race. We see from the above table, for example, 
that we had in the United States in 1924 a nearly 2,500,000,000 bushel corn 
crop, more than four-fifths of a billion bushels of wheat, a billion and a half 
bushel crop of oats and nearly a third of a billion bushels of other cereals. But 
while growing this enormous crop we had to yield to the hungry insect pests of 
cereal crops a toll worth nearly $450,000,000. And this was true not only of 
cereal crops. The gardeners and truck farmers of America fed another group 
of hungry bugs, more than $60,000,000 worth of vegetables. As carefully as 
we guard our fruit crops by spraying and dusting, fruit insects despoiled 
$40,000,000 worth of apples, peaches, pears, and citrus fruits. And so also 
for the hay crop and the sugar crop and the cotton crop and the tobacco crop 
and crops grown under glass—in every case the insects take their share first 
and man gets what he can save from them. 

Farm animals are injured and their yield of products, such as milk, butter, 
meat, wool, hides, honey, wax, etc., depreciated to an extent estimated at 
$140,000,000. After man has harvested his share, other insects break into his 
storehouses and steal a living that costs us all a total of $300,000,000.. From 
disease-carrying insects even sanitary America still suffers grievously, from the 
illness and death of productive workers; from doctors’ bills and hospital bills 
and druggists’ bills; and from the depreciation of land values in places where 
disease infested insects are abundant, such as farms in malarial districts or 
summer resorts where mosquitoes or black flies abound. 

The principal ways in which these pests attack, annoy and injure us, I 
have tried to show in this summary of: 


MeETHODs OF INJURY BY INSECTS 


A. They destroy our growing crops: 
By eating them. 
By laying eggs in them. 
By using parts of them to build nests or shelters. 
By carrying to them the organisms of plant diseases. 
_B. They injure our domestic animals: 
By flying or crawling about the body. 
By entering eyes, ears, nostrils. 
By repulsive odours and bad tastes. 
By being accidentally ingested. 
By attempting to lay eggs upon the body. 
By pinching, biting, stinging, or nettling with their venoms. 
By living as parasites habitually on or in the body. 
By sucking the blood for food. 
By carrying to the body the pathogens of animal diseases. 
C. They attack the body of man himself: 
In all of the ways named under B. 
D. They destroy our stored products and possessions. 
By devouring our meats, fats, cheese, grains, flour, nuts, confections, fruits, vegetables, 
drugs, and tobacco as food for themselves. 
By consuming woollens, furs, paper, books, labels, photographs, museum specimens, 
furniture, and buildings. 
By contaminating these and other products with their eggs, their secretions and their 
excretions. 


Wuy INSECTS ARE SO INJURIOUS 


What are the things that make it possible for insects to carry on such a 
formidable offensive against man, and the rest of the organic world? They 
seem to me to be these five. fe 


iN tl a aad al 


(1) Their SED Taare haben: The class Insecta is the largest natural 


group of animals on the globe. It is our belief that one million kinds of insects 


probably maintain an existence year after year on this continent alone. But 
laying aside all speculation, we know that more than 400,000 kinds have been 
scientifically named and described. 

- What this means may be better appreciated by comparison with some other 
kinds of animals, probably more familiar to us. A careful count shows that 
insects are about: 

100 times as numerous as mammals, 
30 times as numerous as birds or fishes, nearly 
100 times as numerous as the worms or reptiles, 


45 times as numerous as protozoa. and more than twice as numerous as all other kinds put 
together. ; 


If we consider numbers of individuals instead of numbers of kinds, insects 


will still dominate the land animals of the world. We calculate that for each 


man, woman, and child that now treads the earth, there are at least 1,000,000 
insects. I believe that it is safe to say that there are more insects on an average 
square mile of American farm than there are people in all of North America. 
Their great numbers therefore is the first explanation we find of their destruc- 
tiveness. 


(2) The small average size of insects, instead of being a disadvantage, enables 
them to fit into cracks and crannies of the plant and animal communities where 
competition is less keen than that among the larger animals. Many insects 
are so small that dozens of them could find standing room on the head of an 
ordinary pin. Often hundreds are found feeding on a single leaf. In a practical 
way we find that this often enables insects to gain a foothold, or become 
established, in field, orchard, or garden before they are even seen, much less 
recognized as enemies. They have adapted themselves to a world already 
crowded with animals, in much the same way that we might pour many grains 
of wheat into a bushel already filled with apples or potatoes. 


(3) If we cut into the body of an insect we do not find any bones. Nervous 
system, digestive system, excretory organs and muscles we find, but nowhere 
any trace of bones. Their skin is their skeleton. It is on the owtside of their 
delicate tissues instead of covered by them. This skeleton is both very light 
and very strong, composed of a remarkable substance known as chitin, that is 
extremely resistant to all ordinary chemicals. Strong acids or lyes or caustic 


oils have no effect on this body at all. Even boiling potassium hydroxide, 


which would speedily reduce our bodies to soap, does not destroy the skin of 
the insect. 

This chemical-proof armour is built up as a hollow cylinder which is the 
strongest type of construction with a given amount of material. It presents 
at every side an arched construction that is proof against injury by falling, 
and enables the insect to be very active and very reckless in its habits. And 
finally, this armour occurs on the body in rings with flexible couplings between, 
so that the insect has achieved the virtues of armour plate without sacrificing 
activity or freedom of movement. Their cylindrical, chitinous exoskeleton 
may be accounted a big element in the success of insects. : 

(4) The powers of reproduction and rapidity of multiplication of most 
insects are astonishing. We may kill ninety-eight per cent. of the present 
generation and in six months time a new army of equal magnitude has been 
begotten by the remaining two per cent. that escaped us. This is made possible 


by both large families and briefness of life cycle. Compared with thirty years 


2 ES. 


34 THE REPORT OF THE | ana 


for man, the shortest known life cycles of insects under normal conditions are® 
about ten days. While the extreme fecundity is well illustrated by the queen-— 
of the common honey-bee, which can produce 2,000 to 3,000 eggs daily. She 
may lay “four times her own weight of eggs each day”’ for weeks in succession. 


(5) The fifth characteristic that has made insects successful I believe is 
what may be called fixity of purpose. Any one who recalls trying to sleep on a 
sunny summer afternoon in a room with a single housefly will have an inkling of 
what is implied in this point, fixity of purpose! That housefly would alight on 
your nose, and you could not keep him from it. He practises no caution, he 
knows no fear, he recognizes no reverses. You may occasionally knock him te 
the far side of tHe room, but he comes back. Even if it eventually costs him 
his life, he wz// alight on your nose and you can’t scare him away. Your threats 
and your abuse make no impression upon his boundless impudence, his singleness 
of purpose, his energetic abandon to what he considers his duty. That housefly 
is typical of his whole race! Multiply this one insect by millions, make his form 
as diverse as the herbs of the field and his method of attack as varied as we 
have shown it to be, and you have a simple, vivid concept of the problem con- 
fronting the human race in the so-called insect peril. 

What a field for research! What a challenge to man’s boasted intelligence 
and supposed dominion over the earth! Match your wits against the blind 
unreasoning instinct of a billion tiny chinch bugs, intent on reaching the near-by 
cornfield, and see if you can keep them out. Dispute, if you will, the right to 
possession of a seaside summer resort with the cohorts of bloodthirsty mosquitoes. 
Conquer the heart of Africa from the deadly grip of the tsetse fly and its consort, 
sleeping sickness. Say to the European corn borer, which at present has not 
penetrated into the great corn growing States of America, “thou shalt not 
invade our corn belt and despoil the crops of our smiling prairies.’”’ I verily 
believe that the man who loves a fight can nowhere in the universe find a setting 
more ideal than that provided by any abundant, destructive and aggressive 
insect. 

Our enemy, then, in this great contest is characterized (a) by a size so small 
that they are often encamped in our midst before we see them; (b) by numbers 
of soldiers beyond human comprehension; (c) by a coating of armour, at once 
light, remarkably strong, flexible and acid proof; (d) by powers of reproduction 
that lead us often to despair of ever reducing their numbers; and (e) by a fearless- 
ness, an impudence, an absolute abandon to the dual purpose of finding food for 
themselves and assuring the security of the next generation. 

What shall we do? Some fundamental, scientific methods of preventing 
insect breeding and increase must be discovered, if we are going to check their 
gradual encroachment upon all that is necessary for human life and happiness 
upon the earth. I have noticed recently that the chemists have perfected an 
alloy of chronium and iron that bids fair to reduce very greatly the $200,000,000 
annual loss by iron rust. I wish to show particularly this evening what entomo- 
logists are doing to lighten the losses caused by insects. 


Wuat Doss INSECT CONTROL INCLUDE ? 


The mention of insect control usually calls up visions of spraying, and spray 
pumps. That is the phase of insect control that the public hears most about. 
But spraying comprises only about one-tenth of the vast programme of control 
being waged continuously against insect pests. Historically, mechanical and 
physical measures were doubtless the first artificial control measures employed 


ENTOMOLOGICAL ‘SOCIETY 35 


against insects. These consist of destruction by hand, mechanical exclusion, 


the use of traps, drainage, flooding, heat, cold, etc.; any mechanism or operation 
with which the insect is killed by the physical or mechanical action of the control 
measure. These are outlined in the following table: 


MECHANICAL OR PHYSICAL MEASURES USED FOR THE CONTROL OF INSECTS 


2. 


1. Destruction by Hand: Collecting, crushing or dislodging the insect from plant or animal 
_by human labour. 

a. Hand-picking. 

b. Jarring off plants; taking advantage of the death-feigning instinct. 

c. Swatting. 

d. Worming of trees for borers. 

e. Scraping of bark under which insects have taken shelter. 

f. Pruning infested twigs and burning them. 


Mechanical Exclusion: The interposition of some impassable obstruction between the 


insect and the object to be protected. 


a 


er WO SAD 


. Screening of houses, storerooms, restaurants, delivery trucks, exposed foods, beds, persons, 


individual plants, seed beds. 


. Linear barriers about fields; such as dust furrows, open ditches, straw or fabric or salt 


saturated with kerosene, fences of cloth or upright sheets of metal. 


. Tree banding, collars, paper discs, etc., for individual plants. 
. Bagging of fruits or fruit clusters. 
. Fly-nets, screen muzzles, nose fringes, etc., to protect animals. 


. Crushing Machines: Such as brush drags, rollers, etc. 


. Traps: Any device in which an insect is caught and killed or held until it may be destroyed. 
. Mechanical stationary traps; such as deep, smooth holes in the soil; flat stones, boards, 


heaps of refuse, etc., so placed that the insects congregate under them; the use of loose 
fabrics in which the insects become entangled; tanglefoot and other adhesive materials; 
the maggot trap; the codling moth band trap; light traps; window traps, etc. 


. Mechanical moving traps, such as sticky shields, boxes, and wands moved over or among 


plants or other infested objects to catch the insects that j jump or fly from them; hopper- 
dozers, aphidozers, hopper catchers; vacuum cleaners and other suction traps. 


. Baited traps, in which some odorous material is used to entice the insect, such as fly-traps, 


roach traps, moth traps. 


. Animals as traps; allowing attractive animals to range over infested buildings or fields 


in order to concentrate upon them parasites or household insects. 


. Plants as traps, such as sundew, Venus’ fly-trap, pitcher plants, bladderworts, milk- 


weed, etc., in which the plant is naturally adapted to destroy insects. Not utilized by 
man. 


. Drainage, Dehydration of Breeding Places: 
. Drainage of swamps and other breeding places of mosquitoes, horseflies, and other aquatic 


insects. 


. Scattering of manure promptly and Phat over fields to destroy houseflies. 


. Flooding and Syringing: 


. Syringing greenhouse and other plants, for red spider, etc. 
. Flooding lowlands and irrigated districts to destroy cranberry insects, grape phylloxera, 


and others. 


. The Use of Heat: 


a. The superheating of mills, dwellings, etc. 


oF 


. Burning over fields, fencerows, ditch banks; or burning crop remnants, pruned twigs, 


wheat straw, branches bearing caterpillar nests, etc., or the use of blast torches and 
‘iquid fire’ against insects or their eggs. 


. The Use of Cold: 
. Cold storage stops feeding and development and so prevents damage from clothes moths, 


stored-grain pests, and others. 


. Exposing mills and storerooms to the low temperatures of winter weather may be used 


to rid them of pests. 
The Use of Electricity, Roentgen Rays, etc.- This is still in the experimental stage, although 


some elaborate machines are in use to destroy the insects in stored products by this means. 


Simple methods of retaliation by hand must have been used against annoying 
biting insects from the very dawn of human evolution, and for some pests, 


S05 THE: REPORT OF TIE. 


destruction by hand is still the best method of control. Some clever barriers 
have been devised to use against insects. Tanglefoot bands to prevent leaf- 
eating caterpillars from ascending trees. Barrier muzzles to keep flies from 


laying eggs on our domestic animals. Collars, paper discs and screens of various ~ 


kinds for individual plants. But nothing illustrates better the persistence and 


determination of insects than the relatively low efficiency of these mechanical ~ 


barriers. Take ordinary household screening. Try our best, we never reach 
perfection in this seemingly simple undertaking. I have known no house, 
however carefully screened, that remained entirely free from houseflies during 
even a single week’s use. 

Linear barriers are much used against such insects as advance to the attack 
on foot, like army worms and chinch bugs. However carefully constructed 
and maintained, you may count upon the resourcefulness or persistence of 
insects to get some of their number across the line. 


INSEcT TRAPS 


The animal trapper matches his wits against the cunning of his prey. But 
insects often have no cunning; and insect traps are, as a rule, unbelievably 
simple. One of the saving facts in the fight against insects is their almost total 
lack of intelligence, or the ability to profit by experience, or to reason. They 
are creatures of instinct which must follow the stimulus from any combination 
of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the same way, time after time in the life of 
the same individual, and generation after generation of the same species much 
as any engine would follow the same track of iron rails. They are automatons, 
that do everything in the same way their ancestors did for millions of generations 
back. On this account, in economic entomology we can deal with the species 
as our untt, instead of the countless zmzdividuals as would be necessary did they 
possess a intelligence of the human kind. 

The task of the insect trapper then istodiscover some characteristic behaviour 
on the part of the pest-under investigation. Being able to depend upon this 
lack of individuality and absence of reasoning power we can make use of some 
devices of great simplicity. Having devised some mechanism that will intercept 
and thwart this characteristic behaviour and enmesh or otherwise destroy the 
insect, we Can count upon practically all individuals following the course that 
our observations have shown to be typical or instinctive for that species. 

Flies at a window, or after having fed, crawl upward, repeatedly upward, 
and will follow in great numbers into a trap properly constructed and placed in 
a stable window. Busheis of them crawl upward and inward, but probably 
not one in a bushel ever crawls downward and outward through the small 
~ aperature by which it readily entered. 

Roaches may be enticed by bait into a simple Erlenmeyer flask trap until 
it is crowded with them, but probably not one in a thousand ever finds its way 
out. Many more-complicated traps have also been devised, as various catchers 
for grasshoppers, for cotton moths, or for cucumber beetles. 

One of the cleverest of insect traps is the so-called ‘‘Maggot Trap’”’ devised 


by Hutchison for the destruction of housefly larvae. Its essential features are 


a slatted platform about 10’ x 20’ supported above a shallow cement basin with 
an adjoining pump and tank. Onto this platform are wheeled each day the 
accumulation of manure from the horse stable; flies develop in this. material 
from the eggs to fully-sized larvae. At this point a critical observation comes 
into service. 

All of us who ever found houseflies in their several stages had a chance to 


8 





ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Si 





observe that eggs and maggots are in the moist material, but the pupa stage 


- always in driest portions of the medium. It remained, however, for Hutchison 


to see the significance of this observation and to bring out the fact that the larva 
when full grown and ready to pupate has a reversion of tropisms (a negative 
hydrotaxis) causing it to get away at all cost from wet places before the change 
takes place to the helpless pupa which would be drowned in water. 

All that is necessary, therefore, is to keep the mass of material wet by pump- 
ing the drippings back through it once a day, and the larvae, trying to desert the 
moist habitat, drop through into the tank below and are drowned. One trap 
collected 110,000 larvae in the two months it was in operation under normal 
farm conditions. I mention it, because it seems to me to illustrate that point 
of cleverly taking advantage of observations made under natural conditions, 
and to emphasize the necessity for living with these insect enemies until we can 
come to think in insect language and interpret every little instinctive movement 
that is common to all individuals of the species. 


CONTROL BY VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE 


One of the noteworthy advances of the last decade was the application of 
heat to the control of mill insects. Of course it was obvious that any insect 
could be killed by applying sufficient heat, but I think we were all surprised when 
acareful investigation showed that all of our pests of stored grains and the house- 
hold could be killed at temperatures within the limits of safety from fires and 
without injury to the building or its products. In general it may be said that 
all of our insect pests of stored products are killed by temperatures between 
48 degrees and 55 degrees centigrade (120 to 135 degrees Fahrenheit) continued 
from ten to thirty minutes. Special steam-heating equipment has been installed 
in hundreds of mills throughout the Middle West as the most practical and 
efficient method at present known of controlling, completely, all kinds of mill- 
infesting insects regardless of the life stage or inaccessibility. It is not at all 
dangero: us to human life and there is only slight danger of fire. * It is positive 
in penetration to the interior of the largest bins, given sufficient time. 

It kills especially surely the egg stage, which is very resistant to fumigation, 
and has usually made it necessary to repeat a fumigation after about two weeks. 
One treatment a year is sufficient with heat, and after the initial installation 
it costs only one-fifth as much to make an application of heat as it does 
to fumigate. 

- We can also use subnormal temperatures, or cold, very successfully for 
certain pests. In the larger cities the department stores accept winter clothing 
such as furs and woollens for storage during the summer at temperatures slightly 
freezing; at which temperature the clothes moths and carpet beetles are incapable 
of moving or feeding to destroy the clothing. 


THE USE OF INSECTICIDES 


Chemical warfare against insects. began about fifty years before it was used 


in human warfare. The modern application of chemicals to plants to destroy 


their insect parasites began here in the Western Hemisphere sometime between 
1860-1867 when someone, whose name has unfortunately been lost to us, dusted 
his potato vines with Paris green for the first time to check the destructive work 
of the Colorado potato beetle. 

General adoption of this method of control was very slow, partly because 
of fear of poisoning the tubers, partly because the dust applied burned the 
leaves badly, and partly because there was no suitable machinery for making 


38 THE: REPORT ORE E 





the application. The pioneer entomologist, C. V. Riley, soon grasped the idea 
that if Paris green would control the potato beetle, it ought also to be effective 
against other kinds of insects that feed in a similar way. So it was tried against 
the cotton caterpillar (1872), cankerworms (1873), codling moth (1879) and by 
the early 80’s this material had come into fairly general use. 

Paris green has little merit as an insecticide except that it does contain 
arsenic and will kill insects that devour it. Yet it remained practically the 
only insecticide in common use up until 1892 when the necessity for a better 
poison spray (one that was more highly insoluble and would not burn the 
foliage) to control the gipsy moth in New England led to the trial and adoption 
of arsenate of lead which then gradually supplanted Paris green. The rising 
cost and scarcity of arsenate of lead during the war led to improved methods of 
manufacture of calcium arsenate. This material is more toxic than arsenate 
of lead, and is now in the ascendancy. It promises to be the weapon of chief 
dependency in the fight against the cotton boll weevil in the southern States; 
31,000,000 pounds of calcium arsenate, 11,000,000 pounds of lead arsenate, and 
about 3,000,000 pounds of Paris green were used in 1923. A consumption of 
over 22,000 tons of arsenicals in the fight against the insects in this one country 
alone, which gives us some idea of what a stupendous and costly fight it is. 

Insecticides may be considered as of five or six principal groups according 
to their effect upon the insect and the way in which they are applied. 


SOME OF THE MorE IMPORTANT INSECTICIDES OR CHEMICALS USED TO CONTROL INSECTS 


1, Stomach Poisons: Chemicals applied to plants as sprays or dusts. When swallowed by 
the insect, along with his usual food, they are dissolved in the stomach and cause death. 

a. Arsenate of lead, Pbs (AsOs) or PhHAsOs. 

b. Arsenate of calcium, Cas(AsO,)2. 

Paris green, 3Cu(AsOz)2 Cu(C2H302)s. 

. London purple, an impure arsenite of calcium. 

Arsenic trioxide, As2O3. 

Sodium fluoride, NaF. 

Hellebore, the powdered roots of the plant Veratrum album. 

. Poisoned Baits: One of the stronger stomach poisons, mixed with a substance that is 
very attractive to insects; if possible, more so than their usual focd. 

3. Contact Insecticides: Chemicals applied to insects as sprays or dusts. When they strik€ 
the body of the insect, they may (a) enter the spiracles, penetrate the tracheae and poison the 
tissues beyond, or (b) clog up the spiracles or otherwise deprive the insect of oxygen and suffocate 
it, or (c) corrode the tissues of the insect directly through the body wall, or (d) loosen the insect 
from the plant, or (e) stick the insect fast to the plant, or in some other way accomplish its de- 
struction without requiring to be swallowed. 

a. Nicotine and nicotine sulphate. ‘ 

b. Lime-sulphur, CaS;-+CaSi+CaS$203+CaSOs. 

c. Oil emulsions. , 

d, Pyrethrum, the powdered blossoms of Chrysanthemum coccineum. 

4. Fumigants or Gases: Chemicals that attack the insect in the gaseous state. Usually 
applied in an enclosed space of some kind. They may poison the insect through its tracheal 
system or, by combining with the oxygen of the air about the insect, suffocate it. 

a. Hydrocyanic acid gas, HCN. d. Sulphur dioxide, SOs. 
b. Carbon disulphide, CSze. e. Paradichlorobenzene, CeHsCle. 
c. Nicotine. 

5. Repellents: Chemicals applied to plants, animals or their surroundings, which keep 

insects from damaging them because of their offensiveness. 
a. Bordeaux Mixture. c. Naphthalene. 
b. Creosote. d. Oil of citronella. 

6. Parasiticides: Chemicals applied to the bodies of animals to kill their parasites. They 
may be either stomach poisons or gases, but they are mostly contact insecticides. 


woe ho Ah 


a. Nicotine sulphate. : f. Sulphur ointment. 
b. Lime-sulphur. g. Sodium fluoride. 
c. Creoline. h. Pyrethrum. 

d. Raw linseed oil. 1. Ilodoform. 

e. Mercurial ointment. j. Carbon disulphide. 


wre te 


- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 30 


Considering the many poisonous substances known to the pharmacist, 


the above menu for insects seems pitiably meagre. It is noteworthy that prac- 


tically all of the stomach poisons used as sprays for plants are compounds of 
arsenic. These alone of the substances tried meet the rigorous tests of non- 
toxicity to the plant, palatability to the insect, adhesiveness, spreading qualities 
and low cost. The margin between chemicals or dosages that will kill the 
insect and those that will kill the plant is so slight in all these cases that the 
materials must be manufactured, compounded and applied with the greatest 
care. 

Certainly among all the compounds known to the chemists, there must be 
many others that we ought to be using against insect pects. The chemist and 
the entomologist must co-operate. Or we must greatly extend the period of 
training of the entomological-chemist or chemical-entomologist, until he has 
not only mastered entomological principles but has also learned to know the 
field of chemistry. 

In our search for insecticides we must not be limited by the known effect 
of chemical substances on human beings, rats or guinea pigs. ‘Trying it on the 
dog” is not a sufficient or reliable guide to its effect on insects. For certain 
insects may thrive on a diet of substances that would prove fatal to us; and 
other substances, not or only mildly toxic to man, are highly so to insects. 
For example, Forel found that ants ate quantities of honey containing arsenic 
acid without a one of them showing any signs of suffering. He also introduced 
strychnine into wounds in their bodies without producing the cramps charac- 
teristic of its effects on man. 

Quite empirically the substance known as sodium fluoride was discovered 
about ten years ago to possess remarkably valuable properties for the destruction 
of lice on poultry, roaches in dwellings, etc.; and paradichlorobenzene as a specific 
remedy for peach borer has completely revolutionized the control of this pest. 
It seems almost certain that a numbér of other common chemicals must possess 
equally valuable merits, and only await discovery. 


THE APPLICATION OF INSECTICIDES 


More impressive than the list of spraying materials has been the evolution 
of the. bewildering array of apparatus for applying these materials to the plant. 
We have already noted how the early adoption of. Paris green was greatly delayed 
by lack of adequate machinery (or indeed any machinery) for its application. 
As recently as 1865 we note the serious recommendation of kerosene to control 
scale insects on orange trees; the method of application being to pour oil out into 
a saucer and apply it with a feather! Following this came the whisk broom, 
used as recently as 1862 in France, the sprinkling can, and the syringe. 

A recent writer states that a spraying machine built ten years ago compared 
with the latest model would exhibit more numerous and impressive improve- 
ments than a similar comparison of automobiles. 


Various kinds of power have been utilized: 


(a) That of the human arm as in small atomizers, or bucket pumps, or barrel pumps, or 
horizontal lever pumps. 

(b) That of compressed air or other gases. 

(c) The traction of wheelbarrow or horsedrawn vehicles. 

(d) And especially the power from a gasoline engine. 


It is difficult machinery to design and construct. We require an apparatus 
that will deposit over the entire exposed parts of plants and trees, on all surfaces, 
above and below and around, an extremely fine film of liquid with a theoretically 


40 THE’: REPORT-OF THE 





absolute uniformity and with great force or pressure. The apparatus must be 
designed to provide a powerful pump that is easily portable over rough ground 
and adaptable to treating tall trees, low bushes, row crops and vines. The 
engines must have a high ratio of horsepower to weight. Materials must be 
used for the working parts of the pump that are resistant to the corrosive action 
of the caustic or gritty or oily chemicals used. 

The nozzles which break the liquid into a fine mist have presented a great 
problem in applied physics. The requisite points that must be met are a solid 
cone of mist, of great fineness, absolutely uniform density, and great carrying 
power, and the fragmentation of the liquid without great loss of pressure. The 
first spray nozzle was invented in 1858, the Bordeaux in 1878; the Vermorel 
type in 1884, and the disk nozzle in 1906. All of these have taken on a great 
variety of nee 

One of the most significant peste as was made in 1916 when the 
scarcity of labour and the almost prohibitive cost of spraying led to the develop- 
ment of the spray gun. This invention has made possible the very rapid covering 
of trees, with an important saving of labour albeit some waste of materials. 
In orchard spraying and particularly in spraying forest trees the biggest task 
has been to reach the higher parts of the trees with a uniform application. In 
the early days of gipsy moth work in New England, we see men trying to spray 
tall trees by climbing up into them. The spray gun and a greatly improved 
type of solid stream nozzle have made it possible to reach the tops of the tallest 
trees from the ground. So finely adjusted is this apparatus that the distribution 
of the spray is remarkably uniform and covers the foliage so intimately that 
scarcely a part of any leaf can be consumed by insect pests without ingesting 
also some of the poison. 


DUSTING VS. SPRAYING 


Anyone who has any considerable amount of spraying need not be told 
that it is a disagreeable job. [It is not at all surprising, therefore, that many 
attempts have been made to substitute dry applications for sprays. In this 
connection, we must bear in mind that dusting was the original method, his- 


torically. Our first stomach poison, Paris green, was at first applied as a dust. 


There has been a great revival of interest in dusting, especially since about 
1900, with the accompanying development of dusting machinery to a very high 
degree of efficiency. 

Dusting is easier, more rapid, and more pleasant work than spraying. 
Both materials and equipment are much lighter, two pounds of dust having the 
same covering as ten gallons of spray, weighing eighty pounds. The equipment 
weighs on the average one-third or one-fourth as much as a sprayer of equal 
capacity. 

The dust materials are generally more expensive, but the saving in labour 
and equipment will usually offset that. The present consensus of opinion, 
however, is that, on the whole, dusting is less effective than spraying, except for 
leaf-eating insects. 


DUSTING FROM THE AIRPLANE 


In 1921, the first use of the airplane in applying insecticides was made in 
Ohio. The plane was a Curtis, equipped with a special hopper for distributing 


the dry powered arsenate of lead in measured quantities, into the powerful air_ 


current from the propeller of the plane. In this test a six-acre catalpa grove 
was dusted to destroy the catalpa sphinx. 


eer | 


- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 41 


2 The plane flew at a speed of eighty miles an hour at a height of twenty to 


thirty-five feet, passed the grove six times, distributed 175 pounds of poison 
with remarkable uniformity to every tree, 7n an actual dusting time of fifty-four 
seconds! 

The next summer the U.S. Bureau of Entomology used two planes in an 
effort to determine the practicability of the airplane in dusting for the control 
of the cotton boll weevil. Owing to the fact that the air surrounding a mov- 
ing plane has a strong downward course the dust released from the hopper 
is immediately converted into a great hollow spiral cloud and forced downward 
among the plants in spite of strong air currents, with only a very slight amount 
going off into the air above. Calcium arsenate was laid down in strips of 150 
to 200 feet wide, using only two to four pounds of poison to the acre. One 
machine covered from 240 to 500 acres of cotton an hour, without any more 
indiscriminate poisoning of adjoining cabins and surrounding pasture lands than 
results from ground dusting, and at a cost calculated to be less than with other 
methods. 

What the future of spraying and dusting shall be, no one can tell. Two 
extremes of opinion are: 


(1) That we must look forward to the gradual adoption of a complete 
spraying programme for all crops that we try to grow. That we shall in future 
not wait until insects and diseases appear in our crops and then spray, but that 
we shall expect to spray or dust by the calendar or in synchrony with the develop- 
ment of the crop just as we now cultivate and harvest the crop. That is one 
belief; the other school believes: 


(2) That spraying and dusting cannot be expected to permanently solve 
our insect troubles. That they are but transient expedients to serve us until 
such time as we can perfect more fundamental methods of dealing with these 
scourges. That the adoption of elaborate, complete spraying schedules for all 
crops must break down of its own financial weight. That eventually we shall 
have preventive control, instead of regaling our plants with drugs after the 
damage has begun. 


THE USE OF POISONED BAITS 


A method of applying stomach poisons that appears to me to promise much 
for the future, is in so-called ‘Poisoned Baits.’ Its success depends on finding 
some substance that is chaemotaxically attractive to the insect, if possible 
more so than its normal food. This substance is then mixed with a very toxic 
substance and exposed where the insect may take it. 

It seems certain that there must be, in every plant, some chemical con- 
stituent that determines that a given insect shall feed on that and no other kind. 
If we can determine what that attractive substance is, we should be able to mix 
it with poison and kill thousands of the unsuspecting insects. Besides baiting 
the feeding stage of an insect, it seems distinctly possible that we can attract 
with a proper bait the ovipositing females which must in many cases find the 
proper host plant or other media for their young by chaemotaxis. The reason 
this method seems to me to promise so much is that once we have determined 
and isolated the stimulating substance in any given case, we have in our hands 
the power to vary its strength and we should be able to make it sufficiently 
more attractive than the normal natural food that we could collect and destroy 
an appreciable percentage of the individuals in a given section. 

The most widely used of poison baits have been the various mixtures of 
bran, arsenic, water, molasses and other attractive substances such as fruit- 


42 THE REPORT OF THE 


juices, commonly known as poisoned bran mash. - First brought to light about 
1865 it was not used in a big way until about 1912. During the last decade 
this has developed into a sovereign remedy for cut-worms, army worms, and 
especially for grasshoppers. In 1919, thirty-nine counties in Kansas used 4,565 
tons or 183 carloads of bran, eighty-three tons of white arsenic, 83,000 gallons 
of molasses and 498,000 lemons to make grasshopper bait. In 1920 the Dominion 
Entomologist directed the treatment of over 1,400,000 acres of wheat in 
Saskatchewan, with the saving of $20,000,000 worth of grain otherwise doomed 
to destruction. In Montana in 1922, over 5,500 tons of poisoned bran mash 
were used in combating the plague of grasshoppers. 

In 1922 two Canadian entomologists reported upon a method of using 
liquid poisoned baits for cut-worm moths that challenges one’s admiration. 
They used a mixture of soluble arsenic in water with some saccharine and amyl 
acetate. The odorous amyl acetate attracted the moths even away from 
flowers of goldenrod and Russian thistle upon which they normally feed. They 
fed upon it freely, but did not die from its effects for from eight to forty hours. 
During this interval they flew away from the trap and many of the females 
would lay their eggs before they could be killed by the poison, thus defeating 
the purpose of the trap. These ingenious Canadians discovered that by adding 
a trace of quassia to the liquid bait that the quassia paralyzed the moths and 
prevented them from laying their eggs until the arsenic had had time to kill 
them. 

Their method of exposing the bait was as interesting as the bait itself. 
Since one bait trap must be exposed about every ten rods about the field, the 


method would be impractical unless it were practically a self-feeder. The 


moths begin flying at dusk and the bait should be exposed each day shortly 
before this time, but it would involve too much labour to set the trap daily. 
To accomplish this purpose they used a bottle (such as a beer bottle) fitting it 
with a six-inch lamp wick held in place by acork. The filled bottles were inverted 
and wired to the west side of fence-posts, tree-trunks, etc., where the sun would 
strike them only in the late afternoon. The heat of the sun caused the liquid 
to expand sufficiently to force it out and wet the wick enough to attract the 
moths all night long. One filling was enough to run the bait trap for ten to 
fourteen-days. 
FUMIGATION FOR INSECTS 


For the treatment of infested objects that are, or can be, enclosed in an air- 
tight container, fumigation or the use of poison gases affords a powerful weapon. 
It has very many applications, such as greenhouse fumigation, mill fumigation, 
or the treatment of dwellings, storerooms, nursery stock, citrus trees, infested 
soil, etc. The gas may be generated by the pot-method in which a bag of sodium 
cyanide is lowered into an earthenware jar of sulphuric acid and water, resulting 
in the immediate evolution of a great cloud of hydrocyanic acid gas, one of the 
most toxic substances known. 

For nursery stock, seeds, cotton, etc., special fumigating chambers are 
often used in which the dosage is carefully regulated to kill the insects without 
injury to the living plants. In California the gas is used to treat the living 
citrus trees by enveloping them in huge gas-tight bags, and then generating the 
gas inside the bag. There are many improved methods of generating the gas 
by means of machines which automatically admit the correct amount of sulphuric 
acid into a mixture of sodium cyanide and water and conduct the gas so generated 
to the tent near-by. More recently a liquefied hydrocyanic acid gas is shipped 
in drums and vaporized as needed by heat supplied by burning the exhaust gas 


\ 


oP , 


~ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 43 


of the Ford car. In 1915 it was found that by fumigating in a vacuum much 


_ better penetration of the gas into the interior of bales of cotton and the like 


could be procured, thus greatly increasing the usefulness of this method of 
fighting insect pests. 
THE “PLACE OF FARM PRACTICES IN INSECT CONTROL 


For the protection of mills, storehouses, orchards, gardens, and greenhouse 
plants we can afford these physical and chemical methods of control. But 


for the vast acreages of field crops, of relatively low value per acre, we must 


depend upon less expensive methods, or methods involving no expense at all. 
Such measures require more careful research, more searching naturalistic obser- 
vations, a fuller knowledge of the life-history, behaviour, and biology of the 
insect than any hitherto discussed. But having been once perfected they can 
be applied at almost no cost. 

Here fall such methods as burning chinch bugs in winter quarters, the use 
of resistant varieties of corn, delayed seeding for Hessian fly and the plowing 
under of refuse infested with corn borers. 

In the farm practices certain entomologists see hope of a more fundamental 


and permanent scheme of control than that by chemicals, in the belief that once 


carefully worked out and applied these agronomic measures will create a habitat 
in which obnoxious insects cannot easily develop to the point where they become 
ascourge. That will not, however, be achieved in our generation nor the next. 


FARM PRACTICES FOR THE CONTROL OF INSECTS 


. Crop Rotation: ’ 


. Variety in succession of crops on a given area. 
. Shifting acreage of a given crop to distant fields to compel migration. 
Rotating animals on pasturage to eliminate parasites. 


Variations in Time or Method of Planting or Harvesting: 


. To avoid egg-laying time of the insect. 

. To get the crop mature before its pests become abundant. 
To get plants well established before the attack comes. 

. To cut short the development of some stage or generation. 
Planting a surplus of seeds and thinning. 


. Stimulating Plant Growth: 


By careful preparation of seed bed. 

By proper drainage and conservation of soil moisture. 

. By timely planting of good seed. 

By applying carefully selected fertilizers to force infested plants. 


. Clean Farming: 


. Destruction of weeds, particularly those closely related to crop being grown. 
Keeping down volunteer plants. 

Destruction of crop remnants. 

. Removal, burning or burying of trash or rubbish. 

. Thorough cleaning of storage-houses when emptied. 

Scraping of bark, whitewashing, etc. 


. Tillage or Cultural Methods: 


. Deep plowing in late fall or early spring. 
Fallowing. 
. Frequent shallow cultivations. 


Use of Resistant Varieties: 


. Varieties of the plant on which the particular insect will not feed. 

. Varieties of the plant which, though attacked by the insect, withstand it and make a crop 
in spite of it. 

. Use of Trap Crops: 

. Asmail area of the same kind of crop so planted as to be in a particularly attractive stage 


at the time the attack comes on. , ; 
b. A small area of a different crop that is especially attractive to the insect. 


STA HAAOTA HA DHADNTA FP ADNSTA WHAKDTA NY ATA 


aon 


ca THE REPORT,OE THE 


. Improved Methods of Storage: 


. Storage in well-built storerooms. 

Storage in large bulk. 

Air-tight storage. 

. Screening, covering, sealing, to prevent infestation. 


AVA se od 


THE UTILIZATION OF THE INSECT ENEMIES OF INSECTS 


I wish I had the ability and the time to convey to you a real impression of 
the complexity of the undertaking of fighting injurious insects with other insects. 
It is a matter of the commonest observation that some insects eat others, either 
as predators, catching and devouring their prey much as a cat does mice, or as 
parasites, in which case the young, wingless stages of the parasitic insect commonly 
live and feed as maggots inside the body of the host. I cannot tell you the value 
of the work performed by predaceous and parasitic insects, but it is generally 
felt by all who study the matter carefully that, without the work of these friends 
to agriculture, no farmer could save enough of his crops year after year to make 
a living. Most of our injurious insects vary greatly in numbers from year to 
year. We have grasshopper years and chinch bug years and Hessian fly years 
and army worm years, when these destructive pests descend upon us in countless 
numbers after perhaps a series of years of comparative immunity. This 
fluctuation seems to be due principally to two causes. One of them is the 
weather, the other is the attack by insect parasites and predators. We have not 
yet learned to influence or control the weather, but it has been found possible 


artificially to encourage the entomophagous insects, to increase their numbers, ° 


to extend their distribution and otherwise enhance their usefulness. 
The following methods have been used: 


(1) Concentrating them at points where their activities will do the most 
good. Ladybird beetles are thus collected in waste land, kept in cold storage 
over winter and liberated in the spring among truck crops where their prey 


has appeared. The California State Commission of Horticulture collected in_ 


1910 over a ton of the convergent lady-bird beetle about the bases of plants 
in mountain valleys. These were kept over winter and in the spring boxed 
in 60,000 separate lots and redistributed to truckers and melon growers to 
devour the plant lice on their crops. 


(2) Besides collecting the predators that have grown naturally out-of-doors, 


these insects may be cultivated or propagated in tremendous numbers in the- 


laboratory and thus return to the combat in the spring an army whose numbers 
have been multiplied many times during the winter. 


(3) There are many parasites that are not widely distributed that occur 
and perform their beneficial work only in restricted states, or provinces, or 
continents. Especially for the recently introduced foreign pests that are brought 
to our country from the ends of the earth on nursery stock and other importations, 
~_we often find in the country from which they came the insect warriors that will 
enable us to overcome their ravages, but which were left behind when their hosts 
were imported. Our problem then becomes one of finding out what these 
parasites are, of assuring ourselves that, if brought in our country, they may not 
do more harm than good; and, when so assured, of shipping them successfully 
to America and getting them established in the new environment. 

A type of work that promises more and at the same time involves greater 
difficulties and risks could hardly be imagined. The experience of Australia 
with her introduced jack rabbits, and that of America with the English sparrow, 
warns us that we are in great danger of doing vastly more harm than good unless 


a a 





ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 45 


any importation of foreign species is preceded by the most searching scrutiny 
of its natural habits, and careful experimentation with it, under varted con- 
ditions, until we can say with assurance what its behaviour will be. It is a 
source of much comfort that among the hundreds of thousands of such insects 
that have been brought to America in the last twenty-five years, no blunder 
like that of the English sparrow or of the jack rabbit introduction has yet been 
committed by entomologists. 

Once reasonably assured that the parasite is a desirable one, the painstaking 
work of trained operators is required to successfully collect a sufficient number 
to ship; to hit upon a successful method of packing for shipping. Shall they 
be sent in the egg stage, or as crawling larvae, in the quiescent pupa stage or 
as the active adults? If sent as larvae or adults how shall we assure an abundant 
supply of fresh food of a suitable kind during the long voyage of days or weeks 
on the ocean? If as dormant eggs or pupae how shall we make sure that they 
do not hatch or emerge in transit with resultant death from lack of attention? 

If coming from a different latitude, when shall we start them to make sure 
they will arrive, not in the middle of the winter or at a time when the host they 
attack is not available but at the proper season to begin activities with the 
most hope of success? Once successfully across the seas, they must be sub- 
mitted to a second searching test under the new environment and if they possess. 
any traitorous characteristics these must be discovered before they are passed 
out beyond human control. Then they are ready to be turned out to the great 
silent battle of bug against bug. So great have been the difficulties, so tre- 
mendous the risks involved and so frequent the disappointments that I imagine 
none would have the courage to undertake this type of biological control were 
it not that we now have a number of cases of pronounced success to reinforce our 
courage. = 

LEGISLATION FOR INSECT CONTROL 


The final phase of insect control to which I must refer briefly is control 
by means of legislation. Most of our worst pests are introduced ones, at least 
-100 major plant pests having been brought to America from other countries, to 
say nothing of those of minor importance. There is little chance for an insect 
pest to spread from one continent to another except as aided by man’s commerce, 
especially the traffic in living plants. If we had had an efficient system of 
inspection and quarantine in time, we would not now be spending millions of 
dollars fighting the San Jose Scale, the Cotton Boll Weevil, the Japanese Beetle, 
- the Brown-tail Moth, thé Oriental Fruit Moth, and many others. The leading 
European nations restricted the entry of plants and plant products to their 
countries more than fifty years ago. But it was not until 1912 that the United 
States had legal authority to defend its people against the dumping onto 
our soil of the diseased and defective plant refuse from all other countries. 
As Forbes has so pertinently said: ‘‘Insects are generally less refractory to 
the control of man than man himself.’ “‘It is less difficult to perfect methods 
of preventing insect damage than it is to induce the threatened victims to make 
effective use of them.” It took four years of effort to get the U.S. Plant Quaran- 
tine Act of 1912 enacted into law, because of the opposition to it of plant im- 
porters. Dr. C. L. Marlatt has pointed out that during these four years, four 
insect pests of the gravest nature became established on American soil: The 
European Corn Borer, The Japanese Beetle, The Oriental Fruit Moth and 
The Camphor Scale, besides two serious plant diseases—Potato Wart and 
Citrus Canker. 
_ Six major pests in four years previous to the enactment of the Plant Quaran- 


/ 


46 THE REPORT OF THE 


tine Act! In more than ten years since its enactment only one pest, the Pink 
Boll-worm of cotton has become established and that came in from Mexico 
before we knew it was present there and before the Mexican border control, 
which now causes the inspection of all railroad and other traffic from Mexico, 
was perfected. 

About fifteen domestic and twenty-two foreign quarantines are now in force, 
prohibiting the importation or inter-state movement of nursery stock, trees, 
cotton, corn, fruits, cereals, potatoes, or other vegetables dangerously likely 
to bring in or carry plant pests or diseases. This work involves an annual 
expenditure of more than $2,000,000 by the U.S. government. But during the 
past ten years it has caused the interception and destruction of many thousands 
of shipments of destructive pests, including more than 100 new pests that do 
not now occur in America. Granting that even one of these pests would have 
become established in the absence of the inspection work, there is no doubt 
that the work has much more than paid for itself. 

This work is accomplished in three principal ways: (a) Inspection at the 
port of entry; (b) fumigation of suspected materials; (c) quarantines which make 
it illegal to bring into the country materials dangerously likely to introduce 
pests. Besides the $2,000,000 spent by the federal government about an equal 
amount is expended by the several states. The state work is concerned primarily 
with nursery inspection and certification to see that places where plants are 
grown for sale shall not be hotbeds for the distribution of all kinds of plant 
pests, and with the detection and suppressicn of all kinds of pests wherever 
found, which by their ravages have approached the point of becoming a public 
nuisance. 

This then is the programme of insect warfare :— 

(a) The use of chemicals or insecticides. 

(6) The use of mechanical or physical measures or devices. 

(c) The use of certain farm practices that check insect multiplication. 

(d) The encouraging and utilizing of natural enemies. 

(e) By legislation to control those human practices which endanger our 
success. 

It contains much of which entomologists are justly proud—but at the same 
time is bristling with suggestions of multitudes of problems as yet unsolved and 
fields for research as yet untrodden. 


In CONCLUSION 


There can scarcely be any doubt that there is a real insect peril; probably 
more significant to the human race than any possible danger from human hands. — 
Our greatest need is for an awakened public interest in insect control; an informed 
populace that knows at least the fundamentals of the many methods of fighting 
insects outlined above. It is believed that enough is known about insects now to 
prevent half of the injury they do, if farmers and others could be brought to put 
the known remedies into operation. The other great need is for a vastly greater 
study of the insects themselves. Only about one-fifth of the kinds of insects 
that probably inhabit the earth have so much as been named. It is only a mere 
fraction of them about which we have an adequate idea of their life habits. A 
much larger body of entomologists is needed to study the habits, the structure, 
the life-histories and the behaviour of insects; to discover more effective traps 
and baits; farm practices, sprays, dusts and fumigants; to keep away from our 
shores the many destructive foreign pests that do not now inhabit this continent; 
and to study the beneficial insects of the countries of the world, in order that 
we may make the widest possible use of these tireless and inexpensive allies. 





ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT 





THE SPREAD AND DEGREE OF INFESTATION OF THE EUROPEAN 
CORN BORER IN 1924 


W.N. KEENAN, DIVISION OF FOREIGN PESTS SUPPRESSION, DEPARTMENT OF 
AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA 


The season of 1924 has proven to be unexpectedly favourable for the 
development of the European Corn Borer. The spread to new townships on 
the north and east indicates that the pest is not going to confine itself to troubling 
growers in the extreme southern portion of the province and emphasizes the 
necessity for preventive measures in retarding further spread as much as possible. 
In the majority of the infested areas, the degree of infestation increased con- 
siderably this year and in the chief corn growing counties on the west it has 
increased far beyond all expectations. 

The pest is believed to have been established in the St. Thomas district 
about ten years previous to its discovery in 1920. Scouting carried on that 
year showed that thirty-five townships were infested, covering an area of 2,780 
square miles. In 1921, seventy-one additional townships were added to the 
quarantine; in 1922, forty-five more were infested and eleven were included in 
the quarantine on account of their situation. The area under quarantine, 
as a-result of the spread in 1922, comprised practically all territory south of a 
line drawn from Toronto to Goderich, as well as others north of this in Huron, 
Perth and Peel counties, all shore townships east of Toronto as far as Clarke 
and the township of Brighton, Northumberland county. In 1923 only eight 
additional townships were found infested, four of which were in Bruce and 
Huron counties, but no collections were taken east of the previous year’s discovery 
in Brighton township. The most northern record that year was taken in the 
township of Saugeen, Bruce county. The situation, as brought out in the 1923 
border scouting, and the fact that the greater portion of the uninfested town- 
ships in the counties of Huron, Bruce, Grey, Dufferin and Wellington counties 
were not important in corn growing, as well as their geographical position, 
suggested the advisability of concentrating future spread preventive measures 
on the eastern border, and in April, 1924 the quarantine line was extended to 
include the above mentioned counties complete, also two border townships 
in York county and Hope township in Durham county. The total area under 
quarantine in 1924 comprised 216 townships, covering an area of approximately 
17,860 square miles. 

This season, 1924, scouting in the border area north of Toronto and all 
corn growing townships eastward along Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence_ 
River, as far as Cornwall, was again carried on. No new infestations were 
found in the area north of Toronto but collections were taken in the three western 
shore townships in Northumberiand county and in the townships of Ameliasburg 
and Hillier in Prince Edward county. On account of the small staff available 
and the necessity for inspecting the St. Lawrence townships to the east, the 
remaining townships in Prince Edward county were not examined. 

The Division of Field Crop and Garden Insects examined certain portions 
of the counties of Huron, Bruce, Grey and Wellington, which were uninfested in 
1923, with the result that three new townships were found infested in Huron 
county, five in Bruce county, one in Grey county and two in Wellington county. 
During this work the most northern record of the pest to date was collected 
in Arran township, Bruce county. 


_ - a . — — 


48 THE REPORT OF THE 


~ DEGREES OF INFESTATION IN INFESTED TERRITORY 


The rapidity with which the corn borer increases under the varied crop 
conditions occurring throughout all older infested areas first received attention 
in 1922, when accurate records were taken chiefly in the counties of Elgin and 
Middlesex; but on account of the advanced season the system adopted for 
obtaining these records was not suitable for annual comparison purposes. In- 
1923 a standard and more or less satisfactory system was adopted and definite 
points for annual record purposes were established. As the 1922 records referred 
to above, as well as the records obtained by the control investigational staff 
during the three seasons of 1920, 1921 and 1922 were compiled in an article 
prepared for this Society last year, it would appear sufficient to review here 
only the increase in the degree of intensity from the comparisons of systematically 
obtained records taken in 1923 and 1924. The records procured last year 
have been of great assistance in bringing about the realization of the prolific 
nature of the corn borer in areas where the food plant is abundant and control 
measures unpractised. Records were taken from the same points in the three 
concentric circles radiating from the original centre of the infestation and at — 
each other permanent point with the exception of one in Perth county. Also, 
many new observations points have been added to our list this year, records of 
which, although not accurately comparable with any previous records, are 
very significant on account of known conditions occurring previously. The 
following is a summary of the conditions noted during the past two seasons: 














Highest Lowest Average Total No. 
per cent. per cent. per cent. Fields 

fe Infestation Infestation Infestation Examined 

rea - — 

: 1923 1924 | 1923 1924 | 1923- 1924 | 1923 1924 

| | | 

Gircle-No:A1e(6=semiles))-| +. 2 4 seeee 68.0 | 99.0 4.33) 456-130 1614595 /2)\sao 55 
GirclesNos2 (15 miles) Ses c=. sat: ALTOS 2 0.0 3.6-1° 16.97) 232 52a 80 
GicleiNons (30 miles)Pa eee = 7266|-28-3 | 0:0 0.0 1,293] ~/ 3 (Zieess 135 
Essex County (80-110 miles)........| 13.66] 82.33] 0.0 ORF 1.31) 13.53} 48 85 
Hatdimand): esse ee | eal 2° Gis] arte. 0 SOs ree 114) 255 10 
Eruran=(50=/0 mtles in Se sete aie [feeds sere 3520) = GN () 0.0 0:37) W236 10 
ISS Ne Se ho es ee ete a eee ede, mee 1 SAPS a Noe ee OMA Saeco ZA TO ees 40 
WanehtOnec snc eee eee ne ee We ceed | PLS Sis Ae ee Onste css 321 25 
ernmGoltie sees tc, Sheu eos 0.6 1G 0.0 020+)..022 0.4 15 15 
Nortolk "East (45 uniles)) 5 22 esos 2 eel 4.6 0.0 0.9 0232)|-2260 5 5 
Middlesex (Northwest)............. eesteey 2 IBLSAS ES: Orbe lie Ke G=40| eee 10 
OxfordH40=45" miles) <2 anes 28 ed 2 6 0.0 0.0 0. 93)-. 361i 1S 15 

Berrie o0200snaiiles) re -es en er ete ER Me Pe se 2 tale |e a ee OLS File) ae 1O >See 
Welland (95-115, miles)....7.20.=..2. 4.4} 11.0 0.0 0.0 1.06} 2.92] 45 45 




















2 Note.—Mileage stated represents the distance from Union village, the original centre of the 
infestation. Welland county first found infested in 1920, and apparently a separate outbreak. 


The above records show an increase at each observation point. For the 
comparative increase the average per cent. of infestation in each circle and 
county may be used to advantage; thus we find that the area represented by 
Circle No. 1 increased at the rate of 100 per cent. in one season; Circle No. 2 
increased about 100 per cent.; Circle No. 3 increased 300 per cent. Records 
in Essex county shows an increase of about 900 per cent., Huron county, 350 
per cent., Lincoln county, 100 per cent., Norfolk county, 700 per cent.; Oxford 
county, 280 per cent.; and Welland county, 170 per cent. In addition the records 
from Haldimand county undoubtedly represent an increase. This applies also 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 49 


; 





- to northwestern Middlesex and Lambton county although standard records 


were not obtained there in 1923. Without doubt Kent county has suffered 
an increase of several hundred per cent. in 1924 over the previous season, but 
records are not available for comparison. 

Although the area covered by Circle No. 1 and situated within districts 


-where control practices have been advised shows an increase of 100 per cent., 


it should be pointed out that all border territory surrounding the control demon- 
stration area was left practically undisturbed by the growers, which naturally 
reduced the results of control efforts in this area on account of reinfestation by 
adult flight. Also, the increase, even indicating the presence of two larvae 
to one of the previous season, may be very favourably compared with conditions 
in other sections, on account of the fact that the district has all the essentials 
for encouraging an increase of the pest and the other favourable districts show 
an increase ranging from 250 to 900 per cent. 

In the territory which has been infested for some seasons the county of 
Lincoln may be regarded as the least favourable for the development of the corn 
borer, as the increase there was only one hundred per cent., or two to one, and as 
far as we are aware, control operations were not practised to any extent. The 
increase is sufficient, however, to signify the importance of conditions which 
may be expected within a few years. Welland county has also experienced a 
considerable increase, although the degree of infestation is still small, con- 
sidering the number of years it has been infested. 

As a summary of the above, it may be stated that lake shore conditions 
continue to favour both spread and increase, and the degree of infestation through- 
out naturally coincides with the length of the presence of the pest in a community. 
Various conditions existing in Essex county, the large corn acreage and the 
methods of handling the crops naturally afford the most suitable factors for 
increase, and this year’s results show what may be expected if control measures 
are not adopted on a county wide scale. 

The corn canning industry has also experienced greater difficulties this 
year than ever before. The Aylmer plant is the only one that has been seriously 
affected as yet, although several others are becoming -extremely anxious. 
A review of the development of the outbreak, since 1920, in areas where corn 
was obtained for the Aylmer plant, was included in a similar paper presented 
last year and it will therefore be sufficient at this time to refer to this season’s 
situation only, which may be summarized as follows: Contractors were re- 
quired to cull as many infested ears as possible in the field. The mechanical 
huskers at the plant had to be abandoned and an extra staff engaged for hand 
husking and separating the infested ears from the uninfested. It was then 
carefully inspected after husking and any infested portions were cut off. Even 
with field culling approximately 25 per cent. of the corn was refused on arrival 
at the plant, without unloading. 


The officials of the corn canning plants have given their greatest co-operation 


_in bringing about control measures. Many valuable suggestions have been 


received from them, and both financial and labour assistance have been placed 
at the disposal of control campaigns. 

In 1923, although twelve thousand square miles were infested by the Euro-. 
pean corn borer, it was only in approximately one thousand square miles that 
the degree of infestation was of sufficient intensity as to cause serious losses to 
the corn crop. In 1924 the heavily infested area has increased so that it now 
covers four thousand square miles. It is impossible to foretell what the ultimate 
range of the European corn borer on this continent will be, or to what extent it 


50 THE REPORT OF THE 





will continue as a serious pest, but we do know from the experiments which 
have been carried out on the various experimental farms that corn can be grown 
as a profitable fodder crop over a much larger area than was previously an- 
ticipated. Is it therefore unreasonable to assume, judging from the known 
European habits of this insect, that its ultimate range may include all those 
areas in which corn is grown, and if this is the case, should not every precaution 
be taken to prevent the artificial spread of the insect, by quarantine or other 
means, into other districts far removed from the known infested area? 


MORTALITY OF THE LARVAE OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER 
(Pyrausta nubitlalis Hubn.) IN THE EARLY INSTARS IN 1924 


Pror. L. CAESAR, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUELPH 


When we keep in mind that the females of the European corn borer are 
capable of laying an average of at least 400 eggs each, almost all of which hatch, 
and when we know that the mortality of the larvae from the effects of winter, 
disease and parasites combined is small—not more than about 10 per cent.— 
we ask ourselves why the increase of the borer has not been even much more 
rapid than it has been. 

One reason is that birds, especially the woodpeckers, in fall, winter and 
spring remove many borers from the stubble, stalks and weeds left exposed in 
the fields. Another reason is that ants and other predaceous insects both in 
fall and spring destroy many borers either in their burrows or when moving around 
from one plant to another or when, after the corn field has been plowed, they 
come up to the surface. Another reason, and in most counties a very important 
one, is that much of the corn crop is either put into the silo or run through the 
shredder or cutting box or fed whole to live stock and most of the borers present - 
thus destroyed. Moreover, many of the corn fields are plowed either in the 
fall or spring, thus burying infested stubble and debris and accounting for the 
death of many borers. 

All these things-have done much and some of them can be made to do a 
great deal more in retarding the rate of increase of the insect. But in addition 
to all of them there is another great factor at work which helps us much more 
than we had anticipated in preventing the more rapid increase of the insect, 
namely: the fact that after the larvae hatch from the eggs and while they are 
still very small a large percentage of them perish. To determine how great 
this mortality in the early instars of the borer was this year the following experi- 
ment was conducted. 

PLAN OF THE EXiPERIMENT 


Two blocks of corn growing side by side were chosen, each block having 
been planted by ourselves and consisting of about one-quarter acre. The 
blocks were each divided into three equal portions. In one block one portion 
had been planted with Golden Bantam corn, another with dent (Wisconsin No. 7) 
and the other with flint (Longfellow); in the other block one portion had dent 
(Wisconsin No. 7), another flint (Longfellow) and the other a late, sweet variety 
(Stowell’s Evergreen). 

The first block was planted on May 19th and the other, two weeks later 
but owing to the backward spring the late planted one had almost caught up 
to the other at the time of the experiment and as the results in each block were 
practically the same no attention need be paid to the difference in time of planting. 

On July 29th, eighteen squares consisting of four hills each, that is, three 


’ ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 51 


squares in each of the six subdivisions or portions mentioned above, were chosen 


fot the experiment. All of the hills in these squares at the date just mentioned 


were free from both eggs and larvae and all eggs laid on them later were removed 
before they could hatch. Moreover, to prevent larvae from the surrounding 
corn moving into them all adjacent hills on every side of each square were 
removed to a distance of seven feet and the outer leaves on the plants just 
beyond these were pulled off to increase still further the isolation of the squares. 

On August 2nd and 4th, when the corn averaged nearly three feet high, 
150 eggs were artificially fastened on the under side of the leaves on each hill 
in each of the squares of the early planted block; and on August 7th and 8th, 
seventy-five eggs (it was too difficult to secure 150 for this block) were similarly 
placed on every hill in all the squares in the late planted block. 

At the expiration of twelve days from the time the eggs were placed on 
each square two of the hills in each were pulled, cut up, the larvae counted, 
removed and preserved in vials. At this date the larvae averaged a little less 
than one-quarter of an inch in length and varied in age from seven to eleven 
days. Twelve days later the remaining hills on each square were pulled and 
the larvae removed and preserved as above. The larvae in this case averaged 
one-half inch in length, none of them being full grown. They varied in age 
from nineteen to twenty-three days. 

So far as we could determine, all the eggs in the experiment hatched. 

, 


SUMMARY OF RESULTS 


From the hills pulled and examined twelve days after inoculating them 
with eggs, that is from half the hills of each square in each block, 961 living 
larvae out of a total possible of 4,050 were recovered or 23.72 per cent., thus 
showing a mortality of 76.28 per cent. in what was approximately the first 
two instars, or while the larvae were not more than from seven to eleven days old. 

2. From the remaining half of the squares pulled and examined twelve 
days later, or twenty-four days after inoculation, 845 living larvae were recovered 
out of a total possible of 4,050, or 20.81 per cent., thus showing a mortality 
of 79.19 per cent. up to the time when the larvae were from nineteen to twenty- 
three days old. 

From these two results it will be seen that there was a large mortality of 
the larvae and that nearly all of it—all but 12.91 per cent—occurred while 
the larvae were still very small, probably while almost all of them were in the 
first instar and before they had been able to establish themselves in the plant, 
at any rate before they were more than one-quarter inch long. 

3. The mortality by varieties for both blocks combined was :— 

Golden Bantam, 79.1 per cent. 
Stowell’s Evergreen, 80.92 per cent. 
Dent (Wisconsin No. 7), 76.54 per cent. 
Flint (Longfellow), 76.66 per cent. 

From these figures it will be seen that there was not much difference in 
the mortality on one variety compared with that on another, though it was a 
little higher on the two sweet varieties than on either the dent or flint. 

4. The average mortality in the earlier inoculated plot compared with the 
later inoculated one was—early plot, 78.00 per cent.; late plot, 77.49 per cent. 
Hence there was practically no difference between these. This was to be ex- 
pected because the interval between the dates of inoculation was short, averaging 
only four days, and because there was not much variation in the weather 
conditions. 


\ 


52° THE REPORT OF THE on 


- 





DaTA ON MorTALITY OBTAINED FROM THE INSPECTION OF VERY LIGHTLY 
INFESTED FIELDS 


In 1923 after inspecting many fields in the county of Norfolk, where there 
were only a very few borers.in any field examined, it occurred to me that it~ 
might be possible in future to get some data on the mortality of the larvae 
from the time of hatching of the eggs up to the time the borers reached maturity 
by examining in September a considerable number of infested hills and finding. 
the average number of surviving larvae per hill in these isolated cases of infestation; 
because there is very little doubt that in almost every case the larvae present 
would have come from a single egg mass. Accordingly in 1924 Mr. J. A. Flock 
and I, when inspecting the Norfolk county in September, examined carefully 
twenty-nine such hills in about a dozen fields. The adjacent hills in each 
case were also examined lest larvae might have migrated to these. Wherever 
two or more hills together appeared to have had egg masses laid on each of 
them we did not examine these, because this would have confused the results 
and led to inaccuracies. The fact however was that there were very few such 
instances. In the twenty-nine hills examined a total of 133 larvae or an average 
of 4.66 per hill were recovered. Seven of the hills had from seven to eleven 
borers, the remainder had from 0 to 6. If we assume that each hill had only 
one egg mass laid upon it and that the egg masses averaged 15.6 eggs each 
(which was the average found by Mr. G. J. Spencer this year in a field in Elgin 
county, after counting fifty-seven masses) this would give us approximately 
30 per cent. of surviving larvae or a mortality of 70 percent. It is quite probable, 
however, that on one or two of the hills there may have been two egg masses 
instead of one or that 15.6 was rather too low an average for the number of 
eggs per mass for these fields, so if we suppose the average to have been eighteen 
eggs per mass, which would probably be more nearly correct, this would give 
us a mortality of 74.12 per cent., which is about 3 per cent. lower than the 
mortality obtained in the previous experiment. 

GENERAL REMARKS 


The above results and also the results of somewhat similar experiments 
conducted by other investigators both in Canada and the United States show 
that there was this year a large mortality of the larvae up to the time of their 
maturity. All agree that this mortality took place almost entirely in the early 
instars. The causes, however, have not been fully worked out. We know that a 
heavy rain will wash recently hatched larvae off the plants and that most of 
them will not get back. Heavy winds will do the same. Mr. Spencer has 
observed recently hatched larvae remain on the leaves and die from no visible 
cause. It is probable that the number of young larvae which perishes one year 
will sometimes be much greater than that which perishes another and that the 
difference will be found to be due to the difference in weather conditions— 
temperature, moisture and sunlight—one year compared with another. We 
know that insects are remarkably sensitive to these factors and I cannot help 
hoping that in a normal season the mortality of the larvae would have been 
much greater than it was this season; and also that the weather conditions 
this year by being more favourable either to the larvae or to the moths them- 
selves by causing the latter to live longer and lay more eggs or by being favourable 
to both larvae and moths accounted for a good deal of the enormous increase 
which the borer made in Ontario in 1924. If I am correct a study of the effect 
of variations of temperature, moisture and light upon both the adults and 
larvae will give some very valuable data which will help us greatly to determine 
what to expect under different climatic conditions wherever corn may be grown. 


= 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 53 


A FIELD STUDY OF THE REDUCTION OF EUROPEAN CORN BORER 
LARVAE IN STANDING CORN 


R. H. PatnTER AND G. A. Ficut, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA 


In order to obtain some definite information on the seasonal mortality 
of the larvae of the European Corn Borer (Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn.) the follow- 
ing work was carried on at Port Stanley throughout the season of 1924. 

So as to make this paper more comprehensible, a general idea of the methods 
used in the studies should be given. Blocks of corn in three fields—one of each 
type, dent, flint and sweet corn, were staked off and within these blocks larval 
counts were made. These counts were taken upon twenty-five stalks made 
every three days, starting from the time the first eggs were found in the field 
and continuing up to the middle of November. These stalks were carefully 
worked over and the live and dead larvae recorded. It must be remembered 
that these stalks had not been artificially infested, and that the larvae recovered 
are those which had started the season from eggs laid on the plants under normal 
field conditions. In order to have some estimate of the number of larvae to 
expect per plant, egg-laying observations were made throughout the entire 
period of oviposition on fifty plants of each type of corn, twenty-five at each 
end of the blocks from which the stalks were cut. The eggs recovered from 
these check stalks were averaged and serve as the number to be expected on 
the stalks within the block. 

In the late season there is a certain amount of migration in the field, but 
as the blocks from which these counts were made were in the centre of the field, 
this migration would be of little significance as the movement would be expected 
to be equal in all directions. 

For the sake of brevity the field studies have been grouped under four 
headings, each, in general, representing a period in the development of the larvae 
in the field. These headings are as follows:— 


1. Mortality during the time of oviposition when only small larvae are 
encountered. 

2. Mortality after the time of oviposition but when the majority of the 
larvae are still small. ; 
3. Mortality when practically all the larvae have become established. 

4. Mortality when all the larvae have become full grown. 


It is during the first period when the larvae are all very small that we 
have the highest death rate. This occurs during the period when they are 
attempting to establish themselves. This period is of great importance. 
The young larvae on hatching make their way into the curled leaves in the 
throat of the plant and many are drowned in the water which collects there. 
Observations have shown that the young larvae are quite helpless when sur- 
rounded by a film of water. Another way in which they appear to be killed 
is by being pinched between the surfaces of unfolding leaves, as many flattened 
ones were found between the leaves in the throat of the plants examined. The 
mortality among those recovered for this period is as follows: In dent, 18.22 
per cent., flint, 25.8 per cent., and sweet, 10.25 per cent. 

During the second period the mortality is only about one-half that of the 
former, being, in dent, 8.36 per cent., flint, 16.89 per cent., and in sweet, 5.64 
per cent., thus showing that as the numbers of small larvae, first instar especially, 
became less, there is a marked decrease in the death rate. It would seem that 


ah 
54 THE REPORT OF THE 


/ 
/ 


the critical period in the life of the larvae is during the first and second instar, 
as analysis of the dead ones recovered shows them to be practically all in these 
two stages. 

It must not be taken for granted that these figures represent the total 
mortality for the period. On comparing the number expected from the egg- 
laying studies with those actually recovered, it was found that there was a large 
percentage of those starting which could not be accurately accounted for. Some 
idea of this loss may be gathered from the following figures. In the dent corn. 
of the expected number only 13.34 per cent. had been recovered, in the flint, 
19.10 per cent., and in the sweet, 27.93 per cent. The explanation offered as 
to what became of these larvae is that in all probability shortly after hatching, 
and before they had reached the throat of the plant, and while they were still 
on the exposed surface of the leaves, they were either blown or brushed off 
and perished on the ground, being too small to travel in loose soil. Thus we 
have in the first instar estimated reduction from this source of, in dent, 86.66 
per cent.; flint, 80.90 per cent.; and in sweet, 72.06 per cent. 

During the third period the mortality was very low, owing no doubt to 
the fact that by this time practically all the larvae had become established. 
The mortality for the period being, in dent, 3.64 per cent.; flint, 3.98 per cent.; 
sweet, 2.55 per cent., the cause of death not being attributed to any one factor. 

The mortality during the last period when all the larvae had become full 
grown and which deals with the late season, after the corn would normally have 
been cut, is practically nothing, especially in flint and the sweet corn, being, 
in flint, .31 per cent.; in sweet, .79 per cent., the dent corn being slightly higher, 
2.76 per cent. Those dying during this period are mostly those that become 
pinched by the breaking over of the stalks, the breaks occurring in most cases 
where the stalks have been weakened by the borers. The records did not show 
any diseased or parasitized larvae. 

The mortality for the season in the larvae recovered up until the time of 
corn cutting in each of the three types was, in dent, 8.98 per cent.; flint, 9.44 
per cent.; and in sweet, 3.44 per cent. However, to have a true estimate of 
the percentage reduction from those hatching, there must be added to this 
the number unaccounted for and presumed dead. Thus we have a reduction 
in the dent, of 90.30 per cent., flint, 86.79 per cent., and in the sweet, 63.16 per 
cent. With the exceptions of the sweet corn this tallies very closely with the 
results obtained at Harrow in the summer of 1923, where there was a seasonal 
reduction in dent of 83.67 per cent., flint, 82.01 per cent., and in sweet of 87.83 
per cent. 

From the results it was shown that approximately 75 per cent. of those 
failing to survive are eliminated during the first and second instars, and that 
the death rate decreases abruptly as the larvae increase in size. 





THE INTRODUCTION AND COLONIZATION IN ONTARIO OF TWO 
HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF THE EUROPEAN 
CORN BORER 


A. B. Bairp, ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, ST. THOMAS, ONTARIO 


The history of the European Corn Borer on this continent has been 
rehearsed on several occasions and I need not repeat it here other than to mention 
that it was first reported from the United States in 1917 and was discovered 


; 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY | 55 


in Ontario in 1920, being then confined to two small areas in the vicinity of Welland 

_and St. Thomas. It has increased and spread with amazing rapidity and in 
Ontario it now covers practically all of the western peninsula, and the damage 
done in 1924 was conservatively estimated at considerably more than a million 
dollars. 

In view of this very rapid increase and the many difficulties in the way 
of its control by artificial means the Dominion Entomological Branch decided 
to follow the lead of the United States and endeavour to assist in the natural 

- control of the pest by the introduction of insect enemies, or parasites, from its 
native home. Knowing the value of parasites in the control of insects generally, 
the United States Bureau of Entomology sent one of its entomologists to Europe 

in 1920 to study the corn borer in its native home, and as a result of his findings 
some eight species of parasites which attack the corn borer larvae in Europe 
have been colonized in the United States. 

. Through the courtesy and kind co-operation of the U. S. Bureau of Ento- 
mology we have received breeding stock and full instructions regarding the 
technique of handling the parasites from their parasite laboratory at Arlington, 
Mass., and we are greatly indebted to those in charge of the laboratory operations 
for the very cordial assistance we have received. The parasite laboratory at 
St. Thomas was opened up by the Branch in the middle of May, 1923, and 
the breeding of parasites was commenced about two weeks later. Up to the 
present only two species have been introduced, viz.: Habrobracon brevicornts 
Wesm. and Exeristes roborator Fab., both of which lend themselves rather readily 
to laboratory breeding on account of the fact that their larvae feed externally 
on the full grown corn borer larvae. 


Habrobracon brevicornis is a small hymenopterous fly measuring about 
3 mm. in length. The female is provided with a comparatively short, sharp 
Ovipositor and has normally much shorter antennae than the male. When 
attacking borers in the field the female locates the entrance to the tunnel, enters, 
and follows it until she reaches the borer; she then stings her victim in one or 
several places and feeds on the juices exuding from the punctures and when it 
has become somewhat paralyzed deposits her eggs singly over the surface. 
During warm weather the eggs hatch in 24 to 36 hours and the larvae become 
full grown in 3 to 5 days; they then spin tough white cocoons, on or near the 
remains of the dead borer, in which they pupate, and the adults emerge 5 or 6 
days later. An average of about twenty-five parasites will develop from each 
borer and each female is capable of depositing from 500 to 600 eggs. The 
number of generations a year has not been determined but they are probably 
5 or 6 at least and so far as known the species spends the winter only in the adult 
stage. 

The breeding stock received yielded 835 female-flies and about twice as 
many males and from these a total of 595,000 were reared and liberated in the 
St. Thomas district during the summer and fall of 1923. A small breeding 
stock was kept going through the winter and our liberations this year totalled 
486,500; making a grand total now liberated of 1,081,500 flies. These were all 
liberated in the St. Thomas district with the exception of 30,000 liberated this 
fall (1924) in the vicinity of Coatsworth, Kent County. 

Exertstes roborator is a rather large Ichneumon fly measuring about three- 
fourths of an inch in length. The female is provided with an ovipositor almost 
as long as her body and having located a borer in a stalk she drills through 
and stings it in its tunnel and then deposits her long whitish egg on the surface 
of its body. The life cycle is about the same as that of Habrobracon, the length 


56 THE REPORT OF THE 


of time spent in each stage varying in both cases with the weather conditions. 
Only a single Exeristes develops from each corn borer larva and each female 
fly is capable of depositing about 125 eggs spread over a period of several weeks. 
The insect winters as a full grown larva in a cocoon which it spins inside the 
stalk near the remains of its victim. Nature has provided a rather ingenious 
method for tiding this species over periods of host scarcity in that larvae spinning 


cocoons on the same day will produce adults over a period of several months. 


The laboratory breeding of this species was begun in February of this year, 
(1924) from a shipment of cocoons which gave us ninety-three female and 
forty-four male flies and from these we were able to breed up and liberate 15,850 
flies during the spring and summer. All were liberated in the vicinity of St. 
Thomas with the exception of 350 at Stoney Point, Essex County, and 400 at 
Coatsworth, Kent County. 

In connection with the method of liberating the parasites; in the, case of 
both species the adults are allowed to emerge in cages at the laboratory. As 
there is a preoviposition period of two to six days they are fed and held for two 
or more days during which time mating takes place so that when they are taken 
to the field and liberated the females are practically all mated and ready to 
begin egg laying as soon as a suitable host is located. In the case of Habrobracon 
about forty per cent..of the flies liberated were females and of Exeristes about 
seventy-five per cent. females. 

No attempt has been made to recover the parasites in the field as the chances 
of recovery during the first two or three years after liberation would be very 
slight and our staff for this work being so small it was felt that the time was 
being spent to better advantage in breeding up as many parasites as possible for 
liberation. Our chief limitation in the production of parasites is the procuring 
of an abundant supply of host material. Upwards of 175,000 corn borers have 
been used in the work to date and the collection of these has taken up a great 
deal of our time. 


A BRIEF NOTE ON FARM CUTTING BOXES AND CORN SHREDDERS 
AS FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER 
(Pyrausta nubilalis Hubn.) 


G. A. Ficut AND R. H. PAINTER, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA 


In order to obtain some definite information on the importance of farm 


cutting boxes and corn shredders in the control of the European corn borer _ 


(Pyrausia nubilalis Hubn.) a study was made of these farm products during the 
fall of 1924, using dent and flint, the two main types of fodder corn. 

The average farm cutting box is not adjustable to cut more than one length 
and is usually set to cut about three-quarters of an inch. The actual length 
of cut, however, varies somewhat according to the rate at which the machine 
is fed. In the larger types of cutting boxes which are used for silo filling, the 
cut is adjustable to from four to six different lengths, varying from one-quarter 
to one and one-quarter inches. 

Dent corn stalks, which were cut approximately three-quarters of an inch 
long and examined almost immediately after cutting, showed the mortality of 
the larvae, which were contained in them, to be 81.48 per cent., while 60 per cent. 
of the larvae that escaped the knives died within the next ten days, making a 
total mortality of larvae in dent corn of 92.59 per cent. Further observation on 


Suh» 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Son 


the live larvae, made fifteen days after cutting, showed no further increase in 
the death rate. The balance of the larvae are being kept under observation. 

In the flint corn cut at the same length, the mortality of the borers at the 
time of cutting was 75 per cent., while ten days later the total mortality had 
reached 77.94 per cent. Another examination five days later showed the total 
mortality of larvae in flint corn to be 80.70 per cent. The higher mortality 
in the dent corn was probably due to the fact that the dent corn stalks were 
much greener at time of cutting than the flint and were crushed more completely 
‘by the cutting operations. 

There are a variety of corn shredders in use throughout the corn area of 
Ontario. The one under observation has five main outlets for corn cobs, shelled 
grain or stalks, through which European corn borer larvae may also escape 
during the shredding process. Thus, in dent corn, 16.79 per cent. of the borers 
leaving the machine came out underneath with the chaff and dirt directly after 
the stalks left the knives, and these showed a mortality of 70.58 per cent. With 
shelled grain and small pieces of cob, there escaped under the blower at the rear 
end of the machine 19.74 per cent. of the borers, among which there was a 
mortality of 70 per cent. Of the 54.54 per cent. of the larvae which came out 
with the shelled grain from the elevator and grain spout 56.84 per cent. had 
been killed. Only 7.7 per cent. of the larvae went into the mow with the stalks 
from the blower and these showed a mortality of 66.66 per cent., while the 1 per 
cent. of the larvae which left the machine in the cobs themselves escaped injury. 
This makes a total mortality of 61.85 per cent. of the 506 larvae examined soon 
after the shredding operations had been performed and from the nature of the 
observations it was reasonable to suppose that at least 90 per cent. of the larvae 
were under observation. 

The mortality of larvae in flint corn shredded under practically the same 
conditions was nearly the same as that of dent, there being only a fraction of a 
per cent. difference with 1,363 larvae under observation. 

After an interval of ten days an examination of the live larvae which had 
passed through the shredder showed a mortality of 62.20 per cent. and five days 
later a further 11.02 per cent. had died, making a total of 71.53 per cent. of the 
borer larvae killed directly or indirectly in dent and flint corn during shredding 
operations. 

Considering the high death rate of larvae associated with both processes, 
the small residue of living larvae in the treated material and the fact that this 
residue is largely killed in the later feeding of the treated stalks, too great 
emphasis cannot be laid upon the value of the cutting box and the shredder. 


DISCUSSION ON CORN BORER 


Mr. Carrrey: After hearing the discussion this morning, I think you 
men have to contend with the same handicaps that we have to contend with 
in the United States. The corn borer is not a spectacular insect and to many 
of the farmers seems insignificant. If it did a lot of spectacular damage it 
would be much easier to get farmers to deal with it at once. In Hungary some 
of the cornfields are very severely injured by the borer at times, the damage 
occurring chiefly to the stalks, yet most of the farmers blame this injury to the 
character of the season or to poor seed or to any one of a dozen causes rather 
than to the real cause. Over there, just as here, they do not appreciate what 
the corn borer is doing. 


58 THE ‘REPORT OF ‘THE 





As to parasitism, European investigators assured us that there was little or 
no parasitism in Europe and many entomologists are of the opinion that it is 
hopeless to expect anything from parasites. However, eight species have already 
been discovered in southern Europe. One of these species parasitized about 
fifty per cent. of the borers in weeds in the Paris region. In southwestern 
France parasites accounted for about forty per cent. of the borers and in northern 
Italy about twenty per cent. In Hungary, Mr. Babcock found that about 
twenty per cent. of the overwintering larvae in certain fields were parasitized by 
Habrobracon brevicornis. This encouraged us, so we have started to liberate 
this species in Ohio, and in addition we have secured material from Hungary 
which may prove more effective than the material from France. We have 
had a little better success with Exeristes roborator than with the species just 
mentioned. There are vast areas in Europe and Asia from which parasites 
may still be obtained. I had a personal conversation with a man who spent 
some time in China and who witnessed an outbreak around Shanghai. He 
reported that there were two species of Tachinas which were doing valuable 
work there. No one, of course, can forecast at present how important parasites 
may become ultimately in controlling the corn borer in North America. 

I was glad that the matter of legislation for the corn borer had been con- 
sidered. Some of the entomologists in the United States feel that legislation 
is absolutely necessary for a solution of the problem. It seems to me we must 
bring some pressure to bear upon people who will not clean up and that they 
must be forced to do so. In the State of Massachusetts a law has been passed 
compelling clean-up of corn. This law, we believe, has given valuable results 
and the destruction of remnants of corn in that district has certainly reduced 
the number of borers greatly this spring. Moreover, people soon form the 
habit, once they start, of getting rid of the cornstalks. I hope to see the time 
when part of every farm’s routine will be to take care of its corn remnants. 
That will go a long way towards solving the problem. 


Mr. McLatne: How did the borer get established on Long Island? 

Mr. CAFrFREY: So far as we can determine, it was from the introduction 
of broom corn. 

Pror. CAESAR: Did you find the borer attacking weeds or vegetables not 
in or close alongside cornfields in the states bordering on Lakes Erie and St. 
Clair? : 

Mr. CArrrey: No. Our experience is that in these states it is a rare 
thing for the borer to be found in any weed or plant any distance from the corn- 
fields. Of course they sometimes enter large weeds among the corn. 

Mr. DEARNESS: Are the eggs ever laid on weeds? 

Mr. CaFFrey: Yes. In the New England States eggs are laid on a great 
variety of plants. There are two broods in these areas, but in the districts 
along Lake Erie we have found the same conditions in regard to egg-laying as 
you have had in Ontario, namely, that eggs are seldom laid anywhere except 
on corn. Of course we do not know that this condition will always remain true. 

Pror. CAESAR: Have you any data on whether the moths this year laid 
more eggs per moth than last year? 


Mr. CarrrRey: In the Silver Creek and Sandusky areas the number of 
eggs per moth in confinement was about double what it was last year, so that it 
does seem as if the season had some effect upon the number of eggs the moths 
lay. 

Pror. CAESAR: This year our worst infestation was along the shore of 
Lake Erie, where it was exceedingly heavy for about fifty miles. As we went 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 59 





farther back into the county the infestation became much lighter in most cases. 
Now the question in my mind is—Had proximity to water any effect upon the 
amount of infestation? 

Mr. Carrrey: If we were to judge by what occurs in the Old World I 
should say that proximity to water is not an important factor, for there is usually 
a heavy infestation on the dry plains of Hungary. Some have said that the 
borer will never become a severe pest except near lakes or other large bodies of 
water, but judging from its behaviour in its native habitat I should not like to 
depend upon this prophecy. There may be some relation between bodies of 
water and borer distribution. 

Dr. DEARNEss: Are some varieties of corn less susceptible than others? 

Mr. CRAWFORD: So far as we can tell larvae establish themselves with 

equal ease on any variety of corn. We once thought that they had more 
difficulty in establishing themselves on dent than on flint, but weno longer think 
so. 
I am not much impressed with the idea that the past season has been 
| specially favourable to the increase of this insect. Experiments were conducted 
last year at Harrow to determine the percentage of larvae that survived and 
it was found that sixteen per cent. came through the early instars safely. Figures 
this year, three weeks after the eggs finished hatching, showed that twenty-two 
~ per cent. had come through. The difference between the two years is therefore 
not very great. Last year there was practically no rain at Harrow, so I am 
beginning to feel that the increase this year has been due to cropping methods 
and the tremendous number of worms carried over. The results on our two 
mile square area tend to show this. 


Pror. CAESAR: I am afraid I cannot agree with Mr. Crawford on this 
point. He has taken into consideration only the effect upon larvae. That, 
however, is only one side of the matter. I, myself, think that the weather this 
year was more favourable than other years to the larvae, but even though the 
mortality of larvae both years was the same it may be possible that the season 
favoured the moths greatly. For instance, the greater amount of moisture 
this year and the darker and cooler weather may have enabled moths to live 

- much longer and to lay twice as many eggs as last year and as they would have 
done under different conditions of: weather this year. Moreover, this year, 
while hunting for larvae for burial purposes, I was much surprised to find that 
they were very difficult to discover. There were numerous holes in the stubble 
but in the great mass of cases the larvae had disappeared. So far as I can judge 

- it was harder to find larvae this year than it was in the year 1922. We must 
remember, too, that in 1921 there was a great decrease in the infestation, not only 
in Mr. Crawford’s two mile area but also in all the area between St. Thomas 
and Port Stanley. The plowing that year was no better done than in the 
average year and the clean-up of stalks and refuse was not a bit better than usual, 
so I cannot help believing that much of the reduction that season was due to 
unfavourable weather conditions. I should like to hear from Mr. Caffrey on 
this point, for if the weather was not a great factor this year then I think the 
situation is exceedingly discouraging. 

Mr. CAFFREY: At Sandusky, Ohio, there were twice as many eggs laid 
in confinement as last year, which would suggest more favourable weather 
conditions for the moths, but I do not know whether the same would hold true 
in the fields. We know, of course, that heavy cold rains will halt the deposition 
of eggs. 

Dr. MetcatF: When infested stubble is plowed under do the borers stay 





. 
: 
; 
E 


60 THE REPORT. OF THE 





down? If they do how long do they live?. If they come to the surface, what 
becomes of them? 

Mr. Crawrorp: If corn refuse is plowed under as early as the 7th of 
September in a reasonably warm autumn, eighty-five per cent. of the larvae 
come to the surface. As the season advances the proportion coming to the 
surface decreases and in November practically none come up. Soon after 
growth begins in spring the larvae begin to work their way to the surface and 
continue to do so until the latter part of May, by which time all the larvae 
have left the buried material. Those that pass the winter under the soil remain 
there in perfect health until spring. The mortality from winter both above 
and below ground is very low. After the larvae come to the surface we do not 
know what becomes of many of them. All we know is they have not gone 
back into the soil, also they are not in the grass or rail fences. They simply 
seem not to exist. We have tried our best to watch where they go and after 
observing some for five days we found that they had not wandered far away 
from where they started. 

Mr. CAFFREY: We too do not know what becomes of the great bulk of the ~ 
larvae. We have tried numerous devices to settle this point but have not been 
successful. . 

Pror. CarEsAR: I should like to encourage Dr. Metcalf by teiling him that 
we gathered 1,800 larvae last year in stalks and stubble and placed them in 
furrows six inches deep, covered them with the plow and left the plot untouched 
until we knew that the moths were coming up. We then put six large cages 
over the ground and examined daily for moths unti! the season of emergence was 
past but did not find a single one. We also sifted most of the soil beneath the 
cages and found no traces of pupae. We had barriers so that we might catch 
the larvae if they wandered some distance from the plot, but there were none. 
found in these barriers more than a few feet away from the plot. 

Mr. Petcu: What is the financial loss caused by the borer? 

Pror. CarEsaAR: The point is not what it is now, but what it is going to be 
after the insect has increased tenfold. On the 20th of September I was in a 
field at Sparta where seventy-five per cent. of the tassels were then broken 
over and fifty per cent. of the stalks broken down. What would these fields 
be like if there were ten times as many borers? 

Dr. DETWILER: Will the presence of larvae in the stalks affect silage? 

Pror. Cagsar: The silage of course would not be as nice, on account of a 
certain amount of rot in the burrows, but we have no indication of its injuring: 
cattle. 


THE OUTBREAK OF THE GIPSY MOTH IN QUEBEC 


LEONARD S. McCLAINE, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DOMINION 
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 


There are few insects on the North American continent which have received 
as much publicity as has the gipsy moth—an insect innocently introduced (1868) 
into the Boston district by a French scientist in connection with his experiments 
on the production of silk. The fact that some of his material escaped and that 
he announced it publicly through the medium of the scientific press caused 
little comment at the time, and over twenty years elapsed before it was realized 
that it was a serious pest. Organized effort on the part of the Massachusetts 
authorities succeeded in bringing the insect under control, and a few more years’ 


ie Ei * : ; z j 





ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ; 61 





F- work would most likely have brought about its extermination except for the 
fact that, in spite of the strenuous objection of experts, all funds were withdrawn 
in 1900. By 1905 the insect had increased to such an extent that control work 
could not be further delayed, and having spread over twenty-five hundred square 
miles, all hope of extermination was abandoned. From that time on the insect 
has been slowly spreading in all directions, like an encroaching sea, 1n spite of 
the millions of dollars that have been spent in an endeavour to stem the tide. 
~ At the International Conference held in 1922, it was realized by all the officials 
present that strenuous efforts must be made to confine the insect to its present 
boundaries, otherwise it would gradually infest all the forest areas on the Atlantic 
seaboard, and that the appropriation needed.for control work would increase 
in proportion to the amount of territory involved. It was also appreciated 
that there would be a limit to the amount of funds that could be made available 
for this work. To meet this situation it was agreed that a barrier zone should 
be established, twenty-five miles wide, running approximately from Lake 
Champlain to Long Island Sound, and every effort was to be made to prevent 
the gipsy moth crossing or becoming established in this zone. Canada’s part 
was to prevent the insect from becoming established across the international 
_ boundary and encircling the barrier zone. 

ee In 1923, extensive scouting operations were carried on by the United States 
Bureau of Entomology and the New York State authorities in the ‘‘barrier | 
zone’ and a numbex of infestations were found. The Canada Department of 
Agriculture had been carrying on intermittently for a number of years scouting 
work in southern Quebec north of the Vermont and New Hampshire lines. In 
the late fall of this year (1923) the largest single gipsy moth infestation ever 
found in New England was discovered at Alburgh, Vermont, within one-half 
mile of the Canadian border. The discovery of this infestation emphasized 
‘the need of intensive and extensive scouting in Canada to determine whether 
or not the gipsy moth had invaded the Dominion. Plans were immediately 
inaugurated to get this work under way. 

During the summer of 1924 sufficient sums of money to undertake this 
work were appropriated by the Canada Department of Agriculture and the 
Quebec Department of Lands and Forests. A total of thirty-six men have been 
used on this work, which started the early part of July. After receiving some 
preliminary training both in Canada and at infestations in the United States, 
the men were assigned to their territory under the supervision of a general 
foreman and an associate general foreman. The territory, which extended from 
-Chateauguay County on the west to Compton County on the east and north 
from the international boundary about thirty miles, contained approximately 
four thousand linear miles of road. This area was divided into eight districts 
and a foreman and three scouts were assigned to each district. Each tree 
examined by a scout was marked with a distinctive sign; expert scouts, or trailers, 
were employed to re-examine the territory worked to see that no trees were 
missed. 


An innovation in handling scouting crews was inaugurated this past 
summer, in that each crew was provided with two “‘bell’”’ military tents, folding 
camp beds, chairs, tables, blankets, etc. By the utilization of this camping 
equipment a considerable amount of money was saved on lodging; the men, 
however, took their meals at boarding houses, farm houses, etc. 

Experience in carrying on scouting operations in the United States over a 
long period of years has revealed the fact that, with very few exceptions, new 
and recently established infestations have been found on single isolated trees or 


62 THE REPORT OF THE 





/ 


orchards, and woodland infestations occur only after the insect has become _ 
established in a district. For this reason the scouting in southern Quebec has 


been confined to roadsides, orchards, isolated trees in fields and hedgerows. 

On July 29th (1924), A. K. Gibson of the Federal staff established the 
first record of the gipsy moth in Canada, by finding a single isolated egg cluster 
near the village of Beebe, Stanstead County, Quebec. The egg cluster was sent 
to the Gipsy Moth laboratory at Melrose Highlands, Mass., for examination, 
and the eggs proved to be infertile. Thorough and careful scouting throughout 
the entire district failed to reveal any further trace of the insect. 

Five weeks later (September 3rd) a severe isolated infestation was found 
by A. Magnan of the Provincial staff, on the Belle Vallee Road, Lacolle Township, 
St. Johns County. From the information available at the present time the 
infestation is confined to four farms on opposite sides of the road, and includes 
orchard and shade trees. An old willow tree adjacent to the road and adjoining 
an old stone wall is the centre of the outbreak. Clean-up operations are now 
under way and judging from the number of egg masses creosoted to date, it 
would appear that approximately three thousand egg clusters will be found. 
Seven hundred are located on the willow tree and over a thousand have been 
found so far in the stone wall. Orchard trees, fences, old apple trees and the 
farm buildings are known to be infested and the infestation covers at least six 
hundred square yards. 

The ‘“‘clean-up”’ operations now being carried on include the creosoting of 
all egg masses found, removal of old apple trees, the burning of brush, the filling 
of cavities in healthy trees, the examination of all buildings, fences, etc., in the 
vicinity and the thorough re-scouting of the entire district. In the spring, 
extensive spraying will be carried on, which will include all trees within six 
hundred feet of the last egg cluster found, the banding and tangle-footing of 
infested trees, and the burning over of infested stone walls at the time the eggs 
hatch. By these means it is hoped that the colony may be exterminated. 

Although an attempt has been made to trace the origin of the outbreak, 
the results thus far have been unsuccessful. The Alburgh outbreak is approxi- 
mately ten miles away, but no egg clusters have been found between the two 
colonies which more or less eliminates the idea of possible windspread. There 
is no doubt that the Lacolle infestation has been there for some years, judging 
from the number of egg clusters found and also from the age of some of the old 
clusters. The owner of the property on which the outbreak occurs recalls the 
pest being present at least two years, but indications point to the fact that it is 
older than that. The majority of farmers in the district concerned have relatives 
in the New England States and there remains the possibility that the pest may 
have been introduced by infested materials brought by relatives on a visit to 
Lacolle from the infested area in the United States. The fact is, however, that 
it was most fortunate that the infestation was found this year, not only from the 
standpoint of control, but also on account of the outbreak occurring west of 
the eastern line of the ‘barrier zone’ in New York State. 


/ 


, 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY , 63 


a A STUDY OF THE METHODS USED IN GROWING ENTOMOPH- 
-  THOROUS FUNGI IN CAGES PRIOR TO THEIR ARTIFICIAL 


DISSEMINATION IN THE ORCHARDS 
ALAN G. DusTAN, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA 


The investigation which led up to the present study was commenced in 
the summer of 1921 when the first real effort was made to artificially spread in 


' the orchards of the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, two parasitic fungi which 


were found attacking the European Apple Sucker (Psyllia mali Schmidburger) 
and the Green Apple Bug (Lygus communis, var. novascotiensis Knight). Previous 
to 1921 the controlling effect of these diseases had been fully recognized, but 
it was not until that year that any effort was made to make use of the diseases 
in checking the ravages of these two most important apple pests of the Annapolis 
Valley. 

Shortly after this work was undertaken it became apparent that nature 
could not always be relied upon to produce outbreaks of disease in the field 
early enough in the season to allow of their being widely spread before cold 
weather set in, checking the growth of the fungi. Accordingly, it was seen 
that, if possible, some means must be devised for starting epidemics earlier in 
the summer and it was decided to make an effort to rear these fungi ih cages 
where the temperature and humidity could be regulated to some extent and where 
the number of host insects could be increased at will. If such a method could 
be perfected it was hoped by this means to be able to develop epidemics of 
these diseases each year in cages, in the early part of the summer, and then 
transfer the fungi into the orchards where outbreaks could be started artificially 
in seasons when the diseases did not occur naturally in the field. 

At the commencement of the cage work one fungus only was studied, 
namely, Entomophthora sphaerosperma which is parasitic on the Apple Sucker, 
but as the investigation developed and our knowledge increased the Green Apple 
Bug fungus, a new species of Empusa recently named and described as Empusa 
erupta, was also grown in cages. 

It might be mentioned here, before going on to a detailed discussion of our 
cage methods, that every effort has been made in the past to grow both these 
fungi in the laboratory on artificial media but without success. Continued 
efforts will be made, however, to gain this end, for it is realized that if it is possible 
to culture the diseases a new field of usefulness may be opened up thereby, and 
in this way much, or all, of the labour in connection with the cage work dispensed 
with. 

SMALL CAGE WoRK 


At the commencement of the work three types of cages were tested out, 
namely, frame cages covered with plain, untreated factory cotton; similar cages 
in which the cotton had previously been waxed with common parawax, and 
cold frame cages, having wooden sides made of matched lumber and a factory 


~ cotton top. The last mentioned cages were also supplied with tightly fitting 


glass tops which could be taken off when the weather was hot and replaced 
in the evenings or when the temperature dropped below 60 degrees. The first 
year all types of cages were small, averaging about twenty inches high, fifteen 
inches wide and thirty inches long, but the next year most of these were increased 
greatly in size, some of them covering fair sized apple trees and being twenty 
feet, or more, in height. 


64 —. "HHE-REPORT- OF PHE 


All of the small cages were built over young, low-growing seedlings upon 
which the insects to be infected lived and fed. In most cases the insects were 
collected and introduced into the cages in the adult stage the year in which the 
test was being made, but occasionally the seedlings were infested with eggs the 
previous fall and enclosed in cages before hatching took place in the spring. 
As far as could be ascertained one method was just as satisfactory as the other 
in carrying on adult infection tests, but where it was desired to start an epidemic 
among the nymphs it was found better to have the seedlings infested in the fall. 

Resting spore material, which had been collected the previous autumn 
and wintered over in ground cages, furnished the chief source of infection for 
our cage work, but occasionally diseased insects discharging summer spores 
were collected in the field and introduced into the cages. Sometimes such 


insects belonged to the same species as was being experimented with, but more> 


often they belonged to another family or order. The diseased material was 
placed on the ground at the base of the seedlings, pinned to the walls and top 


of the cages, or else fastened to the leaves of the young plants. As far as could” 


be learned it mattered little where the infected material was placed, but as the 
new epidemic usually started low down in the cages and as the disease winters 
over naturally on the ground, it seems reasonable to suppose that best results 
would be obtained when the overwintering spores were placed on or near the 
soil. 

As has already been mentioned, the object of growing these fungi in cages 
is to start an epidemic among the insects to be infected earlier in the season 
than takes place naturally, in order that there might be sufficient material to 
spread throughout the orchards in the earlier and warmer parts of the summer. 
Investigations have proved that this unnaturally early development of the 
diseases in cages takes place as a result of three factors which can be more or 
less regulated under cage conditions, namely, higher temperature, increased 
relative humidity, and a greater crowding of the host insects. Our study has 
shown that these three factors are very closely interrelated, and if any one of 
them becomes modified, for any reason, the whole balance is upset with the 


result that fungus growth at once ceases. For instance, should the temperature _ 


drop below, or rise above, a certain point and the other two factors remain 
constant, growth is at once interfered with. On the other hand, if the atmosphere 
should become too dry, notwithstanding the fact that an.optimum temperature 
prevails and the host insects are to be found in abundance, fungus growth is 
immediately checked. And similarly, even where the temperature and humidity 
are favourable no marked growth of the fungus can take place if the insects to 
be infected are not present in large numbers. There is no doubt that if these 
three factors are properly regulated, either in cages or in the field, that an 
epidemic is sure to result. Light is a fourth factor that has its influence on the 
growth of fungi, but in our work no thought had to be given to its regulation. 
It was found that fungi always refused to grow in cages where the light was 
completely excluded, but our experiments showed that they seemed to flourish 
with equal vigour in strong or weak lights. So in our cage work the chief aim 
was to increase and regulate the temperature, to produce a higher and more 
even relative humidity, and to so congest the insects in the cages that an epidemic 
once started would quickly spread from host to host. The last mentioned was 
easy of accomplishment, but it was found to be a very difficult task indeed to 
accurately regulate the temperature and humidity under cage conditions. 

At the commencement of our study it was found that the temperature 
varied very considerably with the different types of cages used, and that in all 


~ 


= 





ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 65 


cages the temperature was higher both in the daytime and_at night than it was 
in the open. This gave us a possible line to develop and a series of experiments 
were started, in which a hygrothermograph was used, to test out the exact 
temperature and humidity in different types of cages. After experimenting - 
with a great variety of cages the three kinds already described were selected 


as the most suitable and a further test was carried on in order that only the 


best of these might be used. 

It was found that the highest temperature was reached in the waxed cages. 
The cold frame cages came next, and the untreated factory cotton cages showed 
the least thermal increase of all. To give some idea of the increased temperature 
obtaining in these cages our records show that when the maximum temperature 
stood around 80 degrees in the shade outside, the factory cotton cages showed 
a maximum of 85 degrees, the cold frame cages a maximum of 91 degrees, and 
the waxed cages a temperature of 101 degrees. The minimum temperatures 


_ in the different cages did not show as much variation as the maximum tem- 


peratures, although the minimum in all cages stood about 6 degrees higher than 
the prevailing temperatures at the same time in the open. It is interesting to 
note in this regard that the minimum in the cold frame cage never dropped quite 
as low as it did in either the factory cotton or waxed cages. 

Due to the extremely high temperature that prevailed in the waxed cages, 
they had to be discarded since it was found that in the middle of the day many 
of the insects enclosed in these cages were killed off by the heat. They might, 
however, have a certain use in the spring when the weather is cold, but even 
that is questionable. 


In so far as temperature is concerned then, the cold frame cage is seen to be 
preferable to both the cotton and to the waxed cages for several reasons, among 
which only the more important will be enumerated. It has a slightly higher 
maximum temperature in cold weather, but not high enough to cause any 
mortality among the insects in midsummer. It has a more even temperature 
during the day and night, the minimum not being quite so low as that found in 
the cotton or waxed cages. Due also to the fact that it is fitted with a movable 
glass top and wooden sides the temperature can be kept up more easily during 
cold weather which would check the growth of the fungi in the other types of 
cages. This last feature has the added advanatage of protecting the insects 
from drenching rains and of preventing the diseased adults from being washed 
off the leaves to the ground. 


In studying various methods that might be used for increasing the relative 
humidity in cages, it was found that here too the type of cage had a great bearing 
on the result. The three standard types of cages were again experimented 
with, and in this respect the cold frame type of cage again showed superiority. 
In the cotton cage the average maximum relative humidity for a certain period 
stood at 91 degrees, in the waxed cage it stood at 93 degrees, and in the cold 
frame cage 94 degrees. The minimum average in the cotton cage was 54 degrees, 
in the waxed 55 degrees and in the cold frame 66 degrees. Averaging the 
minimums and maximums in each case we find that the mean relative humidity 
in the case of the cotton cage was 72 degrees, in the waxed cage 74 degrees, 
while in the cold frame cage it was up over 80 degrees. This must of course 
be due to the fact that the cold frame cage, on account of its wooden sides, holds 
the moisture evaporated from the soil and imprisons it for a time before it rises 
into the air. From this it can be seen that in its ability to produce an increased 
temperature and a higher relative humidity the cold frame cage is superior to 
all others. 


3 E.S. 


es 


66 THE REPORT OF THE 


An effort was made to increase the relative humidity in the different cages 
by the use of warm water. This water was either sprayed in a fine mist on the 
outside of the cages, sprayed inside the cages, on the walls and seedlings, or else 
poured on the ground at the base of the enclosed seedlings or trees. As far as 
could be learned all three methods gave equally good results. Due, however, 
to the fact that the first two methods drowned and otherwise killed a great 
number of the insects, the method whereby the water was placed in the soil 
within the cage was the one most generally adopted. In some cases a very fine 
mist, with little pressure, was used with good results, but great care had to be 
exercised in applying the spray. It was found that the relative humidity in a 
cage could also be increased to an appreciable extent by building it over water- 
soaked soil as is found along the banks of low streams, or by constructing it 
directly in the bed of a brook so that the water flowed through it. In either case 
a more or less saturated atmosphere resulted. 

By using the cold frame cage and wetting the soil within two or three times 
each day, preferably morning, noon and night, no difficulty was experienced 
in keeping up the relative humidity. 

As would be expected, the weather had a great bearing on the growth of 
fungi in the cages. When the temperature outside remained low for com- 
paratively long periods of time the temperature inside the cages dropped a 
corresponding number of degrees, with the result that the growth of the fungi 
was greatly checked or ceased altogether. The amount of rainfall also had its 
effect on the relative humidity of the atmosphere in the cages. Where the 
precipitation was heavy and continuous the humidity in the cages was regularly 
and evenly high, while during dry spells the atmospheric moisture in the cages 
became greatly reduced. This also had a marked effect on the development 
of the diseases. 

Adverse weather conditions always caused the fungi to grow atypically. 
In some cases they would form only resting spores, or else they might give rise 
to long attenuated mycelial threads, resulting in a loose, fluffy growth quite 
unlike the tightly compacted mat of mycelium that normally grows out and 
surrounds the body of the insect. On mycelium of this type it was a very rare 
thing to find conidia or resting spores. In extremely adverse weather growth 
of the fungi ceased altogether and the organisms remained dormant until more 
suitable conditions for growth were encountered. 

Summing up the data which has been collected in regard to the growth of 
entomophthorous fungi in cages the following points should be noted: 


(1) Where possible, arrange to have the seedlings or trees to be used in the 
cages infested with eggs of the host insect in the fall in order that a large and 
ready supply of material may be available early in the spring. (2) Always 
use the cold frame type of cage, fitted with a removable glass top which fits - 
over a stationary factory cotton covering. This cage is best in practically 
every respect, giving at all times a higher and more constant temperature and 
relative humidity. (3) Fungus material (resting spores) should be preserved 
in ground cages over winter and in the spring placed inside the cages to be 
infected, either on the ground or around the sides. (4) The temperature can 
be controlled to a certain extent by proper manipulation of the glass covering 
with which the cage is fitted. In cold weather this should always be put on in 
the evening and removed in the morning, especially if the day is warm. -(5) The 
relative humidity can be increased by dampening the soil in the cages three or 
four times per day, preferably morning, noon and night, or else by spraying the 
enclosed seedlings and cage very gently with a fine mist spray. This also should 





ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 67 


_ be done three times each day, or even oftener during very hot, dry weather. | 
(6) This work should be started as early in the season as the temperature will 
allow, in order to get a supply of the fungus growing at the first possible moment. 


LARGE CAGE STUDIES 


As soon as the fungus appears in the small cages some of the diseased forms 
: should be immediately transferred to large field cages where a more extensive 
supply of the fruiting stage of the fungus may be reared for distribution in the 
field. As the question of warmth is not so important at this time of the year 
as it was earlier in the season, these field cages can very well be made of factory 
cotton. The cages should cover fair sized trees and should be at least six or 
eight feet high. A very convenient size is six feet high by three feet square. 
Larger cages can be used to advantage, but due to the high cost of the cotton 
this size will serve the purpose very well. 

_ The diseased insects in the small cages are collected on the leaves to which 
they adhere, and these leaves pinned to the foliage of the tree in the large cage, 
being placed comparatively near the ground and in such a position that the 

spores, when liberated, will be shot down on the insects below. 

_ These cages should also be gently sprayed with warm water three or more 
times daily or else the soil inside the cages dampened several times each day 
in order to keep the relative humidity as high as possible. 

When the disease appears in the large cages, collections of healthy adults 
should be made in the field and introduced to take the place of those that have 
been killed off. As soon as the fungus becomes epidemic diseased material may 
be collected and distributed in some low, thickly-planted orchard where the 
host insect is abundant. This orchard will serve as the first centre of infection 
-and the fungus spread widely from it into the surrounding country. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT 


During the planning and carrying out of this work the writer was assisted 
- very greatly by Mr. F. C. Gilliatt whose services it is a pleasure to acknowledge. 


NOTES FROM A STUDY OF NEPTICULA POMIVORELLA, PACKARD 
HAROLD Fox, UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO, LONDON 


These notes are the result of observations made in connection with a study 
of the animal ecology of the apple tree. Since the work was not started until 
October 1st, only some of the stages in the life history of the animals could be 
observed. 

In the course of this general study, I became particularly interested in the 

_serpentine leaf miner N. pomuivorella because of the peculiar appearance of the 
mine and its abundance. 

The mine (Figure 2E) is generally serpentine and may be seen best from the 
dorsal surface of the leaf. It is from 2.5 to 5 cm. in length and gradually widens 
from about 0.1 mm. at the origin to an average width of 2 mm. at the large end. 
Near the end is a crescent-shaped opening through which the larvae escapes 
before pupating. Farther back the frass begins. It is first massed along the 
middle line but soon takes on a peculiar arrangement. It is deposited in small 
elliptical pellets on the upper epidermis of the leaf. This gives to the mine an 


3a ES. 


68 . ‘THE REPORT; OF THE 


appearance unlike that of any other miner observed in the apple leaf. About 
two-thirds of the distance from the end of the mine the frass becomes massed 
along the middle line again and continues so to the origin. 

The egg was found still in position, at the end of the mine, on the ventral 
side of the leaf (Figure 2A). It is elliptical in shape, the average length of the 
axis of the ellipse being approximately 0.1 mm. and-that of the shorter axis, 
0.08 mm. It is flat along one side and is stuck fast to the lower epidermis of 
the leaf (Figure 2D). Its position and the fact that some of the eggs were more 
flattened than others would lead one to believe that the egg, when laid, was 
soft, sticky, and rounded, and that the flattening was due to surface tension 
phenomena while drying. - 

The emerging larva evidently eats its way out of the egg on the side next 
to the leaf. The hole made can easily be seen by turning the egg over (Figure 
Ze): Be. 

THE LArvA. The young larva eats through the lower epidermis and spongy 
parenchyma of the leaf to the palisade tissue, and so begins the mine. In the 
short time at my disposal, I was unable to find any remains of the first moult, 
but in accordance with the general habits of the Nepticulidae, it probably takes 
place about two or three millimeters from the origin of the mine. Just before 
the frass takes on the pellet arrangement evidence of the second moult was 
found in the presence of the head capsule of the second instar. About midway 
between this point and the end of the frass deposits the head capsule of the 
third instar was found. When these observations were made all the larvae 
were in the last stadium. 

DESCRIPTION OF THE FOURTH INSTAR. The larva ranges from 2.4 to 3 mm. 
in length, and from 0.7 to 0.9 mm. at its widest point. It is of a bluish-green 
colour and somewhat flattened dorso-ventrally. 

The head is very much flattened dorso-ventrally, as may be seen from the 
lateral aspect (Figure 1C) and extends for a considerable distance into the 
prothoracic segment. What appears to be a pair of small eyes are situated 
on the lateral margin just posterior to a pair of very short antennae. At the 
tip of the head the tiny mandibles may be seen. 

The prothorax does not bear appendages. On its antero-dorsal surface 
are two small chitinized areas (Figure 1B c.a.) and on its corresponding ventral 
surface there is a relatively large V-shaped chitinized area (Figure 1A and C c.a.). 
The meso- and metathorax each bear a pair of small protuberances which 
evidently function as legs. 

The first segment of the abdomen is without appendages but the ventral 
surface bulges out along the middle line. The second, third, fourth, fifth and 
sixth abdominal segments each bear a pair of rudimentary prolegs. The last 
three segments of the abdomen are without appendages and become rapidly 
smaller. 


PARASITES ON THE MINER. What was evidently a hymenopterous parasite 
was observed on the larva. It attached itself to the side of the miner and fed 
on the body juices. The parasite grew very rapidly and while the host was 
green it remained green, but when the host turned brown the parasite did also. 
One of those found was extremely small and it pupated in eight days. I am 
attempting to rear eight of these parasites and hope to have the adults identified, 

FEEDING Hapsits. From serial cross-sections of the leaf it is evident that 
N. pomivorella lives chiefly upon the palisade tissue (Figure 3 lower). The 
miner avoids crossing a large vein wherever possible and it is probably this 
tendency that gives to the mine its serpentine appearance. 


69 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


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70 THE REPORT OF THE | 


PupaTION. Before pupating the larva escapes from the leaf by cutting a 
crescent-shaped opening in the upper epidermis. It then migrates to a twig. 
In acrotch, around the base of a bud, or simply on the side of the twig, it spins 
a cocoon. The cocoon has the appearance of a reddish-brown scale and is 
somewhat longer than broad. The average measurement of five specimens 
was found to be 2.3x 1.6 mm. It is covered with short, yellowish, silken 
strands, some of which project over the edge and evidently help to attach the | 
cocoon to the bark of the twig. 


ABUNDANCE. JV. pomivorella was very abundant in the neighbourhood of 
London this year. The table following was compiled from observations made 
over a locality of about three miles radius around the University of Western 
Ontario. The first ten observations of the table were made on October 10th, 
the remainder on October 17th. This table shows that about thirteen per cent. 
of the leaves examined contained miners. These may not have all belonged to 
N. pomivorella, for at that time I did not distinguish between N. pomavorella 
and another form, very similar, but which I now believe belongs to a different 
species. The mine of this form is serpentine and the larva escapes through a ~ 
crescent-shaped opening as does NV. pomivorella, but the arrangement of the 
frass is quite different. It is massed along the middle line throughout. 


I sent Miss Braun, who has made a particular study of nepticulid miners; 
a leaf containing one of these miners. She was of the opinion that possibly 
the difference in the lines of frass occurred in thin leaves and was due to the 
difference in the amount of food material eaten in a given length of mine. How- 
ever, since that time I have found several leaves which contained both types 
of miners. 

Miss Braun also suggested that a Crataegus miner might have transferred 
itself to the apple. Of course, the only sure way to decide the question is to 
rear moths from caterpillars of these miners. 

In this work I am greatly indebted to Dr. Detwiler for his kindly advice 
and direction. To Miss Braun I am also indebted for help in the identification 
of species. ; 


I realize that my work has been very much curtailed as I have been carrying 
a full quota of classes. It does, perhaps, form a beginning for further studies. 


TABLE OF INFESTATION 











No. of No. with 

Location of Apple Trees leaves No. with No. with more than 

examined one miner two miners | two miners 
isondou—bitel de). cee oa eee te ee ee 100 16 3 i 
Sondons—OLrehacG..se <3 ae ree oie ween = oe 100 29 6 2 
London— Orchard... - Mee oases ie 100 11 1 0 
London Mreld ieee oa eee ee ede 100 5 0 0 
lendon—_rield42 ~~. 2c ee 100 2 0 0 
l-ondon—Pield=s .. . eee e 100 2 1 0 
isoridon—— Orchard +m bee ee 100 15 0 0 
iondGn— Orchards soe ee eee oe 100 6 0 0 
Ronudon=Orchard'sn cept ecss meres 100 25 2 1 
london—Orcharde oc Ae 2 eee cee 100 8 0 0 
Hydepark—Roadside...........--..- 100 6 0 0 
fiderton—Roadside.. i .....2..6 ee ee 100 9 0 0 
Nderton—Orchard.ss.asac eee eee 100 20 7 2 
i dertonus—Orchard:. 30... sec coe eee 100 7 2 0 
Se sJodun’s—Orchard .22 202 eee os 100 10 i 2 0 


a enn nee en nnn 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 71 


NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE LESSER CLOVER WEEVIL 
(Phytonomus nigrirostis) 


H. F. Hupson anp A. A. Woop, ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, STRATHROY 


The lesser clover weevil Phytonomus nigrirostis is a small curculioid, that 
feeds on clover, and which during recent years has been slightly on the increase 
in Western Ontario. Little mention is made of the insect or its work in Canadian 
literature except possibly a note appearing in the Canadian Entomologist in 
1884, by Dr. Fletcher, who found this species doing great damage to clover at 
Dalhousie, New Brunswick. Because of the general abundance of the insect, 


-an opportunity was afforded to make some observations on the life history of the 


insect. 
Tue Aputt. The beetle is small, averaging 3.7 mm. long, and is not quite 


half as wide as long. The dorsal surface is green or blue-green, being due to the 


scales covering the dorsum of the prothorax and elytra. Head black, thorax 
slightly longer than wide, sides feebly rounded in front of middle, disc coarsely 
punctate. 

Hasits oF THE ADULT BEETLES. The beetles hibernate for the winter in 
clover fields, and are more numerous where clover debris is abundant. From. 
our observations the beetles abound in red and mammoth clover fields, though 
a few can always be found where alsike, alfalfa, and sweet clover are growing. 

Ovieosition. Egg laying starts in the spring, the first eggs appearing in 
the early part of May. Our earliest record for egg laying is May 7th, and the 
maximum oviposition period is from May 7th to May 23rd. 

Frecunpity. The beetles are rather prolific, one pair under observation 
laid 141 eggs. The largest number of eggs secured in one day from a single 
female was thirty-seven, thirty-two of which were laid in the sheath, and five 
in the petiole. The next largest number secured in one day from a single female 
was twenty-three. The average daily egg laying record was six to seven eggs. 

Tue Ecc. The egg is elongate oval, length .6 mm. When freshly laid the 
egg is smooth and glossy. The shell being colourless the contents show through 


-as a dirty white liquid. The second day a yellowish tinge appears, gradually 


turning pale greenish. The shell becomes finely sculptured on the fourth or 
fifth day; this is so fine, it cannot be seen with an ordinary hand lens. The 
first trace of marking is a delicate etching of the pattern on the smooth shining 
shell. This soon deepens to the usual hexagonal sculpturing. The egg darkens 


before hatching, the head of the larva showing plainly. Usually the day 


previous to hatching the larva can be seen moving within the shell, the black 
head being very conspicuous. 

In the spring when the weather is cool, the incubation period is considerably 
prolonged. For instance, during the week of May 7th-13th, 1923, when forty- 
nine eggs were under observation, the maximum egg period was twenty-three 
days, the minimum sixteen days, and the average 18.73 days. From May 14th- 
20th with fifty-three eggs under observation the maximum egg period was 
twenty days, minimum fourteen days, and the average 16.18 days. From May 
21ist-27th the maximum egg period was fourteen days, minimum nine days, 
averaging 12.71 days, while from May 28th-June 4th, the maximum egg period 
was nine days, minimum five days, with an average of 7.93 days. In the spring 
of 1924, the weather being much cooler, egg laying started a little later, with the 
egg stage consequently prolonged. With thirty-seven eggs laid from May 12th- 
18th, the maximum duration of the egg stage was twenty-six days, the minimum 


72 THE-REPORT-OF,THE 


twenty-two days, and the average twenty-one days, from May 19th-25th with 
twenty-eight eggs under observation the maximum egg period was twenty-four 
days, the minimum twenty days, and the average 21.28 days. From May 
26th to June 2nd, with ten eggs under observation the maximum incubation 
period was twenty-two days, the minimum fourteen days, and the average 
seventeen days. 

THE Larva. When first hatched the larva is very small, approximately 
one millimetre long. The body is whitish in colour and the head black. As 
it grows it becomes dirty white in colour, and moults three times. There is 
considerable uniformity in the length of each stadium, ranging from five to 
seven days for the first; four to five days for the second; three to five for the 


third, and six to eight days for the fourth. The average larval period in 1923. 


was seventeen days, and in 1924 twenty-one days. With the last moult the 
head becomes a light rusty brown instead of remaining black as in the previous 
moults. 

PREPUPAL AND PupaAL STAGES. From a study of 115 specimens in the 
prepupal stage, the maximum length of the period was found to be six days, the 
minimum two days with an average prepupal stage of 3.39 days, the pupal 
period from 123 specimens under observation, the maximum pupal period was 
ten days, with a minimum of three, averaging 5.22 days. With 100 specimens 
in the cocoon after reaching the adult stage, the maximum period in the cocoon 
was two days, and the minimum one day. 

THE Cocoon. The cocoon is a delicate lacy structure. The average 
length of cocoons spun in clover heads was 4.85 mm., and the average width 
2.75 mm. The cocoon is clear and transparent. Cocoons may be spun in the 
clover head, in the axils of leaves, or on dead leaves at the base of the plant. 

Tue Pupa. The average length of living pupae is 4.85 mm., and the 
average width 2.01 mm. The changes in colour during the early part of the 
pupal period are very marked. These observations were made in the third 
week of June, earlier in the season these stages are much drawn out sometimes 
lasting as long as ten days. 

First day—Dorsal surface of prothorax, head and antennae pale olive 
green, with a pale stripe lengthwise through the centre. Legs and wing tips 
dusky yellow, abdomen light greenish yellow, eyes not showing. 

Second and third days—Eyes showing, colouration slightly deeper. 

Fourth day—Wing tips dusky, eyes very distinct. 

Fifth day—Emerged. 

THE NEWLY TRANSFORMED BEETLE. The newly transformed - beetle is 
light in colour, but soon takes on a brownish shade. It remains within the 
cocoon from from one to two days, frequently eating part of the cocoon. When 
it emerges it is brown, but in from five to six days is usually of a pronounced 
green colour. 

SEASONAL History. There is only one brood a year. On several occasions 
we have collected the beetles in August and early fall, but have never been able 
to secure any eggs. 

Foop PLANTS AND FEEDING Hasits. The adults and larvae seem to prefer 
red and mammoth clover. We have occasionally taken the adults in alfalfa 
and sweet clover fields, but never larvae. The larvae attack the newly forming 
buds, and such heads do not develop. The adults feed on the leaves riddling 
them. 

ABUNDANCE AND InjuRY. Although the insect has been on the increase 
for the past two years, it cannot be said that the clover crop has in any way been 


; 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 73 


endangered. In certain fields quite a percentage of clover heads were destroyed 
but from a fodder standpoint the crop was hardly injured. As there is no 
second brood to destroy the seed crop, the lesser clover weevil need not be 
considered an important pest at the present time. 


ENTOMOLOGY IN THE RURAL SCHOOLS IN THE PROVINCE OF 
QUEBEC 


Pror. GEORGES MAHEUX, PROVINCIAL ENTOMOLOGIST, QUEBEC 


I do not intend to discuss in this paper the whole question of the teaching 
of natural sciences in rural schools. Though it might be interesting to point out 
the importance of some elementary lessons, for instance, of botany and zoology, 
to be given to farmers’ children, such a discussion would take too much time and 
be perhaps rather outside the scope for this society. Therefore my remarks 
will be confined to applied entomology. 

The necessity of some knowledge of entomology for the boys and girls who 
attend the rural schools is obvious. Too many injurious insects are established 
in the province, the injuries that they cause are much too great, the possibility 
of facing each year some new invaders, prove this necessity. In fact, the 


-teaching in rural schools should aim to prepare the future farmer or farmer’s 


wife to the task he will be called upon to perform within a comparatively few 
years. Itis useless to teach them things that would not facilitate the work on 
the farm; moreover, it might easily be injurious for the community. 

I do not mean that the teaching should be entirely confined to agricultural 
matters, but the directing spirit of all rural teaching should always aim to give 
the farmers’ children a real and well equipped farmer’s mind. 

As far as entomology is concerned, the fight against insect pests is something 
very far from the routine system still in effect on many farms. To the man who 
never had any idea of the injuries caused by noxious insects it requires a good 
deal of reading before he feels convinced of the importance of these pests and 
before he has gathered the necessary information about the value of spraying 
and insecticides. 

If, while at school, the boy or girl has an opportunity to know the chief 
injurious insects, to see them in a small but well prepared collection, to learn 
the means of control, such information will enable the pupil to help the parents 
which later on will prevent the loss of crops valued at many hundred dollars. 

But the young pupil, however anxious to learn he may be, will not increase 
his entomological knowledge unless the teacher is interested in the subject. 
Therefore the first steps must be made towards the formation of the school 
teacher. Various methods have been tried which bear unequal results. The 
value of Normal Schools for the formation of rural teachers is still a question 
open to discussion. It is true that regular normal school courses include some 
elementary knowledge about applied natural sciences or nature study; but it is 


-generally a much neglected field. 


We have thought that it would be possible to interest school teachers 
in the matter and help them to give more attention to agricultural questions in 
general and especially to entomology. 

In the spring of 1923, the Entomological Bureau of the Province of Quebec 
announced, through the agricultural press, a competition for insect and plant 
collections open to all rural school teachers. The Department of Agriculture 


74 THE-REPORTSOF THE 


liberally offered $100 in cash prizes for the ten best ‘collections in each class and 
supplied to each competitor all necessary material for collecting purpose. 
Over forty teachers enlisted in each class but nearly half of them failed to 


submit the collections up to the autumn of 1923. We received ultimately — 


twenty-three collections of insects and eighteen collections of plants. The 
collections of insects included a total of 2,232 specimens, representing an average 
of seven orders and forty-one families per collection. Thus each collection 
had an average of ninety-seven specimens, all with locality labels, and well 
arranged in duplicate boxes. 

In the spring of 1924, the same competitions and prizes were offered again 
to the rural teachers, with a new section for minerals. Up to the present (No- 
vember, 1924) thirty-eight collections of insects have been recéived with a 
total of 6,612 specimens with an average of 174 specimens, eight orders and 
fifty-three families per competitor. The number and size of plant collections 
has increased in the same proportions (27). As to minerals, thirteen teachers 
have sent in specimens. 

The work of judging collections is not the most important, nor is the prize 
money the most satisfactory and lasting result for the competitors. If we 
want teachers to keep interested in natural science, or nature study, the col- 
lections properly arranged must be sent back to them. The plan we use for the 
arrangement of insect collections is the following. The purely systematic side 
is of secondary interest to the average school teacher and of still less importance 
to the school children. Thus only collections of particular value belonging 
to serious amateurs are grouped according to families, genera, and, whenever 
possible, to species. What we are aiming at is this: give to each competitor 
something that will help him interest the school children from a practical point 
of view, the viewpoint of applied entomology. 

In dust proof wooden boxes with glass covers the specimens are grouped 
according to the following sections: 


1. Section illustrating the principal orders. 
2. Section giving the metamorphosis of a certain species. 
. Section grouping injurious insects, each clearly labelled as to kind of 
damage and means of control. 
4. Section of beneficial insects, each with details as to usefulness. 
5. Section showing the near relatives of insects or Arthropodes. 


Ww 


Next year we propose to add a new section giving samples of the most 
important insecticides. 

Of course, not very many specimens can be included in such collections; 
but quantity is not necessary nor desirable. The choice of the representative 
forms and clear labelling is much more important. The ensemble must attract 
the attention of the young folks as the box is obviously destined to occupy a 
place in the class room. As a matter of fact nearly all the 1923 competitors 
have answered, to our questionnaire, that their collection forms now part of 
their teaching material and that their pupils quickly pick up information from 
it. A booklet of explanations for the use of teachers is in course of preparation 
and will help them materially. = 

We feel sure this method of procedure will eventually bring good results. 
As a matter of fact we could ourselves have prepared collections of the same 
type and sent then to the school teachers. But apart from the fact that a 
lot of material would have been required entailing much collecting, I am con- 


vinced the school teachers would have felt rather indifferent towards them. — 


Now they are interested in entomology because they themselves enjoyed 


Mihi 





~ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 35 


collecting; they are pleased to show such collections because it is their own work; 
besides, if a label indicates that such a collection was awarded a prize there is a 
little tinge of pride that helps a great deal. Year after year we intend to go 
deeper into this matter. For instance, the 1923 and 1924 competitors will not 
_ be admitted for general collections in the future. Second year competitors 
3 will be entitled to present collections of injurious insects, preference being 
_ given to insects injurious to only one group of cultivated plants, such as 
_ vegetables, fruit trees, cereals, shade trees, ornamentals, flowering plants, etc. 
PS Third year competitors will only be admitted for collections showing the 
: metamorphoses of the most important pests of the province: cutworms, white 
_ grubs, cabbage worm, cabbage maggot, onion maggot, potato beetle, grass- 
~ hoppers, tent caterpillars, codling moth, plum and apple curculio. Collections 
of this sort may require a full year to be completed, but will bring the teachers 
exactly to the point where we want them, and their interest in entomology will 
be increased very materially. 
The work of teachers in entomology will be supplemented in due time by 
_ pamphlets of information as to insects in general and the control of injurious 
forms in particular. It will be in fact a short course by correspondence in 
elementary entomology. 

Through the efforts of the Elementary Agricultural Education Branch 
-with whom we-co-operate in this work, the school children will have every 
opportunity to apply the information received at school. Inspectors will call 
their attention to the control of insects in the school gardens and the home 
gardens and give demonstration as to the use of insecticides. 

; We feel confident that this form of extension will bring about good results, 
- if not immediately at least within the next ten years. It is surely not an invest- 
-~ment for a short period but the possible results are certainly worth the amount 
__of work we are willingly imposing upon ourselves. 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE HOST-SELECTION HABITS OF 
PIERIS: RAPAE: -E- 


C. R. Twinn, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, OTTAWA 


_ The necessity for investigation to establish a better understanding of the 
principles of host selection was recognized by Walsh (1864-5) sixty years ago 
when he wrote his memorable treatises on ‘“‘Phytophagic Varieties and Phyto- 
phagic Species,’ and has been stressed more recently by Brues (1920) who 
stated that, “the instinctive behaviour of phytophagous insects in the selection 
of their food-plants is . . . one of the fundamental principles underlying the 
application of entomology to agriculture, horticulture and forestry.”’ A study 
_of the food habits of insects is of importance in that it yields data that should 
prove of value in indicating the probable behaviour of introduced species, or 
indigenous species normally feeding on wild vegetation, when subjected to an 
entirely new set of environmental conditions. 

Man’s disturbing effect in nature as exemplified by his agricultural practices 
is frequently calculated to cause insects to turn from their original food plants 
to others. As an instance of this it may be noted that before the advent of the 
cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum Linn., in the western United States, the 
Colorado potato beetle was confined to the wild plant, Solanum rostratum Dunal. 

- According to Walsh (1867) the potato beetle was discovered in 1859, about 100 


76 THD REPORT? Or tHe 


miles west of Omaha city, and was known for some years in Colorado feeding 
in great numbers on the latter plant. As this wild species of Solanum was ~ 
more or less restricted in its range, the beetle had little opportunity to infest 
new territory, but after the introduction of the cultivated potato into its native 
habitat, it acquired a preference for this plant and rapidly extended its range 
across the American continent with results that are now history. 

Gibson (1915), states that prior to 1911 the pale western cutworm, Porosa- 
grotis orthogonia Morr., was not known as a pest in Western Canada, but in that 
year extensive damage to cultivated crops, including several kinds of grain, 
flax, alfalfa and beets, was reported from Alberta. Since 1911 the pale western 
cutworm has been a crop pest of first importance, and yet before the introduction 
of farm cultural practices it was doubtless confined to wild plants. In this 
respect many injurious species of cutworms were indigenous and fed upon wild 
plants before the advent of our Aryan civilization. 

Many of the insects now attacking fruit trees are known to have been 
originally confined to wild plants, and in this connection it may be of interest 
to note that Mr. Norman Criddle, of Treesbank, Manitoba, during the past 
summer (1924) found that a species of borer closely allied to Saperda candida Fab., 
which normally occurred on saskatoon (Amelanchier sp.) in Manitoba had 
spread from the latter to cultivated fruit trees and was attacking apple trees 
at Pilot Mound. 

Certain important aspects of the relation of phytophagous insects to their 
food plants have been surprisingly neglected in the past. Craighead (1921), 
states that ‘‘very few references to the adaptation of insects to their host plants 
or the variation in their selection of host plants can be found.” Brues (1923) © 
writing on the ‘‘Choice of Food and Numerical Abundance among Insects,” 
noted that, ‘‘In spite of its basic importance in determining the economic status 
of phytophagous insects, the remarkable instincts associated with the choice 
of food plants has been largely neglected as a field for investigation by economic 
entomologists.” 

Craighead, after carrying out a considerable series of host selection experi- 
ments with cerambycid beetles over a number of years, concluded that: 

“Tn practically all the species experimented with the adults show a marked 
predilection for the host in which they fed as larvae, provided they are not 
deterred by other factors, such as the unfavourable condition or the small 
quantity of the host.’’ He further concluded that ‘“‘continued breeding in a 
given host intensifies the preference for that host.”’ 

At the instigation of the late Mr. R. C. Treherne* a study in the host- 
selection habits of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae L., was incepted by the 
writer at Ottawa in 1923 and continued in 1924. The cabbage butterfly, which 
is an oligophagous species, feeds upon cultivated and wild plants belonging to 
four families, namely, Cruciferae, Resedaceae, Capparidaceae and Tropaeolaceae, 
among which it exhibits decided preferences. Of the cultivated plants cabbage 
is the most preferred, and this plant owing to its peculiar properties, abundance 
and wide distribution is pre-eminently the most suitable food for this ubiquitous 
species. In the early spring, however, owing to the absence of favoured culti- 
vated plants it is necessary for the insect to search for other sources of food, 
and as the spring imagos are few in number the needs of their progeny are 
amply supplied by several species of common and widely distributed cruciferous 
weeds. This adaptability of the species to different, but related food plants, 
from season to season, assures the race a continuous and abundant food supply 


* Obit., June 7, 1924. 





caer?) < ‘ ; ee 


, 
S52 , - - ! 


ee - . <ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY | 77 


throughout the growing period of the year, and in almost every region inhabited 
by man. This habit of the early spring butterflies of ovipositing on certain 
weeds has frequently caused comment and conjecture as to whether the females 


_ choose the weeds in preference to cultivated cruciferae or owing to necessity 


because of the scarcity of the latter. That the spring brood of butterflies have 
no particular preference for cruciferous weeds was clearly shown at Ottawa 
- early in June, 1923. Several cultivated food plants of the cabbage butterfly 
together with three species of cruciferous weeds were grown in flower pots 
under glass prior to the emergence of the earliest butterflies. At the end of 
May, butterflies from overwintering pupae commenced emerging, and a number 
of both sexes were enclosed in a large cheesecloth lined cage, 8 feet long, 4 feet 
wide, and 6 feet high, reinforced with chicken wire, in which the various plants 
had been placed. 
A careful egg count made some days later revealed that the cultivated plants 
consisting of cabbage, radish, nasturtium, tropaeolum, mignonette and alyssum, 
_ received 99.58 per cent. of the total of 1,436 eggs deposited, whereas, the cruci- 
ferous weeds which included hare’s-ear mustard, ball mustard and false-flax, 
only received .42 per cent., confined solely to hare’s-ear mustard. The ball 
mustard and false-flax plants which were completely ignored by the butterflies 
were larger than the hare’s-ear mustard, but rather coarse and hairy, whereas 
the foliage of the latter is smooth and glossy. The order of preference for the 
five cultivated host plants as revealed by the average percentages of oviposition 
of butterflies of the spring and summer broods captured in the field, compiled 
from a total count of over 4,000 eggs, is as follows: cabbage, 56.48 per cent.; 
radish, 18.78 per cent.; nasturtium, 13.34 per cent.; mignonette, 8.52 per cent.; 
alyssum, 2.94 per cent. The oviposition records of the various ‘‘strains,’’ men- 
tioned later, revealed a similar order of preference with the exception that 
mignonette had precedence over nasturtium instead of vice versa. 


In view of Craighead’s conclusions mentioned in a previous page, it was 
thought that could the larvae of the cabbage butterfly be induced to feed on 
any one food plant for a considerable number of generations, the tendency of 
the females to oviposit on that plant would gradually increase and possibly 
result in the development of either monophagous or more restricted oligophagous 
habits. In order to secure experimental evidence in support of this, five food 

_ plants of the cabbage butterfly were selected for the main host-selection experi- 
ments, including cabbage, radish and alyssum, of the family Cruciferae; and 
nasturtium and mignonette of the families Tropaeolaceae and Resedaceae re- 
spectively. The procedure followed was to rear a number of cabbage butterfly 
larvae from the egg stage to maturity on each of these plants. The resultant 
pupae were then grouped according to the food plant on which they had been 
reared and placed in separate field cages described in an earlier paragraph. 

*Each of these field cages contained a number of window boxes in which were 
growing a series of the five food plants on which the emerging females, after 
mating, were able to deposit their eggs freely. After a sufficient number of 

_ eggs had been deposited or the females showed signs of exhaustion, the butterflies 
were killed and preserved for later examination, careful egg counts were made 
for comparison, and the larvae resulting from these eggs reared on the same 
food plants on which the parents had been fed in the larval condition. By this 
means it was hoped that host-preference strains of butterflies could be developed 
on each of the plants and a thorough study made of the effect of such segregation 
upon the host-selection habits of the parents over several generations. 

Unfortunately, owing to the activities of a prevalent and highly contagious 


4 ES. 


78 THE- REPORT -OF THE 


larval disease commonly known as ‘“‘flacherie’’ this aim was not fully realized. 
This disease nullified our efforts over and over again by completely destroying 


whole series of experimental larvae despite all efforts to prevent it. Even — 


larvae reared from the eggs in isolation from one another on apparently perfectly 
clean food frequently developed the disease. By repeated efforts, however, a 
number of individuals were successfully reared for one complete generation on 
cabbage, radish, mignonette and nasturtium. Alyssum had to be abandoned 


as it proved to be little favoured by the insect, the larvae finding great difficulty 3 
in establishing themselves on the very small and rather tough leaves, the conse- — 


quent high rate of mortality in the early instars making it practically impossible 
to rear disease-free larvae to maturity under experimental conditions. The 
egg counts from each of the strains indicating the percentage on each plant are 


presented in tabular form below. The percentage of eggs deposited by any one - 


strain on the food plant on which it was reared in the larval stage is under- 
lined for the sake of emphasis. 


OVIPOSITION RECORDS FROM CABBAGE BUTTERFLIES REARED ON DIFFERENT HosT 

















PLANTS FOR ONE GENERATION— 1923 
Cabbage Radish Mignonette Nasturtium 
Host Strain Strain Strain Strain 

Gabbager sess = 205% 73.88% 69.35% 63.63% 69.86% 
Readishte es, 52a ee 17.95% 19.13% 3.20 19.00% 
Mignonette......... 113% 11.30% Se WEL 10.15% 
Nasturtium... ...... 34% 20% 00% 83% 
Total eggs.......... 2,963 HOSS 121 1,211 


A brief perusal of the above table will reveal that with each strain the per- ~ 
centages of eggs deposited on the various host plants is highest in the case of the 
species of plant on which the individuals of that strain were reared in the larval _ 


condition. 
As only one generation of larvae was successfully reared to maturity on 
each of the food plants these results are not by any means conclusive. They 


seem to indicate, however, that the larval food does influence the selective ~ 


tendencies of the imago. An increased preference exhibited by the parents for 
the host plant on which they were reared is apparent in practically every case. 
This increased preference is nowhere very great and only becomes noticeable 
when comparing the oviposition records of the different strains on any one 
food plant. The fact that the larvae have been reared on nasturtium for 


instance, apparently does not greatly influence the resulting butterflies’ predi- — 


lection for cabbage, but there is, however, a slight increase in the preference 
shown for the former plant. 

In 1924, the experiments were repeated, this time using only cabbage, 
mignonette and nasturium. The butterflies were very scarce in the field early 
in the season and only a limited number could be secured for the experiments, 
all overwintering material from 1923 having died before spring. The larvae 





ii ih al ta a a ln lel 


were reared in sealers inside the insectary on clean, uninfested food frequently 


renewed, and individuals revealing symptoms of disease were quickly removed. 
Although, as in 1923, butterflies were successfully reared on each of the food 
plants for one generation, only a few of each were secured for oviposition records 
and owing to the increasing prevalence and virulence of the larval disease as 
the season advanced, the offspring of these individuals all died before reaching 
maturity. 


- ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ; 79 


_ QOviposITION RECORDS FROM CABBAGE BUTTERFLIES REARED ON DIFFERENT Host 
' PLANTS FOR ONE GENERATION—1924 











. Host Cabbage Mignonette Nasturtium 
Strain Strain Strain 
RE ee eee ae 52.5% 22.5% 57.8% 
PIEIIRCU EC Re =e ee aes We 46.3 Soaks Were he 
OO BSR ee 12%, 24.4% 24.9% 
Meme ae es mt 132 98 1,226 





The oviposition records of these butterflies show considerable variation 
from those secured from the individuals reared in 1923. This is particularly 
noticeable i in the lower percentages of oviposition on cabbage with a a consequent 
‘increase in the percentages on mignonette and nasturtium. This variation is 
possibly due toa number of factors, among which may be mentioned the elimina- 
tion of radish from the experiments, the smaller number of individuals involved, 
and the somewhat unthrifty condition of the cabbage plants exposed to the 
- ovipositing females due to transplanting and aphid injury. Under these con- 
- ditions it is impossible to draw any definite conclusions from the results obtained 
in 1924 beyond indicating that there is a slightly higher percentage of oviposition 
on mignonette and nasturium where these plants were used as larval food. 
As in 1923, however, these oviposition records reveal, in general, an order of 
preference for the different plant families as follows: Cruciferae, Resedaceae 
and Tropaeolaceae. 

_ An examination of the cabbage butterflies reared on the various host plants 
revealed no noticeable differences in size, colour, markings or structure other than 
variations that commonly occur in the species. The wing expanse of either 
sex frequently varies by one or two millimeters, and although the females are 
usually larger than the males, the latter are sometimes found somewhat larger 
than the former. 

Cabbage butterflies not only reveal decided preferences in selecting food 
plants for their larval offspring, but also in choosing flowers from which to 
secure nectar for their own sustenance. That flowers are necessary for the 
continued existence of the imagos was frequently demonstrated in the field 
cages at Ottawa where it was found that during hot weather the butterflies 
_ succumbed in a few hours when suitable flowers were not provided. Folsom 
(1922) states that white butterflies belonging to the genus Pzeris prefer white 
flowers, but this is not true in the case of Pieris rapae which reveals marked 
preferences for the yellow blossoms of the dandelion and field pansy, Viola arvensts 
Murray, in the spring, for the blue flowers of wild vetch in the early summer, 
and for the flowers of red sweet clover later in the season. Several white- 
flowered species are also visited, but with the exception of cultivated radish 
they are less sought after than the flowers already mentioned. 

Of the senses which enable insects to exhibit such remarkable accuracy 
and consistency in selecting food plants for themselves and their offspring, 
probably the sense of smell plays the most important part. In this connection 
Brues (1920) states that ‘‘there is much in the behaviour of certain (lepidopterous) 
species to suggest that food plants are selected on the basis of odour by the female 
parent and also accepted on the same basis by the larvae.’”’ This is borne out 
by the known responses of insects to the odours emanating from attractants 
and repellants used in the control of many species. The Russian entomologist, 


A 


80 3 THE REPORT OF THE 


Vostrikov (1915), found the odour of solanaceous plants useful as a repellant 
when planted with other crops. Under the caption ‘“‘Tomatoes as Insecticides: 


The Importance of Solanaceae in the Control of Pests of Agriculture,’”’ he noted — 


that in the Province of Terek, Russia, cabbages are never attacked by Pieris 
rapae and certain other insects, when planted with tomatoes, a practice which 


is customary in that region. This is not true, however, under Ontario conditions, — 


as was proved at Ottawa in 1924. Tomatoes planted so close to cabbages 
that the stems and leaves of the former intertwined with those of the latter 
failed to give the cabbages any protection from the cabbage worm whatsoever, 
and they became as badly infested as any planted elsewhere in the experimental 


plots. 
List OF REFERENCES 


Brues, C. T. (1920), ‘‘The Selection of Food Plants by Insects with Special Reference to 
Lepidopterous Larve,” American Naturalist, Vol. 54, pp. 213-322. 

Brues, C. T. (1923), “Choice of Food and Numerical Abundance among Insects, J. Ec. Ent., 
Vol. 16, pp. 46-51. 

Craighead, B. C.(1921) 7 "Hopkins: Host Selection Principal as Related to Certain Ceram- 
ycid Beetles,” J. Agr. Res., Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 189-220. 

Folsom, J. S. (1922), “Entomology with Reference to its Biological and Economic Aspects,” 
3rd Edit., p. 100. 

Gibson, A. (1915), ‘‘Cutworms and their Control,’” Can. Dept. Agr., Ent. Br., B 10, 30. 

Walsh, B.D. (1864), ‘‘On Phytophagic Varieties and Phytophagic Species,” Proc. Ent. Soc., 
Philadelphia, Vol. 3, pp. 403-430. 

Walsh, B. D. (1865), ‘On Phytophagic Varieties and Phytophagic Species with Remarks 
on the Unity of Colouration in Insects,’”’ Ibid, Vol. 5, pp. 194-216. 

Walsh, B. D. (1867), ‘‘The Colorado Potato-bug,” Prac.-Ent., Vol5; 2; pple 

Vostrikov, P. (1915), Rev. App. Ent., Series A, Vel. 3, p. 340. 





MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON THE PEAR PSYLLA PROBLEM 


WILLIAM A. Ross, DOMINION ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, VINELAND 
STATION, ONTARIO 


- 


Ontario orchardists, who have had any real experience in combating the 


Pear Psylla, are unanimously of the opinion that this pest is infinitely more 
difficult to control than any other fruit insect with which they have to contend. 
In years favourable for the insect, such as the past season, the majority of fruit 
growers, with pear orchards subject to psylla attack, fail to prevent serious 
injury to their trees and fruit, and some of them are becoming so discouraged 
that they are threatening to take out their pear trees. What does this mean? 
Does it mean that, in spite of all the research work done by entomologists, the 
pear psylla problem is still unsolved? Decidedly no! It is true that with 
our present methods of control the psylla cannot be reduced under all conditions 


to absolute insignificance, but it can be reduced to such an extent that there © 


will be no appreciable loss. In this paper we propose to discuss briefly some 
of the measures by means of which commercial control can be secured. 


HorTICULTURAL ASPECTS OF CONTROL 


y 
s 


} 


j 


‘ 
1 Or 


: 


Before taking up the matter of spraying, we wish to refer to what may be 


termed the horticultural aspects of control. We have observed that the psylla 
is primarily a pest of large orchards, and that it is of comparatively little im- 
portance in small plantings, unless they are sheltered by tall hedges or by large 


trees. We have observed that the insect multiplies most rapidly where the ~ 


pears are thickly planted; where the wood growth on the trees is dense, and 


‘-ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 3 81 


' where the orchards are protected by windbreaks. In other words, our observa- 


: 


tions indicate that the psylla thrives to best advantage under sheltered, still 


conditions, and conversely that good air drainage in and around the trees is 


‘more or less inimical to the insect. It therefore follows that those factors 


which have a bearing on orchard air drainage have at the same time an important 
-bearing on psylla control. What are those factors? We should say the most 
important are (1) the orchard site; (2) distance of plant; (3) pruning practices; 
(4) windbreaks. 

The Orchard Site: , Wherever possible the pear orchard should be planted 


on sloping land with no deep hollows in it, and again, if possible, the trees should 


not be set out in the immediate neighbourhood of tall hedges or of large low- 
headed trees. 

Distance of Planting: Very often a grower has little or no choice in deciding 
on a site for the orchard, but he always has control over the next factor, namely, 
distance of planting. The trees should be planted the maximum distance 
apart, that is, not closer than 25 feet by 18 feet. The conditions afforded by 
closely planted trees are undoubtedly highly favourable for the multiplication 
of psylla. Frequently our attention has been directed to the fact that it is in 
very Closely planted orchards that the psylla ‘‘comes back’’ most quickly. 

Pruning Practices: Concerning the next factor—pruning—we are decidedly 
of the opinion that good pruning*—which we should imagine would be very 
moderate annual pruning—which produces trees not too high and with properly 
spaced branches, not only makes conditions less favourable for the insect, but 
it also simplifies spraying by making it easier to thoroughly coat all parts of 
the trees with spray mixtures. 

Windbreaks: And now a word about windbreaks. Windbreaks un- 
doubtedly make conditions particularly favourable for pear psylla. One of the 
worst infested orchards in the Burlington district is a small planting of Bartletts 
and Kéiffers, protected by a tall spruce hedge. I am satisfied that if this 
hedge were cut down, the insect would be, as it generally is in small plantings, 
of very little importance. I am not at all in favour of growing pear trees and 
windbreaks together. 

SPRAYING 


Various spray materials, directed against the eggs and nymphs or against 
the overwintering adults, have been used and are being used for the control 
of Pear Psylla—among others, lime sulphur, nicotine sulphate, fish-oil soap 
and various oil sprays. 

Egg and Nymph Sprays: Lime sulphur as an egg spray and nicotine sulphate 
as a nymph spray have been used more in Ontario than anything else, and in the 





*Mr. J. A. Neilson, of the Horticultural Experiment Station, Vineland Station, Ontario, has 
kindly prepared the following outline of the method of training pear trees on the open centre 
or vase plan: 

“In starting an open centre tree, one year whips are headed back to a height of 24 to 30 
inches at planting time. As result of this heading back several shoots will likely grow on the 
upper part of the trunk. The following spring from three to five of the best of these should be 
selected to form the main framework and all others removed. When choosing the foundation 
branches, select those that are evenly placed around the circumference of the tree and well spaced 
along the vertical axis. Where these leader branches have made a vigorous growth, they should 
be headed back moderately, but if a short growth has been made little heading back is needed. In 


_ any case the tops of these branches should preferably be left at about the same height. In the 


second season numerous laterals will likely develop on the leader branches. Two of the best of 
the side laterals should be selected as secondary branches and the rest removed. After a good 
foundation has been formed, it will only be necessary to cut out the least valuable of crowding 
branches and those that tend to fill up the centre. Where it is necessary to cut leader branches, 
it is advisable to cut just above an outward growing lateral in order to keep the centre open.” 


82 THE*REPORT-OF THE 





average season these two materials applied according to the following schedule 
will prevent any serious injury: 

(1) Shortly before the trees bloom—commercial lime sulphur four gallons, 
hydrated lime five pounds, water forty gallons. 

(2) After the blossoms fall—nicotine sulphate, half pint in forty gallons 
of weak bordeaux (1.10.40). A 

In the past we made a practice of spraying with lime sulphur 1-40 and 
nicotine after the blossoms, however, as lime sulphur at this time has in some 
orchards and in some seasons caused rather severe leaf injury, we have come to 
the conclusion that it would be advisable to substitute a weak bordeaux mixture 
(1-10-40) or wettable sulphur for it. The two applications referred to above 
will give commercial control in most orchards in the average season, but in 
years of severe outbreaks or in orchards where conditions are especially favourable 
for the insect, it may be and usually is necessary to apply an extra spray in 
July, at the time when most of the insects are so-called soft-shell nymphs (1st, 
2nd, and 3rd instars). For this extra application nicotine sulphate half pint, 

lime 10 pounds; water forty gallons may be used. 

| Spraying for Winter Adults: Spraying pear trees in the fall for the purpose 
of destroying the winter ‘‘flies’’ is frequently recommended, but, as many of 
the adult psyllas may be present on other trees—fruit and shade—at this time, 
we question very much if fall spraying is as effective as spraying in late March 
or early April. The logical time to make the application appears to us to be 
just before the adults commence egg-laying. Spraying at this time with a 
commercial miscible oil, Scalecide, has been done to a limited extent in Ontario, 
and, in the case of the orchards which have come under our observation, good 
results have been secured. Scalecide, however, as we have been informed 
time after time by fruitgrowers, is much too costly, and in fact the same criticism 
has been levelled against the previously mentioned lime sulphur and nicotine 
spray schedule. For this reason we are now investigating the possibility of 
using cheap, home-made lubricating oil emulsions for psylla control. This 
work was commenced during the past year. In early April a thirteen-acre 
pear orchard was divided into six blocks and the blocks were sprayed just before 
egg-laying commenced with the following materials: : 

Block 1: Two per cent. soap-oil emulsion spray prepared according to 
the following formula: 


Sterling-red-parafiim Oiloy cet: claw a ene nee ie hes eee 2 gallons 
Soft water sesso ct fA SES par an he A ee errant s Shan a ree 1 gallon 
Push=O18s0api..-c yes ox Bie ak oe ee eee ee ee 2 pounds 


This amount of emulsion was diluted in ninety-seven gallons of water. 
Block 2: Two per cent. Kayso-oil emulsion spray prepared according to 
the following formula: 


Sterling sedspaxaian oil... ... «Peso eo. Desc aeeeeeee ee ee 2 gallons 
Soft waters. ce I | ee ape ye ee ahs 6 Seow 22 1 gallon 
Kayso.(Calciamseaseinate) .. ree ig ee eee Se 4 ounces 


This amount of emulsion was diluted in ninety-seven gallons of water. 
Block 3: Three per cent. Bordeaux-oil emulsion spray prepared according 
to the following formula: 


Sterling red: parafiiaoil!a. 6 @ 0). Ses sg teiegee aet Pie 3 gallons 

Soltswaterssec ine hem tecelae 2 ee eee yore ek eee 11% gallons 
Gopper sulphate: . SoQc40.5.2 . tai pied, queen see 3g pounds 
Mime ss. spon Rete Phi A ee seen Beh Oy eee 34 pounds 


This amount of emulsion was diluted in ninety-five and a half gallons of 
water. 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 83 


- Block 4: 
2 per cent. Bordeaux-oil emulsion spray. 
Block 6: 
MONE SUI pUULs-c Yee hee eat ark he he ee 10 gallons 
1S Ria Bean he00 bl U6 OM NARA i fo A I gr ne geo ASS a eel A es 10 pounds 
AN TEMELIN Ee SULONACE op ac ene Seon eae hie nse PA he eis eo os oy 1 pint 
REREGr! A Sen to aed t SIMS IS EN PooMeas Ter ced ten ahd wae area ed wie tas oda 90 gallons 


Check: This consisted of a small block which adjoins the main orchard. 
The trees in this block are not so subject to serious injury as those in the main 
orchard. 

- Results: Several careful inspections of the orchard made at various times 
after the sprays were applied showed that, while all the mixtures had destroyed 
a high percentage of the adults, the 3 per cent. oil spray had been outstandingly 
the most effective. About one week before the blossoms fell a thorough examina- 
tion of leaf and blossom clusters in all parts of the orchard gave us the following 
data: 

Block 1: 

Nymph population per 1,000 blossom and leaf clusters....... =1,485* 


~ 


The results in this block were very patchy, probably due in part to the 
breaking down of the emulsion in one tank. 
Block 2: 


Nymph population per 1,000 blossom and leaf clusters....... =203* 


Results not uniform. 
Block 3: 
Nymph population per 1,000 blossom and leaf clusters....... =14 


The results were uniformly excellent throughout this block. 
Block 4: 
Nymph population per 1,000 blossom and leaf clusters....... =448* 


Results not uniform. 

Block 6: 

Nymph population per 1,000 blossom and leaf clusters....... =786* 

Results not uniform. 

Check: 

Nymph population per 1,000 blossom and leaf clusters....... = 10,371 

The 3 per cent. spray gave excellent, clean-cut and remarkably uniform 
results. On the other hand the 2 per cent. oil sprays and the nicotine gave 
unsatisfactory and very patchy results, and for this reason blocks 1, 2, 4 and 6 
along with the check were thoroughly sprayed after the blossoms with nicotine 
sulphate, half pint in forty gallons of weak bordeaux, but block 3 received no 
further psylla sprays. 

_ The following notes made on September 3rd describe conditions in the 
experimental orchard at the time Bartlett pears were being picked: 

“Block 3: Practically no leaf spotting; psylla very scarce; still freer from 
psylla than any other part of orchard.” 

“Blocks 1, 2. and 4: Psylla scarce; very little leaf spotting.”’ 

“Block 6: Psylla common but not present in injurious numbers.” 

“Check (sprayed once with nicotine): Psylla more abundant than in 
main orchard; considerable leaf spotting on inside trees. (We know from past 
experience that the check is not so subject to heavy psylla infestations as the 
epeenemmanmeni mee nuibtmbtere 0" aie (ir cok oe re ee Ce ee Sg 

*Because of the unevenness of the nymph infestation in 1, 2, 4 and 6, these figures probably 


do not represent average conditions. Be that as it may, the main thing is that the results in 
blocks 1, 2, 4 and 6 were not satisfactory. 


84 cs THE REPORT OF THE 





main orchard. In all probability, if the check had been in the main orchard, | 


one post-blossom application of nicotine would not have prevented severe 
injury.’’) 

Several pear growers who inspected the experimental orchard were very 
much impressed with the fact that one application of a 3 per cent. lubricating 
oil spray gave perfect control in a season favourable for psylla, and they im- 
mediately jumped to the conclusion that this same treatment could be depended 
on under all conditions to give similar results. However, we cannot afford to be 
so optimistic until more extensive experiments have been conducted under 
various conditions. 

Importance of Thorough Spraying: In the control of the pear psylla, the 
necessity for very thorough spraying cannot be too strongly emphasized. Many 
growers undoubtedly fail to combat the insect successfully because they do not 
take sufficient care to thoroughly wet all parts of the tree with the spray material. 
In order to do thorough work, it is essential to use not less than 200 pounds 
pressure; to use some system in spraying the trees; and to use a liberal quantity 
of spray material—too much rather than too little. 


INSECTS OF THE SEASON 


W. A. Ross, ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORATORY, VINELAND STATION 
AND 
L. CAESAR, PROVINCIAL ENTOMOLOGIST, O. A. C., GUELPH 


ORCHARD INSECTS 


Coptinc Motu (Cydia pomonella). On the whole, this insect was less 
destructive than last year. In orchards east of Toronto sideworms did con- 
siderable damage, yet not so much as in 1923. In the Niagara district the 
second brood was very small. It may be of interest to mention that Ascogaster 
carpocapsae Viereck was bred from parasitized larvae at Vineland. This codling 
moth parasite has not been recorded from Canada heretofore. 

CANKER Worms (Paleacrita vernata and Alsophila pometaria). Neglected 
apple orchards in parts of Welland, Wentworth, Norfolk, Huron and Brant 
counties were defoliated by canker worms this spring. 

AppLe Apuips (Aphis pomi and Anuraphis roseus). These two species of 
aphids have seldom been more injurious in Ontario than this year, the weather 
having been exceptionally favourable for their development. Early in the 
season they were not unusually abundant but by the end of June both species 
had increased remarkably and they continued to be abundant until the end of 
August or early in September. 

Generally speaking the rosy aphis was of importance only in old orchards 
while the green apple aphis infested trees of all ages. It was not an uncommon 


sight, particularly on Wagener apples, to see the fruit literally covered with the - 


latter species. A considerable percentage of fruit throughout the province was 
badly deformed and dwarfed and rendered useless by the combined work of 
the two species. ae: 

> SAN Josk ScaLe (Aspidiotus perniciosus).. Throughout the Niagara 
district and, also so far as observed, in other parts of the province wherever the 
scale occurs, there has been a decided reduction in numbers this year. The 


ree 


on 


causes of this have not been determined. There is no doubt the exceptionally 
cool, wet season was one cause, possibly ice storms in the winter another, and 
in some places parasites played a considerable part. 

“AppLE Macoor (Rhagoletis pomonella). Specimens of apples infested by 
the maggots of this fruit fly were sent in from Lindsay, Greenwood, Norwich, 


_ Port Perry and Picton. At Greenwood the owner of the orchard stated he had 


not had an apple fit to eat for the last three years because of this insect. 
ROUND-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER (Saperda candida). It is only seldom 
that we have reports of severe injury from this borer in Ontario, hence it seems 


- worth recording that several orchards in the southern part of Norfolk were 


much injured by it this year. 

~ ReD BuG (Lygidea mendax) and OTHER LEAF BuGs. As usual there was 
some injury this year in a number of orchards from one or other of these Mirids, 
but the injury seemed to have been less common and less severe than during 
the last few years. 

YELLOW oR Dusky Tussock Motu (Halisidota tesselaris). It will be 
remembered that last year there was a very unusual outbreak of the larvae 
of this species which did a great deal of damage in the latter part of the season 
to apple orchards over much of western Ontario. This year so many moths 
were taken at nights from near the end of June to the 8th or 9th of July that 
we were much afraid of a repetition of last year’s outbreak. We were pleasantly 
surprised therefore to find only a moderate number of caterpillars this fall. 

BARK MINER OF APPLE (Marmara elotella). The serpentine mines of this 
interesting insect were unusually conspicuous on the young wood of apple 
trees along the shore of Lake Ontario from Toronto to the Niagara River. 
The larvae mine in the epidermal layer of the bark but apparently do not in 
any way affect the health of the tree. 

It may be of interest to state here that a closely related species, M. pomonella 
Busck, is occasionally found in Ontario making serpentine or blotched mines in 
the skin of apples. The larvae work between the epidermal and cuticular 


layers of the fruit. 


EUROPEAN RED MITE (Paratetranychus pilosus). In the early part of the 
season this mite was not much in evidence but in August and September European 
plum foliage became heavily infested and at the present time the red eggs of 
the mite are to be seen in great numbers on the branches of plums and in some 
cases of apples. 

PEAR PsyLLaA (Psyllia pyricola). This insect was again very abundant 
and injurious in the Niagara and Burlington districts. 

CHERRY FRuIT-FLIES (Rhagoletis cingulata and R. fausta). Owing to many 
growers having neglected to spray for the fruit-flies in recent years these insects 
have once more come into prominence in sour cherry orchards, especially in 
the Niagara and Burlington districts. In Waterford very severely infested 
cherry trees were found. This is apparently the first record of the occurrence 
of fruit-flies of cherry in that part of Norfolk county. 

PEAR SLUG (Caliroa cerast). The only part of the province where this 
insect was much in evidence was in Essex and Kent where many cherry trees 
were partially or completely defoliated by it. 

BLack CHERRY APHIS (Myzus cerast). Unsprayed or poorly sprayed sweet 
cherry trees in the Niagara district were heavily infested with this plant louse. 
It was also sufficiently abundant on sour cherries not only in Niagara but in 
many other places to cause some alarm to fruit growers. 

PLantT Bucs INJuRIOUS TO PEACHES. Peaches grown in the immediate 


86 THE-REPORT OF THE 


vicinity of oak and hickory trees were again seriously injured by the three 


species of plant bugs to which we have referred in previous reports. This 
year the hickory species (Lygus caryae) was more prevalent and destructive 
than the oak species. 


GRAPE AND SMALL FRuiIT INSECTS 


RosE CHAFER (Macrodactylus subspinosus). This beetle again appeared 
in alarming numbers in many sandy sections of southern Ontario and attacked 
grapes, fruit trees and ornamentals. - 

GRAPE LEAF Hoppers (Erythroneura comes and E. tricincta). The outbreak 
of leaf hoppers in the Niagara Peninsula appears to be over, this year there 
being little or no severe hopper injury. 

GRAPE BERRY Morn (Polychrosits viteana). This grape insect has come 
into prominence as a serious pest in several vineyards between St. Catharines 
and Virgil. | 

GRAPE BLossom MInGE (Contarinia johnsont). Blossom buds infested 
with the whitish or yellowish larvae of this midge were observed in many vine- 
yards this spring between the Niagara River and Fruitland. In no case, how- 
ever, did we find the injury serious. Infested blossom buds are two or three 
times normal size and are either yellowish green in colour or sometimes partly 
reddish. ; 

GRAPEVINE FLEA-BEETLE (Altica chalybea). During June and July the 
grubs of this beetle were unusually abundant in Niagara vineyards. In many 
cases they skeletonized the leaves to a sufficient extent to attract attention. 
It seems probable that there will be an outbreak of this flea beetle next spring, 
particularly in vineyards along the foot of the escarpment or bordering upon 
woods. 

BLACKBERRY LEAF MINER (WMetallus bethunet). This troublesome insect 
has been brought under control by natural factors and did but little damage this 
year. 

STRAWBERRY WEEVIL (Anthonomus signatus). Generally speaking this 
weevil was of little importance in Ontario this year. Among the few places 
where it did noticeable damage was Gravenhurst. 

CuRRANT APHIDS (Myzus ribis and Amphorophora lactucae). Like the 
apple and some other species of aphids the currant aphids were exceptionally 
abundant this year. © 2 

CuRRANT Fruit FLy (Epochra canadensis). It is so rarely that this insect 
is reported from any part of Ontario that it seems worth while recording that 
specimens were received this year from Dryden near the centre of the Kenora 
district. The plot was reported to be badly infested. 


INSECTS ATTACKING VEGETABLES 


CaBpaGE Maccort (Phorbia brassicae). Very few complaints of injury by 
the maggot were received. 

Onton Maccor (Hylemyia antiqua). Though injuries from the onion 
maggot were reported from East York, Aylmer, Severn Bridge and Peterboro 
the insect was, as far as can be judged, not so abundant as usual. 

Cutworms. At Barrie, Alliston, Timmins, Severn Bridge, New Liskeard, 
Franklin, Birch Cliff and Listowel cutworms did considerably damage. ~All the 
species were not determined but one of the troublesome forms was the black 
army cutworm (Agrotis fennica) and another the white cutworm (Lycophotia 
scandens). 


< 





ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 87 


_ STALK Borer (Papaipema nitela). In many parts of southwestern Ontario 
this borer was quite common and attacked many kinds of stock plants. It 
was often mistaken by the growers for the European corn borer. 
_ — Spinach Lear MINER (Pegomyia hyoscyami). Spinach, beets, mangels | 
and lamb’s quarters were severely attacked by this miner in many parts of the 
province. 
STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Diabrotica vittata). In southwestern Ontario 
this beetle occurred in larger numbers than last year but there was no con- 
- spicuous outbreak. 
Porato Lear Hoprer (Empoasca mali). This leaf hopper was of little 
or no importance in southern Ontario potato fields. 
_~ SLucs (Agriolimax agrestis). As one would expect in such a wet season 
_ slugs were very numerous and did considerable damage. 


InsEcTs ATTACKING FIELD CROPS AND GRASSES 


WIREWORM (Agriotes mancus). What appeared to be this species was 
moderately common this year and specimens were received from the locality of 
Guelph, Port Arthur, Mitchell, Scarboro Junction and Exeter. At Vineland 
~- tomato plants were attacked by a stem boring species. 
Waite Gruss (Phyllophaga spp.). There was about the usual number of 
complaints of damage from white grubs. 


MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS 


WALNUT CATERPILLAR (Datana integerrima). This caterpillar has appeared 
in great numbers for several years past. This year a large part of the walnut 
and butternut trees in the southwestern part of Ontario were either entirely 
or to a large extent defoliated by it. 

Spiny OAKWORM (Anzisota senatoria). Like the walnut caterpillar this oak 
pest which was abundant last fall was again abundant this year. 

Lirac LEAF MINER (Gracilaria syringella). Last year we reported the 
presence of what appeared to be this species in several parts of Ontario. This 
year again it has been sent in from a number of places. In Guelph a lilac hedge 

~.about forty feet long was so severely infested that approximately 90 per cent. 
of the leaves had all the green surface devoured. The larvae seem to begin at 

_ the apex and gradually roll the leaf down, feeding under the cover of the roll. 
Anywhere from one to thirty larvae were to be found on a leaf. Most infested 
leaves sent in from other places showed injury only in the form of large blotched 
mines and there was no indication of the rolling which took place in Guelph. 
-It would not be surprising if we were to havea good deal of trouble from this pest 
during the next few years. At Guelph the larvae were mature and had entered 
the soil in large numbers for pupation by June 28th and by July 21st the majority 
of the moths had emerged. 

BALTIMORE BUTTERFLY (Euphydryas phaeton). Numerous larvae of this 
butterfly were found on Turtle-head (Chelone glabra). Nearly all the adults 
from these had emerged by July 21st. In the collections of the summer school 
teachers this butterfly was quite common, this showing that it was far more 
abundant this year than usual. 

COSMOPOLITE BUTTERFLY (Vanessa cardut). Throughout the southwestern 
part of Ontario the larvae were very common and farmers reported them as 
feeding on Canada Thistle greedily. There was some alarm felt by them in a 
few instances lest the larvae might attack grain crops. 


88 THE REPORT OF THE. 





SPRUCE MITE (Paratetranychus ununguis). In a nursery at Winona blue 
spruce and balsam fir were injured by this mite. 

TERRAPIN SCALE (Eulecanium nigrofasciatum). According to a report 
received last spring from the superintendent of parks, St. Catharines, many of 
the soft maples in that city were heavily infested with this scale. 

Wuite FLies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). Each year this troublesome in- 
sect seems to be growing more and more abundant, especially in private homes. 

Carpet BEETLES (Anthrenus scrophulariae and Attagenus piceus). A very 
large number of housewives requested information on how to combat this 
household insect. 

CLotues Morn (Tinea biselliella). Requests for information on control 
measures were received from every side. es 


HousEFLy (Musca domestica). In southern Ontario the housefly was less _ 


abundant this fall than usual. 


cae eee mee: 


i / ~ 4 . ~ 


ENTOMOLOGICAL- SOCIETY 89 


THE ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1924 


NORMAN CRIDDLE, ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH, DOMINION DEPARTMENT 
OF AGRICULTURE 


‘The amount of material available for inclusion in the ‘‘Record”’ is now so 
great that we are obliged to make some alterations in the usual procedure. 
_As a beginning, in order to utilize space to the best advantage, we are taking 
it for granted that every working entomologist reads the ‘‘Canadian Ento- 
mologist’’ and in consequence new species published in that journal will no 
longer be listed. We have also been obliged to reduce zonal records to one or 
two for each province. 

One of the objects in preparing an ‘Entomological Record’’ has been to 
gradually map out the distribution of Canadian insects, an accomplishment 
which would be of marked value both to the economic and systematic worker. 
Much progress has been recently made towards this object and we are now ina 
position to provide fairly complete lists in certain families. As an alternative 
to publishing all promiscuous records, we have thought, therefore, that our 
readers might be more interested in complete group lists, and with that idea 
‘in view, we are providing annotated lists of the Canadian Eucosminae and 
Ephemeridae. This will bring the known distribution up-to-date and thus 
provide a simple means of detecting new records after the species have been 
determined. 

We are again indebted to specialists in the United States and Great Britain 
for assistance in determining certain species. 


7 NOTES OF CAPTURES = 


Species preceded by an asterisk (*) described since the last Record was prepared. 


LEPIDOPTERA 


(Arranged according to Barnes and McDunnough’s Check List of the Lepidoptera.) 


Lycaenidae 
413 Heodes rubidus Behr. Milk River, Alta., (R. D. Bird). 


Sphingidae 
733 Haemorrhagia gracilis Grt. Victoria Beach, Man., (H. Brodie). 


Noctuide 
Porosogrotis vetusta mutata B. & Benj. Kaslo, Arrowhead Lake, and Vernon, B.C. 
Anarta poca B. & Benj. Pocahontas, Alta., (Mrs. Mitchall). 
Anarta lagganata B. & Benj. Laggan, Alta., (F. H. Wolley-Dod). 
Lasionycta alberta B. & Benj. Nordegg, Alta., (J. McDunnough). 
Perigrapha praeses stigmata B. & Benj. Duncan and Wellington, B.C., (W. H. 
Hanham). 
Oncocnemis mackiei B. & Benj. Edmonton, Alta., (D. Mackie and K. Bowman). 
The above six insects described in Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep., Vol. V, Nos. 2 and 3. 
2135 Graptolitha oriunda Grt. Lobo, Ont., (A. E. Wood). 
2206 Epiglaea decliva Grt. Lobo, Ont., (Wood). 
2332 Oligia violacea Grt. Penticton, B. C., (Paul Vroom). 
Eremobia hanhami B. & Benj. Duncan, B.C., (A. W. Hanham). 
A patela fragilis fragiloides B. & Benj. Duncan and Guamichan Lake, B. ce (Hanham), 
Gortyna columbia B. & Benj. Saanich, B.C., (Downes); Duncan, B.C., (Hanham). 
Gortyna intermedia B. & Benj. Ft. Calgary, 'N.W. B.C. 
The above described in Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep., Vol. V, No. 3, 1924. 
2171 Stibadium spumosum Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 
2769 Plagiomimicus expallidus Grt. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans), 
* Bellura obliquus pallida B. & Benj. Edmonton, Alta., (D. Mackie). 
Cont. Nat. Hist. Lep., Vol. V, 1924. 
2667 Papaipema furcata Sm. Aweme, Man., (N. Criddle). 


%* ee * 


* 


* 


* * * 


90 THE REPORT OF THE ~ 


2844 Annaphila danistica Grt. Oliver, B.C., (Garrett). 
3105 Catocala mira Grt. Strathroy, Ont., (W. H. Hudson). 
3365 Strenoloma lunilinea Grt. Lobo, Ont., (Woods). 


- Notodontidae 
3611 Odontosia elegans Stkr. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 
3625 Dasylophia anguina A. & S. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 


3671a Cerura cinerea cinereoidea Dyar. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 


Pyralidae 
4997 Evergestis vinctalis B. & McD. Oliver, B.C., (Garrett). 


4999 Evergestis obscuralis B.& McD. Watertown Lake, Alta., (McDunnough); 


(Cockle). 


Aegeriidae 
6655 Synanthedon exitiosa Say. Douglas Lake, Man., (R. D. Bird). 


Kaslo, B.C., 


The following species were collected by Dr. Me woneh at Waterton Lake, Alta, 


and determined by Miss Braun. 


Cosmopterygidae 
5990 Cyphophora tricristatella Cham. 
6004 Mompha albopalpelia Cham. 


Gelechiidae 

6044 Aristotelia rubidella Clem. 
Telphusa praefixa Braun. 

6110 Gnorimoschema triocellella Cham. 

6112 Gnorimoschema radiatella Busck. 

6191 Anacampsis niveopulvella Cham. 
Gelechia metallica Braun. 
Gelechia abradescens Braun. 
Gelechia conspersa Braun. 
Gelechia clandestina Meyr. 

6211 Gelechia continuella Zell. 

6362 Trichotaphe purpureofusca Walsingham. 

6368 Trichotaphe levisella Fyles. 


Oecophoridae ® 
6503 Borkhausenia haydenella Cham. 
6493 Schiffermuelleria dimidiella W\sm. 
Schiffermuelleria rostrigera Meyr. 


Glyphipterygidae 
Allononyma fabriciana var. alpinella Busck. 
7618 Choreutis onustana Wk. 
7619 Choreutis balsamorrhizella Busck. 
7621 Choreutis occidentella Dyar. 


Plutellidae 
7675 Plutella porrectella Linn. 


Yponomeutidae 
Argyresthia monochromella Busck. 
7694 Argyresthia pygmaeella Hbn. 
7695 Argyresthia oreasella Clem. 
7703. Argyresthia conjugella Zell. 


Coleophoridae 
Coleophora crinita Braun. 
7798 Coleophora tenuis Wl|sm. 


Elachistidae 
Elachista aurocristata Braun. 
Tinagma gigantea Braun. 
Tinagma pulverilinea Braun. 


Gracilariidae 
8051 Gracilaria murtfeldtella Busck. 


Scythridae 
8082 Scythris ochristriata Wlsm. 


Tineidae t ; - 
8198 Myrmecozela (Amydria) coloradella Dietz. 
8235 Dietzia martinella WIk. 


~ 


a 


-ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 91 


Incurvariidae 
8438 Chalceopla cockerelli Busck. 
Greya subalba Braun. 
a Lampronia piperatella Busck. 
8431 Lampronia aenescens Wlsm. 
8432 Lampronia politella Wism. 


Lampronia obscuromaculata Braun. 
Lampronia variata Braun. 
= OLETHREUTIDAE 


Eucosminae (prepared by J. McDunnough) 


The following list of Canadian Eucosminae has been made as complete as possible, and is 


- the result of work carried on during the past two years, based on Heinrich’s Monograph of this 
subfamily (Bull. 123, U.S.N.M.) and the material in the Canadian National Collection. 


Pseudogalleria inimicella Zell. Aweme, Man. (N. Criddle). 

Petrova albicapitana Bsk. Prince Albert, Sask. 

Petrova picicolana Dyar. Massett, B.C. 

Petrova burkeana Kit. Nordegg, Alta., (J. McDunnough). 

Barbara colfaxiana var. taxifoliella Bsk. Waterton Park, Alta. 

(C. H. Young; Agassiz, B.C., (R. Glendenning). 

Spilonota ocellana D. & S. Annapolis, N.S.; Ottawa, Trenton, Ont., (J. Evans); 
Vernon, B.C., (E. P. Venables). 

Thiodia radiatana W\shm. Digby, N.S., (J. Russell); Montreal, Que. 

Thiodia albertana McD. Lethbridge, Alta., (H. L. Seamans). 

Thiodia essexana Kft. Montreal, Que.; Trenton, Ont., (Evans). 

Thiodia awemeana Kft. Aylmer, Que., (McDunnough); Ottawa, Ont., (Young), 
Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 

Thiodia indeterminana McD. Aylmer, Que., (McDunnough); Ottawa, Ont., (Young); 
Edmonton, Wabamun, Waterton Park, Rocky Mt. House, Alta; Cranbrook, Be. 
te Garrett): Salmon Arm, Be Gay CW: R. Buckell). 

Thiodia umbrastriana Kft. Aylmer, Que., (Curran and McDunnough); Meach Lake, 
Que., (Young). 

Thiodia roseoterminana Kft. Meach Lake, Que., (Young); Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 
Saskatoon, Sask., (K.M. King). 

Thiodia ferruginana Fern. Ottawa, Ont., (Young and McDunnough). 

Thiodia formosana Clem. Digby, N.S. , (Russell) : Chelsea, Meach Lake, Aylmer, Que; 
(Young and McDunnough); Ottawa, Trenton, Ont., (Young, Ev ans); Calgary, 
Edmonton, Alta., (Bowman); Salmon Arm, B. (ee (Buckell). 

Thiodia ochroterminana Kft. St. Johns, Que., (G Chagnon): Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; 
Aweme, Man. 

Thiodia perfuscana Heinr. Ottawa, (J. Fletcher); Trenton, Ont., (Evans). 

Thiodia corculana Zell. Regina, Saskatoon, Sask., (King); Waterton Lakes, Alta., 
(McDunnough); Keremeos, B.C., (E. R. Buckell). 

Thiodia amphorana Wlshm. Calgary, Alta., (Wolley-Dod). 


~ Thiodia refusana Wlk. Aweme, Man.; Hedley, B.C., (Garrett). 


Thiodia annetteana Kft. Reported by Kearfoot in the Ent. Record for 1907 from Cart- 
wright, Man. : 

Thiodia columbiana Wlishm. Nicola, B.C., (Buckell). 

Thiodia crispana Clem. Trenton, Ont., (Evans). 

Thiodia marmontana Kearf. Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Saskatoon, Sask., (King); 
Nordegg, Waterton Park, Alta., (McDunnough). 

Thiodia alternana Heinr. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 

Thiodia oregonensis Heinr. Waterton Park, Alta., (McDunnough). 

Thiodia modernana McD, Aylmer, Que., (McDunnough) ; Cranbrook, Salmon Arm, B.C., 
(Garrett, Buckell). 

Thiodia convergana McD. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 

Thiodia apacheana Wlshm. Reported from Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle) in the Kootenai list 
(Proc. U.S.N.M., X XVII, 926). 

Thiodia influana Heinr. Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans); 
Windermere, B.C., (Dod.) 

Thiodia kokana Kearf. (sororiana Heinr.). Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 

Thiodia complicana McD. Osoyoos, B.C., (Garrett). 

Thiodia ornatula Heinr. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 

Thiodia elongana Wlshm. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). 

Thiodia transversa Wishm. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). . 

Thiodia apetene McD. Calgary, Nordegg, Laggan, Alta., (Dod, McDunnough, 
Bean). 

Thiodia misturana Heinr. Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Regina, Sask.; Vernon, Hedley, 

C., (Buckell, Garrett). 

Thiodia fertoriana Heinr. Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Regina, Lethbridge, Alta.; Nicola, 

B.C., (Buckell). 


92 





* 


THE REPORT OF THE 


Thiodia indagatricana Heinr. Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Waterton Park, Alta., (Mc- 
Dunnough). 

Thiodia spiculana Zell. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 

Thiodia striatana Clem. Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Trenton, Ont., (Young, ines 
Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Moraine Lake, Alta., (McDunnough). 

Thiodia dorsiatomana Kit. ‘Westburn, Man., (Criddle); Saskatoon, Sask., (King); 
Lethbridge, Hillcrest, Alta., (Seamans, Bowman). 

Thiodia kiscana Kft. Ottawa, Trenton, Ont., (Young, Evans). 

Thiodia perangustana Wlishm. Keremos, B. er (Garrett). 

Thiodia pallidicostana Wishm. Aweme, Man. ’ (Criddle); Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). | 

Thiodia modicellana Heinr. Aweme, Man. a '(Criddle); Lethbridge, Waterton Park, 
(Seamans, McDunnough). 

Thiodia infimbriana Dyar. Kaslo, Salmon Arm, Hedley, Vancouver, B.C. 

Thiodia infimbriana var. candidula Heinr. Aweme, Man.; Nordegg, Alta., (Mc- 
Dunnough). 

Thiodia octopunctana W\shm. Treesbank, Man., (Criddle). 

Thiodia youngi McD. Waterton Park, Alta., (Young). 

Thiodia festivana Heinr. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 

T hiodia camdenana McD. Camden Bay, Alaska. 

Thiodia montanana Wlshm. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 

Thiodia imbridana Fern. Aweme, Rownthwaite, Man., epee Marmont); Sisharsaae 
Sask., (King). 

Eucosma fandana Kft. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 







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Eucosma ridingsana Rob. Aweme, Row nthwaite, Man., (Criddle, Marmont); Calgary, 5 
Banff, Alta.; Lillooet, B.C. ATA Phair). x 
Eucosma fernaldana Grt. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). : 
Eucosma argenteana Wlishm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). : 
Eucosma serpentana Wishm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Strickland, Seamans). ~g 
Eucosma ophionana McD. Lethbridge, Waterton, Nordegg, Alta., (Seamans, Mie , 
Dunnough). § 


“ge 


Eucosma morrisoni Wishm. Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Last Mt. Lake, Sask. , (Young); 
Lethbridge, Waterton, Nordegg, Alta.; ’ Chilcotin, Keremeos, B.C. 
Eucosma heathiana Kit. Aw eme, Man. 

Eucosma argentialbana Wlshm. Aweme, Man.; Lethbridge, Waterton, Nordegg, Alta. 
Eucosma pergandeana Fern, Trenton, Ont., (Evans); Aweme, Man.; Regina, Last Mt. ; 
Lake, Sask.; Lethbridge, Waterton, Nordegg, Hillcrest, Alta.; Kaslo, Osoyoos, 

Keremeos, BG: ; 
Eucosma agricolana Wlshm. Reported by Dyar from Kaslo, B.C. (1. ¢. 925). S 
Eucosma comatulana Zell. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). j 
Eucosma galenapunctana Kft. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 

Eucosma serapicana Heinr. Lethbridge, Alta. 

Eucosma scintillana Clem. Aweme, Rounthwaite, Man. 

Eucosma scintillana var. randana Kit. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 

Eucosma subflavana Wishm. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans); Chilcotin, B.C., (Buckell). 
Eucosma glomerana Wishm. Aweme, Man.; Saskatoon, Sask. 

Eucosma sandana Kft. Aweme, Man. ; 
Eucosma vagana McD. Aweme, Man.; Saskatoon, Sask. iq 
Eucosma tocullionana Heinr. Ottawa, Ont., (Young). , : 
Eucosma grotiana Kft. Aweme, Man.; Saskatoon, Sask. A 
Eucosma lolana Kft. Waterton Park, Moraine Lake, Alta., (McDunnough) Keremeos » 

(Garrett), Aspen Grove, B.C., (P. Vroom). s. . 
Eucosma palabundana Heinr. Aweme, Man. , x 
Eucosma occipitana Zell. Saskatoon, Sask., (King); Lethbridge, Nordegg, Alta., ¢ 

(Seamans, McDunnough). 

Eucosma heinricht McD. Aweme, Man. b 
Eucosma bilineana Kft. Aweme, Man.; Lethbridge, Alta. : 
Eucosma mediostriata Wishm. Lethbridge, Alta. - 
Eucosma nandana Kft. Described from Rounthwaite, Man. No specimens examined. 
Eucosma landana Kft. Aweme, Man.; Craven, Sask., (Young); Calgary, Alta., (Dod.) gq 
Eucosma simplex McD. Calgary 3 Alta., (Dod). ; 
Eucosma dorsisignatana Clem. Aw eme, Man.; Regina, Sask.; Edmonton, Alta. / 
(Bowman); Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). 

Eucosma similana Clem. Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; Aweme, Man. 

Eucosma graduatana Wlishm. Listed by Heinrich from Aweme, Man. : 
Eucosma juncticiliana Wlshm. Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; Aweme, 
Man.; Victoria, B.C., (W. Downes). 3 

Eucosma excusabilis Heinr. Waterton Park, Alta., (J. McDunnough). 

Eucosma sombreana Kft. Aweme, Man. 

Eucosma fuscana Kft. Not yet ‘determined. One of the type localities was Roun- 
thwaite, Man. 

Eucosma corosana Wishm. Aweme, Man.; Saskatoon, Sask.; Calgary, Alta. 

Eucosma hohana Kft. Moraine Lake, Alta., (McDunnough); Kaslo, B.C., (Geka, 


ao 


Ee 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 93 


Eucosma pulveratana Wishm. Aweme, Man. 

Eucosma suadana Heinr. Aweme, Man.; Lethbridge, Alta. 

Eucosma metariana Heinr. One of the type localities was Victoria, B.C., (Blackmore). 

Eucosma rorana Kft. Aweme, Man.; Hedley, B.C., (Garrett). 

Eucosma cataclystiana Wik. Fredericton, N.B.; Kingsmere, Que.; Trenton, Ont.; 
Aweme, Man.; Regina, Sask.; Lethbridge, Waterton, Alta. 

Eucosma resumptana Wik. Described from Nova Scotia; not yet recognized. 

Epiblema strenuana Wik. Trenton, Ont., (Evans). 

Epiblema scudderiana Clem. Meach Lake, Que., (Young); Ottawa, Trenton, Ont. 

Epiblema benignata McD. Aweme, Man. 

Epiblema obfuscana Dyar. Montreal, Cascades, Que. 

Epiblema_carolinana Wlshm. Port Stanley, Ont., (Crawford); Cartwright, Man., 
(a/c Kearfott). 

Epiblema hirsutana Kft. Reported by Kearfott (Ent. Rec. 1906), from Aweme, Man. 
Needs verification. 

Epiblema periculosana Heinr. Waterton Park, Moraine Lake, Banff, Nordegg, Alta.: 
Salmon Arm, (Buckell); Keremeos, B.C., (Garrett). 

Epiblema purpurissatana Heinr. Barrington Passage, N.S., (Young); Vernon, Victoria, 
B.C., (W. Downes). om) 

Epiblema walsinghami Kft. Ottawa, Ont., (A. Gibson). 

Epiblema suffusana Zell. Reported by Kearfott (Ent. Rec. 1906), from Regina, Sask. 

Epiblema illotana Wlshm. Barrington Passage, N.S., (Young); Ottawa, Trenton; 
Aweme, Man.; Lethbridge, Waterton, Alta. 

Epiblema culminana Wlishm. Waterton, Edmonton, Alta., (Bowman); Oliver, Vernon, 
Victoria, B.C. 


Epiblema otiosana Clem. St. Johns, Que.; Trenton, Port Stanley, Ont., (Crawford). 

Epiblema tandana Kft. Aweme, Man. 

Epiblema abbreviatana Wishm. Aylmer, Que., (McDunnough); Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, 
Man.; Salmon Arm, B.C., (Buckell). 

Gypsonoma fasciolana Clem. Barrington Passage, N.S.; Ottawa, Algonquin Park, Ont.; 
Aweme, Man.; Calgary, Nordegg, Alta.; Kaslo, B.C. 

Gypsonoma nebulosana Pack. Hopedale, Labr. 

Gypsonoma parryana Curtis. Barter Is., Camden Bay, Alaska. 

Gypsonoma haimbachiana Kft. Trenton, Ont. 

Gypsonoma substitutionis Heinr. Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man. 

Gypsonoma salicicolana Clem. Ottawa, Trenton, Ont. 

Gypsonoma adjuncta Heinr. Trenton, Ont.; Aweme, Man.; Edmonton, Alta. 

Proteoteras aesculana Riley. Trenton, Ont. 

Proteoteras willingana Kft. Aweme, Man.; Saskatoon, Regina, Sask. 

Proteoteras crescentana Kft. Regina, Sask. - 

Proteoteras moffatiiana Fern. Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 

Proteoteras obnigrana Heinr. Ottawa, Ont., (Young). 

Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana Sax. Chatham, Youghall, N.B.; Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, 
Ont.; Ucluelet, B.C., (Young). 2 

Zeiraphera diniana Gn. Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; Nordegg, Alta. 

Zeiraphera fortunana Kft. Ottawa, Ont. 

Zewaphera vancouverana McD. Ucluelet, B.C. 

Exentera improbana Wik. Meach Lake, Aylmer, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 

Exentera oregonana Wishm. Aweme, Man.; Edmonton, Calgary, Alta.; Kaslo, B.C. 

Exentera maracana Kft. (?) Ottawa, Ont. Our specimens may prove to belong to 
perstructana WIlk., a species unidentified by Heinrich; they match Walsingham’s 
figure closely. 

Exentera spoliana Clem. Aylmer, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 

Exentera senatrix Heinr. Cranbrook, B.C., (Garrett). 

Gretchena watchungana Kft. Digby, N.S., (Russell); Aylmer, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 

Gretchena deludana Clem. Aylmer, Que., (McDunnough). 

Gretchena amatana Heinr. Aylmer, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 

Griselda radicana Wlshm. Nordegg, Banff, Alta.; Duncan, B.C., (Day). 

Norma dietziana Kft. Reported by Kearfott (Ent. Rec. 1912), from St. Johns, Que. 

Kundrya finitima Heinr. Barrington Passage, N.S.; Ottawa, Ont., (Young). 

Hendecaneura shawiana Kft. Ottawa, Ont., (Young). 

Rhopobota geminana Steph. Ucluelet, B.C., (Young). 

Rhopobota naevana Hbn. Victoria, B.C., (Downes). : 

Epinotia similana Hbn. Bridgetown, N.S.; Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Trenton, 
Ont.; Aweme, Man.; Nordegg, Alta.; Nicola, B.C., (Vroom). “ 

Epinotia solandriana Linn. Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Waterton Park, Alta..,. 
(McDunnough); Victoria, B.C., (Downes). 

Epinotia pulsatillana Dyar. Kaslo, B.C., (Cockle). 

Epinotia medioviridana Kft. Ottawa, Ont., (Young). 

ce castaneana Wlshm. Moraine Lake, Alta., (McDunnough); Kaslo, B.C., 
Cockle). 

Epinotia johnsonana Kft. Victoria, (Blackmore); Departure Bay, B.C., (Young). 


94 


_ i - 


\ 


THE REPORT OF THE 





Epinotia madderana Kft. Trenton, Ont.; Rounthwaite, Man., (Marmont). 
Epinotia laracana Kft. Otatwa, Ont., (Young). 
Epinotia hopkinsana Kft. Victoria, B.C., (Blackmore). 


Epinotia solicitana Wik. Barrington Passage, N.S.; Montreal, Megantic, Aylmer, Que:; 
- Z 


Ottawa, Ont.; Kaslo, Vancouver, B.C. 
Epinotia corylana McD. Ottawa, Ont. 


Epinotia rectiplicana Wlshm. Barrington Passage, N.S.; Gaspé, St. Johns, Que.; 


Agassiz, Hedley, Victoria, B.C. 

Epinotia misella Cl. Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man. (as criddleana Kft.); Banff, Edmonton, 
Red Deer, Nordegg, Alta., (Bowman); Oliver, B.C., (Garrett). 

Epinotia albangulana Wlshm. Wellington, Vancouver, B.C. 

pee momonana Kft. Bridgetown, N.S.; Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, 

an. 

Epinotia transmissana Wlk. Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; Salmon Arm, B.C., (Buckell). 

Epinotia silvertoniensis Heinr. Waterton Park, Moraine Lake, Alta., (McDunnough). 

Epinotia digitana Heinr. Banff, Moraine Lake, Alta.; Ucluelet, B.C. 

Epinotia nigralbana Wishm. Waterton Park, Moraine Lake, Alta. 

Epinotia sagittana McD. Departure Bay, B.C. 

Epinotia emarginana Wlshm. Victoria, B.@, 

Epinotia crenana Hbn. Nordegg, Alta.; Kaslo, Vancouver, B.C. 

Epinotia bicordana Heinr. Aweme, Man. a 

Epinotia arctostaphylana Kft. Nordegg, Alta., (Bowman). 

Epinotia timidella Clem. Aweme, Man. 

Epinotia aceriella Clem. Aylmer, Que.; Trenton, Ont. 

Epinotia nonana Kft. Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans). 

Epinotia normanana Kft. Aweme, Man. 

Epinotia nanana Tr. Vancouver, B.C., (Glendenning). 

Epinotia meritana Heinr. Victoria, B.C., (Carter); one of the type localities. : 

Epinotia medioplagata Wlshm. Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; Waterton Park, Moraine Lake, 
Nordegg, Alta. 

Epinotia plumbolineana Kft. Victoria, B.C., (Downes). 

Epinotia lomonana Kft. Aweme, Man.; Edmonton, Alta., (Bowman); Salmon Arm, — 
Victoria, B.C. 

Epinotia cruciana Linn. Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Nordegg, Banff, Moraine 
Lake, Alta.; Kaslo, Salmon Arm, B.C. 

Epinotia cruciana var. alaskae Heinr. Fort Wrigley, N.W.T., (Crickmay). 

Epinotia cruciana var. russata Heinr. Described from Victoria, B.C. + 

Epinotia seorsa Heinr. Salmon Arm, Victoria, B.C. 

Epinotia vagana Heinr. Kaslo, Victoria, Departure Bay, Be: 

Epinotia lindana Fern. Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa,.Ont.; Aweme, Man. 

Epinotia kasloana McD. Kaslo, B.C. Pi 

Epinotia signiferana Heinr. Kaslo, B.C. 

Epinotia trossulana Wishm. Reported by Heinrich from Victoria, BAS ; 

Anchylopera nubeculana Clem. Digby, N.S.; Meach Lake, Que.; Ottawa, Trenton, 
Ont.; Aweme, Man.; Red Deer, Waterton Park, Alta. 

Anchylopera subaequana Zell. Barrington Passage, N.S.; Ottawa, Ont. 

Anchylopera subaequana var. kincaidana Fern. Nordegg, Alta.; Ucluelet, B.C. 

Anchylopera discigerana Wlk. Kaslo, Salmon Arm, B.C. 

Anchylopera spireaefoliana Clem. Montreal, Que., (Winn); Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, 
Man. : 

Anchylopera angulifasciana Zell. Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; Nordegg, Alta. 

Anchylopera burgessiana Zell. Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Rounthwaite, Man. 

Anchylopera platanana Clem. Aylmer, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 

Anchylopera laciniana Zell. Ottawa, Ont. 

Anchylopera fuscociliana Clem. Ottawa, Ont. 

Ancylis comptana Froel. Barrington. Passage, N.S.; Aylmer, Meach Lake, Que.; 
Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man.; Lethbridge, Waterton Park, Alta.; Kaslo, BE: 

Ancylis cometana Wishm. Aweme, Man.; Nordegg, Alta. 

Ancylis divisana Wik. Digby, N.S.; Ottawa, Ont. 

Ancylis apicana Wik. Barrington Passage, N.S.; Ottawa, Ont. 

Ancylis muricana Wlshm. Aylmer, Que., (McDunnough); Grimsby, Ont. 

Ancylis carbonana Heinr. Barrington Passage, N.S.; Ottawa, Ont.; Gaspé, Que. 

Ancylis diminutana Haw. Ottawa, Trenton, Ont.; Aweme, Man.; Nordegg, Alta.; 
Vancouver, B.C. 

Ancylis goodelliana Fern. Ottawa, Ont.; Nordegg, Alta. - 

Ancylis plagosana Clem. Aweme, Man.; Waterton Park, Nordegg, Alta.; Kaslo, Cran- 
brook, Saanich Dist., B.C. 

Ancylis pacificana Wlshm. Kaslo, B.C. 

Ancylis mediofasciana Clem. Digby, N.S.; Gaspé, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man.; 
Waterton Park, Alta. : - 

Ancylis torontana Kft. Only known from the type from Toronto, Ont. 

Ancylis tineana Hbn. Barrington Passage, N.S.; Aweme, Man. 





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ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 95 





Ancylis albacostana Kft. Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man. 
Hystricophora stygiana Dyar. Lethbridge, Calgary, Alta.; Mt. Arrowsmith (Fletcher), 
Vancouver, B.C. 
ea ada asphodelana Kft. Calgary, Lethbridge, Waterton Park, Alta.; Keremeos, 
ernon, 
Hystricophora ochreicostana Wlshm. Aweme, Treesbank, Man.; Lethbridge, Alta. 
Hystricophora taleana Grt. Aweme, Man. 
Hystricophora vestaliana Zell. Aweme, Man.; Last Mt. Lake, Sask. 
Species marked with an asterisk were described in the Can. Ent., 1925, LVII, pp. 12-23. 





E: COLEOPTERA 
(Arranged according to Leng’s Catalogue of Coleoptera, 1920). 
Cicindelidae 
: 41 Cicindela limbata Say.” Orion, Alta., (Seamans and Criddle). Approaching var. nympha 
E xf Csy. 
¢ * 


Cicindela osleri terracensis Csy. Terrace, B.C., (Mrs. W. Hippisley). 
Cicindela ostenta columbiana Csy. B.C. 
~ 108 Cuicindela cuprescens Lec. -Aweme East, Man., (R. D. Bird). 


Carabidae 
Elaphrus divinctus Csy. Medicine Hat and Cypress Hills, Alta., (F. S. Carr). 
Elaphrus bituberosus Csy. Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). 
237 Blethisia multipunctata L. Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr). 
* Blethisia hudsonica Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
241 Loricera caerulescens L. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 

* Nebria curtulata Csy. West St. Modest, Labrador, (Sherman). 
= * Nebria hippisleyi Csy. Terrace, B.C., (Mrs. Hippisley). 
; . 329 Dyschirius aeneolus Lec. Baldur, Man., (J. B. Wallis). 

348a Dyschirius montanus Lec. Baldur, Man., (Wallis). Not typical. 

3 * Bembidion carrianum Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
Bembidion exiguiceps Csy. ‘Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). 
Bembidion oblectans Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
Bembidion fortunatum Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
Bembidion edmontonensis Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr), 
Bembidion subexiguum Csy. Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). 
Bembidion accuratum Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
Bembidion albertanum Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
Bembidion terracens Csy. ‘Terrace, B.C. , (Hippisley). 
Bembidion canadianum Csy. Edmonton, Nliiaten (Gari). 
Bembidion henshawi Hayd. Saskatoon, Sask., (N. J. Atkinson). 
Patrobus canadensis Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
Hypherpes terracensis Csy. Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). 
Hypherpes stoecus Csy._ Inverness, B.C. 
Poecilus elucens Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
Poecilus occidentalis Dej. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
Curtonotus subtilis Csy. Stupart Bay, N.W.T. 
Curtonotus albertinus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr).! 
Curtonotus giluipes Csy. Manitoba. 
Curtonotus brevipennis Csy. West Hudson Bay. 
Curtonotus manitobensis Csy. Manitoba. 
Curtonotus durus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
Curtonotus biarcuatus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
Celia vancouveri Csy. B.C. 
Celia marginatellus Csy. Manitoba. 
Celia parallela Csy. Alberta, (Carr). 
Celia albertas Csy. Alberta, (Carr). 
Celia funebris Csy. Manitoba. 
Celia winnipegensis Csy. Winnipeg, Man. 
Celia fragilis Csy. ; 
Celia frugalis Csy. Manitoba. 
Celia explanatula Csy. B.C. 
Celia cervicalis Csy. Canada, (‘‘probably Alta.’’). 
Amara viridula Csy. Alberta. 
Amara obligua Csy. B.C. 
Amara infiaticollis Csy. Manitoba. 
Amara subarctica Csy. Saskatchewan. 
Amara carriana Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
Anchomenus albertanus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
Agonum invalidum Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
Agonum terracens Csy. ‘Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). 
Europhilus (Platynus) carri Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 


* 


EE eB 


eee KK HK HR KEKE HK KE KH KEK KH HH KE HHH HK HEN KH HK HCO KH HK KK KE HE KH HK 


/ 7 ite gees 


THE REPORT OF THE 





x eK HK HK 


* 


All the above new carabidae described in ‘‘Memoirs on the Coleoptera,” Vol. XI, 1924. 


Platynus subcordatus Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
Lebia atriceps Lec. Aweme, Man., (E. Criddle); Kelwood, Man., (J. May). | : 
Lebia pulchilla Dej. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). Not typical. 
Lebia divisa Lec. Saskatoon, Sask., (K. King). 

Lebia montana Horn. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 

Cymindis kirbyi Csy. Caribou, B.C. 

Cymindis obliqua Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 

Chlaenius albertanus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
Chlaenius tomentosus Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
Chlaenius nebraskensis Lec. Medicine Hat and Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr). 
Piosoma setosa Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 

Harpalus columbianus Csy. Goldstream, B.C. 

Harpalus instructus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 

Harpalus blanditus Csy. Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). 
Harpalus nivalis Csy. Saskatchewan. . 
Harpalus ferviculus Csy. B.C. 

Harpalus ventricosus Csy. Spencer, B.C. 

Harpalus durescans Csy. Ft. Coulonge, Que. 

Harpalus modulatus Csy. Ft. Coulonge, Que. 

Harpalus electus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 

Acupalpus canadensis Csy. Mt. Royal, Que. - 





- = 
Haliplidae 3 
2305 Haliplus cribarius Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 4 
Dytiscidae aa: 5) 
Coelambus compar Full. Aweme and Winnipeg, Man., (J. B. Wallis). ee 
2405 Coelambus farctus Lec. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). 7 
Coelambus hudsonicus Fall. Barnard Harbour, N.W.T.; erroneously recorded in 
report of Can. Arctic Exp. as unguicvlaris (Wallis). ; 2 
2415 Coelambus punctilineatus Fall. Medicine Hat and Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr). & 
2482 Hydroporus 12-lineatus Lec. Cawstone, B.C., (W. Metcalf). | 
2487 Hydroporus occidentalis Shp. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). i 
2495 Hydroporus despectus Shp. Aweme, Man., (Wallis). | 
Hydroporus pervicinus Fall. Onah and Aweme, Man., (Wallis); Transcona, Man., } 
(G. S. Brooks). cm 
Hydroporus labradorensis Fall. Stupart Bay, N.W.T. i 
2551 Agabus Eee Aube. Saskatoon, Sask., (N. J. Atkinson); Cypress Hills, Alta., 4 
(Carr). 5 
2561 Agabus nigrifalpis Sahlb. Panguirtuny Fiord, Baffin Land, (J. P. Saper). < 
2563 Agabus confinis Gyll. Thornhill, Man., (Wallis). 3 
Agabus ontarionis Fall. Charleswood, Man., (Wallis); Aweme, Man., (R. M. White 3 
and Wallis). ; 
Agabus ajax Fall. Tofield, Alta., (Carr). 
2582 Agabus tristis Aube. Panguirtuny Fiord, Baffin Land, (J. P. Saper). 
2612 Scatopterus angustus Lec. Aweme, Man., (White). 
2613 Scatopterus horni Cr. Aweme, Man., (Wallis). : 
2627 Colymbetes longulus Lec. Kelwood, Man., (J. May). = 
2631  Colymbetes strigatus Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 7 
Gyrinidae * 
Gyrinus pleuralis Fall. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). : 
2686 Gyrinus aeneolus Lec. Black Rapids and Ottawa, Ont., (R. Ozburn). % 
Hydrophilidae 3 
* Cymbiodyta vindicata Fall. Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). : 
Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., XXX, 1924. ; 
Scydmaenidae < i 
3169 Scydmaenus badius Csy. Aweme, Man., (White). 3 
Colydiidae ‘me 
3248 Synchita fuliginosa Melsh. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). Bred in oak. La 
Histeridae 
* Hister albertanus Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). :¥ 
6623 Hister bimaculatus L. ‘Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). < ( 
* Culistex deficiens Csy. Alberta, (Carr). - 2 
6691 Margarinotus guttifer Horn. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). j 
6893 Saprinus estriatus Lec. Waterton Lakes, Alta., (J. McDunnough). 0 
Melyridae 
7208 Collops bipunctatus Say. Lethbridge, Alta., (W. Carter). ‘ 
7437 Listrus senilis Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 





-ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 97 


, 
g 
: Cleriidae 
a 7545 Cymaiodera inornata Say. Treesbank, Man., (White). 
4 Meloidae 
f 8017 Epicauta maculata Say. Dallard, Sask., (King). 
i Elateridae 
ae 8228a Cryptohypnus lucidulus Mann. Calgary, Alta., (Tams). 
“ 8971 Ectamenogonus melsheimeri Leng. Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis). 

Melasidae 

9142 Dromaeolus harringtoni Horn. Victoria Beach, Man., (L. Roberts). 

Buprestidae 

9372a Buprestis nuttalli consularis Gory. Wawanesa, Man., (White). ; 
eg 9436 Chrysobothris blanchardi Horn. Victoria Beach, Man., (Brooks, Roberts, Wallis). 
. 9448 Chrysobothris pusilla Cast. Victoria Beach, Man., (Brooks and Wallis). 
Agrilus frosti Knull. Stonewall, Man., on oak, (Wallis). 
: 9498 Agrilus acutipennis Mann. Douglas Lake, Man., (E. Criddle). 
9523a Agrilus arcuatus torquatus Lec. Victoria Beach, Man., (Roberts). 

9548 Agrilus vittaticollis Rand. Treesbank, Man., (White). 

Ostomidae 

* Ostoma columbiana Csy. Terrace, B.C., (Hippisley). 
~ Nitidulidae 

. 10042 Corpophilus hemipterus L. Winnipeg, Man., (Roberts). 

Erotylidae 


* Triplax carri Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 


Cryptophagidae , 
* Cryptophagus keeni Csy. Matlakatla, B.C., (J. H. Keen). 
* Macrodea antennalis Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 


Mycetophagidae 
* Lendomus politus Csy. St. Lawrence Valley, Que. 


Coccinelidae 
2 10905 Hyperaspis disoluta Cr. Aweme East, Man., (White). 
- 10954 Hyperaspidus vittigera Lec. Medicine Hat and Cypress Hills, Alta., (Carr); Bow Slope, 
Alta., (Carter). 
11165 Hippodamia sinuata Muls. Penticton, B.C., (B. Farmer); Calgray, Alta., (Bird). 
* Hippodamia uteana quadraria Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
* _Hippodamia sinuata albertana Csy. Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
11194a Adalia humeralis Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
* Anisocalvia vancouveri Csy. B.C. 
11204 Anatis lecontei Csy. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 


Tenebrionidae 
12008 Embaphion muricatum Say. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
12297 Eleates depressus Rand. Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis); Aweme, Man., (Criddle and 
Bird). 
Coelocnemis columbiana Csy. B.C. (Kemp). 
* Iphthinus salebrosus Csy. Matlakatla, B.C., (Keen). 


* 


Melandryidae 

12568 Serropalpus barbatus Schl. Onah, Man., (White). 
Plinidae 

12621 Ptinus californicus Lec. Peachland, B.C., (Metcalf). 
Anobiidae 


12689 Sitodrepa panicea L. Transcona, Man., (Mrs. G. S. Brooks). 


Bostrichidae 
12902 Bostrichus bicornis Web. Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 


Scarabaeidae 
13112 Aphodius denticulatus Hald. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
13620 Polyphylla decemlineata Say. Cabra, Sask., (King). 
13652 Dichelonyx diluta Fall. Annapolis Royal N.S., (R. P. Gorham). 
13671 Dichelonyx decolorata Fall. Vernon, B.C., (E. P. Venables). 
13694 Hoplia trifasciata Say. Victoria Beach, Man., (Brocks and Wallis). 
13978 Cremastochilus incisus Csy. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 





) 
4 
t 
| 
4 
| 
, on 
VRASEe * 


98 THE REPORT OF THE j % 
gee 

Cerambycidae 3 
* Strangalia apicata Csy. B.C. i: 4 
14615 Anacomis litigiosa Csy. Saskatoon, Sask., (N. J. Atkinson). ts : 
* Anacomis terracensis Csy. Terrace, B.C., '(Hippisley). 5 
* Anacomis basalis Csy. ‘Terrace, B. & (Hippisley). 4 
14694 © Xylotrechus nauticus Mann. Waterton Lakes, Alta., (McDunnough). : 
14961 Astylopsis guttata Say. Victoria Beach, Man., (Wallis and Roberts). a 
15056 es mixtus Hald. Victoria Beach, Man. , (Wallis); Aweme, Man., (Wallis and =e 
riddle). . 
15111 Saperda horni Joutl. Winnipeg, Man., (A. V. Mitchener). =e 
15148 Oberea bimaculata Oliv. Aweme, Man., (Wallis and White). ; 
15168 Tetraopes canescens Lec. Pelican Lake, Man., (Chaplin); Baldur, Man. - (White). 4 
15182 Tetraopes femoratus Lec. Pelican Lake, Man., (Chaplin). 
15183  Tetraopes collaris Horn. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). % 
Chrysomelidae re : 
15211 Donacia distincta Lec. Aweme, Man., (E. Criddle). — a 
15220 Syneta carinata Mann. Victoria Beach, Man., (G. S. Brooks); Waterton Lakes, Alta., f 
(Seamans). ; 
All new species by Casey are from ‘‘Memoirs on the Coleoptera,” Vol. XI, 1924. q 
15267 Coscinoptera dominicana Fab. Baldur, Man., (White). : 
15287 Saxinis saucia Lec. Aspen Grove, B.C., (Paul Vroom). 4 
15299 Chlamys cribripennis Lec. Winnipeg, Man., (Wallis). = 
15534d Bassareus sellatus Suffr. Waugh, Man., and Victoria Beach, Man., “ (Wallis): ROE: ee 
15549 Nodonota puncticollis Say. Medicine Hat, Alta.,' (Carr). A 
15566 Graphops varians Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). te 
15617 Glyptoscelis albida Lec. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 4 
* Phytodecta americana Schaef. Man. to Alta.; previously identified as pallida. Jour. : 
N.Y. Ent. Soc., XXXII, 1924. ‘ 
15703 Gastrodea cyanea Melsh. Cy press Hills, Alta., (Carr). ar 
* Galerucella kalmiae Fall. N.B., (Gorham); Halifax, N.S., (Harrington); Megantic, 3 
Que., (Curran); Ottawa, Ont., (Harrington); Mer Bleue, Ont., (Ozburn and Richard- 2 

son); Sudbury, Ont., (Evans). Feeds on kalmia. A 
* Galerucella spiraeae Fall. St. Thomas, Ont., (H. G. Dustan). — 
The above two species described in Bull. 319, Maine Agr. Sta., 1924. a 

15821 Luperodes torquaius Lec. Victoria, B.C., (Buckell). ¢ 
15861 Hypolampsis pilosa Ill. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 4 


15868a Oedionychts scripticollis Say. Medicine Hat, ’Alta., (Carn). . 


* 


* 


Disonycha asteris Schaef. Winnipeg, Man. , (Willis): Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Estevan, 
Sask., (Criddle); Moose Jaw, ’Sask., (Macoun): Lethbridge, Alta., (Seamans); 
Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 

Disonycha davisi Schaef. New Brunswick, Vineland, Ont., (Curran); Onah, Man., | 
(Wallis). =] 

Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., XXXII, 1924. 


15922 Haltica corni Woods. Hillier and Sudbury, Ont., (Evans). oe 
* Chaetocnema protensa splendida Gent. Aweme, Man., (Criddle); Rosthern, Sask. ~~ 
(King); Edmonton, Alta., (Carr). 
Ent. News, Vol. XX XV, No. 5, 1924. 
* Longitarsus pallescens Blat. Prince Edward Co., Ont., (Evans). 
Jour. N.Y. Ent. Soc., Vol. XXXII, 1924. ie 
16120 Brachycoryna montana Horn. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
Curculionidae 
16364 Rhynchites macrophthalmus Schf. Stonewall, Man., (Wallis). 
16626 Evotus naso Lec. St. Mary’ s River, Alta., (Bird). 
16765 Phytonomus nigrirostris Fab. Victoria, Bee , (W. Downes). 
16863 Pissodes rotundatus Lec. Grand Marais, Man. , (Wallis); Onah, Man., (White). 
17010 Promecotarsus fumatus Csy. Aweme, Man., (White). j 
17299 Pseudoanthonomus crataegi Walsh. Stonewall, Man., (Wallis); Aweme, Man., (Criddle). 
17341 Orchestes illinoisensis Fall. Stonewall, Man., (Wallis). 
17360 Miarus hispidulus Payk. Aweme, Man., (W ‘hite). 2 
17735 Acanthoscelis curtus Say. Medicine Hat, "Alta., (Carr). 
17760 Coeliodes flavicaudis Boh. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Garr): ; 
17835 Mecopeltus fuliginosus Dietz. Aweme, Man., (White) ; Peachland, B.C., (Wallis). 
18002 Thecesternus humeralis Say. Milk River, Alta., (Bird). ; - 
18090 Sphenophorus mormon Chitt. Stonewall,, Man., (Wallis); Victoria Beach, Man., 


* 


(Brooks). 
Sphenophorus serratipes Chitt. Medicine Hat, Alta., (Carr). 
Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XX VI, No. 6, 1924. 


~ 





ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


99 


DIPTERA 


Prepared by C. H. Curran. 


(The numbers at the left refer to the page in Aldrich’s catalogue on which the name of the 
genus appears.) 


Tipulidae 
Rhabdomastix (Sacandaga) borealis Alexander. Hurricane, Alaska. 


ultima alaskana Alexander. Healy, Alaska. 


Skagway, Alaska. 
Skagway, Alaska. 


89* Limnophila (Neolimnophila) 
_- 84* + Erioptera aldrichit Alexander. Valdez, Alaska. 
* Erioptera alaskensis Alexander. Alaska. 
* Ormosia curvata Alexander. 
* Ormosia decussata Alexander. Ketchikan, Alaska. 
* Ormosia proxima Alexander. 
; The above described in Proc. U.S.N.M., LXIV, Article 10. 
88* Trichocera bituberculata Alexander. Alaska. 
Ins. Insc. Men, XII, 81. 
ae cides 
: 142* Boletina anticus Garrett. Michel, B.C. 


) 


bam ee i ie ed eo a A 


Boletina antomus Garrett. 


Boletina differens Garrett. 


Michel, B.C. 


- Boletina astacus Garrett. Caulfields, B.C. 
Fernie, B.C. 


Boletina jocunda Garrett. B.C. 


Boletina montanus Garrett. 
Boletina shermani Garrett. 


Fernie, B.C. 
Bae 


Mycomya ampla Garrett. Banff, Alta. 


Mycomya armata Garrett. 


Caulfields, B.C. 


Mycomya atus Garrett. B.C. 
Mycomya autumnalis Garrett. Michel, B.C. 


Mycomya caufieldi Garrett. 


Caulfields, B.C. 


Mycomya cranbrooki Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. 


Mycomya difficilis Garrett. 


Cranbrook, B.C. 


Mycomya durus Garrett. Vancouver, B.C. 


Mycomya echinata Garrett. 
Mycomya humidus Garrett. 


Michel, B.C. 
Michel, B.C. 


Mycomya magna Garrett. Fernie, B.C. 


‘Mycomya oviducta Garrett. 


Michel, B.C. 


Mycomya pollenit Garrett. Cranbrook, B.C. 


Mycomya shermani Garrett. 


Mycomya terminata Garrett. 


Mycomya vulgaris Garrett. 
The above described in Ins. 


Stratiomyidae 


184 


Odontomyia pilimana Loew. 
Odontomyia vertebrata Say. 
July 29, (N. Criddle). 


Tabanidae 
195 Chrysops aestuans V. d. Wulp. Penticton, Oliver and Vernon, B.C., (Buckell, Vroom, 
Gillespie); Dunedin, Sask. 

Chrysops hilaris O.S. Truro, N.S., July 21, (Whitehead). 


Asilidae 


Michel, B.C. 
BG 
Fernie, B.C. 
Insc. Men., XII, 63. 


Douglas, Man., July 29, (R. D. Bird; E. Criddle). 
Douglas Lake, Man., July 30, (E. Criddle) ; Stockton, Man., 


255 Ospriocerus ventralis Coq. Oliver, B.C., July 17, (Buckell). 
Eucertopogon albibarbis Curran. Medicine Hat, ‘Alta., April, (F. S. Carr). 


Bestville, Sask., July 5: (King). 
Covey Hill, Que., July 17, (G. S. Walley). 


Asilus nitidifacies Hine. Hopedale, Labrador, Aug. 19, 1923, (Pervitt): Seven Islands, 


Platypalpus hians var. fuscohalteratus Melander. Sudbury, Ont. 
Platypalpus holosericus Melander. Megantic Que.; St. John, N.B. 
Platypalpus pectinator Melander. Banff, Alta., (Garrett). 


Pap. Boston Soc. N.H., V. 85. 


261 Holopogon seniculus Loew. 
Holopogon tibialis Curran. 
282 
Que., July 9, (F. W. Waugh). 
Empididae 
Silt 
* 
* 
The above described in Occ. 
Dolichopodidae : 
293* 


_ 290* 
* 


Nothosympycnus cilifemoratus Van Duzee. Alaska. 
Campsicnemus calacaratusWan Duzee. Alaska. 
Hydrophorus minimus Van Duzee. Alaska. 

The above described in Proc. U.S.N.M., LXIII, Art. 21. 


Hydrophorus algens Wheeler. 


Aweme, Man., Oct. 7, 1924, (N. Criddle). 


Paraphrosylus nigripennis Van Duzee. Alaska. 


305* 


306 


Syrphidae 


406* 
344* 


* 


376 


349* 


394 


THE, REPORT. OF WHE 


Panseacs bnitents 

Argyra ciliata Van Duzee. Alaska. 

Proc. U.S.N.M., LXIII, Art. 21. 

Rhaphium subarmatum Curran. Oromocto, N.B. 

Psyche, XX XI, 228. 

Diaphorus brevinervis Van Duzee. Alaska. 

Porphyrops albibarba Van Duzee. Alaska. 

Porphyrops borealis Van Duzee. Alaska. 

Porphyrops terminalis Van Duzee. Alaska. 

The above described in Proc. U.S.N.M., LXIII, Art 21. 

Medeterus halteralis Van Duzee. Aylmer, Que., July 31, 1924, (Curran). 

Medeterus vittatus Van Duzee. Aylmer, Que., July 31, (Curran). 

Dolichopus barbicauda Van Duzee. Stockton, Man., July 29, (Criddle). 

Dolichopus detersus Loew. Stockton, Man., July 29, (Criddle). 

Dolichopus longimanus Loew. Slave Lake, Alta., July, Aug., (Owen Bryant). 

Dolichopus luteipennis Loew. Aylmer, Que., Aug. 8, (Curran). 

Dolichopus nubifer Van Duzee. Stockton, Man., July 29, (Criddle). 

Dolichopus quadrilamellatus Loew. Strathroy, Ont., July, (H. F. Hudson). 

Dolichopus remipes Wahl. Stockton, Man., July 29, (J. B. Wallis). 

Gymnopternus nigricoxa Van Duzee. Joliette, Que. 

Occ. Pap. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., V. 103. 

Gymnopternus subulatus Loew. Aylmer, Que., Aug. 1, 2, (Curran). 

Gymnopternus fimbriatus Loew. Hemmingford, Que., June 29, 1923, (Curran). 

Hercostomus ornatipes V.D. Ottawa, July, August, (Curran); Hull, Que., July 5, 1923, 
(Curran); very local. 

Hercostomus unicolor Loew. Aylmer, Que., Aug. 2, (Curran). 


Cerioides proxima Curran. Guelph, Ont. 

Psyche, XX XI, 228. 

Microdon manitobensis Curran. Megantic, Que. 

Psyche, XX XI, 227. 

Microdon pseudoglobosus Curran. Aweme, Man. 

Psyche, XX XI, 226. 

Volucella satur O.S. Medicine Hat, Alta., Aug. 20, (F. S. Carr). 

Volucella avida O. S. Victoria, B.C., (A. W. Hanham). 

Epistrophe genualis Williston. Kentville, N.S., May, (Gorham). 

Cnemodon auripleura Curran. Calgary, Alta., June, 1923, (G. Salb); Lethbridge, Alta., 
July 28, 1923, (Strickland). : 

Cnemodon rita Curran. Waterton, Alta., July 14, 1923, (Strickland). 

Pipiza nigrotibiata Curran. Bathurst, N.B. x 

Occ. Pap. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., V. 81. 

Cynorhina nigra Williston. Kentville, N.S., (R. P. Gorham). 

Asemosyrphus willingi Smith. Elk Island Alta., August 4 to i2, 1923; Tofield, Alta., 
May 22, 1923, (E. H. Strickland). 


Platypezidae 


341 


Platypeza flavicornis Loew. Kings Co., Nova Scotia, Sept. 14, 1920, (reared from wormy 


mushroom); 
7 


Tachinidae 


438 


Pseudapinops nigra Coq. Macdiarmid, Ont., (L. Nipigon), July 11, 1923, (Bigelow). 
Mericia bicarina Tothill. Hedley, B.C., Aug., (Garrett). 

Mericia nigropalpis Tothill. Macdiarmid, Ont., June, (Bigelow). 

Ernestia fasciata Curran. Cranbrook, B.C. 

Ent. News, XX XV, No. 7,246. 

Mericia campestris Curran. Aweme, Man. 


Ent. News, XX XV, 249. ie 


Mericia fasciventris Curran. Aylmer, Que. 
Ent. News, XX XV, 248. 

Mericia triangularis Curran. Aweme, Man. 
Ent. News, XX XV, 247. 

Phorocera setifrons Ald and Webber. Sask. 
Proc. U.S.N.M., LXIII, Art. 17, 71. 
Phorocera silvatica Ald. and Webber. B.C. 
Proc: UsSsNr Vite bexXaiile Ants lua 2 
Phorocera tenuiseta Ald. and Webber. B.C. 


Proc. ’U:S.N.M:, LXXTil, Atte 177 82: e 


Sarcophagidae : 
476 Hilarella decens Townsend. Osoyoos, B.C., May 16, (Buckell). _ 
510 Sarcophaga atlanis Aldrich. Joliette, Que., July 6, (J. Ouellet). 


Sarcophaga coloradensis Aldrich. Aylmer, Que., May 21, June 24, (Curran). 





n ‘ F ; a y 
eS ee eT ae et re 


ay bests ; 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY ~ 101 





Sarcophaga falciformis Aldrich. Saskatoon, Sask., June 6, 29, 1923, (K. M. King). 
Sarcophaga larga Aldrich. Hemmingford, Que., Aug. 19 and 22, (T. Armstrong). 


Sarcophaga libera Aldrich. Macdiarmid, Ont., June 29, 1922, (N. K. Bigelow). 
Sarcophaga planifrons Aldrich. Plato, Sask., Aug. 2, 1923, (King). 
Sarcophaga uliginosa Kramer. Macdiarmid, Ont., July 12, 1922, (N. K. Bigelow). 
Calliphoridae 
Fae * Francilia alaskensis Shannon. Alaska. 
Ins. Insc. Men., XII, 74. 
523* Protocalliphora splendida, var. aenea Shannon and Dobroscky. Ont. 
\ Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., XIV, 251. 
* Protocalliphora splendida var. hesperia Shannon and Dobroscky. B.C. 
Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., XIV, 251. 
Muscidae 
_ 553 Eustalomyia vittipes Zett. Montreal, Que.; Aylmer, Que., June, (Curran). 
Eustalomyia festiva Zett. Hemmingford, Que., July, (T. Armstrong); Aylmer, Que., 
July, (Curran). 
551* Hydrophoria packardi Malloch. Labrador. 
Ann and Mag. Nat. Hist., XIV, 514. 
4 Xenophorbia muscaria Mg. Oliver, B.C., April, (C. Garrett); Vancouver, Island, B.C., 
ae (Hanham). 
551 Hylemyia curvipes Malloch. Hull, Que., May, (Curran). 
Hylemyia fuscohalterata Malloch. Teulon, Man., May, (A. J. Hunter). 
Hylemyia hinei Malloch. Hardisty Island, Great Slave Lake Region, June, (J. Russell). 
Hylemyia pluvialis Malloch. Kentville, N.S., July, (Gorham). 
= Hylemyia marginata Stein. Hedley, B.C., July, (Garrett); Revelstoke Mt., B.C., 
Aug., (Vroom); Mt. Cheam, B.C., Aug., (Fletcher). 
Hylemyia setiventris Stein. Hedley, B.C., July, Aug., (Garrett). 
Hylemyia spiniventris Coq. Hedley, B.C., July, Aug., (Garrett). 
558 Pegomyia fuscofasciata Malloch. Aylmer, Que., Aug., (Curran). 
Pegomyia lipsea Walk. Teulon, Man., August, (A. J. Hunter). 
554 Eremomyia humeralis Stein. Aylmer, Que., May, (C. B. Hutchings). 
Eremomyodes cylindrica Steing Hull, Que., May, (Curran). 
Eremomyodes fusciceps Malloch. Aylmer, Que., June, (Curran). 
* Fannia canadensis Malloch. Gold Rock, Ontario, July 21, 1908, (H. H. Newcomb). 
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XIII, 423. 
Fannia glaucescens Zett. Teulon, Man.,-May, (A. J. Hunter); Kentville, N.S., July, 
(R. P. Gorham). 
Fannia incisurata Zett. Teulon, Man., July, (A. J. Hunter). 
Fannia leucosticta Mg. Saanich Dist., B.C., Sept., (W. Downes). 
= Fannia manicata Mg. Aylmer, Que., Oct., (Curran). 
Fannia tibialis Malloch. Teulon, Man., Aug., (Hunter). 
539 Coelomyia spathulata Zett. Hedley, B.C., July, (C. Garrett). 
534 Hydrotaea dentipes Fabr. Seven Islands, Quebec, June, (F. W. Waugh). 
Scatophagidae ; 
568 Scatophaga rubicunda Malloch. Panguirtung Fiord, Baffinland, July 24, (J. D. Soper). 
Helomyzidae 
573* Leria serrataria Garrett. Mount Apex, B.C. 
Ins, Insc. Mens., XII, 26. 
* Amoebaleria perplexus Garrett. Wilson Creek, Michel, B.C. 
Ins. Insc. Mens., XII, 27. 
* Lutomyia distincta Garrett. Bentley’s Siding, Rushmere, Windermere, B.C. 
Ins. Insc. Mens., XII, 30. 
Borboridae 
* Leptocera (Collinella) fumipennis Spuler. Nelson, B.C. 
Annals Ent. Soc. Am., XVII, 110. 
* Leptocera (Ptermis) parvipennis Spuler. Alaska. 
Psyche, XX XI, 132. 
* Leptocera (Opacifrons) pellucida Spuler. Wash. 
Psyche, XX XI, 127. 
Ortalidae 
594* Psairoptera similis Cresson. Star City, Sask. 
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., L. 236. 
» Piophilidae 
620* Piophila privigna Melander. Mass. 


Psyche, XX XI, 86. 


+ 


102 THE REPORT OF THE - 


HYMENOPTERA 


(Prepared by H. L. VIERECK) 
Tenthredinidae 
Kaliofenusa ulmi Sundewal. Injurious to elms in southern Quebec. 
Pristophora californicus Marl. Metchosin, B.C., May 18, 1924, (W. Downs). 
Tenthredella nigricollis Kby. Hemmingford, Que., July 28, 1924, (T.. Armstrong). 


Cephidae 
Janus integer Nort. Edmonton, Alta., July 1, 1923, (E. H. Strickland). 


Vipionidae y 
Ichneutidea secunda Roh. Jordon, Ont., Aug. 18, 1922, ex Metallus bethunei MacG., 
Aug. 31, 1922, ex. Sterictiphora(?) zabriskei Ashm. (W. A. Ross). 
Dolichogenidea crassicornis Prov. Bilby, Alta., Aug. 10, 1924, (O. Bryant). 
Microgaster alaskensis Ashm. Slave Lake, Alta., Aug. 15, 1924, (O. Bryant). | 
Microbracon montowesei Vier. Jordan, Ont., Sept. 20, 1917, (W. A. Ross). 
Habrobracon johannseni Vier. Jordan, Ont., Sept. 8, 1917, (W. A. Ross). 





Braconidae ee 

Meteorus fumtpennis Mues. Midday Val., Merritt, B.C., June 23 to July 25, 1923, 
(R. Hopping). . 

A scogaster carpocapsae Vier. Vineland, Ont., April 7, 1924, ex Carpocapsa pomonella 
(W. A. Ross). 

Bracon montrealensis Morr. Jordan, Ont., Sept. 16, 1914, (W. A. Ross). 

Aleiodes stigmator Say. Beamsville, Ont., Aug. 27, 1918; Jordan, Ont., June 13, 1917, 
(W. A. Ross); Aweme, Sept. 4, 1923, (N. Criddle); October 7, 1923, (R. M. White). 


Ichneumonidae > 
Campoplex phthorimaeae Cush. Oliver, B.C., May 19, 1923, (C. B. D. Garrett). 
Campoplex augustus Vier. Aylmer, Que., June 10, July 9, 1924, (C. H. Curran); August 
14,1924, (A. R. Graham). a 
Campoplex annulipes Cress. Hull, Que., May 14, 1924, (C. H. Curran); Aylmer, Que., 
August 1, 14, 1924, (A. R. Graham); Waterton, Alta., July 10, 1923, (HL. Seamans) ; 
Sudbury, Ont., 1892, (Evans). 
Campoplex eureka Ashm. Victoria, B.C., August, 1923, (K. F. Auden). 
Cymodusa distincta Cress. Cottage Beaulieu, Que., August 16, 1901, (Beaulieu). 
Neonortonia genuina Nort. Vancouver Island, B.C., (G. W. Taylor); Banff, Alta., 
June 16, 1922, (C. B. D. Garrett). 
Pseuderipternoides porrectus Cress. Hull, Que., Sept. 14, 1897, (W. H. Harrington). 
Sagaritis websteri Vier. Oliver, B.C., May 24, 1923, (C. B. D. Garrett). - : 
Sagaritis oxylus Cress. Picton, Ont., May 25, (W.-H. Harrington). 
Sagaritis taeniatus Vier. Ottawa, Ont., July 19, 20, 1918, birch, (C. B. Hutchings). 
Sagaritis flavicincta Ashm. Grimsby, Ont., May 11, 1894, (Metcalf). 
Sagaritis conjunctus Cress. Ottawa, Ont., (W. H. Harrington). 
Sagaritis conjunctiformis Vier. Ottawa, Ont., Sept. 3, 1908, (C.E.F.). 
Sagaritis californicus Holmg. var. Agassiz, B.C., July 17, 1921, (H. Glendenning) ;~ 
Oliver, B.C., May 14, 1923, (C. B. Garrett); Royal Oak, June 30, 1917, (W. Downs). 
Sagaritis aprilis Vier. Macdiarmid, Lake Nipigon, Ont., July 7, 1923, (N. K. Bigelow). _ 
Campoplegidea villosa Nort. Brule River, Riordan Limits, Que., July 31, 1918; Aylmer, 
Que., August 9, 1924, (A. R. Graham). 
Campoplegidea diversa Nort. Trenton, Ont., July 21, 1907, (Evans). 
Campoplegidea wyomingensis Vier. Saskatoon, Sask., June 22, 1923, (N. J. Atkinson). 
Campoplegidea laticincta Cress. Sudbury, July 6, 1889, (Evans); Radison, Sask., July 
ae 1907, (J. Fletcher); Aylmer, Que., July 1, 1924, (C. B. Hutchings); Montreal, 
ue., July 7. 
Neopristomerus appalachianus var. dorsocastaneus Vier. Lethbridge, Alta., May, June, 
September, 1923. 
Peniscus pallens Cush. Treesbank, Man., July 22, 1910, (J. B. Wallis). 
Paniscus ocellatus Vier. Alta. 
Paniscus alaskensis Ashm. Kaslo, B.C. 
Protarchoides mandibularis Cush. Wellington, B.C. 
1924, Proc. U.S.N.M., LXIV, 9. 
*  Cidaphus occidentalis Cush. Revelstoke, B.C. 
1924, Proc. U.S.N.M., LXIV, 5. 
Opheltes glaucopterus L. Aweme, Man., August 25, 1924, (R. D. Bird). 
Ctenochira leucozonata Ashm. Orillia, Ont., August 2, 1924, (H. L. Viereck). = 
Glypta evetriae Cush. Agassiz, B.C., May, (R. Glendenning.) . 4 
Hymenoepimecis wilti Cress. 8, Aweme, Man., June 28, 1921, (N. Criddle). ~ 2 
Thysiotorus smithi Cush. Ottawa, Ont., June 27, K.I.; August 18, 1894; Hull, Que., q 
August 16, 1894, (W. H. Harrington); Queen’s Park, Aylmer, Que., August 18, 1924, : 
(A. R. Graham). : 
Trichocryptus hirtifrons Ashm. Ottawa, Ont., April 29, 1983, (W. H. Harrington). 


* 


-Encyrti 


* 


Sphecidae 


_ Belytidae 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 103 


dae 
Anabrolepis setterstedti Westw. Vernon, B.C., ex Lepidosaphes ulmi. 


Anectata canadensis Fouts. Gull Lake, Ont., June 13, 1921, (H. S. Parish). 


Didineis peculiaris Fox. Victoria, Vernon, B.C., June 16, July 6, 1923, K. F. Auden; 
June 19, 1924, (E. A. Rendel). 


Halictidae 


2 


Halictus confusus Rob. Jordan, July 28, August 14, 1914, June 27, 29, July 28, 1917,, 
(W. A. Ross); May 23, September 8, 1915, (C. H. Curran); Vineland, July 25, 1917 
(W. A. Ross). 


Andrenidae 


Andrena compactiscopa Vier. Agassiz, B.C., June 4, 1923, (R. Glendenning), First 
Canadian record. ; : 

Andrena decussata Vier. Waterton, Alta., July 13, 1923, (E. H. Strickland). 

Andrena marioides Vier. Calgary, April 23, 1915, (F. H. Wolley-Dod), (F. W. L. 
Sladen); June 12, 1923, (R. D. Bird). 

Andrena neurona Vier.- Duncan, B.C., April 12, 1921, (W. B. Anderson); Penticton, 
May 10, 1919, (E. R. Buckell). 

Andrena parnassiae Ckll. Edmonton, Alta., August 19, 1923, (E. H. Strickland). 


Nomadidae 

Nomada cuneata var. quadrisignata Rob. Kentville, N.S., June 22, 1914, (C.A.G.). 
Euceridae 

Tetralonia dilecta Cress. St. Mary River, Alta., July 20, 1923, (R. D. Bird). 
Colletidae , 

Colletes willistont Rob. Kentville, N.S., June 18, 1914, (C.A.G.). 
Megachilidae 

* 


* 


* 


Myridae 
* 


ee He % 


He ee eH HH HH KR KK HH KH HH HH OH 


Osmia proposita Sandhouse. Nanaimo Biological Sta., B.C., June 24, 1920; 1924, Proc. 
Calif. Acad. Sci., XIII, 355. 

Osmia seclusa Sandhouse. Vancouver, B.C., June 16, 1896, (Livingston). 1924, Proc. 
Calif. Acad. Sci., XIII, 352. 

Osmia sedula Sandhouse. Nanaimo Biological Station, B.C., June 24, 1920. 


HEMIPTERA 


Plagiognathus politus pallidicornis Kt. Parry Sound, Ont., (H. S. Parish). 


- Plagiognathus nigronitens Kt. Parry Sound, Ont., (Parish). 


Plagiognathus flavicornis Kt. Ottawa, Ont., (G. Beaulieu). 
Plagiognathus alboradialis Kt. Parry Sound, Ont., (Parish). 
Plagiognathus flavoscutellatus Kt. Truro, N.S., (W. H. Brittain); Hull, Que., (J. 
Beaulne), : 
Plagiognathus brevirostris Kt. Spruce Brook, Newfoundland, (G. P. Englehardt). 
Plagiognathus albatus vitticutis Kt. Montreal, Que., (G. A. Moore). 
Plagiognathus laricicola Kt. Nordegg, Alta., (J. McDunnough). 
Plagiognathus repetitus Kt. Nova Scotia, (Brittain). 
Microphylellus tumidifrons Kt. Truro, N.S., (Brittain). 
Microphyleilus nigricornis Kt. Parry Sound, Ont., (Parish). 
Psallus drakei Kt. Nordegg, Alta., (McDunnough). 
Psallus alnicenatus Kt. Truro, N.S., (Brittain). 
Orthotylus basicornis Kt. Hull, Que., and Roberval, Que., (Beaulieu). 
Orthotylus neglectus Kt. Truro, N.S., (R. Matheson). 
Orthotylus immaculatus Kt. Ottawa, Ont., (Beaulieu). 
Pilophorus uhleri Kt. Ottawa, Ont., (Beaulieu). 
Neoborus glaber Kt. Ottawa, Ont., (McDunnough). 
Polymerus punctipes Kt. Montreal, Que., (Moore). 
Polymerus opacus Kt. Parry Sound, Ont., (Parish). 
Phytocoris junceous Kt. Nordegg, Alta., (McDunnough). 
Platytylellus fraternus Kt. Aylmer, Que., (C. B. Hutchings and A. R. Grayham). 
Platytytellus nigroscutellatus Kt. Jordan, Ont., (W. A. Ross). 
The above described in ‘‘The Hemiptera of Connecticut,’’ Bull. 34, 1923. 


HOMOPTERA 


Cyrtolobus funkhousert Woodruf. ‘‘Canada.” 
Cyrtolobus puritanus Woodrf. ‘White Lake.” 
Jours NY; Ent. Soc; XX XIE 1924. 





: ‘ . . Wy < 
104 EHE SRE PORT OFULHE. "a at; 
NEUROPTERA 
Mantispidae . : Seed 
Mantispa pulchella Banks. Vernon, B.C., (Rendell). te 
Limnephilidae 


* 


Limnephilus forcipatus Banks. Lobstock Island, Ft. Chippewyan, (F. Harper). 
Ecclisomyia complicata Banks. Go Home Bay, Ont., (E. M. Walker). . 
Chilostigma subborealis Banks. Wellington, B.C.; Lake Minnawanka, Alta. 
Anolopsyche pallida Banks. Winnipeg Lake, Man., (Robt. Kennicott). 

Apatania canadensis Banks. Winnipeg, Man., (J. B. Wallis). 


* * * * 


Leptoceridae 
* Mystaerides canadensis Banks. Lucalle, Que., Sherbrooke, Que., (P. A. Begin). 
The above species described in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., LXV, 1924. 7 


EPHEMEROPTERA 


The following list of Canadian species of this order has been prepared by J. McDunnough 
and is as complete as our present knowledge permits. The material on which it is based is 
contained in the Canadian National Collection. 


Ephemeridae - 
Polymitarcys albus Say. Aweme, Treesbank, Man. 


* Hexagenia atrocaudata McD. Ottawa, Ont. 
* Hexagenia rigida McD. Lanoraie, Laprairie, Que.; Ottawa, Kingston, Orillia, Pt. — 
Stanley, Ont.; Winnipeg, Man. ~ 
Hexagenia limbata Guer. Lanoraie, Montreal, Que.; Ottawa, Kingston; Algonquin 
Park, Orillia, Ont.; Winnipeg, Treesbank, Man.; Penticton, B.C. ghee 
Ephemera simulans Wlk. Lanoraie, Laprairie, Que.; Ottawa, Kingston, Lake of Bays, 
Ont.; Aweme, Man.; Waterton Park, Alta.; Oliver, Penticton, B.C. ; 
Ephemera varia Eaton. Covey Hill, Que. 
Ephemera guttulata Pict. Covey Hill, Montreal, Deschenes, Que. 
Pentagenia vittigera Walsh (quadripunctata Walsh). Aweme, Man. 
Potamanthus diaphanus Needh. The type specimens were taken on the Niagara River. 
The species is not represented in the collection. 
Baetidae 
* 


Leptophlebia moerens McD. Covey Hill, Hull, Que. 
* Leptophlebia volitans McD. Lachine, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Algonquin Park, Seabright, 
Ont. | 
* Leptophlebia guttata McD. Covey Hill, Kirk’s Ferry, Que. 
Leptophlebia mollis Eaton. Covey Hill, Hull, Que. 
Leptophlebia debilis Walk. (separata Ulm.). Kirk’s Ferry, Hull, Que.; Aweme, Man. 

* Leptophlebia heteronea McD. Waterton Park, Banff, Nordegg, Alta.; Nicola, B.C. 
Leptophlebia pallipes Hagen. Oliver, B.C. 

Leptophlebia johnsoni McD. Covey Hill, Que. 

Leptophlebia praepedita Eaton. Covey Hill, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Coldstream, Ont.; 
Gimli, Man. 

Blasturus nebulosus Wik. Fredericton, N.B.; Megantic, Hull, Que.; Nordegg, Water- 
ton Park, Alta.; Aspen Grove, B.C. 

Blasturus cupidus Say. Annapolis, N.S.; Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man.; 
Waterton Park, Alta. 

Blasturus gravastellus Eaton. Osoyoos, B.C. 

Choroterpes basalis Banks. Hull, Aylmer, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 

* Choroterpes albiannulata McD. Medicine Hat, Alta. : Pe 
Habrophlebia vibrans Needh. (jocosa Banks). Covey Hill, Que.; Algonquin Park, Ont. ~ 
it Agee ie americana Banks (betteni Needh.). Hemmingford, Covey Hill, Hull, 

ue. tf 
Ephemerella temporalis McD. Fredericton, N.B.; Covey Hill, Aylmer, Hull, Que.;  - 
Ottawa, Algonquin Park, Ont. : 
Ephemerella bicolor Clem. Laprairie, Que.; Ottawa, Go Home Bay, Ont. 
Ephemerella lutulenta Clem. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Go Home Bay, Ont. 
Ephemerella lineata Clem. Go Home Bay, Ont. 

* Ephemerella tibialis McD. Banff, Alta. : 

* Ephemerella atrescens McD. Covey Hill, Laprairie, Lachine, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 

* Ephemerella sordida McD. Lachine, Hull, Que. - 
Ephemerella serrata Morg. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 

* Ephemerella simplex McD. Laprairie, Que. 

* Ephemerella attenuata McD. Hull, Que. : | 

The four starred preceding species are described in the Can. Ent.,Vol. LVI, February, 
1925. ; 





t 
eee HH H 


: ~ 7 7. “< — 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY rp 


Ephemerella fuscata W1k. (walkeri Eaton). Laprairie, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 
Ephemerella excrucians Walsh. Kingston, Ont. 


-Ephemerella inermis Eaton. Waterton Park, Alta.; Nicola, B.C. 


Ephemerella intrequens McD. Waterton Park, Alta. 
Ephemerella dorothea Needh. Covey Hill, Que. 
Ephemerella invaria Wik. Covey Hill, Que. 
Ephemerella norda McD. Nordegg, Alta. 
Caenis diminuta Wik. (?). Ft. Coulonge, Que. 
Several species of this genus occur in Canada but as yet they have not been worked 
Over. 
Tricorythodes atra McD. Wakefield, Que. 
Baetis dardanus McD. Lachine, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man. 
Baetis pygmaea Hag. (propinguus McD. nec Walsh). Ottawa, Ont. 
Baetis intercalaris McD. Wakefield, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man. 
Baetis phoebus McD. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Kingston, Ont. 
Baetis flavistriga McD. Wakefield, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 
Baetis nanus McD. Ottawa, Ont. 
Baetis parallela Banks (?). Nicola, Oliver, B.C. 
Baetis intermedius Dodds (?). Waterton Park, Alta. 
Beatis tricaudatus Dodds. Salmon Arm, B.C. : 
Baetis moffatti Dodds. Waterton Park, Moraine Lake, Alta. 
Baetis parvus Dodds. Waterton Park, Alta. 
Heterocloeon curiosum McD. Wakefield, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 
Pseudocloeon turbidum McD. Wateron Park, Alta. 
Pseudocloeon carolina Banks. Covey Hill, Que. 
Pseudocloeon virilis McD. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 
Pseudocloeon chlorops McD. Ottawa, Ont. 
Pseudocloeon punctiventris McD. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 
Pseudocloeon dubium Walsh. Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man. 
Centroptilum fragile McD. Aylmer, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 
Centroptilum ozburnt McD: Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 
Centroptilum simile McD. Covey Hill, Que. 
Centroptilum bellum McD. Aylmer, Hull, Que. 
Centroptilum infrequens McD. Winnipeg, Man. 
Centroptilum rufostrigatum McD. Aweme, Darlingford, Man. 
Centroptilum bifurcatum McD. Waterton Park, Alta. 
Cloeon rubropicta McD. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Go Home Bay, Lake of Bays, Ont. 
Cloeon ingens McD. Douglas, Man.; Nordegg, Banff, Alta. 
Cloeon inanum McD. Waterton Park, Alta. 
Callibaetis semicostata Banks. Stoney Mt., Teulon, Man. 
Callibaetis pallidus Banks. Aweme, Man.; Saskatoon, Sask. 
Callibaetus americanus Banks. Aweme, Man. 
Callibaetis coloradensis Banks (fusca Dodds). Fredericton, N.B.; Kaslo, B.C. 
Callibaetis tessellatus Hag. Waterton Park, Banff, Alta.; Kaslo, Revelstoke, Keremeos, 
Nicola, Oliver, B.C. 
Baetisca rubescens Prov. Laprairie, Que. 
Isonychia bicolor Wk. Lachine,. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Algonquin Park, Ont. 
Isonychia sicca Walsh. Treesbank, Aweme, Man.; Saskatoon, Sask. 
Ameletus ludens Needh. Hull, Que. 
Ameletus subnotatus Eaton. Lethbridge, Alta. 
Ameletus validus McD. Banff, Alta. 
Ameletus vernalis McD. Oliver, B.C. 
Ameletus velox Dodds. Waterton Park, Moraine Lake, Alta. 
Siphlonuroides croesus McD. Ottawa, Ont. 
Siphlonuroides midas McD. Ottawa, Ont. 
Siphlonurus quebecensis Prov. (triangularis Clem). Wakefield, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 
Siphlonurus berenice McD. Covey Hill, Cascades, Que. 
es alternatus Say. Fort Norman, N.W.T.; Wakefield, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, 
nt. 
Siphlonurus occidentalis Eaton. Waterton Park, Banff, Moraine Lake, Alta. 
Siphlonurus phyllis McD. Douglas, Man.: Banff, Alta. 
Metretopus novegicus Eaton. Slave Lake, Alta. 


Heptagenidae 


—s 
* 


Siphloplecton basalis Wik. (flexus Clem.). Fredericton, N.B.; Wakefield, Megantic, 
Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Go Home Bay, Ont. 

Siphloplecton interlineata Walsh. Aweme, Man. 

Iron longimanus Eaton. Waterton Park, Nordegg, Alta. 

Iron pleuralis Banks. Covey Hill, Que. 

Iron albertae McD. Waterton Park, Alta. 

Iron grandis McD. Waterton Park, Alta.; Hedley, B.C. 


¥ - > ee 
= ¥ o ‘. S Se 


106 THE REPORT OF THE 





Iron humeralis Morg. Covey Hill, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. - 
Iron fragilis Morg. Kentville, N.S. - 
Cinygma mimus Eaton. Waterton Park, Nordegg, Alta. 

* Cinygma confusa McD. Waterton Park, Moraine Lake, Alta. 
Cinygma ramaleyi Dodds. Banff, Alta. . 

* Cinygma hyalina McD. Waterton, Banff, Moraine Lakes, Alta. 

Cinygma deceptiva McD. Banff, Alta. 

* Cinygma atlantica McD. Kentville, N.S. 
Cinygma bipunctata McD. Covey Hill, Que. 
Ecdyonurus carolina Banks. Covey Hill, Que. 
Ecdyonurus frontalis Banks. \ Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Go Home Bay, Ont. 
Ecdyonurus interpunctatus Say (flaveola Pict.). Ottawa, Ont. 3 
Ecdyonurus canadensis Wik. Covey Hill, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont.; Aweme, Man. 
BEV Sao Banks. Aylmer, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Kingston, Algonquin 

Park, Ont. ; 
ee in fuscus Clem. Covey Hill, Montreal, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Go Home 
ay, Ont. 

Ecdyonurus vicarius Wlk. Covey Hill, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Caradoc, Ont. 
Ecdyonurus luteus Clem. Laprairie, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Go Home Bay, Ont. 
Ecdyonurus terminatus Walsh. Aweme, Man. : 
Ecdyonurus rubromaculatus Clem. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Go Home Bay, Ont. 

* Ecdyonurus lyriformis McD. Banff, Alta. 
Heptagenia flavescens Walsh. Aweme, Man. 

* Heptagenia reversalis McD. Aweme, Man. 
Heptagenia pullus Clem. Covey Hill, Montreal, Que.; Kingston, Go Home Bay, Ont. 
Heptagenia lucidipennis Clem. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Orillia, Go Home Bay, Ont. — 

* Heptagenia inconspicua McD. Aweme, Treesbank, Wawanesa, Man. : 
Heptagenia marginalis Banks. — Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Ont. 
Heptagenia maculipennis Walsh. Aweme, Treesbank, Man. 

* Heptagenia juno McD. Covey Hill, Que. 

* Heptagenia minerva McD. Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Lake of Bays, Ont. : 


* 


* 


* Heptagenia hebe McD. Covey Hill, Lachine, Hull, Que.; Ottawa, Lake of Bays, Ont.; 


Aweme, Husavick, Man. 

* Heptagenia elegantula Eaton (coxalis Banks, *querula McD.). Aweme, Treesbank, 
Man.; Osoyoos, Oliver, B.C. 

* Heptagenia simplicioides McD. Waterton Park, Alta. 

* Heptagenia solitaria McD. Waterton Park, B.C. 

* Heptagenia adaequata McD. Saskatoon, Sask.; Cowley, Lethbridge, Alta. 


Heptagenia jejuna Eaton (fusca Wlk.). Fort Wrigley, N.W.T.; Waterton Park, Nor- 


degg, Alta. 


*Species marked thus are descrbed in Can. Ent., Vol. LVI, pp. 90-98, 113-122, 128-133, 


221-226, 1924. 


ORTHOPTERA 


Labiduridae 
Labia minor L. Lincoln Co., Ont., (W. G. Garlick). 


Tryxalinae 
Man., (White). 


Oedipodinae 
Trimerotropis azurescens Brun, » Lethbridge, Alta., (N. Criddle). 


Trimerotropis salina McN. Orion, Alta., (Criddie and Seamans); Banff, Alta., (C. B. ~ 


Garrett). 
Trimerotropis agrestis McN. Orion, Alta., (Criddle and Seamans). 





Orphalella speciosa Scud. Aweme, Man., (Criddle, White and Bird); Wawanesa, i 





, 


x ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 107 
/ 
INDEX 

: PAGE PAGE 
PUPIODETIGSCLOLG. x. es oe 25 Cyrtopogon falto Walk.............. 27 
mieriolemans agrestis... .. 0020. e eee 87 Datong wile germane aes awe ee 10, 87 
(OL DESC ED a] Se re i 87 Be MEM ULL ds tebe Ramone, cele 10 
BMPROLUSIPENITCE. Worms cs he 86 Diabroticasvittara. 6 6 eee Lee 10, 87 
Alsophila pometaria................ 84 Diaerisiat vrrgunnGa ee. eee a 10 
MATEO ONC seo e000. obs St 23, 86 Diapheromera femorata Say.......... 8 
“- REACTS er ies Sia el eara ea 23 Dichelonycha subvittata.............. 13 
Ben Setear oa". eho So Msn SS ors 23 EIN POGSCO MALI A Se ae ee 87 
PAV PTOVOCLOIMACUIULO 3) oo. te ss 12 EL PO GHnD GUNADENSTS <=) anes hora 86 
Amphorophora lactucae.............. 86 EPS thONeUrGs CONTES «= ny = a4 ynens eee: 86 
Anisota senatoria............'....... 87 se WICINGlLONS. ancaee ae 86 
Anthonomus signatus....... Soha RRR 86 ELUCHACH OSE LIE Sin nots ee ee es 10 
Anthrenus scrophulariae............. 88 Eulecanium nigrofasciatum.......... 88 
PAWIUT LPNS OSCUS <2. = i eb ew 84 Euphydry as praeron...2 cee rea ee 87 
vill 5.50 ages Gee Aoi? European apple sucker.............. 63 
I COS SECS SN a a 84 European corn 2 
En BSS a ee ere 84 PORES eee 10, 125 47,50;;53;, 542,56,,57 
CS EEO De ae ee eee 10, 85 European reds mites aces se ee 85 
mretnidicaterpillars. . f.2 . .t e s 10 Exeristes roborator Fab.............- 55, 58 
_Ascogaster carpocapsae Vier.......... 84 Eallweébwotttlsa< ce. sae ee 8, 10 
GID. Pe 27 Halse scorpions. anaes ee a ee 10 
Asilus erythrocnemius Hine.......... DF Forest:tent caterpillars. 24.5... 2c 8 
MELeS) Walk An pees ee es es 27 Kour linedsleatibugas scent ee 12 

“OL TET TTL ORR a ee 7 Brit Myscsan: aoe ete ees ee 8 

o, smpoumescoinae Macqa:.:2. 2... 2. 27 Gipsyi moths, 55 epee ee ee 60 
Pompano pus Walk 0. oa ek 27 Gracilaria syringella Fabr.......... 8, 19, 87 
BECILE ESE LITIGS fe oe ne sages. 27 Grape, beLLyMOthi mw enca a Se teers 86 
Asparacvistpeetie..... 22:5. - ose es 10 ‘<< blossommamuld en 9.25 2c eee 86 
Aspidiotus perniciosus.............. 84 “leat hoppers. acs festa ae 86 
Attagenus piceus..... Rr phe A oe 88 -— yine flea=beetlel. ts) site (a ane 86 
Baltimore butterfly... 2... ...0.2%. 87 Grasshopperss: <s0uies ae ee 8, 13 
Peukeminemot apple.*.< 42.7.5... ss 85 Greenapple’ bugcaias enc cee see 63 
PeeMBINAC PO tes = 80S nw Sa Dek 12 Habrobracon brevicornis Wesm....... 55, 58 
Ee MN oe a anh St tah ses 14 Flalisidota WOmraSiva cae ee eg ee 10° 
Birch leaf skeletonizer...-........... 8 o MUMCUNALD cee Seteute e Oe 10 
Plackercy leaf miner. ....:. ....f20./: 86 s LOSSCLUTISE ER Ie aA aS aK 85, 10 
BIA CkMCHeDGy saps © oc. Ss nut. ee Gt 13, 85 Harlequin milkweed caterpillar...... 10 
RMS LeOmeMCeHIES so. ep. oss scoate notes e 14 Heelethyearr das. tad roses, Selene she ym 13 
Buccalatrix canadensisella Chamb... 8 lessianistiveunuse ater se rsei aise toner 12 
Pabmaceuttertly oc... es eee 9 LOUSE haere eee ee eer hae eg. 88 
BEINAP POE... 0022. < ls ee 9, 12, 86 Hylemyia antiquax ... 2... 86 
7 a a a 12 ss brassicae Bouche.......... 9 
ILOMMCCTOS A. 3 hone ee nee te 85 TAS) BEIT, PUUCHOLOs ae AP ate lore amp Soe 10 
Camnula pellucida Scudd............ 13 Hyphantria textor Harris............ 8 
1 84 YUM. sxe oe cs de on ree 10 
a0) ees a ee 14 ESPORUSCLDELIGE. = sy. ice Ales tht ea aE 10 
BMEEMEE DECLICS. <2... Soe 88 Ithycerus novaboracensis.....:..-.... 13 
Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.......... 9, 10 Mach Esa wiilivgee.co:.c ax sic ee 9 
Carrot TSCM PPP. <0) Sas 5 ork Rerane. 9 Lasioderma sericorne Fab...........- 9 
MMM WOLII EE ij snl ae 12 Weatiminein c2j2 0 ohne cents arene 10 
DEMERS eS OAS. 8 sy aie hake 0 oe 10 Lesser.clover weevil ™ i? Je202 Abe 71 
PCIVeITMIt eS. ie. ee ee ee 85 Lesser grapevine flea-beetle.......... 23 
DHEA AIS OS pict res eee one a eae ee te 8 Ieilactleatyminer sa: cnet note 8, 19, 87 
Bieacette beetle: <2 cys: els s nia es 9 TOLXIES (CON CLUUSE.. ., seaed aha conocer 12 
eA MIGROS og ete Pe 88 Long-winged Rocky Mountain locust. 13 
Glover seed midges. 2.05.0. . ben te. 11 Lycophotia scandens............-+-: 86 
‘CAI 9 tO 8 se 9, 10, 12, 84 Lygaeonematus erichsonii Hartgn..... 9 
GOMarimiad-GONNSON1 obs. 8 oe ees 86 TEyerded MeEndar 8. an sald te Ae 85 
Cosmopolite butterfly.............. 87 TEV AAS CUP YOG oa s itt, Poa eae ee eee 86 

AGETIS AS PONOS1 23.2.) a os eee 10 Lygus communis var. novascotiensis 

Cryptorhynchus lapathi Linn......... 8 (a RE Ne ee erie Stee caf Ree 63 
(meumbpersbeeties.... 2.2. .4.0..072.% 12 Lygus pratensis Linn. 2.2 0)... oa 9 
imamate ApHids. . 2)... ae 86 Macrodactylus subspinosus........... 86 
SEP ETT EST FEELS Uh ga a moet 86 Malacosoma disstria Hubn........... 8 
LUPE WUE TIS Rye chee eee ete 11, 86 Mapledeat cutteris-: ..00 <1 athe crema 8 
NORE POMONLNG sho 2 4 wa cess 84 WEGTIN GOs COLE GS eo ss areal wobec ces 85 





























Sligo SE. Sie ioe Sy Sy Pan” SON ake 
Dis aes dm A 
ets nN ear 
; ay Re ie z 
108 _THE REPORT OF T =~ MOLOGIC 
= ee 7 x 
ve es = t Tat 3 ar pra oS cee & wit 
= y ET a eeu es Pub eS Joes athe : 
- Melanoplus atlanis Riley. te ee coe od Pyrausta nubilalis : 
oe. & ~ —brevitiatus Say... ... pgs & Radish maggot. . : 
ee & femur rubrum de Geer.. 8 _ Raspberry cane borer. hier 
r Par Cee sprevus ABE... .:: feos Ss : 12. he due"... a es oe 
= Metallus DELEUNEL,. mi ony he ee Bl 86 Red spiders;5 24-2 
_ Microphthalma piolaphague Curran. . 25 Rhagoletis cingulata ae 

*: Wie eon ae ck Pega See obs ee 27 ri faust. LALA 
Monochamus scutellatus Say......... } Ss?" . pomonella....... 
MS CONLOMESIUCE ote: aw sst eee 88 “ Rose chafer...0....2.-+.-: : 
Muscina stabulans Fallen...... bests Farstics 28 Round-headed apple ee hae 

MMU GOPESO Ss ooo keh ake eae ae = F85u > San Jose scale. ....... 

: Eee ADTS 2 st ee eS esi Geatie 86 Saperda candida..... A, eos 
Nepticula pomivorella............... 10, 67 Sarcophagid flies... .... ma 
Oberea bimaculaia Oliv.............. 9 Scelio caloptent uae ‘ 
Gritonait a Snot. iss. ven Gn ee 86 Seed corn. mag BOE 
Ophyradeucostoma oj... Seas Seo 28 Serica serica eS 
GQreh@prerdns. « "uv vieteasdae see ae eee: 3 Serpentine leaf miner....... 

“-Oscimis-vartabilis Lw..... 6. -6. 2 fe 8 GSU SS Seer est is ee ee 

> Paleacrita vernata Pack. . 2.25... 5. . ; 8 Seah leaf miners, ..c eee 
Papatpema EDUUPUKOGID 2 P20 Ane tak CoN Spring oakworm..... fo eo 
PLULELO xb Seas es SO 87 Spring canker worm........ 
~ Paraclemensia acertfoliella Fitch...... 8 Spruce bud-worm......... SS 
Paratetranychus PUOSUS See ce Sa 85 Spruce mite...... = "2 
UNUNEUIS 8 eee 88 Stalk. borer..vc 3 ee ee ; 
Parsnip WEDWODM +. re ocho. on ge: 12 Strawberry flea-beetle.... a 
Redeweevilece oc: te ones ae 12 as “weevil, see ese F 
+ Sebeampysiiaw>.. 6... . othe eee 80, 85 Striped cucumber beetle. . 
eS Oeeeee oom os on wt 85 Systoechus vnigaris...... at 
i Pegomyia hyoscyami............-+.- 87 Tarnished plant bug re 
< Pelecinus polyturator Drury Pchccn: Shia ¢ 25. | Lerrapintseale s-- as 
PERCOSBU QUES SAY... us oles wg Sele et 14 Tinea biselliella.... 2... -s- Aas 
PL OTOTOWTUSSICOEN aio cns ee Oe 86 Tiphia inornata Say....-..%.-- 
| EVIL O POMOC ISCO aoc tar ea etets) + eels 24 Tomato Worm S522... soe ANGE 
TRIP RUPTSP) S71 Sa em eae ae SA ICME 87 Tortrix fumiferana Clemens. nk. 
Phytonomus nigrirostis.............. 71 Trialeurodes vaporariorum., . 
Pieris Tape LAMM 03) og os. es 9, 10, 75 Trombidium ae 
Passodessirebs, Peck. ':.6 0. 152252 5%. 9 Vanessa cardui......... Pe 
PVaBeBeGUNIO 3.05 Oe i so eee ek 13 Walking-stick insect.......... 
PONENT OSS DILCUNG 21. t:*: se ates 86 Walnut caterpillar......... 
Porosagrotis orthogonia Morr......... 76 Wheat midges: 2 se ee : 
IRGEALONBECLLES. «ice whe ates ae te oe 12 White -fliess >= -: * 58) See we 
Kee Me A DECLIC ¢ ier oc cnyls oe eedeee 12 White. grubs. ..42..- 222) sees c 
cor oHeaienOpper. . s.) : ... Maas ee 12, 87 White grub saprophytes. he 
Psaira rosea abr. 2. 6.5 6 gue Se ees ee 9 White pine weevil............ 
ryive mae Schmid... 5.3.42. Fei 63 White spotted sawyer...... E 
RMMINIUGOLD oi. bn. ash as ogee ee 85 , Willow borer. j2.224- erase q 
Ved E71 e8! SEEN aOR mE ae Ms Ure 28 - Wireworms . o aie; 
Me™ svilliger Reit... .. Sarees sae 28 Yellow or dusky tussock sare aS M 
i . 








or 





QL Entomological Society of 
461 Ontario 

E68 Proceedings 

v. 51-55 

cop.2 


Biological 
& Medical 
Serials 


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