FOR THE PEOPLE
FOR EDVCATION
FOR SCIENCE
LIBRARY
OF
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
OF
NATURAL HISTORY
beuey*4
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL,
Be |
EDITED BY
THE HONORARY SECRETARIES.
JANUARY two DECEMBER,
Lise Pel.
——— SOS KE
CALCUTTA .
PRINTED BY C. B. LEWIS, BAPTIST MISSION PRESS.
187k
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CONTENTS.
=> WG Oto
Page
List of Members of the Asiatic Society of Bengal on the
31st December, 1870, Appendix in February Proceedings, I
Abstract Statement of Receipts and Disbursements of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal for the year 1870, Appendix
PP ChSGary PLOCECGINGS, 25. oeidscceesvacsuscecee XTX
iwepsedines tor January, 1871, ...cccsccacvess rey : 1-20
Do. for February, 1871, including Annual Report
and President’s Address, .........+. F 21-54
Do. tee Mages: AIST ca ssa cemede epee ds »- 55.80
Do. for April, Pe Pe ree eae ‘kits 81-94
Do. for May, De a area ae ge we Ot a means ewsse 95-118
Do. for June, Miles davaviavee sian emiseces LLG
Do. _— for July, ee Sch eater miter ties »» 187-158
Do. for August, eientacssimrecars ahae rwidenes Lod hT6
Do. forSeptember, ,, ..cccccesesses rata, shales « 177-224
Do. Rent ANRC ONS 55.05 wig c Wiejatstaain's 8 eis uin ev a sine 225-229
Do. for Navember, ,, 0 swe velavaseesceees ssees 281-250
Do. FOP PICCEMIDEE, 595) gas ovibcie vine Boles ava die - 251-298
Meteorological observations for January to December,
BPD swe ccc ds cere tveeesesecnetpenmesccecas I to XOVIII
MpPondix A, ..ccessee Bec diate aden © wiaial e Walt e sists @ ans 300
Do. Biacaraia& sas Cece eee c sc ec eer ereeesereeensecs 306
Pe ei vce ew akceO LOK ace an twe secure swenseee 807
Pec]
Plte(c) aaa
= (a) eae. - —
22,
8rd from below,
ERRATA.
For
H. W. Seevens,
Hootoone,
M. S. Howell,
Filgatte,
Bourn,
Insert,
possess,
This,
‘tail 0”.6,’
Cynonycterus,
4)
‘sun a moon’s limb,’
Satna
64/11")
after In. =,
Prakria,
Vyakuranam,
Halim,
Read
Ti. W. Stevens.
Hootoom.
A. P. Howell.
Filgate.
Bourne.
A. P. Howell, Esq.
possesses.
It.
‘tail, 1/727
Cynonycteris.
4.
*sun and moon’s limb.
—= re dy a
6 — 47.11"?
1—
imsert C. —
Prakrita.
Vyakaranam.
Hatim.
APPENDIX.
LIST OF MEMBERS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL,
PN THE 31ST PECEMBER, 1871,
LIST OF ORDINARY MEMBERS.
~_—~ _— ae —~
The * distinguishes Non-Subscribing, the + Non-Resident Members,
and the { Life-Members.
Leen
N. B.—Gentlemen who may have changed their residence, since this list was
drawn up, are requested to give intimation of such a change to the Secretaries, in
order that the necessary alterations may be made in the subsequent edition. Errors
or omissions in the following list should also be communicated to the Secretaries.
Gentlemen who are proceeding to Europe, with the intention of not returning to
India, are particularly requested to notify to the Secretaries, whether it be their de-
sire to continue as members of the Society.
Date of Election, ;
1847 June 2.) *Abbot, Major-Gen. J., R. Artillery. Europe
1871 March 1.| Abbey Walter, Esq., Civil Surgeon. Mergui
1860 Dec. 5.) Abdullatif Khan Bahadur, Maulavi. Calcutta
1868 Sept. 2.) fAdam, R. M., Esq. Sambhar Lake,
via Jeypur
1869 Jan. 20.) tAdley, C. C., Esq., C. E., Nerbudda Coal & Gunwarra, Cen-
Tron Co. tral India
1860 July 4.| Ahmad Khan, Sayyid, Bahdédur. Benares
1860 April 4.) ¢Aitchison, J. E. T., Esq., M. D. Rawal Pindi,
1859 Feb. 2.| *Alabaster, C., Esq. China
1871 Oct. 4.! Aldis, J. A., Esq., M. A. Calcutta
1866 Jan. 17.| Allan, Lieut.-Col. A. S. Calcutta
1852 July 7./*Allan, C., Esq., B. C. S. Europe
1869 Oct. 6.) *Allardyce, A., Esq. Kurope
1871 June 7.|+Alexander, J. W., Esq. Patna
1860 Oct. 3.) Amir Alf Khan, Bahadur, Munshi. Calcutta
1870 June 1.|+Amir Hasan Khan Bahadur, Raja. Mahmudabad,
Oudh
1865 Jan. 11.| Anderson, Dr. J., F. L. 8. Calcutta
1843 Sept. 4.|*Anderson, Lieut.-Col. W., B. Artillery. Europe
1864 Dee. 7.|*Anderson, W., Esq. Europe
1861 Sept. 4.!*Asghar Ali Khin Bahadur, Naw4b. Europe
1869 Feb. 3.) *Ashton, Rev. J. P., Kurope
1861 July 3.)*Asphar, J. J. T. H., Esq. Europe
1871 Sept. 6.) +Atkinson, E. 'T., Esq., C. S. Allahabad
1855 July 4.| Atkinson, W. S., Ksq., M. A., F. L. S. Calcutta
1869 Feb. 3.) ¢Attar Singh Bahadur, Sirdar. Loodiana
1871 April 5.) Ayrton, W. E., Esq. Calcutta
1835 Oct. 7.) *Baker, Col. W. E., Bengal Engineers. Europe
1859 Aug. 3.) Baldichanda Sinha, Babu. Caleutta
1865 Nov. 1.| Ball, V., Esq., Geol. Survey. Geol. S. Office
1860 Nov. 7. Banerjea, Rev. K. M. Calcutta —
Date of Election.
1869 Dee.
1864 May
1856 Sept.
1860 July
1888 Jan.
1869 Feb.
1859 May
1861 Feb.
1868 May
1849 June
1864 Sept.
1841 April
1847 Aug.
1867 July
1869 Jan. 20.
1871 March 1.
&
8.
1862 June 4.
2.
1840 July 15.
1830 Sept.
1862 Oct.
1864 Nov.
1846 March 4.
va
1859 Sept.
1857 Mar.
1859 Aug.
1871 May
1864 April
1857 Aug.
1871 April
1871 April
1854 Nov.
1860 Oct.
1871 Oct.
1870 Aug.
1866 April
1847 June
1871 Jan.
1866 Jan. 1
1866 Nev.
1866 June
1868 June
1871 July
1866 June,
1871 Sept.
CO NTN SS Go I OO Co I Co
4
3
3
6.
2
5
5
iii
| tBarker, R. A., Esq., M. D.
*Barry, Dr. J. B.
Bashiruddin, Sultén, Muhammad.
.| tBatten, G. H. M., Esq., B. C. S.
*Batten, J. H., Esq., B. C. 8.
¢ Baxter, J. B., Esq., M. R. C. S.
Bayley, E. C., Esq., B. C.8., C. 8S. I.
Bayley, S. C., Esq., B. C. 8.
*Baynes, J., Esq.
*Beadon, The Hon’ble Sir Cecil, B. C. 8.
+Beames, J., Esq., B. C. S.
Beaufort, F. L., Esq., B. C. 8.
*Beckwith, J., Esq.
+Belletty, N. A., Esq.
*Bellew, Dr. P. F.
Benedict, E., Esq., C. E.
*Benson, Lieut.-Col. R.
Bernard, C. E., Esq., B. C. S.
+Bhau Daji, Dr.
Bhudeva Mukerjea, Babu.
*Birch, Major-General Sir R. J. H., K.
@:.B:
*Blagrave, Major T. C., 26th Regt., B. N. I.
*Blane Col. Sir S. J.
Blanford, H. F. , Hsq., A. R.S. M., F. G.S.
.. ¢Blanford, W. T., Ksq., A. R. 8. M., F. G.
S., Geol. Survey.
.| ¢Bligh, C. F., Esq.
Blochmann, H., Esq., M. A.
.| *Bogle, Lieut.-Col. Sir. A., Kt.
.| tBourn, T. W., Esq.
.| Bourne, Walter, Esq., C. E.
1868 Jan. 15.
ie
1860 March 2.
3.
*Boxwell, J., Esq., C. 8.
*Boycott, Dr. T., B. M.S.
*Brandis, Dr. D.
*Brandreth, The Hon’ble J. E. L.
Briggs, J. A., Esq.
.| ¢Broadley, A. M. , Esq., C. S.
.| *Broderick, H. C. , Esq., M. D.
.| *Brodie, Capt. T ‘5th Regiment, B. N. I.
Brough, R. 8., Esq.
4
3
4
2
A.
7.|¢Brown, Col. D.
a
6
3
5
6
6
+Browne, Lieut.-Col. Horace A.
.| tBrownfield, C., Esq.
.| tBuck, E. C., Esq., C. S.
-| tBuckland, C. T., Esq., C. S.
.| ¢Buckle, Dr. H. B.,
.| tBuckle, H., Esq.
C. B..
| Beerbhoom
| Europe
_Chinsurah
| Agra
| Eur ope
| Sandheads
| Caleutta
' Caleutta
Europe
| Europe
| Balasore
Calcutta
| Europe
| Mymensing
| Europe
| Caleutta
Europe
Calcutta
| Bombay
| Chinsurah
| Europe
| Europe
Europe
Calcutta
Geol. S. Office
|'Tounghoo, Bur-
ma.
Caleutta
| Europe
| Yeotmahal, East
| Berar.
Madapoor
Europe
| Europe
Europe
Europe
—Caleutta
Behar
| Europe
Europe
| Caleutta
Rangoon
| Thayetmo, burma
| Kamrup
| Cawnpur
| Burdwan
Dacca
Akyab
Date of Election.
1869 Jan. 20.
1859 Sept.
1863 June
1860 Jan.
1863 Aug.
1871 Sept.
1868 Feb.
1871 March 1.
1863 April 1.
1868 Nov. 4.
1862 April 2.
1851 March 5.
1871 Oct. 4.
1868 Dec. 2.
1860 Dee. 5.
1870 June 1.
1857 March 4.
1866 May 2.
.| *Crockett, Oliver R., Esq.
1861 July
1871 April
1868 Sept.
1862 April
1847 June
1870 May
1871 Jan.
1861 Nov.
1869 April
1856 June
1870 Feb.
1869 Oct.
1861 June
1864 July
1861 March 6.
1862 May 7.
1853 Sept. 7.
1871 March 1.
1870 May 4.
1859 Sept. 7.
1869 Feb. 3.
1870 March 8.
1864 Dec. 7.
5.| *Duthoit, W., Esq.
1861 May 1.
6. *Eatwell, Dr. W. G. iB.
1867 June
1857 May
3
5
2
2.|*Dalrymple, F. A. E., Esq.,
2.) Dalton, Col. HE. T., C. 8. L., Staff Corps.
4.|+Damant, G. H., Esq., C. S.
4.|+Daukes, F C., Esq., C. 8.
1861 March 6.
6
7
4
2
6
5
6
+Cadell, A., Esq., B. A., C. S.
7.| *Campbell, ie. a
Campbell, The Hon’ble G.
3
8.| ¢Carnac, J. H. Rivett, Esq., B. C. S.
1868 Aug. 5.
5
6
5
+ Chandramohana Gosvémi, Pandita.
.| ¢Chandranatha Raya, Raja.
.| Chisholm, R. F., Esq.
| *Clark, Major E. G., Bengal Staff Corps.
+Clarke, C. B. Esq.
*Cleghorn, Dr. H.
+Cole, Lieut. H. H., R. E.
*Colles, J. A. P., Esq., M. D.
*Colvin, J. H. B., Esq., B. C. 8.
+Cooke, H. G., Esq., C. 8.
+Cooke, J. E., Esq.
*Cooper, F. H., Esq., B. C.S.
Couch, The Hon’ble Sir R.
*Cowell, E. B., Esq., M. A.
*Cox, W. H., Esq.
Curtoys, W. J., Esq.
Cutsem, E. Ch. Van, Esq,
C.8.
Davey, N. T., Esq., Revenue Survey.
.|+Davies, The Hon’ble R. H.,C. 8. L., B.C.S.
iqDay, Dr. F., FE. b. 8. FZ. 8!
| tDeBourbel, Major R., Bengal Engrs.
| tDeFabeck, F. W. A., Esq., Bengal Medical
Service.
.| tDelmerick, J. G., Esq.
.|*Denison, His Excellency Sir W., K. C. B.| Europe
Devendra Mallika, Babu.
*Devereux, The Hon’ble H. B., B. C. 8S.
Mozaffernagar
Europe
Caleutta
Nagpur
Gowhati
Nator
Madras
Kurope
Dacca
Kurope
India
Kurope
Europe
Chittagong
Haidarabad
Europe
Caleutta
Europe
Europe
China
Caleutta
Calcutta
Europe
Chota Nagpur
Dinajepore
Allahabad
Howrah
Panjab
India
Oudh
Jeypore
Rawal Pindi
Caleutta
Kurope
+Dhanapati Singha Dughar, Raya Bahadur.} Azimganj
Dickens, Lieut.. -Col. C. HH
Dijendranatha Thakura, Babu.
Dobson, G. E., Esq., M. B.
+Douglas, Col. 0.
tDrew, F., Esq.
{Duke of Edinburgh, His Royal High-
ness.
*Dunlop, H. G., Esq.
_C 8.
*Karle, Capt. Ey. a ’ Bengal Artillery.
Caleutta
Caleutta
Calcutta
Meerut
Jummoo, vid
Sealkote
Europe
Kurope
Europe
Europe
Europe
Date of Election.
1868 Oct.
1863 May
1865 Feb.
1846 Jan.
1859 Nov.
1856 March 5.
1854 Nov. 1
1861 Jan. 9
1856 Aug. 6
1871 Oct. 4.
1863 Oct. 7
1862 Aug. 6
a7. Feb. ‘1.
1851 May 7.
18638 Jan. 15.
1869 April 7.
1868 May 6.
1869 Sept. 1.
1860 Mar. 7.
1867 April 3.
1861 Feb. 6.
1869 Oct. 12.
1863 June 3.
1871 Nov. 1.
1868 April 1.
1860 March 7.
1869 Sept. 1.
1859 Dee. 7.
1867 Sept. 4.
5
1849 Sept.
1871 June
1871 Aug.
1859 Aug.
1862 Feb.
1867 Sept.
1867 Dee.
1868 Nov.
1859 Sept.
1869 Feb.
1842 Sept.
7
6
1840 Oct. 7.
a
7
2
LoCo NT PB OD bo AT
|
]
.. tEddowes, W., Esq., M. D. Erinpur
.| tEdgar, J. W. Esq., B. C. S. Cachar
*Edgeworth, M. P., Esq., B. C. 8S. Europe
.| *Egerton, Ph., Esq., B. C. S. Europe
| *Elhot, Sir Walter, late M. C. S. Europe
.| fElhot, C. A., Esq., B. C. 8. Allahabad
*Elhs, Lieut.-Col. R. R. W., 23rd Regt.,
BS Nek ; Hurope
.|*Elphinstone, Capt. M. W., 30th Rest.,
BONA: Europe
.|*Erskine, The Hon’ble C. J., Bombay
C. S. Europe
.| *Erskine, Major W. C. B. Europe
+Evezard Col. G. E. Poona
.| Ewart, J., Esq., M. D. Calcutta
.| *Eyre, Col. Vincent, C. B. Europe
Farr, G. C. Esq. Calcutta
Fayrer, Dr. J., C. S. I. Calcutta
+Fedden, Francis, Esq., Geol. Survey. Geol. S. Office
tFerrar, M. L., Esq., B. A., C. 8. Sitapur, Oudh
tField, C. D., Esq., M. A., C. S. Chittagong
+Fisher, J. H., Esq., C. 8S. Allahabad
*Fitzwilliam, The Hon’ble W. S. Europe
+Ford, Lieut.-Col. B. Madras
+Forest, R., Esq., Civil Engineer. Dehra
+Forlong, Lieut.-Col. J. G. R., Madras
Staff Corps. Abi, Rajputana
+Forsyth, T. D., Esq., C. B. Umballa
tFoster, J. M., Esq., M. R. C. P. Nazeerah, Assam.
*Frederic of Schleswig-Holstein, H. R. H.
Prince. Europe
*Frere, Sir H. Bartle, K. C. B., B. C. S. Europe goon
+Fryer, Capt. G. E., Dy. Commissioner. B. Burma, Ran-
Futteh Ali, Maulavi. Caleutta
*Fyfe, The Rev. W. C. Europe
.|*Fytche, Major Genl. A., C. S. I., Chie
Commissioner of Burma. Europe
Gangaprasad Sinha, Babu. Caleutta
.| }Gangaprasad, Munshi. Moradabad
.| *Gastrell, Col. J. E., Supdt., Rev. Survey. | Europe
.. tGauradisa Basika, Babu. Burdwan
.| tGauvain, Capt. V. India
Gay, E., Esq., M. A. Calcutta
.| *Geddes, J. C., Esq., © S. Europe
Geogheghan, J., Esq., B. C. 8. Caleutta
.| }Giriprasada Singha, Thakur. Allighur
.|*Gladstone, W., Esq. Europe
Date of Election.
1861 Feb. 6
1869 Oct.
1859 Sept. 7.
1862 July, 2
1869 July, 7
1871 March 1.
1871 March 1.
A,
1863 Nov.
1871 April
1859 Dee.
1860 Jan.
1869 Oct.
1867 June
1866 June
1861 Sept.
1860 Nov.
1861 Feb.
1871 Jan.
1864 Dec.
1862 Feb.
1871 June
1867 July
5
vi
4
6
5
6
A,
y
6
A,
5
5)
Y.
3
1869 April 7
1847 June 2.
1866 Jan. 17.
1863 June 3.
1855 March 7.
5.
1847 May 5.
1861 March 1.
1859 Oct. 12.
1871 July
1866 Nov. 1.
1862 Oct. 8
VEy1 Keb. - ‘1.
1861 Feb. 6
1859 Oct. 12.
1862 Aug. 6.
1866 April 4.
1853 July 6.
1854 March 1.
I<
1868 Aug. 5.
1868 Nov. 4.
1863 July 1.
1863 Jan. 15.
1871 April, 5.
vi
.| *Godwin-Austen, Major H. H., Topogra-
phical Survey.
6.| +Gomes, A. D. B., Esq.
*Goodeve, E., Esq., M. D.
.|tGordon, J. D., Esq., C. S. I., C. S.
.| tGordon, Robert, Esq. C. E.
TGough, A. E., Esq.
+Govindacoomar Chaudhuri.
+Gowan, Lieut.-Col. J. G.
.|+Graham, Major J. M.
*Grant, Sir J. P., K. C. B.
.|*Grant, T. R., Esq.
| *Gray, R., Esq., M. B.
.|*Gregory, Capt. J., Depy. Commr.
.|tGribble, T. W., Esq., B. C. S.
| Griffin, L. H., Esq., B. C. S.
.| ¢Griffith, R. T. H., Esq., M. A.
-| tGrowse, F. 8., Esq., M. A., B. C. S.
Gunendranatha Thakura, Babu.
.| +Gurucharana Dasa, Babu,
.|*Guthrie, Col. C. S., Bengal Eners.
Habiburrahman, Maulavi.
.| tHacket, C. A., Esq., Geol Survey.
.| tHeeberlin, The Rev. C.
*Hall, F. E., Esq., M. A., D. C. L.
*Hamilton, Major T. C.
*Hamilton, Col. G. W.
+Hamilton, R., Esq.
Hamilton, Col. O.
*Hannyngton, Col. J. C., 68rd Regt., N. I.
+Harachandra Chaudhari, Babu.
*Hardie, Dr. G. K.
Harendra Krishna Bahédur, Kumar.
.|*Harimgton, The Hon’ble H. B.
*Harkness, T. F., Esq., C. S.
-| tHarrison, A. §., Esq., B. A.
t+Haughton, Lieut.-Col. J. C., C. 8. I.
Heeley, W. L. Esq., B. A., C. S.
*Henry, N. A., Esq.
tHerschel, W. J., Sir, Bart., B. C. S.
*Hichens, Lieut. W., Bengal Eners.
tHobart, R. T., Esq., C. 8.
*Holroyd, Capt. W. R. M.
* Horne, U,; Esq .02 8.
*Howell, M. S., Esq., C. S.
Howell, A. P., Hsq., C. S.
Europe
Sunderbuns
Europe
Mysore
Henzaday, Bur-
ma.
Benares
Mymensing
Allahabad
Dhurrung
Europe
Kurope
Europe
Europe
Sarun
Lahore
Benares
Muttra
Calcutta
Jamu Kandi
Europe
Calcutta
Geol. S. Office.
Ranchee, Chota
Nagpur
Hurope
Europe
Hurope
Wurdah
Calcutta
Hurope
Mymensing
Europe
Calcutta
Europe
Europe
Bareilly
Kooch Behar
Calcutta
Europe
Krishnagur
Europe
Ktah
Europe
Europe
Europe
Calcutta
Date of Election.
1866 Feb.
1867 Aug.
1866 Jan.
1870 Jan.
1867 May,
1868 April,
1869 Sept.
1860 Jan.
1870 April
1866 March 7.
1862 Oct. 8.
1871 March 1.
1853 Dec. 7.
1864 Sept. 7.
1841 March 5.
1861 Dec. 4.
1865 June 7.
1845 Dee. 3.
1866 Feb. 7.
1847 June 2.
1862 March 5.
1867 Dee. 4
1859 Sept. 7
1869 April 7
1871 May 3.
1863 July 1
1850 April 3
1861 Dee. 4
1867 Dee. 4.
1867 March 6.
1862 Jan. 15.
1867 March 6.
1869 May 5.
1839 March 6.
1861 March 6.
1869 Sept. 1.
1852 April
4
1868 Feb. 5
1868 July 1
1859 Dee. 7.)
1870 July 6
1869 June 2
3
1865 June
ip
Ve
17
5
1870 June 1.
ii
i
i!
4
6
Vil
Hoyle, G. W., Esq.
*Hughes, T. H., Esq., A. R. S. M., F. G.
S., Geol. Survey.
.. tHughes, Captain W. G.
.| Hume, Allan O., Esq., C. B., C. S.
*Hunter, W. W., Esq., LL. D., C. S.
.| *Hyatt, Dr. B. N., Civil Surgeon.
.| *Hyde, Lieut.-Col. H., R. E.
.| *Hyde, E., Esq.
Innes, Lieut.-Col. J. J. McLeod, R. E.
.|*Innes, F. W. Esq., M. D., C. B.
tIrvine, W., Esq., C. S.
*Irwin, Valentine, Esq., C. 8S.
Isaac, T. S., Esq., C. E.
+Isvariprasida Singha Bahadur, Raja.
Jackson, The Hon’ble E.
*Jackson, W. B., Esq., B. C. S.
*James, Major H. R., C. B.
+Jayakissen Dasa Bahadur, Raja, C. 8. I.
*Jerdon, Dr. T. C.
tJohnson, W. H., Esq.
*Johnstone, J., Esq.
Johnstone, Capt. J. W. H., Assistant
Commissioner.
.. *Johnstone, Capt. J.
.| *Jones, R., Esq.
Kabiruddin Ahmad, Maulavi.
Kaliprasanna Ghosha Babu.
| *Kane, H. S., Esq., M. D.
| *Kay, Rev. W., D. D.
. t+ Kempson, M., Esq., M. A.
King, G. Esq., M. B.
+King, Capt. H. W.
+King, W., Jr., Esq., Geol. Survey.
+Knox, G. E., Esq., C. S.
Kurz, 8., Esq.
*Laidlay, J. W., Esq.
*Laing, The Hon’ble S.
*Latham, G., Esq., C. E.
.| *Lees, Lieut.-Col. W. N., LL. D.
.| *Lees, L. H., Esq., M. D.
.. Leitner, Dr. G. W.,
Leonard, H. Esq., M. A.
Lethbridge, E., Esq., M. A.
.| tLeupolt, J. C., Esq., C. 8.
.| *Lewin, Capt. T. H.
Calcutta
Europe
Akyab
Caleutta
Hurope
Europe
Europe
Europe
Caleutta
Europe
Goruckpur
Europe
Calcutta
Benares
Caleutta
Kurope
Europe
Allighur
Europe
Sialkote
Europe
Bunnoo, Panjab
Europe
Europe
Caleutta
Caleutta
Europe
Europe
Bareilly [Garden
Caleutta, Botanic
P. &0.Co.’s Office
Madras
Allahabad
Caleutta Botanic
Garden
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Lahore
Caleutta
Hooghly
Etah
Europe
Date of Election.
1856 Feb.
1860 Jan. 4.
1862 Dec. 3.
1864 Nov. 2.
1869 April 7.
1866 May 2.
1866 Jan. 17.
1854 Nov. 1.
1869 July 7
1870 April 6
1868 Dee. 2
1866 June 6
1848 April 5.
1867 July 3
1871 April 5
1870 May 4
1853 April 6
1867 April 3
1863 Jan. 15.
1867 April 3.
1860 Jan. 4.
1862 Sept. 3.
1852 Nov. 3.
1867 March 6.
1869 July
1850 Jan.
1863 Nov.
1837 Oct.
1860 March
1855 Nov.
18G6L Feb.
1871 Sept.
1850 April
1870 July
1867 June
1847 April
1856 Feb.
1867 March 6.
See Soe SS eee
1854 Dee. 6.
1871 July 5.
1837 July 5.
1854 Oct. 11.
1862 July 2.
vill
6.| *Liebig, Dr. G., von.
*Lindsay, HE. J., Esq.
+Lobb, 8., Esq., M. A.
Locke, H. H., Esq.
*Lockwood, E. D., Esq., C. 8.
*Lovett, Lieutenant B.
tLow J. Esq., G. T. S.
*Lushineton, F. A., Esq., B. C. 8.
| tlyall, C. J., Esq., B. A., C. S.
.| {lyman, B. Smith, Esq.
.| ¢Macauliff, M., Esq., B. A., C. S.
Macdonald, Major J., Staff Corps.
*Maclagan, Col. R.,R.E., F.R.S.E., F.R.G.S.
Macnamara, Dr. C.
Macnamara, Dr. F. N.
.| tMacnaghten, C., Esq.
.|*Macrae, Dr. A. C.
.| Mahendralaéla Saracira, Dr.
*Maine, Sir H. S.
+Mainwaring, Lieut.- Col. G. B.
*Mair, D. K., Esq., M. A.
Mallet, F. R., Esq., Geol. Survey.
Manickjee Rustamjee, Esq.
Markby, The Hon’ble W.
Markham, A. M., Esq., C. 8.
Marshman, J. C., Esq.
McClelland, Dr. J.
McLeod, Sir D. F., C. B., K. C. S. L, B.
as; :
TMedlicott, H. B., Esq., F. G. 8., Geol.
Survey.
*Middleton, J., Esq.
*Melville, Capt. A. B., Staff Corps.
+Miles, Capt. S. B.
*Miles, A. J. M., Esq., B. C. S.
Miller, A. B., Esq.
Milman, R., D. D., The Right Rev. Lord
Bishop of Calcutta.
*Money, D. J., Esq., B. C. S.
* K KS
.|tMoney, W. J., Esq., C. S. L., B. C. 8.
+Montgomerie, Major T. G., R. E.
*Morris, G. G., Esq., B.C. 8.
t+Muhammad Hasan Khalifah, Sayyid.
*Muir, J., Esq.
{Muir, Sir W., K. C8 1., B.C.S.
tNapier of Magdala, Lord R., General,
CeO. S. 1G CB.
Europe
Europe
Krishnagur
Caleutta
Europe
Ispahan
Almora
Europe
Allahabad
America
Hoshiarpore
Caleutta
Europe
Caleutta
Calcutta
Rajkote College,
Kattywar
Europe
Calcutta
Europe
Darjeeling
Europe
Geol. S. Office
Caleutta
Calcutta
Bijnour
Europe
Europe
Europe
Geol. S. Office
Europe
Kurope
Bombay
Europe
Calcutta
Caleutta
Europe
Nuddea
Dera Doon
Europe
Patialah
Kurope
Allahabad
India.
Date of Election.
1871 Oct.
1869 May
1865 Feb.
1869 May
1870 Feb.
1871 Jan.
1852 Sept.
1869 July
1871 July
1871 Oct.
1851 June
1869 April
1867 Aug.
1837 June
1847 Feb.
1864 Mar.
1862 May
1867 Feb.
1871 Dec.
1867 Mar.
1860 Feb.
1868 Nov.
1869 July
1864 Mar.
1865 Sept.
1868 May
1867 Nov.
1835 July
1864 Nov.
1869 Feb.
1867 Sept.
1870 Feb.
1868 April
1869 Feb.
1871 June
1825 Mar.
1862 Oct.
1856 Mar.
1871 June
1837 Feb.
1860 Mar.
5.
1868 Jan. 15.
i
1.
1866 Jan. 17.
cf
ix
+Neil, Dr. A.
Nevill, G., Esq., C. M. Z. 8.
+Newal Kishwar Munshi.
+Newall, Lieut.-Col. D. J. F., Ri A.
{Newman, J. H., Esq., M. D.
Newton, Isaac, Esq.
.| *Nicholls, Capt. W. T., 24th Regiment, M.
N. I.
.| {Nursing Rao, A. V., Esq.
| fOates, E. W., Esq., C. HE:
.|*O’Kinealy, J., Esq., C. S.
Oldham, T., Esq., LL. D., F. R. 8., Super-
intendent, Geol. Survey.
| FOldham, W., Esq., LL. D., C. 8.
| FOldham, R. A., Esq., C. E.
.| *O’Shaughnessy, Sir W. R.
| *Ousely, Major W. R.
.|*Palmer, Dr. W. J.
.|*Partridge, S. B., Esq., M. D.
*Paul, J. Esq.
.| TPeal, S. E., Esq.
Pearimohana Mukarji, M. A., Babd.
.| }Pearse, Major G. G.
.| t Pearson, C. E.
Pell, S., Esq.
Pellew, F. H., Esq., C. S.
.| tPeppé, J. H., Esq.
Peterson, F. W., Esq.
.| *Petit, Mons. Eugene.
.| *Phayre, Major G., Sir A. P., K. C.S.1., C.B.
Phear, The Hon’ble J. B.
.| ¢ Pickford, J., Esq., M. A.
*Place, Mons. V., Consul-Gen., France.
{Powell Baden, H., Esq., C. 8.
{Pramathanatha Raya, Kumar.
Pratapachandra Ghosha, B. A.
.| {Pratt, Capt. C. 8., Staff-Corps.
*Prinsep, C. R., Esq.
7 Pulimavihari Sen, Babu.
Rajendral4la Mitra, Babi.
+Rakhaldass Haldar, Babu.
Ramakrishna Dasa, Babi.
Ramanatha Thakura, Babi.
*Rattray, A., Esq. Asst. Commr.
t Reid, H. S., Esq., C. S.
Lahore
Calcutta
Lucknow
Gwalior
Jodhpur, Rajpu-
tana
Umballa
Europe
Vizagapatam
Prome, B. Burma
Europe
Calcutta
Ghazipur
Dehree.
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Europe
Sibsagur, Assam
Uttarparah
Bangalore
Rawul Pindi
Calcutta
Hooghly
Gya
Caleutta
Europe
Europe
Caleutta
Madras
Europe
Lahore
Digapati
Calcutta
Morar, Gwalior
Europe
Berhampur
Caleutta
Chota Nagpur
Calcutta
Caleutta
| Europe
Allahabad
Date of Election.
1871 July
1857 June
1868 April
1868 July
1863 April
1865 Feb.
1847 Dee.
1870 Dee.
1871 May
1869 July
1870 Jan.
1871 April
1871 Dee.
1871 May
1870 May
1861 Dee.
1864 June
1854 Dec.
1854 May
1870 May
1869 Feb.
1860 Feb.
1869 Aug.
1860 July
6
3
4
4
a
6
2.
4
3
4
4
4
1845 Jan. 14.
1868 Oct.
1863 April
1866 June
1864 Sept.
1866 June
1865 July,
1868 April
1856 Feb.
1871 July
1854 Sept.
1864 Mar.
1867 May
1867 Dec.
1863 Sept.
1864. April
1870 April
1870 Sept.
1861 Sept.
1863 Nov.
Siete re eee EO NO
7.
A.
4..
Sy a ee Nt oe
| tSamuells, Capt. W. L.
y +Saunders,
: *Saumders, J. O B, Esq.
., fSaxton, Col. G. ae F. G. S., Madras Staff
*Riddell, The Hon’ble H. B., B. C. S. °
*Roberts, Rev. J.
'*Rogers, Capt. T. E.
Rogers, Capt. B
'tRoss, Alexander G., Capt. Staff Corps.
+Reid, J. R., Esq., C. 8.
Robb, G., Esq.
+Robertson, C., Esq., C. 8.
Robinson, 8. H., Esq.
Rogers, A., Esq.
*Ross, Lieut. J. C., R. E.
Rundall, Col. F. H.
Sanderson, C., Esq,
Satyanand Ghoshal, Raja.
OB bsg., C05. 3. 1Co8.
Corps.
*Schiller, F., Esq.
| ¢Schlich, Dr. W.
Schwendler, L., Esq.
.| *Scott, Col. E. W.S.
.| *Selbach, W., Esq.
.| Shelverton, G., Esq.
*Sherwill, Lieut.-Col. W. S., 66th Regiment,
Bee da. GS, EB. re
Shircore, Dr. 8S. M.
+Showers, Lieut.-Col. C. L.
| tSime, J., Esq., B. A.
{Sladen, Major E. B.
{Smart, R. B., Esq., Rev. Survey.
Smith, D. Boyes, Esq., M. D.
tSmith, McLaren W., Esq.
*Smith, Col. J. F.
{Smith, J., Esq., C. S.
*Spankie, The Hon’ble R., B. C. S.
{Spearman, Capt. H. R.
fSteel, Lieut. KE. H., R. A.
*Stephen, Major J. G., 8th N. I.
{Stewart, R. D., Esq.
*Stewart, J. L., Esq., M. D.
Stewart, R., Esq.
+St. John, R. T., Esq.
*Stokes, Whitley, Esq.
Stoliczka, F., Esq., Ph. D., F. G S., Geol.
Survey.
Azimghur
Europe
Caleutta
Europe
Mirzapur
Calcutta
Kurope
Caleutta
Port Blair
Europe
Snnla
Calcutta
[Line
Pachumba,Chord
Caleutta
Calcutta
Haidarabad
Europe
Ootacamund
Europe
Kurachee
Calcutta
Europe
Kurope
Waltair, near
Vizagapatam
Europe
Calcutta
Umballa
Delhi
Rangoon.
Raepur, Central
Province
Howrah
Berhampur
Europe
Ghazipur
Allahabad.
Bhamo
DeraGhazi Khan.
Europe
Serajgunje
Europe
Calcutta
Akyab
Europe
Calcutta
xi
Date of El Election.
1843 May 3.| *Strachey, Major Gener: rf RK. Be i S:, 2. Li.
S: 'Gies Crs. L., O. Be Europe
1869 Feb. 3. Strachey, The Hon’ ble 4 Calcutta
1859 Mar. 2.|{Stubbs, Major F. W., Bengal Artillery. | Lucknow
1858 July 7.|{Sutherland, H. C., Esq., B. C. 8. Sylhet
1864 Aug. 11.) Swinhoe, W., Esq. Caleutta
1863 Sept. 3.| Syamacharana Saracira, Babu. Calcutta
1865 Sept. 6.) Tawney, C. H., Esq., M. A. Caleutta
1865 April 5.) +Taylor, R., Esq. Lahore
1860 May 2.| Temple,The Hon’bleSirR.,K.C.8.1.,B.C.8.| Calcutta
1871 Feb. 1.| Tennant, Lieut.-Col. J. F., R. E., F. R. 8. | Caleutta
1859 Mar. 2./}+Theobald, W., Esq., Geological Survey. B. Burma
1869 Oct. 6.|+Thomson, A., Esq. Faizabad
1860 June 6.|*Thompson, J. G., Esq. Europe
1863 Mar. 4.|*Thompson, Major G. H., Bengal Staff Corps.| Europe
1863 June 4.|*Thornton, T. H., Esq., D. C. L., C. 8. Kurope
1847 June 2.) Thuillier, Col. H. L., Royal Artillery, F. R.
,.0. Se E Caleutta
1862 July 2.)*Thurlow, The Hon’ble T. J. H. Kurope
1865 July 5.|}Tolbort, T. W. H., Esq., C. 8. Montgomery,
Panjab
1865 July 5.| Tonnerre, Dr. C. F. Calcutta
1862 Feb. 5.) *Torrens, Col. H. D. Europe
1871 April 5.) Trefftz, Oscar, Esq. Caleutta
1861 June 5.) *Tremlett, J. D., Esq., M. A., C. S. Europe
1863 Mar. 4.| *Trevelyan, The Right Hon’ble SirC., K.C. B.| Europe
1841 Feb. 3.|*Trevor, The Hon’ble C. B., B. C. S. Europe
1861 Sept. 4.) Tween, A., Esq., Geological Survey. Calcutta
1863 May 6. +Tyler, Dr. J. Mynpwri
1869 June 2.) +Udayachinda Datta, Babu. Nowakhali
1860 May 2. +Vanrenen, Major A. D., Bengal Staff Corps.| Moradabad
1864 Feb. 3.) Verchére, A. M., Esq., M. D. Barrackpore
1864 April 6.) + Vijayarama Gajapati Raj Munnia Sultan
Bahadur, Maharajah Mirza. Vizianagram
1870 June 1. +Vrindav anachandra Mandala, Babu. Balasore
1871 Feb. 1.)+Waagen, Dr. W. Geol. Survey
1869 Augt. 4.) Wahid Ali, Prince Jahan Qadr Muhammad,
Bahadur. Garden Reach
1865 Nov. 1, Waldie, D., Esq., F. C. S. Calcutta
1861 May 1.|*Walker, Col., J. 'T., Royal Engrs., Bombay.| Europe
1863 May 6.|*Wall, P. W. Esq., Esq., C.S. . Europe
1863 Oct. 7.| Waller, W. K., Esq., M. B. Caleutta
1862 Jan. 15.|+Ward, G. E., Esq., B. C. S Furruckabad
1852 July 7.|*Ward, J. J, Esq., B.C. S. Europe
1859 July 6. *Warrand, R. H. M., Esq., B. C. Europe
1865 May 3. | Waterhouse, Capt. J., Rt. A. ‘Calcutta
xl
Date of Election.
1854 July 5.) *Watson, J., Esq., B. C. S. Europe
1847 Nov. 38.) *Waugh, Major-General Sir A. 8., C. B., F.
R.S., FP. BOG: Europe
1869 Sept. 1.| Westland, J., Esq., C. 8. Calcutta
1867 Feb. 6.|+Westmacott, E. V., Esq., B. A., C. 8. Dinajpur
1862 Oct. 8.|+Wheeler, J. 'T., Esq. British Burma
1867 Aug. 7.|+Wilcox, F., Esq., Bengal Police, Purulia
1867 Jan. 16.) *Williamson, Lieut. W. J. Europe
1867 Mar. 6.) +Willson, W. G., Esq., B. A. Krishnagur
1871 Mar. 1.} Willson, James, Esq. Geol. Survey
1870 Aug. 3.| Wilson, R. H., Esq., C. 8. Calcutta
1859 Aug. 3.| *Wilmot, C. W., Esq. Europe
1866 Mar. 7.|+Wise, Dr. J. F. N. Dacca
1867 July 38.) {Wood, Dr. J. J., Ranchi
1870 Jan. 5.) Wood-Mason, J., Esq., F. G. S. Caleutta
1851 May 7.) Woodrow, H., Esq., M. A. Calcutta
1859 Mar. 2.|*Wortley, Major A. H. P. Europe
1862 Aug. 6.) *Wylie, J. W., Esq., Bombay C. S. Europe
1869 Sept. 1.) Yadulala Mallika, Babu. Calcutta
1868 June 8.) Yatindramohana Thakura, Rajah Bahadur.) Calcutta
1867 Mar. 6.) Yogendranatha Mallika, Babu. Andul
1858 April 4.|*Young, Lieut.-Col. C. B. Europe
1856 July 2.|*Yule, Col. H., R. E. Europe
1871 Mar. 1.) ¢Ziduddin Ahmad Khan Bahadur, Nawab. | Delhi
LIST OF HONORARY MEMBERS.
Date of Election.
1825 Mar. 9.| M. Garcin de Tassy, Membre de l’Inst. _ |-Paris
1826, 1.) Sir John Phillippart. London
1829 July 1.) Count de Noe. Paris
ipal. ,, 7.| Prof. C. Lassen. Bonn
1834 Nov. 5.) Col. W. H. Sykes, F. R. S. London
1835 May 6.) Prof. Lea. Philadelphia
1842 Feb. 4) Dr. Ewald. Gottingen
1842 _,, 4,| Right Hon’ble Sir Edward Ryan, Kt. London
1843 Mar. 30.) Prof. Jules Mohl, Memb. de l’Institute. | Paris
1847 May 5.) His Highness Hekekyan Bey. Egypt
1847 Sept. 1.) Col. W. Munro. London
1847 Nov. 3.) His Highness the Nawab Nazim of Bengal.) Murshidabad
1848 Feb. 2.) Dr. J. D. Hooker, R. N., F. RB. 8. Kew
1848 Mar. 8.) Prof. Henry. Princeton, U. 8.
1853 April 6.) Major-Gen. Sir H. C. Rawlinson, K. C. B.,
i hae: Coe London
i
Date of Election.
1858 July
1859 Mar.
1860 Mar.
1860 Nov.
1860 _,,
1860 _,,
1860 _,,
1860 _,,
1865 Sept.
1868 Feb.
1868 _,,
1868 __e,,
1868 Sept.
1871 June
Date of Election,
1844 Oct.
1856 June
1856 ,,
1856 _,,
1856 _,,
2856. .,,
1856 _,,
1857 Mar.
1858 Mar.
1859 Nov.
1859 May
1860 Feb.
1860 _,,
1860 April
1861 July
1862 Mar.
1863 Jan.
1863 July
1866 May
1866 _,,
1868 Feb.
1868 _,,
1835 Oct.
1888 Feb.
1843 Dee.
1865 May
bath ae aed
SUD? Ot OU So ST SS ST ee
CU OUST STB OV OT OB Pt PbS OP EI BB IB bo
xiil
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
.| The Hon’ble Sir J. W. Colvile, Kt.
Prof. Max Miller.
Mons. Stanislas Julien.
Dr. Robert Wight.
Edward Thomas, Esq.
Dr. Aloys Sprenger.
Dr. Albrecht Weber.
Edward Blyth, Esq.
Genl. A. Cunningham, C. §. I.
Prof. Bapu Déva Sétri.
Dr. T. Thomson, F. R. S., F. L. S., F.G.8.
A. Grote, Esq., C. 8.
ja. Darwin, Esq.
Europe
Europe
Oxford
Paris
London
London
Bern
Berlin
Europe
India
Benares
London
London
London
LIST OF CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Macgowan, Dr. J.
Kremer, Herr A. von.
Porter, Rev. J.
Schlagintweit, Herr H. von
Smith, Dr. E.
Tailor, J., Esq.
Wilson, Dr.
Neitner, J., Esq.
Schlagintweit, Herr R. von
.| Frederick, Dr. H.
Bleeker, Dr. H.
.| Baker, The Rev. H.
Swinhoe, R., Esq., H. M.’s Consul.
Haug, Dr. M
Gosche, Dr. R.
Murray, A. Esq.
Goldstiicker, Dr. T.
Barnes, R. H., Esq.
Schlagintweit, Prof. E. von
Sherring, Rev. M. A.
Foucaux, M. F. H.
Holmboe, Prof.
LIST OF ASSOCIATE MEMBERS.
Stephenson, J., Esq.
Karamat Ali, Sayyid.
Long, Rev. J.
Dall, Rev. C. H.
Europe
Alexandria
Damascus
Munich
Beyrout
Bussorah
Bombay
Ceylon
Giesen
Batavia
Batavia
E. Malabar
Amoy
Punah
Berlin
London
London
Ceylon
Munich
Benares
Paris
Christiania
Europe
Hooghly
Calcutta
Calcutta
xiv
LOSS OF MEMBERS DURING 1871.
By RETIREMENT.
C. F. Amery. Lahore
- Capt. J. P. Basevi, R. E. Dera
T. Thomas, Esq., Lucknow
W. H. Stevens, Esq. Darbanga
The Hon’ble Sir W. Grey, K. C. 8. I. Calcutta
L. B. Bowring, Esq. Europe
W. C. Bonnerjee, Esq. Caleutta
J. Schroeder, Esq. Calcutta
Lieut.-Col. C. Macgregor. Simla
Dr. 8. C. Mackenzie. Calcutta
R. J. Leeds, Esq. Banda
Capt. R. D. Osborn. Caleutta
Lieut. W. A. J. Wallace. Calcutta
Col. A. D. Dickens, Calcutta
Dr. H. Warth, Panjab
J. F. Cockburn, Esq. Kanoo Junction, E. I. R.
Dr. J. M. Fleming. Kundua Nemar, Central
Provinces
By THE ELECTION BEING CANCELLED ON ACCOUNT OF NON-COMPLIANCE
WITH THE RULES OF THE SOCIETY.
Nawab Sir Sheriful Omra Bahadur. | Madras
STRUCK OFF.
A. G. Walker, Esq. Onao, Oudh
C. J. Wilkinson, Esq. Calcutta
Dr. C. Williams. Rangoon
C. B. Garrett, Esq., C. 8. Sarun
F. J. Chambers, Esq. Lucknow
By Deraru.
The Hon’ble J. P. Norman. Caleutta
The Ven’ble Archdeacon J. H. Pratt, M. A. Calcutta
[ APPENDIX. |
ABSTRACT STATEMENT
oF
RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS
| OF THE
fSIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOR
THE YEAR 1871.
xvl
STATEMENT
Abstract of the Cash Account
RECEIPTS.
ApMIssIon FEEs. 1871. 1870.
Received from Members, ae Rs. 1,472 0 0
———— 1472 0 0 864 0 0
SUBSCRIPTIONS.
Received from Members, ie nee AOA 7710
- _—_—— 7,044 7 O 881210 0
PUBLICATIONS.
Sale proceeds of Journal and Proceedings, ... 706 9 3
Subscriptions to ditto, aa we aoe ao 10
Refund of Postage Stamps, ose tee 2615 O
Ditto of Freight, “A eee 3 8 0
Ditto of Printing charges, “or ees 40 0 0
—————— 1,729 8 3 1,903 1 3
LIBRARY.
Sale proceeds of Books, oes so «69.359 11 —~- 38
Refund of Freight, Pe ee 8 1070
Ditto of Postage Stamps, aos ses 3 8 0
——— 871 3 3 75214 O
SECRETARY'S OFFICE.
Received Commission on purchase of Postage
Stamps, &c., ive +e Ze 1411
Ditto, Fine, hs 7 10 0
Refund of the amount from Narpat Sinha
Jemadar, aes LO 1279
HOw —— 92.710 297 Gee
CONSERVATION OF ay ee MSS.
Received from the Accountant General of Ben-
gal in part of the amount sanctioned to- iy
wards the Conservation of Sanscrit MSS., "
being the 2nd half of 1870-71, sea so00) 0% 10
Ditto, ditto, the 1st half of 1871- 72, «. 1,550 0 O
Sale proceeds of 7 Bee of Notices of San- —
scrit MSS., 7 7O- 0
Refund of amount ‘paid for ‘copying Mi-
dhatithi on the 27th April, 1871, wee 23 4 O
Ditto, ditto, for copying Madana Parijat,... 13 13 0
3,144 1 0 3,703 2 9
VESTED FuND.
Received Interest on the Government Secu-
rities from the Bank of Bengal, act LO OO
Less incomé Tax on ditto, ai aes LO
_—— 108 14 0
O. P. Funp.
Received on account of Loan, .., +. 696 3 6G
656 3 6
MISCELLANEOUS.
Col. E. T. Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, ...10,000 0 0
Messrs. Williams and Norgate, ... ase 5 0 0
Dr. F. Stoliczka, ... “ie oo 50 6 3
Wali-oollah Sayyid, ... oe wo. 54814 8
B. Quaritch, Esq., ... ove soe 6 6 0
E. T. Atkinson, Esq., ies aes 31 4 0
—
10,641 14 11
Carried over, Rs. 14,558 12 10
xvii
No. 1.
of the Asiatic Society for 1871.
DISBURSEMENTS,
PUBLICATIONS,
Paid Freight for sending Journal and Pro-
ceedings to Messrs. Williams and Norgate, 105 7
Ditto Lithographing and Engraving charges, 1,437 7
Ditto Printing charges, we 3,203 2
Ditto Commission on Sale of Books, MOL) oes 73 5
Ditto Binding charges, os *06 6 0
Ditto Paper for plates, &c., te Per lec
Ditto Purchase of Postage Stamps, sar “2609
Ditto Petty Charges, ae ae 8 4
LIBRARY.
Paid Messrs. Williams and Norgate for pur-
chase of Library Books as per their draft
dated, 18th July, 1871, ae .. 1,255 9
Ditto Salary of the Librarian, ... . 840 0
Ditto Establishment, ere LZOM.O
Ditto Commission on Sale of Books, aes 33 9
Ditto Purchase of Books, rac wy LOG. @
Ditto Landing Charges, ae Chic 15 6
Ditto Book Binding, re 105 12
Ditto Subscription to the Medical Gazette, .. ae 15 0
Ditto Salary of Pankhaman, - “or 40 0
Ditto Postage Stamps, nes tee 4 3
Ditto Bearing Postage, ses eae 9
Ditto Petty Charges, “ce ans 3 14
SECRETARY'S OFFICE.
Paid General Establishment, ... sod) lice
Ditto Secretary’s Office Establishment, . 1,592 0
Ditto Purchase of Postage Stamps, se) a 10
Ditto ditto of Stationery, = vee 90 O
Ditto Insufficient Postage, see ma i 6
Ditto Bearing Postage, eee eve 213
Ditto Meeting Charges, -- 159 18
Ditto Commission on Collecting Subseri iptions, 41 4
Ditto Salary of Mali, aes 57 0
Ditto Subscription to the Army ‘List, ose 15 0
Ditto Ditto, Directory, woe 12 0
Ditto for preparing a Teak wood Board, eee 28 0
Ditto Engraving and Printing charges, ae 78 0
Ditto Donation to the Piddington Fund, ss 200 0
Ditto Advertising charges, o 712
Ditto Editing charges for the Annual account-
current of 1870, .. at ase Tor '.O
Ditto repairing a Clock, 8 0
Ditto for a Marble Pedestal for Dr. Falconer’s 8
bust, ... 86 0
Ditto fee to the Bank of Bengal for stamp-
ing blank cheques, oes Eo
Ditto Petty Charges,.. soe vee o4.. 9
WCOWORRDOOSO
lowsSccocowooe
ro Oo .o°90 CoO OC OCMONBRONOS
.
1871. 1870.
5,273 14 10 5,239 13 5
2,540 14 9 2,472 8 8
peat: OL FO
—< 29187 18° G
Carried over, Rs.10,733 7 9
XVlil
RECEIPTS. 1871.
Brought over, Rs. 10,641 14 1114,558 12 10
W. Duthoit, Esq., ... a - 112 36
A. E. Gangh, Esq., ... 0 110
R, J. Leeds, Esq., ... Z 9 6
G. E Ward, Esq. ... eee 2 O10
W. Stokes, Esq., ... ase O55 20
Harigopal Padye, Esq., vee 0-2-0
The Rev. F, Foulkes, ae ae 04 0
The Government North-Western Provinces,... 2112 O
Babu Rakhal Dass Halder, 08 0
Col. J. C. Haughton, ee : LOS 0
Jugul Kissore, <2 vee as 1112 0
F, 8. Growse, Esq., .. one 4 2 0
Dr. G. W. Leitner, ... eae L230
L. Schwendler, Esq., aes ves 810 9
Babu Rasavihari Vasu, ee rea 014 0
Major M. W. Carr, ,,, ot Bee OREO
W. L. Heeley, Esq., .. “00 0-6. .0
ee 10,709 10 6
Carried over, Rs. 25,268 7 4
1870.
xix
DISBURSEMENTS. 1871, 1870.
Brought over, Rs.10,733 7 9
Conservation or Sanscrit MSS.
Paid Salary for preparing Catalogue of San-
scrit MSS., 300 0 0
Ditto ditto for Collecting Materials for Ca-
talogue of MSS., .. 379 8 5
Ditto ditto for tr anslating the Sanscrit Cata-
logue, . 11210 8
Ditto Babu Rajendra “Mitra, as “advance for
purchase of Sanscrit MSS., ... 400 0 0
Ditto Printing Char ie of Notices of Sanscrit
MSS., ee Oden Ss LO
Ditto for Stationery,... aes ase 45 5 tO
Ditto for Packing Charges, re ee 24 14 0
Ditto Postage for sending N otices of Sanscrit
MSS., ee ves 2 0
Ditto Freight for ditto ditto, ... ae 43 6 O
Ditto Banghy expenses for ditto ditto, ... Cote (0)
Ditto Advertising Charges, Ag ry 10 5 6
Ditto Copying MSS., see 13 13 0
Ditto Khurrua cloth, and Pasteboard &e., for
Patahs for binding Sanscrit MSS., ree 53 2 0
Petty Charges, ve eve C 3815 8
2,012 110 1,527 6 6
VeEsteD Funp.
Paid Commission to the Bank of Bengal for
drawing interest on the Government Secu-
rities, eee eee vee coe 0 4, 4,
0 4 4
Bumnpine,
Paid House rate, ... eo 432 0 0
Ditto Police and’ Lighting rate, .. aps « 210 0 O
Ditto Water rate, ... oe - 2385 3 2
— 877 3 2 91010 8
O. P. Funp.
Paid on Loan, iy aa «. «274 9
—_——-_ 274 9 9
MIscELLANEOUS.
Col. E. T. Dalton, i a of Eis - 7,500 0 O
Sayyid Walli-oollah, . sa Aer. G
F.S. Growse, Esq,, ... “x 514 0
The Government, North- Western Provinces,. ee is S10
S. Lobb, Esq., ve ate owe 6) 67.0
Col. C. M. Macgregor, ote Cee Si oF
G. E. Fryer, Esq., ... <as aaa 010 0
B. T. Atkinson, Esq., nee se 28 12 0
W. Oldham, Esq., vat ose Pre 013 0
Dr. C. Valentyne, eae eos se 0 4 0
Col. J. C. Haughton, a nae Ss 0.0
J. G. Delmerick, Esq,, eee te E26
De G. W. Leitner, ee : ons gt IP
L, Schwendler, Esq., ove 810 9
G. Nevil, Esq., eee ava a 2 5 0
Jugul Kissore, ach 1112 0
Guru Churn Doss, .., tis ah 020
J. Wood-Mason, Esq., .. “ eee 3 3 6
Dr, Stolicaka, act “ae we 6_.& 6
$0910 6——- ——==
Carried over, Rs. 13,897 10 10
xx
RECEIPTS, 1871, 1870,
Brought over, Rs, 25,268 7 4
BaLaNnce or 1870,
In the Bank of Bengal, viz. account-current
Dr. J. Muir, oe ie w. 89810 0
Ditto Conservation of Sanscrit MSS. A Arie dan Ler al ets aa
Ditto Asiatic Society, oe + 2,661 6 0
——— 5,277 1 9
Cash in hand, ven Ur we on giPday Ns
—_.
Rs. 30,671 8 4
en
xxl
DISBURSEMENTS, 1871. 1870,
Bronght over, Rs. 8,091 10 613,897 10 10
Babu Udaya Chanda Datta, ont i 09 0
Messrs. Triibner and Co., BA XE 9 4-9
Messrs, Asher and Co., vex nab 12 4 0
W. Irvine, Esq., eae oe, ne 515 6
J. Beames, Esq., af rap ve 2 eo
Dr. J. B. Baxter, ... ies “Cc Oro oe
—_—— 8,122 2 9
BALANcE,
In the Bank of Bengal, viz. account-current
Dr. Muir, OU SeLOL 0
Ditto Conservation of Sanscrit MSS., oo. 2,849 011
Ditto Col. Dalton, Ethnology of Bengal, «. 2,450 12 O
Ditto Asiatic Society, ook ape ad
—— 8,434 12 6
Cash in hand, a ne be 216 14 3
Rs. 30,671 8 4
Errors and Omissions excepted,
(Sd.) Buppinaru Bysack,
Cashier,
Asiatic Society, Bengal.
Audited and found correct,
(Sd.) F. W. Prrerson,
D, WaLpin,
XXil
STATEMENT
Abstract of the Cash Account,
RECEIPTS,
ORIENTAL PUBLICATIONS. 1871. 1870.
Received by Sale of Bibliotheca Indica, ... 2,405 3 0
Ditto by Subscription todo. ... oe 94 0 0
Ditto Refund of Postage and Packing charges, 8114 0
———-——._ 2,581 1 01,911 5 6
GOVERNMENT ALLOWANCE,
Received from the General Treasury at 500
Rs. per month, .. 6,000 0 0O
Ditto ditto additional grant for the publica-
tion of Sanskrit works, at 250 Rs. per
mouth, aes nee S000! 10) 20
—- 9,000 0 0 9,000 0 0
VESTED FUND.
Received Interest on the Government Securi-
ty by the Bank of Bengal, __... aw 87 “80
Ditto by Sale of a new 5 per cent.
Government Security, we j000" 10. 0
Ditto ditto Premium on do... 203 12 0O
Ditto ditto Interest on do. .., 23 9 9
3,727 5
Less Commission
and Brokerage
on Selling Go-
verment Securi-
ty, sac 314 6
Ditto Income Tax
on the Interest, ORS red,
— -— 4 2 1
— 38,723 3 8
=== 3,810 11 8 L750
Astatic Soctnry oF BENGAL.
Received on Loan, .,, ie ip 274 9 9
274 9-9
MIscELLANEOUS,
Babu Luchmun Singh, 4 ene 4 0 0
Chib Ghanano Sarawali, a nee 214 6
J. Bisch, Esq., be Ee 0 4 0
N. Muller Row, Esq., s Ps 0
Babu Tarini Churn Chuckerbutty, 5 LS 0)
Babu Sadasakh Lall,.. ie 4 8 0
Pandita Damaru Vallabha, oes 43 0 0
Babu Nobin Chunder Roy, ey a)
Pandita Chunder Kanta Tarkalanker, Pt 0
Babu Ram Chunder Bose, Sc sat 35 8 O
C. W. Macm, Esq.,_.. See 40 0 0
A. Roynoo Gopall, Esq., 50 Od .0
The Principal of the Dacca College, a ee
G. Jyanna, Esq., ee an 212 0
Babu Pearilall, aie ise 0 4 0
Munshee Gungaper shad, a Yoh 0)
Ram Kissen G, Bhauder Kress acn OZ. <0
ToViRD a6 —
Carried over, Rs.15,666 6 5
Xxiil
No. 2
Oriental Publication Fund, 1871.
DISBUSEMENTS.
ORIENTAL PUBLICATIONS.
Paid Commission on Sale of Books, ae .6e.O
Packing Charges, ar or 47 0 0
Postage Stamps, ... ose Gq 149.8 6
Advertising Charges, wo. 409 0 O
Freight, ... ees rows a pseas, 2.0
Bearing Postage, ... se Bes OF dO
Printing Charges, 1210 0O
Petty Charges, 214 9
VESTED Funp.
Paid Commission to the Bank of Bengal for
drawing Interest on the Government Secu-
rities, ... OSG
Renewing a Government Security, TE 0x"
— on Sale of the Government Secu-
fp 6:10" -7
la on ditto ditto, ote oe. O
LIpRrary.
Paid Purchase of ie Ae He 185 14 6
Book Binding, = 5 0 0
Custopy oF OriENTAL Works,
Paid Salary of the has ee et oGOwOn-O
Establishment, ve 574 0 O
Stationery, fS67 0
Fee for Stamping Cheques, : 411 0
Ditto for aoe. the Annual “Account for
1870, ee io OeO
Petty Charges, ese nay 51 2 6
Astatic Society or BrnGat,
Paid on account of Loan, 656 3 6
CaTaALoGuE oF Sanscrit MSS.
Paid Salary for Cataloguing Sanscrit MSS.,.... 360 0 0
Copryine MSS.
Paid Copying Charges, 198 5 0
AIn 1 AKBARI.
Paid Munshi allowance, eee 390 0 0
Ditto Printing Charges, 730 8 0O
Tanpd’yA Mani BrAuMana.
Paid Editing and Printing Charges, can ola tA O
MimAns& Darsana.
Paid Editing and Printing Charges, , 539 10 O
Carried over, Rs. 6,663 6 10
1871 1870,
1,190 14 3 1,364 8
1 Oat 0.7
190 14 6 520 6
1,083 3 6 1,225 1
656 3 6
360 0 0 278 O
198 5 0 113
1,120 8 O 1,617 13
1,312 12 O 3,593 12
539 10 O 427 2
XxXiv
RECEIPTS. 1871. 1870.
Brought over, Rs 150 5 615,666 6 5
M. Sasha Giri Sastri, hy ha bree 0
Ram Lall Misser, ... eas eee o15 0
Vadlamannati Damsdarayya, .. ¥ be ey 0)
163 14 6
——~
Carried over, Rs. 15,880 4 11
XXV
DISBURSEMENTS. 1871.
Brought over, Rs. 6,663 6 10
Nrisinna Taptnt.
Paid Editing and Printing Charges, .. 96018 O
Ditto Postage and Eee atenre fee for return-
ing MSS., * vee see 0 6 0
—- 961 3 0
Maasir ALAMGIRI,
Paid Editing and Printing Charges, « , 000 0) 0
————— 550 0 0
BIoGRAPHICAL DIcrioNARy.
Paid Editing and Printing Charges, satel t260 +9 =O
———-—— 1,126 9 0
BrauMa Svurra.
Paid Printing Charges, see ee. eto, O
——_——._ 278 0 O
Sama VEDA.
Paid Editing and Printing Charges, co ESSE O
———_——._ 984 9 O
GopaTHA BRAHMANA,
Paid Printing Charges, ive aes) oo oO
LATYAYANA SRaura SutTRa,
Paid Printing Charges, fee Seen, oe 1s) AO
————__——._ 2382 3 0
Marri UPANISHAD.
Paid Printing Charges, aaa “ea 109" 6° 6
: — 109 6 O
TAITTIRIYA BRAHMANA,
Paid Printing Charges, vee ioe SLO) LOO
TAITTIRIYA SANHITA,
Pai. Editing and Printing Charges, ie ood 12 20
Poems CHAND.
Paid Freight and Packing ree for send.«
ing MSS., ie 815 0
Faruane RasHipt.
Paid Editing and Printing Charges, ie «= 208 10 0
TAITTIRIYA ARANYAKA,
Paid Editing and Printing Charges, w~ 896 8 0
CHATURVARGA CHINTAMANI.
Paid Editing and Printing Charges, «we 656 6 O
CHHANDA SuTRA.
Paid Editing and Printing Charges, «. 328 38 O
Goxnit Surra,
Paid Editing and Printing Charges, vat 40a, Gi 16
Ditto Banghy Expenses &c., for sending
Sanscrit Books &c., to Pandita Chandra
Kanta Tarkaankar, eee tee 8 12-0
———._ 406 2 0
TAITriniyA PRATISAKHYA.
Paid Editing and Printing Charges, -. 9328 3 0
— 328 8 0
Carried over, Rs,- 14,615 2 10
1870.
614 0
108 8
2,393 5
xXxXV1
RECEIPTS. 1871. 1870,
Brought over, Rs. 15,830 4 11
BALANCE oF 1870.
In the Bank of Bengal, eee fe eos eee 836 4 7
nee
Rs. 16,666 9 6
od
XXvil
DISBURSEMENTS. 1871, 1870.
Brought over, Rs. 14,615 2 10
K. Roghunath Row, ... ans ep Lak lon Ge
Babu Heetalal Misser, dae coe Lie
Babu Luchmun Singh, toe 38 2 0
Babu Tarini Churn Chuckerbutty, ee L 8: 0
Damaru Jetta, een 1710 6
The Principal "of the Dacca College, : Lez 0
Babu Brojo Bhusan Dass, da vee a er
J. Bisch, Esq,, ats aie b. 8: 6
Sadaskh Lall, Esq., ... ake 3812 0
N. Maller Row, Esq., ; sé en
Damaru Vallabha, ... a ope 43 0 O
Babu Ram Chunder Bose, tee dss 14 8 0
Major C. W. Carr, ar rc 010 0
Ramkrishna G. Bhanderkur, i 3 3 0
Munshee Gunga Persad, ee 511 6
243 2 6
BALANCE.
In the Bank of Bengal, ous as 1486 5,7
Cash in hand, Pr ode rc 2114 7
—- 1,808 4 2
—_— #—-
Rs. 16,666 9 6
or
Errors and Omissions excepted,
(Sd.) Buppinarn Bysack,
Cashier,
Asiatic Society, Bengal.
Audited and found correct,
(Sd.) F. W. Pererson,
D WaALCDIE.
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LINAWALV LS
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FoR JANUARY, 1871.
—@—
The monthly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday the
4th instant at 9 o’clock P_ M.
The Hon’ble Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
Presentations were announced.
1. From the Government of India, Home Department, 5 photo-
graphs of the temples and inscriptions at Barsee Taklee ‘and
Pinjar.
2. From the Author—Riickblick auf die Jahre 1845 bis 1870,
Schreiben von W. R. von Haidinger an Herrn E. Doll.
3. From Dr. Newman—five silver coins.
4. From H. v. Schlagintweit-Sakiinlinsky—a revolving scale
for measuring curved lines on maps, &c.
The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the
last meeting were balloted for and elected ordinary members.
Isaac Newton, Esq.
R. 8. Brough, Esq.
F. C. Daukes, Esq.
Babu Ganendranatha Thakura.
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next
meeting.
T. F. Harkness, Esq., C. 8., proposed by A. M. Markham, Esq.
seconded by Col, A. D. Vanrenen.
2 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Jan.
Col. J. F. Tennant, proposed by Col. H. Hyde, seconded by
Dr. F. Stoliczka.
Dr. W. Waagen, proposed by Dr. F. Stoliczka, seconded by Mr.
H. Blochmann.
G. C. Farr, Esq., proposed by Mr. EH. Hyde, seconded by Col.
H. Hyde.
The following gentlemen have intimated their desire to with-
draw from the Society, C. F. Amery, Esq., Capt. J. P. Basevi, R. E.,
T. Thomas, Esq., H. W. Seevens, Esq.
The Council reported on the progress which has been made in
the collecting and preservation of Sanskrit MSS., and communicated
the subjoined correspondence on the subject.
In laying this correspondence on the table the President observed,
that inasmuch as the measures proposed and subsequently under-
taken for the conservation of Sanskrit MSS., and the preparation
of Catalogues, were communicated to the Society, in May 1869, the
Council thought it right to inform the Society of the progress which
had since been made in the matter. He referred to the original
instructions of the Government, and the few alterations which have
been suggested by the Society. The task was entrusted to Babu
Rajendraléla Mitra, whom the Government had recommended for
it. One instalment of the “ Notices &c.’’ had been published and
was on the table before them. It would be seen that this was not
in the tabular form which the Government at first contemplated,
but the deviation from it had been sanctioned by the Govern-
ment of Bengal in their letter, dated 22nd May, 1869, and
whether or not every one would consider it judicious, there were
certainly very substantial reasons to be urged in support of it.
When these ‘‘ Notices’? were submitted to Government, no objection
was taken to the form of the publication, but it appears that the
advisers of the Government considered that it was defective in
certain important points. The President quoted a passage to this
effect from an official letter of the Government of India. He
could not better explain the error into which the Government
had here fallen, than by reading the answer which the Secretary
of the Society had written in behalf of the Council. In conclusion
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. 3
he said it was almost incomprehensible, how the blunder came to be
committed, not only in the Secretariat to the Government of India,
but also by a scholar like Mr. Chalmers, to whose very positive
but mistaken observations the President referred. These gentle-
men must have penned their strictures without having read the
Sanskrit, and yet it was in Sanskrit, that the Government letter
directed the principal matter of the lists, inclusive of the very
matter in question, to be published.
No. 395.
Asiatic Society’s Rooms, Calcutta, 27th June, 1870.
From F. Svourozxa, Esa. Pu. D.,
Honorary Secretary, Asiatic Society of Bengal,
To the Hon’stE Asuitey Even,
Secretary to the Government of Bengal.
Sm,—Referring to the correspondence, noted at margin, regard-
No. 5657 dated 28rd Nov., 1868 Govt. of Bengal, 128 *e conservation of
» 309 ,, 1st May, 1869 As. Soc és records and purchases of
Ee ee Sanskrit Manuscripts in
native libraries, I am desired by the Council of the Asiatic Socie-
ty to forward a copy of Babu Rajendralala Mitra’s report on the
subject, explaining the operations which have been instituted by
the Society for that purpose, in accordance with the orders of the
Government of Bengal.
A specimen copy of No. 1 of the ‘“ Notices of Sanskrit MSS.” is
herewith enclosed, as well as copies of the lists noted in para. 8th
of Babu Rajendralala Mitra’s letter.
The slight alteration in the arrangement of printing has also been
explained by Babu Rajendralala Mitra, and the Council of the
Society hopes that this change will be advantageous.
The expenses incurred by the Society for the above object of
collecting MSS. during the latter half of the official year, 1869 and
1870, are detailed in the accompanying bill, and in submitting the
same for the consideration of the Government of Bengal, I am
desired by the Council of the Asiatic Society of Bengal to re-
quest that the Society may be sanctioned to draw a quarterly or
half yearly advance, equal to one fourth or one half of the annual
grant sanctioned for the purpose. A detailed statement of the half
4 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Jan.
yearly expenses will be prepared and submitted to the Government
of Bengal, if desired.
Babu Réjendraléla Mitra expects to publish annually 3 or 4
numbers of the Notices of Sanskrit MSS. ; of No. 1 of these Notices
150 copies have been printed, and they are now at the disposal
of the Government of Bengal.
With regard to the distribution of the Notices, I am desired by
the Council of the Asiatic Society to submit a list* of names to
whom copies could be sent, for the favourable consideration of the
Government of Bengal. The spare copies of these ‘ Notices,” the
Council would suggest, may be sold to the public at one Rupee
per number.
From Ba’su Ra’senprata’tA Mirra,
To the Secretary, Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Dated, Chitpur, 24th May, 1870.
_Sm,—I have the honor.to submit the following report on the
operations carried on during the last official year for collecting in-
formation regarding Sanskrit MSS. extant in native libraries.
2. The final orders of Government on the subject were received
in May 1869. I happened to be unwell at the time, and nothing
was done until my arrival at Benares in the middle of June following,
when I commenced to collect lists of such rare MSS., as were avail-
able in that city. Although some ultra orthodox pandits were
averse to allow their collection to be examined and analysed for the
information of Europeans, I had no difficulty in inducing several
persons to allow me access to their Libraries for the purpose of
taking notes and copies of such MSS. asI liked, and obtained
much valuable information from some of the professors of the local
Sanskrit College. Two native gentlemen of the city, Babu Haris-
chandra and Sitalprasad, very obligingly placed the whole of their
collections, each containing upwards of two thousand works, at my
disposal, and Pandit Vinayaka S‘astri brought me a few rare MSS.
of the Kalpa sutras and of the Sikshaés. The Raéjguru of Benares
and several other pandits also offered me assistance, and I soon had
a total of upwards of five thousand MSS. at my disposal. Owing,
however, to the delicate state of my health at the time, and my
* This list is omitted in the present communication,
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 5
stay at Benares having been limited to seven weeks only, I could
not examine moro than about half of them. These were mostly
works of which the Asiatic Society possesses copies. The few that
appeared to me to be new have been included in the accompanying
volume of ‘ Notices,”
8. The principle on which the notices have been drawn up has
already been explained in my minute of April 1869.* I have taken
the Oatalogue of the Society’s Library for my guide, and described
only such works as were not included in it, except when better MSS.
were met with than are to be found in Calcutta.
4. The plan of quoting the initial and the concluding sentences,
as also the epigraphs, which was first suggested by me and ap-
proved by Government, rendered a departure form the tabular form
originally proposed unavoidably necessary ; but none of the heads
of information recommended by Mr. Stokes has been omitted, and
on the whole the form adopted will, I believe, be found to be in
every respect convenient. It has greatly economised space, and
obviated the necessity of printing, in narrow columns, long extracts,
mostly in verse, and other matter not fit to be tabulated.
5. Among the works noticed I would draw the attention of the
Committee to the Upanishads, most of which are rare, and have
hitherto been known only through Duperron’s translation of the
Persian version of Dara Sekoh. From three to five copies of each of
them have now been obtained, and placed at the disposal of Pro-
fessor Raimamaya Tarkaratna for publication in the Bibliotheca
Indica. The little treatises on Vedic Phonetics (Nos. 132 to 136)
are also rare, and of considerable interest. Professor Max Miller,
in his history of Sanskrit literature notices only one of them—that
of Narada—and the others, therefore, I imagine, will be new to
many scholars in Europe. The commentary of Sures’vara on the
Brihadaryanaka Upanishad and that of Sankarénanda on the
Atharva Upanishads are also worthy of note. Most of the dramatic
works noticed are not included in the list annexed to Professor Wil-
son’s Hindu Theatre ; some of the medical works are also valuable,
and the Mahabhashya is remarkable for age and accuracy. Alto-
gether 204 works have been noticed, of which 69 are portions of
* Proceedings, Asiatic Soviety, Bengal, for May, 1869, p. 127 et sey.
6 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Jan.
the Vedas or commentaries thereon, 26 are treatises on Vedic
ceremonials, and 8 parts of the Vedangas; 11 are on the Vedanta,
8 on the Nyaya, and 2 on astronomy, one of them being an exposi-
tion of Arabic terms borrowed by the Brahmans. Of grammatical
treatises 2 only are included in the list, and of medical compi-
lations 5; but law, rituals, poetry and the drama, are repre-
sented in it by 6, 12, 28, and 14 codices respectively.
6. On my return to Calcutta, a pandit was employed on a salary
of Rs. 30 a month, and travelling allowances, to proceed to the
mofussil. He commenced operations at Krishnagar and in five
months collected the names and short descriptive accounts of about
four hundred MSS. new to the Society. Among these are included
a number of Tantras belonging to the Raja of Krishnanagar ; but
few of them are of any great antiquity. Notices of these have been
drawn up in the prescribed form, and will be sent to press in the
course of next month.
7. In March last, advantage was taken of the Rev. J. Long’s
trip to Dacca to send the pandit to that district, and he has since
been employed there. The field, however, does not seem to be
promising, and no work of any value has yet been met with.
I have, therefore, asked the pandit to return to Krishnagar, where
and in the neighbouring town of Nuddea, the most renowned seat
of the Nyaya school in Bengal, there remains yet much to be
done.
8. In July 1869, two MS. lists were obtained from the Home
Office, one containing the names of 2744 works said to be owned
by Pandit Radhakrishna of Lahore, and the other of works supposed
by the Nepalese pandits to be rare in the Nepalese Libraries at
Khatmandu. Both these have been printed, and copies are here-
with submitted for inspection. The first contains the names of a
great number of scarce works, but it has been much swelled out
by inserting the same treatises under different names in different
places. The Nepalese list contains nothing of any value.
9, Nominal lists have likewise been obtained from the renown-
ed Pandit Rangéchéri Svami of Brindaban, and from different
parts of Bengal, extracts from which will ere long be published.
10. Much has not been done in the way of purchasing MSS. At
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 7
Benares I could obtain only 9 codices, and three have since been
purchased in Calcutta, making in all 12 as per margin.*
Puvcharen. Eleven MSS. have likewise
*Tattvannsandhana, been copied. An opportunity
Tattvaprakasika.
Daddtavana Sutcavirttt: lately offered for securing a cop y
Baiyasikadhikaranaméla, of Séyana’s commentary on the
Srantaprayaschittachandrika. sed 2
Darshapurnamasaprayachittakarika. Archikas of the Sima Veda, but
Prayogaséra, by Keshada. as the Sciety has resolved to
Baudhayanas’ somayaga, incomplete. F 4 ey
Dig-drisya vivaranum akhy4. print that work in the Bibliotheca
Atmapurana. ; : i :
ere ateahtictayoon. Indica, I did not deem it neces
Chayanapaddhati. sary to avail myself of it.
aa pean The following is an abstract
Pingala chhanda sutra with the com- of the expenditure incurred by
mentary of Halayudha.
Sankhyéyana Grihya Sutra, the Society on account of Govern-
Kapila Renbité. ment for collecting lists of MSS.
Hiranya kesi sutra, F r
Kama sutra. and preparing copies for press,
4 Sikshas. as also for revising the proofs
of the Sanskrit portion of the Notices.
Salary of Travelling Pandit from 14th August 1869 to
Mromrmury FoT0 @ SUNS., “V.. cst cence atsed Sloe PO re
Travelling allowance for ditto for the period shay
eremnef0s te a a engl) ger 4b 8 9
Stationery, postage and stamps for letters, Banghy ex-
penses and Contingencies, ..........ceeeescees Pe ee IG
Printing charges of forms for collecting materials for
Mermlorne, ee YE cet eet peel UR) Ry
Wopyine MoS. with paper, &C.. °°... ec eee e wees Pai 117 "6
Salary of Pandit for preparing, copying and correcting
SEEM 108 HO PLCS, eewecescscscdesessvers 14 OO
pirates Os DANSETID MOS, Sot. cisee cee cce access 04 O 0
se tec Gee 28
No bill has yet been presented for printing the Notices.
The cost will probably amount to Rs. 250 making a total of Rs.
1,079-2-9 against the Government grant of Rs. 3,200. The saving
is due to the circumstance of no measures having been taken to
commence operations until after the rains of last year. The ex-
8 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Jan.
penses during the current year will, it is believed, take up the whole
of the amount sanctioned.
No. 2017.
From HH. S. Branvon, Ese.,
Ojfg. Under-Secretary to the Govt. of Bengal
To the Hony. Secy. to the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Fort William, the 11th July 1870.
Sir,—I am directed to acknowledge the receipt of your letter No.
395 dated the 27th ultimo, with its enclosures, reporting the oper-
ations carried out by the Society in view to giving effect to the
wishes of Government for the discovery and preservation of records
of ancient Sanskrit literature, and in reply I am to request that
you will convey to the Society an expression of the Lieutenant-
Governor’s thanks for the trouble they have taken in the matter.
His Honor also desires me to acknowledge the services rendered
by Babu Réajendraléla Mitra in this undertaking. A copy of
your letter and Babu Rajendralala Mitra’s report will be trans-
mitted to the Government of India, and will also be published in
the supplement to the Calcutta Gazette. A copy of the ‘catalogue
of Sanskrit MSS.” and of “ notices of Sanskrit MSS.” will also be
furnished to the Government of India.
2. With reference to paragraph 4 of your letter the Lieutenant-
Governor is pleased to sanction the payment of the bill submitted,
amounting to Rs. 1,079-2-9, for expenses incurred by the Society
in collecting MSS. during the second-half of the financial year
1869-70. The Accountant-General will be instructed accordingly,
and will also be addressed in regard to advancing the Society funds
to carry on future expenses, subject to adjustment half-yearly, as
suggested by you.
3. The Lieutenant-Governor approves of the list proposed by
you of persons and institutions to be supplied with copies of the
“‘ Notices of Sanskrit MSS.,’’ but desires that the Cambridge Univer-
Vaio sone otter ANG: sity and the Coondoo* family of Bhagyo-
281 dated the 10th May kul, in Dacca, may be added to the dis-
fe tribution list. The number of copies thus
to be distributed is seventy-five, and I am to request that of the
balance, fifty-five copies may be forwarded to this Government for
1871. | Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 9
use and transmission to the Government of India, the remaining
twenty copies being sold to the public at 1 Re. per copy.
No. 2734.
From HH. 8. Bravon, Esa.,
Offg. Under-Secy. to the Govt. of Bengal,
To the Honorary Secy. to the Asiatie Society of Bengal.
Fort William, the 19th September 1870.
Sir,—With reference to my letter No. 2017, dated the 11th July
1870, the subject of the discovery and preservation of records of an-
cient Sanskrit literature, I am directed to forward for the information |
* No. 3963 dated tho Of your Society the accompanying copy of
29th ultimo, and enclo- a letter* from the Government of India
ae in the Home Department, containing the
views of His Excellency the Governor-General in Council on the
operations of the Society in this undertaking.
2. It will be seen that the catalogues [‘‘ Notices of Sanskrit
manuscripts” ] are considered incomplete in some points, which
tend materially to lessen their value and usefulness, especially to
Kuropean scholars, and the Government of India accordingly de-
sire the insertion in the ‘‘ Notices’ of the names and addresses of
the persons to whom the manuscripts belong, the places in which
they are deposited, the number of pages in each manuscript, the
number of lines in each page, and the peculiarities of the manu-
scripts, in order to afford a ready means of identifying them here-
after. The directions can be easily followed in all ‘‘ Notices” that
may be published hereafter, but this is of course not possible in
the volume already printed. I am, however, to suggest that effect
might be given to the wishes of the Government of India by adding
a supplementary list of the manuscripts drawn up numerically
with the additional information.
3. The Government of India, it will be noticed, desire to add}
+ The Cambridge Uni- Sixteen names to the list of persons and
versity has already been §ocieties to whom copies of the ‘ Notices”
included, vide paragraph 3 ;
of my letter above quoted. are to be circulated, and point out several
typographical errors in the names in the list of the Society.
4. In conclusion I am to invite attention to the suggestion made
by the Government of India in paragraph 5 of their letter regarding
tho use of better paper and type in printing the “ Notices.”
10 Proceedings of the Asiatic Soci. ty. [ Jan.
From E. ©. Bayley, Esq., C. 8. L., Secretary to the Government of
India, Home Department, to the Officiating Secretary to the Govern-
ment of Bengal, General Department,—(NVo. 3963, dated Simla,
the 29th August, 1870.)
Sir,—I am directed to acknowledge the receipt of your letter No.
2018, dated the 11th ultimo, and the enclosed correspondence,
showing the operations carried on by the Asiatic Society of Bengal
in regard to the discovery and preservation of records of ancient
Sanskrit literature.
2. In reply I am directed to state that the efforts that have been
made by the Asiatic Society to give effect to the wishes of the
Government for the discovery and conservation of these Sanskrit
manuscripts are satisfactory. I am, however, to point out that the
catalogues received with your letter are incomplete in some points,
which tend materially to lessen their value and usefulness, especi-
ally to European scholars.
3. Itis very desirable that the names of the persons to whom
the manuscripts belong should be inserted in the notices, as should
also the places in which they are deposited. This might still be
done by adding a supplementary list of the manuscripts drawn up
numerically, with the names of the owners and their addresses
opposite. The number of pages in each manuscript, the number of
lines in each page, and the peculiarities of the manuscripts, should
also be given in the catalogues, as a means of identifying them
hereafter.
4, The list of persons and Societies to whom it is proposed to
distribute the notices may be also considerably enlarged, and there
are some inaccuracies in that list. A corrected copy of the latter
is enclosed, (here follows a list of institutions, &e., &c.).
From Dr. F. SroxtezKa,
Hon. Secretary to the Asiatie Society of Bengal,
Yo H. 8. Branon, Esea.,
Offg. Under-Secretary to the Government of Bengal.
Srr,—I have the honor, by direction of the Council of the Asiatic
Society of Bengal, to acknowledge the receipt of your letter No.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 11
2734, dated the 19th September last, forwarding copy of a letter from
the Secretary to the Government of India, Ilome Department, No.
3963, dated Simla, the 29th August, 1870, and stating that the
Notices of ‘Sanskrit Manuscripts” lately submitted by the Society
‘‘are considered incomplete in some points, which tend materially to
lessen their value and usefulness, especially to European scholars,”
and that the Government of India accordingly desire the compi-
lation of a “ supplementary list of the manuscripts drawn up numeri-
cally” with the additional information.
2. Inreply, Iam directed to state that in the blank form, annexed
to the Government of India letter No. 4358, dated 8rd November,
1868, which was forwarded to the Society for its guidance, there are
nine columns: 1st for number; 2nd for name, in Devanagari; 3rd
for ditto, in Roman character ; 4th for subject matter and name of
author ; 5th for number of pages; 6th for number of lines in each
page; 7th for substance on which is written and character; 8th for
names of place where and of person with whom found, and 9th for
remarks regarding accuracy and peculiarities. Of these, information
under the heads 4, 6, 8, 9, it is now said, is wanting in the ‘ Notices.’
On reference, however, to the Sanskrit text it will be seen that the
required details regarding the 5th, 6th and 9th heads are given in
the second para., and that regarding the 8th in the third para. under
each name. ‘The editor has likewise added (10th) the extent of the
work calculated according to the Indian method in stanzas of 32
syllables each ; 11th, the date of writing’ whenever available; 12th,
the initial words or stanza; 13th, the concluding words; 14th, the
colophon which in Sanskrit works serves the purpose of the title
page, and 15th, a full description of the work, its contents, history,
and literary notices. The Council of the Asiatic Society fail, there-
fore, to perceive how it has been made out that information under
some of the heads had not been supplied, and are driven to suppose
that the Sanskrit portion of the “ Notices’ has been entirely over-
looked by the Government of India. From a reference to those
Notices, it is clear that more information of an useful character
has been supplied than was asked for.
8. It might be said that if all the information had been given
in English, it would have proved more convenient. But the word-
12 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Jan.
ing of the original order of Government left no option to the Society
in the matter. It is there distictly laid down that “ all procurable
unprinted lists of Sanskrit MSS. in native Libraries should be
printed uniformly in octavo, in the Nagari character,” and the editor
could not depart from that positive injunction without laying him-
self open to censure. The scheme contemplated no quotations or
extracts, and the Nagari character could not, therefore, be limited to
any one particular part. It may be added that those who will
hereafter wish to identify the MSS. noticed, will be men conversant
with the Sanskrit literature, and to them the Sanskrit part of the
Notices will prove more useful than the English part, while to
Indian scholars, at the suggestion of one of whom the work has been
undertaken by Government, the Sanskrit will be the only part of
use, and for years to come the English will be of no avail. It is
scarcely likely that those who know nothing of Sanskrit will interest
themselves much in tracing old MSS. in that language.
4. Better paper will be used for the printing of the future
Nos. of the ‘ Notices.”
The following copy of a minute relating to the cataloguing of
Sanskrit MSS. has been received from the Secretary to the Govern-
ment N. W. Provinces.
“Notices oF Sanskrit MSS. by Rdjendralilé Mitra.
(1.) “These Notices are most unsatisfactory. The editor states
that he has taken “the catalogue of the Asiatic Society’s Library
for his guide, and has noticed only such works as are not to be
found in it.”
(2.) ‘He carefully avoids all mention of where the MSS. he
comments on are to be found. He does not state who they belong
to, what their value is, or whether Government should endeavour
to purchase them.
(3.) “* Whenever he gives a sensible notice it seems to be taken
from Max Miiller’s Sanskrit Literature.
(4.) ‘A catalogue of this kind to be practically useful should
contain a report of the places searched for MSS. and the place
where each MS. is to be found.
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 13
_ (5.) “It should also mention whether the book is available or
not to European scholars. The catalogues of the Bodleian, India
Office and Berlin Libraries would shew this.
Sd. J. Cyatmers.”
Minute of Babu Rijendraldla Mitra on the above [in a letter addressed
to the Secretary }.
Mr. Chalmers’ criticisms are founded on the same imaginary
shortcomings on which the Government of India commented on
my unfortunate “Notices ;’ I have therefore only to refer to
the reply lately forwarded to the Government of Bengal on the
subject.
The 1st para. of the critique contains a general observation, the
value of which depends on what follows. I need not therefore no-
tice it.
The 2nd para. accuses me of having (1) carefully avoided all
mention of where the MSS. commented upon are to be found; (2)
whom they belong to; (3) what is their value; (4) and whether
Government should endeavour to purchase them or not. The first
three charges are, as you are aware, entirely unfounded—due either
to the critic’s not knowing the Sanskrit language, or to his having
failed to qualify himself for the task he has assumed, by read-
ing the Sanskrit portion of the Notices which would have at
once shown him that the required information has been duly
furnished. The last charge cannot be fairly brought against me.
I am required by Government to print lists, and nothing but
lists, in order that Sanskrit scholars in Europe and India may
point out what MSS. should be purchased. The words of the
Government letter are: ‘“‘To print uniformly all procurable un-
printed lists of Sanskrit manuscripts in Indian Libraries, and to send
them to the various learned Societies of Europe, and to individual
scholars in Europeand India, with an intimation thatthe Government
will carefully attend to their suggestions as to which of the manu-
scripts therein mentioned should be examined, or transcribed.” I
have quoted this part of the letter in my Preface, and as Mr. Chal-
mers has read it, he should have suggested what MSS. are worth
having, and not found fault with me for not doing what he as a
14 Proceedings of the Asvatic Socrety. [ Jan.
scholar and others are required to do. Sanskrit scholars in Ben-
gal are exceedingly averse to sell MSS., but when opportunities do
offer I never fail to take advantage of them, and purchase for
Government whatever, in my humble opinion, appears valuable.
The 3rd para., without directly charging me with having cribbed
from Max Miiller’s ancient Sanskrit Literature, insinuates that I
have done so. I cannot but take this as unfair. Ihave given the
name of Max Miiller whenever I have quoted from him, and shall
be glad to be shewn an instance to the contrary.
The 4th para. repeats the first charge of the 2nd, and therefore
calls for no further remark.
The 5th contains a suggestion, but the published portion of the
** Notices” should have shewn to Mr. Chalmers that it was uncalled
for. Ihave quoted from Aufrecht’s Catalogi codicum manuscripto-
rum Bibliothecae Bodleianae, and from Weber’s Verzeichniss der
Sanskrit-Handschriften, the only Berlin catalogue accessible to me.
Mr. Chalmers seems not to be aware that no catalogue of the India
House Library has yet been published, and therefore it is impos-
sible to quote from it. I have lately got a MS. list of the contents
of that Library through the kindness of Dr. Rost, and intend to
notice it when necessary.
The real cause of the misunderstanding lies in the expectation
that the Notices should serve the purpose of a catalogue raissoné
which they do not profess to do, nor were they originally re-
quired to do. The Society undertook to supply only lists in the
Nagari character of MSS. still extant in the country, with brief
notes of their contents, in order that future scholars in Europe may
be enabled to compile a complete catalogue of Sanskrit literature,
and not to supply that desideratum now. The Government is of
opinion that the time has not yet come for a comprehensive scheme
of this kind, and if this be borne in mind, the ‘‘ Notices’ will not
be found to be so defective as they are said to be.
The President placed on the table diagrams exhibiting the
diurnal oscillations of the barometer observed by him at Dal-
housie during a portion of last October. He did so, not on account
of the merits of these curves, for they were only rough approxima-
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 15
tions to the truth, but in order to press on the attention of members
of the Society the importance of observations of this kind in India.
He mentioned the part which, according to a very generally re-
ceived theory, the presence of vapour had in effecting the double
maximum, and pointed out that this country seemed to afford
extraordinary opportunity for the complete investigation of this
subject.
Col. the Hon’ble R. Strachey begged to differ altogether from
the views put forward by the President, and characterized the
doctrine which attributes the daily oscillations of the barometric
pressure solely to the influence of vapour in the atmosphere as a
dogma. The actual tension of vapour at any place does not represent
the portion of the total atmospheric pressure, due to the pressure of
the vapour, and the difference between the total pressure and the
vapour tension is not the pressure of the dry air. The very nu-
merous barometric and hygrometric observations which he (Col.
Strachey) had made in the plains of India and in the Himalayas,
up to elevations of between 18 and 19000 feet, speak entirely
against this view—which he thought had first been put forward by
General Sabine,—inasmuch as the same fiuctuations in the total pres-
sure, which are to be observed in the plains, are equally marked at
high elevations in Tibet, where there is extremely little moisture
in the atmosphere. Col. Strachey referred to a paper which he
had published on the subject some years ago in the Proceedings
of the Royal Society on the distribution of vapour in the atmos-
phere, in which the data for the above conclusions of his were given
at length. He said that the day maximum and minimum are un-
questionably connected with the heating of the air by sun, and can
be explained by the dispersion of the air over that part of the
earth’s surface where the temperature is highest, and its accumula-
tion to the east and west of the most heated area. That this is
the true cause of the phenomenon is also indicated by the fact,
proved by observation, that the time of day maximum and mini-
mum change according to the hour at which the sun rises and sets
in different localities. The explanation of the nocturnal maxima
and minima is more difficult, but they are probably secondary results
of the diurnal changes of temperature.
16 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. [ Jan.
Colonel Strachey noticed certain modifications of the usual daily
maxima and minima in the atmospheric pressures, to be observed in
the hills, These must be considered as purely local, and are to be
explained as caused by certain disturbances of the planes of equal
pressure in the air, due to the unequal expansion of the variable
depth of air over the plains and mountain slopes, which again are
followed by currents of air between the plains and the hills. During
the day, the air is heated over the plain and forms a superior current
toward the mountain, at night the converse takes place and gives
rise to an inferior current towards the plain. These changes are
quite analogous to the daily sea and land-breeze.
Dr. Stoliczka observed that he was struck with the great regu-
larity with which the maxima and minima in the atmospheric pres-
sure return at high elevation. He had made observations for two
successive years on the elevated plains of Tibet, between 15 and
20,000 feet, and found that as arule the maxima fell about the hour
of 10 a.m. and 11 P.m., the minima between 8 and 5p. m. and
about 3 A.M. Certainly the regular oscillations of the atmosphere in
these regions could not be attributed to the existence of vapour, for
there is almost none whatever present. The annual rain fall searee-
ly amounts to half an inch.
In reply to remarks which fell from Col. Strachey, the President
said that nothing could be further from his mind than any intention
to set up or maintain the ‘“‘ dogma” which Col. Strachey attributed
to him. In truth he had brought the matter forward solely for the
purpose of urging that observation and research were still needed,
and that the peculiar facilities of India in this respect were neg-
lected. We had it in our power to make observations, with varia-
tions of condition as to elevation, humidity and temperature, such
as could hardly be secured elsewhere. We could almost be said
to be able to experiment in this subject, so great were our oppor-
tunities of making simultaneous observations at different heights in
pretty nearly the same vertical line, and at variously situated
stations, distributed overa largely extended surface of the earth.
The advantages offered by the character, and position of the coun-
try for analysis of the elements of the problem and comparison of
results seemed to be ina great measure unheeded. They could only
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. 17
be effectively made use of by combined action, and of this at pre-
sent it could hardly be said that there was any.
_ The following papers were brought before the meeting.
1. Notes on the district of Dera Ismail Khan, by T. W. H.
Tolbort, Esq., C. 8.
This paper contains notes on the history, archeology, and
natural productions of the district; it will shortly appear in the
Journal of the Society.
2. On the antiquity of Indian Architecture, by Babu Rajendra-
lala Mitra. (<Adstract.)
The oldest remains that have come to light are the pillars of
As’oka, and they are not of a greater age than the middle of the
third century before Christ. Hence an opinion is gaining ground
that the ancient Aryans were not proficient in the art of building
substantial edifices with stones and bricks, and that the primitive
Hindus were dwellers in thatched huts and mud houses. Mr,
Fergusson, who has adopted this opinion, adds that the Hindus
learnt the art of building from the Grecians who came to India
with Alexander, and that the oldest specimens of architecture in the
country appear to be in the first stage of transition from wood to
stone. The author combats-these opinions by a number of quota-
tions from the Rig Veda—a work generally believed to be of the
same age with the Mosaic chronicles—in which allusions are made to
fortified towns, large palaces, three-storied dwellings, bricks, pillars
and other objects which could not have existed without masonry
works of some kind or other. Quotations are also given from
Panini, the Rimayana and the Mahibharatha to prove the existence
of masonry houses at a very early period of Indian history. It is
denied that the Buddhist religion—a mere reformation of the old
Hindu faith—could have any influence in originating architecture,
and the invasion of Alexander, is compared to the recent British
expedition to Abyssinia, in which very little impression was produced
on the domestic arts of the Abyssinians. It is difficult to believe
that Alexander brought any large number of quarriers, masons, and
architects to leave some behind for the education of the people of
18 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ JAN.
the country in architecture, and it would be absurd to suppose that
a king, like As’oka, who is presumed to have originally lived in
thatched huts, would of his own accord send for architects and
quarriers from Greece to build him a palace. In reply to the argu-
ment founded on the ornaments of old Indian architecture being
copied from wooden originals, it is contended that they do not
suffice to indicate the exact age when the transition first took
place, inasmuch as there isa spirit of conservatism, a mannerism or
a survival of custom in architectural ornamentation, so strong that
it preserves intact forms long after the lapse of the exigencies which
first lead to their production, and such evidence, therefore, cannot
be accepted as conclusive.
Rev. K. M. Benerjea made some observations in support of tie
views expressed by Babu Rajendraldla Mitra.
Mr. Wood-Mason exhibited an interesting case of polydactylism
(see pl. I), in a horse from Bagdad, and remarked that the splint-
like rudiments of the metacarpals of the fourth toe on each fore-foot
(iv. in figs. 1 et 2 of pl. I) had given rise to a supernumerary digit
provided with the regular number of phalanges and encased in an
asymmetrical hoof ; the asymmetry of which was such, that the pre-
sence of another of the same shape internally to it would have formed
asymmetrical pair, like the cleft hoof of a ruminant. The metatarsals
of the fourth toe on each hind foot were by the law of correlation
similarly affected, but the supernumerary hoofs of these were stout-
er and more irregular in shape. He next mentioned the fact that
M. Arloing in a recent contribution* to our knowledge of the organi-
zation of the foot of the horse had described a polydactyle horse
with the extra digits developed from the rudiments of the second
toe (ii. in figs. 1 et 2); the hoofs of these only differed from those
of the principal digits in their smaller size. He next distinguish-
ed between those monstrositiest that had resulted from injuries
received by the embryo én utero or in-the egg, between those which
might be said to be due’to the ‘‘ anomalous retention of embryonic
* Ann. des sc. nat. (zool.), Be Sér., vol. viii, pp. 55 et seqq., pl. 1.
+ For full information on the subject of monstrosities vide Daryeie Ani-
mals and Plants under domestication.”
Proceedings, Asiat, Soc: Bengal, for Jan: 1871. PUI.
Fig: 1.
For reference see p- 18.
1871.) Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 19
characters,’ and those that took the form of the re-development of
visible rudiments of digits, or other structures, normally present
in some remote ancestors of the group to which the individual
affected belonged. This explanation applied to the polydactyle
foot figured on the accompanying plate (I.). The resemblance to the
extinct Wipparion* would have been perfect if the two outer toes
on each foot had been developed, In illustration of these remarks,
he traced the Horses back in time to their three-toed progenitors,
Hipparion and Anchitherium, whose remains abounded in the miocene
deposits of Europe, India (in the Sewalik-hills), and America : in Hip-
parion the two outer toes of each foot possessed the same number
of phalanges as the principal toe, but were reduced to mere dewclaws
and did not touch the ground ; in Anchitherium, on the the other hand,
they were nearly equal in sizo to it. The figures sufficiently show-
ed the great length and breadth of the “ splints” (ii. et iv. in figs.
1 et 2), and the obtuseness of their distal extremities as compared
with the slender, finely pointed character of these same structures
in an ordinary horse.
Explanation of Plate I,
Fig. 1, Front view of right carpus (minus the proximal series of carpal bones)
of a polydactyle horse ; } nat. size.
Vig 2. Posterior view of same.
The Roman numerals ii, iii, iv refer to the 2nd, 3rd and 4th digits respec-
tively in both figures,
The following papers were received.
On terrestrial Mollusca from the neighbourhood of Moulmein,
Tenasserim Provinces, by Dr. F. Stoliczka.
Monograph of the Indian Cyprinide, Pt. I, by Dr. F. Day.
LIBRARY.
The following additions have been made to the Library since the
meeting held in December last.
Presentations.
*,* Names of Donors in Capitals.
Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, Vol. V.
Part VII.—Tue Iysrirvrion.
Journal of the Chemical Society, Sept., 1870.—Tue Soctery.
* Vide the magnificent memoirs of M. Gandry and Dr. Leidy, and in con-
nexion therewith Prof. Huxley’s Presidential address to the Geological Society
of London, February, 1870.
20 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. (Jan.
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bombay, Vol. IX. No.
26.—The Royat Asiatic Society or Bomsay.
Monatsbericht der K. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin,
Juli, 1870.— AKAD. DER WIssENSCHAFTEN ZU BERLIN.
Zeitschrift der deutschen Morgenleendischen Gesellschaft, Band
XXIV, Heft 3.—Tuer Epiror.
Rahasya Sandarbha, No. 62.—TuE Eprtor.
The Pali Text of Kachchayano’s Grammar, by F. Mason.—THE
Epiror.
Professional Papers of Indian Engineering, No. 29.—Tur
Epiror.
Memoir of Dwarkanath Tagore, by Kissory Chand Mittra.—
Tre AurHor.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palzeontologia Indi-
ca, Vol. ITI. Nos. 1—4.—Icones Plantarum India Orientales, by
Major H. Beddome, parts 4-6.—Flora Sylvetica, by Major H,
Beddome, parts 3—5.—Selections from the Records of Govern-
ment, Home Department, No. 80, Foreign Department, No. 81.—
THE GovERNMENT oF Inp1A.
Records of the Geological Survey, Vol. III, Nos. 3-4,—Tux
GoVERNMENT OF BENGAL.
Purchase.
The Kamil, part 7.—Zenker’s Turc-Arabe-Persian Dictionary
part 16.—Lond. EK. and D. Philosophical Magazine, No. 268.—
Annals ‘and Magazine of Natural History, No. 35.—Comptes
Rendus, No. 9.—Museum Heineanum by Cabanis, Theil I—IV.
Exchange.
The Nature, Nos, 583—57,
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOR FEBRUARY, 1871.
~—<S—
The annual meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday, at
9p. M., Ist February, 1871.
The Hon’ble Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The President called upon the Secretary to read the annual
report of the Council.
AnnvuaL Report For 1870.
The Council of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, in presenting their
annual report for the year 1870, have again to congratulate the
members on the healthy condition of activity which the Society
has maintained.
During the year under review, there were 28 ordinary members
elected, while in the same period, the Society sustained a loss of 57
members. Of this latter number 45 are due to death or resigna-
tion, and 12 have been removed from the list for non-compliance
with the rules of the Society. The somewhat large number of re-
signations appears to be partially due to the introduction of the
revised rules of the Society, by which members, leaving for Eu-
rope, are particularly requested to state, whether they wish that
their membership should continue or not. Formerly information
on this point was rarely given, and it was greatly on this account
that the member list had grown to unnatural dimensions.
At the close of the year, the number of ordinary members was
414; of these 266 were paying members, and 148 absent. A
marked decrease in these numbers is to be observed, when the
22 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. [ Fes.
present year is compared with the past, and even with several of
the preceding years, as will be seen from the subjoined table :—
Paying. Absent. Total.
OGL. coer B20 sessevss OE * sere chee 280
TOG) a aise see 2 spalgte ss - Bo 7 ee were 311
POD has oe OVO. wines oe 3's 19>“. Seoeeee 355
1864.7 £34 cick ZZO ) docks eee OF fields be 380
PGR Sa. eats se DON eles v8 Stet OO Tate bie iere re
CC A RO Re BOS * <a o eee DAD. ciaehevernlers 387
Tot aes bee MGT — Paves ie 109" Sees . 416
TGR eae ne BOE: eaters o 4.98) ae 427
MSGO™ Stress SMe Snes eae vn aoe - 442
BVO, Tysife’s “cory 4 ZO Bajpaytayiisieeee WAS ©, iensmetaier wnt
The Council regret to announce the death of the following ordi-
nary members :—J. Kavenagh, Esq., R. Jardine, Esq., Lieut. R.
C. Beavan, Babu Radhanatha Sikadira, M. H. Ormsby, Esq., LL. D.,
Babu Kéliprasanna Sinha, J. Avdall, Esq., Major J. J. Ho-
venden, Raja Sir Deondrayana Sinha, Bahadur, K. C. 8.1. Dr. T.
Anderson, F. L. 8.
Although it might at first sight appear that the decrease in the
accession of new members, and the somewhat numerous resigna-
tions are due to a diminishing appreciation of the scientific efforts
of the Society on the part of the public, the Council take pleasure
in remarking that such is far from being the case. On the con-
trary, the Council feel themselves justified in asserting that the in-
terest of the scientific public in the working of the Society has in
the last twelve months sensibly increased in India as well as
abroad. Thisis particularly shewn by the largely increased demand
for the publications of the Society, the sale of the Journal and
Proceedings having been greater than in any previous year, and
the Society having also received several offers of various foreign
scientific institutions for an exchange of their publications. In no
less a degree have the members themselves evinced their interest
in the Society by the regularity of their contributions, both in the
way of subscriptions and of scientific communications. The ac-
tual income of the Society has exceeded the estimate by an appre-
ciable amount.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 23
The numerous communications, forwarded to the Society,—chiefly
by its members,—equally shew that the scientific interest in the
Society are largely increasing. More than 50 valuable contribu-
tions in various branches of science and literature have been re-
ceived, and this does not include many of the shorter papers printed
in our Proceedings.
Museum.
During the past year, the Council of the Society, in accordance
with the provisions of Act XVII of 1865, and their previous prac-
tice, have continued to transfer all the donations received in the
Natural Iistory and Archeological Departments, to the Trustees of
the Indian Museum. A detailed statement of these donations
has been published in the December Proceedings for last year.
The Council of the Asiatic Society feel it their painful duty to
express, at this opportunity, their great regret, that the Govern-
ment of India will not be able to provide in the new Museum building
at the appointed time—238rd March, 1871,—the necessary accommo-
dation, which the members of the Society had a right to expect
for their valuable collections. The Council, however, entertain the
hope, that the delay in carrying out the provisions of the Museum
Act willbe only temporary, and that the Government will spare no
efforts to give to the public and the Society at the earliest possible
moment, the benefits which it is the purpose of that Act to bring
about.
Com CaBINerT.
The Society’s collection of Coins received an increase of 14
Copper coins, presented by Captain A. Bloomfield, M. L. Ferrar,
Esq., and H. J. Rainey, Esq. A set of 17 silver coins has been
purchased.
Lrprary.
Within the past year, the Library received an addition of 776
volumes, or parts of volumes. Many of these were obtained in
exchange for the publications of the Society, others were purchased,
and for a considerable number the Society is indebted to private
individuals and to the Government of India. Detailed lists of the
monthly accessions to the Library have been regularly published
in each number of the Proceedings. In the collection of manu-
24 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Frs.
eripts, valuable additions have also been made; there were 94
Sanscrit manuscripts purchased or copied, and 6 Persian works
were purchased.
The Council regret that it has been beyond their power to make
the Library as useful as the members have a right to expect it to
be, and as the Council would earnestly desire to make it. The
difficulty lies principally in the inadequate space now available
for the books. It was chiefly on that account that the new con-
templated edition of the Library catalogue has not been completed.
The Council will, however, endeavour to remedy this growing evil at
the earliest possible opportunity, but they cannot take any effective
steps until the Natural History collections are removed from the
Society’s house.
The collection of MSS. has also been examined during last year.
Maulavi Abdul Hakim, under the Secretary’s superintendence,
checked the Arabic, Persian, and Hinddstani MSS., and Pundit
Premchandra Choudhari examines at present the Sanscrit MSS.
The Catalogue of the Punditis to be a catalogue raisonné ; he has
analyzed about 500 works on grammar, lexicography, prosody,
prose and poetry, rhetoric, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.
All MSS. received since the preparation of the old catalogues
have been entered into the MS. catalogues of the Society.
A list of the Societies and other scientific institutions, with which
exchanges of publications have been made, is appended further on,
PUBLICATIONS.
The Council have anxiously bestowed continued attention upon the
publications, as these constitute the truest indicia of active life in the
Society, and they have now the satisfaction to announce that the
49th volume of the Journal will very shortly be completed, and one
volume of Proceedings was issued ; both will extend over more than
1200 pages, accompanied by 36 plates. It has been the aim of the
officers of the Society not only to insure the regularity of issue of the
various numbers of the Journal and Proceedings, but also to intro-
duce an improvement in the illustrations accompanying the papers.
The value of the improvements effected is clearly indicated by the
increasing applications for the various numbers of the Journal and
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 25
Proceedings. The sale of these has been during the past year
larger than in any previous year, amounting to Rs. 1903.
There have been issued for the year 1870, eleven numbers of
Proceedings, equal to 347 pages, (exclusive of appendices), and 6
plates. Of the Journal, part I, (Philology, Archeology, &c., &e.,
3 numbers were issued and the 4th is ready for issue ; the part will
extend over 304 pages and 13 plates. Part I1, Natural History, &c.,
was issued in 4 quarterly numbers, and includes 452 pages and
18 plates, and in addition 98 pages of Meteorological Observations.
Each of these parts can form a separate volume, for each is separ-
ately paged, and provided with a special index, &c. &e.
Bripuriotunca Inpro.
During 1870, forty-seven fasciculi have been issued of Oriental
works, viz., 2 Arabic, 12 Persian, 30 Sanscrit, and 3 fasciculi of
English Translations, vz., 1 from the Persian, and 2 from the
Sanscrit.
Arabie Works.
Maulavi "Abdul Hai has issued 2 fasciculi of the I¢g4bah, or
Biographical Dictionary of Persons who knew Muhammad. The
work was commenced by Dr. A. Sprenger, and continued by Maula-
vi "Abdul Haq, whose death temporarily interfered with the pro-
gress of the book.
Persian Works.
Of Khafi Khan’s History, Maulavis Kabiruddin and Ghulam
Qadir, of the Calcutta Madrasah, have issued six faseiculi. An-
other fasciculus will complete this important history of the Mughul
Emperors of Delhi. Maulavi Agha Ahmad ’Ali has issued 3 fas-
eiculi of the Maasir i’Alamgiri, a history of the reign of Aurang-
zib. Of the Quarto Text edition of the ’Ain i Akbari, Mr. Bloch-
mann has issued two fasciculi ; and one fasciculus of the English
Translation.
Maulavi Zulfaqar ’Ali, of the Calcutta Madrasah, has brought
out one fasciculus of the Critical Persian Dictionary, entitled ‘ Far-
hang i Rashidi,’ by Maulavi ’Abdurrashid of Tattah.
Agha Ahmad ’Ali’s introduction to the Sikandarnémah i Bahri
is nearly completed and will shortly be issued,
26 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Fxs.
Sanscrit Works.
In consequence of the additional grant of Rs. 3000 per annum,
made by the Government of India for the publication of Sanscrit
works, announced at the last Annual Meeting, the Sanscrit series
has made considerable progress. No less than 80 fasciculi have
been issued during the past year, against 9 in 1869 and 5 in 1868.
Babu Réjendralala Mitra has issued 2 fasciculi of the Taittiriya
Brahmana of the Black Yajur Veda, and one of the Aranyaka.
Both works are now almost completed, and an index is in the
course of preparation. Pandita Anandachandra Vedantavagisa has
published 10 fasciculi of the Tandya Mahdbrahmana, and eight fasci-
culi of the Srauta Stitra of Laty4yana. The Council have entrusted
the publication of the Sama Veda Sanhita to Pandita Satyavrata
Sémasrami who has already issued the first fasciculus of the same
with the Commentaries of S4yana. Pandita Harachandra Vidyabhu-
shana has published three fasciculi of the Agni Purana, and one of
the Gopatha Brahmana of the Atharva Veda. He has also issued
the Gopala Tapani of the same Veda, with the commentary of Visv-
esvara. Pandita Ramamaya Tarkaratna of the Sanscrit College,
Calcutta, has published one fasciculus of the Nrisinha Tapani with
Sankara’s Commentary ; another fasciculus will complete the
work. Pandita Mahesachandra Nyayaratna has issued one fasci-
culus each of the Miménsa Darsana and the Sanhita of the Black
Yajur Veda. Pandita Chandrakanta Tarkdlankéra is now editing
the Gobhila Sutra, and a fasciculus of the same is soon to be issued.
During 1870, Babu Réjendraléla Mitra issued the first number of
Notices of “ Sanscrit Manuscripts,” and a second number has just
been published. Babu Rajendralala’s annual report on the work done
by the travelling pandit will appear at the end of the official year.
Professor EK. B. Cowell issued his translation of the Maitri
Upanishad, and Rev. K. M. Banerjea the first fasciculus of his
translation of the Brahma Sutra.
The following is a detailed list of works published during 1870.
Old Series, Arabic.—A Biographical Dictionary of Persons who
knew Muhammad, by Ibn Hajar, edited in Arabic by Maulavi
Abdul Hai, Nos. 225, 226, Fasc. VIII and IX of Vol. IV.
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 27
New Series, Persian.—The Muntakhab al Lubab of Khafi Khan,
edited by Maulavis Kabir al Din Ahmad and Ghulam Qadir, Nos.
178, 180, 186, 192, 204, 205, Fase. XIII to XVIII.
_ The Ain i Akbari by Abul Fazli Mubarak i Allami, edited by
H. Blochmann, M. A., Nos. 193, 211, Fase XI, XII.
The Maasir i ’Alamgiri of Muhammad Saqi Must’aidd Khan,
edited by Maulavi Agha Ahmad Ali, No, 195, 210, Fase. I, I.
The Farhang i Rashidi by Mulla Abdur Rashid of 'Tattah, edited
and annotated by Maulavi Zulfaqaér Ali, No. 200, Fase. I.
Old Series, Sanserit.—The Taittiriya Brahmana of the Black
Yajur Veda, with the commentary of S4yanacharya, edited by Babu
Rajendraléla Mitra, Nos. 222, 223, Fasc. XXIII, XXIV.
The Sanhité of the Black Yajur Veda with the commentary of
Madhava Acharya, edited by Mahesachandra Nayaratna, Vol. III ;
No. 224, Fase. XXIII.
New Series, Sanscrit.—Téndya Mahabrahmana with the commen-
tary of Saéyana Acharyya, edited by Anandachandra Vedantavagisa,
Nos. 179, 182, 188, 190, 191, 199, 206, 207, 212, 217, Fasc. IV to XIII.
The Srauta Sutra of Latyéyana, with the commentary of Agni-
swami, edited by Anandachandra Vedantavagisa, Nos. 181, 184,
185, 187, 196, 198, 202, 213, Fase. I to VIII.
Gopala Tapani of the Atharva Veda, with the commentary of
Visvesvara, edited by Harachandra Vidyadbhushana and Visvana-
tha Sastri, No. 183.
The Agni Purana, a system of Hindu Mythology and Tradition
in the original Sanscrit, edited by Harachandra Vidyabhushana,
No. 189, 197, 201, Fase. I to ILI.
The Taitteriya Aranyaka of the Black Yajur Veda, with the com-
mentary of Séyandcharaya, edited by Rajendralaéla Mitra, No. 203,
Fase. IX.
The Mimansé Darsana, with the commentary of Savara Swa-
min, edited by Pandita Mahesachandra Nydyaratna, Nos. 208, 209,
Fase. [IX and X.
Gopatha Brihmana of the Atharva Veda in the Original San-
scrit, edited by Harachandra Vidyabhusana, No. 215, Fase. I.
The Nrisinha Tapani with the commentary of Sankara Acharya,
edited by Ramamaya Tarkaratna, No, 216, Fase. I.
28 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Frs.
English Translations —The Ain i Akbari of Abul Fazl i Allami.
Translated from the Persian by H. Blochmann, M. A., No. 194,
Vol. I, Fase. IV:
Old Series, Sanserit,—The Maitri Upanishad with the commentary,
of Ramatirtha, edited with an English Translation by E. B.
Cowell, M. A.
New Series, Sunscrit—The Brahma Sutras, with the commentary
of Sankaracharya translated into English by Rev. Kk. M. Banerjea,
No. 214, Fase. I.
FINANCE.
The Council has already had occasion to remark that the finan-
cial condition of the Society is satisfactory. The expenditure has
been as much as possible kept within the estimated limits of the
various items, regulated by the income. The actual income has
exceeded the estimated income by Rs. 745, while at the same time
a saving of Rs. 582 was effected in the estimated expenditure,
thus making a total surplus of Rs. 1,327, which, added to the
balance of Rs. 1,540,* left to the credit of the Society at the close of
1869, makes a grand total of Rs. 2,867. The reserved funds of the
Society in Government Securities, amounting to Bs. 2000, remained
the same as in the previous year.
The Council were anxious to secure this surplus for the benefit
of the Society, because they expect that in a short time a consider-
able outlay will be required for the repairs of the building, and
they are equally alive to the necessity of increasing the amount,
to be devoted for the proper accommodation and arrangement of
the library, as soon as sufficient room for it can be obtained.
An abstract of the accounts for the year 1870 is shewn in the
subjoined table :-—
Income.
Actual 1870.
Admission fees, a ee Rs. 864 0 0
Subscriptions, ai oe oe + 8 81211Lae
Publications, .. Ei vs .. 1,908 ie
Library, .. us ate al .» 1 7621 ae
Coin Fund, ete a cha fh 000
* Excluding Rupees 898-10-0, held in trust for Dr. J. Muir,
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 29
Secretary’s Office, .. a ee o bI0L287 6 O
Vested Fund, .. Ve mA ov (PEM OR O61: 0
Miscellaneous, vs ee oe oo RES oFatsO
13,644 4 1
Col, E. T. Dalton’s Ethnology of Bengal, .- 5,000 0 0
Conservation of Sanscrit MSS., ve .. ) 3708 “ate
22,347 6 10
Balance of 1869, in the Bank of Bengal :
Dr. J. Muir, *t «. 898 10 0
Asiatic Society, vo ad 4007
Cash in hand, pis BBB) Dad
— 1,539 6 4
2,488 0 4
Rs. 24,785 7 2
EXPENDITURE.
SG IRSA na le ea Rs. 5,239 138 5
Bibrary;.'... <.. Pie ce ee ee Pees Ly bege 23 OP CURES SS 298
Baeroury’s Office) se eee eee BEDS OP Fae 20'S
a Ne A ere ea i veddeccereenes 910 10 38
NE Sa a LA gapee UF A ee 18 6° 4
Rested Pum. yee ce ees SF ic eicer YG. eas iis 0 4 4
MinoallaNGOUS, Oe Ee ees eRO PEPE EEO Es - 1,638 7 10
12,854 15 8
Ethnology of Bengal, ......se.eeee, ee a 1S, O08. ng
Conservation of Sanscrit MSS., ........... JJPoex ye RIDE! BYCG
19,382 6 2
Balance of 1870, in the Bank of Bengal.
3 60 loa Sr ao JED APLEL bevedousen 898 10 0
Conservation of Sanserit MSS., ......... 1,653 1 9
2,551 11 9
36 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. [ Fes.
Asiatic Society, .........06. O28) 6120
Cash in hand, .......... ent Meo aS 1B
2.851 8) 8
—. , 5,40 ae
Ra. 24,786 Jae
Your Council desire to place on record, that they have had un-
der their consideration the very important question of reduction of
the subscriptions now contributed by members, whether resident
or non-resident. They have calculated the immediate loss of an-
nual receipts which this would produce, and carefully estimated
how far and how soon they could justly anticipate that the imcome
of the Society would recover itself. They are confident, that such a
reduction of the subscriptions would lead to a future increase of
income, by bringing to the Society a considerable increase in the
number of members, and would at the same time render that in-
come less fluctuating by placing it on a wider and more secure
basis. They felt strongly also that these benefits should be grant-
ed to the members of the Society at the earliest possible date: and
seeing that the time is now near at hand (23rd March, 1871), when
the Society under their contract with the Government of India will
become entitled to such permanent addition to their income, as may
be realized for the use of the building which they now occupy,
(and which is valued and assessed at 400 Rs. per month), they
were disposed to recommend to the Society the immediate reduction
of the subscription of resident members by one-third, and of non-
resident members by one-sixth of their present contributions. Any
immediate reduction of income, resulting from this action, would
have been more than recouped by the rent of their premises. Af-
ter a full consideration, however, they have for various reasons
resolved to leave this very important question until the time shall
have actually arrived, when the Society will become entitled to
realize this addition to their permanent income. ‘They confine
themselves, therefore, to expressing the hope, based on their con-
viction of the importance of the matter, that their successors in
office may be enabled to satisfy the wishes and just expectations
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asratic Society. 31
of the members of the Society by carrying out at an early date this
important change.
Rejecting, therefore for the present, the consideration of this
question as affecting the income of the Society, the Council beg to -
submit the following estimate of the probable receipts and expendi-
ture.
Income. EXPENDITURE.
WMidmipsion fees,s.... 0.0008. Rs. 900 0 0 rong
MUDRCEIDELONS,.....0.02.08...00. 8,500 0 0 O-08
Publications, ....... Pe b0i6 1,500 0 0 5,000 0 O
Og sp arate meta e 600 0 0 2,600 0 0
1G a a 5 o-70'6 100 0 0
Secretary's Office, ........... ‘ vary 2,800 0 0
Miscellaneous, ...........+. SPE OOM DAD 1,000 0 9g
ae 0 0 0 1,000 0 0
Rs. 12,500 0 0 12,500 0 0
OFFICERS.
The general duties of the Secretary, including the publication of
the monthly Proceedings, have been, as likewise in the previous
year, carried on by the Honorary Secretaries, Mr. H. Bloch-
mann and Dr. F. Stoliczka. ‘The Puilological Part (I.) of the
Journal has been edited by Mr, Blochmanna, and the Natural
History Part (I1.) by Dr. Stoliczka.
Colonel H.,Hyde carried on the duties of Financial Secretary
and ‘Treasurer.
The Council desire to record their satisfaction with the good ser-
vices which Babu Pratapachandra Ghosha has rendered to the
_ Society as Assistant Secretary and Librarian ; they also favourably
report on the services of Babu Manilala Bysack, and Maulavi
Sayyid Waliulla, assistants in the office and library.
List of Societies and other Institutions with which exchanges of
publications have been made during 1870.
Batavia : —Société des Sciences des Indes Nederland ‘ses.
Berlin :—Royal Academy.
82 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ FE.
Bombay :—Royal Asiatic Society.
Boston :—Natural History Society.
Bordeaux :—Bordeaux Academy.
Buenos Aires :—Public Museum.
Bruxelles :—Academie Royale des Sciences &c. de Belgique.
Cherbourgh :—NSociété Imperiale des Sciences Naturelles.
Calcutta :—Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India.
:—Tattvavodhini Sabha.
:—Geological Survey of India.
Christiania :— University.
Dacca :—Dacca News and Planters’ Journal.
Dera :—Great Trigonometrical Survey.
Dublin :—Royal Irish Academy.
:—Natural History Society.
Edinburgh :—Royal Society.
Germany :—Oriental Society.
Lahore :—Agricultural Society of Punjab.
London :—Royal Society.
:—Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
—— :—Royal Institution.
——— :—Royal Geographical Society.
——— :—Museum of Practical Geology.
—~— :—Zoological Society.
——— :—Statistical Society.
—— :—Geological Society.
———:—Linnean Society.
——— :—Atheneum.
——— :—Anthropological Society.
——-— :—Nature.
Lyon :—Agricultural Society.
Moscow :—Société des Naturalistes,
Miinich :—Royal Academy.
Madras :—Government Central Museum.
Manchester :—Literary and Philosophical Society.
New York :—Commissioners of the Department of Agriculture.
Netherlands :—Royal Society,
Paris :—Ethnographical Society.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 33
Paris :—Geographical Society.
— :—Asiatic Society.
St. Petersburgh :—Imperial Academy of Science.
Vienna :—Imperial Academy of Science.
—— :—Anthropological Society.
—— :—Zoological and Botanical Society.
— :—Imperial Royal Geological Institute.
Washington :—Smithsonian Institution.
It was proposed by D. Waldie, Esq., and seconded by H. H.
Locke, Esq., that the report be adopted.—Carried.
The President requested Mr. H. H. Locke, and Mr. J. Wood-
Mason to act as Scrutineers.
During the time that the balloting lists for the election of officers
and members of Council of the Society were examined, the Presi-
dent addressed the meeting.
PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.
GeENTLEMEN,—It will be seen from the report of the Council that
the administration of our finances during the past year has been
effected with care, and has been such as to exhibit very satisfactory
results. For this, in great measure, we have to thank our excel-
lent Financial Secretary, Colonel Hyde. The diminution of income,
however, which appears to be imminent as a consequence of an
apparently growing loss of members, will seriously cripple the So-
ciety, unless the current can be turned and our numbers be speedi-
ly augmented by new accessions. Unfortunately, the position in
which the Society has for some time been, and still is, kept by
reason of the non-completion of the New Museum building, is one
of grievous embarrassment and disadvantage. The greater part of
our house space is taken up by the Museum Trustees . under statu-
table powers for the purpose of displaying the collections to the
public. Our valuable library is rendered practically useless, for
want of standing ground whereon to range the cases. And we
have no room in which we can properly set out the current literary
34 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Fxs.
and scientific periodicals for inspection and daily reference on the
part of our members. Thus it has on this account alone become
matter of public concern, that the existing state of things should
not be prolonged. Moreover, by the Museum Act of 1866, the
Council of the Society was in a manner charged with the duty of
seeing that the building to be erected by the Government under
the terms of that Act for the reception of the Collections should be
fit and proper for its object. And the period prescribed by the
Legislature for the completion of this building extended only to
23rd March, 1871. When, then, in the early part of the past
year it was seen that the Museum building works remained at a
stand still, and no sign was given by the Government of any im-
mediate intention to resume them, it became incumbent upon the
Council, as well on account of the interests of the Society as by
reason of their statutable obligations, to press the exigency of the
case upon the attention of Government. Actuated by this double
motive, honourable alike, I venture to think on either part, the
Council wrote to the Government of India, and received in reply a
letter, which appearing as it does to ignore or set aside the origi-
nal agreement made with the Society, has been to your Council
matter of grave concern and regret. I will not, however, dwell
upon this unpleasant incident, for after all, it may have been less
due to design than to gaucherie and maladroitness in the State
Secretariat.
I am sorry to say that the correspondence between your Coun-
cil and the Government has led to nothing definite. The Council,
in their reply to the communication of which I have spoken,
while they remonstrated against the attitude which the Govern-
ment assumed towards them, expressed their readiness to do all in
their power to assist the Government out of its difficulties. To
this no answer has been returned to us. And the matter therefore
stands thus: The Government is under a statutable contract with
the Society to complete the Museum building by the 23rd of next
month, so far as to render it fitted to receive the extensive natural
history and archeological collections which should then be trans-
ferred to the Museum ‘Trustees. By the same contract, on the
completion of the building, the Society is to have a portion thereof
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 35
for its own accommodation, and for the reception of its Library and
other property. Our present house would thus, on the Govern-
ment fulfilling its undertaking, become an additional source of re-
venue to us. These advantages to the Society were the considera-
tion for the transfer to the Government on behalf of the public of
our exceedingly valuable, and in many respects, unique collections.
And so far as the public are concerned, this transfer took effect from
the time of passing the Act, for it was one of the terms of the Act,
that the collections of the Society and the additions thereto (sub-
sequently to be made) should, until the building was so far com-
pleted, as to be in a condition to receive them, remain in the Socie-
ty’s house under the care of the Museum Trustees, and should be
open to all persons desirous to view the same under rules to be
established by the Trustees. This term in the contract has been
fully complied with. And the result has been, that for some time
past, the Society has been in the situation of need, and embarrass-
ment which I have already described. I do not wish to exaggerate
the difficulty which the Council now experiences in merely main-
taining the existence so to speak of the Society. It is enough to
say that it is very great, and increases every day. By our contract
with the Government no doubt we were bound to bear this burden
for a time, and we have no right to complain that it has proved to
be more heavy than we anticipated. But we are entitled to expect
that the Government will perform its side of the bargain, at any
rate to the extent of enabling us to get free of the most heavy of
our obligations at the appointed date. I wish to assume that it
will do so. Although it is plainly impossible that the Museum
building should be completed on the 23rd March, we have reason
to believe, indeed I may say we know, that the works will be re-
sumed almost immediately, and will be carried on to some sort of
completion at, perhaps, no very distant date. It will, however, be
a very serious matter to us, if we should be compelled to remain
‘in our present situation until the building be made fitted in
any degree to receive the collections. And there is no reason, why
we should be called upon to suffer in this way. There is certainly
a choice of modes for the Government in which it can afford us
relief, and I do not even now doubt that it will adopt one or the
36 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Frs.
other ofthem. It is nevertheless much to be deplored that the Go-
vernment has not yet, at the eleventh hour I may say, made us ac-
quainted with the course which it proposes to pursue.
The Society has, I regret to state, sustained the loss of several
valuable members by death during the past year. The names are
all given in the Report of the Council, and I will only repeat one
. or two of them here.
Of these, Mr. Avdall was our oldest member. He was elected so
long ago as the year 1826, and always maintained a strong interest
in the welfare of the Society. He contributed several papers to
the Journal.
Babu Kaliprosona Singh, although at the time of his death still
a young man, had distinguished himself by his Bengali translation
of the Mahabharat in 18 volumes. He had also translated some
Sanscrit Dramas, and was known as the author of Sketches by
Hootoone.
Mr. Ormsby, was fora short time one of the Honorary Secretaries
of the Society.
And Lt. Beavn was a naturalist of considerable promise.
I have already spoken of the success which has attended the ad-
ministration of our funds during the year, just terminated and have
acknowledged how much we owe to Colonel Hyde for his exertions
in this department. We are not the less indebted to our other Ho-
norary, Secretaries, Mr. Blochmann and Dr. Stoliczka, who by their
unwearied labours, and the application of their great literary and
scientific acquirements have brought our Journal, in the Philologi-
cal and Natural History parts respectively, to ahigh pitch of excel-
lence. Also both Babu Rajendralala Mitra and Mr. Blochmann
have done great public service by most ably editing, and superin-
tending the publication of the Sanscrit and Persian works which
we have been able to issue under the Government grant for that
purpose ; and the other learned pundits, engaged in the undertaking,
have done their work in a manner deserving our best commenda-
tion. ;
The salaried staff of the Society, with Babu Protapachandra
Ghosha at their head, have performed their several duties to the
entire satisfaction of the Council.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 37
If I strictly conformed to the custom which generally regulates
the character of the presidential addresses in Societies such as this,
I should, at this point, endeavour to set out in some detail the
more remarkable steps of advance which have been taken in science
during the past year. I refrain, however, from following the usual
course for two reasons. Firstly, because our table is now so amply
supplied with the Journals and Proceedings of the principal scien-
tific bodies of the West, that any of our members can, by a glance
at a few title pages, acquire a fuller knowledge of that which Lus
lately been, and is now being done by the Savants of Europe and
America, than I could convey to him with the labour of many hours,
at the risk after all of passing over his particular subject of inter-
est. Secondly, and indeed I may say chiefly, because I wish to
avail myself of this opportunity for the purpose of pressing upon
your notice with earnestness, though at no great length, a topic
which I conceive to be of considerable moment to the interests of
meteorological science throughout the world.
Let me first, however, offer a few words of preface, for I do not
assume that all, whom I desire to address, are conversant with the
meteorological facts relevant to my object.
We most of us know in a more or less general way that nearly
all the more important atmospheric currents, 7. e. the persistent
winds, gales and storms, owe their origin to the vertical displace-
ment of air which, by reason of the sun’s action, is continually tak-
ing place over a certain equatorial belt of the earth’s surface. I
need not now describe the process (though it is well to remember
that it is not perfectly simple) by which the air over this belt be-
comes rarified and is caused to ascend. It is enough for my pre-
sent object to remind you that the immediate consequence of this
upward movement is a calm or rather comparative absence of
horizontal motion in the air over the belt in question, an inflow of
air along the earth’s surface from the direction of each pole to-
wards and up to this belt and a corresponding ou/flow above, of
the risen air from the belt towards the poles.
The rotation of the earth introduces an apparent modification of
these simple phenomena. If the surface of the earth were perfect-
ly smooth, the relative course upon it of a free heavy particle, sup-
38 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Frs.
posed to be approaching the equator and to be moving under the
influence of an initial velocity, would in consequence of the rotation,
be such as to cut the successive parallels of latitude at continually
diminishing angles on the eastern side; and the case would be
reversed for a particle receding from the equator. Or to state the
same proposition somewhat differently, a particle starting with a
given velocity, in passing from the smaller circles of latitude to the
larger would, asit went on, seem to observers at each successive
point in its course to be coming froma more and more easterly
direction, while conversely in passing from the larger circles to the
smaller its apparent direction would grow to be more and more
westerly. - It is true that the earth’s surface cannot be considered
smooth even as regards its action upon such a mobile fluid as the
atmosphere. The horizontal motion of masses of air over the
earth is much checked by friction along the surface of contact or
more correctly by the obstruction which is afforded by the earth’s
inequalities of surface. Still the effect of this disturbing cause is
upon the whole of a subordinate character; and speaking generally
without regard to special localities or occasions, I may say that the
law which expresses the motion of a free particle relative to the
earth, also gives with some degree of approximation the course of
moving portions of the atmosphere. The flow of polar air towards
the equatorial belt, of which I have spoken, thus becomes an eas-
terly wind in both hemispheres, while the upper outflow or anti-
trade current is westerly aud in both cases with a certain exception
the longer the course by which the current has reached a given
point, the greater is its deviation from a polar direction. This
explanation of the trade winds and of the intervening belt of calms
was developed, more than a century ago, by Halley and all ob-
servations since made have served most fully to demonstrate its
truth.
It is comparatively lately, however, that Dove and others have
shown that the atmospheric phenomena of the trade and inter-trade
regions are but simple cases of the air-movements which take place
outside those limits. For instance, the well known veering of
winds in the temperate zone is now held to be referable to precise-
ly the same cause as is the peculiar constant direction of the trade-
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 39
eurrents. There is not much difficulty in perceiving one great rea-
son why the problems furnished by the extra-tropical parts of the
globe are of especial complexity. The volume of vapour-bearing
air which, rising from the equatorial belt and escaping away north-
wards and southwards, constitutes the anti-trades, must, so to speak,
shrink in volume as it proceeds towards the poles. It advances or
flows away from the place of ascent in consequence of the superio-
rity of the horizontal pressure which is represented by the sum of
its own tension and that of its contained vapour at the height,
where the lateral escape occurs over that of the adjacent portion
of atmosphere. And it is enabled to pass into and fit itself to the
gradually lessening spherical space which, as the result of gravita-
tion, corresponds to the higher latitude of the terrestrial globe,
because it gradually cools by radiation on its journey and as it
cools contracts. The necessary result of this process is, that the
onward flowing mixture of air and vapour comes to be at some
point specifically heavier than the comparatively dry air which
feeds the trades below it, and which is itself undergoing a converse
process. Consequently the upper stream falls, or rather (for it is
of course at any considerable distance from the equator generally
moving with a high relative velocity) drives through the lower
stratum, and makes its appearance on the earth’s surface as a steady
southwest wind in the northern hemisphere and as a northwest
wind in the southern hemisphere. The downcoming in this way
of the anti-trades determines the outside edge of the belt, over
which the trades prevail, so that on the polar side of this edge the
atmospheric phenomena are the resultants of a totally new order of
things, namely, a conflict of currents of equatorial westerly winds
on the one side with currents of polar easterly winds on the other,
the currents constantly shifting beds cnter se and always varying
greatly in hygrometrical condition. We, therefore, see ample rea-
son here for the complexity and variableness of the atmospheric
phenomena in the extra-tropical zones.
IT have so far entered upon these details, notwithstanding that
every one present is probably more or less familiar with them, sim-
ply by way of leading the members of this Society and indeed
through them, persons outside our body to consider the singular ad-
40 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ FE. —
vantages which India offers for meteorological observation and re-
search. The great peninsula covering as it does scarcely less than
twenty-eight degrees of latitude is in various respects so special in
its character, that the periodic shiftings of the equatorial wind belts
of which I have spoken, have a greater range above its surface or
in its neighbourhood than any where else probably in the whole
circuit of the globe. Not only does the southern trade belt come
up to and over it in the period of the southwest Monsoon, but in
the other half of the year the polar edge of the northern trades
lies far to the south of the Himalayas, thus bringing some of the
principal phenomena of the extra-tropical region well within the
observation of the Indian Meteorologist. Solow as Calcutta we
not unfrequently get warm equatorial breezes and showers of rain
about Christmas time. Also neither of the trade winds preserves
its normal character in our region. The belt of highest tempera-
ture does not, where it transverses this part of Asia in the summer
months, mark the locus of minimum atmospheric pressure : obser-
vation appears to have shown that this minimum prevails at that
time over an extensive area in Central Asia, while there are com-
paratively small spots of relative minimum within the peninsula
itself. On the other hand in the winter months there seems common-
ly to exist in the northern part of the peninsula a locus of relative
maximum pressure. The consequence of these conditions is, that
instead of a trade-wind in the ordinary sense of the term, 7. ¢. an
atmospheric movement effected in approximately parallel currents
towards an annulus which is coincident with the diurnal locus of
maximum surface temperature, we have as long as the sun is on
the north of the equator a monsoon converging towards a loca]
focus of low pressure which lies outside that annulus; and at the
opposite period of the year we perceive that the wind constantly
inclines away, and often apparently blows directly, from a centre in
the upper part of India. These recurring phenomena appear to pre-
sent such a particular case of a general law as is especially valuable
for the purposes of scientific inquiry.
Again a consideration of the possible causes which give rise
to a separation between the simultaneous positions of places
of minimum pressure and of maximum heat respectively, leads
us to see another reason for rating highly the importance of
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 41
India as an area of meteorological observation. The height at
which the mercury of the barometer stands, indicates to us
something more than the mere amount of atmospheric pressure
on the surface of the mercury in the bowl of the instrument.
It gives us the weight of the whole superincumbent column of air
and this necessarily varies with the composition of that column.
Now with us in India during a great part at least, if not the whole
of the year, the vertical atmospheric column is made up of two
radically distinct portions, a lower and an upper, the one polar,
comparatively cool, dry and dense, the other equatorial warm, va-
pour-bearing and specifically light. The barometer is immediate-
ly affected by any alteration of the relations between these portions.
Also the heating of the surface soil has the effect, in an interval of
time more or less short, of diminishing the air-material in the
column which is vertically above it, and of contemporaneously in-
creasing the vapour therein as long as a source of vapour remains
at the base. These two changes are, it is manifest, diametrically
opposite in character, and it would be impossible to say, @ priort
which would at any given hour prevail over the other. As a mat-
. ter of fact, almost universally over all zones of the earth’s surface,
the barometric column exhibits regular diurnal oscillations in its
height. In the temperate zones these oscillations are comparative-
ly speaking, small. But in the tropical and subtropical regions
the case is different. There, the barometer discloses considerable
and, well marked periodic changes of atmospheric pressure during
the twenty four-hours, constituting in the whole two distinct oscil-
lations. At different times, various theories have been put forward
to account for this phenomenon. I need not now endeavour to
specify them in detail. I will, however, very shortly refer to two,
in order to indicate the veil of uncertainty which still obscures the
subject, and which we cannot hope to pierce except by the force of
exhaustive observation. One explanation, which has been very
extensively accepted, is based on the particular solar agency of
which I have just spoken. The pressure at a given point in the
atmosphere (in accordance with a well known law of pressure in
elastic fluids) is taken to be the sum of two separate pressures,
namely, the tension of the vapour at that point under the conditions
42 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. [ Fes.
of density and temperature, which there obtain, and the pressure
of the dry air alone at the same point exclusive of its contained
vapour. The first may be calculated from data furnished by ob-
servation at the supposed point. And in this way conclusions
have undoubtedly been reached, to the effect that, in general, of
the two great components of the resultant atmospheric pressure,
each exhibits a single continuous progression in the twenty-four
hours, having its points of maximum and minimum non-coincident
with those of the other, the two progressions being so related as
not at any point to compensate each other. And thus it has been
thought that the phenomenon is sufficiently traced to its causes.
On the other hand, many accurate observers, and notably our
own distinguished meteorologist, Colonel Strachey, maintain that
the facts do not bear out this explanation inasmuch as, among
other things, the barometric oscillations are just as distinctly mark-
ed at elevations, where scarcely any vapour can be perceived to
exist as elsewhere. And from curves, exhibiting the diurnal va-
riations of the calculated vapour tension at Calcutta for every
month of the year, which Mr. Blanford has been so kind as to
show me; it is apparent to the eye that the explanation in question,
to say the least of it, is exceedingly incomplete.
Colonel Strachey’s own opinion is, I believe, that the single
rarifying action of the sun is sufficient cause to produce the whole
of the phenomenon. I have already, somewhat earlier in this ad-
dress, had occasion to draw your attention to the fact, that that por-
tion of the earth’s surface, which at a given instant is the more nearly
so to say under the sun becomes fora time, relatively speaking,
heated more than the rest, and the consequence is (I do not now
enter into the process) that the air above it is put into vertical mo-
tion, and after rising to some elevation makes its escape sideways.
The proposition that motion of this sort takes place is beyond ques-
tion. Itis as I have before said the foundation of our theory of
all winds, and of the trade-winds in particular. The pressure
which gives rise to the lateral escape must urge in all directions
alike, but the principal persistent outflow occurs towards the poles.
Similarly the principal inflow is from the poles, As long as this
condition of things obtains, the air-material is less than the aver
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 43
age in the column of ascending air, and probably greater than the
average in all azimuthal directions at some point where the two
currents overlap each other. In the general case, then, it would
seem that we should thus be presented at any instant with a locus
of maximum pressure, forming a closed curve round the place of the
sun, and surrounding an area of pressure less than the average.
In fact this is very nearly the converse of the tidal action of the
sun, and accordingly accounts very well for the periodic minimum
pressure, which occurs in the day. But it would also seem to fol-
low from this exposition that in general each of the diurnal maxi-
ma would take place at an hour which would vary from point to
point along a given meridian ; the antemeridional and postmeridional
times approaching each other as you went polarwards until a point
was reached at which they coalesced ; after which point no diurnal
period would be apparent. I need hardly say that the actual facts
are very different from this. It may be, however, that aclose enquiry
into the conditions of the problem would shew that the maxima do
not under this explanation lie along a closed curve, as I have assumed
to be the general case, but that on the contrary the accumulation of
material must be east and west of the sun in meridional lines. I
am ashamed to say that I am not acquainted with Col. Strachey’s
papers on this topic, and I do not know precisely how he works out
the explanation. But I think I may nevertheless venture to affirm
that whatever may be his confidence in its completeness, he would
be exceedingly glad to get extensively collected data, wherewith
to test and to fortify it.
And even if we assume, as we rightly may, that in this matter a
false importance has been attached to the element of vapour ten-
sion calculated at the point of observation, because it appears now
to be certain that that element is not a simple function, and does
not afford a measure, of the total vapour material which may exist
in the superincumbent atmospheric column; still for that very rea-
son the question remains open, how far does the local atmospheric
pressure depend upon the existence of local sources of vapour.
If I have succeeded thus far in bringing you to my own point of
view, I am sure you will see at once what immense value a com-
plete, and connected system of barometric observations made
At Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Fue.
- throughout India would have for science generally, and as means
for the solution of this question in particular, under careful analy-
sis and comparison? Every condition affecting the supply of
vapour through the action of heat at the earth’s surface, is a cause
which influences the local atmospheric pressure in a direction con-
trary to that in which the heat alone operates, and we find such
conditions existing in notable opposition of extreme throughout
the countries which are immediately subject to Her Majesty’s In-
dian Government. Need I contrast the maritime and the conti-
nental tracts, the deltas and the inland plateaux, the plains and
the mountain peaks which I may say are paired against each
other from the Himalayas to Point de Galle (more than the breadth
of the northern tropic) and from the west coast of Malabar to the
Salween. In truth we possess in India almost unrivalled opportu-
nities for examining and analysing the atmospheric column in all
its parts.
Doubtless the daily periodic changes of pressure, by their very
nature, are ineffective to cause anything more than very limited
oscillatory local movement of air masses. These movements, how-
ever, are not always insignificant in themselves, as for instance the
land and sea breezes of our coast districts, the winds on the outer
flanks of mountain ranges and in mountain valleys and the diurnal
modifications of the Monsoon which we experience in Calcutta.
But the daily phenomena of this class are especially important, be-
cause they are both the type and the material of those annual va-
riations which are serious enough to be the governing forces in
regard to the winds of this portion of the globe. We may in this
matter liken the year to one long day with the solstices for mid-
night and noon. The gradual increase of temperature which takes
place over the greater part of the earth’s surface from a minimum
in the winter months toa maximum in the summer months is (as
in the case of a day of 24 hours and probably for a common reason)
generally speaking accompanied by a double oscillation of the
atmospheric pressure. In places of western Europe near the sea,
where I may remark the source of vapour is unlimited, both sets of
maxima and minima are I believe invariably strongly marked, the
summer maximum whichis attributed to the vapour, being commonly
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 45
the absolute maximum. But with advance into the interior of the
continent, the phenomena change. For instance at St. Petersburgh,
the summer maximum divides itself into two subordinate maxima.
Further on, as at Moscow, these two relative maxima are still
found, but their absolute magnitudes are diminished and the sink-
ing between them increased ; and finally on this side of the Ural
the summer maximum disappears altogether. 'The explanation
which is commonly given, is that which I first referred to in ac-
counting for the diurnal oscillations of the barometer. It is argued
with much force that the rise towards a maximum goes on as long
as the additions of vapour which are lifted up by the action of the
heated surface continue to be more than sufficient to compensate
for the increase of rarifaction brought about by the same agency.
But as soon as the supply for any reason which may locally obtain
falls below this amount, the process of rarifaction prevails to di-
minish the material in the atmospheric column and consequently
to lower the pressure. Thus it would happen that all places which
are in this way affected by, so to speak, a deficiency in the supply
of vapour are surrounded by places where the atmospheric pres-
sure at the same time stands relatively at a maximum. ‘There is
an element, which I have not yet mentioned, and which is more
than any other influential as a cause affecting the efficiency of the
earth’s surface as a heating agent, and therefore affecting the den-
sity of the superincumbent atmospheric column. I refer to the
activity of terrestrial radiation. This not only depends upon the ma-
terial condition of the surface itself, but also upon the circumstances
of the local situation. We all know the striking difference in this
respect between the plains and a hill station. Professor Tyndall
is of opinion that the presence of invisible vapour in the air oper-
ates to check the radiation from the earth’s surface, and so is a
principal ingredient in the varying circumstances upon which sur-
face temperature depends.
That loci of maximum and minimum pressure do periodically
manifest themselves as a gonsequence of the recurrence of the same
local conditions is certain, as also that periodic winds or modifica-
tions of winds are the result. I will repeat that we seem to have
especial advantages in this country for working out the problem
46 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. | Fes.
of the causes of this class of phenomena. One locus of such
places of minimum pressure for the northern hemisphere in the
hotter months appears to be a large tract of central Asia, extending
down into, or rather having what I may call outliers in, our
own Indian peninsula. I have already referred to this in men-
tioning the cause of our Monsoons. The part which this region of
low barometer plays in governing the course of the periodic winds
is only vaguely ascertained ; and its possible influence as an ele-
ment in the generation of our circular storms has not yet, I believe,
been made the subject of serious inquiry. It would appear proba-
ble that the barrier to horizontal motion which is presented by the
Himalayas must to a large extent exclude the barometrical condi-
tion of the atmosphere over Central Asia from being any significant
element in the motion of the lower strata of the atmosphere over
the peninsula of India, at any rate over those tracts which are com-
paratively close to the hills. The Himalayan range, if assumed to
be of the effective height of 10,000 feet only, (probably the effective
height is almost double this), would in truth be a dam to at least
one-fourth of the whole material of the atmosphere, and to much
more than that proportion of the therein contained vapour. For
strata above this height, no doubt, any difference which might
exist between the northern and southern pressures would become
active ; but it may, perhaps, be questioned whether there is much
difference at a high level in any degree proportional to that which
is found to obtain near the earth-surface ; for assuming the relative
smallness of weight in the trans-Himalayan atmospheric column to
be in any considerable degree due to the absence of vapour, it is
probable that this element affects the density of the lower part of
the column especially. If, however, in consequence of the exist-
ence of the Himalayan mountain range, there is at one period
of the year, so far as regards the Gangetic trough and the
higher part of the Bay of Bengal, a motive force operative upon
the upper strata of the atmosphere which has no effect or com-
paratively little effect upon the lower, there must thus arise
by a sort of torsion such a divergence of currents in the body
of the atmosphere as would be favorable to the formation of
local centres of minimum pressure and consequent vorticellary
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 47
movement. This last consideration leads me to notice the remark-
able mechanical effect which is produced upon the course of the
lower streams of air in our regions by the physical configuration of
the land. The peninsula of India acts as a wedge to divide the
advancing stream of the southern trades into two branches, one of
which slides up the Malabar coast, the other passes along the eas-
tern side of the peninsula; a portion of the latter crossing the Bay
of Bengal is headed by the highlands of Burma and by them
diverted northward and westward along the flanks of the Hima-
layas. The angular space marked out by this last deflection lies
on the left side of the stream, and therefore by an experimental law
which the illustration of the free moving particle above given per-
haps goes some way towards explaining, but which has also been
otherwise ingeniously explained by Dove, the atmospheric pressure
within the bend will be commonly less than that on the outside, and
thus we here again meet with a cause tending to produce periodi-
cally in the neighbourhood of our shores a locus of relatively low
barometrical pressure, and so to originate a rotatory motion of the
air. And finally we have the periodic occurrence of warm currents
in the eastern portion of the Bay of Bengal, to which Mr. Blanford
in his valuable paper published in the Proceedings of the Royal
Society attributes the generation of these low pressure centers.
It is I think apparent from the facts stated in the hasty sketch
which I have just made, that India proper, the Bay of Bengal and
Burma together, constitute a region which, for the purposes of one
branch at least of meteorological science, demands to be taken and
treated as a whole. Itis a most happily situated field of view,
singularly complete in itself, of distributed phenomena which are
mutually inter-dependent and which cannot be separated without
destruction of their value. Itis rich in the data of the highest
problems of the science. Within it are to be found in the simplest
form those materials for inquiry and investigation which almost
certainly contain the clue to further great advances in knowledge.
If this valuable mine of scientific information is to be worked at
public cost for the public advantage, is it not evident that the
organization for the purpose should, if possible, be uniform for the
whole area and subordinate in all its parts to one centre of manage-
48 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Fxs.
ment? Iam happy to say that the hypothesis of this question
does not need to be argued out by me. The Government of this
country has already satisfied itself that the regular observation of
meteorological phenomena is work proper to be done at public ex-
pense. It is, therefore, I assume, desirous that the best available
results should be arrived at. Now I do not hesitate to say, having
regard to the peculiar circumstances of situation which I have men-
tioned, that a carefully prepared system of observations carried on
throughout this tract, under the direction of one competent head,
ought to yield results of the highest scientific importance to the
whole world. Need I point out that in any system which is to be
efiective, the disposition of the stations must be matter of consider-
ed arrangement, with a view to combined work. The observations
should be made in conformity with well devised directions adapted
to secure results as complete as possible. The instruments upon
the accuracy and uniformity of which everything depends should
be issued from one central station after comparison and adjustment
with standards there kept and maintained in efficiency. They
should also from time to time be readjusted by reference to these
same standards. Every station should be furnished with the means
of keeping correct local time at least. And above all, the results of
the local observations should be reduced and tabulated for publica-
tion and reference, under the instruction and superintendence of
one directing head. Unless this be done, they are useless for com-
parison with the results of observations made with different instru-
ments and under difierent circumstances, 7. e. useless for the whole
body of scientific men. As it is what have we ? .
British India for administrative and other purposes is divided
into eight principal districts or provinces, viz., Bengal, Madras,
Bombay, N. W. Provinces, Oude, Panjab, Central Provinces and
Burma; and in each of these, excepting Burma, is a separate
local system of meteorological observation with its own independent
head, Itis remarkable, too, that the gentlemen who are at the
head of these different systems, possess as little community of char-
acter and situation as can well be conceived. They are, in Bengal
and the N. W. Provinces officers of the Hducational Department,
in the Panjab a member of the Medical Service, in Madras the
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. 49
Government Astronomer, all specially salaried for this extra work ;
in Bombay, the Superintendent of the Observatory, in Oude the
‘* Scientific officer,” and in the Central Provinces the Sanitary
Commissioner, under an obligation to do this work ex-officio, There
are no Official relations between these provincial officers, and as a
matter of fact, I believe, if one of them requires the registers, or
results of a neighbouring province for comparison with his own, or
for the purposes of scientific inquiry, he experiences great difficul-
ty and delay in obtaining them.
Then again, in regard to organization, the systems seem to vary
considerably in the different provinces. In the Panjab, I am in-
formed, the officers who keep the registers are all volunteers ; and
they seem to be somewhat irregular in the matter of observing, for
according to the published reports out of 19 stations, from 2 only
have continuous registers extending over 24 years been furnished ;
from most of the other stations registers covering a few months
only, or for interrupted periods, are forthcoming. In Bengal and
Madras there is a paid observer at each station and also a superin-
tending officer (generally the Civil Surgeon) who receives an al-
lowance for supervising the work. :
As to the instruments, the kinds in use are very diverse. The
head of the system in each province, (except Madras, and from a
recent period Bengal) gets them whence and how he can. For
instance, barometers of several sorts, standards or aneroids, are
employed indiscriminately, and consequently the registers of ob-
servations effected by them are of little value whenever small
differences are important, as for example in the comparison of range
in the daily oscillations of atmospheric pressure, inasmuch as no
data exist by which due allowance can be made for the instrumen-
tal irregulaties, and these are of the same order as the differences
in question. In Bengal and Madras, the barometers are compared
with a provincial standard at the Presidency towns. And those of
two stations in the N. W. P. have been compared with the Calcut-
ta standard. Whether or not in the other provinces any compari-
son is effected with a local standard I cannot say positively, though
I have heard that it is not; but certainly no attempt has yet been
made to compare the local standards if-there are any, with one as-
50 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Fes.
certained governing standard. Moreover, the elevation of the
barometer-cisterns above the sea-level has been determined for ex-
ceedingly few stations out of Bengal. I need hardly remark, that
registers of observations, which are subject to such drawbacks as
these are unfortunately restricted in value.
The laborious, yet indispensable work of reducing the observa-
tions is but partially performed. Only in Bengal, and perhaps in
Bombay, is the reporter furnished with a staff competent to relieve
him of this purely mechanical duty. The result is, that most of the
registers give the observations in their crude unreduced state ; and
therefore not generally available as data in extended investiga-
tions.
In Burma there is no established system of observation at all.
Observers at Akyab and Port Blair send registers to the reporter
for Bengal; but the most important of these registers is kept up
solely by the voluntary exertions, and activity of the Civil Surgeon,
who might at any moment leave his post and so extinguish the
station as a place of meteorological record.
In Bengal again, curiously enough, the central Meteorological
Observatory is quite independent of the Local Reporter, who is thus
not only powerless in regard to the principal station of his own
province, but is also reduced to the alternative of either testing his
instruments himself personally, or of entrusting them for this
object to officers, over whom he has no control. He is, moreover,
in this way deprived of the means of carrying out any special ex-
perimental inquiry, however important it may be for the regulation
of his own work.
I may add that, at Caleutta, even to this day, as our Council
knows too well, for one reason or another we have nothing that we
can offer to the scientific Societies of the West in exchange for their
publications in meteorology. The so-called Observatory in Park
Street, Jucus a non lucendo, is so placed that no effective observa-
tion of the sky can be had from it. I need hardly say that often-
times the forms and behaviour of the clouds give most important
information relative to movements and even to the constitution of
air masses at high altitudes. One or two especial instances of this
have occurred lately, but our official observers have literally been
unable to notice them.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. 51
Experiments of such a character as those which would be neces-
sary to test Tyndall’s theory in regard to the cause of the azure
colour of the sky, or to measure the retardative operation of invisi-
ble vapour on terrestrial radiation, are, I believe, scarcely thought of
as falling within the work of any meteorological station in India.
And I do not know that a single spectroscope has yet been intro-
duced into our official collections of instruments.
It seems to me that the state of things which I have just de-
scribed is most discreditable. I should scarcely go too far if I said
that it represents a good deal of money thrown away : certainly it
is very remote from that which ought to be. Surely the time has
come when in the place of this infirm and unsatisfactory system
(or more properly want of system) a well planned simple orga-
nization inspired and directed by a man of real scientific power and
acquirements should be put into action.
If anything that I have said to-night should help to hasten such
a reform as this, my object will have been attaine1.
The serutineers announced the following elections :
President.
The Hon’ble Mr. Justice Phear.
Vice-Presidents.
Th. Oldham, LL. D.
Babu Rajendralala Mitra.
Lord Napier of Magdala, G. C. 8. I, G. C. B.
Secretaries.
Col. H. Hyde, R. E. (Financial Dept.)
H. Blochmann, M. A. (Philological Dept.)
F. Stoliczka, Ph. D. (Natural History Dept.).
Members of Council.
The Hon’ble Mr. Justice Phear.
T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D., F. R. and G. S.
Babu Rajendralala Mitra.
Lord Napier of Magdala, General, G. C. S. I., G. C. B.
Col. H. Hyde, R. E.
Babu Devendra Mallika.
J. Ewart, Esq., M. D.
2 Proceedings: of the Asiatie Society, [FeEs.
oO
F. Stoliczka, Esq., Ph. D., F. G 8.
H. Blochmann, Esq., M. A.
Col. H. Thuillier, R..A., F. BR. 8., C. 8. T.
H. F. Blanford, Esq., F. G. 8.
W.S. Atkinson, Esq., M. A.
F, W. Innis, Esq., M. D, C. B.
E. Gay, Esq., M. A.
W. W. Hunter, Esq., LL. D.
It was proposed by D. Waldie, Esq., seconded by Maulavi
Abdullattif Khan, Bahadur, and carried unanimously —
That the marked thanks of the Seciety be given to the Secretaries
for their earnest attention to the duties of their office during the
past year, from which the regularity in the issue and the value of
the Journal, as well as the very satisfactory financial condition of
the Society, have largely resulted.
Messrs. L. Schwendler and J. Wood-Mason were appointed audi-
tors of accounts for the past year.
The meeting then resolved itself into an Ordinary Monthly meet-
ing.
The Hon’ble Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The receipt of the following presentations was announced—
1. From the Govt. of India—A copy of Antiquities of Kashmir,
by Lieut. H. H. Cole, R. E.
2. From the Government of India, Home Dept.—nine photo-
graphs of the ancient temples in West Berars, and twenty-one
photographs of ancient architectural structures in Mysore.
The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last
meeting were balloted for and elected ordinary members.
Col. J. F. Tennant.
Dr. W. Waagen.
G. C. Farr, Esq.
T. F. Harkness, Esq., C. 8.
The following gentlemen have been announced as candidates for
- ballot at the next meeting :
1871, | Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 53
C. B. Clarke, Esq., M. A., Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, proposed by
the Hon’ble J. B. Phear, seconded by W. 8. Atkinson, Esq.
James Wilson, Esq., Cathedral Mission College, Calcutta, proposed
by H. F. Blanford, Esq., seconded by H. Blochmann, Esq.
Babu Dvijendranatha Thakura, proposed by H. Blochmann, Esq.,
seconded by Babu Réjendraléla Mitra.
Babu Harachandra Chaudhuri, Zemindar, Shereptir, Mymensing,
proposed by H. Blochmann, Esq., seconded by Babu Rajendralala
Mitra.
Babu Govindachandra Chaudhuri, Zemindar, Sherepir, Mymen-
sing, proposed by H. Blochmann, Esq., seconded by Dr. F. Stoliczka.
A. Gough, Esq., Queen’s College, Benares, proposed by W.
Oldham, Esq., seconded by H. Blochmann, Esq.
_ Nawab Ziauddin Ahmad Khan, Bahadur, Chief of Luhart, Delhi,
proposed by Maulavi Kabir uddin, seconded by H. Blochmann, Esq.
Walter Abbey, Esq., Civil Surgeon, Mergui, proposed by 8S.
Kurz, Esq., seconded by Dr. F. Stoliczka.
_E. Benedict, Esq., C. E., Calcutta, proposed by L. Schwendler,
Esq., seconded by Col. H. Hyde.
T. 8. Isaac, Esq., Supt. Engineer, Presidency Circle, proposed by
T. Oldham, Esq., seconded by H. H. Locke, Esq.
The Hon. Sir W. Grey, and L. B. Bowring, Esq., have intimated
their desire to resign the membership of the Society.
The receipt of the following communications was announced—
1. Arrangements for the discharge of long overland telegraph
lines, by L. Schwendler, Esq.
2. Associations connected with various places situated in the
sub-division Banka, Bhagulpur, by Babu Rishbihari Vasu.
3. Mondari Vocabulary, by Babu Rakhaldas Haldar.
Liprary.
The following additions have been made to the Library since the
last meeting held in January last.
Presentations.
»*» Names of Donors in Capitals.
The Report of the British Association for the advancement of
Science, for 1869.—Tue Bririsn Association.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. XIX, No.
123.—Tue Royat Soctery.
54 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Frs.
Bullettins della Societ’ Geografica Italiana, fase. 5°.—Tue Guo-
GRAPHICAL Socrery or ITAty.
Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscow,
1870, No. 1.—Tue Turrriax Socrery or Narurauisrs or Moscow.
The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, No. 104.—TuE
GrotocicaAL Socrety or Lonpon.
Journal of the Statistical Society, September, 1870.—Tuxz Sra-
TIsTICAL Socrery or Lonvpon.
The Numismatic Chronicle, No. 89.—Tur Numismatic Socrery
oF Lonpon.
The Smithsonian Report for 1868; Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collection, Vols. 8 and 9; Smithsonian Contributions to knowledge,
Vol. 16.—Tue Smirusonian Instirvtion.
Cowell’s Lectures on Hindu Law.—Tur University or Cancurra.
Ramayana, Vol. 2, No. 5, edited by Hemachandra Bhuttacharya.
—Tue Eprror.
Illustrations of Ancient Buildings in Kashmir, by Lieut. H. H.
Cole; Deaths of Madras, during 1868.—Tur Government oF Inpta.
Griffin’s Panjab Chiefs.—TuEe GovEeRNMENT OF THE PaNnsas,
General Report of Public Instruction in Bengal during 1869-70 ;
Annual Report of the Administration of the Bengal Presidency for
1869-70.—TuE GovERNMENT or BENGAL.
Purchase.
Helfenstein’s Comparative Grammar of the Teutonic Languages :
—KHtude sur le rituel du respect social dans l’état Brahmani-
que, par C. Schoebel.—Vuller’s Grammatica Linguse Persicae :—
Das Jatapatala, von Dr. G. Thibaut :—Ueber die Entstehung und
Verwendung der im Sanskrit mit R. anlautenden Personalendun-
gen, von Th. Benfey:—Dr. A. Bastian’s Sprach-vergleichende
Studien :—YV. von Strauss’ Lad-tsé’s Tad te King :—B. Gachet’s
Ciuvres de Koutsa et de Hirayastoupa.—Dr. Stickel’s Handbuch zur
Morgenlindischen Miinzkunde, 1 Heft :—Deutsches Worterbuch,
14 Band :—Dr. C. Semper’s Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen,
1-2 Heft.—Philosophical Magazine, No. 269.—Calcutta Review,
January, 171 :—Reeve’s Con. Iconica, parts 284, 285 :—
Exchange.
The Nature, Nos. 58-61, The Athenzeum, November, 1870.
eee
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
For Maron, 1871.
—@~—
The monthly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday, the
Ist instant, at 9 o’clock, Pp. M.
The Hon’ble Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
Presentations were announced—
1, From the author—A copy of a pamphlet entitled: A revision
of the Terebratulide and Lingulide, with remarks and description of
some recent forms, by W. H. Dall, Esq., Smithsonian Institution.
2. From the author—a copy of Tatvavali, a treatise on Vaisha-
sika Philosophy in Sanscrit verse, with notes by the author, Pandit
Chandrakanta Tarkélankara ;—also Pravida Sataka by the same.
3. From the author—General report on the Punjab Oil Lands,
by Benj. Smith Lyman.
4, From Rev. C. H Dall—Three Nepal coins bearing on the
obverse in a square compartment the legend in Nagari characters
aaAaTaTAHTT and on the reverse AMaetefamaraea, and
at the lower margin on the reverse the date yete 1789.
Legend I. Sri Sri Sri Nepala Sarkara, the Government of Nepal.
» ALI. Sri Sri Sri Surendra. vikramarka Deva (the name of
the prince).
The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last
meeting were balloted for and elected ordinary members.
C, B. Clarke, Esq., M. A.
J. Wilson, Esq.
Babu Dvijendranatha Thakura.
» Harachandra Chaudhuri.
» Govindacumara Chaudhuri.
A. Gough, Esq.
56 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. [ Marcu,
Nawab Ziauddin Ahmad Khan, Bahadur,
W. Abbey, Esq.
E. Benedict, Hsq., C. E.
J. S. Isaac, Esq., OC. E.
Benjamin Smith Lyman, Esq., has expressed his wish to become
a life member of the Society, in conformity with rule 14 of the
Bye-laws of the Society.
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next
meeting :
Dr. F. N. Macnamara (for re-election), proposed by the Hon’ble
J. B. Phear, seconded by D. Waldie, Esq.
Oscar Trefftz, Esq., Calcutta, proposed by H. Blochmann, HEsq.,
seconded by Dr. W. Waagen.
M. S. Howell, Esq., proposed by Col. Hyde, seconded by Dr.
Stoliczka.
Captain A. J. Filgatte, R. E., proposed by Col. Hyde, seconded
by Dr. Stoliczka.
Major J. M. Graham, proposed by Col. Hyde, seconded by Col.
Tennant.
Col. F. H. Rundall, R. E., proposed by Col. Hyde, seconded by
Dr. T. Oldham.
T. M. Bourn, Esq., Mining Engineer, proposed by F. Fedden,
Esq., seconded by Dr. T. Oldham.
W. J. Curtoys, Esq., proposed by the Hon’ble J. B. Phear, se-
conded by H. H. Locke, Esq.
W. E. Ayrton, Esq., proposed by the Hon’ble J. B. Phear, se-
conded by Col. Hyde.
Walter Bourne, Esq., C. E., proposed by Dr. T. Oldham, second-
ed by Dr. Stoliczka.
Mr. W. C. Bonnerjea has intimated his desire to withdraw from
the Society.
J. Schroeder, Esq., and Lt.-Col. C. Macgregor have resigned their
membership on their leaving India.
The following letters were read :—
1. From the Secy., Trustees Indian Museum, forwarding a cor-
respondence on the earthquake felt in Sind on 28th October, 1870,
— see
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 57
This correspondence is a copy of one forwarded by the Bombay
Govt. to the Secy. of State for India.—The Collector of Shikarpore
reports that a severe shock of an earthquake was felt about a quar-
ter to 3 Pp. M. on the 28th October, 1870; it lasted for about a
minute. The earthquake was especially felt at Naushera, Lark-
hana, Lubdurza, Mehur and Kukur, and the shock is stated to have
been more severe in the hills than in the plains. A second but
slighter shock was again felt at Nusseerabad, Teje, Mehur and
Kukur on the 1st November, 1870.
Another report from the Commissioner in Sind says that a slight
shock was experienced at Jacobabad and Thoole at about 2-30 P. M.
on the 28th October, 1870.
A third report records a severe shock of an earthquake at
Dadoo, lasting for about 5 minutes, at 2 p. mM. on the 28th
October, 1870; and a second slighter shock, lasting for about
one minute, was felt about 3 rp. m. on the same day. The earth-
quake appears to have been experienced throughout the Talooka
Dadoo, as various reports state that shocks have also been felt at
different times of the day and night on the 27th, 28th and 29th
October, 1870. No serious damage appears to have been done.
2. From Mr. J. H. Samuells — addressed to, and communicated
by, Col. Dalton.
Mr. Samuells reports that the temples near Harchoka in Chang
Bhokar are very extensive, but unfortunately some of them are
almost entirely in ruins and the destruction by the annual floods
in the rainy season goes on so rapidly, that in another 100 years
many will have probably altogether disappeared. The inscrip-
tions are very much worn off, but what remained preserved, Mr.
Samuells had taken rubbings of, and also executed plans of the
different temples. The inscriptions appear to be in very old Nagari
character.
The Council notified (in conformity with rule 13 B. of bye-laws)
that the names of the following gentlemen have to be struck off
the list of members for non-compliance with rule 13 of bye-laws,
A. G. Walker, Esq.
C. J. Wiikinson, Esq.
58 _— - Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. | Marcu,
Dr. C. Williams.
C. B. Garrett, Esq.
F. J. Chambers, Esq.
Babu Nundolala Bose.
J.C. Whishaw, Esq.
H. Duhan, Esq.
R. L. Martin, Esq.
J. W. Sherer, Esq.
And that the election of Sir Sherif il Omara, Bahadur, be can-
celled for non-payment of admission fee —
Also that Rs. 1203 due from the above gentlemen, together with
Rs, 204, due to the Society from Kaliprasanna Sinha, dead, and Rs.
57 from Ramanarayana Tarkalankara, dead, and Rs. 5-10, due to
the Oriental Publication Fund from the last named, be written off.
The Council reported that they have elected the following gen-
tlemen to serve in the several Committees* during the ensuing
year.
Finance.
T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D.
EK. Gay, Esq., M. A.
Col. ‘A. Allan.
LInbrary.
T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D.
Col. A. Allan.
Babu Rajendralala Mitra.
Dr. J. Anderson. |
J. Wood-Mason, Esq.
Dr. Mohindralal Sircar.
G. Nevill, Esq.
Col. J. F. Tennant.
EH. Gay, Esq., M. A.
Philological,
E. C. Bayley, Esq., C. 8. I.
Babu Rajendralila Mitra.
C. Tawney, Esq.
* The President and Secretaries of the Society are ew-oficio members of all
Committees,
1871.]
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society.
W. W. Hunter, Esq., LL. D.
Rev. J. Long.
Rev. K. M. Banerjea.
Dr. Mohindralal Sircar.
Maulavi Kabiruddin Ahmad.
Maulavi Abdul Latif Khan.
Natural History.
T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D.
Dr. J. Fayrer, C. 8. I.
Dr. J. Ewart.
H. F. Blanford, Esq.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
W.S. Atkinson, Esq.
V. Ball, Esq.
H. B. Medlicott, Esq. -
Dr. J. Anderson.
D. Waldie, Esq.
J. Wood-Mason, Esq.
G. Nevill, Esq.
Dr. Mohindralal Sircar.
Physical Science.
Lord Napier of Magdala, G. C. B., G. C.8. 1
Col. H. L. Thuillier, C. 8. I.
T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D.
Col. J. F, Tennant.
H. F. Blanford, Esq.
D. Waldie, Esq.
L. Schwendler, Esq.
Coins.
E. OC. Bayley, Esq., C. 8. I.
i Babu Réjendralila Mitra:
- Major F, W. Stubbs.
Rey. M. A. Sherring.
J. G. Delmerick, Esq,
60 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Marcu,
Col. the Hon’ble R. Strachey made a communication to the effect,
that the Government of India have lately resolved to place 4 lacs of
rupees in deposit, which sum should be available for completing
the new Museum building. He regretted the delay which has been
caused in the construction of the building and stated that it was
greatly due to the financial difficulty in which the Government of
India found themselves a short time ago. Col. Strachey mentioned
that the original approximate estimate amounted to about 3% lacs of
rupees. This sum had been sanctioned by Government, and the work
for the new building was commenced. Subsequently the regular
estimate came up and it amounted to about 7 lacs. After about 4 lacs
had already been spent, a revised estimate was called for, and this
rose up to about 10 lacs. It was, therefore, not surprising that the
Government stepped in and enquired into the whole matter carefully,
and this caused such delay that it became impossible to complete the
Museum within the appointed time, 23rd March, 1871. However
he (Col. Strachey) hoped that the present action taken by Govern-
ment in the matter would bring the building to its desired comple-
tion at as early a date as possible.
Col. Strachey’s communication was most favorably received by
the meeting.
Mr. H. F. Blanford exhibited several barometric and other
meteorological curves and made the following observations :
The diagrams that I have to lay before the meeting this evening,
will, I think, be interesting to the Society, as they exhibit in a gra-
phic and readily appreciable form certain important features of
our local Meteorology. Beyond this, there is no especial connexion
between them ; each illustrates certain special points, some of which
have recently been discussed in the Society, and they must be re-
garded as materials which have been generalized up a certain point;
representing facts which may be of important service in any future
scientific treatment of our Meteorology.
The first sheet shews the mean diurnal variation of some of
the principal Meteorological elements at Calcutta for each month of
the year, as deduced from the hourly observations recorded for 16
years at the Surveyor General’s Office. These elements are (1) the
1871. | Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 61
total atmospheric pressure, (2) the temperature, (3) the vapour pres-
sure, (4) the curve of saturated vapour pressure corresponding to
that of temperature, and (5) the curve of humidity. The first shews
the variation of the diurnal barometric tides for each month of the
year, and I will draw attention to the great regularity of the wave
curve which is one of double curvature, having an absolute maxi-
mum about 10 A. M. and an absolute minimum about 4 Pp. mM. with a
secondary maximum and minimum at 10 p.m. and 4 A. mM. The
hours of absolute maximum and minimum vary a little during the
year, the former being about an hour earlier and the latter about
an hour later in the hot months then in the cold. The difference
of the morning and evening maximum is greatest in the driest
months and least in the rains. In the latter this difference is com-
paratively small, the two crests having nearly the same height; but
the afternoon minimum is always considerably lower then that of 4
A.M. The explanation of the double tide is a subject on which great
diversity of opinion exists. The explanation found in most of our
treatises is that originally suggested, I believe by Dove, and adopted
by General Sabine and Sir John Herschell, vz. that the curve is com-
pounded of two distinct elements, one of the dry air pressure which
taken by itself has a maximum at about 4 a. m. and a minimum
at 4p. m., the other a curve of vapour pressure which has two maxima
and two minima at or about the periods of the maxima and minima
of the total pressure curve. Col. Strachey* who, as you are aware has
given much attention to this subject, has long since pointed out the
insufficiency of this explanation in the case of the barometric curves
in India, or rather the failure of verification when the curve of ob-
served vapour pressure is superimposed on a supposed dry air curve
of a single periodic variation. And you will see that no composition
of the vapour pressure curve of Calcutta with any such supposed
curve will give a curve approaching in form or regularity to that of
our tidal curve of total pressure.
The curves of vapour pressure exhibit great variations in the
different months of the year. In the months of the rains, the pres-
sure is almost unvarying, or there is but a slight increase during
* Similar objections have been raised by Mr. Broun, Professor Lamont of
Munich and others.
62 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Marcn,
the daytime and decrease towards early morning, forming a curve
of single variation. From September to May the curve is more
complicated. It presents a rise for an hour or two after sunrise ; then
in most months a rapid and deep depression to a minimum about
3 or 4 Pp. M., after which the rise is very rapid to 7 or 8 Pp. M. and
thereafter (in the hot months) gradual to midnight. From this
hour it falls again to sunrise. In December and January, the
absolute minimum is at sunrise, in the other months in the afternoon,
and itis deepest in March, (the driest month). The absolute maxi-
mum is in the evening or at midnight from October to March, and in
the morning in April, May and June. The curve generally for all
these months may be described as one conforming to that of tem-
perature, but with a deep notch cut out of it during the warmer
hours of the day, thus producing two crests, of which the earlier is
the higher in the hottest months the later in the remainder. This
form of curve is well known as characterizing a continental climate,
and something similar, but much less in the relative and absolute
magnitude of the afternoon depression, obtains at certain stations
in the interior of Kurope during the summer months. ‘The curves
of saturated vapour pressure are given for comparison, and the
ratios of the two are shewn by the humidity curves which are almost
an exact inversion of those of temperature. The temperature
curves are of the same general form throughout; differing chiefly
in the absolute magnitudes of their ordinates which are greatest
in March, the driest, least in July and August the dampest months,
The next set of curves that I have to exhibit are the diurnal
barometric curves for Simla, deduced from Major Boileau’s hourly
observations for 3 years. They are as regular and shew nearly
as great a range of tidal pressure as those of Calcutta, but with
this marked difference, that in all months except July and August
the morning (4 A. M.) is the absolute minimum of the day. This
peculiarity of the barometric curve has been noticed by Planta-
mour in the case of the Great Saint Bernard, and is stated to be
characteristic of mountain stations situated on ridges, as distin-
guished from stations on plateaux and plains. The explanation
given, I believe, by him is that the lower strata of the atmosphere
3 being heated, lift a larger proportion of the upper atmosphere above
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 63
stations in the positions of Simla and the St. Bernard, and so dimi-
nish relatively the loss of pressure due to overflow in the highest
regions of the atmosphere. Plantamour’s law of the difference
between stations on ridges and those on table-lands is borne out
by our local experience, in so far that while Darjeeling, a ridge-
station, in several months of the year has, like Simla, an absolute
minimum at or about 4 a. m., both Shillong (4,800) feet and Huzari-
baugh (2000 feet) which are on table-lands, have, like Calcutta, an
absolute minimum in the afternoon.
The next sheet to which I have to direct attention is one shew-
ing the mean curves of pressure and temperature for the year,
as given by the mean daily values of these elements at Calcutta
for 15 years. The temperature curve exhibits great irregu-
larities, as if there were a tendency to rapid changes at certain
periods. Father Secchi has noticed a similar result on discussing the
Roman registers for a much longer period, and Mr. Buchan has
pointed out that the registers of Scotland show a tendency to the
recurrence of warm and cold days at certain periods of the year.
It would, however, be premature to draw any such conclusion from
the registers of only 15 years.
I have here two sheets that shew the variation of the mean
daily pressure at a considerable number of stations, for the years
1869 and 1870. The northernmost station is Roorkee, the sou-
thernmost Port Blair. The chief noticeable feature that these
curves present is the almost exact coincidence of all their irregula-
rities, these being greatest at Roorkee and least at Port Blair. This
correspondence of the barometric wavesand the decrease in the amount
of their variations in proceeding from north to south, was first pointed
out in the case of European stations, many years ago, I believe, by
Professor Daniell ; and the explanation of the phenomenon given by
Professor Dove is, that the alternations of the crests and troughs
forming these irregular waves, depends on the prevalence of Polar
and equatorial currents, the trade and antitrade currents which cross
and alternate with each other in the Temperate Zone. These
curves shew that the same phenomenon is presented here in the
Monsoon region at all periods of the year, the variations being
absolutely less, however, than in Europe, and decreasing in like
manner as the stations are in lower latitudes
64 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. { Marcu,
Finally I have to bring to the notice of the Society a set of curves
shewing the mean diurnal variation of the wind for each month
of the year at Calcutta. These have been drawn up from a dis-
cussion of 10 years’ observations at the Surveyor General’s Office.
The observations are recorded only to eight points, viz., N. NE. E.
SE., &c., and I may remark how this very rough method of obser-
vation suffices (when so long a period as 10 years is considered), to
shew a regular variation, even when in some months it amounts to
little more than one point of the compass. The diurnal variation
of the wind appears at first sight somewhat anomalous, since
Calcutta is at no very great distance from the sea, and it might
be expected that as at coast stations, there would be a tendency to
a southerly or sea breeze during the latter part of the day and a
land breeze at night. The caseis, however, precisely the reverse.
The land wind at Calcutta, ¢.e.,a WNW. wind prevails strongly
during the day, in the cold and hot weather months, and even in
the rains, when the variation is very small, the westerly tendency is
still manifest ; while the southerly or sea breeze prevails or tends to
prevail during the night. When the mean of the whole year is consi-
dered, it appears that the WNW. wind tends to set in about 10 A. M.,
and to increase in force and steadiness up to about 4p. m., after which
the wind veers round rapidly to south, anda little east of south, in
which quarter it continues till midnight or 1 a.m. It then diminishes
in force and there is a tendency to calm until about sunrise. The
coincidence of the prevalence of the westerly wind with the period
during which the barometric gradient is from west to east, owing
to the advance of the afternoon minimum from the eastward, sug-
gests the cause of this phenomenon. It is true that this gradient
is absolutely small, and the loci of maximum and minimum are
separated by a quadrant of the earth’s circumference; but the effect
to be accounted for as the diurnal oscillation, when deduction is
made of the mean monthly or annual component, is also small, being
a predominance of 12 or 13 per cent. only, and is probably not
greater than may be accounted for by the cause suggested, which
must have some effect.
Colonel the Hon’ble R. Strachey said that he thought the Society,
and indeed all persons interested in the progress of science, were much
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 65
indebted to Mr. Blanford for the manner in which he was taking up
the study of the Meteorology of India, and of Calcutta in particular,
It was an indisputable fact that there was no country in the world
that had such great advantages as India, to offer to a student of
Meteorological Science, if such a term could be used in the present
state of our knowledge or rather ignorance. Here the great mo-
tive force of all atmospheric phenomena, the Sun, acted with an
intensity and regularity that led to a corresponding intense and regu-
lar development of those phenomena, would render their study in
a corresponding degree easy. ‘The great plains of India presented
vast areas of land over which the action of the atmosphere was
remarkably little disturbed by local causes, and which thus
offered special facilities for watching the principal phenomena at-
tending that action. The mountains on the north of India, in
like manner, gave advantages for enquiries into the condition of
the atmosphere at great heights above the earth’s surface, not
equalled in any other part of the globe. The great ocean that
surrounded the Peninsula, again, offered similar opportunities for
observing the special phenomena due to the peculiarities of a ma-
rine surface, and to the juxtaposition of land and sea. On the whole
he had no hesitation in saying that India was the country of all
others in which meteorology could best be studied, and to which we
should look for the investigations which could rescue meteorology
from its present somewhat discreditable position, and advance it to
that of a real Science.
Col. Strachey said he would offer a few comments on the chief to-
pics of Mr. Blanford’s instructions and observations.
First as to Vapour. He had on a former evening stated gener-
ally his objections to the suggested dependence of the double diur-
nal tide of pressure on the variations of the vapour pressure. It
was impossible for any one who had looked at the facts to have a
moment’s doubt on this point, and it was obvious that, after hay-
ing made the suggested allowance for the variations of vapour
pressure, the double tide remains in the Bombay, Madras and Cal-
cutta observations just as plainly marked as before, though some-
what altered in form.
As he had before said, to subtract the vapour pressure, as indicated
66 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Marcy
by a hygrometer, from the total pressure, indicated by the barome-
ter, was to commit an act of folly. It meant nothing. It repre-
sented no physical fact. The vapour tension at the earth’s surface
was not the result of the pressure of the particles of vapour in the
upper strata of the atmosphere, but of something quite different.
It was the measure of the resistance offered to the passage of the
vapour particles in an upward direction by the air particles, and
the superincumbent vapour particles together ; and the condition of
the vapour in the upper strata proved that this resistance of the
air particles was very great, so that, roughly speaking, the vapour
tension was commonly about four times as great at any place as the
pressure from above of the vapour particles. Of course there were
great local variations from any such rough general average, but
the average might be mentioned to show how senseless was the
subtraction of the observed vapour tension from the observed total
pressure.
Referring next to the local variations of vapour pressure at Cal-
cutta, Col. Strachey remarked, that the only satisfactory way of con-
sidering such phenomena was in connexion with their physical
causes, and that most of the apparent peculiarities, such as those
noticed by Mr. Blanford, might readily be explained when viewed
in this manner. He (Col. 8.) had not had the means of critically
examining the variations of vapour tension at Calcutta, but he re-
membered enough of the results of such an examination made by
him of the phenomena at Madras, to be able to indicate to the So-
ciety the kind of analysis of these facts that he had suggested. Thus
it was observed at Madras that at a certain hotr of the day a very
sudden increase occurred in the quantity of vapour. This was at
once explained by the fact that at this hour the sea breeze became
established. As the heat of the day increased, the wind blowing
from over the sea brought in more vapour, and a maximum occurred
in the afternoon. As the temperature fell, and the wind veered
landward, the vapour became less, and when the land wind was
thoroughly established, the vapour became much less, and a mini-
mum was arrived at somewhere near the minimum of temperature,
But certain subsidiary complications of this general rule were also
observable. After the sun rose, the heat, radiated to the earth,
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 67
caused the rapid evaporation of any water, either a deposit of dew
or pools of water &c., exposed to the rays of the sun. Thus a
rapid development of vapour began. But soon the air became
heated, and its capacity for vapour increased more rapidly than
the process of evaporation could supply vapour. This caused the
air to become relatively drier. Like operations in the converse
sense took place in the evening. Such results were more or less
visible in the observations made at various places that had come
under his notice, but necessarily each locality would have its own
peculiar conditions, and would show a special set of changes. It
was, he thought, in some such manner as this that all Meteorologi-
cal phenomena should be looked into, with the intention of ascer-
taining as far as possible the precise physical causes of their com-
ponent elements. A mere record of facts such as was commonly
put forward asa discussion of the Meteorological phenomena of
any locality, could only be of use in a scientific point of view so
far as it was thus treated, and he hoped that all observers would
bear this in mind.
The variations of the pressure of the atmosphere were next re-
ferred to. Col. Strachey said that he had little doubt that the dou-
ble tide was simply the result of the heating power of the sun on
the atmosphere, though we did not distinctly know how the result
was brought about. He remarked that the explanation of the
phenomenon involved the solution of a very difficult problem in hy-
drodynamics, and that he believed that it was only by the aid of ma-
thematical science that any precise explanation could be given. He
regretted his own want of mathematical knowledge and hoped that
some of the mathematicians of India or Europe might be led to in-
vestigate the problem. It was, to ascertain the effect produced, (on
an elastic vapour atmosphere covering a sphere), by a source of
heat gradually moving round the sphere. The necessary result of
such a process could be generally stated with great ease, but its
precise mathematical expression was quite a different thing. The
Sun, the source of heat, certainly caused the expansion of the por-
tion of the atmosphere between the meridians say of 8 o’clock A. M.
and 5 p, M., and a general overtlow of the upper parts of the atmos-
pheric columns so expanded must take place to the east and the
68 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Marcu,
west, causing a dispersion of air and consequent reduction of pres-
sure, near the centre of the heated space, and a heaping up of air
and increase of pressure at its two margins. This he believed to
be the most likely explanation of the two maxima and the inter-
vening minimum of pressure. At the same time he must guard
himself by saying that the above was a very coarse and imperfect
explanation of the phenomenon, not intended to be put forward as
scientifically precise. As a fact the movement of the air particles
which caused the diurnal tide of pressure was a wave movement,
and not a real permanent movement of translation. This was
proved by the circumstance that the tide of air pressure moved
round the earth with the Sun and quite independent of the actual
motion of the mass of the atmosphere at the place of observation.
Col. 8. referred to various peculiarities in the form of the curve of
diurnal pressure at various places, and offered comments on some
of them. He particularly suggested the propriety of making care-
ful observations at some small island, in an extensive sea area
within the tropics, as a means of ascertaining the normal diurnal.
curve in its simplest form. He noticed the well known mechanical
law of the possible co-existence of any number of waves in a fluid
body, and said that, no doubt, many of the local peculiarities of the
barometrical curves, daily or other, were due to such superimposed
waves, and that what the scientific observer had to do was to se-
parate these and indicate their several causes.
Col. Strachey pointed out how the diurnal variation of pressure
was most marked when the diurnal variation of temperature was
greatest. Also how the daily tide was best marked near the equa-
tor, and gradually faded away towards the poles. He suggested
as a sufficient explanation of this, that at the equator the force,
exerted by the sun in creating the wave action in the atmosphere,
continued constantly parallel to the actual motion of the air particles,
forming the atmospheric wave as they revolved with the earth on
its axis, and that consequently the impulse was accumulated in an
intense degree, and a true accelerating force developed. As we
leave the equator this parallelism is departed from, the actual
direction of the air particles of the atmospheric wave being forced
into a small circle of latitude, so that the impulse caused by the
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. 69
heat is not accumulated, and at length at the pole no force at all
can be exerted.
The gradual disappearance of the regular daily variations of
pressure, as we recede from the equator, was pointed out to be a
phenomenon analogous to the corresponding disappearance near
the equator of the ¢rregular variations of pressure, so strongly mark-
ed nearthe pole. The steadiness of the pressure in India which
is most marked, and the change that takes place from the cold
season of greatest pressure to the hot season of least pressure,
were referred to as phenomena readily explained in the manner
suggested in the case of the daily variations. The constancy of
the pressure over large areas, and the propagation of what may be
ealled the irregular variations, from day to day, over the whole of
India, were phenomena which had been noticed by the late Mr.
James Prinsep, and some very instructive diagrams exhibiting this
had been published in the Society’s Journal, Col. Strachey thought,
in 1836, The subject had long ago attracted Col. 8.’s notice, and he
invited attention to it as well worthy of special examination, in
connexion with what he had said regarding the superimposing of
waves in a fluid mass. These great fluctuations, extending over
half the continent of Asia, were manifestly in the nature of great
waves, and the smaller fluctuations affecting smaller areas, were
smaller waves, or so to speak ripples, breaking into the general
fluid surface. This part of the subject was one of much interest,
in which very little had yet been done, and he hoped that Mr.
Blanford might be able to throw more light upon it.
The curves of temperature to which Mr. Blanford had directed
attention were noticed by him as indicating certain irregularities of
importance. Col. Strachey wished to say that in his opinion the
first thing to do was to attend to the regularities. If we were ever to
make a Science of Meteorology we must do it by supplying physical
explanations of the observed phenomena. The regular phenomena
were without any doubt those at the present time best deserving
attention. When we had thoroughly mastered them, and were
able to give a satisfactory explanation of their peculiarities, we
should be in a reasonable position to advance to the irregularities.
Tt certainly cannot be said that any such command has yet been ob-
70 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. [ Marcn,
tained over the laws of the ordinary diurnal change of temperature,
and to the study of these, he would express a hope, that Indian
observers would apply themselves. The primary causes of these
changes were simple enough. On the one side, the Sun during the
day added to the heat of the air and the earth, and on the other
the air and the earth during the night threw off their heat into
celestial space. Very little was yet known of how these operations
took place, or why it was that special laws of increase and decrease
of temperature governed each season or each locality. One of the
causes of such variations he might refer to, (as before, rather in
illustration of the general scope of his advice, than as an attempt
to deal exhaustively with the subject), was the quantity of vapour
in the air, by reason of which its power of transmitting radiant
heat varied. As the air was dry, it transmitted more; as it was
filled with vapour, it transmitted less heat. ‘Thus the diurnal va-
riations both by day and night would increase in extent as the air
was drier, and vice versa. Col. Strachey had examined the Madras
observations with a view of ascertaining how the matter was, after
the suggestion had been made by the researches of Professor Tyn-
dall, and the result, as above stated, quite corroborated the labora-
tory experiments.
The diurnal winds of Upper India were very well known to all
persons acquainted with that part of the country. That they were
due to the daily variation of the pressure he had little doubt. They
were not confined to India at all, and in truth extended all over
Southern Asia up to the Caspian. ‘The correctness of this theoreti-
cal explanation of these diurnal westerly winds, was, he thought,
quite confirmed by the circumstance that during the months of dry
westerly wind a faint easterly wind was common early in the
morning, showing that the high pressure to the east of the place
of observation had a similar effect to that produced to the west of
it. Of course as the actual course of the crest of the wave of pres-
sure was east to west, and the great fall of pressure was to the
east of the crest, the westerly wind must be the best marked.
It is important, Col. 8. said, always to bear in mind that wind is
nothing more than a consequence of inequality of pressure, and,
therefore, commonly, if not always, more or less directly of changes
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 71
of temperature. Itis a vulgar error to drop out of view the essen-
tial change of pressure as the direct cause of wind, which should
be studiously avoided in Col, Strachey’s opinion by every scientific
Meteorologist. The study of the winds, with the view of obtaining
the precise explanation of their mechanical causes, is much to be
recommended, but here, as in all other like enquiries, the observer
must seek for true physical forces, and not permit himself to be
blinded by the vague generalities which afflict this section of
meteorology as they do all others.
Closely connected with the winds is the subject of rain, but on this
he (Col. 8.) would not venture to say anything excepting that, of all
the phenomena with which meteorology affected to deal, this was
least understood, and most involved in all sorts of misconceptions of
the grossest description of the physical forces that were operative in
its production.
In conclusion Col. Strachey said, he would earnestly exhort every
one who desired to assist the progress of meteorology, to treat it in
some such spirit as he had explained, to abandon the misleading
dogmatism that had hitherto obstructed all real progress, and to
seek for the precise, true, physical and mechanical forces which
produce the phenomena that he studies.
The President briefly alluded to a few of the most important
meteorological questions noticed by Col. Strachey, and expressed.
a hope that the time may soon arrive when it will be possible to
carry out the many valuable suggestions which Col. Strachey has
brought forward.
The following papers were read :—
On A PRACTICAL METHOD FOR DETECTING BAD INSULATORS ON
TrLecrapa Lives,—by Lovis ScuwEnDER, Ese.
One of the many practical measures, and certainly not one of
the least important, introduced during the last few years with a
view of increasing the efficiency of the Telegraph Department,
72 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. | Maron,
is the establishment of a scientific system of testing all materials
and instruments employed on the line. Many practical results
have already been obtained therefrom, but it is not the object of
the present communication to enter into the details of this most
interesting subject; I will, only point out one important fact that
has been established.
A great many lines in India contain electrically defective insulators ;
some to such an extent as to lower the insulation to a degree which 1s
Jatal to the direct and regular working of long lines.
Why such insulators could creep in, notwithstanding the care
taken in England to secure efficient Telegraph Stores for India,
is a question with which I cannot deal at present, but which may
perhaps form the subject of a fuéwre paper, when more data have
been collected.*
The very fact that electrically defective insulators, showing no-
thing externally, do exist and are distributed over lines of such
vast extent, has created the necessity of having a reliable method
by which such insulators can be detected, and other perfect ones
substituted with the least possible expense.
It is clear that such a method, if practicable, must be very sim-
ple, and the instruments used portable and handy.t
After some searching in this direction, the following method was
found to answer the purpose most satisfactorily.
The principle of the method is to produce magneto-electric
currents through the resistance of the insulator under test, and to
measure these currents by the effect they have on the body of the
tester.
* The cause for the low insulation of insulators seems to be the porous
state of some porcelain, through which a minute quantity of water diffuses
itself in time. When heating an imperfect insulator, it becomes always perfect,
but immerging it a sufficiently long time in water, it becomes again imperfect.
The leakage seems to be invariably in this part of a porcelain which is
cemented in the iron hood.
+ To use a deflection method is out of the question, because the still compara-
tively high resistance of insulators, which have to bedetected, would necessitate
a high electromotive force, and a very delicate Galvanometer, which arrange-
ments could not be made easily portable, as it is required when the tester pro-
ceeds along a line.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 73
The subjoined diagram shews the connections readily :—
J is a magneto-electric machine, the two terminals ¢ and ¢' of
which are insulated from each other and from the ground.
¢ is in permanent contact with a perfectly insulated leading
wire J, long enough to reach the insulator, to the iron hood of
which it is to be hooked. .
¢' isin permanent connection with the clamp e to which is
fixed a small platinum knob, m, and both the clamps, ¢ and e’,
are permanently connected with each other. A good insulated
leading wire, Z/, which is to be hooked on to the bracket of the
insulator under test, is in contact with the moveable platinum
knob m’ which, however, is insulated from ec’, when pressed down,
but which in its position of rest, (or when not pressed down -
short), closes the circuit between ¢ and ¢! at f.
The whole arrangement is constructed light but strong, protect-
ed from rain and can be carried along the line by one man only.
74 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Marca
The tester proceeds as follows :—
After having cleaned the insulator carefully, he removes tem-
porarily the line from the insulator and hooks the leading wire
No. I to the iron hood and leading wire No. IT to the bracket of the
insulator. He then turns the handle of the magneto-electric ma-
chine with one hand, while one finger of the other is resting on
the knob m of clamp e.
As soon as he touches with the other finger the knob m/ of
clamp c’, at the same time pressing it down, the metalic cir-
cuit between ¢ and m’is opened, and the positive and negative
magneto-electric currents have to pass from one finger to the
other, and consequently, if strong enough, will give the tester sensi-
ble shocks, by which he is at once informed that the insulator
under test is defective, and much under the fixed standard of
insulation.
If the tester does not feel any current through his fingers, (a
comparatively rough galvanoscop), he has only to repeat the ex-
periment by placing his tongue on the knob m, while his hand
still presses the knob m/down. If no current is felt by the tester
through this most delicate galvanoscop, the tongue, he can rest
assured that the insulator is perfect for all practical purposes.
By opening and closing the circuit alternately at the knob m/,
the tester has it in his power to allow at short interval currents to
pass through his tongue, and consequently will be able to detect
the slightest induction currents.
The following experiments were made with insulators of known
resistance to ascertain the highest limit by which the tongue is
still able to detect induction currents.
The currents in these experiments were produced by one of
Siemen’s well known dial instruments, the revolving bobbin of
which had a resistance = 1577 8. U.
The absolute resistance of each insulator was first carefully
measured in the ordinary manner, without water in the porcelain
cups, and the insulator afterwards tested by the method above
described,
1871.) Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 75
Strength of magneto-electric cur-
Resistance in mills. | rents as indicated by the human
8. U. body, through the resistance of the
insulator under test.
No. of Insulator.
L 0.11 Strong shocks felt by fingers.
2. 0.13 Ditto ditto.
ae 0.145 Ditto ditto.
4. 0.19 Ditto ditto.
5. 0.75 Slight shocks felt by fingers,
6, 2.30 No shocks felt by fingers, but good
shocks through tongue.
7. 5.70 No shocks felt by tongue, but a
strong acid taste.
8. vial Distinct, but slight acid taste.
9. 8.2 Ditto ditto.
10. 82.0 Nothing felt by tongue.
11. 189.0 Ditto ditto.
12. 6150 Dittce ditto.
13. 2520.0 Ditto ditto.
14. ml Ditto ditto.
From these experiments it follows that all insulators offering a
resistance up to about 1 mill. S. U. can be detected by the fingers,
and those above 1 mill. and under, 8 mills. can be unmistakably de-
tected by the tongue. It appeared also that tongues of different
persons were equally sensitive, since several persons, Europeans
and natives, acknowledged the known acid taste, even through the
insulator No. 9, having 8.2 mill. 8. U. resistance.
The highest limit of the method could of course be increased by
filling the revolving bobbin of the magneto-electric machine with
much finer wire and increasing the number of permanent magnets ;
however, this will be scarcely necessary, because it seems to be a
fact that if an insulator has more than about 8 mills., the resistance
is generally so high as to be practically infinite and, therefore, a
76 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. | Maron,
greater sensitiveness of the instrument would only complicate the
method.
As it is intended that the tester himself should turn the handle
of the magneto-electric machine, he has it entirely in his power to
regulate the strength of the induction currents by turning faster
or slower, and as, besides this, he always begins the testing by at
first sending the currents through his fingers, no severe shocks can
occur to him in the subsequent operation.
The method has also a safeguard in itself against carelessly
rejecting good insulators, because the tester will certainly be
careful in having the insulator properly cleaned before testing it,
in order to avoid severe shocks.
There can also be scarcely any doubt that the tongue is the
best detector in this particular case, because it is sufficiently
sensitive, never comes out of order and indicates almost momen-
tary currents ; it is besides the cheapest instrument that could be
used.
[Note]. This method may also with advantage be used for
detecting bad joints in a telegraph line. It is then only necessary
to connect the two ends of the joint to the two terminals of the
magnetoelectric machine, in such a way that the body of the tester
acts as a shunt to the joint.
A joint which offers a resistance of not less than 5 8. U. allows
a current to pass sufficiently strong to be detected by the tongue ;
but if the joint has a resistance of more than 2008S. U. the cur-
rent passing is strong enough to be felt already by the fingers of
the tester.
Mr. W. E. Ayrton observed, that there is one point of excellency
in Mr. Schwendler’s arrangement for detecting bad insulators
which, as Mr. Schwendler has not mentioned it, he should like to
say a few words about. Testing insulators by passing a current
through them is not new, but the current used for this purpose has
up to the present time been that obtained from a galvanic battery,
and to observe such a current a most delicate galvanometer is re-
quired. Now both a galvanic battery and a delicate galvanometer
are in themselves most unportable, the battery because it must be
1871. | Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 77
very large, and also because by being shaken its effect is greatly
diminished, and a delicate galvanometer requires most careful ad-
justment each time before it is used after being moved. To obviate
the use of a galvanic battery, Mr. Schwendler has suggested a mag-
neto-electric machine which is much more portable and also has the
same power asa very large battery. An ordinary magneto-electric
machine, however, sends (rapid) reverse currents which would
produce no effect on the needle of a galvanometer, even although
the galyanometer were very delicate, because the rapid reverse cur-
rents produce a quick succession of opposite effects on the needle,
or practically no effect at all. This, it is true, may be obviated by
attaching to the magneto-electric machine a particular kind of re-
versing arrangement, but this is liable to get out of order. Conse-
quently what is required isa delicate portable galvanometer affect-
ed by reverse currents, and such a galvanometer Mr. Schwendler
has found in the human tongue, which is most delicate and certain-
ly is most portable and is affected by reverse currents, therefore is
most suitable to be used with the magneto-electric machine.
Mr. Schwendler exhibited the apparatus for testing the re-
sistence of insulators and explained in detail the advantages of the
practical method. The experiment, as described in the above
paper, was tried by several members.
The President noticed that Mr. Lethbridge has brought an
interesting communication relating to the old Dutch records in
Chinsurah. It will be brought to the notice of the Society at the
next meeting. There were also two other papers on the list.
ON A NEW GENUS OF BATS, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF
Kertvouna, by G. E. Dozson, B. A., M. B., Asst. Surgeon H. I.
British Forces. (Abstract.)
The new genus, described in this paper, is characterised by the
presence of a single phalanx in the 4th finger, two in the 8rd and
three in the 2nd. The single, terminal phalanx of the 4th finger,
and second or terminal phalanx of the 3rd are rudimentary, so mi-
nute as to be scarcely discernible, and, therefore, do not add appre-
ciably to the length of these fingers.
78 Proceedings of the Asiatic Soetety. [ Marcu,
The typical number of phalanges in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th fingers
of a bat is two in each digit ; this number is often exceeded in many
genera of Insectivorous bats by the addition of another short pha-
lanx, but in no genus, hitherto described, is the number less than
two. As the greatest breadth of a bat’s wing is usually found by
measuring along the 4th finger, it follows that, in this typical spe-
cies where we find the terminal phalanx of the 4th finger rudimen-
tary, and the homologue of the 1st phalanx only in other bats, (the
2nd and 3rd phalanges being suppressed), the wing must be com-
paratively extremely narrow. On account of this remarkable nar-
rowness of the wing, the author suggests to call the new genus
“* Stenopterus.”’ The type species is from Darjeeling.
The new Kerivoula differs from other allied species by certain
peculiarities in the shape of the head, of the ears &c. The specific
name aurata is proposed for it.
On Indian and Malayan Telphusida, by J. Wood-Mason, Esq.
The receipt of the following communication was also announced.
Notes on birds observed in the neighbourhood of Nagpir, Kampti,
Central Provinces, Chikalda and Akola in Berar, by Lt.-Col. A. C.
McMaster, Madras Staff Corps.
Liprary,
The following additions have been made to the Library since the
meeting, held in February last.
Presentations.
y%*, Names of Donors in Capitals.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London for
‘ 1870, vol. 160, part I.—Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific papers,
vol. [V.—THe Roya Socizry or Lonpon.
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, vol. XVI, No.
5.—Tue R. GeocrapuicaL Society or Lonpon.
Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, Nos. 47 and 48, Bota-
ny 53 and 54.—Transactions of the same, vol. XXVI, part 4,
XXVII, parts 1 and 2.—Tue Lrynzan Socrery or Lonpon.
Geschichtliche Ergebnisse der Aegyptologie—Die Entfaltung
der Idee des Menschen durch die Weltgeschichte.—Sitzungsberichte
1869, II. Heft iii-iv ; 1870, I. Hefte i-iv— Abhandlungen der Phi-
1871. | Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. 79
losophisch-Philologischen Classe, Band XII; Abth. IT; der Mathe
matisch-Physikalischen Classe, Band X, Abth. I1J.—Bayeriscnu
AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN zu Miinchen.
Fossile Mollusken des Tertizer-Beckens von Wien, von Dr. M.
Hérnes.—K. K. Grorociscuz Retcusansrarr, Wien.
Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Sciences Naturelles de
Cherbourg, Tom. XIII and XIV.—Socrers Imperiare Dus Sciences
NatvurELLEs DE CHERBOURG.
Monatsbericht, Novr. 1870.—Abhandlungen, 1869.—AKADEMIE
DER WISSENSCHAFTEN ZU BERLIN,
Bulletin, Tom XV, Nos. 1, 2.—Mémoires, Tom XV, Nos. 5-8.—
Acaprmir ImpEriaE prs Sciences pe Sr. Prererspoure.
Tatvavali—Pravoda Sitaka, by Chandrakénta Tarkélankaéra.—
THe Avrnor.
A revision of the Zerebratulide and Lingulide, with remarks on
and description of some recent forms, by W. H. Dall.—Tuz Av-
THOR.
La Langue et la Litterature Hindoustanies en 1870, par M.
Garcin de Tassy.—Tue Avruor.
General Report on the Panjab Oil-lands, by B. Smith Lyman,
with 11 plates—Tue Avruor.
Ueber das Réméyana, von A. Weber.—Tue Avrnor.
Journal of a Voyage up the Irrawaddy to Mandalay and Bhamo,
by J. T. Wheeler.—Tue Avruor.
Rahasya Sandarbha, No. 63.—Baznu RasenpraLaLA Mirra.
Annual Report on the Convict Settlement of Port Blair for 1869-
70.—Tue Government or InprA.
Annual Report on the Administration of the Bengal Presidency
for 1869-70.—Report of the Administration of the N. W. Provinces
for 1869-70.—Report of the Administration of the Registration De-
partment in Bengal for 1869-70..—-The Cooch Behar Select Records,
No, II.—Tse Government oF BenGat.
Report on the Meteorology of the Panjab, for 1869.—TuE Go-
VERNMENT OF THE Pansas.
Exchange.
The Athenzeum, for December, 1870.
The Nature, Nos. 62-65,
80 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society.
Purchase.
Reisen in China von Peking zur Mongolischen Grenze, von Dr.
A. Bastian:—F. Bopp’s Vergleichende Grammatik :—The L. E.
D. Philosophical Magazine, No, 270:—Annals and Magazine
of Natural History, No. 37 :—Zenker’s Dictionnaire Ture-Arabe-
Persan, Heft XVII:—Bohtlingk und Roth’ Sanskrit-Worter-
buch, Bogen 51-60,
DPA nen wy
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOR APRIL, 1871.
——<e
The monthly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday the
5th instant at 9 o’clock P, M.
The Hon’ble Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed
Presentations were announced :—
1. From Col. T. C. Hamilton — a large round Gold coin, very
thin, somewhat more than an inch in diameter.
Col. Hamilton writes that he received the coin from Mr. W. H.
Pattisson, District Superintendent in Ramree, who obtained the
same on the island Cheduba. In an account which Mr. Pattisson
published in the Arracan News of 1871 (p. 27) regarding his trip on
Cheduba island, the same officer states to have been informed that the
inscription on the coin is in Cingalese, and that the coin was struck
during the reign of Maha Paramat, king of Ceylon in the year of
religion 446. This would nearly correspond with the year 1086, A. D.
Since the publication of the account, just alluded to, Mr. Pattisson,
however, believes to have ascertained that the inscription is in old
Siamese character.
2. From G. Latham, Esquire — two charts of the Harbour of
Bombay.
8. From Major J. M. Graham —a group of rudely moulded
brass figures, representing “ Lushais’” and their social habits.
The following memorandum accompanied the donation :
“The group was presented by one of the ‘ Lushai’ chiefs of the
tribe of ‘Nuttun Pooea’ to Major Graham, then Deputy Commis-
82 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ APRIL,
sioner of the Hill parts of Chittagong. It consists of a great num-
ber of small brass figures and two trees, arranged on a wooden
block, nearly ten inches square and about 14 inch thick.”
«« Amongst the figures will be found men engaged in acting, which
consists in representations of fights, attacks on, or by, wild beasts,
the proceedings of war parties, &c. Their singing is a low tonoton-
ous, buzzing chant, often accompanied by the music of drums, small
gongs, and of a wind instrument which in appearance, and sound,
strongly resembles the bagpipe. Liquor making, dancing, fishing,
shooting, smoking &c. are also shown.”
“‘ On the trees are figures of birds, and animals, such as the Tou-
can, and the long-armed black ape or ‘ Hooluck.’ ”
“The method of fastening the bison, (Bos Gawrus), which animal
is domesticated by the Lushais, will also be observed.”
‘‘The Bison is kept for the sake of his flesh and, as he represents
a description of Lushai currency, he is much used in barter.
It is also worthy of remark that, while the Lushais will eat al-
most anything under the sun, they will not touch milk, which they
consider to be excrement.”’
4. From Lieut. W. Miller, M. N. I.—an egg of Megapodius
Nicobariensis from Kamorta island and the carapace of a remarkably
shaped Pagurid Crab from one of the small Nicobar islands.
From Capt. J. V. Falle,—a skin of the great Albatross, Diomedea
exulans, Linn., shot off the Cape.
The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last
meeting were balloted for and elected ordinary members ;
Dr. F. N. Macnamara, (re-election),
Oscar Trefftz, Esq.
Capt. A. J. Filgatte, R, E.
Major J. M. Graham.
Col. F. H. Rundall,
T. M. Bourn, Esq.
W. J. Curtoys, Esq.
W. E. Ayrton, Esq.
W. Bourne, Esq., C. E.
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next
meeting :
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 83
Babu Kaliprasanna Ghosha, proposed by Babu Rajendralala
Mitra, seconded by Mr. H. Blochmann.
Capt. B. Rogers, B. St. C., proposed by Mr. J. Wood-Mason,
seconded by Col. H. Hyde.
C. F. Bligh, Esq., proposed by G. Nevill, Esq., seconded by J.
Wood-Mason, Esq.
Ch. Sanderson, Esq., proposed by the Hon’ble J. B. Phear,
seconded by H. H. Locke, Esq.
The following members have intimated their desire to withdraw
from the Society.
Dr. 8. C. Mackenzie.
R. J. Leeds, Esq.
Letters were read—
1. From Mr. St. John — On some North Arracan Celts.
Mr. St. John gives outlines of several celts in his collection. One
large form is from Upper Burma and, in having a short abrupt
shoulder, resembles the Burmese celts described and figured by Mr,
Theobald in the Proceedings of the Society for 1869, p. 181 &c., pls.
iii and iv. Two other celts are from the hills in North Arracan and
are in form and size very similar to those figured in the Proceedings
for 1870, pls. iii and iv. One of them has the lower edge sharpened
from both sides, the other only from one. A fourth outline repre-
sents a long iron hatchet, of the shape of a broad chisel ; it is still
in use by the Arakanese in being simply put through a hole at the
end of a stick of a male bamboo.
2. A letter was also read from Mr. E. C. Bayley, C.S.I., re-
garding a Goldmuhur, struck by Firdz Shah Zufar in A. H. 791.
The coin appears to be unique. A drawing of it will appear in the
philological part of the Journal together with Mr. Bayley’s notes.
The following papers were read— ~-
1. On Inpran anp Matayan TeLruvusipm, by J. Wood-Mason,
Esq. (Abstract. )
The author gave a general sketch of the organisation of Telphusa
indica and noticed its relation to the two other known species of the
genus, 7. Leschenaultii and Guerint. He also referred to the de-
scriptions of 15 new species of which two belong to Milne-Edwards’
84 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Aprin,
subgenus Paratelphusa, occurring in Eastern Bengal, which province
possess a decided Malayan character in its fauna. Some remarks on
the distribution of the various species were also made,
Dr. Stoliczka observed that the results at which Mr. Wood-Mason
arrived regarding the geographical distribution of the Indian land-
crabs are particularly interesting, because they were obtained inde-
pendently of the examination of other groups of animals. This was
chiefly due to Mr. W. T. Blanford in having pointed the distinc-
tions existing between the Indian and Malayan fauna within the
geographical area which we usually designate India. Many of the
details on the subject are given in Mr. Blanford’s paper on the
Central Indian Reptiles, published in last year’s Journal. It is, Dr.
Stoliczka stated, natural enough that Burma, Eastern Bengal,
stretching along the slopes of the Himalayas up to Nepal, should
possess a fauna very closely allied to that of the Malayan peninsula
and the neighbouring islands, but it is difficult to explain how the
same Malayan forms have come into existence on nearly all the
higher ranges of hills in South India, along the Malabar coast, and
even on some perfectly isolated hills, while the intervening part of
the lower country possesses an Indian fauna with a prevalence of
African types. Reliable data regarding the distribution of the
animals, particularly in India, are as yet very scanty, and carefully
drawn up lists of those observed in various districts are much
needed, that we may be able to explain the peculiar phenomenon of
the isolation of the Malayan fauna in some parts of Southern India.
It does not appear improbable that the fauna of India was at
some remote period chiefly, or altogether, Malayan, and that it had
been more or less destroyed in those parts which were affected by
the enormous volcanic eruptions, characterized as the trappean
formation of Central and N. W. India. It must have been some-
where about that time when a communication was established be-
tween India and Africa, and when African forms were enabled to
travel eastwards and attain a firm hold in India. The immigration
from the West must have been considerable, for it seems to have
greatly checked the further development of the Malayan fauna,
which remained preserved only on the more elevated hills, chiefly
_ those consisting of gneissous and other metamorphic rocks. It is also
1871.) Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 85
highly probable that the overflow of the traps produced a great
change in the climate of India, particularly in the less elevated
country, and that this climate was more favorable to the develop-
ment of African than of Malayan forms.
2. On somEoLtp DutTcH RECORDS OF THE SETTLEMENT OF CHINsURA 3
by E. Lethbridge, Esq., M. A.
A short time ago I accidentally discovered that some of the old
records of the Danish settlement of Serampore, or Frederiksnagar,
and some of those of the Dutch settlement of Chinsura, were pre-
served amongst the archives of the Judge’s Court at Hooghly. By
the permission of the Judge of Hooghly, I was allowed to examine
these records; and I expected to open up a rich mine of antiqua-
rian wealth, for Dutch records, at all events the European ones,
are generally considered to be more full and detailed than any
others, except Venetian records. The documents still preserved at
Hooghly are contained ina large almira, and are covered with
the dust of years. As I believe is the case with all the record re-
positories in India, there are absolutely no modern scientific ap-
pliances for the preservation of these papers; and consequently
most of them are worm-eaten and decaying, and many are ina
state of inseparable cohesion. I was somewhat disappointed to
find that most of the Dutch papers which I examined were of only
local importance ; a large number were merely protocoles or re-
gisters of the wills of the old Dutch residents, and hardly any of
them of any general scientific value at all, Fortunately, however,
the records of the Court supplied me with a very good explana-
tion of this fact; I found that in 1853 all the Dutch records
of any historical and scientific value had been handed over
bodily, and without even any proposal to retain copies of them in
this country, by the Government of India, to the Government of the
Netherlands’ India ; and by the latter had been doubtless at once
transferred to the Royal Archives at the Hague. I have been
fortunate enough to discover the list of these documents, made by
the order of Mr. Torrens (the then Judge of Hooghly) at the time
of the transfer ; and a copy of this list I beg to be allowed to sub-
mit to the notice of the Society, (vide Appendix, p. 89).
86 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. { APRIL,
To this list should be added (as is evident from certain remarks of
Mr. Torrens) a complete series of the minutes of the Governors of
Chinsura. Mr. Torrens says“ The latter must undoubtedly, I
think, have been of very considerable historical importance ;” and
I venture to believe that the Society will agree with me that some
of the series described in the accompanying list may probably be
found to be of very high scientific value. The Government of His
Majesty the King of the Netherlands is well known for its liberal
encouragement of science; and it is very probable that, if the So-
ciety should think the matter of sufficient importance to warrant
its being mooted, copies of the more important documents trans-
ferred from Chinsura, might be obtained without much difficulty
from the Record Department at the Hague.
It may be worth while here to add a brief account of the circum-
stances of this transfer—an account which I have gleaned from the
Records of the Judge’s Court at Hooghly. It may be remembered
that, at the time when Chinsura and other Dutch possessions on the
Continent of India were exchanged for the British settlements in
Sumatra, in 1824, a Dutch Officer (named the Fiscal) at Chinsura
was, under the terms of the Treaty, taken into British employ, ap-
parently to protect the interests of former Dutch subjects. Many
of the old Dutch Records were retained in his custody; possibly
all were so retained, but on this point I have not been able to ob-
tain certain information. On the death of this officer in 1852, the
Government of Netherlands’ India expressed a wish ‘to be fur-
nished by an early opportunity with the Dutch Records appertain-
ing to the late office of the Fiscal of Chinsura.’”’ After some cor-
respondence, the Governor-General ordered, on the 31st Dee.
1853, that all records possessing any general historical interest
should be sent to Calcutta to be handed over to the Dutch authori-
ties ; all records having only local importance, and generally all
those in Bengali, being retained in the Judge’s office.
With regard to the contents of the more important records
enumerated in the appended list :—
No. 57 isa book containing a Note of Warren Hastings on the
capture of the Fort and Town of Chinsurain 1781. This may
very possibly prove to be merely a copy of, or an extract from, a
ee
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 87
Record of the Calcutta Foreign Office, which was established in
1783.
No, 42, contains 21 volumes of Journals and Minutes of the
administration from 1773 to 1805; this would in all probability
furnish materials for a fairly complete history of Netherlands’ India
for that period,
No. 12 is a packet containing copies of 5 firmans permitting the
Dutch to trade in the provinces of Oudh, Allahabad, and Agra,
The dates are not given.
No. 8 is a packet containing Badia Rie respecting transfer of
some premises at Dacca from the French authorities to the Dutch
in 1674. This is, I fancy, the earliest mention that we have of
the French being settled in Bengal. Tho India House Records
(calendared by Mr. Bruce) mention the arrival of a French fleet
under Admiral de la Haye, in the Bay of Bengal in 1675; and
Stewart says that the French settled here about 1676.
No. 6 contains two Perwanas under the seal of Vizier Sadoolah
Khan respecting a house at Patna.
No. 4 contains documents respecting the acquisition of land at
Baranagore by the Dutch in 1680,
No. 3 contains copies of grants respecting lands at Pipley and
Balasore, in 1676.
Tn conclusion, I may perhaps be pardoned, if I venture to call the
attention of the Society to a fact which must have frequently at-
tracted the notice of many of its members :-—I mean, the immense
historical value of many of our Mofussil Records (especially those
preserved at places of historical note like Hooghly, Burdwan and
Dacca,) which are yearly crumbling away and becoming lost to
science for ever, through lack of the most ordinary precautions for
securing their preservation, I believe that in no other country in
the world, possessing a civilised Government, is so little care be-
stowed on the preservation of the materials for its history ; and in
no country is there a greater need for such precautions as can be
devised by the skill of the archivist. With regard to accessibility,
our Mofussil Records are practically, for all purposes requiring
extensive research, absolutely closed to the student; for whilst they
are scattered in scores of remote and insecure hiding-places, with-
88 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Aprin,
out indexes or calendars worthy of the name, and in the custody
of record-keepers of no scientific skill and comparatively little» in-
telligence, the search fora single fact would not unfrequently
involve the waste of years, and years of hard labour. Moreover,
he annual destruction of valuable documents that must go on in a
climate, like that of Bengal, must be enormous. A memorandum,
written by the late Mr. Piddington, is noted by Mr. Torrens, (then
Secretary of the Asiatic Society), as a paper of very great value,
and is printed in the Journal of the Society for July 1846. It indi-
cates some of the peculiar dangers to which documents are exposed
in India, owing to the deleterious nature of some of the ingredients
of the ink generally used, and to other causes. The dangers re-
sulting from the dampness of the climate; from the ravages of
white-ants, rats, book-worms, and other vermin ; from decay ; from
mutilation, inflicted either intentionally, or through ignorance or
carelessness ; from fire &c.—all these are sufficiently obvious. It will
be within the recollection of the Society that a valuable collection
of Oriental manuscripts, the property of Government, was recently
damaged by rain; when a circular was issued by the Home De-
partment, ordering that in all annual reports made by officers in
charge of public libraries, museums, or collections, it should be
specially stated whether or not the whole of the property is safe
and in good condition. The present methods adopted in the pre-
servation of all Mofussil Records are of such a nature that it is
impossible that any documents can long remain in good condition.
I believe that it was found, a short time ago, that the Collectorate
Records at Jessore had been so extensively tampered with by in-
terested parties, that the evidence of any of these documents was
held to be almost worthless; and I have heard many district officers
of experience state their belief that a similar state of things exists
in many, if not in most of the Mofussil Record-Offices. It was
stated last week in the Pioneer that the Records of the cutcher-
ry at Ermakulam are at present inaccessible, owing to the
number of the venomous serpents that have taken up their abode
amongst them.
The Records are generally placed in common wooden almiras
fastened by ordinary padlocks, and placed in rooms of more or less
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Scevety. 89
general resort. ‘The insecurity of such custody may perhaps best
be-illustrated by a very brief description of the method of custody
which is found necessary even in England, where the climate is
much less injurious, and the fear of mutilation smaller. As soon
as any sets of Records have been taken into the custody of the Mas-
ter of the Rolls (who is ex-officio head of the English Record De-
partment), they are cleaned, sorted, bound or mended as far as may
be necessary and practicable, and placed in boxes for subsequent
arrangement. Then a catalogue or general descriptive list is
drawn up ; and afterwards the more important documents are in-
dexed, and the most important are ultimately calendared. When
the work of arrangement is complete, they are placed in iron
presses in the room assigned to their class. Every room in the
building is separately fire-proof, being cased with iron and furnish-
ed with an iron-door which is thief-proof. Water can be turned
on at a moment’s notice in any room for the extinction of fire.
Hot-air pipes are placed around every room, so that an equal tem-
perature is preserved throughout the year; and by this means
damp is excluded and rot arrested. Every part of the building
being thus protected by every means that science can devise, the
whole is constantly watched night and day, both by the Depart-
ment (an Officer and an office-keeper being resident in an adjacent
house) and by the Police ; a police patrol is on duty throughout
the night in the building. The perfect accessibility of all records is
also well provided for.
Appendix.
List of Dutch Records likely to be of any historical value.
No. 1. 1 packet of papers or documents of Dutch Government,
during the administration of C. Van Citter, Governor of Chinsura,
dated the 29th April, 1795.
2. 1 packet of papers, dated the Sth July, 1771, in Dutch and
Persian respecting the right of the Dutch Authorities at Peply in
some parcels of ground at Balasore.
3. 1 packet of original documents in Persian, and copies of
grants relating to the Peply Factory at Balasore, dated in 1084,
Hidgree,
90 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Aprin,
4, 1 packet containing documents in Persian respecting transfer
of some land in Buranagore, by one Ramepur Mozoomdar to the
Dutch authorities in 1088, Hidgree.
5. 1 packet containing documents in Persian respecting the pur-
chase of a parcel of ground, Cassimbazar, dated 19th January, 1750.
6. 1 packet containing documents in Persian respecting the
purchase of two houses at Patna, and copies of two Purwanahs
with seal of Vizeer Sadoollah Khan, awarding possession of the
houses to a Dutch General, (no name mentioned).
7. 1 packet containing document in Persian, respecting the
proprietory title of a house at Dacca, which formerly belonged to
one Mehdee Alli Khan (date and year not mentioned).
8. 1 packet containing documents, dated the 25th September,
1674, in Dutch and Persian, relative to the making over garden
land with premises at Dacca, by the French Authorities.
9. 1 packet containing documents in Persian, and Bengalee,
respecting purchase of some land in Beestoopore, zillah Moorshe-
dabad, dated the 28rd December, 1772,
10. 1 packet containing documents in Dutch, Bengalee and Per-
sian, respecting transfer of a water-course at Kalkapore to the
Dutch Government. é
11. 1 packet containing a deed of sale and a pottah in Persian
and Bergalee, of a certain quantity of land at Cassimbazar, granted
to Mr. T. M. Ross on the 21st instant, 1181, B. 8.
12. 1 packet containing copies of 5 Firmans permitting the
Dutch to trade in the provinces of Oude, Allahabad, and Agra,
dated 1st February.
13. 1 packet containing documents respecting a house at Bala-
sore.
14. 4 Prothocoles in Dutch, marked A, B, D and E respective to
Patna and Cassimbazar from 1768 to 1785.
15. 1 Prothocole in Dutch, during the incumbency of W. F.
Van Citters from 1817 to 1818.
16. 2 ditto in Dutch of the Resident for 1823 and 1824.
17. 1 Diary in Dutch from 1818 to 1823.
18. 1 Order book in Dutch from 1820 to 1822,
19. 1 Account-current book in Dutch, 1793-4.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 91
20. 1 Journal book in Dutch, 1793-4.
21. 1 packet containing in Dutch rules for prosecuting actions
in Europe Courts.
22. 1 Book of certificates in English regarding sale of Japan
Copper, &c., commencing from 28th August 1818 to 7th Feb. 1820,
23. 1 Register of certificates in Dutch and English respecting
purchase of a ship and other property by a Dutch gentleman
named L. Christianson on the 7th January, 1822.
24. 1 Batavia, account-current book in Dutch for 1794-5.
25. 1 Ditto ditto ditto ditto.
26. 1 Ditto ditto ditto ditto.
27. 1 Ditto ditto ditto ditto.
28. 1Amsterdam ditto ditto ditto.
29. 1 Ditto ditto ditto ditto.
80. 1 Register of Pensioners in Dutch.
31. 1 Regulations respecting Batavia in Dutch for 1819.
32. Register of Minutes respecting Bataviain Dutch from 1820
to 1825.
83. 1 Book containing orders for the Police in Dutch for 1817.
84. 1 Widow Fund Regulation Book in Dutch for 1817.
35. 1 Military Widow Fund Book in Dutch for 1817,
36. 1 Ditto ditto ditto for 1822.
37. 1 Civil Widow Fund Book in Dutch for 1820.
88. 1 Ditto ditto ditto for 1822.
.89. 1 Book containing receipts in English of Despatches ad-
dressed to the Governor-General of Balavi.
40. 1 Instruction Book in Dutch (date and year not mentioned).
41. 21 Principal Ledgers in Dutch from 1773 to 1806.
42. 21 Journals and Minutes in Dutch from 1773 to 1805,
43. 8 Orphan Account Books in Dutch from 1818 to 1825.
44. 12 Books containing letters received and copies of letters
sent in Dutch from 1775 to 1821.
45. 7 Books containing orders respecting Batavia in Dutch,
1718-19 to 1825,
46. 4 Sequestratic or Account Books in Dutch from 1789 to
1814,
47. 8 Gastors or expense books in Dutch from 1799 to 1814.
92 Proceedings of the Asiatic Soerety. [Aprit,
48. 38 Regulation Books in Dutch from 1750 to 1766,
49. 2 Books containing statute for Batavia in Dutch from 1664
to 1669.
50. 1 Chinsura Police Regulation Book in Dutch for 1761.
51. 1 Memorial of the Residents of Chinsura, in Dutch, from
1819 to 1822.
52. 1 Book containing Proceedings in English and Dutch of the
Dutch Court at Chinsura from 1815 to 1817.
53. 1 Memoir Book in Dutch.
54. 8 Books containing copies of letters in Dutch on various
subjects.
55. 2 General Muster Rolls in Dutch shewing the names of
officers appointed by the Dutch Government of Chinsura. .
56. Correspondence on various subjects in Dutch and English
between the Dutch authorities and English Commissioners.
57. One Book containing extract from the Proceedings of the
Hon’ble Warren Hastings, Governor-General, relative to the cap-
ture of the Fort and Town of Chinsura, 1781.
58. 1 Book containing letters and receipts in Dutch from 1797
to 1798.
59. 2 Books containing letters of Colonel Van Citters in Dutch.
60. 2 Books containing copies of correspondence between the
Dutch Governors of Chinsura and Batavia from 1792 to 1795.
61. 2 Registers of letters in Dutch and English of the 2nd
Resident on various subjects, 1817.
62. 6 Various account Books in Dutch.
63. 20 Registers of letters in Dutch on various subjects.
64. 1 Batavia account-current book in Dutch.
65. 38 Account Books in Dutch from 1817 to 1821,
66. 1 Register of letters and accounts in Dutch and English
relative to the old Church at Chinsura.
8. ON A QUANTITATIVE METHOD OF TESTING A ‘ TELEGRAPH
Eartu,”’ by W. E. Ayrton, Esq. (Abstract.)
The method used up to the present time for testing a telegraph
earth has been qualitative only. As, however, the electrical condi-
tion of every ‘‘earth” is of great practical importance, it is
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 93
necessary that some accurate quantitative method should be devised,
in order that every telegraph office may ascertain whether the
resistance of their earth is higher or lower than the maximum
resistance allowed. The principal difficulty met with is that, if
the resistance between two earths be measured successively with
positive and negative currents, the same result is not obtained.
Consequently the ordinary law for a Wheatstone’s Bridge, or
Differential Galvanometer, would not hold true. This difficulty,
however, has been overcome in this paper, and formule are devel-
loped suitable for a Wheatstone’s Bridge, a Differential Galvanome-
ter, or simply for a Galvanometer of which the law of the deflec-
tions is known.
The details of some experiments are also given, and a particular
instance is mentioned in which a much better ‘‘ earth” was obtain-
ed by burying the plate in the upper stratum of soil than by bury-
ing it much deeper, on account of a bed of sandstone that existed
at about fifteen feet below the surface.
Mr. Ayrton’s paper will be printed in full in the natural history
part of the Journal.
The following paper was received :
Notes on the Country of Braj, by F. 8. Growse, Esq., M. A.,
my O. 8,
This paper will be published in the first number of the philolo-
gical part of the Journal which will appear shortly.
Liprary.
The following additions have been made to the library since the
meeting held in March last.
Presentations.
*,.* Names of Donors in Capitals.
Monatsbericht der Kéniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wis-
senschaften zu Berlin, December 1870 :—AxKapEMIE DER WISSEN-
SCHAFTEN zu BERLIN.
Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Home
Department, No. LXXVII; Papers relating to the Nicobar Islands :
—Govt. of India, Home Dept.
94 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ AprIL,
Rahasya Sandarbha, Vol. 6, No. 64:—Banu RasenpRALALA
Mirra.
Ramayana, Vol, II, No. 6, edited by Hemachandra Bhatta-
charya:—Tue Eprror.
Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. IV, part I:—
THe GzEoLocicAL Survey oF Inp1a.
Report on the Revenue Survey operations of the Lower Provin-
ces, for 1869-70 :—General Report of the Revenue Survey opera-
tions of the Bengal Presidency upper circle, 1869-70 :—THE Sur-
VEYOR GENERAL oF INDIA.
General Report on the operations of the Great Trigonometrical
Survey of India, 1869-70 :—SuprERInTENDENT oF THE G. T. SurR-
VEY oF InpiA.
Report on the Revenue Survey operations in British Burma,
1869-70 :--Selections from the Records of the Government of India,
Home Department, No. LX XII :—Selections from the Records of
the Bengal Government, P. W. D. No. I:—Report on the Admini-
stration of the Salt Department 1869-70 :—Palzontologia Indica,
Vol. III, Nos. 1-8:—THe GovERNMENT oF BENGAL,
Flora Sylvatica, by Major R. H. Beddome, part VI :—Sanitary
and Medical report on the settlement of Port Blair, Andamans,
for 1869:—THE GovERNMENT oF InprA.
Purchases.
Grimm’s Deutsches Worterbuch, Band XV. Lieferung 10 :—
The Calcutta Review, April 1871 :—Hewitson’s Exotic Butterflies,
part 77 ;—The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, No. 38:
—The American Journal of Science, January 1871:—The L. E,
and D. Philosophical Magazine, No. 271:—The Ibis, January,
1871 :—Conchologia Indica, part 2.
Errata in the March and April numbers of the Proceedings.
On p. 56 line 14 from above read A. P. Howell, Esq. for M. S. Howell, Esq.
- i oe » 5 Capt. A. J. Filgate, ,, Capt. A.J. Filgatte.
ee = , T. M. Bourne, Esq. ,, T. M. Bourn, Esq.
Pee Ba, a2 5 » 2 ditto ys ditto
Per 4 -,, 2 » 7m 53 possesses y possess
. > aaa , » It was », This was
94 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Aprit,
Rahasya Sandarbha, Vol. 6, No. 64:—Banu RasEenDRALALA
Mirra.
Ramayana, Vol. II, No. 6, edited by Hemachandra Bhatta-
chérya :—TueE Eprror.
Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. IV, part I:—
Tue GroLocicAL Survey or Inp1a.
Report on the Revenue Survey operations of the Lower Provin-
ces, for 1869-70 :—General Report of the Revenue Survey opera-
tions of the Bengal Presidency upper circle, 1869-70 :—TuE Sur-
VEYOR GENERAL oF INDIA.
General Report on the operations of the Great Trigonometrical
OA -— AL TAAIA «61980 9N-__AnorornnennentT ar tHE G TT. Sre-
and D. Philosophical Magazine, No. 271:—The Ibis, January,
1871 :—Conchologia Indica, part 2.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FoR May, 1871.
-—_@—
The monthly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday,
the 3rd instant at 9 Pp. M.
The Hon. Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The receipt of the following presentations was announced :—
1. From T. R. Lewis, Esq., M. B.—a copy of a Report on the
Microscopic Objects found in Cholera Evacuations, &e.
2. From E. Blyth, Esq.,—several copies of a Note on the contro-
versy between Mr. W. Theobald and Dr. Gray.
Mr. Blyth records his belief that the skull of Zestudo Phayrei,
which was transferred from Dr. Falconer’s collection to the British
Museum, belongs to a specimen of the same tortoise in the Society’s
collection ; it was originally sent to the Calcutta Museum by Sir
A. J. Phayre from Arracan. The fact was first noticed by Mr. W.
Theobald, but its correctness was disputed by Dr. J. E. Gray in one
of the late numbers of the Athenzeum.
3. From S. E. Peal, Esq.,—a few notes on the cultivation and
manufacture of Tea.
4. From Akshayacumdra Datta,—a copy of The Religious
Sects of the Hindus.
5. From His Highness Thakura Giriprasada Sinha, Raja of
Besma, Allyghur, — a copy of Vedarthapradipa, Commentary of
White Yajur Veda, Fasc. I, in Braj Bhasha.
6. From W. H. Dall, Esq., through Rev. H. Dall,—A Preli-
minary Sketch of a natural arrangemeat of the Order Docoglossa,
96 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [May,
(Extract from the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural
History) ; and Note on transversely striated muscular fibre among
the Gastropoda, (from the American Journal of Science and Arts,
Vol. I, February 1871).
7. From Rey. H. Gundert,—a copy of prospectus of a Malaya-
lam and English Dictionary.
8. From Babu Rajendralala Mitra—a dried specimen of a new
species of Seincus. (For a description of the species see p. 115).
This specimen was obtained by Babu R. Mitra from a Kash-
mir merchant, who stated that he brought the same from Arabia.
The lizard is largely used medicinally in various diseases, and is
particularly highly valued as an aphrodisiac by the Muhammadans.
Ht is commonly known under the names of regmahé, or the sandfish,
regzadah, or the descendant of sand, and sugungir, which word is
said to be of Greek origin. Scincs, and also the common green
European lizards, had been formerly largely used by medieval
European physicians, who attributed to them most wonderful
medicinal virtues in all kind of diseases.
In India the scinc is taken in the form of a paste mixed with
saffron, cardamum and other spices, or in the form of a powder
with beetle leaf, but it is never prescribed by Hindu physicians.
The following gentlemen were elected ordinary members :—
A. P. Howell, Esq.
Babu Kaliprasanna Ghosha.
Capt. B. Rogers, B. 8. C.
C. F. Bligh, Esq.
Ch. Sanderson, Esq.
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next
meeting :—
Capt. C. Stewart Pratt, Adjt. 34, N. I., Morar, proposed by Mr.
Wood-Mason, seconded by Col. H. Hyde.
Moulavi Habiburrahman, proposed by Mr. Blochmann, second-
ed by Babu Rajendralala Mitra.
J. W. Alexander, Esq., proposed by Dr. T. Oldham, a by
Dr. F. Stoliczka.
_ Babu Gangaprasad Sinha, proposed by Mr. H, Blochmann,
seconded by Maulavi Kabiruddin.
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 97
Bibu Ramakrishna Dasa, proposed by Mr, H. Blochmann,
seconded by Moulavi Kabiruddin.
The President reported that the Council had elected Dr. F.
Stoliczka as a Trustee of the Indian Museum, on behalf of the So-
ciety, in place of Dr. 8. B. Partridge who has resigned his trustee-
ship on leaving India.
The President also communicated a proposition of the Council
that Ch. Darwin, Esq., be elected an honorary member of the
Society.
The President said that according to the provisions of Rule 6 of
the Bye-laws of the Society, the Council should, in the case of a pro-
position for the election of an honorary member, state the grounds
on which the recommendation is based.
In the present case, the President thought it would scarcely be
necessary to say anything more in support of the proposition of
the Council, than to recall the very great influence which the works
of the author of the ‘ Origin of species,’ ‘ Animals and plants under
domestication’ and the ‘ Descent of Man’ had upon the study of
natural history in every one of its branches. Few can claim such
a thoroughly philosophical treatment of natural history, as Ch.
Darwin, who is justly styled the naturalist of the day.
The ballot will take place at the next meeting of the Society.
The following letters were read :—
1. From Major Stubbs—on a Muhammadan coin.
Mr. Blochmann said :—The coin of which Major Stubbs has sent
a rubbing, is a most curious one. It was struck in A. H. 1202,
(A. D., 1788) by Muhammad Bedar Bakht, whom the notorious
Ghulim Qadir, on the 22nd Shawwé4l, 1202 (26th July, 1788)
placed upon the throne of Dihli. The reign of this puppet
king, who was a son of Ahmad Shah, was of short duration.
When he was first brought forward, Shah ’Alam (II) was still
upon the throne. Ghulim Qadir, sword in hand, made him
descend, and sent him to his apartments, and three days later made
the new emperor inflict corporal punishment upon his venerable
predecessor. He used to lounge on the throne, side by side
with Bedir Bakht,} whom he covered with abuse and ridicule,
98 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ May,
as he smoked the hugqah into his face ; and on the 12th day after
the accession, he destroyed the same throne for the plating which
still adhered to it. On the 7th September, 1788, Ghulam Qadiy
left Dilhi, sending Bedar Bakht before him, and threw himself in-
to the fort of Mirat. On the 21st December, he was attacked by
the Mahrattas under Rana Khan and De Boigne, and distrustful of
his Pathans, he escaped the next day, when he was caught and sent
a prisoner to Sindiah. Bedaér Bakht was carried to Dihli, where he
was confined and ultimately slain.*
A drawing of the coin will be published in the Journal.
2. From Babu Rashbih4ri Bose,—dated Banka, 8th April, 1871,—
“T have at last seen the Hindu work on Kharakpur, which I
have repeatedly mentioned to you, but instead of being a History
of Kharakpur, as I had expected it to be, it is unfortunately filled
with descriptions of the beauty of six hundred Ranis of one of
the Rajahs of Kharakptr. The only thing interesting in it is the
line of succession it gives of the Rajahs, which is as follows :—
1. Sangram Shah.
2. ta Mall.
38. ate Singh.
4, Tahawwur Singh.
5. Kaigobéa.
6. owe
re wisi ’Ali.
Tt is this last Rajah who owned 600 Ranis. The author of the
work is one Brahmo Dutt Chobay, a native of Ch’hetar (in my Sub-
Division), who wrote in Falgoon, 1807, Sambat, when the Rajah
was living. From the work it would appear that the Kharakpur
Rajahs trace their descent from the Solar race of the Kendowar
caste.
It is plain from the above table that Toral Mall is identical with
the Rajah whom the Muhammadan Historians call Roz-afatin, so
named after his conversion to Islam. According to popular le-
* Vide Keene’s Mogul Empire, pp. 172 to 183,
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 99
gends, as mentioned in my account of Kharakpitir, it was this
prince who carried on a hopeless war with the Muhammadans, and
being subsequently conveyed as a prisoner to Dihli, and converted
to Islam, had to marry a daughter or a relative of the emperor,
who thereupon granted him several large pergunnahs as jagir by
way of dowry. All the incidents related by me of this prince, such
as his dreams, his flight, his refuge in Musakhol, his subsequent
captivity, conversion and marriage, the suicide of his wife over a
burning pile, and of his five daughters in the cataract of Panch-
‘kumar, seem to agree with what is related of him in Muhammadan
Histories. But it would appear that nearly all this happened
during his father’s lifetime, and that he took a prominent part in
his father’s wars,—unless we suppose that, after his father’s death,
he contrived to make his escape from Dihli, and carry on a war
with his father’s enemies from 1606 to 1615, when he was made a
prisoner and converted to Islam.
It is worthy of notice that Toral Mall’s father was called San-
gram Shah (from Sangrém meaning battle), and not Singram, as
the Muhammadan Historians seem to call him. Khorgo Singh
from whom some would like to derive the name of Kharakpur,
was brother to Sangram Singh.
I am now in a position to reply to the queries contained in your
letter of the 10th December last.
1. Mahda is a place about 6 miles north from Kharakpir. It
is called Mahda, or Mahd& Chak. I have not been able to ascer-
tain whether there are remains of a fort at that place.
2. There are two places named after Rajah Bihriz. One of
these is in pargannah Shikarébada, about 4 miles north-east of
Kharakpir. Another is 6 miles south from Kharakptir,—near
a place called Dadri, famous in the legend of Dobay Bhyrum, a
deified Brahman Astrologer who figures conspicuously in the his-
tory of the Khetauri Rajahs,—a legend which, together with sever-
al ballads relating to some other deified personages, I intend to
send to the Asiatic Society.
There are several other places in Kharakpir named after the
successive Rijahs of the place. For instance, there is Muzaffar-
gan) from Muzaffar ’Ali, Faiz ’Aliganj from Faiz ’Ali, Qadir-
100 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ May,
ganj from Qadir ’Ali, Afzinganj from Afzin, and Iqbdlganj
from Iqbal ’Ali.
3. There are at present no Rajahs of Kharakpur in the dis-
trict, all their estates including the jagirs granted by the em-
peror having been sold a few years ago by Mr. Latour by public
auction, which led to long and harassing litigation. There are
some illegitimate children of the last Rajah still surviving. I may
as well mention here the remaining Rajahs of Kharakpur subse-
quent to the table given above. Faiz ’Ali succeeded Muzaffar
’Ali, and was succeeded by Qadir ’Ali, who was succeeded in his
turn by Iqbal ’Ali, who again was succeeded by Rahmat ’Ali,
with whom the line became extinct.’’
The following papers were read :—
I.—Sryze or press in Ancient Inp14, by Babu Rajendralala
Mitra,—(Abstract.)
Buchanan Hamilton, in his ‘“ Eastern India,” first started the
opinion that the ancient Hindus knew not the art of preparing
needle-made dresses ; and it has since been adopted by Dr. Forbes
Watson, Mrs. Manning, Dr. John Muir and others. The pre-
mises, however, on which this opinion is founded, appear to be
untenable. Mention is made of the needle and sewing in the Rig
Veda, which dates from twelve centuries before the Christian era
according to the lowest computation, and.the existence of those
words in the language cannot be accounted for, except on the sup-
position that the people who used them knew and had what they
meant. Itis also argued that it is very unlikely, that the heroes of
the Vedic age, who were able to forge, and were in the habit of
using, armour and mail coats, never came to the idea of fashioning
their clothes into made dresses, References are likewise made to
the Raméyana, the Mahabharata and other ancient Sanskrit works to
show that they allude to dresses which could not have been other
than needle-made and shaped. The most overwhelming proofs on
the subject are, however, met with in sculptures. Though the bulk
of the human figures at Sanchi, Amaravati and Orissa are nudes or
semi-nudes, still there are some which bear unmistakeable evidence
of the antiquity of Indian made dresses. Among the Sénchi bas-
reliefs there are several figures dressed in tunics which could never
ery
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 101
have been fashioned without the aid of needles ; those of the two
archers, one of them the Buddhist King, Piliyuk of Benares, figured
in Mr. Fergusson’s ‘Tree and Serpent Worship,’ (plate xxxvi)
are particularly remarkable, inasmuch as the chapkans there shown
are peculiarly Hindu, and the like of them has nowhere else
been seen. On a Buddhist rail-post from Buddha Gayd4 which
probably dates from a time earlier than the Sanchi rail, and
which is now preserved in the Indian Museum, there are two
figures fully dressed from the neck to the middle of the lege
in a garment which appears strongly like the yamd of the present
day. At Amaravati, there are also several figures dressed in
tunics which owe their shape to the tailor’s art. (Vide Fergusson’s
plates Ixvi, lxxxiv), The Orissan sculptures offer even more
positive proofs. In the Queen’s palace (Rani Nour), among the
rock-rut caves of Khandagiri there is a statue 4’—6” in height, cut
out of the solid rock, which is dressed in a close fitting chapkan,
with the skirts hanging down four inches below the knee, and
having sleeves down to the wrist. Over the chapkan there is a
- haubert or coat of chain mail, the sleeves of which reach the elbow.
A light scarf is wrapped round the waist, and its ends hang on the
sides, holding on the left side a short sword. The head is partially
mutilated, but there are traces on it of a twisted turban. The legs
and the feet are enclosed in thick high boots or buskins. The age
of the figure is supposed to be the third century before Christ,
and the existence of chapkan, chain mail and boots at the time, it
is believed, must be accepted as the most conclusive evidence on
the subject. The dress differs so entirely from the chiton, the
chlamys, the himation, and such other vestments as the soldiers
of Alexander brought to India, that they cannot be accepted as
Indian modifications of the Grecian dress, even if it were possible,
which it is not, to suppose that such a foreign dress would at once
be imitated in stone many hundreds of miles away from the place
where it was exhibited in India, The dress reappears on some of
the Amardavati bas-reliefs. Among the sculptures on the temples of
Bhuyanesvara there are representations of coats, kilts, boddices,
ghagra, payajima, and other articles of needle-made dress, some of
them on gods and goddesses, and they cannot but be accepted as
102 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ May,
indigenous. Among the Ajanta frescoes there are also traces of
flowing dresses with sleeves, and they all tend to show that
the Hindus knew, and did use, made dresses long before the advent
of the Muhammadans in India.
In reply to the remark of Capt. Meadows Taylor, in which he
says that the Hindus had no tailors among them, and that there is
no word in their language for tailors, it is shown that in the
Vocabulary of Amara Sinha, which dates from before the Christian
era, there are two words for tailors, one, tunnavaya, applying to
darning, and the other, sauchika, to general tailoring : the derivation
of the last word is given in Panini’s rules. The profession of the
latter was of sufficient importance to necessitate the establishment
of a separate tribe, and a mixed class, the lawful issue of Vaisyas
by Sudra women, was, according to the ancient law-book of Usanas,
destined to live by it, and bear the distinctive title of needle-men,
suchika.
Sanskrit words are next quoted to show the names which vari-
ous kinds of made dresses bore in ancient times ; the most remark-
able of these being kanchuka, kanchulika, kurpasa, angika, cholaka,
chola, nivi, §c. The first indicated the modern jdmd, and warders,
guards, and the personal attendants of kings generally dressed
themselves in it. Kings, princes, chiefs and warriors, when they
did not put on chain mail, wore a tunic, something closely like a
chapkan. While ordinary people contented themselves with the
simple dhuti and chadar, not unoften supplemented by a turban,
Among women, the boddice was in general use, the body clothes
consisting of either a sdri or a ghagra; the former predominating,
When respectable women went out of their houses, they generally
wrapped themselves in a chudder thrown over their ordinary dress.
Sculptures, however, do not, in all cases, support the above deduc-
tions, and nudity is the prevailing character of the bas-reliefs of
Sanchi, Amaravati, and Orissa, The question is, therefore, raised as to
how far those sculptures may be taken as evidences on the subject.
On the one hand, it is difficult to reject the testimony of authentic
graven stones ; on the other, the ancient records of the Hindus and the
Buddhists, equally authentic, are in direct conflict withthem, The
former represent queens, princesses and ladies of rank in perfect
1871, ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 103
deshabille ; while the latter insist upon decency, modesty and covering
of the person as of the utmost importance. Looking, however, to the
facts that in many instances clothing is represented on females, but
not to cover their modesty ; men and even children are clothed, but
wives and mothers are left without any covering ; horses are covered
with housings, but female beholders of the highest rank, standing in
the verandas of two-storied houses and decked with a profusion of
rich jewels, are made to content themselves with the raiment of the
atmosphere ; it is concluded that the prevailing character of the bas-
reliefs and statues of Sanchi and Amardvati is due, not so much
to ethnic or social causes as, to the exigencies of art. No doubt the
scantily clad Tamulian aboriginal races formed the great bulk of
Buddhist congregations, and were more freely and plentifully repre-
sented on the monuments of their co-religionists than the Aryans,
but their presence alone does not suffice to account for all the pecu-
liarities noticed. It is supposed, therefore, that a conventional rule
of art, such as has made the sculptors of Europe prefer the nude to
the draped figure; or a prevailing desire to display the female contour
in all its attractiveness; or the unskilfulness of early art; or the
difficulty of chiseling drapery on such coarse materials as were
ordinarily accessible in this country ; or a combination of some, or
all, those causes exercised a more potent influence on the action of
the Indian artist than ethnic or social peculiarities in developing
the human form in stone. There was likewise, it is to be pre-
sumed, a longing for variety, and a pruriency of imagination and
design, which made the males appear in dresses of diverse kinds
and the females in a state of nature. At Bhuvanes/vara a religious
sentiment, that of veneration for the creative energy or phallic
worship, was evidently also brought to bear upon art, and to
produce an effect highly offensive to good taste. But whether so or
not, it would, the author of the paper is of opinion, be as effectual
to draw our conclusions regarding the costumes of the ancient In-
dians solely and exclusively from the sculptures they have left
behind them, as it would be for the New-Zealander of Macaulay
to do the same with reference to the Europeans of the 19th cen-
tury from the collection of modern statuary in the Crystal Palace
at Kensington or the Louvre.
104 Proceedings of the Asiatic Soctety. [ May,
T.—A History or tuz Garx’nars, by J. G. Delmerick, Esq.,
Rawul Pindee.
(Abstract.)
Mr. Blochmann read extracts from the paper, which is to be pub-
lished in the forthcoming number of Part I, of the Journal, for
1871. He said—'The historical notes collected by Mr. Delmerick
are most interesting, and comprise nearly every notice of the tribe
found in the Muhammadan Historians of India. Mr, Delmerick
mentions above forty chiefs who ruled over the tribe from the
time of Mahmitd Ghazni till our age. The present chief, Karam
Dad Khan, receives from the Government a small pension as a sort
of compensation for the losses suffered by his family during the
Sikh Rule. For the early history of the tribe, the author has used
traditional information obtained by him on the spot, and there is
no doubt that the principal facts are reliable. The Akbarnamah
places the final settlement of the Gakk’hars in the Rawul Pindi
District somewhat later than local traditions,
Mr. Blochmann also mentioned that among the historical MSS.
of the Society, there was a short history of Gakk’hars, presented
some time ago by Major Pearse, who, on various occasions had con-
tributed to the collections of the Society. There was a note on the
fly-leaf of the MS. by the donor, according to which the work is
“an extract from a larger work found at Rohtds.” Mr, Del-
merick, to whom the book had been sent, says regarding it—
“‘T consider it an original production from the brain of Donee
Chand, the grandfather of Réizideh Ratan Chand of Goliana, zillah
Rawul Pindi, the head of the ancient Qintingo family, I had
already seen a copy of it. I believe the few historical facts contained
in it have been scraped together from various histories, and chiefly
from the legends or tales related by the bhdts of the country, par-
ticularly from the family bhét of the Gakk’hars, at Kwi, zillah
Rawul Pindi. The work was compiled by order of Major James
Abbott, Deputy Commissioner of Hazara, and as Major Pearse was
an Assistant Commissioner there for some time, he must have pro-
cured a copy of it from the Deputy Commissioner. It is perfectly
worthless.”
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Socvety. 105
Mr. Lethbridge observed that, with regard to the occupation of
Tibet by the Gakk’hars, it may be interesting to note the similarity
between certain forms of the names of the chief towns of the
Gakk’hars (which are properly Dangili and Pharwala), and of those
of Tibet, which are Lassa and Putala. De Laét, writing in 1631,
speaks of ‘‘ Kakares, whose chief towns are Dankaler and Purhola, a
very broad and mountainous region, divided from Tartary by the
ridges of the Caucasus.’ Mandelsloe calls the district ‘ Kakires,
with the chief towns Dankalen and Binsola.”’ Rennell tells us,
that the Tibetan capitals are sometimes called Baronthala and
Putala, and sometimes Zonker and Putala.
ITI.—On some new sprcres oF MALAYAN BATS FROM THE COLLECTION
or Dr. Sroriczxa,—by G. E. Doxsson, B. A., M. B., Assistant
Surgeon H. M.’s British Forces.
Mr. Dobson said—I have the pleasure of bringing to the notice of
the members of the Society four new species of Malayan bats
from the collection of Dr. Stoliczka who, knowing what an interest
I take in this order of Mammals, kindly placed at my disposal, for
examination and description, the specimens collected by him at
Penang, Moulmein, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands. Of these
new species two belong to the frugivorous and two to the insec-
tivorous divisions of bats, and represent four genera namely Cynep-
terus, Macroglossus, Phyllorhina, and Asellia. For these species 1
propose the following names :—
1. Cynopterus brachysoma,
2. Macroglossus speleus.
8. Phyllorhina Nicobarensis,
4. <Asellia Stoliczkana..
As full descriptions of these bats will be published with illustra-
tions, in the natural history part of the Journal, the following short
diagnoses of the species will suffice for the present :—
1. Cy. brachysema, Dobson.
Head, broad, triangular ; body very short ; tail short and slen-
der; fur bicoloured, slatey-blue with a greyish or silvery tinge ;
tips of the hairs sooty-brown.
106 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ May,
Length : head and body 2’.9; head 1’.25 ; forearm 2”.2 ; 2nd
finger 4”.0.
2. MM. speleus, Dobson.
Head long ; muzzle narrow, pointed ; tongue very long; index
finger without a claw ; a prominent, subcutaneous gland on each
side of the anal opening ; fur short, dark-brown.
Length : head and body 4”.2; tail 0’.45; head 1”.55 ; forearm
2”.75 ; 2nd finger 4”.6.
3. Phyllorhina Nicobarensis, Dobson.
Head long ; muzzle obtuse ; nose-leaf with three small points on
its anterior margin, the transverse portion erect, forming an are of
a circle, rolled back on itself and overhanging the concave base
which is divided into two cells by a single longitudinal fold. Wing
membranes attached to base of metacarpal bone of outer toe.
Length : head and body 8”.0 ; tail 1”.7 ; forearm 2”.5 ; tibia 1”.0. -
4, Asellia Stoliczkana, Dobson.
Fars acutely pointed, outer edge doubly emarginate immediate-
ly below the tip ; nose-leaf large, transverse portion erect, upper
part of crest tri-acuminate, in form like an isosceles triangle with
an obtuse vertical angle, having its apex divided into three points
by two narrow incisions, perpendicular to the base. Fur pure
white, with purplish-brown tips, beneath dirty-white.
Length: head and body, 1”.6; tail 0”.6; forearm 1”.52; 2nd
finger 2”.6.
The discovery of the new species of Macroglossus leads to the
necessity of an important change in the classification of the Ptero-
pine bats, as proposed by Dr. Peters of Berlin.
Dr. Peters has devoted, perhaps, more attention to the examina-
tion of this interesting order than any other living naturalist, and
his generalisations have, accordingly, been, I believe, very exten-
sively accepted. In the Vol. of the monthly Proceedings of the
Berlin Academy for the year 1867, page 865, he arranges the genera
of the Pteropine bats (with the exception of Pteropus, of which he
enumerates the species in a former paper in the same volume)—
thus :—
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 107
A. Index finger with a claw.
. 32 1 1 28
2. Cynonycterus, D. aad hh 1a ee BB:
Oe Cay Sis eae
3. Cynopterus, — D. ea ee Bs
; tee a. 2 28 + 4s
_— — — — — cauda distincta,.
3a, Ptenochirus, D. 5 bs BX) hoa
ee Po 4 ERS
. Megaer ba eles =) =, -eauda nulla,
4 egaerops, D tds Siem” alias ane ©
5. Harpyia Ke Ss se
Pyra, MIS oye. te 88
Geetnomophorus. D. 2 1 4 1 2
A alae me ORO Eg) Bega
6a. Hypsignathus, D.
7. Macroglossus, D.22 41 4 1 38
~ rs Pe Par ae 2
B. Index finger without a claw.
meena, Dp. t. 2 i
Cie ay Oe Gan
morgiers, 60D. 22))2) cb 2
MS Do ITs 5) 8.2
It will be thus seen that the genus Macroglossus, according to
Prof. Peters, comes under the head of the first division, or those
bats provided with a claw on the index finger, and this generalisa-
tion was perfect so long as IL. minimus, remained the type of the
genus, but the above noticed new species, of which two spirit
specimens are before you, has not the slightest trace of a claw on
the index finger. That this is a true Mucroglossus is sufficiently
evident, if the form of the head, and the number, character, and
arrangement of the teeth be compared with the same parts in JL.
minimus, the points of difference consisting in the possession or ab-
sence of a claw on the index finger, the place of attachment of the
wing membrane to the foot, and the comparative length of the tail.
These differences would, perhaps, warrant the formation of a new
sub-genus for the reception of this species, which, however, I
hesitate to do till the discovery of other species requires it.
The differences referred to would, no doubt, be of great import-
ance in separating the species and placing them in different gene-
ra, were there associated with them correspondingly important
differences in the form of the head, and the character, number and
108 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ May,
arrangement of the teeth. But when we come to examine and com-
pare these parts in the specimens of the two species, we are at
once struck by the almost complete similarity of the specimens in
these respects, the relative importance of which it is unnecessary to
dwell upon.
Therefore that part of Prof, Peters’s classification which depends
on the presence or absence of a claw on the index finger must be
abandoned, and some other generalisation, based on a more con-
stant and important character, substituted, but I have not yet
examiued a sufficient number of species to enable me to indicate
this character.
Among the bats obtained by Dr. Stoliczka at the Nicobars three
specimens of Miniopteris Australis, Tomes, occur. Mr. Tomes in
describing this species* says ‘‘the name under which I have de-
scribed this species was given under the impression that it was
exclusively a native of Australia. It was not until after I had
arranged and named the specimens in the British Museum and in
some other collections, that I found it to be aninhabitant of Timor
(and probably of other islands of the Indian Archipelago), as well
as of Australia, and that the name of Australis was not strictly
appropriate. But to avoid the confusion which might possibly
arise from a change of name, I have thought it desirable that it
should remain unaltered.” I believe this is the first time I.
Australis has been recorded from the Nicobars, and in so recording
it, I not only add a species to the fauna, but also a fresh locality to
the species placed nearly as far north of the equator as its first
locality was south of it, so that Mr. Tomes’s surmise has proved
correct, though I believe in a far wider sense then he expected,
and taking the name Australis literally, he might with almost equal
justice have called the species septentrionalis.
IV.—Norzs on toe Anatomy or Cremnoconcuus SYHADRENSIS,
by Dr. F. SroriczKa.
A peculiar amphibious shell, living on the moist precipitous
rocks of the Western Ghats near Bombay, was described by Mr.
* Annals and Mag, Nat, Hist. 1858, Vol. II. p. 161.
’
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 109
W. T. Blanford as Oremnodates Syhadrensis, in Ann. and Mag. N. H.
for September, 1868, vol, I, In this paper Mr. Blanford noted the
species as representing, in some respects, a connecting link between
the Lirrormim and Cycrosromm, but he inclined to its classi-
fication in the former family, although he was not able to discover
the presence of gills.
In Ann. and Mag. N. H. for May 1869, vol. III, p. 343,
Mr. Blanford proposed to substitute the generic name Cremnocon-
chus for Cremnobates, the latter having been preoccupied by Dr.
Giinther in Ichthyology. In Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Vol.
XXXIX, p. 10, &c., Mr. Blanford added a new species to the
genus, C. conicus, with the variety canaliculatus, and classed Lay-
ard’s Anculotus carinatus, in the same genus. All three forms occur
at Mahableshwar in similar localities, as the first named species ;
they appear to me to be only varieties of Layard’s carinatus.
Prof. Troschel obtained a specimen of Cremnoconchus Syhadrensis
with the animal dried in, but all he could examine were detached
portions of the radula; these, however, agreed so well with those
of Littorina, that no doubt remained as to the Littorinoid character
of the species in question (vide Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1867, pt. I,
vol. XX XIII, p. 90).
In my review* of the genera of the family Lirrorism= I have
classed Oremnoconchus in the sub-family LacunInm, but it appears
that the species now known to constitute the genus shew rather
more affinities to Littorina than to Lacuna, I shall return to this
subject of classification again.
Considering the very great importance which attaches itself to
the discovery of every form, representing a link between two others,
now widely separated, I was glad to receive several specimens of
Cremnoconchus Syhadrensis through Mr. Fairbank from the Maha-
bleshwar cliffs. The following notes will give an outline of the
principal anatomical characters of the species, in addition to those
already noticed by Mr, Blanford and Prof. Troschel.
* Monograph of eretaccous Gastropoda, Paleout, Indica, IT, 1867-68, p. 262,
110 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ May,
Cremnoconchus Syhadrensis, W. BIf.
1. Side view of a male specimen, partially protruding out of the shell.
fo
View from below of another specimen, shewing the sole of the foot,
3. Anatomy of a female specimen :
g—radula, k—kidney, li—liver, o—vagina,
g—egill, h—heart, m—shell retractor, f/—foot.
ng—obsolete plume, %i—intestines, ut—uterus, pr—muzzle,
sg—salivary glands, st—stomach ov—oyary, a—anus.
4, 2 series of teeth of the radula. 5. side view of the centre tooth.
The animal (figs. 1-2) of C. Syhadrensis has a short rather stout
body, with a thick subcylindrical foot, posteriorly with the oper-
culum attached by a slight lobe, just above the base; mantle-
edge very slightly crenated and somewhat thickened; muzzle
short, thick, with the oral opening at the end, which is not lobed ;
tentacles subulate, of considerable length, rather far apart, pointed
at the end, with large, black eyes on their outer swollen bases ;
sole of foot roundish or oval, with an indistinct median groove.
Sexes distinct: male with a large, flatly depressed penis, perfor-
ated at the end, without any appendage.
General colour pale whitish grey, slic¢htly darker on the back,
and with a few irregular darker spots at the sides of the foot, ten-
tacles usually blackish ; the muzzle appears reddish on account of
the red colour of the buccal parts.
The sexes appear slightly to differ in size ; at least none of the
males were as large as the females. The shell of the largest speci-
1871.) Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 111
men of the latter measured : larger diam. 8, smaller diam, 7:5,
total height 8 m.m.
The internal anatomy (fig. 3) does not essentially differ from that
of other Prosobranchiate Gastropoda, The buccal parts in the mouth
are soft, fleshy, with the usual cartilaginous valves internally. I
have not observed a trace of a separate jaw. The cosophagus passes
through the nervous ring, beyond which the salivary glands are
situated. Stomach large, black ; it had vegetable matter inside, the
animal having apparently been living on minute alge. Intestines
verylong. The uterus in the female is dise-like, large, flattened, of
a greyish color ; the ovarium very large, occupying the greater
portion of the middle and also mostly of the posterior surface,
and of the inner or collumellar side ofthe body. In a full grown
female, (examined in March) the eggs were somewhat more than
one half millim. in diameter, yellow, with a large transparent,
excentric, nucleus, enclosing a minute nucleolus.
In the male, the testis is situated, similarly to the ovary in the
female; it is generally of a pale yellowish colour and the sperma-
tozoa are rather short, extremely thin, gradually thickened towards
one end. In some specimens the testis occupied the whole of the
surface of the terminal 14 whorls. The vas deferens lies along
the ventral (or columellar) side and is of very great length ; it was
filled with well developed spermatozoa.
The kidney is large, elongately ovate, grey, situated behind the
gills. The liver is greenish, consisting of two anterior smaller lobes
while a larger, much subdivided, lobe occupies the terminal portion
of the body.
e gills consist of a single rather narrow plume, composed of
thin fillets which are grown to the upper side of the gill-cavity.
The fillets are on the right side very finely prolonged and partially
become branched, resembling in this respect the breathing organ of
pulmoniferous Mollusca; the same form is already indicated in
several of the more terrestrial than aquatic Litforine. To the right
of the gill is a narrow thickening, which is generally stated to
be a rudiment of a second plume ; it is barely indicated in this
species.
The radula is narrow, very long, from 10-14 m.m.; the greater
112 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ May,
portion of it lies rolled in on the right side behind the mouth.
It is composed of between 260-280 transverse rows of teonioglossate
teeth, the formula being 3.1 . 3. (see fig. 4). The centre tooth is
somewhat longer than broad, rounded above, strongly emarginate at
the sides, and less so at the base. The upper edge is very strongly
inflected, with 7 denticles of which the median one is the largest,
(see fig. 5). Along the concave sidesruns a very thin, raised la-
mella, and the projecting corners of the base are also bent upwards.
The lateral teeth follow below each other under a rather steep
angle ; all have the upper edges strongly inflected, each having the
median denticle the strongest and obliquely projectin®, the outer 3
denticles on each side decreasing in size ; on the outermost tooth
the latter are sometimes hardly traceable. The general shape of
the first lateral tooth is obliquely qradrangular, posteriorly deeply
emarginate and with the posterior half of the upper edge thinner
and a little longer. The bases of the two outer lateral teeth are
obliquely, and more or less obtusely, pointed.
The teeth of C. carinatus, and its varieties, are perfectly similar
to those of Syhadrensis, except that the median denticles of the
teeth are a little stronger and more pointed, as compared with the
adjoining lateral denticles.
‘When we compare the general anatomy of Cremnoconchus with
that of Littorina,* we find that both are almost perfectly identical.
Prof, Troschel, in the above noted communication (p. 94), charac-
terized Cremmnoconchus as possessing ap. umbilicated shell and the
median teeth of the radula without laterally raised lamella, while
Littorina has, according to the same author, a non-umbilicated shell
and the median teeth with lateral lamelle. The statement relating
to Cremnoconchus, is, however, evidently an oversight on the part
of Prof. Troschel. The median teeth of Cremnoconchus have, as
already noticed, laterally raised lamelle, and the shell is either
umbilicated or not ; as is clearly shewn by Cremnoconchus carinatus,
andits varieties. In the two points alluded to, the genus, therefore,
perfectly agrees with Littorina, and it is indeed not easy to find out
sufficiently distinctive characters between the two.
_ * J have examined in connection with this subject Littorina melanostoma, and
two other species very closely allied or identical with undulata and intermedia.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. 113
The form of the shell of both is so variable that no importance
can be attached to it, the only difference being, that the one of
Cremnoconchus has a peculiarly thin texture, and that it is covered
with a very distinct olivaceous epidermis. As to animals, Cremno-
conchus differs from Littorina by the subcylindrical foot, the sole
of which is only indistinctly grooyed, ayd by the males having
the penis destitute of an appendage. There is no peculiar
difference in the form of the teeth, except that each has 7 denticles,
while in Littorina there are usually only 5 present. The operculum
is also in both very similar, paucispiral and horny, only in most spe-
cimens of C. Syhadrensis it becomes in time quite testaceous.
For these reasons I believe, therefore, that Cremnoconchus can be
regarded only as a subgenus of Zvétorina, and should be classed
next to Risella (= Bembicium), the relative position of the lateral and
central teeth being very similar in both. Of Zisella two species
occur on the Arracan coast, at the Andamans, and Nicobars,
Penang, &e.
In my Monograph of the South Indian Gastropoda, (Palzont.
Indica, II, p. 259, et seq.), I have divided the Lrrrorryipx into
three sub-families, FossaRIN@, LACUNIN® and LirrorIniInz. Subse-
quent researches make a thorough change in the classification of
the family necessary.
In the first named sub-family only Risella can be regarded
as atrue Littorinid, and must be placed near Littorina. Fossar
and its allies must be excluded from the present family. In
the LAcunin® have provisionally to remain: Lacuna, Modulus,
Stenotis, and Lacunaria, while Lithoglyphus is to all appearance
a Rissoid form, and must be classed near Bythinia and Amnicola.
The LirroRininZ® include Cyc/onema, Spironema, Amberleya, Echinella,
Hamus, Risella, Cremnoconchus, Neritoides, and Littorina. Researches
in fossil conchology may increase this list considerably.
With regard to the relation of Cremnoconchus to Cyclostomus,
Cyclophorus, and some of their allies, it is worth while drawing
attention to the many points of similarity which exist between the
Littorine in general and these operculated landshells. The ani-
mals, and their dentition, are in both often extremely similar, with
the exception that the former have the end of the muzzle truncate,
while the Cycropnorm2 have it lobed. The operculum in Cyelo-
114 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. | May,
stomus is similar, paucispiral, but testaceous, while it is horny in
Littorina. Cremnoconchus, however, having occasionally a testaceous
operculum, indicates a link between the two genera and it also inclines
to the latter by the males not possessing an appendage to the penis.
The gills of some Littorine, and particularly those of Cremnoconchus,
equally indicate a passage to the form of the lungs of true PULMONATA.
Further, the foot is grooved along the middle of the sole in
Littorine, it is equally so in the Cycelostomi, only the two parts
of the sole are in the latter genus still more developed on account of
the arboreal habitat of the species, though very probably this will not
be found to be so much the case in the purely terrestrial ones, and in
Cyclophorus and others the groove has entirely disappeared. The Z#-
torine have no jaw, at least none distinctly developed, neither have
the Cyclostomi, but the Cyclophor’, which may be said to be more
terrestrial, than the former, possess a well-developed jaw, like the
Heticip# and other puLMONATA.
Considering these numerous points of structure which I have
just noticed, it can be scarcely doubted that there exists an inti-
mate relation between Littoring and Cyclostomt and their associates 3
and that the origin of the latter may be looked for in the explana
tion of certain slight changes in the organisation of the former.
Cremnoconchus, as already stated, shews in several points a still
greater inclination to Cyclostomus, than do the common Littorine.
Mr. Blanford’s general remarks* on this subject were, therefore,
perfectly justified, though he was not in possession of all the details
upon which he might have been able to base more definite conclu-
sions. .
In point of general classification, the comparison of the ana-
tomy of Littorine and Cyclostomi indicates, that among the dif-
ferent organs, the structure of the breathing organ seems to
be subjected to a greater variation, or change, than are for
instance the generative or, digestive parts, or the radula, &e,
Therefore, 2 7s not advisable to use the breathing organ as an important
character in the principal classification of the Lollusca, in the way
in which it has been introduced for such a purpose in the systems of
Cuvier and others,
I could quote other examples in support of this view, as for
instance that of Cerithidea obtusa, where the gills have entirely
disappeared, and become replaced by true lungs, while no one
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 115
will at the same time deny the close relation existing between
the marine Cerithia, the brackish Potamides and the species of
Cerithidea above referred to.
VY. Dzscrierion oF A NEW sPEctus or Scrncus,—by Dr. J. ANDERSON,
Scincus Mitranus, n, sp.*
Head rather small and much pointed ; tail short and thick at the
base. Snout contracted behind the nostrils and dilated in front of
them, sharp, spatulate and fossorial. Nasal crescentic, occupying
the place of a first superior labial, but with the lateral portion of
the rostral below it, in contact with the rostral, first labial, anterior
loreal, large supranasal and small internasal. The supranasals
large, not contiguous, pentagonal, four of their sides large and one
very small, in contact with the internasal, Internasal small, round-
ed, lying between the rostral, nasal and supranasal. Rostral witha
broad, rounded, sharp anterior margin ; its sides much convergent ;
its posterior end forming only a narrow suture with the frontal ;
its under surface broad and slightly shelving upwards ; its posterior
margin a crescentic, cutting ridge, defined from the surface anterior
to it, by a deep groove. The frontal large, conical from behind
forwards, and pointedly unguiform, forming sutures with the ros-
tral, supranasal, anterior loreal, and contiguous by its hinder mar-
gins with the post frontals. Post frontrals large, pentagonal, broad
in front, pointed behind, forming a broad suture together. Vertical
of moderate size, rather narrow, its anterior margins forming an ob-
tuse angle; lateral margins concave and slightly convergent; abruptly
truncated posteriorly. Two pre-occipitals rather small,oblongly pen-
tagonal, placed obliquely, and contiguous. Occipital considerably
_ smaller than the vertical and wedge-shaped from before backwards :
two rather large scales placed transversely along its external
margin. Two small postoccipitals. Five large superciliaries with an
internal line of four small plates, the first of which equals the length
of the three succeeding ones. Four rather large scales form the
lower margin of the eye, the anterior scale as long as the two be-
hind it. Loreal region concave. Two elongated loreals one before
the other, the anterior shield in contact with the supranasal, nasal
and three lower labials. Hight upper labials, the two below the
* T have named this lizard in honour of my learned friend Babu Rajendralila
Mitra who obtained it under the circumstances mentioned on page 96.
116 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ May,
eye the largest. Hight lower labials: alarge shield behind the
mental succeeded by three pairs of large shields, separated from
each other by a median, longitudinal, row of three smaller shields.
External ear completely hidden. Twenty-nine to thirty rows of
smooth, imbricate scales round the middle of the body. Two large
preanal scales.
Colour of dried specimen yellowish buff above, each scale with a
white spot in the centre of its free margin with a brown spot on
either side of it. Ten vertically elongated, or more or less rounded,
deep red-brown spots along the side from the middle of the neck to
above the thigh, the last spot reduced to little more than a speck.
Sides and under surface yellowish. Snout to vent 4” 12’; vent to
tip of tail 2” 5’”; snout to posterior margin of occipital 8’ ; anterior
limb 1” 1”; posterior limb, 1” 2”.
The nails of this scine are flat and broad, and rather concave on the
under surface : the toes are laterally extended by the outward elon-
gation of the dorsal scales, an arrangement which gives the foot
great breadth, and suggests the idea that it is specially modified to a
fossorial habit of life.
The specimen from which this description is drawn, was obtained
by Babu Rajendralala Mitra from a Kashmir merchant, who stated
thatit came from Arabia and that it was the El-adda of the Arabs.
It is extremely likely that this term is a generic one applied to a
number of nearly allied scines, inhabiting Arabia, Syria, Egypt and
Abyssinia, (see antea, p. 96),
The present species is distinguished from S. officinalis,—if the
descriptions and drawings of that lizard are correct,—by its more
markedly fossorial snout and by the number, form and disposition
of its cranial plates, and by its peculiar coloration. Another species
from Arabia is the Sc. meccensis, Hemp. and Hhr.
The reading of the next paper was postponed.
Notes on several Arabic and ‘Persian inscriptions, by H. Bloch-
mann, Hsq., M. A.
The following communications have been received :—
1. Legends and Ballads connected with persons deified, or held in
great veneration, in Bhagulpuir and the neighbouring districts, by Babu
-Rashbihari Bose.
2. List of birds, collected, or observed in the Wardha Valley and tts
vicinity near Chanda, by W. T, Blanford, Esq.
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 117
Liprary.
The following additions have been made to the Library since the
meeting held in April last :—
Presentations,
. *,* Names of Donors in Capitals.
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol.
XXVIII, Part I:—Tue Gronocican Soctery or Lonpon.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. XXVI,
Part I;—Proceedings, Session 1869-70:—Tur Royau Soctrry or
Epinsurcu.
Journal of the Chemical Society of London, Vol. VIII, Novem-
ber and December; Vol. IX, January :—Tue Cuemicat Socrery
or Lonpon.
Journal Asiatique, No. 58:—Tuer Socre’rn’ Asrarique, Paris.
Monatsbericht der K. Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaf-
ten, January 1871:—K. Preussiscn— AKADEMIE DER WISSEN-
SCHAFTEN ZU BERLIN.
Atti della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Vol. V,
Disp. 1-7 ;—Vol. LV, Appendice ;—Notizia Storica dei lavori fatti
' dalla classe di Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche, 1864-1865 ;—Obser-
vation de L’Essaim des EH ‘toiles Filantes du 12-14. Novembre,
1869 ;—Bollettino Meteorologico ed Astronomico del Regio Osser-
vatorio dell’ Universita di Torino, 1869:—ReraLe AccADEMIA DELLE
Screnze pi Torino,
Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, Ny-
Foljd, 1864-67 ;—Meteorologiska Iakttagelser i Sverige utgifna af
Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps.—Akademien, anstiillda och bear-
betade under inseendé af Er Edlund, 1864-66.—Lefnadsteckningar
ofver K. Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens, efter Ar 1854 aflinda,
Ledaméter, Band I, Hilfte 1;—Ofversigt, 1865—68.—Die Thierar-
ten des Aristoteles von den Klassen der Siugethiere, Vigel, Rep-
tilien und Insekten von Carl. J. Sundevall ;—-Conspectum Avium
picinarium, edidit, Carl. J. Sundevall ;—Hemiptera Africana des-
eripsit Carolus Stil, Tom 1-4:—Koneu. Verenskaprs-AKADEMIE,
SrockHoLm,
Mémoires de la Société Royale des Sciences de Liége, 2™e Série,
Tom 1-2 :—Sooin'/rz’ Royare pes Scrences pe Lie/Ge.
118 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ May,
Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India,
Vol. IT, Pt. IT :—Tuasr AGRICULTURAL AND Horricuntrura, Socrery
or Inpra.
Archivo per L’Antropologia e la Ktnologia, pubblicato per Dr.
P. Mantegazza, Dr. F, Finzi 3—Tue Avruors. ,
Brahma und die Brahmanen, von Dr. M. Haug :—Tur Avurnor,
Derivative Hypothesis of Life and Species, by Prof. Owen:—
Tne Avrnor,
Preliminary Sketch of a Natural Arrangement of the Order
Docoglossa, by W. Hi. Dall.—Note on the transversely striated
muscular fibre among the Gasteropoda, by W. H. Dall:—Tue
AvtHor. ;
The Religious Sects of the Hindus, by Akshayacumira Datia:—
Tue Avruor.
A Report on the Microscopic Objects found in Cholera evacua-
tions, by T. R. Lewis :—Tar Avrnor.
Ramiyana, Vol. II, No. 7, Edited by Hemachandra:—Tug
Eprror.
Rahasya Sandarbha, November, 1865 :—Tun Eprror.
Flora Sylvatica, Part VII j—Icones Plantarum Indi Orien-
talis, Part VII ;—General Report on the Topographical Surveys of
India, 1869-70 ;—General Report on the operations of the Great
Trigonometrical Survey of India, during 1869-70 ;—General Report
on the Revenue Operations of the Bengal Presidency, 1869-70 :—
Tse Government or Inpra. ;
Vedarthapradipa No. 1:—H. H. Tua’kuR Girtprasa’p Suvwa,
Exchange.
The Athenzeum for February, 1870,
Nature, Nos. 65-75,
Purchase.
Revue des deux Mondes, 15th October, 1870 :—Journal des Sa-
vants, September, October, N ovember, December 1870 :—Comptes
Rendus, Nos, 11-19 :—Americar J ournal of Science, February 1871 :
—Annals and Magazine of Natural History, March 187] :—L. E.
and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, No. 272 :—Thorell’s Remarks
on Synonyms of European Spiders, No. 1:—Thorell on European
Spiders :—Gould’s Birds of Asia, Part XXTIT :—Ferguson’s His-
tory of Architecture, Vols. I and TT :—-Cunningham’s Geography of
Ancient India, Vol. I. ‘—Tyndall’s Diamagnetism :—Galton’s
Hereditary Genius :—Beale’s Disease Germs :—Jacolliot The Bible
in India :—Bhagavatgita in Persian verse, (MS.) by Feizi.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
ror JuNE, 1871.
~—}—
The monthly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday the
7th instant, at 9 o’clock Pp. Mm.
The Hon’ble Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The Proceedings of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
Presentations were announced,—
1, From Babu Ramadaisa Sena, a Bengali MS., entitled Pas’u-
pas‘amokshanam, by the late Radhamohana Sena.
2. From the author.—A copy of ‘ Remarks on the anatomy of the
genus Siphonaria,’ by W. H. Dall, Esq., and a copy of ‘ Materials
towards a monograph of the Gadiniide,’ by W. H. Dall, Esq.
3. From the author.—LEnglish Legislation for India, by A. M.
Broadley, Esq., O. 8.
4. From Rev. M. E. Lafont.—2 copies of ‘ Meteorological Obser-
vations made in the St. Xavier’s College Observatory from July to
December, 1870.’
5. From M. L. Ferrar, Esq., C. 8., 2 silver and 6 copper coins,
dug up at Qanouj.
The copper coins present no particular points of interest. They
are a copper coin of Firdz Shah III. of Dihli, two copper coins of
Ibrahim Shah of Jaunpiir, one copper coin of Husain Shah of
Jaunpur of A. H. 887, two defaced Bactrian copper coins, and
fragments of two silver coins,
6. From the author.—A copy of Memoir of the Ghazeepoor Dis-
trict, by Wilton Oldham, LL. D., B. C. 8.
.
120 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [JuNE,
7. From the author.—The Topography of the Mogul Empire, as
known to the Dutch in 1631, &c., by E. Lethbridge, Esq., M. A.
8. From the Society.—Six copies of Abstract of Proceedings of
the Muhammadan Literary Society of Calcutta.
Ch. Darwin, Esq., propased by the Council at the last meeting of
the Society was balloted for and elected an Honorary Member.
The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last
meeting were balloted for and elected ordinary members :—
Capt. C. Stewart Pratt.
Maulavi Habiburrahman.
J. W. Alexander, Esq.
Babu Gangaprasad Sinha.
Babu Ramakrishna Dasa.
The following gentlemen are candidates for election at the July
meeting :—
J. R. Reid, Esq., OC. §., Azimghur, proposed by W. Oldham, Esq.
LLD., C. 8., seconded by H. Blochmann, Esq.
J. Smith, Esq., C. 8., Ghazipir, proposed by W. Oldham, Esq.,
LL.D., OC. 8., seconded by H. Blochmann, Esq.
BE. W. Oates, Esq., C. E., proposed by 8. Kurz, Esq., seconded by
Dr. F. Stoliczka.
Col. Octavius Hamilton, proposed by the Hon’ble J. B, Phear, _
seconded by Col. H. Hyde.
OC. T. Buckland, Esq., C. 8., proposed by Col. H. Hyde, seconded
by Dr. F. Stoliczka.
Khalifah Sayyid Muhammad Hasan, Prime Minister to His High-
ness the Maharajah of Patidlah, proposed by Maulavi Abdool
Luteef Khan Bahadur, seconded by the Hon’ble J. B. Phear,
Capt. R. D. Osborn has intimated his desire to withdraw from
the Society.
The President said that, acting on the request of Dr. Neil, Me-
teorological Reporter of the Punjab, he must ask the attention of
the meeting for a few moments to a short correspondence which
had passed between Dr. Neil and himself. It had happened un-
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 121
fortunately that a passage in the Presidential Address, delivered be-
fore the Society in March last, was so couched as to lead Dr. Neil to
consider that it conveyed an incorrect representation of the state of
Meteorological Observations in the Punjab, and accordingly that
gentleman wrote to the President in the following terms : —
Lahore, May 11th, 1871.
‘Dear Srr,—I was somewhat surprised to find you stating, in your
Presidential Address at a recent meeting of the Asiatic Society, that
“according to the published reports out of 19 stations,* from 2 only
have continuous registers extending over two and ahalf years, been
furnished,” &c. I must ask you to contradict this statement, as it
disagrees entirely with facts, and in doing so, I trust you will give
the same publicity both to your contradiction and to this letter, as
‘has already been given to your address.’
‘From Multan alone I have records of continuous registrations
from 1862 to the present time. From Lahore, Syalkote, Dera
Ismael Khan, Rawalpindi, continuous registrations have been kept
up since May 1866. Since January 1869, observations have been
registered at Ludianah, and for three and a half years continuous re-
gistrations are on record at Shahpoor.’
‘At present registrations of—Barometric pressure, Hygrometry,
Solar Temperature, Max. and Min. ditto., Direction of Wind, Rain-
» fall,—are being recorded in Lahore, Multan, Dera Ismael Khan, Ra-
walpindi, Ludianah, Dhurmsala and Murree, at all of which places
the observers are paid. The observations are recorded on the plan
recommended by Glaischer ; the instruments are all good, the baro-
meters being, in the cases of those at Lahore, Ludianah, Dera
Ismael Khan, Dhurmsala and Murree, mercurial which have been
compared with a standard, In other stations, registrations which
do not include records of atmospheric pressure are kept as in Um-
ritsur, Gurdaspore and Dalhousie. In some of the stations I have
had anemographs erected for the continuous registration of the
direction of the wind. A hiatus will occasionally occur in a
register from such accidents as breakage or disorder of instruments.
Out of three barometers (Adie’s Mercurial) which I ordered recently
* Tn the Panjab.
122 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ June,
only one reached me which is destined. for Ladakh. That embassy
has already cost Government three barometers and myself one.’
The remaining portion of Dr. Neil’s letter did not bear upon the
particular matter of complaint, and therefore for the moment he, (the
President), would abstain from reading it. He at once replied to
Dr. Neil as follows :—
19th May, 1871.
‘ Dear Str,—Your letter, dated the 11th May, reached me late
in the evening of the 17th. I regret much to learn from it that you
consider you have occasion to complain of a statement lately made
by me in the course of an Address to the Asiatic Society. You
quote from the Address the following words, ‘‘ According to the
published reports, out of 19 stations in the Punjab, from 2 only
have continuous registers, extending over two and a half years been
furnished,” and you say that this statement disagrees entirely with
facts.’
‘You will observe that in this passage, I donot refer to your
records of registration, as to which I have indeed no information.
I merely speak here of the published reports. And at the time
when I delivered my address there were, I believe, but three of
these, namely, the reports for 1866, 1867 and 1868. The report
for 1869 was (if I am not mistaken) not then published. At any
rate, I was certainly not aware of its existence.’
‘The monthly abstracts in these three Reports for 1866, 1867 and
1868, appear to me to cover a period of almost exactly two anda half
years. Ihave just now in consequence of your letter, carefully looked
through these again, and I must confess I am quite unable to dis-
cover on this review that my original statement in reference to this
period is in any degree erroneous. In regard to all excepting 2
out of the 19 stations, there seem to be breaks of greater or less
extent in the continuity of every abstract. I take for instance your
own-principal station of Lahore, I find there are no observations,
or results of observations given, for the months of May, June, July,
August and September 1868. I need hardly say, however, that I
am nevertheless most ready (if you still wish me to do so) to comply
with the request, which you make to the effect, that I should give
the same publicity to your letter as was given to my address; and,
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 123
accordingly, unless I hear from you to the contrary I will take care
that your letter is read at our next meeting, which will take place
on Wednesday, 7th June, and is also published in our Proceedings.’
‘I thank you very much for your kind words of courtesy towards
myself.’
I am yours very faithfully
J. B. Puear,
Pres. of As. Soc. Bengal.
To A. Net, Ese., M. R. C. 8. L.
Lahore.
To this letter he received the following answer :—
Lahore, 23rd May, 1871.
‘Dear Srr,—Your reply to my letter is, as I of course expected it
to be, quite satisfactory. My Report for 1869 was out about the
end of last year, but was not distributed till some time after. I
should like my letter to be published, however, in the next issue
of the Journal, not so much in reference to your remarks about my
Reports, as because it contains my views, in great part at least,
regarding the method of conducting Meteorology in this country, ©
and what ought to be done in order to have a combined plan of
registration. I believe Col. Strachey has for some time had the
matter under consideration, and I wrote to him about the same time
as I addressed you, but I have not as yet heard from him in reply.’
‘The hiatus, which you note in the Lahore Register for part of
1868, was owing to my having had to leave the station for another,
and some time elapsed before I could get a proper system of regi-
stration re-established. The breakage and damages that so often
occur to inspections are a source of continual anxiety tome. Baro-
meters are an especial source of grief and annoyance. Thanking
you very much for your letter,’
‘I am, dear Sir, Yours very faithfully,
A. Nett.’
‘As an explanatory footnote to my letter, I should like to say,’—
‘T have since learnt from the President of the Society that he
had not seen my last Report (for 1869) before he delivered his ad-
124 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ June,
dress. This of course explains the mistake which would necessarily
find its way into most people’s minds, that up to the time of his
delivering his address, two and a half years of complete registration
had been made in only 2 stations. The Registration of Meteorolo-
gical Phenomena was only commenced in the middle of 1866.’
A. N.
Had it not been for the especial request made in this second
letter of Dr. Neil, he, (the President), should have considered himself
justified in laying before the meeting only that portion of Dr.
Neil’s first letter which he had already read, as being seemingly
sufficient to satisfy Dr. Neil’s purpose. He felt himself, however,
under the circumstances constrained to read the remainder, although
before doing so he must premise that one passage, at least, in it
appeared to him to have a much greater tendency to discredit the
Punjab observations, than any words employed by him in his
address could possibly have. The remainder of the letter was as
follows :—
‘I gather from your address that you are of opinion that the
whole Meteorological Registration of India should be under one
directing head. I am quite of opinion that it should be as much
as possible conducted upon one system, but that the entire manage-
ment, with any regard to useful result, is within the mental capa-
city of one human being, is a question which hardly merits being
argued. One definite system is requisite and necessary, and the
simpler the system the better and more accurate will be the results.
This most desirable starting-point would, I conceive, be best ob-
tained by a conference of the present staff of Meteorologists. Hach
should have his own province to manage upon the defined system,
and each should interpret the data with which he is supplied ac-
cording as his better knowledge of his own province will guide
him. My field of observation is, you will admit, a tolerably large
one. It embraces about 10 parallels of Latitude by about an
equal number of degrees of Longitude. Within this area there is
much for the Meteorologist to consider. He has to do his best to in-
terpret the laws which regulate the climatic phases of a country,
_part of which has an elevation of only a few hundred feet above
sea level, while immense tracts have analtitude as high as any
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 125
known inhabited tract on the globe. To expect, therefore, that one
directing head could so expand his powers of observation, however
profound his knowledge of the general laws of Meteorology might
be, as to grasp and interpret the masses of Meteorological facts
which would pour in upon him from all the Provinces and Presi-
dencies of India, is to expect a manifest impossibility. Our first
and greatest necessity, I conceive to be the correct registration of
barometric and wind phenomena, The form of barometer which
pleases me most is Gay Lussac’s syphon, read by two Verniers. Some
object to the bother of reading two Verniers, but to this I always
say—there is not so much trouble in reading two Verniers as there is
in making all the troublesome corrections for capillarity, tempera-
ture, reduction to sea level &c, &c.* The anemograph which I
have in use gives a pencil tracing of the direction of the wind
for 24 hours. I enclose one for your inspection. It only gives
the direction you will perceive. The force can be obtained as
required by a separate instrument—such as Robinson’s anemo-
meter. I can generally form an idea whether the wind has been
blowing high or gently, or even whether it has not been an abso-
lute calm (we do not often have an absolute calm in the Punjab)
by the straightness or otherwise of the tracing.’
‘I have noted with great pleasure the evident interest which
you take in the progress of Meteorological Science. We can no
more foretell what the patient pursuit of this Science may disclose,
than could the past generation have anticipated the wonderful and
glorious revelations of geology, microscopy and electricity.’
I am, yours faithfully,
A. Nem.
Profr. of Anatomy and Surgery, Lahore Medical School,
Meteorological Reporter for the Punjab.
Tue Hon’stE Mr. PxHEar,
President of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
If the Meteorological Reporter of the Punjab really entertains the
persuasion, as he seems here to intimate that he does, that by taking
the two readings of asyphon barometer, he gets observations, which
* As in Fortin’s barometers,
126 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. | June,
are such as to free him from the obligation to reduce them by such
corrections as correction for temperature and for the height of the
place of observation above the sea-level before publishing, then it is
hardly too much to say that his letter discloses that which makes
his own tables altogether untrustworthy.
The following papers were read :—
:
I,.—NortEs oN SEVERAL ARABIC AND PERSIAN INSCRIPTIONS RECEIVED
FROM MEMBERS OF THE Socrnry,—éy H. Buocumann, Esa., M. A.,
Canourta Maprasan, (Abstract.)
Mr. Blochmann said,—
The inscriptions which I lay before the meeting were received by
the Society in the course of last year. Some of them were for-
warded in the shape of rubbings, others were decyphered, by various
members as Dr. W. Oldham, C. 8., Ghazipir; Mr. J. G. Delmerick,
Rawal Pindi; ‘Mr. A. Cadell, C. 8., Muzaffarnagar; Mr. A. 8S.
Harrison, Bareilly College, and Mr. A, Carllyle, Agrah, to whom
the Society owes several most costly contributions. One inscrip-
tion I obtained from Burdwan.
I trust the members of our Society will continue to favour
us with inscriptions and rubbings. These inscriptions, if not
always of historical importance, are yet interesting, and help his-
torians to correct dates and verify events, or settle boundaries, or
fill up gaps— and this is especially the case with old Bengal inscrip-
tions—in the lists of kings.
1. An inscription received from Dr. W. Oldham, Tt refers to the
building of a mosque in A. D. 1527 by a Bengal Amir, who lived
under Nugrah Shah, the same king of Bengal whose name occurs
in the inscriptions at Satganw. It is on black basalt, and was found
at Sikandarpdr, zil’ah ’Azimgarh. The locality is here of import- —
ance.
2. Two inscriptions from Mr. Delmerick. One refers to the
building of Fort Atak by Akbar in 1583 (991, A. H.); the other
to the construction of the Margalah Pass by Aurangzib, when the
- emperor was at Hasan Abdal. Its date is A. D. 1672 (A. H. 1083).
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 127
8. Brom Mr. A, S. Harrison, An inscription from the Mau-
soleum of the famous Rohilah Chief Hafiz Rahmat, and from two
mosques. Also aninscription from a mosque in the Mirz4i Mahal-
lah, Bareli, built by Hakim ’Ali of Gilin, a personal friend of
Akbar, in 1579 (or A. H. 987), when the Hakim was Faujdar of
Sambhal.
4. From Mr. A, Oadell. Two interesting inscriptions from the
Mausoleums of two Barha Sayyids of the Kundliwal branch,. 8,
Mahmiéd and 8. Chhajht, who served under Akbar. The latter
died in 1559-60 (A. H. 967), the former in 1574 (A. H. 982).
A peculiar interest attaches to the Barha Sayyids, who up to the
present time form an important element in the population of the
Muzaffarnagar District. They trace their origin from one Sayyid
Abul Farah who in the beginning of the Muhammadan rule immi-
grated from Wasit into India. The clan has received much atten-
tion from historians. Sir H. Elliot in his Glossary, and Mr. C.
Elliott in his ‘Chronicles of Ondo,’ speak of them. Mr. R. J. Leeds
has a lengthy note in his Report on the Castes and Races of the
Muzaffarnagar District, and Mr. Cadell has forwarded together
with the inscriptions several valuable genealogical trees.
The Barha Sayyids first served under Akbar, and though praised
in the histories for their valour and firmness in battle, they were
sneered at for their boorish manners. But under Jahangir they
became more refined, and in the following reigns their influence
was very great, as may be seen from the fact that they made Farrukh
Siyar, Raffuddarajat, Rafi’uddaulah, and Muhammad Shah em-
perors; they dethroned and killed Jahindér Shah and Farrukh
Siyar, whom they had blinded; and they blinded and imprisoned
Princes A’azzuddin, ’Ali Tabir, and Humayun Bakht.
5. From Mr. A. Carliyle. Several inscriptions from tombs in
the old cemetery at Agrah. They do not refer to persons histori-
cally known, but are distinguished by their elegant verses. Also
an inscription from the Ajmiri gate in Agrah. It refers to the
building of a mosque by one Haji Sulaiman, in 1031 A. HL, or
A. D. 1622.
I draw the attention of the meeting to the beauty of the letters ;
Mz. Carllyle is a master in taking rubbings.
*
128 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ June,
6. Thelast inscription I have received from Bardwin. Itstands
over the tomb of a Persian poet, Bahram Darvish Saqqé. Our library
has acopy of his works. Hewasafaqir, and wandered about the
streets of AXgrah as a bhishti dispensing water among the poor. Hence
also his nom-de-plume, Saqgqa, a bhishti. He is mentioned in works in
Persian literature, and it is stated that he died on his way to Ceylon.
His tomb was discovered at Bardwan by the Persian writer Khush-
go. From the inscription it appears that Saqqa died at Bardwan
in A. D. 1574, or A. H. 982. Poeple often pray at his tomb.
Within his shrine is also the tomb of Sher Afkan, Jagirdar of
Bardwan in A. D. 1606, whom Jahangir had killed, in order to
marry his beautiful wife, Mihrunnis4, to whom he gave the title of
Nur Mahall, and later that of Nir Jahan.
The tombs of Bahram Saqqé and Sher Afkan are the historical
sights of Bardwan.
MeEMoranpum on tHE Toran Ecurest or Daor. 11.12, 1871,—
by Lizvur.-Cou, J. F. Tennant, R. E., F. RB. S.
In December of this year we have a Total Eclipse visible
in Southern India, The duration is short, but in some respects
the circumstances are very favourable, as the Line of central
Eclipse passes over the Nilgherry Hills, where I understand fine
weather may be confidently expected. In order to be prepared,
I have computed carefully the Central Line across India, and have
added the extent to which errors of the Tabular place of the moon
may be expected to shift it. In the following Table Aa represents the
excess of the Moon’s time above the Tabular Right Ascension in
time, and Aé the excess of the Tabular above the true S declination.
I hope to have before the Eclipse a knowledge what errors may
be anticipated in the Tables and thus be in a position to choose a
central spot, if it is worth making a change. The figures, however,
show that this is not probable, the principal result of an error in
Right Ascension being to shift the Centre of the Shadow along its
path the deviation from which would be corrected by a small error in
the declination which could hardly be foreseen,
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. 129
| The duration of the
«6
a de a. Eclipse will be small. At
mt ~ 2D . . . .
TOAOAUVM toms the Nilgherries it will be
ABSrw¥eGASSH-iai about 2 minutes, but this
1111) 1 1++++- cannot, so far as I know, be
S 5 as yet accurately predicted
i= J .
om uncertainty as to th
A DOROwWMWMWMO DRO fr 5 ty the
FI aye « ] real diameters of the sun
4 BROOD WAAA SHA
2 SESS5o58sxSq and moon, when free from
2 NNANANNANNANA GAA th ay 6b y ae
i +¢4+4+4+4+444+4+4+4+ ee argemen Yi 1rradl-
z tion. If the value of the
D ow AOnMnw® °
2S2ASNNSh38 moon’s diameter deduced
~ °° **"***%** by Oudemans from Eclipses,
5 B29 19 OS HO NIH A110
E J Maree tr be used with that of the Sun
3 Sworn nans obtained in the Greenwich
ooo oeoeroeowoees . .
e Transit Circle, then I find
°o
2 the duration in the Nil-
1 a) . . .
& 4 gherries just 2 minutes.
1lNID MD HAMMBHMWON P
y rHADCABRZOM The data of the Nautical
n a an ee Sd ’ :
8 HSeseesestagags Almanac give 2 minutes 7
Ay ; +++++++++++4+ seconds, and if I may judge
() .
1a Re from the result I got in
~~ 3 x“
- 1868 the real duration will
“ai IDO DW ODN ODN OD
" eet toes dey wer) -fall between these.
5 AASSHLRSEAS Short as this time is, it is
7 Sy Sp SES EEE ?
i uate
Ii LL LIP PP py) enough with an adeq
smnnoaconne Preparation to produce some
iano lO TLD NI 1D 1 . 1 re
Sa saenn ns py resultsiof value.’ It 1s long
Somaacnenne enough to allow Photo-
Aww OAT AN TIN
RRARRRERARAR graphs to be taken of the
RaAIdaASSSe® (Corona, as to whose structure
there is more to be discover-
sae Bere fe rk oe | Oe There seems now no
[3) aN SAI Ringe Ries her Fe ae aa)
£2 |aS8SSNHHRRRAS sort of doubt that the Corona
Ss . .
2 5 as is not only a Solar appen-
a) a °
on dage, but is, as I stated in
130 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. [ JUNE,
my Report on the Keclipse of 1868, the comparatively cold
atmosphere of the Sun. This should be farther spectrosco-
pically examined. Observers have differed about the number and
position of the faint bright lines they have seen, but it does not
seem that any one has connected the variations with the position
of the part examined. ‘To do this appears urgently necessary, and
there have been additions made to the spectroscope which will
allow more than one portion of the Corona to be examined, and
its lines recorded during the short time it is visible.
There is another subject too of spectroscopic examination. Kirch-
hoff in his theory of the solar constitution supposed it surrounded
by an extensive atmosphere consisting of metallic and other vapours,
as well as gases, by the absorption of which the dark Fraunhofer
lines were produced. It has long been clear that there was no
such extensive atmosphere and some physicists have been satisfied
that there is none such. Mr. Lockyer and his collaborateurs,
though they have detected a greater number of bright lines at the
bases of the prominences, have never approached, so far as I know,
the number of even the conspicuous dark lines, whose explanation
has, therefore, not been satisfactorily made out. At the Kclipse of
December 22, 1870, however, Professor Young at the moment of
obscuration, and for one or two seconds later, saw as far as he
could judge every atmospheric line reversed, and this was con-
firmed by Mr. Pye. I have but the scant information of this
point given in the Royal Astronomical Society’s Council Report,
but it is sufficient to show me why this has not been seen before
by observers looking out for it, and also to make me feel the im-
portance of verifying the observation.
To understand why it has not been seen before, it must be con-
sidered that the image of a bright object in the focus of a Tele-
scope when relieved against comparative darkness is enlarged by a
phenomenon known as irradiation; the light encroaches on the
darkness. The sun thus appears larger and the moon smaller
than the real size. This continues till the real contact of the Limbs
internally ; at this moment the thread of light, which previously had
considerable width, appears suddenly broken and vanishes in a
- Total Eclipse: while in the Transit of a Planet or Annular Kelipse
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 131
there appears the “black drop”
of the observers of the Transit of
Venus in 1769. At A in this
figure I have endeavoured to
give some idea of this phenome-
non in an Annular Eclipse, and
at page 16, Vol. XXIX, of the XK \
monthly notices of the Astro- \ XS ( \
nomical Society will be found \K ~ DW QN
Some figures illustrating this in AX oS
a Planetary Transit. When we are dealing with so thin a stratum
surrounding the true Photosphere, we cannot see it in sunshine,
as it is lost in the irradiation, (it may be partly visible in very
large Telescopes where the irradiation is very small), and we
are very apt to lose it at the moment when the sun disappears, for
it is found only between the places where a moment before the
Sun a Moon’s limb appeared, so that the observer following either
of them might well miss it.
In the search for, and verification of this important observation,
the duration of Total phase can matter little.
T have been in communication with the Home Secretary on the
subject of observations of this Eclipse, and my views I may say
have been most cordially received. I am not yet ina position to
submit a proposition officially, but I have great hopes of being able
to do so in a few days.*
P. S.—I may just mention that in plotting the Shadow Track on
a map it is necessary to allow for the error of its zero of Longitude,
a precaution often forgotten. The Longitudes of the G. T. Survey
require a correction of 3’-2”, 7”, and those of the Atlas of India one
of 4’-11” to adjust them to the accepted Longitude of Madras.
The President was very glad to learn from Col. Tennant that
the Government is likely to sanction a scientific expedition to the
Nilgherries on the occasion of the Total Eclipse in December
next. The objects to which Col. Tennant proposed to direct obser-
vation were, he need hardly say, of very great scientific interest
and importance. The spectroscopic analysis of the Corona, so far
* This has since been done,
132 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. [ June,
as it had yet been effected, had been productive of no very certain
results. The matter could not, however, be in better hands than
those of Col. Tennant. He only wished to suggest that those
members of the Society, who might have the requisite leisure and
opportunity, should, even with the unaided eye, endeavour to
observe as carefully as possible the exact apparent shape and
characteristics of the Corona. He believed that data of very con-
siderable value might be thus obtained by persons, who knew how
to observe.
Later in the evening Ool. Tennant kindly consented to draw up
some short directions which might serve as a guide to members of
the Society who might visit localities of the Total Eclipse.
III.—Noreks oN THREE INSCRIPTIONS FOUND IN Cuutta’ Na’apu’r, by
Ba’su Raxuat Das Harpar.
Mr. Blochmann read extracts from the paper, which will be pub-
lished in the second number of the philological part of the Journal.
The inscriptions are in Sanscrit and Hindi, of the years A. D.
1665, 1668, and 1737. In one of them (A. D. 1665), a Chutia
Nagpur Rajah of the name of Raghunath is mentioned.
Mr. Blochmann said—Babi Rakhal Das Haldar remarks on the
absence of authenticated historical information regarding Chutia
Nagpur. Muhammadan historians certainly give very little to
enable us to verify the details of the family history of the Rajahs.
I have, however, collected the scattered notices which are found in
the historical works of the Mughul period, not only regarding
Chutid Nagpur, but also Pachet and Palamau, and trust ne! may
throw some light on the history of these districts.
The notices are taken from the Akbarnémah (Lucknow edition,
TL., pp. 491, 641), the Zuzuk ¢ Jahangirt (Sayyid Ahmad’s edition,
p- 155); the Padishahnimah (I., b., p. 817; IL., pp. 248 to 250, and
356 to 861); and the ’Alamgirnamah (pp. 649 to 660, and p. 972).
A few additional notes may be gathered from Sarishtahdir Grant’s
essay on Bengal and Bihar Finances in the Vth Report.
The extracts will be published in the Journal. They refer to
the first invasion of Chutia Nagpur (or Kokrah, as it is called,)
under Shahbaz Khén Kambu, one of Akbar’s generals, in A. D
1871. | Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 133
1585, when Madhii Singh was zaminddr of Kokrah, and to the
second invasion, in 1616, under Ibrahim Khin Fath-jang, governor
of Bihar, who defeated Rajah Durjun Sal. There are also some
notes on the diamond washings as then carried on in the River
Sank.
Regarding Pachet we havea short notice of Rajah Bir Narain,
who died in A. H. 1042-43, or A. D. 1632-38.
The extracts regarding Palamau refer to the invasions, in A. D.
1641 and 1648, by Shiistah Khan and Zabardast Khan, when
Pratib, son of Balbhadr, the Chero, and Tij Rai, his usurping
uncle, were Rajahs. Pratéb was afterwards reinstated, and was
still alive in 1647. The jyama’ of Palimau was then R. 250,000,
and the peshkash which the Rajahs had to pay to Shahjahan’s trea-
sury, was fixed atalac of rupees. The ’AlJamgirndmah says that the
the Rajahs did not regularly pay the peshkash; and in 1661, the
fourth year of Aurangzib’s reign, Daid Khan, governor of Bihar,
was ordered to invade the.district. Of this expedition we have am-
ple details. The result was that the forts Deokan, Kot’hi, and
Kundah, were occupied, and Pal4mau itself was taken by storm on
the 14th December, 1661, when the then Rajah, whose name is not
given, had to submit to the appointment of an imperial Faujdar.
The first Faujdér, Mankli Khan, remained at Palinfiu for a few
years.
IV.—On soME NEW sPECIES oF Persran Bats, by G. E. Dosson,
B. A., M. B. Assistant Surgeon H. U.’s British Forces.
(Abstract.)
Mr. Dobson introduced to the notice of the Society two new
species of Persian bats. One of the species is the type of a new
genus of 2hinolophine bats, and its discovery leads to the necessity
of forming for its reception a new group, as the characters given
by Dr. Gray of the four groups into which he divides the Aino-
lophide* do not admit of its being placed in any one of them.
The nasal appendages are very complicated, the anterior por-
tion of the nose-leaf is horse-shoe shaped, consisting of two
* Proc, Zool. Soc. 1866,
134 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ June,
laminz ; the upper, overlying lamina deeply emarginate in front,
the opposite sides of the emargination turned upwards, and sup-
porting the anterior portion of a broad, flat, longitudinal crest
which ends in a triangular head above and between the nostrils.
The hinder portion of the nose-leaf arises from a thick root imme-
diately behind the nostrils ; the base is hollow containing a single
cell, the opening to which is guarded by a lanceolate process of
membrane. The crest is trident shaped, consisting of a central,
lanceolate process, similar to that below, but longer, and two
lateral and somewhat broader projections, parallel to it, and
nearly equal to it in length. On each side of this hinder
nose-leaf are six cells of which one is situated behind and at its
side, immediately above the eye, occupying the position of the
minute pores observed in nearly all the animals of Gray’s 2nd
group.
The form of the ears, and the place of attachment of the outer
margin are also remarkable, as well as the peculiar shape of the
bones of the arm in the neighbourhood of the elbow joint.
For the new genus Mr. Dobson proposes the name TZii@nops,
and for the species persicus.
i. Bk bodes 9 ad Pat Jiaieas
Dentitiong—In. FZ? c. Tea pm. 5 19! m. rear
Length of head and body 2”.25; tail 1’.2; forearm. 2”.0.
The second new species belongs to the genus Pipistrellus, Gray.
It approaches P. serotinus, but differs from it in the shape of the
tragus, colour of the fur, &c.—Ears large, triangular, outer margin
faintly hollowed out below the tip, and emarginate opposite the
base of the tragus, terminating by forming a small lobe; tragus
rather long with subacute, rounded tip, and almost straight inner
margin; fur above dirty buff, beneath pale buff.
We 2—2 1—1 3—5
Dentition.—In. ERE? pm. 55) ™- 3-3
The minute upper pre-molar, placed inside the line of the teeth,
so commonly seen in the species of the genus to which this bat
belongs, is not discernible in either of the two specimens brought
from Persia.
Length of head and body 2.8; tail 2”.0; forearm 2’.2.
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 135
The specimens were obtained at an elevation of 4750 feet near
Shiraz in Persia; Mr. Dobson accordingly proposes for the new
species the name ‘ Shiraziensis,”
A full account of these new species, with notes on some others
from the same region, will appear in Part II, of the Journal.
V.—Names of Birds &0, IN FOUR OF THE ABORIGINAL LANGUAGES
or WestERN Benaat, by V. Batu, Esq.
This paper gives a list of names of a great number of birds
and other animals in four of the languages which are spoken
by the different aboriginal tribes in Western Bengal. A com-
parison of the names shews that, as a rule, there is a great
difference in the designations of wild animals in the various
languages noticed, while on the contrary the names of the do-
mesticated animals are, as in most other languages, derived from
the same root. This paper will be published in the Philological
part of the Journal for the current year.
The receipt of the following communications was announced.
On the Death of Humayun, by C. J. Rogers, Esq.
Legends and Ballads of the District of Bhagalpir, by Babu Rash
Behari Bose.
Antiquities of Jijpir, by Babu Ch. Sikhur Bannerji, Tumlook.
An account of the antiquities of Jesar-Ishwaripiir, by Babu Rash
Behari Bose, Banka.
Liprary.
The following additions have been made to the Library since
the meeting held in May last :—
Presentations.
«*» Names of donors in Capitals.
Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol. XIX, No. 126.—Tuxr
Roya. Socrery or Lonpon.
Proceedings, parts I-II, for 1870:—Transactions, vol. VIII,
parts I11-V.—Tne Zooroeicat Socrery or Lonvon.
Monatsbericht, Febr., Meerz, 1871.—K. AKADEMIE DER WIssEN-
SCHAFTEN ZU BEruiy,
136 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ JUNE,
Sitzungsberichte, 1870. Heft I-IV :—Denkschrift auf Christ.
Erich Hermann von Meyer, von Carl. A. Zittel—K6neu. BAYER.
AKADEMIE DER WiSSENSCHAFTEN ZU MuncuEn.
Discorso del Commre Negri Cristoforo.—Socrera GEOGRAFICA
ITALIANA.
Historical and Statistical Memoir of the Ghazeepoor District, by
W. Oldham, B. C. 8., LL. D, part I1.—Tuz Avrnor.
The Topography of the Moghul Empire as known to the Dutch
in 1631, by H. Lethbridge.—Tuer Avrnor.
English Legislation for India, by A. M. Broadley, C..8.—TuE
AvurTHor.
Gulzar-i-Kashmir, by Kriparam.—Txre Avrnor.
Materials towards the monograph of the Gadiniide, by W. H.
-Dall:—Remarks on the Anatomy of the Genus Siphonaria, by
W. 4H. Dall.—Tue Avruor. :
Pas’upas’amokshanam, by Radhamohana Sena.—Ba’su Ra’Ma-
DA’sA SENA.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, vol. VII part 3 :—
Palzeontologia Indica, vol. III, Nos. 5-8.—THe SupERINTENDENT
or THE GEoLocicaL Survey oF Inp1A.
Abstract of Proceedings of the Muhammadan Literary Society of
Calcutta.—Tur M. Lirzrary Socimry.
Report on the Land Revenue Administration of the Lower
Provinces, 1869-70.—THE GovERNMENT OF BENGAL.
Records of the Geological Survey of India, vol. IV, parts I-II.—
The Leepeedeepeeka.—General Report on the Administration of
the Bombay Presidency, 1869-70.—THE GovERNMENT oF INDIA.
Purchase.
The Westminster Review, April 1871.—The Annals and Ma-
gazine of Natural History, No. XL.—The L. E. & D. Philoso-
phical Magazine, No. 273.—Revue des Deux Mondes, Janr,
Fevr., Mars, 1871.—Comptes Rendus, Nos. 1-12.—Hewitson’s
Exotic Butterflies, part 78.—Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica, parts
286, 287.—Cheref-Niameh, vol. I, part I1.—Ibn-El-Athiri vol. V.
Exchange.
The Athenzeum for March, 1870.
The Nature, Nos. 76—79.
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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
For Jury, 1871.
-—@——
The monthly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday
the 5th instant, at 9 P. M.
The Hon’ble Mr, Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
Presentations were announced—
1. From Rey. J. Long,—A copy of ‘Historical Notice con-
cerning Calcutta in the days of Job Charnock.’—A copy of the
‘Holy Bible in short-hand.’—A copy of ‘ Outlines of Amharic,’
by the Rev. C. H. Blumhardt.—A copy of a ‘Manual of Geo-
graphy in Maharatti,’ vol. II, by Major T. Candy.—A copy of the
Parsee Acts, by Sarabjee Shapoorjee Bengalee.—A copy of the
Phonetic Journal for 1864,
2. From Rev. C. B. Lewis,—A copy of the Christian Spectator,
Vol. I., No. I.
The Council reported that they have elected Col. J. F. Tennant
as Member of Council and Financial Secretary, in place of Col.
H. Hyde, proceeding on leave.
Also, that Mr, J. Beames, C. 8., has resigned the task of editing
Chand’s poems.
The following gentlemen proposed and seconded at the last
meeting were elected Ordinary Members—
J. R. Reid, Esq., C. 8.
J. Smith, Esq., C.S.
E. W. Oates, Esq., C. E.
Col. O, Hamilton.
C. T. Buckland, Esq., C. 8.
Khalifah Sayyid Muhammad Hasan, Prime-Minister to H. H.
. the Mahfrajah of Patidlah,
138 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Juy,
The following is a candidate for ballot at the next meeting—
Babi Ganga Prasad, Deputy Collector of Moradabad, proposed
by Maulavi Abdullatif Khan, Bahadur, seconded by Babu Ra-
jendralala Mitra.
Lieut. W. A. J. Wallace has intimated his desire to withdraw
from the Society.
The following communications were read :—
I.—OBsERVATIONS ON A Perstan MS. on THE LiveEs oF THE TWELVE
ApostLus, BY JEROME Xayier,—by H. Burocumany, Ese., M. A.,
CatcutTraA MaprasaHd.
At the meeting held in May last year, I laid before the Society
arare and curious Persian MS., entitled MWirat-ul Quds. It wasa
life of Christ, written by Jerome Xavier, nephew to the renowned
Francis Xavier, and dedicated by him to the Emperor Akbar.
The sequel to this work has now turned up. The MS. before
the meeting is a history of the lives of the twelve apostles by the
same author. The copy belongs to the Serampore College Libra-
ry, and seems to be unique. From a remark in the book, it
appears that it was composed in 1608 A. D., the third year of
Jahangiv’s reign. The first chapter, however, the life of 8t. Peter,
was evidently written earlier, as the Latin translation of it by the
celebrated Ludovicus de Dieu of Leyden speaks of it as a distinct
work, and mentions A. D. 1600 as the year in which it was writ-
ten.
In point of style, both works exhibit the same features. The
sentences run smoothly and are occasionally elegant. We may,
therefore, conclude that Maulana ’Abdussattar of Lahor, who assist-
ed J. Xavier in the Jhrdé-ul Quds, also superintended the translation
of the sequel. .
In the preface, J. Xavier dedicates the work to Jahangir. He
says— : ;
“As the history of the life of Christ was written during the
reign of his late Majesty ’Arsh-dshyéni Jaldluddin Akbarshh,
and was dedicated to him, receiving from him the title of Mirdt-ul
Quds, so, from motives of gratitude, has this history of the twelve
apostles * * * * been written in honour of his Majesty the present -
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 139
emperor, the successor in power and dignity, the true son and heir
of the late emperor, the light of the dynasty that rules over the
ideal and worldly kingdoms, the @éhib-qirdn (Lord of the auspi-
cious conjunction), and will, I hope, meet with his approval, and
receive a name from his Majesty, the shadow of God on earth.”
Thus we see that the title of the former work, the Wirdt-ul Quds
was given by Akbar ; but there is no record to show that Jahingir,
whose indifference to everything, save superstition, is well known,
conferred a title wpon the lives of the twelve apostles.
The work itself calls for no further remark. The Rev. C. B.
Lewis has lately written a review of it in the Christian Spectator,
July, 1871. J. Xavier’s life of St. Thomas contains nothing new.
His mission to king Gondapherus of Hindtistin and the establish-
ment of the Nestorian Christians in the south of India are related
in several works. The name of the king has been compared to that
of king Gondophares who occurs on Bactrian coins, (Prinsep’s
Antiquities by Thomas, IT, p. 214).
We know from Muhammadan historians (Badioni) that Akbar’s
sons received lessons in the Christian religion; andthe Dutch
traveller De Laét (De Imperio Magni Mogolis, p. 271) tells us that
Jahangir ordered the sons of his younger brother Prince Danyél
to be baptized and instructed in Christianity, not because he
eared for the religion, but because he wished his nephews to appear
despicable in the eyes of his Muhammadan courtiers.*
Copies of both Persian works by Jerome Xavier have been made
for the Library of the Society.
* Jam ante retulimus Regem quum majorem natu filium Gousro [Khusrau]
minori suo filio Sultano Gorm [nunc Xa Ziahan, 7. e, Sultin Khurram, now
Shahjahan] committeret, und commississe fratrii sui Dhan Cha [Danydl Shab]
qui Barampore discesserat filios, Xa-Ethimorem et Xa-Hossen [Shah Tahmitras
and Shah Hoshang], quos in ipsa pueritia Jesuitis commiserat baptizandos et
Christiana religione imbuendos, non quod Christianae religioni faveret, sed
nt pueros Mahometanis inyisos faceret; et eadem levitate a fide Christiana
rursus abstraxerat.
Imay mention that a notice of the first part of De Laét’s work (the geo-
graphical portions) lately appeared in the Calcutta Review by Mr. Lethbridge
of the Hugli College. The second part of De Laét’s work, the histori-
cal portion, is also interesting and valuable, and deserves to be trans-
lated. His remarks on Jahéngir’s Mangabdiars and their Mangabs, on Khusrau’s
murder by Shahjahan, the last fight with ’Usman, on Abulfazl’s death at the
hand of Rajah Bir Singh Bundelah (wrongly-called in nearly all printed histories
Nar Singh) deserve the attention of historians.
140 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Juxy,
TI.—Noves on THE ALLAH UpantsHap,—bdy Ba’bu Ra’JENDRALA’LA
Mirra.
(Abstract. )
After adverting to the imitation of the Yajur Veda prepared by
the Jesuit missionaries of Madras, during the last century, with a
view to prove, by Vedic evidence, the authenticity of the Bible and
the divinity of Jesus Christ, the author describes in detail a forgery
which was committed about three centuries ago, to establish the divi-
nity of Allah as described by the Emperor Akbar. A copy of this
spurious document has lately been received from Babu Harischandra
of Benares. It bears the titled of ‘ Allah Upanishad,” and pro-
fesses to be a chapter of the Pippaldda Sakhé of the Atharva Veda.
As the Sékhain question is no longer extant, and has ceased to be
so for several centuries, it has been appealed to by at least half a dozen
apocryphal Upanishads, and notably by the Gopala Tapani, to serve
for their parentage, and the author of the work under notice, pro-
bably aware of the circumstance, has availed himself of it to escape
detection. It opens in the usual Hindu style with a salutation to Gane-
sa, and then describes Allah to be both Mitra and Varuna ; that he is
the bestower of all blessings, and the supporter of the Universe. He
is the Lord of all the gods (illah), and manifest in his own light. He
is addressed as the Allah of the prophet (sast7) Muhammad Akbar,
and gloried repeatedly by being called ‘‘the great God” in the
Arabic phrase Al/dhu Akbar. It terminates with a prayer for the
preservation of men, cattle, lions and aquatic animals, in the course
of which a female divinity, the destroyeress of demons (aswra saii-
harint) is invoked with the Tantric mystic formule hrum, rif and
phat, which form the vya mantra of one of the manifestations of the
goddess Durga.
The language of the MS. is very obscure, apparently so made
with a view to imitate the Vedic style, but the imitation is neither
happy nor grammatically correct. A plural verb has been twice
used for a singular nominative, and the adjectives do not always
From a cursory perusal of De Laét’s work on Persia, I am inclined to think
that it contains no original matter, but is a compilation from other works
on Persia, Even in his work on India, there is much that is copied from
. others. His topographical notes on Bihar and Bengal ave worthless, and often
misleading,
1871. | Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 141
correspond with their nouns. The collocation is also defective.
The work nevertheless, when first published, met with great success,
and many Hindus even now maintain its authenticity. The late Sir
Raji Rédhikénta was so far taken in by it that, oy its authority, he
introduced in his great lexicon the words Alla and Illa as Sanskrit
vocables.
The use of Akbar’s name suggests the idea that it was got up in
the time of that emperor by one of his courtiers to give currency
to his new faith among his Hindu subjects, but who it was, it is im-
possible now to determine. Itis said in the Ain ¢ Akbaré that
Badaoni, the author of the Iluntakhab uttawarikh, was a great Sans-
krit-scholar, and was employed by Akbar in translating the Atharva
Veda in Persian, but as he was a devout Muhammadan who look-
ed with horror upon the new faith of his master, and freely stig-
matized it in his history of Akbar’s reign ; it is not at all likely that
he would be guilty of calling Akbar a prophet, and Allah the God
of Muhammad Akbar and not that of the Arabian prophet, unless
we believe it was done with a view to ridicule the religion of Akbar,
which is scarcely probable. A writer in the Oudh Akhbar, a Hindu-
stani newspaper of Lucknow, says it is the work of the Ahankhanan
of Akbar, but as there were several such officers during the long
and prosperous reign of that monarch, it is not possible to ascertain
which of them was the author of this gross religious imposition,
Mr. Blochmann said—
Bébu Réjendraléla Mitra mentioned that the Allah Upanishad
was ascribed to one of Akbar’s Khan Khanans. Akbar had three,
Bairém, Mun’im Khan, and Mirzé ’Abdurrahim, son of Bairam. If
any of the three had written the Allah Upanishad, it could only be
the last. Bairém was a bigotted Shi’ah, and Mun’im a brave,
pious soldier, anything else but a writer. Besides, the book
could only have been written after A. H. 986, from which year
Akbar had commenced to abjure Islam ; but Bairdém died in 969,
and Mun’im at Gaur in 983. Consequently, Mirzi ’Abdurrahim,
the Khan Khanan par excellence of Akbar’s reign, could be the only
one to whom the imputation could refer. But he, too, was a most
unlikely man to undertake the edition of a Hindu work. People
142 Proceeilings of the Asiatic Society. (Jury,
took him for a Shi’ah in Sunni garb, and nowhere does Badaoni,
the censor of Akbar’s age, make the slightest allusion to Hindi
tendencies in the Khan Khanan.
The imputation therefore falls to the ground.
In connection with this subject, I may mention that the Society
lately received from Allahabad a copy of a metrical Persian trans-
lation of the Bhagwat Gita, the title page of which mentions Faizi
as the author. A few weeks ago, I examined the book, and though
some passages in it, especially the beginning, are well written,
there are in it so many Hinduized Persian phrases and occasional
slips in rhyme and metre, that I cannot bring myself to believe
that Faizi is the author.
Maulavi ’Abdullatif observed that Faizi was known to have been
the first Muhammadan that studied Sanscrit, and as the Upanishad
had been referred to Akbar’s times, he might be the author of it.
Mr. Blochmann said that this was a mere supposition ; the state-
ment of Faizi being the first Muhammadan that learned Sanscrit
was an exploded error { Elliot’s Index, p. 259], and there was,
besides, no evidence whatever that the great poet knew Sanscrit.
Maulavi ’Abdullatif thought that under these circumstances Faizi
resembled the many Europeans who got their Munshis to print
works, putting their own names on the title page.
Mr. Blochmann said that Muhammadan historians invariably re-
present the translations which appeared during the reign of Akbar,
as having been made from Hindi; and not directly by the Maulavis
from the Sanscrit. - Some of the translators, as Naqib Khan, knew
even so little of the vernacular, that they had to get help in reading
the Hindi versions.
III.—Memoranpvum on THE THUNDER-STORM WHICH PASSED OVER CAL-
CUITA ON THE 8TH JuNE, 1871,—dy J. O. N. James, Esa,
About 9 vp. m. I first observed dark masses of cloud rolling up
from the south, although the direction of the wind at the time was
from the N. E. Gradually these clouds spread over from S. E. to -
West and N. W., and I then observed distant thunder with occa-
‘sional flashes of lightning to 8. W. and 8. By 11 P. m, the entire
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 145
sky was overcast with heavy black clouds and about this time, I
experienced a peculiar sensation of uneasines which prevented me
from sleeping. I got out of bed and walked into my verandah
which faces the south, and had not been there above ten minutes,
when I was startled by a regular crash of thunder on the west.
Several crashes followed in quick succession on the north and N.
W., and all, as far as I could possibly observe, came from clouds
overhanging the northern portion of the city. This drew my at-
tention to the north and I then walked out to an open terrace on
the north of my house. It was now midnight, the wind had veer-
ed to south, and I distinctly observed black masses of cloud com-
ing up from the south, while others seemed rushing towards them
from the N. W. and north. The clouds from the south were appa-
rently lower than those coming from the N. W. and N. On
these clouds meeting or crossing each other, the first severe claps
of thunder and vivid flashes of lightning were observed by me.
At times the flashes of lightning followed with barely an interval
of a second between each, while the roar of thunder was con-
tinuous for nearly 30 or 40 seconds at a time.
Rain coming on, I returned to the south verandah ; this was
about 1 a. m. I now experienced a sensation very similar to that
I had often felt when overtaken by storms in the higher Himalay-
as, viz., an irritation about the surface of the skin caused by my
hair turning, and felt sure that the storm was close in my neigh-
bourhood. I now took up my position so as to watch the light-
ning conductors and observatory on the Surveyor General’s Office,
distant from my house about 150 yards :—
At 1-20 a, m. the large masses of black clouds seemed to me to
be traversing over the southern portion of the city from W. to
E., wind N. W. The lightning was extremely vivid and the
thunder deafening, and I now first noticed, sparks (as it appeared
to me) shooting in and out of the conductor over the anemometer
at top of the 8. G. O. observatory.
The appearance of the conductor is given in fig. 1, plateII. The
portion of the conductor from A to A was alive with sparks, flash-
ing to and from it. Suddenly there was a streak of lightning from
a cloud overhead which almost blinded me, followed on the instant
144 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. | Juny,
by a detonation which made me shudder. The observatory ap-
peared a mass of fire, there was a sound of metal striking metal,
and I observed the large conductor on the east of the Survey-
or Generals Office looking as if it was red hot. This was momen-
tary, and as I was anxious to observe all I possibly could, I again
watched the observatory. Again the conductor over the anemo-
meter was alive with sparks along the same portion of it from A to
A, but not a spark seemed to touch the point. This seemed ex-
traordinary to me, so I watched more closely to see if any other
portions of the conductor were similarly affected, and now noticed
that the horizontal portion of it from the observatory to the back
stair case was similarly affected, as roughly shewn in fig. 2, on
pl. II; horizontal portions of the conductor from A to A and B to B
receiving and emitting sparks. .
About } to 2 a. m. the lightning and thunder was incessant, at
each flash and explosion the masses of cloud seemed to recede from ~
each other, rise and then fall lower towards the earth than before.
While watching this, there was a flash of lightning and I distinctly
saw a stream of electricity, from a cloud overhead, discharged up-
on the Office, which shot back again into the cloud, and then
flashed off towards the East end of Park Street; this discharge I
believe struck No. 22, Park Street.
What I witnessed will be best understood from the drawing
given in figure 3, of plate II.
The conductor above the anemometer (A) and the one on the
east of the Office (B) again appeared red hot, and the horizontal
portions emitted sparks for an instant only. After this there was
a perfect lull for nearly 10 minutes and then followed a succession
of flashes and detonations, all overhead, and from W. to S. over
Chowringhee and Park Street and south towards the Martiniere,
which I can only describe as a blaze of lightning and a terrific roar
of thunder.
This first portion of the storm seemed to me to pass away to the
South and Hast, and then turn round by east to north or N. East.
Throughout this storm, for nearly 4 hours, I closely watched the
streams of electricity discharged towards this city and really fancied
that nearly every house must have been struck. From Government
Plate. il.
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for July, 1871. Pece. IL.
SSS
tae ae
ee cr ents eee
fie a Ses ai ae
Zincographed at the Surveyor General's Office Calcutta,
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 145
House northwards and westwards towards Howrah, there ap-
peared to me an almost continuous discharge of the electric fluid,
and as the storm advanced Southwards and Eastwards, I observed
the same phenomena extending, as nearly as I could ascertain, in a
circle from the Fort up Park Street to the Martiniere and over
towards the General Hospital.
Mr. H.'Blanford, in reading Mr. James’ note, suggested that the
appearance of sparks given off by the horizontal part of the con-
ductor might perhaps be due to a discharge towards the falling
rain drops. The zigzag flash returning from a struck object to the
clouds and then back again to the earth may be ascribed to an
optical deception.
Mr. Ayrton, said :—
Mr. James’ paper is certainly a vivid description of an Indian
thunderstorm. It is, however, I think, to less startling displays
that we must look for our physical information about atmospheric
electricity. Not only during visible storms, but at all times there
occur in the air phenomena which instruments electrically more
delicate than our senses are able to see and measure. The best
kind of such instruments, electrometers as they are called, require,
however, that the air inside them should be kept artificially dry ;
and unfortunately the season when observations of atmospheric
electricity would be most interesting, viz. during the monsoon, is the
very time when it is most difficult to maintain an artificially dried
atmosphere. This difficulty, however, can be overcome when
sufficient attention and time can be devoted to the management of
the instrument ;—observations too of this kind are only valuable
when made regularly. Therefore, I think that observations of
atmospheric electricity can only be carried on with any practical
benefit, when they are in the hands of aman who can devote his
time to meteorological registration. I would, therefore, strongly
recommend to those who have the management of the Meteorolo-
gical Department at Calcutta, that arrangements should be made
similar to those already existing at Greenwich and Kew for the
registration of the electric potential of the air,
The only steps that have, I believe, been taken to register atmos-
pheric electricity inthis country consisted in two portable elec-
146 Preceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Juny,
trometers being sent out about two yearsago to the Indian Tele-
graph Department, but from an error in packing they were both so
damaged as to be unserviceable. These instruments too were
more suited for making rough measurements at different places
while travelling, than for making delicate measurements at an
observatory. The instruments at present in use in Europe for this
purpose are very perfect, and give on sensitive paper a photographic
curve showing the electric state of the atmosphere.
As an example of the importance of observations of atmospheric
and terrestrial currents I may mention that from tests made partly
on the 10th, partly on the 11th, and partly on the 12th of February
of this year, it appeared that very strong positive natural currents
were flowing through the telegraph lines in the directions Deesa
to Agra, Indore to Agra, Allahabad to Agra, Agra to Umballa,
Calcutta to Raneegunge and Calcutta to Sahibgunge, in all cases
in the same direction from southward to northward. In the
cases where the line ran nearly due north and south the current
was such as could have been produced by the insertion of about
8 galvanic cells in the line. In the other cases it varied from
about 8 to 2 cells, depending partly on how nearly the line ran due
north and south. On the 16th of February the earthquake
occurred at Calcutta. Now Ido not fora moment conclude from
this solitary instance, that natural electric currents have necessari-
ly any connection with Earthquakes, still as we know very little
about either of these phenomena, it is just possible that they may
be connected.
And if in the observatories in Europe and Australia it is thought
worth while to carry on a regular system of observations of atmos-
pheric electricity mainly for the purpose of endeavouring to con-
nect the results of these observations with the weather, so that the
electric state of the air may act as a barometer to foretell the
weather, how much more important is it that such a system of
observations should be established in a country like India, visited
as it is by thunderstorms doing such a vast amount of damage.
Mr. Woodrow observed that he heard several persons stating
that they saw the conductor of a house appearing red hot during
the late storm.
1871, ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 147
Mr. H. F. Blanford mentioned that he had been informed by
Mr. James of a very striking instance of this kind. At Bunnoo,
which was frequently visited by severe thunderstorms, he was
informed that an observatory erected for the G.T, Survey was pro-
tected by a lightning conductor, which was described as a thick
iron rod. Thisrod was, as Mr. James assured him, subsequently
found on the ground as a fused mass of iron, and having been re-
moved was in another year found to have been fused like the
former, and in a like condition. This effect was ascribed to light-
ning.
The President said they were indebted to Mr. James for a very
graphic description of a thunderstorm. Some of the phenomena
mentioned did not appear to be easy of explanation. The mode in
which Mr. Blanford accounted for the manifestation of sparks or
coruscations on the horizontal portion alone of the conductor was
ingenious, but did not seem altogether satisfactory. Falling drops
would, he supposed, pass in just as close proximity to the vertical
portion of the rod as to the horizontal. Without any disparagement
to Mr. James, it might perhaps be doubted whether he had been able
to possess himself of the actual phenomena with complete accuracy.
No class of phenomena was so difficult of precise observation, as that
with which Mr. James had to deal, both on account of the extreme
shortness of their duration, and the absence of a standard of com-
parison andmeasurement. In one particular, Mr. James had evi-
dently been misled. The mutual recession and approach of two
clouds upon the passage of a flash of lightning between them,
of which he spoke, was illusory. The flash merely illumined and go
revealed an interval between two cloud masses, which before were not
separable from a back ground connecting them, and when the light
disappeared again, the apparent connection was resumed. The ~
mental impression produced by this rapid succession of events
gave rise most naturally to the idea of relative motion of the two
cloud masses. But actual motion to the same angular extent of
oscillation as that which is, in this way, apparent in the instant of
the flash would be something truly enormous!
The storm was evidently one of the ordinary type prevalent
here at this time of the year. A lower vapour-bearing current
148 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ JuLy,
was passing over from the 8. W. and 8. This encounters, or is
crossed by, the course of a condensing cause coming up from the
N. W. ‘The latter is no doubt a relatively colder and generally
swifter moving current, somewhat above the first, often perhaps
partially driving through it. The result is a curious movement
en echelon: while the lower clouds appear to be coming from the
S. W., the heavy storm masses as a whole gather first in the
N. W. and seem to traverse the sky as if coming from that quarter.
Also the two atmospheric currents in highly contrasted meteorolo-
gical condition give rise to violent electrical disturbance. In the
normal course of the monsoon rains, when the vapour-bearing
current is not interfered with by a differently conditioned cross
current, the precipitation of water, however heavy the downfall may
be, is seldom found to be accompanied by any great manifestation
of thunder and lightning. He, (the President,) was afraid that little
confidence could be placed upon the correctness of the path attri-
buted to the lightning flashes. Many causes of deception existed with
regard to this. And he might make the same remark with regard
to the behaviour of the clouds spoken of by Mr, James towards
the east after the bulk of the storm had passed, It was always
matter of much nicety to determine the true motion of a cloud mass,
Indeed this could scarcely ever be done with much accuracy except
for a limited region near the zenith. The apparent angular motion
of a portion of a surging mass at a low altitude did not afford
sufficient data for the purpose. It was then almost impossible
with the eye alone to form even an approximate estimate of the
geometrical dimensions. With regard to the alleged heating of the
conductor to the extent of making it luminous, he would suggest by
way of test for the future that a collar of wax or resin be kept
continually surrounding the rods of all the principal buildings in
the town.
Somewhat later in the evening Mr. Ayrton observed—
The explanation has just occurred to me of the phenomenon
observed by Mr. James of sparks appearing to issue from the
horizontal, but not from the vertical portions of the lightning
discharges, so if it be not contrary to the rules of the Society, I will
refer again to that subject.
1]
z
z
Ee
=
9
al
150 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Juny,
Now by Faraday’s law the portions of the conductor AB, BC,
CD &c. each contain equal quantities of electricity, therefore those
portions EF, GH which are longest contain least electricity, per unit
of length. The electricity, therefore, will be most concentrated at
the point J of the conductor and least concentrated at the angles
y, 8, and along the vertical portion KA. But the resultant pres-
sure on the air, or tendency to produce discharge at any point near
a charged body, is directly proportional to the electric density or
the amount of electricity per unit of area at that point, therefore
the discharge will be greatest at the point J, next greatest along
the horizontal portions AH, FG, and least along the portions EF,
GM and the vertical portion KA. The only difference being that
at the point J the discharge although greatest will most probably
be a silent one, whereas along the length of the conductor it will
be disruptive or in the form of sparks. We may, therefore, expect
to see with the eye no discharge along EF, GH, KL or at the
point J, but sparks issuing from the horizontal portions AH and FG,
IV.—Suggestions for Visitors to the Total Eclipse on 12th December,
1871, dy Lieut.-Col. J. F. Tennant, F. R. 8.
At the last meeting of the Society after the conclusion of my
Memorandum the President suggested, that all who might have the
opportunity should visit the Neilgherries, and should endeavour to
contribute their share tu the result, and that those having spectro-
scopes should use them. There is in fact no difficulty in seeing
during the Total Phase of an Eclipse lines of light varying more or
less in number and brightness with a spectroscope directed nearly
to the sun; nor would it be impossible that any one so armed
should see some lines of light or darkness which he believed
to be unseen by others, but this would not be of any use. The
light falling on the slit of a spectroscope at this time comes
partly from the Corona and partly from the Protuberances, while
there is of course such faint diffused light as is about. We know
that this mixed light must vary with the point which happens to
be in the prolongation of the line of vision of the spectroscope, but
unless we can distinguish the objects which emit each ray we are
_ really gaining little knowledge.
1871. | Proceedings of the Asiatic Socvety. 151
An amateur (in one sense we are all so) then, must before making
up his mind to such a proceeding consider what he loses: I ven-
ture to say that he will entirely lose the great sight. In order to
see with the spectroscope, he must deliberately shut himself out
from this. He may then see what others have seen before, but he
can, without special means, add no material fact to what is known,
and it is far more likely that he will lose the real sight without
seeing so much. If heis in any degree anxious or nervous,
it is pretty certain that he will have no clear idea of what he
sees in the instrument. The case of aman who having carefully
made up his mind to objects and methods of examination, provides
himself with adequate apparatus, and deliberately gives up the
sight for the chance of being of use, is of course quite different. I
could not recommend any one going down to the Kclipse-line with-
out due preparation ; to lose one of the most magnificent sights he
can see, and to miss the opportunity of appreciating how much it
has been given to man to penetrate into the mysteries of nature.
I purpose, however, now, in pursuance of a promise to the President,
to offer some suggestions to visitors who are not content with
this.
Any person possessing a chronometer and the means of finding
its error, will do a service if he will simply note the four moments of
contact of the Sun’s and Moon’s Limbs. As I explained before, the
first contact is especially difficult to note, but the other three are
comparatively easy. He has then only to mark his place accurate-
ly on the Atlas of India, or some good map, and deduce his
Latitude and Longitude and height above the Sea. These data will
help towards the problem of determining the Solar and Lunar
diameters and, if accurate, they cannot be too numerous.
As Totality comes on; if he does not mean to take the moment
of the Sun’s disappearance, I would advise him to lay aside his
Telescope, and look for the strange fringes of colour or light and
shade which mark the commencement of this Phase. I quote some
accounts of this from Grant’s History of Physical Astronomy.
In 1842, M. Fauvelle gives the following from Perpignan. “ At
“the moment when the Eclipse was about to become Total, I per-
“ceived the ast rays of the sun to undulate with great intensity and
152 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Juny,
“rapidity on a white wall of one of the Military Establishments of
“the Rampart of St. Dominique. The effect might be compared
“ with that which is observed when the light of the Sun falls upon
“a wall or ceiling after having been reflected from the surface of
‘‘water in a state of agitation. The same phenomenon appeared
‘at the emersion of the sun,” the undulations were at first very
intense and gradually died away. ‘‘M. Arago_ states that
‘during the few seconds devoted by his colleagues and himself to
‘the observation of such phenomena the facades of the great tower
“ of the citadel of Perpignan appeared illuminated by a singularly
“ Auctuating light.” M. Lenthéric at Montpellier says ‘A little be-
‘‘ fore the commencement of the total obscuration there were seen
«on the ground and on the walls undulating shadows composed of a
“succession of arcs, 3 or 4 decimetres in length, but of much less
“breadth, which seemed to turn on themselves. The effect was ana-
“logous to that produced by those moveable shadows which are
‘seen at the bottom of ashallow basin filled with clear water when
* the surface, slightly agitated, is illuminated by the sun’s rays.”
At Seyne, Mr. Savournin says: ‘ There were here and there seen
‘shadows and luminous patches running after each other, the
‘ effect of which was similar to that produced by the passage of a
“¢ succession of small clouds over the sun. These patches were not
“ all of the same colour, some were red ; others yellow, blue or white. The
‘children amused themselves running after them, and trying to
‘put their hands on them. This extraordinary phenomenon was
‘‘ remarked ae) a few instants before the complete disappearance
*‘ of the sun.’
Professor Grant quotes some Swedish observations of 1733, but
they do not seem to me to refer to the same phenomenon. The
accompanying quoted by him from Delisle, however, clearly
refers to this. ‘‘ The second observation is one which a curi-
‘ous individual acquainted me with having made by mere
“accident. Having directed his attention to a large white wall,
“ at the moment of the total immersion of an Eclipse of the Sun,
“ he saw the Moon’s shadow pass upon the wall, tinged with different
“colours.”
This phenomenon was also seen and drawn by M. Poulain a
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 153
French officer at Goreo in 1861, whose attention the Astronomer
Royal called to it.
In 1868, I asked Col. Addison of H. M.’s 2nd (the Queen’s) Regt.
to examine this matter at Aden. I expressed considerable doubt
as to the reality of the phenomenon which, save for M. Savournin’s
statement, that the children ran after these shadows, I think one
might have considered (in the absence of evidence to the contrary)
as caused while resting a weary eye. Col. Addison had a large
sheet hung up and (I quote from memory)* more than one of his
officers saw these shadows passing rapidly across the sheet; so
rapidly that they could not measure the velocity; in the direction
in which the Moon was advancing on the Sun.
Colonel Addison and M. Poulain are the sole persons I know,
who have looked for this phenomenon, but it was seen again,
unless I mistake, in 1869, and I believe that the following des-
cription by Mr. Charles Coale refers to it. ‘‘The grandest of
“all to us, who had no astronomical ambition, or astronomical
“Knowledge, to gratify, was the effect upon the clouds during
“the total obscuration. Those who have had the privilege of
being on White Top” (mear Abingdon, Virginia and 5530 feet
high) “and enjoying the westward scene, will remember the
“grand panoramic view of mountains beginning on the north-
“fern and southern horizon and stretching away to the west,
** till they seem to meet, and will appreciate the scene, which we
‘now attempt to describe. Stretching along this semicircle of
‘mountains in long horizontal lines, far below the Sun lay light
“and fleeey clouds, as if resting on their wings during the seem-
“ing struggle between the orbs above them. At the moment of the
‘falling of the dark shadow, when naught was to be seen above
‘* but the stars and the circle of light around the moon, these clouds
‘became arrayed in all the colours of the rainbow, presenting an
“indescribable richnéss with their back ground of sombre moun-
“tain. To our vision it was as if bands of broad ribbon of every
“ conceivable hue had been stretched in parallel lines half round the
“universe.”’ One sees here the pen work of the American Jour-
nalist : indeed Mr. Coale in another letter remarks that he was
* The papers were sent to the Royal Astronomical Society,
1564 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Jury,
probably extravagant in giving the clouds all the colours of the
rainbow (though he considers this allowable in country journalism)
and he proceeds to name ‘pink, purple, yellow orange, and
fiery red,” and ‘‘a band of lilac,” though not green or blue, as being
eolours he had seen. It is quite impossible notwithstanding exag-
geration to compare this, which I take from Mr. Proctor’s late work
on the Sun; with the descriptions I have quoted from Professor
Grant, without seeing that the phenomenon was the same that M.
Savournin saw at Seyne. It is eminently fitted for examination by
those unaccustomed to use instruments, and, while I believe worth
investigation, will not deprive them of the great spectacle. The
occasion will, I think, be very favourable.
To those one degree more professional who may possess tele-
scopes on mountings and seek to do some further service, without
too great a sacrifice of personal feelings, I would suggest the
selection of certain parts of the Corona and their careful scrutiny,
so as to enable drawings to be made and descriptions to be written
immediately afterwards. The parts I would refer to are those which
I have in my Report of 1868 called flare. I did not of course see
them then, but it was quite impossible to examine carefully my
original negatives without a strong conviction, that in those places at
all events gas, luminous though much less so than the body of the
protuberances, was streaming from them into the general light
of the Corona. As photography will probably be entirely directed
to the general Corona, these brighter parts will be to a great extent
lost in detail. Indeed if they are to be done justice to by Photo-
graphy, it must be by special arrangements allowing large pictures
to be rapidly taken in some Eclipse of the future. At present
I would call the attention of draughtsmen to these spots, from
which, when found, they should not allow their attention to go.
Moderate power would alone be necessary, though if the air be
steady enough high power would concentrate the attention by
limiting the space. Itis alleged too that there are nodes and
bands of light in the Corona of complicated structure and quite
free of the Sun ; these too might be noticed, probably the best
plan will be to attack the first such object seen and adhere to it.
Lastly, I would urge on those who I trust may be induced to
ee Ss
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 155
go to the Kclipse track by curiosity or some hope of adding to know-
ledge, to remember, that well equipped parties (I hope the Madras
Observatory may send one) are not able as a rule to choose better
sites, from which views can be got, than many others about, and that
there is nothing so injurious to good observation, as the motion,
and even the presence, of strangers. Possibly volunteers may be
wanted for some work; then, if you accept the position, do that
work in perfect silence where it does not require speech ; but, if
you have no share in the work, keep at a distance from those who
have, remembering that an involuntary motion or exclamation,
may seriously disturb those who are endeavouring to close their
minds to the surrounding circumstances, and to concentrate them on
the duty they have undertaken. To suffer men who are content to
lose all the great sight of the day for work, to do their work without
interruption, is in itself a service to science, though one which
does not force itself into notice.
V.—The Antiquities of Jéjpir,—by Banu CuunpDEr SEKHAR BAnuRI.
(Abstract).
Baba Chander Sekhar Banurji mentions early notices of Jaj-
pir, legends connected with the invasion of Orisa by the Af-
ghans under K4l4 Pahdr in 1558,* a description of the memorials
of the Afghin conquest, the importance of Jajpir as a place of
pilgrimage, and a description of temples and several other works
of Hindi sculpture.
The paper will be printed in the second number of Part I. of
the Journal.
The receipt of the following communications was announced.
1. Monograph of Indian Cyprinide, Pt. II, by Surgeon F. Day.
2. Note on Lieut.-Col. MacMaster’s list of birds from Nagpore,
&e., by W. T. Blanford.
* This is the year mentioned by Stirling. But the Akbarnamah gives
A. H. 975, or A. D. 1567. Such as take an interest in the history of Orisa,
should read the beginning of the annals of the 37th year of Akbar’s reign as
given in the Akbarniémah, provided that good MSS. are obtainable, There are
most extraordinary differences between Abulfazl’s account and that of Stirling,
which professes to be taken from the Piri Vainsavali. The period of Orisa
history in the Akbarnéimah extends from-about 1500 to the end of the 16th
century.—THE Epiror,
156 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. JULY,
Liprary.
The following additions have been made to the Library since
the meeting held in June last.
Presentations.
y*% Names of donors in Capitals-
Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vols. XXXV—
XXXVIII ; Notices, Vols. XXVITI—XXX ; Index to the First
twenty-nine volumes of the Monthly Notices—Tun Roya Asrro-
NoMICAL Society or Lonpon,
Proceedings of the Royal Society, Vol. XIX, No. 127.—TuE
Rovyat Socrery or Lonpon.
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XV,
No, I.—Tue Royat Groerapuican Socrury or Lonpon.
Journal of the Statistical Society of London, March 1871.—
Tue SratisticaL Society or Lonpon.
Journal of the Chemical Society, February, March and April,
1871.—Tue Curmicar Socrery or Lonpon,
Bollettino della Societa Geografica Italiana, volume sesto, Ist
Maggio, 1871.—SocrmeTa GrocraricA ITALIANA,
Nyelvtudomanyi Kozlemények, Kiadja A Magyar Tudomanyas
Akadémia Nyelvtudomanyi Dizottsiga, szerkeszti, Hunfalvy Pal.
Hatodik Kétet, Fiizet, elso masodik, harmadik; Hetedik Kotet,
Elso Fiizet :—Ertekezések A. Természettudomanyi Osztaly Koréleol.
Kiadja a Magyar Tudomanyos Akadémia As Osztily Rendeleté
bol, szerkesgti, Gregurs Gyula, levelezé taq ; Tzam 1, IX, XI—
XIII:—A Magyar Tudomanyos Akadémia Jegyzékény, 1867,
Fuzet 1-2, Almanach 1867, 1868, 1869, :—Nyelvtudomanyi Kozle-
mények, Otodik Kotet, Fiizet Els6, Masodik, Harmadik :—Ertesitoje
Elsé Evfolyam, szam 1,— 17: Masodik Evfolyam, sz4m, 1—20.—
A. Macyar TupomanyAs AKADEMIA, PEsr.
Abstract of Proceedings of the Mahomedan Literary Society of
Calcutta, 1871.—Tue Manomepan Lit. Socrrry or Caucurra.
Historical and Statistical Memoir of the Ghazeepur District, by
W. Oldham, B.C. 8, LL. D., part L—Tuz Avruor.
Report on the Hill of Mohendragiri and the native part of
Barwah, by C. Palmer, Esq., M. D., Capt. W. G. Murray, and V.
Ball, Esq., B. AA—Dr. C. Patuer.
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 157
A Lecture on the Modern Buddhistic Researches by Babu Ram
Dass Sen.—Tue Avuvuor.
Introduction to a Philosophical Grammar of Arabic, by G. W.
Leitner.—Tur Avrior. ‘
The Topography of the Mogul Empire as known to the Dutch
in 1631, by E. Lethbridge, M. A.—Tur Avruor,
English Legislation for India by A. M. Broadley.—Tur
Avurnor.
The Calcutta Journal of Medicine, Nos. 7—12.—Tuer Eprror.
Uber das Ramayan von A. Weber.—H. Brocumann, Esa.
Christian Spectator, No. I—Rerv. C. B. Lewis.
Outlinesof Amharic by Rev. C. H. Blumhardt;—Historical Notice
concerning Calcutta;—A Manual of Geography by Major T.
Candy ;—The Holy Bible in Short Hand;—The Parsee Acts by
Sarabjee Shapoorjee Bengalee ;—Phonetic Journal, Vol. 23 :—Revy.
J. Lone,
Report on the Financial Results of the Excise Administration in
the Lower Provinces, 1869—70 ;—Report on the Cultivation and
preparation of Tabacco in India, by Dr. Forbes Watson.—Tuxz
GoVERNMENT oF BENGAL.
Selections from the Records of the Bombay Government, Nos.
118, 119.—TnEe GovernmENtT oF Bompay.
Purchase.
Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica, 284—287.—Quarterly Review
April 1871.—American Journal of Science, Nos. 3 and 4.—L. E.
and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, No. 274.—Comptes Rendus
Nos. 15—17.—Feer’s Etudes Bouddhiques, pr. serie.—Vambéry’s
Uigurische Sprachmonumente und das Kudatker Bilik.—Semper’s
Holothurien, Band I.—De Geaje Bibliotheca Geographica Arabi-
corum.—Reise in Hadramaut.—Spiegel’s Eranische Alterthums-
kunde, Band I-—Lexicon Latino-Japonicum.—Darwin’s Descent
of Man, Vols. 1, 2.
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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
For Avaust, 1871.
os
The monthly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday
the 2nd instant, at 9 o’clock, Pp. M.
The Hon’ble Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
Presentations were announced—
1. From Father M. Lafont,—a copy of Results of Meteorolo-
gical Observations, made at St. Xavier’s College Observatory,
during the first half of 1871.
2. From Babu Prankissen Chatterji,—a stone seal, found west
of Bardwan.
The inscription of the seal has not yet been deciphered.
3. From C. R. Markham, Esq.,—a copy of ‘Memoir on the
Indian Surveys.’
4. From H. F. Blanford, Esq.,—a copy of Tamil Grammar by
Rey. C. T, E. Rhenius,—and a copy of Tamil and English Dictionary
by Rey. J. P. Rottler.
Babu Gungaprasd4d, duly proposed and seconded at the last
meeting, was elected an ordinary member,
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next
meeting.
K. T. Atkinson, Esq., C. S. (for re-election), proposed by Dr. F.
Stoliezka, seconded by Mr. H. Blochmann.
Robert Fellowes Chisholm, Esq., Consulting Architect to the
Government of Madras, proposed by L. Schwendler, Esq., seconded
by Dr. F. Day.
160 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [| Ave.
Capt. 8. B. Miles, Bombay 8. C., Asst. Pol. Agent, Quader,
Makrén, proposed by L. Schwendler, Esq., seconded by Col.
J. F. Tennant. 3
Henry Buckle, Esq., Asst. Commissioner, British Burma, pro-
posed by Dr. T, Oldham, seconded by Dr. F. Stoliczka.
The following papers were read—
I, Somr REMARKS ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN INERTIA
anp Trvg, by W. E. Ayrton, Ksa.,
The following was written not on account of its actual novelty,
but because the ideas contained in it will probably be new to the
majority of those present,
Of all the properties of matter inertia is, I think, the one least
understood by the general reader. With weight, hardness, friction,
elasticity, &c. he is perfectly familiar, but that matter possesses
another property as important as any one of those I have men-
tioned never seems to present itself to him. If you ask an
ordinary practical man why it is difficult to set a massive fly-wheel
in motion, he will probably say on account of the weight and
friction. The friction certainly does in a small degree prevent
motion being given, but this can toa great extent be overcome
by the bearings of the fly-wheel being well made.
And not only is it difficult to set a massive fly-wheel in motion,
but it is difficult to stop such a wheel when in motion. This
certainly is not caused by friction, since the friction would itself
tend to stop the motion.
The weight too cannot in the least prevent motion being given
to, or taken away from, a well balanced wheel, since the action of
the earth on each side of the wheel is exactly the same.
There is, therefore, another property that matter possesses—its
inability to change its own state of rest or motion. This property
which is called inertia is best defined by Newton’s law “ Every
body continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight
line, except in so far as it may be compelled by impressed forces
to change that state.” Now, by uniform motion we mean moving
through equal spaces in equal times, or rather we should say, we
call those times equal during which a body unacted upon by any
Ste i ee ie
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 161
force describes equal spaces; for no person has an innate per-
ception of equal times. Nobody can from his inner consciousness
say one time is equal to another. Hours and minutes are as arbi-
trary in their conception, and require just as much explanation
as degrees of temperature. By general consent the earth is the
standard body that has been selected to determine equal times
by its motion, so that according to Newton’s law those times
are called equal during which the earth describes equal spaces,
or better during which any particular meridional plane describes
equal angles. In fact when a person speaks of minutes or
hours, he is tacidly assuming the fact of the earth’s inertia.
And for comparing time without the aid of the earth’s rotation,
clocks are used in which the condition of a body in motion, prac-
tically unacted upon by any force, is arrived at by compensating
by the action of a compressed spring or otherwise for the inevi-
table forces of friction.
The earth and moon regarded as a mechanical system possess
a certain amount of “energy,” or power to do work. This energy
is partly potential, that is, energy depending on the relative
position of the earth and moon, and partly kinetic, that is, energy
depending on the two bodies being in motion. Now the earth’s
daily rotation produces tides by the mutual attraction of the sea
and moon, and as the motion of the sea on the surface of the earth
is retarded by tidal friction a certain amount of the energy pos-
sessed by the system must be lost in overcoming the friction or in
generating heat.
One effect of this loss of energy is to cause the periods of rota-
tion of the earth round its axis and of the moon round the earth
to become more and more equal, or in other words to make the
period of the earth’s diurnal rotation gradually longer and longer.
The earth is, therefore, not a true time-keeper, and if a chrono-
meter were set now to keep true sideral time, we should ex-
pect, if the chronometer neither gained nor lost, to find at the
end of a lapse of years, that it was apparently too fast, if com-
pared with the then true sideral time. Such a chronometer it
has been calculated would at the end of a century be apparently
0°44 of a minute too fast.
162 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Ave.
To compare, therefore, time at one period of the earth’s existence
with time at another period we require, in addition to the sideral
and solar second, a mechanical second which would be defined as
the period, or a definite portion of the period of vibration of a
body practically quite unacted upon by any force. Such a time-
keeper has been made at the University of Glasgow and consists
of aspring pendulum truly balanced about its centre of inertia
and hermetically sealed in an exhausted glass tube. The vibra-
tions of such a pendulum are of course not in the least affected by
the earth, and could only be influenced by the little air that has
unavoidably been left in the tube producing some change in the
metal of which the pendulum is composed. The number of vibra-
tions of the pendulum per second are carefully counted now, and
will be counted again at some future period, when the number
will be apparently greater per second than it is now, since a
sidereal second then will really be a longer time than a sidereal
second now. In this way the actual loss of speed of the earth’s
diurnal rotation can be practically measured.
Col. Tennant said :—
He did not see how our idea of inertia involved an idea of
time. Inertia was the passive power by which change of state
was resisted, and when a body was at rest there was no ques-
tion of time involved; but he had not come prepared to discuss
this point in detail. The paper seemed to be mainly leading
to the question which had lately been raised as to the effect of the
tides in retarding the Tarth’s rotation on its axis, and he
thought some account of this might be interesting.
He (Col. T.) would remark on Mr. Ayrton’s statement that an
increase in the duration of a revolution of 0.44 of a minute ina
century has been found by calculation. The whole tidal problem is
of extreme complication, and in its generality cannot be touched by
analysis. The motion of the water has been deduced on certain
hypotheses which are very far indeed from representing existent
facts. Thus we have some knowledge of what the motion would be
in a canal surrounding the earth equatorially and of uniform, or great,
depth and section, or in similar canals passing through the poles ;
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 1638
also in canals of comparatively short length; and in various cases
in canals where the wave is derived from a tide wave in the sea.
The last case does not concern this problem greatly, andas regards
the former cases the conditions imposed by the necessities of analysis
make the results rather representations of the kind of phenomenon,
than capable of giving accurate values by calculation. Of course
when on any such hypothesis a theoretical result has been obtained,
which shows that aretardation would take place in the earth’s ve-
locity of rotation, it is easy to assign values to the constants and to
deduce a numerical result, but such results should be considered as
arithmetical exercises, and not as real deductions proved. It was
very much to be regretted, Col. Tennant thought, that mathematicians
who calculate such things occasionally give the results without those
words of caution which would prevent their being misunderstood.
This matter has of late received a great importance from the
strong suspicion that there is a true retardation of sensible amount,
and the evidence is quite unconnected with any investigations into
the tides. It was found very soon after accurate observations of
the Moon were taken, that the time of describing its orbit was
less than formerly, it being quite impossibie to represent old Eclip-
ses by calculating from the known elements. For long it was
found impossible to account for this phenomenon from gravity:
at last Laplace deduced a result from this cause which so com-
pletely coincided with that necessary to explain the old Eclipses,
that he thought himself justified in asserting that the sidereal
day had not varied by 53, of a second between the time of
Hipparchus and his day. His results were confirmed almost iden-
tically by Lagrange, and till very recently were accepted, with their
consequence that any action of the tides wasrejectaneous. Lately,
however, Mr. J. C. Adams in the course of a re-examination of the
Lunar Theory was led to a different result. He found that the true
theoretical value of the Moon’s acceleration only served to explain
about half ofthe observed change in its motion of which the rest had
to be explained. This conclusion was hotly disputed. French mathe-
maticians, jealous of the honor of their countryman, upheld his re-
sults, but Mr. Adams’ reasoning was unanswerable and has prevailed ;
it is acknowledged now that gravity alone does not produce the
164 Proceedings of the Asiatic Socicty. [ Ave.
acceleration of the Moon’s motion. It has been suggested that the
ether supposed to fill space, and whose existence had been con-
sidered probable from the peculiarities of the motion of Encke’s
comet produced a similar though less result on the moon, but De-
launay suggested that the tides should produce a retardation of
the Earth’s velocity which might account for it.
Since then the theoretical discussion of the result of the tidal
action has been in question. Col. Tennant had not been in the way
of seeing all the solutions, but the problem is very intricate even on
the limited hypotheses which render it analytically possible. The
Astronomer Royal has shown that on the supposition of a canal
equatorially surrounding the earth, the result of using the first
order of small quantities only in the solution is that the friction
produces no effect on the velocity of revolution, but that it retards
the moon. This is precisely the opposite of the result sought, but
he has also found in the terms of the second order one which
would retard the earth.
This or any thing similar is very far from giving a trustworthy
value of the retardation, however, and he (Col. T.) would caution
all to hesitate before giving faith to figures on this subject.
Mr. Ayrton replied :—
With reference to Colonel Tennant’s remark that ‘ Inertia is
the passive power by which change of state is resisted, and that
when a body is at rest there is no question of time involved,”
it will be obvious that the first half of this sentence related to
two things, a body at rest and a body in motion, whereas the
second half of the sentence refers only to a body at rest. Now
as regards a body in motion, inertia is the property it possesses to
move uniformly. What, I ask, is meant by moving uniformly if no
reference is to be made to time? Also what is meant by equal
times, if no reference is to be made to the inertia of a body in mo-
tion ? I therefore maintain, as before, that the two ideas inertia and
equal times are so intimately connected, that neither can be ex-
plained without reference to the other. |
What follows in Colonel Tennant’s remarks rather tends to show
the difficulty of applying direct calculation to the actual motion of
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 165
the sea, than to show that a retardation of the earth does not exist
or that the rate of this retardation could not be calculated. The
calculation to which I have alluded of 0.44 of a minute and to which
Colonel Tennant objects so strongly was obtained in the following
way by Prof. Thomson, Mr. Adams and Prof. Tait working together.
They started with the assumption that the known difference between
the acceleration of the moon relative to the earth, as calculated by
Mr. Adams, and the actual relative acceleration, as observed by
Mr. Dunthorne, was due to tidal friction, and then by allowing for
the necessary consequent retardation of the moon’s mean motion,
and using a certain assumption with regard to the proportion of
the retardations due to the moon and sun, they arrived at the
result I have given. Now with reference to the general question,
independently of any calculation, it appears to me that as long
as the sea moves on the surface of the earth there must be
tidal friction: Friction must produce heat. Heat produced in any
system of bodies must to a certain extent be dissipated unless
the heated bodies be surrounded by a perfectly non-conducting
thermal envelope, a thing of course quite unknown. Wherever,
therefore, heat is produced, there must be a certain loss of energy.
And the loss of energy in the case in question must cause a retar-
dation in the earth’s diurnal rotation, unless there exists some
other cause not yet ascertained which compensates for this loss of
energy. ‘The connection, therefore, between tidal friction and the
undoubted fact of the earth’s retardation possesses, I think, a high
degree of probability.
The President understood Mr. Ayrton’s remarks on Inertia to
be intended to lead up to the principal topic of his short paper.
Mr. Adams demonstrated, now many years ago, that Laplace’s
celebrated explanation of the Moon’s acceleration was not nearly
so complete as it had been thought to be, It left about one half
of the inequality unaccounted for. But, to discover the true cause
of this residuum was a task of the greatest difficulty. Any one
who had practical experience in dealing with the formule of the
Lunar Theory would know quite well how complicated the problem
was. The best supposition—one he believed that was at this time
166 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Ave.
generally accepted,—seemed to be that the earth’s angular velocity
of rotation, an ingredient in the calculation, was not constant as
it had always been assumed, but was slowly diminishing. The
tide-action on the surface of the globe is considered by many
eminent physicists sufficient to bring about such a result. On the
other hand, if the earth is contracting in radius by a process of
cooling denudation or degradation an acceleration of rotation to
some extent would be the consequence. Hence it becomes a
matter of interest, if possible, to contrive an accurate time-keeper
who should be independent of the earth’s rotation, and serve to
make its deviation from constancy indisputable. He would be
glad if Mr, Ayrton would kindly explain the particular mode in
which this end was sought to be attained in-the case of the Glas-
gow instrument.
Mr. Ayrton said :—
The pendulum at the Glasgow University to which I referred is
made simply on the principle of the balance wheel of a watch, that
is, a certain mass of metal is made to oscillate by the action of a
spring, and independently of the action of gravity. The friction,
however, of the pivot of the balance wheel is obviated by the wheel
and spring being virtually in one. The arrangement can be best
understood by imagining a straight flat piece of spring rigidly
fixed at one end and having a mass of metal fixed at the other
end which mass oscillates in a horizontal plane by the action of the
spring. The actual arrangement of the pendulum is really more
complicated than this, but the principal of action is as described.
As regards the President’s remark that the earth by contracting
may acquire sufficient acceleration to compensate for the retarda-
tion produced by tidal friction, I would mention that Laplace proved
solely from Fourier’s theory of the conduction of heat that the
acceleration of the earth’s diurnal rotation produced by shrinking
from cooling could not have amounted to z3;th of a second in the
last 2,000 years. Sir William Thomson has also shown that the
acceleration from this cause must be extremely small compared
with the probable retardation produced by tidal friction.
1871.]} Priceedings of the Asiatic Socvety. 167
II,—Account or A vistr to THE Eastern AND NorTHERN FRONTIERS
OF INDEPENDENT SIKKIM, WITH NOTES ON THE ZOOLOGY OF THE
ALPINE AND SUB-ALPINE REGIONS, by W. T. Buanrorp, F. G. &.,
C. M. Z. 8. (Abstract.)
Mr. W. T. Blanford gave a brief account of a journey he had
made in company with Captain Elwes to the Eastern and Northern
frontiers of Sikkim in August, September, and October, 1870.
Starting from Darjiling on the 13th August, they crossed the Tista
to Kélingping in the Daling Diiar of Bhitin, and thence marched,
by Phytidong, Rhinok, Chisachen and Lingti, to the foot of the
Jelep-la, a pass leading into the Chimbi valley of Tibet, considera-
bly to the south of the Yakla. Their object was, if unopposed,
to cross this pass and march up the Chimbi valley to the Tankra-la
and to cross that to Liachung, thus reaching the upper Tista drainage
bya shorter and pleasanter road at this season than the hot and wet
Tista valley. However, they found, their plans were known at
Chumbi where the Raja of Sikkim was staying, and the frontier
was guarded. They spent a day near the Jelep-l4 which is under
14000 ft. in height, and then marched northwards along the west
slope of the Chola range to Chumaniko near the Chola. On their
road they passed 3 lakes, each 14 to 2 miles in length, larger than
any hitherto mapped in Sikkim and known as the Bidan-tso,
Nemi-tso and Tanyek-tso. They also passed, besides the Yakla,
an unmapped pass called the Gnatui-la.
At Chumanako they found the Raja of Sikkim, who had come
from Chimbi to meet them, and begged them not to attempt to
enter Tibetan territory. They, therefore, had to march round by
Tamlung and the upper Tista valley to Lachting. They remained
for some daysin the Laching valley at elevations of from 8000 to
16,000 feet and made a considerable collection of birds. The fauna
is distinctly Pale-arctic, a complete change taking place from the
Malay fauna of Sikkim, when pine forests are entered at about
8,000 feet. Lemmergeyers, ravens, crows, choughs, tits, tree-
creepers, redstarts, larks, pipits and finches, pheasants and snow
partridges are the commonest birds, The mammals are burhel,
goral, serow, bears and Lagomys.
168 Proceeaings of the Asiatie Society. [ Aue.
On attempting to pass from the Lichting to the Lachen valley
by the Donkia pass and the small portion of the upper Lachen
valley which is in Tibet, the travellers found themselves again
stopped by the Tibetans. After two or three days negotiation, a
much higher official, the governor of Kambajong, arrived, and
with much politeness said he was obliged to refuse to allow them
to pass, as he had just received special orders on the subject from
Jigatzi and Lhassa. They were, therefore, compelled again to
descend to the hot Tista valley, and make 10 long marches in-
stead of 2 short ones to reach Kongra Lama pass or Djo-kong-
tong, the Tibetan frontier in the Lachen valley. Here they
again met the Sfba of Kambajong, who had procured some Ovis
ammon and goa skins, and 4 live Syrrhaptes Tibetanus for them.
They obtained from him a little information concerning Tibet,
the most interesting of which was the absolute prohibition of all
imports of tea from Sikkim.
Around Kongra Lama they obtained a few birds not elsewhere
seen, amongst them a new Montifringilla. They left the pass on
the 5th October and, marching back by the Tista valley, reached
Darjiling again on the 20th. In conclusion, Mr. Blanford briefly
described some of the traces of former glaciers which he had seen.
None were noticed on the Chola range below 12000 feet elevation,
but in the upper Tista valley glacial markings descended to be-
tween 5000 and 6000 ft. He especially noticed the great mo-
raines of the Laching and Lachen valleys, described by Hooker,
and expressed an opinion that the plains of Phaling, four miles long
by two miles broad, were entirely composed of moraine accumula-
tions, probably derived from the great glacier which passed down
the Lachen valley.
Dr. Stoliczka said—he would not enter into the numerous details
of observations made by Mr. Blanford on his interesting tour, but
only allude to one or two points noticed by him. Referring to the
difficulties which every traveller has at the present time to encoun-
ter in crossing the Tibetan frontier, it would appear, asif the
Europeans had, so to say, come into discredit with the Tibetans
within the last 20 years. Some 380 or 40 years ago, the difficulties
1871. | Proceedings of the Asiatic Soevety. 169
were by far not so great, as several Europeans had been able to
enter Tibet through Bhitan, Kumaon and the Sutlej valley. It is
remarkable for instance that the two Roman Catholic Missionaries
Hue and Gabbet were allowed peacefully to cross the whole of
Eastern Tibet and North China, even after they had been expelled
from Lhassa. Itis by no means likely that a European would be
equally well treated at the present time. And still every one who
approached any part of the frontier of that vast unknown country
will understand the anxiety of a traveller to proceed into the interior
of Tibet, where nearly everything is new to the observer. Indian
officers had, sometimes under the greatest difficulties, devoted their
time to explore the sources of rivers of other countries, while no one
has as yet made an earnest attempt, or at any rate not succeeded, to
discover the sources of the river from which India derives her name.
If his (Dr. St.’) memory serves him right, he thought, that the only
reliable knowledge we have of the sources of the Indus is a state-
ment by Moorcroft in his travels, that a range of hills separates the
sources of the Indus from the Mansarovara lakes, but it is not
even perfectly certain whether Moorcroft had seen these sources,
or not. A subject of such general interest, as this, would by it-
self warrant the equipment of an expedition to these unknown
regions. It is to be hoped that the endeavours of the Great Tri-
gonometrical Survey to increase our knowledge of the geography of
Tibet will sooner or later solve this problem,
With regard to the personal objections which Tibetans make to
Europeans, attempting to cross the frontier from the Kumaon and
Ladak side, Dr. Stoliczka thought, they appeared to him to be
chiefly of a commercial nature. The Chinese as rulers of the
country have a monopoly in supplying Tibet with tea, opium and
all articles of luxury connected with the Bhudhist religion;
and because they are afraid of losing this monopoly, they refuse
Europeans access to the country. Naturally there are besides
these other reasons, as for instance love for ruling or protection
to a co-religionist, &c., but these seem to be of minor importance.
The Tibetans themselves are not directly hostile to Europeans;
they invariably say that they have orders not to allow Europeans
to cross the frontier, and that if they would allow it, their homes
170 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Ave.
would be burned down and they themselves killed or expelled
from the country.. A European when he goes into Tibet from
Kumaon, Spiti or Eastern Ladak is not opposed with force, but
he is starved out. The success of an expedition into these regions
rests, therefore, principally in provisioning a party for a couple
of months, which it is certainly not difficult to do.
Another point to which Mr. Blanford alluded was the absence
of any large moraines in the lower parts of Sikkim. The absence
of any very extensive traces of glacial action in the N. W. Hima-
laya is equally remarkable, as compared for instance with the Alps.
Large moraines and glacial deposits are in the N. W. Himalayas
chiefly confined to the central range and to the north of it. In the
valleys on the southern side of the N. W. Himalayas traces of old
debris may be often seen 38000 and 4000 feet above the present
level of the rivers, but these accumulations appear with very few
exceptions to be common river deposits.
The following communications have been received :
Ill. <A rrry List or Bencan ALGAE, DETERMINED By Dr. G. v.
Marrens, communicated by Mr. S. Kurz.
No. 2758. Oscillaria interrupta, Martens. On muddy ground of
dried-up tanks, Bot. gardens, Calcutta,
2759. <Anabena mollis, Kg.—Calcutta Botanic gardens, on mud
along the edges of tanks, and in water.
2760. Hydrocoleum violaceum, Martens, n. sp.
Ceespite atroviolaceo ; vaginis diametro 1/180 ad 1/150 lin., arctis,
pellucidis ; filis inclusis ternis v. pluribus, flexuosis, 1/360 lin,
crassis, pallide violaceis, obsolete articulatis; articulis granulatis,
diametro triplo brevioribus.—Calcutta, in stagnant waters of the
Botanic gardens.
2762. Lyngbya eincinnata, Kg., invested by Glaotila concatenata,
Kg., and colourless inarticulate filaments like Leptothriz, but in-
determinable.—Seebpore, Howrah, in swamps and tanks, inha-
biting the culms of grasses.
2763. Nostoe gregarium, Thuret.—Botanic garden, Calcutta, on
inflorescences of a Fimbristylis, submerged in a tank.
(Unicum.) Oserllaria Froeliehii, Kg,, with the same Leptothrix
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 171
filaments, as mentioned sub No, 2762.—Calcutta, Botanic gardens,
floating on stagnant waters,
2785. Gleotila concatenata, Kg.—Caleutta Botanic gardens, in
tanks, floating ; August, 1870.
2785 b. Glaotila protogenita, Kg.—Rajmahal, floating in tanks ;
October, 1870.
2792. Microcystis olivacea, Kg.—Muhudeepore, ruins of Gour
in stagnant pools, with Diatomacee, Closterium, Euglene, ete.
2793. Rhizoclonium Kochianum, Kg., with single threads of
Lyngbya majuscula, Harv., Staurospermum ceerulescens, Kg., and
other Alge.—Rajmahal, floating in tanks near the station; Octo-
ber, 1870.
2798 and 2803. Chetophora radians, Kg.—On submerged bricks
and dead branches in tanks at Rajmahal station ; Oct. 1870.
2800. Palmella bullosa, Kg., occurs together with Chetophora
radians, Kg.—Rajmahal station, in tanks, on er eee brick -
stones; Oct. 1870.
2801. Leptothrix muralis, Kg—Rajmahal (station), damp walls
of the traveller’s bungalow ; Oct. 1870.
2802. Hypheothrix subundulata, Martens, n. sp.
Strato compacto, sordide olivaceo, filis 1/400 lin. crassis, pallide
aerugineis, obsolete articulatis, granulatis ; vaginis pellucidis, 1/350
lin. erassis, leviter undulatis—Rajmahal, in tanks, on Paludina
shells ; Oct. 1870.
2804. Spirogyra subequa B., fasciis spiralibus condensatis.—
Rajmahal hills, Sahibgunj waterfalls, on rocks ; Oct. 1870.
2811. Spirogyra decimina, Lk., with Gomphonema dichotomum,
Kg.—Rajmahal hills, waterfall at the base of the hills near Sahib-
gunj, on trap rocks ; Oct. 1870.
2812. Protococcus vulgaris, Kg—On the ruins of one of the
ancient gate-ways of Gour, Rajmahal ; Oct. 1870.
2813. Scytonema erugineo-cinereum, Kg.—On walls of buildings,
very common in and around Calcutta.
2815. Seytonema ecinereum, Men.—On a ruined bridge over
the Ganges, S. of Rajmahal, on damp brickstones ; Oct. 1870.
2817. Cylindrospermum spirale, Kg.—Calcutta, Botanic gardens,
floating in tanks.
172 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Ave.
3087. Polysiphonia angustissima, Kg.—Calcutta, salt-lakes ;
Noy. 1870.
30388. Polysiphonia polychroma, Martens, n. sp.
Czespitosa, pollicaris, pulchre violacea, in rubrum, viridem, pallide
fuscum et flavescentem colorem transiens ; filis capillaribus, basi
1/20 lin. crassis, radicantibus, superne complanatis; articulis pen-
tasiphoneis, diametro plerumque eequalibus, margine corticatis,
supremis brevissimis ; ramis divaricatis oppositis alternisque ; car-
pocloniis lateralibus curvatis.—Calcutta, salt-lakes ; Nov. 1870.
3039 and 3050. Hypoglossum pygmeum, Martens, n. sp.
Fronde tenui purpurea, 3 ad 4 lin. longa, vix semi-lineam lata,
repetite dichotoma ; cellulis frondis quadrangularibus, cost elon-
gatis; segmentis linearibus, apice incisis; soris in segmentis ter-
minalibus et sporophyllis axillaribus ad costam aggregatis ; cysto-
carpiis stipitatis urceolatis. Calcutta, salt-lakes, on the culms of
Cyperus and on submerged branchlets along Balliaghat canal ;
Nov. 1870.
3040. Conferva Antillarum, Kg.—Calcutta, salt-lakes, on sub-
merged culms of Panicum. Nov. 1870.
3042 and 3043. Lyngbya cinerascens, Kg.—Calcutta, salt-lakes,
on an old log of wood, in brackish water.
3044. Scytonema granulatum, Martens, n. sp.
Strato olivaceo fusco, tenui, pulverulento ; filis simplicibus cum
vagina 1/300 ad 1/226 lin. crassis, nunc virescentibus, nunc fuscis,
laxe intricatis ; vaginis arctis hyalinis ; articulis distinctis diametro
usque ad duplum brevioribus, duplici serie granulatis.—Calcutta,
salt-lakes, on mud-banks. Nov. 1870.
3051. Catenella Opuntia, Grev., with Chthonoblastus Lyngbyet,
Kg., and Polysiphonia angustissima, Kg.—Calcutta, salt-lakes ; Nov.
1870.
3053. Ohetomorpha chlorotica, Kg.—Calcutta, salt-lakes, com-
mon; Noy. 1870.
3054. Hypheothrix tenax, Martens, n. sp.
Strato compacto sordide virescente; filis pallide serugineis v.
lutescentibus, cum vagina 1/300 ad 1/225 lin. crassis, dense intri-
catis, obsolete articulatis ; articulis diametro brevioribus, vaginis
distinctis, hyalinis.—Hyph. ivestienti proxima. Calcutta, salt-
lakes, on roots, etc. Nov. 1870.
1871. | Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 173
8055. Oscillaria tenerrima, Kg.—Calcutta, salt-lakes, on wet
mud; Noy. 1870.
3057, Leptothrix mamillosa, Menegh.—Calcutta, salt-lakes,
amongst Algae; on mud, submerged ; Nov. 1870.
3058, Leibleinia Juliana, Kg.—Calcutta, salt-lakes, on Najas,
Potamogeton, Ceratophylium, ete. ; Nov. 1870.
3059. Oscillaria brevis, Kg., with some filaments of the handsome
Spirulina oscillarioides, Turpin.—Calcutta, salt-lakes, covering the
mud with a layer of soft green. Nov. 1870.
8060. Oscillaria versicolor, Martens, n. sp.
Strato tenui fusco v. violaceo; filis 1/175 lin. crassis, violaceis
v. fuscescentibus, interdum viridibus; articulis diametro triplo ad
quadruplum brevioribus, ad genicula duplici serie granulatis ; api-
cibus rectis.—Calcutta, salt-lakes, covering wet mud ; Nov. 1870.
3061. Hydrocoleum Lenormandi, Martens, n. sp.
Vaginis pellucidis arctis, 1/100 lin. crassis ; filis internis fascicu-
latim contortis, 1/600 lin. crassis, obsolete articulatis; articulis
diametro equalibus, subgranulatis.—At first observed in 1866, in
the collections of the celebrated botanist, Mr. René Lenormand,
at Vire, Dept. of the Calvados, from Java, and now found also
by Mr. S. Kurz in the salt-lakes near Calcutta, on submerged
grasses.
(Unicum.) Phormidium Lyngbyaceum, Kg.—Calcutta, salt-lakes,
on an old submerged log of a tree; Nov. 1870.
IV. Laisr or Atcm conttectep sy Mr. S. Kurz in Burma anp
ADJACENT Istanps, By Dr. G. v. Martens, mn STUTTGARD.
This paper will appear in the Natural History Part of the
Journal.
VY. Nore on Hemipactytus MArMoraAtus, H. Ketaarti, Zheob.,
AND AbBLABES Humperti, dy Witttam T. Branrorp.
In the Journal of the Asiatic Society for 1870, Vol. xxxix,
Part ii, p. 863, I described a Gecko as new under the name of
Hemidactylus marmoratus. I have since obtained many specimens
of this species, which is not rare on trees, and is occasionally seen
on houses, in the lower Godavari valley and neighbouring parts of
174 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Ave.
the Madras Presidency, and I find that, although the majority
resemble the typical specimen in the absence of any enlarged
tubercles on the back, a few are occasionally found with such
tubercles, and that the form is only a small variety of H. Leschen-
aultid, with uniform or nearly uniform granulations.
The largest specimens I have as yet obtained of Hemidactylus
marmoratus measure 5.2 inches of which the tail from the anus is
exactly one half or 2.6. H. Leschenaultit grows to a larger size
than this. I find in 4 specimens of the latter that the number of
scales across the abdomen are respectively 36, 39, 59, 42, and the
upper labials from 10 to 13, (usually 11 or 12,) lower labials 7 to 9,
(8 being the prevailing number). In 4 specimens of the variety
marmoratus, the scales across the abdomen vary from 34 to 42,
(the numbers are 34, 38, 39, 42,) the upper labials vary from 10 to
12, the lower from 7 to 9. The femoral pores are quite as constant
in number as either the scales across the abdomen or the labials,
they are usually 12 in each thigh, but occasionally vary between
10 and 14.
From these differences, it is manifest that Hemidactylus Kelaarti,
Theobald, must also be considered a variety of H. Leschenaulti.
AsI had, guided by Ginther and other eminent herpetologists,
attached a higher value to the presence or absence of enlarged
tubercles on the back of this group of Hemzdactyli, than the charac-
ter deserves, it is probable that some of my other identifications
on page 364 (loc. cit.) are incorrect.
I was in error in including <Adlabes Humberti in the fauna
characteristic of the Malabar province. I have found several
specimens of a small snake near the lower Godavari which appears
to belong to that species, and I find that the same form occurs
near Calcutta. The only important difference between specimens
from the different localities is in the number of ventral scales,
which I find to be 155 in a Malabar specimen sent by Major Bed-
dome to Dr. Stoliczka; about 210 in specimens from Ellore, and
no less than 240 in one from Calcutta. This is a remarkable de-
gree of variation certainly, and there is a corresponding difference
in length, the snakes from Bengal and Ellore being more elongate.
Dr. Giinther, I should add, found the number of ventral scales to
be 175.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 175
Liprary,
The following additions have been made to the Library since the
meeting held in July last.
Presentations.
»*» Names of Donors in Capitals,
Proceedings Roy. Soc., London, vol. XTX, No. 128.—Tu Royan
Socrzry or Lonpon.
Monatsbericht, April, 1871—Verzeichniss der Abhandlungen,
von 1710-1870, in alphabetischer Folge der Verfasser.—K, AxapE-
MIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN ZU BERLIN.
Proceedings Zool, Soc., 1870, part III.—Tun Zooroartcan Socrery
or Lonpon.
Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc., vol. XX VII, part 2, No. 106.—TuE
Grotocicat Socrery or Lonpon.
Bulletin, Année 1870, No, 2.—Socrz’rn’ Iurpr’RIALE DES NaTuRA-
Listes DE Moscov.
Bulletin, Juille-—Décembre 1870, Janvier—Février 1871,—So-
CIE'TE DE Gz/OGRAPHIE, Panis.
E’vkonyvei, XI.10,11, 12Darab; XIII. 1, 2, 4 Darab—Nyelv-
tudomanyi Kozlemények, VII Kotet 1. 2. 3 fiizet, VIII Kotet, 1. 2.
3 fiizet—Ertekezések, II—X, szam—A Magyar Nyelv Szétara, V
kotet, 1. 2.3.4 fiizet—A Torvény Tudomanyi E’rtekezések, XII
szam—Almanach 1869, 1870—HE’rtesitéje, II évfolyam 13-20, szam,
III. évfolyam, 1-20 szam, IV. évfolyam 1-12 szam—A Magayar.
Tud. Akad. Alapszabaélyaii—Macyar Tupomanyos AkapEmiA, Pest.
A Memoir on the Indian Surveys by C. R. Markham.—Tue
AUTHOR. -
Ramayana, edited by Hemachandra, vol, II, No. 9.—Tu Eprror.
Professional Papers on Indian Engineering, Second Series, vol. I,
No, I.—Tuer Epiror.
Rottler’s Tamil and English Dictionary.—Rhenius’ Tamil Gram-
mar.—H, F. Buayrorp, Esa.
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palzeontologia Indi-
ca, vol. III. Nos, 9-13.—Tur Surr. or rue GronocicaAL SURVEY
or InpIA.
176 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Aue.
Selections from the Records of the Government of N. W. Pro-
vinces, vol. IV, Nos. iii—iv.—Tue GovERNMENT or THE N. W.
PRovVINOES.
Purchase. :
The L. E. D. Philosophical Magazine Nos. 275, 276.—The A.
and M. of Natural History, No. 42.—Jacut’s Worterbuch, vol. VI
part 1.—Dictionnaire Djaghatéi-Ture.—The American Journal.
of Science, No, 50.—The Numismatic Chronicle, 1871, part I.—Re-
vue Archéologie 1870, No. IX.—Revue des Deux Mondes, Jan.,
1871.—Calcutta Review, July 1871.—Comptes Rendus, No. 18-
22.—Reise der Fregatte Novara, Botanischer Theil, Band I.—Boht-
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Exchange.
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“ Atheneum,” April and May, 1871.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FoR SEPTEMBER, 1871.
-—@—
The monthly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday the
6th instant, at 9 o’clock Pp. M.
The Hon’ble Mr. Justice Phear, President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The receipt of the following presentations was announced—
1. From Captain W. G. Maitland—Two Thibetan MSS., given
to him by an inhabitant of the Naga Hills.
2. From the author—a copy of ‘‘ Kulu, its Beauties, Antiquities,
and Silver Mines, including a trip over the snowy range and gla-
ciers,” by J. Calvert, Esq., F. G. 8.
The following gentlemen were elected ordinary members—
E. T. Atkinson, Esq., (re-election).
R. F. Chisholm, Esq.
Captain 8. B. Miles.
H. Buckle, Esq.
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next
meeting.
J. A, Aldis, Esq., M. A., proposed by the Hon’ble J. B. Phear,
seconded by Col. A. 8. Allan.
Dr. A. Neil, Lahore, proposed by the Hon’ble J. B. Phear, se-
conded by H. F. Blanford, Esq.
J. O’Kinealy, Esq., C.8., proposed by Col. J. F. Tennant, second-
ed by Dr. F. Stoliczka.
J. A. Briggs, Esq., Asst. Supt. Telegraph Dept., proposed by
Mr. L. Schwendler, seconded by Mr. W. E. Ayrton.
H. G. Cooke, Esq., C. 8., Midnaptir, proposed by Mr. J. Wood.
Mason, seconded by Mr. H. Blochmaun,
e”
178 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Szrr.
Col. G. E. Evezard, Magistrate of Poona, proposed by Mr. W. T.
Blanford, seconded by Dr. F. Stoliczka.
Col. A. D. Dickens has tendered his resignation as a member of
the Society.
The following letters were read—
From M. L. Ferrar, Esq., C. 8., Seetapore, Audh, regarding the
birthplace of Rajah Todar Mall.
“In Fasc. IV, of your translation of the Ain Akbari, you record
that Rajah Todar Mall was born at Lahor. Would you kindly
inform me which of the native Historians gives his biography. I
ask this, asthe people of Léharpur, a large town of 11000 inhabit-
ants in the parganah ofthe same name, in this district (Sitapur)
and included in the Ain Akbari in ‘ Sirkér Khairabad’ all believe
that he was a native of their town. I am inclined to think that they
have good grounds for their belief, for in the first place the Rajah
was not a mythical personage, like Ram Chandr or king Birat,
whose birthplace is claimed by many places—and secondly, hard
by Léharptr is Rajdpur, called after the Rajah, and having a year-
ly mela in his honour. At the present time, there is a large com-
munity of K’hatris (the Rajah’s caste) at Laharpur. I think the
point is worth clearing up.”
Mr. Blochmann said —
On the receipt of Mr. Ferrar’s letter, I looked up several MS.
histories, and found that the Madsir ul Umaré and the Zafrih ul
’Imarat call the Rajah a Lahaurt. The Madsir must have derived
his information from the Akbarnémah, though I have not yet
found a passage in that work, where the Rajah’s birthplace is
given. I then asked Mr. Ferrar, to obtain more particulars re-
garding Todar Mall’s father, who is not mentioned in the
histories, as I thought that the Laharptri Rajah might be the
Todar Mall Shahjahdni, a distinguished Hindi courtier of Shah-
jahin’s time. But the Laharpuris evidently mean Akbar’s re-
nowned minister of finances. Mr. Ferrar replied—
‘TJ will make more enquiries from the Laharptr people about
Todar Mall, and shall let you know the result of them. Mean-
while, and since my last, I have been informed by a respectable
‘
a
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 179
Brahman of that place that Todar Mall’s father was a ‘ Panjabi
Khatri,’ and came and married the daughter of a Chapari K’hat-
ri in Liharpir, where the son was born. The latter seems to
have lived there during his boyhood.
“‘ Laharpur contained 11000 inhabitants in 1869—and probably
15000 in the Nawabi. Ittakesitsname from Lihari Mall, a Passi,
who 500 years ago invaded the surrounding country. Up to then
it had been known as ‘Tughluqpitr,’ having been founded by the
Emperor Firdz Tughlug (1857—1388, A. D.), who passed through
there on his way to the Bahraich shrine of Sayyid Salar. I hope
that we may be able to settle the birthplace of such a notable
personage as R. Todar Mall was.”
Mr. W. T. Blanford exhibited a collection of chipped quartzite
implements found about 40 miles west of Bhadraéchalam on the
Godavari. The 35 specimens exhibited were all found within a
space of about 50 yards square, and at least as many more were
rejected on account of being badly made. The place where they
were found was in dense jungle, the rock soft sandstone, and the
implements, as was usually the case in Southern India, had evi-
dently been chipped from pebbles. Several were formed of white
vein quartz, an unusual circumstance. The forms of these im-
plements were those of the kind most frequently found in French
and English gravels, and they varied from about 8 to 6 inches in
length. That the spot where they were found was a place of
manufacture was probable, not only from the occurrence of ill form-
ed implements, but also from flakes, evidently chipped from the
quartzite being abundant.
The following communications were read :—
1. Lerrer rrom R. L. Forses, Esa., Asststanr Commissioner,
PALAMAU, REGARDING THE MuGHuL INVASIONS OF PALAMAU.
CommunicateD by Cot. E. T. Darton, C. 8. I.
(Abstract.)
Mr. Blochmann read the letter, which will be published in the
forthcoming number of Part I of the Journal. The particulars of
the conquest of Palémau by the Mughuls, and especially of the final
€
180 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Serr.
war under Daud Khan, Aurangzeb’s general, are still remembered
by the inhabitants of the district. Mr, Forbes’s details prove
in a most striking manner the reliability of our Muhammadan his-
torians ; the only discrepancies refer to the relationship of several
Chero chiefs. His geographical remarks form a valuable commen-
tary on several passages in the Pddishéhndémah and the ’Alamgir-
ndmah, and correct, in one case, a bad reading of the Society’s
edition of the latter work.
2. NorEs ON AND TRANSLATION OF TWO COPPER-PLATE INSCRIPTIONS
FRoM CHarpassA, SineBuu’M, dy PRATAPACHANDRA GHOSHA.
(Abstract.)
The copper tablets were discovered buried in the ground in the
village of Bamanghati. ‘They record grants of several vil-
lages Bamanvasti, &c., to two brahmans by two princes of the Ma-
yurbhanj family, a family still extant in the Katak Tributary
Mahalls, The plates are each surmounted by a seal, bearing the
name of the donor, and signs such as the bull, the trident, and the
erescent moon. Rajabhanja, the son of Ranabhanja, is the donor
mentioned in one tablet and Ranabhanja is the donor of the other.
The tablet of Ranabhanja bears a date which is supposed to be 56
Samvat.
38. On Two Saurian GENERA EuRYLEPIS AND PLocEDERMA, BiytH,
WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF Mazouta, F'1rzingEr,—
by Dr. ANDERSON, Corator, InpIAN Museum.
In comparing some of the Reptiles in the Indian Museum with
the catalogue of that Section prepared by Mr. Theobald for this
Society, I have lately made two identifications which it is desirable
should be put on record, as they refer to two of Mr. Blyth’s genera
which have hitherto escaped the notice of Herpetologists. I refer
to the two genera Kurylepis and Plocederma. In Mr. Theobald’s
Catalogue, no mention is made of either of them, and I can only ac-
count for their having been overlooked by the circumstance that
they were originally published as foot notes to two consecutive
pages of the Journal of this Society for 1854.* The species illus-
* J. A. 8. Beng. vol. xxiii, pp. 738-739.
1871. | Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 181
trating the first mentioned so-called genus was referred by Theo-
bald to Plestiodon of Dumeril and Bibron, and renamed by him
P. scutatus, and the other species for which Blyth had suggested the
generic term Plocederma was placed by Theobald in the genus
Laudakia, which he regarded as distinct from Ste//io, and referred to
Gray’s species Sfellio tuberculatus.
Before considering the affinities of these two forms I shall first
point out the characters of the sub-genus Lwmeces which Wieg-
mann, its author, regarded as only a subdivision of his Section Hu-
prepes.
In the Catalogue of the Berlin Museum published in 1856*
Lichtenstein identified Plestiodon Aldrovandi, D. and B., with
Seincus pavimentatus. P. Geoffroy St. Hilairet, but justly retained
for P. Aldrovandi, D and B.{ Schneider’s name auratwn§ which,
even according to Dumeril and Bibron’s showing, was entitled
by priority to stand for the species to which they had affixed.
the name of Aldrovandus. Prof. Peters|| was the first after
Wiegmann himself to direct attention to the fact that the S. pavi-
mentatus, Is. Geoff. St. Hilaire was the type of Wiegmann’s sub-
genus Lwmeces and Dr. Stoliczka] last year brought Peters’
observation to the notice of this Society.
The history of the sub-genus Zumeces is as follows: In 1834,
Wiegmann** in establishing the genus referred S. rufescens,
Merr., and 8. punctatus, Schneider, to it, but in the following year}t
he pointed out that these two species did not belong toit. In
1837,{{ he indicated that umeces was intermediate between
Gongylus and Euprepes and that S. pavimentatus, Is. Geoff. St.
Hilaire, was the only species referable to it, and that it differed
from Luprepes in the form of its tongue and dentition, but he did
not regard these differences as of generic but only of sub-generic
* Nomen. Rept. et Amphib. Musei Zool., Berol., Lichtenstein, p. 19.
+ Desc. dl Egypt, p. 135, pl. 3, fig. 3, pl. 4, fig. 4, 4a.
{ D. and B, Herpl. Genl. vol. v, p. 701, 704.
§ Schneider, Hist. Amph. Zoo. 11, p. 176. Giinther places S. awratws in
Mabowia and records it from Persia.
|| Monats. der Akad. zu Berlin, 1864, pp. 48, 49.
§| Journ. As. Soc, Beng. 1870. vol xxxix p. 174.
** Herpet Mex. p. 36.
tt Arch. fiir Naturgesch. (Wieg.) vol. ii, p. 288,
Tr Wieg. 1. c. vol. v, p. 132.
182 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. | Sepr.
value. He states that the nostrils of S. pavimentatus are situated
in the centre of a small nasal shield, but in his work on the
Herpetology of Mexico be writes, “ naris im medio seutello site
(scutellis duobus in unum coalitis)’ which would lead me to
conclude that he doubted whether the character of a single nasal
shield were a reliable and constant feature. At that time he divid-
ed the genus into two small sub-divisions: one Section, A. contain-
ing S. pavimentatus and S. rufescens, Merr., the latter of which he
afterwards referred to Euprepes, and another Section B. in which he
placed S. punctatus, Schneider, and which he also afterwards located
in Huprepes. The characters of the first sub-division were these,
‘* palpebra superior mediocris : inferior scutellato squamosa : dentes
palatint numerosi.”” It is therefore to be understood that the
scales of Humeces (#. pavimentatus) were smooth the nostril in a
single plate resulting from the coalescence of two nasals, the in-
ferior eyelid scaly, and that it had palatine teeth.
In 1889, Dumeril and Bibron* do not appear to have been
aware that Wiegmann had corrected his original mistake and
had removed S. rufescens and S. punctatus from LHumeces, for they
enter into an elaborate criticism of his arrangement of the
genus in his Herpetology of Mexico. They regarded Wiegmann’s
Eumeces as not founded on a sufficient basis and they therefore
retained his name simply to apply it to the group represented
by the type S. punctatus of Schneider, which has a transparent
eyelid, a double fronto-parietal and a small unilobular ear. They,
however, in the same volume described the genus Plestiodon
which has all the characters of Wiegmann’s first section (4) of
Eumeces as represented by Ewmeces pavimentatus, Geoff., which
Professor Peters states is synonymous with Scincus Schneidert,
Is. Geoff. St. Hilaire, Plestiodon Aldrovandi, D. and B., and Plestio-
don cyprius, Cuv. Under these circumstances Plestiodon cannot
stand, as Humeces has the prior claim to acceptance.
Blyth’s Hurylepis has the palatine teeth and palate of Zumeces,
as described by Wiegmann, and also the scaly eyelid and smooth
scales. The nostril, however, is not in a single plate but is placed
between an anterior and posterior nasal shield,and not as described
* Herpet. Genl, vol. v.
1871. | Proceedings of the Asiatic Socvety. 183
by Blyth and Theobald in a small separate nasal shield. The
head plates are arranged as in Z. pavimentatus and the ear has
from three to two lobes anteriorly. The only character of import-
ance in which it differs from HMwmeces as defined by Wiegmann, and
illustrated by ZL. pavimentatus, is the occurrence of the nostril be-
tween two shields) but keeping in view Wiegmann’s statement that
the single nasal of Z. pavimentatus results from the union of two,
this singular difference can hardly be considered as generic. I
therefore regard Ewrylepis as another synonym of Humeces, Wieg-
mann, Zumeces thus defined would appear to correspond with
Fitzinger’s* genus Mabouda which like Zumeces has a single nasal,
a sealy eyelid and palatine teeth, and the palatine groove reaching
forward to the eye, so that the only generic distinction that exists
between them is the character of the nostril, but if I am correct in
regarding that character as not of sufficient importance to separate
Lurylepis from ELumeces, it cannot have more force when we compare
Mabouia and Eumeces and I am therefore inclined to group to-
gether these smooth scaled skinks with palatine teeth and scaly
eyelids under the first proposed term J/abouia, Fitzinger. Scinecus
which has palatine teeth is separated from Mabouia by its dilated
toes and shovel-like muzzle.
There is this peculiarity in the scales of the this new form that
led Blyth to term it Lwrylepis, wz., that the scales on the
middle of the back from on aline with the axilla as far back as on
a line with the groin, while they have only the antero-posterior
breadth of the scales of the sides of the back and sides, are so much
transversely extended that each dorsal scale has the breadth of three
of the lateral rows of scales. The middle of the back is thus covered,
in the area defined, by a single row of narrow, hexagonal much
transversely extended scales, The scales, between the occiput and
the enlarged dorsal series, are of the same size as those in the sides.
Each dorsal scale, large and small, is marked by shallow groovest
from the number of 3 to 10, or11, the first number being re-
stricted to the small scales and the latter occurring on the large
scales or plates : the smaller scales have each a minute pore. If
these grooves were brought together in pairs, they would produce
* Neue Class, der Rept, 1826, p. 23. + D. and B. 1. c. v. p. 702,
184 Proceedings of the Asiatic Socrety. [Szpr,
a keeled character in the scale, so that it would appear that
they are perhaps modifications of the carinated form of scales. It
should be borne in mind, however, that this form notwith-
standing its grooved scales, is a truly smooth scaled scink.
To revert, however, to the significance of the large dorsal
plates in the form under consideration; it does not appear to
me to merit generic status, because another and distinct species
has recently come under my observation, in which there are two
rows of enlarged dorsal shields, each about half the size of the
large scales of the type of Hurylepis. Mabouia with the foregoing
facts before us may be defined as follows :—
Mazovr, Fitzinger.
Head conical, scales smooth and finely grooved;-’ dorsal scales
either of uniform size or enlarged. Tail long, round and smooth
without spines ; lower eyelid scaly. Nostril either in a single
plate or between two plates, an anterior and posterior. Teeth
numerous, conical, somewhat laterally compressed. Palatine teeth.
Palatine notch broad on a level with the eye. Limbs moderately or
well developed, rather for apart. Toes, 5, 5.
The species which has given rise to these remarks may be
characterized as follows:
MasoviaA THNIOLATA, Blyth.
Eurylepis teniolatus, Blyth, Journ, As. Soc. xxii pp. 739, 740.
Plestiodon scutatus, Theobald, Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus, 1868, pp. 25, 26,
Humeces scutatus, Theob., Jerdon, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, 1870, p. 73.
Body rather elongated, limbs moderately developed and far
apart, the distance between them equalling five times the interval _
between the shoulder and ear. ‘Tail 12rds of the length between
the snout and the vent: cylindrical, regularly tapered. Supranasals
transversely elongated forming a suture behind the rostral. Frontal
transversely octagonal. Post-frontals pentagonal, broad externally
but narrowing towards the common, broad, mesial suture. Vertical
elongate, oblong ; lateral and posterior margins concave. Two small
pre-occipitals not forming a suture together, but separated by the
point of the anterior extremity of an azygos, arrow-head-shaped
occipital, with a moderately sized exoccipital shield, on either side
1871.]} Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. - 185
of it. Two temporals, one above the other between the exoceipital
and the posterior margin of the last upper labial. A postocular
between the two last labials, before the temporals, and with a
small postocular above and two small shields in front of it. Six
superciliaries, the third from before backwards being the largest.
A rather large pentagonal preocular below the first superciliary.
A vertically oblong loreal with its upper margin wedged in be-
tween the prefrontal and postfrontals. An hexagonal postnasal
over the suture of the first and second labials. Two rows of very
small shields between the upper labials and the scaly disk of the lower
eyelid. ‘Two transverse chin shields, one before the other, behind
the mental, the hindermost being the largest and succeeded by
three pairs of Jarge shields, of which the anterior pair form a
suture. Har of moderate size with three or four strong denticula-
tions on its anterior margin, the two uppermost being double the
size of the others. A dorsal line of transversely broad, longi-
tudinally narrow, hexagonal scales from over the shoulder to ona
line with the groin. These scales are as broad as the three
lines of scales external to them, and are obscurely marked by
10 or 11 fine grooves, while the small dorsai scales have three such
fine sulci. Twenty-one rows-of scales round the middle of the
body. Scales on the under surface of the tail enlarged, those on the
upper surface the same as on the side of the body. Two large anals
separated by an oblique suture. Anterior limb when laid forwards
reaches beyond the anterior angle of the eye ; posterior limb reach-
es only a short way beyond one-third of the distance between the
groin and the axilla. Centre of under surface of the feet covered
with small tubercles ; a line of larger tubercles on the hind foot
embracing the smaller ones, and curving backwards from the outer
to the inner toe. About 8 inter-maxillary, and 28 maxillary teeth
in the upper jaw, as a whole; and five palatine teeth on either side.
The specimens are much faded, but the coloration appears to
have been a pale olive grey above with a dark brown band running
along the large, dorsal scales, and spotted with whitish. A dark
brown band along the side from the eye and partially prolonged
on to the tail. This band is ornamented at regular intervals with
three longitudinal lines of whitish spots. Tail more or less darkly
speckled, the markings tending to form transverse rings.
186 - Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Szpr.
Length :—snout to vent 8,” 8’; vent to tip of tail 5,” 2””; head
6’” ; fore limb 10,” hind limb 1”, fourth toe 4.””
Hab. Punjab, Salt Range.
Two specimens were collected by Mr. Theobald in the Salt
Range of the Punjab, and presented by him to this Society and
described by Mr. Blyth who created the above named genus for
their reception. There cannot be a doubt as to their identity,
but both, Blyth and Theobald, have fallen into some inaccu-
racies regarding certain of their characters. The former says
that the nostrilis pierced ina small, separate, nasal shield, an error
repeated by Theobald. Mr. Blyth also states that the lower eye-
lid has a translucent disk, but Mr. Theobald more accurately
describes it as scaly, with a transverse row of large plates. He,
however, says the body is surrounded by 28 rows of scales while
the two specimens exhibit only 21 in the middle of the body,
and Blyth limited them to 19.
If I am wrong in my estimate of the value to be attached to the
occurrence of the nostril between two plates, and the presence of
the enlarged dorsal plates, then Blyth’s Zurylepis will stand, but
for the reasons stated, I do not regard these characters as generic.
Masovra BLYTHIANA, Nn. sp.
- Rostral triangular, hexagonal, in contact with the supranasals.
Anterior nasal triangular, rather small; posterior shield sub-
quadrangular. Supranasals transversely oblong, forming a suture
behind the rostral. Frontal transversely elongate, its anterior
margins forming an obtuse angle. Posterior frontals large,
hexagonal, forming a broad suture. Vertical elongate, lateral mar-
gins slightly convergent posteriorly, hinder margins forming an
obtuse angle. Preoccipitals pentagonal, forming a broad suture
behind the vertical. An azygos, wedge-shaped occipital. Ex-
occipitals of moderate size, pentagonal. Three rather large tem-
porals between the exoccipitals and the two last upper labials, °
one anterior to the other two shields which lie one above the other,
the former separated from the eye by a chain of small shields
running from the anterior angle of the eye, along the upper eyelid
and the lower margin of the eye to its anterior third. Six
superciliaries, the first and last very small. A small point-
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 187
edly quadrangular, and a large, oblong shield along the an-
terior third of the lower margin of the eye, the former behind
the latter, with a large pentagonal loreal in front of them, and a
vertically elongated, hexagonal postnasal before the latter, in con-
tact with the 2nd, upper labial, posterior nasal, supranasal, frontal,
postfrontal and loreal. Hight upper labials, the seventh and eighth
the largest, the anterior margin of the last on a line with the
posterior angle of the eye. Seven lower labials, the last but one
the largest. Mental like a labial, but more transversely elongated,
with a large, azygos, pentagonal plate behind it, with the concavi-
ties of its two hinder margins directed backwards and in contact
with two pairs of labials, A pair of transverse shields in contact
with the second and third labials and forming a suture together
behind the azygos plate ; another large pair with a small azygos
shield between the plates, succeeded by another pair with a still
smaller pair behind the latter. Thirty rows of smooth scales
round the middle of the body. Two longitudinal lines, in the
middle of the back, of transversely elongated, hexagonal scales con-
siderably larger than any of the other dorsal or lateral scales, and
commencing from behind the occiput and diminishing in size on the
root of the tail. Ventrals of moderate size with their posterior mar-
gins rounded. Two large preeanals with a small external pair. Tail
rounded, slightly, laterally compressed, long and tapering, one and
two-thirds as long as the body, A single row of enlarged sub-caudals.
Scales on the upper surface and sides of the tail of uniform size.
Ear moderately large, erectly oval, with from three to four strong
lobules on its anterior margin, the uppermost the strongest.
Under surface of feet covered with tubercles, those of the hind
foot embraced by an enlarged series extending from the base of
the first to the base of the fifth toe. Limbs well developed,
the fore limb reaching to the tip of the snout, and the hind
limb when stretched forwards extending to the anterior third of
the space between the axil and groin. Seven intermaxillary and 34
maxillary teeth in the whole of the upper jaw, and 36 in the mandi-
ble. Seven to eight palatine teeth on either side. Snout to vent,
3” 5” ; vent to tip of tail 6”; head 7”; fore limb 1” 1’”; hind
limb 1” 6'” ; fourth toe 6,” ;
Olive brown above; three dark-brown, longitudinal lines along
188 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Sepr.
the back, from the nape to the base of the tail. A broader
dark-brown band from the eye over the tympanum, along the
side, A broad, pale-yellowish band below it from below the
eye through one half of the tympanum along the sides to the
groin. A palish dusky band from the angle of the mouth, over
the shoulder, and along the side below the yellowish band. Up-
per surface and sides of tail pale, uniform brownish-olive. All
the under parts yellowish.
Hab, Amritzur ? Purchased from a Bokhara merchant who
stated that he obtained it at Amritzur.
Blyth* in a notice of some Reptiles from the Panjab writes of
the next form which I purpose to consider, ‘“‘a well marked
second species of Dr. Gray’s genus Laudakia, founded on Agama
tuberculata of Hardwicke’s Ill. Ind. Zool., if not rather a new
genus affined to Zaudakia (in which case this may bear the name
Plocederma, nobis).”” This specimen is still in the Museum and was
referred by Theobald to Laudakia tuberculata, Gray, which he con-
sidered generically distinct from Stell’o, and which it does not appear
to be. The examples of the genus Ste/lvo in the Indian Museum
agree with Dr. Giinther’s figure of S. cndicus which he afterwards
referred to S. tuberculatus, Gray. There are, however, two well
marked species of the genus in India as Dr. Stoliczka has shown me
from the rich materials in his possession, and as he is to describe the
result of his observations, I shall proceed to point out the charac-
ters of the type specimen of Blyth’s supposed genus Plocederma,
but, to enable me to do so, it is necessary for me to remark that the
two species recognized by Dr. Stoliczka are distinguished by the
size and distribution of the enlarged scales of the dorsal region.
One species S. tuberculatus has the scales considerably and generally
smaller than the other and more numerous, those on the back of
the neck being scarcely enlarged, while in the other, larger-scaled
form, the scales in that region partake to a certain extent of the
nature of the dorsal scales and are prolonged more or less to the
occiput. Jam inclined to the conclusion that Blyth’s Plocederma
is a young individual of Dr. Stoliczka’s large scaled form, but the
following are the characters of Blyth’s S. melanurus.
* Journ. As. Soc, Beng, xxiii, pp. 737,738.
1871. } Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 189
SrELLIO MELANURUS, Blyth.
Laudakia (Plocederma) melanwra, Blyth, Journ, As. Soc. Beng. 1854, vol. xxiii,
p. 737-739.
Laudakia tuberculata, Gray, Theobald, Cat, Rept. As. Soc. Beng., 1868, p. 38,
A short rudimentary crest of enlarged, keeled, tubercular scales,
Scales of the back enlarged, imbricate, strongly keeled, with serrated
free margins, and with a small apical spine. On the middle of the
back, there are 8 rows of the enlarged scales much larger than
those external to them which number 7 rows, gradually decreasing
from within outwards, the outer row, however, abruptly sepa-
rated by its greater size from the minute scales of the sides.
In the large central rows of scales, the strong keels form longi-
tudinal lines, while in those external to them, the keels form ob-
lique lines, from within outwards. Half way between the middle
of the back and the shoulder, the number of rows of enlarged
dorsal scales decreases to 16, so that the scales are restricted to
a much narrower area than on the back, but before the shoulder
there is again a slight augmentation in their distribution, the
rows increasing to about twenty, but the scaleshaving diminish-
ed in size, the lateral extent covered by them is not much in-
creased. On the back of the neck, there are no enlarged scales besides
those of the central crest which begins where the enlarged scales
stop, on a line with the shoulder. The scales on the sides of the
body are granular, each with a minute apical spine and arrang-
ed in transverse lines, and there are no enlarged scales among
them. (In this character it differs from S. tuberculatus). I count
149 rows of scales round the middle of the body, 53 of which are
ventral, smooth and without any trace of keels. The scales on the
upper surface of the limbs, with the exception of those on the tail, are
the largest, their margins are serrated and each has an apical spine.
The scales of the tail are large and arranged in verticils which are in-
terrupted, however, in their curve on the upper surface of the base
of the tail. All are keeled and have strong apical spines, with
the exception of those in the middle of the under surface of the
tail which have no keels, but generally have an apical spine, with
a smaller one on each side of it. Nostril above the second and
190 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Sepr.
third labials, but separated from them by two rows of scales.
Seventeen upper and fifteen lower labials. A median line of
slightly enlarged keeled scales behind the snout, and a similarly
enlarged plate on the occiput. Two to three rows of enlarged
conical, spined scales from below the eye to the tympanum. A
group of tubercular, spinous scales at the anterior margin of
the ear. <A fold at the under margin of the tympanum pro-
longed to the neck, on the under surface and sides of tvhich there
are numerous folds, those in the latter locality being here and
there covered with groups of spines. A pit before the shoulder
from the upper anterior margin of which a fold is prolonged over
the shoulder to the sides of the back with small spines occurring
on it at intervals ; a smaller and more indistinct fold between the
latter fold and the shoulder with a few large spinous scales.
The opening of the ear is very large and patulous. The tail is
slightly dilated at its base and depressed, long and slender and
more than twice as long as from the snout to the vent. The wrist
reaches as far forwards as the snout, and the hind limb just touches
the vent. The third finger is nearly the length of the fourth
which is the proportion in the corresponding toes. A small callous
patch of about 20 scales in the centre of the abdomen, with a
preanal series of two rows of callous scales. A deep depression
behind the vent. The dental formula of the upper jaw is pre-
maxillary teeth 8 +- 3=6 ; maxillary teeth 13 + 13 = 26; total 82.
Snout to vent 38” 2’; vent to tip of tail 7” 9,’” head 10’”; for limb
1” 8’” ; hind limb 2” 8”; fourth toe 7’”.
arene in spirit, I quote from Blyth, ‘Olive grey, probably olive
green and changeable when alive ; the head and body speckled
over with dark scales, and also with some scales paler than the
rest ; the long slender portion of the tail dusky black and the
lower parts pale and buffy white, apparently suffused with crim-
son when alive ; the throat and below the shoulders beautifully
marbled with greyish black, probably blue in the living animal.”
Blyth states that the locality from whence the specimen was ob-
tained was uncertain, but-that he believed it to come from Kashmir.
Mr. Theobald, however, who collected the specimen states in his
~ Catalogue that it came from Simla.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 191
4. Nores on some Inpran AND Burmesz OpHrIpians,
by Dr. F. SroxtozKa.
(Abstract. )
In this paper notes are given of the following species : Zyphlops
Horsfieldi, 7. bothriorhynchus, T. braminus and T. pammeces.
T. porrectus, n. sp.—18 longit. rows of scales ; 406-440 transverse
rows on btdy, 11-12 on the tail; head-shields regular; eye very
indistinct ; circumference , to 3, of length of body; leaden or
olivaceous brown above, paler below and on the head; mouth and
below tail pure white. Bengal and N. W. Provinces.
T. Andamanensis, n. sp.—18 longit. rows of scales, about 390
transverse rows on body and 17 on the tail ; head shields above regu-
lar; one separate lower pre-ocular and one sub-ocular; 4 labials,
the third larger than the fourth ; circumference a little less than
zsth of total length ; eye indistinct ; blackish brown above, vinaceous
on side, grey, checkered with white, below. Andaman islands.
T. Theobaldanus, nu. sp.—22 long. rows of scales; 485 transverse
- rows on body, 26 on the tail; circumference 3, of the total length ;
head-shields regular ; eyes perfectly indistinct ; uniform light brown ;
India.
Simotes bicatenatus.—Ablabes collaris— Compsosoma Hodgsoni.—
Zamenis fasciolatus.— Tropidonotus quincunctiatus. Of this last species
a variety is described and figured, with the posterior frontals
united into one shield.
T. bellulus, n. sp.—19 rows of small, sharply carinate, scales, head-
shields like in the last species, but the anterior frontals more ob-
tuse in front, 9 upper labials of which the 4th, 5th and 6th enter
the orbit, 1+2 temporals; 140 ventrals, 63 subcaudals ; olive brown
above with two series of little dark spots along the back, all
ventrals black at the base ; Pegu (Mr. 8, Kurz).
T. Himalayanus.—T, junceus—T. subminiatus. A unicoloured
large variety is figured and described of the last species.
TZ. macrops, Blyth, is the same as Z. macrophthalmus, Giinther,
and most probably also identical with Z. Sikkimensis, Anderson.
T. plumbicolor from Qualior.
Psammophis condanurus. The N.-W. Sub-Himalayan variety is
_ possibly the same as P. Leithii of Giinther, from Sind,
192 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. | Serr.
Dipsas Forsteni occurs at Pankabaree, base of Sikkim hills.
D. heaagonotus, Bl., is not identical with D. multifasciata, Bl., as
suggested by Dr. Anderson.
D. bubalina is common in the low valleys of Sikkim.
D. trigonata from Qualior.
Leptorhytaon jara is not considered to be generically distinct from
Lycodon.
Hypsirhina enhydris has sometimes 23 rows of scales.
Trimeresurus Andersoni of Theobald is quite distinct from 7.
monticola with which it was wrongly identified by Dr. Anderson.
It is an Andaman species, and allied to 7. porphyraceus of Blyth.
[This paper will be published with illustration in the Natural
History Part of the Journal for the current year }.
5. NovTEs oN NEW OR LITTLE KNowN Inp1an Lizarps,
by Dr. F. SrouiozKa.
(Abstract.)
After some preliminary remarks, the author gives notes on the
following, known or new, species :—
LacErTIDé.
Tachydromus sexlineatus, and the allied species Z. meridionalis, T.
Haughtonianus* and T. septemtrionalis.—Ophiops Jerdoni, Blyth, =
Pseudophiops Jerdoni = Ps. Theobaldi and? = Ps. Beddomei of
* The naming of this species was the cause of a most unjustifiable attack
by Dr. Anderson upon Dr. Jerdon, as recorded by the former in the Proc. of the
Zool. Soc. of London for 1871, p. 156. Ido not wish to repeat that presump-
tuous statement, which has justly elicited the indignation of naturalists at home ;
but areference to p. 72 of the Society’s Proceedings for February 1870 will shew,
that it was I who originally gave that information to Dr. Jerdon, as recorded by
him (1. cit.). The specimen, for which the new name was proposed, was received
during my temporary tenure of the office as Curator of the Indian Museum, and
as such I thought it right in communicating the information to Dr. Jerdon, whom
I knew to be engaged in the preparation of a monograph of the Indian Reptiles.
A few points of minor importance in the identification of the species have been
afterwards compared by Dr. Jerdon, with the knowledge of one or the other
of the officers of the Museum. The name Haughtonianus has been adopted by
Jerdon on my suggestion.—Of all this Dr. Anderson should, or might, have been
aware. But if he wishes to style himself a “ Director” of the Museum, why should
he be so anxious to apply Dr. Jerdon’s statement “ with the concurrence of the
Curator’ to himself? The monopoly of naming and describing specimens in a
“public Museum, which Dr, Anderson appears to claim as his exclusive right, has
fortunately not yet been made law in the Indian Museum at Calcutta.
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 193
Jerdon.— Ophiops [ Gymnops] microlepis, Blanf., from Kuhurbalee.—
Acanthodactylus Oantoris, from near Agra, Ambala, Ludiana &e.
GECKOTIDE.
In this family the more important species noticed are:
Of Hemidactyli 15 species are distinguished :
1. UH. triedrus, from which Jerdon’s H. subtriedrus is possibly
distinct.
2. H. maculatus, D. and B. (smaller form).
8. H. Pieresii, Kelaart = H. maculatus, D. and_B., large speci-
men, ? = H. Sykesi, Giinther.
4-5. H. gracilis, Blf., and HZ. reticulatus, Bedd.
6. HH. frenatus, (? = H. punctatus, Jerdon).
7. HH. Leschenaultiti = H. Kelaarti, Theob., = H. marmoratus,
Blanford.
8. H. Mortoni, Theobald ; Burma.
9. HH. Coctei = H. Bengaliensis, Anderson.
10. 4H. aurantiacus, Bedd.
11. JH. giganteus, n. sp. Similar to Coctei, but much larger, the
general size being equal to that of Gecko guttatus. First labial not
entering the nostril, 18—20 femoral pores on either side of thigh,
separate in pree-anal region ; olive grey, marbled and spotted with
darker.
Hab. Godavari valley near Badrachalam, on trees ; discovered by
Mr. W. T. Blanford.
12. H. [| Doryura] Berdmorei, Blyth. This species is re-de-
scribed, and a figure of it given. Burma, Cachar, Sikkim Terai,
Tista valley and Kumaon.
13. HH. [Doryura] Mandelianus, n. sp. Body long, much depres-
sed, as is also the tail, the latter with sharp lateral subtuberculate
edges ; 12—14 upper, 10—12 lower labials ; first larger pair of
enlarged chin-shields forms a suture, second smaller, separated
from each other and from the labials by smaller scales; 36 long.
series of scales on middle of belly. No femoral pores observed.
Grey, densely marbled and punctated or streaked with blackish and
with intermixed larger pale spots. Pankabaree and Tista valley
in Lower Sikkim.
194 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Sepr-
14-15. H.[D.] Gaudama and H. [D.| Karenorum, Theob.
Peripia Cantoris and Peronit have generally a distinct minute
seta on the inner toe.
Nycteridium platyurus, Schneider, is = Nyct. Schneiderianum,
Shaw, = IV. Himalayanum, Anderson.
Gymnodactylus Lawderanus, n. sp. Body covered with small and
larger tubercles ; no enlarged scales behind the nostril, 9 upper, 8
lower labials ; first pair of chin-shields forms a suture and is followed
by smaller shields; 32 long. series of scales across belly ; two pairs
of femoral pores, close together on pree-anal region; pale greyish
brown, densely spotted with dark brown; Kumaon; discovered
by Mr. A. Lawder.
G. nebulosus, Beddome, is not = G. nebulosus, Blyth, (momen
nudum).
Gym. maculatus, Beddome, 1870, isnot = G. maculatus, Steind.,
1866.
Gym. marmoratus, Beddome, 1870, is not = G. marmoratus, D.
and B., 1836.
Japalura variegata, may possibly be the same as J. microlepis, Jer-
don, but is certainly distinct from Jerdon’s planidorsata, the latter
having been wrongly identified by Anderson with the first.
Sitana Ponticeriana extends eastward to the Ganges and north-
wards to Rurki and into the Panjab.
Charasia Blanfordana, n. sp. == Ch. dorsalis, apud: Blanford, J.
A. 8. B., vol. xxxix, 368 ; differs from the latter by its larger scales
which are in 80—100 series round the body, &e.
Ch. [ Oriotiaris | tricarinatus (Blyth) = Oriot. Eiliotti, Giinther.
Stellio Dayanus, n. sp., differs from St. tuberculatus, == St. indicus of
Blyth, by the larger scales on the back, these being continuous on
the neck ; by having only 40 long. series of scales across belly, and by
its longer tail and limbs, &c. Hurdwar; discovered by Dr. F. Day.
Euprepes [Tiliqua| macularius, Blyth, quite distinct from the
next; varies very much in coloration.
EL. | 7.) carinatus has quite as often 5 as 8 keels on each scale, -
Euprepes monircola, from Sahibgunj on the Ganges, has a trans-
parent disc on lower eyelid.
Hinulia indica, Gray, is distinct from ZH. maculata, Blyth and
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 195
also distinct from HH. Dussimieri, D. and B. Characters of the
three species accompanied by drawings are given.
Mocoa Sikkimensis is redescribed and is not the same as Giinther’s
Lum. Himalayanus.
Mocoa sacra, nu. sp. Like Sikkimensis, but more slender, with 22
longit. series of scales round the body and 40 transverse series
between the limbs; ear denticulate in front ; sub-caudals enlarged
from near the anus; bronze brown above with a few dark spots,
blackish at the anterior side ; rest greenish white. Parisnath ; W.
Bengal.
A new species of the very rare genus Ristella, Gray, has been
discovered by Major Beddome in South India. A figure and des-
cription of it is given. It is named by Beddome &. Malabarica.
Riopa anguina, Theobald. Dr. Anderson has included two
different species under this name (see Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon.
1871, p. 159). The measurements and dimensions are mostly
those of true anguina, but the coloration is taken from a species
which Theobald (Lin. Soc. Jour. Zool. p. 26) most probably noted
under the name &. Boringi, but which is distinct from both these
species. It differs from the former by its much longer limbs, but
chiefly by its coloration ; from the latter by the structure of scales,
&c. The specific name cyanella is proposed for this new species.
Riopa albopunctata and Hardwickii. Notes on the structural
affinities as well as on the geographical distribution of these two
species are given.
[This paper will appear, with numerous illustrations, in the Ist
number of the Nat. Hist. Part of the Journal for the ensuing year. |
6. On Hamitron BucHANAN’S ORIGINAL DRAWINGS OF FISH IN THE
Liprary or THE Asiatic Soctery oF Beneat, by Surgeon F. Day.
In the Library of the Asiatic Society of Bengal exist several
volumes of manuscripts and drawings by Dr. Buchanan. In two of
these are one hundred and forty-nine original, coloured deline-
ations of fish, and 45 copies. On the former are “the specific
names in Buchanan’s handwriting, marked under the figures, so
as to leave no doubt or difficulty in referring them to corre-
sponding descriptions in the Gangetic fishes,” (McClelland.)
196 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Sepr-
In ‘Chambers’ lives of Scotchmen,” it is stated, that Buchanan
Hamilton on his departure from India was deprived by the Mar-
quis of Hastings of all his extensive drawings and papers relating
to every branch ofnatural history. (McClelland.) Since this period
it has been generally admitted that the Indian Government appro-
priated the private collections of drawings belonging to that officer.
Having been furnished with the original correspondence, I find
that Buchanan, on having resigned the office of Superintendent of the
Botanic Gardens, sailed for Europe in 1815 in the ‘‘ Marchioness of
Ely,” taking with him ‘collections of natural history, coins and
Hindu Manuscripts” which he presented to the Court of Directors
of the East India Company.
Ina communication from Dr. Hare, a successor to Dr. Buchanan,
in the appointment of Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, to
the Chief Secretary to the Government, (dated July 27th, 1816),
there occurs the following passage, ‘‘ In a letter from the Right
“ Hon’ble the Governor-General of the 5th January, 1815, His
‘Excellency says: ‘by a letter from Dr. Buchanan received here,
“it appears that he proposes to carry to Europe all the drawings
“of animals and plants collected by him during the tour which he
‘““¢was employed to make in this country. Dr. Buchanan states
“< that it is his object to request the Court of Directors to accept
‘‘¢ this collection as a present from him. Now, I apprehend that
‘“¢those drawings are already the property of the Hon’ble Court,
“¢the service for which Dr. Buchanan was employed and paid
‘‘ ‘having specifically been the furnishing Government with a know-
** ‘ledge of the animal and vegetable productions of this country,
‘¢ ¢delineations are essentially included in this service.’ * * * The
‘drawings were transmitted to Government with the following
“letter, dated 18th February. ‘I have been honoured with your
‘“‘<letter of the 3lst ultimo, withdrawing the permission of the
‘©¢ Hon’ble Vice-President in Council for sending to the Hon’ble
“¢Qourt of Directors, such drawings of natural productions as
‘‘¢have been made at the Public expense, and desiring me to
« ¢ deliver them to you which I have accordingly done by the bearer,
«¢* * * my object in requesting, that I might be permitted to
“present the drawings to the Court of Directors, did not originate
1871. | Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 197
‘in a view of claiming the merit of making a present to the Com-
‘*énany of its own property, but arose from a conviction that their
“being deposited in the collection at the India House was the
«most probable means of rendering them useful to science.’”’ The
drawings were kept in India to illustrate Dr. Buchanan’s statistical
reports on several of the districts, and it was proposed to take
copies of the originals, which were subsequently to be transmitted
to England. ‘
Some of these drawings have been transferred to the Illustrations
of Indian Zoology, General Hardwicke having had them “ copied
from the drawings of Buchanang Hamilton by that gentleman’s*
consent.”’ (Richardson.) Others have been reproduced by McClelland
in his Memoir on the Cyprinide of India, R. A. 8. of B. 1839.
In the Zoological Record for 1869, p. 127, Dr. Giinther observes
of these drawings, that they ‘‘ exist in triplicate, one copy being
in the British Museum, where their free use is allowed.” He
also remarks: ‘It may be questioned whether it is desirable to
utilize drawings, the types of which are lost, in any other way,
but as a help to supplement the insufficiently published descrip-
tions.’ But have the types been lost ? In the ‘‘ Catalogue of the
Fishes of the British Museum,’’ Vol. III, p. iv, 1861, the receipt is
acknowledged of ‘‘ 6. A collection of fishes from Bengal, believed
to contain many typical specimens of Buchanan Hamilton’s work,
presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.”
The first consideration which suggests itself is, how was this
collection obtained from Bengal? It does not appear to have
existed in the Museum of the Asiatic Society or in the Botanical
Gardens, whilst the collections conveyed to Hurope by Buchanan
were presented by him to the India House.
At page 471 in the same volume, Dr. Giinther observes of the
Ophiocephalus awrantiacus, H, B., “the typical specimen is not pre-
served in the collection presented by Mr. Waterhouse : and in fact
the drawing is taken from the Hardwicke collection.” It would
appear from this, that Dr. Giinther had arrived at the conclusion,
probably on good evidence, that Mr. Waterhouse had presented
* More probably with the consent of the Superintendent of the Botanic
Gardens in whose charge they remained.
198 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. | Szpr
Hamilton Buchanan’s types to the British Museum; he also observes
in several places of specimens “ probably types of the species.”
In short it seems that the original collection, or some part of it,
still exists in the national one.
As to the second portion of the sentence, a slight inaccuracy has
occurred, because Hamilton Buchanan could not have copied from the
‘‘Tllustrations of Indian Zoology.” He published the ‘‘ Fishes of the
Ganges” in 1822, and died in 1829. General Hardwicke returned to
Kurope in 1818, and his work was published in 1832 or 1833, several
years after Hamilton Buchanan’s death. Irrespective of this the
original drawing, No. 60, was left in India in 1818, by Buchanan.
I cannot omit questioning whether the British Museum possesses
copies of all these original drawings. My reasons for doubting
are, that some omissions and wrong identifications, besides
figures placed to the literary credit of General Hardwicke, instead
of Hamilton Buchanan, have found a place in the B. M. Catalogues,
which could scarcely have occurred, had Dr. Giinther had access to
such accurate delineations, as the Asiatic Society of Bengal possesses.
I, therefore, propose enumerating the drawings which exist in the
Library, the figures marked before each being identical with what
I have placed in pencil on those of the collection, for the purpose
of future identification.
In examining these drawings in volume marked iv, I have
first placed the unpublished names as existing upon them within
brackets, next the names as published in the fishes of the Ganges,
with H. B. after each of them, and lastly the determinations in the
Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum, as it is believed
that that institution possesses copies of the original drawings, and
it is also supposed the remains of the typical collection.*
“1. (Centropomus phulchanda), 1’, inches long. Chanda phula,
H. B. = Ambassis oblonga, C. and V., B. M. Catal.
* By reproduced, it must be distinctly understood that I mean “ with the
leave of the author’ or acknowledged as “ obtained from H. B. collection,” as
M’Clelland observed of the use he made of them: “I have been more anxious
to identify Buchanan’s species than to describe new ones, and to reserve his
names than to substitute others.” By omitted I of course mean “ accidentally”
or “ overlooked,” and I believe due to the drawing in question not being
amongst those in the British Museum.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 199
a ‘9 ? bahrul), 12; inches long. C. baculis, H. B. =
A. — ? B. M. Catal.
PSs, ( Pe bogoda), 2,8, inches long. C. bagoda, H. B. =
Ambassis bogoda, B. M. Catal.
4. (Silwrus chaka), in Fishes of Ganges pl. 28, f. 43. Platy-
stacus chaca, H. B. == Chaca Buchanani, Giinther, B. M. Catal.
5. ( 5, kanipabda), 2 views, each 4 inches long. Probably
the omitted first species of Callichrous. P. spine serrated. Maxil-
lary barbels reach to the middle of the totallength. Anal fin with
about 63 rays.
6. ( 4, pabda), Callichrous pabo, H. B., pl. 22, f. 48. ==
C. pabda, B. M. Catal.
7. (Malopterure hazali), reproduced Ill. Ind. Zool. Malapterurus -
coila, H. B, == Alia Bengaliensis, Gray, B. M. Catal.
8. (Hypostomus ? sisor), reproduced, Ill. Ind. Zool. Sisor rab- :
dophorus, H. B. = S. rabdophorus, B. M. Catal.
*9. (Pimelodus manggoz), 2 views, each 3 inches long. Pimelodus
mangois, H. B. = Amblyceps mangois, B. M, Catal.
‘10. ( 4, ? ibriundus), 2 views, each 34 inches long. P.
telchitta, H. B. = Glyptosternum — ? B.M. Catal. ; also probably
G. trilineatum, Blyth, B. M. Catal.
«ll. ( ,, batast), 2 views, each 3,2, inches long. Barbels all
* shorter than the head (quite different from pl. 23, f. 60, which is
P. carcio, H. B., erroneously named P. batasius). P. batasio, H. B.
= Macrones batasio, B. M. Catal.
‘12. ( 4 Aara), 2 views, each 2,4, inches long. L. hara,
H. B. = Hara Buchanani, Blyth, B. M. Catal.
-13. (4, changdramara), 2 views, each 2 inches long, 2
short nasal, and 4 maxillary and mandibular barbels. P. chandra-
mara, H. B. = Macrones — ? B. M. Catal.
“14. ( 4, murt vacha), 2 views, each 3,7, inches long. P.
murius, H. B. == Lutropius 2? murius and Pseudeutropius megalops,
Giinther, B. M. Catal.
‘15. ( 4, wrua), 2 views, each 2,3, inches long, P. urua
H. B. = Pseudeutropius atherinoides, Bl., B. M. Catal.
‘16. ( 4, awratus), 2 views, each 9 inches long. P. nenga, H.B.,
reference omitted in B. M. Catal., = Arius arioides, C. and V., 1. ¢.
~
200. ,. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Sepr.
‘17. (4, = khongta), 2 views, each 3 inches long. P. conta
H. B. = Hara conta, Blyth, B. M. Catal.
‘I8. ( 4, telgagra and menoda), published as P. corsula, H.
L., pl. 1, f. 72 = Maerones —? B. M. Catal. = Macrones trachacan-
thus, C. and V., 1. ¢.
19. ( ,, tenggana), P. tengana, H.B., pl. 39, f. 58 = Maero-
nes tengana, B, M. Catal.
20. ( ,, kenia), P. cenia, H. B., pl. 31, f. 59, reference
omitted in B. M. Catal. = Wacrones itehkeea, Sykes 1. cit., it isa He-
mipimelodus.
-21. ( 4, ‘cavasi), P. cavasius, H. B. = Macrones cavasius,
B. M. Catal.
22. ( 4, kurki), erroneously figured pl, 23, f. 60, as P. bata-
sius; itis P. batasius, H. B. == M. tengara, H. B., in B. M. Catal.,
the latter name, however, referring to a different species with a long
adipose dorsal fin, and therefore P. batasiws and P. carcio must be
distinct, and may both be good species, one with long, the other
with short barbels.
23. », veridescens, H. B., pl. xi, f. 56, reference omitted in
B. M. Catalogue; it is a Hemipimelodus.
24. ( 5, ?nangra), P.nangra, H. B., pl. xi, f. 63, reference
omitted in B. M. Catalogue; it is a Macrones.
25. ( ,, rama tengygara), P. rama, H. B., pl. 3, f. 55 == Rita
—? B. M. Catal.
26. Ophisurus boro, reproduced in Ill. Ind. Zool. O. boro, H. B-°
= Ophichthys boro, B. M. Catal.
The gills of this eel are contained in a large cavity on either
side of the head, and do not communicate with each other. The
fish distends this receptacle with air taken in by its mouth; it
appears to be able to respire directly from the atmosphere, or by
means of the air contained in the water. On holding its small gill
opening firmly closed, it takes in air by its mouth ; should its
mouth be held closed, it struggles until its head is released, so as to
be able to respire. If the gills are exposed by cutting away the
gill membrane, and it is placed in water, it slowly moves its branchia,
and appears to feel no inconvenience in being unable to obtain
air direct through its mouth.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 201
‘27. (4, rostratus), perhaps O. /lijala, H. B., apparently
omitted from B. M. Catalogue.
28. ( 4, harangcha), reproduced Il. Ind. Zool. O. haran--
cha, H. B. = O. boro, B. M. Catal.
"29. (Murenophis baz’), nearly 12 inches long. Murena bagio,
H. B. = Murenesox cinereus, Forsk., B. M. Catal.
-30. ( ,, télebaim), 82 inches long. W, tele, H. B. =. Mure-
na tile, B. M. Catal.
"31. ( 4, sathete), about 15 inches long. JZ. sathete, H. B.
= WM. sathete, B. M. Catal.
32. (Murena bamach), reproduced Ill. Ind. Zool. as I. Benga- »
liensis; the same as Jf. maculata, H. B. == Anguilla Bengaliensis,
B. M. Catal. H. B’s name rejected as “(not Lacép.),” whilst no
A. maculata, Lacépede, finds a place in the Catalogue.
33. ( ,, ?vakta boruya), reproduced in Ill. Ind. Zool. IZ:
raitaboura, H. B. = DMoringua raitaboura, B. M. Catal.
34. <A shark is figured, Squalus carcharias? H. B., omitted
in B. M. Catal., it is Carcharias Gangeticus, B. M. Catal.
35. (Sqguallus characias ? Kdrntd), This shark with a sharp
nose was not described.
36. (Zrichopodus bye), T. colisa, H. B., pl. 15, f. 40 = Tiricho-
gaster fasciatus, B. M. Catal. .
‘387. ( ,, ruber), 2 inches long, 7. lahus, H. B. = T. fa-
sciatus, B, M. Catal.
«38. ( ,, vittatus), 1,% inches long, 7. chuna, H. B. = Tri-
chogaster — ? B. M. Catal.
439. ( 4, fuscus), 144; inches long. 7, sofa, H. B. = 7. —?
B. M. Catal.
°40. ( ,, ca@rulescens), 2;%, inches long. T. cotra, H. B. =
Tf. fasciatus, B. M. Catal.
‘41. (Acheiris jibha), 11 inches long. Cynoglossus lingua, H. B.
= C. lingua, B. M. Catal.
*42. ( ,, kukur jibha), D. 100, A. 78, A. eynoglossus, H. B.
= Cynoglossus Hamiltonii, Giinther, B. M. Catal.
43. (Pleuronectes arsi), 2,8; inches long. P. arsius, H. B. =
Pseudorhombus arsius, B. M. Catal., with the following remark, ‘a ~
coloured drawing of this fish, 31 lines long, is in the collection of
202 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. | Szpr.
drawings, presented by General Hardwicke to the British Muse-
um.” ,
44, (Stolephorus balitora), reproduced McClelland, Cyprinus bali-
tora, H. B. = Psilorhynchus balitora, B. M. Catal.
45. ( ,, sukati), reproduced McClelland, = P. sucatio, B. M.
Catal. ¥,8-4 847
46. (Cobitis geto), H. B., pl. xi, f. 96 — Botta dario, B. M. Catal.
47. ( ,, aarr), C. dario, H. B., pl. 29; f. 95 = B. darto;
B. M. Catal. :
48. ( ,, turt), reproduced McClelland, ©. turio, H. B. =
Nemachilus turio, B, M. Catal. ‘
49. ( ,, bdclturt), reproduced McClelland, C. dilturio, H. B.
= JV. botia, B. M. Catal. ars
50. ( ,, botya), reproduced McClelland, C. botia, H. B. =
NV. botia, B. M. Catal. ;
51. ( 4, pangya), reproduced McClelland, C. pangia, H. B.
= Acanthophthalmus pangia, B. M. Catal.
52. (4, khortka), reproduced McClelland, C. corica, H. B.
= N. corica, B. M. Catal.
53. Unnamed, reproduced McClelland as C. soaturigina = »
WV. —? B. M. Catal. }
54. ( 4, savon khurtka), reproduced McClelland, C. savona,
H. B. = W. savona, B. M. Catal. i
55. (4, ghorgota), reproduced McClelland, C. gongota, H.
B. = Cobitis gongota, B. M. Catal. :
56, », balgara, H. B., reproduced McClelland —= Lepido-
cephalichthys balgara, B. M. Catal.
57. ( 4, chota kukura), reproduced McClelland, C. cucura
H. B. = Cobitis gongota, H. B., B. M. Catal.
58. ( ,, gunte), reproduced McClelland, ©. guntea, H. B.
= Obvbitis guntea, B. M. Catal. 14 02°
59, 60 and 61 are the originals of Ophiocephalus barca, pl. 35,
f. 20. O. aurantiacus, pl. 23, f. 22, and O, wrahie, pl. 31, £17 = O.
barca, O. striatus, and O. gachua? in B. M. Catal.
62. Ageniosus militaris, outline only. +
63. Pseudeutropius, unfinished,
64, (Mugil bongon). This fish does not appear to have been
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 208
described by Hamilton Buchanan, unless as Jf cephalus? The «
Bangon in the Calcutta markets is If. planiceps, C. and V.
*65. Unnamed. Raia fluviatilis, H. B. = Trygon sephen, B. M.
Catal. P
*66. (Katchanda), 3,8, inches long, outline of head with inter-
maxillaries protruded. Chanda? setifer, H. B., omitted in B. M.
Catalogue, appears to be = Gerres altispinis, Giinther in B. M. Cata-
logue, the specimen of which belonged to the Buchanan collection ;
the species is abundant in Calcutta and Bombay.
67. (Holocentrus ? katkaya), reproduced in Ill. of Ind. Zool. as *
Pterapon trivittatus, considered Therapon servus, Bl., in B. M. Catal.,
whereas Cotus trivitiatus, H. B., was the original description, and
this = 7. trivittatus, 1. ¢.
*68. (Mugil kaskasiya) 3 inches long. IW. cascasta, H. B. =
M.—?, B. M. Catal.
-69. (Mugillevis). Mugil albula? H. B., omitted from the B. M.
Catalogue, the same species however, appears to be described as
M. nepalensis, Giinther, who records, one skin 8 inches long from
the ‘‘ fresh waters of Nepal” presented by Mr. Hodgson, and in
Vol. i, p. 279, another marine fish Therapon servus, is thus referred
to “‘ Half-grown: stuffed. (Nepal ?). Presented by B. H. Hodgson
Eq. ” Both these fish ascend the Hooghly to within or a little above
tidal influence, and perhaps the two skins were prepared in Calcutta.
As not a single example of the Family Mugilide is found in Nepal,
the designation I. nepalensis for this Calcutta fish is, I think, a
little inappropriate, and I would suggest its being altered to UM,
levis, H. B. (MS.). I may remark that I have lately obtained five
specimens of it in the Hooghly at Calcutta.
70 and 71. Same as No. 64.
‘72. (Oobitis chuno), 12; inches. Gobius chuno, H. B., omitted
in B. M. Catal.
*73. ( ,, sadanundi), 2; inches. Gobius sadanundio, H. B. ==
G, sadanundio, B. M, Catal.
74, Gobius gutum, H. B., 2,3, inches. = G. — ? H. B., B. M.
Catal., with theremark “a amar of it (No. 272) exists in the
collection of drawings of fishes by Hardwicke (MSS. of the British -
Museum).”
v
204 Proceedings of the Asiatic Soctety. [Szpr.
«75. ( 5, thutkurt), 8; inches. G. nunus, H. B., omitetd in
B. M. Catalogue.
-76. (Gobioides squamulosa), 53; inches. G. ruber, H. B. = Try-
pauchen vagina, B. M. Catal. It is a beautiful drawing of Ambly-
opus Hermannianus,* Lacép., showing most distinctly the erypts in
which the scales are imbedded, which is not found in Z. vagina.
As a synonym of Amblyopus Hermannianus, G. rubicundus, H. B., is
given, which latter is an entirely distinct species, delineated in H. B.’s
work, and appears to be Amblyopus tenia, Giinther (B. M. Catal), a
common species at Calcutta. Imay here remark that.in the Proc.
Zool. Soc., 1869, p. 518, I considered Amblyopus cirrhatus, Blyth, as
Amblyopus ceculus, Bl.; in the B. M. Catalogue it is A. brachygaster,
Giinther, which is similar to Blyth’s species, whose name would
have priority should the fish be looked upon as more than a
variety. It is not uncommon in Calcutta.
~ 77. (Makalkar) 8 inches. Trichiwrus leptwrus, H. B., apparently
omitted from B. M. Catalogue.
78. (Cheilodopterus butibere) 4 inches, Il. In. Zool., C. butis -
H. B. = LHleotris butis, B. M. Catal.
«79. (Sygnathus kharke), 42, inches long. S. carce, H. B. =
Ichthyocampus carce, B. M. Catal.
“80. ( ,, deokhuta), 6,7, inches long. S. deocata, H. B. =
Doryichthys — ? B. M. Catal.
81. (Polynemus paradiseus) 8 inches long. = idem, B. M. Catal. 0
+82. ( 5) @inehes long.’ P. teria, BH: B=" #2 te
dactylus, B. M. Catal.
ae raye) 12 inches, P. sele, H. B. = P. Indicus,
B. M. Catal. .
84. Unfinished drawing of Serranus.
85. Batrachoides gangene, H. B., pl. 14, f. 8. = Batrachus grun-
niens, Bl., B. M. Catal.
~86. (Cottus ? chaka), Calliomorus chaca, H. B., 4,3; inches long,
== Platycephalus insidiator, Forsk., B. M. Catal.
* Dr. Cantor originally referred the descriptions to these species which
probably he would not have done, had he seen the drawings. Should a doubt
exist as to whether the rubee is a Trypauchen or an Amblyopus, I cannot
imagine how there could be any respecting the latter species,
0
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 205
87. (Clupanodon ? suborno khorika), 148; inches long, reproduced *
in Ind. Zool. is Corica soborna, H. B,, omitted from B. M. Catalo-
gue, but under Clupeoides pseudopterus is quoted: ‘‘ The fish which
served for the figure of Corica guborni, Gray, Ind. Zool., was perhaps
similar to Cl. pseudopterus,—it is also represented with separate anal
finlets,”’
*88. (Clupanodon moti), 5,4, inches long. C. motius, H. B. =
Pellona motius, B. M. Catal.
«89. ( ,, chapra), C. chapra, H. B., p. 248, omitted from the
B. M. Catalogue. The drawing is reproduced in the Illustrations -
of Indian Zoology under the name of C. Jndica, and = Clupea In-
diea, Gray, B. M. Catalogue. Another illustration in the Indian
Zoology is considered as CO. chapra, Gray, (1. c.), unfortunately this
sheet is missing from the copy of the Indian Zoology in Calcutta,
so I am unable to compare it with H. B.’s drawings.
90. ( ,, champil), 2,8; inches long, apparently not described.
91. (Atherina dhani), 9/10 of an inch long, reproduced
McClelland. A. danius, H. B. = Eleotris—? B. M. Catal.
co
92. Mystus ramcarati, H. B., 8 inches long, reproduced IIL
Ind. Zool. = Coilia ramcarati, B. M. Catal.
«93, (Labrus darki), 12, inches. Labrus badis, H. B. = Badis
Buchanani, Bleeker, B. M. Catal.
*94. (Tetrodon kariya phoksa), 24 inches long. T. cutewtia, H. B.
= 7. cuteutia, H. B., B., M. Catal.
95. (Ksox angulatus), 44 inches long, not £. ectuntio H. B. )
96. (Cyprinus korikon), reproduced McClelland. C. conchonius,
H. B. = Barbus conchonius, B. M. Catal.
97. ( ,, teripungti), reproduced McClelland. C. ¢erio, H.
B. = B. terio, B. M. Catal. y
98. ( ,, pungst), reproduced McClelland. C. pausio, H. B.
== Labeo— ? B. M. Catal. .
99. ( 4, jauyali), reproduced McClelland. C. joalius, H. B.
= Labeo— ? B. M. Catal. A
100. ( ,, Joya), reproduced McClelland. ©. vagra, H. B.
= Barilius—? B. M. Catal.
‘101. ( 5, gugant), C. guganio, H. B. = Barbus—? B. M.
Catal.
206 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. [ Serr.
102. ( 4, atc), reproduced McClelland. . Jatius, H. B. =
Crossochilus latius, B. M. Catal.
-103. Cyprinus elanga, H. B., 63; inches long = Rasbora elanga,
B. M. Catal.
~104. ( ,, bukrangi), 3 inches. C. morar, H. B.?
105. ( 4, godiyard), reproduced McClelland. C. lamta, H.
== Discognathus lamta, B. M. Catal.
106. ( ,, sada balitora), reproduced McClelland. 0. sada,
H. B. = Crossochilus sada, B. M. Catal.
107. ( 4, dyangra gohama), reproduced McClelland. C. go-
hama H. B. = Crossochilus gohama, B. M. Catal.
108. ( ,, dhenro), C. dero, H. B., pl. 22, f. 78 = Tylogna-
thus—? B. M. Catal. |
109. ( ,, mrigala), H.B., pl. 6, f. 79 = Cirrhina mrigala, B.
M. Catal.
110..( ,, morala), H. B., pl. 18, f 91 — Labeo morala, B.
M. Catal.
111. ( ,, chedra), reproduced Ill. Ind. Zool. C. chedra, H.*
B. = Barilius cocsa, H. B., B. M. Catal.
112. ( ,, khoksa). C. cocsa, H. B., pl. 3, £77 = B. coesa,
B. M. Catal.
113. ( ,, morar), H. B., pl. 31, f. 75 = Aspidoparia morar,
B. M. Catal.
114. ( 4, ewrabati bata), C. bata, H. B. = Cirrhina— ? B.
M. Catalogue.
115. ( ,, boga), H.B., pl. 28, f. 80 = Tylognathus boga, B.
M. Catal. y
116. ( ,, pangusiya), reproduced McClelland, C. pangusia,
H. B. = Labeo pangusia, B. M. Catal. é
117. (4, bangana), reproduced McClelland, = Tylognathus
—? B.M. Catal. ; it appears to be Cirrhina reba, H. B.
118. ( ,, angra), reproduced Ill. Ind. Zool. = Labeo—? B. - +
M. Catal. ¢ (.%2%)
+119. ( ,, urst), 10 inches long. L. 1. 92, L. tr. 138/?, 14
rows of scales between 1. 1. and ventral fin, C. cursis, H. B. = La-
beo cursa, B. M. Catal.
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 207
120. ( ,, mandin), C. nandina, H. B. pl. 8, f. 84 = Labeo
nandina, B. M. Catal.
121. ,, tor, H. B., reproduced Ill, Ind. Zool. = Barbus mosal, «
B. M. Catal. ; it is, however, a distinct species.
122. ,, mosal, H. B., reproduced Ill. Ind. Zool. = B. mosal -
B. M. Catal.
123. ,, gonius, H. B., pl. 4, f. 82. == Labeo Dussumiert ? B.
M. Catal.; however, it appenee to be identical with C. cursa and
C. cursis, H. B.
-124. ,, cursa, H. B., 114 inches long. L. 1. 62. L. tr. 12/?; 13
or 14 rows of scales between 1. 1. and base of ventral fin, = ZL.
cursa, B. M. Catal.
-125. ( ,, filet), C. tileo, H. B. = Barilius tileo, B. M. Catal.
126. ( ,, goha), H. B., reproduced Ill. Ind. Zool. = Bola:
goha, B. M. Catal. ‘
127. ( ,, kant punti), reproduced McClelland, C. canius,
H. B. = Barbus gelius, B. M. Catal.
128. ( ,, dimaculatus), C. titius,H. B. = Barbus titius,
B. M. Catal. . ;
129. » phutunio, H. B., reproduced McClelland, = B.
phutunio, B. M. Catal.
180. ( ,, phul chela), reproduced McClelland, C. phulo, H.
. = Chela phulo, B. M. Catal.
131. ( ,, bhola), reproduced Ill. Ind. Zool. C. bola, H. B.-
= Bola goha, H. B., B. M. Catal.
ie oe dias: reproduced McClelland, C. cosuatis, H. |
B. = Barbus cosuatis, B. M. Catal.
183. ( ,, geli punti), reproduced McClelland, C. gelius,
H. B. = Barbus gelius, B. M. Catal.
134. ( ,, Jbarila), H.B.= B. barila, B. M. Catal. and?
B. morarensis, Giinther, 1. ec. The figure has been somewhat
damaged by termites.
-135. € ,, jaya), H. B., 13, inches long = Aspidoparia jaya,
B. M. Catal.
- 136. ( ,, Dyangra anjana), 32, inches long. C. anyana,
H. B. = Rasbora daniconius, H. B., B. M. Catal.
208 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Serr.
137. ( ,, phakra), reproduced McClelland, C. vagra, H. B,
= Barilius — ? B, M. Catal.
138. ( ,, balibola), reproduced McClelland, C. barna, H. B.
= B. barna, B. M. Catal.
139. Cyprinus laubuca, H., B. reproduced McClelland, = Chela
laubuca, B. M. Catal.; it is a Perilampus, McClell. = Cachius,
Giinther, and Hustira, Giinther.
£402, -G, dangila), H. B., reproduced McClelland, = Danio
dangila, B. M. Catal. ?
141. ( ,, gongja), reproduced McClelland. C. jogia, H. B.
= Nuria danrica, H. B., B. M. Catal.
ERR Cain lea 77) ieee C. atpar, H.B. . pepnedae McClelland,
= Cachius atpar, B. M. Catal. Much as by termites, one fi-
gure destroyed,
143. ( ,, sutiha), H. B., reproduced McClelland, == Nuria
danrica, B. M. Catal.
144. ( ,, kiki jongja), reproduced McClelland. C. rerio, H.
= Barilius rerio, B. M. Catal. ;
145. ( ,, cachius), H. B., reproduced McClelland, = Cachius
atpar, B. M. Catal.
- 146. ( ,, gora) H. B. == Chela gora, B. M. Catal, The tail
is injured by termites.
In Vol. I. of animals are 48 drawings of fish, some of which are
duplicates of the foregoing, others copies of some missing figures ;
they are as follows.
No. 1 unfinished copy of No, 124; 2 = 146 ; 3 = 70; 4= 70;
5 = 114; 6 — 86;7 = 65; 8 = 32;9=— 27; 10— 8; 11 = 16;
12 — 140; 183=-92; 14=6; 15 is a larger drawing of 123 ;
4G == 11555717 = 28 ; 18.—= 118; 19)= 61 5.20. —— 145 20 ee
22.== 18; 28 = 78; 24.=—- 149; 25 — 117 5-26 — 1205) ay
Mystus chitala, H. B., reproduced Ill. Ind. Zool. ; 28 = 109 ; 29 =
122 ; 30 — 82 ; 31 — 103; 82° 126; 33 isa ue 7,3, inches
iene. of Sillago ait In fact all the ae are reproductions of the
originals now in Vol. IV, except the following :—36, 93 inches long
of Catla Buchanani, C. and V.; 39 is a figure 93 inches long of Cy-
prinus chagunio H. B., the Bangs of which is missing. Dr. Giinther
S7/
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 209
in the Zool. Record for 1869, demurring to my identification of Bar-
bus Beavani, Giinther, with Cyprinus chagunio, Ham. Buch., observes
this fish has “ large scales and minute barbels.” In the figure there
are about 41 scales along the lateral line and well developed ros-
tral and maxillary barbels. The species may be readily recognised
from the drawing. 48 is Polynemus Indicus, 11$ inches long. ‘This
volume iv contains 50 coloured illustrations of fish. ?
[I would suggest that the numbers I have inserted on the draw-
ings in pencil be recorded in ink, and that the original figures have
the Society’s stamp on each separate sheet].
7. Mownocrarn or Inpian Cyprinipm, Pr. ITT, by Surgeon F. Day.
This is a continuation of Dr. Day’s Monograph published in No.
3 of the Nat. Hist. Part of the Journal ; it will appear in No. 4 of
the same Part for the current year.
8. NorEs ON SOME LAND-SHELLS FROM THE vicrniTy or Mover,
WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES,—by W. THEOBALD, Hse,
Mr. Theobald gives notes regarding various species of Cyclophorus
and Streptaxis, and a few other shells, found in the neighbourhood
of Moulmein. [If illustrations of the newly described species
be supplied in time, the paper will appear in the ist number
of Part IT of the Journal for the ensuing year, 1872,
9. Nores on THE OrniITHOLOGY oF CasHMIr,—
by W. EK. Brooxs, Esa., C. E., Htawah,
Mr. Brooks notices several imperfectly known or new species of
birds from Cashmir. His observations on the breeding season,
&es, of many of the species are particularly interesting.
‘The new species noticed in this paper are as follows:
Certhia Hodgsoni,—differs from C. familiaris by a much larger bill§
less rufous tone on rump and upper tail coverts, and by having 4
plain primaries and the 5th marked with a buif patch on the outer
web.
Sitta Cashmirensis.* Coloration very like that of S. HZimalayana,
but the wing is 3:3 inches; no white edgings to the under tail
coverts.
* This is very close to 8. cesia of Europe; the two being exactly of the same
size, HEpir.
210 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. (Serr.
Dumeticola myor. Similar to D. afinis, Hodgs., but much
larger; wing 2°28—2°3, tail 2°7, bill at front ‘55, mid-toe and claw
72 inches.
Horites pallidus. Above light olive grey or greyish olive with
a slight tawny tinge on the wings; lower back and upper tail
coverts lighter ; a dull whitish grey supercilium ; a pale brown streak
through the eye; cheeks and ear coverts brownish; chin to
abdomen greyish white, sides of breast and flanks and lower tail
coverts pale brownish grey. Total length 5:15, wing 2:2, tail 2-2,
bill 0°33, from gape 0°5, tarsus 0-9 inches,
Phylloscopus Tytlert, In plumage resembling Ph. viridanus, but of
a richer and deeper olive; bill much longer, darker and of a more
pointed and slender form than in the last species. Average length
4:75, wing 2°3, tail 1°7, bill at front 0°36, from nostril 0°31, tarsus
0:7 inches.
Motacilla Cashmirensis. Coloration as in JL. Luzonensis, except
that the chin and throat are black, the black extending for 24
inches from base of lower mandible ; white portion of head as in
personata, remainder of head and back deep black. Length 7°6,
wing 3°55, tail 4, bill at front 0°5, tarsus ‘97 inches.
Alauda guttata. Larger than gulgula and not so rufous on
the breast and with bolder markings; wing 38°7—3-9, tail 2°6
—2°'8 inches.
Sturnus nitens, Hume. Like S¢. wnicolor, but smaller, with’
shorter wing and brighter colours.
[This paper will be published in full in the 1st number of the
Nat, Hist. Part of the Journal for 1872].
10. NorsEs ON NINE NEW SPECIES oF InDIAn anp InDo-CuinEsE VES-
» PERTILIONIDA, WITH REMARKS ON THE SYNONYMY AND CLASSIFICA- _
TION OF SOME OTHER SPECIES OF THE SAME FAMILY,—ly G. KE.
Dozson, B, A., M. B., Assistant Surgeon H. I.’s British Forces.
The following diagnoses of nine new species of bats are intended
as prefatory to more detailed descriptions accompanied with illus-
trations to be published hereafter.
Sec.—ScoropnHitina, Gray.*
* Ann, and Mag, Nat. Hist., 1866.
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 211
o2% & . 1—1
Genus, Nycticejus, Rafinesque, Incisors, —.
Sub-genus, Wycticejus ; premolars, = wing-membrane attach-
ed to base of toes.
N. EMARGINATUS, Dobson.
Glands of the upper lip largely developed, forming rounded pro-
minences between the nostrils and eyes; ears nearly as long as the
head, with broadly rounded tips; outer side flatly emarginate
- beneath the tip causing it to project outwards ; tragus moderately
long, slightly curved inwards and obtusely pointed, maintaining al-
most the same breadth from the base to within a short distance of
the tip. Fur, above, tricoloured, at the base dark ferruginous
brown, then buff, the tips light yellowish ‘brown ; beneath, dark
ferruginous brown at the base, the remaining portion buff.
Length, head and body 2”.9; tail 2.2; ear (anteriorly) 0.85;
forearm 2”.2 ; thumb 0".45 ; tibia 0.85. Loe. ?
Genus, Vesperugo, Keys. Blas. Incisors, =
Sub-genus, Vesperus, premolars, —. wing-membrane attached to
base of toes. i
Y. pacuyotis, Dobson.
Head flat ; muzzle very broad and short ; glandular prominences
of upper lip largely developed, immediately behind them a furrow
extends from the anterior corner of one eye to the other in front
of which the fur of the head does not pass: ears triangular above
with rounded tips, outer side without emargination ; lower portion
of the ear from below the level of the tip of the tragus to the
termination of the outer margin near the angle of the mouth very.
thick and fleshy; tragus short, curved inwards; teeth very mi-
nute, inner incisors bifid at their extremities, much larger and longer
than the outer ones. Fur, above, dark brown throughout; be~
neath, a lighter shade of the same colour.
Length, head and body 2”.2; tail, 1”.6 ; ear (anteriorly) 0.755 ;
forearm, 1”.6; tibia, 0”65.
Loc. Kasia Hills, Bengal.
VY. Anpersont,* Dobson.
* More detailed descriptions of this and of the next new species will appear
in Dr. Anderson’s forthcoming account of the Zoology of the Yunan Ex-
pedition.
212 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. | Sepr.
Ears moderate with rounded tips, outer edge with a shallow but
wide emargination beneath the tip, then convex and again emar-
ginate opposite the base of the tragus; tragus obtusely pointed,
inner margin straight, outer convex upwards; fur, above, dark
brown with grayish tips; beneath, light grayish brown for two-
thirds its length, the remaining portion ashy. Inner incisors long
and bifid; outer incisors very short and acutely pointed, placed in
front of the inner ones and lying on their outer sides. ;
Length, head and body, 2”.6 ; tail, 1.9; ear (anteriorly) 07.75 ;
forearm, 2”.15 ; tibia, 0’.85. |
Loc, ‘Momein, Yunan.
VESPERUS ATRATUS.
Nycticejus atratus, Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. As. Soc. Beng. No. 96.
The following is Blyth’s description of this species,—‘‘ Like
(Vesp.) fuliginosa, Hodgson, J. A. S., IV, 700, (which Dr. Gray
ranks as a Scotophilus), but with only one pair of upper incisors:
Length of forearm 12 in.”
I have examined the type specimens thus described ; their fore-
arms correspond exactly with the measurement given, but Mr.
Blyth has not been equally accurate in stating that they possess only
one pair of upper incisors ; there are certainly two pairs of upper in-
cisors, but the outer ones are, as in many other species of the sub-
genus Vesperus, very small and might easily be overlooked; the
inner incisors are remarkably long, but very unlike those which
are so characteristic of the genus Wycticejus. The necessity,
therefore, for changing the genus is apparent. The species is,
however, still quite distinct from Se. fuliginosus, Hodgs,
V. PACHYPUS.
Vespertilio pachypus, Temk. Mono. Mamm.
Vesperus pachypus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreber,
Scotophilus fulvidus, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng., Vol. XXVIII, 293.
I have compared the type specimens of Sc. fulvidus, Blyth, from
Tenasserim with Temminck’s description of V. pachypus from Suma-
tra and Java. The measurements agree in every respect with those
of the latter species, and the colour of the fur, form of the
feet, &c., equally correspond. I think it very probable Mr.
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 213
Blyth did not possess a copy of Temminck’s Monograph when he
described this species as, otherwise, he must, at least, have noticed
in his description the close affinity of the species,
Subgenus, Pipistrellus, Gray ; premolars, = wing-membrane at-
tached to the base of the toes. .
P. arrriis, Dobson.
Head flat ; glands of the upper lip so developed as to cause a deep
‘depression between them on the face behind the nostrils; ears,
measured from behind, as broad .as long, outer edge without
emargination; inner margin of tragus straight, outer convex up-
wards; tail long, of nine vertebra, the last free; above, chocolate
brown, lighter on the head and neck, tips of the hairs light brown ;
beneath, dark brown with light brown or ashy tips ; on the pubes
and along the thighs dirty white or very pale buff. Outer incisors
acutely pointed, inner obtuse, flattened at their extremities ; first
upper premolar minute, placed inside the line of teeth and not
distinguishable from without. Length, head and body, 1’.9 ; tail
-1’.65 ; ear (anteriorly) 0’.6; forearm 1”.55; tibia 0”.6.
Loc. Bhamaw, Yunan.
P. Avustrentanvs, Dobson.
Ears triangular with broadly rounded tips, outer margin straight
above for nearly half its length, then slightly convex to the base ;
tragus rather broad with a straight inner margin. Fur, sooty-
brown throughout with grayish or ashy tips which give the fur
on the ventral surface a grayish appearance; cutaneous system
black, specimens in spirit appear altogether intensely black.
Incisors nearly equal in length, inner incisors bifid; first upper
premolar minute, placed inside the line of teeth but may be dis-
tinguished from without,
Length, head and body 2”.0; tail 1’.4; forearm 1’.4; ear (an-
teriorly) 0’.65; tibia 0’.6.
Loc. Cherra Punji, Bengal.
P. annecrans, Dobson.
Head slightly elevated; face hairy; glandular prominences of
upper lip small; ears pointed, outer margin deeply hollowed out
beneath the tip causing it to project-considerably ; tragus long.
acute, with a straight inner margin. The colour of the fur of a
214 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Szrr.
specimen in spirit appears to be above, dark brown with lighter
tips; beneath, brown with reddish tips. Upper incisors nearly
equal in size ; first upper premolar minute, placed slightly inside
the line of teeth, second premolar nearly equal to canine in size.
This species unites the external form of a Vespertilio to the dentition
of Pipistrellus ; the form of the ear and tragus is almost precisely
similar to those of the next species which is a true Vespertilio.
Tength, head and body 2”.0; tail 1”.6; ear (anteriorly) 0”.6 ;
forearm 1".8; tibia 0.75.
Loc. Naga Hills, Assam.
Sec.—VESPERTILIONINA, Gray.
Gen. Vespertilio, (as restricted, Gray).
Dentition,—in. = FO. = ; pli: = ;m.
tached to the base of the toes.
Subgenus, Vespertilio, Tomes.*
VY. Nreatensis, Dobson.
Ears narrow and pointed; outer margin deeply hollowed out
immediately beneath the tip causing it to project considerably ;
tragus long, narrow, and pointed; fur, above, black with brown
tips ; beneath, black for two-thirds its length, the remaining por-
tion pure white; the whole ventral surface of specimens dried
from spirit appears white and the dark portion of the hair is
not perceived till the fur is raised. Canines very short; first and
second premolars in both upper and lower jaws very small and
conical.
Length, head and body 1’.65; tail 1’.35; ear (anteriorly) 0’.48 ;
forearm 17.35; tibia 0”.6.
Loc. Katmandu, Nipal.
V. Bianrorp1, Dobson.
- Outer side of ear with a deep emargination about the middle cut-
a eee b '
j=) Wing-membrane at-
ting off the lower portion which resembles very closely the large anti-
tragus of the species of the genus Lhinolophus ; muzzle pointed :
face very hairy ; fur, above, on the back, black for three-fourths its .
length, the remaining portion light yellowish-brown, on the top
of the head, black with shining tips; beneath, black for three-
* Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1857.
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 215
fourths its length, remaining portion ashy. The first and second
premolars in the lower jaw are very small, in the upper jaw they
are still smaller and scarcely distinguishable without a lens,
Length, head and body 1".7; tail 1”.5; ear (anteriorly) 07.5;
forearm 1”.28 ; tibia 0”.5.
Loe. Sikkim ; Simla ; Dalhousie.
Subgenus, Aerivoula,* Gray.
KX. fusca, Dobson.
Resembles . picta very closely in its general form; on the
outer side of the ear there is a wide emargination which forms the
tip, and without which the ear would be regularly broadly oval as
in Murina suillus; fur, above chocolate brown with paler tips;
beneath of a somewhat darker shade of the same colour, the hairs
tipped with yellowish-brown. ‘This species differs from K. Hard-
wickit, Horsf. which it resembles in some respects, in the form of
the ears, and colour and distribution of the fur.
Length, head and body 1”.6; tail 1’.6; ear (anteriorly) 07.45 ;
forearm 1”.3; tibia 0”.6. Loe. ?
11. NotTEs oN A COLLECTION OF BIRDS FRoM SIKKIM,—
by W. T. Buanrorp, F. G. S8., C. M. Z. 8.
(Abstract. )
This is a description of a collection of skins made by Mr. L.
Mandelli, together with a few notes on birds obtained at low
- elevations in Sikkim by the writer. Three species are described
as new, and two others, Zosterops simplex, Swinh. and Luspiza
rutila, Pall. are added. to the fauna of ths Eastern Himalayas.
The new species are— .
1. Phylloscopus pallidipes, sp. nov. Brownish olivaceous above,
rump a little more rufescent, lores and a line through the eye to
the upper part of the ear coverts dark brown, supercilia white,
elongate, quills earthy brown with rufescent olive margins, cen-
tral tail feathers the same colour as the back, outer ones earthy
brown edged with olive. Lower parts silky white, sides of breast
olivaceous. Under wing white. Bill dark above, pale below, legs
very pale coloured. Wing 2°05 inches, tail 1:7, tarsus 0°76, bill
* As restricted by Tomes, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1858.
216 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. _ [Szrr.
from forehead 0:4, from gape 0°55. The 5th quill is the longest,
exceeding the 1st by 0°87, second by 0°4, and 38rd by 0°15 in.
This species is distinguished from P. tristis, P. neglectus, and all
allied forms by its pale coloured tarsi, and from most of them by its
smaller size.
1. Pellorneum Mandellit, sp.nov. This is closely allied to
P. ruficeps, Swains., but differs in its smaller size, approximating
in this respect to P. Zickelli, Blyth. Itis distinguished from both
races by the much larger spots on the breast, and by having large
spots on the sides and back of the neck, similar to those on the
breast. Wing 2°65, tail 2°5, tarsus 0°95, bill from forehead 0°6,
from gape 0°75.
3. Propasser saturatus, sp. nov. Male with lores, forehead,
supercilia and cheeks pale silvery pink, the bases of the feathers
brown; head above dark crimson with blackish centres to the fea-
thers, ear coverts and sides of neck a little duller. Back with
broad dashes of brown, edges of the feathers paler with a gloss
of crimson, rump and upper tail coverts nearly the same colour as
the back, wings and tail feathers earthy brown with red edges, and
pale rosy spots on the tips of the outer webs of the wing coverts
and of the last 8 quills. Chin greyish, throat full rose colour,
darker than the cheeks, and with a silvery gloss; the breast
deeper and darker red, abdomen pink, all the feathers of both
with narrow central stripes ; lower tail coverts brown, edged with
pink. Length about 6 inches, wing 3°32, tail 2°6, tarsus 0°95, bill
from front 0:49, from gape 0°52.
Female earthy brown, feathers of back paler edged, wing coverts
and 8 last quills with albescent tips, rump tinged ochraceous.
Under parts fulvous, all the feathers with dark centres, broader
on the breast, narrower on the abdomen, which has a rufescent
tinge. |
This is the bird, a female of which was formerly assigned to
P. thura by Mr. Blyth; the male is darker and richer in colour
than its allies, and wants the pink rosy rump of the other Himala-
yan species.
The birds obtained by the author at higher elevations in Sikkim
in 1870, are described in a separate paper.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 217
‘
12. Nore on rue Error or THE Caxcurra SranparD Barome-
TER, COMPARED WITH THOSE oF Kew anp GreENwicu,—by H.
F, Buanrorp, Esa.
This short paper will be published in the 4th number of the
Journal for the current year.
13. On A ForM or GALVANOMETER SUITABLE FoR THE QUANTI-
TATIVE MeAsUREMENT oF THE ELxEcrromorivE Force, AND
Internat Resistance or TeLecRrarn Barrertes,—by W. E.
Ayrton, Esa.
(With plate IV.)
The efficiency of a galvanic battery depends on the magnitude of
two properties it possesses, its electromotive force, or power to send
a current, and its internal resistance, or power to impede a current.
The greater the electromotive force the greater the current sent if
the whole resistance in circuit remains the same, and the greater
the internal resistance of the battery the less the current sent,
other things remaining the same.
It is therefore of great practical importance in Telegraphy to
be able easily to measure the electromotive force and internal re-
sistance of a battery so as to see from day to day that the former
does not diminish, and that the latter does not increase.
I will first examine the way in which this has been practically
done up to the present time, and point out the objections there
exist to this method.
A galvanometer was employed, on the bobbin of which were
wound two coils, one of a comparatively high resistance, called
the ‘‘intensity” coil, and the other of a comparatively low
resistance, called the ‘quantity’ coil. The electromotive force
was measured by observing the deflection produced when the
coil of high resistance was inserted between the battery poles ;
and the internal resistance could be found by comparing the de-
flections produced when the coils of high and low resistance
were respectively used. In some instruments the low resistance
galvanometer coil was dispensed with and instead the high re-
sistance coil was shunted.
218 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Serr.
The reasoning being in both cases virtually the same, I will
therefore only deal with the first case—the galvanometer wound
with two coils.
Let @ be the deflection produced on any particular galvanometer
by a current C, then for small deflections
WO a>
where 7 is the number of convolutions, and a a constant depending
on the form of the galvanometer and the size and power of the
magnetic needle. Let this current C be produced by a battery
having an electromotive force Z, and an internal resistance # then
E
RkR+G |
G being the resistance of the galvanometer
C= by Ohm’s law
wi
ES Aaa Racecar a tah, veces eorecece ae
or if we consider z and @ constant
E varies as (2+ G@)d......... fe 2k AC
Now if, G be very large compared with # then
F varies as G X& d..... ...very nearly ;
that is to say the electromotive forces of batteries are directly
proportional to the deflections they produce on a galvanometer
having a very large resistance compared with the resistance of
the batteries. This method will therefore answer with batteries of
small internal resistance. But in the case of batteries consisting
of a large number of cells joined in series (such batteries, in fact,
as are necessarily in use in the Indian Telegraph on account of the
great length of the lines) the internal battery resistance is itself
large. Consequently, with such batteries it is impossible to use any
cheap galvanometer, that is, a galvanometer not containing a large
amount of wire, which will fulfil the condition that the galvano-
meter resistance shall be large compared with the battery resistance.
The electromotive forces, therefore, of such batteries can only be
very roughly compared by using the so-called ‘intensity’ coil,
unless the internal resistances of the batteries be in some way
previously ascertained.
The internal resistance, if high, could be found in the following
way:
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 219
let d be the deflection given by the battery when the “ intensity”
coil of resistance G is used, and let d’ be the deflection given when
the “ quantity” coil of resistance G’ is used, then from equation (1)
we have, since both the coils are wound on one bobbin and the
magnetic needle is the same in both cases,
n EB
d RAG
ad’ n KE
where and n’ are respectively the number of convolutions in the
coils
nx Gxd—-n xG@Gxd
nxXd—nXd
The resistance of different batteries, or of the same battery on
R=
different days, can be found in this way and then the ratio of their
electromotive forces from equation II. This is a very round-about
way of comparing electromotive forces, but is nevertheless the only
way in which it can be done with the so-called ‘ intensity” and
* quantity” galvanometer coils if the battery resistance be large.
If now the question be to determine simply the resistance of a
battery when the resistance is small, that of one cell for example,
then it is impossible to get an accurate result with the ‘‘ intensity”
and “ quantity” coils, for we see from equation (I) that if R be small
compared with G, then a small percentage of change in # will
produce no practical change in d, that is to say, when using the
‘‘intensity’’ coil the deflection will be practically the same whatever
the resistance of the battery may be, as long as it is small compared
with the resistance of the ‘‘ intensity’ coil.
Therefore with the “intensity” and “ quantity” coils we cannot
find accurately the resistance of a battery if small, and, secondly,
we cannot compare the electromotive forces of two batteries without
previously determining their internal resistances if the internal
resistances be large. Such an instrument, therefore, for battery test-
ing as Latimer Clark’s Shunt Galvanometer which is arranged virtu-
ally on the principle I have been describing does not at all meet the
requirements of the Indian Telegraph Department. And besides
the instruments of this description that have been received are
.
220 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Sepr.
exccedingly unsensitive for small differences, and also with the
‘‘intensity” coil 30, 40, or 50 cells all produce nearly the same
deflection (90°) so that it is impossible practically with this galva-
nometer to compare the electromotive forces, or to find the inter-
nal resistances of large batteries.
What therefore is required is an instrument which will give
independent accurate measurements in absolute units of the electro-
motive force and internal resistance of any battery. Such an
instrument will be still more valuable if it be simple, portable,
and tolerably cheap. All these requirements have been fulfilled
in the little galvanometer arranged by Mr. Schwendler, and which
therefore I have considered of sufficient interest to bring before the
notice of this Society. This galvanometer that I have on the
table is a tangent galvanometer the bobbin of which is wound with
two coils one of thick wire and having a resistance of about one
Siemens’ Unit, and the other of thin wire and having a resistance
of about 100 Siemens’ units. Forming part of this instrument are
two resistance coils of 200 and 2000 Siemens’ units respectively.
The 200 coil can be placed or not at pleasure in circuit with the
thick galvanometer coil, and similarly the 2000 resistance coil with
the thin galvanometer coil.
To (1) (see pl. iv,) is attached one end of each of the coils.
To (2) the other end of the thick coil.
To (3) the other end of the thin coil.
To measure the Resistance of a Battery.
Join the two poles of the battery to the two binding screws
respectively of the galvanometer, and make the following observa-
tions, in each case the mean of the readings with + and — currents
to be taken.
Plug up holes marked A and 200: then the battery, and the
thick coil only are in circuit. Let the deflection of the needle be a°.
Remove plug from hole marked 200, but leave plug in hole
marked A: then the battery, the thick coil, and a resistance of 200
8. U. are incircuit, Let the deflection be 0°.
Let R be the internal resistance to be found of the battery,
then
200 tan 6°
>> tanw — tanv°
R
— 1 Siemens’ Units.
: Soe: Bengal, Sept: 18 71.
showing the connections
W.E.AYRTON.. Proc: Asiat
Symbohical figure
FRONT View.
+
-
ey #2 oe me as y: be oh ry aa ? ys ‘
EE Ge REO TAR. AE RA
1871. ]} Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 221
To measure the Resistance of a Non-Electromotor.
Insert this resistance in the battery branch, and repeat the pre-
ceding observations obtaining respectively deflections a,° and 6,°
then if 7 be the resistance to be found
200 X tan 3,°
| ae tan a,° — tan b,°
Eliminating R from this and the preceding equation we have
Be tan 6° ) U
tan a,° — tan b,° tan a° — tan 0° \
— 1 Siemens’ Units.
r= 200 (
The most constant electromotive force that can be practically
made use of is that of anew Menotti’s cell with clean zine and
copper, a standard cell as it is called. The electromotive force of
such a cell is therefore taken as our unit of electromotive force.
To express the Electromotive Force of a Battery in terms of that of
Standard cell.
Join the two poles of the battery to the two binding screws
respectively of the galvanometer, and plug up holes marked B and
2000: then the battery and the thin coil only are in circuit. Let the
deflection be 7°.
Remove the plug from hole marked 2000, but leave plug in
B: then the battery, the thin coil, and 2000 S. U. are in circuit.
Let the deflection be m°.
Repeat these two tests with the standard cell substituted for the
battery. Let the two deflections now obtained be p° and q°.
Then if E be the electromotive force of the battery, and e that
of the standard cell,
tan 1° & tan m° _ tan p° — tan g°
~ tan p° X tan g° ~*~ tan 2 — tan m° qe
This galvanometer can also be used as a telegraphic receiving
instrument but then the two copper stops, 8, 8’; shown in the dia-
gram, on pl. iv, should be placed one on each side of the alumin-
ium needle. If well adjusted, signals can be read which are
produced by ten Menotti’s cells at the other end of a line about
400 miles long consisting of No. 5} wire and havng an insulation
of two millions per mile.
222 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. [Serr.
Liprary.
The following additions have been made to the Library since
the meeting held in August last.
Presentations.
x*, Names of Donors in Capitals,
Catalogue of Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum, ac-
quired since 1838, by W. Wright.—Tuez TrusrzEs or THE British
MusEvum.
The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and
Ireland, vol. V, part I.—Tur Royat Astaric Socrery.
Journal Asiatique, Nos. 59, 60.—THx Astaric Socrery or Paris.
Bulletin de la Société de Géographie, Mars, Avril, 1871.—Tuu
Grocrapuicat Socrety or Paris.
Monatsbericht der K. Akademie de Wissenschaften zu Berlin ;
Mai 1871.—AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN ZU BERLIN.
Bijdragen tot de Taal-land-en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch
Indie, 8e Volgr. IV, V.—VotkenxkunDE vAN NEDERLANDSCH
InDIE.
Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indie, Dl. xxxi.
Affl. 1-3.—NATUURKUNDIE VEREENIGING IN NEDERLANDsCH INDIE.
Bloemlezing uit Maleische Geschriften, lte Stuk, door G. K.
Niemann.—Konmxuuxk LystrruvT voor DE TAAL-LAND-EN VOLKEN-
KUNDE VAN NrepERLANDsCcH INDIE.
Mémoires de la Société Royale des Antiquaires du Nord,
1869.—Socrete RoyaLE DES ANTIQUAIRES DU Norp, CoPENHAGUE.
Tilleeg til Aarbuger for Nordisk Olduyndighedog Historie, 1869,
Aarbuger 1869, III-IV, 1870, I.—Norpiske OLpskrirr SELSK AB.
Sitzungsberichte Math.-Natur. classe, Bd. LX, 1.Abth, Heft-
III-V., 2.Abth, Heft-I, Bd. LXI, 1.Abth, Heft-I-V., 2.Abth-I-V ;
Bd. LXII, 2.Abth, Heft-I-I1I—Register zu den banden 51 bis 60
der Sitzungsberichte—Archive fiir Osterreichische Geschichte, Bd.
LXII—LX V—Fontes Rerum Austriacarum Bd. XXX, Bd. XX XIII,
Denkschriften, Math.-Natur. classe, Bd. XXX ; Philos.-Hist. classe,
Bd. XTX,—Almanach, Bd. XX—Phiinologische Beobachtungen
aus dem Pflanzen-und Thierreiche, von Karl Fritsch, Heft VIII.—
KaisERLICHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFLTEN ZU WIEN.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 223
Verhandlungen der K. K. Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft,
in Wien, Bd. XX.—Kartserticu-Kinicricnze ZooLoGiscH-Bora-
NISCHE GESELLSCHAFT ZU WIEN.
Jahrbuch, Bd. XX, Nos. 1-4—Verhandlungen, Jahr 1870,
Nos. 1-18.—Katserticu-Koén1ericun Grotoaiscue ReicHsaNsTALT.
Tabylae codicvm Manv Scriptorym in Bibliotheca Palatina Vin-
dobonensis Asservatorvm, volvmen IV.—AcapEemriA CansAarEA
VINDOBONENSIS.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
1870, Nos 1-3.—Acaprmy or Narurat Sciences oF PHILADELPHIA.
Proceedings of the Second Annual Session of the American
Philological Association :—American Philological Association—Re-
cords of the Geological Survey of India, vol. IV, Part I1I.—Svu-
PERINTENDENT CF THE GeEoLogicaAL Survey oF INDIA.
Monographie der Gattung Certhiola, von Dr. O. Finsch.—TuE
Avrnor.
Rahasya Sandarbha, edited by Babu Rajendrala!a Mitra, vol. VI,
No. 66.—Tue Eprror.
The Calcutta Journal of Medicine, 1871, No. 7,—Tue Eprror.
The Christian Spectator, vol. I, No. 3—Tue Eprror.
The Ramayana, edited by Hemachandra, vol. II, No, 10.—Tur
Epiror,
Sukla yajushi Vajasaneya Sanhita, edited by Gériprasada,
Part II.—Tue Enrror.
Paraminuvada by Kaélivara, Babu Ramadasa Sena.
The Flora Sylvatica, vol. XI, XII.—Geology and Zoology of
Abyssinia, by W. T. Blanford.—Tuz Government or Inpra.
Selections from the records of Government, vol, V, No. I.—Tus
GovERNMENT oF THE N, W. Provinces.
Practical Hints to Emigrants to Tasmania, by H. M. Hull—
Report on Native Papers for the week ending 19th and
26th August and 2nd September, 1871.—THe GovERNMENT oF
BENGAL.
Exchange.
The Atheneum, June 1871. Nature, Nos. 89-93.
224 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Sepr.
Purchase.
The American Journal of Science, June, 1871—The Ibis, July
1871—The L. EK. and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, July 1871—
The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, July 1871—The
Quarterly Review, July, 1871—The Westminster Review, July,
1871—The Edinburgh Review, July 1871—Revue des Deux
Mondes, Juillet, 1871. Comptes Rendus, Nos 28, 24—Journal des
Savants, Avril 1871—Hewitson’s Exotic Butterflies, part 29.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
For Ocroper, 1871.
a
The monthly meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday, the
4th October, at 9 P. mM.
T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D., Vice-President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The following presentations were laid on the table—
1. From Raja Dhunapati Singh Bahédur—A copy of Prakria
Manorama Vyakuranam.
2. From the author—a copy of Satiparinaya, a Sanscrit poem,
by Pandit Chandrakénta Tarkélankéra.
3. From Rey. C. H. Dall, Report on the Brachiopoda, by
'W. H. Dall.
The following gentlemen were elected Ordinary Members—
J. A. Aldis, Esq., Dr. A. Neil, J. O’Kinealy, Esq., C.S., J. A.
Briggs, Esq., H. G. Cooke, Esq., Col. J. E. Evezard,
J. M. Foster, Esq., M. D., Civil Surgeon, Nazeerah, Assam, pro-
posed by Mr. J. Wood-Mason, seconded by Mr. H. F. Blanford,
will be balloted for as a member of the Society at the next meeting.
The Council reported that they have elected Dr. G. King, a
member of their body.
The Chairman, briefly referring to the sad loss which the Society
had experienced by the cruel assassination of the late Offg. Chief-
Justice, stated that the Council of the Society, of which Mr. Norman
had for many years been an active and zealous member, had, at their
last meeting, recorded their own expression of the pain with which
226 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Ocr.
they had heard of the murder, which had deprived them of a long-
esteemed colleague and friend. It appeared also to the Council
that probably the Members themselves would prefer, at their general
meeting, to put on the records of the Society a resolution expres-
sive of their horror of the deed, which has so suddenly deprived
them of one who was beloved by all that had the advantage of
his acquaintance, and who had, from a few months after his arrival
in the country, been a member of their Society, and a frequent and
much-interested attendant at their meetings. If this were so, he
would take the opportunity of proposing the following resolution—
‘The Society would desire to record the pain and sorrow with
which they have heard of the cowardly murder of the late Chief-
Justice Norman, in whom they have lost an earnest and truth-
seeking supporter, an esteemed member of the Society, and a much
respected friend.’
He believed it would, from the feeling of the meeting, be un-
necessary that this should be formally seconded, as it would be
carried without the slightest opposition.
Carried unanimously.
The Chairman also proposed that the Secretary should send
copies of resolutions of the Society and the Council, together with
a letter of condolence, to Mrs. Norman, and further, that out of
respect to the memory of the late Chief-Justice, the meeting be
adjourned.
Carried unanimously.
After announcing the receipt of the following paper, the Chair-
man adjourned the meeting.
AccouNT oF A VISIT TO THE HAstERN AND NorTHERN FRONTIERS
oF INDEPENDENT SIKKIM WITH NOTES ON THE ZooLoGy OF THE
ALPINE AND SUBALPINE REGIONS.—Parr II, Zootocy.—By Wi-
ram T. Buanrorp, F.G.8., C. M. Z. 8. (Abstract.)
This is the second portion of the paper already noticed. It
commences with a short note on the Sikkim fauna and remarks on
the peculiarity of a belt of country, inhabited by animals with
Malay affinities, intervening along the base and lower slopes of"
the Hastern Himalayas between the fauna of the Indian plains
and the Palearctic region of the higher mountains. The peculiar
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, 227
paucity, during summer, in Sikkim, of the migratory birds, which
visit the plains of India during the winter, is pointed out, and the
occasional replacement of those species which cross the Hima-
layas twice in the year, but do not breed there, by allied forms
which never leave the mountains except as occasional stragglers.
The greater portion of the paper is devoted to notes on the range,
habits, &c., of mammals and birds noticed by the writer in the
Palearctic regions of Sikkim, with occasional descriptions of the
rarer species, or of peculiar phases of coloration or plumage. ‘Two
birds are described as new. These are—
Montifringilla ruficollis, sp. nov. Pale umber above with darker
streaks, the forehead whitish and the rump rufescent, a dark line
from the lores, beneath the eye, and over the ear coverts; the
latter and the sides of the neck ferruginous ; the outer web of the
first primary, a wing band formed by a large spot on the basal
portion of the inner web of most of the secondaries, and the greater
part of the smaller wing coverts white ; all the basal portion of the
tail feathers except the two middle ones cinereous, then a little
white, and the tips for half an inch brown like the middle feathers.
Lower parts white with two black diverging lines on the chin
In the female the ferruginous collar is brown behind and appears,
to extend across the front of the neck. Length 6 inches, wing
3.75, tail 2.35, tarsus 0.82, bill from forehead 0.42,
The general coloration differs from that of the three other
species belonging to restricted Montifringilla. That it is not the
winter plumage of Jf. Adamsi is proved by that bird having more
white on the tail and much narrower brown tips to the outer
rectrices than the present species, and by its having the ends of
some of the secondary quills white.
Otocoris Hlwesi, sp. nov. This is near O. penicillata, but distin-
guished by the white of the sides of the neck intervening between
the black of the cheeks and that of the breast. It is smaller than
O. longirostris, and has a much shorter bill. The black on the head
and breast is arranged as in O. alpestris, the back is pale fulvous
brown with faint dusky streaks and passing into greyish lilac on the
nape, back of neck, rump and wing coverts, the quills brown, the first
primary with the outer web white, the middle rectrices the same
228 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Ocr.
colour as the back, all the rest blackish, the two outer on each
side edged and tipped with white ; lower parts white, legs black.
Length 7.75 inches, wing 4.7, tail 3.2, tarsus 0.9, hind toe
with its claw 0.75, the claw alone 0.38, bill from the forehead 0.4
from the gape 0.6.
Both these new species were found in the Lachen valley near the
Tibetan frontier, in places where Lepus Tibetanus, Leucosticte hama-
topygia, Cinclus sordidus, and other Tibetan animals were met with.
Liprary.
The following additions have been made to the Library since the
meeting held in September last.
Presentations.
x*» Names of Donors in Capitals.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. XIX, No. 129.—
Tae Roya Socrery or Lonpon.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, part I, 1871.—
Transactions of Do., Vol. VII., part VI.—Tur Zootoe. Socrery,
Lonpon.
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, London, Vol.
XV, No. I1.—Tue Royat Grocrapaican Socrery or Lonpon.
Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, London, Vol. XL.—
Tue Royvat GrograpHicaL Society or Lonpon.
Bulletin de la Société de Géographie, 1871, Mai-Juillet.—So-
CIE’TE’ DE LA GEOGRAPHIE, Paris.
Bulletins de Academie Royale de Belgique, 2me Tome, XXIX,
XXX.—Annuaire de l’Academie Royale de Belgique, 1871.—
Mémoires de l’ Academie Royale de Belgique, Tome XXXVIII.—
Mémoires Couronnés et Mémoires des Savants Etrangers, Tomes
XXXV, XXXVI.—AcapEemiz Royate pes Scrences pes Ler-
TRES ET DES Beaux-Arts DE BELGIQUE.
Mémoires de Il’ Academie Impériale des Sciences de St. Peters-
bourg, Tome XVI.—Bulletin de L’ Academie, Tome XV.—Aca-
DEMIE IMPERIALE DES Sciences DE St. PeTERsBouRG.
Actes de 1’ Academie de Bordeaux ; 1869, 3e et 4e trimestres.—
ACADEMIE DES ScreNcEs, Beties-Lerrres Er Arts DE BorDEAUX.
Jahrbuch, Band XXI, No, I—K.K. Guox. Rurcusansrart,
VIENNA.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 229
Report on the Brachiopoda, by W. H. Dall.—Tur Avrnor.
The Ramayana, Vol. II., edit. by Hemachandra.—Tux Eprror.
The Christian Spectator, 1871, Octr.—Tne Eprror.
The Calcutta Journal of Medicine, Aug. 1871.—Tnue Enprror,
The Bengal Atlas, by Babu Rajendralala Mitra,—Tue Eprror.
Catalogus Codicum Orientalium Musei Britanici, part II, Codi-
ces Arabici, 1846-1871.—Tue British Museum.
Pehlavi Grammar, by P. D. B. Sungana.—Tuer Trusress, Sir
J. Jexrserpuoy’s TRAnstAtion Funp,
Prikrita Manoramé Vyd4karanam.—Rasa Girt Prasapa Srinen.
Tagore Lectures on Hindu Law, Vol. Il, by H. Cowell.—Tue
ReEGIsTRAR oF THE Catcurra UNIVERSITY.
Exchange.
The Nature, Nos. 89-92.—The Athenzeum for July 1871.
Purchase.
Harold’s Coleoperologische Forschungen, Heft I-VI.—Burmeis-
ter’s Handbuch der Entomologie, 1-5.—Candéze, Monographie de
H’latérides, 1-10.—Thomas’s Pathan Kings of Delhi.—The Annals
and Magazine of Natural History, 1871, Aug —lL. E. and D. Phi-
losophical Magazine; 1871, Aug.—American Journal of Science,
1871, July.—The Calcutta Review, 1871, October.—Comptes
Rendus, Juillet 1871.—Tenesser, Reisen in den Philippinen, Band
II, Theil 2, Heft IT.
I EU A AREA AAA ARAN AE
a ‘wath ‘ad. Vea Hin tins satire sie
) Re A eile rf eS Phe “anne
4 Matvhtines ae abe bast PPA NILE Wee 1 be atk
hase mes i Wee tte oa hie Lb hays sel .
ie site wd BRR TA: filo Mini othe al age N tae ad f
me ‘in ae bya Bi al i) ALARA ache ne jig
ie ro j t he sh ty f ih Hae " d j ; f See cht oh iis. b | h
ia Pema Hi iyi ‘he TE Tiss) ATP ON RR Te
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ed A id & See iva he ts ae ea
sflite eat ‘ Deal f i! Le Fade PAMEN Stee BANG} ‘Ly
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FoR NovemBeEr, 1871.
—_@o—
A meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday the Ist of
November, 1871, at 9 Pp. M.
T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D., Vice-President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The following presentations were laid on the table—
1.—From Capt. W. L. Samuells, Assist. Commissioner, Pachum-
ba, Chord line,—Two copper axes.
The following letter accompanied the donation—
‘In my letter to you which accompanied the inscriptions, I men-
tioned to you that some singular looking pieces of copper had been
accidentally found by a native of this district in digging for bam-
boo roots on the top of a hillock. I am sending you the only two
specimens I have, and may as well tell you the circumstances under
which I came by them.
‘On returning to Pachumba this year from the Rewah frontier,
I set about making enquiries as to whether there were any known
ruins or rock excavations in the neighbourhood, and one day in
talking to an old resident of the place on this subject, he mentioned
to me that last year a native had brought Mr. Heyne, the Man-
ager of the Bengal Coal Company’s mines at Kurhurbaree, some three
or four very curious looking pieces of copper, which he had dug out
of a hillock on the borders of this subdivision. On enquiry I found
that Mr. Heyne had given them all away, but I managed to recover
one, which I can’t help thinking may have served asa head for a
battle-axe. I have mounted it on a handle in true primitive
fashion, and I leave you to judge whether a man with such a wea-
pon in his hands could not lay about him with some meaning.
Some who have seen it, think that it is made of bronze, others that
it is pure copper; but that it has been formed by moulding in
232 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. — [ Nov.
sand, I think there is not a doubt of. At all events, the find was
an interesting one, and I was consequently induced a few days ago
to start off from here with the intention of visiting the locality, and
having further excavations made under my own superintendence.
I, therefore, went last Friday to the village where the finder of the
articles lived, and on his appearing before me, he produced another
piece of copper of the same weight as the supposed axe-head
(83 tbs), but elliptical in shape. What this can have been it is
hard to conjecture. The native informed me that he had found
five pieces altogether, three of which he gave to Mr. Heyne,* one
to Mr. F. Peppé, the manager of the Gawan Estate (District
Hazareebagh) and the fifth he that day put before me. He got
them all within a cubit’s depth of the surface of a hillock which
covers an area of about 4 local cottahs (7. ¢., about 10 or 12 cottahs
of the Bengal standard measure), and there are, he says, several
other hillocks near it, some larger and some smaller. But he
refused to point out the locality, and gave a whole string of frivo-
lous excuses for not doing so; but when I got him to myself he
told me the true reason, and I cannot refrain from relating it as it
is a curious instance of superstition.
‘It appears that this man, whose name is Anup Teli, cultivated
land about this very hillock, and he told me that the night after he
found these things, he had a dream in which a bhut of terrible
aspect appeared before him. He was no ordinary looking spirit,
but of prodigious proportions, his skin being red and his clothes
black, whilst a profusion of hair hung down his back from his
head to his heels, each hair being as thick as aman’s wrist. Hav-
ing dismounted from a tiger which had carried him to Antp’s
door, he entered the hut and pointing to the copper pieces, in-
formed Anip that they were his (the dbhut’s) property. Anup
at once expressed his willingness to give them up, but the bhit
was for none of them. He wanted in exchange four hairs off
Anup’s right knee, and in the bargain offered to relinquish all
claim to the treasure which he said lay buried under the other
hillocks in that locality. But the much-coveted hairs Anup
would not part with at any price. So the d/iut mounted his tiger,
* Two of these were taken to Calcutta, by Dr, F. Stoliczka, Palecontologist,
Geological Survey of India.
1871.] : Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. 233
and trotted off in high dudgeon. When the day broke, Anup
proceeded to do a little ploughing before resuming his excavations
at the hillock ; but as he passed that spot, one of his bullocks dropped
down stone-dead, and within a few days the remaining two bullocks
which he possessed died also. Upon this he deserted that place,
and took up his residence in the village where he now lives. This,
he says, happened three years ago, and till last year he concealed
these copper pieces, which he believed to be gold; but thinking
he might then realise something by them, he carried them off in
great secrecy to Mr. Heyne, to whom he imparted the information
of where he had found them, But this little indiscretion brought
fresh troubles on him ; for when he returned home, his little girl
sickened and died. For this reason he said he never would tell
another soul where the hillocks were and much less would he
venture near the locality to point them out.
‘I believe the man from his demeanour to have been thoroughly
sincere in his belief that evil would befal him, if he disclosed any-
thing further that would lead others to the place ; for I used every
kind of persuasion without avail, and even offered him Rs. 20 on
the spot, but he begged me not to press him and assured me in a
whisper that Mr. Heyne knew the exact place, as he had made a
note of it in his pocket book. Finding now that such is the case,
it is clear that the man had no motives of personal .gain, as I at
first thought, in withholding the information from me; whilst the
fact of his refusing the Rs. 20, being under ordinary circumstances a
most unusual trait of native character, proves that his fears were
at all events genuine.’
The Chairman, in soliciting any remarks which the members
desired to offer on this very interesting find of Captain Samuells,
said, that the specimens which he would send round, were, if intend-
ed for weapons or implements of any kind, of the rudest form, There
could not be a doubt that they were, one entirely so, and
the other to the extent of more than half its surface, simply the
bloom, derived from the small copper furnaces which were known
to have been in use with the old smelters or workers in copper in the
country, and of which little smelting pots examples still remained,
One, as he said, was entirely so. It bore all the marks of the fine
earth or sand into which it was run, a rudely circular or slightly
234 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. : [Nov.
oval thin plate of copper, just as the melted metal would natur-
ally spread out, if poured out in the semi-viscous state in which such
little pots would yield it. On this piece there was not a trace of
hammering or of the application of any tool. The second on the
other hand, though precisely similar to the first for one half its
surface, had the other portion beaten and hammered up to a straight
line, the two ends of this being hammered out into two shoulders or
two semicircularly curved recesses, which would be admirably suited
for the application of a handle formed of a split bamboo or stick,
as Captain Samuells has applied it. But the curious part of itis,
that is, if these were so intended for the application of a handle,—
and with such a handle unquestionably the heavy mass of copper
would form a rude, but very effective, axe or club, though not a cut-
ting tool,—I say if this were the intention, itis doubly strange, that
those who knew so well how to hammer this part so neatly into
shape, should not also have hammered out the edge, so as to forma
sharp cutting surface. This edge now remains with all the roughness
and thickness of the old bloom just as it flowed from the melting pot.
‘‘T believe the metal has not been examined as yet, so that I am
unable to say whether it be pure copper or not, but it looks as if it
were so.
‘‘ The discovery of any copper implements is of high interest, and
while, thanking Captain Samnells for this contribution, it is hoped
that the discovery may stimulate others to searching for such evi-
dence of the state of metallurgical knowledge among the ancient
dwellers in these lands.
“T may mention that within a few miles of where these copper
blooms were found, there is a very large excavation, stretching for
nearly half a mile on a local lode of copper ore. In this the ore is
probably too diffused to pay for working now, but a very consider-
able quantity of copper must have been extracted from this place in
olden times.”
2.—From J. M, Foster, Esq., M. D., through Mr. J. Wood
Mason—three Asém small silver coins.
Babu Pratapa Chander Ghoshe, Assistant Secretary, said that
the largest of the three coins contains the name of ‘ Sri Brajandth
Singh, the king,’ and the two smaller that of ‘Sri Gaurinath.’ No
years are mentioned,
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 235
The President mentioned that he had seen a complete collection
of Asim coins with Mr. Leonard.
The following gentleman duly proposed and seconded at the
last meeting was balloted for, and elected Ordinary Member—
J. M. Foster, Esq., M. D., Nazeerah, Assam.
The following gentlemen are candidates for ballot at the next
meeting.
Capt. W. L. Samuells, Assistant Commissioner, Pachumba,
Chord line, proposed by Col. E. T. Dalton, C. 8. I., seconded by
Mr. H. Blochmann.
8S. E. Peal, Esq., Sibsagar, Asim, proposed by Mr. J. Wood-
Mason, seconded by Mr. H. Blochmann.
The Chairman said he had to report on the part of the Council
that they had had under consideration the terms of Rule 29. By
this rule, as now worded, it was compulsory on the Society to hold a
meeting in each month inthe year. Practically, however, it was
found that during the months of September and October, it was ex-
tremely doubtful whether a sufficient number of members could be
brought together to constitute a meeting, and rarely has it been
that on one or other of the meeting evenings in these months,
there had not been an adjournment, as there was not a quorum. Fur-
ther than this which is the practical result—it has been felt, that
with the seriously increased duties now devolving on the Secreta-
ries, in editing the Journal and the Proceedings, it was not just
or fair to those officers, who it must be remembered are purely hon-
orary officers, to keep their time so pressingly occupied during
the whole year, without any respite. “It certainly is the rule else-
where for Scientific Societies to have a certain recess during the
year, and it is considered that it will be desirable to have
such a recess here also. The Council, therefore, recommend that
the words, ‘excepting in September and October’ be inserted in Rule
29 after the words: “The Society shall meet on the first Wednes-
day in each month.”
This being an alteration in the rules must be referred to the So-
ciety at large. Voting papers will be sent out, and as the time re-
236 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. | Nov.
quired for the rules will be given by this arrangment, the monthly
meeting on the first Wednesday in February will be made the
meeting for the discussion of the question.
The following letter was read—
From Capt. W. L. Samuetns, forwarding facsimiles of inscriptions,
a plan, and a drawing of a rock cut temple at Harchoka, Chutia
Nigptr.
‘I send you by dak banghy a parcel containing facsimiles of
some inscriptions which I found cut on the pillars of a rock-cut
temple at Harchoka in the Chutia Nagpur Tributary Mahal of
Chang Bhokar, and which I came across this last season in
settling the frontier line between Rewah and Chutia Nagpur.
‘One inscription (marked R) I got amongst some very interesting
remains of rock-cut temples and monasteries near the village of
Mara in Rewah. These temples were visited by a Capt. Blunt
in 1795, and are mentioned by him in his “Narrative of a Route
from Chunarghur to Yartnagoodum” published in 1801 in the 7th
volume of the Asiatic Researches. On pages 73 and 74, he
mentions having taken sketches of these temples with their mea-
surements, which makes me anxious to know whether your Society
is in possession of those sketches, and if so, whether I could be fa-
voured with a view of them ; for my visit to the Mara temples, from
press of work, was, I regret to say, a very hurried one. I was there-
fore unable to make a plan of them as I should like to have done,
if I had had the time. But if Capt. Blunt’s sketches are to the
fore, I should be very much assisted in writing my report on these
temples, if I had thése sketches to refer to. Capt. Blunt states that
he wasunable to find any writing or inscription, and as far as
the temples and monasteries go, I was similarly disappointed. But
I doubt, if he noticed the remains of a stone aqueduct, as no men-
tion is made of it in his narrative. It was in following up the
remains and fragments of the aqueduct with a view to ascertain-
ing from whence and for what distance the water had been con-
veyed by this artificial channel that I came to a spring which
issued from a rock in the side of a hill, and found the rock
excavated so as to form a grotto of the following dimensions—
length 16’ 4”; depth 6’; height 4... The roof is horizontal with
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. 237
a plain frieze and cornice along its whole frontage, the former
bearing in its centre sculptured figures in relief of Siva and Bha-
wani with a cobra’s hooded head rising above them. The height
of the frieze is 2/6”. The shape of the grotto is rectangular,
except that at one end the side wall forms an obtuse angle with
the back wall from whence the spring of water issues. It was on
this side wall that I found the inscription marked R.
‘I was for some time puzzled to think what the singular device
which is seen on the right was intended to represent, till it
struck me that something similar to it might be got by twist-
ing two blades of the long broad jungle grass in a particu-
lar way. I therefore cut two strips of paper to be used as a
substitute for the grass and put a coloured line along the centre of
each to represent the mid rib, and coloured the edges also to mark
the lines which would indicate the breadth of the grass when cut
in stone. In an envelope attached to the copy of this inscription
you will find the paper figure I allude to, and on examining it, you
will observe how exactly the directions of the coloured lines on the
paper correspond with those shown in the copy of the inscribed
device. This may be a mere coincidence, but still it is natural to
suppose that the carver of the inscription had something in his
mind’s eye that suggested to him the device I am alluding to;
and, that it was something of the nature suggested by me is, I
think, more than probable.
‘This grotto, as I have termed it, appears to me to bear some
resemblance to the primitive wells of Thrace which are described
as consisting of arched excavations in the sides of rocks where the
water was directly obtainable from springs; with this difference
only, that the Mara “well” or grotto, whichever is the more cor-
rect expression, has a flat roof instead of an arched one.’
Babu Pratapa Chandra Ghoshe said—
‘The inscriptions are in old Nagari characters, but are so rude,
that the characters are identified with much difficulty, The in-
scriptions, so far as I have read them, are names of perhaps the
donors of particular portions of the temple. They bearno date. I
suppose they are Buddhistic, but I must not be certain before I
read all the impressions sent by Capt. Samuells.”
238 Proceedings of the Asiatic Ssciety. [ Noy.
Mr. Blochmann said that Capt. Samuells had kindly promised
to forward to the Society explanatory notes which would appear
together with two plates in the Journal. The sketches taken
by Capt. Blunt could not have been sent to the Society; at least
there was no record shewing that they had been received.
The Chairman also exhibited several drawings of celts, received
from Mr. J. J. Carey, Executive Engineer, Khangaon, regarding
the following notice had appeared as a supplement to the Central
Provinces’ Gazette, dated 4th September, 1869.
‘The stone circles lately found by me near the village of Khai-
warra, about 16 miles east of Arvi in the Wardah district,
were opened by desire of Mr. Morris, Chief Commissioner,
Central Provinces. The stone circles are on the east bank of
a nullah running due north and south, the ground rising very
rapidly, 12’ 5” in 1,400 feet. I should think, there are quite
150 of these mounds dotted about in no regular form, along the
edge of this nullah. In outward form they are precisely the same
as those illustrated in Captain Meadows Taylor’s book, with large
stones rather evenly placed round. Numbers of these stones ap-
peared to me to have passed through stone-dressers’ hands, they
having five sides rudely shaped, which makes me think they were
originally intended to have been placed upright, not in the position
found; however, nothing was found to indicate that any building
was erected here, still it is strange that these five-sided stones
should be there, and found lying flat on the ground. I am sure,
they were never intended to be placed in that position. The
mounds in every case were hollow at the top, making me think
that a chamber would be found underneath, that the stones form-
ing the ceiling had probably given way; but, on opening two,
nothing was found to guarantee such an idea.
‘T commenced digging operations on the principal mound in the
place, 40 X 43 in diameter, there being more cut stone surrounding
it, and three or four in the centre; very great care was taken in
digging and removing stones. The top of one of these five-sided
stones was hit ‘upon close to the surface, and in the centre of the
- mound this was carefully left standing, while operations were going
on up to one foot deep. Nothing but loose stones and earth was
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 239
removed, until about 15 inches from the surface broken red pottery
began to show on the south side. At last some stiff leaden colour-
ed clay was found, fast binding pieces of pottery, and on close ex-
amination large quantities of teeth were found, which evidently
had been put into a gurrah and imbedded in this clay. These
bones are, I believe, the back teeth of horses, in very good pre-
servation. This clay then began to be found in patches, in which,
as a rule, you always find pottery and other implements, and ap-
peared in no other place than on the south side.
‘I was standing one evening looking on, when all of a sudden I
saw a ‘‘find,” and immediately jumped down into the hole, and
with the greatest care dug out of the clay, well cemented together,
two copper bells, two round copper (in my opinion) ear-rings, and
an iron axe; these I handled with the utmost care, vainly hoping
that the whole would remain in this solid state; but after a few
days, the heat of June soon dried up the clay, and the whole be-
came detached. ‘This and a few iron implements and a gold ring
were the only things found. This excavation was carried down
about 2°6 feet.
‘In the other we went down over three feet from the surface, and
nothing but iron was found, very rust eaten. The only implement
in good preservation was a kind of saucer for holding oil, which
had a handle with a hook to hang by, and a spiral spring, which
must I think have been wound round a stick.’
The following papers were read—
I.— On a new Photo-callographic Printing Process.—By Capra
J. WarErnovsE, Assistant Surveyor General.
Ihave the pleasure to bring to your notice this evening a new
process of photographic printing, I have lately worked out, which,
though it can scarcely be called original, is in some respects new
and, as I believe it has never before been worked in India, a de-
scription of it may not prove uninteresting to many of the members
of this Society, more especially as the new process will be used for
the reproduction of photographs and drawings of all kinds for the
illustration of our Journal.
The few specimens I have with me, though very imperfect, are
sufficient to shew the capabilities of the process. I have hitherto
240 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Nov:
chiefly practised on subjects in line in order to perfect myself in
the manipulations, which were entirely new to me, but I know
from the trials I have already made, that the process will also give
excellent results in half tone as soon as I shall have been able to
master the difficulties ‘of the printing, and to obtain proper appli-
ances. I am, therefore, unwilling to delay the publication ofa
process by which absolutely permanex.. photographic reproductions
may be made from any class of subject with great perfection and
economy by means of appliances which are within the reach of all.
In principle my process is similar to that introduced in 1866 by
Tessier du Mothay, which was afterwards modified and improved
by Albert of Munich and other Germans, and still further perfected
by Ernest Edwards of London, who has brought it into extensive
use under the name of Heliotype. Many of the members present
may probably have read descriptions of it in some of the English
serials, or have seen specimens in a publication entitled “ Art, Pic-
torial and Industrial,’ which is illustrated entirely by its means.
The distinctive feature of all these processes is, that the printing
surface is composed of gelatine, hardened in such a manner that it
may stand the wear and tear of printing, and they all depend upon
the well known property peculiar to a dried film of gelatine mixed
with an alkaline bichromate of becoming insoluble after exposure
to light, and repelling water in the parts exposed to light exactly
in proportion to the amount of the action of the light upon them,
and at the same time of acquiring a corresponding affinity for a
greasy substance, such as printing ink. Although this property
by itself has been most usefully applied in many photographic pro-
cesses for the reproduction of subjects in line, it would be quite
incapable of giving the required results in the processes now under
notice, because the unexposed gelatine remains in a pulpy soft state
incapable of withstanding the wear and tear of printing, and more-
over it would be liable to dissolve entirely with any rise in temper-
ature, the consequence of which would be the loss of all the lighter
tones. It has been found, however, that the chromated gelatine
film may be so hardened or oxidised by certain substances, such as
the alums, especially chrome alum, tannin, chlorine, bichloride of
mercury, permanganate of potash, and other suitable oxidising
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 241
agents, that it made quite insoluble in water, though still capable
of retaining a certain amount of water, without interfering with its
property of attracting greasy ink in the parts exposed to light and
repelling it in the unexposed parts, so that if such a film be spread
upon asurface of glass, metal, or other suitable material and after
exposure to light under a photographic negative, be washed till all
the chromic salt is removed, .v obtain a printing surface possessing
the properties of an ordinasy lithographic stone, that is to say, it is
absorbent of water in some parts, and absorbent of greasy ink in
others, but, as I have mentioned, it also has another most valuable
property which is not possessed by the lithographic stone, and which
has been most aptly termed “ a discriminating power of absorption,”
so that when it is inked in with a roller, the ink will be thickest on
the parts representing the deepest shadows of the picture, and
which have received the most exposure to light, the middle tints
will take less, the lighter tints still less, while the high lights will
take none at all, and be represented by white paper. It will readily
be seen that in this way an exact transcript of the original photo-
graph may be obtained, shewing the most delicate delineation of
detail with as perfect gradation of tone as in a proof produced by
the ordinary process of silver printing, but possessing the great ad-
vantages of a lithograph or engraving over a silver print in respect
of undoubted permanence, cheapness and rapidity of production.
The above is the principle upon which these processes depend—
the practice though presenting some difficulties of manipulation is
very simple. A mixture of gelatine and bichromate of potash,
with one of the hardening or oxidising substances I have mention-
ed, and also a little glycerine, sugar or other substance, capable of
preventing the gelatine film from being too brittle is poured upon
the surface of a perfectly level finely ground glass plate, and care-
fully dried in the dark in such a manner as to preserve a
very even surface. When dry the plate is ready to be exposed
under a reversed negative in the usual manner. After the
surface has received sufficient exposure the plate is turned and
its under surface is exposed to the full power of the light for
a short time to render it thoroughly hard and insoluble and prevent
it fromswelling too much in the after washing. The plate is now
242 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Nov.
washed till all the bichromate is removed and is then rolled in with
soft printing ink.
This is the simplest mode of printing but in the course
of working out the Heliotype process Mr. Edwards found that
it was very difficult to obtain perfect contact between the nega-
tive and the gelatine film and thus it was impossible to obtain
the sharpest results, so he thought of preparing a tissue which
might be printed upon just like a sheet of sensitive photographie
paper or carbon tissue and afterwards transferred on to a zine
plate or any other suitable surface which would stand the wear
and tear of printing. This was a great and valuable improvement,
but in the course of my experiments I found some difficulty in
transferring the tissue, and as I find that with proper precau-
tions fairly sharp results may be obtained by printing on the
original plate, I have abandoned the use of tissue till I have more
fully worked out the process.
I will now briefly describe the mode of working which, after many
trials and failures I have found most successful.
Having well cleaned some pieces of finely ground plate glass
such as is ordinarily used for looking-glasses, and having carefully
levelled them. I prepare amixture composed of—
(elatine,.......... lounce.
Honey Soap, ...... 30 to 60 grains.
Pani Ws ieswiee ear, £0 SLRDNS.
Distilled water, .... 8 ounces.
I have found 10 grains of tannin to 1 ounce of gelatine sufficient
to render it quite insoluble, and I think even less would do; but if
more is added, it has the effect of rendering the film insensitive to
light. The object of adding the soap is to render the film tough
and prevent it from becoming brittle and breaking up when dried,
its use for this purpose was first suggested by Mr. Johnson, in
working the autotype process, Some precautions are necessary in
mixing the solution so that it will give an even transparent film
when dry. I have tried many kinds of soap, but I have found that
the honey soap exported by Coward of London, such as is commonly
sold by the boxwallas, is the best. The soap and tannin must be
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 243
separately dissolved in about 1 ounce of hot water, then mixed and
added very gradually, and with constant stirring to the gelatine
dissolved in the remaining 6 ounces of hot water, The mixture is
then filtered through coarse cloth and poured on the plates. Should
any air bubbles be formed they may be removed with the point of
a pen-knife. The gelatine soon sets and as soon as I find the film
is firm, I turn the plates face downwards and place them out to dry
in the open air on suitable supports. They dry in from 12 to 24
hours or longer according to the state of the atmosphere. I think
the plan I have here adopted of preparing the gelatine film with-
out the addition of the sensitive bichromate is advantageous in
many ways. It enables the plates to be dried in the open air,
quickly and evenly and I find that when turned face downwards
very little dust settles on them ; another advantage is that a stock
of plates may be prepared and kept till required to be sensitised for
use. After sensitising the plates dry very quickly and heat may be
used without any fear of the film becoming dissolved and flowing
off the plate. I tried Mr. Edwards’ process of mixing together the
gelatine, chrome alum and bichromate of potash according to his
published formula, but I found that the plates so prepared took a
very long time to dry and required to be kept carefully level in the
drying box, besides this there were other disadvantages which Jed
me to abandon the use of chrome alum and substitute tannin with
which I had made some experiments so long ago as 1866.
When the plates are thoroughly dry I immerse them in a solution
of bichromate of potash about 1 oz. of the salt to 20 ounces of water
and then place them in a drying box. As the gelatine is quite
insoluble there is no necessity for keeping the plates level in this
second drying and if necessary heat may be used. The plates dry
- in 2 or 3 hours and are then ready for use. I expose under a
reversed negative for about 10 minutes in the sun for a clear line
subject and about half an hour for a subject in half tone accord-
ing to the density of the negative. When sufficiently exposed
I remove the negative and expose the back of the sensitive plate to
light for a few minutes in order to thoroughly harden the under
surface of the gelatine film and prevent swelling and it from
puckering up during the printing. ~The plate is then thoroughly
244 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Noy.
washed in several changes of water till all the bichromate is re-
moved and is ready for printing.
The printing is the most difficult part of the whole process and suc-
cess appears to depend entirely upon the composition of the ink, In
printing line subjects some inks are too tough and cannot well be
cleaned off the plate, others are too soft and are liable to be rubbed off
when the plate is cleaned with a cloth. Then again in printing sub-
jects in half tone a stiff ink will only take on the shadows, while a soft
thin ink will take all over the plate and by giving a slight tone to
the high lights destroy all brilliancy of effect. In printing subjects
in line I rollin with a tolerably stiff ink made of ordinary lithogra-
phic chalk ink thinned with olive oil instead of varnish and before
printing, clean the surface of the plate with a damp cloth. For
half tone subjects, the plate must first be rolled in with stiff ink in
order to obtain depth in the shadows and the detail of the half
tones afterwards brought out by the use of a softer and lighter
ink which should just be of such a consistency and tint that the
half tones may all be well developed, but the high lights left clear.
The inking in may be done with lithographic rollers, but rollers of
india-rubber have been found better. The printing is best per-
formed by vertical pressure in an ordinary type printing press
which should be furnished with an india-rubber bed to prevent
the glass plates being broken, and the plate should be covered with
a padding of felt, so that the paper may be well pressed into the
hollows forming the deepest shadows. Enamelled paper is the
best for printing on, especially for subjects in half tone. The proofs
I have with me have all been pulled in an ordinary copying press
which I find answers the purpose fairly, though it is inconvenient
in many respects.
If it is required to print on a tissue, a plan which certainly possess-
es many great advantages, a perfectly polished glass plate is used
instead of ground glass, and the surface is rubbed with a solution
of wax in ether, so that when it is dry, the film may be stripped off
with ease. The composition I have described abéve makes an ex-
cellent tissue.
Such are the details of my process as far as I have gone,
‘it is very imperfect in many points, but I am_ still working
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 245
at it, and hope soon to perfect and bring it into practical use in the
Surveyor General’s office for the reproduction of fine delicate draw-
ings in line or brush shading, which are not susceptible of being
reproduced by photography, and also to replace the costly and te-
dious process of silver printing for ordinary photographs.
The experience I have already gained has shewn me that the
process is perfectly practical, and also exceedingly economical both
in time and in material. It is true the preparation of the plates
takes a long time, but once the plate is prepared, copies may be
pulled from it at the rate of from 100 to 200 copies a day, and as
the plates may be kept ready prepared, the time taken in their pre-
paration is really of little consequence. As regards the cost of
materials, I find that the preparation of a square foot of surface
costs about 4 annas and 6 pie. This is a mere trifle, when the
great advantages of the process are considered: Ist, in being able
to copy drawings or other subjects in line with a sharpness and
delicacy equal to the finest lithography or copper plate engraving,
and 2ndly, in being able to print copies of shaded drawings or ordi-
nary photographs, which shall be permanent and perfectly repro-
duce all the gradations of the original, and I need not point out
how immensely valuable it will be for the reproduction and cheap
circulation of photographs illustrating various branches of science.
I would only further add that I do not put this forward as an
original process of my own, as I must acknowledge my obligations
to former workers in the same direction. I can only claim to be
the first to have worked out a practical process suitable for use in
this country, and hope that the subject may be taken up by some
of our Indian photographers.
II.—WNote on three Arabic Inscriptions by early Muhammadan Kings of
Bengal, received from A. Broavuzy, Esa, C. 8., Brutar.— By
H. Brocumann Esa., M. A., Caleutta Madrasah.
The three Arabic inscriptions which I have the pleasure to lay
before the meeting, were sent to me, among others, by Mr. A.
Broadley, C.8., Bihar. Mr. Broadley has taken rubbings of a
large number of inscriptions, which he found on ruined buildings
and shrines in the town of Bihar, a town, which in the early
246 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Nov.
period of Bengal history held a much higher rank than it does
now-a-days. From the rubbings which I have examined, it is
certain that Mr. Broadley’s inscriptions will considerably add to
our knowledge of the beginning of the Muhammadan period of
Bengal History, and I hope that he will find leisure to publish his
large collection, and add archeological notes on the old buildings of
Bihar, and also collect the numerous legends, still current in the
district, regarding the early Muhammadan invaders of Bengal.
My object in laying a few of Mr. Broadley’s inscriptions before
the meeting, is to direct attention to Bihar inscriptions in general,
and to appeal to officers stationed in that province to send rub-—
bings to our Society for publication. Every inscription with the
name of a king and a date onit, is of value. Ata former meet-
ing, I explained what progress had been made, up to the present
time, in the elucidation of Bihar and Bengal history. I mentioned
that we do not even possess a correct and complete list of the
Muhammadan kings of Bengal and Bihar, and that no historian
had yet attempted to fix the limits to which the kingdom, of
Bengal, at various times, extended. ‘There exist no MNS. his-
tories of Bengal; the first attempt at a connected history
known to us, is the short chapter by Nizimuddin in the Tabagdt ¢
Akbart, which was composed so late as A. H. 1001, or A. D. 1592.
For the ‘beginning of the Muhammadan period, we have only
‘occasional notices in the MS. histories of the Dihli empire, and
coins and inscriptions, The information which coins yield, will be
found in Mr. E. Thomas’s excellent Essay on the ‘ Initial Coinage of
Bengal’ (Journal, A. 8. Bengal, for 1867). He compiled a valu-
able list of the early Muhammadan Governors, and assigned to
several kings, whose names were not to be found in the existing
histories of Bengal, their proper places. As an example, I may
mention the king Shamsuddin Firuz, of whom Mr. Thomas found
coins struck between 1315 and 1322, A. D. The inscriptions at
Tribeni near Higli, which I laid last year before the Society, men-
tion the same king as having reigned in 1818, A. D. Two of Mr.
Broadley’s inscriptions—and this will shew the value of his dis-
coveries, prove— i
1. that Firdz already reigned in 1309 over (Western) Bengal,
or Lak’hnauti.
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 247
2. That South Bihir under him belonged to Bengal, whilst
other inscriptions shew that Bihar in 1352 again belonged to Dihli.
8. That Shamsuddin had a son of the name of Halim Khan,
who in 1309 and 1315, and hence most likely during the intervening
years, was governor of Bihar,
From a letter, I lately had from Mr. Broadley, it would also ap-
pear that portions of Halim Khan’s palace still exist, and that his
descendants are still inhabitants of the town of Bihar.
Of the three inscriptions before the meeting two belong to Halim
Khan and contain the dates 1309 and 1315 ; the former inscription
seems to have belonged to a sarai, the latter to a mosque.
The third inscription is of a still earlier date, and mentions an
edifice built in A. H. 640, or A. D. 1242, by ’Izzuddin Abulfath
Tughril Khan, who styles himself Sw/tén, and assumes other regal
epithets, as Khdgan ul Mw azzam, khallada-llahu mulkahu, §e., though
his contemporary, the author of the Tabagat ¢ Nagiré merely calls him
Hikim, or Governor, of Lak’hnauti, which was then looked upon as
belonging to the Dihli empire.
The characters of all three inscriptions are Tughra.
IIIl.—A Jlistory of the Village of Arura, Tahgil Jagrdon, Zil’ah
Lidhidna.—By Attar Sincu, Curer or BuHappavr.
This paper is written in Hindi, and contains several interesting
facts. The writer states that Arura lies a little north of Bhaddaur,
and eight kos south of Jagraon, and is inhabited by Muhammadans
and Rajputs. The decline of the place dates from the time of Ah-
mad Shah Durrani.
In old times, Arura was inhabited by Rajputs of the Pramura
clan, Many of the inhabitants were killed when the Muhammadans
invaded the district, and many emigrated. Among the fugitives
were also several families of Brahmans, and hence it is that certain
clans, as, for example, the Kaligotra Brahmans of the hills of
Chintapitri, look upon Arura as their original domicile.
The writer then mentions several legends of Rai Firiz, under
whom Arura flourished. His tomb still exists, and in one of its
inscriptions the year 1532 Samvat is legible. The old tank called
Raniyana near,Arura is frequented by numerous pilgrims.
248 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. [ Nov.
People say that the ancient name of the place is Ahichatta, and
that its ruler, Raja Buddhamati composed a work in Prakrit, enti=
tled Dharma Katha, which is still used by the Puja tribe in the dis-
trict. In the 15th chapter of this book, it is mentioned that a
former prince of the city of Ahichatta, named Kanaka Ketu, reign-
ed at the time of Mahavira Sw4mi, the twenty-fourth incarnation of
Buddha. Under him the town was so large, that Bhaddaur and
the adjoining villages were the suburbs of Arura.
In conclusion, the writer mentions a few facts connected with
Bhai Bahadur Singh of Bhaddaur, who died in A. D. 1866.
IV.— Description of a New Species of Abrornis.—By
W. E. Brooxs, Esa., C. E:, Era’wan.
Axsrornis JERDONI.—The dark slatey-headed Abrornis. Dimen-
sions—length of skin 83, but the bird in the flesh would probably
measure 33; wing 1°82; tail 1:57; bill at front -35; from gape
about °5; tarsus °72.
Colors similar to those of A. Xanthoschistos, but the slate colour
of the head and shoulders is very dark and without the greenish
tinge observed in the other species. There is no apparent light-
coloured coronal streak, but a greyish white supercilium, Lower back
bright yellow green, as are also upper tail coverts. Upper part of
wing vivid green, all the coverts primaries secondaries and tertial
as well as tail feathers edged vivid yellow green. Two outer tail
feathers white on their cnner webs; the white of the outer one being
spotless, while that of the penultimate one is clouded with pale brown
spots; but that of the lower surface of body from chin to under tail
coverts bright yellow; bill and feet coloured as in the other species.
Dr. Jerdon was acquainted with this bird, and he procured the
specimens which Mr. Hume and I have. I therefore name it after
him ; but he confounded it with Abrornis Xanthoschistos, Hodgson.
Ihave examined Mr. Hodgson’s original drawing with dimensions
of the latter; and find it represents undoubtedly the North-Wes-
tern bird, which extends to Cashmere. This drawing is very accu-.
rate, and perfectly accords with Cashmere, Dhurmsala and Kuma-
on birds; also with others procured on the Nepal border by Mr.
- Yeatman, in the cold season. Mr. Hodgson’s dimensions of Xan-
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 249
thoschistos are—length 43 ; bill from gape 4 ; tail 1 ; wing 24 to 2 5%;
tarsus 3.
Dr. Jerdon’s dimensions of Albo-superciliaris are—length 44 ; wing
21; tail 13; tarsus 3. Inasmuch as these are the dimensions of
Hodgson’s bird, and as his drawing exactly represents the North-
West species, I have no hesitation in putting Albo-superciliaris as a
synonym of Xanthoschistos. Abrornis Jerdoni is the eastern repre-
sentative of A. Xanthoschistos.
Mr. Ball exhibited several birds captured by him in the Red
and Arabian Seas, and said—“ I wish to make afew remarks upon
some birds which I recently captured in the Red and Arabian Seas,
when on board the Mail Steamer ‘ Mongolia.’ I am more particularly
anxious to exhibit them as they have been cured by a process
somewhat novel. Having neither the facilities nor inclination for
skinning them, and being unable to procure any pure carbolic acid,
T tried the effect of injecting them with common disinfecting fluid.
The result has been that the birds have kept admirably and are
only now gradually drying up into mummies. The specimens
include—
1st.—A male and female of the common Zinnunculus alaudarius.
Briss.
2nd.—A bird which I rather think may be a Hobby, Hypotrior-
chis subbuteo, L., but if so, it presents a very unusual phase of
plumage. At some future time, I hope to describe it more fully.
3rd.—A species of Roller (Coracias) distinct from both the Euro-
pean and Indian birds. It comes nearest to the former, but differs
from it in many details of plumage. Speaking generally, it has a
more subdued coloration, and the violet blue of the lesser wing-
coverts is not continued, asin C. Garrula, on to the shoulders. The
head and neck too are a dirty green rather than a bluish green.
I have not yet had time to ascertain whether it belongs to a known
species.
4th—A specimen of the somewhat rare Sanderling, Calidris
arenaria, Tem. It came on board in the Arabian Sea in a very
exhausted condition.
Besides the above, I observed many other land birds flying about
or resting upon the ship. Notably a small party of six owls
250 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Nov.
which kept up with the ship for two days. *I in vain tried to
capture a specimen, they were observed one by one to drop
exhausted into the sea. I am unable to say with any degree of
certainty to what species they may have belonged, but think it just
possible that they may have been Ofws brachyotus, @mel. Their
markings and size resembled those of that bird, they had most
decided ear-tufts.—
The meeting then broke up.
Liprary.
The following additions have been made to the library since the
meeting held in October last.
Presentations.
x» Names of Donors in Capitals,
Journal Asiatique, No. 62.—Socrn’rr’ AstaTiquE, Paris.
The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, No. 107.—Tua
Geotocican Society oF Lonpon.
Journal of the Chemical Society, May, June, and July, 1871.—
THe Cuemicat Society or Lonpon.
Monatsbericht der K, Pr. Akademie der Wissenschaften, July,
1871.—K. Pr. AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN ZU BERLIN.
Memoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg,
Tome xv.—Socrz ‘tr’ pes Scrences NatTuRELLES DE CHERBOURG.
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlindischen Gesellschaft, Band
xxv, Heft. 1, 2.—Tur Eprrors.
Indische Studien, von Dr. A. Weber, Band xii.—THE auruHor.
Wissenschaftlicher Jahresbericht iiber die Morgenlaindischen
Studien, 1862 bis 1867, von Dr. R. Gésche.—Tus AUTHOR.
Review of Christian Literature in India, during 1870, by J. Mur-
doch, LL.D.—THE AuTHor.
Account of the Operations of the Great Trigon. Survey of India,
vol. I., by Col. J. T. Walker, R. E.—Tue Surv. Genera or Inp1a.
Selections from the Records of the Govern. of India, No.
LXXXIII.—Tue Government or Inp1a, Home Department.
Purchase.
Numismatic Chronicle, Part II, 1871.—American Journal of
Science, August, September, 1871.—Revue des Deux Mondes,
Sept. 1871.—Comptes Rendus, 9, 10.—Journal des Savants, July
August, 1871.
PROCEEDINGS
OF
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
FOR DEcEMBER, 1871.
THE
—@—~
A meeting of the Society was held on Wednesday, the 6th in-
stant at 90’clock P. M.
T. Oldham, Esq., LL. D., Vice-President, in the chair.
The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.
The following presentations were announced—
1. From the Government of India in the Home Department, a
set of photographs of temples, &c., in Bihar.
The following correspondence accompanied the donation.
From Arruurn Howett, Esa., Under-Secretary to the Government
of India.
I am directed to forward, for the use of the Asiatic Society, a
* 148 pictures.
From Government of Bengal No.
272, of 30th January, 1871, and En-
closures.
+ From Ditto No. 2194, of 26th
July, 1871, and Enclosure.
set* of photographs of the Anti-
quities of Behar, together with
copies of the papers noted on the
margin,{ containing a short ac-
count of each subject by the photographer.
From T. F. Perrs’, Esq., Sub-Deputy Opium Agent of Chota-
Nagpore.
I have the honor to forward herewith a concise notice of the pho-
With photographs, one complete set,
viz., Nos. from 1 to 123, and one in-
complete set, minus Nos. 3, 4, 6,
15, 16, 19, 22, 23, 26, 28, 38, 39,
42, 48, 49, 50, 53, 55, 56, 58, 67,
71, 72, 77, 79, 80, 81, 94, 98, 104,
106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114,
tographs of the antiquities in the
Behar division, of which I have
negatives, as called for in your
letter No. 66, dated 22nd July,
and-also one complete set of those
952 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [Dzc.
122, 123-39 which will be sent on mentioned and numbered accord- -
their arrival from Calcutta,
Total sent— ing to the descriptions. The
Large 08 FR ay.
Small i ” 305 Phahabadt photographs are not
—— included in the above, as I have
Total .. 207
““_ unfortunately no copies of them.
As soon as they are received, the
copies and descriptions will be forwarded.
2. I also forward some duplicate copies, which will be complet-
ed as soon as the remaining copies are received from Calcutta.
This therefore makes three copies of the photographs more or less
complete. I regret to state the sets could not be supplied complete
at once; but as this could not be done, care will be taken that the
missing ones are hereafter sent.
3. In the meantime, I would beg to state that I have been put
to considerable expense in having them printed in Calcutta, and
that as so many more are still required to complete the seven copies
of each, I would beg that an advance of Rs. 600 be given to enable
me to have them printed.
4, My transfer to Chota-Nagpore has prevented me from taking
negatives of some of the antiquities still remaining to be photo-
graphed, and would beg to mention them for your guidance:
The tower at Girriak.
The fort at Behar.
The rock sculptures at Pabuttee, east of Girriak.
5. Ihave also included some copies of negatives of Chumparun,
which are probably not required. In that case they can be return-
ed, and so much of the description as applies to them may be cur-
tailed,
Gya.—There are a great many interesting structures and re-
mains of antiquity in and about Gya, asit has been a place of con-
siderable importance for many centuries. Unfortunately, during
this time, there have been at least two changes of religion, and very
few of the older structures are now intact; for as the buildings of
the deserted faith were at hand and readily available, they were
used in the construction of buildings belonging to the prevalent
religion, On rare occasions only was a new temple built of fresh
materials. With the exception of the temple of Vishnu Pad, all
1871.] Préceedings of the Asiatic Socvety. 253
the other temples are either converted Buddhist, or built with the
materials obtained from Buddhist, buildings,
Photographs Nos. 1 and 2.—The temple of Vishnu Pad, the larg-
ést and most important in Gya, although comparatively modern, is
a most imposing structure, but its confined situation prevents a
good photograph being obtained of it. It fronts the east, and the
facade is very striking, although greatly disfigured by ragged pure
dahs, &e.
Vo. 3.—To the south of the temple, and almost touching it, there
is a handsome pillared hall, where the bare rock shows itself; in
fact, the pillars are let into the solid rock for a foundation.
Wo. 4.—Alongside, to the north, is the temple of Gadadhur or
mace-bearer, which must have been a fine stone temple, but has
been modified and renewed at a comparatively late date, and a
number of Buddhist figures are collected in and around it.
No. 5.—In front of the Vishnu Pad and Gadadhur temples is the
holy place where the pilgrims bathe in the Fulgo, which forms a
principal part in the ceremony of Pind, for which so many pilgrims
annually visit Gya from all parts of Hindustan and Nipal.
Nos. 6 and 7.—The old town of Gya is picturesquely situated on
a rocky ridge running along the bank of the Fulgo. Photographs
Nos. 6 and 7 conjointly show the whole river front of the old town
of Gya, with its background of hills, and the BBRE dry bed of the
river in the foreground.
Nos. 8 and 9.—Are views of the old town from the Ram Gya hill
on the opposite bank of the Fulgo, and the village of Selempur
in the foreground,
Nos. 10 and 11.—The town extends from the banks of the Fulgo
to the foot of the hills, occupying in fact the whole valley between ;
No. 10 is the view looking west from the high bank of the river,
and No. 11 is the view looking north.
Nos. 12, 18, and 14.—The southern extremity of the town occu-
pies a rocky eminence which commands the greater part of the
town, and No. 12 is a view looking north from this point, and Nos.
13 and 14 are views looking south and west.
Nos. 15 and 16.—The peculiar priesthood of Gya, the Gyawils,
without whose assistance no ceremony is effective, have their houses
254 Proceedings of the Asiatic Soctety. [Drc.
on the banks of the river, and in the most prominent sites within
the city, but they, I believe, are restricted to certain portions of it.
Photographs Nos. 15 and 16 are some of their houses along the
banks of the Fulgo, many of them five and six stories high and
very old.
Nos. 17 and 18.—To the south of the town the range of hills
which surrounds the town ends in a conical hill called Brahmajoni,
which is considered of great sanctity. There is a temple on the
summit dedicated to the sakti or female energy of Brahma, hence
the name. It is approached by a flight of stone steps leading up
from below. The hill itself is 450 feet high, and is a prominent
object in approaching Gya from every direction. It is one of the
principal places which must be visited by the pilgrims who come to
perform the ceremony of Pind.
Nos. 19 and 20.—Another of the principal places of pilgrimage
is the Suruj Kund and temple. This is only a short distance
from the Vishnu Pad. The temple is one of the oldest in Gya, and
evidently belongs to Buddhist times. Inside there is a valuable
inscription dated in the era of Buddha’s death or Nirvan, which is
of great value, as fixing the date of that event. The vestibule is
formed of two double rows of pillars ten feet in height, and five
pillars in each row. A great number of mutilated statues are let
into the walls on either side.
Wo. 21.—Another place which must be visited by all pilgrims is
the tank, or Kund Petta Mahaswar. The present buildings are
quite modern, but a great number of Buddhist statues are collected
in and around them.
Nos. 22 and 23.—The final ceremony of Pind is performed at the
Achyber temple which is situated near the foot of the Brahmajoni
hill and close to the Rukmini tank.
No. 24.—Gives the relative positions. The Achyber temple ie
very old, and must have been a monastery chapel, as the present
buildings, although mostly rebuilt and altered, seem to have been
originally a Buddhist monastery.
Nos. 25, 26, 27, and 28.—Higher up the same hill, which runs
down to the Rukmini tank, there is an old temple much in the same
style as the temple at Budh Gya called Mungla Deva, but of
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 255
later date, and on the same hill lower down, on the eastern side,
is another of the same style facing the Sarasvatti tank.
Vos. 29 and 30.—The modern town of Gya, or more properly
Sahibanj, contains few structures of any antiquity. The largest
temple is a double-spired one, built by a wealthy Kaist, Fath
Bahadur. Near this is a fine sculptured doorway.
Wo. 31.—Over one of the gateways of the town there is a fine
arch. This was the limit of the city as originally enclosed, It
has, however, extended very considerably to the north since then.
Buddh Gya—This place, so celebrated in the annals of the
Buddhist world, is situated six miles to the south of Gya.
Wo. 32.—The great temple faces the east, and is 50 feet square
at the base, and is 160 feet high. Colonel Cunningham gives the
date of its erection by Amara Deva about 500, A. D. It is remark-
able as being the finest brick structure still standing in India.
No. 33.—To the west of the temple itself is the famous Bodhi
Drum, or tree of knowledge, famous throughout the Buddhist
world as the tree under which Sakya Singha sat for six years, and
is still visited by pilgrims from Burmah, Ceylon, &c. It is
said to have been rooted out by a Brahmanist king, Sasanka, and
renewed by his contemporary the Buddhist Purna Varmma.
Only one large branch is now alive and from all appearances it will
not last much longer. Excavations made some years ago under the
auspices of the Asiatic Society showed that the whole temple was
surrounded by a Buddhist railing similar to the one at Sanchi.
This shows conclusively that the present temple occupies the exact
site of the original one, as these railings bear inscriptions in the an-
cient Pali ef the time of Asoka.
Wo, 34.—The front of the temple which faces the east is in very
bad repair, and large masses come down every rainy season. In
a few years the aspect of this side will be entirely changed. The
porch in front has now nearly disappeared; only portions of the
arch of its roof adhere to the said walls. The peculiarity of this
portion is the Lehra or horizontal arch to the third story, and the
radiating arches on the second story.
No. 35.—In front of the building there is a small arched doorway
leading into the courtyard, in which is ihe Buddha Pad, or impres-
256 Proceedings of thé Asiatic Society. [Deze
sion of Buddha’s feet, to which offerings are made by all classes of
pilgrims, as also to the Buddha tree, but none of the orthodox
enter the temple itself.
Wo. 36.—The south side of the temple is in the best preservation,
and many of the niches still contain plaster figures of Buddha, but
in many they are wanting.
Vo. 37.—On the same side a deep excavation made to follow
the railings disclosed the original plinth of the temple in tolerable
preservation. This has since been filled up. It showed that the
general level of the courtyard, and the surrounding part was con-
siderably above the plinth which must have been approached by
steps, instead of descending to it, as at present, through the
arched passage in front.
The arches inthe front supporting the entrance and roof of the
first and second story have attracted considerable attention, and it
has been doubted whether they were true radiating arches, and
whether they were part ofthe original building. Both these
doubts have been cleared away, but it is still a problem how they
came to be built, and it has cast great doubts on the assigned age
of the building itself. Fergusson has decided, principally on the
fact of these arches, that the building cannot be of the age assigned
to it by Colonel Cunningham, as it is quite anomalous to find
arches in a purely Hindu structure of such an early date. The
fact, however, remains, and there seems no other solution to it
than that the Hindus did understand the principle of the arch,
but only resorted to it in structures of brick, very few of which
are now left.
Wo. 38.—Inside the little cenotaph, to the left of the oitcasiane
there are some Buddhist figures, representing Buddha sn
seated under the Buddha tree.
No. 39.—To the east of the great temple there is a smaller one
of something of the same style, but much later, dedicated to
Tara Deva.
Burrasur.—The group of hills in which the caves have been
excavated is about sixteen miles to the north of Gya, and some
two miles from the bank of the Fulgo,
No. 40,—The most westerly hill is an isolated peak called
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 267
‘Kawwa Dol,’ or the crow’s swing. There are a number of large
boulders at the foot, which seem to have fallen from the top.
Many of these are sculptured with rude lingams, &c., and on one
to the north-west angle of the hill there is a short inscription,
which, however, is nearly illegible.
Wo. 41.—On the east side of the hill there must have been a
large temple, some few pillars of which are still standing, and a
gigantic figure of the ascetic Budh, measuring eight feet high, with
a breadth across the shoulders of six feet, still in its original position,
with part of the original brick wall behind it.
Wo, 42.—The temple itself must have been a large one, but
there are only a few pillars now standing somewhat apart from
the shrine where the gigantic Budhis. Whether more than one
structure existed here it is difficult to say, but a great many
mounds are existing in the neighbourhood, and a large village
must also have existed to the north-east.
To the east of the Kawwa Dol there is a group of hills, the
highest being Burabee, and the whole group is called Burrabur.
Near the centre of the group, and to the south, five caves have
been excavated in the solid granite rock, and the labour expended
in cutting, and subsequently polishing the compact granite must
have been enormous. There are three of these caves in one
group.
No. 43.—The Sudama and Lomas Rishi are cut in the western
face of the rock; the Sudama to the north, and the Lomas Rishi
to the south. The Sudama cave, which has a plain doorway, has
an inscription in the ancient character of Asoka’s pillars, cut in
the side of the doorway. It records the excavation of the cave,
in the twelfth year of the reign of Rajah Pyadasi, that is, of Asoka
himself; the cave therefore dates as far back as 252 B.C. It
consists of two rooms, a circular one of 19 feet, 11 inches in dia-
meter, and an outer one 32 feet, 9 inches in length, by 196
inches in breadth, the walls are 6 feet, 9 inches in height from the
vaulted roof, which has a rise of 5 feet, 6 inches, making the total
height of the chamber 12 feet, 3 inches.
No. 44.—The Lomas Rishi is similar to the Sudama cave both
jn size and arrangements, but the roof is unfinished ; while the walls
258 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Dx.
and roof of the Sudama cave are highly polished. The doorways of
both caves are of the Egyptian style, but the porch of the Lomas
Rishi has been enlarged and ornamented, and represents the gable
endof athatched house with a frieze of elephants surrounding the
doorway, executed in a most artistic manner. Indeed the drawing
of the elephants contrasts favourably with the popular modern repre-
sentations of this animal. Colonel Cunningham is of opinion that
this porch was executed at a later period than the cave itself,
There is an inscription in the porch over the doorway, of the third
or fourth century of our era. It is curious to remark that in the
representations found on the bosses of the Buddhist railing at
Budh Gya, there is a similar representation of the gable end of a
thatched house forming the doorway of a cave also.
Vo. 45.—On the northern side of the same granite rock as the
two preceding, there is the third cave of the group called the
Karna Chopar. It is 33 feet, 63 inches long, by 14 feet wide. The
sides of the cave are 6 feet, 1} inches high, and the vaulted roof has
arise of 4 feet, 8 inches, making the total height 10 feet, 9 inches.
On the outside of the doorway, there is an inscription in the ancient
Pali recording the excavation of the cave in the nineteenth year
of the reign of Rajah Pyadasi, that is, of Asoka himself. The
cave, therefore, dates as far back as 245 B.C. To the east of the
doorway the rock has been cut away, and several rude sculptures
have been executed on the scarped face representing a linga and
two rude Brahminical figures.
No. 46.—The group of hills nearer the Fulgo river, and about
half a mile to the east of the Burrabur group, is called Nagarjuni,
There are several caves in this group. The largest is cut in the
southern face of a rocky ridge, and is approached from below by a
flight of rude stone steps. The height of the cave doorway, above
the level of the plains, is about 50 feet. The cave itself measures
46 feet, 5 inches long, by 19 feet, 2 inches broad, both ends being
semi-circular, and, in the inscription on the doorway in the ancient
character of Asoka’s edicts, the cave is called the ‘ Gopi’s’ cave, and
was executed by Dasaratha on his accession to the throne. ‘The
Gopi’s cave, an abode lasting as the sun and moon, was caused to
be excavated by Dasaratha, beloved of the Devas, on his accession,
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. 259
as a hermitage for the most devoted Bhadantas (Buddhist
ascetics).”” Dasaratha, according to the Vishnu Purana, was the
grandson of Asoka, and as the son of Asoka, Sayasus, only reigned
eight years, the accession of Dasaratha must have taken place
in 214, B. C.
Nos. 47 and 48.—The other caves in the Nagurjuni group are
situated in the northern side, and on the southern face of a rocky
ridge, running parallel with the Nagarjuni hill, there are two
caves, one to the west being nearly hidden in a recess, and has its
entrance facing the east. The cave itself is 16 feet, 4 inches, by
4 feet, 3 inches, and there is a rude brick wall running across it,
dividing it into two rooms, which has been done by some late occu-
pant, said to have been a Musalman fakir. There is an inscrip-
tion in ancient Pali, in which the cave is called Vadithi-ka-Kubha,
the rest being letter for letter the same as the inscription in the
Gopi cave; the date is therefore the same.
No. 49.—The eastern cave has a small porch 6 feet long by 5}
feet broad, and the doorway is Egyptian, like all the doors of these
eaves. The cave itself is 11 feet, 3 inches, by 16 feet, 9 inches long ;
the roof is vaulted, 10 feet, 6 inches in total height. There is an
inscription on the porch in the ancient character of Asoka’s edicts,
in which the cave is called Vapiya-ka-Kubha, or the wellcave. The
inscription is word for word the same as that on the Gopi cave, so
that the date is the same, 214 B. C. In front ofthe cave there is
a large well 9 feet in diameter. From various inscriptions on these
caves it would seem that they have been at various times occupied
by Buddhists and Brahmanists, but were originally excavated for
Buddhist ascetics by the kings Asoka and Dasaratha, in the third
century B.C. About the third or fourth century of our era, the kings
Sardula Varma and Anunta Varma placed Brahminical images in
three of them, and subsequently Mussulman fakirs took posses-
sion of them. They are now, and have been for many years,
uninhabited.
Nos. 50 and 51,—Alongside the Vapiya cave there is a curious
boulder poised on two others, and the cavity thus formed had been
built up into a grotto no doubt for Buddhist ascetics.. The
Nagurjuni hills are some little distance from the Burrabur group,
260 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. | Dzc,
and No. 51 is a view of the Burrabur group from the plains in
front of the Nagurjuni cave.
No. 52.—Is the view of the Burrabur group from the rocky ridge
in which the two northern caves are cut, with the Burrabur peak
and temple in the centre.
Duarawvr. Vos. 53 and 54.—Dharawut lies immediately to the
north of the Burrabur hills, about 13 miles distant. There are
large and extensive mounds in and around the present large village,
and a large tank called Chandohur Tal, which is some 2,000 feet
long by 800 feet in width, evidently as old as the Buddhist monas-
teries which existed here. On the banks of the tank there isa
little temple, near which there is a fine standing figure of the
famous Buddhisatva Avalokiteswara, the Pudma Pani of the
Tibetans, and is always represented with a lotus in his hand.
Nos. 55 and 56.—From the little hill to the south of the tank,
which is covered with brick and stone rubbish, some curious
sculptures were obtained by the villagers searching for bricks,
representing various objects of Buddhist worship. |
Narr. Wo. 57.—Nair is on the Patna and Gya road, west from
Dharawut, and about twenty miles from Gya. There is a pillared
temple close to the road very much in the same style as the temple
at Poonawa. It consists of three rows of monolithic pillars, ten
pillars in each row. Fronting the temple there is a further row
of four pillars. The temple or shrine behind consists of brick and
mud cement, but very little of it is now standing ; the superstruc-
ture is entirely gone, and none of the temples of this form are
sufficiently complete to allow of a conjecture as to their original
form. The roof of the portico and the shrine is composed of large
granite slabs, a linga now occupies the shrine, and there is a
mutilated figure of Ganesh lying outside.
Judging by the size of the mound, and the part of the shrine
remaining, the temple must have been a lofty one. The bricks
are large and well made, although inferior in this respect to those
used in the construction of the Buddha Gya temple. Itis probable
that the temple dates about 700 A. D.
No, 58.—Shows the temple from the east, with the remains of
the shrine and mound of brick rubbish.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society.” 261
' Part. No. 59.—About seven miles nearer Gya, on the Patna
road, there is a large mound with a small modern temple. Near
this is a large slab with a representative of the same group of
figures as at Koch Dapthoo, &c.
Kispa. Nos. 60 and 61.—This ‘place is nearly west from Nair,
about six miles. There are large mounds there, ‘and a very fine
standing statue of Sakya Singha as a teacher with the Buddhist
creed in an inscription round the head. Near the above there is a
large four-armed figure sitting on the shoulders of another squat-
ting figure. This figure is quite unique; this being the only
specimen of the kind to be found in the district, it is not known to
what it refers.
Wo. 62.—There is also a curious sculptured block, which it is
difficult to make out to what it belonged. It could not have been
the base of a linga, as that is invariably inserted into the yoni,
whereas in this case there is no place for insertion.
Genzan. Vo. 63.—About a mile and a half from Kispa to the
north-east, there is a village called Genjan on the top of a large
mound. Here there is a very fine statue of Buddha the ascetic,
with representations of the birth, teaching, and death or Nirvana
of Sakya Singha in small figures surrounding it. This is one of
the best-executed sculptures in the district, and although much
mutilated and broken, it is of considerable interest.
Raserrr. Wo. 64,—Rajagriha is one of the few places about
which there can be no doubt of its identity, and was visited by the
Chinese pilgrims, Fa-Hian in the fourth century, by Hwen Thsang
in the sixth century, They both visited the ‘Son Bundar’ cave,
famous in Buddhist annals as the spot where the first Buddhist
synod was held in a temporary building in front of it, by Ajatasatru,
Rajah of Magadha, There is an inscription cut on it not later
then 200 A. D., but the cave itself is probably older. It measures
34 feet long by 17 feet wide, and is cut in the solid rock, but is
neither smoothed nor polished.
No. 65.—The cite of the ancient city is now overgrown with
brushwood, and is surrounded by hills in every direction. A
small elevation in the centre marks the cite of a monastery chapel,
View 65 is looking east from the door of the cave.
262 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Dzc,
No. 66.—The modern temples round the hot springs are situated
at the opening of the valley, leading to the site of the ancient city,
and 66 is a view of the temples with a singular fort-looking struc-
ture on the hill behind and above them. It is composed of loose
unsquared stones loosely put together.
No. 67.—Is a view from the same structure overlooking the hot
springs and the flat country beyond them.
Deoxoonp. Wo. 68.—This place is situated to the west of Gya,
about 25 miles, and some distance inland from the Sone. It
must have been in early days a place of some importance, and a
Buddhist monastery existed, only part of which now remains, and
has been converted into a Brahminist temple, and a linga placed
in the shrine, but great numbers of Buddhist votive stupas, &c.,
were scattered about some years ago, many of which, however,
have lately been covered up. A fair is held here in the month of
Falgoon, where great numbers of pilgrims assemble to bathe in
the koond or tank. The original temple must have been a large
one, judging by the mass of brick rubbish in which the shrine is
sunk, and a road had to be excavated to allow of access to it. The
shrine is now surmounted by a rude dome, but the lower part is
still intact, and belongs to the early Buddhist type.
Davpnacar. Wo. 69.—Daudnagar is a considerable town in
the banks of the Sone, and forty miles west of Gya. The town
which is comparatively modern, was founded by Daid Khan, a
Pathan soldier, who signalized himself by his bravery, and who
subsequently, as a reward for the conquest of Palamau, received ja-
geers in this neighbourhood. He erected a fortified serai for the
protection of travellers, who were subject to robbery on the road
along the banks of the Sone going to Patna. The photograph
represents one of the gate-ways of the serai, which is now used as a
dwelling-place by his descendants. Daud Khan died about 200
years ago.
SHamsHERNAGAR, Vo. 70.—About eight miles lower down the
Sone from Daudnagar there is a considerable village called Sham-
shernagar, founded and named after a nephew of Datid Khan,
Shamsher Khan, and a very pleasing structure was built by him
as his tomb. It is now rapidly falling to pieces, although still in
possession of his descendants.
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 263
Konon.—On the road between Daiidnagar and Gya, about
sixteen miles from the latter, is the village of Konch. It consists
of two parts, the bazaar on the road side and the village proper,
about 100 yards to the north. Between the two villages there are
extensive mounds of brick rubbish, anda great many Buddhist
figures and statues are scattered about. The principal one is life-
sized, beautifully carved, but the head is wanting, and represents
probably Surya.
Nos. 71, 72, and 73.—Higher up on the mound there are two
purely Buddhist figures with the creed in inscriptions round the
head, and two others, probably Surya, of a later type.
Nos. 74 and 75.—Passing through the village proper you come
to the large temple mentioned by Buchanan, a drawing of which
is given in the Ist volume of Martin’s India. This building closely
resembles in style that of the great temple at Budh Gya, and the
construction is much the same ; the materials are the same ; beauti-
fully moulded bricks and mud cement. The lower chamber is 10
feet square, and has an arched roof asin the Budh Gya_ temple.
In the upper chamber the walls are gradually contracted, so that
the four sides meet at the top.
Wo. 76.—The opening into the upper chamber is also on the
Lehra principle. In the construction of this bulding the Hindus
showed that they understood both kinds of arch, and used them
as suited their requirements.
Wo. 77.—The west side of the temple has been much damaged
by the heavy rains, and large masses keep falling year by year.
Unless something is done, this fine temple will soon be a mass of
rubbish.
No. 78.—A porch had been added to the original building, or
more likely, the original porch had become ruinous, and had sub-
sequently been repaired. Itis 9 feet by 22 wide. In front of it
a small courtyard has been added also 9 feet by 22 feet; a flight of
steps led up from the level of the ground. In this courtyard and
porch a great many figures have been inserted or ranged along the
walls, many of which are figured in Martin’s India.
Vo. 79.—To the north of the temple there are two cenotaphs
over the remains of former mahunts, but there is no monastic com-
munity settled here now, and the temple itself is not considered
264 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Dec.
orthodox. Notwithstanding that there isa linga now occupying
the shrine, the building itself is by popular tradition the work of
Kol Rajahs (a generic name for the aboriginal races). This bad
odour with the orthodox would seem to prove its Buddhist origin.
Vo. 80.—Four miles east of Konch, on the same road, there is a
village called Pali, where there must have been some large temples,
only a few pillars of which are now standing. It must have been
of the same style as those at Nair and Poonawa.
Wo. 81.—The sculptured doorway, part of which is lying under
a tree close by, closely resembles the fine one at Poonawa.
SrnarEz. Vo, 82.—About eight miles west of Konch, near the
village of Seharee, there is a small stone temple on the roadside ;
it is constructed entirely of Chunar stone, and was completed at
Chunar and sent down fit for erection. It is now the pride of the
little hamlet where it stands,
Oomea.—This place is situated within a mile of the dik bungalow
of Madunpore on the grand trunk road, and fourteen miles west
of Sherghati.
Wo. 83.—The temple is built on a rocky spur of one of the high-
est hills overlooking the grand trunk road, and is built entirely of
squared granite blocks without cement and is in excellent preserva-
tion. The height of the temple from the rock to the crest is about
60 feet, the extreme length from east to west is 68 feet, and the
breadth 53 feet.
No. 84.—To the north and south there are balconies which
give the temple a distinctive character, and marks a transition
from the open pillared portico which had previously been the rule,
as at Poonawa, Nair, and Pali.
No. 85.—The large porch in front was entirely enclosed, and was
lighted by these side balconies, the interior has a very imposing ap-
pearance, and the monolithic pillars with bracket capital is a deci-
ded advance from plain column with cross brackets.
No. 86,—Inside there is a large slab of black chlorite with a long
inscription recording the building of the temple by Bhairub Indra in
Sambat 1496, 7. ¢., A. D. 1489, on Thursday, the light half of the
moon Bysack, and was dedicated to Jagarnath, Balbhadru, and
Subhadra. The shrine is, however, occupied by a linga,
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 265
No. 87.—To the south of the temple there is a fine large tank
with a flight of stone steps on the east side nearest the fort, part of
of which is still standing north and south of the tank. Several
mounds indicate the position of the town.
No. 88.—Higher up the same hill on which the temple is built,
and on the summit of a higher ridge, there is a curious little altar
with a huge boulder alongside it. Under the boulder sacrifices of
kids and other animals are still made. Every available ledge and
spur on this hill seems to have been occupied by similar structures,
and there are also a great number of figures and lingams both on
this and the adjoining hills.
No. 89.—Still higher up, and also facing the east, are the ruins
of another temple, nearly as large as the one lower down, and in
the same style, but nearly the whole of the superstructure has fallen
down. On the path between the two temples there are several in-
scriptions cut on the face of the rock, but from the texture of the
granite they are nearly illegible.
On the hill opposite the dak bungalow there is a small temple and
tank which are of a much earlier date, and the bricks and style re-
semble those at Budh Gya. In this case also the chamber has an
arched roof.
Dro. No, 90.—Deo is twelve miles to the west of Oomga, and
there is a very fine temple here. It is in the same style as those at
Oomga and like these built of squared blocks of stone. This temple,
however, faces the west, and has been highly ornamented. There
is no inscription on the temple, but it may be of a somewhat earlier
date than those at Oomga,
No. 91.—This place is also the residence of the Maharajah Jai
Pergash Singh, k.¢.s.1. His palace, a large rambling building, is
quite modern.
BrivcE ovER THE Poonroon River. No. 92.—The bridge over
the Poonpoon river, where it crosses the grand trunk road between
Muddunpore and Baroon, is given simply to show the character of
the scenery on this part of the country. The Poonpoon, which is
here only a few miles from its source, is a mean little stream, but as
it collects the whole of the rainfall between the Sone and Morhur
rivers, it becomes towards Patna a large river, which lays the coun-
try under water for many miles to the south-east of Patna,
266 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Dec.
Curon.—lIs situated north-east of Oomga, about eight miles. A
large number of isolated little hills are dotted over the country for
some distance north of the grand trunk road. Many of these large
masses of granite are not shown inthe revenue maps. Nearly
every one of these hills had little structures of some kind on their
summits.
Vos. 93 and 94.—To the east of the village of Cheon there are the
ruins of a temple of considerable size built of squared granite black
without cement. It is now in ruins, only part of the shrine and
doorway remaining.
The interior of the shrine is occupied by a linga, and there are
no inscriptions; but from its general resemblance to the temples at
Oomga it may be considered as of the same date.
Nos. 95, 96, and 97.—To the south of this temple, and to the
east of a little hill there is a fine, life-sized four-armed statue with
many fragments of others, also several mounds and masses of brick
rubbish on every side. About 300 yards to the west, on another
little hill called Puchar, there is a cave about half way up the hill.
It is a natural hollow which has been built up enclosing a chamber
some 10 feet by 12, with a doorway supported on bracket pillars.
Inside there is a figure of Budh surrounded by a seven-headed
snake called ‘lungabeer.’? There is also a figure of Mahamaya, the
mother of Budh.
No. 98.—A little platform has been constructed in front of the
cave, and a flight of rude steps led up from below. ‘The cave faces
the south. .
No. 99.—About a mile to the south there is another cluster of
little hills within the boundary of the village of Deokillee where
there are many little caves similar to the one at Cheon. Most of
them are filled up. One curious altar-like structure crowns the
summit of a ridge between two hills immediately above a natural
hollow in a rock which was used as a tank.
No. 100.—And on the north of the hill a bund has been thrown
across a hollow, thus forming a large tank, thus showing that the
whole locality had been one of some importance. All these hills
must have literally swarmed with Buddhist ascetics. Judging by
the great number of little caves and structures, the remains of
1871.) Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 267
which now oxist, itis to be regretted that no inscriptions have como
to light.
Poonawa, Wo. 101,—This village is situated fourteen miles west
of Gya, and the principal antiquity is a pillared temple of Trilok-
nath, which has no superstructure left, but which, according to
Major Kittoe, was not the case when he visited it in 1847, at which
time a considerable portion of the superstructure was still perfect.
No. 102.—One of the doorways is beautifully carved in black
chlorite, and is the finest piece of sculpture of the kind in this part
of the country.
SEETAMUREE.—This place, which seems to have escaped the notice
of all the antiquaries who have visited this district, although only
fourteen miles from Poonawa, shows how difficult it is to obtain
information of the whereabouts of antiquities, even to enquirers
who devote themselves to such pursuits.
The village is situated about a mile south-east of a village called
Nadgurha on the Nawadah and Gya road, and fourteen miles east
from Poonawa.
Wo. 103.—The cave is excavated in a large block of granite on
an open plain; the doorway is of the Egyptian form, being 1 foot,
10 inches at the top and 2 feet, 2 inches at the bottom. The pas-
sage leads into the cave at an oblique angle, and is 3 feet, 5 inches
long. The chamber itself is 15 feet, 8 inches along the floor, and
15 feet along the roof, and 6 feet, 43 high in the centre, and
11 feet, 13 inwidth, The roof is vaulted, and springs at once from
the floor. The whole of the inside is highly polished, and the rock
is as compact as those in which the caves are executed at Burrabur,
Curiously enough there is no trace of an inscription, inside or out-
side. Inside, from the high polish every where, no inscription could
escape notice; outside, without a recess being cut for its reception,
no inscription could be cut, and there is no sign of any such recess.
Its construction at any time must have been an achievement of no
ordinary kind, and it is remarkable that an inscription should have
been omitted. Its date cannot be less than those at Burrabur,
which it so closely resembles. The form of the doorway and the
polished interior are conclusive, I think, on this point.
Kurxrmar. Wo. 104.—Is situated about three miles north-east
268 Proceedings of the Asiatic Sdevety. [Dzc.
of Poonawa. There are large and extensive ruins at this place,
and a great number of statues scattered over a large area.
The principal one is a figure of Sakya Singha sitting under the
tree at Budh Gya, with representations of events of his life on
either side, and a small inscription on the pedestal.
Burracaon.—There is no place in this district where the ruins
are so extensive, or on such alarge scale. Unfortunately, the
greater part are hidden under immense mounds of brick rubbish,
and altheugh the place has been used as a quarry for bricks for
many years, the foundations are not yet reached. The place is the
site of the ancient Nalanda, according to Colonel Cunningham,
where the greatest monastery in all India existed.
No. 105.—There are a series of lofty mounds some 60 feet high,
covering a space 1,600 feet long, by 400 feet in width. The prin-
cipal ruin is that of the great temple of Baladitya, which is said to
have resembled that at Budh Gya, and must have been built be-
tween 450 and 500 A. D.
Nos. 106 and 107.—The statue enshrined in this temple was most
likely the gigantic one now called Bhairay. It is in a sitting posi-
tion, and is now collected with a number of smaller figures in a
small courtyard at the foot of the large mound.
No. 108.—To the north there is a large statue of the ascetic
Budh, with several inscriptions on it giving the names of the
attendants.
No. 109.—There is also a Jain temple in the same style as the
Budh Gya one, and is therefore of much the same age.
No. 110.—At the adjoining village of Jagdespore there is a very
fine large figure of the ascetic Budh surrounded by demons and
alluring females.
Curttor.—Major Kittoe notices this place as the site of one of
the eighteen viharas of Behar. The ruins are very extensive, con-
sisting of large mounds, with many figures and sculptures.
No. 111.—The principal one is of a beautifully carved one, nearly
life-size, said by Major Kittoe to be a representative of Siva, but
this is doubtful, as there is a small figure of Buddha in the head-
dress, the outline of an antelope forms the upper edge of the dress,
which may determine what the figure really is. The expression
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Soctety. 269
and attitude of this figure has more life in it than is general
amongst ancient sculptures.
Darrnv.— os, 112 and 113.—TIs situated about a mile inland to
the east of the Fulgo, and about fourteen miles from Gya to the north.
This seems to have been the site of a large Buddhist community,
and the remains are extensive. There are two temples partly stand-
ing. The northern one was dedicated to Surya, and a large figure
of the same is still standing inside.
Wo. 114.—Both temples seemed to have had a pillared portico
in front, but which has since been built up with brick. The door
of the shrine in the southern temple is very fine, and has been
figured in the first volume of Martin’s India. Outside there is the
same curious group of a prince on horseback with the same atten-
dants, &c., as at Konch, &c., only differently arranged.
Nos. 115 and 116.—The south of the district of Gya is bounded
by arange of hills which form the boundary between Gya and
Palamau near Maharajganj. Some of these hills are composed
of huge masses of granite of very suggestive outlines. The most
conspicuous of these is the ‘ kotila’ or granary, the curious dome-
like peak of which is nearly inaccessible. Nevertheless on certain
occasions a light is observed on its summit which would show that
some one has a knowledge of the way of getting up to the summit,
although I believe the revenue surveyors failed to do so.
Wo. 117.—The continuation of the same hills, and where the
Koel river runs round their base, and at the point where the rock
slopes down into the river, three large boulders block the path.
These stones are said to have been collected by the popular hero
‘Bhimsen’ for his ‘chula’ or cooking-place, which the arrange-
ment of the three boulders favours, as they closely resemble the
three stones used by travellers to rest their pots on while cooking.
On the sloping rock which dips into the river there are some
curious worn hollows, which I have no doubt were caused by the
women of the aboriginal tribes in husking their rice, as is the
universal custom amongst the Kol tribes of Chota Nagpore, as
the wooden instruments for this purpose, so commonly in use
elsewhere, are not used by them. I could never obtain any clue
as to the meaning of these depressions until I had seen the practice
270 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Drc.
of the Kol women, and it is known that the aboriginal tribe of
Mhars were in possession of the country until dispossessed by the
ancestors of the present Rajput family of Sonpura.
Tirruut. Wo. 118.—Bukra. This place, which is one of the
banks of the Gandack or Naraini, must have been a place of great
importance, and has been identified as the ancient Vaisala, The
principal antiquity is one of Asoka’s pillars surmounted by a lion.
It is only 18 feet above the present level of the ground, and 27
feet, 11 inches above the level of the surrounding fields. Colonel
Cunningham made an excavation down to the water level, or 14
feet below the present surface, but found no inscription, and had
not then reached the square base, so that the whole length above
the water level is 32 feet, and, including the statue and capital,
44 feet 2 inches.
Wo. 119.—Immediately to the north, and outside the courtyard
in which the pillars stand, there is a ruined brick stupa with a fine
old pipul tree growing on the top. This place is famous in Bud-
dhist annals as the place where the second Buddhist synod was
held.
LovuryA NEAR ARE-RAJ. Vo. 120.—Between Bukra and Betteah,
and twenty miles north-west of Kesariya, at a village called Lourya,
there is another of Asoka’s pillars, and of the same polished com-
pact sandstone. It is 363 feet high and hasno capital; it is 41°8
inches in diameter at the base, and 37} inches at the top. It has
several of Asoka’s edicts neatly engraved on both sides, and the
letters are still as fresh and sharp as if only done a year ago.
Smroun.—On the borders of Nepal, north-east of Motihari,
is the fort of Simroun, the ancient capital of Mithila. The ruins
cover an area of sixteen square miles, but are so overgrown with
dense jungle that it is almost impossible to make out anything.
A brick wall of four feet thick by a further thickness of 10 feet of
mud, surrounds the whole. The bricks used ave large, 10’ & 7’ & 2’,
well burnt, and finely fitted together. Within the outer enclosure
there is another, comprising about five acres; inside this was the
palace and principal buildings. Between the two enclosures a great
number of figures, carvings, statues, and large wells built with
stone are scattered all over. The palace and many of the principal
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 271
buildings were built of squared blocks of sandstone 3 feet by 14.
Some part of the walls are still standing, but from the irregularity
of the upper courses they must have been rebuilt, so that little
remains to show what the structures original were
Nos. 121 and 122.—Some large figures are collected near the
little modern temple, which are beautifully carved, and seem repre-
sentatives of Surya. Some slabs of sandstone are collected in the
same place which no doubt formed part of a doorway, and executed
in the very best manner. They consist of several figures enclosed
in scrolls of lotus stem in a most beautiful and artistic manner.
No. 123.—An inscription let into the wall of the little temple is
quite modern, but I am convinced this stone had an older inscrip-
tion which must have been obliterated to receive the modern one.
Wo. 124.—This is a view of the rock in which the ‘ Karna Chow-
par’ cave, at Burrahur, has been excavated, and showing the
general appearance from the east of the immense granite block in
which the cave has been excavated, and also the scarped rock to
the south.
Wo. 125.—Is a sculptured slab with a representation of the nine
Avatars let into the wall of the porch of the temple at Konch.
Wo. 126.—Is a curious slab with some carved figures, and sur-
mounted by some singular emblems with an inscription in Sanscrit
underneath: unfortunately the inscription is too much worn to be
decipherable. The figures represent a seated figure in the centre,
something like a Budh, with male and female figures on either
side. The emblems above are an open hand with a rosette in the
palm ; the emblems of the sun and moon on either side. There are
three specimens of this emblematical stone in this district; the
present one is from the banks of the large tank at Madinpore on
the grand trunk road twenty-four miles west from Sherghati,
near the temple of Oonga; the other one is under a tree near that
temple ; and the third is on the temple of Gajadhur at Gya. All
of these stones are nearly similar, and the stone is the same in each
case, viz., a soft soapstone, and in consequence the inscription is
not readable in either of them. From the style of workmanship
and the peculiar selection of this soft stone, it is probable that
these stones are the work of a different race of people from the
272 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Dec.
carvers of the numerous statues and figures generally found in this
district; the manner in which the hair is arranged in the figures
differs also from the usual Buddhist and Hindi figures. It is
believed that similar emblems are found on some Canarese inscrip-
tions.
No. 127.—Is another view of the beautifully executed figure at
Chillor, showing the standing figure of Budh, the teacher, along-
side.
No. 128.—Is a view of the southern temple at Dapthoo ; it is the
larger of the two temples, and as it stands at present it consists of
a pillared hall, which was originally open, but was subsequently
enclosed, The shrine has now nearly fallen, and in the enclosed porch
there are a great number of figures collected, most of them in very
good preservation; but the want of light in the interior prevents
their being photographed.
No. 129.—To the south of this temple there is a fine standing
figure of Mahamaya, the mother of Budh, in good preservation
and well executed ; she is represented as four-armed, one hand hold-
ing a water vessel,
Vo. 130.—Is another view of the Vishnu Pud, at Gya, giving the
whole of the upper portion of the temple, which, from its very con-
fined situation, cannot be photographed as a whole.
No. 131.—Is a view of the old town of Gya looking west from
the Vishnu Pud temple, with the Brahmajoni témple and hill in
the distance.
No. 132.—Is another view of the fine old temple, at Deo, giving
a better view of the south side of the temple, with part of the
Maharajah’s palace to the left.
SHAHABAD.
Sasseram, from having been selected by Sher Shah as his residence,
was atone time a place of great importance, and there are very
interesting buildings still in existence, although from inferior work-
manship many of them are in a very dilapidated condition, and in a
few more seasons some of them will have fallen.
Vos. 183 and 1384.—The principal building is the tomb of the
Emperor Sher Shah, which is situated to the west of the town in
1871. | Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 273
the middle of alarge tank. From the north side of the tank a bridge
leads to the island, on which the tomb stands ; it has partially fal-
len down, and is replaced by a mud embankment. The island is
raised by steps from the level of the water. Above this is a wall
80 feet high, surmounted by battlements six feet high. ‘The ter-
race is placed obliquely on the island, for what reason it is diffi-
cult to say. The four corners of the battlements are formed into
octagonal buildings, forming inside airy apartments. There are
two balconies projecting on either side supported by stone brackets
covered by cupolas supported by four stone pillars. The tomb it-
self consists of a great hall surrounded by an arcade forming a gal-
lery. In the centre of the great hall is the grave of the king op-
posite the niche for prayer: the other graves are said to be those
of favourite officers.
Wo. 135.—Sher Shah also erected a large monument to the
memory of his father Husain Khan Stir, in the middle of the
town ; it is enclosed in alarge area by a high wall of cut stone;
the tomb is not so large as that of his son, but like it consists of a
large hall surrounded by an arcade and covered with a handsome
dome. .
_Rohtasgarh.—This fortress is situated on the banks of the river
Sone, at a distance of some thirty miles south of the grand trunk
road, and occupies the whole of the crest of a nearly isolated spur
of the great table-land. Buchanan Hamilton, in Martin’s India,
states that this important fortress derives its name from the young
prince Rohitasiva, the son Harishchandra, a king of the family of
the sun, in the most remote period of Hindu legend. His image,
he further says, was worshipped at this place, until the time of
Aurungzeb. From the time of Harishchandra until the 12th
century of the Christian era, it is not known in whose possession
the fortress remained, but at this time it belonged to Pratapa
Devala, father of the last Hindu emperor, and it continued for
some time subject to his descendants. The tradition is, that it
came under the Mussulman rule in the time of Sher Shah, A. D.
1539, and that on its capture he immediately set to work on streng-
thening its defences, but that the works projected were never com-
pleted owing to his having discovered amore favourable situation at
274 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. — [Dre.
Shergarh near Sasseram, where he erected a fortress named after
himself. When Man Singh was selected as viceroy of Behar, he
selected Rohtas as a place of safety for his treasure and family, and
almost the whole of the present buildings were erected by him, and
this is confirmed by the inscriptions on the principal entrance to
the palace, and also on the gateway of the fortress leading to the
main table-land called the Ketantya gate. From these it would
appear that the works were finished in the year 1654 Sambat,
or A. D. 1597,
The fortress occupies the whole of the plateau, measuring about
four miles from east to west, and five miles north to south; but
from the deep windings of the precipitous crest, the whole circum-
ference is said to be twenty-eight miles round.
Vo. 136.—The palace called the Mahal Sarai extends its greatest
length north and south and the principal front faces the west,
where it overlooks a large enclosure, probably intended as a parade
ground, as the principal state rooms have balconies projecting from
the walls overlooking this enclosure.
No. 137.—At the southern end of the principal front is a large
arched gateway with two elephants cut in the stone on either side,
‘and consequently called the Hathiya Pul. Within this gate there
‘are several vaults and recesses for the accommodation of the guard
and the officers on duty.
Vo. 188,—Passing through this gateway the passage leads into
a sort of courtyard, and immediately opposite the entrance is one
of the finest buildingsin the whole place. It was the public recep-
tion room, and was called the Barahdoware or twelve gates, and it
is divided into two principal halls, one behind the other, with lofty
arched roofs, and are the only respectably sized rooms in the whole
palace.
No, 189.—The eastern face of Barahdoware is ornamented with
a double row ofarched doors giving light to the spacious halls
behind, and also giving a light, graceful appearance to this side,
which is wanting in the principal front.
No. 140.—The northern part of the palace seems to have been
the quarter set aside for the ladies’ apartments, and the chief
building was surrounded on three sides by a flower garden. It
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 275
was the residence of the chief’s wife, and was called the Ainah
Mahall. Photograph No. 140 is the view looking west with the
open verandah of the Takht Padishahi to the left.
Wo. 141.—Is a view of the same building from the opposite side
looking south-east. This building is not overlooked by any part of
the palace, except from the roof of the Takht Padishahi or principal
state room, and evidently intended as the chief’s audience room.
No. 142.— Is aview of the Takht Padishahi with the cupolas on
the summit, and part of the country beyond the walls, which is very
pretty and park-like.
No. 143.—The inscription over the principal entrance on the
inner side is a fine specimen of the florid style of Persian writing.
The inscription is given both in Hindi and Persian on the same
tablet.
- No. 144.—To the north-west of the palace, where Sher Shah had
contemplated the erection of a citadel, there are the remains of
several very large buildings. The principal one is the tomb of the
superintendent of the works, who is said to have been an Abys-
sinian slave (Habshi). It is in the same style as the tomb at
Sasseram, and is now picturesquely overgrown with jungle.
Wo. 145.—Between the palace and the edge of the precipice,
there is a small ravine by which the water from the tanks above
finds its way to the edge of the precipice over which it throws itself
in a tiny rill, which is lost in spray before reaching the bottom.
From the opposite bank of this ravine, a good view of the palace is
obtained.
Vo. 146,—At the south-east corner of the table-land there are
some curious old buildings constructed evidently with the stones
from some still earlier buildings, At the foot of a long flight of
steps, leading up to the Hindu temple and the mosque, is a small,
but handsome, temple ascribed to Man Singh.
No. 147.—The Lal-darwaza or Red Gate seems to have been the
principal entrance from the places below, and although the cliffs
are nearly inaccessible themselves, they have been strengthened with
works ona large scale. The cliffs are very grand and impressive.
Photograph No, 147 is the view looking south over the ridge of
the cliff.
276 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society, [ Dzc.
Wo. 148.—The precipice all round the plateau is quite perpen-
dicular, dipping down for a distance of 500 feet in some places,
and nearly double that distance in others.
The following gentlemen duly proposed and seconded at the last
meeting were balloted for and elected Ordinary Members—
Capt. W. L. Samuells, Assistant Commissioner, Pachumba,
Chord line,
8. E. Peal, Esq., Sibsagor, Asam.
The following gentleman is a candidate for ballot at the next
meeting—
W. D. Butcher, Esq., M. R. C. 8., proposed by Mr. G. Nevill,
seconded by Mr. J, Wood-Mason.
The following gentlemen have intimated their desire to withdraw
from the Society—
Dr. H. Warth; J. F. Cockburn, Esq.; Dr. J. M. Fleming.
The following letter from J. G. Detmzricr, Hse., Rawalpindi, was
read—
‘I beg to inform you of the discovery of a hoard of seventy-four
Indo-Bactrian hemidrachms in this District.
‘ Of these no less than fifty-eight were of Menander, wiz. :—20,
with bare head ; 15, with helmeted head ; 22, with bare head, hurling
ajavelin. 1. Owl on the reverse. Six were of Antimachus Nike-
phoros, and ten of Apollodotus, square, and of the common elephant
and bull type. :
‘These coins were recently found by Sharaf, son of Naji, caste
Mochi, age 16, of the village of Shakarpari, Tahcil of Rawalpindi.
The site of their discovery is a ravine five miles due north of Ra-
walpindi on the Saidpur road. Sharaf was employed in digging
out the root of a shrub when he accidentally came upon the coins
in a hole. They might have been in a pot, which he thinks
may have been broken by the spade with which he was digging,
but he saw no pot. No buildings or ancient remains are any-
where near the spot, and Shakarpari is an insignificant village
with no pucca buildings or ruins. The finder was rewarded from
our local funds, and the whole of the coins, which were in perfect
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 277
preservation and as fresh looking as if just issued from a mint,
were forwarded for deposit in the Central Museum at Lihor.’
- Babi Rajendralila Mitra read the following report, for 1870-71,
on the progress he had made in cataloguing Sanskrit MSS. that
are found in private libraries in Bengal.
*‘T have the honor to submit the following report on the opera-
tions carried on during the last official year (1870-71) for collecting
information regarding Sanskrit manuscripts in native Libraries.
2. The task of searching for MSS. during the past year was
confided to the travelling Pandit solely, circumstances not having
permitted me to proceed to the mofussil. The Pandit had, how-
ever, the aid of the Rev. J. Long for a time at Dacca, and subse-
quently consulted me regularly about his work, furnishing me
every week nominal lists of whatever MSS. he met with, and notic-
ing in detail those only which I thought to be new or rare.
3. Nearly four months were spent by the Pandit at Dacca,
Vikrampur, and other old towns and villages in Eastern Bengal,
and most of the leading pandits and zemindars of those places
were consulted. No one evinced any disposition to withhold in-
formation or aid. The Kundu family of Bhagyakula took great
interest in the operations of the Pandit. They convened a meet-
ing of the influential people of their neighbourhood at their house,
and urged them to assist us with the loan of MSS. They also
testified their sense of the importance of the undertaking by sub-
scribing Rs. 1000, towards its furtherance. The amount was sent
to the Government of Bengal, and has since been received by the
Society. Dacca, however, though celebrated as a seat of commerce
for over two thousand years, and the metropolis of Bengal for a
time during the supremacy of the Muhammadans, never acquired
any reputation for learning, and does not contain ,any Sanskrit
work of great value. All the MSS. that were examined turned out
to be such as are common everywhere, or of little importance. Be-
tween forty and fifty little treatises were found, which were new
to the Society, and detailed notices of these have been secured,
4. On the return of the Pandit from Dacca he was sent to
Bansberiya in Zilla Hugli, which was at one time noted as a seat
278 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. [ Dre.
of Sanskrit learning; but nothing of any interest was met with
there.
5. The Pandit was therefore, after a fortnight’s stay at that
place, sent on to Burdwan where I had hoped to find large collec-
tions of MSS. in the Library of the Mahéraja and the pandits of
the district. But I was equally disappointed there. The Maha-
raja, at my request, very obligingly allowed the Pandit access to
his Library, but there were not quite a hundred MSS. in Sanskrit,
and they comprised the Mahabhirata and other well known works
which have been already printed, The head pandit of the Maha-
raja’s palace, however, showed some works on the Vedanta new
to the Society’s Library, and notices of these have been duly se-
eured. Burdwan, is a place of some antiquity, and was of considers
able importance during the Muhammadan rule, but it seems, like
Dacca, to be very poor in Sanskrit works, and there is not a single
pandit of any note who has a decent collection of MSS.
6. The disappointment at Burdwan, however, was amply com-
pensated at Mankar, near the Boodbood station of the Hast Indian
Railway. Babu Hitalala Mis’ra, a zemindar and Honorary Magis-
trate of the sub-division, has an excellent library, in which the
travelling Pandit found between five and six hundred works on the
Vedanta. These I had hoped, would have occupied his time for at
least four months, but before he had time to take notes of about
forty or fifty works, the Dusserah vacation intervened, and the
Babu’s pandit subsequently falling ill, there was nobody to keep
the library open, and the travelling Pandit had to be removed to
Halisahar, a small town situated opposite Hugli.
7. Halisahar had at one time a large number of toles or colleges
of Sanskrit learning, and several are still extant. In the time of
Raja Krishnachandra Raya of Nadia, about one hundred and fifty
years ago, the place was celebrated for its Nydya school, and some
of the best pandits of Calcutta came from that place. But the
pandits who now own the toles, proved the most bigotted of their
kind, and offered so many obstacles, and raised so many difficulties,
that after two months’ stay, my travelling Pandit had to return
without getting a single work of any importance.
8. During the last two months of the year, the travelling Pan-
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 279
dit was employed in examining the library of the late Sir Raja
Rédhékanta Bahddur, K. C. 8. I. where he will have ample work
for at least four months.
9. My assistant was, for a time during the period under report,
employed in examining the library of Raji Yatindramohana Tha-
kura of Calcutta, who has very kindly placed his collection of MSS.
at my disposal. It is perhaps the richest private collection in
Calcutta, and contains a larger number of Tantras than what I
have any where else met with, not excepting the collections of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal, and of the Sanskrit colleges of Calcutta
and Benares. Very few works of this class have yet been examined
by European orientalists, and owing to the circumstance of some
of them being of an offensive character, they are generally looked
upon with disfavour. They are wanting too in the halo of anti-
quity. Theoldest among them, as far as I can guess, does not
date before the 3rd century of Christ, and the bulk of them
were composed probably between the 5th and the 12th cen-
turies. They exercise, however, the most sovereign influence on
the religious life of the Hindus, and control all their actions.
A few display a curious phase of thought, in which a hyper-
trophy of the sentiment of veneration for the creative energy has
lead to the most mystic and obscene rites that mankind has ever
indulged in. Some of the works of this class profess to be revela-
tions by. S‘iva made at the request of his consort Parvati, and
a great many are acknowledged to be compilations, but they all have
the same characteristics, the same style of composition, and very
similar professions of faith. Their subjects are various. Ancient
legends, topography, medicine, and grammar are frequently treated
of, but those subjects are all intended to lead to the establishment
of the preéminence of the female energy in the creation of the
world, or the mysterious adoration of the phallic emblems as the
means of salvation. Traces of this dogma may be noticed in the
Egyptian, the Chaldee, the Hebrew, the Gnostic, the Greek and
other ancient creeds, but nowhere has it been developed to so
inordinate or revolting an extent, or carried to so extravagant a
length as in the Tantras, and in that respect they are of interest
to the antiquarian and the student of ancient religious history.
280 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Dzc.
The mystic charms and mantras and gesticulations which the bet-
ter class of these works inculcate have, further, almost entirely
superseded the rituals of the Vedas, and in the present day scarce-
ly a ceremonial is performed, or a prayer repeated by a Hindu,
which does not borrow its primary elements from the Tantras.
For a correct understanding of the modern Indian forms of religion
it is necessary, therefore, that these works should be carefully
examined, and their true character thoroughly brought to light. It
may be added also that, however offensive some of these works
may appear in the light of modern European civilization, they were
held in peculiar esteem by: the dreamy monastic followers of the
Buddhist creed in the 7th, 8th and 9th centuries, who translated a
great number of them, and compiled others, with a view to engraft
their doctrines on Buddhism, and we find in Csoma de Korosi’s
essay on the Buddhist literature of Nipal and Tibet hundreds of
Tantras noticed as forming parts ofthe sacred scriptures of those
places. Mr. Hodgson describes them as containing the esoterics
of the Buddhist religion of Nipal, and in connexion with the Bud-
dhism of the north, these works, therefore, are also of importance.
10. According to the Nila Tantra, the original Tantric revela-
tions of S‘iva are reckoned at 64, but their number has of late
multiplied manyfold, and in the collection of Raja Yatindramohana
Thakura, there are upwards of three hundred different works. Most
of them are, however, fragmentary, and others are avowed compi-
lations. In the notices already published I have given brief ac-
counts of upwards of a hundred of these works, and I hope ere
long to add considerably to that number. In Europe there are not
a score of these works to be met with in the India House, the
Berlin, the Bodleian, and other collections.
11. Altogether notices of about six hundred manuscripts have
been compiled, and are now ready for the press.
12. The publication of the notices has not been carried on so
expeditiously as could be wished. The form originally suggested
by me and approved by the Society, did not meet with the appro-
bation of the Government of India, and the correspondence which
thereupon ensued, prevented me from pushing on the work. I
have, therefore, to report the publication of only two numbers of
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 281
about 250 pages, containing notices of 317 manuscripts. These,
with the first number which has been reprinted (the first edition
having been exhausted), constitute a volume of 360 pages, contain-
ing notices of 519 works, of which 40 are on rituals, phonetics and
other Vedic subjects, 32 on the Nyaya, 17 on the Vedanta, 20 on
astronomy and astrology, 14 grammars, 23 Kavyas, 14 Natakas and
38 Smriti treatises. The body of the Vedas are represented by
only two works, the Rudrakanda of the Yajur Veda and the Chhén-
dogya Brahmana of the Sama Veda. This paucity is, however,
nota subject of wonder, considering that the study of the Vedas
had fallen into disuse in Bengal long before the reign of the Sena
rajas, and the founder of their dynasty, nine hundred years ago
had to obtain five Brahmans versed in Vedic rites from the King
of Kanauj to officiate at a sacrifice. The descendants of those
priests, who now constitute the bulk of the Brahmans of this pro-
vince, have nowhere kept up the learning of their ancestors, and
not a single native of Bengal is to be now met with who has sys-
tematically studied the Vedas. The Vedic Sttras are also ill-re-
presented, and the few that have been noticed were obtained from
Benares. The philosophical and theological portions of the Vedas,
the Upanishads, have, however, been represented by no less than 75
treatises, most of which will be new to European scholars. The
Puranas are met with in considerable numbers in Bengal, but as
most of them are contained in the Library of the Asiatic Society,
I have not deemed it expedient to notice them at length, On the
completion of the Society’s catalogue, which is now in a forward
state, full information regarding them will be rendered accessible
to scholars.
13. Annexed is a list of the MSS. which have been purchased
for Government. Most of them, it is believed, will be new to the In-
dia House Library, though some of them are of little interest.
They had to be bought as they formed parts of a collection which
could not be broken up. Owing to the owner not having called for
their price, most of them have not yet been paid for. Three of the
works in the list, vz. the 2nd part of the Sankhayana Sutra,
the Vivarana Bhashya and the Chhandogaparis’‘ishta, were copied
from codices in the possession of pandits at Benares.
Skanda Puraniya Kshetramahit-
mya,
S’aktisangama Tantra.
Kamarupa-yatr4 paddhati.
Nigama-tattva-sara.
Brahmajnéna-mah4-tantra-sdra.
Kali-sahasrandma stotra.
S’rigurusahasrandma stotra.
Brahmajnina Tantra,
Nadijnina-dipika.
Dolarohana-paddhati.
Kalistavaraja.
Syamé-stotra.
Yati-bhushani.
Darsana-kaliké,
S‘ribhaktiratnavali,
Harinémamrita.
Ysana Sanhita.
Matrik4-kosha,
Madana-parijata.
S‘anti-s’ataka,
Shat-chakra Tippani.
Vagalamukhi-kavacha.
—— Stotra,
Vastuhoma.
Grantha-sangraha.
Chaurakavya satika.
Gayatri-hridaya.
Gayatri-kalpa.
Jnana Tantra.
Gurugita.
Pitha-nirnaya:
Sarasvati Tantra,
Guhyatiguhya Tantra,
Mugdhabodha-tika.
Svatantra Tantra,
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society.
Goraksha-s‘ataka.
Purn4nanda-chakra.
Vas‘ishtha-yogakdénda.
Is'vara-gita.
Gangashtaka,
Annadikalpa.
Puras’charana-rasolldsa.
Gangashtaka.
Devikavacha.
Dattatreya Sanhita.
Puras’charana-viveka.
Gurt Tantra,
Durgididindéma stotra.
Takaradi-svartipa.
Nila Tantra.
Vagala Patala.
Adbhuta-sira sahgraha.
Rajavallabha,
Rogavinischaya.
Saénkhya Kaumudi.
Mundaméla Tantra.
Sandhya paddhati.
Karpurastava Tika.
S‘iva-sanhita.
Gayatri-hridaya.
Gaurikanchulika.
Sundari-s’aktidaéna.
Do. Tika.
Sahasranama-stuti.
Vijakosha.
Gangastava.
Gayatribriahmanollisa Tantra.
Tripuré-samuchchaya Tika.
Aparokshanubhuti.
Svarodaya.
Pavanavijaya.
1871.]
Matrikéjaganmandala-kavacha.,
Grantha-sangraha.
Prasna-kaumudi.
Jyotihsigara-sara.
Chandronmilana.
Padartha-saigraha.
Vyavasthirnava.
Dvitiyadivyutpattivida.
Anumiti Rahasya.
Vyapti-panchaka Rahasya.
Sifha-vyighra Rahasya.
Shatchakravivriti Tika.
Suddhi-dipika,
Divya-chudémani.
Annapurna Upanishad.
Nirvana Upanishad.
Ekakshara Upanishad.
Yajnyavalkya Upanishad.
Akshamalika Upanishad.
Vyadhikarana-dharmavachchti-
na-bhavao
Samanyabhava Rahasya.
Vis’eshavyapti Rahasya.
Vyaptigrahopdya Rahasya.
Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 283
Tarka Rahasya.
Vy4ptyanugama Rahasya.
Saminyalakshani Rahasya,
Pakshata Rahasya.
Vrihannaradiya Purana.
Tarka Tippani.
Vy4ptyanugama Tippani.
Samanya bhava Tippant.
Siiha-vyighara Tippani.
Tararahasya-vrittika.
Katantra-vrittika.
Katantra-vritti-durga-tika.
Katantra paris’ishta.
Durgivakya-prabodha.
Siddhinta-dipa.
Sabda-chintamanydloka.
Smriti-chandriya sraddhakala.
Valakrishnashtaka.
Acharasira Tantra.
Sraddhavidhi.
Chhandoga Paris’ishta.
Vivarana Bhashya.
Sankhayana Sutra, part I.
The following paper was read—
The Rock-cut Excavations at Harchoka, discovered by Captain W. L.
Samuells when employed as Boundary Commissioner on the Rewah
and Chutiéd Nigpir Frontier, Season 1870-71.—By Cart. W. L.
SAMUELLS, Assistant Commissioner, Pachumba, Chord line.
The Secretary read the paper, which will be printed in No. III
of Part I of the Journal. A tracing of the excavations and a plan
of the temples by Capt. Samuells will accompany the paper.
Colonel Thuillier moved that the thanks of the members are due
to Capt. Samuells for his valuable and interesting contributions
and donations to the Society.
284 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. [ Dec.
The Chairman put the motion to the vote. Carried unanimously.
A conversation ensued in which several members joined.
The receipt of the following papers was announced—
1. List of Shells collected on the Arakan Coast.—By W. Theobald
Esq., Burma.
2. Ona New Species of Flamingo—By W. E. Brooks, Esq.,
C. E., Etéwah.
The meeting then broke up.
LiIspRARY.
The following additions have been made to the library since the
meeting held in November last.
Presentations.
x* Names of Donors in Capitals.
Journal Asiatique, No. 63.—Socre’rr’ AsrtaTiquE, Parts.
Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, Vol. XI, Nos. 49 to 52.
—Tue Liyynzan Society.
Ditto, Botany, Vol. XI, Nos. 54 to 56, Vol. XIII, No. 65.—TuE
Linnean Socirery.
Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. XXXIV,
Pt. I1I.—Tue Sraristicat Socrery or Lonpon.
Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XV, Nos. 3,
and 4.—T'ne Royat Grograruican Society.
Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and
Treland, Vol. I, No. 2.—Tue Anruropotocican Iystirvre.
Annual Report of the Settlement of Port Blair for the year 1870-
71.—Tue GovERNMENT oF Iyp14, Home Department.
Records of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. IV, Pt. IV.—Tuxz
GrotocicaL Survey or Inpra.
Catalogue of the Syriac MSS. in the British Museum, Pt. IL.—
Tue TRUSTEES OF THE British Museum,
Memoirs of the Aksakof family, a sketch of Russian Rural Life
seventy years ago.—Rezvp. J. Lona,
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 285
Catalogue, Punjab and Sindh Plants—J. E. T. Arrentson, Ese.,
M. D.
Seventh Annual Report of the Sanitary Commissioner to the
Government of India.—J. M. Cunniyenam, Esa., M. D.
The Calcutta Journal of Medicine, 1871, No. 9, Sept.—Tue
Eprror.
The Christian Spectator, 1871, Nov. and Dec,—Tux Enrror,
Purchase.
Térikh-i-Jahingir (Mirza Jahangir), MS. :—Journal des Savants,
September, 1871:—Comptes Rendus, Nos. 11 to 14:—Revue des
Deux Mondes, 1st October, 1871:—The Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, 1871, September and October :—Westminster
Review October, 1871 :—L. E.and D. Philosophical Magazine, 1871,
September and October :—Hewitson Exotic Butterflies, Part 80 :—
Reeve’s Conchologia Iconica, Parts 288, 289 :—Kitab al Fihrist, I
Band, Text :—Al Hariri’s Durrat al Ghawwdg :—Ma’stidi, Les
Prairies d’Or, texte et traduction, par C. Barbier de Meynard,
' Tom VI.
PLL PLL LL LOL
286 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Dec,
APPENDIX.
CoRRESPONDENCE RELATIVE To DrEeP Sra Drepaorine.
Calcutta, 14th June, 1871.
From ¥. Srouiczxa, Pu. D., Hony. Secretary, As. Soc. of Bengal,
To HR. O. Baytuy, Ese., CO. 8. 1, Secretary to the Government of In-
dia, Home Department.
Sir,—I am instructed by the President and Council of the Asia-
tic Society of Bengal, to solicit the favorable consideration of His
Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General in Council to a sub-
ject which appears to the Council of the Society one of the very
highest importance, namely, the desirability of undertaking deep
sea dredgings in Indian waters.
The Council believe they can best bring the matter before His
Excellency in Council by submitting a copy of a Memorandum,
drawn up at the suggestion of the Natural History Committee and,
after full discussion by the Committee, accepted by the Council of
the Society.
It cannot, the Council believe, be questioned that results are to
be expected from deep sea dredgings of the highest importance for
the progress of both biological and physical science. It is a well
known fact, that in former periods of our planet there prevailed a
much more uniform distribution of temperature, and of animal and
vegetable life, In the kainozoic epoch the climate in Europe was
somewhat similar to that of our present Indian and Australian
waters, and many of the then inhabitants of the seas shew great
affinities to those now found living in Indian seas. In order to
trace the connection of these faunas, dredging in Indian waters
would undoubtedly supply most valuable materials.
Again, as yet there have been no systematic observations made
regarding the laws regulating the temperature of water in Indian
seas, the various currents, the physical character of sea bottom, &e,
Valuable results may, therefore, be justly expected for the progress
of hydrography, and collaterally for the benefit of navigation; and
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 287
equally important will be the examination of the sea bottom for
the study of geology and physical geography.
An undertaking of this range is beyond the means of any private
individual, but its importance is so great that the Council believe
it to be well worth the consideration of His Excellency the Viceroy
and Governor-General in Council, and the enlightened Government
of a powerful State like the Indian empire.
The Council of the Society are, therefore, confident that His Ex-
cellency in Council will approve generally of the proposal, put for-
ward in the accompanying Memorandum, and trust that he will
give the undertaking the same generous support which has been
afforded to similar expeditions in England and other countries.
They would hope that steps might at once be taken in commu-
nication with the Admiral commanding the Indian stations, and
that this project may be brought under the consideration of the
Lord Commissioners of her Majesty’s Admiralty at home, so that
certain special preparations which will be required may be made
without delay. Owing to the peculiar nature of the climate in
these latitudes such researches can be favourably carried on only
during one-half of the year, and the importance of completing
preliminary arrangements at an early period becomes, therefore,
more obvious.
Memorandum on Deep Sea Dredging Operations proposed to be under-
taken in Indian Waters.
The Sub-Committee appointed to consider the desirability of un-
dertaking Deep Sea Dredging in Indian waters, beg to submit the
following Memorandum on this subject :— .
The vast importance of Deep Sea Dredging for the ntady of
Zoology, Geology, Physics and Hydrography has been placed be-
yond all doubt by the results of the explorations which have been
lately carried on, and are still being prosecuted, under the auspices
of the Governments of England, Sweden and Norway, and in
America. In England, the importance of such researches was re-
commended to the consideration of the Royal Society of London
chiefly for the following reasons :—
288 Proceedings of the Asiatie Society. [ Dec.
1. To test a rather generally accepted opinion that no animal
life existed below the depth of a few hundred fathoms :
2. To determine the influence of light and of pressure upon
animal life at great depths:
3. To further the study of the geographical distribution of
animal and vegetable life.
4, ‘To deterniine the temperature, the strength and direction of
the currents, the relative Chemical composition and the amount of
dissolved gases in Sea Water at various depths, &c.
5. ‘To determine the nature of the Deep Sea bottom, the mode
of its deposition, and the sources whence the materials composing
it were derived. .
The interest attaching to the study of these questions, and their
important bearing upon the progress of Biological and Physical
Science, having been duly considered by the Royal Society, it was
resolved that application should be made to Government for assise
tance. The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty in the most
liberal manner acceded to the recommendation of the Royal Society
by placing a suitable vessel at the disposal of the Dredging Com-
mittee by whom the Scientific exploration of the Deep Sea has
been, and is being, most successfully prosecuted. The results of
their explorations have been given from time to time in the reports
printed in the Proceedings of the Royal Society (Vol. XVII, No.
107, Vol. XVIII, No. 121, &c.), and they fully justify the high
expectation of success from the expedition which had been formed.
The Sub-Committee would only draw attention to one or two of the
most important acquisitions to science.
Dredging operations conducted down to the enormous depth of
upwards of two thousand fathoms have proved the existence of
animal and vegetable life in abundance, even at that vast depth.
Most valuable observations have been made on the rate of di-
minution of temperature with increase of depth. The existence of
two distinct submarine climates in close proximity and on the same
level, called respectively the Warm and the Cold areas, has been
most conclusively proved, and each area has been shewn to possess
its own peculiar fauna and sea-bed; this in the warm area being
almost entirely composed of Globigerina-mud and in the cold area
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 289
of fragments of rocks. It seems impossible to overrate the impor-
tant bearing of these observations on the study of Geology. The
Atlantic sea-bed was in places found to be covered with a jelly-like
net work of protoplasm (Bathybius of Huxley), which offers a
curious parallel to the Laurentian Eozoon, the oldest trace of
animal life yet discovered.
Up to the present time naturalists in India never have had a
‘possibility of carrying out such researches. There has been no
vessel, fitted for such duties available, and no means of carrying
them on. Since, however, it has been determined to form the In-
dian waters into a special naval station, and several steamers have
been placed on the station, it is hoped that the possibilities of
success have been entirely changed. ‘The experienced officer who
commands the station is fully alive to the great importance of
enquiries such as we have alluded to, and has expressed his anxious
willingness to aid them, in so far as his duty will permit. The
readiness and friendly support which the Lords Commissioners of
the British Admiralty have shewn in the promotion of any line of
research calculated to advance knowledge, lead us also to hope
that the same friendly aid will be extended to Indian naturalists,
and we would, therefore, urge that an application be made to the
Government of India for its support in these enquiries, with a re-
quest that it will also urge the question on the favourable consider-
ation of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Admiralty, so
that if consistent with naval duties, some one of the steamers, now
in these waters, might for a time be placed at the service of the
Committee.
It is beyond doubt that results of equal value and importance to
those obtained by the Dredging Expeditions at home can, and will,
be obtained by explorations of a similar kind undertaken in Indian
waters, and, no regular dredging operations having ever been con-
ducted in the seas of a tropical country, the Sub-Committee ven-
ture to think that the more favourable climate and the far richer
fauna and flora of tropical and subtropical regions justify the ex-
pectation of even more numerous and more varied results, than
those which have been obtained in colder regions. The variety
and abundance of animal life must be enormous, because we have
290 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Dc.
to deal in the Indian seas with such vast differences of depth and,
by a consequence, of temperature. It is known that these seas are
the home of several species of Mollusca and other invertebrate
animals only known to occur besides in the Middle and Upper
Tertiaries of Europe. Of others occurring in the same, and even
in more ancient, deposits, we know that the nearest living repre-
sentatives are only to be found in Australian waters, and it would
be a most valuable acquisition both for Geological and Zoological ®
science, if we could in any way establish a connexion between these
widely separated faunas.
Again, it is an acknowledged fact that complete and rapid de-
struction of organic life hardly ever extends over very large areas.
We know the enormous richness of the Cephalopodous fauna that
existed during the latter part of the Cretaceous Epoch in some dis-
tricts of Southern India, and it seems to us almost incredible that
such a vast variety of forms of animal life should have in one
moment, so to speak, been entirely extinguished. Moreover, the
fact that species of Wautilus, very similar to those found fossil in
the deposits just mentioned, continue to live in the waters of the
Bay of Bengal, almost justifies the expectation that some recent
descendants of the Ammomtide, believed to be entirely extinct, also
may have survived. ?
The Sub-Committee are confident that explorations of the deep
sea in Indian waters will not only furnish data which will illustrate
the modification of certain supposed laws regulating animal and
vegetable life in countries Geographically and Climatologically
different, but that they will undoubtedly supply much and most
important material for the study and explanation of many yet
obscure facts in Zoology, Geology, Physics, and the collateral
branches of science.
The Sub-Committee, therefore, earnestly hope that Government
may be led to regard the undertaking of Deep Sea Dredging in
Indian waters as the most important source whence great progress
to Natural History and Physical Science will result.
In the first instance your Committee would suggest the exami-
nation of the Bay of Bengal by a line of Dredging right across
from new Juggurnath Black Temple to Cape Nigrais, to be fol-
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 291
lowed by another traverse from near Madras to the Andamans or the
Nicobars, and again by a line from Ceylon to the coast of Sumatra.
It would be necessary that, say three persons acquainted with the
mode of enquiry should accompany each expedition, and it is hoped
that sufficient accommodation could readily be found for them on
board.
It is unnecessary to point out, that very vast acquisitions to
our knowledge of the depths, currents, character of bottom, &c.,
of that part of the Indian Ocean and of the Bay of Bengal would
result from these traverses, quite independently of the additions to
our knowledge of the life, inhabiting these as yet entirely un-
searched seas.
Your Sub-Committee, however, do not wish to insist on the
adoption of this ground in the first instance. No course can be
taken which will not yield a rich harvest of novelties and additions,
and they would suggest that the convenience of the vessels on the
station, should be one of the first considerations, as well as the
climatal periods of Monsoon, &c., &e.
With regard to the appliances necessary for Deep Sea Dredging,
the Sub-Committee beg to enumerate the following—
1, Three dredges of various sizes and an adequate supply of
strong Manilla rope, which will probably be best obtained through
the Admiralty. For heaving up the dredge, the vessel charged with
the conduct of the expedition, should be provided with a donkey-en-
gine, and might be otherwise so fitted as to render it adapted for the
duty : the latest experiences in Deep Sea Dredging at home, have
shewn that a donble-cylinder donkey-engine proved to be the most
efficient contrivance for hauling-in.
2. Sounding leads.
3. At least adozen of Siemann’s differential thermometers ; or
Prof. Miller’s new Thermometer for Deep Sea Dredgings; these
may be obtained from the Meteorological Department at home.
4. Water bottles.
5. In order to determine the nature and proportion of the dis-
solved gases, contained in sea water from various depths, an opera-
tion which must be performed at once on ship-board—3 glass
hydrometers and 2 of Prof. Miller’s apparatus for the Analysis of
gases will be necessary.
292 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Dzo.
6. The Sub-Committee believe that an annual grant of Rs.
2000, placed at the disposal of the Dredging Committee for the
purchase of glass bottles, spirits of wine, scientific apparatus, &c.,
&c., necessary for the preservation and examination of the material
obtained, would be sufficient.
7. They recommend that a Dredging Committee be appointed
by the Government, including—
The President of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, for the time
being.
Do., Natural History Committee, ditto.
Do., Physical Science, ditto ditto.
Thos. Oldham, Esq., LL. D., F. R. 8., F. G. 8.
Col. J. F. Tennant, R. E., F. R. 8.
F. Stoliczka, Ph. D., F. G. 8.
W. T. Blanford, Esq., F. G. 8., C. M. Z. &.,
H. F. Blanford, Esq., F. G. 8. ;
J. Anderson, Esq., M. D,, F. L. §., F. Z. 8.
J. Wood-Mason, Esq., F. G. 8.
8. That this Committee be entrusted with the management of
the explorations and with making suggestions as to the manner
in which these can be best carried out.
9. That all specimens collected be in the hands of the Com-
mittee until they shall have been worked out; that the choicest
specimens be eventually transferred to the Trustees of the Indian
Museum where they should be preserved ; and that the Committee
have direction of the distribution of the duplicates to the Museums
and men of science in Kurope and America, who ‘are engaged in
similar researches.
10. That the report on each Dredging expedition be submitted
to Government through the Committee by the officers who shall
have had charge of the expedition.
THomAs OLDHAM,
Ferp. SroiiczKa,
JAMES Woop-Mason.
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 293
From J, Gzoauxcan, Ese., Under-Secretary to the Government of
India, Department of Agriculture, Revenue and Commerce,
To the Hony. Secretary to the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Simla, the 28th August, 1871.
Srr,—I am directed to acknowledge the receipt of your letter
No. 280, dated 14th June last, forwarding a Memo. on a proposed
series of deep sea dredging operations in Indian waters, and
requesting the Government of India to extend its support to the
undertaking and to place a steamer at the disposal of the Com-
mittee appointed for the purpose.
In reply I am directed to state that the Governor-General in
Council cordially approves of the proposal of the Society, and would
be glad to make a steamer available for the undertaking. At
present, however, no vessel can be spared either from the Royal
Navy or the Indian Marine.
A Nautical Survey of the Indian seas is, however, contemplated,
and when the result of inquiries that have been instituted in con-
nection with that subject is arrived at, it will be considered whether
a vessel can be made available for the joint purpose of carrying
out the deep sea dredgings as well as the Marine Survey.
H. M.S. Forte, Seyshelles, August 26th.
From His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief Her Majesty's Naval
Forces, East Indies.
To Frerv. SroriozKa, Hony. Secretary, Asiatic Society, Bengal.
Srr,—I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your
letter, 23rd June, enclosing papers from the Asiatic Society regard:
ing ‘“‘ Deep Sea Dredging.”
I beg to assure your Society that I will assist in every way in
my power so desirable an object. I would take the liberty to suge
gest to you to obtain as soon as possible all the apparatus neces-
sary,—ready to embark in any vessel which may be made avail-
able.
I will represent to His Excellency the Viceroy that one of the
two vessels of war stationed in the sea of Bengal might with ad-
294 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [ Dxc.
vantage be employed on this service during N. E. Monsoon (sup-
posing her services not otherwise urgently required) a. temporary
cabin being erected for the accommodation of the gentlemen who
would conduct the scientific operations.
The small (or donkey) engine on board could be made _ to serve
the purposes desired in the circular you have sent to me.
Asiatic Society’s Rooms. Calcutta, 9th October, 1871.
From F. SroutozKa, Esa., Pa. D., Hony. Secret. As. Soc. Bengal.
To J. GuocuEcan, Esa., Under-Secretary to the Government of India,
Department of Agriculture, Revenue and Commerce.
Srr,—I have-the honor to acknowledge your letter No. 181, dated
Simla, 28th August, 1871 and to express the thanks of the Council
of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for the great interest with which
His Excellency the Governor-General in Council is prepared to
meet the recommendation of the Society conveyed in my letter No,
280, dated 14th June, 1871.
The Council has been informed by His Excellency the Admiral
of the India Naval station that there is a likelihood of a Steamer
being available for the proposed Deep Sea Dredgings during
the approaching North East Monsoons provided that ‘‘ her services
are not otherwise urgently required,” and His Excellency suggests,
that the necessary apparatus should be obtained as early as prac-
ticable.
The Society has also received most encouraging letters from the
Secretary of the Royal Society of London, and other leading men
of science at home.
Considering the great importance of the subject I have the
honor, by direction of the Council of the Asiatic Society, to suggest
that His Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General of India
may be pleased to appoint a Committee for Deep Sea Dredgings,
and also to apply through the Right Hon’ble the Secretary of State
to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty for the early supply
of the necessary apparatus which I had the honor to specify in my
letter, No. 280, dated 14th June, and enclosure.
1871. ] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 295
The Council is confident that the Royal Society would be glad to
afford their aid in selecting the necessary instruments, and also in
testing their value. The application for those instruments just at
this time would probably be opportune, as several expeditions for
Deep Sea Dredging are being organized in England, in Norway,
by the German Empire and by the United States.
From J. Guocurcan, Hsa., Under Secretary to the Government of
India, Department of Agriculture Revenue and Commerce.
To the Honarary Secretary to the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Simla, the 6th November, 1871.
Sir,—In reply to your letter, No. 500, dated 9th Ultimo, on the
subject of a proposed series of Deep Sea Dredging operations in
Indian waters, and the allotment of the Steamer for the purpose,
I am directed to inform you that His Excellency the Governor-
General in Council much regrets that it is not, at present, possi-
ble to promise the services of a vessel, The request will, however,
he borne in mind and due intimation given of any arrangements
which may hereafter become feasible. Copies of the Office Memo-
randum and enclosures accompany.
To His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief, Her Majesty’s Naval
Forces, East Indies.
Sir,—I am directed to acquaint you that a telegram to the fol-
lowing effect has this day been despatched to you :—
‘* PRECEDENCE.”
Your letter of 9th October, and telegram of 23rd, Your Excellen-
cy’s proposals regarding “ Dryad”’ approved.—She should go to
Bombay for repair and fittings and be back at Sandheads by last
week of December to take the King of Siam up to Calcutta.
Enclosure of letter No. 18 of 18th October will have informed
Your Excellency that a man-of-war is now required at Sandheads
only to meet the King of Siam.
Ihave &c.,
(Sd.) H. K. Burnn, Colonel, Secy. to the Govt. of India.
Simla, the 27th October, 1871.
296 Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. [Dec.
Government of India, Marine Department, Simla, 1st November, 1871.
OrricE MremoranpuM.
With reference to the communication from the Department of
No. 423, dated 28th Agriculture, Revenueand Commerce, noted
October, 1871. in the margin, the undersigned has the
honor to transmit copy of a letter from His Excellency the Com-
mander-in-Chief of Her Majesty’s Naval Forces, dated 9th October,
and of the reply, No. 36, dated 27th October, regarding Her Majes-
ty’s Ship “ Dryad.”
2. The “Dryad” will proceed to Bombay for repairs and return
to the Sandheads the last week in December, to meet and convey
the King of Siam to Calcutta. She may perhaps afterwards be
required to proceed to Burmah, so that itis much regretted that
it is not at present possible to promise that her services shall be
available for other duty, but the request will be borne in mind.
(Sd.) H. K. Burne,
Secretary to the Government of India.
To the Department of Agriculture, Revenue and Commerce.
From His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief of Her Majesty's Naval
Forces, East Indies.
To Major General H. W. Norman, O. B. Secretary to the Government
of India, Marine Department.
H. M.S. “Guascow.” Zrincomallie, 9th October, 1871.
Sir,—I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter
of the 21st ultimo.—(Marine Department No. 384) conveying the
request of His Excellency the Viceroy for H. M. S. ‘* Wolverene”
to be sent to the Isthmus of Kra in January next to embark the
King of Siam who is about to visit British India,
I have to inform you that the “‘ Wolverene” has sailed for the
East Coast of Africa,my Flag-ship (the “ Glasgow”) taking her
place here.
Some time since I received a letter from Mr. Stoliczka, the Secre-
_tary to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, requesting my co-operation
1871.] Proceedings of the Asiatic Society. 297
in a scientific exploration of the sea of Bengal. I answered that I
would take an early opportunity to consult with the Viceroy and
to suggest that ‘the Second Vessel of War’’ stationed in this sea be
so employed.
I wish now to propose that the ‘‘ Dryad” (the Second Vessel of
War) a ship of 1000 tons, be substituted for the ‘‘ Wolverene;”
and that on her arrival at Bombay next month, (for repairs) suffi-
cient accommodation be temporarily added for the use of the scien-
tific gentlemen, who would embark for the Marine explorations;
this additional accommodation would render her a very suitable
vessel to embark His Majesty of Siam.
I do not think the expense of this extra cabin-room would cost
above £100.
I shall be glad to know His Excellency the Viceroy’s opinion
upon this proposition.
I have, &c.,
(Sd.) J. B, Cocksurn.
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302
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805
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Appendix A.
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Appendix A.
504
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305
Appendix A.
Se 2S et
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tics aes s hage artikel al arg aaa ‘suvIp
-1ydQ esomang puv uerpuy euLOs WO seJONT |******** “i ‘BZOTIOYY
306 Appendix B.
APPENDIX B.
List of Donations (not including Books, or other publications and MSS.,
these being acknowledged in the monthly library lists).
[Objects marked with an asterisk have been transferred to the Trustees of the
Indian Museum].
ES
Donors. Donations.
Dall, The Bey. 0. H.....ck6. se Three Nepal coins.
Falle, Capt. J. V. ...... .<eeee | *A skin of the great Albatross,
Diomedea exulans, shot off
the Cape.
Ferrar, M. L., Esq , 0. S.....-. Two silver and six copper coins
dug up at Qanauj.
Foster, J. M., Esq., M. R.C. P.| Three Assam small silver coins.
Graham, Major, J. M. ........|*A group of rudely moulded
brass figures, representing
‘“‘Tushais’” and their social
habits.
Hamilton, Col. T. C........+..|*A large round gold coins very
thin, somewhat more than an
inch in diameter.
Miller, Lieut. W., M. N. I. .... | *An egg of Megapodius Nicoba-
riensis from Kamorta island
and the carapace of a remark-
ably shaped Pagurid crab
from one of the small Nicobar
islands.
Newman, Dr. ......+-secse--+| Five silver coins.
A stone seal, found west of
Bardwan.
Rajendraléla Mitra, Babu, ....|*A dried specimen of a new
species of Scincus.
Samuells, Capt. W. L. .......- *T'wo copper axes,
Prankissen Chatterji, Babu,....
oho
Page
A’azzuddin imprisoned,...........005. BU sees aebPEeaee RE
Abbey (W.), Election of, .......cccecvecess saaveeedae's 5 56
Abdul Latif on the Muhammadan who fir st studied Sanscrit, 142
Abdurrahim, Mirza, Akbar’s Khan Khanan, .......... 4 141
Ablabes collaris,............ eT eye ee re meee ries
», ~Humberti, Notes on,..... peeweaterss seals aeetiger (00
Abrornis albo-superciliaris, ..... ide tte wieght ® OASIS ow: 0in 249
Sr gy MAT EMLORCDISLOS, 0.0: dus. 02 0 ieee eponnge AMI ain 248
BE Paralis Sayyid scone ceserinenaeeress sale BU ORS de sare 127
Acanthodactylus Cantoris, ..... Sin daites open elie a oy RifaPains a> gy: tee
Acanthophthalmus pangia, ........s604- TLL eee ee. 202
mccounts,, Annual... ....c0sees Se elect ud ida XX—XXXIV.
Moharusara, Tantra,s..cscsssacirvesedssees 40s eRe he 283
Acheiris jibha, s.ssssvveccecrsscsesessece pera td. 201
», ~ kukurjibha,..... sbedovaeee Her dte que USES AN 201
Achyber temple, .....cceercceccevevees PR othe: «tlh pul » 254
Adbhuta Sara Sangraha,.......,ccceeeccccnseenervecece 282
Admiral de la Haye,.....++-+ee6: Pia PS Ss SOc ogee vain ; 87
Aeiris cynoglossus, ..eseeseeeeeevevees SOI GaS ES 0 einie 201
BiZ0N, ccnccerees A Ere Pere re Kdeenwsasemnens 98
Afzinganj named after Rajah Afzun, .....+.eeeceeeeeee 100
Ageniosus militaris, ..ceeeees ec eer ee eecereetveeereeecs 202
Agra, Dutch trade in, -ccccvecccvcrcccsccscvrcsesccccs 87
Pichi abt pods dnc sccee édavedoevsderecaces HAY 4 call . 248
Ahitagner Anteshthiprayoga, ...... sdstodended en (5Rsa ss 7
Ahmad Khan (Nawab Ziauddin), Election of, ....... wt 56
pbs eR GNGI Seca eens y cw au we ren cgins Sle sieen sid dates 199
SSG MEAs) cmitetintnA walkin Voiwrin epwejeSuettecan¢ 204
808 Index.
Akshamalika Upanishad, ........ Perea ya veveet ss vase
Alauda guttata, ....... Pp ca ete eer ee eC i eveslotabeme
Aldis (J.:45), Mlection Of, 5.10.00. 5028 a6. ate Shute Ob a oe ie ‘
Alexander (J. W.), Election of, .....ccccccccevscccerens
Aloe, Pitth Mistiot, ....e<c 2s olaie-Sisie ip: e ln wie's ene nee :
oe anstrot, trom Birmia, Waele se ee. s be sees xn alee
AM Tahar Wvprisoneds, so oi o's 5.0 cies 00 eee ves he ery
Allghabad, Duteh trade im, ...<0.....08¢ ee cns ees oa See
Allah Upanishad, Note on the, .siseescovccccnvanncvcere
PAT Se cla als OAs CAA WA O40 Oe Qa ane Re eR eee
BP Dasats MOMROd By) is wale sara in winih wis Gv seein elalelelas cielo atulelatelaie
ES ODIONEA,..;»skuidmiice eb sine sihele a. alla lah «alee
Amberleya,....... aie digi siaxewy areas aieiam wei se /eiabo@are
Amblyopus brachigaster, ..... alsisieietetalautiad 2am oil Cerio ieeee
es CALM HUA, Sb )o'ps aie 209s se ae Ase seweeas al
‘i coeculus, ....06 onan hee ennuealsis selene slam miye
3 Perma GUMAATIM GS cys, scascscnveiacoles dieinie ane Cae aaa .
x LONIA,. ea ceccncavetancecdenasauinitls soins eee
PGURICONA. ng yw A459 4 Wwe 8 8 Oe ee E48 oe wan ole e eke
Amery (C. F.), Withdrawal of, iis pa bi ules Os sa eeete
POD, THOUUIG S, | a ccna udiraspara na, a2q)aauia's ao were gill eats RE
Ananta Varma, epoaeeP@rervessieeeetsoaveoe eee e@eeeevpeeevee ees e
Barc lotere Cari abs, cs, «asa; sc0n'i dans wy altie/acean teas Wiel
Anderson (Dr. T.), Death of, ..... ciiias 6, hap abasedjiye 'p gate
(Or. d.),, oR anew Seiners) | ..3 watens eee
ts seuss
ra » on a new Mabouia, and on two genera of
Eurylepis and Plocederma, ...... oa piles mae
IAG ANCE 5 cadaes isinsnsnisnniesnyecnbaisisieleloancscs IererSiacs s Jeinnvesahcdaces vic Musa abe
Anguilla maculata, ..ccoscscccesecscscetceteece sence ‘
of s WRRTPOLETISIS,, vanes scan nardegiinbualalacsin’ ple aisle satendiele
Minds, Kal pay inn svcinn ncaa wacaeunnaeeee auhiae cme
Annapurna, Upanishad, . .a.cacnnnnncnncnncusenccnns e's
Rnumitirahasya, , ..<:0.0.000 0.5.0 PrPery ry Cerri ia!
Antimachus Nikephoros, Coin of, ....cccacsccvecscceses
Antiquities of Harchoka,...csccncncncnsancaccccesccncs
pe OL AIDES esis nied nn s's'o'0 9 20's oo bene whe meee
Index.
Antiquities of Jesar-Ishwaripir, ..... eM a op dbdeseav
BePOKSRANUDhUt, visisiscaacesccssacccsessis b MM seas
Apollodotus, Coin of, ....... Ces cadecescsevesccse sees
Arius arioides, ......... dbo sesessreces eecees Trey :
Arrakan, Celts from north, ......... beeeasarens bhaabade
Arakan shells, ...... Cessenes TETEI PTT cocce
Arura, History of, eeeeereeee eevee eeee eee eeerrveeeeee eens
SUMMER SUOLICZICANIA,: py crccrvvresrerresenrsevcevubdvere
Ashtaka, Ganga, .......00. ee pet wnbew det UNL
Aspidoparia jaya, ......... be erer beh Denes ever “ahvl ie beeete
9 MOFar, evresses be decerebereceebiseresbeuess
As/oka, Pillars of, ....2s..eece0e8 Vebvw'e® areviwsedidhtas
Assam Coins, .....ececaes. peabeberesesas Steerendsaea.
Atharva Upanishads, ....... evade abs eee. baadeveliaves :
Atherina dhani, .......... TTL Lee TELE
, danius,....... POANANARE RE ON Debs Were WE ee at's ses
Atkinson (E. T.), Re-election of, .......c.ee00. wre we Zauiy :
PEMA PULAMA,. vs. eerevuvevseeees VELL DERE D! wees aeveses
Atmospheric pressure, Day maxima and minima of, ......
Attar Sing (Sirdar) on the history of Arura, ............
Auditors, Election of, ..... ewuidd ddvevwddeuceeee ves tay
Avdall (J.), Death of, ........... Cece ccotevesseesucees
Ayrton (W. E_), Election of, ........ ebiw sina seb eeeves ‘
- on bad insulators, ...cscsseccversessas :
9 on the method of testing Telegraph
Harty y.xunrne vtdsca devises wate ey Ute.
‘5 on Thanderatormigys 02 320.082 8e 8 Beri
hs On Inéritn- and Times: es ci SUS
3 on a new Galvenometer,...... ee Rs
PPCLIS ESHCMABATI,: \!c)creis'a'clc's'sloletalalsiaiviete'e! sietetavib slgie aia WEE
Bahram Darwish Saqqa, Tomb Of,...s00. csecseeeseseeeee oy
Bairam Khan, Akbar’s Khan Khanan, ...........seceeeee
Baiyasikadhikarana mélé, ....cccccccssucscceces AS
Balasore, Grants of lands at, ............ BX SRE. « sisinit
Balavi, Governor-General of, ......ccecseceseccurcesecs
Ball, Y., on a new method of stuffing birds, woo. ... eee os
310 Index.
Ball (Y¥.) Names of birds in four aboriginal languages
of Western Bengal, .....cecvessae sss cea eee
BaMADS HS, 25 san)0,0(%, 0/0) 0,0 arias AR ee cs hele dest meio
Bamanbasti, ...... AW aaa a a ee eet ree
PAnsherigia, Tees eas nederevheccs
Barahdowar 0 .....
wean ceiciana waite seeam oalae 2 saan
es PETG oo vise a ce aetoueeceee eTerTeet i
Pa MSEAV AIUD. tare eis dlee URe CaN) Lae soseys eotntienyae ?
bse A COQUCNOHINS sree eeu pee steer pees cee: cn geen
beet SEOSUIALIC.L praccee RA ee ae erie es if aed
MONEE. ee ene ne phage skew ace és bdeve eee tee
pee PAO oe oe yb one sis ele 2 poe platen meine 4
Reid MEUOSA Le d's oa we ea ele b's 6250 FRR Ue +o ae
SpA AMMISUAUTETO is eles ee co initia ite bien axe os .
bee MILAM fe ate ie es ip aris oe selaseeee es we ao te) cen :
Burdwan, A stone seal from, ........
Parha Sayyitscveas sewer eeeveo ck» ankwkwabh ate eee
Paris COCR. yop tls ces bev betes ene eeu e 5 ee sielaiate
ip ETD) ocho Veleesicn de le idle Mate Se%G alee pista OOM “a
sy) SOHIGO,) ose s ss sate Asbo sravdwile ahs sun donuts de se
Barometer, Diurnal oscillations of,....... 5 i'n ba EOS E ale fk
“9 Mirrors pl popaudard,, ..seless cesabas Ter a
POT OMIOIIG CUTE ...)s seine ov bo eo. occ RE abit she nd BE sve
Barsee ‘Tuklee, Antiquities of,...... aren ehbieis cick ie err
Basevi, (Capt J. P.), Withdrawal of,...... bo auc seis ele
daatavia, Account currents Of, \. o+sc5. eta oon kw.
Batrachoides gangene, .......
eeoetkeoeoereree eee oversee ere ese e
Batrachus grunnie.is, ....e.s+s eee te eee i
Bats (Malayan) of Dr. Stoliczka, ..... evn SEY ° ase
9) New Persian, a@eeeetveoeeeteeepeetevesve Bae e ere
Battery, Electromotive force of a, ......5.
5) Weg PRINLATICS OL. Ay os staseniehs gah ee om eee
Baudhayana Somayaga, ..... Spee Pua heis vi hse ee
- Dutra yritti, ..... See Oe ae sicieek oie
Bayley (E. C.), on gold Coin of Firuz Shah Fier, sm mecahs
Beavan, (Lieut. R.), Death of,..........065 ay apemie Boaeee
Beestoopore, Purchase of land at, ......
Index.
Behar, Photographs from, ........... wil ere' Wa! arn 's VRAIN OR d
eerediog (70.), Wlection, of, 0.6 ssccccec adic duu Lie ve weno ye
Bengal, Arabic inscriptions of,. wccccccsiecvscceseves see
MM Sy say sy seo. sep es Fialeipordan bw ates iald sd Ada
Bhagalpur, Legends and Ballads of, ..... eucrtat wmiiedis one
Bibliotheca Indica, Report on, ....ccceccceos gualicrt: 3
Co ea Pep eknar rs ee Tere te et weelee
Bibraz Singh, «.,4 +. Msainay ive ag ewnets vets ias
Merras from Kampti, oo. ..02,0,0,0;0,0,0,00 atlan"e wari “tee ote ov
» Names of, in four languages, ...... oe aeee
PP EPOTY MUCK, o,s.cie,06.0,54% digencetoruetar nt ¢ Cekeee
Blanford (H. F.) on Barometric curves, ....0...-..00 oe
i on errors of Calcutta Standard Baro-
TWIGCGN nant eid sient y's gietargaeveh & ws's
- on Thunder-storms,,.... coe eawe
(W. T.), on chipped implements, ...... whey
ge Notes on Hemidactylus marmoratus
and Ablabes Humberti, ...... ;
4 Visit to Independent Sikkim, ..... <
AG on MacMastevr’s Nagpur Birds,...,..
sd on Bikkim: birds). e/;0 Rw woh dir
si on the Zoology of Independent Silk-
Eig. osvcctae Sax wed gereratx ya th oi esa
or on, Wardah. Birds; 44 ved: se oe eats es
Bligh (C. F.), Election of, oeaates Saeed dees << o> ‘
Blochmann (H.) on Allah Upanishad, Trivett.
9 on Arabic Inscriptions isc «shel cade sends
. on Arabic and Persian Inscriptions, ....
a on several Arabic and Persian Inscriptions,
a on Mr, Ferrar’s letters, ..cscccscssesers
sah on Gakl hard cwcinsdddeoauabaawerwesni
99 on Harchoka inscription, .......essee0.
$3 on Major Stubb’s, Coin,......seressecvesa
5 on Xavier’s Life of the huelve Apostles,...
Bodhi Drum, SU MIRCa Med Oa cea wed Gy GhAC bc buende sak Eoibio\ovors, BAM HO Oe
135
215
217
148
179
173
167
155
215
226
116
91
146
245
126
116
178
104
2358
97
188
255
312 Index.
ISA Ola Aw oew ose esa ica taie ce Pye ny i)
Botio dario, ~“@eeeeeeeeese eeneeepeeeee eee Geer eetree esse ee - £00868
Bourne WwW :); Hlection: of, + -:dccsetasar se0ele hs von + ee
is TOM.) Ailaciton Of js cc036 0 leek idae islet hee nee
Bowring (hi: B:), Wathdrawalof, «isc ve ds viss4 sees eee
Brahmajnina-maha-tantra-sara, .scesserccecceccces oe
AUD AY 4 verte neFevelclahaieta ie eters ee sis 44 a he a ae
Hepa emaror Hal ees Hades eve ees bv ieee ad FA CEES 8 ee
Tren Quit Chobay ys +... cee Vass ceee seeded bs oietd ues
i5na); Notes ion the Country of, «ss .6244%* seule essex eneee
Istayansth ‘Sinha, Coin of, «i060 iuy fa UE ad ates see
Terges (J. A,), BMlection of} 6 scidessievisteleists slelsle'e eae dee oe ,
Broadley’s (A.) Inscriptions, .....e0e..... sD. ae
Brooks (H-)'on new Abrornig) ise. SEE fede oes ved
s Cashmere Ornithology, ........66. eee
on a new Flamingo, SEA wete not a bieth eae és
Bagh, (BR, 8:),-Bleetion ofthe git POA as cee
Buckland (ONE. )y Mildew oF PFs. PO. Pe ee Seeders
Wudkle, (H.), lection ofivs «0s se bs PI a Sale'e sue see
Paddamati,- ajay Fess MPRA SNE eda ves ee eae oubns
Badh Gya, ....%. MET AU aN eet FUP EU es Ce eee
Bukra, Antiquttios Of. .0..% 6008s eed bae dd ices ee teedtas
Burrabur, eeeveeee eeeeesereseeeeseeee see nee seereeeseesoes ses
Burragaon, Photographs of,..........- Shi nare wate eee
Burranagore, eevevedees eeeceveeeoeaneevevreseeereseeeoeeseeeaeee tee
Cachius atpar, ..... Set vada ate pa dlse ea ed Cee va We dene
Cadell’s (A.), Arabic inscriptions, ....seseseeaes oe eStats
Galsdris aren awa VSL Tw SUE NU 35% oe een
Odllichroms pabo; sisi ieee taede ee ore oe ste 5
@alineorus chaka,:...:.n«tsdeceds veges wieke esis Seve ane
QOarcharias pangeticus, . 46. errs OVad ede debt sac tevees
@arllyle’s (A.) inscriptions; sie es eei eee e cele csceses
Cashmir Ornithology, Hs ROO ee TS. wean
Cassimbazar, Purchase of land at, ....cecccccscccccccece
. Caténella. Opuntia; aiecscc scene swersenuessueeeedae wees
Index.
Catla Buchanani, ......... ccacathliaia Pree Ty.
Caves of Lomasha Rshi, ..... Parca wk a wah sk Cea GOL as cae
Se REMERON EERIE, 6.10, 5, 0;5, 6/04, 4.0)8,0 0.0, 050,0;8 Dewees oa ke
Celts from Arracan, ......... EAE, ET TE ewnaa
a? PRE ECON, re oie.u pelbidiokic ite bacpislels es nag sehian
MeMEGDOMUS DACUIIS, ....0cecccesrccgineciesone 5 edie alae
s CS Se AT PES ES Te IN oibine
- kanipabda, ..... Re et See rere rer Tp
‘i PRUGB, civinsis acer ehthie aces Giles cpects es: eeuesytve.enetes wekgle °
= phulchanda,: ....... neuedene ‘am ealae vieen
Certhia familiaris,........ rata wk ain Saimin Odin aussi abbaeh tab :
Bois) ERODE SONI, ss ss Seat iscxa ta istisi-a ak mises @lsiceed oa iterate blaistadin
EEIIIILOB) ODCUGEs iio ais 0.0.06 bye.00,04 0. (00.50. s0meiee sis poate cit
Chaca Buchanani, ....... piebaey alaras se aiaieneadn ht ab ereie AS Sa ae ‘
BUS eee cee AT, Wi Sika: ah athe ial 6,°a ale
Pimaiass, Inscriptions from, 2. <...0/0.c.0cjsieeescsisarpecore
See ers CE. J.) RUCK Of, a o.0's, carpal, wpe cin ete sitive ses -
Chandra Sikhur Banerji on Jajpur, ......eseeeeeee 135,
MME TOC MOL, oa tic no ow aw cia ws aya. 0 gieanins A ate 4
Chandronmilana, ..... Cee TROT Meads, iatets admis
Charasia Blanfordana, ............ Pree Pr CCE aT TT ae
- PRICHRINALOS, © 6% 6,0;5.0,0,8,< i Gig aia TCC eee TT sine
Sihaurakavya Satika,....492.ss0s0s95 erry ap oh ans ne
Chayanapaddhati, ..... Pres RO Pe eee ‘
Cheilodoptarus butibere, ...... .cececcveveccecsccs caaas
@hela laubuca,y ...c.ccencs RVD RN KM eins a Sica ¢ seccee ve
Oheon, Photograph of,.......0..es0- ae aCe eer =
OE St ee ee ee eee eae re
Chhanda Sutra,......... By eee wane cst Sue eee sinnn anne
Chhandoga Paris‘ishta, ...... eee eae Ack ethWARA MBE :
Sillog. ErOnOpeephs Of, ...ss ese ese scs sans ofa tein paeale:
Geaiauea, Ditoly records from, 0:0’: a's ps pire ppp sy’ sissies °
i Police regulations, ....c..... Peer serscoreace :
Chipped implements from the Godaveri, ...eeeeeeceeeee
Chisholm (R. F.), Election of,....sessceseeees Sinead s Sie
Cheetomorpha chlorotica, .....ceeeessceeeeereceereneees
314 Index.
Cholaka, ..... etetetatcrata terete tets's oP tote tee a Ne %eMe ta telane e'd.o'e 6 ee eit , 102
Chola range, ...... nraYataYataay 's'atetatotetelatetetaletats ds scie Gwlaatdle o “eet
Christianson, (L.),.a Dutch gentleman, ..... RON Mae : 91
Chthonoblastus Lyngbyei, sssasuessecseecdccseces oe TOURER
Chumanékos *svarsstnsb suet seats sete stoccvesesenes 167
Chumbi-valloye i isissis eevee ee Foch oir wore 20 60a Fame
Chitsdickens -.::ctstetets's'e's'es'e’s atahatetatatatetefatatsna teratoma eee
ASiniclis BORGIGUS, «+1 .rersteretet el ool etetels Vee bas\leebs eens at Gas
Cirrhina mrigala, ..... Sfatetate stata®. ahatetetatelatate! ‘ots! ls ee aeiele ht ann
Clarke, (C. B.); Election of,..........: Sen : 55
Wlupanodow ehamrpil s,s 5% 2% is thls thea eee Meira |
CHOPTEs tes A e's’ ee ee art vie tos 9 ears
P)
+b) indica, eeeeeeeeszaeeee ee sever reeeeeeeeveseaeeae 205
45 THOUS «tf. tate tataduetes mas Siiie Se Sverer strat alee teeereentd eves 205
on subsormopharikay.+..ettee see ou ko ite’s San Fe 205
Clupoea: midiea, « -rectetencsates obit emia ats AD Relate PE ES si 7 205
Clupeoides pseudopterus, ...%°. se. eee ieee tee ceees 2 tet
ACO 1EIS Too Moraes “576%. fa%s ts 10% tae tato fara la.%e YoYo le tels lo tatatelale ve eatate tree . 202
bilturio, ..... Sh Ne fle Ghlem* Ohhh hyn clive nls eteis eee 202
9?
gy) ROMEO IG bt. tatatate ls eter tient tele hh hn gS SE as 203
sy) QCOTICE, "4.2 GK S ENS CECA SASSS Lids MER eee eee ee 202
39. “GUCUTCE; ocean Suse's e's REDee PRA EE & ok eek ete 202
are VEINS eect, «2 SSH SE EE bvebwaet Fi cles o sein sae ees yee
ppt ae OMOEA, Pa e's sos ee se eth e)sges RAR Sere coece
py - BUNTCA, wc eee vce e ree scccecen bes eveccrenee sees
ae SOR ns SCR Ws 62s oe ee oe coves 208
py) panei eee eee Seanad frets eee Epes aade eee - 202
ye Wadeandig,§243524456564 S208 scp oe ee ie
93 ‘BAVONG,” 2. ss ccc cease vsccevens : na atate hes b she's 6 Wie 202
ee at Se ee ee ee ee Cee ee ee ee ee ee ee
wockburnse), Withdrawal of: SC aS SA - 276
Coilia ramcarati, ....... Fe OH A
Coins fromm ARAM sh id5.520 5 5645 baw ee ele eeu ee Barewew » 234
;, -Apdotbachianms + sscr beds: pears ac OM OTe Boe 276
Coins of Brajandtha Sinha,.....
of Cheduba Island,....
Index.
” Reis eae eh sits wok egesnge MOLI orleleisiets
ree Param Ae FAT AT oie cae ocp peep n.ve ew. nies agile
», Of Firtiz Shah If of Dehli, ...... acai ait oioldrendances
een osain Shih of Jaunpur, .,o,0;, 00,5000 000 50.8100 este
en Poranim Shah of: Jaunpuny,, ,2,<,+,0/0,¢,0,0,0,0,0 6 siwialvis
oo, Muhammad Bedir Bakht, .....0ceccrcreneseves
MOTELS NOU a5s.«' aie 8in wicby's.0 00/01 eon deve érbinjetaeta tenn :
maearom Qanag], ..kc. ss spaetiep bits oes psdawictecesacens sis chased :
Bee Ce bet, IONOrh OF: TG,,.<.+'ns vices sinc acicaeveens sesetes
RTS REMUS V2, cin a cic iasase'4 dee 's'areeeie's Filth ws, adam ats
Committees, Election of,
Compsosoma Hodgsoni,....... ...... eiinini=hs iy fatala/egeok open aie
Conferva Antillarium, ...
Conservation of Sanscrit MSS. Report on, ....... :
” ”
Cooke (H. G.), Election of, .........
Correspondence on, ..c...6
eeeetoeoenevee 8 eG ere eed
Copper axes from Pachumba,..... A PRE Sa a/0,sisteiaie«
Coraccias garrula, ......
Corica gubornia, ..... a aicie otal visialars a sales Win cae Sapa sinh
?
Corona of the sun,...,.... ae
Cottus chaka,
Council, Election of the,
”?
eee ee eet ee
soborna, eeerereoreseeoeereetenee
Election of a new members, ...
Cremnobates Syhadrensis,
Cremnoconchus, Anatomy of, ........
a carinatus,
eoeoerevreeeeeeeos
eeree
epeerereeer ees eeeeeene
eoeeereereeeeroeseeeeeeee
ereeeeeree reese
eeeseeeeerereerseeee eens
eves eee eee eee eeeee
?
; Syhadrensis, .....ssseees
Crossochilus gohama, ....
7 ST re
ag sada,
Curtoys (W. J.), Hlection of, ..--.cccccsecsves
Cyclonema,......2.-
Cyclophorus, ....
SS. 1s 6 €.8'S. 6 6.2 DAE 6 68,2 8 8
@8 68.0 6 6 Oia se & 8.4, 6.9. a.0.6
*oveeeveereeeneve
Cyclostomus, SevuseGCe Geese sesveeseeveGsesepoeenevoe0e oe 006 020.08
316
Cylindrospermum spirale, .......
Cynoglossus lingua, .....
Cynopterus, ....
Index,
eeseeeeveeeveeeoeeeee eves eeeeeosvee
Cyprinidee, Indian; w...ses0% eeeeete et otberg ees BSE 155,
Cyprinus angra,.........+.
ONJANA, e'ee'v'e's
UDAL ea nal erie t's cieetate ei vate
Hpi laG GS OF "see ae oe ke @eeee#e eeeeeoevevesee e
Perot See SCOR tee dia she ale cae eee
bangana, eeoeoevevceeeeevoecet® Geese r®eeveeeeeeeee Geese &
Battiayscecciese css tae cases
barila, ®eesotrt ee eeeerecee ee ee
bata, ss @eeetovoeveeoee eeese@eeseeeoeeeeseen ee eeeeeoen
Maa ee ELUTE GS Sve treiale le cictm wie ateig wei of ale eas apse
POA ea eats cide Pesan cease eeeerevevee eee ee
boga, eeveececevoeeerreve ORO eCeoeeeeeeeeseeseeseeevere
TROL Pers terreate sates a's whet’ clatetn ei steten BOR ry vrs
DUANE, Ss sade vce es wee ees ca epee eee .
PUCHINS WG Sisiss's chiles c(t hie alee ae ciels eonie te Sin einer eee
AMOS ate cine oa ete tateretet o's ates vies tote Acar
EhAriMIG, * se siee eae 88 soe tee yogis sue welmiene
PUGET ten eerie ree aera a se ee aa eer ae re Sta ‘
cocsa, eeeeevoeeueoeeveeev ee eevee eeeeecesves
eonphoiias, eccads S438 Sieve
st a. sla bos erro tai
CUSMELIER . gsetiy tie we SaN a me svete ates erete aes ate rege
Catdban- Datars. sis esther : eats cine ete
COS TASS cic nieeiierespsinit area ets ek Siete © overs tes arene
PRPEI Ses a eich te ceconee oe ea ee :
SIT coca T 7 ARIS h-aisrre st iccrcir ts or iat asec os
SOS Stila ata! tl felts JApemias hai ie sew =a hip els
TOT te eee SLES RS A Re ke Kale eee :
diangra-gohamm, fi iidl dedi ieee is eves
Dyangra amjana, ie ee
ClONTA, dears elds.
gelius, eeesceeoeecoeeeeceSGeeteeeecenseoeseeenee sees
st Gt iC A A
eeeerpese
Index.
MEPL, FODTVANI oo ae5s.c.e0r00.c;00spsaparonsns rere ed
)
DN ase Seaisia a pgs Paes Aseaedy ee con's 0049 e ORR
eres ssp Bata wave doles paowes, ermes, ss old Wis woe
MOI fa, ccna =, 0,0,0 eehaa td's 45 wenaresyeeamare
0 Oe cia bens «eased ee essence
guganio,..... ane eme TTY TLTEE TTL ee
ea ios why nk wh Ga nan 4 vavee veda de
Ras J panna A tw OLG Lda s, 2is Le Gd vob se. 4 enka asl
RN ee ha acs sad sey Sn ed sce wah an ec KOLAR
IME PONG ac cpiinessivxa inn seas ne se sineaa supecmaings
TN ide at rae ou, ve Saiouah ania,c toh AGN Sp DaaTSIL, Dead
POEMS Soihsc, oyisdeg patie deed ka edad uals ot abadake
PN ace SS sua acs os nis bin dices
ERs cod de cee Ghat dWaed, WosGlAGGendiS wilevelsWek de a
laubucala, .....
POE Tf asa oh eosin ih estes hath ackcariaghide d HORA Sei UL all alsin dL), ri
PICA was Sines %.0 EN Walbids Xue 5 Haak dais Leste oid
mosala, ARGO UTC TEE Cave? Ge Oe winniias Sek
WEMEIRRAMAL TS 5.0 buslbielale le vidip...nLMivbicidkualaeAda w « ona 0.08
PRAETA, «5 isn on ne sas eee vee siness over caveeensede
PADQUSIYA, -erecececeseves nSlaisedide EMA s wtwnee eves
PIATIBIOs 5 os os socqaeslnenai os wihee dda SbOegeks ghd delane
PMNS 5 sek caw a sg ewadpid dinlescteieedde ac gecee ces
OCU TE SAREE Ee Es ie oe BAdt ed th dA Qua Macinda cae tere ‘
BRUGES ah ssn smn wes sip vomrnnicniedn a avephind aS aanwds eee pind :
AMG: bin ease e pitas Oe dag bcobredsebecuansiene
DB li Re, sien nn caulk ania e's Supls ise Goud Gouden as wiaades
I a se caw cusnal hide Giblidy soqdbid dnd koa td
SN ad AN a a chad snc cose wns 4 une edifeanietle
$18 Index.
Oyprinus sutilaay «credence ve odie ceteteeleaete canna eyes UO Se
99) NMOTIOY Stincaitnw aes Palade Sreraty Gitte seth drat Siege atebaiees
r DEE UPUNE Ey 510 asia ore vials in'n © is vac) winln oftial ey Dakacate
5 TANIA AMOUR A ahah ata Ke cfexatanctn's, Sots tate ts tamehee hk te whe AS My
" BRED, F larctatonaicteisoioe stibistapekoketabeteh hohe ferohete ic are hirobaeans
By ik 9 MAUMULE wich eh at ouatiey svat cxatedod potahaya chafahebsistetereieiete = oi Malady
5 LOD, voi ereis eoie ere ceeveee eheletntotstehvlers peesoreccebec
» VARTA, -cececccssueve Ceete neces Casiewe vis . 205,
Wee eiay ELAOCRDLOperby Abs i.e + ans a 2'v oer a oe saisietahlae
Dalhousie, Variations of the Barometers at,...... offer
PMB INO LANL eA a, dln, a iio en vw wip cso wd SNotn lp inkn woe ATES Si :
Pee GUD UG «sa aven dim, 0 Wa occ Raaceko Kye dois nies woul aje Soe
Dapthu,. Photographs of, ...... s iornin.sinto's ssi iaieiane ee
Dara Shikoh, translated by Duperroy, ............. os
OD ra FS A A occ seh eg is ht a aus Grate lovato ce axigte' tas hate Pe as
Dars’apaurnamasa prayaschitta kariké, .......eeccccecoes
Darwin (C.), elected an honorary member, ....csccosravess
se proposed an honorary member,....,..,00e000:
BO eA D, PIRI ci je:stetnceie msec» icdh axeneue a tera agate ae:
PTA AGAR coe ie wine ccs che mien me's Rg adie ate eaters
cs Gowemor pf (Dmiapy. |. a asteccneiae'e ress ot ey:
Datidnagar, Photographs of, ....,. diy nie es AW wien ee
Daukes, (2. C.),. Hloction Of, .0.0)o.0:5 csewmsins memes elelibeneile
Diy (Dr..2,).0n Indian Cyprinida, 5.0 0.05 s0's ns Slee
. . on Indian, Cyprinidzs;, . 0.00.00 -ebulapehie
S on Hamilton Buchanan’s original draw-
IDQ'B, soesevees oes cscseee sees eerecnce wi el aca epee alee Oaleet ae
a on, Indian (Cyprinids, . sisscacasas vealsaeeee oi
slrapridls (J. G.) on the Gakk’hars,...... sifiecncs 2 Wake
* py PWS DIC ANSCHIPHONS, 5 4) « sinjaeistileleltesem
5, on discovery of Indo-Bactrian coins, ....
Déokund, Photo pr amy jy. sic iwincwanes si etiniyen sein didlo! bhaatafosane
Deonarayana Sing (Raja Sir), Death of, Scie aim. .ieidietateian
Dep On the ayieeh Ot OOM ray wic sis ciewinmisiws wien «scans gee
Dera Ismail Kian, Notes 0n,.. oseecsscenee <geaee rae
VOW TAN CINE rele ie ord ulus aielaeis\a sare coinva.e.e 010 giaCataneiole tid 6
Index.
RIL) Wars Avie ere oes U NN ih 0 Veluwe edd oh ee oe Peon ee
Dhuti, eves +B ey reaspwere nee eee Ses OR a 9S". 8" @
Dickens (Col. A. D.), sedthitoaead Of autsistaiet stata efva vies wake
Digdrisyavivarana Akhya, ....006 eves veseceeees oe,
Diomedea exulans, ......0.0000% Ne taleleets es wis Sida a
PPPRODUDALNG, sesiccressvevenececeusves VE EH.
” OO a a rr
” Ee LOLI 5 i oie Aa wih wins 8 a'eie'a bb OW nee s-0'
TG TIETE Do o's sini genie w'e'e Ce eleee wow we abet ei
IRIE arid ice Ud wel 6 u's OA) wae era's win al Oy eae
Pee canairam, the atrologer, s....\.cessccsnvecedvevasen
Papeoe, (Gre F.).on naw Dats, <.'.iccsedsssecscwrveeuedus
” », ona new Kerivoula,...... Peso vettvewses
aS », on new Indo-Chinese Vespertilionidal,
7 ass our Mialavar, Babess, iccceie eis Wele'ss Sea ea eve
7" - Gm POLgan Bais. iiss slated nee ves eis oats
DMINAES, | vitieic.sie wn ecceecle wes aveeweard semis aisle ers
Dolérohana-paddhati, ..............:ecese0 eooes
Donee Chand, author of a Histéliy of the Gakkth: ARS, (4) ans.)
Dredging (Deep sea) Carrespondence on, .......e.seeeees
Dress in ancient India, Style of, ............ccsserceeves
MEIER EI SAGE UC: Olly csreditedrsisrcs lines od oven ger ewnuca’s diate f
ERICH UTATELAS: saisin ia newer uals sists osu Vb dW wage & odo sldteley
ae TeanONics neue wie ve Nek ewe ath Pe ek
Durgadadiniéma stotra, .....eeeeeee vibdha Uemieldia eld wales
Duperron’s translation of Dara Shikoh, ........--00... +
Duration of the totality of Eclipse of Dec. 11, ..-......4...
Re NAM IS. Sucre sie He'e vou ad Ob POM cs dees
MMOS ROUGE is 5 oils ww vv cosave's deve baceee des
Dee PA RREERO RIE COTE, «05 onic nna Vienne dy ha al PERO Nicaea
Dyijendranatha Thakura Election hae jie et eT Pi
Divitiyadvitiyatpattl, Vada, .cewrcevecvevecviosecseces
Earthquake in. Sind,.....0......00.
MOMITIGLS, «iis ccssnuecdeoulaco eee
seteeoeveer eer se ew oe
” trigonota, eee SP eee eet tee Feeeeeee ets oeweeesene
EE ATE, LATILG nc \ar'e atuse iar ety arerers'eieve' «ve inlblels'es'd've'e'tle s
OPPO e ree eee wee eee ee Owe e HR ewe eee
320 Index.
Page
Kclipse, Memorandum on the total, of Decr. 11 ..,.......... 128
Ekamra chandrik4, ...... peas ata eurei aw lon pemtne ‘ona 7
ig REAM asthe asain wi oo of és eianortd wm: She atm pl «lols ike eueeaeaen 7
py PCT TU Sse p rp goss eer are 9 were ge oe oe ben casaeae 7
Hkakshara Upanishad, . .rqs-s:csasswessess,eeeixnares op aivinsd ed
Electromotive force of a, Battery,..c0 ie. 0. vevesssieldseeemas AME
PGW IS PUL, csc pa-0'p adiiae seals wernaeesero © ences oo 000 R eR
PG AO AUR sa iis vidlv asia nicer Msialeik-ieio ores veh igitsaddnt panes
BIB OCOSACUL RIES) anh <u nicnaro isin ifasor no en em ov pane Baleleeee 184
Ayr a AE MOTION, IC. ciciner eiouleu bein Gname 3 'e \la\loco/s/ taal en
Euprepes macularius,..... op eee Hekeiaieleannin ates swe pee . 194
3p pn UOULI CONS sy «asa: arer'e car ide hadatast dona nie ele « Giengia haeenre
Borylonis teniolatys,, coor snes, »msa'se alate aiieGleden tied .180, 184
Mpa Tue Gch ord waWis a mace oekn eshins stati’ dt see 5 - 215
Eyezard (Col. J. E.), Election of, ......... sods e's einer . eee
Faiz Aliganj named after Rajah Faiz Ali, ...... S00s% chon 99
Paeri(G, 0.), Mlection 208, 25 .i0s oui CR GAR dee ee oes 52
Farrukh Siyar, ..... Ses me és S% AIO. See ary
Mist aia Gur, PLGURG OL dp aie hase wer dcicieescdotchw meee’ «clea
Fergusson on the art of building among the Aryans, ...... 17
Ferrar (M, L.), on Raji Todar Mall’s birthplace,..... ... 178
Filgate, (Capt. A. J.), Election of, ....... sch FeGeX bots ee 82
Baring, WRONOTE ON; 5 aicinvin's ens areinig brah Qed ap elalth aa 28
isa, Coe Mab Osi.) (ose Glete Sale a bianca ae eee oa, 9 28
s Sheb Zafar, Cota, Of. nb dow sie tisincm vin teow canis aie gt
Hlamingo,. New apecies0f,,..ciac . ie eceis dn claliosy easel ee
Fleming (Dr J. M,), withdrawal of, 00s s0s<—hs¥ i} 0esecne / eee
Forbes, on the Mogul invasion of Palamau, .....+0....eee0 179
Foster’s (J. M.), Assam silver coins, ............00% ot o'er
Election of), 0 <)iwwintswn sts a'e;cesoh, tee an
Fulgo, a ahs ates ati aw es MA i en eT RIC voas! Oe
Gadadhara, Photograph Of, 45 .000s0.a 000i spd cosiied yaks ae
Badinides oe), dis. dey obese eee pNdedwials dua s oe sel Mibieth ate
Galvanometer,. A. now form of, . .x.< wusesaosis &) div's id Sos le
Gangapraséda, Election of, scccdecconscsevecescsass ole 'teca | li
PP) Sinha, Election of, Qerervreteoereereehsosrevneses 120
Ganpastaka, scccs's eves coves
Gangistava, ...ccrcocsscesee
Garrett (C. B.), struck off,
Gastors or Expense Books,.. -
Gastropoda,
Gaurikanchulikd, .....
Gayatribrahmanollasa Tantra,.......-... .
Gayatri hridaya, .......,
fy Malpay vans.
Gecko guattatus,
Genjan, Photographs of,
Gerres altispinis, ......60.s0+06
Ghulam Qadir dethroned Bedar Bakht,.............0066.
Gita, Guru,
@ree
8 © @ wee
Gita, L/s‘vata, vicisares
Index.
AGO. #
Gnatui-la, Pewee er Peete seee tenses te eee
Gleeotila concatenata, SeOSrvdsedgeedgevctceiece
” protogenita, eree eeerereeeeetenseene
Gobioides ruber, «2... ee.cescscoeves
», rubicundus,
vi squamulosa, ....+seeeees
Gobius chuno, ........ «
Sp HUSUNI, weave eencecsvees
Se
9» Sadanandio, ......00.
thutkuri,..
”?
Godavari, chipped implements from,
Gopal Tapani, « vo. rercosccoeenseree
Goraksha-s’ataka, . .
Gough, (A.), aieticn, of,
eee
-e eee ee ee teense
see Pee ene
ee ee ee eee |
wee teseee ee
ee eee
® ene ee
eee 6
vee ee eee eeere Bens vve
cove Ce Here eo ee ee Meser
@eeeereereeevense
2 2
Govindacumara, Shkadhard; laser of,
Graham (Major J. M.), election of,
Grantha-sangraha,
Grey (Sir W.), withdrawal of,
Gribya sutra,.....eveces
Growse (F. 8.), on the country of lagi.
POOH POR ees Oo eee eee
ee ee es
322 Index,
Gunendramohana Thakura, election Of,......cseeeses eee cee
Rar a ata step aine gmx ce pune eels da eee, 6,01 dee I
MGT TE RINT aie ne oy wea cdacwen sed €¢ # pace ee sia eee ae See
Guiyeticubie Wantray 2c e's. soa de manaetin s «aces ee
Ger ADT d a ph Sa sk «sac eis origin wena wikzovas aon Pve Adm okaxse al ea
PP EGU RT RDS Ol; , gases. a opin siteynéwan <oe ¥<0 ome oop p< iui
Gyawals, Horses of the, .......... o oe, bwaleseeie'a'el o vnnivisi siecle
Mptenodacoylis Lawderanus, , sesass ves sose ois pyeacc. sia 5ivimie
os
39 marmoratus, \ © SC eeeeeccee eee” 8b ee © rere
és WEOMIONISS. re asye's ARE RO 2 aoe + axon aan ee
Habiburrahmén (Maulavi) election of, .......... pasion alee
Hafiz, Rahmat, the Rohilah chief... 0%.) 0\6; .sa\<!s ale sepa
Hakim Ali, Faujdar of Sambal, ......00,..440 ssccosoeenceccess
Baca IAA Ty inp ccna sien eerisinash-e GV sa CaN an ee eee
Haha’ Khen,.geon, of Shamauddin,. sa, 0'94:+s594ene yp o1e5 eee
Halayudha’s Pingala, Chhandasiitra, , « «se» s.+.0.0f4a slam eaee
SGT aa 55's ph ccenca py ap stppen, 24) PRP atest eae
Hamilton (Col. O.), Election ae Perret
SAGE, CHANIA Isa 5 in 6 axle o's)’ a 4/5459 € pin'b ahve Gams Rleats (Veen
BORMSO TELE yg ta Sic apis n 5 Sctar'o’ pl pil ve dips mi 59 biee.e 6 ware oa eee
Marchoka, Antiquities of, ......,.0.0+ ee en .57, 236
Harischandra, king of Rohtasgarh, ............ ap ounge tate
ankness (0 0), Hleetion of... .s\ssi aia joc ie» «lo eon eltseenenn
Harachandra Chaudhuri, election of, ...... aie err
HMaringma, mrita, | ais:ecsne wsaciichars x ersravayitbicr tial Piette Brag wcaubtevets
dagmson’s (A, 8.), inseriphtonsy: sg sien teovernies wid <x: tur athe
Masan Abdal, Aurangzeb at, csisicesieiere + adel eis strulewlan
Hastings, Note of Warren,.... . § Save eine raiaeh ohOR ret
Hathiyaphul gateway, ....... diets estes Mieatets eriasetale’ chal lat ced
ET ETO CC eee ee es ae gs winpalt, Sep Matar ea sestavel « sia euahiage
Hemidactylus aurantiacus, ...... aT rae a ls's « <uahebans ot ilae
ms [ejeigeleieit) ¢2\ ey er oe aE Diem ere ‘
3 bengalensis, ...... Per ReTeeReee ree!
Fs 0: 2): ) Divelle ics. dea dicicase. dbdbaleeacomeel
ae LSTATS, ss gay aes yoo. sare e's Bile ¢ 22 Pe Ren
Hemidactylus, frenatus,
Index.
” giganteus, ..... TTT eee ee Petes Hie AX
- Gandamaj,isiiscsciarstisecees. WUT EE é
Ss Sracilignsccccicicsaace’ ew Pile AVS PUNO
‘s PRAPOIORUT ae UE Pe A th ee |
- BiGlAarth, « see ec alee ties duvEweU Ne. £4 174,
s Tresehenaultit, eee ccccraiivveeey ee ces oe. 174,
‘ maculatus, hewrdecdseesdeesticved eH, cae .
ve Mandelianus, ...... bedtbbdivadeds 2. dan
‘se marmoratus; Notes onj........eeceeees . ‘.
is Merton; wwivireretarsretestetee dees ot v's REVS awies
S PMOLOSE,- «6 adddadad dave esiteeeds tes PU asians
rr pubtriedrusy vivisorvavessitvbesesecrads Vow sala
4 SPOS 2e2scetnee cet Wee Se OO ee
eS triedrus, «sseis... SbT ERO ANE CS CevOT ESE veoes
Hinulia Dussimieri, ...-......... TUL R ie tah ee ee
Woh “TNGAER: <./.%atte rer eiatatateretate! ete s POSS EUV AA cues
3 © Maculata, :.:.'0'0.".
Hiranyakes‘i sutra,
Horites pallidus,
Horse, Polydactylism iny sisiiviescvecerevcee esens
Hovendon (Major J. J.), Death of,....
eeeeceeeoees @erese ese Cseeeteseseseteos eee
Howell (A. P:), Election Off... vsceivee cece steewvees dee
Humiéytin Bakht, .........6. ds avter bt WEA WEblmeremeene®
a Death: of, ieee rotate ww eek d ete wblaia tie is
Husain Shah, Coin of, ....0.esveseesenes Hantndade ene
», Khan Sur, father of Sher Shah,........cesccsecsece
Hydrocoloum Lenormandi, ...6..0.6.Neeeceseeeveseuees
WIGIACOUM, wees tiv wontewervereadue eset Ae
Hygrometric observations on the plains of India,...........
”?
Hypheothrix investionti, ......cccceceretsersccccecees
Subundulata, os csiee ese wseesooses
”
”
Hypotriorchis subbuteo, ...
tenax, Set Sees, es eree Sees CHSC OHHH E
.
eerees POSS isterornse CP Boren
Hypoglossum pygmoum,....c6ceeeecsesee evens
Hypsirhina enhydris,
SSESSSSCDSECHCECESEeCCCHO Gwe sy
324 index,
Seribin Shieh, (Coin Ol i. ion. feceeeee csi wa «.0 toe aapheeerels wenn aie
3? Khan Fathjang, "eer eeee eee rer eeosr ee ee oe ee sees eve
Ichthyocampus carce, ...... iia bs miiiny acta Sem ean Snmipteouean
Indian Architecture, Antiquity of, ....... cana cette <ain
», Museum, Dr. Stoliczka a trustee of,.....-cseeceees 2
Inertia and time, Connection between, ........+0e00. eee
Inscriptions, Arabic and Persian,....cesass: seeseceees e-
5 trota oral, ei. 30,0 ey rt oe errr deer i
‘5 Of Benes) ATADIC, sais asinise wap pie as pn emee
s from Barwa... .s<we neki > aaishrieiemeds sine
5 FTVOMA AD AECN, ec. 5 snes ease i pip esis gene bd os
" from Dursee Vallee, 5 «\s/a:s,ja0,0% oo heels °
a fron (OHS PAGE, isc eisty pins oe pa eee djnia een
5 from Chutia Nagpur, «os sjc2/0 0,00 «/0,sesip ld meee
> foi Tlarehok a. ace snmp as gly sea eeee
3 from, Mort Apoek 5.5.56 ss ==" = > «stan oe
from Bikandarpury cs 2.09 peepee s eee
oe S:), dulection Of) (iG saywisp ee ap aes seep cmp eee
Rosrite Papi, . sats cjaials:0, 60a jaan nin .0)8,2.0'8 914, >1 0's Aieidiain ie
Es yara-ita, ....ccerecceeers pis ale map Beja) oh 0 5 mnie east RAN
Iqbalganj named after Iqbal Ali, .........esrseesssceces es
JyotihsAgara Sara,....0ecceccces cvcrinsensscrsscsece ones ee evens
Maram, Wate \sjc\p ps einiede oo ppm * 960 viens tw weenio aed, fokemlenee
Jigatzi, eeevreecese @raceoese FP SSre C8888 BH FE Knee eee Es 80s @ Ores
Jesar-Ishwaripur, Antiquities of, ........-0 <i 0:06 miaislson ane
Jelep-la, ...... eevee: e@eoveevceee Seeeezpe nese eeee® oe Se teeegen nse ee
Jardine, (R.) Deceasant oe tee e tence een es eee cteeses oereres
Japan copper, Sale of, .....Gsccceccescccrrecvcsrescccveese
Japalura variegata, ....s+0«. PT ee en eee ee
5 THEGTO) OPIS, eS sal Gs) sek indie See siereminrielecnians ibis meade
James (J. O. N.), on a Thunderstorm which passed over
BOW Ais ee ech dawn. ss 440 eames Pema aadeccaeeee
eT, aie ba a te nba 69 nmi wa) sn peep SPP ey ere
Hague, AntiguitiSs OF, , ove nacjajeimunin pacer seinsinaanay ee
Jahandar Shah killed, eeeteteoeeveeed se eerste ereere reer eee eteoee
Jagréon, History of, CO ee ee
Index. 825
aye tk . Page
Meaiqubad; «si vivesscce PTTTT TET e ee ivetw'eteTate’n Ce 98
Kalkapore, Water course of,, 2.6.0.6: oe tbs FULLI RIO A, 90
Kalingpungin, the Daling Duar,,........0eeeeees MAPA PTOI
Kaéliprasanna Ghosha, Election of, ......0ee.eeeeeeeee sc CURE
ig Sinha, Death: of: «oc aiie sc ciere *etwietelce ttectue ‘ 22
KAli-sahasranama stotra, so. sees cewe ees are ab die Way 282
Kali sahasranéma, ....+.6.. a WR a eTalete Oe Put ae Ue By oe 282
Kélistava raja, ...... PERERA dazed Leelee MOLT EL 282
Kamba-jong .......+.. eentees Pe mrws oe SUNT Zt AOE} oath 168
Kamaripa yatra, ...-... steratatere etahereote Nitvie rele revere re 5h en ved [282
rz 7 paddhati,. ........ aa Saber Oe USE A, 282
PBT BUUDR, fe code ceed eevee cearwersceescerereretuede 7
Kampti; Birds from, ... ccc cesiseeiscwe ee eee ences sees 78
Kanchuka,....... dtaddeds TEPTTITT rrr rere ee 102
Kanchulika,: ....¢e08.. ESLER SAA OSES HA eteretstte Male rie [eg
Kapila Samhita, -...se. sae. sit cere viet ete eel teteeretretel ya ewes 7
Karna Chapar, Photograph of, ..c0scscciveverrececeuese 258
Karam Dad Khan, chief of the Gakkars, ......... eodveee O4
Karpurastava tika, ..cecsceseee accor eeeewens veete tees!) 282
Kavacha, Devi, ........ PtMP Mee tier edeteterevae 282
» © Matrika PPecivsitagdale, Pitae Patt ed es o teddies rece UQ2E
» °° Vagalamukht,: -....°. OP GAr Res Steers tate etna UBS
Mavenaen-(.), Decoase:ofy «sarees aeitee lela sl dislate teteretetats ate 22
Kowwa Dol rock, -...... PITT ei tiiiitrie tiie eee 257
PEGAOOWAD CG5G0y } 2. 0W crane rages ata oo td od alee ob Ch SS 98
PEPHLVOWLE-TUSCA, Peres ceccasssssasse sete. EIU AEM BRS
‘5 orawieklyrsesasniscc2cces cect k ey RY s) 296
yy fe epictey ss5eeeaee Sigel S82ebtten. eats? ae 215
PEeRUGUh HP ETAYOPOSATA,S 2520 Rs ioe esses tag AA iveees 7
Kotantye gate of Rohtasgarh; ices cede ccel ease cee ceece | 274
Kharakpur, ae Boone Cn are atadinae 98
boi Give 0S 011g Oo a ere Vue Sere mdeenaeee ws oh te 99
KOAUSN G0) erecree eee ee aeee eee oats Pe Wee at
King (Dr. G.) elected a member of Winall. wees 66 sake tee
Perapa, PROterapha ip eessttee sek ee Swings #0 ae
Mudian-Lisarasyesesecesaiestists3 et Mt RE eee oduce ce OE
326 Index,
Koel river, eeeereeeeeeereevr eres ee eeesneereeee @eeeeceesesn 888 @eee
Bench, Photopraphs 0f,, «+ -.0jeee.e«dhosaurre
Mipera dT mia pass see pes ercr ec coete
Woiia, Ma iriledy 26 cin Gnyisez0, 008 ile, ajo as men sodeh nme sadbb xe omen
99 Vija, ee-@e@eeee Peeve ee eeereeeeeeeeveveev ee 820 & © se8
Beretra ana hatmaya,. s048\0\9/0,0,60,0 (0s .o,s aera aa
Kund Petta Mahewara, i Re siya estan ee
Kunadus (The) of Bhagyakula,......coussasaasceee a. <gea
Repair, FP Rotgera nhs OF) oes o5syaqaeunasueitenseioveus.sie.ois <n °
Kurpasa,......
Kurz (S.) on Bengal Algex, ..
Labeo cursa, .
Roe AU HISSRROTTS. leisiassiie ciate ier ree wer wee dee eee ifs
BE OPEL A Se cies priclvas ENRON ERT ee
a BOA ae o kieistspe ls n/a accu aye sueieners\alalsyabelaiglaae .
57 PAMQUSIA,... neces sescevesserressorars asso amedasnen
Foalerus badd, a ,.i600.0/0,0,0 SRR eae sin bontha aos cwabtts eeu
Lachung,....cccresececces pisces (ainsi is es
Lacuna, ...«.. SORES oa 6 phe i-talte tous arate ow as ayiyasennie’ he 5
Lacunaria, ....-.eeees Pats woke sisi aspse 6 eelaleny keen men
Laharpur, ..+... i beieunueie ge ce loins is avin cen, sce min alee ct tein in
Bhassa, ..0,0,05:0s aOR ue doterogs ie Gite oni ers) «a /eveiehanaaite stabs
Laldarwaza of Rohtasgarh, .........e00.
Landshells from Moulmein, .......secceere
Bandakia MiclaRUTA, oes secccurensy ee a
wy foberculata, os k) 2 ss as os wae mami tauee 188,
Leeds (R. J.), Withdrawal of, ......
Lebra in Budh Gya,....... so ieee oe re
Marhloinia JULIANA, « s+ vs <u ees ; or
Lepidocephalichthys balgar,
Leptorhytaon jara,.. a lnlish uno /aeusbaderre Aeuohianteecies oe Nee:
Leptothrix Be aca 4 dprerpiel dtecksasicl acacae ao bis tints int
BTU Bite ais id aiie whe are als ose acacia <y orp apanie’ atenisd
eooeerre eee eee eee @ Oe
”?
Lepus tebetanus, Poorest ere reseeoereseseeeseeeeee ee cece
Index.
Lethbridge on the Dutch records, ..........004 eet Ce
e. on the Gakkhars in Tibet, ......... Trey tr ‘
Leucosticte hoomatopygia, ....... wag @uty dv daeaudls sod vib 56
Library, Additions to the, 19, 53, 78, 93, 117, 156, 135, 175,
222, 228, 250,
SERIAL EVODOEE ONL, 0 oa im ou sill iwisldlnl undid tala is is latda stares
CS a io a 5 KWo we ws ws on i odie is sudan inn scceavctqueiyr’ qleid id sbiNO AS
REPL TOCORGE,,, aveinicw winnie entes veveers coves ddtiksne
MEMMNES suha ype ie he sense e's an wpb Bld MAM ew ile ald Udo
a hie vevwess 10-Qnpak asda dda
EMG LE KRLOWT 5, cise ssciedieveuvinvocoee es 6 64 dd bis diode
Semeye@bar, Are-Faj j,i 18 ii. bbeighs basal’ widest.
ioushais, Figures representing tho,. .....e.scsecccessones
Boman (01.,8.), a life, member, . oi caq. yooh ereie eaishom werels bie
duypgbya cincinnata, 6.....eeceessce Serre rch cr yyy 28
39 EUMUTASOOIS. 6 bs. Abinfe 9G «4380 el d'> «he
= SPRUE RRC Scie ahatnd ai Sanidie ufebils aahiws'sewihcm esas lienacs
MEM MOULS ES PEINANAS . aheb.o (diel as ibis sled owielr olsle Fe Sndwpiae «
na teeniolata, ........ aE Peeree tse acels
Mackenzie (Dr. 8. C.), Withdrawal a Me Oe Lee 5
Macnamara (Dr. F. N.) Re-election of, .........eeeeveves
Macroglossus, minimus, ..... siatacthey s107h welded 412.2) desa>
te APElPoUsy co-.- oeegersireerss ees walhorer: ern
Macrones cavasius,......... es Te eT rey Sica nity eta
AIO RCOR «sce d see shh aed adh aek thd: atilie da We
yp. PONZANA, vorerrereesevecrersevcees eee e ese wenes .
” TENDZATA, coc soewceese sevssesecs eee meweees ‘
»> . trachacanthus, ......0.00 5 ae eecrecsre ce etse eee eye
Madana parijata, ....cncereccr a ceptions dmewcsnela| esos mess
Madhu Sing of Kokra,..cc.cencceces cvcscresseracscece
Mahal Sarai palace, ..,..,..+++99: era e pred wh «ual bragice
Mahavira Svami, ....... hla a rl a es sabosiipge pees
Mahda north of eiwokior. ee etpaog Sr acre s reseoebardese- ald
Maloptorure Kazali, . oq cece. csewepceseeee ss secensewsowes se wons
PMLA T OPUS COTE Saisie 25,060,038, :5 0.0 02 ogee oor ene one
Mancar near Boodbood, ........... Seip oan, sqnee tablasss ‘
327
Page
85
105
228
284
22
167
89
118
109
192
270
81
56
170
172
171
186
184
83
182
107
105
200
200
200
200
200
282
1338
274
248
99
199
199
278
828 Index.
Page
Man Sing, Viceroy of Bihar, ...... VEE dee ele oad obs aa
Margalah Pass constructed by Aurungzebe,, .esscacaceee 126
Martens, List of Burma Alge,....... stared J4NGes AR ni
Martin, (RB. Dy) struck off) iad shields OK OF a eo ies is 58
Matrika-kosha; i288 00 sees a ewtte noes (ie veces see
Matrikajaganmandala-kavacha, ....seceserssscevesevese 263
Matriké-Kosha tika, .......0. stomatitis §:bus vee brs nal wle Ota
Mayurbhanja,..... alin S'S we siaiwin sew Niviv ews sneigntlalete lacey ~ 180
McMaster on Nagpore birds, ..cceseccsscsccccercvevces 78
Mehdee.Alli Khan, House of, icccccccessc cect sasacnenn 90
Mecting Annual, ....eseeeses peewee pines CORD Be or 21
_ Monthly General, 1, 52, 55, 81, 95,119, 1387, 159,
PP)
177, 225, 281, 251,
Morapodius nicobarionsis,; «5. cede eee UND ee ale Oe eee 82
_ Member, List of, 00.0000. Aides PREC ES Ck Ria oeees 1-XVIli
» proposed, 1, 52, 55, 82, 96, 120, 138, 160, 178, 22,
251, 257
» elected, 1, 52, 55, 82, 96, 120, 138, 160, 178, 221,
231, 251
Bronander, Gor ol, 49 foc eT PPV ET as otto eeletate 279
Mrcrocyots Olavates,* 22's 225 6 PEPE Be Pi 171
Afules (Capt-G-.*B:), HMleetion of 3.375428. 200 2 Pe a
Miniopteris australis, ......... fodete i ey Coe oe 108
Mirat, Fort off: ssecseracscteci.dseegs gece. CURES 98
Mirzai Mahallah, built by Hakim Ali, .......: Si iace bor oo whe
Mocoa sacra, ....... Ssaes Ss SSS TSS TEASE ERR ~ «195
fy MUMASIMONSIG, +52 PSST tS eee TERA EAT SEVEN IES . +7195
Modulus, ....... setae hte Me Salata di state bhetatstate ae AL 113
Mofussil records, Historical value of, .........4. wk eae 87
Mollusca, Terrestrial, from Moulmein, ..... OLN ah Aa ae 19
Montifringilla -Adomsi,; cis sticscscecat ieee wees aie 227
ce Tufieollis; -s.ceceseas ees thabses a 227
Motacilla cashmirensis,......00se008 ts aa Se ales GK OUR
53 LUZONEDSIS, 65 cosa ee ee be eae i700 seen eeNe ORaae
9» > personata, ...a..uee Tots bah Ss af IRR ++ 210
Moulmein Mollusca, ....... ShGtTR Ue bean tee oven al PERE, 19
Index.
Mugdhabodha tika, .........+ suanyttbars ee
Mahammad Bedir Bakht, son mer Rfsodt Shah,
- Hasan, (Khalifa aoe Election of, ....sse000%
o Shah,..
Mugil albula,.,....... Bema Fu Veet aes oKRS
” bongon, SOOM eee eweeeeroseratr eer eee eeee ®eees eeceoveene
”? cephalus, eeetereee eer aeeaeaeseeerte re oe ee eee oe eee eee |
95 «© Kraskaslya,. neces cencccceccscccceres
” leevis, ef ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee we eeee
BRAVA ATES ya cn’ aig bs dia a wi Mariana die she'd coe sbidshdvbddcledes
SIR DIGOD A, 5 og sas 9602 pececen ese
Ir LG TIGEED, 05 og j= 500 title teihbtands « of Mlakde 6 wNeeld sala oldie
Mungla Deva, ......
Munim Khan, Akbar’s Salas hades « wh encal cots ohh pin eh aoe
ENN gga ac oa, oh 6, cone. ss 4p u8 asin eieit eee ease ave von gd adhing
MNT: DARIO, a1 5,5,0,2)p' s cevacnps 5 086 \0,0 re eneccenusee cndddabinwedilg
” bamach, Ce ee Fee wm eee eee erereesewee se eee
w Whales] eididthen
MM UM OUT ES ). joins as,ecelne,s 2j0,0.arycaachaabdibvtecsiabicid e ate
Mureenesox cinereus, J
Mureenophis bazi,.. eaten Go
Museum Building, Reaeactiratnes Ofy ng seated a ’
Sir a UEDOFL.ON Fo, , ne seswaidis
Gereratiar All, .o..<ca05s0 t
Muzaffarganj named affee Miestne Ali,
NMOS Sas ae phaiwy tale pain ie nied
eA RERFMEPOUD «wk 5 ths oe p's q'cgs aie p <sisihup map an pans oni sblahd elias
NAdijuina dipika, .
Nagurjuni,...... ye
ONS Oe gid a
Nagpur, Birds from,
», (Chutea) Blochmann on,
Narada’s Vedic phonetics,
Natdgurha on the Nawadah road,
Nowada Road, .
Neil, Dr. A., contradiction of Mr. Phear’ s statement,
vy (Dr. st PT: a
CeeeseeeeFeeeseeeenee est Oe esses & ceedces
.
eeeee @ tees
- 88 F © eee
seer eeene .
eeree
oe ee me ewe ee
330 Index.
Nomi-ts0,.vvewed idea ew d's biel BS Ne‘etaretate lens 6b alle ole Seen
Neritoidesy +s s-0 vas opivislec'e0's SAeetat lity wie ua sue ib iy
Netherlands India, Adminstration Of... .0sscceeeeececcsees 87
Newton: (J.), Hlection of, ....cessceweesssccveversentertscee 1
Nigama tatvay: rnsiveccsceveensedebset sr esecwrneitevess) SOM
Did Tan tires. oasis cance anca'e co rciera¥etam tein vee nivome wie ee orate 0b
Nirvana Upanishad,......... ives det dmsee bth sean nebvselldh o») 288
Wiki; a, kindof. Hindn, Gress, cass «scotwy esceen nonce gis ge euee nn
Pua TATA diay, 3o:9.9°% assis iene dt 0 piers @hELAte 4 nmnn dows © & 6, pa ght ns nnn
Norman (The Hon. J. P.), Assassination pt one wie onesie wele Cig in | seem
Bldishoe SregeriWM, «wi. io.cie goes cake ervenie 6.0 0 das cos awk ove spleen mane
Notices of Sanscrit MSS., Remarks IDL} 40: dias, «lakh eee 12
WatGrah, Shah, +:- oss 000 bere ¥ 0.5 tos sowwewress ons 00 600 0 Sie see lene
Nundolala Bose struck: off, » y .iiiiid weed bua s luned da peedde 58
Wi iii Gas i. ce wren twin wb ne to 6 bao ls ta ts tots face Nintendo a
Wycticejus atratus,. « scrserssrsodvarevetvrriovess vanes aveceeie il aan
9) > = OUMAT OUR AEUG,: «5 2 ure ors ere 5: ©) arsrerareneheraterenedenopeeue nan
‘Qates (EB. W-.),. Hlection,0£,.2... o\sscoieessnion em 90S Chee
Offipors, Mlection of the,. ...12s0ssesuwryse viene «ne Sew eele wee 51
BRST UOUA OI, i imipter's sce Were perenne BFS ore eee # alssdiine tered 31
O’Kinealy (J.), Election of,...... i Lie a Sa pie EE decease be
Oldham’s (Dr. W.),. Arabic inscriptions,.....0.ssesecescese 126
% (Dr., ‘T..) on. Pachumaba. axes,,. 0-00 0:0: #105" 018 en
Ondo, Chronicles of, ........ bie bis WieSId Ole o'v-a'd le w did Wivtbogib y ennn nn
Gomea; Account Of, sic ims secede s bane tes.cneenan «al lien
Ophichthys boro, ....... eee Dew itebe be a@ bends se ee bee was heme
Ophidians, Indian.and Burmese,...... ess eeeissvetdsesaccecees UW LOE
Ophiocephalus aurantiacus, .0-.-.:00weeverdeeorseessscer 197, . 9208
- DBECAy » 65 60 6.40 0's 08 of 0% 0 se'etete ist ot e'eTe'd teen
6 BiVIALUB, see miseva eee ergtbborivescscesed ame
ny Wrable, -o:s:00'e'e's% atntathiata Sie miees ots bbe ocsevds Om
Ophiops Jerdoni, ..... © eRe OREN EE ie tes selene Ue be ee bose) mee
Ornithology of Cashmere, - 24. ccawesh dues aes cecst ete tesa a Oe
Ophiops microlepis,....ceccvvssewevecnvecsveeecesiseseces 19S
Ophisurns. bora.sauseitan meio ea a ee A
” harangcha, eevee r* Seeecee enn © eG teoegeteoeveese PF ecese@ 201
Index. 331
rears bijala, ..yeses eagcarass Ree had plelmens be 201
” WSIS.” 65 90'S baa oe ital, mula wamwcrent peed sn vi GOR
¥e Co a are Tey TTR, 44) ai teen
Bettas FU o 5, rs secanepaee Cee eT ‘enw ily ebvath we 194
Ormsby, (M. H.) Death of, .. ey ee ee ree, | 22
Osborn (Capt. R. D.), Withdrawal of, beacwath tm. ps is tes ce oka
Oscellaria brevis, ....cccceccccs teehee ies heNespasets 1 Ae
a CMON eee ys ceeds vei areankds 37d hisiest 170
- MeL tA, A. es wuwoad. wer SWARRNITE widahims&s 170
Wi SGMOPMINAS: a ec aes. 85 a’, a> SUR MINAWDr piebideol yee
o WER OION Ss 8 O's, SS aya, ae saa eee whan Sele rd eaters éaniivnie
BMOONIE PID OGUIIG, S yia's's 68.40.4009 8000 eg 2 08 Sune. Cease, Bae
Ee ng eee rec Nir et ceeternis tba pa aMEbees sede, “Dane
PP PMI ITOBGEIS, % pipeencacs ceded sAvdsacd gaa eedbere ice, Dal
ene ROT AUR rg) 6. ey vas Wer AU SATA F coed 124 Foes? ODIO
pe EBON VOR x 553045 adorn. 20.0.0 Masks Bid a dG glo wo oawstN | HEOO
PROD ER OG. TE csc a ieee ede erdish esc? p08 eocanwendabrs 87
RG TE. oi s casey usdqueshpaas pie wp da SS 90 tone enh slo ee
Pachumba Copper axes, ..-gescccces. ce eesyreryeqses eegscc. , Jal
Paddhati, Dolarohana,...... Baleca sata’, <iceeere a AUOMISW ERs ® | Om
os PATER VaR oi edt ree Ree ee eaeS ROTEL ocx, 202
- ECG fyi ea oe Fes ace silk stahie'e's pA IG SA vce 282
EMPIRE MRTP TONG, panics rw eonad estes sd Pd saree Buteo celts cade ., 200
WMROMATA TRANGRY A, . pac eneniesecasannsa ns pe asinetenee gdiaalels
Palamau, Myghul invasion of, ....45.. ad sae ow cache aisialiescs. . 179
Pee SPO VODNS, OF Sn 7 kc ncieas avivccvesecnias © oii eye cc: SOL
Nea ee, UNOS 55.58 bikin ae tocrornsessrarameonesbeapucss LTE
Se MEIIEOR As os se) PS 0d Te Poe Vee tA > MERRIE Obie 84
Pas’upas’a mokshanam, ...0e0.+, 00 .eecee ce: smaintiemta sss 119
PM Deg eie yoy a in.n iA ,8 a pgh.a,0s0,0,00,0 pa Ra beay sees ZOD
EU e co onis ois yy uy ee Mite open owag cece... 101
Peal (S. E.), Election arabe SUSE SY Es se A cebeed mesic Dh yn Bde
PRIME eS clic cies s yo cp cg asseas v6.5 3 9 905% s dm brid ch leh] ONAOS
45 MUMME COMET Gases. caches uynee 0 saaemeveny 5 OG
Pellorneum ruficeps, ............00000 pes wrsivcans Ss writiss 7 Pe
sg Mandellii, ..... Sire vc is 00.5 9,0,:.+,0-e8 SRO CONT Tee
332 Index.
Pelornounr Mickel oc haces ak. MP Tee
Poply HactOry, . evs ceve ves ceerecrvase tossseccrssecnnen
Peripia Cantoris, ...... aherorahehalatatst ete! fe stato tele ot Sse ht me
Petrapon trivittatus, ....seeesecsee eevee A he dks a .
PHAlUng,... sve ccecerceceeesscceeeeeseeees He Ay aaa
Phear, (J. B.), on atmospheric pressure, ......+.0-..-.. i
Phonetics, Vedic, ......seeeeee StMctghiieltalghaeres set Oo eee
Phormidium Lynghyaceum, ..........0+, JSON OR he s
Photocallographic Printing, New Process of,.......+++ +++
Phyllorhina, nicobariensis, ........ Peary Diet hha ee oh en Lee
Phylloscopus neglectus, ....eseeeeeeeereseeeeseeeceee
pallidipes, ..eecssrcccesccee curereceaecees
39
99 ATISbIB; Ga. sta's'e'e o'8a Ge eeeeee eoeeeoentBeevrsoee
9 Tytleri, eee r.er. CG ros Mesettoe eee Sees SF euneee se & vee
PHUGON, 2. ecser eee ce cecceeceens wrsae eee sewers ele see
Piddington on deletrions ink, ....sccsessoesseeesacceceecerces
Pingalachhanda Sutra, .....ccce eee cersseere secre sees neces
Pimelodus batasius, ...scssecscvesesswes's Aiehetaatets « 1993
+ CATCIOs «50's 5 Seer ee ree er Tle Tee ee oe eee eee
be changdramara,....ssvesecccccwes Meee ss sae
re Hath rs cw ee ee OW ea ed TE es dee wee eee eee Teen
fs khongata,.....ssee. aisle BS sein Fb! 0s ne een °
Me Boreal ies bia a eine tos wed oobuared seus beh ees tue tee eae
. MADNQOL, .ccsse ee vecesecces eee eeu veces ev sedses we
7 nangra, peed ECO. COs ve eece FOb ces CCOO8e 0 Bee eres © 888 05 vee
nS PATNA) fies ocsd rdiceuds ce see'eoll « alventes devatele'waly aaa ears
“3 veridescens,...... ied rycabiniod a dteed viveals) Be ete weentnence
Pipistrellus affimis, ...csseece cece ee eee este teeeeeet eee teens
+ ADNECHADS, ....cccse ee cece eeccsscesereccccrcevece
es Austenianus, ..cessseseees SSO eer
s BOLOUMMES, <6 ivie'seacte'd. nate "ele dueduhld disececess ays 8
Pipley, Grants of lands at, . 6666 sveessctvotieone + 0 00 ecesvennes
jgiy SO ae Cee RE EP Bae
PUD RUS RVLRUNGIY IN, Fate te fe Sore His TS ote SoG o's Sure Siac evate'cble'e ses cveeacee eremes
Piatycophalus mediators ook 6 oi ccs os... 3 ls vc Ue enacseeenees
Platystacus CHaCR)i...sf 20s ccs sesvecs @eovececeev ees es eevee
Index.
Mameodon, Aldrovandi,...0ccccccssessecves co eeveveeece
6 RAL By) iareiniatiewsns steko ecene a Pareelte Owe Cove used
Pleuronectes arsi,..... ridik meal p eulardiaces PERU Ce 0 en iatae
o Os. Scaccinnarguraniteasts(ecarincore n AE ieee » vale
MERU UETIE TI, & LOTHG, sicie cvieieioweciscvenecividildiccvccess
ARISE TLLS «i. y-irareri-n div Ga a orsteisicseia.« a\ni@ieiblis's . 204,
2 PATAdISCUS,....eeeereeee see eeeecerencesnses
» Be Rahat tara ic oiwsese, vip eon wigan: eas eveguta ou gaeyep adiatiials ‘
an tetradactyla, ...... cds vatagchnivteeadekere atatetahedlacos ;
Polysiphonia angustissima,.......ee..+00. aleiitial Nes.
cA PRON 0 6.5.6.9 a inin was s wn as 6 qinbislits Saks
Poonawa, Photographs of, ..... ereiaes ceimcery'er aft bigaltions 80
Poonpoon river, Bridge over the, .....eeseeeees cin SSO Se :
PLA Wik alariiGnsce5e oie bicievela'nia’sgc-0s'esine cueweibe ves :
Pfee NA AUMUL,.....0 010000 or 0s rit, terre d
enh, fom. of Balbhadr, s.cccecesevcvcwoeres ees a sie olantgad
Prataipachandra Ghosha, on Assam COiNS,......eee eee eeee
Re on Chaibassa inscriptions, ...... ere
4 on Harchokainscriptions, ......... oecee
Pratapa Devala, king of Rohtasgarh, ...... ce cenecceres
meno, (capt,..C..8.),. Mlaction Off. .ccsccconsvevecsives are
Prayogasaéra by Keshada,. ...0..ssecceseees eee
Presentations received, ......cesesscveccccevens vlaucalelarals
President’s Address,...... Pew mae hw mad Cale aM ee v< 6-6 wails
‘3 remarks on Inertia and Time, ..... reer ct :
a 9) On Thunder-storms, ..icccceseres er
Propasser saturatus,....csscsccecccsees 4 Pate SS ate: SOE
3 ROI Sileilla se cEeb re eal beee evicce en boar :
Protococcus vulgaris, ....ceserecescenneece rrr ec ove
Psammophis condanurus, ....++++eeeee- wae upon awe
be Leithei, ..... Bo warerwtte: det Satins 6: et one aia wales wie °
Psilorhynchus balitora,........+e+++ Fibrin niece vive arwas 00 vie
5 BUCALIO, ...ceeeececcceeres aevceces cveeces
Pseudophiops Beddomei, ......sceccccccesccceseesecece
‘5 Theobaldi, ....eseessseeeeee ¢ Peed cualetne
* PORE CU ite uns so reevvtnvenced
834 Index.
Pseudorhombus arsius,....... ewth wae sone gle Mista edan Be a
Pseudeutropius atherinoides, ........... 2 oe ole mals aioe
of aay MeEgalops,...seenu swe wedenae.p'a eteeu Re age
e UCMiir esd vn sk sw whee ine 2 CUNee bine
in x EE vio Gib oi Bia sate as « POND Ath. :
Pterapon trivittatus, ..... ee eee
Publications, Report on, ..... Cane ile eee ANE A RE casas
yy PSEA ote ns imi winds abs pm Peay 9 gh RR ete sa
Rye SEAS oe ki is aco Ss aes eueipieriele pba take stad wiaus :
Pe ah Pina naarAdd ye, | s « «sans oes oe Shee lauues ieee
gE ips C0 ee a ans ieee ding isthe Sue
Parmanandachakra, ,....:.seses AN «BRS RGN wes ;
Busss charana Pasollasg, .n ce «0s. Osed bilo Palen ib nite ot
ms PINGING > o<.ausis Sele eaees a.ua6 Dalewel eens :
Pyadasi, Raja,...... tea whe sae a's anata ae « pied eee
Qadirganj, named after Qadir Av vee atv= SERRE A (ahs be Stebatie
MSR .COUNS, ,sopessoiesvers4,8 bikie ptaGure.s devo whet basis arose eistbitd
Badhanstha Sikdara Death;:0fy: seccdmdestiataleiio.o< ven ve
Be WAGRIIAL, oc s.ciims = phibtein Grids Shoes Siskin Mae << oer .
Rafi’uddaulah, ......- wa'a 5 oe le ieice (thas 2o-e0he » plank bre
Raia fluviatilis, ..... sictieate sins syns bib MMU Nile ahs phe heise re ies
We Pat0e ene as CRA Maas oD RA Seatac Awe
Raizadeh Ratan Chand, grandson of Donee Chand, ...... wie
Baaballa bbe... casess55500 Ge ths ae saat cael Ae be
Rajabhanja, ..o.ecccnngvcveceres sisisee bie sume s poliledecs
Baja Pur, ,..-..eeeessceee 0, © Sela bint eelieie ails bib afe() s'altyy « alanine
Réjendraléla Mitra, on the Allah pecan «Sw hmmeh amen
on Dress in Ancient India, ......
tr)
= Notes on the Antiquity of Indian
Architecture, ......... pas aed wie
a Reply to Mr. Chalmer’s remarks,..
RK on, Sanscerit MBS., wsndd int weal
Hayreer, Eactgenaph Pf, jysa scenes ses 42 aes (ki a stole ailp
Rakal Das Haldar, on Chutia Nagpur inscriptions,...... ..
Bamkrishua, Dare, lection, of, .....ac0s cdlvkxhkwiekll «cn. :
Ramesvar Mazumdar, eeeeeereer eee eee ee seeoetrese eer vnees
Index. 335
Page
fam Gra, Photograph of, . w.osscvessercsedsseacdeeeys . 268
Ranabhanja, ...sssveere ee weWN TNA NKee aha deed mek ae S|
RN FGI, soca sorerercresere aretares ue fi eVew d Wave HPT pie» } vs 98
Memeame, Cank Of, wwwesvveesvvsiteriees Pe) Pere Cc 247
Rashbihari Bose, on Bhagulpore Legends, ........ ss «©2116
a on a Hindee work on Wihutetotes we 98
‘9 on,Jesar Ishwaripur, ........+. se «6184
GRABDOTS. GANICONING, viscensersraverrvins a aE al lorre Sts FO
3 OTR csc alinin NS rate ta tate teste te tetetatatatelare'e's's ete be re
Recess in September and October, ..... ST tei eet ~ » 255
MeGia(S. Th.), Hloction. of, -.-:craswta'e!steleieteliobdveeete'edecsces kobe i244
TEIODE BNGUINA, ~.nworsvuserurrvvrrvirervicreviepeaceces PUES
», Hardwickii,....... CWSU N Ve verebbterirbetbesevces 195
gp Sllcopunctata, vwwesursvnenvererrereserieeeecccce (195
BF BORING I: wv crear eiatetciataetwet al etatelctelete's tddstetetste tosccaes t¢ L9G
Mieport, Annual, ww csvvvwvuervevevvccvsseccesssesscveces 21
Rhinok, ..... statdteralere’s Seo dd tte e whee ree eves cowesle LON
Rhizoclonium Kochianum, .....cceeceevesees PIE LS SIU A
PEMCUM a pocdesvsadadereesdivdddiiedtedceseciodeous Sadie 6 5
Rogers (Capt..B), Hlection. of,......00.ccessecce cises eee 96
» ~«(O. J.), on.the Death of Humayun, bdr tides ee) aD
MGSAVINAS Chaya, - ww. wcarwwrwweweie eevee siysceebe ~ 282
Rohilah Chief, Mausoleum of the, o....eec. cee cescees fo -o0g4
Rohtasgarh, Antiquities of;...... wtalalats*elotetetatatate/atele!siate’s!s 273
Rohitasiva, founder of Rhotasgarh, ........... wists ty OES
Ross (T. M.), grant of land to, ...,..... vetteeir ny 90
TRG Z- BIZ 4 10: e/ winrar et ere et aie’ ete! a! she ate's Pabrvidd Meena cet. ‘ 98
Hreakmini-tanky -scsccesesiscescecseses feseadasteavPes. 254
Rule 29, Change of the, ..cceec cesses AASSSOL fvtteat 2o §«=- 285
Rundall (Col. T. H.), Election of, -....5.....04. eee edie 82
Sabine, (General) view of atmospheric pressure, .......... 15
Pre IMME VIRIONS 6. oe alee elele else vdea ene ba 87
Sahabad, Antiquities of, ....... fotes SSE poeae a ge - ts 272
ROPER ORION HYNES oS eee e'eis ea o'elie'e's’e hv Aah VAR Sc . t 282
oo Ek ACR a ee i ee ee yeni vewedé 274
S’aktisangama Tantra, ........c00c.
> ?
bo
ve)
bo
eees Be ® eve eeege Pes
336 Index.
Samanyabhave Mahasya, o.o.00s:s-csiscc0.iscsibeleiy Uelstemut .
Sambhal, Faujdar of, eoeovreeereeeevoevoeeeevree eevee, Cee EE
Samuells (Capt. W. L.) Election of, ....... ae aa adie sete
me On AT erchOke,. 4 x's sees 6 wy erawentees sllale mesa
= on Harchoka Antiquities,.....csssecees
% on) Pachim baw aRe.e j-ivin:s0maisievw aelaeeen
re Rock cut excavations at Harchoka, ......
Bamderson(C.), Mlechion: Of,) . e500 v:0veres oon vee cidlidiecaeal
Bemilhva Paddbatl, sper eceeererseleens ia chalets i deilotaete -
pamcraha. Grantha, oo.0.ss50 00408 phauh de Pavinoeandve Kaew See
Sangram Shah, ....... PEPE RA epee oom ee eo M ele eee
Sanhita, Dattatreya,...... eg epics di G's sano st tes 6 a
et NTT a ae Sinise pM ap Del R Meee p 9;d-awietalaeg :
sr ty PEW Bhs 5 Siglecele. pp big Sil o°e @p>aiws oiave\y’ sis) nipiemtebeyNaeietnen
a, Medta ea he eee ea es ee ee eee aie isyaeeeieveisisuses 0,0 ae
8 ‘ankarananda’s note on Atharva Upanishad, ....... deme
Smankhavane Gribya Sutra, 55 5140) 080 dswosa seenaeee
Pcokivya AC anmUGl,” .s...cs'swin' ws .v.ehe 0 aetna « Ae -
Simainyalakshana Rahasya,..... Ree
Sanscrit MSS., Conservation of,» «Je.seeesls we ne dueiey
TTA SALAMA.) sass 6 ips sien nme poids bain dik Oe shatsie ntetanate
eda W ATMA, <a hae ee 6 bs 8098s kw ode 0.0 Ra wee ele
Barasvell LANIER, ssc dp sae sep same alate oeteWbells ciate Jail
SHEL,” oak cpa ne sec npeie espe pep h SH we lteeaeliniew es cae ehee
GenanAk.: \schecrs sas Shep ec ose ememmndene ae Ws dat opel
Sasseram, Photographs of, ....cccscseusscsscese « ola me
S/ataka, Goraksha, ....... aire eee eine esse psi mene
fy. SAUM, eae cnn nenc dale ne oh © 9.55 65 9.0,,4,50 500 ¥ieietiine
Saitehik@, s,s v5.0.6 =.0)0,0,0 0 8,0,0,0,0,0:0 0/0 5.0 eles winiels e's sepotelein gyal
Sayyid Mahmud, of Barha, ............ abet els octave (a's obateiie
Schwendler (L.), Tests of bad insulators, .........eeeeeeee
BeInGUS DERCINALIS, sas 2's s2 1 0's 6 ae a as wise viwieye sheeple
» Mitranus,....... Tre ry T ei tiene
» New species Of, ...seereseee vs os 6 5's sitet
»> Tufescens, ...+++eseeee pitetp pales custo slipin) sient
y> —- PavimentatUs, 6. + cereererervereererereenevvces
Index. 337
Page
Memmeas punctatus, ....ccccccsveveces évoveccce eUMba pear aes
Beotophilus fuliginosa, .......c+ececerce codvdbe snes sqel ii take
a PINON oe 6 Rb stiihe ois Pe aes sehr oC aReae 42a
= SOMOROUNL, cia¥ owe o1WeUblin> Wide tcceamkas dh saqaeeen anes
Scytonema gramelatam, ............- Kaleen MCR CHASED eee
a geruginio-cinereum, ......... 6.60 seaeiceuabes oun eee
Seetamoree near Nadgurha, ......00 .eceeeeees ons quae 2ie
Seharee, Photographs of,.......0.-+0> sidaubeta well dlaie attecd oun 268
Sequestratic or Account Books, ....... rere eri 91
EGAN BRUISE, So cucwicnddasssvevedavercedends (DES
Shaistah Khan, ..........s0 HOA G dS cM Se TECDUET EL ber 133
Shakarpari, ...... SUV dda Wadies clad eveve ee ty ors eVede sis IO LTS
Shamshernagar, Photographs of, ......... cod skew else ett 26m
Shamsuddin, Date of, .......eececeeee cts eens valet o Jott eee
Shat chakra tippani,..... ateeeeesw Pelee ib THI ADU eis 282
i OS ae ee ae Lea sieve 288
Sherif ul Omra (Sir) Election cancelled, ........eee0000 58
SCHON), Struck Off,. icisveceweccesevoiewee jetawie 58
AMINO Gives civyadeesecevversesvvunoess 128
Sher Shah, Tomb of, ...... Chimes dewoue mula Wu aamee ake
Shikarabad north of Kharakpur, ........sessccceccess ; 99
Shunt’s Galvanometer of Latimer Clark, ......e0.eee024+ 219
Sikkim Birds,....... Sauteainne kane Ee oan aes autined wise aryiate
ToT PCIN@eRCNnGGNt), ACCOUNG Gf, ....wcsecesevdiacidessan,, 167
“ b, Wath hag 2 So. cisinde ARwms 2 slats om qdioeatitaee
EO ing Bae ve tc im awone Peeps Ue .e salle eet ore . 7
PEMEINMNISETISLS Ww viors gee tre dwele'e oereiuiele bo bibs divide saa Wit ad. ig) 200
Sinha-vy4graha Rahasya, ........-ceecsesevees sh dees . 283
Simroun, the ancient Capital of Mithila, ............44. - , 270
Simotes bicatenates, ........eeeeeeeee Bee Gilets diseases oie oe
Peecnasie anatomy Of, 6. 05.. eel. Se ceteesl. We baeeuee. a: gh ike
SEE, Succ cnvionan anbnnsaredasscdintewss INLD
RNAI ARNREEORLEDS (5 oie.p- vin. 00is v.01 visivice.ctslslacial Sele osueles , 194
Sitta cashmerensis, eer ereer rer ee eee eee ee eee eee ew 209
” Lo a 209
S‘iva-sanhitd, ......00. eeeerseoeeoeeereeesreer eer eee eereene 282
238 Index.
Manda Parana. ol eadelmeavacese iudtu tulip satr'tsla'n's TERUG ;
pete (5), GNGCHGH Oly as.c0 iden awn ss ws ROK cia id estate ;
Smriti-chandriya sraddhakala,....... aiealaiate whirl oh
Spectroscopic analysis of the Corona, ....... Ao ye
Mpmroe ya daciming, 4.5 Issues we vens wa 8 ay SPA SS
7 SUUPOUA, Aves cn ase Liasgiaetuaverotah inwt@hee
Spironema, ..... anata tay ewwen ears wureien ie Ris Onk ia E
stlinie: sGlaeeallea:. Dasidis'a ano wnlatatn ln 'atale ELA Gis Taro site ete
meallis Gharaciad,, .0...acennss dg Ub Ge aol lols well SEO ca :
PCNA IDI S oi Sa vdwiwten' aware rareiatale oie v's gist RISER aA
Peiturysahacranama spotra,.,.a<necncancanens aero ‘
S’rautaprayaschitta chandrik4, ...... Sisfareretait sigin’gi tae ““e
S‘ribhaktiratnavali, ..,.... ey wsfhar aeldnppeiaad he w lietot otitis
S‘riguri Sahasranéma, ...... betes eine aie athe bee ones Jn
Staurospermum.ceerulescens,...sescerresrercee ws bide
ety RIOR se cwra we ke eo Be we Peo 3 tien Sipdhte td ahe oterates asia
Bteliio Diayans, ss bons aos balwade waa leslie cee eee i
See MA CUCTIS PEE aielais bib ee ats ee wiuinda'> Ee aenORe ee a .
Fy) WMGLRAUTUBy yee 00's ee'c'n'e ns bey 0's 9 bn = eotmmeein ee te
t, baborculapus,. ys ass wen Eas wre eae 181, 188,
Se Sh PE aE he ee OD ab bnoaetye ly
Stevens (H. W.), Withdrawal of, ....... ts Soha eve oe
Stolephorus balitora,,....... Sree cine asa 5'sa a ee ee
* UICC gs “ascalin Ween tal'e to mpadirs stakerad Aa tbale Aree. ol:
Stoliczka, F., on the Anatomy of Cremnoconchus, ....... ;
as On. atmospheric PLOGSURE,..0.-. senccen sr vevcesese at
i on Mr. Blanford’s paper on Bike 5 ee :
» on the geographical distribution of Talphnaidees ve
5 on Indian and Burmese Ophidians, ........eee008
:j on Moulmein Terrestrial Mollusca,....+.ssecseee
», appointed trustee of the Indian Museum,........
BiGtra, . DungAdaédimanama, ios .0.cieceseincereiorae
ops pI SAMASEANATOR, » iu clicmim bah ne weno
bp «WAI PMET, GARASEAMAI Ay | soiece/cssissoresecons
Foi 2 SRV EY MME debits IeSclial tales -sakadenaded ud on ode ree ee ovary RESUS ie fale claed
yo © NOCUDPRIEL MUTA 5 a ta ts bn in 's so sore '6 0 ts form 09 mere taasoegnie ateheleae
Index. 339
Page
Strachey (Col. R.), on Barometric Curves,....... aipalande hha 65
» Remarks on Barometers, .. ...... sth ddade ley aimee 15
St. John, on Arracan celts, ..... wagdees nab Gdaa wd Pert e 83
Stubbs (Major), on a Muhammadan coin, ......,....e008 97
RTOS aoa 4 x ane. 40.66 tc the A 0,069.0 ow ne sheik WaldwO ax | ae
NUS Ses gsi Binsin Ae mA ate oo 248
Rah gL Wa iidig: baie © tind si s'dsp me pete Srivdcts aR SSA be
Sudama Rshi cave, ....... aiee ik ahve, CR ae ons: 9% ane sine ofiiiti ) es
Paddbi Dipikea, ....... aia in Eoeih sips: Loknies wa samitdes oye lSeks idduy 4 SBS
Sun, Spectroscopic examination of the, ........ceseerevee 138
I ROAD, HUG so, 4) 060. 0:19, wc oeiensrdsaies sini esedias Ade Ad cy imOd
», Saktidana,.. ard avers a, aa a aligns hues alway. ae
Suresvaras, notes on Brihadae anyaka Wponishiads Gee sce 5
MPU ey LOTPLO. Of)... ov sicien vclelcicisielecndcoclas sledies oid woe! 204
Svarodaya, ..... Pa vae Chad deh e Gh & 2e aT Ata biel Vlas wath 282
ay VANCPAD « cle wyavcasldlelscietsdutadiacde Joiiow tase | Seo
EE et oae res bb S64 Hiss Ware Lith Aodobts bd, ,2ae
MME IE COOCALA, fs. 6 <.0/s s/tiale odie) a ola didis ahededlelet dias, 204
ve AE OWpG Hise @ dkere =,0) eh aide ebay aus AAt ofslatslaiemelolacs 204
~ Syrrhaptes tibetanus,........+-- jaye, @ nial a le ofOit dre tke eee odd 1 OGhES
Tachydromus. Haughtonianus,,.....c0.seceeccessaves she. dalyii suites
s MO OTIGION LIS), 6 oo 6 see wees w ple a aie yb widlels fe, addy erent
ie BORER EL OME ASS 6 Seaioge ci'ni nc w stm mie.OS) ose (Ris. ale wl geler
49 Perma ECLGE LTE, es an ah orn: siita Wins nite Ale ORV pas al e'e, 0/0000 odo, mm 192
PAW WUT SUI, 6s oe aio s Ventas ewindicleud ba acreage ns 98
Takaradi Svarupa,.... a 'sin CER Pe Cee A te
Talbort (TI. W. H,) Notes on ae neha Keban, « ss sievwrd «rate 17
Tankra-la, ..... ee ens Sin eKeeeawas Lees eh aes S sttiieian di Ee
Mantra, Achdrasahasra, ..cccssecseecccucesccccccnnss . 288
» Brahmajnana, o..secseveseseeeereesesseecces e») 282
» Gdyatri brahmanollasa, .......seeeeeeeerenes coe’ 282
PETIURN GS Glace vccernctoaheus pb atneusiaadnd d Ad a/99/oae . 282
PU AMUULVAEL OUD VA, oi ccwenssehe nec cmeanedies nbeevare ots! eae
PMB Gy nc ccitieive cs ncn eee sescrecenscnens atm bile 3 282
SN MIDs a wisn e/a in sipluls oie ds seis kwecrre ld addve {6 2Oe
Pe i Se a ees eee a liiewte. “7/5 aa
840 Index.
Tantra: shltisangama,. ...edsse ec eeevdvw eevee uh we «olen
» sara, (Mahat’ Brahmajnana,........s.sseeeee hee
Sf i ARBREDRVANT po-niaielonetocen die wins snoran ce omave J olbiv. anh hd aaah
Fe SONATE, cc d.ci sakes IG SAM pease dh Dew 3 Biles
ENSUES OTL ca cathinis aketcrticltysseyenene eee et nears
MAM VEK=ESO) 0 je near nie cine 0 yn ove eT TA Ore vues
TERED, SATUS Ea io 1a 2 25 '0.%s twine Ho Wed cebvnlleh mama ahetnher'st bers dere nee
Tattvanu sandhana, ..... espate tale VS vidclelete det his
Deve PTAkaSikAy 3 y.20evwcecnne sirefaya faces noe. seen
SP. PAMGMATIA,. <a sss Mk 18 UMdtde les. 23 Ce oleae
PelphusaGAErins, ..: 000 veveesis-ciere-odierseie0 ¢ os i 0nd oawiviee .
a TIMIC Dy. ve 010 2.09: 8010 90010 fare ere tre seve reh ravaian wet Wi embat d dibs
5 Leschomaiiltiiy 155. ole! ie wis vtsved oldie det dbiy Renee
Telphusidee, Malayan and Indian,.. ,.....ceeseeseeers 83,
Meter atih td oF. ye ELOCHIOM: Oily, - 12 ciecoieiacvsroveran, teeehoqmivy ovtenng ane
of », elected Member of Council, ......sseeeeeees ;
5). OR Aneriie and FiMe,y. ce sarerccere ayer shin shbnit ohat.ohaio\eaahina
», onthe total eclipse of Decr 11th, ..... eit ea ad
», suggestions for visitors to the total eclipse, ....... )
Pelerraph, earth, Test Of, ...6.cessccnccs ves dWveisciae am .
Mocrido, Phay Tel, MOLES , OD, eacvneseeo«'a6d dv ohsues Bibl sl onhieeers
TSirodon CWUClblG, -« «ev oo ese SPT erie Pr ee :
» Kariya PROG). neoenene somnevideii tevneuee aie ale
Theobald (W.), on Aracan shells, ........ iow said Lode a
on.Moulmein.shell,, .« «.2,s ss e0,q0eeeee iene
Puprios (T.), Withdrawal of, ........ POOLE c
TherapoOD SCTVUB, scsceccerevsdvis ln, Shae Sotwe f side ees elo ie .
Thunder-storm,..... cheat eck PE Per ee ee er eer F
Tibet, Observations on atmospheric pressure DMly. bio a x coh
Dy Ravel, Palsmat, 2 daa enndnaee wis woo a Wlld Kield WW Wt oialhber
Tinnunculus alandarius, ......e.s6+ hei Mh aea St of arlaeelee
Peppant, SHAGCR ak Tay. . «vie wise. iacscee duoc, 4 seve renee ons « seiglatae
PMR, CAT TAATITIOS. Oly sniaysnteysversissennasarrnre mete, Be Mate ia slaletees
BUR NG sale a cieiekern.tie eines @u.dicimthesee as 6 0, e.ce/as heii
Todar Mall, Bitthplace of, ....cccesueess «w= sills AE
Dedar Mall or aetiub son sansccaseueernacas BAP ea
Index.
Troffts (O.), Election of, wssssceserecvevevecescesveress
Trichiurus lepturus, ........ orsseess CRG ad SHEE s bioe De
Trichogaster fasciatus, chuna, cotra, lalius, sota,....seeees
Trichopodus beje, ceerulescens, colisa, fuscus, ruber, vittatus,
Trimeresurus Andersoni, ...... eaee
Tropidonotus bellules, himalayanus, junceus, macrops, ma-
croplthalmus, plumbicolor, quincunctiatus, sikkimensis,
PEPGTIIALHE, .cscrcisiernc.cnes siecutt dee de Gilvd vith dite loins
BREIL LOB, de cai aces
Tunnavaya, eeoeeveesereeoreeerereeereeeeeeteeeee eevee reose
eeeervrereereeeseeveseeeeeee ee
Warka Tippani, ....ccseccscsvseseses sede W DERE Mo dls NI D0
Miryeon Sophen, ....ssvvecvevesseve Acard od pW btw dn dhseds
Trypanchen Vagina, wccsecceseccsvccdeveresssavecsvses
Mifoonethud boga, ...ascacecccacaveces PPTe rare
Typhlops andamanensis, braminus, bothriorhynchus, Hors-
fieldi, pammeces, porrectus, Theobaldanus, ...++.+esee
Upanishad, Akshamalika, ........... ey Ty eis eee
( PANUSPUDNA, ps sve seancesavewasMdal dd whe till
7 Commentary on Atharva,....ccccscoceccdcnens
5 Bsihadaran/vaka,, ...ecsss ve vitndenitielai wad
. Hkdkshara,...ccsseccccsevcccvessstessceece
% Dlirvatith: 76s ¢sieiep a eawiecdadeda rode dadcdamnentd
7" Wajnavalkyayws scvslewsccvsiewn vee devumaiden
SWeorthke KMDDa, .. ccc ccncaseencanctuamasccceenagane
Vagalamukhi-kavacha,...csecererssseernnnceteccecees
Vagala patala, ..... TVETT SL CVETERE CELE OO :
Wminale identified with Bukra, ....cccccorec a¥dwudnudded
Valakrishn ‘{shtaka, ..... vir eepwe whieh suey out Obaigide act
Meapaye Wolly... ceeccees SCE eck. POEL adhe eieteateionetss
Vapour, Actual tension Of, ...ceecescceeecereeceeseees :
Vasishtha yogakanda, .....sseeeeees bia abaialss Sapatacatray a
Vastu Homa, ........ ais wedanp Se Ohare wre ss ay Sonatas ar ;
Vespertilio Blanfordi, nepalensis, pachypus,.......0-.+ees
Vespertilionidee, New Indo-Chinese, .....eceeesecevecees
Vesperus Andersoni, atratus, fuliginosa, prachiotis, pra-
CHYPUS, cree rcccceevccccccvccertocsrvvverveese Sl,
842 Index.
Page
Wap say irctaiess letasatnte oni ctpcateeieveraiajacaceresers fi32 seine aes sclaele 281
Wiseshavya'ptt bhava Ralasyay. ics is iewere sari ee Rhee ae 283
Wishnu Parl gin Gye, flossB0 i as Sle nlhls ofl Rie hus Atlee 253
Viverana. Dhishya,;\ ss seseivee.ees es mre Giiciele ub S00 eile Baan 283
Weiranmprad tye WP Ors0 8... jo jci0c0iais. ».+j\csetndeiers «hl die Cita: Sere 283
Vyakarana bhava, ....... Gite wie hibsteipte sick sls aH +6 vuole! On eee
Vyaptanugama Rahasya, ...cccceemccscerccces veuhitelete ie (O26e
Vyaptigrahopdya Rahasya, ...... A See ereraness se etn de AP) ke
Wyapn panchaka Rahasya, j. -iciecisieis.e.cicwiiniayereieie nnsiciatabohetig 283
VAS UDI, xs sce <.c:0 510: 5.0ini0ie sieves aa 4 (evececosiniaceiatet ae o 288
Waagos (W..), Hlection 0f,. 0.06... éesenss ojos se .6l0 alate ‘ 52
Riemer AO, Ms), SbrtCke UL, «J ince insavese, 0. aiwgapsve osuaceageie’e siaediate 57
Wallace, (W. A. J.), Withdrawal of, .........0. ee Ce 7 ee
Warda birds, ...... AN: a bdlatuls sai-cem-avaher ave saenvelwiale rena ar eam « ie
"Wrarth (Gil)) 1) Withdrawalwof, oc, cise iii. sleile tatetallls arene 276
Waterhouse, J.,on new Photo-callographic printing process, 239
West Berar Temples, Photographs of, .........csesseee : 51
Whisham (J..B.), struckiof,...5.0..% o's caw Bicetalitelglaleein ‘ 58
®yalkinson, (J..) struck off,. -5% 4. imtl ees Tae MeN avate ade 57
Walliams (C.) struck Off, 6 ois 63 vs 5 ccpisise PAs i Sea ‘ 58
Wilson (J.), Election of, ..... erat sinb sa ake ils ideas rites 5d
Wood-Mason (J.) on Telphusidae,.........000. waist eee ffcls 83
Xavier’s (Jerome) Life of the Twelve Apostles, ......... . i 188
BELG faratetr carder artis! sate! afer ote mia hatalatatahe!sl wi etahahea stat ata saan err |: |
Wet Dhusanid, « <.1o.c%ye asiew eetete'e ele cvwe'elaiersle e/ctd ofa erelataats hy aan
anebardast Kham, - iy i.'s «se sv m wig aie Prvher au aeraraie ipa: aise en
Aamenis fasciolotus, ...ceseessses UTULEP TERE ER
Zosterops simplex, ...... 5 Ode ws Sd oreonse da mith os Cistslaig
Lede
Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observatious
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Caleulla,
in the month of January 1871.
Latitude 22° 33’ 1” North. Longitude 88° 20’ 34” East.
Eleight of the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, Xe. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
Ci 2
“A & _ | Range of the Barometer a # |Range of the Tempera-
a 25 during the day. an 2 ture during the day.
Soe EB ie é
Date. FH So et ore, FE 5 |
so | Max. | Min. | Diff. | £5 | Max. | Min. | Dif.
Ea | i /
a Se a et |
| |
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. Oo fe) | o | o
1 | 29.907 | 29.998 | 29.843 | 0.155| 71.5 | 81.6 | 63.5! 18.1
2 934, | 30.009 .883 126 | 72.9 $1.2 | 66.4.) 148
3 .986 072 928 | | .144)| 67.1 73.7 | 60.5 | 13.2
4 | 30.009 107 941 166 | 62.3 70.0 | 56.0 | 14.0
5 | 29.969 031 897 134 | 61.7 70.8 | 54.0 | 16.8
6 954 024 .889 135 | 63.9 73.5 | 56.5 | 17.0
q .985 L059 931 128 | 65.7 | 75.2 | 58.0 | 172
8 981 055 .930 125} 670.) 76.7: | 695 | 17:2
9 .985 073 .936 137 | 65.7 | 76.2 | 57:0} 19:2
10 .970 O47 912 135 | 65.5 75.5 | 56.7 | 18.8
11 48} (015; 910; 105| oes | 78.9 | 875) 905
12 962 .042 924 118 | .66.8 74.5 | 60.6 | 14.0
13 977 .058 .923 135; | Ga 7 76.5 | 57.2 | 19.3
14 996 .072 943 129 | 65.7 77.5 | 56.2 | 213
15 .986 £067 931 136 | 66.8 78.4 | 57.3 | 21.1
16 971"| 041 $01 140 | 68.9 79.5 | 60.0| 19.5
17 945 004 .900 104 70.0 79.2 | 61.2! Teo
18 982 .062 .930 ae) | ee 79.4 | 678! 11.6
19 | 30.005 .106 943 163; 72.3 79.8 | 65.4| 14.4
20 | 29.976 .076 1897 179 | 68.8 75.7 | 62.6 | 13.1
21 943 022 881 141 | 66.1 75.0 | 58.3 | 16.7
22 .959 022} 913} 109] 669 | 76.6 | 60.0| 16.6
23 .989 065 .932 133| | 68.7 78.8 | 60.5 | 183
24 984. .053 947 106 | 70.0 80.3 | 62.4 | 17.9
25 977 062 923 139 | 71.3 81.5 | 63.5 | 18.0
26 | 30.037 J19.| | 960 159 | 69.3 | 76.9 | 69.2 | 147
27 .057 148 .996 162! 65.6 | 75.0 | 57.5 | 176
28 032} 115| 966| 149] 645 | 74.7 | 55.5 | 192
29 O11 099 944 155 | 668 77.3 | 58.4| 18.9
30 013 .099 .962 137| 69.4 79.5 | 61.0 | 18.5
81.0 | 61.6) 19.4
31 029 104 988 116 | 70.9
The Mean Height of ae Barometer, as likewise the Dry aad Ww et Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly observations. made at the
several hours during the day.
il Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Resulls of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
inthe month of January 1871.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—/( Continued.)
Wl sew deed Ebel ved. oe
— | te e) (3) 2h #5) = a3 b
meee | GE Saj83 | oa eee
2 o | 3 & e442 | oot Soe ee ee
2 Bc til oie Ls $3 |\t anne oee
Date.| © .. eo lle a 5 = eS o 2 28.8
Pu . A nS = © = £5
es | 4 | 2 | 8. |) 28 | fo }eeaeee
ee | 6 | 2-| a | @3 1-6 | 8 eee
do | | > Se =e sz |S 58 | ois
oq Pa } HI ron oF og Se rs) om s
= A oO A = a | i =
0 | ° o | Joches.| T. gr.) Tsam,
1 65.0 6.5 | 59.8| 11.7 | 0.520 5.69 2.69 0.68
2 66.3 6.6 | 61.0} 11.9 AL .93 .80 68
3 59.0 | 8.1| 52.5] 14.6 407 4.50 .82 .62
4 55.9 | 64| 601] 12.2 375 19 2 .66
5 56.0 5.7 | 50.9| 10.8 1385 31 1.88 70
6 58.6 53 | 538] 10.4 425 a .90 Bi
7 60.7 5.0 | 56.7 9.0 469 5.19 .83 74
8 60.9 6.1 | 56.0} 11.0 458 07 2.23 70
9° | 59.4 6.3 | 54.4 | 11.3 434 4.81 Oh, .69
10 59.0 6.5 | 53.8] 117 425 va 27 .68
11 60.5 Boubs.5y. das 450 .99 27 .69
a2 60.0 6.8 | 54.6 | 12.2 437 184, AQ .67
13 58.0 (S18). 13.9 397 40 .62 .63
14 58.0 7 .\ BL.8.|.. 1a.9 .397 40 62 .63
15 58.5 8.3) 51.9] 149 .398 Al 185 61
16 60.9 8.0] 54.5 | 14.4 435 .80 94, 62
17 63.0 7.0 | 57.4| 12.6 .480 5.27 73 .66
18 66.1 6.6 | 60.8 | 11.9 537 .88 .80 .68
19 65.2 7.1| 59.5 | 12.8 515 .63 95 .66
20 61.9 6.9 | 56.4 | 12.4 464, a .60 .66
21 59.7 6.4 | 54.6.) 11.5 437 4.84, .26 .68
22 60.4 6.5 | 65.2.) 11.7 445 .93 35 68
23 61.8 6.9 | 56.3 | 12.4 462 5.10 59 .66
24 63.6 6.4 | 58.5 | 11.5 498 AT 53 638
25 65.8 5.5 | 61.4 9.9 548 6.02 31 72
oe. bei tee bho | ass | | aes | Sue 78 o a
27 56.5 9.1} 49.2 | 16.4 .363 4.04 .96 58 9
28 56.8 7.7 | 50.6 | 13.9 .381 24, 52 63 a
29 59.6 72| 53.8] 13.0 425 70 56 65 9
30 63.0 6.4 | 57.9 | 115 488 5.36 50 68. 9
3] 64.9 | 6.0} 601} 108 525 76 AT 10a
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants. 2
=
Meteorological Observations. ill
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calculla,
in the month of January 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
|
Range of the Barometer Range of the Tempera-
S38 a
3H . for each hour during ral 8 ture for each hour
"en © the month. 9 during the month.
Sg m2 Pe |
Hour. & Eo Ad |
e433 | Max. | Min. | Dif. | 38 | Max. | Min. | Diff.
a Fee |
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Ow ba) oO o) o
| |
Mid- |
night.| 29.981 | 30.064 | 29.896 | 0.168 | 63.9 | 71.5 | 583} 13.2
1 .972 049 | .892| .157 | 63.2 | 70.0 | 57.2| 12.8
2 964 038 883 | .155 | 625 | 69.4 | 56.0| 13.4
3 .957 031 894} .137 |- 61.9 | 68.5 | 55.7 | 12.8
4 .956 026 | .895| .131 | 61.3 | 68.0 | 55.5 | 12.5
5 964 | 051 906 | .145 | 60.8 | 67.8 | 55.0/ 12.8
6 977 072 916 | .156 | 60.4 | 68.0 | 542} 13.8
7 | 30.001 101 941} .160 | 60.1 68.0 | 54.0 | 14.0
8 031] .120{ 970} .150 | 62.3 | 684 | 57.7 | 10.7
9 057 148 991] .157°| 65.5 | 71.7 | 59.7 | 12.0
10 061 142} .998| .144 | 69.2 | 75.5 | 62.5 | 13.0
11 Ome fia 900) 13g. |, TAGy|.. 976 | 65.0 | 12.5
/ |
| | | |
i | ' |
Noon. O14 082 | .941 141 | 74.0 | 79.0 | 67.0 | 12.0
1 | 29.979 046} .899] .147 | 75.6 | 80.4 | 685] 11.9
2 954 028 | .873.) 46a. |. 766 81.2 | 69.4! 118
3 .939 018 | .851| .162 | 77.1 81.6 | 70.0| 11.6
4 | ~ .931 014} .843] 171 | 761 80.5 | 69.0) 115
5 934) .022| .846| .176 | 748 | 79.5 | 67:9} 11.6
6 943 | .040| .855| .185 71.8 | 76.7 | 65.5 | 11.2
7 959 | 056 870 | .186 | 69.6 | 743 | 63.2! 112
8 .978 | 067 .880| .187 | 67.8 | 72.6 | 61.6} 11.0
9 992 | .079 893 | .186 | 66.7 | 72.6 | 60.5| 12.1
10 .998 082 | .899| .183 65.6 72.0 | 69.5 | 12.6
11 993 | 075 894 | 181 | 648 | 71.8 | 586] 132
}
| |
/
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived from the observations made at the several
hours during the month.
iv Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
an the month of January 1871.
Hourly Means, &e. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—(Ooxtinued.)
é Sra etd. = ‘3 ef | SS | es
= ean we 2 a. | So
eyes {Oo | 2° es | aoe
a See ae ee ae 23 |S) o
Hour. A ; 3 A ca | 3 = 5 Aiea 5 3 Soe
es | 3 i oe Se | 8S | &yS] een
ae |e} &) ae +8 | eo eee) ee
og ol). ba ES S2 | 84 )323 |
o o Oo Cy) Inehes. | "T. gr.) T. gr:
Mid-
night.| 60.3 3.8 | 56.7 7.2 | 0.469 5.22 1.41 0.79
1 59.6 3.6 | 56.4 6.8 A464 a4 32 80
2 59.2 a3 | 56:2 6.3 AGL 15 £20 81
3 58.6 3.3 | 55.6 6.3 A52 .06 17 81
4, 58.2 Z| 65.4 5.9 459 02 10 82
Bi) BTe S11 64.9) 5.9 4AL 4.94 .08 82
6 57.4 3.0 | 54.7 5.7 438 91 04, 83
7 57.1 3.0 | 54.4 Ny 434 86 .03 83
8 58.1 42) 545) 8.0 432 83 48 vee
9 59:8 5.7-| 65.2] 10.3 ANS 95 2.03 vE
10 61.1 8.1] 546] 146 437 81 3.00 62
11 62.0 | 10.0} 54.0] 18.0 428 .69 81 55
|
Noon.| 62.4 11.6 | 54.3: 19.7 432 71 4.33 52
I 63.0 | 12.6 | 54.2} 21.4 431 .68 .80 .49
2 63:0' | 13'5'| 53.5) 23.0 421 bg 5.18. AT
3 63.4 | 13.7} 53.8] 23.3 425 61 31 AT
4 63.0 | 13.1 | 53.8| 22.3 425 62 Ol AS
5 63.2) | t.6| 55.1 | 19.7 444 84 4.42 52
6 63.9 791 57.6} 142 483 5.29 3.16 63
7 63.4 6.2| 58.4] 112 496 46 2.44, 69
8 62.6 5.2 | 58.4 9.4, 496 AS 00 73
9 62.0 4.7 | 58.2 8.5 493 45 1.78 75
10 61.4, 4.2 | 58.0 7.6 489 A2 58 Wi:
11 60.7 4.1 | 57.4 7.4 480 33 50 78
All the Hygrometrical clements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.
Meteorological Observations.
Vv
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor Generals Office, Calcutta,
im the month of January \871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &e.
a. | Sob | Winp. |
é| ud sae Provan ue 2 ‘3 General aspect of the Sky.
$|/ 28 | 3.4 direction. sclas
eee | ral”
o |Inches tb | Miles |
1| 135.2) ... |W byN 100:6} Bto3a.at., \ito12a.m., B
afterwards. Slightly foggy at
midnight, 1 a. m., & 8p. M.
2; 135.0) «- WSW&WNW ... | 143.6 | B. Slightly foggy from 7 to
| 10 Pp. M.
3) 129.8| .. INW,N& NNW)... |185.0) Bto2a.m., \ito6a. w,.
B afterwards. Foggy from 7
to ll p. M.
4) 129.5) +. INW&NNW. | 0.3) 136.0) B. Foggy at midnight & L
[Ww A. M., & trom 8 to 1l pM.
5} 126.5; «» |INW, NNW&WN | 159.4, B. Foggy at midnight & 1
la. M., & from 8 to 11 pv. m.
6|128.0| «. WNW &N 143.6; Bto6 a. m.,\iafterwards,
Slightly foggy at midnight.
7|128.8; ». INbyE& NW 126.9| BtolOa.m.,\ito7 P.M.
|\ni afterwards. Foggy from
9 to ll p. M.
8) 131.2 NW&WQOW. 104.4| \Nito7 a. Mm., \i&\_i to6
| p.M., B afterwards. Foggy
from 8 to 1l pv. Mm.
9' 130.0 WNW&NNW) ... | 105.7) Btolla. m., Nito6r.m.,
B afterwards. Slightly foggy
from midnight to 8 a. m., &8
to 11 P. m.
10) 132.5 N NW& WNW! ... | 108.0; \i & Ui to 6p. m., Baf-
jterwards. Slightly foggy from
(7 to 11 P, M.
11; 131.0 WNW&WhyN! ... | 77.0| B.Slightly foggy from mid-’
night to6a. mu., & 8 to 11
P. M.
12 123.8 WNW. 107.4! B to2a.m., \Nito6 p. m.,
B afterwards.
13! 130.0 WNW. 106.6 es Slightly foggy from 9 to
P.M.
14) 133.5 W by N & ENE. 73.0) 3B. Slightly foggy from mid-
night to 6 a. M.
Jopis3.0) <1 JE NE & N. 1296.0'|. Bito 7a. wy \n to 10 2),
iB to2 p. Mg Wi to6 Pp. u., B
afterwards. Slightly foggy
from 7 to 11 Pp. M.
16| 137.6) «« INNES&N, 150.6} Bto6a.m., Vito 4P. a,
\B afterwards.
17| 137.8 .« |NNE,NE&NbyE 136.7| Btoda.m., Wiafterwards.
\i Cirri, —i Strati, “i Cumuli, \_i Ciro-strati, ~i Cwmulo-strati, \_i Nimbi,
Nui Cirre-cumuli, B clear, 8 stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning
R rain, D drizzle,
vi Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calculta,
in the month of January 1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &c.
|e eee Winp |
o Ke 5.8 3 2 Ss ‘
é 48 2. 5 Prevailing 4 E Be | General aspect of the Sky.
S S13. irection. Sola
llecie |; sal “aos
0 Inches} | ib | Miles
18} 124.3 NE,NbyE&NNE| ... | 81. ‘ito 4ea. u., O tosSuieme
S to 3 Pp. u., \i to foe) ae
afterwards. Slightly foggy
from 9 to 1l p..m., D at di &
1] a. M.
19|134.5| .. IN&N W |... | 98.2 | Chiefly B. Slightly foggy
| lat midnight & 1 a. M.
20|135.0| .. INW& W | bene | tebe oh. | ase ae foggy at 10 &
llp
21|134.5| ... |W&W by N | 1998 |B. ‘Shghtly foggy at mid-
night.
8 1A ly ape ei SYaDy Nik WOW) ... | 105.6) B: Slightly foggy from 8 to
Wiss
93/134.5| ... |WSW& W. rs Wok eee
Ot TARO) .. ol We sW. [Wie s.. | O9driy BE
95\136.2| .. |WSW,SWS&SS| ... | 129.3; B.
961 134.0; .... |\WNW&Variable,| ... | 146.0; Oto74.m., B afterwards.
Foggy from 1 to 4a. M.
DAV I13S.5 lpn oN Woe W 0.8 | 126.2; B. Slightly foggy from 7 to
ll P.M.
98) 133.0; ... |W& WbyS ... | 96.5) B. Slightly foggy at mid-
night from 5 to 7 a. m. & 9 to
(ll Pp. M.
99}131.5| ... |WbyS&W ... |109.0/ B. tol p.m, -ito4p.m.,
B. afterwards.
30|131.5| ... |WbyS&W .. | 104.9] B..to 12 a. a.\ i) to same
M., B afterwards
31)136.5| ... |WbyS&W .. | 78.1) B. Slightly foggy from 7
to 9 P.M.
|
SS: . . .
AG Cirri,—i Strati, “i Cumuli, i Cirro-strati, —_i Cumulo-strati, \_iNimbi,
\ui Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
Ss NL 9 See ee Pe
Meteorological Observations. 1a)
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of January 1871.
Monruty Resv tts.
Inches.
Mean height of the Barometer for the month.. ... 29.983
Max. height of the Barometer occurred at 9a. M. onthe 27th. ... 30.148
Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 4 P.M. onthe Ist. ... 29.843
Extreme range of the Barometer during the month BS 2. ROR
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures... ia ae ... 30.062
Ditto ditto Min. ditto : “ot .». 29.926
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month dea «« 0136
oO
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer for the month _... ee a ye
Max. Temperature occurred at 3 p. M. on the Ist. rn > Oe
Min. Temperature occurred at 7 a.m, on the 5th. bad Se SAG
Extreme range of the Temperature et the month at > aod eee
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature .. sha “ps od.
Ditto ditto Min. ditto, .. = . 69.8
Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month.. at
Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month .. 60.9
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 6.7
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month é 55.5
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed n mean Dew- -point .. 12.1
| aahse
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month .., es .. 0.450
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Vapour for the month .. 4.98
Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ... 2 46
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.67
o
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ... 132.4
Inches.
Drizzled 1 day,—Max. fall of rain during 24 hours... cas EINER
Total amount of rain during the month oo See
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo-
meter during the month
Prevailing direction of the Wind... eas WN Ww, ‘&W.
* Height 70 feet 10 inches above ground.
Vill
together with the number of days on
—
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Meteorological Observations.
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Meteorvlogical Observations. ix
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor Generat’s Office, Calculla,
in the mouth of #ebruary 1871.
Latitude 22° 33’ 1” North. Longitude 88° 20’ 34” Kast.
Height of the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, Xe. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
|
eg, | ee al ° m
ae Range of the Barometer cE; Range of the Tempera-
a 5 during the day. A > ture during the day.
ee ee ee ye
Date. | ES a, | ae | Lae
ec | Max. | Min. | Dif. | £2 | Max. | Min. | Dif
ja | | a nag
Inches. | Iaches. | Inches. Inches. bat SG ° fa) | °
) )
1 | 30.028 | 30.116 | 29.958 | 0.158 | 71.4 81.8 | 64.9] 16.9
2 | 29.952, .037|; 887) .150; 712 83.2 | 60.5 , 22.7
3 906 | 29.970; .840| .130| 739 | 83.5 | 68.8] 14.7
4 | £909 994. 834 160 | 71.3 | 805 | 63.0! 17.6
5 868 | .937 803 134| 706 | 905 | 62.3 | 18.2
6 | .894| .981 | 841 140} 71.8 | 82.5 | 62.0] 20.5
¥ 903 | .976| .847 129| 725 , 814 | 645) 16.9
8 895 | .959 | .838 121 | 73.6 | 84.0 | 65.5 | 18.5
9 899 | 978 £850 128 | 74.1 $3.6 | 65.4 | 18.1
10 899 | .967 | .840 127 | 74.6 85.0 | 66.5 | 18.5
11 912| .995| .865 130; 75.6 | 86.9 | 68.0/ 18.0
12 893 .952 | 840 112| 975.4 | 86.0 | 682)| 17.8
13 882 | 964 | .809 155 | 76.4 | 88.6 | 685! 20.1
14 | .887| 953; .839| 114] 77.1 | 89.5 | 69.0} 20.5
15 | .88| 956} .837 119 | 788 | 905 | 706| 19.9
16 | 872| 959 816 143 | 769 | 868 | 689 | 17.9
17 | 916 | 30.019| 877 142] 69.9 | 74.0 | 66.7| 7.3
18 901 | 29.986 | 836] .150| 72.0 80.9 | 65.5 | 15.4
19 926) .995| 865 | 130, 73.6 82.0 | 66.5 | 15.5
20 .926 £995 866) .129| 722 80.4 | 66.0 | 14.4
21 955 | 30.031 | .905| .126| 713 80.4 | 62.0) 18.4
22 936 | .025| .877 148 | 74.5 85.0 | 65.2 19.8
23 873 | 29.944 | .809 135 | 77.4 87.5 | 68.8 | 18.7
24 .890 .962 | .830 132 | 80.0 89.6 | 73.7 | 15.9
25 915 995 | 847 148 | 78.3 86.8 | 72.5 | 14.3
26 905 990 | 833 157 | 75.4 82.5 69.8 | 12.7
27 878 | 962 | 836 126 | 74.6 83.0 | 68.3 | 14.7
28 896 981 | 841 140, 74.9 85.5 | 65.0 20.5
| ) ;
) ) )
| / | | | |
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived, from the howly observations, made at the
“several howrs during the day,
x Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of February 1871.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—( Continued.)
En ae
Be te fe 3 oy | 38 oaeee
& ea as) & P ga | 2 | bab
iS = ©) o tS a0 = = estes
AY o a cane on 2 u ee I
= = > ag Sel sed Biota: | = pee 2 i)
= 6 3 2 CS \tea | cam
ae oy eZ oak 1
Date.| 2 .. a A = ‘S oo.) ae aE
3 2 as 2 Sf 28 duet ee
E ® "a = ee fe Ee S| 6 aie
a | @ BE | A ° | Bo |-2e.6 ee eee
eas Et S as aa (2°68 | oo
oq p> iS Pony oF os aan) oo
= A S) A = Pek ye =
0 o o o) Inclies. | T'>gy. «| Teer,
1 64.8 6.6 | 59.5 11.9 0.515 5.64 2.71 0.68
2 63.5 Gil | cose 13.9 478 24, 3.06 63
3 67.6 Go | 6s)" 107 -582 6.35 2.66 71
4 61.8 9.5 |) bee) Al | Adl Ae | ono 57
5 62.8 7.8 | 56.6 | 14.0 467 5.13 | .O2 63
6 64.1 Fa yOu! 3.9 8 | ABS cs slot 63
7 65.9 6.6 | 60.6 | 11.9 504 | 84 2.79 .68
8 65.5 Sl | 6978) -h3a:8 520 | 67 3.26 64
9 66.4 Yoh WOMAG: EI 5AL -90 aly .65
10 68.6 6.0 | 64.4 10.2 .605 6.61 2.59 72
11 68.9 6.7 | 64.2 11.4 .601 5A. 94, .69
32 69.5 5.9 | 65.4 10.0 | .626 81 62 72
13 69.4 7.0 | 64.5 119) 2607 60 3.12 .68
14 70.5 6.6 | 65.9 11.2 | .636 .90 .O2 70
15 68.9 9.9 | 62.0 16.8 | .599 0-4 4.40 .58
16 69.2 Wed | 16ae8 13.1 | .693 4A, 3.42 .63
a7 lien yal) 2 \| 62:3) o7.6-| B65 | pet) | day 78
18 66.9 5.1 | 62.8 9.2 574 29 2.21 74
29°) 8 67:7 5.9 | 63.6 10.0 KON | AA, 49 72
39 1° €4.8 1-7.4| 68:9 | 13.3 504 | 5.52 | 38.03 65
21 62.5 8.8 | 55.5 15.8 -450 4.94, 39 59
22 67.8 6.7) Gal 11.4 .580 6.33 2.85 .69
ose \eiOS 6.1 | 68:7 ) 787 || -g6Oy | ois 46 76
24 74.9 Dal wile iviles 8.7 -758 8.18 .63 -76
25 71.8 6.5 | 67.2 11.1 | #4664 G.19 3.09 £0
26 66.1 9.3 | 59.6 15.8 | .616 5.61 .82 .60
- 27 63.8 10.8 | 56.2 18.4 | .461 .02 4.18 5d
28 | 66:9 8.0 | 61.3 13.6 | .546 95 3.33 64
|
|
= — Tg ge So ee ee ee
Al the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants
Bleteorological Observations, xi
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Caleulla,
tu the month of February 1871.
Hourly Means, &e. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
33 Range of the Barometer .. | Range of the Tempera-
AS lige for each hour during mat 8 ture for each hour
"end the month. 2 during the month.
oS : a
Hour. 5 Eo. | |} Ag |
8 | Max. | Min. | Dif. | 28 | Max. | Min. | Diff
Ag | ae |
| | |
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | ea a 0) °
| ] |
Mid- |
night.| 29.914 | 30.042 | 29.872 | 0.170 70.3 76.0 | 65.5 | 10.5
1 .906 035 .860 175 69.7 75.5 | 64.5) 110
2 .898 .032 855 mi 69°1 75.3 63.7 | 11.6
3 889 | 024: 846 178 68.5 75.0 63.0 | 12.0
4 882 .027 837 | .190 68.0 74.7 | 62.0 | 12.7
5 891 O41 843 198 67.6 74.5 61.5 | 13.0
6 908 057 | 861 .196 67.1 74.5 61:0 | 13:5
7 .928 .066 .888 178 67.0 73.7 60.5 | 13.2
8 951 .090 913 177 69.2 | 76.5 | 63.8 | 12.7
9 975 113 927 -186 Cake | 278.7 |p G65.) I.2
10 .983 116 937 | 179 75.2 | 81.5 | 70.0| 11.5
11 973 102 | 910 | .192 78.2 84.5 | 72.0 | 12.5
i |
| / |
Noon. 946 | 067 | 890 | .177 80.3 | 86.5 | 66.7 | 19.8
1 910 | = .033 841 | .192 81.9 88.2 | 68.8 | 19.4
2 879 | 002 819 183 83.1 89.4 | 69.5 | 19.9
3 861 | 29.979 803 | .176 | 83.7 90.5 | 70.0 | 20.5
4 853 | 963 .803 160 83.4 90.3 | 69.5 | 20.8
5 855 958 809 | .149 82.2 | 88.4 | 68.0! 20.4
6 861 964 819 145 79.2 84.5 68.4 | 16.1
7 873 978 833 145 76.3 81.5 | 68.0 | 13.5
8 894 992 849 143 74.4 | 79.0 | 67.8} 11.2
9 910 .999 860 | .139 Td. | 27.0) |e6hl | Ss
10 916 | 30.002 | 874 128 | 71.8 76.3 | 67.5 | 8.8
aE 916 | 29.991 881 TiO, | 71.2 76.3 | 66.5 | 9.8
; |
| Ths) le |
| |
Thermometer Means are derived from the observations made at the several
hours during the month,
Xi Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
en the month of February 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—(Continued.)
’ ‘ . eS Tae So cease
Eagle | 21 opel es | SB auaee
A ciel ae Gat ls es PS | og eee
= © © | & ‘$8 | S.2 5) eee
=| es a | oe Re) ga | oe
S 2 = 1 ° eee a = as o 2 E
Hour.| © 3 = S eo a (7 3 20)
ae | nm F=f [oes H a
28'| 8 |2)8 | 84 | £2 | o.2saee
ES eS = = 4; Re ES |e FQ |so8
ag | 7 evan ee fa | ay |S e5o
2 3 b> 5 FS o,8 4/325 |
| 3 et) es AD toa) Bb
) )
aye: ) o Inches. | T. gr. | T. gr.
Mid-
night.) 66.5 3.8 | 63.5 6.8 | 0.588 6.46 1.62 0.80
1 66.2 3.5 | 63.4 6.3 586 45 AS’ Saat
2 65.9 3.2 | 63.3 5.8 584 43 .B5 83
3 65.7 2.8 | 63.5 5.0 588 .48 bd 85
4 65.4 2.6 | 63.3 4.7 584 4A | | 300°) Sie
5 65.1 2.5 | 63.1 45 .580 Al 08 86
6 64.8 2.3. | 63.0 4.1 578 40 0.92 ST
7 64.5 2.5 | 62.5 45 ree | hae eae .86
8 65.7 3.5 | 62.9 6.3 576° | 386 AG St
9 66.9 5.2 | 62.7 9.4, 572 oy 2.26 Th
10 67.9 7.3 | 62.8 | 12:4 574 26 3.11 .67
11 68.4 9.8} 61.5 | 16.7 .550 5.95 4.30 5S
|
|
Noon.) 68.4 11.9 | 60.1 20.2 525 65 5.26 52
re | 68.6 | 13.3 | 59.3 | 22.6 511 A8 .96 48
2 68.6 | 146} 58.4 | 24.7 496 31 6.55 5
3 68.5 | 15.2) 57.91 25.8 .488 21 .86 43
4 68.2 | 15.2) 37.6| 25.8 483 16 .80 43
5 68:2 | 14.0) 58.4| 23.8 496 31 a 46
é 69:2 | 10.0] 62.31 17.0 563 6.08 4.48 58
7 63.3 8.0 | 62.7 | 13.6 572 21 3.48 Ot
8 67.4 6.6 | 63.2 | 11.2 582 35 2.80 69
9 67.4 5.3| 63.2 9.5 582 36 32 3
10 67.0 4.8 | 63.2 8.6 582 37 08 75
il 66.8 4.4 | 63.3 7.9 584 AL 1.89 ae
All the Hygrometrical clements are computed by the Greenwich Constants,
a, ae
Meteorological Observations. xii
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of February 1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &¢
Be | hoe .| WInp.
Sa ilaeod) |
ag eal rear rT ea
s| av [oa 2] Prevailing la | Pe | General aspect of the Sky.
= = FE Sia? | direction. ae Aa c |
| o |Inches| lb | Miles |
1;138.0| .. |W&WNW | 78.7| B. Foggy from 3 to8a.m.,
& 8 to 10 P.M.
2}138.0; .. |W,WSW&SW)... | 89.3| B to 6p. ., Ni afterwards.
| Slightly foggy at6& 7 A. M.
3} 138.0; .. SSW&W IRS WS.to 4 Al MM... \1tolGer) ane
| B,afterwards. Slightly foggy
| from 1 tod a.m.,& 8 to lle. Mm.
4\137.2; .. |WSW&WbyS|... |119.0| B. Foggy at8&9p. m.
6) 136.5) ... SbyW&WhbyS|... | 89.7} B to 10a.m.,\ito4p. m
| B, afterwards.
Suace.. SS EE& S by EH... | 81.0; B.
7 134.7| ... S,SSSE&SbyE|...| 766) B.tolla.m.,\ito2 p.m,
\i to 5 p. M., B afterwards.
Foggy from 6 to 8 a. M.
$135.0; .. S&S SE ive/ta 0:8 |” B.
9/1340) .. SSW & WSW)...| 80.0; B.Shghtly foggy at 8 p. w.
10| 136.0; ... SW&SSW .. | 92.2] B. Foggy from 5 to 7 A. M.
iio)... SSWas W von OZ E 4} IB.
12) 137.0} -... $5 Wi ... |142.1| B. Foggy from 2 to 5 a. M.
13) 139.5)... SSSW,SW&SbyW) * | 187.3 B. Slightly foggy at 4 & 5
/ la. M.
14) 135.5) ... [Sby W&SSW| ... | 107.1] B. Foggy from 3 to 8 a. m.
15; 140.0) ... [SS W & SW se 2B UB.
” 141.3) ... ‘SW & Variable, ... | 165.5; B to64.m., \itod p. m.,
B afterwards. Smart Shocks
| / of E Earthquake felt at 53 4. M.
Beis 1.0: Variable ... | 182.0} “ito 10 a. m., O after-
wards. R at 11 & 12a. M.,
& 4&6 P. M.
18} 136.2]... W ... | 131.38! Clouds of different kinds
to 4p. m., B afterwards.
19] 141.3) 0:10 |W by N & S W/9.0| 96.1! Wi to 5a.m., ito lla.
M., ~i to 6 Pp. M., clouds of
different kinds afterwards. L
from 7 to9 Kat lle. m., T&
(Rat 8 Pp. M.
20| 135.5; .. SW&WhbyN |... /111.9| Sto4a.m, ito 1l0a.m.,
B afterwards. Slightly foggy
bo
ou
from 9 to 11 P. M.
a 140.0 WNW &WbyS) ... |.100.0' B. Slightly foggy at mid-
| night, & 1 a. M.
22) 139.0}... ws w&éSW sy | 209.9) B.
23) 141.0 SbyW, S&S SW)... | 126.5 Chiefly B. Foggy at 6 a.m.
24 142.0 0.40 8 ‘a W& SSW... | 128.8) Clouds of various kinds. T
4 at 6} &7».M., L from 65 to
| | ig P. u., Rat6,7 & 103 Pp. M.
\i Cirri, —i Strati, “i Cumuli, \-i Ciro-strati, ni Cumulo-strati, \~_i N imbi,
\ni Cirro-cumuli, B clear, 8 stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning
XIV Meteorological Observations,
Abstract of the Results of the Iourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of February 1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &c.
Be ae Winp.
es |22e Se ee
= = a LEP ‘
é| uk ae ° Prevailing 4g = 2 eneral aspect of the Sky.
8) Ss (a. direction. ts § Ss
Se ie wes Ae
o _|inches lb | Miles
25| 139.0 SSW & W .. | 195.6; B. Slightly foggy at 8 & 9
PM.
26| 139.0! ... |[WhyN & WbyS) ... | 144.4; B.
27|140.0; ... |WSW,W&WbyS| ... | 101.1} B. Foggy from4 to 7 a.m.
Bea PeeOus os... |W. OMe eres FO axe, LORD | OER
| W
——— ot
\i Cirri,—i Strati, i Cumuli, i Cirro-strati, »_i Cumulo-strati, \iNimbi,
\ni Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightnings
R rain, D drizzle.
i
Meteorological Observations. XV
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of February 1871,
Monrnty Resvutrs.
Inches.
Mean height of the Barometer for the month.. ... 29.907
Max. height of the Barometer occurred at 10a. M.on the Ist. .., 30.116
Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 3&4P.M. onthedth. ... 29.803
KLetreme vange of the Barometer during the month a La Ola
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures _... wif 43 ... 29.985
Ditto ditto Min. ditto +P .. 29.849
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month Sag «. 0.136
o
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer for the month Gs aS eye:
Max. Temperature oceurred at 2 p. M. on the 5th. aes wn oO
Min. Temperature occurred at 7 a.m, onthe 2nd. a te (606
Eetreme range of the ate during the month 3 et) coe
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature .. Pig are .. 84.0
Ditto ditto Min. ditto, ; dee ye Oe
Mean duily vange of the ‘Temperature during the month. 0 Lace
Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month... 67.1
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer (be
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month ; » > 6Fe
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point .. 12.2
‘Taare
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month .., 1h s« OLGGR
Troy grain,
Mean Weight of Vapour for the month aa pe oe Coke
Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ee a Se
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.67
te)
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month .., 138.1
Inches.
Rained 3 days,—Max. fall of rain during 24 hours... én, O80
Total amount of rain during the month we Og
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo-
meter during the month _.. i ii ee snont OfaD
Prevailing direction of the Wind... .., SSW,&S W.
* Height 70 feet 10 inches above ground,
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutia, in the month of Feb. 1871.
7)
&
|
Dp
mn
=|
=
bs
4
oat
&
Z
2 0
Sm
bstraet of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observat
er with the number of days on
z
wind blew, togeth
eli it rained.
icular
lar was blow
ich at a given hour any part
peel at the same hour, — any particu
Tables shewing the number of days on wh
Meteorological Observations.
“UO ULB YT
erat hic et et eet wae
MAq? NI of it eas Pe oe a ¥
“UO ULRYT
Pe eee ke A eee
“UO WIRYT
“M ey = — a NT nn
"MO UR YT
AON NAA i] A | Se = = eae. aie AANA
"UO ULRYT al
“NT AQ" AA AAANNNAANAS NANA AAAS
‘uo UIE, a i Ny ee a
“MP 0 GOON NNT 00 16 00 00 10 SSD 329 70 79 03 UN
“110 ule yy we. er . i
a sq an ANANAMA 4191910181 HG
UO WIRY
ING. \ Gi bbe Re TS
“uO Ley _
"MQ NANA OMIA AHS OHO OAH
"uo Wey
“MSS DHDWwRNKROCOAANOMAAMATAAWMIOMODS
“UO ULBYT!
“M Aq 'g SAITAMA M AAAS aan OnN
“WO UILYT| = =
9 AFAR HANAHAN —— SANNA OOD
x
“UO ULBYT are
c : ( 44M
am Aq ig aaa elon enone aN
“u0 U WY
ee ee eT ee eo i i hl
“T'S 'S
“uo WIV
“OL ‘9 AR 4 Lama
.
“UO ULBYT
cal a lan zs
“UO TRI,
amen MSI
"UO Wey
‘INN
“UO ULB,
g Aq “oF
“uo ULeyYy
“a
“wo Wey
OL ON “OL =
“UO TITY,
“UO TTRAT
“7 AQ NT EEE
“UO TRY
Meleorological Observations. KV
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutla,
tu the month of March 1871.
Latitude 22° 33’ 1” Nerth. Longitude 88° 20’ 34” East.
Height of the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
—_ 2 |
hee _ | Range of the Barometer = = [Range of the Tempera-
a2 <lwring the day. FAs ture during the day.
ea Oe ae |
o nH. |— + Ss |——— ~
Date.) 73 0, | teal | |
g2°, | Max. | Min. | Dif. | &3 | Max. | Min. | Diff
Ss | SH |
a Ps :
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. ra) | ° | fo) o
| | ;
1 | 20.882 | 29.950 | 29.809 | 0.141 | 76.2 | 843 | 70.0) 148
2 923 ; 30.012 | 845 167 | 69.2 70.5 | 67.0, 36
3 ‘845 | 29.928 | .789 139 | 68.0 | 705 | 65.0| 56
4 847 916 | .788| .128| 69.8 77.1 | 64.0 | 121
5 953 | 30.034 902 132 | 71.8 | 79.5 | 66.0 | 136
6 969 050 917 133 | 73.2 | $2.0 | 65.4 | 16.6
7 .913 | 29.981 846 1a5,, 754. | 83.8 |-69.0 4a¢
8 944 | 30.028} 883) 145 | 74.0 | 825 | 67.0 | 158
9 .937 £009 876 139 | 762 | 86.7 | 67.5 | 192
10 885 | 29.957 812 145 | 78.0 | 88.2 | 70.5 | 17.7
il 880} .940} .816{ 124] 792 | 89.9 | 722| 168
12 891 ‘962 | oad 131 | 80.9 | 91.6 | 735 | 17.8
13 .859 $44'| " .782.| | 182 | 81.1 | 91.60 | 740 | 170
14 mee.) S60 | 4 711 149 | 82.4 | 92.3 | 740] 183
15 .698 758 | .6388| .120| 831 | 93.5 | 745 | 19.0
16 762 851 669 182} 826 | 91.5 | 7451! 17.0
17 849} 942 793 | .149| 782 | $87.0 | 703 | 167
18 836 | 918 .788 Bs 87.0 | 68.4] 18.6
19 837 .908 783 126, 789 | 89.8 | 715 | 183
20 ‘$84, | 966 834 | .182] 808 | 91.0 | 74.5 | 165
21 .868 IAG 793 | 147 | 81.7 | 93.0 | 72.0} 21.0
22 a7 .906 .778 128 | $3.4 | 94.0 | 74.5 | 19.5
23 854; .934| .791| 143] 83.5 | 95.0 | 75.5 | 19.5
24, 818 900 | .746 154 | $38 | 96.0 | 73.8 | 22.2
25 776) 8441 717) .127| 84.1 | 95.0 | 77.0| 180
26 797 .858 730} .128| 839 | 97.7 | 765 | 213
a7 | .84| 929| (779| 150]; 834 | 924 | 765 | 159
28 .832 912 .768 144 | $5.2 | 94.0 | 79.3 | 147
29 818 896 54 142,| $3.5 | 922 | 76.0] 163
30 761 1854 642 212-| 84.9 | 972 | 76.5 | 20.7
31 750 | 825 608 1159 | 8.1 | 955 | v7 17.8
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Balb
Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly observations, made at the
- several hours during the day.
EVI Meteorological Observatione
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Culcutta,
tn the month of March 1871.
Daily Means, &e. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—(Continued.)
a
i ; : E 3 ee | &8 a la
ea e-em
H eS aw 2 SS aE 8 bt 7 eg
o on ~ .
) © S & ap |-o-948 | ee
& 5 é = ¥ = = Fe | 0 2 ibe
Dae} Se | S12 |e |S. | Be ges) eee
ve 2 ao) 2 S sf ory lS: SHS noe
Fe | 3 | 2) 24 | 2 | && | Boome
q FQ 5, Fe Es Be aC | Bae | oes
S as a 8 2 eS S58
® © FP 5 Py oF Og mes OO Fe
a = o A = a ke =
| 0 7) ty) | tr) Inches. | T..gr. | Tape:
1 72.8 3.4 | 70.4 5.8 0.736 8.00 1.66 0.83
2 68.0 Lee 6720 2.2 .659 Wah: 0.54 93
3 66.8 1.2] 65.8 2.2 634 OL 52 .93
4, 66.1 3.7 | 63.1 6.7 .580 6.38 1.57 .80
5 65.9 5.9 | 61.2 10.6 544. 5.97 2.48 41
6 67.2 6.0 | 62.4 10.8 .567 6.19 63 70
7 70.0 5.4 | 66.2 9.2 .642 .99 44, 74
8 68.3 5.7 | 64.3 9.7 .603 9 45 73
Hy) 69.0 7.2 | 64.0 12.2 597 49 3.17 -67
10 Tow 4.9 | 69.7 8.3 720 7.80 2.39 as
11 73.7 5.5 | 69.8 9.4, 722 81 75 74
12 73.6 7.3 | 68.5 12.4 .692 47 3.63 67
33 74.5 6.6 | 69.9 11.2 725 .80 37 70
14, 72.7 9.7 | 65.9 16.5 .636 6.82 4.79 .o9
15 74.5 8.6 | 68.5 14.6 -692 7.42 Ad 68
16 72.3 10.3 | 65.2 17.5 619 6.64 5.04 57
17 64.4 13.8 | 54.7 23.5 438 4.73 52 46
18 65.9. | 11.8 | 57.6 20.1 483 5.22 4.88 52
19 72.3 6.6 | 67.7 11.2 674 7.30 3.17 70
20 72.6 8.2 | 66.9 13.9 657 .O8 .99 64
21 72A 9.3 | 65.9 15.8 © .636 6.83 4.54, .60
22 75.9 Bee FOL0 12.8 741 7.94 .02 .66
23 73.1 10.4 | 68.8 1-0 634, 6.79 5.21 Bey
ZA 74.2 9.6 | 67.5 16.3 .670 7.18 4,92 59
25 rive 8 6.4 | 73.2 10.9 .806 8.63 3.58 al»
. 26 74.6 10.3 | 67.4 17.5 .668 7.12 5.37 57
27 77.5 5.9 | 73.4 10.0 811 8.69 3.27 73
28 77.3 Ye 12.6 .790 43 4.18 .67
29 75.1 8.4 | 69.2 14.3 .708 7.59 41 .63
30 (les: (Aen Were ite 795 8.50 3.99 .68
31 79.3 5.8 | 75.2 9 .860 9.18 .39 3
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants,
Metevrological Observations.
xix
Abstract of the Results of the Uourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calculla,
iw the mouth of March 1871.
Hourly Means, &. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
ght of
the Barometer at
Hour.
32° Faht.
Mean Hei
:
Inches.
Mid-
night.| 29.857
k 844
.830
821
818
829
.848
871
.899
918
922
914
RK OODNA Om WD
ht tet
'%
8
5
Sharam wwe
Range of the Barometer
for each hour during
' Max.
Inches.
the month.
Min.
Tnehes.
29.703
.690
673
669
.668
674
-688
710
737
743,
758
750
Diff.
|
| Mean Dry Bulb
Thermometer.
BOTS W WW WW SH ot
mW WOWONW Own w
ee te ot tt tot
+ lo aie 2) lo oe oe oe *)
BASS Rw OIa
WOOCOWWRWEOIOND
Range of the Tempera-
ture for each hour
during the month.
Max.
Min.
Diff.
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived from the observations made at the several
hours during the month,
xx Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
an the month of March 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereom.—(Continued.)
fal
| om as 45 . ee ee ‘eiehe 3 FS
= o 4 o e as PE 5 =] 3
Bir tes | me |B | Boel | eee
= 2 > 9 63 |S. 29a) ee
E edi te a 5 £8 |boe too
Hour.) 7 fe ee ie 6 rane 2 & 2 ine
: Oe ei co ol te ‘O15 a 4 2 tes
Fi |2|2)2. | 42 | eS | fss|se3
o FQ 5 jaca] cad ion Ey “a oa, _o
= S Ba = =I ay =| 3 ot aig =| |
iS) b 5 ae) S38 S oS 8 Spo
Se | By sib ke | ge | os) | Se ee
= A Oo; A = eo taled =
fc) to) 0 Inches. | T. gr. | F. gr.
Mid-
wight.) 72.5 2.8 | 70.5: 4.8 O.73 8.05 1.35 0.86
1 721 2.6 | 70.3: 4.4 734 02 21 87
2 71.8 2A | 71 4.1 729 7 .OF 12 88
3 71.4 2.4, | 69.7 4.1 720 .87 Bi 88
4 plat 2.1 | 69.4 3.8 713 80! .02 88
5 70.8 2.0 |. 69.2 3.6. 708 7d 0.96 89
6 70.4 1.9 | 68.9 3.4 TO? .69 .89 90
7 70.6 1.9 | 69.1 3.4 706 Hf(o) .90 90
8 wiley aol | V69l5' 5.3) is .80 1.46 84
9 723 5.1 | 68.7 8.7 697 5a 2.46 7s
10 72:8 7.4| 67.6 12.6 672 25 3.63 67
il 73.0 10.1 | 65.9 17.2 636 6.82 5.04 58
Noon.| 73.0 122 | 64.5 20.7 607 .48 6.13 5k
1 G23 14.4. | 63.7 23.0 bo} 29 .89' .48
2 Zoe. 15.7 | 62.7 25.1 OTF OS 7.52 45
3 72.4 16.1 | 62:7 25. 572 .O6- .82 44
A, 72.6 15.8 | 63.1 2Zaie .080 15 .69 44
3) 73.1 14.2 | 64.6 22.7 .609° AT 6.94, 48
6 73.9 10.5 | 66.5 17.9 .648 93 5.38 56
Yi Faro 8.0 | 67.7 13.6 .674) 7.25 3.99 65, 4
8 vay 6.6 | 68.1] 11.2 684, .38 21 70° a
9 72.5 &5 | 68.6: 9.4 695 45%) 2.66 74
10 72.4 4.5 | 69.2 Wad 708 .69 all 78
ji 72.7 3.5 | 70.2 6.0 732 95 ey 82 9
; |
| >a
‘Al the Hygrometrical clements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.
Meleorological Observations. xX
Abstract of the lesults of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Caleutla,
in the month of March \871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &e.
a: [tee | Winp |
ma A218 Oo]. + bt re Ree oe ay
a3 13 3| |: 2] |. General aspect of He's]
é ore at S| Prevailing | 4 =| -p 3 | eneral aspect of the Sky.
Si) Ss (a0) direction. ao hes be
Als ® iS- EAE |
0 |Inches| > oy me dee ales | SS ee
1) 136.5 | 0,65 SSW&SbyW. 114.4 |
ee : Bto3a.m.,Sto9a.m.,
| -ito4p. m., O afterwards.
T & L from 33 to9 p. wm. Rat
1,4 & from 6? to 11 P. m.
pilex: 3.83 m3 & Variable. | ... | 178.1 | O. Tat 2} 4. m.,8& 10 p.
uM. Lat2ia.m. & 8pP.m.R
nearly the ‘whole day.
a t.. 0.79 SE .. | 224.2} Chiefly O. R froth 1to4&
eis M., & from 2 to 5}
4) 132.0) 0.14 WNW&NW | 0.9! 187.4 ” Chiefly B. Slightly foggy
from 8 to 1U0p. mM. Rat 3a. M.
6| 135.0}; ... (W& WSW .. | O8.2| Nni toa. we B, to 10a, oe.
ito 4 p.m. B, afterwards.
Foggy from 7 to 11 a. m.
6) 139.0; ... |WSW,Sby W&S|... | 93.2} Btolla.m., “itoip.m.,
B afterwards.
7| 137.0) ... SSbyW&S W ... | 213.0; Bto9a.m.,*-ito2P. m.,
Bto8 pv. m., Wi afterwards.
8/ 138.2 SSW &W by S| ... | 208.0; Chiefly B. Foggy from 4 to
110 a. M.
9) 140.0 WSW.SSW&SW) ... | 113.4) B.
10; 141.0 S&SS W Ree (ON ARO Wea Es
11) 142.5 S&SS Ww “ne 59.1 B.
12) 144.5 Sby W &SW ... |101.0| B. Slightly foggy at 9 p. st.
13) 141.5 iS by W ... | 163.8; B. Foggy from 4 to 9 a. Mm.
1d) 145.0 Sby W&SW ... | 91.5| Chiefly B. Slightly foggy at
6 A. M.
15} 144.5 SSW&S WwW ee eA ia oe
16) 142.8 8S & W ... | 108.0} B. Shghtly foggy from 5 to
eke, Me
17} 144.0 IWNW & W re 99.5| B.
18} 140.0 WS W poe 99.3) B.
19}. 141.3 SSW&SW. [W,) ... | 138.3} B.
20} 145.0 SbyW,SSW&WS) ... | 136.1 | Chiefly B. Slightly foggy at
6&7a. M.
4 146.5 IWSW.SW&SSW| ... | 109.6; B.
23 143.8 iS by W&WSW |... | 117.8} Sto 24. m., B afterwards.
Slightly fogey at 4 & 5 a.m.
23) 148.8 SSW &W byS\|... 120.6 | B. Foggy from 4 to 8 a. m.
24) 148.0 SW &S by W », | 169.7 | B. to Sa. m., Ni to deo aw
'B afterwards.
25; 143.0) ... |SSW,S&SSE ... | 230.5] Bto2p.m., \ito 8 Pp. m.,
\B afterwards.
26, 145.0; ... IS by E.SSW&W |... | 180.4] B to 9 a.m, \itolr. mM.
' B afterwards.
\i Cirri,—i Strati, ~i Cumuli, \_i Ciro-strati, ~-i Cumulo-strati, i Nimbi,
Mi Cirro- eumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
a ok
Xxil Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of March 1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &e.
a3 aoe Winp.
5.6 |S29 ;
ms i2os 2 b
of St 1s, Fas AS =] » =| General aspect of the Sky.
S| 4s aa § idea : q a\ts 8
Re oe = irection. So =
Al SF Ew ection af A e
o = |Inches tb | Miles |
27; 141.0] .... |SSW,SSE&S 111.4; Bto34.m.Sto8a.m. B
to2pr.M.,\_i1to7 p. M.S af-
terwards. Foggy at 6 a. m., L
& Dat 10} p.m.
28] 143.0 S by W .. {111.4] 8S. to 64. w., B afterwards.
29) 140.0 S&Sby W ... |105:4| ‘ito 84. m., B afterwards.
30/ 148.0 Sby W&S ... | 165.1] Btodp. m., \i afterwards.
31| 146.8 SSE&S 229.0| B.to2p.m., \ito8p. m., B
afterwards,
| |
|
|
} \
Xi Cirri,—i Strati, i Cumuli, \_i Cirro-strati, >i Cumulo-strati, ._iNimbi,
\ni Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning, —
Meteorologica lL Observations. XX1
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Caleutta,
im the month of March 1871.
Monruiy Resucrs.
Inches.
Mean height of the Barometer for the month.. ... 29.850
Max. height of the Barometer occurred at 10. M.onthe 6th. ... 30.050
Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 5 Pp. M. on the 15th. ... 29.638
Extreme range of the Barometer during the month on .. 0.412
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures... ais ai ... 29.926
Ditto ditto Min. ditto al ... 29.783
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month... . 0.143
o
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer for the month ie se wo. 49.4
Max. Temperature occurred at 4 Pp. M. on the 26th. is «> Bie
Min. Temperature occurred at 6 & 7 a. M, on the 4th. e > 640
Extreme range of the Temperature curing the month Ee cob |) eh
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature .. we ise ok ere
Ditto — ditto Min. ditto, cba AO
Mean daily vange of the Temperature during the month. = | 68
Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month... 72.2
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 7.2
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month Fe 67.2
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew- -point ., 12.2
hpchiea!
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month .., se .. 0.664
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Vapour forthe month. cme Pi i
Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ... 3.45
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.68
o
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month .., 142.2
Inches.
Rained 5 days,—Max. fall of rain during 24 hours... sis. YoSe
Total amount of rain during the month we OAL
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the ae ee
meter during the month _. = “on :
Prevailing direction of the Wind.. a s by W.&SS W.
* Height 70 feet 10 inches above ground.
ay
XxXiV
ons taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta, in the month of March 1871.
Montraty Resvtrs.
t
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observat
“ao ULE AT] :
SAV 4a" Nt =
“a “UOFULE YT
n ‘f
me PMN NE Se oe
o "WO ULRIT q
°3) “MN | = ee
& |-no wey!
= MNT AAL 5 eo ee SET = eee
5 “HO ULC +
Bs Tq" AAT om tel a | SARA ee aS
_— .
“HO TLR YT
a 5 U = 2
a5 E 4 a AMNSMOMaMOMMAGS
‘Ed “AA :
2 2 | uo winy
28 “a Sq AA ——— AAA NO OOO NNO
Seb | uo Urey
© --,,am itl wamoeaoowsd tS AD GID OD OD NI 6 6
= bk M‘S" AN VSS GID AI 6D oD 0 NI NI oO oD
tf : “UO Trey = “a
= 6 "MS Sra Ses NH-—NNMNODDODMMNAAN
¥ m | UO Wey
om Sa ca - DBD OSORL 700 0 + 1 a=
EE M S's bh I~ be DH OO OO mR XH AD WO 1) 19 SH IO SI SHO SI SIO
gel WO ULB =
i . = =. eee
BE “M Aq BAO DH TD HD O AWN A 20 60 Fh 9 29 lS 1D O10
>) —= is
Sy [uo ulrny a
S54 ‘ql VOIR HAAS HOA BOM SOR
alt) )
B.S [U0 ULL]
=e : :
~ . . n
ake ny £q Q a = AFNANANN a] = oS tee
Zh "UO WLBT oo Sa ee ee
=H al-y-a-g SM AM ANN GAAMANT BANA HMARAMHS
a a (——" o —~
ES “UO TLR YT y, - oe on! co = a
oe “WT eH NAR AeA A ee ee ee
eo F H's
Se uo wey = a
wo . . . = al Sas Ne eo ae
et
9 tuo wey,
28 ia.
ES pS 40 OW
5 g uo weir a a
n+ T al nl ae
Pos is =
co ‘WO WRIT
eage *AT aq I estreaecd
os ret 4
H & j uo UIRy
7 AG NT, “aT rat .
et
S ‘Uo WRIT
a SES al =
© OG dn | Le ee i
Leal
= ‘UO WRIT
tn . ° A LA oc lo i | | Boo =
a aN ON se ee ee ee
Tables shew
Meteorological Observations.
“WO TIVAy
Noon.
Meteorological Observations. XXV
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meleorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Caleutla,
tu the month of April 1871.
Latitude 22° 33’ 1” North. Longitude 88° 20’ 34” Kast.
Height of the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
Cy
ie s _ | Range of the Barometer 5 « |Range of the Tempera-
See during the day. FA 3 ture during the day.
3 oe cE “ae
Date. | FS 0 = 5 |
e2 | Max. | Min. | Diff. | £4 | Max. | Min. | Diff.
P= Es) S| ia |
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. Oo ) te) )
1” | 29.770 | 29.852 | 29.715 | 0.137] 846 | 944 | 78.0] 16.4
2 .823 894 771 123 83.6 90.0 78.8 ; 112
3 .816 .872 727 145 82.1 89.5 73.6 | 15.9
4 762 836 672 164 80.2 88.0 72.3 | 15.7
5 -769 847 703 144 82.8 91.3 76.5 | 14.8
6 .803 876 754 122 82.7 89.2 79.0 | 10.2
7 743 813 -660 153 83.8 91.0 78.5 | 12.5
8 729 795 676 119 84.3 93.0 78.6 | 14.4
9 -769 826 725 101 83.7 88.2 80.5 “3
10 .839 -909 .768 141 85.5 93.3 80.8 | 12.5
ll 881 -948 -802 -146 84.9 92.7 78.7 | 14.0
12 841 -915 759 -156 85.3 94.8 79.5 | 15.0
13 757 -826 674 152 85.4 94.2 80.5 | 13.7
14 716 -766 631 135 85.0 93.6 79.4 | 14.2
15 -746 854 .677 177 81.0 93.0 72.3 | 20.7
16 .837 895 778 117 75.8 83.0 72.0 | 11.0
a7 .829 -911 TAL 170 79.3 88.6 71.0 | 17.6
18 798 866 730 136 81.6 90.0 74.0 | 16.0
19 784 -860 701 -159 83.7 92.5 77.6.) 16.0
20 769 826 -685 141 81.9 93.0 74.3 | 18.7
21 757 -820 681 139 80.2 90.2 73.5 | 16.7
22 728 831 651 .180 76.2 80.8 72.2 8.6
23 -704 775 633 142 79.7 87.6 72.4 | 15.2
24 727 -800 -681 119 81.2 86.3 75.2 | 11.1
25 759 -816 .696 .120 81.9 89.0 72.4 |) RS
26 744 818 -689 129 81.9 89.2 74.5 | 14.7
27 722 788 -656 132 85.0 92.6 79.5 | 13.1
28 765 855 703 152 85.5 93.0 80.0 | 13.0
29 752 -830 .679 151 86.0 93.8 81.0 | 12.8
30 -709 784 651 133 86.1 94.5 80.0 | 14.5
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly observations, made at the
several hours during the day.
.
XXV1 Beteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calculta,
in the month of Aprit 1871.
Daily Means, &e. of tle Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—/( Continued.)
ur
E cy eo B= : se | soe | sae
i= Ee om é 2 ans ro ee a Ae
2 co) 2 i) = = oP = © =
= ; & ory oo wy
a oll er, be : cs leae eam
jaa) 2 = ue = S a oag
Bate. ooo. ae A : 8 ‘oo. | ho 7 eee
Be Ae A ees” es Sy | of | Sue | Soe
ret tie = 24 | 2 | ES | Seeds
A oo a Fa.8 a Sa eee B.S
ao ih fe) as =ir-7 4 gESS
SA PB 2 Pay oe S, |SeS | soe
= A at | aps = at ed a
| os
a) Co) co) Inehes. | T. gr. | TB. gr.
1 794 | 52| 75.8] 88 | ©876 | 9.37 | 3.02 | 046
2 | 790 | 46] 75.8| 7.8 .976 39 | 2.64 78
Fee (ih | 738 8.8 809 | 8.58 .83 15
ie gege 1), 86.0| sy 8.5 .768 28 60 76
5 77.5 | 5.5 | 734| 9.4 811 71 | 3.04 74
Bol oS | 684 | 769:| 68 908 | 9.74 | 1.98 83
7 79:8 (AO | 77.0 | 168-4) “EO 75 | 235 8h
8 g0.3 | 40] 775] 68 925 90 38 81
9 0 8. FIA | 562 .922 89 18 82
1m | 806 | 49] 772) 8.8 916 79 93 wr
11 B03 | FUG) ee 928 93 56 80
12 80.9 ode] 77.61 77 928 91 53 78
3B 80.5 4.9 | %7.1 8.3 913 76 92 1%
Th S04. Niwas) B72) | OB 916 79 74, 78
15 75.2 5.9 | 71.0| 10.0 751 8.09 3.05 73
16 71.6 | 4.2] 68:7 el 697 | 4.58 1.96 80
17 73.1 6.2 | 68.8] 10.5 699 54 | 3.05 71
G2) 0 26,3 6.3| 70.9 | 10.7 748 | 8.05 .29 71
19 "7.4 | 631 730} 10.7 801 57 59 71
20 | 76.9 5.0 | 73.4] 8.5 811 al 2.73 76
21 | 744 | 58| 70.3 9.9 734 | 47.92 .96 73
22 | 71.7 | 4.5 | 68.5 7.7 692 53 13 78
93 | 95.3 | 44 | 72.2 7.5 781 8.41 31 79:
a4 | 76.5 | 4.7 | %3.2 8.0 806 68 53 ei
25 | 98.0 | 8.9'| 753| 6.6 862 | 9.27 17 31 9
a6 || 97.4 4.8 | 73.7 8.2 819 8.82 62 a7
$27 |0281.0 4)°4.0:| 482 6.8 946 | 40.11 A2 A
28 | 80.6 4.9 | 77.2 8.3 916 9.79 93 ae
29 81.7 43°\ 987 7.3 961 | 10.26 65 80° 4
Tam rsd a el pe ea ae Una 970 35 60 20
fl
le EE 2 NSLS OS SRY YT 0 OS ee
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants. j
Meteorological Observations. XXVii
Abstract of the Results of the llourty Metecrological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Caleutla,
iw the month of Aprid 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
63 Range of the Barometer = ,. |Range of the Tempera=
3 Fen for each hour during ec) B ture for each hour
~ +4 ;
ped the month, ie during the month.
tal
Four. a Ag |
ge) Max. | Min. | Dif. | £2 | Max. | Min. | Diff
ik an Lae
Tuches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. oO o fa) o
Mid-
pight.| 29.770 | 29.909 29.667 | 0.242 79.0 82.5 72:0 | 10.5
nf 761 .898 .663 .235 78.8 82.2 ALD WO LO
2 51 .883 -658 225 78°6 82.0 GLO}. Tze
a 742 .866 651 215 78.4 81.8 71.5 | 10.3
4 745 871 674 .197 78.2 81.5 129 | 95
5 762 .888 692 | .196 77.8 81.0 | 72.0| 9.0
6 778 .897 709 .L88 77.5 81.0 hind 9.5
7 -797 -907 730 172 78.2 81.5 71.9 9.6
8 .817 .928 758 iva 80.5 83.7 75.0 8.7
9 .839 948 .763 185 83.1 $6.8 78.7 8.1
10 840 943 765 178 85.2 89.0 | 805! 86
il .829 .933 -760 lve 87.0 91.2 | 79.6 | 11.7
Noon 814 915 TAS 170 88.2 92.6 4 735 / 19.0
1 787 895 723 172 89.3 93.5 4 728 | 21.3
2 .760 861 695 166 89.6 94.5 Foe2.| pele
3 OL 837 663 174 89.7 94.5 74.2 | 20.3
A 715 817 639 178 89.0 94.0 76.5 | 17.6
5 Sahil 899 633 176 87.7 92.5 | 78.0 14.5
6 72 819 641 178 85.5 90.0 | 75.7 | 143
7 744A 854 631 223 82.7 86.6 72.3 | 14.3
8 761 | .853| .687|° .16 Sit | 85.5 | 723) 182
9 7174, 883 708 | .175 80.5 83.6 | 73.0 | 10.6
10 787 -891 710 181 79.9 83.2 | 72.5| 107
il .783 .898 -703 195 79.4 82.6 | 72.6 10.1
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived from the observations made at the several
heurs during the month. ;
XXVIII Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of April 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—(Continued.)
o e 3 . et s 6
4 cee e Ee ae eae ee ex | SS. | a8
a i °S st 2 Se, | 3.20 ne
Ay 2 PS | ass | Hees
= 3) i) i) SH 45 cel feees Se aw
E B keene 3 23 |-eeeo
4 Say 7 38 —
Es | 2 | 2] 8, | 88 | BS. | see lee
a3 Fa By Ae a2 3° | soe) oe
SO bh = b.B af ge | 38g | abs
o 4 Or o ° Ose,
= = iS aim - 4 | Bes 3
= = & Q = a | =
oO oO 0 Cy) Inches.'| ‘T. gr. | T. gr:
Mid-
night.) 76.1 2.9} 74.1 4.9 | 0.830 8.98 1.52 | 0.86
1 76.0 2.8 | 74.0 4.8 827 95 AQ .86
2 75.9 2.7 | 74.0 4.6 827 95 A3 186
3 75.9 2.51 74.1 4.3 .830 9.00 31 .87
4 75.9 2.3) 74.3 3.9 835 05 .20 .88
5 75.8 2.0 | 74.4 3.4, .838 10 03 .90
6 75.8 1.7 | 74.6 2.9 843 14 | 0.90 91
7 76.3 1.9 | 75.0 3.2 854 25 1.00 .90
8 77.6 2.9 | 75.6 4.9 871 39 59 86
9 78.8 4.3 | 75.8 73 .876 Al 2.45 79
10 79.7 5.51 75.8! 9.4 .876 37 3.24 74
11 80.1 6.9 | 76.0 | 11.0 882 39 .90 ri.
Noon.) 80.4 781 75.7) 12.5 873 26 4.50 .67
1 80.7 8.6 | 75.5 | 13.8 .868 20 5.01 65
2 80.4 92| 749| 147 851 00 33 63
3 80.5 921 75.0] 14.7 854 03 34 63
4 80.4 8.6 | 75.2 | 13.8 .860 ah 4.97 65
5 79.9 7.8 | 75.2| 12.5 .860 13 43 .67
6 78.9 6.6| 74.3 | 11.2 835 8.92 3.80 70
7 "7.6 5.1 | 74.0 8.7 827 88 2.84, 76
8 76.9 4.2 | 74.0 7.1 827 91 .26 .80
9 76.8 3.7 | 74.2 6.3 1832 .98 .00 .82
10 76.9 3.0] 74.8 5.1 1849 9.17 1.61 85
sil 76.6 2.8 | 74.6 4.8 1843 ia 51 .86
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants,
Meteorological Observations. XXixX
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of
April 1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &e.
Date.
16
Max. Solar
radiation.
—
So
or
141.8
129.0
139.0
142.0
138.0
143.7
147.0
136.0
149.0
140.8
145.0
144.8
145.0
140.0
128.3
17| 145.5
1.84
0.04
0,07
WIND.
; ny eS
Prevailing ca’ a 5
direction. si £| As
eal Ayal >
ib | Miles
S. ... | 234.8
S. 211.3
S&SSE 30.0, 260.7
SSW&S 9.6 | 336.9 |
SSW&SW 279.6 |
SSWé&S 180.6
SSWe&S 224.2
SbyE&S 194.1
Sby W&S suit be eeah
SbyW,SSW&Sb.E) ... | 216.0
S&S by W 211.0
S&SSW 215.7
Sby W&S 217.5
SSW&é&S 269.4
Variable © 0.9 | 244.4
E & Variable | 2.0 212.7
Eby N & Variable} ...
General aspect of the Sky.
B. to 5 a. M., \ni to 2P. M.,
i to 5 p. m., Bto8p. M., \ni
afterwards. L on N at 9p. M.,
D at 93 a. M.
Clouds of different kinds to
9 aA: M., “1 afterwards.
S to 6 p. m., O afterwards.
Storm from 63 to 7 vp. uw. T&
L from 6 toll ep. m. R from
623 to8 & at ll Pp. mM.
\ni to8 aA. M., “ito 4P. M.,
O afterwards. High wind from
6 to 6} p.m. TL & Rat mid-
night, & from 5 to 7 P. M.
Chiefly “i Lon S W at7
P. M.
Clouds of various kinds.
Tat463&9p.m. L. on N.
at 65 & 9 p.m. Light R at 4,
7 & 82 p. M.
Seuds to104.m. Bto8 p.m.
\Seuds afterwards.
Seuds to 8 a.m. “i & *\_i
to 7 p. M. Scuds afterwards.
Chiefly S.
Sends to9 4a. mM. \itod5 P.M.
iB afterwards.
Chiefly B.
Bito 2: ac: Wi to Shee
'B to 2 p. mM. \i afterwards.
Sto8a. um. B toll a.mM.,
\i to 7 p. M., B afterwards.
Chiefly \i L from 9 to 11
Pp. M.
S to 9 a. m., clouds of dif-
ferent kinds to 4 Pp. um. O to 9
p. M. B afterwards. L at mid-
night & 1 a. Mm. & from 6 to 8
p.M. T from 43 to 8 P. M,
Light R. at 93 & 10} a. w., &
from 43 to 7 Pp, M.
Sto 7p. M., B afterwards.
iT from Noon to 2 vp. m. D at
7a.m. &2P.M.
108.2| Clouds of different kinds to
9a. mM., “ito 7 Pp. M. B after-
wards L from 7} to 9 p. M.
\i Cirri,—i Strati, “i Cumuli, i Ciro-strati, ~i Cumulo-strati, i Nimbi,
\ni Cirro-cumuli, B clear, § stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
BR rain, D drizzle.
xXXX
Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of April 1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &e.
21
22
23
24
26
OA era Dds oa Nl aaa Cee eed kt a ae re
\i Cirri,—i Strati, 71 Cumuli, \i Cirro-strati, »_i Cumulo-strati, 1 Nimbi,
Max. Solar
radiation.
i
~~
°
142.0
137.6
Rain Guage
13 ft. above
=
=]
ee, 6D
=e
is")
v2)
0.47 |S by W& SSW
0.12 |EN E,S &S by W
1.46
140.8
147.0
150.2
9) 145.5
144.8
Ground. -
WIND.
Prevailing
direction.
Daily
Velocity.
General aspect of the Sky.
SE&S
SbyW&SS WwW
Variable
SSWe&S
SW &Sby W
S&SSE
0.40 |SSW,SWéS
SSW
Sby W.SSW&S
SSW&S
S &Sby W
—
Max
=" Pressure
1.8
4.0
4.4.
4.2
| Miles }
92.4
91.2
164.7
195.3
261.0
200.9
65.0
218.9
165.3
Bto a. m., \ito 94. M., 71
to 4Pp.M., \ito 7P.M., B
afterwards.
Bto 6 a. M., 1 afterwards
T&D at 32 vp. mu.
Bto7 a.m. “ito 5pr.m.O
afterwards. Brisk wind from
43 to 53 p. mM. T from 5 to 8
ep. M. L from 6 to 10 p. m. R.
from 42 to 10 P. um.
Sto4a.m.\i tol p.m.,
Sto 4 p.m., O afterwards.
Brisk wind from 10to 12 a. m.
T&L from 5? to 8 vp. Mm. Light
Rat 6,8 &1ll p.m.
O to 64a. um. Wito 10 4. M.,
Oto2~r.m., Wito7 p.m.,O
afterwards. Briskwind at 11
A. M., 83 & 103 vp. m., T after
intervals Lat 3 a.m. & from
7 to9 vp. m., R from 92 a. M.,
to2 & 8} to 10 Pp. mM.
Sto5a.m.,\.itol0a.m.,
“1 afterwards. Lon S W at
92 & 11 P.M.
S tol0Oa. m., “i & \Wi af-
terwards. D at midnight.
Nito3a.m., \.ito8P. M.,
O afterwards. L from 9 to 1L
p.M., 1 & R from 10 to 11
P. M. ;
Oto 8a. m., clouds of dif-
ferent kinds afterwards. T at
midnight L at midnight & 8
jp. Mm. R from midnight to 3
ke SNS
B to7a.M.. “ito8 Pp. My
\i afterwards. L on Eat 7
P. M.
\i to 11 a. M., “ito 6 P.M.,
B afterwards
B to3 a.M., “ito 3 p.m., B
afterwards.
B to2p.m., ito 8P. Mey
B afterwards.
\ni Cirro-cumuli, B clear, 8 stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
R rain, D drizzle.
Meteorological Observations. XXX
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
wm the month of April 1871.
Monrnrty Resvcrs.
Inches.
Mean height of the Barometer for the month.. »». 29.772
Max. height of the Harometer occurred at 9. ‘uw. on the 11th. ». 29.948
Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 7 Pp. M. on the 14th. ... 29.631
Eatreme range of the Barometer during the mouth “be ne Oals
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures... a af . 29.843
Ditto ditto Min. ditto - AS «:2/ 29.702
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month .., .. 0.141
o
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer for the month ia,,, See
Max. Temperature occurred at : & 3p. M. on, the 12th & 30th ww. 94.6
Min. Temperature occurred at 2 a.m, on the 17th. eae je VERS
Extreme range of the Temperature during the month ah 3.37, Soe
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature ., hi Ne he SOU
Ditto — ditto Min. ditto, " jas, Mae
Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month, ia 2 14g
Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month ... 77.9
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 4.8
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month ; 74.5
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed m mean Dew- -point ., 8.2
“Hoek
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month ,., ove . 0.840
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Vapour for the month ar ous’ 2 9.09
Additional ‘Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation |... 2.69
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.77
°
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ,., 143.0
Inches.
Rained 14 days,—Max. fall of rain during 24hours x, ot, LS
Total amount of rain during the month 6.72
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo-
meter during the month __... ae wa ww. 4.64
Prevailing direction of the Wind... ave 8,8 by W,&SSW.
* Height 70 feet 10 inches aboye ground.
XXX
Monruty Resvtts.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta, in the month of April 1871.
together with the number of days on
ing, it rained.
iven hour any particular wind blew,
hatag
1e
the number of days on wh
Tables shewing
Meteorological Observations.
rir
1
= ‘ in|
eq ae
ANNA ANAAARON MGS are
a!
ce — on |
<=
Lal (=| re
BINA DIDO SO OOWD ADDN WONDIDAGAA OS -
i~
eS aen ae
eS
re
ONIWi9 WOW DHMAAKRKRMADODAOMMOAM
ae et ae ce
= ae!
a NANA OO SMe ANANDA MON ANS
Cn ei
MUI AN Sas aaa SAMBA NANS
re m= ei
MD ANANAA AAA SANNA a4
which at the same hour, when any particular wind was blowi
rei SS |
d
~
TE Eh AGO PID ON DROW SHAMAN ONDAROM
= ae ei re
a
Noon.
M
Meteorological Observations. XXXili
Abstract of the Results of the Tlourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor Gereral’s Office, Calcutta,
tn the month of May 1871.
Latitude 22° 33’ 1” North. Longitude 88° 20’ 34” East.
Height of the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
Ce
id 8 _ | Range of the Barometer a # (Range of the Tempera-
aos during the day. Ae ture during the day.
28S Pd
Oo ¢:
Date. | 2 3 a 2
e2° | Max. | Min. | Dif | 23 | Max. | Min. | Diff.
= PS = a
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. te) oO ce) oy)
1 29.757 | 29.842 | 29.694 0.148 84.8 89.0 79.0 | 10.0
2 787 .869 721 148 83.3 92.0 76.8 , 15.2
3 766 843 709 134 84.9 92.2 78.0 | 14.2
4 -750 824 .639 185 84.0 93.0 74.4 | 18.6
5 429 775 -656 119 78.8 90.0 74.0 | 16.0
6 705 -766 599 167 81.0 91.4 74.8 | 16.6
7 683 743 589 154 83.8 94.3 76.8 | 17.5
8 -697 735 627 -108 80.6 88.9 75.0 | 13.9
9 704 753 -649 104 79.9 86.9 74.5 | 12.4
10 714 472 644, 128 81.8 91.8 76.5 | 15.3
11 723 175 637 138 80.8 91.2 75.2 | 16.0
12 718 776 640 -136 82.2 89.2 75.5 | 13.7
13 713 -766 616 150 82.5 91.0 75.6 | 15.4
14 687 751 -604 147 82.1 89.0 75.5 | 135
15 -661 712 587 -125 §3.8 90.2 78.0 | 12.2
16 651 697 574 123 86.9 94.0 80.6 | 13.4
17 662 719 595 124 88.0 95.0 82.5 | 12.5
18 641 702 555 147 86.4 94.7 82.7 | 12.0
19 590 636 523 113 86.7 93.5 80.6 | 12.9
20 577 629 506 123 80.8 85.3 77.0 8.3
21 551 614 459 155 83.7 92.8 78.0 | 14.8
22 538 595 A775 120 82.4 89.8 79.1 | 10.7
23 537 601 428 173 84.6 93.2 78.5 | 14.7
24, 571 647 533 114 82.3 89.4 76.5 | 12.9
25 645 779 586 193 84.0 91.0 75.3 | 15.7
26 695 754 653 101 82.0 90.7 76.0 | 14.7
27 747 812 .687 125 84.0 91.6 77.0 | 14.6
28 735 814, 641 173 82.8 91.5 76.0 | 15.5
29 -730 -788 .659 129 83.0 90.5 76.5 | 14.0
30 690 -762 612 150 84.6 92.3 77.7 | 14.6
31 669 -730 604 126 86.2 93.0 80.5 | 12.5
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly observations, made at the
several hours during the day.
XXXIV Beleorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Caleutta,
tn the month of May 1871.
Daily Means, &e. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—(Continued.) *
f+
rn = i) . _-! . BLA
0) Bgl a |B : eH | °8d | gee
a tb ‘5 a 2 a eqs | sae
H Ee [) oO e SH a=aeo) = Mita
cs a 4 © 5 eo | tote | Dog
oc - E 5 = 6S S38 | SS
a ° o Ss Ss Rao = aa o 2 ep
Date.| © .. at A cs 3 Do OE tas a3
Se 218 | 38, | 2¢ | fs eae eee
Pele |e |g | 82 | 26 | see
ef | | & | po | SF | SS | Bes | sae
= ik Ono] es = a |< a
° ) ) 9) Inclies. | Tier. | Eoce
1 80.5 4.3 | 77.5 7.3 0.925 9.90 2.56 0.80
2 75.9 7.4} 70.7 12.6 744 7.97 3.96 67
3 78.1 6.8 | 73.3 11.6 809 8.43 86 69
4, 179 6.1 | 73.6 | 10.4 817 75 42 72
5 74.7 4.1 | 71.8 7.0 771 33 2.11 80
6 75.9 5.1 | 72.3 8.7 783 43 Ak 76
7 78.0 5.8 | 73.9 9.9 824, 83 3.27 73
8 76.3 4.3 | 73.3 7.3 809 72 2.29 79
9 76.1 3.8 | 73.4 6.5 811 75 03 81
30 77.8 4.0 | 75.0 6.8 854 9.18 22 8h
11 76.9 3.9 | 74.2 6.6 832 8.96 ald, 81
12 78.0 4.2 | 75.1 fi 85 9.21 33 80
13 77.5 5.0 | 74.0 8.5 827 8.88 76 76
14 78.2 3.9 | 75.5 6.6 868 9.33 18 81
15 79.2 4.6 | 76.0 7.8 882 5 65 78
16 80.5 G4 | 76.74 10:2 902 60 3.65 73
17 81.2 6.8 | 77.1 10.9 913 70 -98 71
18 81.5 4.9 | 78.1 8.3 943 10.06 .0O 77
19 81.4 5.3 | 78.2 8.5 946 .07 sid 76
20, 77.6 3.2 | 75.4 5.4 865 9.34 1.73 84
21 79.5 4.2 | 76.6 7.1 899 63 2.44 80
22 79.5 2.9 | 77.5 4.9 925 94 1.67 .86
23 79.9 4.7 | 76.6 8.0 899 61 2.78 78
24, 79.7 2.6 | 77.9 4.4 937 | 19.08 1.50 87
25 80.5 3.5 | 78.0 6.0 940 Rad 2.10 83
26 78.6 3.4 | 76.2 5.8 887 9.54 1.93 83
27 80.3 oe | Tha 6.3 931 98 2.19 82
28 78.5 4.3 | 75.5 7.3 868 33 AQ 79
29 78.7 4.3 | 75.7 7.3 873 38 44 79
30 78.7 5.9 | 74.6} 10.0 843 02 3.37 13
31 81.2 5.0 | 77.7 8.5 931 92 07 76
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.
Meteorologicat Observations. XXXV
Abstract of the Results of the Uourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
tw the mouth of May 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
Ss Range of the Barometer | Range of the Tempera-
2.2 .: for each howr during mS ture for each jour
pe the month. 2 during the month.
os fe [=| 4
Hour.) © a as |
rr) 1 |
S23 | Max. | Min. | Diff. | €3 | Max. | Min. | Diff
Inches. | Inches. | Inclies. | Inches. ) ) 0 | °
Mid- |
night.| 29.693 | 29.815 | 29.543 | 0.272 79.5 84.2 | 74.0] 102
683 805 526] .279 79.2 84.0 | 742; 98
2 672| .786| 513] 273 | 789 | 83.8 | 74.0 | 9.8
3 665 © .768 .500 .268 738.6 83.5 74.0 9.5
4, 668 776 504 | .272 78.4, 83.0 | 74.0| 9.0.
5 678 .782 522 .260 78.2 | 82.7 74.0; 8.7
6 AYLI 89 540 .269 78.4 | 83.0 74.4! 8.6
7 Wau) .850 572 | .278 79.6 84.0 | 75.0] 9.0
8 724 866 583 | 283 82.1 | 87.0 | 77.0! 10.0
9 732 869 591 | .278 84.5 88.5 | 47.0-| a3
10 734) 867 582 | .285 86.4 | {0.0 | 77.0 | 13.0
il fad 849 71 278 87.9 | 92.4 | 79.3 | 13.1
Noon.| .702| .899| .656| 273 | 884 | 93.5 | 76.5] 17.0
1 .689 -798 533 -265 8y.3 94.7 77.6 | 17.2
2 653 768 499 | .269 89.5 95.0 | 79.3 | 15.7
3 .628 735 473 .262 89.6 95.0 79.2 | 15.8
4 615 721 459 .262 89.8 95.0 80.6 | 14.4
5 612 735 428 | 307 88.0 | 948 | 76.0| 18.8
6 624 727 453 274 86.2 94.0 | 75.4 | 17.6
7 648 736 AQ) .245 83.5 99.0 76.0 | 14.0
8 669 | 763] .523} .240 | 81.9 | 87.5 | 75.0} 12.5
9 .686 S81 .do2 .278 81.3 | 86.7 VAs te | a ys
10 .699 832 41 | .291 80.6 85.4 | 75.0] 10.4
il .699 842 544 298 80.0 64.6 74.4 | 10.2
|
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived from the observations made at the several
hours during the month.
XXXVI Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
an the month of May 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—(Continued.)
re : 4 Sey E H ‘S 8... |e
Bee ae ee eee |
Es Fig | aA on PS |'ese |Hee
2 ) i) ro) G4 45 ort ea City ones
a ee eee i 23 Jee. io
Hour.) 2 3 A = ae tho | oo |1o—am
ie eee 1 ety tee Si | 88 | €,8 Pe8
E o ed a= ee As oe ops | som
ag 25 a | Fg a 8, q So] deg
$9 ba | by 5 S 3 a° |[iRe | sos
| oa 2 cS HAY ge SA | SF S| Ques
| a A|;o}A = i a
0 ty) o re) Inches. | T. gr. | T. gr.
Mid-
sight.) 76.7 2.8 | 74.7 4.8 0.846 9.14 1.52 0.86
1 76.6 2.6 | 74.8 4.4 8.49 Ny) 37 87
2 76.6 2.3 | 75.0" 3.9 354 24, 23 88
3 76.4 2.2 | 74.9 3.7 851 21 ake 89
4 76.4 2.0 | 75.0 3.4 854 25 .06 90
5 76.4 1.8 | 75.1 3.1 857 28 0.97 OL
6 76.8 1.6 | 75.7 2.7 873 45 .86 92
7 77.5 2.1 | 76.0 3.6 882 52 dag 89
8 78.8 3.3 | 76.5 5.6 896 .63 88 84
9 79.8 A.7 | 76.5 8.0 .896 59 2.76 18
10 80.7 Oa} 64 9.7 .902 .60 3.46 74
il 812 Or fo ae 10.7 916 13 91 UL
Noon.| 81.1 1.0) Eros hig 902 .56 4.28 69
ih 81.4 LO Ow. 12.6 -902 0d 66 Ai
2 81.2 8.3 | 76.2 13.3 .887 Al 88 66
3 80.9 Ben) a 13.9 873 | 24 5.09 65
A 81.2 8.6 | 76.0 13.8 882 oo 09 65
5 79.9 3.1) “75-0 13.0 854, .O7 4.61 66
6 79.5 6.7 | 74.8 11.4 849 06 3.93 10
A 78.7 4.8 | 75.3 8.2 862 25 2.75 AE
8 77.8 A.l | 74.9 7.0 851 15 29 -80
9 77.8 3.5 | 75.3 6.0 .862 29 1.95 83
10 77.4 3.2 | 75.2 5.4 .860 28 73 84
il 76.8 3.2 | 74.6 5.4 843 Bul 70 St
“All the H ygrometrical clements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.
Meteorological Observations. XXXVil
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of May 1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &c.
4 F Se Winp. ea
Oe lead z S
Bn ace }O° 2 Prevaili , 2) b& °| General aspect of the Sky.
lie feed) Pesie [gg Fs
| 8 rier rec : = 2 | <5)
oi lial MEI ES |
o |Inches lb | Miles
1\ 142.0; .. SS&Sby W . | 224.4} Chiefly Wi.
2) 142.5} .... |W& variable. ... | 166.5 | Chiefly \i.
3} 147.0) ... |-W& WbyS ae 84.6) \nitol2a.M., -ito6P.M.,
, B afterwards.
4) 147.7; ... |jSSW&S by W) 3.2) 115.7| Chiefly “i. Brisk wind from
7z to 73 vp. m., T at 8p. mu.
Lon W at7& 8 P.M.
5) 131.8 | 0.25 |E S E & Variable; 3.6) 239.0| VCito3a.m., Bto9a.m.,
, clouds of different kinds af-
terwards. Brisk wind from
113 to 112 a.m. Tat1li&
124. m., & from 6 to 8 Pp. m.,
L from 6 to 8 p. m. R. at
113} & 12 4.M., and from 64
to8 P.M.
6| 148.5; ... |WNW<& variable.| ... | 202.7 | Chiefly “i, D at 6} p. Mm.
7| 150.0} 0.48 |SSE&SSW 19.5| 83.3] Chiefly -i., strong wind at
64 p. Mm. Hailstone at 6} P.m.,
T & L from 6to9rP.m.R
from 63 to 73} P. M.
8} 135.2 | 0.13 |S E & Variable. | 2.8} 99.5| \Wi,to34.m., O to 6a.m.,
clouds of different kinds to 6
rp. M. O afterwards. Brisk
wind at liv. mu. Tatlp. mu.
Lon § at 9pv.M., Slight R at
13,7 &8 Pp. mM.
9)/145.0| ... |ISSE&SW ... | 147.3] Chiefly “i.
10) 144.0; 0.24 |SSW&S 1.7| 98.0| Chiefly Ai. Brisk wind be-
tween 44 & 5 P.M. Tat4& 5
p.M.Rat5 & 6 P.M.
11| 147.4; 027|SE&Sby W | 2.2;1406| Btol0a.m., >i, to5 p.m.
O afterwards. Brisk wind be-
tween 5 & 535 vp. m., Tat 54
& 7p.mu., Lat9&ll p.m,
R from 5} to 7 p. mM.
. 12) 146.5 | 0.16 | SSW,SE&SSE |... | 186.9} Clouds of different kinds
to7 a.m., “1to 7 Pp. M., O ak-
terwards. T at 8} ep. m. Lon
SW at 8 p. m., R from 8} to
10 Pp. M.
13) 150.0} 1.40 Sby E& SS W)| 7.8/ 114.0) \VitoSam., -ito6P. m.,
O afterwards. High wind at
7p.M.T at7 & 8p. mM. Lfrom
7to9rp.m.Rat7 & 8p. mM.
141 145.0); ... |SSH& ENE)... |113.3| O to4a.m., Bto9a.m.,
“ito 6 p.m., Safterwards.
\i Cirri,—i Strati, “i Cumuli, i Cirro-strati, ~-iCumulo-strati, \_i Nimbi,
\Wi Cirro-cumuli, B clear, § stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
pT SEES 1h gan fe Sey i
XXXViil Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of May 1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &c.
Be |e . Winp.
as |FSe Sy ae
S| aca pe 5 Prevailing | 4 B| cs General aspect of the Sky.
& = B83 a direction. ssl\kz
o Inches| tb Miles}
15| 150.2 | 0.89 SS W & Variable] 1.7 | 108.8; Bto 8a.m., “i to4P. M.
B afterwards. R between 1 &
[S W 2p. M.
16} 149.8] ... |[SSW,S byW& W| ... | 46.3] Bto3a.m., \i to8a.m.,
“ito7 pr. mM. B afterwards.
Lat9&10Pp. Mm.
17/149.7; .. |SSW&Sby E/ 0.8} 68.3| B to 94. m., “i tod P.M.
JS afterwards.
15] 152.0 | 0.22 |SbyE&S W 1.8| 72.7| B to 6a. m., “i tog mae
B afterwards. T at 23 & 43 P.
M. Rat2,3&5p.M.
19) 148.0! ... SSW .. | 113.6] Bto4da.m., Vito 4 P. M.,
S afterwards. L at midnight
& from 7+ to 9 p. M.
20) 120.0 | 0.27 |Sby W & Variable} 0.8) 177.1} Chiefly O. L from 2 to 5 a.
M., &atlOv.m. Tat5'& from |
82 to 103 a. m., R from 53 to
10 a.M., &at 8p. M.
21| 149.0'0.19 SW&ESE 2.6/ 108.3; S tol0a.m., “ito? B. M.
O afterwards. Brisk wind be-
tween 5 & 53 p.m. Lon S at
8 p. M. R at 33 & 53 P. M.
22'145.8/ 0.21 [ESE &WSW) 2.4} 85.4} Clouds of different kinds to
8a.M., “ito2 p.M.Oto 6P.M.,
\i to 9 p. m., B atterwards.
Brisk wind, T & R at 25 P.M.
23; 144.3; ,. IWSW&SSE/1.9| 46.8) Bto4a.m., \i tol0 am,
-ito4p. m., S afterwards.
Tat 4i &5 P.M.
24) 135.5| 1.40 Ig SE&S by W | 6.5| 96.1} Sto6Ga.m., \itol0a. mM.
Oto3 p.m., S afterwards.
High wind at 11 a.m. T from
124.M.,tolr.m., Latll&
124. m., & from 8 to 11 P. M.,
Ratll & 12 a.m.
25) 140.7 | 2.58 SSW 22.0/ 164.4} Stol04.a.m., “ito 7 P. M.
O afterwards. Storm at 9} P.
m., T & Lat midnight & 1a.
m., & from 7tollep.m., R
from 77 to 10 p. M.
26 141.2) 0.82 | SW&S by E /11.4/ 239.8; OtoGa.m., Sto3v.m.,O0
afterwards. High wind be-
tween 43 & 43 p. m., T at 5 P.
M., L at midnight &1 4. M.,
& from 7 to 9 Pp. u., R from
43 to6 YP. M.
\i Cirri,—i Strati, i Cumuli, i Cirro-strati, ni Cumulo-strati, ~_i Nimbi,
\ni Cirro-cumuli, B clear, § stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
0 ee ee ee
Meteorological Observations, XXXix
Abstract of the Result 0° the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Culculla,
in the month of May 187),
Solar Radiation, Weather, “c..
a
B afterwards. Lon N W at 8
o
ag Sof WInp.
mo | 35 2c ;
R's or S | se) mB
oe | os eset : &| & 42 | General aspect of the Sky,
£| 43 lee e Prevailing -
= B18 gO irection, meh) a od
A\ sk SiO direction S21Q
—* ———_|__ od OR 2
o {Inches tb | Miles. .
27| 145 SSW 147.8| Oto7a.M., “ito5r. M.,
P. M.
28) 145.0| 1.57 | SSW & Variable| 3.8) 126.9] S to8a.m., Mito5 P. M.,
O afterwards. Brisk wind be-
tween 7} & 8$'p.m. T&L
from 7 to1l p. u. R from 6 to
8p. mM. & at 11 p. M.
29| 145.8} .. | SW&ESH| |... | 155.2] 8S to7 a.m. cito7p.M,
|S afterwards.L on § at 8 p.M.
30} 143.0]... WwW aw | 90.8) Ni& Uite7 & Me : to 2
p. M. “i & \i afterwards.
31) 148.9). SW&S .. | 99.7] Chiefly ni. Lon N at 8&9
p. M.
a S:=C‘a=E.. a... >S,sS—n® es a ee
Xi Cirri —i Strati,~i Cumuli,\_i Cirro-strati, e_i Cumulo-strati\~_i Nimbi,
, ai Cirro-Cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
xl Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Tesults of the Hourly Meteorological Observations.
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
im the month of May 1871.
Montuty REsvtts.
Inc hes
Mean height of the Barometer for the month.. «. 29.678
Max. height of the Barometer occurred at 9 A. "mM. on the "Ond. ... 29.869
Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 5 p.m. on the 23rd. ... 29.428
Extreme range of the Barometer during the month on . 0.441
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures... eee an . 29.741
Ditto ditto Min. ditto 4 othe «. 29.603
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month .., oa. 0.158
Oo
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer for the month _,., see oe) Ou
Max. Temperature occurred at 4p. M. on the 17th. ae oo . DOME
Min. Temperature occurred at 5 a. M, on the 5th. ee os eee
Extreme range of the Temperature ae the month 7 oa
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature .. is ae so)
Wri. dito Man, 9 editto, ... |
Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month.. w. 14.0
Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month ... 73.7
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 4.6
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month "5.5
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed n mean Dew-point .. 7.8
Tote
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month .., vee 1. 0.868
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Vapour for the month - oe =~ Olea
Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation oo =)
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.78
oO
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ,,, 144.4
Inches.
Rained 17 days,—Max. fall of rain during 24 hours... 2
Total amount of rain during the month . 11.08
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo-
meter during the month ack oot aut 340 9.33
Prevailing direction of the Wind... ae SSW.
* Height 70 feet 10 inches above ground.
oe al:
ical Observations taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta, in the month of May 1871.
Monrary Resvcts.
stract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorolog
ays on wh
which at the same
ras blowing, it rained.
cular wind blew. together with the number of days on
en hour any parti
when any particular wind w
S
tn
en
eae
sO
ar
a
oo
Tables shewing the number of d
Meteorological Observations,
xli
‘uo IRI
“MAQ*N
‘uo ULCY
"AA NUN
“Wo WEYL
“AA ND
"M0 WIRY
"MN AM
"UO ULBYT
"TAQ" AA
WO ULRYT
“MA
=
“ANANANANANAAMAMANAAS
|
“10 UR YT
"9 fq “AN ae D AM ANAN ONAN —
“uO TLR YT ri rel Set eq
TAA cue NANA A AOMANAD, ANMMOsFNAMAN
MS M = ia ; P) : q ’ i aman
"Oo UR irk a
. aa SAANANND Ee tae WAND AAI bale ———
"UO UER YT re Sears
“M ‘S's oS ee dy be FCO ID Ie CO KL OH pa = eee or)
"UO TLR YT al
: ° Mm NANA MAMA ASHNNANDA
“MA Aq *g ze ir ae és
“UO WIRY aaa
Tek ad: a DAS aA A AMOMAANAAMAGANMNAMM
uo WIR cal Was
"a Aq ‘9 Ex NAMM SGa = == eet | eye a
TO Wey nN =r
“Tag og LD 19 1D SF GD SA XH CD a Fe NGS AND
“uo Wey par
‘Tg, BW ermasnan ANNs SNA
‘ a = =
“UO ULRYT =
T'S °H AANANAANS aN oa oe AHN NM
"10 ULB}
77 Xq “1 asNe =
"UO TUIRY Lah ps
ny a ANNAN A ANNAN
UO WIRY ;
SS NN Stir
© hq “5 AANA Bir oh a
et
UO WRIT, a
° a 7 ae NW ec! a Seaiaen!
Ee eet. eee eee eee
—
“TO TIRIT
z ; Ln ae ae ri Lo Lm Ace
0 a SE EE An aE ETA SE
uo UIty 7
e ‘ = Lal Soe ei
tL “N “Ni
“WO UIRY]
ce
‘a Aq “NT ‘
“uo Urey oe
a6
AT N
3 ~
: Se NMA ON DRO SHAMGHOORDROG
Inoy{ iS .20 =a 5 |
= Z
a 92
cin eeeeetincndie ger ee er ee
: ahs
a
a
4
»
qoly
x Sn
33h
se)
we
’
; 4
ed
.
‘
UE NIE 2 RE RE tSHCR pe
Rte ih etme
2
Meleorological Observations, xii
Abstract of the Results of the lourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calculla,
in the mouth of June 871.
Latitude 22° 33’ 1” North. Longitude 88° 20’ 34” Fast.
Height of the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
ey |
te 8 _ | Range of the Barometer 2 rs ‘Range of the Tempera-
= +42 ino ~ ale | = wre ne » dav
aS during the day. 1 oe | ture during the day.
| See 5S | +
Date.| Bo | | ae | | |
5 | LN | | ]
geo | Max. | Min. | Diff. | = | Max. | Min. | Diff.
| |
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. o oO te) o
i: 29.655 | 29.714 | 29.590 | 0.124 86.3 93.8 or he i ag
2 625 675 550 125 | 8.7 | 88.0 | 77.0, 11.0
3 579 647 AQ7 150 | 81.2 87.0 | 77.0 | 10.0
4 526 570 471 099 81.8 87.0 |. 79.5 7.5
5 551 590 508 082 82.1 87.5 80.0 | 7.5
6 549 G05 AS8 UL? 82.0 | 86.0 80.5 5.5
7 520 594 454 140 82.8 , 88.4 80.0 8.4
8 508 55d 454 101 83.3 87.5 80.5 7.0
9 520 572 459 113 81.5 85.9 77.8 8.1
10 565 612 512 100 83.7 90.0 80.5 9.5
11 578 623 537 O86 81.4 83.0 80.2 2.8
12 541 595 A69 126 82.8 88.0 79.8 8.2
13 015 .562 455 107 81.7 84.6 80.0 4.6
14 488 539 407 132 83.6 87.0 81.0 6.0
15 472 549 405 144 83.5 87.0 81.3 5.7
16 437 486 374 112 84.1 87.3 81.0 6.3
17 460 535 403 132 83.6 87.4 80.8 6.6
i8 528 587 482 105 84.4, 89.6 80.5 9.1
19 543 593 A484 109 85.5 90.5 81.8 8.7
20 465 543 .370 173 85.1 89.5 83.0 6.5
21 428 © A479 yal 108 83.7 89.7 80.6 | 9.1
22 405 454 342 112 82.1 85.4 80.5 4.9
23 425 499 370 129 82.2 86.4 | 80.0 6.4
24 490 552 | 441 41 81.0 84.3 80.0 4.3
25 531 573 | 466 107 81.4 | 86.7 78.5 8.2
26 536 576 ATA 102 81.2 83.5 79.5 | *4.0
27 501 539 444 095 81.2 84.5 78.5 6.0
28 519 588 463 125 82.0 86.0 78.7 7.3
29 598 .672 531 141 81.6 86.5 76.5 | 10.0
30 635 .690 580 .110 82.8 89.4 76.4 | 13.0
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly observations, made at the
several hours during the day,
sini Beteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken al the Surveyor Generals Office, Calentta,
on the month of June 1871.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereom.—(Continewed.)
é ee 45 | E S a8 | SSates.
a | -F | B/¢ |e | 8: axe | eae
2 © aa 2 5 aes ee Go |
paner| 5 is be or 3 3 o's t= w+
5 ey tetee| fe 2 22 |ESS | one
Meee pol Feet ic a. | 8 |gee}| eae
band = o Sal. 5 — ors ) Fee °
Pel} 2i| 2! gf} 8s | BS }feeisae
gS |e | gs | ge [aes | oe
o 9 Po. = EY o > og meso] ook
= A S) A = ar ld =|
| 0 0 oO 0 Inches. | T. gr. | TB. gr.
1 +2 624 4.2} 79.2 7.1 | 0.976 | 10.41 2.62 0.80
2 78.7 2.01 77.3 3.4 919 | 9.92 3.12 90
3 78.9 231 975 3.9 919 .90 31 88
4 79.7 2.1} 78.2 3.6 946 | 10.17 23 .89
5 80.3 1.8 | 79.0 3.1 .970 44 .07 91
6 80.3 1.7 | 79.1 2.9 973 AT 00 | 9)
7 80.3 2.5 | 78.5 4.3 955 ay 48 87
8 80.6 27 || Fer 4.6 961 31 62 86
9 80.1 1.41 79.1 2.4 973 49 0.82 93
10 80.4 3.3 | 78.1 5.6 943 10 1.97 84
ry 80.3 1.1} 79.5 1.9 .986 62 0.65 94
12 81.0 1.8 | 79.7 3.1 .992 .66 1.09 91
13 80.5 +2) Fy 2.0 .992 .68 0.69 94
14 81.5 2.1 | 80.0 3.6 | 1.001 72 1.31 89
15 81.3 22 | 79.8 3.7 | 0.995 .66 34 89
16 81.2 2.9 | 79.2 4.9 976 45 76 86 «4
17 80.6 3.0 | 78.5 5.1 955 25 78 85 3
8 80.3 4.1 | 77.4 7.0 .922 9.87 2.44 80
19 81.6 3.9 | 78.9 6.6 .967 | 10.32 .40 81 {
20 82.6 2.5 | 80.8 4.3 | 1.027 98 1.59 87 .
21 80.9 2.8 | 78.9 4.8 | 0.967 37 70 .86
22 80.2 1.9 | 78.9 3.2 .967 Al 10 90
23 80.3 1.9 | 79.0 3.2 .970 Ad, 10 91
24 80.2 0.8 | 79.6 1.4 989 | .68 0.46 96
25 79.9 15 | 78.8 2.6 964 38 89 92
26 79.3 1.9 | 78.0 3.2 .940 13 1.08 90
27 79.2 2.0| 77.8 3.4 934 07 14 90
28 79.8 pea Me fe 3.7 .949 .20 127 89
29 79.6 2.0| 78.2 3.4 .946 19 15 90
30 80.3 2.5 | 78.5 4.3 955 27 8 87
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants. —
Meteorological Observations. xliv
Abstract of the Results of the Honrly Meteorological Observatious
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calculta,
tn the mouth of Jane 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical clements
dependent thereon.
6B Range of the Barometer | okt Range of the Tempera-
fo Et for each hour during as ture for each hour
Mog the month. | 2 during the month.
vo Eg we ae ty = ent abe he (nt
Hour.) = £5 ) oy ae Ag | |
mn
ga Max. Min. Diff. & = Max. | Min. | Diff.
aa 38 | 25
as
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. ° ° ° °
Mid-
night.| 29.545 | 29.683 29.424 | 0.259 $1.5 84.5 wo) 28
1 533 .672 412 | .260 81.2 84.3 | 76.4) 79
2 '521| 665 | .407| .238 | sog | sat | v64! 7.7
3 507 | .647| 309] .248 | 806 | 84.0 | 766] 7.4
4 .502 648 .398 .250 80.5 $4.0 109) Teak
5 ‘611{ .653| .403| 250 | 804 | 836 | 770] 66
6 525 684 | 414 .270 80.5 | 83.7 774) 6.3
vi 539 | . .697 426 271 81.0 84.5 | 78.0 | 6.5
8 556 711 438 | .273 $2.1 86.5 | 785 | 8.0
9 563 714 id? .272 83.3 87.0 78.2 | 88
10 563 706 AGL | .252°| 848 | 885 | 79.0|. 95
11 | (557{ 703, .440| 263 | 843 | 905 | 79.8| 10.7
Noon. 5AL 679 417 .262 85.0 91.7 81.0 10.7
1 522 642 392 .250 85.1 93.0 77.5 15.5
2 503 .627 .370 .257 85.3 93.8 | 77.0; 16.8
3 485 604 304 250 85.0 91.0 78.2 | 12.8
4 469 590 349 241 84.8 90.0 78.4) 11.6
5 470 .600 342 .258 84.2 $8.9 79.0 9.9
6 482 .602 365 237 83.6 87.6 79.0 8.6
7 499 621 381 .240 82.9 86.0 79.5 6.5
8 520 635 388 247 82.3 85.3 77.9 7.4
9 .536 661 413 248 82.1 85.0 | 78.0 7.0
10 553 670 | 437 233 81.8 85.0 | 76.5 8.5
il » 553 672 430 | 84.0 76.8 7.2
}
{= an
The Mean Height of the Rthometer, as ‘liked waa the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived from the observations made at the several
hours during the month.
xly Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Resulls of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken «at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of June 187%.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—(Cextinued.)
Yr
Role be | ey ee | 38 eae
- b 5 ee) oS | a eS Le fie
Peek ree er 28 |BE8 | ced
Four. Ps | ese = 3 | 6 (Repeat 3 S| Seep
Seals | 24 2 | 8.4 | 22 |) 2
Ps | 2 | 68 | gs | Be | BS | 823 ee
aq PA a | Pig a 2, 5 | 23.6" | eee
he comer | (HK - Spse = a SB SCM cs oi = SHS
23 uy is) Hay o> od res Sse
SS kt es Or |) eet St A ad a
}
fa) rope | 0 | Inches. T. gr. | T. gr.
Mid- | |
ght.) 80.1 Le 79.0 2.4 | 0.973 | 10.49 0.82 0.93
1 79.8 1.4) 78:8 2.4, 964 40 S81 98
2 79.6 B3 | 78:7| 22 961 37 43 93
3 795) 1. 11.) 78.7 1.9 961 37 64 |* 9%
A | 793. \. 1.2) 7&5 2.0 955 31° 67 O48
5 Vos. Lies 1.9 955 31 63 94
6 79.4) 1.1] 78.6 1.9 058 | SE G4 94
: 79.7 1.3 | 78.8 2.9 964 .40 74 93
8-| 80.3 1.8 | 79.0 Si 970 As 1.07 91
9 80.8 25 | 79:0 4.3 970 42 51 87
10 81.1 B24: 78:91 5:4 .967 37 91 84
11 81.0 3.3 | 78.7 5.6 961 29 99 8h
Woon.) 81.5 35 | 79.0 6.0 .970 AB ff Z16. + Se
1 81.4 a7 788 |. 6.8). 964 BE 26 82
2 81.4 39 | 7607 6.6 961 26 38 SL
3 81.3 S71 787 6.3 | .961 29 24 82
A 81.2 3.6 | 78.7 6.1 961 29 a 83
5 89.8 3.41 78:A 5.8 952 19 05 83
6 89.6 3.0 | 78.5 Ba. 955 25 1.78 85
7 |. 80.6 2.3 | 79.0 3.9 .970 42 37 .88
8 89.3 2.0 | 78.9 3.4, 967 Ad 17 906
9 80.2 1.9 | 78.9 3.2 .967 Al 10 .90
10 80.2 165 | 79E 2.7 973 AZ | 0.93 92
11 | 800 | 16|789| 27 | 967 ‘Al | ‘93 | 192
| |
All the Hygrometrical clements are computed by the Greenwich Constants:
+
Meteorological Observations. xlvi
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of June 1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &e.
Bo | te 4 Winp.
a8 et He Ab a ee Pee ire
As lbs = Nios Bb "ad
9] 4:5 las 3 Prevailing 4 S| ee | General aspect of the Sky.
S| 238 (a5) direction. Save s |
0 \Inches| | db | Miles | re.
1) 151.0, 0.51 |S & Variable. 1.7\ 133.5 | Chiefly “i. T at 5 p.m. Rat
94 P. M.
2 113.0| 3.87 SSW&SW /|13 152.4) Sto8aar. O afterwards. T
| ‘from 10.4. u., to 6 p. M. Lat
3A. M., & from 12 4. M., to 2
[P. mM. R from 8? a.M., to 2P.a.
101.4). Oto ae i Sito. lem,
i afterwards. T from 1 to 3.
7to9a.m., & atll p. uw. L
from 1 to 3 a. M.,at 7 & from
9tollp.sw. R from 1 to3a.m.
IS & S by E .. | 889! StoG6a.m.,-ito9M. a,
| “TL & \n1 to 2) ps Ms’ O-to: Gre:
: m. Safterwards. Tat 6&7a.M.
IS
8
3) 139.4| 0.68 |ISSE&S 2.0
ance, aT
'‘& from 1 to 4. vp. um. L at mid-
night. R at 2,6, 103; & 124. M.
& from 1 to 3p. M.
by ES&S SE... | 606) ai tol24.m.Oto4pP. mM.
S afterwards. Tat lp. uw. R
atla.u.,.&1&2P. mM.
6; 140.0! 0.11 SSSE&ESE ren GEO.9 | St bord A. Mie ey aoe
-j to 12 4. m. O.to 6 P.M., Z
afterwards. T at 1& 2p. m
Slight R from 11} a. M., to 3
Pp. M.
7| 138.3/ 0.35 ESE&NNE|...| 618) Nito3 a.m. Sto6r.m.0
lafterwards. T at 10 a. M.,and
from 8 to 10 p. m. Lfrom 8 to
10 vp. M. Slight R at 11 a. um.
[E.| & from 7 to 11 p. M.
8} 132.0] 0.12 |WSW,NNW&N | ... | 120.3| O to 4 p.m, \i& Ui af-
terwards. T at 2.4. m., & 11}
p. mM: Lat2a.m., & ll Pp. mM.
IR at3 a. M.
Oto3 p.m. § afterwards.
Brisk wind at 32 a.m. T from
midnight to 7 A.M. & at 7 P.M.
'L from midnight to 6 a. Mm. &
7 to 11 vp. mM. R from midnight
lto 123 A. M.
10) 141.8] 0.74 |S W&SSW | 08/ 152.2} Stolla.m,\i& ito4
| ip. Mm. O afterw ards. T, L&R
lat 5 & 6 P. M.
ll} .. | 034/SSE&SbyE |... | 102.7| Chiefly O. T from1to4 &
at 8 a. Mm. L from 1 to 4a. M-
‘Slight R from 2 be 6 & 10 to
(12 A. M., & at 2 P. M.
ao Cirri,—i Strati, “ i | Cum: uli, oes Cirro-strati, ave iCumulo- strati, eres
| . ae | 7 — dhe OY ke ses
5 145.0} 0.84
9} 127.6| 4,04 |W by S & SS W) 2.0! 101.9
xlvil Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of June 1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &c.
&3 & : Winp.
2 2 5.23 o Re
p Fe ma i SB of | p, «| General aspect of the Sky.
2| #3 leee Prevailing ab = g
é = FS [Bxe0 direction. AE ra 3
Oo Inches | tb | Miles}
12} 145.3) 218 SSE&SSE 199.3; S to 7 a.m., “ito3 p.m.
O to 7 p. mM. B afterwards. L
at 4a.m., & 11 p.m. R from
, 12 a. m., to3 P. M.
13) ... | 138 SSby W&8S ... | 107.4} Oto7 p.m., \_i afterwards.
R at 1 & from 5 to 7 & 103 a.
M.,tolp.m., &at3p. M.
14) 152.3; 0.06 S&SS W alt fas 77.4{ Sto4 a.m. Oto 9a.m., -ito
2p.mM.O109 Pp. m. B after-
wards. Slight R at 8 a. m., 1,
4,6&9P. Mm.
15| 137.5) 0.13 |WSW,5 &S byE) ... | 75.9} Clouds of different kinds.
Slight R at 2 a.m., & from 12
A.M.to3 P.M.
LGA. 0.25 |Sby E,S&SbyW| ... | 171.5] \_i to4da.m. Oto7a. m.,
~i&™“ito 7 p.m.Safterwards.
Lon § at 11} p.m. Rat 7, 12
A.M.,&1P.M.
17| 149.2 | 0.01 rs) ... | 206.5! Sto5a.m., Wito 9 a.M.,
“ito 1p. Mm. O afterwards. D
at 6 a. M., 23,4 &5 P. mM.
18] 146.5} ... SSby W&SS8S W, ... | 165.8) O to 44a. mM. Sto8a. m.,
XI to 11 a. M., ~1 to 6 P.M,
_1 afterwards.
19'148.5! ... SSW&S ... | 114.8} \i to 5 a.M., 71t0 7 P.M.
B afterwards.
20:)1270) i. S& ESE . |115.8} Oto9 a. m., clouds of dif-
ferent kinds afterwards. L at
4 &5a.Mm.,&11 Pp. M.T at 8
A.M. Dat8&12a.m., & 1
& 25 P. M.
21| 143.0} 0.27 |S E &E by 8 .. | 153.2} VWitobBa.m. 8 tolda.m.,
“ito 8 p. Mm. O afterwards. R
at 124a.m.,4,5 & ll p.m.
7) OY 0.84 ISE&S ESE 1.0|216.7| Oto 3 4.m. Sto64.m.,
\i& 71ito94a.mM.Otolp.m.,
clouds of different kinds af-
terwards. R. at midnight, 10,
ll a. m., 13,23, 4,5 &7 P.M.
_ 23)138.8| O45 /ESE&SE 0.8 | 273.8; S to 6a.m., “itol P. M.,
O afterwards. T at 103 P. mM.
Slight R at 1, 3, 11 a. m., 2, 6,
7 & from 9 to 1l Pp. M.
O. T at 2: & 6} p. m. L at
BAN 658 153 \/ESE&S8S -| ... | 254.6 [23 p. m. R after intervals.
Na Cirri,—i Strati, ~i Cumuli, \—i Cirro-strati, »i Cumulo-strati, ._i Nimbi,
tM = Lee, Bae SD I, bet: eS , e ee goa Sheer 4 ry i) RO: (Os ee A 7
Meteorological Observations. xlvilt
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
tuken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of June 187).
Solar Radiation, Weather, &c..
Le oe WInp.
A cr er ae
$ 4s Sas 5 Prevailing 43 2 7 General aspect of the Sky.
BS = FS 3 ig direction. a & a cS
0 |Inches) | Ib | Miles.
25) 120.0 | 0.44 |SW&SSE 85.0 | Chiefly O. Rat 1; &3a.m.,
& 4p. M.
26) 128.5 | 0.02 |SS W ... |168.2| Sto64a.m.Otolla.m.S
afterwards. Light R from 7 to
Ill A.M.
27| 1387.0/ 1.12 /SSW&S W | 0.8/179.1| Chiefly O. R from 1; to 9
at 11&124.M., & 6 P. M,
28) 114.0} 0.21 |SSW&S W 0.8| 139.3} Chiefly O. Slight R at mid-
night from 6 to 10 a.m., & be-
tween 7 & 8 P. M.
29'110.5; 182|/SSW&WS a 2.0} 79.9 | Chiefly O. R from 3 to 11
W Pp. M.
30) 134.0 | 0.47 WNW.SWes S}... | 989] Oto94a.m, 8 afterwards.
Tat 1a.m. Latl a.m.,&from8
to 10 vp. Mm. R from midnight
to4a.M.,at 1,2} & 11 P.M.
\i Cirri —i Strati, “i Cumuli,\_i Cirro-strati, ~-i Cumulo-strati_i Nimbi,
\ni Cirro-Cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
xlix Meteorological Observations.
“Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
am the month of June 1871.
Montuty ReEsvtts.
Inches.
Mean height of the Barometer for the month.. a 3 ¢29:523
Max. height of the Barometer cecurred at 9 a. MM. on ihe Ist. je 2ormlel
Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 5 P.M. on the 22nd. ... 29.342
Extreme range of the Barometer during the month om a. Ope
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures... = oe OOD
Ditto ditto Min. ditto : on ... 29.462
Meun daily range of the Barometer during the month ... oud Ee
oO
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer for the month ...; nee 0 | eee
Max. Temperature occurred at 2 p. M. on the Ist. oe eh cn
Min. Temperature occurred at 1&2 a. M, on the 30th. ane 76.4
Extreme range of the Temperature ig the month a ee
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature .. ae a oc) | ae
Ditto ditto Min. ditto, a
Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month... eee 7.4
Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month ... 80.4
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 2.3
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month 48.8
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed n mean Dew- -point .., 3.9
“Indie
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month .., es se 0.964
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Vapour for the month be » 10.36
Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ... 1.36
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.88
oO .
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ,,, 135.8
Inches.
Rained 28 days,—Max. fall of rain during 24hours ... o, 4,04
Total amount of rain during the month . 25.35
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo-
meter during the month wat a 2
Prevailing direction of the Wind. bee << % S& S 8 Ww.
* Height 70 feet 10 inches above ground.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observat
taken ut the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutia, in the month of June 1871.
Monrary Resccrs.
LOnS
with the number of days on
L was blowing, it rained.
lar wind blew. together
ar WI
ire
any particu
}
B
any partic
bs
aie hour, when
days on which at a given hour
which at the s
Tables shewing the number of
Meteorological Observations. ]
“UO WRT
"AM AQTN
“uO ULBYT :
"M*N'N
mite) UIR YT
“MN.
“HO ULB YT
AVNUM
’
"UO ULL YT ms re — =F Papel TE _——_- z a
‘a Ho > ae —— é —_—
“M
“LO a
“AA
“uo WIRY
‘a fq “AA SS Sa ee
“LO TUR YT
_ MD RMNNNSA -
“MA'S" AN
“ILO (ER YT
SNA N Ka BN N
—_ a
rer NAANWMAANHDOA AWM OAANANDAND DO
“Mo Wey a NA a AINNNS NAN Hoes!
“MSS © MIOADAMDPODPINSIDSKA KHAMOAMMN
"MO TWIRAT = = 4 = = =
: Ay aq “a = ANMDNMDMANNMDMA—MDMONNNORMAGGH
“Io WUT ss — Oo =& NND CNNSI
7 SS ee ni) i i oli i> oitoll a Mani.
"10 ULE Set 7 Eo a es ;
“"T (qa ZrO ANAND —— aS K-NANNANAATNN TO
‘ = ’ “~
"1 THR TES Ae ee. Cel on ee. al
Tag COND ANN MNNANN oosMoOMM WNMMI9D =a
“lO TRY 7 =e Ti ee = enn. he eee ee —
ae “q MANNAONHMAANMNAANN NANA
“WO HRT a ES Pe, ee 2 at ns =
“TAT NVHOMnwMnan=— a ADa-ANnnnA ANN
TO TR TH ar As
sa fq nr =a = SS ee =
‘uo uINT| a 4
., = ee = NO =a
s
TO TRY a
hq st ae
“uo TIRIT
. AT oni = =
Of Nor
“TO THR YT
a Sool aon iin len ie
TON
——_—+ —* —— an [oe |
“TO UIRIT —_ 5 ae
\ Sa NAwsaa nnn
a "NN
“TO THR AT
“m Aq Ny
“UO WIRIT
Le, sa re
“AT
=
- =
om, "a q = Nas. et <a ie) on
*moy{ ig Gen eee re ins Bar] 1 Ook o
Noon. |
Meteorological Observations. li
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observatious
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
tn the month of July 1871.
Latitude 22° 33’ 1” North. Longitude 88° 20’ 34” East.
Height of the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level, 1@11 feet.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the IT ygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
i
& 8 Range of the Barometer a # |Range of the Tempera-
TES during the day. # % ture during the day.
3 oe Ee
Date. jaa) roa) Q | a a
go) Max. | Min. | Diff. = | Max. | Min. | Diff.
t44 Se
oy | | =
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. fo) fa) ° °
1 | 29.608 | 29.666 | 29.528} 0.138) 803 | 87.5 |-76.4| 11.1
2 555 594 500 094, TOsk 80.5 75.6 5.0
3 561 .633 522 | Pal Ut 82.4 88.0 79.0 9.0
4 637 .683 596 O87 82.9 87.4 79.4 8.0
5 GO2 .666 537 129 83.7 88.5 80.2 8.3
6 576 .616 dll 105 84.4 89.8 80.5 9.3
7 543 594 470 124 85.1 90.0 81.5 8.5
8 519 563 .462 01 83.8 90.2 81.2 9.0
9 528 588 -480 .108 83.1 85.7 81.0 4.7
10 539 581 488 093 83.2 86.7 80.7 6.0
ll 522 579 465 114) 83.3 89.0 79.4 9.6
12 592 .660 552 108 81.9 86.5 78.0 8.5
13 674 724 624 100 80.0 81.8 77.6 4.2
14 -657 721 563 .158 83.5 88.4 80.5 7.9
15 mon || Ball) aoe) S140 h Sak O° R7.8 oP Slade 68
16 542 596 485 mae | 83.3 86.0 81.0 5.0
17 513 555 .450 105 82.6 86.4 78.5 7.9
18 495 537 435 102 83.9 89.9 80.5 9.4
19 482 520 423 097 83.2 89.0 80.2 8.8
20 512 564 463 101 82.4 86.5 80.0 6.5
21 550 598 506 .092 80.9 84.2 78.0 6.2
22 .600 .639 561 078 79.9 81.5 78.2 3.3
23 600 637 553 084 81.6 84.6 | 79.0 5.6
24 541 .607 AGL 143 82.9 86.8 80.5 6.3
25 494, 540 421 AI9 | 79:6 | 83.9 | 77.2) -67
26 510 583 462 121 | 82.9 89.0 78.0 | 11.0
27 576 .618 537 O81 82.5 | 87.6 78.8 | 8.8
28 068 611 500 Siig! 84.0 {| 89.0 49.55) “DS
29 482 561 .390 Nl 84.8 | 90.6 81.1) 9.4
30 A416 49 4 .B99 135 82.4 86.0 | 80.0 6.0
31 525 .613 A57 156 80.9 82.3 79.4 3.4
| /
‘The Mean Hei ght of the Barometer, : as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly observatious, made at the
several hours during the day.
hi Beteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of July 1871.
.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—(Continued.)
1 x ‘< ey | epee os Be ’
Beit) B | doe g «loka | 2S
Ey i 5 2 om us = gs
Ay © = eo on? Sh as
re © = fa Gi “3-4 et alee eee
2 5 5 3 S38 tt Sc) ele
FQ a r= a =i E om oad
Date.| "3 3 a ag 3 "oo | hoo ee @
ee fe |e | )°| 2e"| Sa0| seen ee
ail ale | es |e | ES | 2eag ee
ag 5 S as ae |26 | gee
oA Sy =| PAY o> o 4 ses | SUR
= See oom ee = a | =
te) co) oO to) Inches. | -T. gr.°-| ‘7. gr.
1 AME 2:65) “Za.9 4.4, 0.879 9.49 1.42 0.87
2 FOr 1.0 | 76.4 1.7 893 .68 0.54 95
3 79.7 Bl. Wok das 4.6 934 10.03 1.58 86
4 79.5 3.4] 77.1 5.8 .913 9.80 Ey 83
5 80.7 3.0 | 78.6 5.1 -958 10.28 «das 85
6 81.2 3.2 | 79.0 5.4 .970 .40 OF .85
7 81.7 3.4 | 79.3 5.8 979 .46 2.11 .83
8 81.3 2.5 | 79.5 4.3 .986 57 1.53 87
9 81.1 2.0 | 79.7 3.4 992 .66 .20 -90
10 81.4, 1.8 | 80.1 3.1 1.005 He 12 OL
11 80.7 2.6 | 78.9 4.4, 0.967 39 54 87
12 79.4 2.5 | 77.6 4.3 .928 Grog 5 87
43 78.8 1.2 | 78.0 2.0 .940 10.15 0.66 94
14 80.9 ao | £9. 4.4, 973 45 1.55 .87
15 81.6 2.8 | 79.6 4.8 .989 58 73 .86
16 81.0 2.3 | 79.4 3.9 .983 54 39 88
17 80.1 2.5 | 78.3 4.3 949 .20 48 .87
18 80.8 3.1 | 78.6 5.3 .958 .28 85 85
19 80.4 2.8 | 78.4 4.8 .952 21 .68 86
20 80.2 2-24 gf 8.8, aw .961 oo 28 89
21 78.9 2.01 77.0 3.4 925 9.98 12 .90
22 78.5 1.4 | 77.5 2.4 925 10.00 0.78 93
23 79.5 BL 78.0 3.6 .940 Bi Pi 1.23 .89
24, 79.8 Blot fice 5.3 928 9.97 82 85
25 78.0 LO) Fiocd 2.7 908 .80 0.89 92
26 79.4 3.5 | 76.9 6.0 .908 74 2.05 .83
27 19.7 Bie 71, 4.8 .931 10.00 1.64 .86
28 80.6 3.4} 78.2 5.8 946 13 2.04 83
29 81.2 3.6 | 78.7 6.1 961 29 si hd 83
30 80.1 2.3 | 78.5 3.9 .955 27 1.34 .89
31 79.2 Ll) GeO 2.9 .940 13 0.97 91
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.
Meteorological Observations. liii
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of July 1871. ‘
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
OB Range of the Barometer = = | Range of the Tempera-
3 Ay is for each hour during m2 ture for each hour
eg the month. ie during the month.
vo r
Hour. 5 25 Ag | Pe
aan ; : Fs . ;
a oo) Max. Min. Diff. aS Max. | Min. | Diff.
w Pir = |
aa =
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches.
°
°
-o
°
Mid-
night.| 29.574 | 29.710 | 29.457 | 0.253 81.1 83.0 77.0 6.0
1 564 701 A447 254 80.7 82.6 76.3 63
2 554 693 420 273 80°4 82.2 76.0 6.2
3 542 682 404 .278 80.1 82.3 75.7 6.6
4 536 662 391 271 79.8 82.3 75.6 6.7
5 543 671 399 272 79.7 82.5 75.6 6.9
6 554 674 399 275 79.7 82.5 75.5 7.0
7 568 691 408 .283 80.5 83.0 77.0 6.0
8 578 714 429 285 81.6 84.5 77.3 7.2
9 585 721 438 .283 82.9 85.8 78.0 7.8
10 -587 715 430 285 83.8 87.5 78.2 9.3
11 580 724 419 305 84.7 88.5 79.0 9.5
Noon. 567 709 401 .308 85.5 89.5 79.5 | 10.0
1 550 707 391 316 85.9 90.5 79.0 | 11.5
2 531 .689 384 305 85.7 90.0 78.8 | 11.2
3 513 654 -366 .288 85.1 90.0 79.0 | 11.0
4 -500 .640 359 281 85.2 90.0 79.6 | 10.4
5 495 624 371 253 84.7 88.7 79.5 9.2
6 508 -637 384 253 83.6 87.5 77.5 | 10.0
7 528 -650 411 .239 82.5 86.3 77.5 8.8
8 548 681 431 -250 82.1 85.2 78.0 7.2
9 567 700 458 242 81.8 84.3 78.2 6.1
10 581 718 472 246 81.5 83.7 77.5 6.2
11 582 vay: A464 .253 81.4 83.6 77.5 6.1
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
- Thermometer Means are derived from the observations made at the several
hours during the month.
liv Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
: an the month of July 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—(Continued.)
=I
. ¥ . ES" is Set ty ane s.
eS) a eke dee | Be alee
a Flag | A 8 So | aye | mee
a © © 5 Ga 4> om fasten lige &
A BL bee tes % 2s |B28 | S33
Hor!) 2.) 2 )/2)2 | 8 | Ss [Gee | Bee
8 || ae |) ete Se | 84 | 822) 288
Pee | epee 2B | ES | See ee
ge i. | 8 | ee | oe | 22 | See | gee
fy) cy) cy) 0 Inches. | T. gr. | T. gr.
Mia-
aight.) 79.7 1.4 | 78.7 2.4 | 0.961 | 10.37 0.80 0.93
1 79.4 ka | 785 2.2 .955 31 73 .93
2 79.2 1.2 | 78.4 2.0 .952 27 67 94
3 79.0 1.1 | 78.2 1.9 .946 21 .63 94
4 78.8 1.0] 78.1 Wy, .943 .18 57 95
5 78.6 kh | 77:8 1.9 .934 .09 .63 94
6 78.7 1.0 | 78.0 1.7 .940 15 SY .95
7 79.3 1.2} 78.5 2.0 955 31 67 94
8 79.8 1.8 | 78.5 3.1 .955 .29 1.05 91
9 80.1 2.8] 78.1 4.8 .943 12 .67 .86
10 80.5 3.3 | 78.2 5.6 .946 13 97 84
11 80.9 3.8 | 78.2 6.5 .946 mel 2.31 81
Noon.| 81.2 4.3 | 78.2 7.3 .946 1 61 .80
1 81.3 4.6 | 78.1 7.8 943 .06 81 78
2 81.1 4.6 | 77.9 7.8 .937 .00 .80 78
3 81.2 3.9 | 78.5 6.6 .955 21 .36 81
A, 81.1 4.1 | 78.2 7.0 .946 nel 50 .80'
5 89.8 3.9 | 78.1 6.6 .943 .08 34 81
6 80.5 3.1 | 78.3 5.3 .949 18 1.85 85
7 79.9 2.6 | 78.1 4.4, 943 14 .50 .87
8 79.8 2.3| 78:2 3.9 .946 17 34, .88
9 79.8 2.0 | 78.4 3.4 .952 25 15 .90
10 79.7 1.8 | 78.4 al .952 125 .06 91
11 79.8 1.6 | 78.7 2.7 .961 35 0.92 .92
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants. |
‘“
Meteorological Observations. lv
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
im the month of July 871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &e.
- ASS Winp.
ad |f2% a
Ms -~] | 2 | b
aa o> s “42 ,&| + =| General aspect of the Sky.
©) 4:5 |a2| Prevailing |i "S
S| Ss |\3-.5| direction. (32/4 2
alsk aa | ee a Pa
0 |Inches [by S; lb | Miles |
1| 143.5 | 2.24 |SW,SSW & W/1.4| 142.2) Oto l2a. m.,\itod5ip.m.O
afterwards. Rfrom midnight
to2 a. ™M., & 54 to 11 Pp. m.
a 1.01 |WSW & W byS.| ... | 159.9 | O.R from midnight to 9 a.
M., 1 to 24 & at 6, 8&9 p.’M.
3| 150.0 | 0.02 |W byS& SbyW.| ... | 111.1} Oto6 4. ., “i afterwards.
ah Light Rat 12 a.m.,13&3)p.M.
4| 145.0 | 0.09 |SbyW,SSE &S by} 0.5 | 208.4; Btoida.m., “ito 7 p. m.
B afterwards. Slight R at 11
A. M., 13 & 23 P.M.
Best 9s 0.48 SSE &S byE. |... | 219.9} Sto8a.m., i afterwards.
.L from 8 to 10 p. a. R from
125 a. M., to 23 p. M.
6| 148.0; 0.27 |Sby E& S. "* 1109.3} Ni to64.m., 71 to7 Pp. M.
B afterwards. R at 8 a.m. &
oO Ps Me
7|145.0| ... ISby E&S. .. | 144.4] Bto4da.u., ai & \i after-
wards. T at 4p. mM.
8) 144.0} 0.84 SS E. oe > LOD. Oh: SCbo (7a SaaS to 1 2S
Oto7 p.m.S afterwards. T
at 1i & 54 p.m. Rat4a.m.,
2,3,5&7 P.M.
9} 120.0} 0.49 |SS E. ve | 1E9.6)) S to 3ias we: O.to 7 Bae S
afterwards. Tat 92.4. m. 1,2
&3p.m.Lat 9p. m. Rat9},
12 4.m., & lp. m.
10, 126.0; 0.36 SSES&S. vel On9| Sto8a. ui ni, tolZ aa.
Oto4p.m.S afterwards. T
at 1} p.m. Slight R at 12} a.m.
& from 2} to 4& at 6} p. M.
11| 153.0 0.30 |S by E& SSE}... | 812) Sto4a.m.,\ito8a. m.,
: i to 2 p. m. O afterwards. R
at 3 & between 7 & 8 P. M.
12) 150.0} 0.16 |Sby E& SW va FeLI2.5 | ‘Octo Joa. w., ni toh. a
S to 4 p.m. O afterwards.
Slight R from 1} to 6 & at
10 a. M.
vk ae 1.41 |Sby E&S .. |127.7| O to4p.m., Wito8 Pp. M,.
S afterwards. R from 1} a. m.,
to 3 P. M.
14) 146.0} 0.438 S&SSW, . | 174.6} O to9a.m., Witod P. mw,
O afterwards. R at 54 4. m.,
& from 6} to 9 Pp. M.
15] 125.8} 0.11 |S S W. .. | 266.5) S to 4”. m. O afterwards,
T from 9 toll p.m. L from
8 to 10 vp. m. Slight R at 83 &
10 P. M.
Ci Cire, i Strati, >i Comuli, i Oirro-strati, --iOumulo-strati, wi Nimbi,
\ni Cirro-cumuli, B clear, 8 stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
lvi Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of July 1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &c.
aa & = : Winp.
Os oS 5 :
se) oS 5 s 5 . = ’ k .
3] ud pt 5 Prevailing |4 ee General aspect of the Sky
8) Sree direction. et len ee
ley es tes , Sa
oO Inches th | Miles
16| 113.0} 0.02 |S &S W ... |151.5; O to 10 a.m.S to5p. m.
O afterwards. Lon E at 9 p.m.
Light R at 3 a. m.
17) 148.8 | 0.88 |W &S .. | 85.6] O toda. m..\i & Wi to 10
A. M., “ito 2p. M., \W_iafter-
wards. Rat3 & 4a. m.
18} 136.0| ... S,SE&ESE |... | 304) Vitoda.m,-i& Wi to
6p. mM. B afterwards, T at 84
p.M. Lon W at llv.m. Dat
ll a. m., & 83 P. mu.
19) 110.5; O17 |/ESE&SE ... | 266.2 | Clouds of various kinds. T
at 2 p. M. Slight R at 7 &112
A. M., 14,53 & 7 P. M.
20] 148.5; 0.388 /S E& 8S by E 0.8 | 257.4] Oto 104. mM. S afterwards.
Slight R at 4, 10 & 122 a. w.,
& 3,63 & 10 Pp. M.
21) 129.4) 1.12|SbyE&SSW|... | 1206] Otolla. m. S afterwards.
R at 2,33 & from 6 to 1] a. mw.
99; ... 0.42 SSW &S by W| ... | 183.9| Chiefly O. Slight R from 4
to6&10a4.mM., to6P. mM.
23/ 120.0 | 0.05 |S SW ... | 120.1} O to94.m.Sto7 p.m. O
afterwards. Light R at 33 a.m.
24) 134.1} ... SSwW&SW .. [121.9] Otol0a.m., “i & Vi tos
Pp. M. O afterwards. Lat 10 &
ll p.m. Dat 8a.m., &10P.m.
[S
25] 134.0 | 3.25 |WSW, W&W by| ... | 101.7] Chiefly O.T & Lat1&2
A. M. R from 1 to 12 a. m., &
4to7 P. M.
26/ 145.0; 0.11 |WbyS & SSE)... | 87.7| Sto54.m., “i afterwards,
Slight Rat 4,5a.m.,&2 p.m.
27| 129.6} 0.138 |SE.& S .. | 190.7} Bto4a.m. 8 to9 a.m, i
to4P.m.,\iafterwards. Slight
Ratl2a.m.,2&4 >. m.
28) 148.0} ... |S&SbyE ... | 108.3} B to2a.m., \ito8 Pp. m.,
“iafterwards. Dat 4 & 63 p.m.
29) 147.2 | 0.05 |SSE,E & E by N| 0.5) 144.2| Sto4a. m., “i afterwards.
Slight R from 74 to 9 P. Mm.
30) 128.0} 0.51 IESE&SSE. Bee i We U5) Sto6a.m., “ito 4p. u.O
afterwards. R after intervals.
31; ... | 0.73 [S&S by E ... | 145.3} O. R after intervals.
Ni Cirri,—i Strati, 71 Cumuli, \_i Cirro-strati, ,_i Cumulo-strati, ._i Nimbi
\ni Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
ye SR a 8 Se
Meteorological Observations. vil
Abstract of the Resulls of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of July 1871.
Monruty Resvtrs.
Inches.
Mean height of the Barometer for the month.. »-. 29.551
Max. height of the Barometer occurred at 11 A. 3t. on the 13th. wo. 29.724
Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 4 P.M. on the 30th. ... 29.359
Evireme range of the Barometer during the month ay see. 0.365
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures... wa dh .. 29.606
Ditto ditto Min. ditto Rie ve. 29.492
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month .., Sear 0.108
oO
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer for the month __ .., oes ve «= 82.5
Max. Temperature occurred at 1 p. mM. on the 29th. up! 90.5
Min. Temperature occurred at 6 4. mM, on the 2nd. as 75.5
Extreme range of the Te ‘mperature during the month s¢ 15.0
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature .. 86.8
Ditto ditto Min. ditto, E eG eer ie
Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month... te 74
Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month ... 80.0
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 2.5
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month as 78.2
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew point .. 4.3
ATiphedl
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month .., see ». 0.946
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Vapour for the month ” egies
Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ... 1.47
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.87
o
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month .., 137.2
Inches.
Rained 30 days,—Max. fall of rain during 24 hours... vee 3.25
Total amount of rain during the month . 15.93
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the amemo-
meter during the month __... nee eee . 14.77
Prevailing direction of the Wind... ee 8 by E,S&SS W.
* Height 70 feet 10 inches above ground.
lvili
ith the number of days on
’s Office, Calcutta, in the month of July 1871.
lar wind blew, together w
d was blowing, it rained
ons taken at the Surveyor General
Monrnuty REsvutts.
Tables shewing the number of days on which at a given hour any particu
zt
which at the same hour, when any particular win
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observat
Meteorological Observations.
“UO ULB
"AN Aq" Ny
“uo ULB yy
aah ps eA LS MA er Fe NO
“AA NN
“UO UIRYT,
A, EN
“UO UB ——
“MN M rae
“UO ULI
“N Aq" AN ‘
“WO ULR AT] mH a4 a
“AA a] AOA AAR A NNAMAAN
“10 ure y a = ao Sa
“9 &q “MA AAAAAN — AAAMDNAAANDAMAAN
“uO Ley ANANAAAA TE A = = oer
“M‘S7M AAAAAMAAA GS = = =
“UO UIeqT| HANA = i eS SS
KS AAAMNMMMMMARANMN AH Ae AAA
“TO WIR) ANMAAHA 4 aNaa NA A
"MOG OWI WF OH OSOHAD OOM OM OONMN
“10 UR aT 4 —— — a4
“MA Aq°9 Se eS AAAS ONNNMD
\
‘TO WIRY eq eae AMNION mo
9 Fd HANI SIM AH O19 OH 1 WIN 1D DKW S19 1H
“WO WIRY ASA AA ANMAN —s A A
4 an = ase =
a Aq 9 Be FAG 13-09 91D SHH ID FAN OID NOD DDO S
"UO ULVYTI SS a4 ANA a a
“== 5 a a : ie LS
‘WG CG] CM MMM Mao GN TON TONHMONMAAN
“uo ULB YY s, Loma rc (Sn | ee re
“aS AANAAAAMMANMIOAMMIOIAAANNA
“T10 TIRYT a4 — 4 eS =
a oq] A ANANAARARS RRA ARS 4 a EN
i“ iy .~
“UO ULRyy, al
"g fq “"y ann AN Nn 4 4
micomeadcyy § im rd
"7 i a
TO TRY, er a
e ( 5 ce
AT fq W rei re Lom re re
“uO UIey|
a ON OW
"WO Urey,
“HL * NI
“UO UIRIT
“LN CN
“TO WIRY,
"a Aq °N
“U0 WIRY
"NI
as a
- ASS sored 2 Dood
MOP] ig BTS WS OMOHAA 8B NOD Id COM oe
= ot 7,
Meteorological Observations. lix
Abstract of the Results of the lourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutla,
tu the mouth of August 1871,
Latitude 22° 33’ L” North. Longitude 88° 20’ 84” East.
Height of the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
_-J | / a
| py 3 _ | Range of the Barometer | EE Runge of the Tempera-
| as during the day. | fe ra ture during the day.
cD BS ; ee
Date. | eo | | ie F | =—— — i 2
| Seo | Mex. { Min. | Dif. | FA | Max. | Min. | Diff
i | gael |
i Tuches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | 0 a. 64) a
|
1 , 29.624 | 29.672 | 29.681; 0.088) 7839 | 798 | 775! 28
2 | 612, 692) 6H; .102| 80.9 84.3 | 758, 5.6
3 614) 667 | 649 118] 82.9 | 889 | 793] 98
4 564) 603 | 484) 119 | 844 | 885 | 805 | 8.0
5 535; 580,480 | .100| 849 | 882 | 82.7| 58
6 624) 664) 457; .107/ 847 89.2 | 82.0 | 7.2
7 452 628 | .870 168 | 838 | 88.7 | 806; 8.1
8 407 456 369 | .097 | 82.1 | BAO | 805!] 68
9 Add 500 .396 104} 826 | 88.0 | 805/76
10 465 598 | = 401 107 | 83.8 | 896 | 805! 9.1
11 482 624 | .436 088 | 83.4 913 | 80.6 | 10.8
12 AGA 508 392 116 | 83.2 | 87.0 | 81.0) 6.0
13 493 | 686 | 413 o973)\; “988: |) (862 | 80.7% ABS
14 560 604 | .506 O98 83.8 88.2 | 810, 72
15 666 | .601| 618 O83 82.4 | 865 | 79.8) 6.7
16 .558 624 | 614 110 | 80.0 81.3 |-78.7 | 26
17 617 .690 670.| *02@e) 22.1 | .860 °| 98.31. ey
18 .663 721 {| 601 120) “84.1 | :882 || 99.90.) 88
19 647 .689 593 096; 83.6 | 86.0 | 810) 50
20 .652 .692 | .613 079 | 83.5 86.5 *| 81.5 | 6.0
21 654 697 586 111 | 81.6 | 87.0 | 78.0! 9.0
22 G41 703 | 680 123 | 814 | 86.0 | 78.7 | 7.3
23 637 .688 | 592 096 | 81.8 86.8 73:6 |) 28.3
24 672 716 .620 096 | 83.4 | 87.4 80.0 7.4
25 .709 760 | 653 107} 84.0 | 886 | 79.5} 9.1
26 21 774 | 661 113 83:9 ‘| 88.0 81.2 6.8
97 .700 TAT .630 al? S29 | 187.0 «| 79.6 75
28 .693 734 |. .638 O96 | 82.5 87.2 | 79.8 | 7.4
29 717 .763 661 102 | 83.6 88.5 | 79.6 8.9
30 767 831 706 | 125 84.9 91.0 | 80.0 11.0
31 .800 | .859 743 | 216 | 83:6 | 89.0 | 80.8 8.2
The Mean Height of the Ba rometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly observations, made at the
several hours during the day.
Ix Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Uourly Meteoroloyical Observations
tuken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Culeutta,
wu the month of August 1871.
Daily Means, &e. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—/( Continued.)
é esc sae) 8 3 ge | SEG |de.
rat be SOR RE) FY - | sce) eee
Pa © & eo | "eo eee
2 cB) be & qa 42 =o ay soe
a |s |2/2 | s | $2 |B eet oo
Die Sa ee |S $ So |e ae eens
os eo ese = @. | 62 | eee | aoe
Fe | 3 ) S|) 28 | 82 )} ee | See
=| fe} zs 48 = a) “= Biel | ane
a & 5 ° gs Fe | eee | a
8 A = = Fy oe oq |oeo | ode
= a o) ag = = Raed =
)
oO 0 0 o | Inches.| T. gr. | T. gr
1 78.1 0.8 | 77.5 14 | 0.925 | 10.03 0.44 | 0.96
2 79.5 1A) R54) 62.4 | 85 Bi |i pee 93
3 80.3 26| 785| 4.4 | 955 27 |) ee 87
4 81.2 BP MOM) | ey | 2970 AO | oot 85
5 Bl Wee SOU |. 8S | 1005 3 | wae .86
6 82.1 26 | 2803 | 44. [7 oO) 82 60 87
7 | 813 | 25/795] 43 | 0.986 7 53 | 87
8 89.7 PA aby | eis 992 68 0.83 93
9 81.1 1.5 | 80.0 | 2:6. 1 aleOO1 som .93 .92
10 81.1 27 | HOD | oA.B | 0-096" ln. eke 1.65 .86
11 81.1 231795! 39 | .986 57 39 88
12 81.2 2.0| 79.8| 34 | .995 | .69 20 90
13 8).6 23 | 794 3.7 973 45 .30 89
14 81.5 23| 79.9| 3.9 .998 69 | AL 88
15 80.8 1.6 | 79.7 2.7 992 66 0.95 92
16 79.0 1.0 | 78.3 Ay 949 24 57 95
17 79.7 24 | 4780: |. | aed 940 AL 1.40 .88
18 80.3 3.8 | 77.6 6.5 928 9.93 2.28 | “al
1 AGS Al 1Be.2 | IO 3.7 998 | 10.69 1.34 89
20 §0.4 | 3.1 /| 782 5.3 946 15 85 85
21 79.6 | 2.0| 78.2 a4) de 1 to 15 90
22 79.0 2.41 77.3 4.1 919 9.90 37 88
23 79.0 2.891 677.0 4.8 .910 79 61 .86
21 80.0 3.4) 77.6 5.8 | .928 95 2.01 .83
25 8).3 a7 | aes, eae 98 .19 82
26 81.3 26/795) 4.4 986 | 10.57 1.56 .87
27 80.4 2.5 | 78.6 4.3 958 | .30 49 87
28 89.2 2.3 78.6 3.9 .958 30 34 89
29 80.3 3.3 | 78.0 5.6 .940 07 .96 84,
30 81.0 3.9 | 78.3 6.6 949 | 14 2.35 81
31 80.4 3.2 | 78.2 5.4 .946 15 1.88 84
| | | | | a
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants. :
Meteorological Observations, Ixi
Abstract of the Results of the Tourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the mouth of August 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
Sa = Range of the Barometer =. | Range of the Tempera-
25 .)| foreach hour during = 3 ture for each hour
ess | the month. | 2 during the monih.
a 2S } } be 5
Hour.| 5 251 | § rae ;
a2, | =
| S48 | Max. | Min. | Dif. | 38 | Max. | Min. | Dif
Aa | | he |
}
| ' |
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. Inches. | ) Cites fe
) | /
Mid- | | | ) |
hight.| 29.620 | 29.820 29.423 | 0.397 81.4. 84.0 | 78.5] 5.5
1 610} .813| .411| .402 | 812 | 838 | 786] 62
2 .600 .806 3299 | .407 | 81:0 | 83.4 78.8 4.6
3 689] .794| .388| .406 80.8 | 83.2 | 785} 47
4, 580}; .781| .366| .415 | 80.6 | 83.0 | 785| 45
5 ee ogee) aye) 416.) BOR. | 689) | eee |. Be
6 601} .794| .399| .395 | 80.5 82.7 | 77.5! 62
rs 615 | .800/ .409{ .391 81.0 83.8 | 78.0) 58
8 630 | .820| .421| .399 | 82.0 | 85.0 | 783| 6.7
9 641 | .838] .429| .409 | 832 | 86.8 | 788] 80
10 645 | .859 423 | .436 84.2-| 87.8 | 791 | 87
ll 637 | .841| .422} .419 | 95.4 | 89.0 | 79.0| 10.0
: | |
' | |
| )
Noon.| .622| 825] .410| .415 85.9 | 89.2 | 789} 103
1 602 791| .401| .390 | 85.9 | 91.0 | 78.7 | 123
2 581 770 | .387 | 383 86.4 | 91.3 | 78.8 | 12.5
3 665 | .753| .382| .371 | 85.8 | 90.5 | 79.5| 11.0
4 500| .743| ~.359| .384 | 85.6 | 91.0 | 79.5] 11.5
5 500 746 | .369| .377 | 85.1 | 884 | 785| 9.9
6 561 767'| .385| .382 83.7 | 87.6 | 78.0| 9.6
7 579 773 394°) 379 82.7 86.6 | 788 | 7.8
8 600 797 | 403 | .394 82.5 | 86.0 | 790 | 7.0
9 622 815 422 | .393 82.1 | 845 | 79.0] 56
10 637 827 427 | .400 | 81.7 84.3 | 782) 6A
11 637 837 .439 | .398 81.5 84.0 | 787! 53
|
bes «Lay
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Tiermometer Means are derived from the observations made at the several
hours during the month.
Ix Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Obsernations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Culculta,
in the mouth of August 1871.
oo Means, &e. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—(Continned.)
. =) te ars <
iS c a Bet fe Ba '| o&e | 8s
a Pate | 8 PS (ees Ben
a co) © iS) Saas | Ce fp me a
2 Se 2 ae 28 |= eee
Hour. | a E 3 5 a ) s eh \r a 3 a | ie Bel
@D a S 2 | & fe “oO ; & Peel ete 2.5
Fei g2|s| gs | BE | BS | 328) 828
a | a a ea, = a | 7 Ax = = >, fo
ee b> 5 PS | 68 Be | oS beeen
SP las |G, | Be peti ae Chea
| }
o ) 0 oO Inehes.4 <P. ‘gr: “> Tae
Mid-
aight.| 80.1 1 1792 2.2 | 0.976 10.52 0.75 0.93
1 80.0 1.2 | 79.2 2.0 976 52 -69 94
2 79.9 be Le Sis .49 65 94
3 79.8 £00) Jot ke 273 49 58 95
4 79.6 BO | 78:9 | 967 43 58 95
5 79.6 0:9 | -79:0 1.5 970 46 52 95
6 79.5 1.0 | 78.8 LEYS 964 40 58 95
c 19.9 ty | Gor LS. er 49 65 94
8 80.2 1.8 | 78.9 Ey an ee AL 1.06 91
9 80.6 2.6 | 78.8 4.4, 964 .36 53 87
10 80.8 3.4 | 78.4 5.8 952 19 2.05 83
11 81.3 4.1 | 78.4 7.0 952 ole 51 .80
Noon.| 81.5 4.4! 78.4 75 .952 15 Ry 5 79
1 81.5 4.4| 78.4 7.5 952 15 42 19
2 81.7 4.7 | 78.4 8.0 952 15 91 18
3 81.3 4S | 78.1 fps 943 06 i 18
4 81.6 4.0 | 78.8 6.8 964 .29 A7 81
5 81.2 oo| f8a 6.6 955 21 36 81
6 80.7 3.0 | 78.6 5.1 .958 .28 1.79 85
7 89.3 2.4 | 78.6 4.1 .958 .30 42 88
8 80.4 2.1 | 78.9 3.6 .967 39 25 89
9 80.3 1.8 | 79.0 3.1 .970 Ad, 07 91
10 80.1 16;,| peo) a4 .970 44 0.93 .92
11 80.0 1.5 | 78.9 2.6 967 AL 90 92
All “All the H ygrometrical clements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.
Meleorological Observations. Ixili
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Caleutla,
in the month
of
August 871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &e.
. i 2 3 Prevailing Fr E | be a _ General aspect of the Sky,
S) 83 [3-65 direction. isSZiagt
AlA® js he
; © (Inches lh | Miles
1} ... | 2.23 S&S by E |... | 126.4) Oto6p.m., ~iafterwards.
| R from 1} a. m., to 6 p. Mm.
2,136.0, 0.04 Sby E &Sby W. . 83.6 | S tol p. m., clouds of’ dif-
ferent kinds afterwards. Light
‘R from 6 to 9a. M.,
3) 146.0 IS by W,E & SW.) . 39.2) ito7a.M., ~iafterwards.
(if at 65 & 8 p.m. Lon N W
lat 8 Pp. M. D at 5} p. M.
4) 147.5 SW, W&WSW. .. 94.2} \ito3 a.m.,\Wi to 7a.M.,%i
[N.| afterwards. L on N at 11 p.m.
5 WS W, W byN &!... | 111.3 | \ito 8a. m., clouds of dif.
ferent kinds afterwards. L at
8 & 10 p.m. D at 63 P.M.
0147.3) 112 N&SENE. 97.6, \Wi & “i tod p. m. O after-
| wards. T at 10} a. m. Lat 9
p.M. Rat 103 a.m.1,8&9 pw.
7 128.0 004 NE& ENE 1.4 245.7 Clouds of various kinds. L
| at midnight. Light R a mid-
night 73 a. M., 14,61. &9 p.m.
we) O00 ies EF 1.6| 272.3; OLon N. W. at 8p. m.
| | ‘Slight R afterinterval!s.
9 133.0, 0.56 SE&SSE ... | 240.3} O to 94.m., -ito8 P.M.
S afterwards. T at 124 a. m.
& 3pm. Lat8&9r.u.R
fat midnight, 1,3, 8a.m.,1&
(3 P.M.
10 149.2) 0.03 SE& ESE. 181.1/ Oto8a.m., “ito7p.u.8
afterwards, J at 12} 4. mM. L
at7,9& 1l p.m. Slight R at
2a. M.,&3 P.M.
11) 144.6 | 0.53 SSE,E&S 181.4} S to 8a.m.,-ito5p. me.
S afterwards. T at 4& 5 p.m.
L at midnight, 44. w., 8&9
[by N p. M. Rat 7, 84. M..& 2 P. M.
12} 129.7| 0.60 |E by 8, EN E&E) ... | 145.3} Chiefly ~i L at midnight,
l a. M7 &8 p.m. Rat 63,
tig ae 123 4.m.,13& yy
2! 0.25 | , S&S... | 202.7 to ll a. m., clonds of dif-
i ai ao a ferentkindsafterwards. Slight
R at 4, 54,10, 11 a. u., 1, 4
& oP. M. aa 4
235.2} S tolOa.m., “iafterwards.
ae Pitae, Lon W at 5 a.m. Dat 8 p.m.
15) 145.2, 0.56 |S by W,S&SSW 102.9; \ito6a4.m.O to l04.m.,
~i to3 p. m. O afterwards.
T at 5} p. m., Slight R from 8
ito 12 a. Mm. & 3} to8 p. M.
\u Cirri,—i Strati, “i Cumuli, \_i Cirro-strati, ~-iCumulo-strati, ~iN imbi,
\Wi Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
lxiv
Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calculta,
am the month of August 1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather. &e.
Date.
20
28)
29
30
31
General aspect of the Sky.
O to 6. M.S afterwards.
Shght R from 3} a. m., tod
O to 10a4.M., -i to 7 Pp. a.
O afterwards. T & L between
7&8p. M.R at 1,3 am, &
Ni & “1 to 9 a. M., Al to
4 p.m. Sto 7 vp. mM. Bat-
terwards. Lat ll; p.m
S. Light R at 6 a. a.
S. L on N between mid-
Chiefly O. R from 1} to 12
O to 12 4a.M., ~ito9 p.m.
O afterwards. Lon W at8&
9 p.m. Shght R at 2, 3, 63, 9%
O to8a.M.,~1 & \Wito3P.m.
S afterwards. Light R at mid-
Oto 3a.mM.S8to8a.M., \1
& \ito7 p. M.S afterwards.
| Chiefly S. L at 112 p. wm. D
__ Clouds of different kinds.
Lat midnight. Dat 10 a.m.
| S to 9 a. Mm., \ito 5 Pp. M.
S afterwards. Slight R from
| Clouds of different kinds to
3p.M.S to8 Pp. M., \i after-
wards. Tat 3 p.m. Slight R
at 44,12 4.m.,2&3 Pp. m.
B to 5a.M.,“ito7 Pb. M.
B afterwards. R at 114 a4. .,
\i to 8 a.m., “i afterwards.
T from 9 to 11 P. m. L from
6; to 10 p.m.SlightRat 8$PM.
Ni to 7 a.M., “ 1 afterwards.
T at 1& 3p. mM. Slight R at
125 4. M., 24, 3,6 & 7 BM.
Pal ae WIND.
38 |s33| - eet
= = (== re | e4 & &
pe ae S| Prevailing KES
SF A Bae direction. Sh
si oe 2 rection ar a “Si
0) Inches ih | Miles
1.01 SSW 1.0) 1283.0
| P. M.
141.5 | 0.92 |SS W &S by W| ... | 178.0
| | from 55 to ll Pp. M.
146.0 S,SwW&SbyW. 157.9
| 115.0} 0.02 SSW &S by W | 73.8
128.0 Sby W&SW 87.8
| | night & 1 a. M.
141.3; 2.69 SSW &S by W| 1.5 | 96.5
| A. M., & 5to1l pv. m.
126.5; 0.16 WS W&S S W 194.7
W23a.m.,&11 Pp. m.
150.5 0.02 ;\W&S W 98.5 |
night 1&7 Aa. M.
150.0 | SW,WbyS&W!... | 84.4
D at 5 & 83 a. M.
149.6 SW&SS W 73.4
iat 6 & 8 a. M.
135.0 SW 53.9 |
144.0! 0.19|SW,S&SSw 73.6
(54 to 7 Pp. M.
137.8; 0.30);S SW &S8 by E 102.5
144.5 | 0.25 |S by E,SSE&S 85.0
1& 45 p. M.
153.2; 0.07 IS&SSE 50.9
[W
137.0 | 0.22 |SbyE,SSE& Sbyj 0.4} 80.6
Ni Cirri,—i Strati, “i Cumuli, \_i Cirro-strati, ~_i Cumulo-strati, \._i Nimbi,
\ni Cirro-ecumuli, B clear, 8 stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning, —
M eteorological Observations. Ixv
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor Geueral’s Office, Caleutla,
in the mouth of August 1871,
Monruty Resutrs.
Thelies.
Mean height of the Barometer for the month.. .. 29.603
Max. height of the Barometer oceurred at 10.4. M. on the 81st. ... 29.859
Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 4p. a. on the Sth. ... 29.359
Extreme range of the Barometer during the month nig ... 0.600
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures... ar a, ws 29.604
Ditto ditto Min. ditto ee 5 29.515
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the ‘month is: ave 2 O11 68
oO
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer for the month : 82.9
Max. ‘Temperature occurred at 2 p. M. on the 11th. 91.3
Min. Temperature occurred at 5 & 6 4. M, on the Ist. 7.5
Iatreme range of the Temperature during the month 13.8
Mean of the daily Max. '‘lemperature .. 87.3
Diito — ditto Min. ditto, 80.0
Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month.. 7.3
Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month... 80.5
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb The -rmometer 2.4
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month : 78.8
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed u mean Dew- -point . 4.1
ocls.
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month .,., Ris .. 0.964
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Vapour for the month : .. 10.36
Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ... 1.43
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.88
°
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ,.. 140.6
Inches.
Rained 28 days,—Max. fall of rain during 24 hours... or 209
Total amount of rain during the month ean LOL
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo-
meter during the month , a ae 0.68
Prevailing direction of the Wind.. Ft SSW. & ‘S. W.
* Height 70 feet 10 inches above ground.
Ixvi
SULTS.
4
vi)
ical Observations taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta, in the month of Aug. 1871.
Monrary Ri
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorolog
Meteorological Observations.
‘uO ULBIT
BM Sas Bl ”
ro) "uo ULB
a Bsa fe sil!
> PM'N'N'
sS “UO ULE
oe . . = i <> ae
Oo M 'N r~ om
7 "MO WIRY bs ea be ie
[ANTM aioke =
=| . i"
= uo Urey ree: z
a “nT Aq" AA os — — a
ee uo uieyp = : ix
s. .. ey er
La] ——_-_
E'S |-t0 Wey el aa
Se
O-5 “9 Sq MA = Se HNA ee BAAN M AAS SRM
on Sea 2 =
ee “uo UR a4 o o o = am
Stat Mek AHAANNNANNA SON See ARAN ANS
32 “UO UlRYy 4 =i 7
28 "M Q] © DWM MOAHHN ANDINMHSHMoOMwooS
aie 10 ULB AT AANNANNANANANAR HDA ANA AA
Aa “MSS MD FiIowmoaaASnROOCKhRSHHACHMAO AAS
EE} s Bears: ia 4 Se
ne “UO ULBAT aaa = ear
=] - ~ Ba: fone — eS ere ees
= 5 “M Aq ‘a OD 6A 90 OD OD SI PAD RN ms ND SH OD AT HD 10 =F
_ oA , {
= b MO WEY eS mrd = New y
"5 Rage Ars DNR MMMAAMMANNANMONN WE. O107 Ww
= = TO THR AT = “MANA AMR NRK RANG SO i
=| = “Hp Aq Q] B20 321d I SI A SPAN ANAN 1 9 0995 29
ee bee,
5 | -uo uleyy so al qt Saas =I
5 “Tg -g) eon AAANAH ANAM SAMNANAANSAAS
r ‘ . ;
5 a "U0 WLR YY Z, a ‘ = a ae alan!
EE pd NAAN UMM OSM
bp a's
. 2 ; = == =
Da 3 uo Uley = = d
ac AG (UES aig | a raN ane aN ac
cS 2 “UO ULRAT =
a iy a =
ES g fq ny a ANA OA eel Leal Cen Men ae
So | U0 Urey o a =
ie ; iy — Seq Nae ANAM “4 a
me aie = a4 x
§ & [wo wey 2
len (IRS SE re co = nN alee] oes o
eS [TAG OF ‘
ore ‘uo uy] oo a >] _
. . . NG G Ne ae
Ss oN oT NAAnNn Se ANNAN aN
E “1O WITT, x es i
q "TNT re Sas Sn Ane
© ee Se
a “WO IRI,
bp Pop NT “NT Ny
‘E “10 WLR 43T
o . . | ma
a fa sq Ny
™ =
= "U0 WIeIT
ae "coe cy See AAS fo ee
2 I
[-~4 a ee . .
i <= =
SS HNMAMWONDAOH SGANMAMOKRDBOR,
Inoy, ave mre O ae
r=] Z
Meteorological Observations, Ixvil
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of September 1871.
Latitude 22° 33’ 1” North. Longitude 88° 20’ 34” Fast.
Height of the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
reas |
Baer = | Range of the Barometer = # =|Range of the Tempera-
|= 2s during the day. . = | ture during the day.
j= os | 5
enemecmreren ecommerce ME eS) SR) | ead be A de
Date. | ZS 0 | | ze Fs
| geo! Max. | Min. | Dif. | 2S | Max. | Min. | Dit
) Ye a | eo |
4
Inches. Inches. Inches. | Inches. | 0 | fe) a. ce
1 | 29.755 ; 29.837 | 29.668 | 0.169} 83.3 | 86.5 | 80.8 | 5.7
2 707 | 765 ) 627 138 | 83.6 | 885 | £06, 7.9
3 1684 | . 1782 649 | 083 | 83.9 | 87.2 | 815 |) 5.7
4 WOO)" +555 627 128° | -83.3 -| «910 149.0 1919.0
6 ee £en78 |) 62670 108 | 82) | 877 58H le OF
6 14 | 765 | 641 wee.) B17) BE Tint. [a6
7 Rosa: | vio | 57 + 162 | 82.0 | 87.4 | 78.5 | 8.9
8 mie || iW6rs |; 613 165}, 84:3) | 69018 «1078:8 1.72.0
9 658] G11} ~ 480} 131 | 83.6 | 88.5 | 81.4]|- 7.1
10 563 | 616°} 496 120 | 82.4 87:1 | 79.0 |. 8.1
11 | 546/ 609} 475 | 134] 824 | 884 | 80.0] @4
12 | 528 | 583 | 470] ..113] 79.8 81.5 | 78.6} 29
13 41 | 696 | 494 B12}, +49:9 84.0 | 77.8 | 62
4 G05 | 673 | 507 116 80.8 83.7. | 78.5 | 6.2
15 660 | 709 | 616 .093 | 82.2 | 86.2 | 78.2; 8.0
16 i641 | 2695 | ©.574 122 |) S831 | | 87i6cx 1 479.6 | 18
17 G14 | 656 | 69 |) S087 |) Seoel 8510" /).79.5 1226.5
18 |_ .622 | 662 | 569 | 093 | 81.5 88.4 | 79.3) 9.1
19 640 | 699 564 | 135; 82.6 88.7 | 78.6 | 10.1
eo) .693 | 746 | 626 120 | 83.7 88.8 | 80.2] 8.6
21 G81 | 747 GOL 143 | 84.3 89.9 | 80.8 9.1
22 655 | 698 | 591 107 82.1 88.0 | 79.5 | 85
23 649 | | .699 | .601 098 | 80.5 82:6 | 79.5 |) 3.1
24 726 | .833 6143 190 80.4 83.3 79.1 4.2
25 806} .873 | .720 153 82.8 87.9 78.5 9.4
26 790 | .836 | 745 .O9L 82.5 87.8 78.5 9.3
27 .809 857 764 .093 83.4 88.7 78.7 | 10.0
28 812 B84 .739 145 84.2 89.5 |- 79.5 10.0
29 680d 870 743 127 83.3 87.4 79.6 tee
80 .762 Ee as Ee a .819 .700 mg 84.3 89.8 80.0 | 9.8
|
The Mean Height ~ ‘The Mean Height of the Barometer, as Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
‘Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly observations, made at the
several hours during the day.
Ixviit Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken al the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of Scptember 1871,
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—(Continwed.)
f ae aan] Ae ‘3 os Se aaee
a ® A S Ae om. Bae
= Ee © A 3 rede ay 3S Fags
oe H eo mot |B. ae
me) ) 2 ° As Ps o§
| > E 5 Pa 86 | Sse om
A 2 oe is 2 $S+| Boel ore
og ee Re en es 3 mo | He | Bes
2 2 2 é Si "Oo 2 at | wo
Pe 2 | 2 | 64 |e | ES | Seale
as = 3 ae da | 8.329) eee
é A Ber Pay é E é a | ae ie ES
A SMe OS eet
te) ro) oO ro) Inches. | T. gr. | T. gr
1 80.5 28/785] 48 | 0.955 | 10.25 1.68 | 0.86
2 | 80.5 3.1 | 78.3 5.3 .949 18 185 85
3 80.8 3.1 | 78.6 5.3 958 | 28 185 85
4 | 80.5 2.8 | 78.5 4.8 .955 125 .68 .86
5 79.0 | 22) 776 3.7 .925 9.96 125 .89
6 79.3 2.4| 77.6 4.1 .928 .99 38 .88
7 79.5 2.51 We 4.3 | .931 | 10.02 AB .87
8 89.6 8.7 | 78104 6.8 .940 07 2.21 82
9 80.6 3.0 | 78.5 5.1 .955 125 178 185
10 79.8 2.6| 78.0] 4.4 .940 1 50 .87
11 79.9 2:5) Agen 4.3 .943 14 AT 87
12 79.0 | 08| 78.4 1.4 | .952 30 | 0.45 96
13 79.0 | 0.9 | 78.4]. 1.5 .952 ey 51 95
14 79.7 1.1 | 78.9 1.9 .967 43 64, 94
15 80.0 | 2.2] 78.5 3.7 .955 By tay .89
16 80.6 | 2.5| 788} 43 964 36 50 .87
17 80.7 1.4 | 79.7 2.4, 992 68 | 0.83 93
18 80.0 | 1.5] 78.9 2.6 .967 Al .90 92
19 80.2 2.4| 78.5 4.1 L955 4 1.41 .88
20 | 80.7 3.0 | 78.6 5.1 .958 28 79 85
21 80.8 3.5 | 78.3 6.0 .949 16 2.12 83
Bo «al Seon: 8042.1.) 17815 3.6 L955 a7 1.24 89
23 79.1 1.4: | 76a 2.4 943 1g | 0.80 93
24, 79.2 1.2 | 78.4 2.0 £952 oF 67 94
25 79.9 | 2.9| 77.9 4.9 .937 06 1.69 86
26 79.7 2:8 | Sar 4.8 931 £00 64 .86
27 79.6 3.8 | 76.9 6.5 .908 9.72 2.24 BL
28 89.1 4k | eee 7.0 916 81 43 80°
29 80.2 3.1 | 78.0 5.3 940 | 10.09 1.84 85
30 80.2 4.03 978 7.0 .919 9.84 2.44. 80,
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Consiaiss
Meteorological Observations. Ixix
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor Geuneral’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of September 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
63 Range of the Barometer .. | Range of the Tempera-
Be: for each hour during 8 ture for each hour
oe a the month. 3 during the month.
2 —————— me
Hour. 5 ay a :
45 | Max. | Min. | Dig. | $3 | Max. | Min. | Dit
ak a
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. o oO t) oO
Mid-
night.| 29.694 | 29.837 | 29.542 | 0.295 80.9 83.6 79.2 4.4
1 681 .826 534 .292 80.6 83.2 79.0 42
2 671 811 620 | .291 80.4: 83.0 | 78.8 | 4.2
3 661 .807 .509 .298 80.2 82.5 78.5 4.0
4 657 805 ADS 11 79.9 82.0 78.5 3.5
5 -666 819 .500 319 79.7 81.5 78.2 3.3
6 .678 .842 512 330 Wor 81.5 78.5 3.0
7 .695 845 524 321 80.3 82.4 ‘| 78.0 4.4
8 714 .866 .556 .310 81.8 84.2 78.0 6.2
9 725 .883 571 312 83.4 86.2 77.8 8.4
10 725 884 575 309 84.2 87.4 78.1 9.3
1l 716 -867 572 295 85.3 88.0 80.0 8.0
Noon. 697 848 563 | .285 86.2 89.9 | 79.5 | 10.4
1 -669 821 514 .307 86.2 90.5 80.8 9.7
2 .643 795 497 .298 86.1 91.0 79.6 | 11.4
3 624 776 470 306 85.9 90.8 79.6 | 11.2
4 -620 764 -480 284 84.6 89.4 78.0 | 11.4
5 621 173 472 BOL 84.0 88.5 78.6 9.9
6 .632 775 482 | .293 83.0 87.2 | 79.0| 82
vi 654 .805 -490 315 82.1 86.2 79.0 7.2
8 .679 822 515 .307 81.8 85.5 79.2 6.3
9 698 | _ .844 524 320 81.6 85.0 79.4 5.6
10 705 .855 534 21 81.3 84.3 79.4 4.9
11 702 .839 051 .288 81.1 84.0 79.3 4.7
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived from the observations made at the several
hours during the month,
Ixx BMeteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the ITourly Meteorological Olservations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta,
in the month of September 1871.
Hourly Means, &e. of the Observations and of tlhe Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—( Continued.)
’ | > “ 5 . | Se An
EF Fa Ay A = pS | oes |e e
a | ro) io) Ce go || ses bea iey oe oa
2 | § 5 5 a ee. 4 ee 2 Whe 24
Moat) wea.) (Ay a ze oo. } 2 eae ee
Pies (ef 18 | 4) 82 | 88 | eee ae
Pela i'e fad | 2s | BS | Sea
a a 4 = aI a es] ) ag 5 ma
ov 2 Po a aoe o,% Yad Ba (a) vin 2
| = A Q Oo Q Sie St. at oO =e ec
Co) ty) o Inches. | T. gr. | T. pte
Mid- |
aight.| 79.6 1.3 | 78.7 22:oh 0.961 1} 107 0.73 | 0.93
1 79.4, 1.2 | 78.6 2.0 .958 BA .67 4
2 79.2 1.2.) 78.4 2.0 952 27 .67.| 9m
3 79.1 2 lel: 733 1.9 949 24, G4 4
4, 78.9 LON G3 Bibs 17 946 21 7 95
6 78.8 0.9 | 78.2 1.5 946 21 51 95
6 78.8 0.9 | 78.2 1.5 946 21 Jl 95
7 79.3 1.0 | 78.6 Wi 958 34 57 95
8 80.0 1.8 | 78.7 3.1 961 Bd 1.05 91
9 80).4, 3.0 | 78.3 5.1 949 18 78.9) {ee
10 80.4 See 7 7 6.5 931 9.96 2.28 81
11 81.0 4.3 | 78.0 7.3 940 | 10.05 59 .80
Noon.| 81.2 | 5.0| 77.7 8.5 931 9.92 3.07 76
i 81.1 5.1 | 77.5 8.7 925 86 13 76
2 81.2 4.9 | 77.8 8.3 934, 97 2.98 We
3 81.2 7a) 17.9 8.0 .937 -| 10.00 .87 78
4 80.6 4.0.| 77.8 6.8 O34. 3.99 40 81
6 80.5 3.5 | 78.0 6.0 940 | 10.07 10 83
6 80.2 9.8 | 78.2 4.8 946 15 1.6 86
” 79.9 921784), 3.7 952 23 28 89
8 79.7 2.1) 78.2 3.6 946 17 23 .89
9 | 79.8 1.8| 78.5 3.1 955 129 05). 4a
10 79.7 1.6 | 78.6 27 .958 32 0.92 .92
il 79.7 eae ich ae 961 37.1" 180 93°
| .
(
All the Hygrometrical clements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.
Oe,
Meteorological Observations. Ixxi
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the mouth of Seplember 871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &e.
foi). | Sp WInp.
hors |S Sc t
hae |. a S |g bin :
Ce AO ) st |. | & =} General aspect of the Sky.
ol yea lai; 2! Prevailing [Holm ‘3
S| 28 (3-5 direction hela fey re
| ee b i mala ra
Ayah jas Pale
o Inches) tbh | Miles
U447.2)... |S by W & 8S SW.| ... | 22.8 & toda. a, \i to 8 A. M.,
| | | “i to 4p. M., \i afterwards.
) | | D at 1p. ao.
2 140.5; .. SbyW&SSW 10) 65.7) \Nito2a. x. Sto 4p. w., \i
/ . & i afterwards. D at 8 a.m.
3 137 6 i ow (by W&SS WW)... | 101.1} \ito%a. a. S afterwards.
LonS Wat7& 8p. x.
4 151.0. 3.26 SSby W&SW (2.4, 146.0; Sto7a.M.,-ito3 pr. 1. O
| afterwards. Brisk wind at 33
| p. M. T at 4 & from 124 4. w.,
| to 6. p.m. Lat 4a. w., & from
| 4 to 8 p. M. Heavy R from 3}
| to 45 p. M., & slight R from
4% to 11 P. M.
5) 147.0; 128 SW&Sby W /|1.9) 7% Ni to 6 a. M.,-i to 10 4. m..
icito3 pr. um. O afterwards.
/ Brisk wind at 3} p.m. J at
/ 35 & 5 p.m. Latorv.uw. R
/ from 1} to 9 Pp. M.
6 150.6) 0.35 SbyW&S bets uh O ts: © to 2 MM...‘ to! 10m, and
| | ito6 rp. M. S afterwards.
| Slight R from3 tod &atO} am.
7| 144.5 | 0.20 S&S by E 0.6 125.1} Sto2a.m., SitoGa..,-i to6-
Or
©
| . | p. M. B afterwards. Rat 4p...
8148.8, .. S&Sby KE | «+. | 44.9; B toda. m.,\ito8am.,
| “i afterwards L from 7 to 11
4 ip. M. D at 4} p. mu.
9 148.7; 0.25 Sby W,&EbyS ...} 30.2! O to Ya. w., “ito5 p. at.
| iO to 8p.m.S afterwards. L-
|
10 141.0, 0.09
|
| at midnight & 7 vp. m. Slight
| fiat'G, 7, S:al a. 3..&7 pM.
E,;SE&S E |0.2) 70.0) Oto7 4. u., \ito 10.4. a1,
-i1 to 3p.mM.Oto7 p.m. B
| afterwards. Light R at 1}
, |10$, 122 a. ar.; 14,5 & 6 P.M,
11 141.5} 0.02 |E.S. E. & E. 0.5 | 152.1 | Clouds of ‘different kinds.
/ Lat 7&10pP. ai Light R at
113,2,4&6P. 2
1142.7) ©. Lat midnight. Slight R
| ee re oad to l
|
/
!
|
Bach 26 |ESESS. LE.
M..& 3to6Pp.mM.
13) 129.8' 048 SSE&Sby E 99.6 "0 wile uw. Sto3p.mu.O
|
|
afterward-. Slight R nearly
| the whole day.
0.68 |S by E. [ ..|181.4/ Oto7a.m.Sto4p..O to7 p.
| M. B afterwards. Slight Rfrom
inidnight to 7 a.w., & at 5 p. M.
14 114.8
|
Ni Cirri,—i Strati, “4 Cumuli, Al Cirro- -strati, -iCumulo- strati, Wi Ninbi,_
\ni Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,.
Panvictess. TY. clvhcoel xx
Ixxii Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of September 1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &c.
aa Sp = F Winyp.
° BS S 2 4 (<b) <
3 | Fe eelic 9) oS a =| p, & | General aspect of the Sky.
S| ws |g 2 Prevailing 4 e| rs
é = S Be direction. =e fay c
oO Inches tb Miles}
15} 120.0} 0.07 |Sby E&S 147.0; Oto5a.m. Sto7 p.M.,\_i
afterwards. Slight R at 1, 2,3,
4a.m., d5¢ & 105 P. M.
16| 134.0} 0.15 |S & 8 by E 216.4| Bto2a.m.Sto6a.m.,\i
to9a.M., “ito7 Pp. Mm. B af-
terwards. Slight Rat 4,10 a.m.
1&3p. mM.
ay) 0.27 |S&SSE ... | 164.3 | Clouds of different kinds to
10a.m. Oto2 p.m. Safterwards.
L on E from 8to 10 p.m.Slight
R at 2, 10,12 a. m., &14 p.m.
18) 147.8] 0.18|ISSE &SbyE [14] 93.2} Bto4da.m.Sto8a. ui
to 12 4.m. Oto7 p. m. B af-
terwards. T at 1 p. m. Slight
Ratl0Oa.u.,1,2&3 P.M.
19] 151.2| 0.36 |S by E,SE&SSE] ... | 101.5; Bto6a.u.,“itode.w.8
to 8 p. m. B afterwards. T at
4&7 p.m. L from 7 toll p.m.
R from 6} to 72 P. M.
20\1530| ... SSE&SE ... | 103.9| B to44.m., \ito8a. m.,
“i to 6 p. mM. B afterwards. L
at midnight & 7 P. M.
21/1440} ... SSE&S E .. | 78.8| B to d4.m.,\ito9 a.m,
nito 5 xv. M.S afterwards.
22) 144.0] 0.25 SE ... | 104.9 | Ni-to9°A.M., “Et tou
Oto7 p. mu. S afterwards.
Tat 1g, 25 &3 p.m. Slight R
at 10 a. M., & from 14 to7 P.M.
23/ 114.0] 0.20 ES E,SE&SSE| ... | 125.7| S to 7 a.m. O afterwards.
L on N at midnight & 1a.M.
Slight R after intervals.
24)... 0.36|SSE&SE ... | 223.8 | Chiefly O Slight R from 1 to
3, at 85, 9, 105, a. M- & 1 P.M.
25} 149.2} 0.07 ISS E&S ... | 167.4| B to6 a.m, \i to 9 dome
ni to 4p. M., \i afterwards.
Slight R at 1224. mu
26) 147.0} 0.16 |S & 8 by W. ... | 133.6) \ito24.m.Bto6a. w..\i
& -i afterwards. Rat 123 a.m.
27|148.8} ... |Sby W&SSW|... | 97.4) Nito8a.m., “ito4dP. M,
\i afterwards.
28/ 147.0; ... |SSW,Sby W&S| ... | 99.6) Ni to7 a.m, “itod P.M.
\i afterwards.
29) 140.2} ... |S &S by W ... | 106.1} \ito6 p.m. B afterwards.
30 147.0; ... [Sby W&SSW|... | 1843) \i & Vito7 a.m, \i af-
terwards. L from 63 to 8P.M.
a eerie. DA Be Eee NE En Se OR
\i Cirri,—i Strati, >i Cumuli, i Cirro-strati, ,_i Cumulo-strati, i Nimbi,
\,i Cirro-cumuli, B clear, § stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
- 5 a fel ee a
Meteorological Observations, Ixxiii
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of September 1871.
Montuty Resvtrs.
Inches.
Mean height of the Barometer for the month.. ... 29.676
Max. height of the Barometer occurred at 10 a. ‘at. on the 28th. .«. 29.884
Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 3 p.m. on the 12th. .., 29.470
Extreme range of the Barometer during the month i . 0.414
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures .., nee bis wee 29.734
Ditto ditto Min. ditto : sins ... 29.610
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month... oe 0.124
o
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer for the month ,., vee ea
Max. Temperature occurred at 2 ». M. on the 4th. oa ine
Min. 'l'emperature occurred at 9 a. M, on the 13th. ae ee Ss
Extreme range of the Temperature during the month sax saa ee
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature ... pee as - 5 oe
Ditto —_ ditto Min. ditto, . .. ia oe
Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month,., in 7.9
Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month ... sf 80.0
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 2.5
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month 78.2
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew- -point. ., 4.3
Soatiae
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month .,., aes ». 0.946
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Vapour for the month Si 35 te, 7 RO
Additional ht of Vapour required for complete saturation... 1.47
Mean degree of i iinidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.87
°
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ,,, 141.9
Inches.
Rained 23 days,—Max. fall of rain during 24hours ad —
Total amount of rain during the month
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo- a
meter during the month dl ons ee a
Prevailing direction of the Wind... ... 's by W.S.S.E.&8
* Height 70 feet 10 inches above ground.
Ixxiv
~
i
f Sept. 18
-
in the month o
cular wind blew. together with the number of days on
d was blowing, it rained.
ons taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta,
Montnuiy Resvnrs.
‘
d
a given hour any parti
hour, when any particular win
¢ the number of days on which at
which at tlie same
oS
bstract of the Results of the Hourly Meieorological Observat
Tables shewin
‘uo ulnyyl
Meteorological Observations.
“AACN
“uo ULvYy 3
ANN
“UO WIRY
jee N
WAN AAL
‘uo uRyy,
“WO ULBY,
“dO UIRY
“NT AQ’ AA Ti REGRET. sy ae
"UO URI
CU iMey sv eftetavy “ad Ae :
UO WIRY
“GAG AA par : ;
“UO TRY TE et ee nee aT
“MSM 4 , Som z ; noe ee
"UO ULB rt i
CW aaa we iene mC
"UO UR SARA A =)
c Seve SAHA HMAAOMOAMMNAANANAGHAS
MSS y. Ae Py, gai:
“UO Wey AAANNA Ha Ss
“MA Sq 9 RRR DDBHBHHDAPAMIOHAMAMAMNMAINOCHRHRE.
\ «pe 3 fal ww: . i
1 lg) (ete = aA Ae
“UO ULBY TS
“a ID OiDIDOO MMM APNOSOOCMMNMNOCAMAAA
= K —..__— — ~ £* =. Sar ex = SA Sk ee SS —
UO) MURA aa SES NER a Ao FAANMA HAAN
“ne Ka -c DH OD AACN OD SS OD 1919 O19 OH O10 FIN 1 10 ~
“HAD ST & 4 " pieabehs he ats toes es aa!
oe =e wes aS SA aco) as CO GlalawS =
A
eu
2
KW NR OMMHMDODADIOANAMAADORSCOOWOH
uO WIRY vs, 4 AANANAAMANAA
Tas ar ~MAAAAHAANAAAKROCKMAMMAMMAMMA
wo UIey Saas aa aaa
Hs Gente GD OD OD OD OD OF OD OD ANoARMAANAAND
"UO ULRYy m4
“S kq a eat Lal |
“m0 TLR a
Sod a |
uo UIByY
Sean Ons ie eee Maen ie! ae
Nr Aq"
“uo Uu ey
tL ON CG
TN N| PX
i
mil sq Ni
‘uo HRY
a5
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[ ANM AID OM DRHOA CANMAMOCHDBOOA
Zh 4 et mae
5 Zi
Meteorological Observations. Ixxv
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutla,
iw the mouth of October 1871.
Latitude 22° 33’ 1” North. Longitude 88° 20’ 34” East.
Height of the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
a)
£3 _ | Range of the Barometer = % Range of the Tempera-
es. during the day. As | ture during the day.
3 on ae f 4 2 eee ee
Date. HS 9. ~ ra re A 5 | |
# 2% | Max. | Min. | Dif. | $4 | Max. | Min. | Diff.
bre. e
|
Inches. | Inches. t Th chiaps Inches. 0 0 0 0
1 29.756 | 29.804 | 29.704 0.100 84.8 | 90.4 | 81.5 8.9
2 742 | 719A .677 alive $5.4 |) -S0:3; | SiO oa
3 -748 .798 708 093 86.2. | 91.7 | 82.0 | 9.7
4 ‘273| 827| .727| .100| 86.0 | 92.0 | 81.5 | 106
5 -7A6 .803 .679 124 86.2 | 91.6 81.0 | 10.6
6 714 .768 .652 116 86:2) | 91:8 |. 820 9.8
7 .675 724 .629 095 85.1 , 90.6 | 80.5 | 10.1
8 702 .760 -653 .107 §4.9 90.7 | 79.6 | 11.2
9 “hed, .796 .667 .129 85.1 | 91.5 | 79.0 | 12.5
10 .738 798 .684, 114 86.0 91.7 81.3 | 10.4
ey .738 814 .683 131 82.8 85.3 79.5 | 58
12 718 .800 .666 134 79.5 82.0 77.5 4.5
13 | -765 834 .668 .166 80.5 84.0 | 78.0} 6.0
14 .853 903 .795 108 80.8 | 84.3 | 78.5 5.8
15 .892 947 841 .106 81.9 88.0 77.5 | 10.5
16 Oh .977 .857 .120 83.6 | 89.8 | 79.4 | 10.4
17 896 | .968| .831| .137| 82.9 | 89.0 | 79.0 | 10.0
18 .888 951 .832 119 81.8 88.0 | 77.0 | 11.0
19 905 .967 .855 112 81.2 | 885 75.8 | 12.7
20 .918 .976 874 .102 79.9 | 87.4 73.5 | 13.9
21 .899 .962 842 120 80.7 | 87.4 74.3 | 13.1
22 .891 .957 .832 125 81.7 | 88.3 76.4 | 11.9
23 .867 934 796 138 | 81.2 87.5 77.5 | 10.0
24 .827 .888 179 .109 74.6 78.0 92.7 5.3
25 .691 chad .627 144 72.7 | 745 | 71.5 3.0
26 673 759 624 135 | 74.1 78.0 | 71.0] 7.0
27 ‘738 | .856| .739} .117| 77.3 | 85.2 | 71.0| 142
28 .821 .882 764 118 78.9 | 86.0 73.0 | 13.0
29 .879 ».939 .836 103 | 79.1 | 86.0 73.7 | 12.8
30 .887 .955 .826 129 | 78.7 | 85.0 73.5 ) 11.5
31 .896 .960 S844. 116 | 78.3 71.8 | 14.0
| 85.8
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly observations, made at the
several hours during the day.
Ixxvi Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Ofice, Calcutta,
én the month of October 1871.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—(Coxrtinued.)
pe {2ia{s | [ea lesen
= ieee Bae E Sa | Soe | see
AY 3) A eo “eh = > ae o&
a BE | ea 6 ie S68 | 238 (eee
° o 2 S 42S t> = 3 > o
Date.| . | 8 | A/S 2 a. |- ee oom
oe a ae: 2 oS igs "O.2 eH an OR
Pe a | ed Be | ee) BR 8 oe
q ain 2 F.8 a V 5S a! be
a5 ay! (o) | =} = a e+ © A ei »
oq Pe a Poy oF So, | Ses] Soe
Ba 4) Sal Al-nokk Habla Behe oie
0 ) ) Co) Inches. 4 Tages o> P.igtes
1 81.0 3.8 | 78.3 6.5 | 0.949 | 10.14 2.32 0.81
2 81.0 4.4| 77:9 7.5 -937 .0O 68 49
3 89.0 G2 | 707 4 106 873 9.30 3.69 12
4, 80.2 p:0 | VO 9.9 -885 44 47 3
5 80.0 6.2 | 75.7 10.5 873 .30 69 72
6 79.1 fe rare S| 12.1 .830 8.85 4.14) 68
A 78.2 69) 7sa) 11-7 S11 .66 3.91 -69
8 78.3 6.6 | 73.7 11.2 819 -76 13 70
9 78.9 6.2 | 74.6 10.5 843 9.00 7 72
10 80.2 5.0 | 70-1 9.9 .885 Ad, AZ 73
il 80.5 2.3 | 78.9 3.9 967 10.39 1.36 88
12 78.2 1.3 | 77.3 2.2 919 9.94, 0.72 93
13 78.5 20°) 73 3.4 915 .86 1.12 50
14 78.6 2.2 | 77.1 3.7 913 84 23 89
15 78.6 3.3 | 76.3 5.6 .890 5 87 84
16 78.3 5.3 | 74.6 9.0 843 03 3.00 15
17 76.6 6.3 | 72.2 | 10.7 781 8.36 43 - Ak
18 75.4 6.4 | 70.9] 10.9 748 05 B35 yf |
19 73.6 7.6 | 68.3 | 12.9 .688 7.40 81 .66
20 72.7 gn), Git}. 128 674 28 .50 68
21 74.4 a |) 70:07) 10,7 127 82 .22 Bi
22 75.5 Da 7i2s 105 756 8.12 25 |
23 76.4 4.8 | 73.0 8.2 01 62 2.59 Bh’
24 73.5 Te RE 1.9 792 65 0.55 94
25 71:8 OF) | Mt 1.6 153 25 43 95
26 ‘ile 2.4 | 70.0 4.1 20 7.94. 1.13 88
27 73.0 4.3 | 70.0 7.3 727 .89 *| 2.09 fo
28 74.8 41 | 71-9 7.0 173 8.36 aha .80
29 74.7 4.4 | 71.6 7.5 766 | i i .26 - 79:
3) 73.3 5.4) 69.5 9.2 715 1 As A ee WE}
31 72.1 6.2 | 67.8 10.5 677 2 96 “1
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.
Meteorological Observations. xxvii
Abstract of the Results of the Wourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
wm the month of October 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
| Range of the Tempera-
ture for each hour
Range of the Barometer
for each hour during
ght of
eter at
y Bulb
meter
eh 98 the month. during the month.
2 ES = : HO
Hour.) = Eis: Ag
ma) /
- | $93 | Mex. | Min. | Dif. | €3 | Max. | Min. | Dit
aa | eas |
: eet UE
Pee |
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. ts) 0 o | o
Mid- |
night.| 29.807 | 29.918 | 29.672 | 0.246 | 79.0 | 84.2 | 71.7} 125
1 798 | 911] .654| .257 | 786 | 840. | 71.5] 125
2 789} .908| 649; 259 | 783 | 83.8 | 71.5 | 123
3 781) 902} 647) .255 | 78.0 | 83.6 | 71.5} 12.1
4 .780 901 627 | 274 77.8 | 83.5 | 71.5 | 12.0
5 woa| 915 | 625 | 200) 977.6 |° 83.4 | 410) 4
6 610) . 943! .643| .300 | 77:5 | 83.2 | 71.0} 192
7 827 | .945 | 673 | 272 | 78.3 | 83.7 | 71.7 | 12.0
8 847 | .965| 676) .289 | 806 | 85.5 | 72.0] 13.5
9 .860 977 705 | .272 82.2 | 87.5 | 72.5} 15.0
10 861) 974] .707| .267 | 83.9 | 89.5 | 73.0| 165
il 845 | 960) 685 | .275 | 848 | 90.6 | 73.0] 17.5
Noon.| .824| 944] .668| .276 | $5.4 | 90.7 | 73.6] 171
1 798 | 920} 646) .274 | 862 | 91.5 | 74.0] 17.5
2 .774| 894] .682| 262 | 865 | 91.6 | 73.0 | 18.5
3 759 | .885| .624| .261 | 866 | 92.0 | 43.7| 183
4 755 | .889| 631) .268 | 860 | 91.7 | 735] 182
15 760} 879} .634| .245 | 85.1 | 91.0 | 73.0| 18.0
6 769 | .880| .642| .238 | 83.1 | 89.0 | 72.3| 16.7
7 787} .903| 656] .247 | 81.8 | 87.5 | 72.1] 16.4
8 908 | .924| 672| ‘252 | 810 | 65 | 724| 141
9 819 | .932| .671| .261 | 803 | 86.0 | 72.4| 13.6
10 824| .939] .689| .250 | 796 | 85.5 | 735 13.0
il 821 | .931| .682| .249 | 792 | 846 | 72.7] 119
!
~ The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bub
Thermometer Means are derived from the observations made at Lhe several
hours during the month.
Ixxvill Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calculta,
in the month of October 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—(Continued.)
~
2 ue 3 | af fees) | (eo ee
| 2 n= eae E i ae ee A Es
| et, | 1A 5 ES | ase | hae
E oem he ee 33 | Ps8 | See
Hour. es rs A | sg es ce . ie & | ® Ey op
8 = 3 = & 2 Be a oe = eee
ea |e | 21 4a | S| Go eee ee
gS b | & Be [ies [rao |S. a
fe Ae Pan ae be
{ !
oO | ° oO ) Inches. | T. geo | Tuer.
Mia-
aight.| 76.7 | 2.3] 751] 3.9 | 0.857 | 927 | 1.23 | 0.88
i | 765 |. 21] 75.01% 3.6 | .854 24 14, .89
ieee A odo bod) 3) | heey | | peg 00 .90
Sine? | 18) 749) 0 34. | * 851 22 | 0.97 91
whee b 164°%4a | 2.9.) 857 28 185 92
e begeo. | eOd 74.9 | - 22 | 652 22 185 92
BS eo |) de G48)! az. |. \.949 20 84 92
S logos t 18) 2). B1-| \.a60 31 97 91
s | 772 | 34| 748] 658 | .g49 15 | 1.86 83
9 | 773 | 4979] 83 | .924 | B87 | oer 77
0 | 973 | 66) 27 | 11.2 | | 2792 49 | 3.64 70
BL F:00 |S | 71.5 | 13.3 | .763 16 | 4.30 .66
Boon} 77.10) 83) 71.2) 142 | 1258 10 5S 64
1 Lrw.orl 92| 706! Ine | -\yano | Feo | ‘suo 61
» | 2aG8) Wo BT 74.0) (16 |: 2758 99 J 61
3 | 765 | 101] 704| 162 | .736 S84 30 60
4 | 764 | 96] 69.7} 163 | .720 68 23 .60
Be | 969 |. 82| T2| 189 | 756 | SOF. | 460 64
6 | 77.1 | -6.0| 7291 10.2 | .797 56 | 3.30 72
7 | 772 | 46) 740| 7.8 | 927 90 | 2.50 78
s |-771 | 39| 744] 66 | .938 | 9.02 12 81
eo | 5569. Wd) Mesleh es) | +840 07 | 1.84 .83
10 | 768 | 28} 748] 48 | .849 7 52 .86
i: |) 76.7) |. 25a 7491) 7 43. | 1.851 et 35 87
All the Hygrometrical clements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.
Meteorological Observations. Ixxix
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calculla,
in the mouth of October 871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &e.
E A ep 4 Wiuyp.
Ae |gas mer etee Ge !
£ 42 pe B | Prevailing | ¥4 = = = | General aspect of the Sky.
& Per .CO | irecti ie
als FA Ba? | direction. Az fan) c |
o |\Inches | th | Miles | i
opts ..... S by W wer 1129.0 | Ni to.7 a. mi ito Fee,
[Be afterwards. T at 122 a. m.,
4&5 p.m. D at 54 vp. wt.
2) 152.0 S&Sby W 108.6 | "2B to 7 A&A: x, m1 to si Pp. M.
B afterwards.
3) 146.3 Sby W&W byN’. 83.1; B to124. m.,\-i to 5 p. m.
[& N Wj B afterwards.
4) 148.6 W by N, WN WwW 67:39) B tov8e&: M.,-Orto 6 eae.
B afterwards.
5} 149.7 NW&WNW 69.8; B to 84a.m., -ito6 P. M.
B afterwards.
6| 152.0 WNW&W SW) ... | 73.2) Btol0a.m,.-ito3 Pp. m.
B afterwards.
7| 153.3 WSWE&WbyS| ... | 79.3) Btoda.m., Wi to 10 aa.
“i to2 p. M., \_i afterwards.
8) 150.0 WbyS&NW |05) 76.5| Btol0a.m., sito5 Pp. M.
B afterwards.
9| 149.0 NW & W N W 66.2; Btol0a.M., “ito3 P.M,
Ni to 6 p. Mm. B afterwards.
10) 147.5 WwW N W 71.5; Btoda.m.,\itol0a.m.,
| ~i to 6 p. u. B afterwards.
11 0.89 WNW&SE 80.1; S to 124.mM.Oto7 P.m.,
‘i afterwards. T at 92 a. m.,
1] & 23 p. w., Rat 8, lldiam.,
(122. “4k & 6 P. ae
12 0.60 |S. E, ESE & E. 122.5 Chie fly O. Rat 4, 10, 11a.
m., & from 2 to 6 Pp. M.
13} 127.0; ... |S by W. 108.5! Otol0a4. mM. 8 afterwards.
14) 135.5 | 0.47 1S by Wé&SSE 59.8 Clouds of different kinds to
i6 p. M. B afterwards. L on N
|W at 6 vp. wm. Rat 11 & 12
Veen
15, 153.0 SSE&S 75.7| B to Ga. m., “ito 5 vp. m.
B afterwards. D at 12) 4. m.
16| 145.7| ... |S, SSbyW&NbyE)... | 94.0) Bto9a.u., Vito 4 P.M.
'B afterwards.
17| 147.2 Nby E& W 85.6| B to 94.m., “ito4 Pp. M.
'B afterwards.
PS 4622 lve Ws&WSW 96.3; B.
19! 147.0 WS-W & W SO weese
20 145.5 W&ENE | 90.7; BtolOa.m.,\ito5 p.m.
B afterwards.
21; 146.8 ENE&N by E'0.8| 106.8; B tol04.m., “ito6 p.m.
E,| B afterwards.
22 144.5 PLL 1186.6 |" 'B to ac a Saha ec
\G Cirri,—i Strati,
‘B afterwards.
“{ Cumuli, \—i Cirro-strati, + iCumulo-strati, \~_i Nimbi,
\ni Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightuing,
R rain, D drizzle.
Ixxx Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the LIlourly Meteorological Observations
tuken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calculta,
in the month of October 1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &c.
General aspect of the Sky.
Bg | Se Wiyp.
=. 4B0 S +>
2 ws ee 2° Prevailing ae = @
S| S8 (a5 directim. fo 2/2 8
A) s* (sx irec i aE ae
) Inches | tb | Miles
23| 145.0} 0.03 |ENE,NE&Eby§) ... | 115.5
24} ... | 2.58 [Eby S&ESE) ... | 173.2
25, ... | 2.46 |E,EbyN& ENE 238.8
26,130.0| ... INE&NW 378.4
27| 144.7; ... INW& WNW 140.5
28) 143.0; ... |WNW&S W €0.4
29) 144.0] ,.. S W 71.6
30| 143.0] ... |S W&W by 8S 42.5
31) 142.7; ... |WhyS&SSE 47.3
Clouds of different kinds
to 6 a. Mw. B to 9 A. me. oa
3p. M., “i afterwards. Light
R at 43 vp. m.
O. R from 44. M., toll p.m.
O. R from midnight to 2 p.
M., & at5& 11 P. mu.
O to 5p. M. B afterwards.
D at midnight.
Bto12a.M., “1to4P.M.,
\i afterwards.
B to lp. m., \ito6 p.m.
B afterwards. Foggy from 3
to8 a.m. & 8 to ll Pp. mM.
B Slightly foggy from mid-
night to2 & 5 to7 a. M.
B.Slightly foggy at 10 p.m.
Xi Cirri,—i Strati, ~i Cumuli, i Cirro-strati, ni Cumulo-strati, wi Nimbi,
\Wi Cirro-cumuli, B clear, 8 stratoni, O overcast, T — L lightning,
R rain, D drizzle.
j
:
Meteorological Observations, Ixxxi
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the mouth of October 1871,
Monrory Resvtrs.
Inches.
Mean height of the Barometer for the month.. ... 29.804
Max. height of the Barometer occurred at 9 a. Me. on the 16th. sve SOROEL,
Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 3 p.m. on the 26th. ,,, 29.624
Extreme range of the Barometer during the month ie sah FOB bee
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures... BA aa ... 29.867
Ditto ditto Min. ditto ; Pe ». 29.748
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month ate sae OLS
fe)
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer for the month ,,. eee ee
Max. ‘Temperature oosnrred at 3 y. M. on the 4th. ret vb BO
Min. Temperature occurred at 5 & 6 a. M, on the 26 th& 27th 4 GeO
Extreme vange of the ‘Temperature during the month 2 mw 21.0
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature .. oat a he. aed
Ditto — ditto Min. ditto, : ries (21
Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month.. vob, SOD
Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month ... 76.7
Mean Dry Buib Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 4.9
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month 73:3
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew- -point .. 8.3
tienes
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month .., ove «. 0.809
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Vapour for the month ah ..) SQ
Additional Weight of Vapour requiréd for complete saturation ... 2.64
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.77
oO
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month .., 145.6
Inches.
Rained 9 days,—Max. fall of rain during 24hours __... on, 2.58
Total amount of rain during the month i 7.05
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* atiached to the anemo- ais
meter during the month
Prevailing direction ofthe Wind ... ... W. N. W, N. W. & S. by W.
* Wojoht 70 feet 10 inches above ground.
Ixxxil
Meteorological Observations.
‘UO UIRAT
rc yy vie Sqr
E , fasqny ie
25) 8S "UO ULRYT
. mn =
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Ss & ANN ¥ Rr
Os "UO ULE
a = oe NT OD OD OD 50 6D 6D 77 OD OD OD ID GD CGN AN ca 0 a GD GD OO
se wa
= Oe “MO WIRY q
Ss Ff 5 eal i 0 NTT 10 4010
BS | MA" NAA = Riis Gee Wee TNT OD 69 19 29 19 1010 SF SH SH HS
8 5 “UO ULB YY
SF “a fac NN SS
8 4 Ay SS eaieet Ci Garo teat Saas
< ee “UO ULBY
SS =e "ML AANNANANMAN ANNANDANANAN
~ ine] a
& 2 2 j uo wrey
S Ssetakq- NAAAANANAAANDA ATNHNAAANINAAN
i SE
S ge jouo uy 4
3 = PMS M ANAANANAND DASA AI DMANAANNAAAA
2 Be "UO WLRy =
= ee "MC AAAAHADHDBDNANAMAMMAANANAAAA
= I
8 a, | Uo uley
S 2 Su
SISter oars - =
H EE MM. aS AANA
= Hy [uo wey
essen & Cfq:al © Aan maeans DORA NNANNAANAN
a ,eelTMAqd's
Nor LL a
Sack H | UO Urey
“bas . AANANATR AAAS a) aH A TNN
Sica ees Q
ee tO
So pS | ‘Uo uley
8 as . . Dp ose
et 2 a) 4d ‘s] &
SHE bp] uo wey =
SHO 2 SF
S 2a AC aa Sie on Cn Br fe oe Bo re | rc et ANNAN AN
% Races | Bo!
SS 5 5 "Uo WIRY al aoa
=i} a= || | a Z iE : ae
S -a “WT: AHH ANNANA AAS
S in E i as aa re ANA
= ies “UO WIRY aa aaa Age A Ae 4
oo ees) ee |
© "3 2 ‘mo uLey oe re roa ce are
8 = : am SANTANA AN
2 eS q kq T aos oaAsN
© ies oT Sa SSS =aaaalo-.
S BY | ——
& AS on "mLO UIVIT re sn nnnN
S eer tay oer = AANAAMS =
ec) pe — =
SFE | uo urey
ea) vTpear nl NANA AT on AMMAMNMMMDMN
= 2 |i. Na
& 3 ‘m0 uIeyy as
2 =| a an See ee Se AA NNN TAM maee
so) 4 oo
>. BS [vo urey
w% . 5 5 ann ims ANA
Stacey Lo "NN 2
= — {wo uley
a a". Per ka A ANNAAANAae aaa AAANAAA
Re sa Aq‘N a
om sf UO IRI
Sea est Rape aed = | aA
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gies = ies PID OROROM SHAMABONRDROG
3 ‘Ino ba" oS Ses a
3 aoe Zi
i=)
=
Meteorological Observations. Ixxxiii
Abstract of the Iesults of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of November 1871.
Latitude 22° 33’ 1” North. Longitude 88° 20’ 34” East.
Height of the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
ol na Ba) |
£8 _ | Range of the Barometer | @ # |Range of the Tempera-
"ep A during the day. rae ture during the day.
fs Oc re |
Date. | 5 ae A A
Bo | Max. | Min. | Dif. | £3 | Max. | Min. | Dit.
Wes | is
= ra
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. a) | ° 0 °
2 29.932 | 30.006 | 29.873 0.133 78.2 85.4 72.0 | 13.4
2 934 | -000 878 122 79.1 86.9 72.5 , 14.4
St -947 .012 -900 112 79.0 &6.5 73.3 | 13.2
4 .950 O14 894 120 77.7 85.0 715 | 13.6
5 .970 047 919 -128 76.9 85.0 70.3 | 14.7
6 -986 061 .927 134 77.0 84.8 70.0 | 14.8
7 957 016 905 ee CS Bee aban gest oi
8 942 .029 873 156 77.5 84.5 73.3 | 11.2
9 -936 .006 874 -132 77.5 84.5 71.0 | 13.5
10 -930 006 .869 187 ‘77.0 83.8 71.0))) 22:8
il 916 | 29.993 847 146 76.4 83.6 72.0 | 31.6
12 875 .939 . 808 A3L 75.9 83.6 69.5 | 14.1
13 878 .926 828 .0S8 76.9 84.0 fi. | AAS
14 -960 | 30.028 891 137 78.2 85.7 72.0 | 13.7
15 942 .025 869 156 78. 5.5 73.5 | 12.0
16 931 .000 .883 112 78.6 85.7 13.6 | 12.2
slg G84 .055 932 123 eee: 84.4 71.6 | 12.9
18 .993 .063 925 .138 76.2 $3.2 70.5 | 12.7
19 .968 .020 922 098 75.2 82.5 69.0 | 13.5
20 .993 072 .929 143 75.5 82.6 69.5 | 13.1
21 992 .o60| 932] .128| 75.2 | 820 | 695! 195
22 .988 .066 941 125 74.4 | 81.0 69.0 | 12.0
23 .970 £025 .908 117 | 742 82.5 | 67.0 | 15.5
24 998 .063 .952 Alin t 74.9 83.5 68.0 | 15.5
25 .992 059 939 120 73.5 82.0 67.5 | 14.5
26 .962 .038 897 41 71.9 81.4 64.6 | 16.8
27 .929 | 29.989 .865 124 TO:t 79.9 63.2 | 16.5
28 .962 | 30.035 914 ZL 70.0 78.8 62.0 | 16.8
29 947 .O3L .878 153 71.0 | 80.4 63.5 | 16.9
73.0 | 2.4, 65.0 | 17.4
30 .908 | 29.969 854, 115 |
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly observations, made at the
several hours during the day.
Ixxxiv Meteorological Observations.
Abstiact of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of November 187\%
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—/(Continwed.) -
. . CH 2 SH : i.
e [ele 2% | 28 |ealeg,
a 2 A 2 = 2u8 | B88
a ee ae
= ah le < 33 | S52 |o88
a Sh Nee 2 ef |B Se | ome
Date. | 3 A sg = an,© — 4 oO 4 eee
Ses | e | ee) Set ©) aoe
Fer} 2 | 2 | 24 | Be | ee (Sree
g fa) 2 po.a ° e) SS 2
a8 e | O83 | ge | ge |Zes | gee
3 A Po 5 Pony oP o ae) oo
= Q |} o>) 4A a a |< =
oO () ro) | ty) Inches. | T. gr Ter
1 72.7 5.5 | 68.8 9.4, 0.699 7.57 2.68 0.74
2 74.3 4.8 | 70°9 §.2 748 8.10 Ad 17
3 73.5 5.5 | 69.6 9.4, Hele, 7.76 74 74
4 71.3 6.4 | 66.8 10.9 -655 10 3.00 70
5 70.1 6.8 | 65.3 11.6 -623 6.76 -10 -69
6 70.8 6.2 | 66.5 10.5 648 7.03 2.86 aie
7 72.1 4.8 | 68.7 8.2 -697 57 29 7
8 72.8 4.7 | 69.5 8.0 715 75 -29 Wi
9 72.0 5.5 | 68.1 9.4 684 41 63 74
10 71.4 5.6 | 67.5 9.5 -670 27 62 74
11 70.4 6.0 | 66.2 10.2 642 6.98 74 42
12 70.3 5.6 | 66.4 9.5 646 7.03 54 74
13 71.2 5.7 | 67.2 oF .664 .20 66 73
14 73.5 4.7 | 70.2 8.0 732 .92 33 erie
15 73.2 5.3 |. 69.5 9.0 715 74, 61 75
16 72.4 6.2 | 68.1 10.5 684 38 3.00 71
17 70.8 6.3 | 66.4 10.7 646 OL 2.91 71
18 70.8 5.4 | 67.0 9.2 .659 he 49 74
19 68.2 7.0 | 63.3 11.9 584 6.35 3.02 68
20 69.7 5.8 | 65.6 see) .630 .86 2.60 73
21 69.9 5.3 | 66.2 9.0 642 -99 38 75
22 68.4 6.0 | 64.2 10.2 .601 56 59 72
23 67.1 Z-1 | 62:1 12.1 61 12 OF 67
24 67.7 7.2 | 62.7 12.2 572 24 3.04 67
25 648 8.7 | 58.7 14.8 601 5.47 43 62
26 64.0 7.9 | 57.7 14.2 A485 ol ay, 63
27 62.6 Sit |. obvl: 14.6 A59 OA 14 62
28 63.7 6.3 | 58°7 11.3 501 52 2.48 .69
29 65.0 6.0 | 60.2 10.8 527 18 47 70
30 65.9 7.1 | 60.2 12.8 527 76 3.00 66
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.
Meteorological Observations, IxxfV
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the mouth of November 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
O3 Range of the Barometer | 4. | Range of the Tempera-
28 for each hour during 5S ture for each hour
8 the month. sa during the month.
Hour. a ra i |
, NX
aFico | Max. | Min. | Diff. @.= | Max. | Min. | Diff.
= a eH
S | qa
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. o 0 oO o
Mid-
night.| 29.955 30.010 | 29.869 | 0.141 72.5 76.9 / 65.3 | 11.6
I .947 .008 .863 145 72.0 76.3 64.1 | 12.2
2 .940 .002 851 151 41.5 75.8 63:6 | 12.2
3 .933 | 29.996 844 -152 70.9 75.0 63.0 | 12.0
4, 934 .993 842 151 70.4 74.7 62.5 | 12.2
5 .948 | 30.012 , 859 153 69.9 74.0 6258" | TT
6 -965 .020 .877 143 69.7 73.5 62.0 | 11.5
7 .983 043 906 | .137 | 700 | 745 | 62.2] 123
8 30.004 .057 .920 way 73.2 77.5 66.8 | 10.7
9 .021 .072 .925 147 76.0 80.5 70.2 | 10.3
10 .019 .066 .926 140 78.4 82.0 73.0 9.0
11 29.998 .051 .907 144 80.2 83.5 75.0 8.5
Noon. .970 .052 .883 142 81.6 85.2 77.0 8.2
1 .936 | 29.984 853 | .181 82.6 85.6 | 78.0] 7.6
2 914 | .965 835 | .130 | 83.2 | 86.9 | 78.5 | 84
B 901 .952 S814 .138 83.3 86.6 78.8 7.8
4 .896 -953 .808 145 82.1 85.5 77.5 8.0
5 .904 -959 814 145 80.8 84.7 76.0 8.7
6 -914 971 .829 142 78.2 82.2 72.5 9.7
7 .932 .989 .848 141 76.5 80.3 71.0 9.3
8 .951L | 30.003 .870 RISE 75.3 79.2 | 69.5 9.7
9 .963 .018 .887 Lok 74.3 77.8 68.5 9.3
10 -967 .023 .876 147 73.6 77.0 67.0 | 10.0
TE .963 .016 .876 .140 73.0 77.0 66.5 | 10.5
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived from tle observations made at the several
hours during the month,
Ixxxvi Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
an the month of November 187}.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—/(Cortinued.)
1
43 43 te a By. | 6.8 see
ct o 2 © v1 ACS sak 8 = E
ell We |! a |e s | es | dee |mee
—_ >) (<>) (e) G4 4> om gy ey et
2 Ble PB iE C8 | ee ee
oa a a AS == E 3 ovs
Hour. core 3 a 3 7 ee 2m ose
D c iia ‘O15 3 o ong a
Fei; S| 2|3, | a8 | ES | see | 388
ag FA ay Aa A 8, a2 ae Oe
ecl| 1/8 | Be | ge | 82 | Sepia
° ° oO ) Inches. | T. gr. | 'T. gr.
Mid-
sight.| 69.5 3.0 | 67.1 5.4 | 0.661 7.25 1.38 0.84,
1 69.2 2.8 | 67.0 5.0 659 23 27 85
2 68.8 2.7 | 66.6 4.9 -651 14 24 85
3 68.4 2.5 | 66.4 4.5 646 -10 1S 86
A 68.0 2.4 | 66.1 4.3 -640 04 06 87
5 67.8 2.1 | 66.1 3.8 -640 O4 0.94 8S
6 67.5 2.2 | 65.9 3.8 -636 00 93 88
7 67.7 2.3 | 65.9 4.1 .636 .00 1.00 88
8 69.2 4.0 | 66.0 7.2 -638 6.98 84 9
9 69.9 6.1 | 65.6 10.4 -630 .86 2.74 12
10 70.3 8.1 | 64.6 13.8 -609 59 3.72 64
#1 70.2 | 10.0| 63.2 | 17.0 582 27 4.61 58
Noon.| ’ 70.1 | 11.5 | 62.0; 19.6 559 .00 5.34 58
1 TOA )| Be.) Gla) 21.8 546 5.86 82 50
2 70.2 13.0 | 61.1 22.1 543 S81 6.08 AD
3 700 |) 323-3 | (604) 22.6 536 72 21 48
4 69.8 | 12.3} 61.2) 20.9 544 84 5.67 51
5 71.0 9.8 | 64.1 16.7 599 6.44 43 58
6 Vlet Gp | (Gre E11 661 7.16 3.09 70
4 71.5 5.0 | 68.0 8.5 681 39 2.36 16
8 Died 4.2 | 68.2 ‘pl 686 47 1.93 .80
9 70.7 3.6 | 68.2 6.1 .636 49 63 82
10 70.2 3.4 | 67.8 5.8 677 39 54 83
Sal 69.8 3.2 | 67.2 5.8 664, 26 50 83
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.
Meteorological Observations.
Ixxxvii
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Caleutta,
im the month of November 871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &e.
Max. Solar
radiation.
Ground.
diain Guage
1} it. above
WInp.
Prevailing
direction.
W.WSW&W byS
W by S
WhbyS&k& NNE|
NNE&NW
NW&N by W
Nby W&N
N&N by W
| Max.
NbyW& NNW) ...
NNWE&NE
ENEG&SbDy W) ..
Sby W&S SW ...
SSW&W bdyS| ...
W by S & WhyQ| ...
W by N&W
W& WbyS
WbyS
Md gee
W by S&SSW)...
SSW&S W
|
General aspect of the Sky.
Chiefly B.
B.
B. Slightly foggy at 9 & 10
Ip. M.
B.
B to 6a. M., \i to 5 p. we.
B afterwards.
B to 6 4. M., Nito 6pr me.
‘B afterwards. Slightly foggy
from 9 to 11 Pp. M.
| B to 56a. M., \ito 6p. mw.
B afterwards. Slightly foggy
lat La. w., & 10 -p. me.
B to 56 4. M., \i to'6 Py eee
B afterwards.
Bto 10 4 ic, \—1 8 Baa
B afterwards. Slightly foggy
from 4 to 6a.m., & 9 to Il
IP. M.
B to 104. M., ~i1to 4 Pp. m.
B afterwards. Slightly foggy
‘from midnight to 6 a. Mm.
B to 104. M., “ito3 p. m.
B afterwards. Slightly foggy
from 9 to 11 Pp. M.
B to 10a. M., ni to 7 Pp. M.
'B afterwards.
Bito ) pins epteS 2 ae
\B afterwards.
B to Wa. u., —i-to 4p.
B afterwards.
Chiefly B.
Chiefly B.
B to 11 «. u., “1 to I peak
B afterwards. Slightly foggy
at ll Pp. mu.
B to ll a. w., ito 2 P.a.
'B afterwards. Slightly fogg
from 7 to 9 Pp. M.
B. to 10 4. w., “i to 4p. a.
B afterwards. Foggy from 7 to
110 Pp. M.
B toll a. m., ni to 3 p.m.
B afterwards. Slightly foggy
at 8 & 9 Pp. M.
\G Cirri,—i Strati, “i Cumuli, \_i Cirro-strati, ~iCumulo-strati, i Nimbi,
\Wi Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
BR rain, D drizzle,
Ixxxvill Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of November 1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &c.
ae Sp at Winp.
ome) SQ .
MS | re & cae &
¢ wis ae 5 Preratine ie by 3B General aspect of the Sky.
B/S (s4a0| direction. |S 3/8 8
Al = SH a re S
0 Inches ib | Miles
B2187.0) 2: SW ... | 80.3} Chiefly B Slightly foggy at
M.. A y togsy
.M.
23| 141.0; «. SW&WS W { ... | 108.0) Btol104. u.,. \ito 4p
\ni afterwards. Slightly foggy
from 7 to 10 Pp. M.
24; 140.0; ... |WSW& W | 461) Vite 2a. x Bite eeae
“jto 8p. m. B afterwards.
Slightly foggy at 7 Pp. M.
25| 137.0; .. |W&NNW .. | 129.9] Chiefly B. Slightly foggy
from 7 toll Pp. mM.
26, 137.0; ... INNW& WbyN| ... | 124.8] Chiefly B. Slightly foggy at
[& N W midnight & from 8 to 11 P.M.
night & 1 a. M., & from 7 to
ll Pp. M.
28) 136.4; ... INW&NNW |... | 100.9 B. Slightly foggy from mid-
'_ Inight to 24. M.,& 7 toll p.m.
29) 136.8 . INNW&NW |... 83.1} B to 2p.M.,\ito7 P. M.
B afterwards. Slightly foggy
from midnight to 7 a. M., &
at 9 P.M.
30) 142.0; .. INW&WhyN |... | 76.3) B tol0a.m., i to6P. mM.
B afterwards.
Xi Cirri,—i Strati, ~i Cumuli, i Cirro-strati, —_i Cumulo-strati, i Nimbi,
\ni Cirro-cumuli, B clear, § stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
R rain, D drizzle.
Meteorological Observations. Ixxxix
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of November 1871.
Monrutry Resvtrts.
Mean height of the Barometer for the month...
Max. height of the Barometer occurred at 9 a. a. on the 20th.
Inches.
«. 29.952
... 30.072
Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 4 p.m. on the 12th. ... 29.808
Extreme range of the Barometer during the month 0.264
Mean of thie daily Max. Pressures... sai aes .. 30,022
Ditto ditto Min. ditto as a pe .. 29.894
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month ,., ». 0.128
0
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer for the month .., ose « 75.8
Max. Temperature occurred at 2 y. mM. on the 2nd +e ice, 9 OE
Min. Temperature occurred at 6 A. M, on the 28th. oe O20
Extreme range of the Temperature during the month ove . 249
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature ... Lo tae
Ditto ditto Min. ditto, ... = tae -. 69.6
Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month... E 13.9
Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month ... diy va - OBE
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 6.1
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month + oe oes» COG
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed mean Dew-point ... 10.4
Inches.
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month ... ova .. 0.626
Troy grain.
Mean Weight of Vapour for the month a ve 6.81
Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation 2.73
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.71
o
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month ... 140.4
Inches.
Rained no days,—Max. fall of rain during 24hours_... oe =Nil
Total amount of rain during the month a is Nil
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo- +o
ANI
meter during the month __... eas
Prevailing direction of the Wind... ..
* Height 70 feet 10 inches above ground.
"We. by S, N. W. & W.
. 1871.
you
Surveyor General's OMice, Calcutta, in the month of N
iat the
i
1
takes
Montuiy Rusurts.
s on which at a given hour any particular wind blew,
which at the same hour, when os particular wind was blowin
“¢ | ERLE) EEL
1008
.
a
lis of the Hourly Meteorological Observat
‘
bstract of the Resu
together with the number of days on
“ it rained.
v
Tables shewing the number of day
Meteorological Observations.
“UO ULB rae
“AN sq: N'
io)
ANIAIAN
AQAA
NMAAMNADANANNANAA AN
mete) uey
“MAIN N
GD) GA 6 OD GD OD
OO GIGI
"UO WIRY
AEN
SO VE zee
"AA NTAA
HN NO OO OD OD GD GO OD GD
nekarkinelcy Tas
ne)
GM S09 GD oD oD
“UO ULB
"N Aq" AA
“WO LEY
"MA
“HO TUIB Uf
q sq “MA
“UO LE
iar)
ine)
ONANAHA
OD
AAA oD 3 <A OD
GD) OD OD a oD
1D AD Ad
1D 19 1d FAD OD SQ <A oD 6 10
wD
1D CO 19 19 19
A'S" M
“UO ULEYT
“MS
i=!
NAA
ce
AANA
io]
AQ AN
NN “GN NI YD OD oD
ae)
OD 6 OD TON
“THO ULV Y
"M'S'S
GD OD 2 OO OD
a oD
NAAN OH
“uo Wie
“M 4q ‘9
rt
UO ULI
SS
'$
ri
—— AANA
=
tn oe ne |
uo WIRY
‘a Aq "ss
“uO UIvy
“UO WIR
ete ss
“HO ULBIT
‘HSH
of ae
1
Croatoa! Loam! Tell)
i
"TO URI
'§ Aq “a
00 UIR]
ma!
"WO UIeIT
a5: kq “
"UO WIRY
“HON
WO WIRY
Aerial
“Wo TRI
HN *
U0 aie
mW AQ CN
“WO WRIT
N
Ni
anoH yi
wot et stirs
SS
et ete
Name Oe le | ee, “i Uc |
CO ec Oo OO cee ne eI |
re
SS ea
SS .. ......_.
Mid
night.| 1
AA Win ob OD
ore
aed
Meteorological Observations.
xei
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Caleutla,
in the month of December 1871.
Latitude 22° 33’ 1” North. Longitude 88° 20 34” East.
Height of the Cistern of the Standard Barometer above the sea level, 18.11 feet.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.
cas
eS
a= of
Date. | & 3 °
5 An
soo | Max.
=| ~~ a
Inches. | Inches.
I 29.932 | 30.006
2 991 071
3 30.021 .102 |
4, .035 116
5 050 .138
6 .023 094
7 -028 L165
8 .025 104,
9 .013 088
10 29.984, .057
11 30.003 076
12 048 | .123
13 104} 174
14 gs:) 197
15 114] — .188
16 080 | 157
17 102 | .180
18 114} 179
19 114} .193
20 059 | .128
21 019 | 093
22 | 29.998 | 071
23 984] 045
24 | 30.003} .077
25 009 | .068
26 037 | 118
27 036 | .110
28 084} 171
29 100} —.168
30 056 | .129
31 036 | 114
Min.
Tnehes.
29.880
.929
.973
.980
30.004
29.960
.968
972
948
.923
.950
.995
30.054
.062
.065
Oll
.048
051
.058
.006
29.968
949
.926
.960
949
975
.987
80.017
042
29.994,
.969
|
Range of the Barometer
during the day.
Diff.
Inches.
0.126
142
129
136
134
134,
147
132
140
134
126
128
120
-135
123
-146
132
128
135
122
125
122
119
117
119
143
123
154
126
135
145
=|
3 |Range of the Tempera-
- 5 ture during the day.
Re
Ag er ae eae -
A | ;
oo | Max. | Min. | Diff.
So
| 2 ae ur
Oo Oo | Oo 8)
| 74.5 | 82.5 | 676] 15.0
74.1 82.3 | 67.0, 15.3
70.7 79.2 | 64.0] 15.2
67.9 76.4 | 60.5 | 15.9
67.7 Woe | 59.9 | 17.4
69.6 79.2 61.1 | 18.1
70.8 79.7 | 68.6 | 162
69.4 78.0 | 62.7 | 153
69.2 78.5 | 61.9 | 16.6
69.2 | 79.5 60.4 | 19.1
70.5 | 80.56 | 632] 173
69.8 | 79.5 | 64.21 173
69.3 79.0 | 61.0] 18.0
66.8 75.4 | 58.6 | 16.8
66.8 75.5 59.5 | 16.0
68.1 | 78.0 | 60.5 | 17.5
68.3 | 76.5 | 61.2] 15.3
68.4 | 77.2 61.4 | 15.8
68.7 76.7 61.0 | 15.7
708°%.\° 780 | Gaol Feo
69.5 ree | 63.0 | 14.7
69.9 77.5 63.2 | 143
69.8 78.2 | 62.0 | 16.2
70.3 97.7 63.0 | 14.7
70.9 77.2 66.0 | 11.2
68.5 75.6 63.0 | 12.6
67.4 | 75.0 60.0 | 15.0
64.9 | 74.0 | 58.8] 15.2
64.2.:\ ‘727 57.0 | 15.7
65.7 | 75.4 57.8 | 17.6
68.6 | 78.5
| eed 18.3
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as likewise the Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived, from the hourly observations, made at the
several hours during the day.
xen Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
tn the month of December 1871.
Daily Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—(Conlinued.)
fs Sd ge ioe 6 Be | Ska |-s8.
a mine Bie g Sa | sos | ase
Py © Ry aid ap? S eee
=| 40S Bes & ‘36 | S32) See
iS Ss) 2S zs re
Das |e!) | a as 3 an |> seg om
® o eo 2 sie RS oe »Oon
ES | 3) 2 | 2s |e | £2 | e28| oes
so) A ESS Poe | ee | ee eee
3 & as os 8 mes ain 8
oq p> 5 Pony oO & og in Ord
= A oA = = ae a
co) 0 to) Cy) Inches. | T. gr Tie,
| 69.1 5.4 | 65.3 9.2 0.623 6.81 2.37 0.74
2 67.2 6.9 | 62:4] 11.7 567 18 89 .68
3 63.2 7.5 | 57.2 13.5 476 §.22 .96 64
4 60.7 72| 54.9} 13.0 AAL 4.87 64 65
5 61.8 Bo | 57.1 10.6 475 5.24 22 70
6 63.6 6.0 | 58.8] 10.8 503 53 137 70
7 65.3 5.5 | 60.9 9.9 .539 92 .28 72
8 63.4 6.0 | 58.6] 10.8 A99 50 .36 70
9 62.8 6.4 | 57.7 | 11.5 485 3a A8 .68
10 62.6 6.6 | 57.3 11.9 478 26 5d 67
i 63.7 G8)! 58.80 122 ADA .43 70 .67
12 63.6 62 | 58.64) 112 .499 50 45 .69
13 62.1 7.2| 56.3 13.0 462 .09 74 65
14, 59.9 6.9 | 54.4] 12.4 434, 4,80 .46 .66
15 61.2 5.6 | 56.7 10.1 469 5.18 .08 71
16 63.0 5b} 58.9 9.2 504 57 1.98 74
17 62.0 6.3 | 57.0 11.3 473 22 2.38 69
38 62.3 6.1 | 57.4 11.0 480 29 038 .69
19 63.2 5.5 | 58.8 9.9 503 5A 15 72
20 65.1 5.2 | 60.9 9.4, 539 .93 15 73
21 64.5 5.0 | 69.5 9.0 532 .86 .02 74
22 64.5 5.4 | 60.2 9.7 .527 79 19 WE:
23 64.4 5.4 | 60.1 9.7 520 aie 18 73
24 65.5 4.8 | 61.7 8.6 554 6.08 .00 75
25 66°9 4.0 | 63.7 7.2 591 50 1.73 19
26 63.1 5.4 | 58.8 9.7 503 5.54 2.11 72
27 61.8 5.6 | 57.3 10.1 478 .28 By ay a
28 59.5 5.4 | 55°2 9.7 445 4.95 1.90 12
29 58.6 5.6 | 53.6 10.6 422 .69 2.00 70
30 69.1 5.6 | 55.6] 10.1 452 5.02 .00 72
31 62.8 5.8 | 58.2 10.4 493 44 23 aa
All the Hygrometrical elements are computed by the Greenwich Constants.
Meteorological Observations. xelii
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of December 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon,
68 Range of the Barometer =... | Range of the Tempera-
eae for each hour during ms ture for each hour
"ep 9 3 the month. 2 | during the month.
v ES et crt Ps eee ee fae
Hour.| 5 Eo Q a |
Bake Max. | Min. | Dif. | §3 | Max. | Min.| Diff.
ad a |
| 2 : | |
Inches. | Inches. | Inches. Piatiog ) | ty) o) | °
Mid- | |
night.| 30.045 | 30.150 | 29.914 0.236 | 65.4 | 71.0 | 61.0] 10.0
1 L035 141 905 | .236 | 647 | 70.5 | 60.5 | 100
2 Ost) 25%). 898 | 227 | 641 | 70.0 | 59.3 10.7
3 O17 118 894 | .224 | 636 | 69.4 | 59.1] 103
4 oly} .129| .899| .230 | 631 | 69.0 | 588] 102
5 029 | 1137 ‘910| (227 | 626 | 680 | 580/ 100
6 043 145 920} .225 | 621 | 67.5 | 575/ 100
7 064 165 940 | .225 | 619 | 67.5 | 57.0| 105
8 091 .178 979} .199 | 648 | 71.4 | 59.7] 117
9 114 196 | 30.006} .190 | 68.7 | 747 | 62.0| 127
10 117} .197| .003| .194 | 71.6 | 78.1 | 647| 134
il 099 | 175. | 29.978 | 197 | 73.9 | 81.0 | 66.8 | 14.2
| | ee
| | )
Noon.| .068 AL 945 | .196 | 75.6 | 820 | 68.9); 13.1
1 .032 104} 911] .193 | 76.5 | 822 | 706) 11.6
2 .008 077 898 | .179 | 775 | 825 | 72.4] 101
3 | 29.993 071 888 | .183 77.5 | 822 | 72.7| 95
4 989} .065| .880} .185 | 76.3 | 81.2 | 718) 9.4
5 997 | .072| .899} 173 | 74.9 | 79.6 | 71.0) 86
6 | 30.007 .082 912} 3170 | 72.2 77.0 | 68.0| 9.0
7 023 -096 -930 | .166 70.4 | 75.6 | 662) 9.4
8 O41 | 126 949 | .177 | 68.9 | 748 | 645| 103
9 055 146 959 | .187 67.7 | 73.4 | 62.5| 109
10 061 .149 971 | 178 | 668 | 72.6 | 61.6! 109
ll | 71.8 | 61.0] 108
087 | .155| .970| .185. | 65.9 |
|
ve
. Bee. St
The Mean Height of the Barometer, as ikawiad athe Dry and Wet Bulb
Thermometer Means are derived from the observations made at the several
hours during the month.
xclv Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of December 1871.
Hourly Means, &c. of the Observations and of the Hygrometrical elements
dependent thereon.—(Continued.)
~ : 43 cy F &''| 6 8 oS aee
ke oan Ce . ad |. oe
a oe |e |e | ee Ee | See
2 BL Bu 5 |e) 8s |p
Hour.| 2 | re A re 3 ho Pe | 2 eee
6) bok (Ok a Sy | 8 | g.2) gen
Es 3 = Bs come ES | 68.29 oree
ag FA ay Ag a8 qo |e 2 See
So bs E bs qa aS |se8h | sos
= = 2 AY i ws | Se 8 | gue
| = A oO A qa = < | =
| co) co) 0 Inches. | ‘T. gr. >) Eee
Mid-
night.) 62.2 3.2 | 59.6 5.8 0.516 5.73 1.22 0.82
1 61.7 8.0 | 59.3 5.4 511 .68 12 84
2 61.2 2.9 | 58.6 5.5 499 50d 12 83
3 60.9 2.7 | 63.5 Dull 498 54 .03 84
4, 60.6 2.5 | 58.3 4.8 494 50 0.97 85
5 60.1 2.5 | 57.8 4.8 486 43 94 85
6 59.8 Za") Wier 4.4, A85 42 85 86
a 59.7 2.2 |- 57.7 4.2 485 42 81 .87
8 61.4 3.4 | 58.7 6.1 501 57 1.26 82
9 63.0 5.7 | 58.4 10.3 496 47 2.22 Py i
10 614.0 $09) OF 13.7 488 34 3.06 64
ce 64.6 9.3 | 58.1 15.8 AOL 30 66 59
Noon.| 65.1 10.5 | 57.7 17.9 485 .26 4.22 56
1 65.0 11.5 | 56.9 19.6 472 Al 64 02
2 65.4 12.1 | 56.9 20.6 472 10 94 OL
3 65.2 12.3 | 56.6 20.9 467 .06 .98 50
A, 61.9 11.4 | 56.9 19.4, 472 12 57 53
5 65.4 9.5 | 58.7 16.2 501 46 3.82 59
6 65.8 6.3 | 60.8 11.3 537 89 2.64 .69
7 65.3 5.1 | 61.2 9.2 44 “09 » al 74
8 61.6 4.3 | 61.2 het LA 6.00 1.74 Je
9 63.9 3.8 | 60.9 6.8 539 5.96 00 .80
-10 63.2 3.6 | 60.3 6.5 528 85 Al 81
il 62.6 3.3 | 60.0 5.9 .023 .80 26 82
All the Hygrometrical clements are computed by the Greenwich Constants. _
. en)
Meteorological Observations.
XCV
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta,
ix the month of December
1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &c.
a x Spe. | WInp.
Bides
6? 4-5 |4.:2| Prevailin
MS! action
A sf S xia | irection.
oO Inches |
1) 136.0 wWwsw
2) 137.0 WNW&NNE
3) 135.4 ENE&NNE
4) 135.5 NNE&NW
5) 132.5 N W
6| 135.0 NW& WS W
7| 133.0 WS W&WbhyN|
8) 132.0 W&N ;
9) 135.0 N& WNW
10) 134.0 WNW&W
11) 136.0 W&WNW
13) 135.5 wWwewNw
14) 132.8 WN W
15) 130.8 WNW
16 127.5 wNW
17| 130.0 WNWENNE ...
18) 135.2 NNE&SSW
19} 132.0 . SSW&SW
20! 132.5 SW
21) 131.0 EbyS&SE
> =) Pressure
ote OL]
:
/
| General aspect of the Sky.
Daily
bo]
an |
=~
yn
=e Velocity.
=)
we
—
\i to 6 p. Mm. B afterwards.
‘Slightly foggy at 8 p. at.
| B to 2a.M.,\ito7 a. M.
B afterwards.
110.2| B Slightly foggy at 8 & 9
P.
77.2 |
M.
B. Slightly foggy from 7 to
Chiefly B.
B. Slightly foggy from 5 to
7 A.M.
Chiefly B.
ne od foggy from 9 to
134.8 |
124.8 | 8. ‘Slightly foggy at mid-
night & la. M., & from 9 to
rn Pp. M.
57.0; B. Slightly foggy at 5 & 6
A. M.
89.3| B.
76.6) B. Slightly foggy from 8 to
\10 p. M.
90.7| B.
Chiefly B.Slightly foggy at
‘9 & 10 p. Mt.
75.6; B to 1 p.m.,\i tod p. mM
B afterwards. Slightly fogg
lat midnight
| B to 6a. M., Ni to6 P. M.
B afterwards. Slightly fogg
from 6 to 8 a.M., & 7 to9 P.M.
Chiefly B. Slightly foggy at
81.8 |
8&9P. M.
; 109.9 | B. to 5 A. M., \i to & P. M.
| B afterwards. Slightly foggy
lat 8 & 9 Pp. M.
63.1! Bto9 a. m., \i afterwards.
Slightly foggy from 8 to 10
P.M.
Sto2a.m.,\ito4a.m.8
lto7 a.M., \ito3 p.m. Baf-
iterwards. Slightly foggy from
7 to 10 Pp. M.
Bto1l a. M., -i to 3 Pp. M.
‘B afterwards, Slightly foggy
lat 5 & 6 a. u., & from 7 to 10
P. M.
46.6
63.4 |
\i Cirri,—i Strati, “i Cumuli, i Cirro-strati, ~_iCumulo-strati, i Nimbi,
\ni Cirro-cumuli, B clear, 8 stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
xevi Meteorological Observations.
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Office, Calcutta,
in the month of’ December 1871.
Solar Radiation, Weather, &c.
Ba (he. Winn.
wD = 2.8 S © ae 1
el ye ee 5 Cee ine ; 5 Be General aspect of the Sky.
S18 8 (a5 direction. ss =
Ala” lent rie A =
o Tuches lb | Miles :
22; 134.0) ... ISE&ESE ... | 67.4| Bito lla. uw., ato depeer
B afterwards. Slightly fogey
at6 & 7 a.m., & from 7 to 10
Pp. M.
23/188:5) .. JESE&SSE |! ...:) 61.2) Btolla. m.,.cite apa
\ni afterwards.
24/135.0; ... ISSE&S W .. | 37.0] Btol10a.a.,\ni afterwards...
Slightly foggy at9 & 10 p.m.
25/138.4) .. SW&WNW |....| 90.4| “ito 34.m.Btolla.m,,
“i to 6p. mM. B afterwards.
26/ 133.0) ... [WNW&NW |... | 132.1} Btolla.m., —ito3p. m.
B afterwards.
27 131.0) 4.:.) (NAW ee) Oe :
28/1310} .. INNE& NNW)... | 180.2| B. Slightly foggy at7 & 8
P.M.
29,131.56) ... |Nby W&NW/... | 101.0; B. Foggy from 9 to1l p.m.
30; 132.0; ... IN W .. | 72.7, B. Foggy at midnight &1
A.M., & 10 &11 P. mM.
31) 185.4; .. INW&WWQN W.... | 68.3} B. Slightly foggy at mid-
night & from 8 to 11 Pp. m.
Ni Cirri,—i Strati, ~i Cumuli, \i Cirro-strati, ~_i Cumulo-strati, Wi Nimbi,
\ni Cirro-cumuli, B clear, S stratoni, O overcast, T thunder, L lightning,
Peer ras, Ob btlesee te
Meteorological Observations, xevil
Abstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observations
taken at the Surveyor General’s Ofice, Calcutta,
in the month of December 1871,
. Montuty Rusvucis.
Inches-
Mean height of the Barometer for the month.., ... 80.043
Max. height of the Barometer occurred at 10 A. “a. on the 14th. wv» 80.197
Min. height of the Barometer occurred at 4 p.m. on the Ist. ... 29.880
Extreme range of the Barometer during the month “4 ivet ODA.
Mean of the daily Max. Pressures .., ‘ne oil »». 30.118
Ditto ditto Min. ditto : aa ... 29.986
Mean daily range of the Barometer during the month <a ti O33
O)
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer for the month .., oh ee) Oe
Max. Temperature occurred at 2 y. M. on the Ist. a ivy Ss Oa
Min. Temperature occurred at 7 A. M, on the 29th. a) 266.0
Extreme range of the ‘Temperature during the month ey Toe yf
Mean of the daily Max. Temperature ., yea tae ih Oo
_ Ditto — ditto Min. Gitko,. a. <<! NOLS
Mean daily range of the Temperature during the month.. bas) SS
Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer for the month os 63.1
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above Mean Wet Bulb Thermometer 5.9
Computed Mean Dew-point for the month * 58.4
Mean Dry Bulb Thermometer above computed m mean Dew- -point , 10.6.
Teas
Mean Elastic force of Vapour for the month .., se . 0.496
Troy grain.
Mean A of Vapour for the month MA ». 5.46
Additional Weight of Vapour required for complete saturation ... 2.30
Mean degree of humidity for the month, complete saturation being unity 0.70
oO
Mean Max. Solar radiation Thermometer for the month .., 133.6.
Inches.
Rained no days,—Max. fall of rain during 24 hours... » =Nil
Total amount of rain during the month ven. aan
Total amount of rain indicated by the Gauge* attached to the anemo- rs
Ni
meter during the month __.. ab oy ee
Prevailing direction of the Wind... ... W.N.W.& NW.
* Height 70 feet 10 inches above ground.
x¢vill Meteorological Observations.
us Ta
“UO ULB
“U0 WIRY ,
ra ON OOOMMAPABWISOSODRMDSOODDODOOO
= | x 1
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+ PARP TSA SCOOSCKRRDHDDDDHDRRKRDHOARDHODODONOD
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“MM MD DAMN MNM AMARA AANANAHANAAAAD
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d was blowing, it rained.
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“uo ULC,
WSS
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lar wind blew, together with the number of days on
hour, when any particular win
taken at the Surveyor General's Office, Calcutta, in the month of Dec. 1871.
Montxuy Resutts.
hour any particu
Cn Ai oe On Oe Oe Oe ne oe Ae IAM N AAA AAA eS
- n
No.of days
1Ons
.
given
“UO ULC
ich at a
“HO ULVY
“a £q °F ee ee ee ee ee ee |
“UO UIRIY
ares
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“at AQ
‘uo ULB
° . e Fs I ee OO ree OO ee cn sO ce On ce OY PO eB ee ce
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rof days on wh
which at the same
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Tables shewing the numbe
AM Fino ronaon
|
lbstract of the Results of the Hourly Meteorological Observat
Noon.
ST
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