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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Biological Society of Washington
VOLUME 42
(929
WASHINGTON
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS
CHAS. W. RICHMOND, Chairman
J. H. RILEY F. C. LINCOLN W. H. WHITE
PUBLICATION NOTE
By a change in the By-Laws of the Biological Society of Washington,
effective March 27, 1926, the fiscal year now begins in May, and the offi-
cers will henceforth hold office from May to May. This, however, will
make no change in the volumes of the Proceedings, which will continue
to coincide with the calendar year. In order to furnish desired informa-
tion, the title page of the current volume and the list of newly elected
officers and committees will hereafter be published soon after the annual
election in May.
PRESS OF
H. L. & J. B. McQueen, Inc.
WASHINGTON, D. C.
”
OFFICERS AND COUNCIL
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
(FOR 1929-1930)
(ELECTED MAY 18, 1929)
OFFICERS
President
A. WETMORE
Vice-Presidents
C. E. CHAMBLISS C. W. STILES
H. H. T. JACKSON T. E. SNYDER
Recording Secretary
Ss. F. BLAKE
Corresponding Secretary
W. H. WHITE
Treasurer
F. C. LINCOLN
COUNCIL .
V. BAILEY* L. O. HOWARD*
PAUL BARTSCH* WILLIAM R. MAXON
FREDERICK V. COVILLE* C. HART MERRIAM*
A. A. DOOLITTLE E. W. NELSON*
B. W. EVERMANN* H. C. OBERHOLSER*
H. C. FULLER T. S. PALMER*
J. W. GIDLEY* Ss. A. ROHWER*
E. A. GOLDMAN* H. M. SMITH*
We PP. HAY* L. STEJNEGER*
A. 8. HITCHCOCK* E. P. WALKER
I. HOFFMAN DAVID WHITE*
A. D. HOPKINS*
STANDING COMMITTEES—1929-1930
Committee on Communications
W. B. BEeuu, Chairman
V. BAILEY Lewis RADCLIFFE
W. H. Waits W. R. Maxon
W. L. Scumitr
Committee on Zoological Nomenclature
G. S. Mituer, Jr., Chairman
A. C. BAKER Pau. Bartscu E. A. CHAPIN
H. C. OBERHOLSER
Commitiee on Publications
Cuas. W. Ricumonp, Chairman
J. H. Ritey W. H. Wuite
F. C. Lincoun
Trustees of Permanent Funds
T. S. PaumMser, Chairman
A. 8S. Hitcucock H. C. OBERHOLSER
*Ex-Presidents of the Society.
(ili)
EX-PRESIDENTS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
*THEODORE N. Gi, 1881, 1882
*CHARLES A. WHITE, 18838, 1884
*G. Brown Goopse, 1885, 1886
*Witut1AM H. DAL, 1887, 1888
*LesTER F. Warp, 1889, 1890
C. Hart Merriam, 1891, 1892
*C. V. RitEy, 1893, 1894
*Gno. M. STERNBERG, 1895, 1896
L. O. Howarp, 1897, 1898
FREDERICK V. CoviLiLE, 1899, 1900
*F, A. Lucas, 1901, 1902
B. W. Evermann, 1903, 1904
*F, H. KNowutTon, 1905, 1906
L. STEIJNEGER, 1907, 1908
T. S. Patmger, 1909, 1910
Davin WuitT#, 1911
E. W. Netson, 1912, 1913
Pau. Bartscu, 1914, 1915
W. P. Hay, 1916, 1917
*J. N. Ros, 1918
Hucxu M. Smits, 1919
A. D. Hopkins, 1920
*N. Houister, 1921
VERNON BarLey, 1922
A. 8. Hitcucock, 1923
J. W. Gipuey, 1924
S. A. Rouwer, 1925
H. C. OBERHOLSER, 1926-1927
E. A. GotpMaAn, 1927-1929
*Deceased.
(iv)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Officers and Committees for 1929-1930... eens
RSET SS 45 21, RS EE en sel ee mL Ae Oe Ee SOE
Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region, by May Thacher Cooke
New Birds from Pert, Brazil, and Costa Rica, by John T. Zimmer
A New Anadia from Colombia with Remarks on other Members
foe ioenus, by As DO Vere ccna at a ee
Six New Pocket Mice from Lower California and Notes on the
Status of Several Described Species, by E. W. Nelson and E. A.
Preliminary List of the Butterflies of the District of Columbia,
og ETI OPI EG Co SS a nV a
New Races of Birds from Haiti, by Alexander Wetmore................
The Identity of Corvus mexicanus Gmelin, by James L. Peters...
Notes on the Siphonapteran Genus Catallagia Rothschild, in-
cluding the Description of a New Species, by H. E. Ewing........
A New Snake from China, by Leonhard Stejneger............
Notes on the Spiders of Washington County, Utah, by R. Ni
uerveriin and A. Mi. Woodbury... /.. 0...
Description of a New Lemming from Alaska, by E. W. Nelson....
Four New Pocket Gophers of the Genus Heterogeomys from
Mexico, by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman...
The Genus of Teiid Lizards, Verticaria Cope, 1869, Considered as
a synonym of Cnemidophorus Wagler, 1830, with a Key to the
Primitive Genera of the Teiidae, by Charles E. Burt..............
The Spotted Skunk of the Channel Islands of Southern California,
Meteeetatcn iy, Wemey eh ee Se Ne ee
Descriptions of Four New Birds from the Mountains of Northern
OE DALLA Le IDR] 513s GARR dca ee a eR
Descriptions of Three New Birds from the Mountains of Northern
(OTE BS 1, RRS een ee
A New Genus and Species of Amphipod from Grand Manan,
Mom. wby Clarence I. Shoemaker... eae
Additional Information on the Range of Ursus planiceps, a
Colorado Grizzly, by C. Hart Merriam. ..........2..
Ursus holzworthi, a New Grizzly from the Talkeetna Mountains,
ean We Elamt Wertiama. 2 Fe
The Races of Sitta pygmaea Vigors, by A. J. Van Rossem............
A New Name necessary for the Calaveras Warbler, by A. J. Van
0 Ere RANE TS ROSIN ON Jb sie aap ce ao eee RTL
103-112
113-116
117-120
121-124
125-128
129-130
131-142
143-146
147-152
153-156
157-160
161-164
165-166
167-170
171-172
173-174
175-178
179-180
(v)
vi Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
A Review of the Vireonine Genus Pachysylvia, by W. E. Clyde
Proc oes Le 0 INE RUT ic ais sa Ne ee cg 181-206
A New Silene from the Umpqua National Forest, by Ivar Tide-
strona amd) Wi AY Darabont eae 08 ln LE iis ee ae A Ue 207-208
The Races of Lampornis viridipallens (Bourcier and Mulsant),
by Donald R. Dickey and A. J. Van Rossem...............-...-..----.---- 209-212
A New Wren of the Genus Spelaeornis from Yunnan, China, by
ED, ARR gp AAU lB he) BRN ROR USNR a RA we ea 2 eee 213-214
The Gloriosa Race of Ixocincla madagascariensis, by Herbert
Hie) ya eob 0020 7) cL mRM SAO ha INN MLO) La leLU A gee ie ee SN 215-216
A New Attila from El Salvador, by Donald R. Dickey and A. J.
Weuia! FRosSernat 20). 00) eM ea aH MUI MeacU ON A i See ee Teh 217-218
A New Race of the Hairy Woodpecker from El Salvador, by
Donald R. Dickey and A. J. Van Rossem..............-.--------- 219-220
—__—_—_——
The Committee on Publications declares that each paper of this volume —
was distributed on the date indicated on its initial page. The index and
minutes of proceedings for 1929 (pp. vii—xi; 221-226) were issued on
March 12, 1930. The title and lists of officers and committees for 1929-
1930 (pp. i-iv) were issued on July 16, 1929. .
—$ —
ERRATA.
Page 54, line 29, for Vermivorus read Vermivora.
Page 67, line 138, for 17 read 13.
Page 165, line 18, for atyanz, read styant.
PLATES.
I, IJ. Facing pp. 140, 141. Palpi, etc., of spiders.
III. Facing p. 144. Skulls of Dicrostonyx.
IV-VII. Facing p. 174. Skulls of Grizzlies.
VIII. Facing p. 208. Silene ingrami.
Vol. 42, pp. vii—xi
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
PROCEEDINGS.
The Society meets from October to May, on alternate Satur-
days, at 8 p.m. All the meetings during 1929 were held in the
new lecture hall of the Cosmos Club, except the special meeting
of May 11, which was held in the Auditorium of the National
Museum.
January 12, 1929—728th Meeting.!
President Goldman in the chair; 70 persons present.
Informal communications: P. Bartsch, Note on a mocking-
bird; H. Ball, Observation on rare birds in winter.
Formal communications: P. 8. Galtsoff, Private life of the
American oyster; H. F. Prytherch, Forecasting the time of
setting of oysters; G. C. Rouncefel, Alaska herring investiga-
tions.
January 26, 1929—729th Meeting.’
President Goldman in the chair; 55 persons present.
New member elected: M. G. Netting.
Informal communications: F. Thone, Notice of new scientific
publications; Mrs. T. M. Knappen, Observation of a towhee in
winter.
Formal communications: E. P. Walker, Some graphic methods
of showing problems in wild life administration; O. J. Murie,
The Alaska caribou.
1Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 19, p. 312-318, August 19, 1929.
2Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 19, p. 3138-314, August 19, 1929.
(vii)
vill Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
February 9, 1929—730th Meeting.!
President Goldman in the chair; 63 persons present.
Informal communication: H. Ball, Recent observation of
Holboell Grebe and Horned Grebe.
Formal communications: T. S. Palmer, Some early collectors
and recent changes in wild life conditions in the District of
Columbia; W. P. Taylor, Important wild life problems in Ari-
zona.
February 23, 1929—731st Meeting.?
President Goldman in the chair; 113 persons present.
Formal communications: J. C. Merriam, Opportunities for
inspirational education at the Grand Canyon; V. Bailey,
Present conditions of animal life of the Grand Canyon.
March 9, 1929—732d Meeting.?
President Goldman in the chair; 46 persons present.
New member elected: C. E. Burt.
Informal communications: Mrs. T. M. Knappen, Observa-
tion of large flocks of White Ibis in Florida and Georgia; A. A.
Doolittle, Observation of a Black-crowned Night Heron in
January; A. Wetmore, Note on new buildings at the Zoological
Park; H. Ball, Recent observations of birds; P. B. Johnson,
Notes on the muskox.
Formal communications: F. C. Lincoln, Some causes of bird
mortality; W. B. Bell, Present needs in biological research.
March 23, 1929—733d Meeting.¢
President Goldman in the chair; 120 persons present.
Informal communications: V. Bailey, Note on the deer situa-
tion in Pennsylvania; E. P. Walker, Exhibition of a new binder
for pamphlets. |
Formal communications: P. B. Johnson, The pupil of the
eye; E. W. Brandes, Sugar plant hunting by aeroplane in New
Guinea.
1Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad Sci., vol. 19, p. 314-315, August 19, 1929.
2Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 19, p. 315, August 19, 1929.
3Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 19, p. 316-318, August 19, 1929.
4Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 19, p. 348-349, September 19, 1929.
Proceedings. ix
April 6, 1929—734th Meeting.!
President Goldman in the chair; 75 persons present.
New member elected: C. F. W. Muesebeck.
Informal communication: R. M. Libby, Spring arrival of the
Purple Martin.
Formal communications: C. W. Stiles, The zoo-parasitic
diseases of non-human primates in reference to diseases of man;
C. F. Swingle, Botanical exploration in Madagascar.
April 20, 1929—735th Meeting.’
President Goldman in the chair; 90 persons present.
New members elected: G. G. Becker, Ralph Ellis, Jr. (life
member), E. H. Taylor.
Formal communication: J. M. Holzworth, The brown and
grizzly bears of Alaska.
May 11, 1929—Special Meeting.?
President Goldman in the chair; 140 persons present.
Formal communication: R. G. Canti, Living tissue cells grown
in vitro.
May 18, 1929—736th Meeting.‘
50th Annual Meeting.
President Goldman in the chair; 23 persons present.
New members elected: F. W. Appel, J. I. Hambleton, J. M. -
Holzworth. |
The annual reports of the Recording Secretary, Correspond-
ing Secretary, Treasurer, and Publication Committee were
presented.
The following officers and members of Council were elected:
President, Alexander Wetmore; Vice-Presidents, C. EK. Cham-
bliss, H. H. T. Jackson, C. W. Stiles, T. E. Snyder; Recording
Secretary, S. F. Blake; Corresponding Secretary, W. H. White;
Treasurer, F. C. Lincoln; Members of Council, H. C. Fuller,
W. R. Maxon, A. A. Doolittle, I. Hoffman, E. P. Walker.
1Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 19, p. 349-350, September 19, 1929.
2Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 19, p. 350, September 19, 1929.
3Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 19, p. 350, September 19, 1929.
4Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 19, p. 366, October 4, 1929.
x Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Amendments to Art. III of the Constitution, and Art. I and
III of the By-laws, were adopted.
The business meeting was followed by a special meeting, at
which L. O. Howard, C. W. Stiles, and W. P. Hay presented
recollections of the early days of the Society.
October 19, 1929—737th Meeting.!
President Wetmore in the chair; 55 persons present.
The president announced the membership of the standing
committees of the Society, as follows: Committee on Communica-
tions: W. B. Bell, Chairman, V. Bailey, W. H. White, Lewis
Radcliffe, W. R. Maxon, W. L. Schmitt; Committee on Zoological
Nomenclature: G. S. Miller, Jr., Chairman, A. C. Baker, Paul
Bartsch, E. A. Chapin, H. C. Oberholser; Committee on Publica-
tions: C. W. Richmond, Chairman, J. H. Riley, F. C. Lincoln,
W. H. White.
Informal communication: A. Wetmore, Note on the bird col-
lections of the Pinchot Expedition.
Formal communications: J. M. Aldrich, Notes on the life
zones of northern Europe; H. Friedmann, Parasitism in birds.
November 2, 1929—738th Meeting.’
President Wetmore in the chair; 100 persons present.
Informal communications: 8. F. Blake, Late occurrence of
Solitary Vireo; I. Hoffman, Note on the successful raising of
Elliot Pheasants near Washington, D. C.
Formal communications: A. H. Howell, Recent notes on
birds and mammals of the Everglades; E. F. Coe, America’s
own Tropics. |
November 16, 1929—739th Meeting.’
Vice-President Jackson in the chair; 35 persons present.
New members elected: C. Cottam, B. Miller.
Informal commumcation: 8S. F. Blake, Note on the English
Sparrow.
Formal communications: L. V. Coleman, Museums in South
1Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 20, p. 84-85, March 4, 1930.
2Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 20, p. 85, March 4, 1930.
3Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 20, p. 86, March 4, 1930.
Proceedings. x1
America; C. W. Stiles, Proposals submitted as amendments to
the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature.
November 30, 1929—740th Meeting.!
President Wetmore in the chair; 44 persons present.
New member elected: J. W. Bulger.
Informal communications: F. Thone, Note on recent biologi-
cal publications; A. Wetmore, Note on birds collected by the
Pinchot South Sea Expedition; P. B. Johnson, Necrological
note on Rev. Francis Tondorf; V. Bailey, Note on the scarcity
of natural food for squirrels; P. B. Johnson, Note on a black
squirrel; A. Wetmore, Note on the capture of Sharp-tailed
Sparrows in Maryland.
Formal communications: EK. R. Kalmbach, Notes on water-
fowl sickness in 1929; R. Kellogg, The migration of whales.
December 14, 1929—741st Meeting.’
President Wetmore in the chair; 120 persons present.
New members elected: H. Friedmann, F. A. Warren.
Alexander Wetmore was nominated as a Vice-President of
the Washington Academy of Sciences.
Informal communication: C. W. Stiles, Note on the nomen-
clature of the South American fox-tailed wolves.
Formal communication: O. J. Murie, Elk studies in the Jack-
son Hole region; M. C. Hall, Parasites of elk and other wild
ruminants.
1Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 20, p. 86-87, March 4, 1930.
2Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 20, p. 87-88, March 4, 1930.
Vol. 42, pp. 1-80 March 25, 1929
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE x
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON bi);
apa mn 7 Oe tn
meat
BIRDS OF THE WASHINGTON, D. C., REGION.
BY MAY THACHER COOKE.
INTRODUCTION.
The territory known as the ‘Washington Region”’ is that
included within a radius of about twenty miles of the Capitol.
Few areas of like size in the country have been more thoroughly
studied ornithologically, and the records go back for more than
a century. When Coues and Prentiss published the first com-
prehensive work on the birds of Washington in 1862, a list
that was revised and enlarged in 1883, the area surveyed was
almost entirely within the District of Columbia. But as the
city has grown the birds have been pushed farther from the
center, and trolley lines and later automobiles have given
easy access to a larger territory so that for some years the
present limits have been generally understood. . In this region
301 species and subspecies of birds have been found, and 109
of these breed. |
This region lies wholly within the Carolinian zone, and the
edge of the Piedmont plateau crosses it several miles west of
the city. It is neither possible nor desirable at this time to
attempt a complete description of the topography of the
country. Excellent accounts will be found in the “‘Avifauna
Columbiana”’ by Coues and Prentiss, and in McAtee’s “ Nat-
ural History Sketch of the District of Columbia.’’! It does,
however, seem desirable to describe some of the localities inter-
esting from the ornithologist’s standpoint and to point out
some of the changes that have taken place.
Many of the localities mentioned by Coues and Prentiss,
and by Mrs. Maynard in 1898, as especially good for birds
1Bull. I, Biol. Soc. Wash., 1918, 142 pp., with map.
1—Proc. Biot. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 42, 1929. (1)
2 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
are now solidly built up and native species have been excluded.
When Mrs. Maynard wrote, what is now Florida Avenue was
the city boundary to the north and Chevy Chase and Takoma
Park were small settlements set down in the midst of woods.
About that time a trolley ran from Chevy Chase Circle to
Glen Echo. Service was discontinued about 1904, but the
right of way was passable for about ten years after, and the
route was a favorite bird-walk.
Many localities where much collecting has been done in the
past have been largely abandoned because of changes or be-
cause others seemed better. Accessibility has often been a
determining factor in the choice of locality and certain areas
have been well worked to the exclusion of others, perhaps as
good, but less well known.
Among the places that have been largely abandoned are
Laurel and Marshall Hall, Md. The valley of the Patuxent
in the vicinity of Laurel, near the eastern limits of our area,
was a favorite collecting ground in the eighties and nineties
and many important finds were made there. Marshall Hall,
the former home of Chief Justice Marshall, near our limit
down the river, has been easily accessible by boat for many
years. Several of the earlier collectors did considerable work
there and it was the locality treated in “Birds of a Maryland
Farm” (Judd, Bull. 17, Biol. Surv., 1902).
The Eastern Branch, or Anacostia River, is the largest con-
fluent of the Potomac and flows through a part of the city.
While its valley is not so good for birds as formerly, the marshes
and wooded hillsides along Eastern Branch are still the resort
of many species. There are large areas of wild rice which attract
Bobolinks and ducks in fall. These marshes above Anacostia
Bridge and those on the Virginia side of the Potomac below
Key Bridge are the only places within the District of Columbia
where hunting is allowed. A section adjoining Eastern Branch,
including what are known as Licking Banks and Mt. Hamilton,
is to be reserved as a National Arboretum. This region, which
is very good for winter and early spring birds, has yielded
many specimens important to the Washington list.
Rock Creek, another branch of the Potomac, also flows
through the city and its valley from the District Line nearly
to the river is now a park, much of it left almost in its original
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 3
state. In spite of the great numbers of people who use the
drives and bridle paths, the wooded and brushy areas of this
park furnish shelter for many birds, including the Hooded
and Kentucky Warblers. The National Zoological Park is
a section of this valley, and, though the city has so encroached
on its environs as to make it disappointing to persons who
knew it in its more primitive state, its easy accessibility is
a decided asset and it is still possible to find some of the rarer
migrant warblers here in spring. In May, 1922, many persons
visited this park to make the acquaintance of the Evening
Grosbeak on its only recorded visit to Washington.
Takoma Park and the valley of Sligo Branch nearby were
until recent years woodland, but a growing suburb has caused
the destruction of much of the woods, though many birds
still frequent the region. The same general statement may
be applied to the vicinity of Forest Glen and Chevy Chase.
The Soldiers’ Home grounds with their fields and open woods,
though now almost within the city, give shelter to many birds.
Bobolinks come here in spring and the Short-billed Marsh
Wren was found here in 1927, the third definite record for
Washington.
The Maryland shore of the Potomac, at least the upper
part, has been less worked than the Virginia side, because it
was less easy of access. For a few years a trolley ran to Great
Falls on this side, but service was discontinued about 1920.
This shore is neither so precipitous nor so picturesque as the
other. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal parallels the river
and its towpath is a good place from which to observe birds
for the trees and bushes between the canal and the river attract
many species.
About ten miles above the District Line is Plummers Island,
the home of the Washington Biologists’ Field Club. On this
high island of some dozen acres a cabin was built in 1901 and
the island and about forty acres of the adjacent mainland
between the river and canal are carefully preserved. This
area and the adjacent Virginia shore have been under con-
stant observation by some of the keenest field men in the
country and many important records have been the result.
Two miles below Plummers Island is the famous Cabin
John Bridge spanning the lower part of Cabin John Run.
4 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
This easily reached spot provides great diversity of country
within a small radius, the trees and bushes of the ravine and
adjacent canal bank and above open fields. But here again
real estate development is encroaching.
The river bank and towpath from Cabin John to Chain
Bridge have been and still are among the best places about
Washington for the average bird student. Below Chain Bridge
the river bank is low and practically within the city.
The Virginia shore of the Potomac is a favorite resort of
nature lovers for its beauty as well as for its bird life. For
the latter the several sections are attractive at different seasons.
About 1905 a trolley line from Georgetown to Great Falls
opened up this country several miles back from the river, but
this line reaches the river only at its terminals. The immediate
vicinity of Great Falls is more interesting scenically than
ornithologically, and since it has been made an amusement
park is good principally as a point of departure.
From a point several miles above Great Falls, nearly to the
city, the Virginia shore of the Potomac is a series of wooded,
sometimes precipitous, bluffs broken by deep ravines. This
shore is a north slope and especially good for the latter part
of spring migration. Between Difficult Run and Dead Run,
a distance of about four miles, is some of the heaviest timber
to be found near Washington. Nearly every stream here has
a few pairs of Louisiana Water-thrushes, a Pileated Wood-
pecker is occasionally seen, and here the Worm-eating and
Kentucky Warblers are at home. In this region are the only
native hemlocks about Washington. But unfortunately settle-
ment is encroaching even here, and the wilderness is in danger
of being destroyed.
The shore, for about a mile above the Key Bridge (which
replaces the old Aqueduct Bridge, so named because at one
time the canal was carried across the river at that point),
used to be a favorite birding ground, but in recent years quarry-
ing operations and settlement have spoiled it. The shore
below Key Bridge, once a favorite hunting ground, is at present
occupied by the building of the new Memorial bridge to Arling-
ton. i | : .
The section known as Alexander Island about the south end
of Highway Bridge (which replaces the historic Long Bridge)
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 5
has always been a Mecca for bird students and especially in
the last fifteen years since many other easily accessible places
have been spoiled. Besides being the most readily reached
from the city, the marsh here is one of the easiest in which to
observe birds, for railroad tracks afford access to its very
edge. But, alas, it is rapidly being filled in asa dump! This
“island”? has been the source of many exceptional records
for the region, such as the nesting of the Bittern, Virginia
Rail, and Florida Gallinule. This is the favorite resort of ©
the southern herons and the bars off Gravelly Point at the
lower end have yielded many shorebird records.
At the upper side of this land lies Columbia Island, a raised
mud flat that has been formed by dredging operations, and
has replaced in part the Analostan Marshes, favorite and
popular shooting grounds of a generation ago. This has
proved a great attraction to shore birds, and here the Knot
was added to the Washington list in May, 1926.
About a mile and a half below the bridge lies the mouth
of Four Mile Run, where extensive mud flats are exposed at
low tide. The stream flows through low, wooded hills and the
section has been a favorite with collectors and others. Many
important specimens have been collected here, such as the
Ruff, Western Sandpiper, and Newfoundland Crossbill. This
spot, too, has been considerably spoiled by the destruction
of much of the woods and the building of car barns and rail-
road yards near the stream’s mouth.
Just below the city of Alexandria, Hunting Creek (sometimes
called Big Hunting Creek) empties into the Potomac. At
the mouth it is about a half mile wide and is a favorite resort
for ducks.
The country from Hunting Creek to Mount Vernon, a dis-
tance of about eight miles, has been for many years a favorite
resort for bird-lovers, for nearly all sections are easily accessible
from the trolley. The country adjacent to the station of
Dyke, about midway, has been especially thoroughly worked,
because the protecting hills on the north and the open river
to the south make a favorite retreat for winter birds, and
many species are first found here in spring. The variety of
country, wooded, swampy river bottom, wooded hillsides, and
open fields makes it a good place for birds at any time. For
6 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
nearly twenty years the Audubon Society has been going here
for one of its spring outings. Here the Prothonotary Warbler
has been seen many times and in 1928 was found breeding.
The woodland between Little Hunting Creek and Mount
Vernon is another favored spot, especially for warblers in early
May. Here again is a combination of dry and swampy wood-
land and open fields, and there is the added charm that it is
about the least spoiled woods within easy reach of the city.
About four miles below Mount Vernon on the next penin-
sula, is the Fort Humphreys reservation, where the mixed woods
are favored by the birds. Here a Pileated Woodpecker is
sometimes seen. ‘The valley of Dogue Creek which separates
the two points has been found good for birds both in winter
and spring.
A few places back from the river should also be mentioned.
Munson Hill, about five miles west of Long Bridge on the
road to Falls Church, a favorite collecting ground of some of
the older ornithologists, is no longer visited. Fort Runyon
which appears on the labels of many old specimens was about
where the Arlington Junction station now stands.
Arlington National Cemetery is a good place for birds at.
any season of the year. In the vicinity of the Mansion are
many evergreens and huge oaks and some shrubbery. In
other sections there are bushy woods, swampy tangles, and
open fields. In May this is a fine place to find migrant warblers
and thrushes. Adjoining the cemetery on the east the Gov-
ernment Experimental Farm affords large open fields such as
are liked by Vesper and Savannah Sparrows and Horned Larks.
In the past century numerous organizations have at various
times been engaged in gathering data on the bird life of the
region. The first scientific organization of Washington was
the Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences, !
established in 1816 and chartered by Congress in 1818 for a
period of twenty years. While this organization established
a small general museum, it paid little attention to birds.
The National Institution for the Promotion of Science (later
changed to the National Institute) was organized in 1840 “‘to
promote science and the useful arts, and to establish a national
museum of natural history, etc.’”’ This organization which
1See Rathbun, R., Bull. 101, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1917. ;
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. t
had much to do with shaping the Smithsonian Plan, and
for a time had oversight of the government collections housed
in the Patent Office, gathered together considerable collections
among which were many birds. These collections together
with those of the Columbian Institute, which had been acquired
in 1841, were later deposited in the National Museum. In
the ‘Bulletin of Proceedings”? (published 1840-46) are to be
found the first records of some of the rarest species on our
list.
In 1856 the Potomac-side Naturalists’ Club was organized.
For many years this had a rather informal organization, but
in 1875 headquarters were established at the Franklin School
where subsequent meetings were held. Here a collection to
illustrate the natural history of the District of Columbia was
started, but apparently little was done. In July of that year
the publication ‘‘Field and Forest’’ was started, which ran
for three volumes to June, 1878. In this were published notes
on birds of the vicinity and Jouy’s ‘‘Catalogue of Birds.”
The Potomac Valley Ornithologists’ Club (1892-96) had a
membership of the active ornithologists of Washington. They
issued no official publication but some of the results of their
activities were published by the individual members in ‘‘The
Auk.”
In 1897 the Audubon Society of the District of Columbia
was organized and has since been an important agent in the
study of the local avifauna. The following spring a study
class was formed, for several years limited to teachers but
later (1903) opened to the public and still continued. Four
years after its organization, in 1901, the Audubon Society began
holding field trips on the four Saturdays in May and subse-
quently two trips in April were added. Members of the
Biological Survey have often served as leaders on these trips,
which have proved a great stimulus to bird study about Wash-
ington. Through these trips and the efforts of individual mem-
bers, close watch has been kept on the movements of the birds
(especially in spring) for the past twenty years.
Since 1902 the Biological Survey bas made a special study
of the local birds. As a consequence its distribution files now
1Bull. 101, U. S. Nat. Mus., pp. 1-3. Goode, G. Brown. Report of the Nat. Mus.
for 1891, p. 273.
8 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
contain several thousand records pertaining to this region and
extending over a period of nearly a hundred years. These
records have been the basis of three previous papers on the
local avifauna published in the Proceedings of the Biological
Society of Washington. .
In the preparation of the present paper the writer has had
access to some sources of information which were not. available
when the previous one was written, and many somewhat ques-
tionable records have been traced to their sources. ‘This has
changed the status of some species and has resulted in relegating
six species to the hypothetical list. It has also seemed advis-
able to discard some of the older records since they were of
birds purchased in market, and there is no definite evidence
of local origin. The writer has followed William Brewster’s
excellent rule that the presence of a species in a locality outside
its normal range and difficult to identify should depend on a
well-authenticated specimen and not on personal opinion.
Exception has been made in the case of three species not far
from their normal range which have been seen on more than
one occasion, and by several competent observers.
In 1921 the list was given as 299 species and subspecies, 2
hybrids, and 2 hypothetical forms. The present paper adds
seven forms (besides the Northern Robin previously included
tentatively) all of which have been published elsewhere, and
one hybrid. Six species included in the previous list are here
transferred to the hypothetical list and the Audubon Shear-
water is restored, making a net increase of two species. Of
the 301 species and subspecies and 3 hybrids that have defi-
nitely been found about Washington, three, the Heath Hen,
Passenger Pigeon, and Carolina Paroquet, are now extinct or
extirpated. Of the 109 species that breed more or less regu-
larly in this region, 40 may be considered as permanent resi-
dents.
The Washington region is a meeting ground of northern and
southern forms, the latter rather predominating.
Considerable change has been noted in the local avifauna
in the past forty years, some real and some only apparent.
The real changes include both decreases and increases; the
former due principally to the growth of the city, driving many
birds from their former haunts; the latter due, in part at least,
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 9
to Federal protection. Many species now seem much more
abundant than formerly, but in many cases, especially among
the breeding species, this seeming increase is largely due to
a better knowledge of their habits and haunts resulting from
the much greater number of observers constantly afield.
Of the purely accidental occurrences, such as sea birds blown
in by storm, there have been very few in the last thirty years.
Gulls and terns have everywhere increased in abundance
since they have been protected and the effect has been notice-
able in the Washington region. The Herring Gull, called rare
by Coues and Prentiss, is now a common winter visitant. The
Laughing Gull has again become abundant on its coastal breed-
ing grounds and a regular summer visitant to Washington
instead of a rare straggler; practically the same is true of the
Common Tern. In the case of the two latter species it must
be remembered that not only have the birds actually increased
in number, but there are now many more observers capable
of identifying them in the field.
Some species of ducks have shown a gratifying increase since
the abolition of spring shooting, but this alone can not account
for the return to the Potomac of some species, notably the
Canvasback, which in very recent years has changed from a
rare species to one of the most abundant. Until the last
three or four years observations have been mostly confined
to the shore between Washington and Mount Vernon. A great
many of the ducks raft well out in the river where they can
not be seen from shore, or opposite sections where it is impossi-
ble to get to the shore. Since the fall of 1925 parties from the
Biological Survey have been making trips by boat from time
to time to study the ducks. They have found that about
Occoquan Bay and Craney Island (a tiny islet about twenty
miles below Washington) large numbers of ducks congregate,
and that certain species, notably the Gadwall, previously rare,
are there in some numbers. Also many ducks are found be-
tween there and Widewater, about twenty miles farther down,
including some of the sea ducks rarely reported for our area.
Therefore, it is quite likely that some of the species that winter
in the lower Potomac wander within our limits more frequently
than the definite records indicate.
The Wood Duck is the only species known to breed within
10 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
our territory. Crippled ducks sometimes remain in the river
throughout the summer, and individuals found very much
later or earlier than normal may safely be considered of this
class.
The southern herons have noticeably increased in numbers,
in late summer, frequenting principally the marshes about
Gravelly Point and below Anacostia.
Until quite recently there have been few easily accessible
localities attractive to shorebirds and consequently compara-
tively little attention has been paid to them. In the last
dozen years dredging operations have caused the formation
of mud flats which (especially that known as Columbia Island)
have proved attractive to shorebirds and have shown that our
knowledge of them in this vicinity is very imperfect. Many
observers pay little attention to the latter part of spring migra-
tion and stop bird-hunting as soon as the warblers have all
been recorded. Until quite recently the river shore has been
visited principally for early migrants and deserted after the
first week in May. Im the last half-dozen years Alexander
Island and adjacent regions have been visited off and on
throughout May and early June with the result that there has
been a great increase in the number of records of species pre-
viously considered extremely rare or accidental.
Some species, such as the Stilt and White-rumped Sandpipers,
thought to be only casual, are apparently tolerably regular
migrants over this region, for they drop in whenever condi-
tions are right. Several times in recent years heavy rains in
late summer or fall have left pools which have remained for
some days. Whenever this happens mixed flocks of shore-
birds are soon seen around them. In October, 1924, pools
near the tourist camp in East Potomac Park attracted some
eight or ten species, including the Stilt, White-rumped, and
Red-backed Sandpipers. Following the great storm of August
11 and 12, 1928, pools stood for several weeks on the golf
course of East Potomac Park, in the Monument grounds, and
in the large excavation on Fourteenth Street for the Depart-
ment of Commerce building, all of which were soon found by
the waders. It was a strange sensation to observe rare shore-
birds only a block from Pennsylvania Avenue, one of the
busiest streets of the city. The various observers found in
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 11
“Hoover Lake” (as this excavation came to be known) fifteen
species of shorebirds, including such rarities as the Knot,
Sanderling, Black-bellied Plover, and Ruddy Turnstone. At
the golf course in Potomac Park nineteen species were noted,
all the common species, those above mentioned, and the Do-
witcher, previously known from only two records. Also a
pair of Blue-winged Teal and a flock of five Pintails frequented
the pool.
All of the Raptores are decidedly léss common than formerly,
due in part to cutting down of woods but also, especially in
recent years, to the misguided efforts of certain persons who
think the extermination of hawks a desirable achievement.
Many late migrants seem much rarer than they really are
because of the difficulty of seeing them. Frequently by the
second week in May when the bulk of the warblers and thrushes
are going through, the trees are in full leaf and the identification
of warblers in their tops is almost impossible. Seasons when
late frosts have retarded the vegetation have often proved
wonderful warbler years. Such was the case in 1907 and in
1917 when many records, especially for departure, were broken.
The height of the migration for passerine birds is about the
10th to the 12th of May. The great bulk of the warblers come
with the Bay-breast around May 10th. In several recent
unusually cold springs birds have been scarce because they
banked up in the South and then went through so quickly
that only the persons fortunate enough to be afield on a par-
ticular day saw any great number.
Unfortunately, in our local observations, too much em-
phasis has been placed on the first one seen and too little atten-
tion paid to bulk arrival and the waves of migration. In the
case of species which winter in small numbers, such as the
Myrtle Warbler and Hermit Thrush, the first ones seen in
spring are usually birds which have wintered, and few records
have been kept of the arrival of the migrants. Also, in the
case of species that have been classed as permanent residents,
because a few are present at all times, such as the Field Sparrow
and Bluebird, little attention has been paid to the passage of
migrants.
Records of fall migration are comparatively scarce. Many
persons do not realize that fall migration begins in July and
12 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
that many of our local breeding birds are gone by the middle
of August. Moreover, the taking of observations during the
late summer and fallis not easy. Besides the heat and chiggers,
in many places, easily visited in spring, the vegetation (includ-
ing catbriar) at that season is so dense as to be almost impene-
trable.
The workers in the older organizations were primarily col-
lectors, recording few observations beyond the specimens taken.
Toward the close of the last century the opera glass began
to take the place of the gun as a means of observation, to be
later superseded by the higher powered prism binocular which
makes possible the identification in life of birds that previously
could not be seen. The advantages of this change for the
study of habits, etc., are too obvious to need explanation. Also
it has led to a great increase in the number of persons making
observations, and the volume of notes for the past twenty years
far exceeds that for the fifty years previous. It also puts
upon the compiler the onerous burden of judging the reliability
of some of these records, never a pleasant, and often a very
difficult task.
The bird-student of Washington has an unusual opportunity
of getting trained assistance in the pursuit of his hobby. The
classes of the Audubon Society offer a chance to study speci-
mens of local birds and the outings to observe the birds in life
under capable instructors. At the National Museum, besides
the general collections, is a special exhibit showing nearly all
the species that occur in the region. This exhibit, under the
direction of Dr. Paul Bartsch, is constantly being improved and
made of greater interest to the student. Here and at the
Public Library and its branches tables are posted each spring
showing the progress of the local migration. These show the
regular and extreme dates of arrival and departure, and the
date of arrival for the current year as each species is recorded
The Audubon Society, in cooperation with the Public Library,
has published a handbook of the literature on birds that may
be consulted at that library. In the Library of Congress and
the libraries of the Department of Agriculture and the National
Museum is a wealth of ornithological literature. The student
who wishes to go more deeply into the subject may also con-
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 13
sult the study collections of the National Museum and the
distribution files of the Biological Survey.
In the following annotated list of species the order and
nomenclature of the third edition of the A. O. U. Check-List
and supplements has been followed. In this list and in the
table of migration the arithmetical average date of arrival and
departure is not to be taken too seriously. At best it can be
only a general guide as to when the species may be expected.
If a species arrives within two or three days, either way, of
the ‘‘average” date it can certainly be said to have arrived
‘“‘on time.’’ In the case of species usually arriving between
April .25 and May 5, in a majority of years they will arrive
within this normal, but the earlier migrants are quite irregular.
The dates of last seen are subject to great variations because
such records are difficult to obtain and because weather con-
ditions greatly affect the departure of migrants. A couple of
hot days may send practically all the migrants north early,
while protracted cold may cause them to remain far beyond
their accustomed time. Good examples of the latter condi-
tion were seen in the springs of 1907 and 1917. In the former
year the early spring was rather ahead of the average, but
a hard frost on May 10 was followed by cool weather throughout
the remainder of the month. In 1917 there was no pronounced
cold wave but the weather remained unusually cold throughout
May and in both years many records for departure were broken.
Fall records are subject to even greater irregularity than those
for spring, due in part to the greater influence of the human
equation. :
Our knowledge of the breeding of our local birds is very
incomplete, but personal experience of the difficulty of finding
such information has convinced the writer that it would be
- worth while to give even the few available data. These have
been drawn from the files of the Biological Survey and the
egg collection of the National Museum.
It is hoped that the bird students of Washington will report
their records to the Biological Survey, including data on breed-
ing habits, in order that our knowledge of the local avifauna
may be kept as nearly up to date as possible.
To the many bird students about Washington who have
from time to time reported their finds to the Biological Survey,
14 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
I make grateful acknowledgment of their assistance. Many
of their names appear scattered through the text as authority
for special records. There are some to whom I am especially
indebted for their help in the preparation of this manuscript.
Dr. Charles W. Richmond kindly turned over to me all his
manuscript notes on our local birds, prepared in the early 90s,
which have proved very useful, and he has also helped in the
finding of old records. Dr. Alexander Wetmore, besides allow-
ing me the free use of his personal notebooks, has given much
kindly advice and has read and corrected the manuscript.
Mr. Frederick C. Lincoln has been ready at all times to answer
questions and to give encouragement and advice, as has also
Mr. Edward A. Preble, who has besides critically read the
entire manuscript.
ANNOTATED LIST OF THE BIRDS OF THE WASHINGTON
REGION.
HoLBOELL’sS GREBE, Colymbus holboelli (Reinhardt).
Occasional visitant for which there are few definite records.
November 4, about 1850, about 1859 (Spec. in Nat. Mus.); September
30, 1877 (W. F. Roberts); March 26 and December 2, 1916 (L. D. Miner);
2, March 8, 1921 (P. Bartsch).
HorneED GREBE, Colymbus auritus Linnaeus.
Winter visitant, not uncommon.
September 26, 1925 (Katharine H. Stuart), to May 23, 1927 (W. H.
Ball); average, October 28 to April 28.
PIED-BILLED GREBE, Podilymbus podiceps (Linnaeus).
Tolerably common migrant, and possibly occasionally winter visitant,
though there is no definite record between December 22 (1927) and
February 22 (1922). Birds seen in June in several years are probably
non-breeding individuals. One seen, apparently a migrant, July 15,
1899 (E. A. Preble).
Spring: February 22, 1922 (J. Kittredge, Jr.), to May 15, 1920 (Mrs.
C. A. Aspinwall); average, March 28 to May 3.
Fall: August 21, 1894 (E. J. Brown), to December 3, 1921 (J. Kit-
tredge, Jr.); average, September 11 to November 2.
Common Loon, Gavia immer (Briinnich).
Rare winter visitant.
October 25, 1887 (E. J. Brown), to June 2, 1907 (A. K. Fisher); average,
November 4 to May 12.
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 15
RED-THROATED Loon, Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan).
Casual winter visitant for which there are few definite records.
One caught in a gill net at Marshall Hall in the spring of 1882; October
20, 1889, one captured near Ft. Washington; November 15, 1892, a speci-
men taken at Glymont, Md. (Wm. Palmer); October 30, 1904, one at
Plummers Island (A. K. Fisher); April 17, 1928, two on the Tidal Basin,
one captured alive next day (W. H. Ball).
Brunnicu’s Murre, Uria lomvia lomvia (Linnaeus).
An accidental visitant which has occurred only once, seven specimens
having been secured.
Five specimens were purchased in market between December 14, 1896,
and January 1, 1897, which careful questioning revealed had been shot
between Washington and Alexandria. One was shot by a gunner at
Occoquan Creek December 20, 1896, and another caught about the same
time near Kensington.
Guaucous GULL, Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus.
Accidental visitant, two records within the city limits. Although
specimens were not taken, the circumstances of both records, birds seen
well by men familiar with the species in the north seem to justify its
inclusion in our list.
One seen over the Tidal Basin April 5-9, 1914, and identified by E. A.
Preble, J. T. Nichols, J. M. Johnson, and C. H. Rogers.
One seen at Gravelly Point February 20, 1920, identified by F. Harper,
watched for some time through x8 glasses; seen also by Preble, Wetmore,
and Bailey. It was seen again the next day by Miss Marion J. Pellew.
On February 18, 1926, one was seen near Quantico, Va., by Preble and
Oberholser.
The Glaucous Gull is said to have become a regular winter visitor to
the New York City region in recent years, so it may be expected to wander
occasionally to our area.
Herrine Gut, Larus argentatus Pontoppidan.
A common winter visitant, more abundant than formerly, as are all the
gulls.
October 16, 1919 (J. Kittredge, Jr.), to May 20, 1917 (A. Wetmore);
average, November 5 to May 6.
A specimen in the National Museum was taken August 19, 1865.
RING-BILLED GULL, Larus delawarensis Ord.
A common spring and fall migrant, a few sometimes remaining through-
out the winter.
Spring: Latest, June 1, 1928 (W. H. Ball); average, February 25 to
May 11.
Fall: Earliest, August 20, 1927 (A. Wetmore); average, October 8 to
November.
16 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Laueuine Gui, Larus atricilla Linnaeus.
Regular summer visitant, more frequently seen in late summer. It was
formerly considered a rare straggler in the vicinity of the city, though
probably a fairly regular visitor as far up the river as Marshall Hall. In
the last ten years its occurrences have so increased in frequency that it
has ceased to be rare. . It breeds commonly on the coast and like all the
gulls has greatly increased under protection. Large flocks are sometimes
seen.
In spring it has been observed from April 26, 1923 (Miss M. J. Pellew),
to May 22, 1923 (M. J. Pellew), and in fall from July 18, 1927 (W. H.
Ball), to October 30, 1927 (A. Wetmore). Birds, probably non-breeders,
have been seen in June,
BoNAPARTE’S GuLL, Larus philadelphia (Ord).
Common migrant, occasionally winters in small numbers. ~
Spring: Latest, June 2, 1927 (W. W. Rubey); average, April 6 to
May 12.
Fall: Earliest, August 23, 1928 (W. J. Whiting); average, October
18 to December 2.
Cougs’ Caspian TERN, Sterna caspia imperator (Coues).
Casual in migration, more frequent in spring than in fall.
Two October 4, 1896, brought in flesh to the National Museum; eight
May 11, 1917 (F. Harper); one May 5, 1918, near Plummers Island (A.
Wetmore); one April 26 and two April 27, 1923 (Marion J. Pellew); seven
May 21, 1927 (W. W. Rubey); one June 24 and four June 28, 1927 (H. G.
Deignan); two June 29, 1927 (Mrs. T. M. Knappen); one April 26 and
four May 20, 1928 (W. H. Ball); five May 12, 1928 (H. H. T. Jackson);
one August 14, 1928 (Ball); one October 13, 1928 (Jackson).
Forstrer’s Tarn, Sterna forsteri Nuttall.
The first record of this species was of a specimen taken near Georgetown
in the summer of 1875 by P. L. Jouy. There was also a specimen in the
National Museum collected in August, 1859, supposed to have been from
this vicinity. Nothing further was heard of this tern until the fall of
1928 when it was fairly common off Hains Point. It was first noted Sep-
tember 13 by W. J. Whiting and last on October 26 by Ball and Whiting.
The largest number seen together was thirty-seven, on October 9. On
October 11, sixteen were seen and three collected by F. C. Lincoln.!
Common Tern, Sterna hirundo Linnaeus.
Tolerably common in migration, formerly considered very rare or ac-
cidental. Like the other gulls and terns this species has increased under
protection. Also there are now more observers capable of identifying it
in the field. In 1861 Coues and Prentiss called it ‘‘occasional visitor
1One seen December 28, 1928, (W. H. Ball).
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 17
during the late summer and early fall months.” Since 1917 it has been
reported almost every year, more frequently in spring than in fall. In
the fall of 1928 with other water birds it was unusually common.
In spring it has been noted in 9 years from April 24, 1918 (R. W. Moore),
to June 3, 1928 (W. H. Ball); in fall in 5 years from August 20, 1927 (A.
Wetmore), to October 31, 1920 (J. Kittredge, Jr.). One record in winter,
two seen December 23, 1918 (McAtee, Preble, and Wetmore).
Least Tern, Sterna antillarum (Lesson).
Accidental visitant, of which two specimens have been taken.
One shot at the carp ponds which were formerly west of the Monument,
August 17, 1878, by Mr. Hamilton, and in the National Museum. Another
specimen in the museum was taken about 1879.
There are breeding colonies on the lower Potomac.
Buack Tern, Chiidonias nigra surinamensis (Gmelin).
Tolerably common fall migrant, and apparently becoming of more fre-
quent occurrence in spring. The first spring record was May 3, 1917
(Dyke, M. T. Cooke), and since then it has occurred in Spring in four
different years.
Records in spring are from May 3 (1917), to May 26 de It was
also seen June 29, 1927 (Knappen). .
Fall: July 12, 1926 (Miss M. J. Pellew), to September 22, 1894 (Has-
brouck Aya Wm. Palmer); average, August 17 to September 14.
AUDUBON’S SHEARWATER, Puffinus lherminieri Lesson.
Following the great storm of August, 1842, a shearwater was captured
in the District of Columbia. Coues and Prentiss in both their lists record
it as doubtfully referred to Puffinus obscurus, the name then used for the
present species. In his monograph of the family, however, Dr. Coues
says: ‘“The species of Puffinus spoken of in a paper published by Dr. D. W.
Prentiss and myself in the Annual Smithsonian Report for 1861, p. 418,
as having occurred at Washington, D. C., and doubtfully referred to as the
obscurus, has since been definitely rege ad to be this species.” (Proc.
Acad. Sui. Phila., 1864, p. 138.)
The specimen can not now be found, but in view of Dr. Coues’ statement
it seems that it should be included in the list, and not considered: hypo-
thetical as was done in the list of 1921 when the author did not know of the
above statement
On November 27, 1884, on the Potomac off Ft. Foote, Dr. H. M. Smith
saw a bird so closely as definitely to identify it as a shearwater, but the
species was not determined.
Leacnu’s PETREL, Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot).
An accidental visitant that has occurred four times.
One (not 4 as given in former list) in August, 1842, following a severe
northeast storm.
18 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Two, o and 9, taken about 1859 (spec. in Nat. Mus.).
One, probably this species, seen at close range in January, 1878, by
William Palmer.
‘One shot near Navy Yard Bridge June 7, 1891 (spec. in Nat. Mus.).
HawallAN PETREL, Oceanodroma castro (Harcourt).
Accidental visitant. One was shot from a flock of 3 or 4, August 28,
1893, following a severe storm along the south Atlantic coast. Another
was captured in a house on Capitol Hill where it had taken refuge. Both
specimens were in the collection of William Palmer and constitute the first
record for North America.
Wiuson’s PETREL, Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl).
Accidental visitant which has occurred three times: one taken after the
hurricane in August, 1842; one about 1859 (spec. in Nat. Mus. received
from ‘‘Master’’ Bender); one taken near Marshall Hall, June 27, 1914
(in Nat. Mus.).
DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT, Phalacrocorax auritus auritus (Lesson).
Casual visitant, mostly in spring and early summer.
Fall 1842 (National Institute); 1859 (C. Drexler); July 19, 1884 (Wm.
Palmer); November, 1884 (spec. B. Steinmetz); April 19, 1896 (Bendire
and Fisher); several May 11-20, 1917 (various observers); June 12, 1921
(W. L. McAtee); May 31, 1922 (Miss M. J. Pellew); April 7, 1925 (H. C.
Oberholser); May 13, 1926 (A. Wetmore); June 1 and 2, 1927 (W. W.
Rubey); June 27, 1927 (Mrs. T. M. Knappen); June 1, 1928 (W. H. Ball).
AMERICAN WHITE PEuican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin.
Accidental visitant, four specimens; one in the District in 1863, and one
near Alexandria in April, 1864, both immatures shot by C. Drexler, and
in the National Museum; one shot opposite Washington in the autumn
of 1864, and one near Alexandria in October, 1878, specimens known to
Smith and Palmer.
AMERICAN MERGANSER, Mergus americanus Cassin.
Winter visitant, fairly common on the Potomac, most numerous below
Indian Head. It is sometimes seen in the Washington harbor.
October 13, 1889 (B. Greenwood), to May 26, 1905 (H. C. Oberholser) ;
average, October 29 to April 27. |
One seen near Four Mile Run on July 27, 1927, was probably a crippled
bird.
RED-BREASTED MERGANSER, Mergus serrator Linnaeus.
Tolerably common winter visitant. All migration records are for
recent years. It is frequently seen in the Tidal Basin.
October 31, 1920 (J. Kittredge, Jr.), to May 30, 1927 (W. H. Ball);
average, October 29 to April 30.
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 19
HoopEep MeraanseEr, Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnaeus).
Winter visitant, tolerably common, found most frequently in the creeks
tributary to the Potomac.
October 1, 1889 (B. Greenwood), to May 11, 1917 (F. Harper); aver-
age, October 21 to April 14.
Ma tuarp, Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus.
Common winter visitant. Seen more commonly on the Potomac below
Fort Washington, and most numerous from Occoquan Bay to Cherry Hill.
August 20, 1927 (Preble and Wetmore), to May 14, 1922 (J. Kittredge,
Jr.); average, September 24 to April 24.
Rep-Leccep Biack Duck, Anas rubripes rubripes Brewster.
This northern race is abundant in winter but most observers do not
distinguish it from the other form.
March 25, 1917 (specimens, F. Harper); April 21, 1918 (Harper).
Buack Duck, Anas rubripes tristis Brewster.
Abundant winter visitant, and perhaps a very rare summer resident,
since it is found only a short distance outside our limits. On January 5,
1925, one was shot on Eastern Branch that had been banded September
29, 1922, at Lake Scugog, Ontario. Several others banded at the same
station have been taken within our area.
August 1, 1887 (A. K. Fisher), to June 1, 1928 (W. H. Ball); average,
_ September 17 to May 3.
GADWALL, Chaulelasmus streperus (Linnaeus).
Winter visitant. This species probably shows the most radical change
in distribution of any in our area. Formerly of very rare occurrence it
has within the last five years increased until now it is common in migra-
tion and tolerably common throughout the winter, at least just below our
area, on the Potomac.
One was taken from a flock, August 24, 1884 (Thos. EN The
latest record in spring is May 8, 1924 (A. Wetmore). They begin to arrive
in numbers after the middle of September, and increase to the middle of
November; then the numbers greatly decrease until late February or
early March. The bulk leave in March.
EuropeEAN WipGEon, Mareca penelope (Linnaeus).
Accidental visitant for which there are three records.
Specimen taken near Alexandria and bought in market by Drexler, spring,
1863; another taken on the Potomac River near Washington, October 16,
1892, was also purchased in market.
A specimen was collected near Aquia Creek, about forty-five miles
below Washington, December 24, 1927, by U. T. Brooks, and now in the
National Museum.
20 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
BALDPATE, AMERICAN WipGEoN, Mareca americana (Gmelin).
Tolerably common winter visitant, more numerous in migration. Most
commonly seen between Fort Washington and Quantico.
Arrive in October; earliest, September 4, 1905 (B. Greenwood); and
leave by early April; latest, April 21, 1928 (L. D. Miner); average,
April 5.
EuROPEAN TEAL, Nettion crecca (Linnaeus).
Accidental, one record, a specimen in the National Museum, was taken on
the Potomac River near Washington in April, 1885.
GREEN-WINGED TEAL, Neittion carolinense (Gmelin).
Formerly a common fall migrant, but now rather rare; casual in winter;
very rare or accidental in spring, only two records. Since 1905 it has been
recorded in only five years.
Spring: March 11, 1852 (spec. in Nat. Mus.); March 31, 1918 (L.
Griscom).
Fall: September 18, 1903 (B. Greenwood), to November 15, 1902
(Greenwood); average, October 4 to November 7.
Eight seen December 238, 1926 (A. Wetmore).
BLUE-WINGED TEAL, Querquedula discors (Linnaeus).
Common migrant, less commonly seen on the open river. This has
been called a wintering species, but the records do not bear this out; there
are no records of its occurrence from the middle of December to the middle
of March.
Spring: March 12, 1922 (J. Kittredge, Jr.), to May 11, 1917 (H. C.
Oberholser); average, March 21 to April 20.
Fall: August 7, 1928 (W. H. Ball), to December 10, 1927 (H. H. T.
Jackson); average, August 30 to November 1.
One seen June 2, 1892 (Wm. Palmer), was very likely a cripple.
SHOVELER, Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus).
Rare winter visitant, more frequently recorded in fall migration.
Spring: Has been recorded in three years, March 24, 1918 (L. Griscom) ;
April 2-9, 1922 (J. Kittredge, Jr.); March 30, 1926 (H. C. Ober-
holser), to April 17, 1926 (W. H. Ball).
Fall: In eight years has been reported from September 17, 1911 (W. L.
MecAtee), to December 16, 1920 (F. C. Lincoln).
One winter record, January 20, 1923 (A. Wetmore).
AMERICAN PintTatL, Dafila acuta tzitzihoa (Vieillot).
Common winter visitant, both in the Potomac and in the smaller streams
and marshes. It is rarely seen in large flocks.
August 27, 1928 (A. H. Howell, 4 in a rain pool on the golf course,
Potomac Park), to May 14, 1922 (J. Kittredge, Jr.); average, Oc-
tober 3 to April 15.
June 17-23, 1927, a pair, apparently not crippled, was seen in the
Alexander Island Marsh (H. C. Oberholser).
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 21
Woop Duck, Aix sponsa (Linnaeus).
Tolerably common in migration; a few breed. This has been listed as
a permanent resident, but it is very doubtful if it occurs in winter at the
present time. Fifty years ago it was seen principally in winter but, even
in the days of its general abundance, was never a common species in this
region. In recent years there have been no certain records in winter.
Nesting begins early in April, for young about two weeks old were seen
May 30 (1897).
Spring: Arrive about the middle of March; earliest, Pebnuiey. 22,
1860 (spec. in Nat. Mus.).
Fall: Leave about the first of November; latest, December 10, 1927
(H. H. T. Jackson).
REDHEAD, Marila americana (Eyton).
-Common winter visitant, but very irregular in abundance. Found
commonly between Fort Washington and Aquia Creek and large flocks
farther down the river.
October 5, 1901 (B. Greenwood), to April 21, 1912 (W. D. Appel);
average, October 13 to March 285.
CanvasBack, Marila valisineria (Wilson).
Very abundant winter resident. This is one of the species that has
recently greatly increased in numbers. Early accounts of the ‘District
of Columbia refer to this duck as enormously abundant in the river as far
up as Georgetown. In the time that Coues and Prentiss were writing,
they had ceased to be very abundant and by 1900 were rather rare and
remained so until less than ten years ago when they began to come back.
September 10, 1922 (J. Kittredge, Jr.), to April 21, 1928 (W. H. Ball);
average, October 17 to April 1.
Birds seen during the summer are either cripples or non-breeding
individuals that failed to migrate.
GREATER Scaur Duck, Marila marila (Linnaeus).
Both Scaups winter in abundance, but it is seldom possible to distinguish
between them. The Greater is much less common. In 1881 a female,
undoubtedly crippled, bred near Mt. Vernon (Richmond, Auk, V, 1888,
pe. £8);
September 26, 1920 (J. Kittredge, Jr.), to May 27, 1906 (H. C. Ober-
holser); average, October 22 to May 12.
Lesser Scaur Duck, Marila affinis (Eyton).
Very abundant winter resident. This is much the more abundant of the
two Scaups and is found on the Potomac in large rafts. Non-breeding
individuals often remain quite late in spring, and birds, probably cripples,
have been seen throughout the summer.
September 25, 1903 (B. Greenwood), to June 3, 1928 (W. H. Ball);
average, October 13 to May 19.
22 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
RING-NECKED Duck, Marila collaris (Donovan).
Rather rare migrant, and occasionally occurs in winter. Seen on the
river chiefly between Indian Head and Occoquan.
Spring: Latest, April 13, 1926 (E. A. Preble); average departure March
30.
Fall: Earliest, October 6, 1901 (B. Greenwood); average arrival,
October 21.
One was seen May 12, 1928 (H. H. T. Jackson).
AMERICAN GOLDENEYE, Glaucionetia clangula americana (Bonaparte).
Common winter visitant, confined to the river and its larger tributaries.
Often seen in the river near the city.
October 8, 1901 (B. Greenwood), to April 27, 1918 (F. Harper); aver-
age, October 26 to April 2.
One, probably a cripple, May 12, 1922 (A. Wetmore).
BUFFLEHEAD, Charitonetia albeola (Linnaeus).
Tolerably common winter visitant. It has apparently somewhat in-
creased in abundance in the last dozen years. Coues and Prentiss called
it common, but there are very few definite records previous to 1916.
Records range from November 26, 1922 (J. Kittredge, Jr.), to May
1, 1928 (W. J. Whiting). The majority of the records are in
March and April.
Oxtp-squaw, Clangula hyemalis (Linnaeus).
Rare winter visitant. A sea duck, wintering commonly on Chesapeake
Bay, it is possible that it wanders to the edge of our region nearly every
winter, but seldom gets farther up the river.
November, 1842 (reported to the National Institute); April 15, 1881
(S. F. Baird); November 20, 1884 (H. W. Henshaw); April 3, 1889 (J. D.
Figgins); October 20, 1889 (Wm. Palmer); April 20, 1896, on Rock Creek
near Kensington (J. D. Figgins); November 6, 1915 (F. M. Weston);
April 21, 1917 (F. Harper); March 4, 1921 (J. Kittredge, Jr.); January 20,
1923 (A. Wetmore); six March 9, 1925 (H. C. Oberholser); December 7,
1926, March 16 and 30, 1927 (Moody Creighton); March 13, 1928 (H. H. T.
Jackson).
On June 16, 1897, George Marshall found one in worn plumage on a
lake near Laurel; it had not been there a few days previous.
AMERICAN E1pER, Somateria dresseri Sharpe.
Accidental visitant, only one record. A specimen taken at Pomonkey
Neck below Marshall Hall was in the collection of the Maryland Academy
of Sciences.
AMERICAN ScoTER, Oidemia americana Swainson.
All three Scoters occur regularly in winter in Chesapeake Bay, but
seldom ascend the Potomac River as far as Washington. There is only
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 23
one record for the American Scoter, a specimen in the National Museum
taken in December, 1842.
WHITE-WINGED ScoTErR, Oidemia deglandi deglandi Bonaparte.
This is the least rare of the three species of Scoters. They winter
abundantly in Chesapeake Bay and possibly wander up to the Potomac
nearly to our limits every winter.
December, 1842 (spec. in Nat. Mus.); November, 1880 (ditto); October
14, 1882 (specimen identified by E. Coues); April 18, 1892 (spec. in Nat.
Mus); November 8, 1920 (L. Griscom); January, 1925 (M. Creighton);
3, December 10, 1927 and 2 January 24, 1928 (H. H. T. Jackson).
One, believed to be a cripple, August 20, 1927 (A. Wetmore).
Surr Scoter, Oidemia perspicillata (Linnaeus).
Like the other Scoters this is common on Chesapeake Bay in winter,
but like other sea ducks seldom wanders up the river as far as Washington.
One was reported to the National Institute as having been taken in Febru-
ary, 1842; and there are five specimens in the National Museum taken
within our area: December 11, 1858; February 19 and April 10, 1859;
one about 1859; 1868.
Ruppy Duck, Erismatura jamaicensis (Gmelin).
Winter visitant, rare in mid-winter, tolerably common in migration, less
abundant now than formerly.
August 20, 1889 (B. Greenwood), to May 22, 1928 (W. H. Ball); aver-
age, September 28 to April 30.
Two records in June, possibly crippled birds; June 21, 1877 (Wm.
Palmer), and June 28, 1927 (W. H. Ball).
CaNnaDA Goose, Branta canadensis canadensis (Linnaeus).
Uncommon winter visitant, common migrant in October and February.
October 5, 1888 (B. Greenwood), to oe 22, 1890 (H. B. Stabler);
average, October 18 to March 30.
Brant, Granta bernicla glaucogastra (Brehm).
Accidental visitant, one specimen, December 16, 1858, in National
Museum.
The specimen of January, 1844, previously recorded was taken on the
eastern shore of Maryland.
WHISTLING Swan, Olor columbianus (Ord).
Regular migrant in fall but rare in spring. In recent years a flock has
wintered nearly every year at Widewater, Va., about 40 miles below
Washington. The earliest date of arrival is October 15, 1901 (B. Green-
wood); average, November 6.
January 14, 1881, one that had been stunned from flying against a wire
was caught in the grounds of the Louise Home at 15th Street and Massa-
24 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
chusetts Avenue. March 22, 1907, a flock of 15-20 was reported below
Alexandria, and on April 5 flying over Falls Church (J. H. Riley). A
flock of 14 near Alexandria March 17, 1916 (H. H. Bailey), to March 20,
1916 (W. W. Cooke and T. S. Palmer); some in Occoquan Bay, March 28,
1920 (A. Wetmore); large flock over the Tidal Basin, March 27, 1921
(W. W. Rubey); six or seven over Potomac Park, March 29, 1927 (S. F.
Blake).
Gtossy Isis, Plegadis falcinellus (Linnaeus).
There are two records for this species nearly a hundred years apart.
The first, about 1817, by Ord is rather doubtful. In September, 1900,
one was shot near the city by a hunter who brought it to a local taxider-
mist’s shop where it was identified by J. W. Daniel, Jr. Although pub-
lished by Ord in 1817 and again by Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway in 1884,
- this species was not included in the Washington list until 1898.
Woop ate: Mycteria americana Linnaeus.
An eeeiontAl visitant from the south which has occurred twice. Two,
ad. @ and im. 9, were taken on the flats near the Monument July 2
1892 by Frederick Zeller. In July, 1896, several were reported, and 3
specimens taken, two on July 20 at Silver Hill, Md., brought to Schmid’s
Bird Store, and one taken near Laurel, Md., July 27, brought to George
Marshall. A daily paper reported two ‘‘white cranes”? over the White
House on July 15 and another about that time was reported at Four Mile
Run.
AMERICAN BitTERN, Botaurus lentiginosus (Montagu).
Rare summer resident, more common in migration. In ‘‘Birds of the
Northwest”’ (p. 527) Coues says ‘‘I have procured it in January at Washing-
ton.”’ Otherwise there is no record of its occurrence between early No-
vember and late March, so any wintering must be accidental. This
species seems to have increased in abundance; between 1894 and 1911
there are apparently but two records, since the latter date they have been
recorded nearly every year.
Hard set eggs and also young ready to fly found June 3 (1917).
March 22, 1894 (W..Robinson), to November 7, 1860 (E. Coues);
average, April 10 to September.
Least Bittern, [xobrychus exilis (Gmelin).
Summer resident, locally common. They breed rather commonly in
the marshes below Alexandria, expecially near Dyke where young have been
found in July.
April 27, 1922 (M. T. Cooke), an April 27, 1927 (W. W. Rubey),
to September 19, 1881 (H. M. Smith); average, May 4 to Sep-
tember 5. |
1Since this manuscript was completed a Bittern was seen at Arlington Farm, Decem-
ber 3, 1928, by W. J. Whiting.
_ Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 25
GREAT BLUE Heron, Ardea herodias herodias Linnaeus.
- This species is common in migration and almost a permanent resident
for it is found in every month of the year, but has never been known to
breed here, and it is rare in winter.
Spring: Average, March 30 to May 26.
Fall: Average, August 2 to November 1.
AMERICAN EGRET, Casmerodius egretta (Gmelin).
A wanderer from the south in the late summer and early autumn. In
the early days these herons were tolerably common in summer, but by the
time Coues and Prentiss were writing, they had become rare. There is.
no record of their occurrence between 1894 and 1912 since which date
they have been present nearly every year, sometimes quite a number.
They are never so abundant as the Little Blue Heron.
They arrive usually from the middle of July to the middle of August;
they have arrived as early as June 21, 1927 (W. H. Ball); June 23,
1926 (H. G. Deignan), and June 27, 1925 (L. D. Miner). They
remain until about the middle of September, the latest date being
October 2, 1923 (S. F. Blake). Two records in May: May 30, 1891
(Wm. Palmer), and May 27, 1926 (Mrs. T. M. Knappen).
Snowy Heron, Egretta candidissima candidissima (Gmelin). -
An accidental visitant from the south, of which a single specimen is
known, taken about 1841 and now in the museum of Oberlin College.
It is possible that when this species was more abundant it occasionally
wandered to our area, but the majority of the records refer to the Little
Blue Heron in the white phase.
Louisiana Heron, Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis (Gosse).
An accidental visitant from the south. One was found in the Alexander
Island marsh August 25, 1922, by Miss Marion J. Pellew, and between
then and the 29th was seen by a number of persons. August 30-31, 1926,
two others were seen in the same marsh by several persons, and on Sep-
tember 21, 1926, perhaps the same two birds were seen at Four Mile Run
(W. H. Ball). One was again reported July 17, 19, and 30, 1927, in the
same marsh (W. H. Ball).
LitTtLeE Buue Heron, Florida caerulea (Linnaeus).
A late summer visitant from the south, sometimes in large numbers.
Nearly all birds seen are in the white phase.
Birds have been seen from June 27, 1925 (L. D. Miner), to October
3, 1925 (H. H. Hazen), and October 13, 1928 (W. H. Ball); average
July 29 (19 years) to September 18 (9 years).
There is a single spring record of one seen near Miller, Va., May 12,
1917 (Wm. Palmer).
26 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
GREEN Heron, Butorides virescens virescens (Linnaeus).
Tolerably common summer resident. Eggs May 3 (1894); young about
a third grown June 3 (1888).
April 3, 1927 (W. W. Rubey), to October 16, 1923 (C. H. M. Barrett);
average, April 19 to September 21.
BLACK-CROWNED Nicut Heron, Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Boddaert).
Permanent resident, rare in winter. There seems to be no occupied
heronry near Washington at the present time. In the late eighties there
was one near Ballston, Va., and one on Hunting Creek. For many years
there was one at the east side of the Dalecarlia reservoir at District line;
the birds later moved to trees nearer the river, and these were abandoned
about 1920. Night Herons sometimes winter in the Zoological Park near
the flying cage which contains several individuals of this species, and have
been known to nest on the outside of the cage.
Nest building begins about the end of March.
YELLOW-CROWNED Niaut Heron, Nyctanassa violacea (Linnaeus).
Accidental visitant from the south. One taken in the Smithsonian
Grounds in August, 1901 (Wm. Palmer). All subsequent observations
have been in the marsh at the lower end of Alexander Island. One May
30, 1926, and during July and August by a number of observers; one July
4, 19, and 30, 1927 (W. H. Ball).
SANDHILL CRANE, Grus mexicana (Miller).
Coues and Prentiss are authority for the statement that this species has
occurred once in the region. They record a specimen previous to 1861,
Kine Rai, Rallus elegans Audubon.
Rare summer resident, occasional in winter, for there are several records
for December and one for January 19 (1901). They begin breeding the
latter part of May, ten eggs May 30 (1910) to June 18 (1887); downy young,
June 23 (1893).
Records are too insufficient to determine the migration.
CLAPPER Ratu, Rallus crepitans crepitans Gmelin.
An accidental visitor from the coast, one record, a specimen taken in the
marsh above Long Bridge, September 8, 1882, by Frank Ford.
Vireinia Raitt, Rallus virginianus Linnaeus.
Fairly common in migration and breeds locally in small numbers. It
occurs at all seasons of the year but probably not the same individuals.
Eggs have been taken from May 26 (1922) to June 3 (1917).
It migrates principally in April and September. Specimens, De-
cember 28, 1912 (E. R. Adams), and January 17, 1924 (C. H. M.
Barrett).
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 27
Sora, Porzana carolina (Linnaeus).
A regular migrant, seldom reported in spring but common in fall, when
they are hunted. An old report says that in September, 1888, over 1,300
were killed in the marshes below Alexandria.
Spring: April 1, 1928 (W. H. Ball), to May 21, 1926 (W. H. Ball);
average, April 18 to May 13.
Fall: July 8, 1918 (R. W. Moore), to November 9, 1878 (S. F. Baird);
average, August 12 to October 19.
YELLOw Ratt, Coturnicops noveboracensis (Gmelin).
Casual in migration, more frequent in fall than in spring. All records
are of specimens.
Autumn, 1843 (National Institute); October 4, 1879, November 3,
1880, March 28, 1884, April 14, 1893, October 18, 1895, 1896, October 13,
1900, March 12, 1909 (spec. Nat. Mus.); November 17, 1893 (Wm. Pal
mer); May 20, 1917 (N. Hollister).
Beer Ratt, Creciscus jamaicensis (Gmelin).
Rare in migration, occurs regularly in the marshes near Mt. Calvert,
Md. One, September, 1861 (Coues and Prentiss); specimen from Gly-
mont, Md., October, 1868, September 25, 1877, and specimen, June 6,
1879 (Nat. Mus.); one taken May 29, 1891 (R. L. Jones); October 19, 1906;
September 22, 1907, and October 12, 1908 (W. F. Roberts); one taken
September 1, 1908, on Eastern Branch by H. M. Darling (spec. Nat. Mus.);
one seen on Eastern Branch, September 15, 1918 (R. W. Moore); one
picked up in Woodridge, May 14, 1923 (E. R. Kalmbach).
Fioripa GALLINULE, Gallinula chloropus cachinnans Bangs.
Tolerably common migrant; rare and local breeder; all definite breeding
records being from the marsh near the south end of Highway Bridge.
Seven eggs, incubated about 5 days, were taken there June 3, 1917 (E. J.
Court); 8 eggs, similarly incubated, were found May 30, 1919 (Court); 10
eggs, May 11, 1922 (R. W. Williams). In September, 1926, young were
seen at Four Mile Run (Ball), and downy young in the Alexander Island
marsh in July, 1927, and August, 1928 (Ball and Donoho).
The earliest date of arrival is March 29, 1928 (W. H. Ball), and the
latest date in fall, October 26, 1876 (Spec. Nat. Mus.).
AMERICAN Coot, Fulica americana Gmelin.
. Abundant migrant, a few sometimes remaining throughout the winter.
In recent years, in late fall and early spring, coots have bedded in great
numbers in Occoquan Bay and from there to Quantico, Va.
Spring: Latest, June 13, 1926 (W. H. Ball); average, March 25 to
May 10.
Fall: Earliest, September 1, 1890 (B. Greenwood); average, September
29 to November 10.
28 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Rep Puauarope, Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus).
Accidental visitant, one record; a specimen in the National Museum,
an immature taken on Eastern Branch, October 17, 1885, by F. S. Webster.
Another specimen was shot October 4, 1897, at White’s ae on tne,
Potomac about 40 miles above Wachine on!
NorTHERN PHALAROPE, Lobipes lobatus (Linnaeus).
Accidental visitant, two records; a specimen in the National Museum
taken August 31, 1891, on Navy Yard Creek, and one seen August 29, 1916,
on Hastern Branch by R. W. Moore and C. R. Shoemaker.
AMERICAN Woopcock, Rubicola minor (Gmelin).
Summer resident, now rare; fairly common locally in late summer;
possibly sometimes wintering for there are records to the end of December
but none in January. Coues and Prentiss mention a number of localities
as good for woodcock, where none would be found at present. In,recent
years it has been known to breed in Rock Creek Park, near Dyke, and
Four Mile Run. It begins to breed about the middle of March; young
about a week old have been found April 18 (1897). Eggs have been found
late in February when there was snow on the ground.
Earliest, February 6, 1916 (E. A. Preble); average, March 8 to No-
vernber a,
Wison’s Snips, Gallinago delicata (Ord).
A common migrant. It is probable that birds occasionally winter,
though there is only one record for January. This may be due to lack of
observers rather than of birds. |
Spring: Latest, May 14, 1910 (W. W. Cooke); average, March 13 to
May 3.
Fall: Earliest, August 26, 1928 (H. G. Deignan); average, September
9 to November 23.
Dow1TcHER, Limnodromus griseus griseus (Gmelin).
Accidental visitant. One taken on Analostan Island, September 2,
1878, by W. F. Roberts; two seen July 31, 1928. (H. G. Deignan). Follow-
ing the hurricane in August, 1928, two appeared in the pool on the golf
course in East Potomac Park where they were observed from August 14
(Howell and Wetmore) to August 29 (Ball).
LONG-BILLED Dowi1TcHER, Limnodromus griseus scolopaceus (Say).
Accidental visitant. Smith and Palmer record seven specimens secured
in April, 1884, on the Eastern Branch.
Stitt SANDPIPER, Micropalama himantopus (Bonaparte).
An irregular fall migrant which may be less rare than the records indicate.
Records are: Two, September 8, 1885, near Laurel (H. W. Henshaw);
one, October 26, 1916, on Eastern Branch (F. Harper); one September 6,
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 29
1918, on Little River (A..H. Hardisty); one September 20, 1923, in west
court of National Museum building (P. Bartsch); one October 8, 1924, in
a rain pool in East Potomac Park (A. Wetmore); one August 14, 1928,
in East Potomac Park (Howell and Wetmore). One spring record, June
3, 1926, at Columbia Island (Ball and Ruppert).
Knot, Calidris canutus (Linnaeus).
Accidental in migration. It was first recorded for the region in May,
1926, and appeared both spring and fall in 1928.
One was present at Columbia Island May 26 to June 3, 1926, where it
was discovered by Edmund Platt and W. H. Ball, and was subsequently
seen by a number of observers, and an unsuccessful attempt made to
collect it. A flock of 15 was seen off Hains Point May 26, 1928 (Knappen
and Ball). One was seen in East Potomac Park August 29 and September
3, 1928 (Ball), and two in the excavation at 14th and B Streets, Septem-
ber 4 and 10 (Lincoln and Wetmore) to September 12, 1928 (H. G. Deig-
nan).
PECTORAL SANDPIPER, Pisobia maculata (Vieillot)..
Tolerably common migrant, more abundant in fall. Recent observa-
tions indicate that our knowledge of its movements in spring are very
imperfect, and that the main migration is later than was previously sup-
posed.
Spring: March 26, 1916 (A. Wetmore), and April 22, 1887 (Wm.
Palmer), to June 11, 1926 (W. H. Ball); average, April 23 to late
May.
Fall: August 10, 1914 (W. W. Cooke), to November 1, 1916 (H. C.
Oberholser); average, August 23 to October 15.
WHITE-RUMPED SANDPIPER, Pisobia fuscicollis (Vieillot).
A very rare migrant which has recently been added to the list. Records
are not yet sufficient to determine its status, but it has occurred in four of
the last five years, one to four birds being observed each time.
October 8 and 24, 1916 (F. Harper); May 11, 1917 (Wm. Palmer); Sep-
tember 20, 1918 (A. H. Hardisty); October 3-12, 1924 (A. Wetmore); May
15 to 26, 1926 (various observers); May 12, 1927 (W. H. Ball); August
24 to September 3, 1928 (Ball and Whiting).
Barrp’s SANDPIPER, Pisobia bairdi (Coues).
An accidental visitant, two specimens, at Four Mile Run, one collected
September 3, 1894, by R. S. Matthews (Nat. Mus.); and one taken Sep-
tember 25, 1894, by Wm. Palmer.
Least SANDPIPER, Pisobia minutilla (Vieillot).
Tolerably common in migration, apparently somewhat less abundant
than the Semipalmated Sandpiper, with which it is often associated.
Spring: April 17, 1926 (W. H. Ball), to June 14, 1926 (Ball); average,
April 28 to May 20.
30 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Fall: July 17, 1927 (Ball), to November 22, 1917 (C. H. M. Barrett);
average, August 14 to October 15.
RED-BACKED SANDPIPER, Pelidna alpina sakhalina (Vieillot).
This is a rare migrant which has been increasingly reported in recent
years, and is one of the species that may be looked for whenever there are
pools to attract shorebirds. Previous to 1916 there were less than a half-
dozen records; since then a number have been observed. Spring records
are mostly in late May (11-27) with one for April 22, 1887 (Wm. Palmer).
Fall records range from August 14, 1928 (Howell and Wetmore), to No-
vember 1, 1916 (H. C. Oberholser). The earliest specimen was taken
October 20, 1842, by S. F. Baird.
SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER, Hreunetes pusillus (Linnaeus).
Tolerably common in migration. In the autumn of 1928 it was very
common in the Department of Commerce Building excavation as well as
on the golf course.
Spring: May 4, 1927 (W. H. Ball), to June 14, 1926 (Ball); average,
May 11 to 27.
Fall: July 22, 1927 (Ball), to October 28, 1916 (L. D. Miner); average,
August 13 to October 10.
WESTERN SANDPIPER, Hreunetes mauri Cabanis.
Accidental in fall migration, has been taken in three seasons. The
first specimen was taken September 8, 1894 (Wm. Palmer), at Four Mile
Run. In the following month over a hundred specimens of small sand-
pipers were taken but only three proved to be this species; September 11
(R. S. Matthews), September 14 (E. J. Brown), September 22 (E. M
Hasbrouck). Subsequently one was taken August 20, 1897 (Bartsch
and Palmer); two September 3, 1897 (Osgood and Palmer), two on Eastern
Branch September 25, 1919 (Nat. Mus.); one, September 17, 1926 (P.
Bartsch).
It sometimes becomes rather common at St. George Island, Md., and on
the coast of Virginia.
SANDERLING, Crocethia alba (Pallas).
Rare in migration.
September, 1874, one taken near the Monument (seen by Wm. Pulao :
one October 24, 1885 (C. W. Richmond); three seen, one taken at Four
Mile Run September 22, 1894 (Wm. Palmer); two at the same place be-
tween September 26 and 30, 1898; one at Columbia Island May: 31, 1926
(Ball and Ruppert). In the fall of 1928 there were a number of observa-
tions of this species: one July 29 (H. G. Deignan); one at Hains Point
August 14 (Ball); one to five August 28 to September 15 at the excavation
14th and B Streets, N. W.; a flock in East Potomac Park September 21
(A. H. Howell); one on the Virginia shore September 27 (F. C. Lincoln).
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 31
GREATER YELLOWLEGS, Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin).
Tolerably common migrant. Both Yellowlegs frequent grass-bordered
pools in preference to mud-flats, but often occur on the flats at Four Mile
Run.
Spring: April 1, 1928 (M. T. Donoho), to June 3, 1928 (W. H. Ball);
average, April 19 to May 17.
Fall: July 17, 1927 (W. H. Ball), to November 2, 1919 (J. Kittredge,
Jr.); average, August 3 to October 13.
LEssER YELLOWLEGS, T'otanus flavipes (Gmelin).
Common migrant, much more numerous than the Greater Yellowlegs.
In the autumn of 1928 a small flock was frequently seen in a pool in the
Monument grounds close to Fourteenth Street.
Spring: April 5, 1925 (E. Platt), to May 22, 1926 (M. T. Cooke);
average, April 18 to May 13.
Fall: July 17, 1927 (W. H. Ball), to November 1, 1916 (H. C. Ober-
holser); average, August 20 to October 12.
One that had been caught alive by a cat, March 12, 1906, was brought
to the Biological Survey for identification.
SoLiTARY SANDPIPER, Tringa solitaria solitaria Wilson.
- Common migrant. This species is well-named, and is a bird of small
pools and the stream banks rather than of the open mud flats.
Spring: March 30, 1883 (H. W. Henshaw), to May 21, 1921 (M. T.
Cooke); average, April 28 to May 17.
Fall: July 15, 1899 (E. A. Preble), to October 28, 1916 (L. D. Miner);
average, August 6 to October 4.
E. J. Brown took a specimen early in November, 1893.
WIiLLET, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus (Gmelin).
Rare migrant. A flock of about 50 was reported near Eastern Branch
August 10-11, 1893. One shot was secured by Wm. Palmer; a flock of
over 30 seen near the same place August 27, 1893 (‘‘Bart”’ in ‘‘Forest and
Stream’”’); one May 16, 1917 (Mrs. F. M. Bailey); one June 9-11, 1926, at
Columbia Island (Ball et al.); other records without dates.
Rurr, Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus).
One of the nineteen specimens of this European species taken in North
America was secured by Wm. Palmer at Four Mile Run, September 3,
1894. It was an immature female.
UpLAND PLOVER, BARTRAMIAN SANDPIPER, Bartramia longicauda
(Bechstein).
Uncommon migrant, more frequently noted in fall than in spring. This
is a species that has become much depleted everywhere, but seems to be
increasing slightly under protection. Coues and Prentiss called this a
rare summer resident here. It certainly does not breed within our terri-
32 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
tory at present; the latest record is of a pair that bred near Sandy Spring,
Md., about 1900 (fide A. K. Fisher). In July, 1927, Dr. Wetmore saw
segeel at Dickerson, Md., and thought that they had bred there that
season.
Spring: March 21, 1896 (P. W. Shufeldt), to May 11, 1917 (L. D.
Miner); average, April 5 to 26.
Fall: June 29, 1902 (W. W. Cooke), to September 26, 1919 (A. Wet-
more); average, July 15 to August 30.
SPOTTED SANDPIPER, Actitis macularia (Linnaeus).
A common summer resident, more abundant in migration. It breeds
in May, but no data are available. |
April 2, 1905 (W. iby McAtee), to October 28, 1906 (A. K. Fisher);
average, April 18 to September 28.
LoNG-BILLED CurRLEW, Numenius americanus Bechstein.
Accidental visitant from the west. A specimen taken on the Potomac
April 11, o is in the National Museum.
Hupson1an emma! Numenius hudsonicus Latham.
This species is abundant in migration along the Virginia coast but has
only once wandered up the river to Washington. A flock of eighteen
was seen off Hains Point May 26, 1928, by Mrs. T. M. Knappen and W. H.
Ball, and a single bird 1 in the same place next day by W. H. Ball and H. C.
Oberholser.
AMERICAN BLACK-BELLIED PLover, Squatarola squatarola cynosurae
Thayer and Bangs.
Rare in migration. Three, September 26, 1914 (Nat. Mus.); one Oc-
tober 24, 1916 (H. C. Oberholser); one October 26, 1919 (A. Wetmore);
one October 3, and two October 4, 1924 (Wetmore and Swales); one May 24,
eleven May 26, 1928 (Ball and Mrs. Knappen); one seen on many occasions
between August 21 and September 13, 1928, sometimes at the Commerce
building excavation and sometimes at East Potomac Park (Lincoln and
Ball); six on the Potomac marshes September 27, 1928 (Lincoln).
GoLDEN Puiover, Pluvialis dominica dominica (Miller).
Accidental in migration. A specimen said to have been taken many
years ago by D. W. Prentiss. Following the great hurricane, two were
seen in East Potomac Park, September 20, 1928. On October 14, four
were seen on the mud bar off Hains Point, three October 16, one October
18, collected, two October 26 (all by W. H. Ball).
A specimen in the National Museum was collected by John B. Peyton,
March 28, 1911, at Nanjemoy: Creek, Maryland, on the Potomac about
fifty miles below Washington.
KitLpEER, Oxyechus vociferus (Linnaeus).
Common summer resident and a few usually winter. Twenty-five years
ago this was a very rare species here, but has gradually increased. Nesting
-~Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 33
begins early in April, if not before, for eggs have been found April 3 (1895)
and young just hatched, April 24 (1897).
Average dates, March 11 to November 7.
SEMIPALMATED PLoveErR, Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte.
Irregular migrant, more often reported in spring than in fall. Since the
marshes have been more carefully watched in late May, there has been a
decided increase in the number reported. All early records are of only
1 or 2 birds at a time but since 1923 flocks have several times been reported,
usually in late May.
In spring they have been noted from April 30, 1926 (W. H. Ball), and
May 3, 1884 (Spec. Nat. Mus.), to June 19, 1926, large flocks on Columbia,
Island from May 25 to June 19 (Ball). Fall records range from August
14, 1928 (Ball), to October 7, 1924 (Wetmore and Swales).
Piping Puover, Charadrius melodus Ord.
Accidental visitant from the coast where it breeds, and for which there
is but one record for our territory. A specimen taken May 3, 1884, near
the Virginia end of Long Bridge by A. Skinner is in the National Museum.
Another specimen was taken March 25, 1881, by William Hamlin on
the Potomac near Aquia Creek, Virginia, about 15 miles beyond our limits.
Ruppy TuRNSTONE, Arenaria interpres morinella (Linnaeus).
Rare and irregular in migration, principally in late May and September.
Spring: May, 1881 (O. N. Bryan); June, 1882 (J. A. Moore); eight
June 3, 1926 (Ball and Ruppert); two May 20-24, 75, May 26,
1928 (Knappen and Ball). _
Fall: One September 2, 1912 (HE. R. Adams); September 7, 12, and 13,
1928 (Ball), September 27, 1928 (F. C. Lincoln).
Other records without definite dates.
Bos-WuitTe, Colinus virginianus virginianus (Linnaeus).
Resident, common. For some years it has been the custom of the D. C.
Audubon Society to provide grain for feeding the quail whenever snow
endangers them. Through the kindness of the local authorities, this is
distributed by the police in the outlying sections, and several times censuses
of the quail have thus been taken.
Nesting begins early in May, and while only one brood is raised, a female
has been found incubating September 16 (1891).
Rurrep Grouse, Bonasa umbellus umbellus (Linnaeus).
Formerly a somewhat local permanent resident but now nearly extir-
pated within our area. According to Mr. L. C. Gunnell it is still found in
very small numbers near Bush Hill and Accotink, Fairfax County, Va.
Late records from other localities are: two near Falls Church, November
23, 1913 (A. Wetmore); one below Great Falls, Md., February 22, 1916
(W. W. Cooke); one between Contee and Bowie, Md., January 28, 1917
(W. L. McAtee).
Adult and young were seen near Dyke in May, 1894 (E. A. Preble).
34 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
-Heata Hen, T'ympanuchus cwpido (Linnaeus).
A specimen taken near Washington, April 10, 1846, by Dr. Alex. Me-
Williams was formerly in the National Museum (Swales, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash. XXXII, 1919, p. 198).
Witp Turkey, Meleagris gallopavo silvestris Vieillot.
Formerly a common resident, now very rare within our limits. There
is a small flock near Bush Hill, Fairfax County, Va., and they occur in
the Bull Run valley slightly beyond our area. Apparently they remained
fairly common in the wilder sections until about 1890. The latest definite
date of breeding within our area was of eggs found near Falls Church May
3, 1903 (J. H. Riley).
A flock of eleven was seen near Neabsco, Va., December 2, 1928 (B. M.
Morgan).
PASSENGER PIGEON, Ectopistes migratorius (Linnaeus).
Formerly abundant migrant, now extinct; the last large flock was prev-
ious to 1860. Subsequent records are: September 18, 1877 (Spec. Nat.
Mus.); April 3, 1887 (H. W. Henshaw); September 11, 1889 (W. Palmer);
October 19, 1889 (J. D. Figgins); a flock of about a dozen, one taken, near
Jefferson, Md., fall of 1889 (J. D. Figgins) ; a small flock, two or three taken,
near Laurel, fall of 1889 (Geo. Marshall); one, May 2, 1891 (R. W. Shu-
feldt).
Movrnine Dove, Zenaidura macroura carolinensis (Linnaeus).
Common summer resident and irregular winter resident. A flock of
5 or 6 wintered one year near the bird house at the Zoological Park. Three
broods are often raised, eggs have been found from April 6 (1919) to
August 11 (1889), and young from fully fledged in nest April 24 (1921) ~
to young just hatched in early September.
Average dates, March 17 to November 3.
Grounp Dove, Chaemepelia passerina passerina (Linnaeus).
An accidental visitant from the south. Two specimens, both females,
are in the National Museum, the first taken September 1, 1844, and the
other taken at Broad Creek, Md., October 14, 1888.
Other dates given in the 1921 list were errors.
TurkEey VULTURE, Buzzarp, Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied.
Common permanent resident. Nesting begins usually the latter part
of April; but fresh eggs have been found by April 11 (1897) to May 9 (1914);
young June 2 (1892). On May 4, 1924, a nest containing three slightly
incubated eggs was found (R. W. Williams).
Back VULTURE, Coragyps urubu urubu (Vieillot).
Casual visitant from southern Maryland. Four March 30, 1895, at
Kensington (J. D. Figgins); one July, 1896, at Brookland (A. W. Ridgway);
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 35
one December 17, 1899, at Congress Heights (P. Bartsch); one February 21
to March 10, 1917, at the Zoological Park around the flying cage (N.
Hollister); five, January 2, 1920, near Plummers Island (H. S. Barber);
two March 25, 1922, at Laurel (G. Marshall); one October 22, 1924 (W. L.
McAtee); one May 14, 1927, at Miller (Audubon Society); one November
6, 1927, at Mt. Vernon, two May 10, 1928, near Dyke (W. H. Ball).
The species is established as a breeding bird near La Plata, Maryland,
about twenty-five miles south of Washington.
SwWALLOW-TAILED KiTE, Elanoides forficatus (Linnaeus).
Accidental visitant from the south for which there is one local record and
two from nearby points.
One observed near the Virginia end of Aqueduct Bridge, April 11, 1897,
by Paul Bartsch.
One taken in Montgomery County, Maryland (probably within our
limits), August 3, 1895, and brought to Schmid’s store.
One taken August 7, 1879, near Ellicott City, Md., was sent to the
National Museum in the flesh.
Mars Hawk, Circus hudsonius (Linnaeus).
Tolerably common migrant and winter visitant (much less common
than formerly), and a few pairs probably breed, since there are records of
birds seen in June and early July, but no record of eggs or young. They
arrive in late September and leave in late April.
SHARP-SHINNED Hawk, Accipiter velox (Wilson).
Common in migration; a few breed, and a few remain in winter.
Eggs, May 5 (1894) to 31 (1891); young first week in June (1891).
Coorrr’s Hawk, Accipiter cooperi (Bonaparte).
Rare resident; fairly common in migration. A pair that nested near
Terra Cotta had fresh eggs from April 21 (1918) to May 5 (1922); just
hatching May 27 (1919). Young with pinfeathers of wing just showing
were found June 15 (1888).
AMERICAN GosHAWE, Astur atricapillus atricapillus (Wilson).
Rare winter visitant, probably occurring more frequently than the few
definite records would indicate.
Coues and Prentiss (1883) say that it occurs, but give no dates.
One taken at Sandy Spring, Md., December 27, 1887, brought to A. K.
Fisher; one caught at Takoma Park, January 1, 1896, brought alive to the
National Museum; specimens shot September 1 and 2, 1916, and De-
cember 20, 1917, at Beltsville, Md., by T. A. Davis; one seen near Craney
Island, February 3, 1927 (H. C. Oberholser).
RED-TAILED Hawk, Buteo borealis borealis (Gmelin).
Tolerably common winter visitant, formerly rare summer resident, but
it is doubtful whether any breed within our area at present. Formerly
bred near Sandy Spring, Maryland.
36 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
RED-SHOULDERED Hawk, Buteo lineatus lineatus (Gmelin).
- Permanent resident, formerly rather common, but now, like all the
hawks, rather rare. For many years a pair nested near Dyke, but they
have not been there since about 1924. They have also nested in Glover
Park west of Georgetown in recent years.
Eggs about to hatch taken April 26 (1891); large young May 9 (1891).
BROAD-WINGED Hawk, Buteo platypterus (Vieillot).
Summer resident, tolerably common. This has been considered a
permanent resident, but since its principal winter home is in South America
all winter records, being sight records, are open to question. In April and
September large flocks are sometimes seen in migration. Because of the
supposition that the species is resident, little attention has been paid to
migration dates except the first one seen in spring.
Eggs have been taken from April 23 (1893) to May 15 (1897); eggs about
to hatch May 20 (1901) and young in nest June 3 (1896).
March 31, 1919 (M. T. Cooke); average, April 22 to about the first of
October.
AMERICAN ROUGH-LEGGED Hawk, Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis
(Gmelin).
Rare winter visitant, probably occurring more frequently than the few
definite records would indicate.
One about 1859 (spec. Nat. Mus.); one December 29, 1879 (H. W.
Henshaw); one winter of 1880 (spec. Nat. Mus.); one, December 23,
1882 (spec. Nat. Mus.); March 17, 1888 (A. K. Fisher); March 25, 1888
(Wm. Palmer); January 1, 1895 (E. A. Preble); December 23 and 31,
1916 (Gabrielson and Kalmbach): January 1, 1918 (A. H. Howell);
cember 27, 1925 (A. Wetmore).
GOLDEN Eacuie, Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus).
An accidental visitant from the north. ‘Two specimens in the National
Museum taken December 26, 1857, and March 7, 1859. A pair, one of
which was taken, occurred near Gaithersburg, Md., December 8, 1887.
Several specimens have been taken in Maryland and Virginia a little
beyond our limits, some during recent years.
BaLp Factz, Haltaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linnaeus).
Permanent resident, more commonly observed in summer. They
breed near Mt. Vernon and have bred in recent years near Great Falls
where slightly incubated eggs were found February 20 (1897).
Duck Hawk, Falco peregrinus anatum Bonaparte.
Regular but rather rare winter visitant. One or two frequently winter
in the tower of the Post Office Department building. Records of observa-
tions of this species about the city range from October 17, 1928 (M. T.
Cooke), to May 22, 1918 (L. Griscom).
Duck hawks Hage also been seen several times in the neighborhood of
Plummers Island.
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 37
Pigzton Hawk, Falco columbarius columbarius Linnaeus.
Rare, probably regular, in migration, but seldom identified with certainty.
Spring: March 21, 1920 (J. Kittredge, Jr.), to May 11, 1917 (H. C.
‘Oberholser); average, April 11 to 30.
Fall: September 4, 1890 (W. B. Barrows), to November 10, 1891 (Wm.
Palmer); average September 12 to October 25.
AMERICAN SPARROW Hawk, Cerchneis sparveria sparveria (Linnaeus).
Fairly common permanent resident. Eggs from March 31 (1894) to
August 4 (1889).
Fish Hawk, AMERICAN OsprREY, Pandion haliaetus carolinensis (Gmelin).
Fairly common summer resident, a few pairs nest along the Potomac
River, especially in the vicinity of Ft. Washington and Mt. Vernon. Nest-
ing begins in April.
March 19, 1905 (C. R. Ellis), to November 30, 1907 (A. K. Fisher) ;
average, April 9 to October 20.
One was seen over the frozen river February 1, 1918, near Plummers
Island (A. Wetmore).
Barn Owt, Tyto alba pratincola (Bonaparte).
Uncommon permanent resident. It has nested in the towers of the
District jail and in various towers of the Smithsonian Institution, and
uses the latter as a winter roosting place. Apparently deceived as to
season by the heat from the building, young have been hatched here in
late fall and winter. Young just from the nest were seen in the grounds,
December 8, 1893, and February 27, 1895 (C. E. Bendire). The latter
must have been hatched in late December or early January. Young not
over two weeks from the nest were seen January 7, 1896 (A. K. Fisher).
On May 11, 1914, a female was found in the northwest tower incubating
five eggs (A. Wetmore). They probably breed sometimes in Arlington
Cemetery and near Plummers Island, and formerly on Analostan Island.
AMERICAN LONG-EARED OWL, Asio wilsonianus (Lesson).
Now a very rare permanent resident, formerly fairly common. Like
most of the Raptores, it is an early breeder and young about two weeks old
have been found April 20 (1890). A recent record is of one taken near
Laurel, January 23, 1926.
SHORT-EARED OWL, Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan).
Rare winter visitant, November to May. In Fisher’s ‘‘Hawks and
Owls” eleven specimens from this region are listed, taken between No-
vember 22, 1886, and November 20, 1891. Besides these there are about
a dozen records, only one since then, March 2, 1913 (A. Wetmore).
BarRED Ow1, Strix varia varia Barton.
Fairly common permanent resident. Usually begins nesting in March,
but eggs have been found as early as February 28 (1897); young on the
wing April 28 (1917).
38 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
SAw-wHET Ow.L, Cryptoglaux acadica acadica (Gmelin).
Occasional winter visitant for which there are about twenty records,
mostly from November to February. One October 3, 1886 (F. S. Webster),
and one March 12, 1889 (J. D. Figgins). Recent records are: January,
1914 (R. W. Shufeldt); February 6, 1916 (I. N. Gabrielson); November
30, 1916 (A. K. Fisher); December 1, 1917 (E. A. Sikken); Hate 2,
1928 (D. C. Audubon Society).
ScrEEcH Ow1L, Otus asio asio (Linnaeus).
Fairly common permanent resident, often observed in the city. For
several years one or more roosted every winter in trees in the Agricultural
grounds.
Incubated eggs April 6 (1899); four young just hatched and one egg
April 26 (1891).
GREAT HorneD OwL, Bubo virginianus virginianus (Gmelin).
Rather rare permanent resident confined to the more heavily wooded
sections. Most of the recent records have come from the vicinity of
Plummers Island and Fort Humphreys. Young were found February,
1890, near Rockville.
Snowy Owt, Nyctea nyctea (Linnaeus).
Accidental winter visitant from the far north. A specimen taken
December 4, 1858, now in the National Museum was made the type of the
race arctica by Mr. Ridgway. About 15 specimens were taken during the
winter of 1876-77; November 11, 1885, from Arlington County, Va.; one
received in the flesh from Spring Hill, Md., December 30, 1890. A female
was killed near Lanham, Md., November 29, 1926, that had been in the
neighborhood about a month.
CAROLINA PAROQUET, Conuropsis carolinensis (Linnaeus).
This species is now extinct. There is one record for the region, a flock
in September, 1865, from which several were shot.
YELLOW-BILLED Cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus americanus (Linnaeus).
Common summer resident, frequently observed in the shade trees of
the city during the summer. Eggs May 30 (1894) to September. Young
recently from nest August 3 (1919).
April 30, 1927 (F. C. Lincoln), to October 18, 1925 (Katharine H.
Stuart); average, May 5 to October 5.
BLACK-BILLED Cuckoo, Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wilson).
Fairly common migrant and rare summer resident. Nesting begins
about the first of June.
April 30, 1928 (W. H. Ball), to October 28, 1925 (L. D. Miner); average,
May 7 to September 30.
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 39
BELTED KINGFISHER, Ceryle alcyon alcyon (Linnaeus).
Common summer resident, a few sometimes remain through the winter.
Young about ten days old, June 16 and half-fledged young June 24 (1889).
Average, March 21 to November 7.
Harry Wooppecker, Dryobates villosus villosus (Linnaeus).
Fairly common permanent resident, rather local; frequently observed
near Plummers Island, Takoma Park and elsewhere. Nesting begins
early; birds have been seen apparently beginning to mate February 14
(1915); young just hatched April 9 (1900) and young still in nest June 6
(1926).
Downy WoopPEckKER, Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swainson).
Common permanent resident. Fully-fledged young May 31 (1914).
YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER, Sphyrapicus varius varius (Linnaeus).
Common in migration, tolerably common in winter.
September 10, 1905 (W. W. Cooke), to May 20, 1927 (F.C. Lincoln);
average, October 2 to April 23.
PILEATED WoopPEcKER, Phloeotomus pileatus pileatus (Linnaeus).
Very rare permanent resident confined to the heavy timber; probably
only two or three pairs left in the region. Recent observations are from
the region between Plummers Island and Great Falls and from Fort
Humphreys. About 1920 it was known to nest on an island above:Great
Falls. At one time it was common in heavy timber near Falls Church,
and near Mt. Vernon.
RED-HEADED WoopPECKER, Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linnaeus).
Tolerably common summer resident, irregular in winter, some years
common, and others almost totally absent. Its presence in winter depends
more on the oak mast than on temperature. Birds can nearly always be
found in Arlington cemetery and they breed in the Agricultural grounds.
This species is less common than formerly, due to the cutting down of
patches of oak woods in the course of real estate developments, and probably
to the killing of birds by electric power companies.
Eggs June 4 (1887) to 23 (1885); young out of nest June 23 (1901).
RED-BELLIED WOODPECKER, Centurus carolinus (Linnaeus).
Local resident, not common. Several pairs may be found between
Oaks and Mt. Vernon, along both sides of the river between Great Falls and
Cabin John Bridge, and in the high woods back of Chevy Chase Lake.
Apparently somewhat more common than formerly.
Young recently from the nest, August 3 (1919).
NorTHERN FLICKER, Colaptes auratus luteus Bangs.
Common permanent resident, less abundant in winter; abundant in
migration. Breeds principally in May and June, fresh eggs from April
29 (1894) to June 13 (1887); small young May 22 (1888).
40 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Hysrip Fiicker, Colaptes auratus luteus x cafer collaris.
An adult male of this hybrid between the yellow-shafted and red-shafted
flickers was taken at Laurel about 1880 by Henry Marshall.
WHIPPOORWILL, Antrostomus vociferus vociferus (Wilson).
Common summer resident. Begins nesting early in May; eggs May 6
(1906) to June 6 (1895).
April 1, 1913 (E. J. Brown), and April 1, 1917 (V. Mindeleff), to
October 13, 1889 (H. W. Henshaw); average, April 18 to September
20.
NiGHTHAWE, Chordeiles virginianus virginianus (Gmelin).
Formerly abundant migrant and rare summer resident, now fairly
common in summer. This species has greatly increased as a breeding
bird in the last ten years especially in the city where it evidently breeds
on the roofs of the buildings.
No data are available regarding the time of breeding in this area.
Spring: Earliest, April 18, 1919 (H. H. T. Jackson); average, May
3 to 25.
Fall: Latest, October 13, 1926 (M. T. Cooke); average, August 16 to
September 29.
CHIMNEY SwiFt, Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus).
Common summer resident and abundant migrant. In fall large numbers
use various chimneys about the city as nightly roosting places. Migrants
apparently begin to arrive about the middle of August. Nesting does not
begin until June and the earliest date for eggs seems to be June 10 (1888).
April 5, 1914 (M. W. Curry), to October 25, 1906 (W. W. Cooke), and
October 25, 1925 (V. Bailey); average, April 16 to October 12.
One was seen over Alexandria, November 19, 1925 (Katharine H.
Stuart).
RUBY-THROATED HUMMINGBIRD, Archilochus colubris (Linnaeus).
Common summer resident. At a meeting of the Potomac Valley
Ornithological Club, Prof. Beal reported that about the middle of May,
1895, he saw upwards of a hundred ruby-throated hummingbirds around
a horse-chestnut tree in the Agricultural grounds.
Two broods are probably raised; eggs May 20 (1896) and young in the
nest August 12 (1893). A nest containing three eggs was found at Con-
gress Heights, May 28, 1899 (P. Bartsch).
April 16, 1912 (W. R. Maxon), to October 20, 1913 Gs K. Fisher);
average, May 2 to September 20.
KINGBIRD, Tyrannus tyrannus (Linnaeus).
Locally common summer resident. Begins nesting about the first of
June.
April 18, 1914 (E. R. Kalmbach), to September 23, 1905 (F. E. L.
Beal); average, April 26 to August 31.
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 41
ARKANSAS KINGBIRD, T'yrannus verticalis Say.
A western species for which we have one record, a specimen taken in
Maryland just beyond the District line, September 30, 1874, and found
in the market by P. L. Jouy.
CRESTED FiycatcHer, Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus).
Common summer resident. Eggs May 13 (1887) to June 16 (1914).
April 19, 1914 (W. W. Cooke), to September 29, 1907 (R. W. Williams);
average, April 28 to September 11.
PHOEBE, Sayornis phoebe (Latham).
Common summer resident, a few may occasionally winter, for there are
several records for late December and January. Two broods are raised
and possibly sometimes a third. Eggs from April 16 (1925) to June 19
(1889); young on the wing May 10 (1921).
Average, March 13 to October 19.
OLIVE-SIDED FLycaTcHER, Nuttallornis borealis (Swainson).
Very rare in migration, seen more often in spring than in fall.
Several in September, 1881, at Falls Church (R. Ridgway); May 9, 1912
(A. K. Fisher); May 22, 1915, at Great Falls, Va. (W. W. Cooke); May
27, 1917, on Eastern Branch (A. Wetmore); two, August 13, 1917, on
Eastern Branch and one, September 9 and 14, 1918, at Kensington (R. W.
Moore); one May 10, 1919, at Franklin Park, Va. (Miner and Moore); one
May 16, 1920, in Cleveland Park (E. A. Preble); one May 22, 1920, near
Prospect Hill, Va. (M. T. Cooke); one May 25, 1924, at Takoma Park
(A. Wetmore).
Woop Preweez, Myiochanes virens (Linnaeus).
Common summer resident. Nesting begins about the first of June, and
a second brood is probably raised. Eggs have been found June 1 (1887)
and young still in the nest August 26 (1895).
April 29, 1914 (W. W. Cooke), to October 12, 1906 (A. K. Fisher);
average, May 5 to September 20.
YELLOW-BELLIED FLycatTcHER, Empidonax flaviventris
(W. M. and S. F. Barrp).
Tolerably common, but local in migration. This is one of the last
species to arrive in spring and frequently slips through without being de-
tected.
Spring: May 9, 1902 (A. K. Fisher), to June 1, 1917 (F. Harper);
average, May 14 to 22.
Fall: July 28, 1859 (E. Coues), to October 6, 1881 (H. M. Smith);
average, August 15 to September 18.
42 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
ACADIAN FLycatTcHER, Empidonaz virescens (Vieillot).
Common summer resident. The earliest record for a complete set of
three eggs is May 30 (1896). Fresh eggs are found throughout the month
of June.
April 25, 1926 (A. Wetmore), to September 15, 1912 (W. W. Cooker
and September 15, 1922 a Kittredge, Jr.); average, May 6 to
September 7.
ALDER FLycaTcHER, Empidonaxz trailli alnorum Brewster.
A migrant, apparently rare, though possibly tolerably common; but
since it is very difficult to distinguish the Acadian and Alder in life except
by their songs, few of the latter are recorded.
Spring: May 7, 1922 (H. C. Oberholser), to June 1, 1917 (F. Harper);
average, May 13 to 22.
Fall: August 16, 1886 (A. K. Fisher), to September 17, 1890 (C. W.
Richmond); average, August 23 to September 14.
Least FiycatcHer, Empidonax minimus (W. M. and §. F. Baird).
Tolerably common in migration.
Spring: April 20, 1881 (Wm. Palmer), to May 27, 1917 pee Wetmore);
average, May 2 to 17.
Fall: August 13, 1887 (A. K. Fisher), to October 1, 1916 (D. C. Mab-
bott); average, August 25 to September 13.
Hornep Lark, Otocoris alpestris alpestris (Linnaeus).
Rare winter visitant. Flocks of Horned Larks are present nearly every
winter, but in the majority of cases the race is not determined; alpestris
is probably less common than praticola. Undetermined or mixed flocks
have been reported from October 26, 1890 (H. B. Stabler), to April 7,
1889 (H. W. Henshaw), but the majority of records are in December and
February.
Flocks certainly of this race were observed between December 15, 1917,
and February 24, 1918 (F. Harper).
Prairie HorNED Lark, Otocoris alpestris praticola Henshaw.
Irregular winter visitant, probably more common than alpesiris. Very
rare summer resident. Young of the year were taken near Laurel, June
23, 1922 (E. B. Marshall), and one seen August 11, 1889 (C. W. Richmond).
Other definite records are: February 8, 1881, January 23 to February
16, 1888 (Wm. Palmer); March 1 and 8, 1914 (A. Wetmore); February
10 to 24, 1918 (F. Harper); February 22, 1921 (J. Kittredge, Jr.).
BuvuE Jay, Cyanocitta cristata cristata (Linnaeus).
Common permanent resident, abundant migrant from late April to
mid-May and October. This species has varied greatly in abundance.
Coues and Prentiss in both of their lists called it abundant, especially in
migration and winter. In the 90’s it was considered rare except in mi-
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 43
gration. In the last twenty-five years it has greatly increased and is now
a common breeding species, sometimes nesting in the shade trees of the
city. Two broods are raised, and eggs have been taken as early as April
27 (1913).
Crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm.
A winter visitant, frequenting the roosts with the Southern and Fish
Crows. They have usually left by the middle of March.
SouTHERN Crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos paulus Howell.
Common permanent resident. At the present time there are no large
winter crow roosts in this vicinity, those previously used having broken up
about six to eight years ago. The last large roost was near Woodridge
and was used by several thousand crows for many years. The building
up of this suburban region was probably largely responsible for the roost’s
abandonment. Coues and Prentiss mention a large roost on the Vir-
ginia shore some distance above Chain Bridge. Later the birds shifted
_ to Arlington Cemetery where at one time they occupied twelve to fifteen
- acres. This roost was abandoned soon after 1900.
Crows are early breeders, begin pairing soon after the first of March
and well incubated eggs have been found as early as March 23 (1894)
though the majority of records are for early April.
FisH Crow, Corvus ossifragus Wilson.
Permanent resident, fairly common in summer, rare in winter. This
is the common crow about the city and frequently nests in the Mall and
other parks and sometimes in trees along streets. April 20, 1926, they
were observed carrying nesting material in the Smithsonian grounds and
young were seen in the Agricultural grounds July 4, 1914. Fresh eggs
found from April 5 (1890) to May 24 (1910), young out of the nest, May
31 (1914).
EUROPEAN STARLING, Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris Linnaeus.
Common permanent resident, very abundant in winter, especially in the
city where they roost by thousands. Starlings first appeared in Washing-
ton, following astorm, January 21, 1912, when two were collected near Ana-
costia. Each winter following they occurred in increasingly large flocks but
the first evidence of breeding was young of the year seen at Woodridge June
26, 1916 (F. Harper). The following spring found the species spreading
into the adjoining country. In the earlier years starlings roosted in late
summer and winter in trees in the Mall. Following a heavy snowstorm
in late January, 1922, thousands were found roosting on various buildings
in the business section of the city. These roosts have increased until now
many of the buildings, especially along Pennsylvania Avenue between
Ninth and Fourteenth Streets, are lined with starlings every night. They
begin coming to these roosts in numbers in October and break up in late
March. In January, 1928, nearly 4,000 were banded in the steeple of the
First Presbyterian Church at John Marshall Place.
44 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Bosournk, Dolichonyzx oryzivorus (Linnaeus).
Migrant, more common in fall than in spring; less abundant than
formerly.
Spring: April 26, 1896 (H. Oldys), to June 6, 1909 (H. W. Henshaw);
average, May 2 to 22.
Fall: July 23, 1904 (S. D. Judd), to October 21, 1894 (Wm. Palmer);
average, August 18 to September 29.
Birds seen in November are almost certainly cripples.
CowsirpD, Molothrus ater ater (Boddaert).
Tolerably common local summer resident, sometimes winters. Egg
taken May 12 (1895).
Average, March 19 to November 3.
YELLOW-HEADED BLACKBIRD, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte).
A western species which has once been taken, a female collected near
the city on August 29, 1892, by E. M. Hasbrouck.
There are three records for the vicinity of Baltimore, Maryland.
RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD, Agelatus phoeniceus phoeniceus (Linnaeus).
Abundant migrant and common summer resident in the marshes; a few
usually winter. Nesting begins about the middle of May; slightly incu-
bated eggs found May 19 (1889).
Average, March 1 to November 19.
MeEapow.ark, Sturnella magna magna (Linnaeus).
Common permanent resident, less abundant in winter.
Nesting begins in late April; young just hatched, May 18 (1891).
OrcHARD ORIOLE, [cterus spurius (Linnaeus).
Tolerably common summer resident. Nesting begins soon after the
middle of May and young birds have been found June 20 (1888).
April 25, 1908 (A. H. Howell), to September 14, 1919 (F. Harper);
average, May 3 to August 27.
BALTIMORE ORIOLE, Icterus galbula (Linnaeus).
Common migrant and rare summer resident. Eggs May 27 (1887) and
chattering young in nest June 16 (1914).
April 24, 1912 (H. H. T. Jackson), to October 15, 1922 (J. Kittredge,
Jr.); average, May 2 to September 1.
A specimen that had recently died was picked up in Anacostia, January
5, 1925 (C. H. M. Barrett).
Rusty BLacKBirD, Euphagus carolinus (Miiller).
Common migrant, occasional in winter.
September 16, 1885 (H. W. Henshaw), to May 14, 1926 (W. H. Ball);
average, October 22 to April 18.
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 45
PuRPLE GRACKLE, Quiscalus quiscula quiscula (Linnaeus).
Abundant summer resident, a few usually winter. They nest commonly
in the parks and larger yards of the city. Nesting begins early in April;
eggs have been found April 17 (1887) and young out of the nest May 4
(1913). The breeding season is rather prolonged, but it is doubtful if,
under normal conditions, more than a single brood is raised.
Average, February 23 to November 16.
BRONZED GRACKLE, Quiscalus quiscula aeneus Ridgway.
Migrant, probably occurring every year, but seldom distinguished.
All definite dates are in winter or spring and range from January 21,
1916 (Mrs. F. M. Bailey), to April 17, 1886 (spec. Nat. Mus.). The
majority of the records are during February and March.
EvENING GrosBEAK, Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina (W. Cooper).
_ An accidental visitant from the northwest. This bird was added to the
Washington list in 1922 when a flock of 5 to 6 was seen April 3-6, at Laurel,
Md., by George Marshall. On April 21 of the same year a flock of about a
dozen birds was found in the Zoological Park and on April 25 a specimen
was taken by A. K. Fisher which is now in the National Museum. Birds
were seen until May 12, and individuals were reported from Takoma Park
and Cabin John Bridge, Md.
ENnGLisH SPARROW, HovussE Sparrow, Passer domesticus domesticus
(Linnaeus).
Abundant permanent resident. This European species was introduced
in Washington in 1871. Cages for them were hung in some of the parks
of the city, notably in Franklin Square. They became very abundant
about 1900. Since the automobile has largely replaced horses, English
sparrows have considerably decreased in numbers, but they are still
abundant. Four or five broods are sometimes raised in one season. A
female has been seen carrying straws as early as February ie (1894), but
the nesting season begins usually early in March.
PuRPLE Fincu, Carpodacus purpureus purpureus (Gmelin).
Fairly common winter visitant, abundant spring migrant; less common
in fall. Sometimes very abundant in the city trees in early May.
August 23, 1923 (J. Kittredge, Jr.), to May 29, 1860 (spec. Nat. Mus.);
average, October 22 to April 18.
AMERICAN CROSSBILL, Lozia curvirostra minor (Brehm).
Irregular winter visitant, sometimes common. It has been noted from
October 10 (1886, H. W. Henshaw) to June 5 (1895). A female taken
May 23, 1884 (R. Ridgway), showed unmistakable evidence of having
recently incubated. A young bird barely able to fly was taken with an
adult, May 17, 1885 (H. M. Smith). These seem to be the only evidences
of the breeding of this species in the vicinity.
46 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
NEWFOUNDLAND CROSSBILL, Loxia curvirostra percna Bent.
Accidental visitant, a specimen taken at Four Mile Run, Va., November
30, 1919, by A. Wetmore.
WHITE-WINGED CrossBILL, Loxia leucoptera Gmelin.
Irregular winter visitant. One, about 1864 (C. Drexler, in Nat. Mus.);
specimens about 1874 (Henry Marshall); one, November, 1906 (J. H.
Fleming); one taken at Oxon Hill, Md., August 11, 1907 (brought to
Biological Survey); flock, October 23, 1918, at Takoma Park (R. W.
Williams); tolerably common from December 10, 1916 (W. L. McAtee),
to January 16, 1917 (D. C. Mabbott); flock of 15 in Woodridge, D. C.,
February 25, 1923 (EH. R. Kalmbach).
REDPOLL, Acanthis linaria linaria (Linnaeus).
Accidental winter visitant from the north.
A flock seen and one taken, February 19, 1875, at Ft. Runyon (T. H.
Bean, spec. in Nat. Mus.); seven, February 12, 1899, just before the great
blizzard (Wm. Palmer); small flock in Rock Creek Park, March 9 (R. W.
Moore) to March 12, 1914 (M. T. Cooke); six or eight February 22, 1925
(T. H. Kearney).
AMERICAN GOLDFINCH, Astragalinus tristis tristis (Linnaeus).
Common permanent resident, abundant in spring migration. This
is one of the latest species to nest and does not begin until July. The
earliest available date for eggs is July 12 (1885) and young have been found
still in the nest September 10 (1890).
Pine Siskin, Spinus pinus (Wilson).
An irregular winter visitant, sometimes common, some winters almost
totally absent.
October 15, 1916 (F. Harper), to May 22, 1926 (R. V. Truitt); average,
October 24 to May 14.
Snow Buntine, Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis (Linnaeus).
Accidental winter visitant from the north. Recorded February or —
March, 1842 (National Institute); one near Soldiers’ Home, November,
1906 (Wm. Palmer); a large flock near Congress Heights, February 18,
1905 (2 specimens brought to Biological Survey); a flock near Cabin John
Bridge February 22, 1905 (Cary and Piper); one December 19, 1917, on
Eastern Branch (C. H. M. Barrett); one below Alexandria February 12,
1927 (W. H. Ball); two seen, one collected at Hains Point November
29, 1928 (Ball).
Lapuanp Loneserur, Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus (Linnaeus).
Accidental visitant, has been once recorded; six or more were seen and
one collected at Bailey’s Cross Roads, Va., December 11, 1886, by H. W.
Henshaw.
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 47
VESPER SPARROW, Pooecetes gramineus gramineus (Gmelin).
Common migrant and rare and local summer resident. The spring
migration is of rather short duration. Eggs have been found from June
3 (1889) to July 6 (1888).
Spring: Earliest, February 18, 1890 (Wm. Palmer); average, March
23 to April 15. .
Fall: Latest, November 21, 1886 (A. K. Fisher); average, October 9
to November 6.
There are two records of occurrence in winter; January 8, 1887 (H. W.
Henshaw), and December 30, 1894 (Wm. Palmer).
SAVANNAH Sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wilson).
Fairly common but local migrant. It may occasionally remain through
the winter for there are three records in late December.
Spring: February 14, 1891 (spec. Nat. Mus.), to May 14, 1925 (F. C.
Lincoln), and May 14, 1926 (A. Wetmore); average, March 26 to
May 3.
Fall: September 21, 1903 (W. W. Cooke), to November 22, 1886 (H. W.
Henshaw); average October 9 to 29. Several, December 26, 1884
(Henshaw); December 24, 1885 (A. K. Fisher); three, December
30, 1916 (McAtee, Preble, and Wetmore).
GRASSHOPPER SPARROW, Ammodramus savannarum australis Maynard.
A common summer resident in old fields where it is often heard but
difficult to see.
Two broods are probably raised; young almost ready to fly found June
13 (1889) and young just out of the nest July 29 (1894).
March 30, 1895 (J. D. Figgins), to November 20, 1899 (E. A. Preble);
average, April 21 to October 21.
One was taken at Marshall Hall February 18, 1900 (S. D. Judd),
when the snow was knee deep.
HENSLOW’s Sparrow, Passerherbulus henslowt henslowi (Audubon).
A local summer resident, but not rare where found. It prefers old fields
grown up to broom-sedge. There are several such fields between Big and
Little Hunting Creeks where it can usually be found.
Probably raises two broods (P. L. Jouy); eggs May 23 (1896); full-
fledged young June 6 (1880) to July 12 (1879).
April 1, 1917 (M. T. Cooke), to October 21, 1892 (E. A. Preble);
average, April 19 to October 11.
NELSON’s SPARROW, Passerherbulus nelsoni nelsoni (Allen).
Rare migrant. Definite records are: September, 1862, specimen taken
by C. Drexler; September 18, 1893, specimen taken by Wm. Palmer at
Four Mile Run; September 26, 1898, one seen on Potomac flats by Wm.
Palmer; May 30, 1906, two seen and photographed on Eastern Branch
by P. Bartsch.
48 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Lark Sparrow, Chondestes grammacus grammacus (Say).
A western species for which there are three records in this region. An
adult female was collected at Fort Runyon, near the south end of Long
Bridge, August 25, 1877, by W. F. Roberts. Two days later, August 27,
1877, two were seen in the Smithsonian grounds by Mr. Ridgway. An
adult male was taken August 8, 1886, by H. W. Henshaw.
WHITE-CROWNED SPaRROw, Zonoitrichia leucophrys leucophrys (J. R. Forster).
A rare migrant. One seen at Brookland January 20, 1901 (R. Ridgway),
and one at a feeding shelf on Park Road February 4 and 5, 1922 (C. W.
Richmond), are the only definite winter records.
Spring: March 26, 1922 (Katharine H. Stuart), to May 22, 1928
(W. H. Ball); average, April 26 to May 15.
Fall: October 1, 1910 (W. L. McAtee), to November 28, 1886 (H. W.
Henshaw); average, October 13 to November 20.
WHITE-THROATED SPARROW, Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin).
Common winter resident and abundant migrant. Migrants arrive
from the south about the middle of April and until the second week in
May are very abundant.
August 9, 1907, one in molt was found in the Mall by N. R. Wood which
remained until the next day and was seen by several persons.
September 14, 1918 (Miner and Moore), to June 14, 1899 (A. H.
Howell); average, October 8 to May 22.
TREE SPARROW, Spizella monticola monticola (Gmelin).
Winter visitant of varying abundance, in some years common, and in
others rather rare.
October 3, 1859 (spec. Nat. Mus.), to April 24, 1861 (spec. Nat. Mus.);
average, November 10 to March 27.
CHIPPING SPARROW, Spizella passerina passerina (Bechstein).
Very common summer resident. At least two broods are raised, fresh
eggs being found from May 12 (1887) to July 12 (1885).
February 9, 1902 (H. W. Maynard), to December 17, 1899 (P.
Bartsch); average March 22 to November 10.
FieLp Sparrow, Spizella pusilla pusilla (Wilson).
Common summer resident, and a few winter in sheltered localities.
Migrants arrive from the south early in April. Nesting begins by the
first of May. Probably a third brood is sometimes raised for on July 27,
1913, the young of the second brood left the nest and another nest con-
tained eggs apparently fresh.
SLATE-COLORED JUNCO, Junco hyemalis hyemalis (Linnaeus).
Abundant migrant and common winter visitant.
September 14, 1918 (Miner and Moore), to May 17, 1908 (A. M.
Stimson); average, October 7 to April 30.
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 49
Montana Junco, Junco hyemalis montanus Ridgway.
A western subspecies, a specimen of which was taken at Laurel, Md.,
April 28, 1890, by Mr. Robert Ridgway.
BacuHMAN’s Sparrow, Peucaea aestivalis bachmani (Audubon).
A southern species which has occurred a number of times in summer but
has never been detected as breeding. Two April 29, 1896, at Kensington
(J. D. Figgins); one all summer, 1912, near Lanham, Md., arrived in April
(W. R. Maxon); one May 12, 1913, near Lanham (Maxon and Kearney);
one June 1, 19138, near Peacock Station, Va.; April 26, 1914, Four Mile
Run, and May 9, 1915, Cabin John, Md. (A. Wetmore); one May 2, 1918, at
Kensington (R. W. Moore); one May 22, 1920, near Black Pond, Va. (L. D.
Miner); one April 19, 1925, near Piney Branch (Frank Lees). A regular
visitor for many years previous to 1912 to a field near Congress Heights
(P. Bartsch).
Sone Sparrow, Melospiza melodia melodia (Wilson).
Abundant permanent resident, but probably the same individuals are
not present both summer and winter. Migrants arrive about the middle
of March and the middle of October.
Two or more broods are raised for fresh eggs have been found from
April 23 (1910) to June 26 (1887); young on the wing, May 18 (1890).
Lincoun’s Sparrow, Melospiza lincolni lincolni (Audubon).
Occurs in migration, but is probably less rare than the number of records
would indicate for its secretive habits make it a difficult bird to observe.
Spring: April 21, 1918 (L. Griscom), to May 30, 1917 (A. Wetmore);
average, May 6 to 20.
Fall: September 30, 1894 (Wm. Palmer), to October 21, 1888 (Palmer);
average, October 6 to 18.
Swamp Sparrow, Melospiza georgiana (Latham).
Common in migration and occasionally a few winter.
Spring: Latest, May 27, 1917 (A. Wetmore); average, March 31 to
May 11.
Fall: Has occurred twice in August; August 21, 1913 (W. D. Appel)
and August 29, 1922 (C. H. M. Barrett), September 28, 1890 (C. W.
Richmond); average, October 9 to November 7.
Fox Sparrow, Passerella iliaca iliaca (Merrem).
Common migrant, sometimes winters in small numbers.
Spring: Latest, May 11, 1882 (Wm. Palmer), and May 11, 1917 (Miss
M. J. Pellew); average, March 3 to April 6.
Fall: Earliest, October 3, 1906 (A. K. Fisher); average, October 28 to
November 21.
50 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Towneez, CuEewInk, Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus).
This might be classed as a permanent resident for a few individuals
nearly always winter. It is a common summer resident and abundant
migrant. Two broods are probably raised for young have been found
May 30 (1888) and eggs July 15 (1888 and 1894).
Average date of arrival, March 30; date of departure, October 24.
CarpDINAL, Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus).
Abundant permanent resident and found quite commonly in the suburbs
and in the city.
Two, and possibly three, broods are raised; eggs have been found from
April 15 (1888) to July 16 (1916); young leaving the nest May 5 (1921) and
young recently from the nest August 24 (1919).
ROSE-BREASTED GROSBEAK, Hedymeles ludovicianus (Linnaeus).
Tolerably common in migration, but its stay is rather brief and it
frequently escapes detection.
Spring: April 17, 1902 (H. W. Maynard), to June 3, 1917 (I. N.
Gabrielson); average, May 3 to 17.
Fall: August 29, 1926 (Wetmore and Lincoln), to October 16, 1920
(J. Kittredge, Jr.); average, September 4 to October 1.
BuLuE GrosBEAKk, Cuiraca caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus).
Rare summer resident. Eggs May 26 (1894); young barely able to
fly near Falls Church September 13, 1879 (R. Ridgway). A set of eggs
in the National Museum was taken May 28, 1863, in the Smithsonian
grounds.
May 1, 1878 (Wm. Palmer), to September 20, 1884 (spec. Nat. Mus.);
average, May 5 to September 12.
Inpico Buntine, Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus).
An abundant summer resident. Begins nesting about the end of May;
young out of the nest June 23 (1889); fresh eggs June 28 (1885).
- April 18, 1918 (E. A. Chapin), to October 16, 1907 (W. W. Cooke);
average, May 1 to October 6.
A specimen apparently in perfect condition was taken December 138,
1887 (M. M. Green).
DickcissEL, Spiza americana (Gmelin).
In 1860 this was an abundant migrant and common summer resident,
arriving about May 1. From 1860 to about 1875 it was still a regular
visitant; about 1872, Mr. Robert Ridgway found it not uncommon on
Columbia Heights, and he saw one near Aqueduct Bridge in 1874. About
1875 the species disappeared from the entire eastern portion of its range,
and since then has been seen in this region in only two years; one near
Soldiers’ Home, May 31, 1887 (H. W. Henshaw); one in Brookland, late
May or early June, 1894 (R. Ridgway); one at the Washington Barracks
(War College) in late June or early July, 1894 (W. Robinson).
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 51
In July, 1928, several pairs of Dickcissels were found breeding near
Dickerson, Maryland, by F. C. Lincoln and A. Wetmore.
ScaRLeT TANAGER, Piranga erythromelas Vieillot.
Common summer resident, sometimes abundant in migration. Eggs the
last week in May. :
April 17, 1896 (P. W. Shufeldt), to November 13, 1896 (R. Ridgway);
average, April 29 to October 4.
SumMMER TANaGER, Piranga rubra rubra (Linnaeus).
Very rare summer resident. Nearly fresh eggs have been found from
June 2 (1905) to July 4 (1885); young just from the nest June 30 (1914).
April 18, 1896 (P. W. Shufeldt), to September 19, 1906 (H. Oldys);
average, May 1 to September 14.
PurpPLeE Martin, Progne subis subis (Linnaeus).
Summer resident, tolerably common, but local. For many years a box
at the engine house on Delaware Avenue, near the Capitol, has been
occupied bya colony. Inspring one or two individuals sometimes come as
scouts, and none are seen for a week or two thereafter when flocks begin
to arrive.
For the last dozen years large roosts have been formed in the city; for a
couple of years in trees opposite the Red Cross building, and since then in
the vicinity of New Jersey Avenue and P Street. The local birds begin
gathering soon after the young are on the wing, early in July, and are soon
joined by migrants from the north, which continue to use the roost until
September. At the height of the migration as many as 30,000 birds have
been estimated to occupy the roost in a single night.
Although the first of the swallows to arrive they apparently do not
begin nesting until late in May.
March 13, 1910 (1. R. Hitt), to October 1, 1928 (M. T. Donoho);
average, April 2 to September 12.
Curr SwaLiow, Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons (Say).
This is the rarest of the swallows about Washington. It occurs only
in migration and is now seldom noted farther up the river than Alexandria,
Spring: April 10, 1887 (A. K. Fisher), and 1916 (L. D. Miner) to
June 7, 1877 (Wm. Palmer); average, April 24 to May 21.
Fall: July 6, 1889 (spec. Nat. Mus.), to September 7, 1928 (W. H.
Ball); average July 8 to August 25.
Barn SwatLow, Hirundo erythrogastra Boddaert.
An abundant migrant and locally common summer resident. Seen
carrying straws April 16 (1894); fresh eggs to June 26 (1886).
March 30, 1890 (C. W. Richmond), to September 23, 1921 (F. C.
Lincoln); average, April 11 to September 7.
52 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
TREE Swautow, /ridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot).
Migrant, tolerably common in spring, abundant in fall about the marshes.
Spring: March 24, 1919 (R. W. Moore), to May 26, 1889 (C. W.
Richmond); average, April 11 to May 14.
Fall: July 3, 1912 (A. H. Howell), to October 17, 1911 (A. K. Fisher);
average, July 31 to September 22.
Bank SwAa.tLow, Riparia riparia (Linnaeus).
A local summer resident, less common than formerly, partly because
some of its former nesting banks have been destroyed.
Full sets of eggs May 26, 1889, while other birds were seen apparently in
migration (C. W. Richmond); fully fledged young June 24 (1889).
April 4, 1918 (I. N. Gabrielson), to September 21, 1920 (F. C. Lincoln);
average, April 20 to September 4.
ROUGH-WINGED SwALLow, Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Audubon).
Common summer resident and the most widely distributed of the
swallows. It has been known to breed in the drain pipes of a stone wall
on upper 16th Street. They have been seen nest-building by April 24
(1887); dates of eggs range from May 16 (1886) to June 20 (1887).
March 24, 1928 (M. T. Donoho), to September 11, 1920 (H. C.
Oberholser); average, April 9 to September 4.
Cepar Waxwine, Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot.
Tolerably common permanent resident, but sometimes in spring very
abundant in the shade trees of the city; not common in summer. This
is one of the species that does not breed until late in June.
NORTHERN SHRIKE, Lanius borealis Vieillot.
Very rare, or accidental winter visitant. In over 80 years it has been
recorded in only about a dozen winters.
February 10, 1846 (spec. Nat. Mus.); winter 1859-60 (coll. of R. Ridg-
way); early 1865, November 7, 1884, and November 17, 1888 (spec.
Nat. Mus.); November 11 and 13, 1887 (H. W. Henshaw); December
26, 1887 (C. W. Richmond); January 10, 1891 (W. G. W. Leizear); Febru-
ary 10, 1896 (J. D. Figgins); December 28, 1917 (Oberholser and Swales);
January 26, 1920 (G. W. Field); a few other specimens without dates.
MiGRANT SHRIKE, Lanius ludovicianus migrans W. Palmer.
Uncommon permanent resident. The earlier collectors knew this
bird only as a rather rare winter visitant. Coues and Prentiss did not
include it in their first list. Very few were known to breed within our
area until after the first decade of the present century. Since then it
has increased until now it may be classed as uncommon and local as a
breeding species, more common in winter.
Nest with female on it found April 22 (1914) and young left nest at
Bell Station, Md., May 20, 1910.
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 53
RED-EYED ViREO, Vireosylva olivacea (Linnaeus).
Abundant summer resident. Nesting begins about the last week in
May. Evidently more than one brood is raised for fresh eggs have been
taken from May 26 (1887) to July 23 (1885) and young only a few days old
found August 17 (1917).
April 21, 1895 (H. Oldys), to November 11, 1888 (J. D. Figgins);
average, April 28 to October 11.
PHILADELPHIA VIREO, Vireosylva philadelphica Cassin.
Rare migrant which frequently slips through without detection.
Spring: May 4, 1928 (W. J. Whiting), to May 30, 1917 (A. Wetmore);
average, May 8 to 26.
Fall: September 4, 1921 (A. K. Fisher), to October 5, 1919 (A. Wet-
more); average, September 9 to 23.
WaRBLING ViREO, Vireosylva gilva gilva (Vieillot).
Very rare summer resident and apparently decreasing. This species
is as much at home in the shade trees of the city as in the woods.
April 21, 1895 (H. Oldys), to September 12, 1903 (W. W. Cooke);
average, May 1 to August 30.
YELLOW-THROATED VIREO, Lanivireo flavifrons (Vieillot).
Common summer resident. This species vies with its cousin the red-
eye in loquaciousness, but is not so abundant as the latter.
Begins nesting soon after the middle of May; young in the nest June 1
(1894). Fresh eggs June 16 (1887).
April 11, 1922 (J. Kittredge, Jr.), to September 29, 1907 (R. W.
Williams); average, April 24 to September 16.
SouiTary ViR«EO, Lanivireo solitarius solitarius (Wilson).
A regular migrant but varies considerably in abundance from year to
year.
Spring: April 6, 1905 (T. H. Levering), to June 2, 1924 (A. Wetmore);
average, April 19 to May 15.
Fall: September 6, 1903 (W. L. McAtee), to November 3, 1906 (S. W.
Mellott); average, October 1 to 20.
WHITE-EYED VIREO, Vireo griseus griseus (Boddaert).
A common summer resident in the underbrush along the river and
streams. The first of the breeding vireos to arrive, it is the first to start
nesting, eggs having been found May 15 (1889).
April 10, 1912 (W. D. Appel), to October 28, 1910 (Miss M. D. Suter);
average, April 22 to October 7.
Buack AND WHITE WARBLER, Mniotilta varia (Linnaeus).
Common summer resident. Begin nesting about the middle of May;
54 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
fully fledged young have been taken as early as May 24 (1896), and eggs in
June.
March 30, 1908 (H. Oldys), to October 18, 1890 (C. W. Richmond);
average, April 17 to September 23.
PROTHONOTARY WARBLER, Protonotaria citrea (Boddaert).
This is the most recent addition to the list of breeding species, the first
nest having been taken at Dyke, Va., June 9, 1928, by F. C. Lincoln.
This is a notable case of a species which has increased in recent years.
Previous to 1911, it had been recorded only four times; since then it has
occurred nearly every year. It is confined almost entirely to the region
between Dyke and Mt.Vernon, only two records being from other localities;
Falls Church, Va. (Gabrielson), and Chevy Chase, Md. (Stimson). The
increase is not merely apparent, for the area where it occurs has been under
close observation in spring since about 1905. For several years only
single birds were observed, but in 1928 at least 5 were present near Dyke.
In 1915 a single bird was noted several times during June (R. W. Moore)
and 2 on July 15, 1922. The first definite evidence of nesting was a bird
seen gathering nesting material on May 30, 1928. The nest, eggs, and
female were collected on June 9 and are now in the National Museum.
The earliest date of arrival is April 22, 1922 (Katharine H. Stuart).
WoORM-EATING WARBLER, Helmitheros vermivorus (Gmelin).
Rather uncommon summer resident, confined to the wooded areas,
usually hillsides with lofty deciduous trees.
Young in the nest were found June 5 (1887) and three broods in first
plumage June 16 (1914); eggs as late as July 4 (1885).
April 25, 1908 (A. K. Fisher), April 25, 1920 (A. Wetmore); April 25,
1925 (W. H. Ball), to September 13, 1879 (R. Ridgway); average,
May 2 to August 31.
BLUE-WINGED WARBLER, Vermivorus pinus (Linnaeus).
Rather rare migrant. There are records of its having nested in the
region. Nest with four eggs about to hatch found early in June, 1880
(H. H. Birney). Noted near Laurel early in June, 1891, and June 10,
1895, and a nest found some years before (George Marshall).
Spring: April 23, 1925 (Mrs. T. M. Knappen), to May 30, 1891 (G.
Marshall); average, May 3 to 22.
Fall: August 13, 1889, to September 14, 1927 (H. G. Deignan); average,
August 22 to September 4.
BREWSTER’S WARBLER, Vermivora leucobronchialis (Brewster).
This bird, really a hybrid between the Blue-winged and Golden-winged
Warblers, has been taken twice in spring. Both specimens are adult
males.
May 15, 1885, near Fort Myer (Wm. Palmer).
May 1, 1895, Beltsville. Md. (A. H. Thayer).
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 55
LAWRENCE’S WARBLER, Vermivora lawrencei (Herrick).
_ Another hybrid between the Blue-winged and Golden-winged Warblers
which has been taken once, near Plummers Island, Md., May 12, 1907
(W. H. Osgood).
GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER, Vermivora chrysoptera (Linnaeus).
A migrant, somewhat commoner than the Blue-wing, but can hardly
be classed as common.
Spring: April 24, 1924 (M. T. Cooke), to May 20, 1882 (H. W. Hen-
shaw); average, May 2 to 15.
Fall: August 8, 1889 (C. W. Richmond), to September 14, 1924 (A.
Wetmore); average, August 16 to 31.
NASHVILLE WARBLER, Vermivora ruficapilla ruficapilla (Wilson).
Tolerably common migrant, found in low second growth, but it also
frequents tall, deciduous trees. |
Spring: April 20, 1925 (W. H. Ball), to May 20, 1917 (D. C. Mabbott);
average, May 8 to 16.
Fall: September 5, 1882 (H. M. Smith), to October 13, 1918 (C. H.
Rogers); average, September 13 to October 4.
ORANGE-CROWNED WARBLER, Vermivora celata celata (Say).
An accidental visitant which has been taken twice in October.
October 13, 1889, at Munson Hill (A. K. Fisher); October 14, 1894, at
Kensington (Wm. Palmer).
A specimen was picked up, recently frozen, in Chevy Chase, D. C.,
January 4, 1928, and brought to the Biological Survey by Dr. E. T. Wherry.
TENNESSEE WARBLER, Vermivora peregrina (Wilson).
Migrant, formerly tolerably common in fall and almost unknown in
spring. About 1912 they began to be recorded in spring; in the spring
of 1916 they were almost common and have been recorded every spring
since, varying in numbers from rare to tolerably common.
Spring: May 2, 1923 (J. Kittredge, Jr.), to June 3, 1917 (I. N. Gabriel-
son); average, May 7 to 29.
Fall: August 31, 1890 (W. L. Richmond), and 1922 (Kittredge) to
October 22, 1922 (Kittredge); average, September 4 to October 7.
At Jefferson, Md., on November 30, 1889, a number were seen and
all seemed chilled and unable to fly (J. D. Figgins).
PARULA WARBLER, Compsothlypis americana americana (Linnaeus).
Common summer resident. Apparently increasing, for in 1888, Dr.
Richmond considered this species rare. Eggs just hatching found May
29 (1897).
April 6, 1928 (A. H. Howell), to October 17, 1919 (Miss M. J. Pellew);
average, April 23 to October 4.
56 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
NORTHERN PAaRULA WARBLER, Compsothlypis americana pusilla (Wilson).
A common migrant but seldom distinguished from the breeding form.
Very typical individuals may sometimes be distinguished in the field by
the very distinct band across the throat.
May 15, 1903 ,and May 6, 1904 (coll. W. W. Cooke); May 26 and 30,
1905 (H. C. Oberholser); May 9, 1912 (W. L. McAtee); May 12, 1913
(H. C. Oberholser); April 23, 1914 (spec. A. Wetmore); October 5, 1917
(M. T. Cooke).
CapE May Warstieir, Dendroica tigrina (Gmelin).
Migrant; formerly extremely rare in spring, and somewhat less so in
fall. Since 1910 it has been recorded every spring, and sometimes is
tolerably common. In fall it often frequents the shade trees in the city.
Spring: April 19, 1914 (J. H. Riley), to May 30, 1917 (A. Wetmore);
average, May 4 to 17.
Fall: August 4, 1892 (EK. J. Brown), to November 26, 1915 (P. Bartsch);
average, September 5 to October 9.
It has twice been taken on December 16, in 1888 (J. D. Figgins) and
in 1916 (C. W. Richmond).
YELLOW WARBLER, Dendroica aestiva aestiva (Gmelin).
A common summer resident, more frequently noted in the shade trees
of the city and suburbs than in the country.
Two broods are probably raised for eggs have been found from May 7
(1921) to June 15 (1890); fully fledged young found June 16 (1914).
April 2, 1916 (W. L. McAtee), to October 12, 1910 (E. J. Brown);
average, April 21 to September 9.
BLACK-THROATED BLUE WARBLER, Dendroica caerulescens caerulescens
(Gmelin).
Common in migration, frequenting principally the higher deciduous
woods.
Spring: April 19, 1896 (J. D. Figgins), to May 30, 1888 (C. W. Rich-
mond), and 1917 (A. Wetmore); average, May 1 to 21.
Fall: August 21, 1887 (A. K. Fisher), to October 29, 1913 (L. D.
Miner); average September 8 to October 8.
Myrtie Warsier, Dendroica coronata (Linnaeus).
Abundant in migration, and a few in winter. In late April it becomes
exceedingly common, and many of the birds are still in molt.
Spring: Latest, May 30, 1917 (A. Wetmore); average, April 2 to May
17.
Fall: Earliest, September 9, 1913 (R. W. Moore); average, October
5 to November 14.
Specimen taken August 7, 1859 (EH. Coues).
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 57
MaGnouiA WARBLER, Dendroica magnolia (Wilson).
Tolerably common migrant, found mostly in mixed woodland and under-
growth.
Spring: April 22, 1891 (C. W. Richmond), to June 3, 1917 (I. N.
Gabrielson); average, May 4 to 25.
Fall: August 15, 1886 (A. K. Fisher), to October 28, 1916 (L. D.
Miner); average, August 31 to October 1.
CERULEAN WARBLER, Dendroica cerulea (Wilson).
Very rare, or accidental in migration. May, 1877 (P. L. Jouy); May 5,
1888, and May 11, 1890 (E. M. Hasbrouck); May 12, 1899 (P. Bartsch);
May 22 and 29, 1902 (W. R. Maxon); May 9 and 15, 1904, May 3 and
11, 1907 (W. W. Cooke); May 18, 1909 (R. W. Shufeldt); May 20, 1922
(M. T. Cooke); May 4, 1926 (Ruppert and Ball).
CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER, Dendroica pensylvanica (Linnaeus).
_ Usually a common migrant, some years rather scarce. This is a bird
of the second growth deciduous woods and is often found in the trees along
streams outside the woods.
Spring: April 19, 1902 (H. W. Maynard), to June 2, 1917 (L. D. Miner);
average, May 1 to 21.
Fall: August 10, 1894 (J. D. Figgins), to October 14, 1906 (A. K.
Fisher); average, August 24 to September 28.
BAY-BREASTED WARBLER, Dendroica castanea (Wilson).
Tolerably common in migration. One of the last warblers to arrive in
spring. Arlington Cemetery is an especially good place to look for this
species. ~
Spring: May 2, 1896 (H. Oldys), to June 5, 1917 (I. N. Gabrielson);
average, May 10 to 25.
Fall: August 17, 1921 (B. H. Swales), to November 6, 1887 (H. W.
Henshaw); average, September 7 to October 8.
BLACKPOLL WARBLER, Dendroica striata (J. R. Forster).
An abundant migrant. It is one of the late arrivals in spring and
through the latter half of May its staccato song can be heard commonly
about the city.
Spring: April 21, 1916 (R. W. Moore), to June 16 in three different
years; 1907 (R. W. Williams); 1915 (A. H. Howell), and 1926 (S. F.
Blake); average, May 5 to June 1.
Fall: August 17, 1912 (H. C. Oberholser), to October 26, 1908 (R. W.
Williams); average, September 12 to October 12.
An accidental specimen was taken July 30, 1893 (E. J. Brown).
BLACKBURNIAN WARBLER, Dendroica fusca (Miiller).
Tolerably common in migration, found principally in the low second
growth.
58 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Spring: April 23, 1920 (A. Wetmore), to June 3, 1907 (W. W. Cooke);
average, May 8 to 21.
Fall: August 2, 1872 (E. Coues), to October 10, 1919 (Miss M. J.
Pellew); average, August 27 to September 26.
YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER, Dendroica dominica dominica (Linnaeus).
Local summer resident. It is a tolerably common bird in the moist
woodlands bordering the river from Dyke southward, but there are very
few records of its occurrence farther up the river. It has been recorded in
spring in Arlington Cemetery, the National Zoological Park, and on the
Eastern Branch above Bennings.
Coues and Prentiss called this species accidental and in 1883 knew of
only two specimens.
Eggs May 2 (1896) near Mt. Vernon and young on the wing July 12
(1896).
March 30, 1927 (Katharine H. Stuart), to September 11, 1927 (H. G.
Deignan); average, April 15 to September 4.
BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER, Dendroica virens (Gmelin).
Common in migration, when it is found in mixed woodland and usually
well up in the trees, but its characteristic song betrays its presence.
Spring: April 18, 1920 (B. H. Swales), to June 10, 1917 (D. C. Mab-
bott); average, April 29 to May 20.
Fall: August 22, 1921 (J. Kittredge, Jr.), to October 21, 1888 (spec.
Nat. Mus.); average, September 6 to October 7.
KirTLAND’s WARBLER, Dendroica kirtlandi (Baird).
Accidental visitant, one occurrence, a specimen taken near Fort Myer,
September 25, 1887, by Wm. Palmer, who saw another a week later.
PINE WARBLER, Dendroica vigorsi (Audubon).
Tolerably common local summer resident, found wherever there are
pine woods. In migration it is often seen in mixed woods. Fully fledged
young, June 17 (1888).
March 5, 1922 (C. S. Baer), to October 24, 1916 (H. C. Oberholser) ;
average, March 29 to October 6.
PatM WARBLER, Dendroica palmarum palmarum (Gmelin).
Probably occurs every year in migration, but not often distinguished
from the commoner Yellow Palm.
_ It has been noted in spring from April 18, 1904 (W. W. Cooke), to May
20, 1917 (W. L. McAtee), and in fall from September 18, 1887 (W. Palmer),
to October 11, 1861 (P. L. Jouy).
YELLOW PALM WARBLER, Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea Ridgway.
Common in migration, usually found outside the woods. Along the
canal is a good place to find this bird.
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 59
Spring: March 28, 1926 (F. C. Lincoln), to May 13, 1923 (Lincoln);
average, April 9 to 29.
Fall: September 4, 1887 (H. W. Henshaw), to November 18, 1914
(J. H. Riley); average, September 19 to October 19.
Prairie WARBLER, Dendroica discolor (Vieillot).
Common summer resident in the scrub pines, where it would seldom
be observed were its presence not betrayed by its characteristic song.
Eggs found May 14 (1891) to July 1 (1890); young in the nest, June 14
(1896).
April 12, 1883 (H. W. Henshaw), to October 3, 1910 (E. J. Brown);
average, April 23 to September 16.
OvENBIRD, Seiurus aurocaptllus (Linnaeus).
Common summer resident. Eggs found May 12 (1896) to June 3 (1906);
young in nest, May 24 (1896).
April 10, 1904 (J. H. Riley), to November 13, 1887 (H. W. Henshaw);
average, April 23 to October 3.
NorRTHERN WATER-THRUSH, Seiurus noveboracensis noveboracensis (Gmelin).
Common in migration, found in low wet ground, often seen along the
bank of the river.
Spring: April 16, 1921 (Miss M. J. Pellew), to June 2, 1907 (A. K.
Fisher); average, April 27 to May 23. .
Fall: July 28, 1889 (J. D. Figgins), to October 16, 1919 (M. J. Pellew);
average, August 9 to September 25.
| GRINNELL’S WATER-THRUSH, Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis Ridgway.
A western race of the Northern Water-thrush which has been taken
three times; May 11, 1879 (Wm. Palmer); May 5, 1885 (Palmer); August
5; 1886 (A. K. Fisher).
Louisiana WATER-THRUSH, Seiurus motacilla (Vieillot).
Common summer resident. It breeds along most of the wooded streams,
where its wild, ringing song may often be heard though the bird can not
be found.
Seen nest building April 10 (1908), eggs May 8 (1921) to May 28 (1888);
young on the wing May 24 (1896).
March 27, 1921 (Miss M. J., Pellew), to October 4, 1920 (Pellew);
average, April 4 to September 19.
Kentucky WARBLER, Oporornis formosus (Wilson).
Tolerably common summer resident. Its increase in recent years may
be more apparent than real, and due to the greater accessibility of its
haunts and the larger number of observers.
Eggs have been found from May 22 (1915) to June 15 (1879); small young
about the middle of June (1894) and young strong on the wing July 20
(1913).
60 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
April 25, 1920 (W. N. Koelz), to September 5, 1920 (A. K. Fisher);
average, May 2 to August 27.
ConneEcTICUT WARBLER, Oporornis agilis (Wilson).
This is one of the species whose spring and fall migration routes are
different. Consequently it is only accidental in spring while in fall it is a
tolerably common migrant.
Spring: Four specimens in 1882; May 22 (D. W. Prentiss), May 24
(H. W. Henshaw), May 28 (Wm. Palmer), May 30 (E. W. Nelson);
May 24, 1891 (Wm. Palmer); May 17, 1909 (W. H. Osgood), April
30, 1911 (H. H. T. Jackson).
Fall: August 28, 1886 (A. K. Fisher), to October 24, 1889 (Wm.
Palmer); average, September 21 to October 14.
Movurnina WARBLER, Oporornis philadelphia (Wilson).
Rare migrant. It is seldom found outside of the denser woods and in
spring does not appear until so late that it is usually missed.
Spring: May 4, 1928 (W. J. Whiting), to June 7, 1917 (F. Harper);
average, May 15 to 28.
Fall: August 17, 1894 (George Marshall), to October 1, 1894 (Wm.
Palmer); average, August 19 to September 30.
MaryYLAND YELLOW-THROAT, Geothlypis trichas trichas (Linnaeus).
Abundant summer resident near water and in swampy places.
Two broods are raised; fresh eggs have been found from May 1 (1887) to
June 22 (1884). On June 14, 1914, at Four Mile Run, one nest was found
from which the young had flown, another with eggs just hatching, and
another with one egg.
April 13, 1891 (Wm. Palmer), to November 2, 1919 (F. Harper);
average, April 22 to October 6. Two accidental records in De-
cember; one near Arlington, December 29, 1913 (Preble and
McAtee); one in Meridian Hill Park, December 12, 1927 (M. T.
Cooke).
NorTHERN YELLOW-THROAT, Geothlypis trichas brachidactyla (Swainson).
Common in migration but the records are not separable from those of
the Maryland Yellow-throat.
Specimens have been taken: September 23, 1902 (struck Washington
Monument); May 27 and September 16, 1903, and May 11, 1904 (W. W.
Cooke).
YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT, [cteria virens virens (Linnaeus).
Common summer resident, frequenting brushy places.
Begins nesting about the middle of May. Eggs have been found from
May 18 (1887) to July 2 (1885). Young left nest June 12 (1922).
April 14, 1927 (Miss H. P. Childs), to October 4, 1925 (A. Wetmore);
average, April 30 to September 19.
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 61
HoopED WARBLER, Wilsonia citruna (Boddaert).
Common summer resident. This species seems to have increased in
recent years but this may be partly due to its haunts having become better
known and visited by more observers. Coues and Prentiss called it only a
straggler.
Young just out of the nest have been found June 8 (1902).
April 13, 1919 (A. Wetmore), to October 1, 1899 (J. H. Riley); average,
April 29 to September 14.
WILson’s WARBLER, Wilsonia pusilla pusilla (Wilson).
Uncommon in migration, and usually found in low, brushy growth near
water.
Spring: May 1, 1876 (H. W. Henshaw); May 1, 1908 (A. M. Stim-
son), and May 1, 1914 (A. Wetmore), to May 31, 1891 (F. C.
Kirkwood); average, May 8 to 24.
Fall: August 22, 1910 (W. W. Cooke), to October 18, 1919 (Miss M. J.
Pellew); average, August 26 to September 19.
CANADIAN WARBLER, Wilsonia canadensis (Linnaeus).
Common in migration, frequenting the bushes and lower branches.
Spring: May 2, 1923 (J. Kittredge, Jr.), to June 2, 1917 (F. Harper);
average, May 8 to 25.
Fall: July 31, 1887 (A. K. Fisher), to October 23, 1921 (A. Wetmore);
average, August 19 to September 16.
AMERICAN ReEpstTart, Setophaga ruticilla (Linnaeus).
Abundant migrant and common summer resident. Nesting begins
about the first of May (April 27, 1926, a female was seen to bring the first
straws to the nest site), and eggs have been found as late as June 25 (1910).
Young just hatched were found June 12 (1895).
April 15, 1877 (Wm. Palmer), to October 138, 1927 (W. H. Ball);
average, April 22 to September 20.
AMERICAN Pipit, Anthus rubescens (Tunstall).
A rather rare and irregular migrant. It has been said to winter, but
there is no record of its occurrence in January. |
Spring: February 16, 1908 (W. W. Cooke), to May 14, 1910 (E. A.
Preble); average, March 11 to April 24.
Fall: October 1, 1916 (F. Harper), to December 23, 1916 (J. P. Young);
average, October 11 to November 27.
MockincGBIRD, Mimus polyglottos polyglottos (Linnaeus).
Permanent resident, now common and well distributed. Coues and
Prentiss, in both lists, called this a rare summer resident. In the last
decade of the last century it was almost unknown; active collectors might
not find one in the course of several years. By 1902 or 1903 a few pairs
(probably not over a half dozen) were known, but outside their particular
62 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
localities the species was never seen. About 1905 it began gradually to
increase until it is now common.
Dr. Wetmore reports that on August 22, 1925, he saw fifteen mocking-
birds along a hedge in the space of a hundred yards near Cabin John, Md.
The law prohibiting the taking of these birds for cage birds has undoubtedly
been partly responsible for their increase. It is now common not only in
the country but is also quite at home and frequently nests in the suburbs
and even in the city.
They begin nesting in late April and it is probable that more than one
brood is raised, for young nae recently from the nest have been found
early in August.
CaTBIRD, Dumetella carolinensis (Linnaeus).
Abundant summer resident. This is one of the species that comes into
the suburbs and city parks. It occasionally remains into the winter.
One was noted December 25-31, 1883 (H. W. Henshaw), and one recently
killed January 13, 1889 (C. W. Richmond). One was noted near the
Harvard Street entrance to the Zoological Park from December 13, 1924,
to January 6, 1925 (W. H. Ball), and one appeared at a feeding table about
a block from there about February 2, 1925 (Mrs. David White).
Fresh eggs have been found from May 17 (1885) to July 12 (1885);
young out of nest, June 14 (1914).
March 14, 1918 (C. M. Shaw), to December 6, 1917 (B. H. Saralea):
average, April 22 to October 25.
One about February 1, 1898 (J. H. Gaut), and Febsuaes 21, 1915
(S. W. Mellott).
Brown THRASHER, Toxostoma rufum (Linnaeus).
Common summer resident.
Eggs have been taken from early in May to the end of June; young on
the wing May 30 (1888).
March 4, 1867 (Spec. Nat. Mus.), to November 13, 1887 (C. W.
Richmond); average, April 3 to September 26.
In two years stray birds have appeared on February 22, in 1916
(Miner and Moore), and in 1925 (F. Bond).
CaroLina WREN, Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovictanus (Latham).
A permanent resident, usually near water, varying in abundance from
year to year; at present fairly common. During a severe storm in Febru-
ary, 1918, this species was nearly exterminated in this region and it was
several years before it recovered. This is one of the most sedentary
species, and year after year may be found near the same place.
They have been found building as early as April 11 (1886), and fully
fledged young were taken May 2 (1890). LEggs of the second brood were
found in a Bank Swallow’s nest June 16, 1889 (C. W. Richmond).
Bewicxk’s WREN, Thryomanes bewicki bewicki (Audubon).
A southern species which straggles to our area, but though it has been
found in summer, it has never been known to breed.
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 63
Since 1882 it has been noted in spring in 14 years from March 26, 1897
(J. H. Gaut), to April 29, 1905 (A. H. Howell). One was seen at close
range near Falls Church February 8, 1918 (J. H. Riley), and one recorded
in “late May,” 1906 (Howell). On July 19, 1925, one appeared in the west
court of the National Museum (H. H. T. Jackson). It has been recorded
three times in fall; September 9, 1928 (Jackson); November 24, 1889
(J. D. Figgins); and December 22, 1890, on the Mall (C. W. Richmond).
House Wren, Troglodytes aedon aedon Vieillot.
Common summer resident. Two broods are usually raised and eggs
have been taken from May 1 (1887) to July 7 (1885).
March 26, 1910 (E. B. Gregg), to November 26, 1914 (F. M. Weston);
average, April 18 to October 16.
WINTER WREN, Nannus hiemalis hiemalis (Vieillot).
A fairly common winter visitant whose elusiveness makes it seemingly a
_ rarity. .
September 25, 1925 (H. G. Deignan), to May 1, 1882 (spec. Nat.
Mus.); average, October 5 to April 21.
SHORT-BILLED Marsu WREN Cistothorus stellaris (Naumann).
Apparently very rare in migration, but possibly not so rare as the few
dates would indicate.
Specimen May 9, 1890, near Rock Creek (E. M. Hasbrouck); specimen
May 3, 1893, near the Tidal Basin (Hasbrouck); 2 seen May 10, 1927, ina
meadow at Soldiers’ Home (W. H. Ball); one was collected (F. C. Lincoln)
the next day and the other disappeared the day following.
Lone-BiLLED Marsu Wren, Telmatodytes palustris palustris (Wilson).
Abundant summer resident in the marshes along the Potomac River
ahd Eastern Branch. There are two records in winter; one seen near
Dyke, December 27, 1914—January 3, 1915 (W. W. Cooke), and one that
wintered on Eastern Branch near Woodridge, 1919-1920 (F. Harper).
Nesting begins the last of May for eggs advanced in incubation have
been found June 1 (1885), and fresh eggs as late as June 26 (1887).
April 17, 1920 (F. C. Lincoln), to November 16, 1926 (W. H. Ball);
average, May 2 to October 9.
Brown CrEEPER, Certhia familiaris americana Bonaparte.
Fairly common winter visitant.
One seen at Dranesville, Va., just outside our area, on June 2, 1912 (A. G.
Whitney), was a delayed migrant.
September 22, 1858 (HE. Coues), to May 9, 1925 (M. T. Donoho);
average, October 6 to April 24.
WHITE-BREASTED NuTHATCH, Sitta carolinensis carolinensis Latham.
A tolerably common permanent resident. The nuthatch breeds almost
entirely on the Piedmont Plateau and may be partially resident there.
64 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
It is very rarely found on the Coastal Plain in summer but is tolerably
common there in winter.
They begin to nest about the middle of April; young have been found
early in May.
RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH, Sitia canadensis Linnaeus.
A winter visitant, varying in abundance from common to rare in dif-
ferent seasons. It is likewise quite erratic as to its times of arrival and de-
parture.
August 22, 1903 (W. L. McAtee), to May 20, 1917 (I. N. Gabrielson);
average, September 24 to May 5.
Turrep Titmouse, Baeolophus bicolor (Linnaeus).
Abundant permanent resident everywhere except in the city. The
breeding season begins early; young have been found as early as May 7
(1914). More than one brood is raised since young just out of the nest
were found as late as August 3 (1919).
BLACK-CAPPED CHICKADEE, Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus (Linnaeus).
Very rare winter visitant. It has been frequently reported, but there
are few records that can be considered authentic. Sight records are not
reliable in the majority of cases.
January 12, 1859 (spec. Nat. Mus.); December 10, 1859 (spec. taken
by D. W. Prentiss now in Nat. Mus.); December 24, 1876, December 25,
1878, January 2, 1879 (specimens taken by Wm. Palmer); common March
and April, 1885, 19 specimens taken March 15—April 19 (Wm. Palmer);
October 19, 1896 (specimen by W. Palmer).
CAROLINA CHICKADEE, Penthestes carolinensis carolinensis (Audubon).
Common permanent resident. They begin nesting in April (2 with
egg nearly ready to be laid taken April 11, 1888), eggs have been taken
from April 27 (1879). Young out of nest May 19 (1926).
GOLDEN-CROWNED KiINGcLET, Regulus satrapa satrapa Lichtenstein.
A winter visitant, in some years abundant, in others rather scarce.
- September 20, 1910 (E. J. Brown), to April 27, 1888 (E. M. Has-
- brouck); average, October 7 to April 15.
RUBY-CROWNED KINGLET, Regulus calendula calendula (Linnaeus).
Common in migration, occasionally seen in winter.
September 14, 1913 (W. W. Cooke), to May 17, 1917 (I. N. Gabriel-
son); average, April 7 to May 4 and October 2 to November 7.
BLUE-GRAY GNATCATCHER, Polioptila caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus).
Common summer resident, mostly on the Coastal Plain. They begin
nest-building about the third week in April, and young on the wing have
been found May 24 (1896).
March 6, 1916 (L. D. Miner), to September 13, 1919 (F. Harper);
average, April 8 to August 28.
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 65
A bird seen October 24, 1896 (W. Palmer), was a cripple, as was prob-
ably the one taken November 23, 1890 (C. W. Richmond). There
are two records of its occurrence on New Year’s Day, both of the
birds apparently in good condition: January 1, 1917, at the Arlington
Experiment Farm (M. T. Cooke) and January 1, 1924, near the
Tidal Basin (S. F. Blake),
Woop Turuvussu, Hylocichla mustelina (Gmelin).
Common summer resident, more abundant than formerly. They now
nest freely about lawns in the suburbs as well as in the woods.
Eggs have been taken from May 1 (1895) to June 8 (1895); young on the
wing about June 15.
April 13, 1888 (E. M. Hasbrouck), to October 30, 1913 (A. H. Howell);
average April 24 to October 1.
Witson’s Turusu, Verery, Hylocichla fuscescens fuscescens (Stephens).
Common in migration. The migrant thrushes slip through so quickly
- and silently that they seem much rarer than they really are.
Spring: April 9, 1922 (F. C. Lincoln), to June 2, 1907 (A. K. Fisher);
average May 1 to 19. |
Fall: August 18, 1889 (J. D. Figgins), to October 1, 1916 (L. D. Miner);
average August 23 to September 13. ;
Wittow Turvss, Hylocichla fuscescens salicicola Ridgway.
A specimen of this western race of the Veery was taken in the Zoological
Park September 2, 1920, by Ned Hollister. Another was reported seen
near the same place May 7, 1922, by H. C. Oberholser.
GRAY-CHEEKED TurRvsH, Hylocichla aliciae aliciae (Baird).
Fairly common in migration.
- Spring: May 6, 1928 (F. C. Lincoln), to June 3, 1917 (I. N. Gabriel-
son); average, May 10 to 26.
Fall: September 1, 1860 (spec. Nat. Mus.), to October 20, 1903 (A. K.
Fisher); average, September 21 to October 7.
BickNnELL’s TurvusH, Hylocichla aliciae bicknelli Ridgway.
This race is tolerably common in migration, but since it can not be
distinguished in the field from the Gray-cheeked Thrush, there are few
definite records.
Specimen records are as follows: 2 May 14, and 1 May 18, 1888 (R.
Ridgway); May 17, 1892, and May 24, 1893 (E. A. Preble); May
27, 1903 (W. W. Cooke); October 3, 1885 (C. W. Richmond).
OLIVE-BACKED Turusu, Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi).
Common in migration.
Spring: April 18, 1925 (M. T. Cooke), to June 2, 1917 (F. Harper);
average, May 3 to 24.
Fall: September 1, 1926 (A. Wetmore), to November 1, 1886 (A. K.
Fisher); average, September 15 to October 9.
66 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Hermit Turvusu, Hylocichla guttata pallasi (Cabanis)..
Common migrant and rare winter visitant.
Spring: Latest, May 17, 1902 (W. W. Cooke); average, March 24 to
May 1.
Fall: Earliest, September 18, 1900 (R. W. Shufeldt): average, October
16 to November 20.
NorTHERN Rosin, Planesticus migratorius migratorius (Linnaeus).
Abundant in migration, a few in winter, the majority of the robins
found in winter belonging to this race. Those found in the woods in early
spring are nearly all migrant migratorius while those in the city are the
breeding form, achrusterus. Their migration seems to be principally in
March and October when robins are abundant in the woods.
Specimens in the National Museum collection determined by J. H. Riley
and A. Wetmore range in date from October 17, 1889, to April 4, 1884.
There was a specimen in the collection of W. W. Cooke taken April 10,
1903.
SouTHERN Rosin, Planesticus migratorius achrusterus (Batchelder).
Abundant summer resident, but no specimens of this race have yet
been recorded in winter. The earlier writers all refer to the robin as an
‘uncommon breeder, though common in migration. Since the killing of
robins for market has been stopped, the species has greatly increased in
abundance throughout the eastern United States. This is now one of the
most abundant species about Washington from late February to early
November, nesting freely about the city. Fresh eggs have been found
from April 11 (1905) to July 3 (1887); young on the wing May 21 (1907).
Specimens in the National Museum determined by J. H. Riley and A.
Wetmore range in date from April 5, 1891, to October 29, 1859.
BLUEBIRD, Sialia sialis sialis (Linnaeus).
Permanent resident, local in winter, and only fairly common in summer.
It is common during migration in March and October. The breeding
season is a long one, for two and sometimes three broods are raised. Young
in the nest have been found from April 28 (1921) to August 10 (1919).
Bluebirds are much less common than formerly; several times, notably in
the winters of 1895 and 1912, many have been killed by storms, and, at least
in the latter case, they recovered their numbers very slowly. It is a
question whether they have ever been as abundant since.
HYPOTHETICAL LIST.
AMERICAN GULL-BILLED TERN, Gelochelidon nilotica aranea (Wilson).
Has been reported as ‘‘occasional in autumn’’ but no specimen has been
found. One was reported seen off Hains Point, May 20, 1928 (W. H.
Ball), and while there seems little reason to doubt the identification it seems
best to consider this species as hypothetical until a specimen is obtained.
|
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 67
Buack SkimMErR, Rynchops nigra Linnaeus.
Coues and Prentiss report having seen an individual of this species ‘‘on
the Potomac, some distance below Washington,’ September 8, 1858.
Another individual was reported seen briefly over the Anacostia River,
April 14, 1928, by C. H. M. Barrett. In view of the uncertainty of these
records it seems advisable to place the species on the hypothetical list
until a specimen is obtained.
WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE, Anser albifrons gambeli Hartlaub.
The authority for including this species is a specimen in the National
Museum bought in the Washington market in March, 1856, but there is
no evidence that it was shot in the immediate vicinity.
PRAIRIE CHICKEN, Tympanuchus americanus americanus (Reichenbach).
A specimen taken March 17, 1885, was undoubtedly an introduced bird,
for about that time birds taken in the west were liberated in Kent County,
“Maryland.
CHUCK-WILL’s-wiDow, Antrostomus carolinensis (Gmelin).
The presence of this species in the list proves to be based on the record of
a bird heard by Mr. Ridgway in 1895 and on descriptions of strange birds
seen by other persons who were not acquainted with the species. Dr.
Richmond had all the data available when he prepared his lists of 1898
and 1902 but thought best not to include it, and it seems best to transfer
it to the hypothetical list until a specimen is obtained.
ScISSOR-TAILED FiycaTcHEeR, Muscivora forficata (Gmelin).
This is a south-western species of which there are two reports of birds
seen by persons not familiar with the species. The nearest specimen record
is from Aylett, Virginia, some distance beyond our territory.
PinE GRosBEAK, Pinicola enucleator leucura (Miiller).
A card in the Biological Survey files credits H. W. Henshaw with having
taken a specimen of this northern species in January, 1888. Dr. Fisher,
who collected with Mr. Henshaw at that time, says he has no knowledge of
such a find, and since careful search of Mr. Henshaw’s original notes from
which the cards were copied fails to show it, there was evidently some error
in the copying. Since the only other record is of three reported seen
November 26, 1903 (T. H. Levering), it seems best to consider this hypo-
thetical until a specimen is secured.
68 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The present bibliography is intended to give only the more important
lists of birds of the area and to show chronologically the growth of the
list of the birds of the Washington region.
1816. WarpEN, Davin Baruuie. [Birds seen in the District of Columbia.]
A Chorographical and Statistical Description of the District of
Columbia. Paris. 1816, pp. 210-211.
Lists 32 species. (This list was reprinted in the ‘Osprey,”’
V, 1901, pp. 57-58.)
1862. Cours, Exuiort, and Prentiss, Danie, WesstTeR. List of birds
ascertained to inhabit the District of Columbia, with the times of
arrival and departure of such as are non-residents, and brief
notices of habits, ete. 16th Annual Report Smithsonian Insti-
tution, 1861 (1862), pp. 399-421.
Enumerates 226 species, two as doubtful, making the list 224
certain and 2 hypothetical forms.
1876. SHuFELDT, RospertT Wiuson. Birds of the District of Columbia.
Field and Forest, I, 1876, pp. 79-80.
Names 38 permanent residents (and one duplicated), 29 winter
residents and mentions 6 other species. The list still stands as
224 species and 2 hypothetical.
1876. Jouy, Pierre Louis. Notes on Forster’s Tern. Field and Forest,
II, 1876, pp. 29-31.
Adds this species, making the list 225 species and 2 hypothetical
forms.
1877. Jouy, Prmrre Louis. Catalogue of the Birds of the District of
Columbia. Field and Forest, II, 1877, pp. 154-156, 178-181.
A nominal list of 240 species which adds 14: Wilson Petrel,
European Widgeon, Shoveler, Brant, Florida Gallinule, Semi-
palmated Plover, Barn Owl, Arkansas Kingbird, Bronzed
Grackle, English Sparrow, American Crossbill, White-winged
Crossbill, White-eyed Vireo, Mourning Warbler, and drops the
Chickadee. Makes the list 238 certain and 2 hypothetical forms.
1877. Couns, E., and Prentiss, D. W. Remarks on Birds of the District
of Columbia. Field and Forest, II, 1877, pp. 191-193.
Comparison between their list and Jouy’s, restores the Chicka-
dee and eliminates the Crested Grebe, making the list 238 certain
and 2 hypothetical forms.
1877. Jovy, P. L. Field Notes on some of the Birds of the District of
Columbia. Field and Forest, III, 1877, pp. 51-52.
Adds Lark Sparrow and Cerulean Warbler, making the list
240 certain and 2 hypothetical forms.
1877. Catalogue of the Birds of the District of Columbia, Prepared by
Pierre Louis Jouy, with Remarks on the Birds of the District,
by Drs. Coues and Prentiss.
A reprint of the two articles from Field and Forest, repaged.
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 69
1878. Roperts, WitL1AM Fiorian. Additions to the List of District
Birds. Field and Forest, III, 1878, p. 172.
Adds the Dowitcher, making the list 241 certain and 2 hypo-
thetical forms.
1882. Ripaway, Rosert. Birds New to or Rare in the District of Co-
lumbia. Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club, VII, 1882, p. 253.
Adds Sharp-tailed Sparrow (later ascertained to be the Nelson’s
Sparrow), Loggerhead (Migrant) Shrike, and Bewick’s Wren,
making the list 244 certain and 2 hypothetical forms.
1883. Cours, Exuiott, and Prentiss, DanizrL Wesster. Avifauna
Columbiana: being a List of Birds ascertained to inhabit the
District of Columbia. Bulletin 26, U. S. National Museum,
1883, 133 pp., 4 maps.
An annotated list of 248 species (really 249 forms, since both
forms of the Palm Warbler are included under one number), and
still includes the two hypothetical forms. Does not include the
Cerulean Warbler, but adds Clapper Rail, Rough-legged Hawk,
Duck Hawk, and Palm Warbler, making the list now really
248 certain and 2 hypothetical forms.
1885. PatmMer, WitL1amM. Occurrence of Helminthophila leucobronchialis
in Virginia. Auk, II, 1885, p. 304.
Adds this hybrid to the list, making it 248 certain and 2 hypo-
thetical forms and 1 hybrid.
1886. Smira, HueH McCormick. Birds New to the District of Columbia.
Auk, ITI, 1886, pp. 1389-140.
Adds the European Teal, Northern (really Red) Phalarope,
Stilt Sandpiper, and Red-backed Sandpiper, making the list
252 certain and 2 hypothetical forms and 1 hybrid.
1887. Wesster, FrepericK Smita. The Saw-whet Owl in the District of
- Columbia. Auk, IV, 1887, p. 167.
Adds this species, making 253 certain and 2 hypothetical
forms and 1 hybrid.
1887. Hensuaw, Henry Weruerser, The Lapland Longspur about
Washington, D. C. Auk, IV, 1887, p. 347.
Adds this to the list, making it 254 certain and 2 hypothetical
forms and 1 hybrid. |
1888. Ricumonp, CHARLES Watuace. An Annotated List of Birds
Breeding in the District of Columbia. Auk, V, 1888, pp. 18-25.
Notes on 100 species, but adds nothing to the list.
1888. Smita, Hucu M. and Parmer, Wm. Additions to the Avifauna of
Washington and Vicinity. Auk, V, 1888, pp. 147-148.
Records 12 forms new to the list: Red-throated Loon, White
Pelican, Yellow Rail, Long-billed Dowitcher, Piping Plover,
Ruddy Turnstone, Carolina Paroquet, Olive-sided Flycatcher,
Prairie Horned Lark, Lincoln’s Sparrow, Kirtland’s Warbler
and Grinnell’s Water-thrush. List now 266 certain and 2
hypothetical forms and 1 hybrid.
70
1888.
1889.
1890.
1890.
1890.
1891.
1893.
1894.
1894.
1895.
1896.
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Hasprouck, Epwin Marsize. Dendroica caerulea in the District
of Columbia. Auk, V, 1888, pp. 323-324.
First specimen for the region, though Jouy had recorded a
sight identification. Lists 266 certain and 2 hypothetical forms
and 1 hybrid.
PaLMER, Wm. First Occurrence of the Philadelphia Vireo near
Washington, D.C. Auk, VI, 1889, p. 74.
Makes list 267 certain and 2 hypothetical forms and 1 hybrid.
FisHER, ALBERT Kenrick. Capture of a Specimen of the Orange-
crowned Warbler (Helminthophila celata) in the Vicinity of
Washington, D. C. Auk, VII, 1890, p. 96.
The addition of this species makes the list 268 certain and 2
hypothetical forms and 1 hybrid.
Ripeway, Ropert. Junco hyemalis shufeldti in Maryland. Auk,
VII, 1890, p. 289.
This specimen, later reidentified as the Montana Junco, makes
the list 269 certain and 2 hypothetical forms and 1 hybrid.
Hassprouck, Epwin Marsue. Cistothorus stellaris at Washing-
ton, D.C. Auk, VII, 1890, p. 291.
This makes the list 270 certain and 2 hypothetical forms and.
1 hybrid.
RICHMOND, CHARLES WaLuace. Barrow’s Golden-eye (Glauci-
onetta islandica) near Washington, D. C. Auk, VIII, 1891, p.
112.
This makes the list 271 certain and 2 hypothetical forms and
1 hybrid. :
Hassrovuck, Epwin Marsie. Rare Birds near Washington, D. C.
Auk, X, 1893, pp. 91-92.
Adds the Wood Ibis and Yellow-headed Blackbird, making
the list 273 certain and 2 hypothetical forms and 1 hybrid.
Matruews, Renick Seymour. Baird’s Sandpiper near Washing-
ton, D.C. Auk, XI, 1894, p. 325.
This addition makes the list 274 certain and 2 hypothetical
forms and 1 hybrid.
PaLMER, WiuL1AM. The Ruff and Western Sandpiper near Washing-
ton, D.C. Auk, XI, 1894, p. 325.
This addition brings the list to 276 certain and 2 hypothetical
forms and 1 hybrid.
Kirkwoop, Frank Coates. A List of the Birds of Maryland.
Trans. Maryland Academy of Sciences, 1895, pp. 241-281.
Records specimens of American Hider, Sanderling, and Bick-
nell’s Thrush, making the list 279 certain and 2 hypothetical
forms and 1 hybrid.
PaLMER, WILLIAM. The scien iniled Flycatcher in Virginia and
Maryland. Auk, XIII, 1896, p. 83.
Considers this as heloneine to the Washington list, making it
280 certain and 2 hypothetical forms and 1 hybrid.
1896.
1897.
1897.
1897.
1898.
1898.
1901.
1902.
1907.
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 71
RicHMOND, CHARLES WaLLAcE. List of Birds of the District of
Columbia. July, 1896, pp. 1-12.
An annotated list of birds of the region, of which only 40
species were published. Specimens of Hawaiian Petrel are re-
corded under Leach’s Petrel, making the list 281 certain and 2
hypothetical forms and 1 hybrid.
Ficgeins, JEsse Dapr. Bachman’s Sparrow in Maryland. Auk,
XIV, 1897, p. 219.
This addition brings the list to 282 certain and 2 hypothetical
forms and 1 hybrid.
BartscH, Pau. Urialomvia, An Addition to the Avifauna Colum-
biana. Auk, XIV, 1897, pp. 312-313.
This makes the list 283 certain and 2 hypothetical forms and
1 hybrid. é
BartscH, Paut. A Few Notes on the Avifauna Columbiana. Auk,
XIV, 1897, p. 326.
Adds the Swallow-tailed Kite, making the list 284 certain and
2 hypothetical forms and 1 hybrid.
Maynarp, Lucy Warner. Birds of Washington and Vicinity,
including adjacent parts of Maryland and Virginia. Washing-
ton, 1898, 204 pp. Revised edition, 1902, 210 pp., illus.
A handbook of the birds of the region. Contains a list of all
birds of the region by Dr. Richmond.
RicHMOND, CHARLES WALLACE. List of All Birds Found in the
District of Columbia. In Maynard, Birds of Washington and
Vicinity, 1898, pp. 178-186.
A classified list of 291 forms, in which the doubtful Milvulus
of Coues and Prentiss is dropped and four forms are added:
Glossy Ibis, Northern Phalarope, Black Vulture, and Northern
Parula Warbler, making the list 288 certain and 1 hypothetical
form and 1 hybrid.
DaniEL, JoHN Warwick, Jr. Occurrence of the Glossy Tbis at
Washington, D.C. Auk, XVIII, 1901, p. 271.
First positive record, fheneh it had been admitted by Dr.
Richmond on the strength of an old record by Ord. List remains
288 certain and 1 hypothetical form and 1 hybrid.
Ricumonp, C. W. List of All Birds Found in the District of Co-
lumbia. In Maynard, Birds of Washington and Vicinity, revised
edition, 1902, pp. 178-186.
A reprint of his 1898 list to which is added the Yellow-crowned
Night Heron, making the list 289 certain and 1 hypothetical
form and 1 hybrid.
Oscoop, WiLFRED Hupson. Helminthophila lawrencei near the
District of Columbia. Auk, XXIV, 1907, pp. 342-343.
Records a specimen of this hybrid, making the list 289 certain
and 1 hypothetical form and 2 hybrids.
72
1908.
1912.
1913.
1917.
1919.
1920.
1921.
Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Cooke, WreLtts Woopsripce. Bird Migration in the District of
Columbia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXI, 1908, pp. 107-118.
A table of migration dates, list of permanent residents, and
dates of occurrence of casual visitants. Lists 294 forms in
which he adds the Chuck-will’s-widow and Northern Yellow-
throat, but inadvertently omits the Carolina Paroquet; also
throws doubt upon the record of the Barrow’s Goldeneye. The
list is therefore 291 certain and 2 hypothetical forms and 2
hybrids.
GRONBERGER, SvEN Maenus. Starlings. Forest and Stream,
LXXVIII, January-June, 1912, p. 178.
Records first specimens taken in Washington, making the
list 292 certain and 2 hypothetical forms and 2 hybrids.
Cooxr, WELLS WoopsRiIpGE. Bird Migration in the District of
Columbia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXVI, 1913, pp. 21-26.
Revised table for spring Laeention! Héthing added.
OBERHOLSER, Harry CuHurcH. Autumn Water-bird Records at
Washington, D. C. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXX, 1917, Ms
122.
Adds the White-rumped Sandpiper and Black-bellied Plevee
making the list 293 certain and 2 hypothetical forms and 2 hybrids.
Swates, BrapsHAw Haru. A Former Record of the Heath Hen
(Tympanuchus cupido) at Washington, D. C. Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash., XXXII, 1919, p. 198.
Though an old record this is an addition and makes the list
294 certain and 2 hypothetical forms and 2 hybrids.
WETMORE, ALEXANDER. The Newfoundland Crossbill in the
Washington Region. Auk, XX XVII, 1920, p. 456.
The addition of this race of the American Crossbill brings
the list to 295 certain and 2 hypothetical forms and 2 hybrids.
Cooxr, May Tuacumr. Birds of the Washington Region. Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., XXXIV, 1921, pp. 1-21.
A revision of Cooke’s list of 1908, recording 299 certain and
2 hypothetical forms and 2 hybrids. In this list the hypothetical
Barrow’s Goldeneye is dropped on the basis of a reexamination
of the specimen; the Newfoundland Crossbill is inadvertently
omitted, and the following are added: Glaucous Gull, Red-
legged Black Duck, White-fronted Goose, Northern Robin (in
a footnote), and the Prairie Chicken to the hypothetical list.
The list, therefore, is 300 species and eabep cles 2 hybrids and
2 ecilie cal forms.
1921. Court, Epwarp JosrerH. Some Records of Breeding Birds for
the Vicinity of Washington, D. C. Auk, XXXVIII, 1921, pp.
281-282.
Adds the American Bittern, Virginia Rail, and Florida Galli- |
nule to the breeding birds of the region.
Cooke—Birds of the Washington, D. C., Region. 73
1921. Hoxuister, Nep. The Willow Thrush in the District of Columbia.
Auk, XX XVIII, 1921, p. 463.
‘Adds this race, making the list 301 certain and 2 hypothetical
forms and 2 hybrids.
1922. OsERHOLSER, Harry C. The Season: Washington Region. Bird-
lore, XXIV, 1922, pp. 350-351.
Records the occurrence of the Louisiana Heron, making the list
302 certain and 2 hypothetical forms and 2 hybrids.
1923. WeTmMoRE, ALEXANDER. The Evening Grosbeak near Washington,
D.C. Auk, XL, 1923, p. 130.
This addition makes the list 303 certain and 2 hypothetical
forms and 2 hybrids.
1926. WeTmorE, ALEXANDER. The Migrations of Birds. Cambridge,
1926, 217 pp., illus.
On page 86, Dr. Wetmore calls attention to the fact that two
races of Crows are found around Washington. This makes the
list 304 certain and 2 hypothetical forms and 2 hybrids.
-1927.2BatiL, Witt1am Howarp. Notes from Washington, D. C. Auk,
: XLIV, 1927, pp. 257-258.
Adds the Knot to the local list, making it 305 certain and 2
hypothetical forms and 2 hybrids.
1928. Batt, Witt1am Howarp. The Hudsonian Curlew (Numenius
hudsonicus) at Washington, D.C. Auk, XLV, 1928, p. 371.
This latest addition brings the list to 306 certain and 2 hypo-
thetical forms and 2 hybrids.
[The present (1929) list contains 301 certain and 7 hypothetical forms
and 3 hybrids.]
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Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
76
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1.00 73
Vol. 42, pp. 81-98 March 25, 1929
. PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A 4
NEW BIRDS FROM PERU, BRAZIL, AND COSTA
| RICA.
BY JOHN T. ZIMMER.!
Recent study of the collection of birds secured by the Cap-
tain Marshall Field Peruvian Expedition of Field Museum of
Natural History in 1922-23, has revealed the existence of a
number of new subspecies which seem to be worthy of recog-
nition. Most of the new forms here described were obtained
by the expedition mentioned; the others appeared in material
used for comparative study. Descriptions of other new forms
from the same source have been published in Field Museum of
Natural History Publication, Zoological series, vol. 12, no.
4, 1924; tom. cit. No. 8, 1925; and the present publication, vol.
40, 1927.
The type specimens of the forms described below are in the
collection of Field Museum of Natural History, as are all
other specimens not otherwise accredited. Acknowledgments
are due to Dr. Frank M. Chapman, American Museum of
Natural History, New York; to Mr. W. E. C. Todd, Carnegie
Museum, Pittsburgh; to Mr. O. Bangs, Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology, Cambridge; and to Drs. C. W. Richmond and A.
Wetmore, U. 8. National Museum, Washington. Compara-
tive material generously loaned from these sources has been of
great assistance in establishing the relationships of the various
species and subspecies. I am indebted further to Dr. Crk:
Hellmayr for notes on certain specimens in European museums
and for freedom of access to manuscript notes of the late
Count Berlepsch, which have aided in the study.
Names of colors when capitalized indicate direct comparison
with Ridgway’s “Color Standards and Color Nomenclature.”’
1Published by permission of the Director, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.
2—Proc. Brox. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 42, 1929. (81)
82 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Xenops rutilus septentrionalis, subsp. nov.
Type from Guayabo, Costa Rica. No. 35744, Field Museum of Natural
History. Adult male collected January 29, 1908, by J. F. Ferry; original
number 243.
Diagnosis.—Similar to X. r. purusianus from Hyutanahan, Rio Puris,
Brazil, but differs by having the pale streaks on the top of the head more
rufescent and less buffy; back less strongly marked, with deeper ochraceous
streaks; breast, flanks, and belly more narrowly streaked with pale shaft-
lines; under tail-coverts averaging more rufescent in tone and less sharply
streaked; tail with less black, having none on the outer webs of any of the
rectrices except a minute shade at the extreme base, the black being con-
fined almost entirely to the inner webs of the third and fourth and the
basal half of the second outer feathers. From X. r. heterurus of Bogoté,
Colombia, it is separable by the much lesser amount of black on the tail
and by the narrower streaking below, together with somewhat smaller
size. Wing (four males) 65-68 mm., average 67; tail 44-50, average
46.25; culmen from base 14—14.5, average 14.25; exposed culmen 10.5-138,
average 12.5; tarsus 13-15, average 14.
Habitat.—Central America, in Costa Rica (Juan Vifias and Guayabo)
and Panamd4 (Boquete).
Description of type.-—Top of head Mummy Brown with narrow shaft-
streaks of deep Cinnamon-Buff, broadest on forehead; mantle Brussels
Brown with pale ochraceous shaft-lines becoming obsolete on the lower
border; mantle separated from the more dusky nape by an ill-defined and
narrow collar which is slightly more rufescent than either the head or
mantle; rump and upper tail-coverts light Sanford’s Brown grading in-
sensibly into the color of the mantle. Lores white with a dusky area
immediately in front of the eye; a broad superciliary stripe of slightly
buffy white from the lores to the nape; a postocular stripe of Mummy
Brown; auriculars dull white with dark brown edges; a broad, conspicuous
subauricular stripe of silky white; sides of the neck like the back but the
edges of the feathers grayer brown and the central stripes broader and
whiter. Chin and throat dull white; sides of the lower throat, breast,
sides, belly, and flanks Hair Brown x Olive Brown with narrow shaft-
streaks of faintly buffy white, broadest on anterior portions; under tail-
coverts Buffy Brown with whitish shaft-streaks less sharply defined than
those on the remainder of the under parts. Under wing-coverts tawny
Ochraceous Buff. Upper wing-coverts Snuff Brown with an ill-defined
blackish or dusky area on the inner webs; primaries and secondaries
largely black, narrowly margined externally with Sanford’s Brown x
Amber Brown, and with a broad band of Ochraceous-Tawny across both
webs of the median portion of the quills from the fourth outer primary
to the penultimate inner secondary; the ochraceous color deeper and more
tawny on the outer webs of the secondaries where it forms a bright patch
visible on the closed wing; outer three primaries black except for the pale
outer margin; inner secondary with a paler and more orange-tinted sub-
basal area continuous with the band on the other quills but not so sharply
Zimmer—New Birds from Perz%, Brazil, and Costa Rica. 83
defined; blackish distal patch on this quill reduced to an ill-defined dusky
area; beginning with the sixth outer primary, the tips of the primaries
and secondaries are Amber Brown x Sanford’s Brown, forming a narrow
terminal margin on the primaries and a wider band on the secondaries;
tertials entirely Amber Brown x Sanford’s Brown. Rectrices light Auburn;
outermost rectrix entirely of this color; second with the basal third of the
inner web, adjacent to the shaft, dusky; third with a broad black stripe
on the inner web from the base to near the tip, not reaching the inner
margin; fourth similar to the third but black region a little broader and
longer, leaving a narrower rufous inner margin and tip; fifth and inner-
most rectrices entirely light Auburn. There is no black on the outer webs
of any rectrix except for a dusky shading at the very base. Wing 66 mm.;
tail 45; culmen from base 14.5; exposed culmen 11; tarsus 15.
A specimen from Juan Vifias, Costa Rica, has a small dusky spot on the
inner web of the fifth rectrix near the tip. One specimen from Boquete,
Panam4, has the blackish area on the third rectrix more or less broken
about a third of the way from the tip. All four examples examined agree
in the absence of black on the outer webs of the remiges.
Peruvian specimens of purusianus are very close to this Central American
form and agree with it in the disposition of the black markings on the tail,
thereby differing from the average of topotypical purusianus. However,
one male from Hyutanahdn has very little more black on the tail than
have the Peruvian specimens, and as the latter agree with purusianus in
other respects, according to the series at hand, it seems best to consider
them as purusianus, at least for the present.
On the other hand, the Central American birds, while showing affinity
to purusianus through the Peruvian examples, are cut off from the range
of that form by heterurus, which appears to occupy all three chains of the
Andes in Colombia. Although purusianus was originally described as
having a tail-pattern like that of heterurus, the material at hand tends to
show that the black areas are rather more extensive in heterurus, occupy-
ing the larger part of the outer webs of the fifth as well as the fourth rec-
trices; in some specimens of purusianus there may be a certain amount of
black on the basal portion of those webs but it does not extend so far
toward the tip, and in other examples it is but little more extensive than in
septentrionalis.
Specimens examined:
X. 7. rutilus—Brazil: ‘“Bahia’”’ 1? ; Rio de las Velhas 1
Sao Paulo 1 o&; Barra do Corda, Maranhao 1 &
tina: Puerto Segundo, Misiones 1 ¢.
X. 7. connectens—Argentina: Ledesma, Jujuy 1 9.
X.7r. purusianus—Brazil: Hyutanah4n 2 o&' 1 9!; Arima, Rio Purts1 @
1 91. Pert: Chinchao 1 o; Huachipa2o’ 1 9.
X. 7. guayae—Ecuador: Puente de Chimbo 1 9.
X.r. heterurus—Colombia: ‘‘Bogoté” 6 ? ; Santa Elena, Antioquia 1 ? .
; Victoria,
2 9
1 9. Argen-
1Specimens in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh.
84 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
X. 7. septentrionalis—Costa Rica: Guayabo 1 o& (type); Juan Vifias 1 o.
Panamé: Boquete 2 o!.
Pipra coronata circumpicta, subsp. nov.
Type from Munichis, Yurimaguas, Peri. No. 50897, Field Museum
of Natural History. Adult male collected September 1, 1912, by M. P.
Anderson; original number 29.
Diagnosis.—Closely allied to P. c. exquisita from central-eastern Pert
but male slightly more obscure on the upper back, duller green on the
breast, and duller yellow in a more restricted area on the belly; top of the
head slightly darker blue, completely encircled by a border of much deeper
blue which includes the forehead, upper part of the lores, supercilium,
postocular region above the auriculars, and hind neck, which are clear
green in exquisita; wing-quills browner, less blackish, with paler inner
margins. ,
Habitat.—Northern Pert south of the Marafion River; Yurimaguas and
Chyavetas.
Description of type.—Back bright Grass Green, brighter on the rump,
somewhat darker anteriorly; hind neck Cossack Green; auriculars and
lower part of the lores Dull Blackish Green. Top of the head Pale Ceru-
lean Blue (the feathers sooty black at their bases), completely encircled by
a border of light Methyl Blue which involves the forehead, upper part of
the lores, supercilium, postocular region above the auriculars, and the
hind neck. Chin and throat Danube Green, passing into Bice Green on
the breast and sides, Light Bice Green on the flanks, and Barium Yellow
on the mid-belly and under tail-coverts. Wings and tail fuscous with the
outer webs of the quills and upper coverts like the rump; inner margins
of the wing-quills Pale Smoke Gray; under wing-coverts Marguerite
Yellow. Mazxilla blackish; mandible soiled white; feet dull brown. Wing
57 mm.; tail 25; culmen from base 10; exposed culmen 7.5; tarsus 13.5.
Although I have only a single specimen of this well-marked form, I do
not hesitate to describe it since its characteristics have already been noted
in other material from northern Peri. A specimen from Chyavetas was
recorded as Pipra cyaneocapilla by Sclater and Salvin (Proc. Zool. Soe.
London, 1867, p. 751) and by Taczanowski (Orn. Pérou, 2, p. 344, 1884).
This same example and another from the Rio Huallaga were recorded as
young males of cyaneocapilla by Sclater (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 14, p. 300,
1888). Hellmayr (Ibis, 1906, p. 36) found that these two specimens were
fully adult though differing somewhat from typical exquisita, to which they
were most closely related, and possibly belonging to a separable form.
The reappearance of the same peculiarities in the Moyobamba specimen
indicates the apparent stability of the characters in birds from that region.
I place this new race in the species coronata at the suggestion of Dr.
Hellmayr, who has worked out the relationship of coronata and exquisita in
his forthcoming treatment of the family Pipridae.
1Specimens in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge.
Zimmer—New Birds from Perz, Brazil, and Costa Rica. 85
Specimens examined:
P. c. exquisita—Perti: Puerto Bermitidez 3 7 1 Q.
P. c. circumpicta—Perti: Munichis, Yurimaguas 1 o (type).
Pipra pipra microlopha, subsp. nov.
Type from Puerto Bermiidez, Rio Pichis, Pert; altitude 1100 feet. No.
65801, Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male collected March
18, 1923, by J. T. Zimmer; original number 3521.
Diagnosis Somewhat intermediate between P. p. comata and P. p.
coracina in the degree of gloss on the black plumage, but differing from
both the others by having a shorter, more rounded crest; the bases of
the feathers of the forehead, and sometimes of the whole crown, white,
quite different from coracina though sometimes equaled by comata in this
respect.
Habitat.—Northeastern Peri and western Brazil south of the Amazon
River; from the Ucayali eastward to SAo Paulo de Olivenga and probably
_ as far as the Jurud4; tropical zone.
Description of type-—General color bluish black, slightly more silky than
in coracina but not as glossy as in pipra and comata. Whole top of the
head, including nuchal crest, white, but the crest is rather short, tapering
posteriorly to form an oval point in the middle of the hind neck instead of
being produced into a flattened, broadly rounded collar lying over the
upper part of the mantle as in the other races. The feathers of the fore-
_ head and crown, back to the posterior border of the eyes, are entirely
white; those of the rest of the cap are narrowly pale gray at the base. Wings
and tail sooty black with the exposed outer edges and tips bluish black
like the back. Wing 65 mm.; tail 28; culmen from base 11; exposed cul-
men 9; tarsus 14; length of cap 27.
Young males are, above, dark Kronberg’s Green, much darker than the
dark Yellowish Oil Green of comata, with the whole top of the head dark
gray, more or less washed with green. Below, Mineral Gray, somewhat
washed with Kronberg’s Green on the breast and flanks and slightly
tinged with green on the throat. Feathers of the crown with a trace of
black on each side of the shaft at the base; some new white feathers which
have appeared on the head of one of the specimens are white to the base as
in the adult. One immature male, possibly younger than the others, has
rather more green on the breast and a wash of the same color on the top
of the head, while the mandible is pale yellow except at the extreme tip,
not blackish as in the other immature examples and the adults.
A female is similar to the young males but has the back a little lighter
in color, about Kronberg’s Green; top of the head lighter gray, washed
with green; throat whitish, washed with pale Lime Green; breast dark
Tea Green; middle of belly white, tinged with Sea-foam Yellow in the anal
region, less strongly on the under tail-coverts; flanks Deep Grape Green.
Wing 63 mm. ; tail 26.5; culmen from base 12; exposed culmen 9; tarsus 14.
- Among the adult males of this form there seems to be little or no varia-
tion in the degree of gloss on the black feathers. The white cap is always
short and oval at the tip, although the exact length is slightly variable.
86 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
The feathers of the forehead are white to the base in all the specimens;
those of the crown are also white in the type specimen. In one male from
Sado Paulo de Olivenga, Brazil, the feathers of the crown at base are narrowly
very pale gray, and those of the occiput are somewhat darker. One
specimen from Orosa, Pert (nearly opposite the mouth of the Napo River)
is a little darker in this respect, and two others from the same locality are
even more marked, but none of the series is as heavily marked as typical
coracina, which has the basal portion of the cap, sometimes including
most of the forehead, much deeper and more broadly black. The type
of microlopha apparently resembles the type of comata (as the latter was
originally described) in having the crown feathers white to the base,
but whereas comata was described on account of its unusually long crest,
microlopha is notable for its very short crest.
The extent of the dusky bases on the head is not constant, even in
comata; two males from Uchco have the glossy plumage and long crest of
comata, but the feathers of the crown are distinctly blackish at the base,
possibly in an approach toward coracina which occurs not far distant, at
Pomardé. On the other hand, a Yurimaguas male has the crown and
occiput pale gray at base. This specimen seems to be abnormal. It is
exceptionally small (wing 60 mm.; tail 25) and exhibits traces of albinism
in various parts of its plumage, but its crest is proportionately long and
broad at the tip, and its plumage is as glossy as in typical comata.
A male from the mouth of the Curaray River, eastern Ecuador, seems to
be intermediate between pipra and microlopha, having a moderately short
crest with considerable white at the base of the crown feathers combined
with a heavily glossed plumage which is somewhat lighter in tone than
that of most examples of pzpra.
Ihering (Rev. Mus. Paulista, 6, p. 485, 1904=May, 1905) records
leucocilla (=pipra) from the Jurud region. This record certainly refers
to the present new form since there is no allied form south of the Amazon
except far to the eastward, on the Tocantins, where bahiae occurs.
The measurements of five adult males of microlopha are as follows:
wing 65-69 mm., average 67.2; tail 27-29, average 28.4; culmen from base
11-12, average 11.5; exposed culmen 8.5-9.5, average 9; tarsus 14; length
of white cap 25—27.5, average 26.3.
The use of the specific name pipra instead of leucocilla is, I believe,
necessary. In 1758, Linnaeus described ‘‘Parus Pipra,” which he based on
Seba’s account of the ‘‘Cacotototl”’ (Thes., 2, p. 102, pl. 96, fig. 5). Seba’s
description and figure unmistakably represent a white-crowned manakin
with a glossy black body, and as Seba is the only earlier authority quoted
by Linnaeus in this connection, his species is entitled to the name pipra.
Unfortunately, Linnaeus, after citing Seba and quoting an abbreviated
diagnosis from his work, appended a more complete description of a totally
different species (a flycatcher), which disagrees not only with Seba’s ac-
count but also with a short diagnosis of his own which he quoted from his
then unpublished ‘‘Museum Adolphi Friderici.”” In the latter work,
published six years later, he erected the genus Pipra, applied a new name,
leucocilla, to his own earlier diagnosis of P. pipra (which he elaborated
but did not otherwise alter), and repeated his more lengthy description
;
Zimmer—New Birds from Periz, Brazil, and Costa Rica. 87
of the flycatcher under the name leucocephala (= Arundinicola leucocephala) ;
but he again confused matters by referring Seba’s account to leucocephala
in spite of the obvious disagreement. No mention was made of the name
pipra in either connection. Two years later, in the twelfth edition of the
Systema Naturae, the names leucocilla and leucocephala were again used
for the two distinct species, and here the original Parus Pipra was defi-
nitely identified as leucocilla, although it was erroneously placed in syn-
onymy in spite of its six years of priority. By this association, Linnaeus,
as first reviser, succeeded in separating the integral parts of the composite
Parus Pipra and in allocating the original name to one of the parts.
Berlepsch and Hartert (Novit. Zool., 9, p. 53, footn., 1902) were unjustified
in rejecting the name pipra, and Ridgway (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 50, pt. 4,
p. 744, 1907) used the name correctly.
Linnaeus’s original reference gives the type locality of pipra as ‘‘in
Indiis,”’ which is not sufficiently definite for modern zoology. It is ante-
dated by Seba’s ‘‘montagnes de Tetzcocanara”’ which that author, in
another connection, places ‘‘au Bresil’’; but there is considerable doubt
attached to this name. In the first place, both Tetzcocanara and Caco-
tototl suggest Mexican, rather than Brazilian, origin. Seba’s reference to
Hernandez in connection with another species also said to be from Tetzco-
canara gives a clue to the probable explanation. Hernandez (Rev. Med.
Nov. Hisp. Thes., Hist. Animal., lib. unic., p. 52, cap. CXCVII) gives the
description of a bird which he calls ‘‘Cacatototl” from the ‘‘planis Tetz-
coquensibus”’ in Mexico. There is not much doubt that Seba took name
and locality from this account, although his own description (which does
not agree at all with that of Hernandez) was drawn up from specimens
which he received from a Jacques Guillot of Amsterdam who, in turn,
probably secured them from Surinam. In any case Seba’s species does
not occur in Mexico and Tetzcocanara or Tezcuco can not well be the type
locality of the bird which he described and figured. Linnaeus’s citation
of Brazil and Surinam, in the twelfth edition of the Systema Naturae, in
connection with leucocilla, is probably correct, and Surinam, as the most
definite locality given, should be designated as type locality for Parus Pipra.
The Cacatototl of Hernandez has yet to be identified.
Specimens examined:
P. p. pipra—Surinam: Rijsdijkweg 1 o. British Guiana: Saint Laurent
du Maroni 2 o&; Hyde Park 2 &; Demerara 1 o&; Caramang
River 3 o’. Brazil: Conceicéo, Rio Branco 2 «1 9; Itacoatiard
1 2; Manacapurt, Rio Solimées 3 o.
P. p. anthracina—Panamaé 1 o.
P. p. coracina—Colombia: ‘‘Bogota”’ 1 &. Ecuador: Guayaba, Lojal 7,
Perti: Pomara 1 o.
P. p. comata—Pert: Vista Alegre 1 # ad., 1 @ imm.; Huachipal 71 9;
Chinchao 1 @ 1 9; Uchco 2 o”?; Munichis, Yurimaguas 1 o.
P.p.microlopha—Pert: Puerto Bermudez 1 o& ad. (type),4 7 imm., 1 9;
Orosa 3 o”. Brazil: Sao Paulo de Olivenga 1 o'.
P. p. ?—Ecuador: mouth of Rio Curaray 1 7.
1Specimens in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh.
2Specimens in American Museum of Natural History, New York.
88 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Phrygilus unicolor inca, subsp. nov.
Type from the mountains near Hudnuco, Pert; altitude 12200 feet.
No. 60073, Field Museum of Natural History. Adult male collected
June 19, 1922, by J. T. Zimmer; original number 2404.
Diagnosis.—Similar to P. u. unicolor of northern Chile, but smaller
and decidedly darker above and below; more sooty, less ashy.
Habitat Highlands of Pert. |
Description of type-—Above, Slate Gray. Below, Dark Gull Gray,
slightly paler and duller near the crissum. Wings and tail black; upper
wing-coverts bordered with the color of the back; alula with the outer
border a little paler, about the color of the breast; second to fifth outer
primaries with their outer margins distinctly white except toward the tips
of the quills; outermost primary with the outer margin slightly grayer
than the rest of the outer web, faintly tinged with brown; inner primaries,
secondaries and tertials with outer margins the color of the back, becoming
paler and more whitish near the tips. Rectrices with outer margins the
color of the breast, inclining toward whitish. Under wing-coverts gray
like the breast. Iris brown; bill brownish black; feet dull brown. Wing
85 mm.; tail 57.5; culmen from base 13.5; exposed culmen 11; tarsus 23.
Females are like the males and sometimes almost indistinguishable, but
are usually paler below, between Gull Gray and Deep Gull Gray, with
indistinct dusky shaft-lines; belly and crissum approaching Pale Gull
Gray. Above, the feathers of the head and back have broad dusky shaft-
lines, rather ill-defined, and sometimes have a brownish tinge on the mar-
gins, but the color is still definitely gray and quite distinct from the brown
of the young birds.
Both sexes in juvenal plumage are closely streaked throughout. Above,
the blackish brown shaft-stripes are margined with buffy brown on the
crown, with Hair Brown on the upper back, and with Sepia on the middle
back. Below, the feathers are dark Clove Brown in their centers, edged
with whitish Pale Olive Buff. A characteristic feature is an area of Dark
Olive Buff on the sides of the face, including the lores, auriculars, malar
region and eyelids. The upper wing-coverts are brownish black margined
with buffy brown. Wings and tail are margined externally with grayish
buffy brown. In this plumage, inca is easily separated from unicolor
by the much broader and darker streaks on the upper and under parts,
by the darker edges of the dorsal feathers, and by the olivaceous sides of the
face.
Males in first annual plumage are similar to the juvenals in being streaked
above and below, but the streaks are much less pronounced (especially
below), the whole tone of coloration is much grayer and less buffy, and the
sides of the face have lost the curious olive color.
It is not my intention to enter here into a detailed discussion of the
various plumages of this and related species as I hope to do in a later paper.
Suffice it to say that there is evidence at hand which indicates that both
sexes are very much alike in wnicolor, tucumanus, and inca, but noticeably
different in some of the more northern races.
eee ee ee
———S~ SO oe
= =
eo ee oe
ee
See ee ea ee. a ee a
ae, ee
‘ 7
;
if
+
Zimmer—New Birds from Periz, Brazil, and Costa Rica. 89
The present form probably is more closely approached by tucumanus
than by typical wnicolor, to which I have compared it in the diagnosis,
since tucumanus also is smaller and darker than wnicolor though it does not
go so far in this direction as typical inca. Specimens from Tucumdén are
farther removed from both unicolor and inca than are Bolivian examples,
which show an approach to unicolor in size and to inca in color but remain
closest to tucumanus.
Three adult males of inca measure as follows: wing 81-89.5 mm., aver-
age 85; tail 56-60, average 57.8. Six adults of tucumanus (marked as
males) from Tucumén measure: wing 85.5-89 mm., average 87.8; tail
61-65, average 62.5. Six males of tucumanus from Bolivia measure: wing
91-96 mm., average 92.6; tail 61.5-69, average 63.75. Nine males of
unicolor from Chile measure: wing 91-98 mm., average 93.4; tail 62-68,
average 64.5. Females of all three forms are a little smaller than the
males in average measurements.
North of the range of inca occurs the Ecuadorean form, grandis, which
is again larger than paler than inca, being more like topotypical tucumanus
~~ in color and Bolivian tucwmanus in size, although it has a longer bill than
either. The Peruvian form described herewith exists as a small, dark
race replaced by larger, paler forms both to the north and south.
The general failure to recognize this Peruvian race heretofore may be
attributed to a protracted misidentification of unicolor. The species,
unicolor, was described by d’Orbigny and Lafresnaye from the Cordillera
of Tacora, Pert, and the Pampa de Oruro, Bolivia, and Tacora usually
has been considered, as it may be more formally designated, as the type
locality. Tacora belonged to Pert at the time the species was described,
and most authors, misled by this fact, have referred all Peruvian speci-
mens of this group to the Tacora form without having examined topotypes.
Tacora now belongs to Chile, being situated not far from Choquelimpie,
and specimens from Choquelimpie agree with others from other parts of
Chile but differ from Peruvian examples. Thus, while Peruvian speci-
mens of this group have long been known and Chilean examples have been
comparatively rare, the latter appear to be entitled to the name unicolor,
leaving the Peruvian race in need of formal description.
In 1844, Tschudi (Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 290, no. 162, May, 1844)
described Phrygilus rusticus from Pert. This name has been placed in
the synonymy of unicolor by various authors and, if it referred to the
present species, it would be valid for the race I have described here as
inca. Dr. Hellmayr has kindly examined Tschudi’s type in the Berlin
Museum and pronounces it a molting, immature specimen of the bird
long known as Spodiornis jardinii Sclater, over which latter name rusticus
thus has priority. Tschudi’s description reads as though the author had
had several specimens before him of different sexes and ages. Ten years
after Tschudi’s description appeared there was but a single specimen of
the species in the Berlin Museum (cf. Lichtenstein, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol.,
p. 43, 1854) and it is evident that Tschudi composed his description of
the various plumages of his species from this single molting example.
90 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
In any case, Phrygilus rusticus Tschudi does not affect the nomenclature
of P. u. inca.
Specimens examined:
P. u. unicolor—Chile: Choquelimpie, Tacna 1 co 1 9; San Pedro, Antofo-
gasta 9 o' 2 9; Bajios del Toro, Coquimbo 1 & 2 9; Cajon del
Rio Blanco, Vega Redonda 2 o’; Valle de Los Piuquenes, Vega
Redonda 1 9; Guardia Vieja, Aconcagua 1 <.
P. u. tuceumanus—Argentina: Las Pavas, Tucum4n 9 o' 11 9 (as sexed by
the collector). Bolivia:! Calugo, Cochabamba 1 ¢; near Cocha-
bamba 1 o; Coloni 5 o; Incachaca 1 ? ; Cerro San Benito 3 9;
Mollemolle 1 o.
P.-u. inca—Perti: Hudnuco, mountains at 12200 feet 3 of (including
type) 4 2; La Quinua 1 o&; mountains near Balsas1 7 1?.
P. u. grandis—Ecuador: Pichincha, 14000 feet 1 72 9.
Chlorophanes spiza axillaris, subsp. nov.
Type from Bahia, Brazil. No. 9701, Field Museum of Natural History.
Adult male; no date; ex collection C. B. Cory, ex collection Lawrence.
Diagnosis.—Similar to C. s. spiza from British Guiana, Trinidad, and
Venezuela, but general color of males more greenish, less bluish, especially
on the belly; hind neck without the yellowish tone which is usually pro-
nounced in spiza; under wing-coverts and thighs decidedly paler, light
gray instead of sooty black.
Habitat.—Southeastern border of Brazil from Pernambuco to Santa
Catharina.
Description of type-—Whole top and sides of the head occupied by a
black hood which extends from the base of the mandible along the lower
border of the malar region to the auricular orifice, thence upward and a
little forward to the postocular region where the line curves backward
around the rear of the occiput. Held away from the light (toward the
light all greenish colors are bluer) the hind neck appears Chrysoprase
Green; back light Viridian Green; point of the chin black; remainder of
under parts Cobalt Green x Vivid Green. Wings and tail black with the
upper wing-coverts and outer margins of the remiges and rectrices similar
to the back but a little duller; tertials and middle rectrices largely of the
same color. Under wing-coverts, axillaries, and thighs Light Mouse Gray
with moderately pronounced pale greenish tips, heaviest on the outer
margin of the wing. Maxilla black with an angular yellow area at the
base of the commissure below the nostril; in lateral view this reaches
forward about to the middle of the commissure; in dorsal aspect it appears
to end about at the anterior end of the nostril. Mandible entirely yellow;
feet olivaceous. Wing 68.5 mm.; tail 46; culmen from base 18.5; ex-
posed culmen 15; tarsus 18.5; length of black cap in the middle 22.
' One female from Bahia appears to be deeper and less yellowish green
than four females of spiza from various localities, but I am not assured of
1Specimens from Bolivia in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh.
pe a Se ee
ee
Zimmer—New Birds from Perz, Brazil, and Costa Rica. 91
the stability of this character. Wing 64.5 mm.; tail 45; culmen from base
18.5; exposed culmen 14.75; tarsus 16.
In addition to the material listed below, I have notes which Dr. Hell-
mayr has kindly made on an adult male from Blumenau, Santa Catharina,
and two adult males from Brago do Sul, Victoria, in the Munich Museum,
in comparison with sixteen males of typical spiza from Caparo, Trinidad.
These notes confirm the characters which I have given for the southeast
Brazilian race. They also indicate the existence of a longer black cap in
axillaris than in spiza, but two males of spiza from Trinidad, in the col-
lection of Field Museum of Natural History, have the cap longer than in
the type of avillaris, showing the variability of this feature. The type of
Turdus micans Hahn, in the Munich Museum, proves to be typical spiza,
and two males from Paré show no trace of approach toward avillaris,
being also typical spiza.
The western limits of the range of this new form are uncertain. Ihering
(Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 344, 1907) records the species from Matto Grosso,
but I suspect that the variety occurring there will be found to be caerules-
cens and not azillaris; I have no material to determine the point.
Specimens examined:
C: s. spiza—British Guiana: no locality 1 o’; Caramang River 2 2. Trini-
dad: Valencia 2 o& 1 9. Venezuela: Guanacos, Orinoco delta
1 o&. Brazil: Paré 1 9; Santarem 1 921!. Colombia: “Bogoté”’
Zena? 1 9,
C. s. azillaris—Brazil: Bahia 1 o& ns) 1 9,3 o; Rio de Janeiro 1 <!;
Pernambuco 4 <7.
C. s. caerulescens—Perti: Moyobamba 1 9; Huachipa 1 o’; Vista Alegre
3 o'; Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo 1 @, Puerto Bermudez 1 @ imm.,
1 2. Colombia: Hondal 9?.
C. s. exsul—Ecuador: Puente de Chimbo 8 o' 4 2; Paramba, Esmeraldas
Bret A, 9
C. s. subtropicalis—Colombia: Miraflores, Cauca 1 o’, 1 o?; Cauca Seca
1 &; Chocdé, Noanam4 1 o& 1 9; La Cumbre 1 93; Bitaco Valley
2%; Jerico 1 92.
Tangara chilensis chlorocorys, subsp. nov.
Type from Vista Alegre, junction of the Chinchao and Huallaga rivers,
Perd; altitude 4100 feet. No. 60142, Field Museum of Natural History.
Adult male collected August 31, 1922, by J. T. Zimmer; original number
2778.
Diagnosis.—Similar to T. ch. caelicolor from northeastern Colombia
but larger; green cap longer, reaching farther posteriorly, and brighter,
more yellowish green.
Habitat.—Tropical valleys of the upper Huallaga River, Pert, from
the Huayabamba River and its tributaries south to the Chinchao River.
1Specimens in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge.
2Specimens in American Museum of Natural History, New York.
3Specimens in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh.
92 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Description of type——A brilliant hood of Bright Green-Yellow, tinged
with Viridine Yellow, occupies the top and sides of the head, reaching the
occiput in its mid line, then extending farther backward on either side to
an angle on the sides of the neck, turning forward over the ear-openings
to a point at their anterior border, and passing forward thence to include
the malar region, lores and forehead except for a narrow line of black
feathers which completely surrounds the base of the bill and a similar
narrow line of black around the eye. The feathers of this hood are small
and squamiform, black at their bases and Venice Green on their concave
under surfaces. Hind neck, sides of the neck behind the hood, and mantle,
including the scapulars, rich velvety black. Middle of the back below the
mantle occupied by a patch of brilliant Scarlet-Red x Scarlet, with the
concealed portions of the feathers subterminally yellow, subbasally white,
and basally gray; lower back and rump Lemon-Chrome x Light Cadmium, .
with the concealed portions subterminally dull buff, subbasally white and
basally gray; upper tail-coverts like mantle; the extreme sides of the lower
back Chrysoprase Green with black subterminal areas and gray bases,
Point of the chin black, included in the black ring surrounding the base of
the bill; remainder of the chin and throat Dull Blue-Violet (1); on the
lower throat the feathers are subterminally bright Cendre Blue (greener
if held away from the light); on the upper breast the violet tips have almost
disappeared and the general color is bright Cendre Blue which extends
over the breast and sides and down each flank in a broad lateral stripe;
middle of the belly black with a tinge of violet blue where it meets the
Cendre Blue of the flanks; thighs black with broad tips the color of the
breast on each feather; under tail-coverts black. Wings and tail black;
primaries, except the outermost, with outer margins the color of the
throat; secondaries and tertials with short, narrow borders of greenish
blue at the bases of the outer webs, concealed by the greater upper wing-
coverts which are black, with a tiny blue spot at the tips of the outer webs;
primary-coverts and alula black, edged externally like the primaries and
with a small greenish spot near the tip of each feather; smallest lesser
upper wing-coverts Yellow-Green in a very restricted patch which is con-
cealed by the scapulars; remainder of the lesser coverts like the breast;
median coverts like the throat; under wing-coverts mostly like the breast,
those along the outer margin of the wing like the throat. Iris brown; bill
black; feet bluish black. Wing 78 mm.; tail 55; culmen from base 13;
exposed culmen 9; tarsus 18; length of hood in middle 19.5.
Females are similar to the males. he
A young female from Huachipa, taken October 7, 1922, in general is like
the adults but the cap is duller green with its feathers normal, not squami-
form; the chin and upper throat are like the breast with violet feathers
beginning to appear on the sides and lower border; the back is dull black;
the middle of the back is yellow like the rump but is more tinged with
orange. The entire plumage lacks the brilliance of coloring of the adults,
even where the color is the same.
In addition to measurements secured from ten adults in the collection
Ney
a ha te
Zimmer—New Birds from Peri, Brazil, and Costa Rica. 93
of Field Museum, I have those of sixteen adults from Huambo and Huaya-
bamba as recorded in manuscript notes of the late Count Berlepsch.
These combined data show the wing to vary between 76 and 82 mm.,
average 79.3; tail 53-61.5, average 56.8; exposed culmen 9-10.75, average
9.7; length of hood in the middle 18-22, average 19.5.
Two adults of 7. ch. caelicolor in Field Museum and twenty-one Bogota
skins measured by Berlepsch show the measurements of that form to be as
follows: wing 72.5-80 mm., average 75.6; tail 52-59.5, average 54.9; ex-
posed culmen 8.5-10.75, average 10.1; length of hood in the middle 15-17,
average 15.8.
Berlepsch’s notes confirm my observations on the difference between
caelicolor and the form I have described as chlorocorys, in the color of the
green hood. They also mention a reduction in the width of the black
ring about the base of the bill in chlorocorys, but this character is not
shown by the series in Field Museum and appears to be unreliable as a
racial character.
The differences between caelicolor and chlorocorys are given more weight
by the complete separation of the ranges of the two forms with the oc-
currence of a related subspecies, chilensis, in the intervening territory.
Sciater described caelicolor from two specimens said to have come from
Anolaima, Colombia, and these two skins represent the only records
from that locality. There are many skins extant from “ Bogotd4,” though,
of course, these must have been taken in more or less distant tropical
valleys and not in the vicinity of the city of that name. The known
general range of the race lies to the eastward. It may be questioned,
therefore, whether Sclater’s specimens actually came from Anolaima or
from the country on the eastern side of the range where the form is common.
Chapman (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 593, 1917) records chilensis
from Andalucia and Florencia, Colombia, and from these points the race
ranges southward across eastern Ecuador and Pert to Bolivia. In Pert it
has been recorded from Pebas, Iquitos, Rioja, Moyobamba, Chyavetas,
Xeveros, Rio Ucayali, Monterico, La Merced, Chanchamayo, Huayna-
pata, Marcapata, Rio Cosireni and Rio Comberciata, and possibly other
localities. The new form, chlorocorys, is known from Huambo, Huaya-
bamba, Nuevo Loreto, Huachipa and Vista Alegre. The closest ap-
proach of the two distributional areas occurs at Moyobamba and Huaya-
bamba; both of these places are in the Huallaga drainage, although one
lies in the valley of the Rio Mayo and the other in that of the Rio Huambo,
with a range of mountains forming a barrier open only by way of the
rivers at the junction of the Rio Huayabamba and the Rio Huallaga.
One specimen in Field Museum from Moyobamba clearly demonstrates
the relationship of chlorocorys and chilensis. This bird, an adult female,
has the lower back and rump pure Orange-Chrome, exactly intermediate
between the red of chilensis and the yellow of chlorocorys and caelicolor.
The entire series from Moyobamba exhibits a tone of green on the hood
about intermediate between that of chlorocorys and that of caelicolor, so
that chilensis in this particular is a connecting link between the other
forms though differing from both in the color of the lower back.
94 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Sclater (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 11, p. 97, 1886) noted that caelicolor
‘“‘crossed’’ the range of yent (=chilensis) into ““N. E. Peru’’ (=north-
central Peri), but he did not appreciate the fact that the range of his
caelicolor was interrupted by that of the other form. Berlepsch (Ber. V
Int. Orn.-Kongr. Berlin, p. 1027, 1912) recorded the fact of divided range
and in his manuscript notes, as shown above, he described the differences
between Colombian and Peruvian examples. The basic facts of the case,
therefore, are not entirely new although the western Peruvian form has
not received a name to date.
Specimens examined:
T. ch. chilensts—Ecuador: Sarayacu 1. Pert: no loc. 1; Rioja 1 o; Ya-
huas, near Pebas 1 9; Moyobamba 5 o' 3 9; Rio Colorado,
Chanchamayo 3 o' 1 2 imm.
T. ch. caelicolor—Colombia: “‘Bogoté’’ 1. British Guiana: Roraima 1 co.
T. ch. chlorocorys—Pert: Vista Alegre 1 & (type) 4 9; Huachipa 2 9 ad.
1 2 imm.; Nuevo Loreto near Tayabamba 3 ad.
Thraupis episcopus caeruleus, subsp. nov.
Type from Vista Alegre, junction of the Chinchao and Huallaga rivers,
Pert; altitude 4100 feet. No. 60288, Field Museum of Natural History.
Adult male collected October 14, 1922, by J. T. Zimmer; original number
3052.
Diagnosis.—Allied to T. e. coelestis and T. e. major but purer blue than
either; size about the same, covering the range of variation in coelestis
and almost reaching the maximum of major. Males: wing 89-97 mm.;
tail 64.5-71.
Habitat.—Tropical valleys of central and north-central Peru, from the
Chinchao River north along the Huallaga to Moyobamba and Yurimaguas.
Description of type.—Held away from the light, the upper surface and
sides of the head are between Glaucous Blue and Porcelain Blue; back a
trifle duller and greener, approaching light Terra Verte, with the tips of
the feathers indistinctly paler; rump whitish Pale Glaucous Blue; upper
tail-coverts like the back, tipped with the color of the rump. Chin and
throat Pale Glaucous Blue; lower throat, sides, and flanks Glaucous Blue;
center of the breast strongly bluish, almost Alice Blue; under tail-coverts
Pale Glaucous Blue. Remiges blackish; primaries with most of their
outer webs between China Blue and Mathews Blue, becoming greener and
duller, approaching Gobelin Blue, on the exposed webs of the tertials, which —
have also a whitish subterminal spot on their outer webs; greater upper
wing-coverts and primary-coverts dusky at base, with the exposed webs dull
China Blue; outer edges of primary-coverts narrowly margined with paler
blue; greater series broadly margined and tipped with white, forming a
conspicuous wing-bar. Tail blackish above, with the outer webs of all
the retrices and the inner webs of the middle pair bright China Blue; under
surface of the tail between Gobelin Blue and China Blue. Under wing-
coverts Pale Glaucous Blue.
Held toward the light, all blue-green colors are much bluer. The top
—— eS
eh ian EE
Zimmer—New Birds from Peré, Brazil, and Costa Rica. 95
of the head is a trifle duller than Yale Blue, about Neropalin Blue; the
back is Orient Blue and the rump is pale Sky Gray; the center of the breast
is Forget-me-not Blue and the flanks are Light Neropalin Blue; the blue
edgings of wing and tail become Olympic Blue. Wing 94 mm; tail 71;
culmen from base 18; exposed culmen 13; tarsus 21.
Females are not constantly separable from males although I have seen
none as intensely colored as the brightest males. The dullest female which
is definitely adult is no duller than the dullest male, although the rump
may be less whitish and more bluish than in the males. A certain amount
of variation appears in both sexes in the amount of white on the upper wing-
coverts. Examples with the least amount of white:are at the greener end
of the series and appear to be not quite fully adult; the most immature
specimens have no trace of a wing-bar. One of the nearly adult males
from Chinchao, Pert, is matched in the color of wing, tail, shoulder-patch
and wing-bar (though not in the tone of body plumage) by a male of 7. e.
episcopus (also slightly immature) from Utinga, Parad, Brazil; the latter is
different, in turn, from another episcopus taken at Mandos, Brazil, and
both are different from a typical example taken in French Guiana. Adult
Mandos birds show an approach toward T. e. coelestis but are closer to
episcopus. Eleven males and six females of episcopus from various lo-
calities show considerable variation which I am unable to associate with
geographical distribution.
Specimens examined: |
T. e. episcopus—British Guiana: Potaro 2 o’; Georgetown 1 o 2 9; no
loc. 1?. French Guiana: Saint Laurent du Maronil o&. Dutch
Guiana: Paramaribo 1 o’. Brazil: Béa Vista 1 o&; Mandos 1 9;
Itacoatiar4 1 9; Utinga, Paré 1 0’; Sdo Luis, Maranhdo 2 o'1 9;
Barra do Corda 1 9; Sao Bento 1 o&; Codé6, Cocos 1 o.
T. e. coelestis—Brazil: Porto Velho, Rio Madeiral o'1 2? imm.; Caviana,
Rio Solimées 1 o’; Sao Paulo de Olivenga 1 &; Tonantins 2 ¢/
1 9!; Manacapurt 2 7 2 9},
T. e. caeruleus—Perit: Vista Alegre 2 o (including type) 1 ??; Chinchao
2 cf ad.,1 #imm., 1 9; Moyobamba 5 o' 7 9; Yurimaguas 2 9;
Hacienda Limén 2 2 imm.
T. e. major—Pert: San Ramén, Chanchamayo 2 o@' ad., 1 &@ imm.
Ramphocelus melanogaster transitus, subsp. nov.
Type from Chinchao, Pert; altitude 5700 feet. No. 60244, Field Museum
of Natural History. Adult male collected October 25, 1922, by J. T.
Zimmer; original number 3124.
Diagnosis.—Similar to R. m. melanogaster from northern Pert, but
males with throat and breast paler, having only the upper breast colored
like the throat or a trifle darker; this passes insensibly into the brighter
red of the lower breast and flanks whereas in melanogaster the deep red of
the throat is carried well across the chest and is separated there from the
brighter red of the extreme lower breast and flanks by an abrupt line;
1$pecimens in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh.
96 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
interscapular region more strongly suffused with red than in melanogaster,
approaching R. d. dimidiatus of Colombia and northwestern Venezuela in
this respect though never so strongly red above.
Habitat.—Tropical and subtropical valleys of the upper Huallaga and
Chinchao rivers, central (but not far northern) Pert.
Description of type—Head and interscapular region between Ox-blood
Red and Garnet Brown; interscapular region with concealed subterminal
areas of black; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts between Car-
mine and Nopal Red. Wings and tail black; upper wing-coverts black
with broad external margins the color of the back. Lores, indistinct
superciliary stripes, and sides of the face a little brighter than the crown;
chin and throat a little brighter, between Ox-blood Red and Carmine,
becoming a little darker (though still brighter than the sides of the head)
on the upper breast where the color grades insensibly into the rich Car-
mine of the lower breast, sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts. The middle
of the belly is traversed by a black longitudinal stripe which is more or
less mixed with red and appears as a row of black spots on the anterior
portion, down to the lower belly where it is purer black. Under wing-
coverts black. Wing 80 mm.; tail 75; culmen from base 18; exposed cul-
men 14; tarsus 21.
Females have the forehead Pompeiian Red, passing into Blackish Brown
on the crown and nape; fore part of the crown with narrow whitish shaft-
lines which do not reach the tips of the feathers and which are lost in the
dull gray basal areas of the occipital feathers. Back between Madder
Brown and Diamine Brown; lower back and rump Pompelian Red which
becomes brighter on the upper tail-coverts, approaching Brazil Red.
Lores, superciliaries, and sides of face Pompeiian Red; hinder ear-coverts
like the occiput. Chin Dragon’s-blood Red with whitish shaft-lines;
throat blackish brown with a faint wash of brighter red; breast between
Madder Brown and Pompeiian Red, passing into clear Pompeiian Red on
the remaining under parts. Wings and tail brownish black; upper wing-
coverts edged with the color of the back; under wing-coverts dark vina-
ceous.
A male from Vista Alegre, Pert, is darker than the type and has the
black subterminal areas of the upper tail-coverts reaching nearer the tips
of the longer feathers (as it does sometimes in melanogaster), while the
black of the belly is broader and extends a little farther anteriorly. Ap-
parently this specimen is simply a dark example of the new race which is
comparable to certain dark examples of melanogaster but which is still
brighter than the brightest examples of the typical form.
Two females from Vista Alegre hardly differ from two females of melano-
gaster from Moyobamba. There is a little greater suffusion of Pompeiian
Red in the Madder Brown of the chest which is quite noticeable in one of
the Vista Alegre birds. Two other specimens of melanogaster are quite
noticeably different from the first two and from the Vista Alegre birds,
since they lack the whitish chin and pale reddish forehead.
Two young males of transitus from Vista Alegre are much like the females
but are duller above, with the crown paler and with the shaft-lines broader
aaa
Zimmer—New Birds from Perz, Brazil, and Costa Rica. 97
and extending to the nape. One of these specimens has the throat Dusky
Brown, the upper breast Mineral Red, and the lower breast and sides
between Mineral Red and Corinthian Red; the other lacks the heavy dusky
suffusion of the upper breast and has this region dull Madder Brown, not
strongly differentiated from the throat or from the lower breast and flanks.
In four young males of melanogaster the throat and breast are as dark as in
the females.
In describing this new race it becomes necessary to examine the status
of Swainson’s species, Rhamphopis melanogaster. This species was de-
scribed from “ Peru,’’ being based on a specimen in W. Hooker’s collection;
the exact locality is unknown and the type is lost. Swainson’s description
is not exact enough to be of much assistance in the separation of the two
Peruvian races. It says that the bird is “above brownish black’’ (unlike
transitus), with the ‘‘head, throat and breast reddish chestnut—of the
same dark color as in R. atrococcineus’’ (hardly like transitus), ‘“‘but the
rump and sides of the body are bright crimson; which color blends into the
_ darker hue of the throat upon the breast’’ (which applies to transitus but
in a general way describes specimens from northern Pert as well). Beyond
this, the probability is much greater that Hooker’s specimen came from
northern Pert than that it was taken in the almost unknown interior to
the southward, and, furthermore, it is the more northern form which has
been recognized in more recent years and described by various authors
under the names of luciani and melanogaster. Accordingly I have re-
stricted the older name, melanogaster, to the northern birds and would
suggest, as type locality, Moyobamba, whence specimens are recorded
by both Taczanowski and Berlepsch. |
A comparison of the type specimen of “ Rhamphocelus luciani’’ of
Lafresnaye (No. 77011, Museum of Comparative Zoology; Lafresnaye
collection No. 3019) with five adult males of melanogaster from northern
Pert, reveals unquestionable identity. The type of luciani is somewhat
darker, less reddish, on the top of the head; the interscapulars are about as
in a Moyobamba bird, though a trifle duller black; the rump and upper tail-
coverts are faintly deeper red; the under parts are about as in north-
Peruvian specimens, with the under tail-coverts slightly inclined to brown-
ish—one longer covert is uniform dusky black; the deep red of the throat
is prolonged over the breast and is then rather sharply defined against the
paler hue of the posterior under parts, with the blackish median areas of
the feathers producing a noticeably streaked appearance on the upper
flanks, exactly as in one Moyobamba male. Wings and tail black, slightly
brownish in tone. Wing 81.5 mm.; tail 77; tarsus 21.5.
The darker and duller appearance of some parts of the type of luciani
may be due to age and post mortem change; the general aspect is much
duller than is indicated in Prétre’s plate which accompanies Lafresnaye’s
article in the Magazin de Zoologie (1839, pl. 2). In length of tail the
specimen comes exactly within the range of variability of melanogaster
but exceeds the dimensions of seventeen males of R. dimidiatus which,
like Luciani, was described from Carthagena. Moreover, in comparison
with dimidiatus, the type of luctani has the black of the mantle longer,
98 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
reaching farther posteriorly, as it does in melanogaster. It is evident,
therefore, that luciant can not be the same as dimidiatus, as might be
supposed from the identity of type localities as given by the describer, and
it is equally certain that Carthagena is not the actual type locality of
luciant which certainly came from northern Pert. N. Pert should,
therefore, be substituted for Carthagena as type locality of luciani.
My males of transitus are decidedly similar in many ways to the males
of dimidiatus from Colombia and Venezuela, though they are somewhat
darker above and paler below. In dimidiatus the breast is deeper red but
similarly graduated into the color of the lower breast and flanks. Thus
transitus seems to be somewhere intermediate between melanogaster and
dimidvatus, although the two latter forms are separated from each other
by a region in which no representative of either species occurs. The fe-
males show no such intermediacy. Those of melanogaster and transitus
are very similar while dimidiatus females are separable from both the
others by their clear dusky black throat, upper breast, and forehead, and
by their brighter, redder rump. The relationship is very close, however,
and I would not be surprised in the future to find sufficient evidence to
justify placing melanogaster and transitus in the dimidiatus group.
Among the specimens examined in this connection are two from the
W.S. Church collection in the U. 8. National Museum, labeled as coming
from the ‘‘Upper Huallaga’’ and the “ Headwaters of the Huallaga R.”’
respectively. Dr. Wetmore advises me that a number of the birds in
Church’s collection were obtained in Lima where they had been sent by the
Prefect of the Department of Amazonas who had secured them from the
Indians in his part of the country; they were without given localities
but were said to have come from the upper waters of the Huallaga. Evi-
dently the two specimens in question are from this source. The probability
is that they came from the head of navigation on the Huallaga since the
actual source of the river is high in the temperate zone where this genus is
not found. This head of navigation is between Chasuta and Yurimaguas,
within the range of typical melanogaster, to which form the specimens un-
questionably belong. Mi
Specimens examined:
R. m. melanogaster—Perti: Moyobamba 3 o' ad., 4 @ imm., 4 9; “Upper
Huallaga”’ and “ Headwaters of Huallaga R.’’ (=lower Huallaga) ;
2 o; “Cartagena’”’ (=n. Pert) 1 o (type of RA. luciant Lafr.). —
R. m. transitus—Perti: Vista Alegre 1 of ad. (type), 2 @ imm., 2 9;
Chinchao 1 <.
R. d. dimidiatus—Venezuela: Col6n, Tdchira 1 o& 1 92%; Encontrados,
Zulia 4 #4 9;Catumbo 5 o& 4 9; Orope, Zulia2 9. Colombia:
Chicoral, Tolima 1 &; “Bogota” 1 @ 2 9; Rio Caqueté 1 0;
Atrata 1 #1 2; Cuenta 3 o; Cauca Valley 1 9; San Augustin,
Huila 1 @.
R. d. isthmicus—Panamé: Colé6n 4 o ad., 1 co imm., 1 9; Agua Dulce
el Waicot
1Specimens in U. 8S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.
2Specimen in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge.
OC?)
Vol. 42, pp. 99-102 March 25, 1929
PROCEEDINGS
On THE . ... ; a en Net
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WA
A NEW ANADIA FROM COLOMBLACWITH RES =
MARKS ON OTHER MEMBERS OF-THE
GENUS.
BY A. LOVERIDGE.
_ Since the publication, in 1885, of Volume III of the Catalogue
of Lizards in the British Museum no fewer than five species
of Anadia (Family Telidae) have been described. Unfor-
tunately members of this genus are rarely obtained in series
and most of the species were based on one or two individuals,
nevertheless it appears likely that the majority are valid and
the necessity of describing a tenth member of the genus makes
it seem advisable to list the recognizable species with their
known range of variation in the matter of scale counts. The
new species may be known as
Anadia nicefori sp. nov.
Type, a male, no. 27,340, Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, from Rio
Garagoa at Macanal, Eastern Andes, Colombia. Collected by Brother
Niceforo Maria (collector’s number 64) in 1928. .
Diagnosis.—Closely related to A. bitaeniata Boulenger (of Venezuela)
from which it differs in having a
(1) frontonasal much broader (not narrower) than long.
(2) a divided (instead of single) nasal.
(3) three (instead of four) posterior pairs of chin-shields, all three (in-
stead of two) forming a median suture.
(4) seven, or nine, according to method of counting (instead of 12-16)
scales between posterior chin-shields and edge of collar.
(5) six (not four) anterior and four (not six) posterior praeanals.
(6) three (not eight to ten) femoral pores.
(7) thirty-one (not 34-36) scales round mid-body.
(8) thirty-two (not 34-40) longitudinal scale-rows.
(9) coloration.
(10) smaller size ? See note on sex.
3—Proc. Biot. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 42, 1929. (99)
100 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Description.—Habit lacertiform. Snout obtusely pointed, fronto-
nasal much broader than long: praefrontals forming a median suture;
four supraoculars, first smallest; frontals much longer than the fronto-
parietals, about the same size as the interparietal; a divided nasal; loreal
single; a series of small infraorbitals; 7 upper and 6 lower labials, one
single anterior and three pairs of chin-shields of which the last pair are the
largest and all three pairs form a suture, 7 (or 9) transverse series of scales
from the chin-shields to the edge of the collar; 8 collar shields; dorsal
scales quadrangular but elongate, narrow; ventrals squarish, therefore
broader than the dorsals; 31 scales round the middle of the body and 32
between the occiput and base of tail; 6 anterior and 4 posterior praeanals,
a single scale being interposed between these two rows; caudal scales like
those on the body. No praeanal and only 3 femoral pores distinguishable.
Color (in alcohol).—Head brownish with black smudges on each scale,
the supraoculars almost entirely black; rest of upper surface black. Below
white, a few black blotches on the labials and outermost scales of neck
and belly and on all the posterior subcaudal scales.
Measurements: Length from snout to vent.._........... 32 mm.
; Leneth of tail. eka ee 64 mm.
Length of hind limb.._.__....-... 10 mm.
Hength.of head!22 20) eeu 7.5 mm.
Widthrol Headi 2 ae 5 mm.
Sex.—The testes being 3 x 2 mm. would rather argue that the lizard is
mature though only a trifle over half the length of the type of A. bitaeniatus.
Food.—Remains of a spider and two beetle larvae were found in the
stomach: these were examined by Mr. Nathan Banks who considers the
former a Theraphosid and the latter probably carabid larvae or of a related
family.
When attempting to discover the affinities of this lizard, it was found
that the characters on which Boulenger based his key (Catalogue of Lizards,
1885, III, p. 398) are now misleading, though at that time embodying the
known data. For example rhombifera is included under the section ‘four
supraoculars”’ though the text states the solotype had only three, the
first being absent. A. bogotensis is rightly in the section “two supraoculars’’
but an examination of 24 topotypic Bogota lizards in the collection of the
Museum of Comparative Zodlogy shows that 25% of them have three,
while a seventh has two on one side and semi-divided third on the other.
In another series of 15 from Choachi, Colombia, only one has three supra-
oculars. These Choachi specimens are within the range of variation of
the Bogotd4 lizards in having from 25 to 30 midbody scale rows and from
38 to 52 longitudinal ones (counting from the occipital scale to the second
post anal ring of scales).
The character of the nostril being in a single nasal may not be very
reliable as many Bogotd lizards exhibit a suture or semidivided state.
As the Museum of Comparative Zo6logy only possesses a topotypic A.
Loveridge—A New Anadia from Colombia. 101
pulchella and an A. metallica in addition to A. bogotensis, it seems inad-
visable to attempt anything like a generic revision, particularly as the
descriptions of most of the species were based on single examples. An
attempt to form anything like a satisfactory key seems futile in face of our
ignorance of the possible range of variation in these species, a tabular list
may, however, serve some useful purpose.
Mid-body Longitudinal
Species Supraoculars Scale-rows. Scale-rows.
3 1. metallica 4 23-28 43-56
é 2. ocellata 4 30 08
; 3. vittata 4 30 58
4. angusticeps 4 32 60
4 5. nicefort 4 31 32
: 6. bitaeniata 4 34-36 34-40
{ 7. steyert 4 40-44 62-64
4 8. pulchella 3 4] 43
| 9. rhombifera 3 48 33
~ 10. bogotensis 2 (rarely 3) 38-52 25-30
1. Anadia metallica (Cope).
Chalcidolepis metallicus Cope, 1876, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p.
116, pl. xxiv, fig. 5.
a Aguacate Mountains, Costa Rica.
; 2. Anadia ocellata Gray.
Gray, 1845, ‘‘Cat. Lizards in Brit. Mus.” p. 58; 1851, Proc. Zool.
Soc. Lond., pl. vi, fig. 1.
| Habitat unknown.
3. Anadia vittata Boulenger.
| Boulenger, 1913, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 1033, pl. ecvii, fig. 2.
Pefia Lisa, Condoto, Choco, Western Colombia. (Alt. 300 feet.)
‘ 4, Anadia angusticeps Parker.
Parker, 1926, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., (9) XVII, p. 550-1, text figs.
Gorgona Id., Western Colombia.
5. Anadia nicefori sp. n.
; Rio Garagoa at Macanal, Eastern Andes, Colombia.
6. Anadia bitaeniata Boulenger.
Boulenger, 1903, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) XII, p. 420.
Escorial and Culatdé, Venezuela. (Alt. 10,000 feet.)
: 7. Anadia steyeri Nieden.
Nieden, 1914, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, p. 365.
Puerto Cabello, Venezuela (? sea level).
8. Anadia pulchella Ruthven.
Ruthven, 1926, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Mich., 177, p. 1.
La Cumbre, Hacienda Vista Nieve, Santa Marta Mountains, Co-
lombia. (Alt. 7,000 feet.)
eee ee 4° eee ee
Se er ee
102 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
9. Anadia rhombifera (Giinther).
Cercosaurus rhombifer Giinther, 1859, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p.
405, pl. xx, fig. A.
Western Ecuador.
10. Anadia bogotensis (Peters).
Ecpleopus (Xestosaurus) bogotensis Peters, 1862, Abh. Berl. Acad.,
p. 217, pl. ii, fig. 3. .
Sta. Fé de Bogotd, Colombia.
(06?
Vol. 42, pp. 103-112
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
SIX NEW POCKET MICE FROM LOWER CALI-
FORNIA AND NOTES ON THE STATUS OF
SEVERAL DESCRIBED SPECIES.
BY E. W. NELSON AND E. A. GOLDMAN.
- Study of recent collections made in Lower California by the
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology of the University of California,
the California Academy of sciences, the San Diego Society of
Natural History, and the Los Angeles Museum has added ma-
terially to knowledge of the mammals of the peninsula and
adjacent islands. These collections supplement in a sub-
stantial way those made by the writers in an overland journey
through the peninsula more than 20 years ago, and combined
with them, and with specimens already available from other
sources, afford a more satisfactory basis for a general report,
now in course of preparation, on the mammals of the region.
The following treatment of some of the pocket mice is published
in advance in order that information may be made promptly
available to other workers. For the use of critical material,
including in several instances the types upon which new sub-
species are based, we are indebted to Dr. Joseph Grinnell,
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Dr.
Barton W. Evermann, California Academy of Sciences, Mr.
Laurence M. Huey, San Diego Society of Natural History,
and Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, Field Museum of Natural History.
Status of Perognathus bombycinus Osgood.
Perognathus bombycinus Osgood, from Yuma, Arizona, has been re-
garded as a species distinct from Perognathus longimembris, which in its
various forms occupies extensive territory in California, Lower Califormia,
Nevada, and Utah. In the original description (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing-
ton, vol. 20, February 23, 1907, p. 19) the relatively large, fully expanded
4—Proc. Biout. Soc. Wasx., Vou. 42, 1929. (103)
104 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
mastoids and very narrow interparietal were regarded as specific charac-
ters. Study of additional material now available shows considerable
variation in members of the P. longimembris group, in the development of
the mastoids, in the extent to which they project posteriorly beyond the
plane of the occiput, and in their relation to the interparietal and supraoc-
cipital. In typical longimembris, for example, the mastoids are compara-
tively small with slight posterior projection beyond the occiput, and the
interparietal and supraoccipital are moderately wide; in P. l. bangsi the
mastoids are more swollen and somewhat variable in extent of posterior
projection, the interparietal and supraoccipital, while variable within
certain limits, remain essentially as in longimembris; from P. l. bangsi it is
only a short step to the form described as P. bombycinus, with still more
swollen, more posteriorly projecting mastoids, crowding inward at the
expense of the interparietal and supraoccipital. P. 1. panamintinus and
P. |. aestivus are geographic races presenting varying combinations of the
same cranial features. The systematic position of bombycinus as one of
the several subspecies of longimembris (Perognathus longimembris bomby-
cinus) is clearly indicated.
Status of Perognathus formosus Merriam.
Perognathus formosus Merriam (North Amer. Fauna No. 1, October
25, 1889, p. 17) originally described from St. George, Utah, was accorded a
range by Osgood (North Amer. Fauna, No. 18, September 20, 1900, p. 41),
in his revision of the genus, extending from southwestern Utah, across
southern Nevada into adjacent parts of California. Subsequent collec-
tions from southeastern California and from Lower California have, how-
ever, added materially to the known ranges of forms assignable to the
species. Asin many other instances the Colorado River appears to form a
barrier to the distribution of this species which has been taken near its
northern and western bank, but never on the other side. Elliott (Field
Columb. Mus., publ. 87, Zool. ser., vol. 3, December, 1903, p. 251) in de-
scribing Perognathus mesembrinus from Palm Springs, Riverside County,
California recognized relationship to Perognathus formosus, but the animal
was given specific rank. Study of numerous specimens now available,
including large series from various localities, shows intergradation between
typical formosus and mesembrinus which is, however, usually distinguished
by smaller size, paler coloration and cranial details, especially the attenua-
tion of the rostrum. The subspecies mesembrinus occupies the Colorado
Desert region extending south from the San Bernardino Mountains and east
to the Colorado River, California, as shown by specimens from Palm
Springs (type locality), Riverside County, Vallecito and La Puerta, San
Diego County, and Pot Holes and Pilot Knob near the Colorado River,
Imperial County. Specimens from along the Colorado River on the
California side nearly opposite Ehrenberg, Arizona, and localities north as
far as Chemehuevis Valley are variable, some being as pale as typical
mesembrinus, while others are rather dark and in cranial characters ap-
proach formosus. In the sum of characters presented, with due allowance
Nelson and Goldman—Six New Pocket Mice from Calif. 105
for individual variation, they seem more properly referable to mesembrinus
which evidently merges with formosus in the Mohave Desert region.
The recent Museum of Vertebrate Zoology collection from Lower
California extends the known range of Perognathus formosus to the western
shore of the Gulf of California where it is represented by a new geographic
race described below.
Perognathus formosus cinerascens, subsp. nov.
ASHY POCKET MOUSE.
Type.—From San Felipe, northeastern Lower California, Mexico.
No. 37685, 2 (in adult pelage but molars unworn), Museum of Vertebrate
Zoology, University of California, collected by Chester C. Lamb, April
10, 1926. Original number 5772.
General characters.—A small, extremely pallid subspecies closely allied
to Perognathus formosus mesembrinus, but distinguished by ashy gray
coloration of upperparts, with scarcely a trace of the dully buffy brownish
_ suffusion present in mesembrinus. Similar in general to P. f. formosus,
- but decidedly smaller and differing otherwise as from mesembrinus.
Color.—Type: Upper parts in general light ashy gray, finely and rather
inconspicuously mixed with black owing to overlying black-tipped hairs
which are most numerous along median line on head and over back; under
parts, including lips, lower part of cheeks, entire fore limbs and hind feet
white; tail light brownish above, becoming darker toward tip; white below.
Young (in first pelage): Upper parts nearly uniform plain ashy gray of a
lighter tone than in P. f. formosus or P. f. mesembrinus of corresponding
age.
Skull.—Very similar to that of P. f. mesembrinus, but still smaller, the
rostrum and nasals very slender and the interorbital region apparently.
narrower. Compared with that of P. f. formosus the skull differs strikingly
in size, especially the reduction in width of rostrum.
Measurements.—T ype: Greatest length, 155 mm.; tail vertebrae, 75;
hind foot, 22.8. A female topotype with molars somewhat worn, and with
7 embryos, but pelage indicating immaturity, 175; 82; 22.7. Skull (female
of which external measurements are given): Greatest length, 24.3;
greatest mastoid breadth, 13.6; interorbital breadth, 6.1; length of nasals,
9.3; width of nasals (in front of incisors), 2.2; interparietal, 5x3.5; maxillary
toothrow, 3.4.
Remarks.—Various species of rodents inhabiting the region including
San Felipe along the northwestern desert shore of the Gulf of California,
representing such differing families as the Heteromyidae and the Cricetidae
are distinguished by extremely pallid coloration. In fact most of the
mammals of the region are very light in color, and the subspecies here
described accords with the general rule. It is a region of extreme aridity
and continued intense sunshine. As the soil is of light color, even where
the land surface is not covered with whitish drifting sand, the pale color
of the mammals is undoubtedly due to environmental influences. Perogna-
thus f. cinerascens, presents extreme development in the direction of pallor
106 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
in the species. It probably intergrades with P. f. mesembrinus in the
imperfectly known desert section extending north, between the mountains
on the west and the Gulf and Colorado River on the east, into California.
This subspecies is based upon five specimens all from the type locality.
The forms of Perognathus formosus, with type localities, will stand sub-
specifically as follows:
Perognathus formosus formosus Merriam.__._..........-.--- St. George, Utah.
Perognathus formosus mesembrinus Elliot........ Palm Springs, California.
Perognathus formosus cinerascens Nelson and Goldman......_......--.----—
San Felipe, Lower California.
Perognathus baileyi hueyi,! subsp. nov.
HUEY POCKET MOUSE.
Type.—From San Felipe, northeastern Lower California, Mexico.
No. 5220, 2 young adult (permanent premolars in place but very slightly
worn), San Diego Society of Natural History, collected by Laurence M.
Huey, April 17, 1926.
General characters—Similar to Perognathus baileyi baileyi and P. 6.
rudinoris, but general color of upper parts decidedly paler, more ashy, the
dusky element less developed than in either; cranial details slightly dif-—
ferent.
Color.—Type: General tone of upper parts ashy gray with a light buffy
suffusion, the head and dorsal area finely and rather inconspicuously
lined with black; a faint buffy lateral line present; under parts, fore limbs
and hind feet white; ears scantily clothed with fine whitish hairs, the
epidermis light in color; tail light brownish above, white below.
_ Skull.—Closely resembling that of P. b. rudinoris but mastoid and audi-
tal bullae larger, as in P. b. baileyi. Differing from that of P. b. baileyi in
narrower rostrum, greater posterior extension of premaxillae beyond
nasals, and in slenderness of ascending branches of supraoccipital.
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 196; tail vertebrae, 106; hind
foot, 24. Skull (type): Greatest length, 27.5; greatest mastoid breadth,
14.3; zygomatic breadth, 14.5; interorbital breadth, 6.4; length of nasals,
10.5; width of nasals (in front of incisors), 2.5; interparietal, 5.7 x 4.4;
maxillary toothrow, 3.7.
Remarks.—The discovery of this subspecies in the desert region of north-
eastern Lower California tends to fill the wide gap that formerly existed
between the known ranges of Perognathus baileyi baileyi and P. b. rudi-
noris. Additional field work may reveal its presence in southeastern
California. Like various other forms of the type region this subspecies
is distinguished by extremely pale coloration. Although the type is
scarcely mature, as indicated by lack of wear on the molars, the condition
of the mammae shows that young had been suckled.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 9, all from Lower California, as
1Named for the collector, Mr. Laurence M. Huey, whose work in the field and in the
museum is resulting in important extensions of our knowledge of the mammals of southern
California and northern Lower California.
Nelson and Goldman—Six New Pocket Mice from Calif. 107
follows: El Mayor, 2; El Mayor (13 miles north), 1; San Felipe (type
locality), 6.
Relation of Perognathus penicillatus Woodhouse to
Perognathus arenarius Merriam.
Until recently Perognathus penicillatus, originally described from San
Francisco Mountain, Arizona, was assumed to include in its wide range
as a species practically the entire length of the peninsula of Lower Cali-
fornia and several adjacent islands, as shown by the assignment to it of
Perognathus penicillatus ammophilus from Margarita Island and Perogna-
thus penicillatus siccus from Ceralbo Island by Osgood (Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, vol. 20, February 23, 1907, p. 20) and of Perognathus penicil-
latus albulus by Nelson and Goldman (Proce. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol.
36, May 1, 1923, p. 159). While Perognathus arenarius was not formally
reduced to subspecific rank Osgood and Nelson and Goldman (Il. c.) re-
garded it as one of the intergrading forms of P. penicillatus, owing to
remarkable general resemblances including size and color which in some
forms mark true differential characters, and to the fact that none of the
races of penicillatus and arenarius had ever been collected at the same
locality. Field work by Laurence M. Huey and his published results
(Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 39, July 30, 1926, pp. 67-70), however,
directed attention to the specific distinction of the two, representatives of
both of which (Perognathus penicillatus angustirostris and Perognathus
arenarius albescens) were taken by him at San Felipe, Lower California.
At San Felipe penicillatus and arenarius as species are easily separated by
marked differences in size and color which alone, as observed elsewhere,
are not reliable specific characters, but correlated with certain cranial
details reveal the true status of the two. Specific characters distinguishing
arenarius from penicillatus are the following: Skull less flattened, the brain-
case more inflated and and higher arched; upper part of foramen magnum
normally forming a distinct embayment, constricted by projecting lateral
angles of the margin (foramen magnum more evenly rounded in penicil-
latus); coronoid process more slender and curving strongly backward, not
rising so steeply or so high above level of condyle as usual in penicillatus.
Huey (1. c.) properly allocated ammophilus, albulus, and helleri as sub-
species of arenarius. ‘To the same species should be transferred the animal
originally described as Perognathus penicillatus siccus. The subspecies of
P. arenarius, with two new geographic races which are characterized
beyond, with their type localities should stand as follows:
Perognathus arenarius arenarius Merriam...................22-.22.222.--20e0200------
San Jorge, near Comondu, Lower California, Mexico.
deerognatus arenarius albescens Huey: 2 20.8.
San Felipe, Lower California, Mexico.
Eeroananus arenarius hellert Wibotis 5
San Quintin, Lower California, Mexico.
Perognathus arenarius ammophilus Osgood..........--...-.-------------2-2-0-2000----
Margarita Island, Lower California, Mexico.
108 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Perognathus arenarius siccus Osgood... 2-2 ence
Ceralbo Island, Lower California, Mexico.
Perognathus arenarius albulus Nelson and Goldman.................-..-.------
| Magdalena Island, Lower California, Mexico.
Perognathus arenarius sublucidus subsp. nov....--...--.-----------------------------
La Paz, Lower California, Mexico.
Perognathus arenarius ambiguus subsp. novV.........-------------------------------- a
Yubay, Lower California, Mexico.
Perognathus arenarius ambiguus, subsp. nov.
YUBAY POCKET MOUSE.
Type.—From Yubay, 30 miles southeast of Calamahue, Lower Calli-
fornia, Mexico (altitude 2,000 feet). No. 140011, o young adult (molars
slightly worn), U. S. National Museum (Biological Survey collection),
collected by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman, September 18, 1905.
Original number 18141.
General characters.—Similar to Perognathus arenarius arenarius, but
smaller and paler colored. Slightly larger than P. a. helleri with de-
cidedly paler coloration. Rather closely resembling P. a. albescens, but
color usually distinctly darker. Buffy lateral line absent or faint. Skull
presenting slight average differences when compared with those of the
neighboring forms mentioned.
Color.—Type: Upper parts light buff (Ridgway, 1912), obscured by —
overlying black-tipped hairs; buffy lateral line absent; under parts, fore-
limbs and hind feet white; tail brownish above, white below.
Skull.—Similar in general to that of P. a. arenarius and P. a. albescens
but usually smaller, with relatively smaller mastoid and audital bullae,
these differences most noticeable in comparison with arenarius. Differing
from that of P. a. helleri mainly in larger average size.
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 150 mm.; tail vertebrae, 88; hind
foot, 22. Average and extremes of 5 adults from San Andres: 163 (157-
167); 92 (88-96); 22 (22-23.5). Skull (type): Greatest length, 22.6;
greatest breadth, 12; interorbital breadth, 6.2; length of nasals, 8.38; width
of nasals (in front of incisors), 2.3; interparietal, 5.8 x 2.8; maxillary tooth-
row, 3.2.
Remarks.—The forms of Perognathus arenarius present a wide range of
local variation in color of upper parts evidently associated with the pre-
vailing color tone of the habitat. Pallid individuals inhabit areas of
whitish sand or very light-colored soil, and darker ones are found in blackish
lava or other soils that are dark in general hue. This subspecies occupies
the central section from San Fernando south to the Vizcaino Desert, the
region of perhaps most extreme aridity in Lower California. It embraces
material somewhat variable in color and cranial details from numerous
localities and not satisfactorily assignable to forms heretofore described.
Specimens from San Fernando approach P. a. helleri, the dark form of the
northwest coast of the Peninsula, in rather dark upper parts and tendency,
to exhibit a buffy lateral line present in that form. Some of those from
San Francisquito and from certain localities as far south as the Vizcaino
——— ~
ay ld
Nelson and Goldman—Six New Pocket Mice from Calif. 109
Desert, 20 miles west of San Ignacio, are rather pale and in this character
not widely different from P.a. albescens from San Felipe, Gulf of California,
_but cranial details, especially the smaller mastoids, are usually distinctive.
- Most of the specimens from the extensive area assigned to P. a. ambiguus
possess a medium depth of color combined with slight average cranial
details which are fairly distinctive.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 58, all from localities in Lower
California as follows: Calamahue, 3; Calamahue Canyon (mouth), 7;
La Lomita Maria, 4; Pozo Altamirano, 2; Pozo San Augustin (20 miles east
of San Fernando), 11; Punta Prieta, 1; Rancho Mesquital (83 miles west of
Calmalli), 2; San Andres, 7; San Fernando, 5; San Ignacio (20 miles west),
4; Santo Domingo, 3; San Francisquito, 6; Santa Clara Mountains, 1;
Santa Rosalia Bay, 3; Scammon’s Lagoon (south side), 4; Turtle (or San
Bartolome) Bay, 1; Yubay (type locality), 1.
Perognathus arenarius sublucidus, subsp. nov.
LA PAZ POCKET MOUSE.
Type.—From La Paz, Lower California, Mexico. No. 146896, ¢ adult,
U. 8. National Museum (Biological Survey collection), collected by E. W.
Nelson and E. A. Goldman, February 16, 1906. Original number 19146.
General characters.—Closely allied to Perognathus arenarius albulus but
darker in color, the general tone of upper parts tending toward ochraceous-
tawny instead of light ochraceous-buff (Ridgway 1912), reaching well down
over face along sides and over hips (in albulus the pure white of under parts
tends to spread upward over face to include orbits, along lower part of
sides, and over hips). Similar in general to Perognathus arenarius arenar-
ius, but averaging smaller and decidedly paler, the upper parts much less
heavily overlaid with black; skull differing in detail.
Color.—Type: Upper parts near light ochraceous-tawny, finely and in-
conspicuously overlaid with brownish black; buffy lateral line absent;
under parts, entire forearms and hind feet white; tail scantily haired, light
brownish above, whitish below.
Skull.—About as in P. a. albulus, of Magdalena Island. Compared
with that of P. a. arenarius, the skull averages smaller, and relatively
narrower with relatively smaller, less inflated mastoid and audital bullae.
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 167 mm.; tail vertebrae, 95; hind
foot, 22. Averages and extremes of 10 adult topotypes: 157 (151-166);
87.7 (88-95); 21.6 (21-22). Skull (type): Greatest length, 24.8; greatest
breadth, 12.6; interorbital breadth, 6.3; length of nasals, 9.4; width of
nasals (in front of incisors), 2.3; interparietal, 6.4 x 3.7; maxillary toothrow,
or o.2.
Remarks.—This subspecies has an unusually limited but well defined
range, covering the very arid desert of the small sloping basin a few miles
in extent, lying about the southern and southwestern part of La Paz Bay.
To the north and south its range is limited by mountainous areas and to
the west by the divide between the drainage to the Gulf and to the Pacific.
Specimens examined.—Seventeen, all from the type locality.
110 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Perognathus fallax inopinus, subsp. nov.
TURTLE BAY POCKET MOUSE.
Type.—From Turtle (also known as San Bartolome) Bay, Lower Cali-
fornia, Mexico. No. 81059, @ adult, U. S. National Museum (Biological
Survey collection), collected by A. W. Anthony, August 1, 1896. Original
number, 82.
General characters.—Closely lien to Perognathus fallax fallax and P. f.
pallidus, but smaller and upper parts more rufescent than usual in either;
skull differing in smaller size and structural details. Similar in general
to P. anthonyi, of Cedros Island, but more ruddy in color and cranial
characters quite distinctive. Rump spines present as usual in the species.
Color.—Type: Lighter element in upper parts near ochraceous-buff, of
Ridgway, but slightly more tawny, this color purest along lateral line,
but much obscured on head and back by overlying black-tipped hairs, the
combination producing a brownish tawny effect; under parts and feet
white; outer sides of forearms faintly tinged with buff; tail blackish above,
white below.
Skull.—Similar to those of P. f. fallax and P. f. pallidus, but smaller, less
massive; rostrum relatively more slender; dentition lighter; incisors narrow-
er; molariform toothrows relatively shorter; audital bullae relatively rather
large. Compared with that of P. anthonyi the skull is broader posteriorly,
with zygomata narrower, more convergent anteriorly, the sides, therefore,
less nearly parallel; interorbital space broader; interparietal larger; audital
bullae larger, more inflated.
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 180 mm.; tail vertebrae, 104;
hind foot (dry skin), 23. Skull (type): Greatest length, 25.5; greatest
mastoid breadth, 13.2; interorbital breadth, 6.2; length of nasals (median
line), 9.3; width of aaa (in front of incisors), 2. 5; interpaei 6.6 x 4.3;
sndeallany toothrow, 3.5.
Remarks.—The known range of Perognathus fallax as a species lies
south from the region of the type locality near San Bernardino, California,
along the Pacific slope to Turtle or San Bartolome Bay, Lower California.
Rather irregular geographic and individual variation in size and color is
notable, but a pale geographic race P. f. pallidus, with a range apparently
paralleling that of the typical form along the eastern side is recognizable.
Specimens from turtle Bay were assigned by Osgood (North Amer. Fauna,
no. 18, p. 56, September 20, 1900) to fallax, the only form then recognized,
and he compared them in color with P. anthonyi of Cedros Island then
represented by the type only. Study of material now available, including
topotypes of P. anthonyi and collections from various localities within the
general range of P. fallax indicate the desirability of recognizing the
southern subspecies here described. It is represented by two specimens,
both from the type locality.
Nelson and Goldman—Six New Pocket Mice from Calif. 111
Perognathus evermanni,! sp. nov.
EVERMANN POCKET MOUSE.
Type.—From Mejia Island (near north end of Angel de la Guardia
Island), Lower California, Mexico. No. 3937, & adult, California
Academy of Sciences, collected by V. W. Owen, June 28, 1921. Original
number, 24.
General characters.—A small species of the Perognathus spinatus group,
resembling typical spinatus externally but underlying plumbeous area of
pelage darker and more sharply defined; delicate structure of cranium,
especially attenuation of nasals and narrowness of frontal and parietal
regions, quite distinctive. Rump bristles present, and tail with an elongated
terminal tuft as in spinatus.
Color.—Type (in worn pelage): Upper parts light ochraceous buff,
darkened by overlying black tipped hairs with sharply defined plumbeous
under color showing through, the result being a dull, grizzled, grayish
brown general tone; under parts, forelimbs, and hind feet white ; tail
brownish above, white below.
_ Skull.—Similar in general to that of P. s. spinatus, but smaller, relatively
narrower, and lighter in structure; braincase narrower and proportionately
more arched above, nasals much narrower, more tapering, their width
near posterior ends exceeded by that of ascending branches of premaxillae
(nasals broader than premaxillae posteriorly in P. s. spinatus), the ends
with a deep emargination between them; interorbital space narrower;
mastoid and audital bullae smaller, dentition about as in spinatus.
Measurements.—Type (dry skin): Total length, 156 mm. ; tail vertebrae,
80; hind foot, 20.7. An adult female topotype (dry skin), 158; 88; 20.7.
Skull (type): Greatest length, 24.2; greatest. mastoid breadth, 11.7; inter-
orbital breadth, 5.6; length of nasals, 9.6; width of nasals (in front of
incisors), 2.5; interparietal, 6.5 x 3; maxillary toothrow, 3.4.
Remarks.—While clearly a member of the Perognathus spinatus group
this island pocket mouse differs so strongly from the widely ranging main,
land animal that specific recognition appears warranted. Its small island
habitat has been described by Mr. Joseph R. Slevin as rough and volcanic,
and cut by steep, rocky canyons.
Specimens examined.—Two, both from the type locality.
1Named for Dr. Barton W. Evermann in recognition of his active services as Director
of the California Academy of Sciences, and as a systematic worker in furthering knowl-
edge of the natural history of the peninsula of Lower California, and adjacent islands
and waters.
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Vol. 42, pp. 113-116 March 25, 1929
PROCEEDINGS _
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ‘WASHINGTON
ee
PRELIMINARY LIST OF. THE BUTTERFLIES OF
THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.!
BY AUSTIN H. CLARK.
For some years the author has been gathering information
_regarding the butterflies of the District of Columbia and
vicinity with a view to publishing a detailed account of the local
species, with special emphasis on their seasons, the forms in
which they occur in this region, their local distribution, and
their habits.
It has seemed advisable to publish a preliminary list of the
forms known to occur in this area in order to stimulate interest
in the assembling of much needed information, particularly in
regard to the earliest appearance of the various species, and the
time of appearance of summer and autumn broods, concerning.
which we have at present no definite information.
The following list is based upon the collection of the late Mr. Henry F.
Schénborn (H. F. §.), now in the National Museum, the collection of Mr.
Ernest Shoemaker, of Brooklyn, N. Y. (E. 8.), and the collection of the
author and his two sons, Austin B. J. Clark and Hugh U. Clark (C.).
The local occurrence of the species is approximately indicated by the
numbers immediately following the names. These numbers refer to the
following habitats.
—_
. Generally distributed in open country.
. Generally distributed in woods.
. Open woods and fields near woods.
. Moist grassy regions.
. Low ground along the river.
. Open woods and bushy fields.
_ Borders of fields and adjacent open woods.
. Farm yards, roadsides and waste land.
. Boggy areas along the Eastern Branch and in the vicinity of Beltsville.
iS)
Oconto or Ww
1Published with the permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
5—Proc. Brox. Soc. Wasn., Vou. 42, 1929. (118)
114 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
10. Scrub and adjacent fields and gardens.
11. Proximity of hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) trees.
12. About cedar (Juniperus virginianus) trees.
13. Lowlands along the river and the Eastern Branch wherever the turtle-
head (Chelone glabra) occurs.
14. Pine woods.
15. Above Little Falls.
16. Moist fields near willows, and hillsides with small poplars.
17. Along streams lined with alder or beech.
The nomenclature herein used is that of the list recently published by
William Barnes and Foster H. Benjamin, except that the American forms
of Lycena phleas and of Lycenopsis argiolus are given as subspecies,
and the black and white swallowtail is given as Papilio protesilaus instead
of Papilio marcellus.
Linné’s description of Papilio protesilaus reads: ‘Protesilaus. 29.
P. E. alis caudatis subconcoloribus albidis: fasciis fuscis: unica subtus
sanguinea, angulo ani rubro. Habitat in America septentrionali.” Linné
added “Simillimus Podalirio Europe australis & Africe; an satis di-
versus?’' 'The description can refer only to our zebra swallowtail, since
there is no other form in North America to which it is applicable. Certainly
it was never intended to cover the silky white species from Surinam to
which it is usually applied, as Linné would never have called that form
very similar to podalirius, nor would he have had any doubt about its
distinctness from that species.
The form of Junonia cena designated as ‘“‘wet’’ is the large dark form
with the under side of the hind wings entirely deep pink. The “wet”’
form of Cynthia atalanta is the large blackish form with the orange band
on the forewings narrow, often interrupted, and very deep in color. The
“wet” form of Cynthia cardut is the large brightly colored form familiar to —
all entomologists in the District.
PAPILIONOIDEA.
NYMPHALID:. :
SatyRinz: Megisto cymela (Cramer), 2, H. F. S., E.8., C.; Satyrodes
eurydice (Johanss.), 9, H. F.8., E. 8., C.; Cercyonis alope alope (Fabr.), 7,
H. F.S8., E. 8., C.; Cercyonis alope maritima (Edw.), 5, C.
NyYMpPHALINE: Celtiphaga celtis celtts (B. and Le C.), 11, H. F.S., E.S.,
C.; Celtiphaga clyton clyton (B. and Le C.), 11, C.; Basilarchia arthemis
astyanax (Fabr.), 2, H. F. S., E. S., C.; Basilarchia archippus archippus
(Cramer), 16, H. F.S., BE. S., C.; Junonia cena cena Hubner, 1, H. F.S.,
E.S., C. (wet form very local, in boggy fields; dry form only survives the
winter); Cynthia atalanta (L.), 3, H. F.8., E.S., C. (wet form very local,
in boggy fields; dry form only survives the winter); Cynthia virginiensis
(Drury), 1, H. F. S., C.; Cynthia cardui (L.), 1, H. F. 8., E. S., C. (wet
form only, except in early spring; does not survive the winter); Hama-
dryas antiopa antiopa (L.), 2, H. F.8., C.; Polygonia interrogationis (Fabr.)
3, H. F.S., C.; Polygonia comma (Harris), 3, H. F.S., E.S., C.; Polygonia
Clark—Butterflies of the District of Columbia. 115
progne (Cramer), probably 9, H. F. 8.; Phyciodes tharos (Drury), 1, H. F.S.,
E. S., C.; Phyciodes batesii (Reakirt), 1, C.; Euphydryas phaéton phaéton
(Drury), 13, H. F. S., E. S., C.; Huptoieta claudia (Cramer), 4, H. F.S.,
_E.S., C.; Brenthis myrina (Cramer), 9, C.; Dryas idalia (Drury), 4, H. F.S.,
E. S., C.; Dryas cybele cybele (Fabr.), 3, H. F. 8., E. S., C.; Dryas aphro-
dite aphrodite (Fabr.), 3, C.
Danainz: Danaus menippe (Hiibner), in spring 5, in summer 1, H. F.S.,
C. (does not survive the winter).
LisytHeinz: Libythea bachmanii (Kirtl.), 11, H. F.S., E. 8.
LYCANIDA. )
Lycaninz: Lycena phleas hypophleas (Boisd.), 8, H. F. S., E. S., C.;
Feniseca tarquinius (Fabr.), 17, H. F. 8., E. S., C.
PLEBEJINA: Everes comyntas comyntas (Godart), 1, H. F.S., E.S., C.;
Lycenopsis argiolus pseudargiolus (B. and Le C.), 6, H. F. S., E. S., C.
(occurring in forms lucia, marginata, violacea, pseudargiolus and neglecta).
THEcLINE: Strymon m-album (B. and Le C.), 1, H. F. S., E. S., C.;
Strymon melinus melinus Hiibner, 1, H. F. S., C.; Strymon ontario (Edw.),
E. S. (June 26, 1920, two specimens); Strymon titus mopsus (Hiibner), 5,
E. S., C.; Sétrymon calanus (Hiibner), 10, H. F. 8., E. S., C.; Mitoura
gryneus gryneus (Hiibner), 12, H. F.S., E.S.; Incisalia augustinus (Westw.),
Yale Univ. Mus.; Incisalia trus (Godart), 10, H. F. S., E. S.; Incisalia
niphon (Hiibner), 14, H. F.S., E.S., C.
PAPILIONID.
Ascun# (PIERIN@%): Eurema nicippe (Cramer), 5, H. F. S., E. S., C.;
Eurema lisa (B. and Le C.), 1, H. F. S., E. S., C.; Hurymus eurytheme
(Boisd.), 1, H. F. S., E. S., C. (frequent, 1926; abundant, 1927, 1928;
occurs in forms ariadne, keewaydin and amphidusa); Eurymus philodice
(Godart), 1, H. F. S., E. S., C.; ?Zerene cesonia (Stoll); Catopsilia senne
(L.), 5, H. F.S., E.S. (males only); Anthocharis midea (Hiibner), 2, H. F.S.,
BE. S., C.; Ascia protodice (B. and Le C.), 1, H. F. 8., C.; Ascia rape (L.),
1, H. F.S., E.S., C. (first appearance, 1872).
PapiLioninm=: Papilio philenor L., 1, H. F. 8., E. S., C.; Papilio cres-
phontes Cramer, 15, H. F. S.; Papilio glaucus L., 3, H. F. S., E. S., C.;
Papilio troilus L., 3, H. F. 8., E. 8., C.; Papilio ajax ajax L. 1, H. F. S.,
E. 8., C.; Papilio protesilaus L., 3, H. F. S., E.S., C.
HESPERIOIDEA.
HESPERIID.
URBANINE: Epargyreus tityrus (Fabr.), 3, H. F.8., C.; Achalarus lyciades
(Geyer), 1, H. F.S., E. 8., C.; Cecropterus cellus (B. and Le C.), 5, E. S.;
Thorybes pylades (Scudder), 3, H. F.8., E.8., C.; Thorybes dawnus (Cramer),
3, H. F.S., E.8., C.; Urbanus centauree (Rambur), 2, H. F.8., E. S., C.;
Urbanus tessellata tessellata (Scudder), 3, H. F. S., E. S., C.; Pholisora
catullus (Fabr.), 8, H. F.S., E.S., C.; Erynnis icelus (Scudder and Burgess),
3, H. F.S., E.8., C.; Erynnis brizo brizo (B. and Le C.), 3, H. F.S., E. S.;
Erynnis persius (Scudder), 3, H. F. S., E. S., C.; Erynnis martialis (Scud-
116 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
der), 3, H. F.S., E.8., C.; Hrynnis juvenalis (Fabr.), 3, E. S., C.; Erynnis
horatius (Seudden and Buneea) 3, E.S., C.
HesPerunz: Ancyloxypha numitor (Fabr. ), 4, H. F.S., E.S., Ge Hes-
peria leonardus Harris, 4, E. §., C.; Hesperia sassacus sassacus Harris, 4,
C.; Hylephila phyleus (Drury), 1, H. F. 8., C.; Polites cernes (Boisd.), 1,
H. F. S., E. S., C.; Polites coras (Cramer), 1, H. F. S., E. S., C.; Polites
verna (Edw.), 1, H. F.8., E. 8., C.; Polites manataaqua manataaqua (Scud-
der), 1, H. F.S., E.S., C.; Atalopedes campestris (Boisd.), 1, H. F.8., E.S.,
C.; Catia otho egeremet (Scudder), 1, H. F. S., E. S., C.; Atrytone logan
logan (Edw.), 1, C.; Atrytone vestris (Boisd.), 1, H. F.S., E.8., C.; Atrytone
pontiac (Edw.), 9, C.; Poanes massasoit (Scudder), 9, C.; Poanes hobomok
(Harris), 1, H. F.S., E. S., C.; Poanes zabulon (B. and Le C.), 1, H. F.S.,
E. S., C.; Amblyscirtes vialis (Edw.), 5, H. F.8., E. S., C.; Megistias fusca
(G. and R.), 1, H. F.S., BE. 8., C.; Lerema accius (A. and 8.), E. 8.; Prenes
ocola (Edw.), H. F..S.
Vol. 42, pp. 117-120 March 25, 1929
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON.
NEW RACES OF BIRDS FRO
BY ALEXANDER WETMORE!
The races characterized in the following paragraphs have
been identified in the collections of the United States National
Museum during studies of the extensive collections from Haiti
and the Dominican Republic in that institution. Types of
both species were collected by Dr. W. L. Abbott.
In connection with this paper I am indebted to Dr. Witmer
Stone of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia for
the privilege of examining a honey-creeper from Tortue Island
collected by Mr. James Bond.
Dulus dominicus oviedo, subsp. nov.
Characters.—Similar to Dulus dominicus dominicus (Linnaeus)? but
erayer brown, less olive above; rump and upper tail-coverts less extensively
washed with greenish; averaging somewhat larger, with heavier bill.
Description.—Type, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 278751, male, in some-
what worn plumage, collected at Pikmi, Gonave Island, Haiti, July 5,
1920, by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Back and scapulars between olive brown and
buffy brown; hind-neck grayish olive, with obscure shaft streaks similar
in color to the back; crown dull clove brown, the feathers margined faintly
with grayish olive; auricular region dull blackish; rump and upper tail-
eoverts citrine drab; rectrices blackish brown, margined basally with grape
green; primaries and secondaries blackish brown, margined externally, es-
pecially on the secondaries, with grape green; wing-coverts fuscous, mar-
gined very faintly with whitish; under surface of body dull white, with a
very faint cast of yellowish buff on abdomen and flanks, streaked broadly
and sharply with clove brown, the streaks being broadest on breast and
sides, and becoming obsolete on abdomen; under wing-coverts ivory
yellow lined with clove brown; edge of wing whitish streaked with clove
1Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
2Tanagra dominicus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1766, p. 316. (‘‘Dominica’=
Hispaniola.)
6—Proc. Brou. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 42, 1929. (117)
118 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
brown; under surface of flight feathers on inner margins edged with dull
white. Upper mandible buffy brown, lower deep olive-buff; tarsus slate
color; toes blackish slate (from dried skin).
Measurements (in millimeters).—Four males, wing 90.4—92.2 (91.1),
tail 72.3-80.7 (75.5), culmen from base 15.6-16.8 (16.2), tarsus 21.0—23.1
(22.3).
Three females, wing 88.3—94.1 (90.9), tail 72.0—74.8 (73.0), culmen from
base, 16.2-17.3 (16.9), tarsus 22.1-24.1 (22.9).
Type, male, wing 91.2, tail 75.3, culmen from base 16.1, tarsus 22.6.
Range.—Gonave Island, western Haiti.
Remarks.—This form is described from seven skins secured July 5, 1920,
at Pikmi, a village on the southeastern shore of Gonave Island. The
series is quite uniform in difference from an extensive set of specimens
from various parts of the main island.
For comparison the following measurement of birds from Hispaniola
proper (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) are offered:
Males, 17 specimens, wing 82.3-89.8 (86.3), tail 65.6-77.0 (69.8), culmen
from base 13.5-16.5 (15.1), tarsus 20.3-24.4 (22.3).
Females, 15 specimens, wing 83.4—90.0 (86.8), tail 63.5—77.4 (68.3), cul-
men from base 13.7-16.0 (15.0), tarsus 20.2—23.5 (22.2).
It will be observed that the bird of Gonave Island averages appreciably
larger in all measurements except the tarsus. Though occasional indi-
viduals from the main island may be as large as Gonave specimens this is
not usual.
This race is named in honor of Capit4én Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo
y Valdés, first among the early historians of the New World, who in his
Historia General y Natural de las Indias, begun in 1535, gave to the
world many observations on natural history, particularly from Hispaniola,
where he resided for years. His account of the Paxaro comunero as he
termed the palm-chat is highly entertaining.
Coereba bananivora nectarea, subsp. nov.
Characters.—Similar to Coereba bananivora bananivora (Gmelin)! but
throat and foreneck decidedly darker gray.
Description.—Type, U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. No. 250608, male in fresh
plumage, collected on Tortue Island, Haiti, February 1, 1917, by Dr.
W. L. Abbott. Above sooty black with a very faint tinge of olive; super-
ciliary line white, extended back to sides of nape; rump lemon yellow; a
white spot on outer webs of sixth to eighth primaries, and a narrow white
edging on outer webs of sixth to ninth primaries; throat and foreneck dark
mouse gray; breast and upper abdomen lemon chrome; lower abdomen and
under tail coverts dull white; sides and flanks vetiver green; edge of wing
lemon yellow; under wing coverts white. Bull black; tarsus and toes
blackish slate (from dried skin).
1Motacilla bananivora Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. 1, pt. 2, 1789, p. 951. (“‘Insulae S.
Dominici’’=Hispaniola.)
Wetmore—New Races of Birds from Haztz. 119
Measurements (in millimeters)—Two males, wing 58.0'-58.5 (58.3);
tail 33.9'-35.3 (34.6); culmen from base 12.5-13.0! (12.8); tarsus 17.09
Meee) (97.1).
Range.—Tortue Island, Haiti.
Remarks.—In addition to two skins in the National Museum I have ex-
amined a third in the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia col-
lected March 23, 1928, by James Bond. All three differ appreciably in
darker throat from a considerable series seen from Haiti and the Dominican
Republic.
1Type.
Vol. 42, pp. 121-124 March 25, 1929
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE ooh Rue tah eh
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BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHING’
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THE IDENTITY OF CORVUS MEXICANUS
GMELIN.
BY JAMES L. PETERS.
On page 375 of the 13th edition of the Systema Naturae,
Gmelin described Corvus mexicanus in the following words:
“C. totus ex caeruleo ater. Habitat innova Hispania, ad oppida,
perpetim sonorus, monedulae magnitudine. Rostrum pedes et
ungues nigri.””’ The references on which the bird was based are
Pica mexicana major Briss. av. 2, p. 48, no. 4.; Hoitzanatl Raj.,
av. p. 162; Cirard, Pernetty, It. Mal. 1, p. 185; Hocisana,
Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 3, p. 103; Mexican Crow, Lath. Syn. 1,
pt. 1, p. 396, no. 34.
These references are given in the order used by Gmelin, but
for convenience I shall take them up chronologically beginning
with Ray (Joannis Raii, Syn. Meth. Av. & Pisce. London, 1713).
This author cites (p. 162) Hoitzanatl of Fernandez which is a
lapsus for Hocitzanatl since the description agrees practically
verbatim with Fernandez ‘Hocitzanatl.’”’? Brisson in 1760
gives as the basis for his Grande Pie de Mexique the Hocitzanatl
of both Fernandez and Ray; Buffon, 1774, cites as ‘‘synonyms”’
of his “‘L. Hocisana” the Hocitzanatl of Fernandez and Ray
together with the Grande Pie de Mexique of Brisson, while
Latham in 1781 in characterizing his ‘‘ Mexican Crow”’ bases it
on Ray, Brisson and Buffon, adding the “‘Criard”’ from Per-
netty Voy. au Malouines.
It is perfectly obvious therefore that the Hocitzanatl of Fernandez is
the one and only original of Corvus mexicanus since all the references by
Gmelin go back to this bird and his diagnosis alone is quite insufficient to
identify the species.
I give the original description of the Hocitzanatl taken from the Latin
edition of the Nova Plantarum Animalium et Mineralium Mexicanorum
Historia, published at Rome in 1651.
7—Proc. Broun. Soc. WasH., Vou. 42, 1929. (121)
122 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
“‘Cirea urbes versatur Hocitzanatl, essetque monedulis nostratibus pror-
sus similis, nisi eas vinceret corporis magnitudine & prolixitate caudae
(qua vel Picis ipsis est par) & e nigro colore in caeruleum splendentum
- paulisper inclinaret. Garrula est, altaeque vocis, sonorae, crura sunt
nigra & mediocriter loga ac pedes in quaternos fissi digitis, armatos unguibus
prolixis, ac nigris; alimoniam iucundam praebet, atramque, pertinentem
ad succum melancholicum, sunt qui Cacaxtototl vocent.’’
To my mind this description of a bird the size of a jackdaw with a tail
as long as a magpie, having a high-pitched sonorous note can not apply
to a crow even if the color is black inclining to iridescent blue. Apparently
Latham’s calling the bird ‘Mexican Crow”’ was responsible for Gmelin
naming the bird Corvus mexicanus, and once the bird was in the genus
Corvus, ornithologists found it much more convenient to apply the name to
a crow from Mexico than to take the trouble to go back to the original
sources and find out what it was really all about.
There is just one Mexican bird to which the description of the Hocit-
zanatl can apply and that is the Great-tailed Grackle, at present known as
Megaquiscalus major macrourus, and having so identified Corvus mexicanus
a far reaching trail of consequences arises. :
In 1831 Lesson, in his Traité d’Ornithologie, page 433, diagnosed the
Genus Cassidix for the first time, giving as the only species the ‘‘Cassique
a mantelet’’ for which Corvus mexicanus Gmel. and Cassicus niger Vieill.
Gal. des ois. pl. 89 ? were cited as synonyms. His generic diagnosis is
without much question referable to a Rice Grackle but his synonymy is not,
—Corvus mexicanus being a Great-tailed Grackle and Cassicus niger is
certainly some sort of Holoquiscalus. In 1840 Gray designated as the
type of Cassidiz, “C [assidix] mexicanus (Gm.) Less.” [=Corvus mezi-
canus Gmel.] Thus Cassidix being of earlier date than Megaquiscalus
(Cassin 1866) must replace it, and Corvus mexicanus Gmel. being an
earlier name for Quiscalus macrourus Swains. and also of earlier date than
Quiscalus major Vieill. 1819, the boat-tailed Grackles will stand as:
Cassidix mexicanus mexicanus (Gmel.)
i major (Vieill.)
obscurus (Nels.)
graysoni (Scl.)
nelsoni (Rigw.)
assimilis (Scl.)
tenuirostris (Swains.)
nicaraguensis (Salv. & Godm.)
This action is three-fold in its immediate effect on nomenclature, for in
the first place the Rice Grackles will require a different generic name,
furthermore the bird hitherto known as Casstdiz oryzivora mexicana (Less. )
must be renamed since Lesson named no such bird but merely cited Gmelin’s
Corvus mexicanus in the synonymy of his ‘“‘Cassique a mantelet,’’ and it
is quite obvious that the same name can not be used for two different
species, and lastly the mexican Crow must receive a name, since it never
really had one.
Peters—The Identity of Corvus Mexicanus Gmelin. 123
There seems to be no generic synonym available for the Rice Grackles.
Ridgway, Birds No. & Mid. Am. pt. 2, 1902, p. 196, cites Scaphidura
Swainson (Classif. Bds. 2, 1837, p. 272) as a synonym, but after consider-
able hesitation and on the advice of Dr. Richmond, I have considered it
a lapsus or emendation of Scaphidurus Swainson (Philos. Mag. N. S.
1, no. 6, June, 1827). Scaphidurus is asubstitute name for Quiscalus and,
under Art. 30, par. f of the International Code, takes the same type, so
Scaphidurus is a synonym of Quiscalus as is also Scaphidura (if regarded
as an emendation or lapsus).
The Rice Grackles therefore being aeinlens I propose the name
Psomocolax
for Cassidix of authors nec Lesson, with Oriolus oryzivorus Gmelin as the
type. The Mexican Rice Grackle I name
Psomocolax oryzivorus impacifus, subsp. nov.
Type, adult male, no. 102320, Museum of Comparative Zoology, from
~Pasa Nueva, Vera Cruz, Mexico; collected 22 April, 1901, by A. E. Col-
burn and P. W. Shufeldt.
Characters.—Similar to Psomocolax oryzivorus oryzivorus (Gmelin) but
averaging larger, plumage of adult male uniformly glossed with violet
without trace of bronze.
Remarks: The three races of Psomocolax oryzivorus with their characters
and distribution are:
P. o. impacifus nob. Size medium, wing of o 183-210, bill 37-38.5; gloss
entirely violaceous sometimes with a wash of steel blue, but never
bronzy. Southern Mexico to western Panama.
P. o. violeus (Bangs). Size larger, wing of o’ 196-210; bill 37-40; viol-
aceus gloss confined to pileum and posterior upper and underparts;
mantle, neck ruffs and anterior underparts strongly glossed with bronze.
Canal Zone through northern Colombia to northeastern Venezuela.
P. o. oryzivorus (Gmel.). Size small, wing of o 180-190, bill 34-36,
coloration like violeus. Probably from the Guianas south through
tropical Brazil to Paraguay and north-eastern Argentina.
This leaves but one more change to make, that of naming the Mexican
Crow. It may be called:
Corvus imparatus, sp. nov.
Type: Adult male, no. 49840, Museum of Comparative Zoology, from
Rio La Cruz, Tamaulipas, Mexico, collected 24 June, 1909, by Frank B.
Armstrong.
Characters.—Similar to Corvus ossifragus Wilson but much smaller,
plumage much more brilliantly glossed; bill relatively weaker and more
slender; nasal plumes shorter and less dense.
In conclusion I tender my warmest thanks to Dr. C. W. Richmond not
only for his advice and guidance on the questions here involved, but on
the many other occasions when his valued counsel has been sought and
freely given.
hv
poy
Vol. 42, pp. 125-128 Beit 4 + March 30, 1929
PROCEEDINGS Ry ee
OF THE ee
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
NOTES ON THE SIPHONAPTERAN GENUS CATAL-
LAGIA ROTHSCHILD, INCLUDING THE DE- .
SCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES.
BY, HE. EWING.
_ The genus Catallagia was established in 1915 by the late
Hon. N. Charles Rothschild for a species described by the late
Professor Charles F. Baker as Pulex charlottensis. Baker’s
charlottensis was taken from a mouse nest at Massett, Queen
Charlotte Islands, and although described as a Pulex, it was
soon transferred to Odontopsyllus Baker. Here it remained
until the genus Catallagia was erected for it and three other
species including one new one which Rothschild described as
decipiens. This latter species was taken from various Murid
hosts and at the following places: Horse Creek, Upper Columbia
Valley, British Columbia; Blackfalls, Alberta; British Columbia
(no other locality given); and Red Deer, Alberta.
The other two species included in Rothschild’s Catallagia are
telegoni Rothschild, described in 1905, and wymani Fox, de-
scribed in 1909. The first of these two species was taken from
a meadow mouse, Microtus drummondi, in the Upper Columbia
Valley, and the second was taken from the California field
mouse, Microtus californicus, at San Francisco, California.
Thus there are known up to the present four species of
Catallagia, all being taken in western North America. This
year, however, the writer has to report a species from the
eastern part of the United States. It is a new one taken
during the summer of 1928 in Maine, by W. J. Haniilton, Jr.
This species, like all of the other known Catallagias, was found
on a Murid host. Does the finding of this single species of
Catallagia in Maine indicate that the genus Catallagza is dis-
8—Proc. Brot. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 42, 1929. (125)
eee ed Geil eh
126 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
tributed transcontinentally, and will it be found on Murid
hosts throughout most of the Boreal Life Zone?
As stated by Rothschild, Catallagia is closely related to
Ceratophyllus. It is, however, distinct in a number of im-
portant respects; in having a patch of short spines on the inner
surfaces of the hind coxae, in having four instead of five pairs of
lateral plantar bristles on the ventral surface of the fifth seg-
ment of the hind tarsus, and in having a peg-like frontal tubercle
instead of the common type, as well as in some other respects.
The types of Baker’s charlottensis and Fox’s wymani are in the
United States National Museum and have been examined by
the writer. In addition to giving a description of the new
species found, keys are given to the males and females of
Catallagia species.
Key To THE Known MALEs oF THE GENUS CATALLAGIA.
1. Ninth sternite with but a single pair of subapical ventral spines... 2
Ninth sternite with more than a single pair of subapical ventral spines....3
2. Ninth sternite uniformly fringed throughout most of its ventral margin
with, sulbequeallsetaie:. 290 Ne yey a den C. wymani (Fox).
Ninth sternite without any fringe of setae below but with two long,
stout subequal setae on each side beyond the middle and with a ven-
tral projection at the middle... C. telegoni (Rothschild).
3. Ninth sternite with three subapical spines on each side and two long
ventral spines about one-third the distance from the apex to base of
ihe Stenmite: ve iu, une Wen Wa ay eas C. decipiens Rothschild.
Ninth sternite with four subapical spines on each side and without the
longer ventral Spimes 30a oe C. charlottensis (Baker).
Key To FEMALES oF CATALLAGIA SPECIES.
1. Frons with three rows of setae._........ RUN eae aNd beh C. telegont Rothschild.
Frons with'only two rows of setae... eee 2
2. Lower antepygidial seta more than half as long as the middle one_____.
C.. decipiens (Rothschild).
Lower antepygidial seta less than half as long as the middle one____. _3
3. Frontal tubercle very large, longer than the width of the degenerate
eye and projecting beyond the margin of the head. Occurring in
northeastern part of the United States............ C. borealis, new species.
Frontal tubercle much smaller, not equal to the width of degenerate
4. Degenerate eye ae outtae about two-thirds the distance across the
genal lobe. Occurring in California... C. wymani (Fox).
Degenerate eye smaller, extending scarcely half way across the genal
Lob Gee a Eh MAGN Se NAG ERENT pany Ban ae AO C. charlottensis (Baker).
Ewing—Notes on the Siphonapteran Genus Catallagia. 127
Catallagia borealis, new species.
Female.—Maxillary palpi slightly shorter than the labial palpi, the
latter being about two-thirds as long as anterior coxae. Frontal tubercle
prominent, longer than the width of the degenerate eye, and extending
beyond the margin of the head. Four setae in ocular row, the second
from the top being much smaller than the others and situated directly in
front of the degenerate eye. Frontal row of setae extending from slightly
below the insertion of the antenna to the anterior angle of head. It is
composed of five setae. Occiput with three rows of setae, there being
from four to six setae in a row.
Thorax much longer than head; prothorax shorter than metathorax;
its ctenidium with sixteen spines or teeth. Mesosternite divided into
two areas of almost equal size by a vertical chitinous rod. The anterior
of these two areas has a single large seta almost approximate to the vertical
rod; the posterior area has five setae arranged in two vertical rows, three
in the front row and two in the last row.
Abdomen rather slender. Apical spines on tergites I-IV, inclusive.
Outer of the three antepygidial setae about three-fifths as long as the
middle one; the inner antepygidial seta slightly longer than the outer one.
Eighth sternite with three subequal apical setae on each side and about
five other setae not so stout as the apical ones.
Legs medium. Coxa I with about forty setae well distributed over its
lateral surface. Coxae II and III each with a short, subapical vertical row
of three setae.
Length, 2.66 mm.; height, 0.87 mm.
Type host. EMendow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus.
Type locality. Mt. Katahdin, Maine.
Type slide.—Cat. No. 41633, U.S. N. M.
Described from a female specimen taken from the type host at Basin
Pond, Mt. Katahdin, Maine, September 7, 1928, by W. J. Hamilton, Jr.
This species is rather closely related to C. wymani (Fox) and C. charlottensis
(Baker) but differs from both of these species in having the head more
highly arched, the frontal tubercle more conspicuous and a few other
particulars.
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Vol. 42, pp. 129-130 March 30, 1929
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON--
A NEW SNAKE FROM CHINA.”
BY LEONHARD STEJNEGER.
Doctor David C. Graham, whose explorations in the province
of Szechwan, China, have added so much to our knowledge of
its herpetological fauna, has recently sent to the National
Museum an unusually interesting new ophidian species. It is
an exceedingly handsome snake of a rather pale neutral color
ornamented with bold black bands on the face and head, and
the body festooned across the back with a narrow black ribbon
studded with bright round beads of a whitish color. This
pattern unlike that of related species, in which it fades and
disappears in the fullgrown specimens, seems to retain its
brightness in the present species, as the specimen received is
an adult male over three feet long. The name has reference
to the unique ornamentation.
Elaphe perlacea, new species.
Diagnosis: Scales at the middle of the body in 19 rows, about 13 keeled;
anal divided; no subocular, anterior temporal one; supralabials 7; head
pattern with a black prefrontal band bifurcating at the eye; body with
narrow black cross-bands enclosing whitish scale centers; underside
| ‘checkered.
Type: U.S. National Museum No. 76257.
Type locality: Yachow prefecture, Szechwan, China.
Description of type-specimen: Adult male; U.8. N. M. No. 76257; Yachow
province, Szechwan; June, 1928, D. C. Graham, collector. Rostral much
broader than high, broadly visible from above, sutures with internasals
much longer than suture between the latter; internasals small, much
broader than long, about two-thirds the size of the prefrontals, which are
broadly in contact with supraocular; frontal as long as its distance from
tip of snout, slightly longer than its width and the interparietal suture,
somewhat broader in front than behind; parietals as long as frontal; nostril
large between two subequal nasals; loreal trapezoid, much longer than
high; one preocular widely separated from frontal; no subpreocular; two
9—Proc, Bron. Soc. WasH., Vou. 42, 1929. (129)
180 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
small postoculars, both in contact with parietal, upper not in contact with
anterior temporal; temporals 1+2; supralabials 7, third and fourth enter-
‘ing eye; 3 lower labials in contact with anterior chin-shields, which are
slightly longer than the posterior; posterior chin-shields separated from
each other by two small scales, in contact with one sublabial; 19 rows of
scales, 11 to 13 rows very distinctly keeled, four lateral scales smooth
anteriorly and three at midbody; towards vent and on tail all scales keeled,
ventrals 229, obtusely angulate laterally; anal divided; 69 pairs of sub-
caudals. Color (in alcohol) tawny gray, more plumbeous on the sides and
underneath; upper side of body and tail with a pattern of narrow black
equidistant cross-bands formed by the back tips and bases of two adjacent
scale rows the centers of most of the scales being whitish; each two cross-
bands being joined at or on the ventrals so as to form about 37 oval rings,
the effect being a continuous black garland studded with strongly con-
trasting white beads; underside plumbeous checkered with black blotches
edged with white; head pattern black, very distinct; a band from first
labial through nostril across the suture between rostral and internasals;
another similar but broader, from suture between third and fourth supra-
labial through eye over posterior half of prefrontals, bifurcating in the eye
projecting a broad black line backwards across postoculars, anterior half
of first temporal to upper anterior part of sixth supralabial; a black
A-shaped figure, the apex on the posterior half of frontal, extending back-
wards over parietals where bifurcating, the outer branch extending across
second row of temporals to seventh supralabial, the parallel with the
interparietal suture to the neck; on the lower lip one black spot on the
suture between third and fourth sublabials appear as a continuation of the
ocular band; another smaller spot on suture between second sublabial
and anterior chin-shield.
Dimensions: On account of the hardness of the specimen the body can
not be stretched sufficiently for very exact measurements. The total
length is approximately 940 mm., tail 210 mm., total length 1150 mm.
The ratio between body and tail is consequently about 4.5 : 1.
Remarks: The present species has its nearest relative in the Japanese
Elaphe conspicillata, from which it differs in various important characters.
Thus the latter has invariably 21 scale rows with feeble keels on only nine
rows. The scale-formula is otherwise almost identical, except that the
type of the new species has 229 ventrals, a greater number than the maxi-
mum recorded for the species from Japan. The head pattern is also the
same, except that the arms of the parietal A are double and that a median
occipital black line is absent. The body pattern differs considerably,
however, apart from the fact that the marking disappears in the adult
Japanese specimens, while it is strongly marked in the type of E. per-
lacea, which is full grown.
There is no reason to believe that any of the previous erroneous records
of E. conspicillata occurring in China refer to the present species.
7. 0623
Vol. 42, pp. 131-142 March 30, 1929
PROCEEDINGS agi
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHI
NOTES ON THE SPIDERS OF WASHINGTO
COUNTY, UTAH.
BY R. V. CHAMBERLIN AND A. M. WOODBURY.
The spiders listed in the present paper were taken mostly
at two localities in Washington County, which occupies the
extreme southwestern corner of Utah; namely, St. George
and Zion National Park. While some specimens were col-
lected by the senior author in 1923 and in 1927 by far the
greater number were secured by Mr. Woodbury, who, during
the summer season, has served as naturalist for Zion National
Park for several years past. We plan through further collect-
ing to bring the list for the Park in particular to essential com-
pleteness. Types of the new species described are in the
collection of the senior author.
THERAPHOSIDAE.
Eurypelma steindachneri (Ausserer).
St. George. Females and immature specimens are referred tentatively
to this species.
DICTYNIDAE.
Dictyna dactylata Chamberlin.
St. George. Six females taken in 1925, 1926 and 1927. A form re-
sembling volucripes but much smaller and with a different epigynum in
which the septum typically ends caudally in a slender chitinous finger,
though this may connect with the caudal rim which does not extend far
laterad on each side as it does in volucripes.
Dictyna volucripes Keyserling.
St. George. One female referred to this species was taken several years
ago by V. M. Tanner.
10—Proc. Biov. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 42, 1929. (131)
182 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Dictyna hoples Chamberlin.
Zion National Park. One male. A species readily recognizable in the
_male sex by the enormously long, curved, distally bidentate apophysis
of the tibia of the palpus. This is longer than in armata Emerton in which
also the tooth on the chelicera is farther removed from the base.
Dictynoides sp.
Zion National Park. One immature female taken in 1927 can not be
safely referred to its species.
SCYTOTIDAR.
Loxosceles rufipes (Lucas).
Zion National Park. Two females, not fully mature, seem to be this
species.
Plectreurys tristis Simon.
Zion National Park. One young female.
Diguetia canities (McCook).
Zion National Park. One female of this highly interesting and rarely
taken spider was secured in 1927.
GNAPHOSIDAE.
Herpyllus piedicus Chamberlin and Woodbury, new species.
Male.—Carapace yellowish red clothed with black ‘hair of medium
length. Sternum, legs reddish yellow. Abdomen dark gray with a wide
longitudinal lighter band above and ventral region also lighter; basal
dorsal scutum and epigastric plates deep yellow. Anterior row of eyes
slightly procurved; median eyes nearly as large as the laterals, separated
from each other by about their radius, half as far from the laterals; lateral
eyes a little more than a radius from edge of clypeus. Posterior row of
eyes nearly straight; median eyes oblique, nearly their longest diameter
apart and three-fourths as far from the laterals; laterals circular, their
diameter equalling the long axis of the medians, two thirds their diameter
from anterior lateral on each side. Tibiae I and II with three pairs of
spines beneath; metatarsi I and II with a pair of ventral spines at base.
Characterized most readily by form of tibial apophysis of palpus. This
in lateral view is seen to present a broader basal half and to be abruptly
narrowed and flexed at middle, the distal half again running parallel to
axis of the basal portion, slender and needle-like, straight; total length of
apophysis slightly less than length of tibia without it.
Length, 7 mm.; length of cephalothorax, 3 mm.; width, 2 mm.; tib. pat.
I, 3 mm,; tib. pat. IV, 3.5 mm.
Locality.x—St. George. Two males.
Herpyllus hesperolus Chamberlin.
St. George and Zion National Park. Specimens from former locality
taken in 1925 and 1928 and from latter in 1927.
Chamberlin and W oodbury—Spiders of Wash. Co., Utah. 133
Poecilochroa montana Emerton.
Zion National Park. Two females taken in 1927.
Sergiolus lowelli Chamberlin and Woodbury, new species.
Male.—Reddish yellow to reddish brown clothed with white pubescence
and sparse black hairs. Sternum, chelicerae, palpi and legs reddish yellow,
the legs clothed with white pubescence and long black hairs. Abdomen
brown to blackish above, with three light transverse bands on basal half,
these usually confluent at middle; venter light, with two black stripes
diverging forward from spinnerets and gradually fading out. Anterior
row of eyes procurved, the medians nearly a diameter apart but less than
their radius from the laterals, medians and laterals subequal. Posterior
row of eyes recurved; median eyes oblique, their shorter diameter apart
and about the longer diameter from the laterals; lateral eye on each side
about once and a half its diameter from the anterior lateral. Tibial
apophysis of palpus long, in side view gradually narrowing distad, with
acute apical portion slightly curved dorsad, its tip abruptly bent so as to
produce a transverse ridge much as in S. unimaculatus and S. decipiens.
Length, 6 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.5 mm., width, 1.5 mm.
Female.—Coloration, spining of legs and eyes asin the male. Epigynum
in general form somewhat like that of S. variegatus but anterior limiting
rim weak at middle and bowed forward, not strongly angled caudad.
Length, 8 mm.; cephalothorax, 3.5 mm.; width, 2.5 mm.
Locality —St. George. One male (holotype) and two females, the
former taken Mar. 14, 1928, by Lowell A. Woodbury, the two latter in
1926.
Gnaphosa gigantea Keyserling.
St. George (one male and two immature females) and Zion National
Park (two immature specimens).
Gnaphosa hirsutipes Banks.
St. George. One male taken in Dec., 1925.
Callilepis zionis Chamberlin and Woodbury, new species.
Male.—Entirely black excepting chelicerae and the legs, the latter being
tinged with reddish distad of patellae, with the tarsi approaching yellowish.
Anterior row of eyes procurved; eyes subequal; medians about their
diameter apart, once and a half this distance from the laterals; laterals
twice their diameter or a little more from edge of clypeus. Posterior row
of eyes procurved; eyes subequal; medians twice their diameter apart, half
as far from the laterals; lateral eye on each side separated from the cor-
responding anterior lateral by its diameter. Tibiae I and II with three
pairs of ventral spines; metatarsi I and II with two pairs of ventral spines.
Tibia III with median dorsal spine. Palpus of male with embolus at ex-
treme anterior end of bulb, almost attaining end of cymbium, straight
and short; tibia without distal apophysis such as present in clara.
134 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Length, 8 mm.; cephalothorax, 4 mm., width, 2.5 mm.
Locality.—Zion National Park. One male taken in 1927, and one in
1928.
Geodrassus gosiutus Chamberlin.
Zion National Park. One female, 1927.
Rachodrassus flavus Chamberlin and Woodbury, new species.
Male.—Carapace dark yellow, clothed with short, grayish-black hairs.
Sternum yellow, clothed with moderate grayish-black hairs which are more
numerous toward edges, Palpi and legs yellow, usually rufous distally.
Ground color of abdomen light yellow, with some darker areas confluent
posteriorly, the basal plate slightly darker yellow. Anterior row of eyes
straight or nearly so; median eyes slightly smaller than the laterals, nearly
their radius apart and three-fourths as far from the laterals. Posterior
row procurved; medians a little more than their diameter apart and a little
less than their diameter from the laterals. Lateral eyes on each side equal,
only about one-fourth their radius apart, their tubercles confluent.
Tibia I and II with three pairs of ventral spines; metatarsi I and II with
two pairs of ventral spines. Tibia III with one dorsal spine; tibia IV with
two median dorsal spines in line. Palpus with tibial apophysis sublami-
nate, in lateral view a little clavately widening distad, the end narrowly
rounded.
Length, 5 mm.; cephalothorax 2.25 mm., width, 1.7 mm. Tib. pat. I, 2
mm.; tib. pat. IV, 2.4 mm.
Female.—Posterior row of eyes less procurved than in the male. Epig'y-
num presenting a lunate anterior rim and two lateral chitinous rims con-
verging caudad and meeting at middle line, the general form suggesting
that of Gnaphosa hirsutipes.
Locality—_St. George. One male (holotype) and one female. This
species also occurs in southeastern Utah where it appears to be common.
Haplodrassus dixiensis Chamberlin and Woodbury, new species.
Female.—Carapace reddish yellow, with sparse black hairs and fine,
light colored pubescence. Sternum light reddish yellow. Chelicerae
reddish brown. Palpi and legs yellowish, somewhat rufous distally.
Anterior row of eyes procurved; laterals about once and a fourth the diame-
ter of the medians; medians about their diameter apart, one-fourth as far
from the laterals; the laterals their radius from margin of clypeus. Pos-
terior row of eyes procurved; median eyes oblique, one-third their long
axis apart; lateral eyes their diameter from median eyes and half as far
from anterior laterals. Tibiae I and II without spines. Metatarsi with a
‘ pair of ventral spines at base. The epigynum presents a ridge on each side
ending anteriorly freely as usual in the genus, the anterior end not at all
cornuate.
Length, 7 mm. Cephalothorax, length, 2.6 mm.; width, 1.75 mm.
Tib. pat. I, 2.5 mm.; tib. pat. IV the same.
Locality.—St. George. Two females, 1925, 1926.
ee
Chamberlin and W oodbury—Spiders of Wash. Co., Utah. 135
Zelotes subterreaneus (Koch).
St. George. One male and two females taken in 1926.
Drassyllus apachus Chamberlin.
St. George. One adult male, an immature one and an immature female
taken in 1927.
Described originally from a female. It is a common form in San Juan
County and other parts of southeastern Utah. It occurs also in Arizona.
PHOLCIDAE.
Psilochorus utahensis Chamberlin.
St. George. Common.
Physocyclus tanneri Chamberlin.
St. George and Zion National Park. Males and females taken in 1925,
1926, and 1928.
‘THERIDIIDAE.
Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius).
St. George and Zion National Park. Common in both localities.
Latrodectus geometricus (C. Koch).
St. George. Chamberlin collection, 1923.
Steatoda borealis (Hentz).
St. George. A female taken in 1925.
Steatoda grandis Banks.
St. George. Chamberlin collection, 1923.
Theridion placens Keyserling.
St. George. Chamberlin coll., 1923, and A. M. Woodbury, 1926.
Theridion canionis Chamberlin.
Zion National Park. One female.
LINYPHIIDAE.
Linyphia marginata C. Koch.
St. George and Zion National Park. Common.
Linyphia litigiosa Keyserling.
Zion National Park. Five females taken in 1927.
Linyphia tauphora Chamberlin.
Zion National Park. One male and several females taken in 1927.
136 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Microneta sp.
Zion National Park. Several females not to be identified with certainty
_ without the males.
Grammonota sp.
St. George. Three females not specifically identifiable in absence of
males.
Pocadicnemis pumila Blackwall.
Zion National Park. Many specimens, male and female, taken in 1927.
ARGIOPIDAE.
Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz.
Zion National Park. Common.
Tetragnatha extensh (Linnaeus).
Zion National Park. Several males and females taken in 1925.
Metargiope trifasciata (Forskal).
St. George. Males and females taken in 1926.
Neoscona benjamina (Walckenaer).
St. George. Males and females.
Neoscona naiba Chamberlin.
St. George. ‘Two females taken in 1926.
Neoscona vertebrata (McCook).
Washington County. One female, collected by Chamberlin in 1925.
Aranea carbonaria (L. Koch).
St. George. One female.
Aranea gemma (McCook).
Zion National Park. Females taken in 1927.
Aranea varians (Petrunkevitch).
Zion National Park. One female.
Cyclosa conica (Pallas).
Zion National Park. Abundant.
THOMISIDAE.
Tmarus angulatus (Walckenaer).
Zion National Park. Two immature females seem to be this species.
Misumena vatia (Clerck).
St. George and Zion National Park. Common.
Se
Chamberlin and W oodbury—Spiders of Wash. Co., Utah. 1387
Misumenops utanus Chamberlin.
One male from Zion National Park.
Misumenops admes Chamberlin.
Zion National Park. Several females.
Xysticus nervosus Banks.
St. George. Females.
Xysticus gulosus Keyserling.
St. George. One female taken in 1926.
Xysticus simplicior Chamberlin.
Philodromus utus Chamberlin.
St. George. Several females.
Philodromus hoples Chamberlin.
St. George. Apparently common here. Also known from San Juan
and adjacent counties.
Philodromus virescens Thorell.
St. George. One male.
Tibellus duttonii Keyserling.
St. George. One female apparently this species.
AGELENIDAE.
Agelena naevia Walckenaer.
St. George and Zion National Park. Common.
Agelena mimoides Chamberlin.
St. George and Zion National Park. One male from each place.
Agelena californica Banks.
St. George. One female taken in 1926.
Hahnia cinerea Emerton.
Zion National Park. Common.
CLUBIONIDAR.
Anyphaena gracilis (Hentz).
Zion National Park. A male and an immature female taken in 1927.
Anyphaena nigrifrons Chamberlin and Woodbury, new species.
Female.—Carapace yellow, with brown and blackish granulations.
often almost black in the ocular region and over the clypeus, carapace
188 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
clothed with sparse long dark hairs and more numerous fine grayish hairs.
Sternum yellow, typically with a reddish patch opposite each coxa. Cheli-
cerae dark reddish brown with anterior face black. Palpi and legs light
yellow, with reddish tinge distally. Abdomen light yellow or whitish,
with two longitudinal stripes above, these interrupted in young specimens
and tending to disappear in old ones. Anterior row of eyes slightly re-
curved; median eyes above three-fourths their diameter apart, their
radius from the laterals, smaller than the laterals (1:1.25). Posterior row
of eyes procurved; eyes about equal and equidistant, each adjacent two
being separated by about their diameter; each lateral about its radius from
the corresponding anterior lateral. Upper margin of furrow of chelicera
with four teeth, the lower with a series of many fine teeth. Tibiae I and
II with two pairs of ventral spines. Metatarsi I and II with a pair of
spines at base beneath. Tibiae III and IV with two median dorsal
spines. Epigynum presenting a lunate rim on each side; between the
anterior ends of their lateral rims, but not touching them, a transverse
rim concave on caudal side.
Length of female holotype, 6 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.5 mm.; width, 1.5
mm.; tib.+pat. I, 2.5 mm.; tib.+pat. IV, 2.5 mm.
Locality.—_St. George. One mature and six immature females taken
Dec., 1925, and one mature and four immature females taken Aug., 1927.
Gayenna dixiana Chamberlin and Woodbury, new species.
Female.—Carapace deep yellow with a row of dark maculations extend-
ing caudad from each posterior lateral eye. Sternum yellow. Palpi
and legs yellow, becoming reddish distally. Abdomen light brown with
dark brown or blackish maculations. Antericr row of eyes straight or
nearly so; the medians about their diameter apart and three-fourths as
far from the laterals; laterals about once and a fourth times the diameter
of the medians, about their diameter from edge of clypeus. Posterior
row of eyes also straight; medians their diameter or slightly more apart, a
little less than their diameter from laterals; lateral eye of each side three-
fourths its diameter from the anterior lateral of same side. Tibiae I and
II with three pairs of spines beneath or I also with an unpaired extra spine.
Tibiae III and IV with a single dorsal spine. Epigynum with a longitudi-
nal, strongly chitinous rim on each side, the posterior ends of which are
somewhat nearer to each other than are the anterior; between anterior
ends a semicircular chitinous piece.
Length, 4.5 mm.; cephalothorax, 2 mm.; width, 1.5 mm. Length of
tib. pat. I, 2.1 mm.; tib. pat. IV, 2.3 mm.
Locality.—St. George. One female.
Clubiona pacifica Banks.
Zion National Park. Two females.
Chiracanthium inclusum (Hentz).
St. George (one male, 1926, and one female, 1928, coll. by Grace A.
Woodbury) and Zion National Park (one female, 1927).
Se ee ee
ee ee
Chamberlin and W oodbury—Spiders of Wash. Co., Utah. 139
Phrurolithus woodburyi Chamberlin.
Zion National Park. Males and females taken in 1927.
Castianeira descripta Hentz.
Zion National Park. One female.
Castianeira zionis Chamberlin and Woodbury, new species.
Female.—Carapace yellowish red, with ocular area black. Sternum
reddish yellow with irregular dark markings. Palpi and legs yellowish
with femora darker, somewhat reddish. Abdomen purplish black above
with indistinct light crossbands, the venter light. Anterior row of eyes
procurved; medians about once and a fourth their diameter apart, two-
thirds their diameter from the laterals; diameter of laterals to medians as
1.25:1. Posterior row of eyes procurved; medians once and a half their
diameter apart and a little more than the diameter from laterals; eyes
equal in size; lateral on each side once and a half its diameter from the
anterior lateral. Chelicerae with two teeth on each margin. Tibia I
with two pairs of spines beneath; tibia II with two unpaired spines beneath.
Metatarsi I and II with two pairs of ventral spines. Tibiae III and IV
with a single dorsal spine. Epigynum presenting two well-separated
openings behind leading into the spermatheca; then bent at middle with
anterior globular enlargements nearly in contact at middle line.
Length, 6.5 mm. Length of cephalothorax, 2.5 mm.; width, 1.75 mm.
Length of tib.+pat. I, 1.9 mm.; leg IV, 2.5 mm.
Locality.—Zion National Park. One female, 1927.
Micaria formicoides Chamberlin and Woodbury, new species.
Female.—Carapace reddish yellow, eye tubercles on black. Palpi yellow,
reddish proximally. Legs yellow distally, brownish or blackish proxi-
mally. Abdomen constricted near middle; dark gray or blackish, a light
line in constriction on each side. Anterior row of eyes procurved; median
eyes about their diameter apart and half as far from the laterals; eyes
subequal. Posterior row of eyes procurved in such degree that a line
through centers of medians is tangent to posterior edges of laterals; diame-
ter of medians to laterals as 1:1.5; lateral of each side its diameter from
anterior lateral. Furrow of chelicera with a tooth on each margin. Epi-
gynum as figured. Length,4.5mm. Length of cephalothorax, 1.75 mm.;
width,1 mm. Tib.+pat. I, 1.7 mm.; tib.+pat. IV, 1.5 mm.
Locality.—St. George. One female, 1927.
Trachelas tranquillus (Hentz).
St. George (four females, 1926) and Zion National Park (one male and
two females, 1927).
Trachelas deceptus (Banks).
St. George. Two males and one female.
140 Proceedings of the Biological Soctety of Washington.
HETEROPODIDAE.
Olios fasciculatus Simon.
St. George (many specimens, 1925 and 1928) and Zion National Park
(many specimens, 1925 and 1927).
LYCOSIDAE.
Pardosa lapidicina Emerton.
St. George and Zion National Park. Common along flood bed of the
Virgin River.
Pardosa sternalis (Thorell).
St. George and Zion National Park. Common in wet places and along
small streams where it is often seen running over the water.
Lycosa antelucana Montgomery.
St. George. Very common.
Lycosa gosiuta Chamberlin.
St. George (four females, 1926) and Zion National Park (seven speci-
mens, 1927).
Lycosa kochii (Keyserling).
St. George (one female, 1925) and Zion National Park (one female, 1927).
Arctosa littoralis (Hentz).
St. George. Five specimens taken in 1926.
OXYOPIDAE.
Oxyopes rufipes Banks.
St. George. Several males and females probably this species.
ATTIDAE.
Phidippus formosus (Peckham).
St. George. One female.
Phidippus workmanni Peckham.
St. George. Common.
Dendryphantes militaris (Hentz).
St. George. Eight specimens, males and females.
Dendryphantes capitatus (Hentz)
Zion National Park. Several females and an immature male.
Dendryphantes diplacis Chamberlin.
Zion National Park. Two males, 1927. Previously known from Lower
California and Nogales, Arizona.
Proc.
Brot. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 42, 1929. PLATE I
Piate I.
. Epigynum of Rachodrassus flavus sp. nov.
. Right palpus, ectal view, of male Rachodrassus flavus sp. nov.
. Right palpus, ectal view, of male Drassyllus apachus Chamb.
. Ventral view of the same.
Epigynum of Micaria formicoides sp. nov.
Kpigynum of Haplodrassus dixiensis sp. nov.
Epigynum of Sergiolus lowelli sp. nov.
Right palpus, ventral view, of male of same.
ah "
Mars SPs
i ' 7 AS
Ps TY bs
i
pe ; - |
. 7 i |
nw, :
y > ‘4
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ry)
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Proc. Birou. Soc. WasH., Vou. 42, 1929. Puate II
Puate II.
Fig. 1. Right palpus, ventral view, of male Callilepis zionis sp. nov.
Fig. 2. Ectal view of the same.
Fig. 3. Epigynum of Gayenna dixiana sp. nov.
Fig. 4. Epigynum of Anyphaena nigrifrons sp. noy.
Fig. 5. Epigynum of Castianeira zionis sp. nov.
Fig. 6. Right male palpus, ectal view, of Herpyllus piedicus sp. nov.
Fig. 7. Ventral view of portion of the same.
Fig. 8. A right fore spinneret of Herpyllus piedicus sp. nov.
Chamberlin and W oodbury—Spiders of Wash. Co., Utah. 141
Pellenes candidus Peckham.
Zion National Park. One female. This form, originally described
from Salt Lake City, occurs also in San Juan Co. and so probably over most
of the State.
Pellenes mimula Chamberlin.
St. George. One female collected by L. A. Woodbury.
Pellenes splendens Peckham.
Zion National Park. One not fully mature male. This species has
also been taken at Salt Lake City.
Icius annectans Chamberlin.
Zion National Park. Severalfemales. Unlike other species of Icius, ex-
cepting exornatus, in having the coxae of the first legs separated by less
than the width of the labium. Epigynum suggesting that of Pseudicius
siticulosus, a form from which distinguishable in having two slender spines
at distal end of tibia II instead of one at each end.
Salticus albocinctus Peckham.
St. George. One male and one female.
Thiodina sylvana (Hentz).
Zion National Park. One female.
deat
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Te, VPs
phy (Uk Baby
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1 0673
Vol. 42, pp. 143-146 March 30, 1929
PROCEEDINGS.
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHI
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW LEMMI
ALASKA.
BY KE. W. NELSON.
The considerable series of lemmings from island and mainland
localities in western Alaska, which has accumulated in the
Biological Survey collection during recent years, supplies in-
formation helpful toward clearing up some obscure points con-
cerning the relationship between Dicrostonyx rubricatus and
D. unalascensis.
In the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington,
March 14, 1900, vol. 2, p. 25, Dr. C. Hart Merriam described
Dicrostonyx unalascensis from Unalaska Island in the Aleutian
Chain. His type was a broken skull, one of several taken from
owl pellets near the village of Unalaska. Since then unsuc-
cessful efforts have been made by several naturalists to capture
some of these lemmings at the type locality, in order that their
color and other general characters might be determined. Owl
pellets found there, however, have continued to yield skulls
until the Biological Survey collection now contains more than
130 of them.
Fortunately from 1920 to 1924, while investigating the
reindeer herd of the Biological Survey on Umnak Island, lying
across a channel about 6 miles broad from the western end of
Unalaska Island, Donald H. Stevenson, of the Biological
Survey, located runways of lemmings in a few limited areas on
the eastern part of the island, and during the months of No-
vember and December in different years, secured a series of
14 specimens of which more than half are adults. All appear
to be in full, heavy winter pelage, some having been taken as
late as December 14. It is interesting to find that adults and
young are in varying shades of nearly uniform brownish gray
11—Proc. Broun. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 42, 1929. (148)
144 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
pelage, without a trace of the white winter coat so commonly
worn by the members of this genus. In addition the claws of
the two middle toes on the front feet are dusky horn color, and
although slightly enlarged they are much less than one-half the
size of the great claw of rubricatus and hudsonius, in their
winter condition In fact the Umnak Island specimens must
be examined closely to determine the existence of any claw
development, thus strongly contrasting with the extraordinary
winter claws in the species named. A white specimen of
young rubricatus, about one-fourth grown, taken in December
at Chignik on the south coast of the Alaska Peninsula, has the
typical winter claw development of that species.
No summer skins from Umnak Island are available to com-
pare with rubricatus, but the winter color of the upperparts of
the eight adult Umnak Island specimens is in general dingy
gray with a slight tinge of buffy brown, overlaid by a very
slight wash of reddish on sides and top of shoulders; the under-
parts are dull buffy or buffy whitish.
The characters given above indicate that we have on Unalaska
~ and Umnak Islands an insular species of lemming, with suf-
ficient differences between the skulls to warrant recognizing the
Umnak Island animal as a subspecies of D. uwnalascensis. It
should be noted here that three summer specimens of collared
lemmings from Unimak Island, adjacent to the western end of
the Peninsula of Alaska, in the Biological Survey collection —
are close to typical D. rubricatus, without signs of intergrada-
tion toward D. unalascensis in size or color.
The retention of a brown pelage in winter by the Umnak
lemming, in place of the usual white garb of the other members
of the genus Dicrostonyx, may be reasonably attributed to the
response of this species to the milder winter climate of its
habitat. While Umnak Island lies in a very stormy region,
yet zero temperatures are uncommon, and while snow falls at
intervals during more than six months each year, sometimes
remaining on the ground for weeks, yet not infrequently during
the winter months the ground lies nearly or quite bare.
This new subspecies is named in honor of the late Donald
H. Stevenson, who collected the specimens mentioned here
under great difficulties.
Measurements in millimeters.
Proc. Brot. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 42. Prarn LET:
SKULLS OF DICROSTONYX
[About natural size.]
Fig. 1-2. D. unalascensis unalascensis, Unalaska, Alaska (No. 224149,
U.S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Survey coll.).
3-4. D. unalascensis stevensoni (type), female, Umnak Island,
Alaska (No. 235552, U. S. Nat. Mus., Biol. Survey coll.).
5-6. D. rubricatus, male, Point Barrow, Alaska (No. 15933, Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist.).
Nelson—Description of a New Lemming from Alaska. 145
Dicrostonyx unalascensis stevensoni, subsp. nov.
UMNAK LEMMING.
(Pl. III, figs. 3-4.)
Type from Umnak Island, Alaska, No. 235552, 9? adult, U.S. National
Museum (Biological Survey collection), collected by D. H. Stevenson,
December 14, 1920.
General characters.—Largest of the known American lemmings, with a
massive skull; apparently does not take on a white winter pelage, and
lacks the great winter development of the two middle claws on fore-feet
so conspicuous in other species of the genus. Skull as in D. unalascensis
but larger and heavier, with interparietal proportionately longer; supra-
orbital ridges in adults more closely approaching, sometimes nearly uniting
to form a median ridge; upper incisors more exserted, heavier and more
decurved and less projecting at tips. Skull much larger and more massively
proportioned than in D. rubricatus, with interorbital ridges more strongly
developed.
- Color of type.—Upperparts nearly uniform dull, pale, buffy brown,
slightly grayer on rump; dull, rather poorly marked, chestnut patch cover-
ing ears; a thin, blackish, median, dorsal line from nape to tail; a pale
chestnut wash on sides of neck, fading posteriorly into a buffy line ex-
tending along sides of body; underparts pale dull buff; an irregular dull
grayish white patch across posterior part of crown, and grayish white
hairs about nose—these last being marks of individual variation.
Skull of type.—Larger than in D. unalascensis, with interparietal longer;
incisors heavier and more decurved.
Measurements of type.—Total length, 165; tail vertebrae, 12; hind foot,
20. Skull: Condylobasal length, 33.7; zygomatic breadth, 23.1; interorbital
constriction, 4.3; length of nasals, 10.2; alveolar length upper molar series,
8.5.
Remarks.—The eight adult specimens of D. wu. stevenson have the upper-
parts of the head and body a nearly uniform, dull, buffy brownish, a little
grayer in some and darker in others; the ears are covered by a small, not
strongly marked patch of dull chestnut; a median dark line usually present
in the young, is usually absent or obsolescent, in the adults. Some indi-
viduals are marked by irregular, dingy, grayish white patches on crown or
nape; sides of nose, chin, and throat usually grayish. Sides of neck, lower
shoulders, flanks and outside of front and hind legs varying from pale to
dingy buffy; the underparts of the body paler buffy than the flanks, some-
times dingy grayish with only a trace of buffy. The front claws are only
slightly enlarged about as in D. rubricatus in summer.
A series of six half-grown young among the specimens of stevensoni,
taken between October 19 and December 1, are very similar to the adults
in their generally dull buffy brown color of the upperparts, with a tinge of
reddish never strongly marked and varying in tone individually. Indis-
tinct chestnut ear spots and a dark median dorsal line usually present, but
absent or pale in some. Underparts pale buffy, varying in shade.
Skulls of both D. unalascensis unalascensis (Pl. III, figs. 1-2) and D. uw.
——
146 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washtngton.
stevensoni are distinctly larger and more massively proportioned than
those of typical Dicrostonyx rubricatus (Pl. IT, figs. 5-6) from near Hooper
Bay and Point Barrow on the mainland of Alaska, or in any of the Ameri-
can collared lemmings of which D. hudsonius appears to be the smallest.
Postorbital process characteristic of Dicrostonyx proportionately and
actually heavier and more prominent than in the others; rostrum pro-
portionately heavier and interparietal averaging proportionately larger.
Molar series longer and broader than in the other species of Dicrostonyz,
with pattern of enamel folds similar in general character to that of D.
rubricatus, but with closed areas on all upper molars more compressed
in the antero-posterior plane, so they have a distinctly less deltoid and more
spur-like form. Even more than in others of this group, both forms of
D. unalascensis have marked supraorbital ridges which with age nearly
join on median line.
7-0672
Vol. 42, pp. 147-152
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHI
FOUR NEW POCKET GOPHERS OF THE GENUS
HETEROGEOMYS FROM MEXICO.
BY E. W. NELSON AND E. A. GOLDMAN.
In ‘Monographie Revision of the Pocket Gophers” (North
Amer. Fauna, No. 8, January 31, 1895) Merriam named the
genus Heterogeomys, to which he assigned H. hispidus and
H. torridus as distinct species, with type localities only a few
miles apart, but at different altitudes, and in differing general
faunal areas. H. hispidus inhabits the humid “cloud”’ forest
region on the seaward slope of the lofty Cofre de Perote, while
the type locality of H. torridus is on the adjoining arid tropical
coastal plain. Heterogeomys lanius Elliot (Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, vol. 18, p. 235, Dec. 9, 1905) was later described
from a high altitude on the southeastern side of Mount Orizaba,
about 50 miles southwest of the type locality of hispidus.
Comparatively few specimens of this genus were available for
study by Merriam. Subsequent field work has resulted in the
accumulation of specimens from a number of localities extending
the known range of the genus northward to eastern San Luis
Potosi, and into several other Mexican states.
Study of material now at hand has resulted in the conclusion
that H. hispidus and H. torridus are very closely related sub-
species. H. lanius is imperfectly known and may be retained
for the present, with full specific rank. Four new subspecies
are described here, and the forms assignable to the genus, with
type localities, are as follows:
Heterogeomys hispidus hispidus (Le Conte)................--------.----------0--------
Near Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico.
Heterogeomys hispidus torridus Merriam....................-------------------0--20------
Chichicaxtle, Vera Cruz, Mexico.
12—Proc. Brox. Soc. Wasxz., Vou. 42, 1929. (147)
a
>?" En We
——_—!, —— —_,
148 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Heterogeomys hispidus concavus, subsp. nOV...........------2--.222---2eeeeeeeeeene ee
Pinal de Amoles, Queretaro, Mexico.
Heterogeomys hispidus isthmicus, subsp. nov..........---.----------22--------------
Jaltipan, Vera Cruz, Mexico.
Heterogeomys hispidus yucatanensis, subsp. NOV. ......--.---2-------22--22-neeeee
Campeche, Campeche, Mexico.
Heterogeomys hispidus chiapensis, subsp. nov... .......-----------2---2-eeeee eee
Tenejapa, 16 miles northeast of San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico.
Heterogeomys lanius Hlliot__........-..-------.------ Xuchil, Vera Cruz, Mexico.
Heterogeomys hispidus concavus, subsp. nov.
QUERETARO POCKET GOPHER.
Type.—From Pinal de Amoles, Queretaro, Mexico (altitude 5,500 feet).
No. 81227, @ adult, U.S. National Museum (Biological Survey collection),
collected by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman, September 9, 1896.- Origi-
nal number 10130.
Distribution.—Eastern slope of the tableland and mountains to 7,000 .
feet in Queretaro, and lower elevations in San Luis Potosi.
General characters.—A large subspecies, allied to H. h. hispidus and
H. h. torridus, but upper parts in fresh pelage near chestnut brown (near
Mars brown in hispidus and torridus) and underparts a lighter, russet
brownish tone; skull more angular and massive, the upper outline de-
cidedly concave in adult males, and differing in details of structure. Pelage
similar to that of hispidus in density and texture, denser especially on
under parts, and softer than in torridus.
Color.—Type (partly worn pelage): Upper parts and outer sides of
limbs near Prout’s brown; under parts light cinnamon brownish; feet and
tail scantily clothed with brownish hairs, the tail becoming naked at tip.
Specimens in fresh pelage near chestnut brown above, and dull russet
brownish below.
Skull.—Similar in size and general form to that of H. h. torridus, but more
angular and massive; frontal region in adult males more depressed, the
upper outline concave; zygomata broader and heavier, the squamosal
arm overlapping jugal strongly developed, with a prominent knob-like
end (end more tapering in torridus); lambdoid crest higher, more abruptly
upturned, the squamosal portion heavier, more strongly inclined forward;
auditory bullae rather broad, but usually less extended below level of
surface of basioccipital; dentition about the same. Compared with that of
H. h. hispidus the skull is shorter and broader, with rostrum more flattened,
zygomata more widely and squarely spreading anteriorly, and it differs
otherwise in about the same details as from torridus.
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 343 mm.; tail vertebrae, 84; hind
foot, 48. Two adult male topotypes, respectively: 315-340; 75-74;
47.5-47. Average and extremes of four female topotypes: 332 (330-835);
77 (75-79); 48.1 (48-48.5). Skull (type): Condylobasal length, 64.2; length
of nasals, 25; zygomatic breadth, 45.8; greatest breadth across squamo-
Nelson and Goldman—Four Pocket Gophers from Mexico. 149
sals (over mastoids), 43.1; interorbital breadth, 11.5; alveolar length of
upper molar series, 14.9.
Remarks.—Heterogeomys h. concavus occupies a northern extension of
_ the range of the species. It appears to be most closely allied to H. h.
torridus in cranial characters, but the pelage in density and softness is more
like that in typical hispidus which also inhabits mountain slopes at alti-
tudes above 5,000 feet. Denser, softer pelage is apparently associated
with the lower temperatures prevailing at the higher levels, while thinner,
harsher pelage characterizes typical torridus which is found at low eleva-
tions. Specimens from the lowlands of San Luis Potosi are similar to
torridus in thinness and harshness of pelage, but in color and cranial
characters are nearer to the present form to which they are referred.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 9, as follows:
Queretaro: Pinal de Amoles (type locality), 7.
San Luis Potosi: Tancanhuitz, 1; Valles, 1.
Heterogeomys hispidus isthmicus, subsp. nov.
ISTHMIAN POCKET GOPHER.
Type.—From Jaltipan, Vera Cruz, Mexico (altitude 100 feet). No.
78062, @ adult, U. S. National Museum (Biological Survey collection),
collected by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman, May 2, 1896. Original
number 9574.
Distribution.—Semi-forested coastal plains on the Gulf side of the
Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in southern Vera Cruz, Mexico.
General characters.—A large subspecies most closely allied to H. hispidus
torridus, but color lighter brown, and cranial characters, especially the
remarkable sinuosity of the lambdoid crest, distinctive. Similar to
typical hispidus, but skull with shorter rostrum, and differing otherwise
in about the same characters as from torridus.
Color.—Type (fresh coat replacing worn pelage on anterior part of
body and along median line of back): Upper parts in fresh pelage near
chestnut brown, worn portions a lighter cinnamon brownish tone; a nar-
row transverse white stripe extending from median line on lower part of
back to upper part of left flank where it is interrupted, and appears again
as a stripe below across abdomen; under parts in general, limbs, and feet
thinly haired, light brownish; tail naked, dull flesh-colored.
Skull.—Similar to that of H. h. torridus, but median part of lambdoid
crest with a marked crescent-shaped anterior deflection, maxillary arm of
zygoma heavier, encroaching upon premaxillae which are correspondingly
narrowed posteriorly; nasals usually longer; dentition about the same.
Compared with that of typical hispidus, the rostrum is shorter and flatter,
and the skull differs otherwise about as from torridus.
Measurements.—T ype: Total length, 325 mm.; tail vertebrae, 86; hind
foot, 46. Average and extremes of four adult male topotypes: 320 (309-
334); 89 (82-99); 46. Average and extremes of four adult female topo-
types: 308 (292-317); 81 (76-85); 45 (43.5-46). Skull (type): Condylo-
basal length, 59; length of nasals, 24.4; zygomatic breadth, 41.5; greatest
_— en al
150 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
breadth across squamosals (over mastoids), 38.7; interorbital breadth,
11; alveolar length of upper molar series, 13.5.
Remarks.—This subspecies is known only from the low, Gulf coastal
plains on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the adjoining coastal regions to the
east and west, as well as the interior, being occupied by other forms. While
close relationship is evident it is readily distinguished from the other sub-
species of hispidus by the abrupt, median, crescent-shaped, forward de-
flection of the lambdoid crest. The distance from Jalapa and Chicaxtle,
Vera Cruz, the type localities of hispidus and torridus respectively, is not
great, and theform on the peninsula of Yucatan is different. The differen-
tiation of isthmicus from torridus may be due to its isolation between the
Papaloapam and the Grijalva rivers which, although not long, drain
excessively humid regions and are of sufficient size to present effective
barriers. Three specimens have a narrow white stripe extending from the
median line on the lower part of the back down one of the flanks to a
whitish area on the abdomen. In two of these it is on the left and in the
third example on the right side. A similar marking is present in the type
specimen on the left side, but is interrupted or faintly indicated on the
middle of the flank. White markings occur sporadically in pocket gophers,
but usually lack the regularity noted in this instance. In an adult male
(No. 78061) the outer squamosal border, on both sides of the skull, bears
a tapering, pointed process about 3.5 millimeters in length, directed up-
ward and forward over the auditory meatus. ‘These peculiar processes,
evidently affording additional muscular attachment, are not present in
the other specimens from the same locality, and have not been observed
in other pocket gophers.
Specimens examined.—Sixteen, from localities as follows:
Vera Cruz: Catemaco, 1; Jatipan (type locality), 15.
Heterogeomys hispidus yucatanensis, subsp. nov.
YUCATAN POCKET GOPHER.
Type.—From Campeche, Campeche, Mexico (altitude 50 feet). No.
100344, & adult, U. S. National Museum (Biological Survey collection),
collected by E. W. Nelson and E. A. Goldman, June 7, 1900. Original
number 14233.
Distribution.—Lowlands of the Yucatan peninsula and northern Guate-
mala.
General characters.—A rather small subspecies, similar to H. h. hispidus
and H. h. torridus, but smaller, with relatively longer tail; pelage thinner,
under parts nearly naked; color lighter, light chestnut-brown, or inclining
toward cinnamon brown (near seal brown in hispidus and torridus); skull
differing in detail, especially the relatively broader and heavier maxillary
arm of zygoma. Similar in color to H. h. isthmicus, but smaller and cranial
characters distinctive. |
Color.—Type: Upper parts (moderately worn pelage) near chestnut
brown; under parts, limbs and feet nearly naked, the scattered hairs light
brownish; tail dull flesh colored, with a few brownish hairs on proximal
half, becoming naked distally.
Nelson and Goldman—F our Pocket Gophers from Mexico. 151
Skull.—Similar in general form to those of H. h. hispidus and H. h.
torridus, but smaller; maxillary arm of zygoma relatively broader, heavier,
more decurved, the anterior margin turning more abruptly outward from
rostrum and curving slightly backward to external angle; dentition much
lighter, molariform toothrows decidedly shorter; premaxillae broad pos-
teriorly as in torridus, with little or no encroachment by maxilla. Com-
pared with that of H. h. isthmicus the skull is smaller and lacks the deep,
median anterior deflection of the lambdoid crest distinctive of that form;
molariform toothrows shorter; nasals broader posteriorly.
Measurements.—T ype: Total length, 328 mm.; tail vertebrae, 101; hind
foot, 47. Two adult female topotypes respectively: 308-303; 93-95;
45-44. Skull (type): Condylobasal length, 58.5; length of nasals, 22.3;
zygomatic breadth, 38.5; greatest breadth across squamosals (over mas-
toids), 36.8; interorbital breadth, 11.2; alveolar length of upper molar
series, 11.7.
Remarks.—The Yucatan pocket gopher has an extensive general range
at very low elevations, probably embracing the whole of the peninsula for
~which it is named, and reaching southward to undetermined limits. The
skulls examined from various localities indicate small bodily size which is
not so evident from external measurements, owing to apparently greater
length of tail and hind foot.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 22, as follows:
Campeche: Apazote (near Yohaltun), 1; Campeche, 5.
Yucatan: Chichen Itza, 2; Yaxcach, 10.
Guatemala, Department of Peten: Chuntuqui, 2; Libertad, 1; Nuevo
Pueblo, 1.
Heterogeomys hispidus chiapensis, subsp. nov.
CHIAPAS POCKET GOPHER.
Type.—From Tenejapa, about 16 miles northeast of San Cristobal,
Chiapas, Mexico (altitude 7,800 feet). No. 76737, 9 adult, U.S. National
Museum (Biological Survey collection), collected by E. W. Nelson and
E. A. Goldman, November 28, 1895. Original number 8682.
Distribution.—Highlands of Chiapas and Guatemala from about 3,000
to 8,000 feet altitude, and descending to lower elevations in southern
Tabasco.
General characters.—Size large, color dark, pelage rather short, soft and
velvety for a Heterogeomys. Similar to H. h. hispidus and H. h. torridus
in size and color, but pelage shorter and softer, and cranial characters
distinctive. Similar to H. h. isthmicus in size, but color darker, pelage
softer, and skull differing in detail, especially the straighter outline of
lamboid crest (deeply indented in isthmicus). Distinguished from H. h.
yucatanensis by larger size, softer pelage, and cranial features, notably
the relatively narrower rostrum.
Color.—Type: Upper parts, and outer surfaces of limbs, near seal
brown; under parts thinly haired, cinnamon brownish; hind feet and toes
of front feet scantily clothed with brownish hairs; tail nearly naked beyond
152 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
base, becoming entirely bare near tip, the dried skin dull flesh-colored.
In one specimen a white spot, irregular in shape, appears on the middle of
the abdomen.
Skull.—Similar in general contour to that of H. h. torridus, but rostrum
narrower, less flattened, the nasals rising more prominently above the level
of the premaxillae; maxillary arm of zygoma heavier, more broadly ex-
panded at outer angle; auditory bullae smaller, less inflated, not usually
extending below plane of basioccipital; dentition lighter, molariform tooth-
rows shorter. Differing from that of H. h. isthmicus in straighter, less
deeply sinuous lambdoid crest, narrower rostrum, and lighter dentition.
Contrasted with that of H. h. yucatanensis the skull is decidedly larger,
with relatively slenderer rostrum, and less inflated auditory bullae.
Measurements.—Type: Total length, 323 mm.; tail vertebrae, 8&6;
hind foot, 48. Two adult female topotypes, respectively: 322-320; 84-79;
48-48. Skull (type): Condylobasal length, 58.5; length of nasals, 22.1;
zygomatic breadth, 39.3; greatest breadth across squamosals (over mas-
toids), 37; interorbital breadth, 11.8; alveolar length of upper molar series,
12.8.
Remarks.—The range of this subspecies is in a region varying greatly in
elevation and general topography. Specimens from the type locality and
at the higher elevations elsewhere have softer, somewhat denser pelage
than those from lower elevations as at Montecristo, Tabasco, but the
latter do not appear to be satisfactorily separable. Two specimens of
Heterogeomys from Guatemala were referred by Merriam (North Amer.
Fauna, No. 8, p. 185, Jan. 31, 1895) to H. torridus, although he pointed out
an apparent difference. These specimens are referred by us to the form
here described, from which they appear indistinguishable.
Specimens examined.—Total number, 14, as follows:
Chiapas: Ocuilapa, 2; Tenejapa (type locality), 3; Tumbala, 1;
Yajalon, 1.
Tabasco: Montecristo, 2; Teapa, 3.
Guatemala: Guatemala City, 1; without locality, 1.
Vol. 42, pp. 153-156
March 30, 1929
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE pe ZGITHSO
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON © |
wren 2
We
THE GENUS OF TEIID LIZARDS, VERTICARIA
COPE, 1869, CONSIDERED AS A SYNONYM OF
CNEMIDOPHORUS WAGLER, 1830, WITH A KEY
TO THE PRIMITIVE GENERA OF THE TEIIDAE::
BY CHARLES E. BURT.
The genus Verticaria has been separated from Cnemido-
phorus on the basis of only one character, namely, the fronto-
parietal or postfrontal plate. In Cnemidophorus this shield is
characteristically divided into two or more plates, while in
Verticaria it is supposedly single. The union of two head plates,
such as the frontoparietals in this case, may usually be regarded
as a poor generic distinction if used alone. Even though that
- character be fairly constant in a small series, a detailed ex-
amination of a large number of individuals, especially if they
represent wide-ranging species, is fairly certain to bring to
light numerous intermediates in both the primitive and derived
stocks. Thus, the frontoparietals of Cnemidophorus tessellatus
tessellatus are rather frequently partly united into one scute
(Mus. Vert. Zool. Univ. Calif. Nos. 3195 and 3216) and some-
times they are entirely united or nearly so (Calif. Acad. Sci.
Nos. 43223 and 42459). This line of variation in Cnemi-
dophorus tessellatus tessellatus tends toward the production of
a Verticaria, such as has recently been found by Van Den-
burgh and Slevin (1921) in Vertecaria ceralbensis from Ceralbo
Island, Gulf of California, Mexico. So obvious is this rela-
tionship that the writer upon considering its degree of morpho-
logical specialization believes Verticaria ceralbensis to be
directly derived from Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus.
The frontoparietals of the much smaller Verticaria hyperythra
1Contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Michigan.
13—Proc. Brot. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 42, 1929. (153)
if
frus
EO
154 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
stock may occasionally be divided into two parts. A number
of such variants have been recorded during this study for
Verticaria hyperythra hyperythra (Calif. Acad. Sci. Nos. 53555,
53569, and 57539; U. S. N. M. No. 12613: and’ M27 G3
No. 569), but none have been found in Verticaria caerulea or
V. picta. In addition, Cnemidophorus depper deppet of Mexico
has varied in the opposite direction by producing individuals
with one frontoparietal only partly divided (Amer. Mus. Nos.
18959, 18924, 19188, and 19186) or with the two usually separate
elements completely united (Calif. Acad. Sci. Field No. 6045
from Mixtequillo, Oaxaca, Mexico). It is significant that the
Verticaria hyperythra group is related to the depper and per-
plexus stocks of Cnemidophorus and not to the tessellatus group
as is Verticariza ceralbensis. Because of these divided rela-
tionships within the supposed genus Verticaria, in addition to
the inconstancy of the only distinguishing character, it is
necessary to consider Verticarza a synonym of Cnemidophorus.
The placing of Verticaria sericea Van Denburgh (1895) in the
genus Cnemidophorus makes necessary the formulation of a
new name, since it is now preoccupied by Cnemidophorus
gularis sericeus Cope (1892). The writer recognizes the lizard
hitherto known as Verticaria sericea as a subspecies closely
allied to Cnemidophorus hyperythrus hyperythrus, and there-
fore proposes that the form be henceforth designated as—
Cnemidophorus hyperythrus danheimae,! new name.
In order to make clear at this point the distinctions among the primitive
genera of the Teiidae, with which Cnemidophorus is allied, the following
key has been prepared. It is, essentially, a rearrangement of the one
presented by Boulenger (1885).
Key To THE PRIMITIVE GENERA OF THE TRIIDAR.
1. Ventral plates in more than 20 longitudinal series... P}
Ventral plates in 20, or less than 20, longitudinal series... 5
2. Tail strongly compressed, bicarmate above... _.__._... eae 3
Tail not strongly compressed, somewhat rounded, not bicarinate_..__4
3. Dorsal scales small, granular, uniform in size or slightly graded_______
1. Crocodilurus
Dorsal scales not uniform or graded; many smaller dorsal granules
1This name is given to this lizard as a token of appreciation from the writer to his
wife, May Danheim Burt, who has been his constant inspiration, aide, and companion
during the period of his study of these Teiid lizards.
Burt—The Genus of Teud Lizards. 155
present, these intermixed and abruptly contrasted with a number
mm large, keeled tulbercules 0000.0 2. Dracaena
4, Head shields all large and comparatively few... 3. Tupinambis
Head shields small and numerous; prefrontals and nasals split into
many smaller scutes or granules... 4. Callopistes
eter piabes keeled oe a 6
(SND TESS PES ere) 4 mM IY 9 RR J ee Ne 7
erewmutal pores present 0 ee 5. Kentropyx
Deemer erre AMsent ee ee 6. Monoplocus!
7. Hind foot with five well developed toes_.- 8
Hind foot with only four well developed toes, the fifth remaining as
OEREU SIE me tillers Mr AAU NOUR) | AE 7. Teius
8. Sealy portion of tongue bifid posteriorly and Hewthaved or arrow-
Bearer mouthed Ea paM mete cen ENA TAy TCs 2 9
Scaly portion of tongue not split posteriorly and not heart-shaped or
eee Meteem In OUUIne. 8. Ameiva
9. Larynx usually close to the extreme tip of the posterior wings of the
scaly portion of the tongue, often between them; intervening sheath
extremely small and thin, or entirely absent... 10
Larynx usually a considerable distance back of the extreme posterior
portion of the scaly part of the tongue; intervening sheath always
discernible, usually well developed, never extremely reduced...
8. Ameiva
10. Teeth longitudinally compressed (especially posteriorly and later-
ally) so that they are longer than they are wide....._. 9. Cnemidophorus
Teeth transversely compressed so that they are wider than they are
long. (Confined to western South America.).............. 10. Dicrodon
The following table gives the present views of the writer in regard to
the synonymy of the genus.
Cnemidophorus Wagler.
Cnemidophorus Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 154 (type, C. murinus).
Aspidoscelis Fitzinger, Syst. Reptilium, 1843, p. 20 (type, C. serlineatus).
Verticaria Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1869, p. 158 (type, C. hypery-
thrus).
In conclusion it may be stated that the writer is now preparing inde-
pendent revisions of the two closely related genera, Cnemidophorus and
Ameiva. An interpretation of genetic relationships, together with de-
a I aE es IID 1 la TS
1Boulenger (1885) gave the citation of the original description of this genus (Monoplocus
GuNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 404) and drew all of his characters from it.
He stated his belief that the supposed type of the genus in the British Museum is not
that type at all but a substituted specimen of Kentropyx pelviceps. If this is the case,
it is now impossible to determine whether the type was a male or a female. If it was
a female, there is every reason to believe that the males would possess femoral pores,
since in certain other genera of the Teiidae the disappearance of these organs is confined
to the female sex only. If such a sexual difference is found, either a new generic split
must be formulated, or Monoplocus must pass into the synonymy of Kentropyz Spix,
which apparently differs merely in the possession of femoral pores in both sexes.
7 7
—
—<———“€ -- — — —-
156 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
tails of classification and synonymy, may be expected to appear in the
larger works.
The writer wishes to take this opportunity to express his appreciation
to Dr. Frank N. Blanchard of the Department of Zoology of the University
of Michigan for his kind criticism of this manuscript.
LITERATURE CITED.
Boulenger, Game Albert, 1885. Catalogue of the Lizards in the British
Museum. 2:1—497.
Cope, E. D. 1892. A Synopsis of the Species of the Teid Genus Cnemi-
dophorus. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 17:27—52.
Van Denburgh, John. 1895. A Review of the Herpetology of Lower
California. I. Reptiles. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (2) 5:77-162.
Van Denburgh, John, and Joseph R. Slevin, 1921. Preliminary Diagnoses
of New Species of Reptiles from Islands in the Gulf of California, Mexico,
Ibid, (4) 11:395-398.
mo st S-——_—
_—-Vol. 42, pp. 157-160 April 4, 1929
| : PROCEEDINGS
OF THE ‘
a BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
THE SPOTTED SKUNK OF THE CHANN
ISLANDS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.: 24 museus 7H
BY DONALD R. DICKEY.
For many years Spotted Skunks of the genus Spilogale have
been known from at least one of the islands of the Channel
group, lying off the coast of southern California. Over twenty
years ago, in fact, Howell in his revision of the genus? listed
one specimen from Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara County,
California, but the material remained scant indeed, if not
unique, and the island animal has been assigned to Spilogale
phenax phenax Merriam on general geographic grounds, without
opportunity being afforded for critical study of specimens in
series.
More recently the naming of Spilogale phenax microrhina
from the San Diegan district by E. Raymond Hall*, and its
separation from the coastal animal phenax of northwestern )
California, has lent added interest to the capture and study of
the animal from these islands which have been isolated from the
mainland for such untold centuries. |
Luckily material in adequate series, particularly from Santa
Rosa Island, has become available in the last year or so, largely
through the efforts of H. H. Sheldon and Paul Trapier. Mr. |
Sheldon in particular has made a number of short trips to |
Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands in my behalf. In the
study of the resulting material comparative use has been made
not only of some 37 specimens in local collections, but also a series
of topotypes of both phenax and microrhina in the University of
California collections. For the courteous opportunity of making
— — —
1Contribution from the California Institute of Technology.
2N. A. Fauna 26, 1906, p. 32.
3Journal of Mammalogy, 7, no. 1, 1926, p. 53-56.
14—Proc. Brox. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 42, 1929. (157)
i ci a Ma
158 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
the latter comparisons my thanks are due Joseph Grinnell,
Director, and E. Raymond Hall, Curator of Mammals in the
Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.
- Two additional skulls-without-skins from Santa Cruz Island —
have been kindly loaned me by D. B. Rogers of the Santa
Barbara Museum of Natural History, and have supplemented
our own limited series from that island in important fashion.
When this combined material was assembled for study it
became quickly evident that the island animal does not closely
resemble the San Diegan form microrhina, which pushes up the
mainland at least as far as Ventura County. Instead, the
Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Island series which seem to differ
from each other in no essential respect, are closer, particularly
in tail proportion, rostral region and external nares, to the
northern form phenax. Looking at a map of the California
coast and remembering the persistence still on near-by San
Miguel Island of the Northern Sea-Lion (Eumetopias jubata)
and remembering, too, the presence on the adjacent mainland
of Pleistocene remains of northern trees such as the Monterey
Pine, etc., it need not surprise us unduly to find this isolated
colony of skunks perpetuating to some extent the characters
of the race which is now found in northwestern California. If
it does not resemble the form microrhina now found on the
near-by mainland of Ventura County, may it not at least
logically be suggested that the latter has perhaps come in as an
intrusive element, spreading north and west with the change of
conditions from humid to more arid on that part of the coast.
Further study, however, shows that many differences set the
island series off sufficiently from the closely related phenax to
demand its naming. It may be known as follows:
Spilogale phenax amphialus, subsp. nov.
CHANNEL ISLANDS SPOTTED SKUNK
Type.—Male adult; no. 13,400, collection of Donald R. Dickey; 2%
miles north of ranch house near coast, Santa Rosa Island, Santa Barbara
County, California; November 6, 1927; collected by H. H. Sheldon; origi-
nal no. 14.
Characters.—Externally the island animal has the short total length of
microrhina, but differs strikingly from it in having the tail not long as in
that form, but even shorter both actually and relatively than the short-
tailed northern form phenaz.
Dickey—S potted Skunk of Southern California. 159
Cranially amphialus has a comparatively massive skull, nearer in general
to phenax than to microrhina, but differing from phenax in being shorter
and more compact posterior to the supraorbital processes, with sagittal
and lambdoidal ridges developed into striking crests; mastoid bullae as
viewed from the side rounder, more compact and sharply tilted upward
posteriorly; dentition lighter throughout, canines shorter and line of
cingulum closer to alveolar border.
Measurements of type.—Total length, 426 mm.; tail, 121; hind foot, 48.
Skull: condylo-basal length, 57.1; occipito-nasal length, 51.0; width of
opening of external nares, 6.8; zygomatic breadth, 37.8; greatest mastoid
breadth, 33.9; interorbital constriction, 16.9; palatal length, 23.0; post-
palatal length, 28.5; length of tooth row (c! to m! inc.), 18.6.
Range.—Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands, Santa Barbara County,
California. Association, chiefly cactus patches, on Santa Rosa at least.
Remarks.—Since intergradation with mainland species is now obviously
impossible and since overlap in composite characters is not yet fully demon-
strated, some might urge the desirability of describing amphialus as a
species. However, the hiatus is so small as to lack significance in a group
that is as variable as the Mustelids, and in addition, I am myself so con-
vinced that phenax and amphialus are of common stock that the use of the
trinomial gives to my mind a far truer picture of the situation.
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FRM Wik
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STA AD, Cael
Vol. 42, pp. 161-164 May 3, 1929
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHIN
DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW BIRDS FROM “8S
MOUNTAINS OF NORTHERN SIAM.
BY 2.) EL RIUM Y
While carrying on an investigation of the fish resources of
the country for the Siamese Government, Dr. Hugh M. Smith
has been making a collection of birds in his spare time and
generously presenting the results of his labors to the U. S.
National Museum. In November and December of last
year Dr. Smith visited the Khun Tan mountains, near the
northern boundary and collected on Doi Angka (or Doi In-
tanon), the highest mountain in the country, which rises to
8500 feet, and on Doi Sutep (5600 feet). He was the first
Caucasian to ascend Angka. The birds collected on this trip
have been recently received and many of them appear to repre-
sent forms not previously recorded from Siam. The following
four are apparently new and are herewith described:
Niltava grandis nobilis, subsp. nov.
Type.—Adult male, U. S. National Museum, No. 311593, Doi Angka,
Siam, at 6000 feet, December 4, 1928, collected by Hugh M. Smith (origi-
nal number 2672).
Similar to Niltava grandis grandis, but with the blues above somewhat
lighter and brighter; outer surface of closed wing more extensively edged
with blue, and the breast and belly more Sheena dusky violet blue.
Wing, 105.5; tail, 91; culmen, 14 mm.
Remarks.—A pair, tsikeon on the same day at the type locality. The male
more nearly resembles Niltava grandis decipiens in color, but the blues are
not quite so purplish. In size it agrees with Niltava grandis grandis. At
present I have no female of typical grandis for comparison, but the female
of nobilis is quite different from the same sex of decipiens. It is not so
deep a brown (tawny olive instead of snuff brown); the nape is barely
tinged with grayish, instead of the whole pileum being dusky violet-blue;
1Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
15—Proc. Bron. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 42, 1929. (161)
162 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
the throat is cinnamon buff, much lighter than the chest, instead of being
nearly of the same color, and there are numerous other differences. This
can hardly be Niltava grandis griseiventris La Touche (Bull. Brit. Orn.
~ Club, 42, 1921, p. 14), from southeast Yunnan, which is described as being
grayer on the lower abdomen with less blue edging to the wing, while in
the present race the conditions are reversed.
Niltava smithi, sp. nov.
Type.—Adult female, U. S. National Museum, No. 311595, summit of
Doi Sutep, Siam, December 15, 1928, collected by Hugh M. Smith (original
number 2769).
Similar to Niltava sundara denotata, but jugular patch deep colonial
buff instead of white; outer edging to wing-feathers saccardo umber in-
stead of sayal brown, with the unexposed inner webs darker; inner webs
of outer tail feathers chaetura drab, the middle pair and outer webs of
the outer feathers saccardo umber instead of the whole tail sayal brown;
upper tail-coverts dresden brown instead of tawny. Wing, 95; tail, 68;
culmen, 12 mm.
Remarks.—Only the type was taken. It is so different from the same
sex in denotata that in my opinion it must represent a related species. |
Zosterops palpebrosa vicina, subsp. nov.
Type.—Adult male, U. S. National Museum, No. 311617, summit of
Doi Sutep, Siam, December 15, 1928, collected by Hugh M. Smith (original
number 2780).
Similar to Zosterops palpebrosa palpebrosa, but lighter, more yellowish
above, flanks less grayish, the chest suffused with a yellowish wash, with a
_well pronounced yellow streak down the center of the chest. Wing, 54;
tail, 36.5; culmen, 11 mm.
Remarks.—This agrees with the description of Zosterops palpebrosa
cacharensis Stuart Baker (Ibis, 1922, p. 144), but Ticehurst (Bull. Brit.
Orn. Club, 47, 1927, p. 89), after examining the type, regards it as only an
abnormal specimen of palpebrosa and states that the yellow abdominal
streak is very faint and does not hold good in the majority of Assam
specimens. As the mountain form of northern Siam is clearly different
from palpebrosa, I have given it a name. Dr. Smith took a male and fe-
male at the type locality on the same day. The female lacks the yellow
suffusion on the chest, the belly is whitish, and the yellow line down the
center of the chest is narrower than in the male, though well defined.
Aethopyga nipalensis angkanensis, subsp. nov.
Type.—Adult male, U. 8. National Museum, No. 311620, Doi Angka,
8400 feet, Siam, December 5, 1928, collected by Hugh M. Smith (original
number 2692).
Similar to Aethopyga nipalensis nipalensis, but chest grenadine red
Riley—Four New Birds from Northern Siam. 163
instead of being only streaked with red; secondaries tinged on the outer
-web with english red instead of warbler green. Wing, 52.5; tail, 59.5;
culmen, 18 mm.
Remarks.—Dr. Smith took two adult males and one adult female at the
type locality, between 8000 and 8400 feet. The second male is like the
type. The female resembles the same sex of typical nipalensis, but the
head and throat are tinged with grayish and the secondaries are more deeply
colored (near orange-citrine instead of citrine) on the outer web. The
principal difference between the males of the present form and typical
nipalensis is the grenadine red chest, without streaks, of the former.
— ee ~~ |
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Vol. 42, pp. 165-166 May 29, 1929
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHING
DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW BIRDS FRO
THE MOUNTAINS OF NORTHERN SIAM.
BY J. . RILEY.
Further study of the collection of birds made by Dr. Hugh
M. Smith in the mountains of northern Siam,? has made it
necessary to name three additional forms. They may be de-
scribed as follows:
Hypothymis azurea montana, subsp. nov.
Type.—Adult male, U. S. National Museum, No. 311580, Chiengmai,
Siam, November 25, 1928, collected by Hugh M. Smith (original number
2613). .
Similar to Hypothymis azurea styani,’but the blue of the head, throat,
and back much lighter; the white of the lower-parts extending farther
forwards; outer tail-feathers with white tips. Wing, 75; tail 74; culmen,
13.5 mm.
Remarks.—Only the type was taken at Chiengmai, but a female was
taken at Lampang. The male is quite different from the same sex of
Hypothymis azurea atyani from south-east Siam of which a good series
of males has been available for comparison. In montana the forehead and
crown is ultramarine ash, the throat only a little deeper in color, while in
styani the forehead and crown are dull violaceous blue shading off on
the throat into deep dull violaceous blue. As a matter of fact the blue
in montana is purer and lighter without the violaceous cast seen in styant.
A few specimens of styani show the merest trace of white at the tips of the
outer tail-feathers, while in montana the white tip is 4 mm. broad on the
outer tail-feather, decreasing inwardly, almost disappearing on the fourth.
The single female of montana does not seem to differ materially from the
same sex of styani; the outer tail-feathers are more broadly tipped with
whitish, but the series of this sex available for comparison is rather poor.
It is rather surprising to find such a well-marked form of this genus in the
highlands of Siam.
1Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
2For previous paper, see: Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 42, 1929, pp. 161-164.
16—Proc. Brot. Soc. Wasn., Vou. 42, 1929. (165)
ae
4
Se se
ae
> = Ss Va Ver
; > = 2,
Ms Le th ae
—_— a
166 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Rhipidura albicollis celsa, subsp. nov.
Type.—Adult female, U. S. National Museum, No. 311586, Khun Tan
mountains, 4,000 feet, November 23, 1928, collected by Hugh M. Smith
(original number 2591).
Similar to Rhipidura albicollis albicollis, but the forehead, crown and
lores slate color rather than sooty black; back deep neutral gray rather
than mouse gray; lower-parts neutral gray rather than brownish gray,
the feathers of the center of the chest and breast tipped with white making
a rather broad whitish line down the center. Wing, 73; tail, 96; culmen,
11 mm.
Remarks.—The above type has been compared with a female from
Tenasserim, a male from Dehra, India, two females from south Annam,
and three specimens from Yunnan. The latter are grayer, less brownish
than those from India, but the forehead, crown, and lores are darker, more
blackish than in celsa. In none of the Indian, Annam or Yunnam speci-
mens is there an indication of the white line down the center of the chest
and breast. It is rather surprising to find such a well-marked form of this
species in the highlands of Siam.
Sibia picaoides cana, subsp. nov.
Type.—Adult male, U. S. National Museum, No. 311496, Doi Angka,
Siam, at 7,500 feet, December 6, 1928, collected by Hugh M. Smith (origi-
nal number 2704).
Similar to Sibia picaoides picaoides, but a clearer, purer, and less brownish
gray, especially below; the bill smaller. Wing, 114; tail, 166; culmen,
21.5 mm.
Remarks.—Two males and one female were taken on Doi Angka, be-
tween 5,000 and 7,500 feet, December 4—6, and a male and female on the
summit of Doi Sutep (5,600 feet), December 15. This series is very uni—
form and differs from a male from Upper Assam and an unsexed specimen,
probably a male, from Sikkim as indicated above. The clearer, purer
gray may be due to the freshness of the Siamese specimens, but the smaller
bill alone is sufficient to establish the race. Iam indebted to the authorities
of the Museum of Comparative Zoology for the loan of the Sikkim speci-
men. The three males from Siam measure as follows: Wing, 114—-121.5
(118.8); tail, 166-183.5 (177.7); culmen, 19.5-21.5 (20.2). The two
females from Siam: Wing, 118-122; tail, 167-176; culmen, 21-21.5. The
male from Assam measures: Wing, 115; tail, 186.5; culmen, 22.5. The
Sikkim specimen: Wing, 130; tail, 212; culmen, 23.5. Stuart Baker
(Fauna Br. India, 2 ed. Vol. 1, 1922, p. 295) gives the culmen of picaoides
as “about 24 mm.”
PE Re ee ee Te
Vol. 42, pp. 167-170 - June 6, 1929
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHI
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF AMPHIPOD
FROM GRAND MANAN, N. B: |
BY CLARENCE R. SHOEMAKER.
Dr. Mary J. Rathbun while at Grand Manan, N. B., in 1898
made a collection of crustacea which she presented to the U. 8.
National Museum. When looking over the amphipods of this
collection I noticed specimens which were apparently new to
science. They proved to be representatives of a new genus
which I now designate as Amphzporeia, and briefly define.
A fuller description and figures of the genus and species will
be published in my report upon the Amphipoda of the Cheti-
camp Expedition of 1917 in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
Amphiporeia, new genus.
Diagnosis.—Body compressed. Head without rostrum. Side-plate 4
with upper posterior margin excavate. Pleon segment 4 without process
or sinus. Antenna | shorter than antenna 2, geniculate between first and
second joints, accessory flagellum small, 2-jointed. Antenna 2, fourth
and fifth joints subequal. Mandible with strong molar, many spines in
spine-row, second joint of palp broad, third joint straight and about equal
in length to second. Maxilla 1, inner plate broad with many plumose
marginal setae, second joint of palp broad, about four times as long as
first joint. Maxilla 2 very much as in Bathyporeia. Maxillipeds with
outer plate strong and armed with spine-teeth on inner edge, inner plate
reaching to about the middle of outer plate, palp stout with third and
fourth joints well developed. Lower lip much as in Bathyporeia. Gnatho-
pods closely resembling those of Pontoporeia except that gnathopod 2 is
subchelate instead of chelate. Peraeopods 1 and 2 alike and much re-
sembling those of Bathyporeia. Peraeopod 3 is doubly geniculate as in
Bathyporeia. Peraeopod 4 longest, with second joint expanded. Peraeo-
pod 5 short, much as in Pontoporeia, second joint greatly expanded. Uro-
pod 3, outer ramus long, 2-jointed, inner ramus about half the length of
1Published here by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
17—Proc. Biot. Soc. Wasxn., Vou. 42, 1929. (167)
;
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i
;
f
168 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
the outer. Telson cleft nearly to base. Genotype Amphiporeia lawrenci-
ana.
Amphiporeia lawrenciana, new species.
Characters as given for the genus. Eyes small, oval and composed of
about twelve elements. Lateral angles of the head about 45° with apices
narrowly rounded. Antenna 1 short, in normal position not reaching the
end of peduncle of antenna 2, flagellum about as long as first joint of
peduncle and composed of five joints, accessory flagellum with second joint
small. Antenna 2 with flagellum shorter than peduncle and composed of
6 joints. Side-plate 1 straight, front margin very slightly concave. Lower
margins of side-plates 1-4 bearing long slender spines. Mandible with
spines of spine-row long and numerous, second joint of palp very broad
with front edge very convex and armed with long bristles, third joint
straight, nearly as long as second and armed on distal half of lower margin
with long slightly-curved bristles. Maxilla 1, inner plate very broadly
truncated and armed with about 10 plumose setae, outer plate armed with
about 11 long toothed spines, palp with the obliquely truncated end bear-
ing five short teeth and several stout bristles. Maxilla 2 with apices of
both plates broadly rounded and bearing numerous stout spines, inner
plate with an oblique row of plumose setae. Mazxillipeds with inner plate
well developed and bearing a row of stout plumose setae on their distal
ends and upper inner margins, distal ends also armed with three short
spine-teeth, palp stout, third joint about half the length of the second,
fourth joint well developed and bearing a nail and several setae at distal
end. Lower lip with inner lobes well developed, lateral angles prominent.
Gnathopod 1, fifth and sixth joints equal in length, palm oblique, slightly
concave and defined by a stout spine, finger as long as palm and bearing a
few setae on the inner distal edge. Gnathopod 2, sixth joint shorter than
fifth, palm oblique, convex, defined by a stout spine and armed throughout
by low rounded teeth and short bristles, finger as long as palm and having
a few slender setae on inner edge near apex. Peraeopods 1 and 2 alike,
sixth joint longer than fifth, dactyl rather short, posterior margin of fifth
joint with a group of long curved, bifurcate bristles and a few short simple
ones, posterior margin of sixth joint with many short stiff bristles on lower
half. Peraeopod 3, second and fourth joints greatly expanded, fifth and
sixth joints short and straight, dactyl very small and weak. Peraeopod
4 not much longer than 3, second joint greatly expanded, fourth joint about
two-thirds as wide as long, fifth joint equal in length to fourth, sixth joint
longer than fourth or fifth but narrower, dactyl very short and weak.
Peraeopod 5 much shorter than 3 or 4, second joint greatly expanded back-
ward and slightly downward, fourth and fifth joints subequal in length,
but the fourth the broader, sixth joint longer, but narrower than fourth or
fifth, dactyl very short and weak. Pleon segment 3, lower part of posterior
lateral margin slightly concave and bearing three short spines, lower pos-
terior angle narrowly rounded, lower margin evenly convex. Pleon seg-
ment 4 with dorsal surface nearly straight. Uropod 1 extending a little
A New Amphipod from Grand Manan, N. B. 169
farther back than 2, rami equal in length and a little shorter than peduncle.
Uropod 2, rami equal in length and as long as peduncle. Uropod 3 ex-
tending much farther back than 1 or 2, outer ramus long with short second
joint, inner ramus slender and a little over half the length of the first joint
of outer ramus. Telson a little over half the length of the outer ramus of
uropod 3, nearly as wide as long, cleft nearly to the base, lateral margins
convex and bearing near the center one or two stout bifurcated spines and a
few plumose setules, apices of lobes rounded and bearing on outer side a
notch containing one or two short bifurcated spines.
Length —7 mm.
Holotype.—Female, U. 8. N. M., catalogue number 62686. Collected
by Dr. Mary J. Rathbun off Long Beach, Grand Manan, N. B., August
16, 1898.
BS APB _
—— OO ae
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_——
P/F: O90 [N
Vol. 42, pp. 171-172 June 15, 1929
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHI
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON THE RANGE OF
URSUS PLANICEPS, A COLORADO GRIZZLY.
BY C. HART MERRIAM.
Sixty years ago Dr. F. V. Hayden, when working in the
Rocky Mountains, sent the Smithsonian Institution, from what
is now the State of Colorado, the skull of a Grizzly bear, but
omitted to mention the locality where it was obtained.
In 1918 this specimen was described by me as the type of
Ursus planiceps.1 In reference to its probable locality I stated:
“Dr. Hayden worked in Colorado in 1869, mainly in the mountains and
foothills of the east-central part of the State. In as much as two other
grizzlies, bairdi and macrodon, inhabit the higher mountains of Colorado it
seems highly probable that the home of planiceps was in the foothills or
along the western edge of the plains.” (Ibid, p. 37 ftnote.)
Recently the skull? of a grizzly from Middle Creek (south of Creede)
near the head of the Rio Grande in southern Colorado, was sent to the
Biological Survey by Charles L. Calar, one of its predatory animal hunters.
It is labeled male, but has every appearance of a female. The sagittal
crest is long and low, its posterior half only moderately elevated, and the
canines are slender as in females of allied species. The molars also are dis-
tinctly small—nearly as small as in the type of tezensis. Skull in general
like planiceps the type of which, an old male, came from some unknown
locality in Colorado. The Middle Creek skull is small and flattish, with
flatly outstanding postorbital processes, flat narrow frontal shield, slightly
and evenly sloping naso-frontal region; truncate nares; moderately spread-
ing zygomata, and nearly flat palate. Rostrum compressed laterally
immediately below the nasals; postorbital constriction hardly noticeable
(only 66 mm.); frontal shield flat, conspicuously narrower than in navaho,
thus agreeing with what would be expected in female planiceps; mandible
similar to that of type of planiceps except for smaller size.
1N. Am. Fauna, No. 41, Review of the Grizzly and Big Brown Bears of North America,
pp. 37-38, 1918.
2U.S. National Museum, Biological Survey Collection No. 248537 92 ad. (X Catalog
No. 25014). Collected October 18, 1927.
18—Proc. Brot. Soc. Wase., Vou. 42, 1929. (171)
172 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
In my judgment the skull is that of a fully adult female Ursus planiceps.
Cranial measurements.—Condylo-basal length 298; basilar length of
Hensel 278; occipito-nasal length 270; palatal length 142; postpalatal
length 138; zygomatic breadth 179; interorbital breadth 63.5; postorbital
breadth 66.
Tooth measurements.—Upper molariform series 67; lower molariform
series 62; length of incisor series 38.5.
og ll ee ie Mia
Vol. 42, pp. 173-174 June 15, 1929
PROCEEDINGS \
OF THE SONATA |
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGT vS
+ @
URSUS HOLZWORTHI, A NEW GRIZZLY FROM THE i
. TALKEETNA MOUNTAINS, ALASKA. P
BY C. HART MERRIAM.
John M. Holzworth of New York, who for several seasons )
has hunted big bears in Alaska and British Columbia and has
succeeded in taking a remarkable series of photographs and f
moving pictures of some of the big Alaska bears, has recently
presented the Biological Survey with the skull of a large male
Grizzly killed by him on the east slope of the Talkeetna Moun-
tains near the headwaters of the Oshetna or the Black River.
The locality is nearly due north of the Matanuska region and (
about fifty miles northnortheast of Chickaloon. y
Ursus holzworthi, sp. nov.
Type No. 248691, @ ad., U. S. National Museum, Biological Survey f
Coll., from Talkeetna Mts., Alaska. Collected September 23, 1928, by
John M. Holzworth. k
Cranial characters —Compared with the type of cressonus: Basilar length :
about 1% inch shorter; frontal region, though arched over orbits, decidedly
less highly and less abruptly elevated; sagittal crest shorter and less pro-
duced posteriorly; postorbital breadth (135 mm.) practically identical
with that of cressonus, but interorbital breadth much less (85 contrasted
with 96); zygomatic breadth about the same; anterior nares closely similar
(rather truncate—not strongly sloping as in many species); palate flat
with postpalatal shelf about as in cressonus; nasal region rather short,
sloping strongly to frontals, which are not nearly so high as in cressonus;
frontal sulcus very shallow, contrasting with the deeply sulcate groove of
cressonus. he floor of the palate is broad and flat as in cressonus, show- i
ing no trace of the dishing between the posterior molars that is noticeable
in eximius, and the postpalatal shelf is distinctly shorter than in eximius,
the interpterygoid notch broader. In the underjaw the infraangular
surface is distinctly shorter than in eximius, and the interior border of the |
ramus correspondingly longer. Hzimius has an exceptionally narrow ;
skull giving it the appearance of greater length. This narrowness is
19—Proc. Brot. Soc. Wasn., Vou. 42, 1929. (173)
174 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. |
conspicuous in the frontal, interorbital, and palatal regions; and the rostrum
is obviously longer and the nares more sloping (less truncate). The can-
ines and molars as already stated are much smaller than in cressonus, in
this respect agreeing far better with eximius. In fact, the length of the
upper series is essentially the same as that of eximius, but the canines are
materially smaller. In the lower jaw particularly, the canines are notably
weaker (thinner basally) than in eximius, and the carnasial is distinctly
smaller. In both jaws the teeth are too badly worn to admit of comparison
of cusps. Last upper molar only slightly emarginate. In total length
the Holzworth skull agrees essentially with eximius, and therefore is con-
siderably smaller than cressonus.
Measurements.—Condylo-basal length 357; basal length 339; basilar
length of Hensel 333; occipito-sphenoid length 96; palatal length of Hensel
182; post-palatal length 150; foramen magnum to plane of last upper molar
180; occipito-nasal. length 322; greatest length of skull 374; zygomatic
breadth 243; interorbital breadth 85; postorbital breadth 135; breadth of
postorbital constriction 72; breadth across mastoids 189; breadth across
squamosal shelves 166; facial length (front of nasals to plane of postorbitals)
136; length of braincase (plane of postorbitals to junction of lamdoid and
sagittal crest) 111; greatest breadth of rostrum (over canine roots) 89;
height of rostrum at front of pm. * 70; height of cranium above palate at
plane of postorbital processes 115; height of cranium at plane of inter-
sphencid suture 110.
Condyle of jaw to front of canine 244; mandibular symphysis to base of
angular process 246; mandibular symphysis to subangular process 218;
height of ramus between m 2 and ™ ; 51; alveolus of m , to coronoid notch
75; alveolus of m 3 to condyle 94.
Tooth measurements (teeth worn).—Pm 4 length 18, breadth 14; m '.
(too badly worn to admit of measurement); m ? length 38.5, breadth 18;
pm 4 length 13, breadth 8; m1 length 25, breadth 12; m » length 26+, breadth
15.5; m 3 length 21.5; breadth 15+; upper molariform series 79; lower molars
56; diameter of lower canines 16; length upper incisor series 50.
Remarks.—Critical comparison of the skull of this specimen with those of
other Alaska Grizzlies in the collection of the Biological Survey indicates that
its nearest relative is Ursus cressonus from the Copper River region, the
type of which was collected on Lakina River in 1914 by Capt. J. B. Hubrick.
The Holzworth skull is of the normal generalized ursine type—lacking
the highly arched frontals or other striking characters that distinguish
some of the species. It is an old male, nearly if not quite as old as the
type of cressonus, from which it differs in somewhat smaller size, less de-
velopment of the sagittal crest, much less posterior overhang, less eleva-
tion of the frontal shield, blunter and more outstanding (less decurved)
postorbital processes, and much shallower frontal sulcus. The dentition
is very much weaker than in cressonus, in this respect agreeing much more
closely with Ursus eximius from Knick Arm, although the canines are
even smaller and weaker than in eximius. In the Holzworth skull the
molars are badly worn though much less so than in the type of cressonus.
In cressonus the molars and canines are exceedingly broad and. massive
while in Holzworth’s skull they are very much smaller and narrower.
Proc. Brox. Soc. WasH., Vou. 42. PLATE IV.
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Vol. 42, pp. 175-178 June 25, 1929
PROCEEDINGS.
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
iN
THE RACES OF SITTA PYGMABA. VIGORS.*.
BY A. J. VAN ROSSEM. \\. ae
As long as twenty-five years ago Mr. Ridgway (Birds of i
North and Middle America, 3, 1904, p. 457, footnote) mentioned
certain differences between the Pygmy Nuthatches of Mexico,
the Rocky Mountain district and California, but lacking proper
material from California, he did not attempt further subdi-
vision of the species. The present writer has lately had the
opportunity of examining adequate series from Lower Cali-
fornia, the California coastal district, the Sierra Nevada and
the Rocky Mountains, as well as a small series from Chihuahua.
Most important of all is the fact that these series are made
up for most part of birds in fresh, unabraded plumage whose
characters are unobscured by wear. Comment on the geo-
graphic characters displayed is given below.
Sitta pygmaea pygmaea Vigors.
MONTEREY PYGMY NUTHATCH.
Sitta pygmaea Vigors, Zool. Beechey’s Voyage, 1839, p. 25, pl. 4 (Mon-
terey, California).
Range.—Coast of California from Monterey Bay north to Mendocino
County.
Remarks.—The range occupied by typical pygmaea is much more re-
stricted than was formerly supposed. I have examined specimens col-
lected at many stations from Monterey Bay to Mendocino City and
Gualala, Mendocino County, but I know of no coastal records north of
these two latter points. The record for Vancouver Island has been shown
to be an error (Swarth, Birds of British Columbia, 1925, p. 115).
The color characters distinguishing pygmaea from melanotis (see postea)
are more brownish pileum and nape, combined with a relatively indistinct
ocular streak which is never prominent and in extreme cases so nearly
1Contribution from the California Institute of Technology.
20—Proc. Bion. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 42, 1929. (175)
176 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
concolor with the head as to be almost indistinguishable. From chihuahuae
it is set off by much shorter wing, slightly larger bill and somewhat paler
dorsal coloration. Forty-five specimens examined.
Sitta pygmaea melanotis, subsp. nov.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN PYGMY NUTHATCH.
Type.—Male adult; no. 25,938 collection of Donald R. Dickey; Chiri-
cahua Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona; September 19, 1919; collected
by H. H. Kimball; original no. 3102.
Subspecific characters.—Similar in size to Sitta pygmaea pygmaea, but top
of head and nape decidedly darker and more slaty (less brownish); streak
from bill through eye broader and often nearly black, contrasting strongly
with the white or buffy white malar region. Differs from Sitia pygmaea
leuconucha in decidedly smaller size and very much darker coloration.
Range.—Rocky Mountain region of the United States (and British
Columbia?) from the United States-Mexican boundary north, at least to
northern Idaho; west to eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, the Sierra
Nevada and south to the San Bernardino Mountains in southern Cali-
fornia.
Remarks.—The characters of this form are best developed in the Rocky
Mountain region. The Sierra Nevada, San Gabriel and San Bernardino
population is individually extremely variable, but adequate series from all
these mountains show that in mass aggregate, they should be referred to
this form. In southern California, intergradation with leuconucha is very
gradual and birds from the extreme southern Sierras, Mt. Pinos, the San
Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains are definitely larger than northern
Sierra and Rocky Mountain series. These intergrades have heretofore
been called lewconucha, probably on account of their approach to that race
in size. Ninety-seven specimens examined.
Sitta pygmaea leuconucha Anthony.
SAN PEDRO MARTIR PYGMY NUTHATCH.
Sitta pygmaea leuconucha Anthony, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, no. 2,
October 11, 1889, p. 77 (San Pedro Martir Mountains, Baja, California,
Mexico).
Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California, north through
the Sierra Juarez to the Cuyamaca and San Jacinto Mountains of Cali-
fornia.
Remarks.—Leuconucha in typical form occurs only south of the Lower
California boundary. Birds from north of that point are somewhat inter-
mediate toward melanotis, but a good series from the San Jacinto Moun-
tains demonstrates clearly that leuconucha extends to that range,
Compared with the other races, leuconucha is characterized by largest
size, particularly of bill; paler, more ashy coloration of the upper parts,
and least buffy underparts. I can not agree that the amount of white
on the nape is of diagnostic value. Fifty-one specimens examined.
Van Rossem—The Races of Sitta Pygmaea Vigors. 177
Sitta pygmaea chihuahuae, subsp. nov.
CHIHUAHUA PYGMY NUTHATCH.
Type.—Male adult; no. 115,701, Museum of Comparative Zoology;
Mound Valley, Chihuahua, Mexico; September 3, 1905; collected by
W. W. Brown, Jr.
Subspecific characters.—Most nearly like Sitta pygmaea pygmaea and,
like that form, with pileum tending to brownish rather than slaty, and
streak through eye ill defined; but dorsal coloration slightly darker, wing
longer and bill shorter. Measurements of type: wing, 67.0 mm.; tail, 35.0;
culmen from base, 15.0.
Remarks.—Ridgway has previously commented on the similarity in
color of Californian and Mexican examples and the present investigation
verifies his findings in this respect. Except for the longer wing, shorter
bill and slightly darker color of the head, there is nothing to distinguish
specimens from these two widely separated regions. They are, however,
separated from one another by the wide territory occupied by melanotis.
I have examined 20 specimens of this race, only 8 of which are suitable for
purposes of camparison. All are from the State of Chihuahua, Mexico.
In addition to the splendid series of Pygmy Nuthatches in the collection
of Mr. Dickey at the California Institute of Technology, I wish to express
my appreciation for the loan of specimens by the Museum of Comparative
Zoology and the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology.
MEASUREMENT TABLE.
Culmen
Wing. Tail. from
base.
pygmaea 17 ad. o’s from 60.0-63.0 30.0-33.0 15.0-17.7
Monterey Co., Cal. (61.8) (31.8) (16.3)
melanotis 21 ad. o’s from 61.0-66.0 30.0-36.0 14.9-16.9
the Rocky Mts. (63.3) (33.6) (16.0)
leuconucha 10 ad. o’s from 66.0-70.0 35.0-39.0 17.4-19.0
San Pedro Martir Mts. (68.0) (36.5) (18.2)
chihuahuae 4ad. o’s from 63.0-67.0 32.0-35.0 14.1-15.1
Chihuahua (65.5) (33.7) (14.7)
@ Bes) aa.
— so.
a. lc
= —— —
wy. 06 273
Vol. 42, pp. 179-180 June 25, 1929
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW NAME NECESSARY FOR THE CALAVERAS
WARBLER:.:
BY A. J. VAN ROSSEM. ¢
In describing a new race of Hartlaub’s Warbler from Nica-
ragua, Messrs. Miller and Griscom (Am. Mus. Novit., 183,
July 18, 1925, p. 7) pointed out that the genus Oreothlypis Ridg-
way is not separable from Vermivora Swainson. The two species
formerly included in Oreothlypis and now placed in Vermivora
were Compsothlypis gutturalis Cabanis and Conirostrum super-
ciliosum Hartlaub. As Cabanis’ specific name for the Irazt
Warbler antedates by some fourteen years Ridgway’s use of
it for the Calaveras Warbler, a new name must be provided
for the latter. To that end I propose Vermivora ruficapilla
ridgwayi nom. nov. to replace Vermivora ruficapilla gutturalis
(Ridgway), preoccupied.
1Contribution from the California Institute of Technology.
21—Proc. Brox. Soc. WasH., Vou. 42, 1929. (179)
Vol. 42, pp. 181-206 July 16, 1929
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGT
A REVIEW OF THE VIREONINE GENUS ISEUt
PACHYSYLVIA. :
BY W. E. CLYDE TODD.
P
To the late Robert Ridgway, more perhaps than to any
other one man, ornithologists the world over are indebted for F
the great advance in our systematic knowledge of North
American birds that has marked the last fifty years. The
eight published volumes of his “Birds of North and Middle
America,” brought out at the culmination of his scientific |
career, stand as a monument to his erudition, his sound judg-
ment, his tirelessness in pursuit of truth. His treatment of
many of the difficult problems encountered as his work pro-
gressed will doubtless stand as the final word for many years to
come. While primarily concerned with the birds found north
of the Isthmus of Panama, numerous extralimital genera and
species are treated incidentally. One wonders what Ridg-
way’s genius could have accomplished with South American
birds had he had access to the series now available for study,
instead of to the wholly inadequate material on which in most
cases he was forced to rely. In offering the present modest
contribution to help fill this gap, the writer is well aware that ;
his own efforts fall far short of the standard set by the master (
workman, but the work itself is the model he has tried to keep
before him.
During the past several years the growth of the bird col-
lections of the Carnegie Museum, largely coming from tropical
America, has resulted in bringing in good series of many species
which have heretofore been little known. Among others the
birds of the genus Pachysylvia have benefited, until the series )
of this group alone have reached an even six hundred specimens,
22—Proc. Bron. Soc. WasH., Vou. 42, 1929. (181)
; «+ + =o
182 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
representing no less than twenty-four species and subspecies.
In attempting to identify these some difficulty has been en-
countered, due to the eminently unsatisfactory and out-of-date
treatment accorded the group by Gadow, the latest available
authority, in Volume VIII of the Catalogue of the Birds of
the British Museum, and to the scattered references in the
literature. The present paper has been prepared with the ob-
ject of collating the synonymy and descriptions of the several
forms, and bringing our general knowledge of them down to the
present date. In addition to the series in the Carnegie Mu-
seum, access has been had to a certain amount of material in
other collections, as follows: the American Museum of Natural
History, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the United
States National Museum (including the Biological Survey Col-
lection), the Field Museum of Natural History, and the private
collection of Mr. Donald R. Dickey of Pasadena, California.
To the authorities in charge of these several collections thanks
are due for such courtesies extended. I am also under obliga-
tions to Dr. C. E. Hellmayr of the Field Museum for his valu-
able manuscript notes on several species, kindly placed at my
disposal. No effort has been made to give a full list of refer-
ences to the literature, only the first citation under each name
having been quoted. The names of colors are mostly from
Ridgway’s ‘“‘Color Standards and Color Nomenclature.”
Measurements, where given, are in millimeters, and unless
otherwise stated are the average of a series of specimens. The
length of the bill is that of the exposed culmen. Measure-
ments of specimens of this group in the Carnegie Museum collec-
tion have mostly been made by Miss Ruth Trimble.
Genus Pachysylvia Bonaparte.
Hylophilus (not Hylophila Hibner, 1816) Tremmincx, Pl. Col. III, livr.
29, 1822, pl. 173, fig. 1 and text (type, H. poicilotis Temminck, by desig-
nation of Gray, 1840).
Pachysylvia BONAPARTE, Consp. Avium, I, 1850, 309 (type, by monotypy,
Sylvicola decurtata Bonaparte).
The taxonomic history of this group, given in full by Sclater (Ibis, 1881,
293), need not be here repeated. His arrangement was followed by Gadow
(Catalogue Birds British Museum, VIII, 1883, 305-313), since which time
no comprehensive review of the genus has appeared, although no less than
twenty-two additional forms have been described. It was Dr. Oberholser
Todd—A Review of the Vireonine Genus Pachysylvia. 183
who first called attention to the preoccupation of Temminck’s name (Pro-
ceedings Biological Society of Washington, XVI, 1903, 101). Neverthe-
less the International Code would permit the use of the name, but I pre-
fer to adhere to the A. O. U. Code in this regard. The diagnosis of the
genus will stand in the main as given by Ridgway in his “‘ Birds of North
and Middle America” (Bulletin United States National Museum, No.
50, III, 1904, 214-215). The relative length of the tail, however, varies
greatly, from slightly longer than the wing in P. poicilotis to the diminu-
tive dimensions found in P. minor and P. decurtata, at the other end of
the series. Twenty-three species and twelve additional subspecies, two
of which are here described as new, are recognized in the present review.
Only one form, P. flaviventris, the type of which is unique, has not been
examined in this connection. The Sylvia flaveola of Wied (Beitrage
Naturgeschichte Brasilien, III, ii, 1831, 719), which has been placed in
this genus, is not identifiable from the description, and the type is not
extant, so that the name may be disregarded. The geographical range of
the group is from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, but only one
outlying species reaches the former country, while all those occurring
north of Panama are obviously related to forms from the South American
continent. The genus as a whole is essentially one of the Tropical Zone,
but there are three species which are characteristic of the Subtropical.
Much difficulty has been encountered in drawing up the following key,
which is based on comparative characters observable in a series, and one
form, P. flaviventris, had to be omitted from consideration.
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Pachysylvia
(exclusive of P. flaviventris).
A. Pileum rich rufous brown, sharply defined from the rest of the upper
parts.
b. Under parts strongly tinged with yellow; tail usually longer than
ok OTE IRSA Tiss SARS Mec SEC See D ellen Pachysylvia poicilotis.
b’. Under parts with little or no yellow tinge; tail shorter than the
SL LA RS OEE ROA Sel NTIS Pachysylvia amaurocephala.
A’. Pileum otherwise (grayish, tawny, or olivaceous).
b. Breast yellowish green, contrasted with the whitish or grayish
throat and abdomen.
c. Bill and feet dark-colored (plumbeous in life?)
Pachysylvia thoracica.
ce’. Bill and feet pale (flesh-color in life?).
d. Posterior under parts whitish, yellow-tinged.
e. Wings and tail yellowish green........ Pachysylvia pectoralis.
e’. Wings and tail grayish... Pachysylvia sclateri.
d’. Posterior under parts pale grayish.
e. Pileum strongly washed with gray... 0...
Pachysylvia griseiventris griseiventris.
e’. Pileum with little or no grayish tinge...
Pachysylvia griseiventris emula.
184. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
b’. Breast otherwise.
ce. Under parts (at least from the breast down) pallid neutral
gray, almost uniform, or with a slight tinge of yellowish green
on the breast and sides, but no buffy.
d. Fore crown pale olive green.
e. Nape with abroad gray bandil). 0... ae
Pachysylvia semicinerea semicinerea.
e’, Nape with no decided gray band...
Pachysylvia semicinerea viridiceps.
d’. Fore crown dull sepia............-........ Pachysyluia brunneiceps.
ce’. Under parts otherwise (if grayish, also with a buffy tinge on -
the breast).
d. Tail brownish.
e. Crown olivaceous, like the back.
f. Supraloral spot or streak pale buffy...
Pachysylvia luteifrons.
f’. Supraloral spot or streak antique brown.
g. Under parts not uniform; throat and breast
honey yellow; abdomen ecru olive..................
Pachysylvia rubrifrons rubrifrons.
g’. Under parts nearly uniform, primrose yellow...
Pachysylvia rubrifrons lutescens.
e’. Crown ochraceous, different from the back.
f. Back more olivaceous.
g. Paler, purer olivaceous above......................---------
Pachysylvia ochraceiceps viridior.
roa Winsiker duller olivaceous above.
h. Wing-edgings more olivaceous; general color-
ation darker .00000 00 0 Bee
Pachysylvia ochraceiceps ferruginetfrons.
h’. Wing-edgings more brownish; general color-
ation lighter:.000 000) ea
Pachysylvia ochraceiceps bulunensis.
f’. Back more brownish.
g. Back, wings, etc., more olive brown; breast
less, butiy 2.0 Pachysylvia ochraceiceps nelsoni.
g’. Back, wings, etc., deeper brown; breast more
buffy...........Pachysylvia ochraceiceps ochraceiceps.
d’. Tail greenish.
e. Tail relatively longer, averaging 44 mm. or more in
male.
f. Pileum greenish, like the back.
g. Larger; wing of male averaging 60 mm. or more.
h. Under parts deep olive buff, almost uniform
Pachysylvia insularis.
hr. Under parts buffy whitish, the throat, breast,
and sides olive yellow........ Pachysyluvia olivacea.
g’. Smaller; wing of male averaging less than 60 mm.
Todd—A Review of the Vireonine Genus Pachysylvia. 185
h. Under parts deep olive buff..........................--
; Pachysylvia flavipes acuticauda.
h’. Under parts dull buffy yellow.....................
Pachysylvia flavipes flavipes.
h’’. Under parts brighter (amber) yellow__....
Pachysylvia viridiflava.
f’. Pileum more or less brownish.
g. Under parts (except the throat) yellowish.
h. Upper parts purer, lighter green.
i. General coloration paler...) 3-1...
Pachysylvia aurantifrons aurantifrons.
i’. General coloration darker...
Pachysylvia aurantitfrons saturata.
h’. Upper parts duller, darker green.
i. Throat paler, more grayish white; rest
of under parts richer and purer yellow...
Pachysylvia hypoxantha albigula.
Throat more buffy; rest of under parts
duller and darker yellow...
Pachysylvia hypoxantha hypoxantha.
g’. Under parts dull grayish white, tinged with
greenish and buffy.
h. Pileum and sides of neck Brussels brown...
Pachysylvia semibrunnea.
h’. Pileum dull brown (between sepia and snuff
brown), the sides of the neck paler_........._.__.
Pachysylvia inornata.
as
f’’. Pileum gray.
oe) Uhroat and preast) paler: buffy. (0. yn
Pachysylvia muscicapina muscicapina.
e’. Throat and breast deeper buffy...
Pachysylvia muscicapina griseifrons.
e’. Tail relatively shorter, averaging less than 40 mm. in
male.
f. Pileum greenish, like the back.
g. Under parts more brightly colored...
Pachysylvia minor minor.
g’. Under parts less brightly colored...
Pachysylvia minor darienensis.
f’. Pileum gray, different from the back...
Pachysylvia decurtata.
Pachysylvia poicilotis (Temminck).
Hylophilus poicilotis Temminck, Pl. Col., livr. 29, 1822, pl. 173, fig. 2, and
text ([Ypanema, Sado Paulo], Brazil—cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Zool.
* Ser., XII, 1929, 263, note).
Description.—Pileum dull antique brown, with (sometimes) a dull
ee
——eEeeEeEeEeE—eEeEee
Se
186 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
grayish nuchal band behind; upper parts, and wings and tail externally,
warbler green, the outer primaries narrowly edged with grayish white;
sides of the head grayish, the ear-coverts mottled with darker color;
throat dull grayish, with more or less buffy yellowish wash, which increases
and deepens on the breast, and becomes almost ‘‘solid’’ dull wax yellow
on the sides and flanks, leaving only the middle of the abdomen buffy
white; crissum pale yellow; under wing-coverts and inner edgings of the
remiges also pale yellow; bill and feet dark-colored (in skin).
Measurements.—Male: wing, 57; tail, 57.5; bill, 11; tarsus, 17.2. Female:
wing, 55; tail, 57; bill, 11; tarsus, 17.5.
Range.—Southern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro to Santa Catharina), west-
ward to Paraguay and Misiones, Argentina.
Remarks.—Temminck’s figure is easily recognizable as applicable to
the present form, although the coloring is none too accurate. His type
was a skin in the Vienna Museum collected by Natterer at Ypanema,
as we learn from Dr. Hellmayr. Other travellers have since extended its
latitudinal range somewhat, and Mr. Ernest G. Holt has recently traced
it to an altitude of 5900 feet on the slopes of Itatiaya. This is the only
species of Pachysylvia which has the tail regularly equal to or even a little
longer than the wing.
Pachysylvia amaurocephala (Nordmann).
Sylvia amaurocephala NORDMANN, in Erman’s Reise, Naturhist. Atlas,
1835, 14 ({[boundary between Minas Geraés and Bahia], Brazil—cf.
Hellmayr, Field Mus. Zool. Ser., XII, 1929, 262).
Pachysylvia amaurocephala cearensis SNETHLAGE, Journ. f. Orn., LX XIII,
1925, 266 (Sao Paulo, Serra de [biapaba, Ceard, Brazil).
Description.—Pileum Brussels brown, sharply defined from the neutral
gray of the nape, which passes into the dull serpentine green of the upper
parts, tail, and wing-coverts; remiges externally similar but rather brighter
(yellowish citrine); sides of the head dull grayish white, with indistinct
paler superciliaries; throat and upper breast pale smoke gray, passing
into dull pinkish buff on the abdomen and crissum; sides and flanks shaded
with olive lake; under wing-coverts and inner edges of the remiges citron
yellow; “‘iris brown; feet gray; bill black, the mandible light gray.”
Measuremenis.—Five specimens (both sexes): wing, 52.5; tail, 48.5; bill,
10.5; tarsus, 17.
Range.—Eastern Brazil, from Piauhy and Ceard to Sao Paulo.
Remarks.—Dr. Hellmayr (1. c.) says that this form completely inter-
grades with P. poicilotis in Sao Paulo, as shown by Natterer’s series in the
Vienna Museum. There are two skins from ‘‘Bahia”’ in the series ex-
amined which are brighter above and below, and might be considered as
approaching the form in question. The single Sao Paulo skin of poicilotis
seen, however, is perfectly typical, and moreover, I can not understand
why intergradation should take place in this State when specimens from
Rio de Janeiro, farher east, are also typical poicilotis. Aside from the
color-differences, which are well marked, there is a difference in pro-
Todd—A Review of the Vireonine Genus Pachysylvia. 187
portions, the tail being shorter than the wing in amaurocephala, but a little
longer in poicilotis. So I should prefer to keep them specifically distinct
for the present. But I fully agree with Dr. Hellmayr in relegating cear-
ensis Snethlage to synonymy.
Pachysylvia thoracica (Temminck).
Hylophilus thoracicus Temminck, Pl. Col., livr. 29, 1822, pl. 173, fig. 1,
and text ({Rio de Janeiro], Brazil—cf. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., XIII,
1906, 355, and XV, 1908, 20).
Description.—Upper parts in general, wings externally, and tail dull
green (between warbler green and citrine); pileum and nape deep grayish
olive, tinged with dull citrine, especially on the forehead; sides of the head
similar but duller; throat dull grayish white, passing into wax yellow on
the breast; under wing-coverts brighter (strontian yellow), and inner
webs of the remiges edged with the same color; rest of the under surface
white, with a light tinge of creamy buff; bill and feet dark-colored (bluish
gray in life?).
Measurements.—One male: wing, 59; tail, 55; bill, 12; tarsus, 19.
Range.—State of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil.
Remarks.—Temminck’s figure is a fairly good representation, except
that the gray on the head is of too blue a shade, and his description fits
the single specimen examined (No. 147,075, Collection American Museum of
Natural History, La Raiz, foot of Organ Mountains, Rio de Janeiro) very
well. The bill and feet are represented as dark-colored. This is im-
portant, showing that this feature is of diagnostic value, and is not due to
immaturity.
Sclater (Ibis, 1881, 298) and Gadow (Catalogue Birds British Museum,
VIII, 1883, 307) confused this species with P. pectoralis. The error was
corrected by von Berlepsch and Hartert (Novitates Zoologice, IX, 1902,
11). Itis in fact unknown beyond the confines of the State of Rio de
Janeiro, as shown by Dr. Hellmayr (Novitates Zoologice, XV, 1908, 20).
Pachysylvia flaviventris (Cabanis).
Hylophilus flaviventris Capanis, Journ. f. Orn., 1873, 64 (Monterico,
Peru).
Description.—‘‘Pileum and nape (abruptly defined posteriorly) light
earthy brown, with a slight olivaceous tinge, caused by certain feathers
being laterally edged with dull yellowish olive; back brownish olive green
(hard to define); rump and upper tail-coverts light yellowish olive green,
contrasting with the more brownish mantle (or upper and middle back).
Lesser wing-coverts brownish like the upper back; median and greater
series duller, more brownish gray, edged with greenish; remiges dusky, ex-
teriorly margined with yellowish olive green, this margin passing into
whitish along the apical half on the second to sixth primaries; rectrices dull
olive yellowish green, brighter on the edges. Lores and orbital rim dingy
white; sides of the head pale earthy brown; cheeks and auriculars slightly
—— - 2S 8 eee
188 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
variegated with whitish; throat and foreneck white; remainder of the under
surface pale olive yellow, rather dull in tone, the flanks more greenish,
and the crissum more yellowish; quill-lining nearly white. Bill pale
horn brown, the mandible brownish white; feet dark horn. Fourth
primary longest; third and fifth equal and about 1.5 mm. shorter than the
fourth; the second is equal to the ninth (counting from without).”’
Measurements.—‘‘ Wing, 62; tail, 49; bill, 14; tarsus, 16.”
Range.—Known only from the type-locality, Monterico, Central Peru.
Remarks.—This species is known from the type-specimen alone. Dr.
Hellmayr has kindly sent me the above detailed description and following
notes, made some years ago on the specimen in question, in the Warsaw
Museum. “A very peculiar species, not to be confused with any other
member of the genus. It is particularly well characterized by its elongated
slender bill. By possessing a distinct cap this species approaches P. pec-
toralis, but has a much longer, slenderer bill, and differs furthermore, by
its brownish mantle, uniform, dull olive yellowish ventral surface (except-
ing the white throat), without any white on the abdomen, and brownish
(instead of light gray) sides of the head, etc.”’
Pachysylvia pectoralis (Sclater).
Hylophilus pectoralis Sctater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1866, 321 ([Villa
Bella de Mattogrosso], Brazil—cf. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., XV, 1908, 20).
Hylophilus griseiceps PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, II, 1910, 538
(Surinam).
Pachysylvia araguaye ReicHENOw, Journ. f. Orn., 1920, 88 (Leopoldina,
Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, Brazil).
Pachysylvia thoracicus abarvensis Cuuss, Birds Brit. Guiana, II, 1921,
395 (Abary River, British Guiana).
Description.—Pileum and nape plain dull gray (near mouse gray), the
sides of the head similar but paler; back, wings externally, and tail dull
yellowish green (between warbler green and citrine); throat dull grayish
white; breast olive yellow; under wing-coverts strontian yellow; inner
webs of the remiges edged with yellowish citrine; tibiz and crissum washed
with the same color; abdomen whitish with a faint buffy grayish wash; bill
and feet pale (in skin). The juvenal dress is grayish above, tinged with
greenish posteriorly; below whitish, with a pale yellow tinge on the flanks
and crissum.
Measuremenis. Aa wing, 56.5; tail, 45; bill, 12.3; tarsus, 16. Female:
wing, 53.5; tail, 44.5; bill, 12; tarsus, 16.
Range.—Guiana, south to the States of Matto Grosso and Goyaz,
Brazil.
Remarks.—This species differs from P. griseiventris in having no greenish
wash on the pileum, which is uniform gray; and also in the greater extent
of the yellow color below, which covers the upper abdomen as well as the
breast. The abdomen is more buffy white, less grayish. Otherwise the
colors are about the same in both.
ee ee ee
Fe See ey ee
—
Todd—A Review of the Vireonine Genus Pachysylvia. 189
I can find no constant differences between specimens from Brazil (States
of Maranhdo and Parad) and our large series from French Guiana. Birds
from British Guiana have been described by Chubb under the name
abariensis, but topotypes of the latter are also the same. Even if there
were a northern race it would have to bear the name applied by the Messrs.
Penard in 1910, as Dr. Hellmayr points out (Field Museum Zoological
Series, XII, 1929, 262). He adds that the P. araguaye of Reichenow is
also indistinguishable. Gadow’s unfortunate error in the description of
P. pectoralis may have been responsible for the perpetration of these
synonyms.
Pachysylvia sclateri (Salvin and Godman).
Hylophilus sclateri SALvin and Gopman, Ibis, 1883, 205 (Mount Roraima,
British Guiana).
Description.—Pileum and nape deep neutral gray, the forehead and
lores tinged with clay-color, the sides of the head paler gray; back dark
warbler green; wings and tail deep mouse gray externally, the outer remiges
edged with paler and purer gray; throat buffy white; breast washed with
primuline yellow, passing into yellowish citrine on the sides and into dull
whitish on the middle of the abdomen; under wing-coverts pale yellow;
inner edgings of the remiges whitish; bill and feet brownish (in skin).
Measurements.—Male: wing, 61; tail, 51; bill, 11.7; tarsus, 17.5. Female
(one specimen): wing, 60; tail, 49; bill, 12; tarsus, 17.
Range.—Mount Roraima district, British Guiana.
Remarks.—The above description is based on freshly collected speci-
mens in the American Museum of Natural History. A skin collected by
Whitely in 1883 has faded appreciably. Some of the specimens have the
wings and tail partly edged with the color of the back, instead of grayish;
they are perhaps not fully mature. The crissum in some individuals is
pure white, while in others it is tinged with pale yellow.
This form combines the yellowish green breast-band of the thoracica-
pectoralis group with the rufescent forehead of P. muscicapina, luteifrons,
etc. It is obviously a Subtropical Zone representative of some lower-
ranging form.
Pachysylvia griseiventris griseiventris (von Berlepsch and Hartert).
Hylophilus thoracicus griseiventris voN BERLEPSCH and Hartert, Nov.
Zool., IX, 1902, 11 (Suapure, Caura River, Venezuela).
Description.—Upper parts, wings externally, and tail dull warbler
green (between warbler green and olive green); forehead the same, but
crown and nape more or less extensively neutral gray; throat dull grayish
white, passing into pyrite yellow on the breast; under wing-coverts and
inner edges of the remiges similar but brighter; rest of the under parts
white with a decided grayish shade (near pallid neutral gray); bill and feet
pale (in skin).
190 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Measurements.—Male: wing, 55.5; tail, 45; bill, 18; tarsus, 17. Female:
wing, 55; tail, 46; bill, 12.5; tarsus, 16.
Range.—From eastern Venezuela (south of the Orinoco) and Guiana
southward to the Rio Purts, Brazil.
Remarks.—This bird was described as a race of P. thoracica, but after
comparing our series with a specimen of the latter from southern Brazil I
am confident that they represent a form specifically distinct. The pale
bill and feet and grayish-tinged posterior under parts are very different
from those of thoracica, in which the bill and feet are dark-colored and the
posterior under parts creamy buff. The discontinuous range of thoracica
and griseiventris with reference to each other is another point to be con-
sidered.
We have fifteen specimens from French Guiana (Tamanoir and Pied
Saut), one from the north bank of the Amazon at Obidos, four from the
Rio Puris (Hyutanahan, Nova Olinda, and Arim4&), and one from the
upper Amazon (Sao Paulo de Olivenga). The skins from the last two
regions vary among themselves to a certain extent, in the direction of
emula, but some of this variation may be due to age.
Pachysylvia griseiventris emula Hellmayr.
Pachysylvia thoracica emula HeLuMAyR, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bayern, No. 3,
1920, 15 (Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, southeastern Peru).
Subspecific characters.—Similar to P. griseiventris griseiventris, but gray
color of the pileum less in extent, sometimes entirely wanting; and throat
and posterior under parts more buffy, less grayishin tone. Size about the
same.
Range.—Tropical Zone along the eastern base of the Andes, from Co-
lombia to southeastern Peru.
Remarks.—This form is closely related to true P. griseiventris, of which
it is the western or Andean representative, but in my opinion it is not sub-
specifically related to P. thoracica, which latter has dark-colored feet and
bill, and whose known range is moreover disconnected and far removed.
An immature example (No. 53,506, Collection Field Museum of Natural
History), however, moulting out of the juvenal dress, has dark-colored
feet (by comparison) and bill, suggesting such a derivation as would be
implied.
Of this form I have examined four specimens, one from ‘‘ Bogota,”
Colombia, one from La Pampa, Peru, and two from Rioja, Peru.
Pachysylvia semicinerea semicinerea (Sclater and Salvin). |
Hylophilus semicinereus ScLaTeR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1867, 570, pl. 30, fig. 2 (Para, Brazil).
Description.—Above pale olive green (between olive green and dark
citrine), with a neutral gray nape-band, poorly defined anteriorly; wings
externally and tail like the back; under parts pallid neutral gray, the sides
of the breast shaded with sulphine yellow, the abdomen medially nearly
Sa ee te
Todd—A Review of the Vireonine Genus Pachysylvia. 191
white, the crissum whitish or with a faint yellowish tinge; under wing-
coverts and inner edgings of the remiges lemon yellow.
Measurements.—Male: wing, 56.5; tail, 45; bill, 138; tarsus, 17.5. Female:
wing, 55; tail, 47; bill, 12.8; tarsus, 17.
Range.—Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the Rio Madeira east to the
State of Maranhdao.
Remarks.—Dr. Hellmayr (Novitates Zoologica, XIII, 1906, 355; XIV,
1907, 5; XV, 1908, 21) long regarded this form as a race of P. thoracica, to
which I can not agree, holding that the broad colored breast-band of the
latter is a good specific character. He has recently been induced to re-
verse his opinion (cf. Field Museum Zoolagical Series, XII, 1929, 261),
but on entirely different grounds. The amount of gray on the nape varies
considerably, but there is no difference between birdsfrom Pard (Benevides),
the type-locality, and the Rio Tapajéz, as he at one time thought might
be the case. Birds in immature (‘“‘first winter’’) plumage, with soft skulls,
are precisely like adults.
Pachysylvia semicinerea viridiceps, subsp. nov.
Type, No. 65,377, Collection Carnegie Museum, subadult male; Pied
Saut, French Guiana, December 14, 1917; Samuel M. Klages.
Subspecific characters—Similar to P. semicinerea semicinerea, but
pileum and nape with less grayish tinge, sometimes almost uniform with the
back; and under parts averaging paler, more whitish, with the green wash
on the breast paler and less extensive. Size about the same.
Range.—Southern Venezuela (Mount Duida) to French Guiana, and
southward to the Amazon.
Remarks.—The present form is based on a series of eleven specimens in
the collection of the Carnegie Museum from the following localities: Pied
Saut, French Guiana; Obidos and Manacapurt, Brazil. In addition
there is a skin in the collection of the American Museum of Natural His-
tory from the foot of Mount Duida, Venezuela, which I consider referable
to the same form. At first glance I thought these were young birds of
P. griseiventris, but upon closer comparison they appear to represent an
unnamed race of P. semicinerea, differing in the more greenish, less grayish
pileum, and slightly paler lower parts. In semicinerea the pileum is de-
cidedly grayish, at least posteriorly, and well contrasted with the back,
while in the new form the gray is duller, more overspread with green, and
less contrasted with the back. Individual specimens from the two series
respectively approach each other, but the series as a whole are sufficiently
distinct. As nearly as I can tell, however, all but a few of the series have
soft spots in the skull, indicative of immaturity, but on the other hand
several examples of griseiventris are in the same condition, but are exactly
like adults in coloration. Moreover, the juvenal dress of griseiventris is
yellowish below (the throat and breast), while none of the present lot have
any more of this color below than semicinerea, and most of them have less.
The discovery of an undoubted geographical variant of P. semicinerea,
coming from the same localities as P. griseiventris, of course disposes of the
idea that these two are conspecific.
192 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Pachysylvia brunneiceps (Selater).
Hylophilus brunneiceps ScuatEeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1866, 322
(““Ypanema”’ [error]=Rio Vaupe, Brazil—cf. von Pelzeln, Orn. Brasil-
iens, 1868, 70, note, and Sclater, Ibis, 1881, 306).
Description.—Pileum dull sepia with a wash of citrine, passing into dull
warbler green on the back, tail, and wings externally; sides of the head dull
brownish, paler than the pileum; throat and upper breast soiled white,
washed with deep olive buff; rest of the under parts white with a grayish
shade, the sides and flanks washed with yellowish citrine, the crissum with
pale yellowish green; under wing-coverts and inner edges of the remiges
amber yellow; bill and feet pale brown (in skin).
Measurements.—One male: wing, 51; tail, 41; bill, 13.5; tarsus, 16.5.
Range.—Northern Brazil (Rio Negro) to southern Venezuela (and east to
Guiana?). :
Remarks.—In describing this species Sclater attributed it to southern
Brazil, having in some way mixed up his specimens and transposed his
notes, as pointed out by von Pelzeln (1. c.) and later corrected by Sclater
himself. I have seen but one example (No. 121,032, Collection American
Museum of Natural History), from San Fernando, upper Orinoco, Venez-
uela; it fits Sclater’s figure (Ibis, 1881, pl. 11, fig. 1) very exactly. I doubt
if it occurs in Guiana—French Guiana, at any rate, where Mr. Klages’
researches have failed to discover it. It probably occupies the little known
region north of the Amazon, along the Rio Madeira and northward to the
Orinoco. South of the Amazon it is replaced by P. inornata Snethlage.
Pachysylvia luteifrons (Sclater).
Hylophilus luteifrons Sctatzr, Ibis, 1881, 308 (Bartica Grove, British
Guiana).
Hylophilus surinamensis PENARD and PENARD, Vog. Guyana, II, 1910, 538
(Surinam).
Description.—Above dark citrine, the pileum a little darker, more oli-
vaceous, the remiges externally more brownish (orange citrine), the tail
still deeper (medal bronze); forehead and supraloral region tinged with
dull buffy yellow (but not conspicuously); under parts washed with prim-
rose yellow, the breast usually more buffy (near dark olive buff), the crissum
deep colonial buff, as also are the under wing-coverts and inner edgings of
the remiges.
Measurements.—Male: wing, 57; tail, 41; bill, 12.5; tarsus, 15. Female:
wing, 56; tail, 39; bill, 12; tarsus, 15.
Range.—Guiana, south to the Amazon River, Brazil.
Remarks.—Little is on record concerning the present species, which was
at first supposed to be confined to British Guiana. It was found in French
Guiana by Mr. George K. Cherrie (cf. von Berlepsch, Novitates Zoologicer,
XV, 1908, 109), and Mr. 8. M. Klages has also sent a good series from that
country to the Carnegie Museum. The same collector took a single
specimen at Obidos, and Miss Snethlage records it from St. Antonio da
Todd—A Review of the Vireonine Genus Pachysylvia. 193
Cachoeira, on the Rio Jary, showing that its range reaches to the north
bank of the Amazon.
Pachysylvia rubrifrons rubrifrons (Sclater and Salvin).
Hylophilus rubrifrons ScLATER and SALvIin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867,
569, pl. 30, fig. 1 ([Pard ?], lower Amazon River, Brazil).
Description.—Upper parts dark citrine, the pileum sometimes a little
more olivaceous, in but slight contrast; wings externally like the back,
the wing-coverts with slight rufescent edgings; tail brown (between Prout’s
brown and Brussels brown); forehead and supraloral region antique brown;
sides of the head in general, and throat and breast, honey yellow, passing
into ecru olive on the abdomen and crissum; under wing-coverts reed yellow,
and inner edgings of the remiges buffy yellow (near honey yellow).
Measurements.—Male (three specimens): wing, 56; tail, 39; bill, 12.5;
tarsus, 15. Female (two specimens): wing, 56; tail, 38.5; bill, 13; tarsus, —
16.
Range.—Para region of northeastern Brazil.
Remarks.—Dr. Hellmayr (Novitates Zoologice, XVII, 1910, 267) says
that the type of this species must have come from the Rio Negro. Reason-
ing by analogy, it would seem unlikely that a form such as rubrifrons, which
is replaced farther west on the same bank of the Amazon by a different
race, would reappear unchanged on the opposite bank. The only speci-
mens with definite localities attached all come from the vicinity of Pard,
and in my opinion it is entirely likely that the type-specimen actually
came from this place too, where Wailace also collected for a time. An error
in labeling may easily have occurred. Dr. Hellmayr’s description of the
type (an immature bird) points to its being the same as the series from
Benevides studied in this connection, the specimens from the Rio Madeira
with which he compared it doubtless belonging to lutescens. P. rubri-
frons appears to be represented on the north bank of the Amazon by P.
luteifrons, as already pointed out. The range of the typical form is prob-
ably limited to the westward by either the Rio Tocantins or Rio Xingu.
Pachysylvia rubrifrons lutescens Snethlage.
Pachysylvia rubrifrons lutescens SNETHLAGE, Orn. Monatsb., XXII, 1914,
43 (Boim, Rio Tapajéz, Brazil).
Subspecific characters.—Similar to P. rubrifrons rubrifrons, but upper
parts purer green (near citrine); tail paler brown (Dresden brown); and
under parts more uniform, washed with primrose yellow. Size about the
same.
Range.—Northern Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the Rio Xingti
west to the Rio Madeira.
Remarks.—This form was described as new on the assumption that
birds from Para belong to the typical rubrifrons. It differs very decidedly
from the latter in being brighter, more yellowish green below, as well as
above. Some of our specimens from Miritituba, however, are darker
194 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
above and more buffy yellow. ‘Twenty-six specimens in all have been ex-
amined in this connection, all from various localities on the Rio Tapajéz
(Colonia do Mojuy, Villa Braga, Miritituba, and Apacy).
Pachysylvia ochraceiceps viridior, subsp. nov.
Type, No. 79,588, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Rio Surutu,
Bolivia, September 23, 1917; José Steinbach.
Subspecific characters.—Similar to P. ochraceiceps ferrugineifrons, but
brighter, purer yellowish green (between citrine and dark citrine) above,
with less of the brownish suffusion usually so conspicuous in the latter;
forehead paler russet (orange citrine rather than antique brown); tail
paler and less brownish. Size about the same.
Range.—Santa Cruz region of Bolivia to southeastern Peru, in the
Tropical Zone. |
Remarks.—The characters above specified, while subject to individual
variation in the series of sixteen specimens examined, are sufficiently con-
stant to require the separation of the Bolivian birds under the name here
proposed. Under this name | would place also the specimens from south-
eastern Peru referred to by Dr. Chapman (Bulletin American Museum of
Natural History, LV, 1926, 589).
In juvenal dress (No. 50,767, Collection Carnegie Museum) this form is
dull buffy citrine above, almost uniform, and soiled white below, shaded
with buffy, the crissum pale yellow.
Pachysylvia ochraceiceps ferrugineifrons (Selater).
Hylophilus ferrugineifrons Scuater, Proc. Zool. Soe. Londen 1862, 110
({‘‘ Bogoté”’], Colombia).
Description.—Forehead dull antique brown, passing into dull dark
citrine on the crown and upper parts, including the wings externally; tail
dull medal bronze; under parts in general dull whitish, more or less heavily
washed with olive lake or ecru olive, the throat paler, more whitish; under
wing-coverts and inner edgings of the remiges reed yellow.
Measurements.—Male: wing, 58.5; tail, 42; bill, 13.3; tarsus, 15.3.
Female: wing, 55.5; tail, 40.5; bill, 13; tarsus, 15.
Range.—Tropical Zone of Colombia and Ecuador (east of the Andes),
east to the Guiana frontier of Venezuela, and south to the Rio Puris,
Brazil.
Remarks.—The above description is based on a skin from Tonantins,
Brazil, the place nearest to the type-locality from which a specimen is at
present available. It corresponds closely to Sclater’s figure of the species
in the Ibis, 1881, pl. 11, fig. 2. In a series from eastern Venezuela (Rio
Caura and Rio Yuruan) the iris is variously marked as ‘‘brown,” “‘white,”’
‘‘oray,” and ‘‘grayish white’’; the bill as “blackish, pale below”; and the
feet as ‘‘pale leaden blue,” etc. They are exactly the same as another
series from the Rio Purts, Brazil, and show a decided brownish cast above
as compared with birds from Bolivia (viridior). We have specimens from
Rio Yuruan, Venezuela, and Manacapurti and Caviana, on the middle
Todd—A Review of the Vireonine Genus Pachysyluia. 195
Amazon River, Brazil, which localities probably mark the extreme eastern
limits of the range of the species. Dr. Chapman records it from eastern
Ecuador, so that it evidently occupies an immense area in the drainage
systems of the Amazon and Orinoco Rivers, right up to the eastern base
of the Andes. West of this range it is replaced by the next form. After
study and comparison I have come to believe with Dr. Chapman (Bulletin
American Museum of Natural History, LV, 1926, 589) that ferrugineifrons
should be considered as conspecific with ochraceiceps and bulunensis.
Pachysylvia ochraceiceps bulunensis (Hartert).
Hylophilus bulunensis Hartert, Nov. Zool., 1X, 1902, 617 (Bulin, Ecua-
dor).
Subspecific characters.—Similar to P. ochraceiceps nelsoni, but still more
greenish, less brownish; back and wing-coverts almost uniform dark
citrine; and lower parts strongly washed with olive yellow, the throat a
little duller, grayish white.
Measurements.—Male (two specimens): wing, 58.5; tail, 40; bill, 12.7;
tarsus, 16.7. Female: wing, 55; tail, 41; bill, 13; tarsus, 16.3.
Range.—Tropical Zone, Colombian-Pacific Fauna, from eastern Panama
to western Ecuador.
Remarks.—This form must stand as a subspecies of P. ochraceiceps, all
of its characters being merely a further development of those of P. ochracei-
ceps nelsoni, which connects the two extremes systematically as well as
geographically. Dr. Chapman did not find it in Colombia, but we have
four specimens from the Chocé region (Potedo and Malagita). These are
slightly more greenish above than skins from eastern Panama (Mount
Pirri and Cana), but are without question the same form. On the other
hand, this form is so exactly intermediate in its characters between nelsoni
and ochraceiceps on the one hand and ferrugineifrons and viridior on the
other that I have no choice but to consider them all conspecies, in spite
of the fact of their discontinuous distribution by reason of the interposition
of the Andean chain.
Pachysylvia ochraceiceps nelsoni, nom. nov.
Pachysylvia ochraceiceps brevipennis (not Helinai brevipennis Giraud)
NeEtson, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., LVI, No. 22, 1911, 1 (Lion Hill,
Panama).
Subspecific characters.—Similar to P. ochraceiceps ochraceiceps, but
upper parts and wings externally with less brownish wash, more greenish;
and under parts also slightly more greenish, the breast with less buffy
shading.
Measurements.—One male (?) (the type): wing, 54; tail, 38; bill, 13;
tarsus, 17. One female (?): wing, 58; tail, 43; bill, 13; tarsus, 17.5.
Range.—Isthmus of Panama.
Remarks.—I strongly suspect that both the above examples are wrongly
sexed. If so, then the difference in size to which the describer alludes is of
196 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
little importance. After seeing these two specimens, I would recognize
the form they represent as a valid one, standing as an intermediate be-
tween ochraceiceps and bulunensis. But because of Helinai brevipennis
Giraud, Annals Lyceum Natural History of New York, V, 1852, 40, pl. 3,
fig. 1, which is a synonym of Pachysylvia decurtata, a new name will be
necessary in this case, which I supply above, in honor of the original de-
scriber.
Pachysylvia ochraceiceps ochraceiceps (Sclater).
Hylophilus ochraceiceps ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 375
(Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, Mexico).
Pachysylvia ochraceiceps pallidipectus RipaGway, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No.
50, III, 1904, 219 (Angostura, Costa Rica).
Description.—Pileum dull yellowish brown (near old gold), passing into
Dresden brown on the back, wing-coverts, and tail, the nape more oli-
vaceous, and the rump washed with yellowish citrine; primaries margined
externally with old gold, passing into Dresden brown on the secondaries,
the primary-coverts olive; supraloral line olive ocher; sides of the head and
upper throat dull grayish with a wash of olive; rest of the lower parts dull
buffy yellow, the breast and sides more or less strongly washed with olive
ocher or olive lake, the flanks more with yellowish citrine; under wing-
coverts pale lemon yellow, and inner webs of the remiges edged with deep
colonial buff; ‘‘iris gray; bill horn brown above, paler below; feet flesh- ©
color.” !
A juvenal example is almost uniform Dresden brown above, with whitish
throat, and the rest of the under parts washed with clay-color.
Measurements.—Male: wing, 59; tail, 44; bill, 13.2; tarsus, 16.5. Female:
wing, 57; tail, 44; bill, 13; tarsus, 16.5.
Range.—Southern Mexico (Tropical Zone) to western Panama.
Remarks.—There is so much individual variation in the series examined,
considered as a whole, that I fail to see how pallidipectus can possibly be
maintained. Every character ascribed to this supposed form, tested by
this series, fails.
Pachysylvia insularis (Selater).
Hylophilus insularis ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1861, 128 (Tobago).
Hylophilus pallidifrons Datmas, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, XIII, 1900, 135
(Tobago).
Description.— Above varying from deep grayish olive to citrine, grayer
on the head, more greenish on the rump, wings externally, and tail; supra-
loral streak and lower eyelid pale buffy whitish; under parts deep olive
buff, almost uniform, the flanks sometimes with a greenish wash, and the
crissum sometimes tinged with yellow; under wing-coverts and inner
edgings of the remiges pale yellow (amber yellow to naphthalene yellow);
bill dark above, pale below; feet pale brown (in skin).
Measurements.—Male: wing, 61; tail, 47; bill, 12.7; tarsus, 19. Female:
wing, 61; tail, 47; bill, 13; tarsus, 18.5.
Todd—A Review of the Vireonine Genus Pachysyla. 197
Range.—lsland of Tobago.
Remarks.—Dr. Hellmayr writes that he has compared the type of H.
“nallidifrons’’ (now in the Tring Museum) with that of H. insularis, and
found them identical. The type-specimen of the latter is slightly immature.
The description of “‘pallidifrons’’ fits the series examined very well, except
for the measurement of the tail, 57 mm., which is probably an error for
47 mm. The variation in the color of the upper parts is astonishing, but
may be due in part to post-mortem changes in the skins. The large size,
heavy bill, and grayish coloration serve to separate this species from P.
flavipes acuticauda, its nearest relative on the mainland. Curiously
enough, P. flavipes has no representative on Trinidad, and P. insularis is
an isolated and well differentiated form.
Pachysylvia olivacea (von Tschudi).
Hylophilus olivaceus von Tscuun1, Arch. f. Naturg., 1844, 284 ([eastern
slope of the Andes], Peru).
Description.—Above dull yellowish olive, duller and more brownish on
the pileum, the wing- and tail-edgings a little lighter; below buffy whitish,
the throat, breast, and sides heavily shaded with olive yellow, and the
crissum with amber yellow; under wing-coverts and inner edgings of the
primaries massicot yellow; bill and feet pale brown (in skin).
Measurements.—One male: wing, 60; tail, 48; bill, 11.5; tarsus, 17.5.
One female: wing, 56; tail, 48; bill, 11.5; tarsus, 18.
Range.—Subtropical Zone, central Peru to eastern Ecuador.
Remarks.—This species, of which I have seen but two specimens (from
eastern Ecuador), is hard to place, but gives the impression of being related
to P. flavipes acuticauda, from which it differs in its relatively longer tail,
and more olive greenish or yellowish under parts. It appears to be a
Subtropical Zone species. Very few specimens are known at the present
time. .
Pachysylvia flavipes acuticauda (Lawrence).
Hylophilus acuticaudus LAWRENCE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1865, 37 (Venezuela).
Hylophilus griseipes Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1896, 687
(Margarita Island, Venezuela).
Subspecific characters.—Similar to P. flavipes flavipes, but general colora-
tion duller; upper parts duller citrine; under surface deep olive buff, paler
posteriorly, with little or no yellow tinge.
Measurements.—Male: wing, 56; tail, 44; bill, 12; tarsus, 17.5. Female:
wing, 53; tail, 43; bill, 11.7; tarsus, 17.5.
Range.—Venezuela, south (at least) to the Orinoco River and east to the
Guiana frontier. _
Remarks.—While Ridgway (Bulletin United States National Museum
No. 50, III, 1904, 216, note) would keep this form a distinct species, von
198 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Berlepsch and Hartert (Novitates Zoologice, IX, 1902, 12) reduce it to a
subspecies of P. flavipes—rightly so, as I believe. It is much more buffy -
below than true flavipes, lacking the yellow tinge present in most speci-
mens of that form, at least in fresh plumage. The supposed difference in the
color of the feet apparently does not hold, judging from the labels; both
forms vary in this respect, but do not differ from each other. In juvenal
dress (No. 34,042, Collection Carnegie Museum) the under parts are
white, shaded anteriorly and laterally with buffy; the pileum is ashy brown;
and the bill is blackish.
Intergradation between this form and true flavipes takes nldcet in western
Venezuela, in the Maracaibo basin. The southern range of acuticauda
remains to be worked out. I can find no records from Guiana, but speci-
mens in the Carnegie Museum bring it close to the borders of that country.
With eight specimens from Margarita Island before me (including the
type of H. “‘grisetpes’’ Richmond), I can find no sufficient grounds for
separating them from mainland specimens of acuticauda. Dr. Richmond
does not mention the latter at all; he compared his skins from that island
directly with flavipes from Colombia, from which they of course differ.
just as he says. So “‘grisezjzes’’ falls as a synonym of acuticauda.
Lawrence’s type-specimen no doubt came from the coast region of
northern Venezuela. In order to get a definite starting-point I hereby
propose to fix the type-locality as Puerto La Cruz, State of Carabobo,
Venezuela.
Pachysylvia flavipes flavipes (Lafresnaye).
Hylophilus flavipes LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1845, 342 (“ Bogota,” Col-
ombia).
Description.—Above dark citrine, duller on the pileum, brighter on the
rump and wings externally; tail similar; a pale supraloral streak; sides of
the head, and breast and throat, dull buffy yellow, brightening into deep
colonial buff on the abdomen and crissum; under wing-coverts amber
yellow, and inner webs of the remiges citron yellow; ‘iris straw yellow;
bill blackish horn, flesh-color below; feet flesh-color” (Carriker).
Measurements.—Male: wing, 57; tail, 46; bill, 12; tarsus, 17. Female:
wing, 55; tail, 45.5; bill, 11.7; tarsus, 17.
Range.—Tropical Zone of Colombia.
Remarks.—The above description is based on the more yellowish ex-
treme examples. There is a great deal of variation in color in the series
examined, due partly to season and age, and partly to individual dif-
ferences. The feet are marked variously “bluish flesh-color,” ‘pale
purplish flesh-color,” ‘‘dusky flesh-color,” and even ‘pale leaden blue.”
As might be expected, specimens from the eastern base of the Eastern
Andes vary more in the direction of acuticauda, and moreover are some-
what larger than the average bird of the region of the Rio Sinu, where this
form appears to reach its greatest degree oi differentiation, and from which
the most brightly colored examples in the main seem to come. It is thus
unfortunate that ‘‘Bogota’’ remains the type-locality for this form. Of
Todd—A Review of the Vireonine Genus Pachysylvia. 199
course it does not occur so high up as that, but only at the foot of the moun-
tains. Specimens from Villavicencio should doubtless be considered topo-
typical.
Pachysylvia viridiflava (Lawrence).
Hylophilus viridiflavus LAwrEeNncE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, VII,
1861, 324 ({Lion Hill ?], Panama Railroad, Panama).
Description.—Upper parts in general (including wings externally and
tail) warbler green, the pileum duller (near citrine); supraloral streak dull
whitish; sides of the head dull brownish gray; under parts (near) amber
yellow, the throat paler, more grayish, and the breast shaded with olive
lake; under wing-coverts and inner edgings of the remiges amber yellow;
“iris straw-color; feet plumbeous; bill light horn-color above, flesh-color
below” (Carriker). Younger birds may readily be told by their black
bills; the iris is marked as “‘gray”’ in all such.
Measurements.—Two males: wing, 57, 60; tail, 44, 46; bill, 12, 12.5;
tarsus, 18, 18.5. Two females: wing, 56, 56; tail, 47, 48; bill, 12, 12.5;
tarsus, 17.5, 18.5.
Range.—Panama and southwestern Costa Rica (Tropical Zone).
Remarks.—The nearest known ally of this form is P. flavipes flavipes of
Colombia, than which it is much more brightly colored. There appears
to be a break in the distribution of the forms, however, in eastern Panama,
‘ where neither has yet been found, and this circumstance, taken in connec-
tion with the degree of difference between them, suffices to justify the recog-
nition of viridiflava as a distinct species. In southwestern Costa Rica,
according to Mr. Carriker (Annals Carnegie Museum, VI, 1910, 777) it
ranges from sea-level up to about 2000 feet.
Pachysylvia aurantiifrons aurantiifrons (Lawrence).
Hylophilus aurantiifrons Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, VII,
1862, 324 ({Lion Hill ?], Panama Railroad, Panama).
Descripiion.—Pileum buffy brown, the forehead strongly tinged with
olive ocher or isabella color, the sides of the head paler and more buffy;
back, wings externally, and tail yellowish citrine; throat and breast dull
whitish with more or less of a buffy wash; the rest of the under parts
washed with barium yellow, deepest and purest on the flanks and crissum;
under wing-coverts and inner edgings of the remiges citron yellow to
barium yellow; “iris brown; feet plumbeous; bill dusky horn, flesh-color
below.”
Measurements.—Male: wing, 56; tail, 44; bill, 13; tarsus, 16.5. Female:
wing, 54; tail, 43; bill, 12.7; tarsus, 16.
Range.—Caribbean coast region of Colombia, westward to the Isthmus
of Panama.
Remarks.—The restricted range of this form is a marked feature. It is
not known to enter the Magdalena and Cauca Valleys, or the Pacific
coast region of Colombia.
200 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Pachysylvia aurantiifrons saturata Hellmayr.
Pachysylvia aurantiifrons saturata Hetimayr, Nov. Zool., XIII, 1906, 12
(Caparo, Trinidad).
Subspecific characters.—Similar to P. aurantiifrons aurantifrons, but
under parts more brightly colored, with more buffy or ochraceous wash on
the chest.
Measurements.—Male: wing, 56; tail, 45; bill, 13; tarsus, 16.3. Female:
wing, 53; tail, 43; bill, 12.5; tarsus, 16.5.
Range.—Caribbean coast region of Venezuela, eastward to Trinidad.
Also in the interior of Colombia, east of the Eastern Andes.
Remarks.—Selected individual specimens of the series at hand are quite
indistinguishable from the average example of true aurantiifrons, but the
respective series are separable by the difference in general coloration, the
present form being more richly colored—more suffused with yellow, with
the buffy shade on the breast more in evidence, especially in birds in
freshly assumed plumage, like those from Trinidad shot in August. Speci-
mens from the Carabobo region of Venezuela average less brightly colored
than those from Trinidad. Birds from the Maracaibo region, on the other
hand, are richly colored, although mostly collected in early May, and
rather worn.
Ridgway (Bulletin United States National Museum, No. 50, III, 1904,
215) was the first to distinguish this race, but confused it with P. hypox-
antha, which is another bird entirely, and it remained for Dr. Hellmavr
to give it the name under which it now passes.
A single specimen (No. 60,643, Collection Carnegie Museum) from
Palmar, Colombia, at the eastern foot of the Eastern Andes, which could
be referred to aurantwifrons as easily as to saturata, shows that the species
is not as strictly confined to the coast as has been supposed. Further
light on its range in this part of the country will be awaited with interest.
Pachysylvia hypoxantha albigula Chapman.
Pachysylvia fuscicapilla albigula CHapMAaN, Am. Mus. Nov., No. 18, 1921,
11 (Sta. Julia, Rio Iriri, Brazil).
Subspecific characters.—Similar to P. hypoxantha hypoxantha, but throat
paler, more grayish white, less buffy; rest of the under parts richer and
purer yellow (pale lemon yellow); and upper parts more richly colored
(citrine instead of buffy olive).
Measurements.—Three males: wing, 60; tail, 45; bill, 14; tarsus, 15.5.
Four females: wing, 56; tail, 42; bill, 13; tarsus, 15.
Range.—Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the Rio Xingu to the Rio
Purits.
Remarks.—The type-specimen I have not seen, but eight specimens from
the Rio Purts (Hyutanahan, Nova Olinda, and Arima) and one from
Caviana (on the south bank of the Amazon, opposite Manacapurt) differ
from two skins from Tonantins, presumably representing true hypoxantha,
as above said. It will be noted that while Dr. Chapman describes the
Todd—A Review of the Vireonine Genus Pachysylvia. 201
under parts as “‘paler and less uniform than in fuscicapilla”’ (i. e., hypox-
antha), I find the opposite to be the case. So there is a possibility that we
are dealing here with a different race from the one he has described.
Pachysylvia hypoxantha hypoxantha (von Pelzeln).
Hylophilus hypoxanthus von PELZELN, Orn. Brasiliens, ii, 1868, 71, 136
(Rio Iganna and Rio Vaupé, Rio Negro, Brazil).
Hylophilus fuscicapillus ScLATER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1880, 155 (‘‘Sarayacu,” Ecuador).
Description.—Pileum dull olive brown, passing into the buffy olive of
the back; wings externally and tail somewhat brighter (yellowish olive);
sides of the head pale buffy brown, the eyelids slightly paler; throat dull
buffy whitish; rest of the under parts (including under wing-coverts)
pale yellow (barium yellow), the breast with a slight buffy wash; inner
webs of the remiges edged with pale dull yellow, as also are the inner webs
of the rectrices.
_ Measurements.—One male: wing, 60; tail, 46; bill, 12; tarsus, 16. Two
females: wing, 56; tail, 41; bill, 12.5; tarsus, 15.
Range.—Northwestern Brazil, north of the Amazon, east to the mouth
of the Rio Negro, and west to eastern Ecuador.
Remarks.—Two females from Tonantins, Rio Solimoés, in the Carnegie
Museum collection, answer pretty well to Sclater’s description and figure
of Hylophilus fuscicapillus in the Ibis, 1881, 303, pl. 10, fig. 2, the throat,
however, not being yellow as in the figure, but dull buffy or soiled whitish.
Dr. Hellmayr writes me as follows: “P. fuscicapilla=P. hypoxantha. I
have compared a bird from Pebas, Peru, with the types in the British
Museum, and later with von Pelzeln’s examples, and could not discover
any difference. So their identity is well established.” This is what we
would expect in view of the relatively close positions of the respective type-
localities. The species is a near relative of P. aurantiifrons.
A male example from Manacapurt (No. 98,651, Collection Carnegie
Museum) greatly extends the known range of this form. It differs from
the Tonantins skins in its rather darker, duller coloration, and may possibly
represent a different race. ’
Pachysylvia semibrunnea (Lafresnaye).
Hylophilus semibrunneus LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., 1845, 341 (‘‘ Bogotd,”’
Colombia).
Pachysylvia semibrunnea leucogastra CHAPMAN, Am. Mus. Nov. No. 1438,
1924, 1 (below San José de Sumaco, eastern Ecuador).
Description.—Pileum and nape Brussels brown, this color spreading over
the sides of the neck as far as the ear-coverts, and sometimes over the back
also; upper parts in general, and wings and tail externally, dull green (near
serpentine green), the wing-coverts and primaries with slight paler edgings,
and the tail also with slight yellowish internal edgings; lores, slight eye-
202 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
brow, subocular region, and throat soiled whitish; under parts dull whitish,
tinged with buffy rufous on the sides of the breast and with pale greenish
yellow on the sides and flanks; crissum and under wing-coverts barium
yellow, and inner webs of the secondaries edged with the same color,
becoming whitish on the primaries; ‘“‘iris brown; feet leaden blue; bill
blackish above, flesh-color below” (Carriker).
Measurements.—Male: wing, 62.5; tail, 50.5; bill, 13.5; tarsus, 16.7.
Female: wing, 61.7; tail, 50; bill, 13.3; tarsus, 16.7.
Range.—Subtropical Zone of the Nndes of Colombia and of eastern —
Ecuador.
Remarks.—A topotype of ‘‘lewcogastra’’ from eastern Ecuador can be
closely matched by certain examples of true semibrunnea. In the light
of our fine series (21 skins) from Colombia, the characters on which this
supposed subspecies are based prove to be individual rather than geo-
graphical. The amount of brown wash on the back is a variable feature.
P. semibrunnea is a Subtropical Zone species, belonging to the aurantit-
frons-hypoxantha group, of one of which it is probably a derivative.
Pachysylvia inornata Snethlage.
Pachysylvia ee, SNETHLAGE, Orn. Monatsber. . XXVIT, 1914, 43
(Cametd, Rio Tocantins, Brazil).
Description.—Pileum dull brown (between sepia and snuff brown), the
-upper back paler and more greenish (dull orange citrine), and the lower
back, tail, and wings externally warbler green, without any brownish wash;
sides of the head like the pileum, but paler, with a poorly defined pale
orbital ring; throat and upper breast pale olive gray, and rest of the under
parts similar, the breast, sides, and flanks more or less strongly washed
with yellowish citrine, the crissum citron yellow; under wing-coverts and
inner edgings of the innermost secondaries citron yellow; rest of the remiges
edged internally with naphthalene yellow.
A bird in juvenal dress (No. 74,383, Collection Carnegie Museum) differs
in having the pileum and back rusty buff, and the lower surface much
duller.
Measurements.—Male: wing, 59; tail, 47; bill, 13; tarsus, 16. Female:
wing, 58; tail, 46; bill, 13; tarsus, 16.5.
Range.—Brazil, south of the Amazon, from the Rio Tapajéz east to the
Rio Tocantins.
Remarks.—This form differs from P. brunneiceps in its larger size, more
decidedly brownish upper parts, grayish (instead of pale brownish) throat
and breast, and greenish-suffused lower breast and abdomen. ‘The yellow
of the remiges is also paler (except that on the inner secondaries). I would
keep the two specifically distinct, and while Dr. Hellmayr does not agree
to this disposition, he may be quite right in insisting on the close relation-
ship of the two forms in question. For the present, however, I am sug-
- gesting a relationship to the group represented by P. aurantiifrons, P.
hypoxantha, etc., as shown by the key to the species (antea). Twenty-one
specimens have been examined in this connection, all from the Rio Tapajéz.
Todd—A Review of the Vireonine Genus Pachysyluia. 203
Pachysylvia muscicapina muscicapina (Sclater and Salvin).
Hylophilus musicapinus ScuaTER and Sauvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop.,
1873, 156 (Cayenne, French Guiana).
Description.—Pileum and nape neutral gray, the superciliaries and sides
of the head buffy rufous in abrupt contrast; upper parts, wings externally,
and tail bright serpentine green; under parts white, the throat and breast
washed with rufous buff, the sides of the breast with dull greenish, and the
abdomen with grayish; crissum and under wing-coverts citron yellow.
Measurements.—Male: wing, 60; tail, 46; bill, 14.5; tarsus, 15.5. Female:
wing, 56; tail, 43; bill, 13.5; tarsus, 15.
Range. a Basten Venezuela (Caura River) and Guiana, south to the
Amazon River, Brazil.
Remarks.—Venezuelan specimens closely resemble those from French
- Quiana, the type-locality, and birds from Obidos, on the north bank of the
Amazon, are also the same. On the south bank of that stream the species
is represented by the next form. P.muscicapina is a rather isolated species
- genetically, without any very close allies.
Pachysylvia muscicapina griseifrons Snethlage.
Pachysylvia musicicapina griseifrons SNETHLAGE, Orn. Monatsber., XV,
1907, 160 (Villa Braga, Rio Tapajéz, Brazil).
Subspecific characters—Similar to P. muscicapina muscicapina, but
upper parts slightly brighter green; sides of the head, superciliaries, etc.,
deeper buffy rufous; and throat and breast more strongly suffused with
the same color. The gray of the pileum continues over the forehead as a
pure color, instead of being tinged with buffy, as usual in the typical race.
Size about the same.
Range.—From the Rio Tapajéz, west to (probably) the Rio Madeira,
Brazil.
Remarks.—A series of seventeen specimens from the type-locality, and
one more from Apacy, bear out Dr. Hellmayr’s remarks (Novitates Zoo-
logice, XVII, 1910, 268) on the characters of this race. It is evidently
confined to the region south of the Amazon, between the Madeira and Ta-
paj6z Rivers.
Pachysylvia minor minor (von Berlepsch and Taczanowski).
Hylophilus minor von BreruEepscH and TaczANnowsk1, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1883, 542 (Chimbo, Ecuador).
Description—Above warbler green, the pileum and wings externally
darker (near olive green), the outer primaries edged with pale greenish
white; tail still duller olive greenish; lores, sides of the head, and throat
pallid neutral gray; rest of the under parts white with a pale buffy tinge,
the sides of the breast, the flanks, and the crissum shaded with strontian
yellow; under wing-coverts and inner edgings of the primaries pale buffy
yellow; bill and feet pale brown (in skin).
204 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Measurements.—Two males: wing, 54, 56; tail, 37, 41; bill, 12, 13.5;
tarsus, 18, 18.5. One female: wing, 52; tail, 36; bill, 12.5; tarsus, 17.5.
Range.—Tropical Zone of western Ecuador.
- Remarks.—This was described by von Berlepsch and Taczanowski from
three specimens collected at Chimbo by Stolzmann, and has since been
taken by other collectors in various localities in this general region (cf.
Chapman, Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, LV, 1926,
590). With P. decurtata of Central America, it belongs to a group charac-
terized by small size and a relatively short tail, and standing thus at the
opposite end of the series from P. poicilotis.
Pachysylvia minor darienensis Griscom.
Pachysylvia minor darienensis Griscom, Am. Mus. Nov. No. 282, 1927,
7 (Cape Garachiné, eastern Panama).
Subspecific characters.—Similar in size and general coloration to P.
minor minor, but under parts not so brightly colored, the greenish yellow
of the sides and flanks paler and more restricted.
Range.—Tropical Zone of Colombia (Magdalena Valley and Pacific coast
district), northward to eastern Panama.
Remarks.—Dr. Chapman, in recording the heretofore only known
specimen of P. minor from Colombia (Bulletin American Museum of
Natural History, XXXVI, 1917, 541), commented on the differences it
showed in comparison with Ecuador skins. We have four examples from
the Chocé region of western Colombia (Andagoya, Malagita, and Cordoba)
in the collection of the Carnegie Museum, and also two from El Tambor,
in the valley of the Rio Lebrija, a tributary of the Magdalena. These
have been compared with the Los Cisneros specimen cited by Dr. Chap-
man, and found to be identical. They also agree well with a skin from
Mt. Sapo, and with a topotype of darienensis from Cape Garachiné. This
indicates that this pale race of minor is the one inhabiting Colombia as well
as eastern Panama. According to Mr. Griscom it lives in the tops of the
tallest trees, and is consequently very difficult to collect. In our two
skins from El Tambor the iris is marked as ‘‘brown; feet pale leaden blue;
bill black, bluish flesh below” (Carriker).
Pachysylvia decurtata (Bonaparte).
Sylvicola. decurtata BonaparTE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837, 118
(Mexico).
Helinai brevipennis Giraup, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, V, 1852, 40,
pl. 3, fig. 1 (‘‘ Mexico and Texas’’).
H Baie cinereiceps SCLATER and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860,
299 (Choctum, Vera Paz, Guatemala).
Hylophilus pusillus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, VU,
1862, 323 ({Lion Hill ?], Panama Railway, Panama).
Pachysylvia decurtata pallida Dickry and Van Rosse, Proc. Biol. Soe.
Washington, XL, 1927, 4 (Puerto del Triunfo, Usulutan, Salvador).
SS ee ae ee
Todd—A Review of the Vireonine Genus Pachysylvia. 205
Description.—Pileum and nape neutral gray to deep neutral gray, and
the sides of the head similar but paler, with a brownish wash; orbital ring
white; upper parts warbler green, and wings externally the same, except
the outer primaries, which are more grayish; tail similar but duller; under
parts dull whitish, the sides, flanks, and crissum more or less washed with
pyrite yellow or yellowish citrine; under wing-coverts pale yellow, and
inner edges of the remiges whitish; ‘‘iris dark hazel; bill light bluish; feet
light blue” (Peck).
Measurements.—Male: wing, 53; tail, 36.5; bill, 12; tarsus, 16. Female:
wing, 51.5; tail, 34; bill, 12; tarsus, 16.5.
Range.——Isthmus of Panama northward through Central America to
Vera Cruz, Mexico, in the Tropical Zone.
Remarks.—This is one of the few species of Pachysylvia which has suffered
from too many names. Ridgway suspected the existence of a small
southern race, and very recently Mr. Bangs (Bulletin Museum Compara-
tive Zoology, LX VII, 1927, 483) has agreed to recognize such a race under
Lawrence’s name pusilla. Messrs. Dickey and Van Rossem have also
named a supposed pale Pacific coast race. With some of their skins before
me, and a series from western Nicaragua called by the same name, also a
good series from Mexico and Costa Rica, my finding is that the differences
alleged to exist between decurtata, ‘‘pusilla,”’ and ‘‘pallida”’ are too slight
to recognize by name.
Pachysylvia decurtata is the Central American representative of P. minor.
In its pattern of coloration it bears a remarkable resemblance to the
Tennessee Warbler, Vermivora peregrina.
Vol. 42, pp. 207-208 August 17, 1929
PROCEEDINC*
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHIN
A NEW SILENE FROM THE UMPQUA
NATIONAL FOREST.
BY IVAR TIDESTROM AND W. A. DAYTON.
In 1924 Grazing Examiner Douglas C. Ingram of the U. S.
Forest Service made a collection of forty-one plants on the
Umpqua National Forest in southwestern Oregon. Among
these was his specimen No. 1489, Forest Service serial No.
51202, the very showy characters of which at once gave it
distinction. This plant (plate VIII) was collected on Mt.
Nebo, near Roseburg, Douglas County, at 1,200 feet (400
meters), on a south slope, open grass-browse type; shallow,
rocky red clay loam of basaltic formation. Mr. Ingram noted
that the species was occasional in this type, did not appear to
be grazed by livestock and was associated, among others, with
Agoseris elata, Calochortus elegans, Festuca rubra, Phacelia
heterophylla and Poa sandbergit. It is obviously closely related
to Silene hookeri A. Gray, but differs in its much larger and more
erect habit, different root system, showier flowers of a different
color, more acuminate calyx lobes, and long-stipitate ovary.
The diagnosis follows:
Silene ingrami, sp. nov.
Perennial with a slender stramineous rhizome. Stem apparently soli-
tary, slender, striate, simple or branched, 20 to 32 cm. high, with an indu-
ment of short crisp white hairs, sometimes slightly flocculose, the lower
part usually purplish. Foliage somewhat grayish green, the leaves white-
crisp-hairy especially on the margins and on the midrib below; lowest pair
of leaves reduced, narrowly oblanceolate, often subsessile; middle leaves
the largest and broadest, acute or acuminate, the blade oblong-lanceolate
or oblanceolate, tapering below into the petiole, 7 to 9 em. long (including
the petiole); uppermost leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, reduced.
Flowers evidently diurnal, solitary or in pairs, about 2 to 5 or occasionally
23—Proc. Bron. Soc. Wasu., Vou. 42, 1929. (207)
208 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
as many as 8 in the cyme, showy, often 4 cm. broad, or probably even more
when fully expanded; calyx 15 to 23 mm. long, about 10-ribbed, white-crisp-
hairy, rather narrow at the base, of a cylindro-funnelform type becoming
turbinate (not bladdery-inflated) in fruit, the lobes lanceolate and acuminate,
shorter than the tube; petals when fresh apparently varying from light
hortense violet to amparo purple (according to Ridgway’s Color Standards)
but shading towards amethyst violet in drying, with a broad, mostly 4-
(occasionally 5- or.6-) lobed limb, the lobes 3 to 4 mm. broad; ovary stipi-
tate, the stipe about equaling it; styles 3. Seeds purplish-black, reniform,
about 2 mm. long, tuberculate in concentric lines.
Herba perennis; rhizoma tenue; caulis tenuis erectus circiter 30 cm.
altus; folia plerumque oblanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata 7-9 em. longa
subgrisea cum pilis brevibus crispis albis nullo modo viscidis, superiora
lanceolata breviora; calyx circiter 10-striatus cylindro-infundibuliformis
accrescens; corolla speciosa, 4+5 cm. lata pallide violacea, petalis quadri-
fidis; ovarium stipitatum.
It gives the authors a sense of satisfaction to name this handsomest of
western silenes after its discoverer, Mr. Douglas C. Ingram, who not only is
a highly efficient forest officer and an authority on range management, but
is also recognized as one of the best field naturalists of the Northwest.
If seed becomes available it is a certainty that this native campion will
become popular in cultivation.
The type specimen will be deposited in the U. S. National Herbarium.
Puate VIII.
Proc. Bion. Soc. WasH., Vou. 42.
Ste
ingramt, Sp. nov.
Silene
7.0°73 i;
Vol. 42, pp. 209-212 September 10, 1929
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
;
THE RACES OF LAMPORNIS VIRIDIPALLENS
(BOURCIER AND MULSANT).!
BY DONALD R. DICKEY AND A. J. VAN ROSSEM.
Specimens of Lampornis? viridipallens collected in El Salva-
dor in 1927 show that not only is the supposedly distinct species
Lampornis sybillae (Salvin and Godman) in reality a form of
viridipallens, but that all told there are four recognizable
geographic races. Below is given a synopsis of these with their
differential characters.
Lampornis viridipallens viridipallens (Bourcier and Mulsant).
GUATEMALA MOUNTAIN GEM.
T\rochilus] viridi-pallens Bourcier and Mulsant, Ann. Sci. Phys. et Nat.
Lyon, 9, 1846, p. 321 (Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala).
Subspecific characters.—Resembles _Lampornis viridipallens nubivagus
(see postea) in more bronzy green posterior upper parts and buffy tinged
posterior underparts, but differs in greater extent of green spotting on
sides of breast and flanks, lighter and more metallic sub-ocular streak,
lighter green forehead and crown and paler and more brownish remiges.
Range.—Highlands of extreme southern Mexico (Tumbala, Chiapas)
south throughout the highlands of Guatemala (Coban; Chilasco; Santa
Maria; Pie de la Questa; Toliman; Volcan Fuego; Guatemala City).
Lampornis viridipallens connectens, subsp. nov.
SALVADOR MOUNTAIN GEM.
Type.—Male adult; No. 18,546, collection of Donald R. Dickey; Los
Esesmiles, Dept. Chalatenango, El Salvador; altitude 8,000 feet in cloud
1Contribution from the California Institute of Technology.
2Although M. Eugene Simon in his Histoire Naturelle des Trochilidae, 1921, has treated
**Coeligena”’ [Lampornis], ‘‘ Leuconympha”’ and “‘ Oreopyra”’ as distinct genera, the writers
believe that the slight differences, which are chiefly those of shape of tail and color, are
amply recognized by according these groups subgeneric rank. Essentially this course has
already been tentatively suggested by Ridgway (Birds of North and Middle America, 5,
1911, p. 502). That the type of Lampornis Swainson is Lampornis amethystinus Swain-
son and not, as designated by Gray, Trochilus mango Linnaeus would appear to be definitely
settled by Opinion 30 of the International Zoological Congress, 1913.
24—Proc. Biou. Soc. WasxH., Vou. 42, 1929. (209)
210 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
forest of Upper Tropical Zone; March 5, 1927; collected by A. J. van
Rossem; original No. 11,409.
Subspecific characters.—Wing longer than in any other race of the species.
Dorsal coloration, including remiges and central rectrices, precisely like
that of sybillae and therefore darker and less bronzy than either viridipallens
or nubivagus; underparts intermediate between viridipallens and sybillae
in extent of green spotting, but color of spotting dark as in sybillae; ab-
dominal region only slightly tinged with buff; under tail coverts edged
with clear gray as in sybillae; lateral rectrices gray as in viridipallens and
nubivagus.
Range.—Upper Tropical Zone at 8,000 feet in the humid cloud forest on
Los Esesmiles, Chalatenango, El Salvador.
Remarks.—This race, occupying as it does a region in a direct line be-
tween the areas inhabited by viridipallens and sybillae, combines naturally
enough, the characters of the two. It is not an intermediate in the sense
that all of the characters are blended. The dorsal coloration, the color
of the green spotting on the underparts and the color of the under tail
coverts are all those of sybillae; the tail is that of viridipallens and only in
the amount of green on the underparts and in the coloration of the ab-
dominal region is it an intermediate in the commonly used sense.
Lampornis viridipallens sybillae (Salvin and Godman).
NICARAGUA MOUNTAIN GEM.
Delattria sybillae Salvin and Godman, Ibis, April, 1892, p. 327 (Mata-
galpa, Nicaragua).
Subspecific characters.—Resembles Lampornis viridipallens connectens
in relative darkness of wings; upper parts, and spotting below, but entire
underparts except abdominal region so thickly spotted with green as nearly
to obliterate the grayish white ground color. Differs from all other races
in that the inner webs of all except the central rectrices are largely white
or grayish white instead of pale gray. Culmen averaging longest of the
four races.
Range.—Highlands of north-central Nicaragua (Ocotal; Matagalpa;
San Rafael del Norte).
Lampornis viridipallens nubivagus, subsp. nov.
SANTA ANA MOUNTAIN GEM.
Type.—Male adult; No. 19,184, collection of Donald R. Dickey; Vol-
can Santa Ana, Dept. Santa Ana, El Salvador; altitude 7,000 feet in the
cloud forest on the southeast slope of the main cone; May 17, 1927; col-
lected by A. J. van Rossem; original No. 12,065.
Subspecific characters —Resembles Lampornis viridipallens viridipallens
in size, in more bronzy green posterior upper parts and in buffy tinged pos-
terior underparts, but differs in darker green back and crown, darker and
more bluish remiges, blacker and less metallic sub-ocular streak and in the
virtual elimination of green spotting on sides of breast.
Dickey and Van Rossem—Races of Lampornis Viridipallens 211
Range.—Upper Tropical Zone at 5,000 to 7,000 feet in the cloud forest
on Volcan Santa Ana proper and on the subsidiary cone of Cerro Los
Naranjos, El Salvador.
Remarks.—The isolated mountain inhabited by this race lies to one side
of the highlands occupied by the viridipallens-connectens-sybillae chain.
The form is ventrally the palest of the group, although in relatively dark
wings and upper parts, it shows some approach to connectens and sybillae.
Specimens examined.—L. v. viridipallens!: ‘‘ Mexico,” 2; ‘‘Guatemala,”’
2; Guatemala City, 3; Coban, 2. L.v. connectens: Salvador: Los Esesmiles,
1 (the type). L. v. sybillae?: Nicaragua: San Rafael del Norte, 6. L. v.
nubivagus: Salvador: Volcan Santa Ana, 2; Cerro Los Naranjos, 5.
Measurements of Males.
Exposed
Wing. Tail. Culmen.
L. v. viridipallens (5) 64.0-65.0 39.0—40.0 19.0-20.3
. (64.8) (39.5) (19.6)
L. v. connectens (1) (69.0) (41.0) (20.0)
L. v. sybillae (5) 64.0-65.0 38.0—40.0 20.7-21.6
. (64.8) (39.3) (21.4)
L. v. nubivagus (6) 64.0—-66.0 40.0-—42.0 19.8-20.0
(64.8) (41.3) (20.0)
18 from U.S. National Museum; 1 from Robert Moore.
26 from Field Museum of Natural History.
A:
n ANd
y.0673
Vol. 42, pp. 213-214 October 17, 1929
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
te ay
sa 4
Va aa ha cos |
, X NEW WREN lS E GENUS SPELAEORNIS FROM
j Ne
(* NEC 21 1 1936 YEYNAN, CHINA.
#
we i. oh 4 J. H. RILEY.!
Powat wu SEL ae
When a list of the birds collected by Dr. Joseph F. Rock in
Yunnan was published, a specimen of a wren was there referred
doubtfully to Spelaeornis soulzec (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol.
70, Art. 5, 1926, p. 33), as a possible young plumage. In 1928
Dr. Rock took a second specimen west of Yungning, Yunnan,
which though differing somewhat in detail undoubtedly belongs
to the same species. As both of these specimens are quite
different from the figure of the type of Spelaeornis souliei given
by Hartert (Nov. Zool., vol. 17, 1910, pl. 7, fig. 1) and do not
agree with any published description consulted, I have reached
the conclusion that they represent an undescribed species. To
the American Museum of Natural History I am indebted for
the loan of their specimen of Spelaeornis, the basis of the record
of Spelaeornis souler from Tai-ping-pu, Yunnan (Bull. Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist., vol. 44, 1921, p. 590). Unfortunately the specimen
has been incorrectly determined. The wings and tail are un-
barred and there are no white spots on the upper parts. The
tail is shorter than the wing. The bill is dull black. As near
as can be made out from Stuart Baker’s key and description
(Fauna Br. India, Birds, 2 ed., vol. 1, 1922, pp. 451, 453) it
belongs to Spelaeornis longicaudatus sinlumensis. If this deter-
mination is correct, it is a new record for Yunnan. For many
years this was the only specimen of the genus in the United
States until Dr. Rock sent the specimen described below and
later a second specimen, also mentioned beyond. It gives me
great pleasure to name this species after the collector:
1Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
25—Proc. Biou. Soc. WasH., Vou. 42, 1929. (213)
,
_
214 P™™edings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Spelaeornis rocki, sp. nov.
Type. a€ Ne male, U. S. National Museum, No. 296,784, Mountains
of ye ong Valley, Yunnan, November, 1923. Collected by
Joseph F. Rock. (Original No. 1304.)
Pileum argus brown, each feather rather broadly tipped with black
and with a rather large sub-apical white spot; upper-parts sudan brown,
each feather tipped narrowly with black and with a small triangular buffy-
white spot; cheeks and sides of neck a little lighter than the back, with
buffy shaft streaks, the feathers with narrow black tips; the feathers
around the eye white posteriorly; throat and jugulum white; breast, sides
and flanks ochraceous-tawny, the feathers of the breast and abdomen with
rather broad white shaft-streaks and rather narrow black tips; the flanks
with a few narrow white shaft-streaks; the under tail-coverts a little darker
than the flanks, each feather with a sub-apical white bar and black tip;
wing-coverts deep mouse gray with a brownish wash with a few white
shaft-streaks and barred with black; flight feathers snuff brown rather
broadly barred with black; tail snuff brown with narrow, irregular black
bars; the upper mandible fuscous-black; the lower mandible chamois (in
the skin). Wing, 48; tail, 50; culmen, 10; tarsus, 20; middle-toe, 13 mm.
Remarks.—The specimen from west of Yungning, 13,000 feet, Yunnan,
May, 1928 (U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 312,284), differs from the type in having
the forehead more profusely spotted with white; the white sub-apical
spots and black tips to the feathers of the pileum smaller; the basal color
of the crown and occiput of the same color as the back; below, the white
of the jugulum extends down the center of the breast, the black apical
spots are obsolescent, and the white shaft-streaks on the flanks have
almost disappeared. It measures: Wing, 47.5; tail, 50.5; culmen, 10.5;
tarsus, 19.5; middle-toe, 12 mm.
Comparing Spelaeornis rocki with Hartert’s figure of the type of Spelae-
ornis souliet, the former is lighter above with the black apical spots more
conspicuous; the flanks are lighter and the black apical spots smaller;
and the white of the throat extends down on the jugulum and breast.
It seems strange that this species should occur so near the type locality
of Spelaeornis soulier.
Vol. 42, pp. 215-216 te ; De __iber 4, 1929
PRO CEED INGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASII!. . a!
THE GLORIOSA RACE OF IXOCINCLA
MADAGASCARIENSIS.
BY HERBERT FRIEDMANN.
———— ooo
Some months ago Mr. Hermann Grote called my attention
to the fact that the bird described by Ridgway (Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. xvi, 1893, p. 597) as Ixocincla madagascariensis
rostrata was said to inhabit Aldabra and Gloriosa Islands, and
that inasmuch as all the islands off the east coast of Africa,
such as the Comoro group, the Seychelles, Mauritius, etc., are
inhabited by distinct races, he wondered if Gloriosa birds were
really identical with those from Aldabra (type locality of
rostrata). On looking through the literature I find that Grote’s
hesitancy in regarding the birds of Gloriosa as true rostrata is
not without reason. In fact, two years after describing rostrata,
Ridgway (ibid, xviii, 1895, p. 525) lists Gloriosa birds as only
questionably of this race. He writes that, Oe, OWE: GO
their bad condition of plumage, I have not been able to make
out satisfactorily whether the Gloriosa and Aldabra birds of
this species are really different or not.”’ The series from Aldabra
(the type and three other birds) are all in fresh plumage, while
the three specimens from Gloriosa are all extremely abraded,
making plumage comparisons difficult. The collector, Dr.
W. L. Abbott, noted that the birds of Gloriosa Island have an
entirely different call from that of the closely allied group on
Aldabra.
I have compared the two series and find that the Gloriosa
birds have constantly larger bills than do typical, Aldabra
specimens. The wing and tail measurements are fairly simi-
lar, allowing for the difference in wear. The bill character,
together with the knowledge that the Gloriosa birds differ in
1Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
26—Proc. Brov. Soc. Wass., Vou. 42, 1929. (215)
216 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
habits from those of Aldabra, justifies their taxonomic separa-
tion. The Gloriosa birds I take pleasure in naming after Mr.
Grote, who first suggested that they might represent an un-
described form.
Ixocincla madagascariensis grotei, subsp. nov.
Type.—U. 8. Nat. Mus. 128664, adult male in worn plumage, collected
on Gloriosa Island, 26 January, 1893, by Dr. W. L. Abbott.
Subspecific characters.—Similar to rostrata but with longer, stronger bill,
the culmen 27 mm. in the male, 25.5-26 mm. in the females, as against
25.5 mm. in the male of rostrata and 24-24.5 mm. in the female of the
latter form. Also the bill wholly bright orange red in life in grotei, while
in rostrata it is orange red only for its basal half, and dusky, almost blackish,
towards the tip. This character is not well shown in dried skins, but the
collector noted this feature on the label of each of the seven birds collected,
so it seems to be fairly constant.
The dimensions of the series examined are as follows:
Form Locality Sex Wing Tail Culmen
rostrata Aldabra (type) of 112 101.5 25.5
do do °) 106 97.0 24.5
do do 2 110 100.0 24.0
do do — 109 95.0 24.0
grotet Gloriosa (type) of 109 95.0 27.0
do do | 2 110 97.0 26.0
do do Q 110 95.0 25.5
Remarks.—In the original description of rostrata (cit. supra) Ridgway
states that it is, “‘. . . similar to true J. madagascariensis, but larger, the
bill especially, and coloration paler.” The bill character is based wholly
on the Gloriosa birds, and the generally larger size I find does not hold
true. If anything, rostrata averages slightly smaller than typical mada-
gascariensis, of which race I have examined some 13 specimens. The
only reliable character by which rostrata differs from madagascariensis is
in the paler coloration of the former, which has the underparts more
brownish, less grayish than in the latter.
Neumann (Orn. Monatsb., xxxiv, 1926, pp. 110-111) has recently de-
scribed a whitish-bellied race, albiventris, from Anjouan Island, and has
referred the present species to the genus Microscelis as he finds no note-
worthy differences between it and Ixocincla. There can be no question
but that the two are closely allied, but I prefer not to go into this matter
without more extensive material of all the forms of both genera.
gate jis a~
0 6'7 3
Vol. 42, pp. 217-218 December 14, 1929
PROCEEDINGS
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WAS
_ In describing a new race of Attila spadiceus from El Salvador,
the writers are not unmindful of the somewhat startling array
of synonyms which have resulted in the past from failure
to appreciate the extraordinary amount of individual variation
to which the species is subject.2. However, the large Mexican
races, Attila spadiceus flammulatus Lafresnaye of the Atlantic
slope and Altila spadiceus cinnamomeus Lawrence of the Pacific
slope, are well known to be characterized by a brown dorsal
coloration, regardless of the variation displayed in the under-
parts. It is with this large, brown-backed group that the
series of ten birds from El Salvador belongs, not one of them
possessing the slightest trace of olive above, even on the head.
But since they seem to differ consistently from these other
races we propose to call them:
Attila spadiceus salvadorensis, subsp. nov.
EL SALVADOR ATTILA.
Type.—Male adult; no. 17,757, collection of Donald R. Dickey; Lake
Olomega, Dept. San Miguel, El Salvador; April 7, 1926; collected by
A. J. van Rossem; original no. 10,835; altitude 200 feet; “breeding con-
dition.”
Subspecific characters.—Resembles Attila spadiceus flammulatus Lafres-
naye, of southeastern Mexico, in yellow rump and upper tail coverts and
grayish brown pileum, but rest of upper parts and tail very much paler.
Resembles Attila spadiceus cinnamomeus Lawrence, of western Mexico,
in dorsal coloration, but rump and upper tail coverts bright orange-yellow
(not ochraceous) and pileum more grayish, less brownish. Measurements
1 Contribution from the California Institute of Technology.
2 For reviews of the Central American forms of Attila see Bangs and Penard, Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 35, 1922, pp. 223-224, and Miller and Griscom, Am. Mus. Novit. 183,
1925, pp. 11-14.
27—Proc. Brox. Soc. Wasx., Vou. 42, 1929. (217)
218 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
of type: wing, 97.0; tail, 80.0; culmen from base, 28.7; tarsus, 26.0; middle
toe minus claw, 17.7.
Range.—Coastal slope and coastal range of El Salvador. Northwestern
and southeastern limits not yet determined.
Remarks.—This form is not unlike the ochraceous phase of Attila spa-
diceus citreopygus (Bonaparte) which was described by Ridgway as ‘‘Attila
citreopyga luteola,”’ but is of course decidedly larger. All of the ten ex-
amples of the new race are remarkably uniform above, but show the usual
range of olive green, tawny and yellow suffusion on the underparts.
=
cS
w/
C)
=~ et
Vol. 42, pp. 219-220 December 14, 1929 |
PROCEEDINGS |
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
—
7 SEilhigg :
/ ORL ES
( sok 4 i
Lip
&
A NEW RACE OF THE HAIRY WOODPECKE
EL SALVADOR.
: “Bite “U5
BY DONALD R. DICKEY AND A. J. VAN ROSSEM. eum
Five specimens of Dryobates villosus collected in the high
mountains in north-central Salvador, prove to belong neither
to the Chiapas-Guatemala race sanctorum nor to fumeus of |
Nicaragua. The new race is characterized below.
Dryobates villosus parvulus, subsp. nov.
EL SALVADOR HAIRY WOODPECKER. i
Type.—Male adult; no. 18,507, collection of Donald R. Dickey; Los i
Esesmiles, Dept. Chalatenango, El Salvador; March 2, 1927; altitude
8,000 feet in the Upper Tropical Zone; collected by A. J. van Rossem,
original no. 11,370.
Subspecific characters.—Identical in coloration with Dryobates villosus il
sanctorum Nelson of Chiapas and Guatemala, but size smaller, in fact, i
smaller than any of the heretofore described races of Dryobates villosus !
in bill, tarsus and foot. Differs from Dryobates villosus fumeus Oberholser
of Nicaragua in darker underparts, browner dorsal stripe and smaller
size. Differs from Dryobates villosus extimus Bangs of Costa Rica and |
western Panama in browner dorsal stripe and smaller bill, tarsi and feet. |
Range.—8,000 to 9,000 feet in the cloud forest of the Upper Tropical
Zone on Los Esesmiles, Chalatenango, El Salvador, and in contiguous
parts of Honduras.
Remarks.—The fact that this smallest of the races of the Hairy Wood-
pecker occupies a territory between two larger forms, may be accounted-
for by the hypothesis that it is a diminutive local derivation of sanctorum,
just as extimus is the small southern extension of fumeus.
Hairy Woodpeckers in Salvador were confined strictly to the Upper
Tropical Zone and in no case was one noted in the Sonoran Zone. One
of the birds collected was taken exactly on the Salvador-Honduras border,
so that its extension into the southern Honduras highlands is a matter
of certainty. It is notable that neither Oberholser (Proc. U. 8S. Nat.
1Contribution from the California Institute of Technology.
28—Proc. Brox. Soc. WasH., Vou. 42, 1929. (219)
220 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Mus., 40, 1911, pp. 595-621) nor Ridgway (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50,
pt. 6, 1914) had available any specimens from Honduras and both specu-
late on the identity of the record of ‘‘ Picus jardinii”’ from Sisquatepeque,
Honduras. Geographical proximity to Los Esesmiles suggests its allo-
cation to the new form.
Specimens examined.—D. v. sanctorum, small series in Biological Survey,
including the type. D. v. fumeus, three in Field Museum of Natural
History. D. v. parvulus, five including the type. D. v. extimus, large
series in several collections.
MEASUREMENT TABLE.
AVERAGE FOR MAtes.!
Exposed Middle Toe
Wing | Tail | Culmen | Tarsus | Minus Claw
Pores (GB) Le ed 103.8 | 59.3 21.4 18.0 12.9
sanctorum (7)......----..---- 109.4 | 63.9 24.2 19.2 ioan
CUES: CA) MA! A 108.1 | 61.6 251. | Oot 13.1
catims (19). ee 102.8 | 58.6 24.9 19.8 13.8
1Averages for sanctorum, fumeus and extimus are taken from Ridgway and Oberholser,
with which the specimens we have examined agree.
INDEX
New names are printed in heavy type.
Acanthis linaria................-----.----------
Accipiter cooperi...........-------------------
Achalarus lyciades.............-.-------------
PROPLAB AO are ko 2. f oan
Aethopyga angkanensis..................
Agelaius phoeniceus...____.........-------
Agelena californica..............------------
PRIMES POTIRSS ee eee seen
Aldrich, J. M. Notes on the Life
Zones of Northern Europe....
Amblyscirtes vialis...........-.-----------+-
Ammodramus australis...............--.-
Amphiporeia. .............----—-...,,,-------5----
ly lawrenciana.____.......---.....-
Anadia nicefori.___.................-.-...---.
Anas platyrhynchos._._................---
Ancyloxypha numitot..........---..------
I NEDA OL nee
Amnthocharis midea.___........--------s--
Anthus rubescens...........-.-..-------------
Antrostomus carolinensis...............-
Aquila eee aioe
Aranea carbonaria.............-----.---------
reaT Aa TG es os
Archibuteo sancti-johannis____.......
Archilochus colubris...........-------------
Arctosa littoralis..............-.--------------
Arenaria morinella.._................--.----
Agra DY OLOGICE: — 5.0: sanecesere--nne-
mTorr ee ee
eee ETIB GIS: Me se tale
Astur atricapillus._.._.......--.....----.----
Atalopedes campestris._..........-...----
Attila salvadorensis................-.-.---.
Baeolophus bicolor................---.------
Bailey, V. Present conditions of
Animal Life of the Grand
CENTS aah aT ca a epiroe)
Note on the Deer Situa-
tion in Pennsylvania..............
Note on the Scarcity of
Natural Food for Squirrels........
Ball, H. Observation on Rare
Birds in Wanter....-o-- -o..--)accae-
Recent Observation of
Holboell Grebe and Horned
29—Proc. Biot. Soc. WasH., Vou. 42, 1929.
see
Ball, H. Recent observations of
Wo (=e SS Se RE eS ee Vili
Bartramia longicauda....................-- 31
Bartsch, P. Note on a Mocking-
SSUES D LEA Ti Se reenter et Vii
Basilarchia archippus.................---. 114
ASt WaT ee el 114
Bell, W. B. yee needs in Bio-
‘logical Research.............--.-------- Viii
Blake, S. F. Late Occurrence of
Solitary Vireo...__............-..-.-.--- x
Notes on the English
Spanowe eee ay x
Bombycilla cedrorum.....................- 52
Bonasa umbellus............-......----------- 33
Botaurus lentiginosus...._................. 24
Brandes, W. Sugar Plant
Hunting by Aeroplane in
New Guinea. .......2....-.----ess0---- viii
Branta canadensis............---..-.-------- 23
glaucogastra................-.---- 23
Brenthis myrina. 223) 115
Bubo virginianus........-.....----.-.--------- 38
Burt, Charles E. The Genus of
Teiid Lizards, Verticaria Cope,
1869, considered asa Synonym
of Cnemidophorus Wagler,
1830, with a Key to the Primi-
tive Genera of the Teiidae.... 153-156
Buteo borealis... 22.2220. 2 35
linea tus) 2B es ek 36
platypterus.................--.---- 36
Butorides virescens..............-..--------- 26
Cc
Calcarius lapponicus.................--.---- 46
Calidris canutus.__.............--.------ aus 29
Callilepis zionis..............-...-------------- 133
Canti, R. G., Living Tissue Cells
grown iat Webrercte 6 Lune ix
Cardinalis cardinalis.....................--- 50
Carpodacus purpureus........--......-.-- 45
Casmerodius egretta..........-..----------- 25
Castianeira descripta.__.._....._......-..- 139
AROMAS eo 139
Catallagia borealis..........................- 127
Cathartes septentrionalis._....._...... 34
Catia egeremet............----..---------------- 116
Catopsilia sennae.............-...------------ 115
Catoptrophorus semipalmatus....... 31
Cecropterus cellus..............-.-.--..------ 115
Celtipnage Geltis.2:. 1s 114
GLY FOTIA He ee ea hee ee 114
Centurus carolinus...___............--.---- 39
Cerchneis sparveria._.........-.-.---------- 37
Gercyonis slope... a 114
maritima Aisa AMM TE AE So 114
Gerthia americana ee 63
@ervyle'aleyomuk 2 cee 39
Chaemepelia passerina...............----- 34
@baetura Mel ae ca ese eceeeeereneenncee 40
Chamberlin, R. V., and A. M.
Woodbury. Notes on the
Spiders of Washington County,
QD fae) ce RE OS fe UR REN Ee 131-142
(221)
222 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Charadrius melodus..................-......- 33.
semipalmatus.................--- 33
Charitonetta albeola...................-.-. 22
Chaulelasmus streperus.................. 19
Chiracanthium inclusum................ 138
Chlidonias surinamensis..............-.-. 17
Chlorophanes axillaris.__.........__..... 90.
Chondestes grammacus..........---.---- 48
Chordeiles virginianus...................... 40
Circus hudsonius...................-.--------- 35
Cistothorus stellaris._...................--- 63
Clangula hyemalis..._.........----.-------- 22
Clark, Austin H. Preliminary
List of the Butterflies of the
District of Columbia.............. 113-116
Clubiona pacifica.................-.-.-..----. 138
Cnemidophorus danheimae........... 154
Coccyzus americanus..............-------- 38
erythrophthalmus Ra SRSA 2A we 38
Coe, E. F. America’s own Tropics x
Coereba nectarea..............---.--..-------- 118
Colaptes luteus...__........-----..------------ 39
luteus x collaris................ 40
Coleman, L. Museums in
South America. eu x
Colinus virginianus ..............---.---- 33
Colymbus! aumritus:22 14
holboelli2 yee 14
Compsothlypis americana...........-.- 55
pusilla sec ae wai ee ees 56
Conuropsis carolinensis..._.......-------- 38
Cooke, May Thacher. Birds of
the Washington, D. C., Region 1-80
Coragyps urubu.........-.-------------------- 34.
Corvus brachyrhynchos.................- 43
imparatus......-.......---.-------- 123
MeXICANUG......--22-22ee-eeeeeeeeee 121
ossifragus 43
oeulus aioe) ee aes 43
Coturnicops noveboracensis........... 27
Creciscus Jamaicensis...........-.....---.- ii
Crocethia alba..............--..---..:2----<---- 30
Cryptoglaux acadica..........-.------------ 38
Cyanocitta cristata._.........--------------- 42
Cyclosa Conica........--------.----------------- 136
Cynthia atalanta..............--...----.------ 114
Cefs fo QUE Epa ATAN ED wea Aiea Et 114
virginiensis.................--.---- 114
D
Dafila tzitzihoa 20
Danaus menippe 115
Dayton, W. A. (See Tidestrom
and Dayton.)
Dendroica aestiva..,.---.-------------------- 56
caerulescens..........---.-------- 56
Castanea... 22s es 57
Gerulede ees ee 57
coronata. ee 57
discolor. 22.) ee 59
Gominica.........--------c-------- 58
FUSCA ere A AINE a 57
hypochrysea..........-...-------- 58
kirtland ea eee 58
magnolia.......--. EIEN GD) i 57
palnarum ee 58
pensylvanica. _.........-.-.------ 57
Btriata eu ee 57
tigre ee ae 56
NO RSD eee sees eee eee 58
WarTeng. 202 ke One 58
Dendryphantes capitatus...........-.... 140
ri) Ee (oy pee sea eee 140
Militanise ee ea se 140
Dickey, Donald R. The Spotted
Skunk of the Channel Islands
of Southern California............ 157-160
Dickey, Donald R., and A. J. Van
Rossem. The Races of Lam-
pornis viridipallens (Bourcier
and Mulsant)..._......-...-.-...-----.-
——— A New Race of the Hairy
_ Woodpecker from El Salvador
Dicrostonyx stevensoni...................-
Dictyna dactylata..........2..-.---.--------
hoples2 2 0.eb Trails ae aa
volucripes..........2..-----------
Dictynoides, sp.......-----..------20e---------
Diguetia canities..............---------------
Dolichonyx oryzivorus..............-.----
Doolittle, A. A. Observation of
a Black-crowned Night Heron
in January.o8. ee
Drassyllus apachus.........--.-.-----------
Dryas)aphrodite..002....0..2 2
aa Nat guile le se eam
E
Ectopistes migratorius..........-.--------
Egretta candidissima....._.....--.-------
Elanoides forficatus...............-----------
Elaphe perlacea..._..................-.-.-.----
Empidonax alnorum.................-...--.
flaviventris.....................-..
VIPreSCeNS............-2--2-----nen--
Epargyreus tityrus....
Ereunetes TAL aS
Erismatura jamaicensis..._.......--...--
ny nnisi bri ZO so
oratas 1. cee
Juvenglis.... eae
PErsilis!
Euphagus carolinus._...............--.-..-
Euphydryas phaéton..._...............----
Euptoieta claudia.............--.-.---1-----
Hurema, lisa ce
nicippes i. ee
Eurymus eurytheme.................------
philodice.i... eee
Eurypelma steindachneri................
Everes comyntas...........-----.2-----------
Ewing, H.E. Notes on the Sipho-
napteran Genus Catallagia
Rothschild, including the De-
scription of a New Species...
Feniseca tarquinius.................--.------
Florida caerulea.............------------c------
Friedmann, Herbert. Parasitism
1 Bird se ee Ze
The Gloriosa Race of
Ixocincla madagascariensis....
Fulica americana.........---------------------
Gallinago delicata........-...----------------
Gallinula cachinnans.......................-
209-212
217-218
219-220
145
131
132
215-216
27
28
27
;
;
q
i
1
{
.
;
}
|
}
|
,
4
}
2 eee ee
a ee
i a
Galtsoff, P.S. Private Life of the
American Oyster..............---.--------
Guta trrimiey ee
Gayennsa dixiana........-.................-..-
Gelochelidon aranea
Geodrassus gosiutus
Geothlypis brachidactyla.............--.
Glaucionetta americana..............----
Gnaphosa gigantea...............-..--.-----
INITSIGLPES!s 5 es ae
Grammonota, sp-.2——--.------- ce.
CQrus mexicana... 220
Guiraca, cacrulea....-...-2-
ephriaemmeneg 2 5. cc on
Haliaeetus leucocephalus...............-
Hall, M. C. Parasites of Elk and
Other Wild Ruminants.._.......
Hamadryas antiopa...__.......-....------.
Haplodrassus dixiensis...................
Hedymeles ludovicianus.................
Helmitheros vermivorus.................
Herpyllus hesperolus
piedicus
Hesperia leonardus......................----
Hesperiphona vespertina................
Heterogeomys chiapensis................
yucatanensis._...............-.-.
Hirundo erythrogastra............---.----
Hoffman,I. Note on the Success-
ful Raising of Elliot Pheasants
near Washington, D. C.........
Holzworth, J. M. The Brown
and Grizzly Bears of Alaska
Howell, A. H. Recent Notes on
Birds and Mammals of the
ivermlades = jes s/s
Hydranassa ruficollis._.............-...--
Hylephila phylaeus...................--..---
Hylocichla aliciae.__............2.2.....---
ROLE RATO Lee ae
fUscescens.. 22... -.3.-.2.-2
WUSGELIN: eek eee
[FST aS eee eee ae
(N72 10.0 (25) 01 Pe ee a
Hypothymis montana...................--
Icius annectans................-..------------
RGHOMIAMVIFENB 22) cece canoe
Icterus 22/0 CE ERR 8
Iridoprocne bicolor............-.--..--------
Ixobrychus exilis
Ixocincla grotei..................-....---------
nn enw wae n ene wenn ene enene
Johnson, P. B. Notes on the
The Pupil of the Eye........
Necrological Note on Rev.
Francis Tondorf._................----
Index.
Johnson, P. B. Note on a Black
Surrey eae eee
Junco hyemalis.____........2...2----00.----.
peeweley sich) tis AE eee
Junonia esena.
K
Kalmbach, E. R. Notes on Water-
fowl] Sickness in 1929..-...........
Kellogg, R. The Migration of
Knappen, Mrs. T. M. Observa-
tion of a Towhee in Winter....
Observation of Large
Flocks of White Ibis in
Florida and Georgia.............-.-
L
cei aie re es) bee NP a
Lanius borealis._...............-.-.------------
SOOO fia He Asp) CRN Ae basa
Lanivireo flavifrons.............-...---.----
SOLGArWIS! 2 ee
Larus argentatus
atricilla...__. aaa
hyperboreus..............--------
philadelphia..................-.~
Latrodectus geometricus.___..........
EEE 21 61S ee Pe eee
Lerema aces e222 eis eer
Libby, R. M. Spring Arrival of
the Purple Martin...................
Libythea bachmanii............-.........--
Limnodromus griseus......--..------------
scolopaceus.........--.------------
Lincoln, F. C. Some Causes of
Bird Mortality._...........-...--...--.
Linyphia litigiosa...__..........---.---.----
doe yest ay yh: eee eee SUE
taup hora... eee
Lobipes lobatus................-------.--------
Lophodytes cucullatus........-.......-..-
Loveridge, A. A New Anadia from
Colombia with remarks on
other members of the Genus
Wola levicop tera. --.ceccccccetooece teases
Loxosceles rufipes.........-..--..------------
Lycaena hypophlaeas..:.......--.----.----
Lycaenopsis pseudargiolus............--
Lycosa antelucana.__........-..---.--------
Megistias fusca... —...-.----------------+-+-
Megisto cymela..........--.-----------------+-
Melanerpes erythrocephalus..........
Meleagris silvestris........-.----------------
Melospiza georgiana..........-.-.---------
viii
224 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Mergus americanus.................-.--.-.-.
Serra tones
Merriam, C. Hart. Additional In-
formation on the Range of
Ursus planiceps, a Colorado
Grazza Ua
——— Ursus holzworthi, a New
Grizzly from the Talkeetna
Mountains, Alaska...
Merriam, J. Opportunities for
Inspirational Education at
the Grand Canyon..................
Metargiope trifasciata..__...........-.-
Micaria formicoides....................--.-
Microneta, Sp............--...:::0-20------20e-
Micropalama himantopus
Mimus polyglottos._.....:...........-..----
Misumena vatia..._........--..--.------------
Mitoura gryneus..............---.-----.------
Mniotilta varia..._....--..---2-.--e--e-ns00---
Molothrus ater........2.-.---.-.---2--22---..---
Murie, O. J. The Alaska Caribou
Elk Studies in the Jackson
Hole Region....................----------
Muscivora forficata................---2------
Mycteria americana ...............---..
Myiarchus crinitus..................-.-.----
Myiochanes virens...................-..------
Nannus hiemalis..............-.2.2-----------
Nelson, E. W. Description of a
New Lemming from Alaska......
Nelson, EK. W., and FE. A. Goldman.
Six New Pocket Mice from
Lower California and Notes
on the Status of Several De-
scribed Species...........---------------
——— Four New Pocket Gophers
of the Genus Heterogeomys
from Mexico.............2.2..---2--------
! vertebrata.—_.......-.----.-----+:-
Nettion carolinense..................-.-.----
Numenius americanus..........-....--.----
hudsonicus......-.--------2-----+-
Nuttallornis borealis..__...-....---..-.--..-
Nyctanassa violacea............-...--------
Nyctea nyctea........1...2-22ee eee seen enone
Nycticorax naevius..............-...--------
Oceanites Oceanicus.......-.-----------------
Oceanodroma castro.........--.---.--------
leucorhoa..._.............-..--------
Oidemia americana..............----------1-
deglandi sae
perspicillata..........-...-....-..
Olios fasciculatus..............-..-...--------
philadelphia
Otocoris alpestris._...............--....----
TACICOl Aa) ae ee
TO GUS ASTON Ee ee Ey
‘Oxyechus vociferuS....-.....-..-------------
Oxyopea PUA PES a Eee
171-172
173-174
63
143-146
103-112
136
Pachysylvia....-02. 02. Sls Seale
acuticauda...__...-...2-- ae
albigula: oka ais
amaurocephala...........---..--
aurantilfrons.__._. 2.1...
brunneiceps...........-----0-2s+-
bulunensis. _........s..:..2.-----+-
flavipes.
griselfrons......---.--2.2--c-c----<
griseiventris..............--------
hypoxantha...__....-....--------
inornate ek ee
Insulanis.s 0 wie eae
nelsomic ica
ochraceiceps...........----------
olivacea....
pectoralisi (oa
poicilotis: 2 Se
rubrifrons....
viridiceps.__..............---.----
viridiflava............-..-..-- ge
ViIPiGiOr oe) Uae
Palmer, T.S. Some early Collec-
tors and recent changes in
Wild Life conditions in the
District of Columbia................
Pandion carolinensis.........-.-------------
Papilio ayasxenculy uals ae
cresphontes........---.2.--2------
troiluge. Un Ao sa ee
Pardosa lapidicina
Stermalis) 5 oyna eee
Passerina cyanea........-.------------0-------
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos............
Pelidna sakhalina...._.................-.----
: splendens..__..................--.-
Penthestes atricapillus......._..........-
carolinensis...............-.--.----
Perognathus ambiguus................-.--
bombycinus...............-.-.----
cinerascens.............-...--.---.
penicillatus...
sublucidus
Peters, James L. The Identity of
Corvus mexicanus Gmelin......
Petrochelidon lunifrons ................--
Peucaea bachmani.__.....-.....--....-..-.-
ee ee a Oe eR
a ee ST ee, a oe
—
>
ss -
lie a
Index.
Phalaropus fulicarius.____...-.....------ 28
Phidippus formosus.............--.--------- 140
workmanni............------------ 140
Philodromus hoples._........--.--..-------- 137
(1G He ac igh Se 137
SITES CONS:. ose ee tee 137
Philomachus pugnax 31
Phloeotomus pileatus.... 39
Pholisora catullus...._...........--- 115
Phrurolithus woodburyi 139
Pry orl AG. 22 oes sce cee ae 88
Phyciodes batesii._..........---..-----+------ 115
PH AYNOSS see oof a 115
Physocyclus tanneri..............--------- 135
Pinicola leucura.............------.------------ 67
Pipilo erythrophthalmus..._._........-.. 50
Pipra circumpicta.___...............-------- 84
microlopha...............--------- 85
Piranga erythromelas............--..:----- 51
TCE 0) 42 ge aE 51
LEN(S7o) 0} fei of: 1g | eel aaa OR 29
MUSCICOINE = a see coue 29
mMaciwlata. 2.22... 2.5. ee 29
RYANTUUEG Ul ope eo a ee fe 29
Planesticus achrusterus.___._.......---- 66
PRE PACOTUUS 20502. - cscs -scne 66
Plectreurys tristis_.................-.-------- 132
Plectrophenax nivalis 46
Plegadis falcinellus....... 24
Pluvialis dominica....................-----.-- 32
Poanes hobomok:......-.:....-.-.--.--.----. 116
AMASSASOMG esos ae eas wna 116
7721 O50 (Gy cae aR ae ei ea 116
Pocadicnemis pumila._..__........--.---- 136
Podilymbus podiceps...........------.----- 14
Poecilochroa montana. ._........-------- 133
Polioptila caerulea................---.---.---- 64
Polites cenrnes 2-22... cs. odeee wees 116
CnC Oe ee ae 116
manataaqua..........------------ 116
TELAT EAS A ae ee ea 116
Polygonia comma..............-------------- 114
interrogationis........-.....-.-- 114
PTOONes oie eld 115
Pooecetes gramineus.............-..-------- 47
Porzana carolina..............---------------- 27
[renesiocola. 116
[eropmesapis 2 fo 2c ee 51
Protonotaria citrea......-...--....---------- 54
Prytherch, H. F. Forecasting the rE
time of Setting of Oysters.... vil
Psilochorus utahensis.............-.------- 135
LEFTY TET) Ey Ce a a I Sg ee re 123
impacifus _..................--.---- 123
Puffinus Iherminieri ....................--.. 17
Q
Querquedula discors............-...-------- 20
Quiscalus aeneus.............----------------- 45
CPURUS CTU noe co ce cc cece 45
R
Rachodrassus flavus................-------- 134
Mallus)crepitans._.....-....-..----2-cc-s-0--20 26
SG ARTA ees eth ace secee 26
UME VINES TVS 2.22 <2 occ sewanasucecs 26
Ramphocelus transitus................-.-- 95
Regulus calendula................-..--------- 64
piirsirae se 64
HUhipidurs COSA. .....-.-2-0222-0---s-5----2+-0 166
Riley, J.H. Descriptions of Four
New Birds from the Moun-
tains of Northern Siam........ 161-164
Riley, J. H. Descriptions of Three
New Birds from the Moun-
tains of Northern Siam........
A New Wren of the Genus
Spelaeornis from Yunnan,
Peparia Mpanit ey
Rouncefel, G. C. Alaska Herring
Investigations. _...............222.----
Rubicola mimor.........-......--..---.0-------
Rynchops Aigra. 225.3. 0 ee
Salticus albocinctus......................
Satyrodes eurydice....-..................---
Sayornis phoebe..._...--...-----.--......---.
Seiurus aurocapillus._.__.............-
motacilla_...............--2.-------
nOtabilasi 2 eek
Sergiolus lowelli_............-......---........
Setophaga ruticilla.____
Shoemaker, Clarence R. A New
Genus and Species of Am-
phipod from Grand Manan,
Silene ingrami..............-....2.22-.....----
_ Sitta camadensis.....................- 2a Ut
carolinensis.............-----------
chihuahuae........................
leuconucha..._........2--.------.-
melanotis.___........--.2---2.----
Dyemiaden ou ee ae
Spatula clypeata.............2--u.
Spelaeornis rocki...................-...-.-..
Spilogale amphialis...................
Spinus pins eee
DSpiza AMeTICANAL A 52.28. o aos tooee
Spizella monticola....................-...-...
PASSETING ee
pusilla
Stejneger, Leonhard. A New
Snake from China.................---
: Tmperator.: 2.
Stiles, C. W. The Zoo-parasitic
Diseases of non-human Pri-
mates in reference to Diseases
ro) Pel AY yc ed es Pera oh IRE tra A We ee
— Proposals submitted as
Amendments to the Inter-
national Rules of Zoological
Nomenclature._...............-..-.------
Note on the Nomencla-
ture of the South American
_ Fox-tailed Wolves...................-
SULIKAV arise esc eas a Be
Sirymonvcalanupgys te
Sturnella magna.._.............-.---.--------
Sturnus vulgaris.__...............---..---0-0-
Swingle, C. F. Botanical Explora-
tion in Madagascar...............-.-
225
165-166
1x
226 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
T
Tangara chlorocorys............------------ 91
Taylor, W. P. Important Wild
Life Problems in Arizona...... Vill
Telmatodytes palustris................... 63
Tetragnatha extensa................-.-.--.- 136
laboriosa. ik ai 136
Theridion canionis................-...---.---- 135
0) zyx So WN Ug Paks ca ac ged 135
Thiodina sylvana._.._....--.........--------- 141
Thone, F. Notice of New Scien-
tific Publications...................... Vil
— Note on recent Biological
Publications...................--.-.-.---- x1
Thorybes daunus..........---.--.----.-------- 115
DY lades Ae ee eee 115
Thraupis caeruleus..................-..--.. 94
- Thryomanes bewicki..._...............---- 62
Thryothorus ludovicianus.............. 62
Tibellus duttonii..__......---.-22.-22e 137
Tidestrom, Ivar, and W. A. Day-
ton. A New Silene from the
Umpqua National Forest...... 207-208
Tmarus angulatus.............---.-.-.---- 136
Todd, W. E. Clyde. A Review of
the Vireonine Genus Pachy-
Fest bya eae AU A A, Si 181-206
Totanus flavipes.................------------ 31
melanoleucus.............------- 31
Toxostoma rufum..........------------------ 62
Trachelas deceptus...............----------- 139
tranquillus..............--..--..---- 139
Mringa Solibariaes. eee 31
Troglodytes aedon___...............---.---- 63
Tympanuchus americanus.............. 67
CUI Oe EN ae ae 34
Tyrannus tyrannus...........--------------- 40
VerLicalign yeaa ety Al
‘Ly torpratincola.. 20 eee 37
U
Urbanus centaureae..............--..-------- 115
tessellata...2...0.00 tcc eccccee 115
Wirralomnyie, Lees oes se ee 15
Ursus holzworthi_...................-.---.---- 173
planiceps ..............-----...--- 171
Vv
Van Rossem, A. J. The Races
of Sitta pygmaea Vigors.........- 175-178
A New Name necessary
for the Calaveras Warbler.... 179-180
(See also Dickey and Van
Rossem.)
Vermivora, celata..........---.------------00--
chrysoptera...............--------
lawrencel.............---------------
leucobronchialis...
E Jruhicapilla 20s a eae
Vireoleriseus! 2 ee
Vireosylva gilva 3) eee
WwW
Walker, E. P. Some Graphic
Methods of Showing Prob-
Exhibition of a new Binder
for Pamphlets__..............-......-..-
Wetmore, Alexander. New Races
of Birds from Haiti_................
— Note on new buildings at
the Zoological Park
Note on the Bird Collec-
Note on Birds collected by
the Pinchot South Sea Expe-
dition) 2 ee ee
——— Note on the Capture of
Sharp-tailed Sparrows in
Maryland
USI aio ee
Woodbury, A. M. (See Chamber-
lin and Woodbury.)
x
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus....
Xenops septentrionalis................_..
Xysticus gulosus..................------------
Nervosus........-----
simplicior
Zelotes subterraneus.................-------
Zenaidura carolinensis...._.........------
Zerene CaeCSONia......-...---------------eeee eo
Zimmer, John T. New Birds from
Perti, Brazil, and Costa Rica
Zonotrichia albicollis._..................---
leucophrys!).
ZOSterOps ViCiNA..........--.---ns-enenenenne
Vii
Vill
117-120
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