V^v. ^
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Biological Society of Washington
VOLUME 35
1922
"■-'§•'
^<Si *
WASHINGTON
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY
COMMITTEE ON "PUBLICATIONS
CHAS. W. RICHMOND, Chairman
T. E. SNYDER F. C. LINCOLN
J. H. RILEY
Press of
H. L. & J. B. McQueen, Inc.
Washington, D. C.
OFFICERS AND COUNCIL
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
FOR 1922
(ELECTED DECEMBER 10, 1921)
Xn
A. S. HITCHCOCK
S. A. ROHWER
OFFICERS
President
VERNON BAILEY
L I B i
^■
Vice-Presidents
J. W. GIDLEY
H. C. OBERHOLSER
Recording Secretary
J. M. ALDRICH
Corresponding Secretary
T. E. SNYDER
Treasurer
F. C. LINCOLN
PAUL BARTSCH*
R. E. COKER
FREDERICK V. COVILLE*
WILLIAM H. DALL*
B. W. EVERMANN*
E. A. GOLDMAN
W. P. HAY*
A. D. HOPKINS*
L. O. HOWARD*
FRANK H. KNOWLTON*
R. W.
COUNCIL
H. H. T. JACKSON
F. A. LUCAS*
WILLIAM R. MAXON
C. HART MERRIAM*
E. W. NELSON*
T. S. PALMER*
J. N. ROSE*
H. M. SMITH*
L. STEJNEGER*
DAVID WHITE*
WILLIAMS
C. E. Chambliss
STANDING COMMITTEES— 1922
Committee on Communications
S. A. RoHWER, Chairman
R. E. CoKER
H. H. T. Jackson
T. E. Snyder
Committee on Publications
Chas. W. Richmond, Chairman
J. H. Riley
F. C. Lincoln
*Ex-Pre8ident8 of the Society.
(iii)
EX-PRESIDENTS
OP THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
♦Theodore N. Gill, 1881, 1882
♦Charles A. White, 1883, 1884
*G. Brown Goode, 1885, 1886
William H. Dall, 1887, 1888
♦Lester F. Ward, 1889, 1890
C. Hart Merriam, 1891, 1892
*C. V. Riley, 1893, 1894
♦Geo. M. Sternberg, 1895, 1896
L. O. Howard, 1897, 1898
Frederick V. Coville, 1899, 1900
F. A. Lucas, 1901, 1902
B. W. Evermann, 1903, 1904
F. H. Knowlton, 1905, 1906
L. Stejneger, 1907, 1908
T. S. Palmer, 1909, 1910
David White, 1911
E. W. Nelson, 1912, 1913
Paul Bartsch, 1914, 1915
W. P. Hay, 1916, 1917
J. N. Rose, 1918
Hugh M. Smith, 1919
A. D. Hopkins, 1920
N. Hollister, 1921
• Deceased.
(iv)
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
i L.
Officers and Committees for 1922 _ iii
Proceedings for 1922 ix-xiv
Food Habits of Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird and Girard, by-
Herbert J. Pack - 1-4
A New Salamander from Mexico, by E. R. Dunn 5-6
Further Notes on the Nomenclature of North American Julidae
and Nemasomidae, by Ralph V. Chamberlin 7-10
Two New American Arachnids of the Order Pedipalpida, by
Ralph V. Chamberlin 11-12
Otophidium welshi, a New Cusk Eel, with Notes on two others
from the Gulf of Mexico, by John T. Nichols and C. M.
Breder, Jr 13-16
Studies in the Tyrannidae. II. The Restricted Genus Myiobius
by W. E. Clyde Todd. 17-38
Description of a Brachyspiza from the Chaco of Argentina and
Paraguay, by Alexander Wetmore 39-40
A New Genus and Four New Subspecies of American Birds, by
Alexander Wetmore and James L. Peters 41-46
Notes on a Collection of Ferns from the Dominican Republic,
by William R. Maxon 47-52
Occurrence of Scott's Gray Fox in probably Recent Cave De-
posits in Kentucky, by Oliver P. Hay 53-54
New North American Hydnocera (Col.), by Edward A. Chapin... 55-58
A New Dryonastes from Szechuan, China, by J. H. Riley 59-60
On Chlorospingus goeringi Sclater and Salvin, by J. H. Riley 61-62
Muhlenberg on Plants Collected in the District of Columbia
Region about 1809, by W. L. McAtee 63-72
Notes on the Nomenclature of the Genus Crypturus lUiger, by
Harry C. Oberholser 73-76
General Notes 77-80
Note on a Rare Paroquet from Venezuela, by J. H. Riley, 77;
An Additional Note on the Name of the Inca Tern, by J. H. .
Riley, 77; Note on Anas arcuata Horsfield, by J. H. RUey, 78;
New Names for Three North American Asteraceae, by S. F.
Blake, 78; Change of Name, by Remington Kellogg, 78; Ino-
cotis Reichenbach to be Replaced by Pseudibis Hodgson, by
Harry C. Oberholser, 79; Rostrhamus Lesson versus Cymindes
Spix, by Harry C. Oberholser, 79; Phoenicothraupis Cabanis
becomes Habia Blyth, by Harry C. Oberholser, 79-80.
Descriptions of New Orchids from Tropical America with
Nomenclatorial Changes, by Oakes Ames 81-88
New Forms of Finches and Tanagers from Tropical America, by
W. E. Clyde Todd 89-94
(V)
Jl^^^t
vi Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Changes in Names of American Rhynchota chiefly Emesinae,
by W. L. McAtee and J. R. Malloch 95-96
Further Observations on some Extinct Elephants, by Oliver
P. Hay 97-102
New Species of Crabs from Curasao, by Mary J. Rathbun. 103-104
A New Pocket Mouse from Idaho, by E. A. Goldman 105-106
New Frogs from Minnesota, by Alfred C. Weed 107-110
Three New Neotropical Salientia, by Thomas Barbour 111-114
A New Phalanger from Celebes, by Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., and N.
Hollister 115-116
New Plants from South and Central America collected by Wilson
Popenoe, by S. F. Blake 117-124
The Fungous Insect Fauna of a Mesophytic Woods in New
Jersey, by Harry B. Weiss 125-128
On Simonella, a Genus of Salticid Spiders new to North America,
by Edward A. Chapin 129-132
New Species of Callimerus from Mindanao, Philippine Islands,
by Edward A. Chapin 133-134
A New Hyrax from East Africa, by N. Hollister 135-136
An Interesting Addition to the Floridian Decapod Crustacean
Fauna, by Pearl Lee Boone 137-140
Seven New Species of the Syrphid Genus Sphegina Meigen
(Diptera), by J. R. Malloch 141-144
The North American Spiders of the Family Gnaphosidae, by
Ralph V. Chamberlin 145-172
New Asteraceae from Utah and Nevada, by S. F. Blake 173-178
Two New Species of Moraceae from South America, by S. F.
Blake 179-180
Studies in the Tyrannidae. III. The South American Forms
of Myiarchus, by W. E. Clyde Todd... 181-218
Two New South American Snakes, by E. R. Dunn 219-220
Notes on Some Tropical Ranae, by E. R. Dunn 221-222
The Identity of Attila flammulatus Lafresnaye, by Outram
Bangs and Thomas E. Penard 223-224
General Notes 225-228
The Type of Pachyramphus polychopterus (Vieillot), by Out-
ram Bangs and Thomas E. Penard, 225; A New Name for
the Rufous-chested Flycatcher, by Outram Bangs and
Thomas E. Penard, 225; The Identity of Hylophilus leucophrys
Lafresnaye, by Outram Bangs and Thomas E. Penard, 226;
Note on Lampropeltis mexicana (Garman), by E. R. Dunn,
226; A Note on the Domestic Pigeon, by Frederick C. Lincoln,
227.
A New Snake from Southwest Africa, by Thomas Barbour 229-230
Table of Contents. vii
PLATES
I, II. Facing p. 126. Views of New Jersey Woodland, illustrating
Habitats of Fungous Insects.
The Committee on Publications declares that each paper of this volume
was distributed on the date indicated on its initial page. The Index, title
page, and minutes of meetings for 1922 (pp. i-xiv; 231-235) were issued
on March 28, 1923.
viii Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
ERRATA
Page 78, for sandidiegi read sanctidiegi.
Page 120, line 3 from bottom, for Disteribma read Disterigma.
Page 226, for Phallatanga read Pallatanga.
Vol. 35, pp. ix-xiv
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE yfT '' e
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
r| -ii, 4 !9
PROCEEDINGS.
The Society meets from October to May, on alternate Satur-
days, at 8 p. M. All meetings during 1922 were held in the new
lecture hall of the Cosmos Club, except no. 632, held in the
auditorium of the National Museum, and the special meeting
of September 29, held in the auditorium of the Interior Depart-
ment.
January 4, 1922— 632d Meeting.'
President V. Bailey in the chair; 176 persons present.
Formal communication: A. S. Pillsbury,^ Wild flowers and
birds of Yosemite National Park.
January 21, 1922— 633d Meeting.^
President Bailey in the chair; 86 persons present.
President Bailey announced the membership of the Commit-
tee on Communications as follows: S. A. Rohwer, Chairman,
and C. E. Chambliss, R. E. Coker, H. H. T. Jackson.
New members elected: A. H. Fisher, Miss Lucy Howard,
H. F. Prytherch, H. M. Vars.
Informal communications: R. W. Shufeldt, Exhibition of a
new biography of Alfred New^ton; I. N. Hoffmann, Exhibition
of Attacus edwardsii; E. A. Goldman, Meeting of the Boston
Bird-banding Society; R. W. WilUams, Roosting of starlings
near the Cosmos Club.
Formal communications: S. F. Hildebrand, Fish in relation
to mosquito control; H. L. Shantz, Notes on the "white ants"
of Africa; C. D. Marsh, Livestock poisoning by death camas.
lAbstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 12, p. 296, June 19. 1922.
Jlntroduced by S. T. Mather.
JAbstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 12, p. 296-297, June 19, 1922.
(ix)
X Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
February 4, 1922— 634th Meeting.'
President Bailey in the chair; 55 persons present.
Informal communications: L. O. Howard, Botfly larvae
attached to a tapeworm in the stomach of a zebra; R. W.
Shufeldt, The Asiatic mantis, Tenodera sinensis, in Washington ;
T. S. Palmer, Census of quail in D. C; V. Bailey, Occurrence
of buffalo bones in Malheur County, Oregon.
Formal communications: Smith Riley, The Nation's game
supply; A. H. Howell, The relationship and distribution of
American chipmunks.
February 18, 1922— 635th Meeting.^
Vice-President H. C. Oberholser in the chair; 101 persons
present.
Informal communications: P. Bartsch, A Brazilian cardinal
in Washington; T. S. Palmer, Notes on a recently completed
check list of the birds of Africa, and on a cooperative plan for
similar lists for other regions.
Formal communication: R. M. Yerkes, The behavior of
monkeys and apes.
March 4, 1922— 636th Meeting. '
President Bailey in the chair; 64 persons present.
New member elected : L. M. Huey.
Informal communications: T. S. Palmer, A gift of $200,000
to the National Audubon Society, and on a decision of the
State of New Jersey that the bobolink is a non-insectivorous
bird, also reading of a letter from W. B. Alexander; L. 0.
Howard, Recent meeting of the New Jersey Mosquito Exter-
mination Association; J. M. Aldrich, Notes on the genus Pal-
postoma; L. D. Miner, Spring bird study classes of the Audubon
Society; H. C. Oberholser, Tameness of birds due to heavy
snows; V. Bailey, Tubers of Talinum angustissimum eaten by
rodents in Arizona.
Formal communications: V. Bailey, Raising baby beavers;
A. S. Hitchcock, Botanical notes from the Orient.
lAbstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 12, p. 298, June 19, 1922.
2Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 12, p. 313, July 19, 1922.
3Ab8tract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 12, p. 313-315, July 19, 1922.
Proceedings. xi
March 18, 1922— 637th Meeting. ^
President Bailey in the chair; 62 persons present.
Informal communications: H. M. Smith, Exhibition of a
large rock lobster from Florida, and exhibition of a map of Ice-
land published in 1606; N. Hollister, Arrival of a giant anteater
at the Zoological Park; T. S. Palmer, Several birds recently
introduced into the United States; H. C. Oberholser, Wintering
of wild ducks in Iowa, and importation of the starling into Van-
couver Island; A. S. Hitchcock, On the membership campaign.
Formal communications: Paul Bartsch, American shipworms;
Ivar Tidestrom, The floral alphabet of the Celts.
April 1, 1922— 638th Meeting.^
President Bailey in the chair; 69 persons present.
New members elected: H. H. Barlow, L. C. Drake, F. G.
Grimes, Smith Riley, J. R. Schramm.
Informal communications: R. W. Shufeldt, On methods in
photography, and exhibition of "Nature Land," a new English
magazine; W. J. Holland, Remarks on the collection of fossil
dinosaurs.
Formal communication: P. L. Ricker, Wild flowers that need
protection.
AprU 15, 1922— 639th Meeting. ^
President Bailey in the chair; 64 persons present.
New members elected: Roberto Dabbene, W. A. Dayton,
G. C. Hedgcock, Ernest Knaebel, J. P. Norris, Jr., Wilson
Popenoe, P. G. Russell, Alden Sampson, J. H. Walton.
Formal communications: R. P. Cowles, A hydrographic and
biological survey of Chesapeake Bay; R. W. Shufeldt, Observa-
tions on the fauna and flora of the District of Columbia.
April 29, 1922— 640th Meeting.*
President Bailey in the chair; 67 persons present.
New members elected: Miss Mary Bradley, Miss Grace
Holmes, H. B. Humphrey, L. M. Hutchins, F. E. Kempton,
Mrs. Theodore Knappen.
lAbstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 12, p. 315-316, July 19, 1922.
^Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 12, p. 316-317, July 19, 1922.
3Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 12, p. 317-318, July 19, 1922.
^Abstract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 12, p. 318-319, July 19, 1922.
xii Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Formal communication: W. E. Ritter, The usefulness and the
peril of the laboratory method in biology.
May 13, 1922— 641st Meeting.'
President Bailey in the chair; 74 persons present.
New member elected: M. N. Pope.
Informal communications: David White, Exhibition of a fossil
frog or toad; J. M. Aldrich, Note on the occurrence of dipterous
larvae in shales of Green River, Utah; Miss P. L. Boone, Report
of a visit to C. T. Simpson; A. Wetmore, Unusual bird songs;
V. Bailey, Exhibition of pet rodents; L. O. Howard, A mouse
plague in Italy since the war; E. A. Goldman, A mouse plague
in France.
Formal communication: T. S. Palmer, Twenty years of Federal
protection of the buffalo.
September 29, 1922— Special Meeting. ^
President Bailey in the chair; 240 persons present.
Formal communication: D. R. Dickey, Exhibition of moving
pictures of game animals of New Brunswick.
October 19, 1922— Special Meeting. ^
Joint meeting with the Washington Academy of Sciences and
the Chemical Society of Washington. President W. J. Hum-
phreys of the Washington Academy of Sciences in the chair, and
94 persons present.
Program: Dr. H. J. Hamburger, Professor of Physiology in
the University of Groeningen, Holland, The increasing sig-
nificance of chemistry in medical thought and practice.
November 11, 1922— 642d Meeting.^
President Bailey in the chair; 75 persons present.
Formal communications: E. D. Ball, Importance of adequate
training for biological work in government service; G. N. Collins,
Maize and its wild relatives; N. A. Cobb, Nematodes inhabiting
trees.
November 25, 1922— 643d Meeting.^
Vice-President A. S. Hitchcock in the chair; 76 persons
present.
lAbatract in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 12, p. 333-335, August 19, 1922.
^Abstract to appear in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci.
Proceedings. xiii
New members elected: J. C. Bridwell, S. C. Brooks, E. F.
Fribley, L. G. Hoover, P. B. Johnson, Edmund Piatt.
Informal communication: L. W. Stephenson, Discovery of
cypress stumps in excavation for the new Hotel Walker on
Connecticut Avenue.
Formal communications: L. 0. Howard, Some informalities
about pioneer workers in medical entomology; C. W. Stiles,
Frequency of Amoeba in man and its significance in public
health.
December 9, 1922— 644th Meeting, i
Forty-Third Annual Meeting.
President Bailey in the chair.
The following 53 persons were elected to membership : Joseph
Becker, Norwell Belt, R. A. Bogley, Jr., D. L. Brown, C. H.
Calvin, Billie Cass, R. G. Congdon, A. D. Daughton, P. V.
De Leon, W. S. Detwiler, E. F. Ducey, J. V. Flanagan, M. C.
Flohr, H. D. Freiger, J. L. Fretz, Charles Geschickter, H. A.
Gilbert, L. S. Gordon, Anne Hof, N. S. Hubert, J. R. B. Hutchin-
son, M. A. Johnson, T. J. Kelly, Rose E. Kundahl, W. H.
Lawton, P. Mahoney, A. D. Marks, G. A. McLain, J. E. McLain,
E. C. Myers, M. A. Noriega de Sabla, J. L. O'Connor, R. C.
Orrison, K. J. Osterhout, Herndon Phillips, Edmund Pope,
Mary E. Quick, Dr. J. W. Roberts, F. G. Riley, Jr., H. E.
Rooney, Ignatius Rutkoski, Benjamin Seller, W. W. Spurgeon,
James Stewart, T. D. Stewart, F. E. Stuart, EHzabeth V.
Waddley, E. E. Walter, Ida Weckerly, F. R. Weedon, Avis M.
Withers, A. A. Zapolsky, and E. E. Ziegler.
Reports were received from the Recording and Corresponding
Secretaries and the Committee on Publications.
The following officers and members of the Council were
elected :
President, A. S. Hitchcock.
Vice-Presidents: J. W. Gidley, S. A. Rohwer, H. C. Ober-
holser, E. A. Goldman.
Recording Secretary, S. F. Blake.
Corresponding Secretary, T. E. Snyder.
Treasurer, F. C. Lincoln.
1 Abstract to appear in Journ. Washington Acad. Sci.
xiv Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Members of the Council, C. E. Chambliss, H. C. Fuller, H.
H. T. Jackson, W. R. Maxon, A. Wetmore.
The President announced the membership of the Committee
on Publications as follows: C. W. Richmond, J. H. Riley, T. E.
Snyder, F. C. Lincoln.
President Hitchcock was nominated for one of the Vice-Presi-
dents of the Washington Academy of Sciences.
Informal communication: C. W. Stiles, Appointment of a
Committee on Zoological Nomenclature to represent the Society
in cooperation with the International Commission on Zoological
Nomenclature.
Vol. 35, pp. 1-4 March 20, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE /-
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON^"^^
FOOD HABITS OF CROTAPHYTUS WISLIZENII BAIRD
AND GIRARD.
BY HERBERT J. PACK.
The results of an examination of stomach contents of the
leopard lizard, Crotaphytus wislizenii, are presented in the
accompanying table. These lizards were collected during the
last days of May and the first half of June in 1920 and 1921.
They were taken in various localities in Utah from the southern
end of Great Salt Lake to St. George in the extreme Southwest,
thus representing nearly the entire range of the lizards in the
State.
A study of the table shows that this Hzard is entirely insectivorous and
carnivorous. Five of the eighteen had eaten other lizards — one a full-
grown Cnemido'phorus tessellatus! All of the others had taken insects.
Of these, bees and wasps, lepidoptera, largely larvae, beetles, flies and
grasshoppers were most frequently represented. The grains of sand
found in five specimens were likely ingested accidentally in catching
insects. It is significant that not a single specimen contained vegetable
remains.
These results are in accord with the findings of Ruthven in New Mexico
and Arizona' where he found insects and lizards, and in Nevada^ where he
found only insects. They agree also with Taylor's report' of finding a
Sceloporus graciosns and seeing one chasing a cicada; with Richardson* who
writes that "its food consists to some extent of other lizards, for a whole
Cnemidophorus tigris, the tail of another, and a Uia stansburiana were
found in the stomachs examined"; with Camp^ who found a full-grown
gridiron-tailed lizard; with Stejneger* in finding a full-grown Uta stans-
buriana in one specimen and a mature Phrynosovia platyrhinos and
lAm. Mus. Nat. History, Vol. 23, Art. 23, pp. 517-518.
20cc. Papers, Mus. of Zoology, U. of Mich., No. 8, p. 17.
3U. of Calif. Pub. in Zoology, Vol. 7, pp. 347-348.
4U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc, Vol. 48, p. 408.
5U. of Calif. Pub. in Zoology, Vol. 12, No. 17, p. 522.
6N. A. Fauna, No. 7, p. 167.
1— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (1)
2 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
remnants of C. wislizenii in another; and with Franklin' who reports that
in the Painted Desert of Arizona C. ivislizenii feeds largely upon cicadas.
On one occasion he saw a specimen jump up over two feet and catch a
cicada which was singing in a low greasewood bush. Merriam's statement-
that the "leopard lizard is chiefly a vegetarian" is at variance with these
results.
iCopeia, Vol. 1, No. 5.
2N. A. Fauna. No. 7, p. 168.
Pack — Crotaphytus Wislizenii Baird and Girard.
CO
1
1
>
3
•-5
>
3
c c
bC bD
1-H 1— 1
S
1-H
i-H
a
1
Spi-
ders
1— (
T-i IM <N
Unid.
Animal
Remains
X
X
XX XX
X
Miscellaneous
Insects
3
'3
% "z^ ->
a, S > fl
03 <U S- 3
>
03
'3
'3
(N
o3
JS ^^ ^
b 3 c 3 '3 g
k^^E 3-s ■
T-H t— ( 1— 1 I— 1 1— ( i-H
o
■6
'3
0)
03
<
03
(N
Lepi-
doptera
>
03 03
> >
i-H 1-H
i
1
(N rH ,-1
3^-3
"^ Sh fl '~^
4H-3 Q-Q c
0 = 0^3
^ (M N
a
CO
03
o3^^ C ^^,-v
^^■3-2 -3 -3
<0 03
•33^ §_
fl"3~ «^
WU g fl3
<N -^ (M ■*
1
« 1 « 1
^ S ^ S
g CO a «
O) CO CO
S Sn b
1— 1
03 e
CO
2 ^ 0 s
o 'b 'bo 'b'b 'b 'bot- o ib)'b oo 'b'b o o
^
c
5
5 1—
5 C
> IT
i 1
>5
> If:
§
1
1—
»-H
.-H
CO
1—1
1-H
1-H
1-H
U3
Vol. 35, pp. 5-6 March 20, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW SALAMANDER FROM MEXICO.
BY E. R. DUNN.
Last August, while Mr. Prescott Townsend and myself were
collecting in the vicinity of Jalapa, we took five specimens of
a small salamander which seems undescribed.
Oedipus townsendi, sp. nov.
Type: Mus. Comp. Zool. 8017, adult male, Aug. 20, 1921. E. R. Dunn
and Prescott Townsend, collectors.
Type locality: Cerro de los Estropajos near Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico.
Range: Known only from type locality and from Guerrero, in the state
of Hidalgo.
Diagnosis: A small Oedipus with inner and outer toes rudimentary;
nostrils large in adult; teeth on maxilla; vomerine series of six teeth, not
extending beyond nares; four to five costal folds between appressed toes.
Description: Type, 13 costal grooves; 5 costal folds between appressed
toes; head width 5 in length from snout to vent; head length 43<^ in length
of body; head a blunt oval; eye longer than its distance from tip of snout;
nostril very large, its diameter half that of pupil; snout swollen; outline of
upper jaw straight as seen from side; angle of jaw back of hind angle of
eye; both eyelids fitting under a fold of skin behind; a groove from eye to
gular fold; a branch from this down behind angle of jaw; limbs weak;
fingers 3, 2, 4, 1, in order of length, tips of third and second free, first and
fourth completely in web; toes 3, 4, 2, 5, 1 in order of length, tips of third,
fourth and second free, first and fifth completely in web; tail as long as
head and body, constricted at base, circular in cross-section; anal lips lined
with papillae. Vomerine series not continuous with parasphenoids, 6
teeth in series, beginning behind inner edge of nares, curving in and back to
meet its fellow, from which it is separated by no more interval than exists
between two teeth of the same series, separated from parasphenoids by its
own length; latter in a single patch beginning at middle of eyesocket;
teeth on maxilla to anterior edge of eyesocket; an enlarged tooth on pre-
maxilla does not pierce lip. Dark greenish above; black below; blackish
V-shaped markings, apex forward, on back and on upper surface of tail;
an indistinct light line on each side of back, most prominent above inser-
2— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (5)
6 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
tions of arms and legs; a light line across head between hind borders of
eyelids; irregular white markings on sides between insertions of legs, and
on sides and lower surface of tail; white dots on throat; limbs mottled
black and gray.
Total length 42, head 4, body 17, tail 21 mm.
Variation: A male, Mus. Comp. Zool. 8018, from Guerrero, Hidalgo,
Mex., has 4 costal folds between appressed toes; tail shorter than body;
head width 6 in length from snout to vent; head length 3 7-10 in length of
body; an enlarged tooth on premaxilla pierces lip; dull grayish, lighter
below; white dots on sides; a trace of lighter above insertions of arms.
Total length 40.5, head 5, body 18.5, tail 17.
A female, Mus. Comp. Zool. 8020, same data as type, has head length 4
in length of body; no anal papillae; paraphenoids separated from vomerines
by % length of latter; a light reddish streak from eye nearly to leg, widest
above arm where it extends across back to meet its fellow of the opposite
side; above this a dark streak and middle of back light reddish with dark
Vs. Otherwise like type.
Total length 37, head 3.5, body 14.5, tail 18.
Two other females, same data as type, agree with it in color.
8019 Total length 40, head 4, body 18, tail 18.
8021 Total length 38, head 4, body 16, tail 18.
No. 8019 is filled with the yolk masses of large eggs and is fully adult.
Habits: Five were taken on the heavily wooded Cerro de los Estropajos
(between Jalapa and the hamlet of San Andres, and only a few miles from
the former), altitude about 5000 feet. One was under a piece of wood on
the ground and the others were under the bark of logs.
Remarks: While this smallest of all salamanders belongs to a group
which contains six species, and which ranges from Mexico to Costa Rica,
there is little danger of confusion save with one form, pennatuhis. These
two alone have the enlarged nostrils and the rudimentary feet. But
pennatulns differs in having : no teeth on the maxilla ; 6 costal folds between
appressed toes; tail longer than head and body; a brown dorsal stripe and
black sides.
U. S. N. M. No. 30352 is 0. townsendi. The locality given is " Tehuante-
pec?, Sumichrast?. " In view of the fact that pennatuhis is more an animal
of high mountains, and that Sumichrast recorded it from Cerro de la
Defensa, near Cordoba, Vera Cruz, his record probably refers to townsendi,
and possibly the National Museum specimen with uncertain locality is
his basis for this record.
Vol. 35, pp. 7-10 March 20, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
FURTHER NOTES ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF
NORTH AMERICAN JULIDAE AND
NEMASOMIDAE.
BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN.
In a recent paper on The Julidae and Isobatidae in North
America pubhshed in these Proceedings (Vol. XXXIV, pp.
81-84), it was pointed out that all members of these families
thus far known from this country are identical with well-known
European forms. The nomenclature adopted for these forms
in that paper is in the main that which has been most commonly
used by European myriopodists ; but a further consideration
of types and literature shows that some changes in this nomen-
clature must be made. In the present paper these changes
and some additions to the synonymy are indicated.
JULIDAE.
Diploiulus londinensis (Leach).
1814. Julus londinensis Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XI, p. 378.
1886. Julus psilopygus Latzel, in Chalande, Contr. k la faune d. Myr.
d. France.
1888 Julus luridus var. oedurus Latzel, op. cit., 2d list.
1905. Cylindroiulus londinensis var. psilopygus Latzel, Ribaut, Soc.
d'Hist. Nat. Toulouse, 1905, p. 4.
The types of this species, as indicated in the original description and con-
firmed after reexamination by Pocock (1900), have the last tergite prolonged
into a distinct, clubbed cauda or horn. They have the striae of the seg-
ments particularly numerous and close-set. This form, as pointed out by
Jackson (1915) and the Brade-Birks (1918), is the same as the rare tailed
form known on the continent as psilopygus Latzel and lurieus oedurus
Latzel which had been equated and listed as a variety of londinensis by
Ribaut (1905). Under the name Julus londinensis, Cylindroiulus londin-
ensis, or Diploiulus londinensis, most continental writers, such as Meinert,
Porath, Stuxberg, Attems and Verhoeff, have designated a much more
3— Peoc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (7)
8 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
common form differing in wholly lacking caudal horn, in having the
segmental striae less numerous, and in being of smaller average size. In
the structure of the copulatory organs, however, it seems to be absolutely
the same as the tailed form. The ecaudate form is the one occurring so
commonly in the United States, where tailed specimens have never been
found. In accord with the opinion of European workers who have had
opportunity of studying both forms and the manner of their occurrence,
the caudate and ecaudate individuals may be regarded tentatively as con-
stituting distinct varieties of the species. The ecaudate variety must be
designated by Wood's name caeruleocinctus, which has priority as indicated
below.
Diploiulus londinensis caeruleocinctus (Wood).
1864. Julus caeruleocinctus Wood, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phil., p. 14.
1864. Julus hortensis Wood, ibid.
1866. Julus multisiriatus Walsh, Practical Entomologist, 2, p. 34, with
figure, and p. 70.
1866. Julus londinensis Porat, Bidr. t. kanned. Sver. Myr., Dipl., p. 28.
1868. Julus londinensis Meinert, Naturh. Tidsskr., p. 8.
1869. Julus londinensis Porat, Ofvers. Vet. Akad. Forh., no. 6, p. 647.
1876. Julus londinensis Stuxberg, Ofvers. Vet-Akad. Forh., no. 8, p. 893.
1891. Julus londinensis Verhoeff, Berlin Ent. Zeitschr., XXXVI, p. 151,
and in his subsequent writings, under Julus, Cylindroiulus, etc.
1900. Julus teutonicus Pocock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 206.
1915. Cylindroiulus londinensis teutonicus Jackson, Lane, and Ches.
Nat., p. 433.
1918. Cylindroiulus londinensis teutonicus H. K. and S. G. Brade-Birks,
Lane, and Ches. Nat., p. 115.
There might be some doubt as to the identity of Wood's caeruleocinctus
were we dependent upon his description alone; but, in the first place, speci-
mens identified by Wood in the M. C. Z. collection are clearly the ecaudate
form of londinensis, and, in the second place, Wood examined specimens of
Walsh's multistriatus and declared them indistinguishable from his caeru-
leocinctus (Cf. Practical Entomologist, 1866, 2, p. 70). Walsh's description
can apply to no other form than the present one and leaves no room for
doubt as to the identity of caeruleocinctus. The specimens upon which
Wood's original description was based were said to be in bad condition and
had probably been dried, under which condition the blue banding which
suggested the name commonly comes out more or less conspicuously.
The description of hortensis was probably drawn from fresh material.
Three names, then, as indicated in the synonymy above, had been applied
in America to this ecaudate form of londinensis many years before Pocock
proposed the name teutonicus.
Brachyiulus pusillus (Leach).
To the synonyms of this species as given in our previous paper (Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash., 1921, XXXIV, p. 82) should be added:
1898. Brachyiulus littoralis Verhoeff, Arch. Naturg., p. 154, pi. 6, fig. 29.
Chamberlin — Notes on the Julidae and Nemasomidae 9
The Brachyiulus pusillus of Verhoeff described in the same place (Op.
cit., p. 152, pi. 6, fig. 27) is not pusillus of Leach.
Ophyiulus pilosus (Newport).
1842. Julus pilosus Newport, Proc. Ent. Soc. London; also Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 1, XI, p. 316.
1847. Julua longabo C. Koch, Die Myriap., II, p. 106, fig. 228.
For the later synonymy see our previous paper (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.,
1921, XXXIV, p. 83).
As long ago as 1893 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, XI, p. 249), Pocock
pointed out that the types of Julus pilosus Newport were the same species
as Julus fallax Meinert (1868), not of Latzel (1884). This identification
has been more recently confirmed after reexamination of the types by the
Brade-Birks (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1919, ser. 9, III, p. 254). Hence
pilosus Newport, having precedence over longabo Koch as above indicated,
must be used in designating this species.
NEMASOMIDAE.
The type of Nemasoma, Nemasoma varicorne C. Koch (Syst. d. Myriap.,
1847, p. 116), is the same species as the type of Isobates, Isobates semisul-
catus Menge (Neueste Schr. d. nat. Ges. in Danzig, 1851, IV, 4 Hft., p. 6).
Hence Isobates is clearly a synonym of Nemasama. However, Isobates has
continued in use in Europe apparently because Nemasoma has been regarded
as preoccupied by a genus of Coleoptera proposed by Latreille in 1804
(Hist. Nat. Ins., XI, p. 239). The original spelling of Latreille's genus is
Nemozoma (vifuo, possess, and i'ui/j.a, girdle), subsequently varied by
Curtis and others to Nemosoma. This is certainly sufficiently different in
spelling from Koch's genus, which also has a different derivation (vTJfia,
thread, and a-utxa, body). The name Nemasoma was also subsequently
proposed for a genus of Coleoptera, different from that of Latreille, by
Solier (In Gay, Hist. Chile, 1851, V, p. 10). This genus of Coleoptera must,
of course, receive a different name. There is no reason, however, why
Koch's Nemasoma should not be used in place of Isobates, which it antedates
by four years, and the name of the family be correspondingly Nemasomidae,
proposed by BoUman as a subfamily in 1893.
Nopoiulus minutus (Brandt).
1841. Julus minutus Brandt, Recueil, p. 89.
For later synonymy see Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 1921, XXXIV, p. 83,
under Nopoiulus pulchellus.
This species has been quite widely listed under Leach's name pulchellus;
but recent examination of the types has shown that they lack eyes and are,
in reality, the same as Blaniulus guttulatus (Bosc), the latter name having
the priority.^ Hence, with this transfer of pulchellus to a position of
synonymy in Blaniulus, Brandt's name minutus becomes the valid designa-
tion of the present species.
iCf. Hilda K. and S. Graham Brade-Birks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, III, p. 256.
Vol. 35, pp. 11-12 March 20, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
TWO NEW AMERICAN ARACHNIDS OF THE ORDER
PEDIPALPIDA.
BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN.
The two new pedipalpids described below belong to the
family Schizomidae, formerly known as the Schizonotidae, a
name not tenable because its type genus, Schizonotus, is pre-
occupied. The types of the new forms are in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology at Cambridge.
Stenochrus, gen. nov.
Anterior division of carapace narrow and high, narrowed toward each
end from the middle. Posterior division of carapace depressed, consisting
of one piece which is not divided by a median longitudinal suture and
presents anteriorly no separate lateral sclerites (mesopeltidia). Flagellum
three jointed.
Genotype. — S. portoricensis, sp. nov.
Differing from Schizomus in its narrow, high carapace, the absence of
mesopeltidia, and the three jointed flagellum. Differs from Trithyreus in
the absence of mesopeltidia and in lacking a median suture in the posterior
division of carapace.
Stenochrus portoricensis, sp. nov.
Body somewhat dusky fulvous, sometimes of a slightly reddish cast;
terminal joints of abdomen and distal joints of legs more yellow.
With no trace of eye-spots. Anterior sternum about three-fourths as
wide as long. Second thoracic tergite without trace of a median longi-
tudinal suture and with no pale line in its place.
Trochanter of palpi with anterior inferior angle not produced, rectangular,
sometimes a little less and sometimes a little more; convex ventral surface
obUque, the ectal edge of the oblique surface fringed with setae, the mesal
edge with setae and at its distal end with the usual short spine. Femur of
palpi not quite twice as long as deep; its inferior edge very obtusely angled,
the apex of angle about equidistant from ends of upper side; without pro-
cesses. Patella with dorsal margin two and a half times as long as the
depth; unarmed. Claw half the length of the tarsus (upper margin).
Coxa of first legs ending distinctly caudad of distal end of endite. Femur
shorter than patella (about as 22 : 25) and a little longer than the tibia
4— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (11)
12 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
(about as 22 : 21). Tarsus and metatarsus together about equal in length
to the tibia. Metatarsus shorter than tarsus. Tarsus and metatarsus
together ten times longer than thickness.
In the fourth legs the femur is very nearly 2.7 times longer than deep;
edge of proximal end straight, vertical or nearly so, not extending back over
trochanter, the upper angle rounded.
Last three segments of abdomen telescoped.
Flagellum, in the female, five times as long as thick; three-jointed, the
terminal joint two-thirds of the total length.
Length of body from base of chelicerae to base of flagellum, 3 mm.;
of palpi, 1.75 mm.; of first legs, 4.5 mm.; of fourth legs, 3.56 mm.
Locality. — Porto Rico: Coamo Springs. Several females taken in Nov.,
1899.
Said in a field note to have been taken "on a very wet bank in deep shade.
Very active."
Schizomus guatemalensis, sp. nov.
Carapace and legs fulvous, a little smoky, the palpi distally more reddish.
Dorsum of abdomen somewhat darker, more dusky, than carapace.
Sternum and coxae beneath more yellow.
Head with no trace of eye-spots. Cephalic sternum very nearly as wide
as long. The second division of carapace has no indication of a median
longitudinal line.
Palpi less than half the length of the body. Trochanter of palous deep;
its anterior inferior angle not produced, a little obtuse. Femur nearly
twice as long as deep (about as 1.9 : 1) ; its inferior margin convex and with-
out process. The patella with dorsal margin about two and a half times as
long as the depth, its inferior margin nearer twice the depth; unarmed
claw half as long as the upper margin of the tarsus. Tarsus and meta-
tarsus together about 10.5 times longer than thick and metatarsus about
five-sixths as long as the tarsus.
Coxa of first legs terminating caudad of outer angle of endite. Femur
shorter than patella, longer than tibia. Tarsus and metatarsus together
clearly shorter than the tibia (about as 4:5). Metatar.sus shorter than
tarsus but longer than tarsus without its distal article; distal article of
tarsus half as long as the second metatarsal joint.
In the fourth legs the femur is three times as long as deep, with its proxi-
mo-dorsal angle distally rounded, not at all projecting proximad over the
trochanter.
Last three joints of abdomen moderately telescoped.
Flagellum about four and a half times longer than thick; maximum setae
nearly two-thirds as long as flagellum.
Length of body from base of chelicerae to base of flagellum, 4.56 mm.;
of palpi, 1.92 mm.; of first legs, 5.88 mm.; of fourth legs, 4.56 mm.
Locality. — Guatemala: San Rafael. One female.
This species suggests simonis Hansen and Sorenson of Venezuela, but
in the female may be distinguished by the shorter and stouter flagellum, in
having the metatarsus and tarsus much longer in proportion to the tibia,
in lacking "eye-spots," in the shorter palpi, etc.
Vol. 35, pp. 13-16 March 20, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
OTOPHIDIUM WELSHI, A NEW CUSK EEL, WITH"
NOTES ON TWO OTHERS FROM THE
GULF OF MEXICO.i
BY JOHN T. NICH0LS2 AND C. M. BREDER, JR.^
In reviewing certain material from the Gulf of 'Mexico it was
found that an undescribed Otophidium was represented therein,
which is believed to be entirely worthy of specific rank, while
two other species of the family Ophidiidae, although known,
have been so far only described from very scant material which
makes the redescriptions embodied in this paper necessarily
of some value to students of these httle known fishes. The
material which forms the basis of this description and the two
redescriptions was collected under the direction of the United
States Bureau of Fisheries; the writers being indebted to that
institution for permission to make use of the specimens.
The accompanying sketches are from the pen of Mr. W. W.
Welsh, being drawings which he had executed for his personal
notes. He probably expected at some date to use them in
descriptions of these forms, which plan he was prevented from
carrying out by his untimely demise.
Lepophidium brevibarbe (Cuvier).
A short spine at tip of snout. Occiput and opercles scaly. The scales
do not run forward of the anterior margin of pupil above, and do not reach
posterior margin of pupil below. Developed gill-rakers 4 in number.
Scales about 170 to 185, not closely imbricated and somewhat irregularly
arranged, the longitudinal rows above the lateral line, anteriorly, oblique
to it, running diagonally backward and upward, those immediately below
the lateral line more or less parallel to it, those lower down more or less
iPublished by permission of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries.
2American Museum of Natural BQstory.
3 New York Aquarium.
5— Proo. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (13)
14 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
parallel to the ventral outline. This causes anterior rows to converge
towards a point in the middle of the side. Dorsal and anal in alcohol,
Fig. 1 — Lepophidium brevibarbe (Cuvier).
narrowly margined with black. Head 5.0 in length to base of caudal
(205 mm. specimen) to 4.8 (130 mm. specimen). Depth 7.4 to 8.3; pec-
toral 10.8. Eye 4.4 to 4.0 in head; snout 4.4 to 4.5; maxillarv 2.1 ; pectoral
2.2; longest ventral filament 3.9 to 3.5, in the largest and smallest specimens,
respectively; interorbital in eye, 1.5; maxillary extends to posterior margin
of eye.
Head somewhat smaller, pectoral slightly shorter, scales somewhat fewer
than described for Lepophidium proratus (Jordan & BoUman) of the Pacific.
Three specimens, 205, 187 and 130 mm. to base of caudal. Taken by
the "Grampus" in 7 fathoms of water off Galveston. Tex., (Station 10478)
March 9, 1917, trawl.
Ophidion holbrooki (Putnam).
No spine at tip of snout or on opercle. Head scaleless. Scales on body
rudimentary, embedded, linear, placed approximately perpendicularly to
one another in groups, as in Anguilla, variable in length, maximum approxi-
mately half pupil. Air bladder slender, tapering backward as figured by
Putnam (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1874, 342). Gillrakers 4. Dorsal
Fig. 2 — Ophidion holbrooki (Putnam).
and anal narrowly margined with black. Head 4.0 in length to base of
caudal (in 232 mm., 8 % in. specimen) to 4.6 (in 152mm., 6 3^ in. specimen).
Depth 5.2 to 6.8; pectoral 10.4 to 10.5; eye 5.2 to 4.0 in head; snout 4.3 to
4.0; maxillary 2.3 to 2.3; pectoral 2.6 to 2.3 in head; longest ventral filament,
2.2 to 1.8; interorbital in eye 1.4 to 1.6; in the largest and smallest speci-
mens, respectively. Maxillary extends approximately to posterior margin
of pupil.
These measurements give smaller head and other proportional differences
from (6 inch) holbrooki, as described by Putnam. As there is considerable
age variation we do not feel justified in describing our material as new on
that basis.
Three specimens 232, 182 and 152 mm. in length to base of caudal.
Taken by the "Grampus" in 10^ fathoms, 11 miles SSW from Heald
Lightship (Station 10479) March 16, 1917, trawl.
Nichols and Breder — Otophidium Welshi, New Cusk Eel 15
Otophidium welshi, new species.
The type, No. 85512, United States National Museum, collected at
Grampus Station 10478, southwest from Braye's Light, Texas, in ten
fathoms of water, trawl. Head scaleless, scales ending on the nape, on a
vertical over the opercle. Scales on body rudimentary, embedded, linear,
Fig. 3 — Otophidium welshi, new species.
about 3 to 4 times as long as broad, approximately placed perpendicularly
to one another in groups, as in Anguilla, variable in length, maximum
approximately half pupil. Air bladder short, thick, with very large ventral
foramen which is encompassed by a thickened ridge. A concealed spine
on the margin of the opercle. Gill-rakers 4. Length, 194 mm. to base
caudal. Head 5.2 in that length; depth 6.4; pectoral in head 1.6; eye 5.1;
snout 4.5; maxillary 2.3; longest ventral filament 1.5; interorbital 5.1.
Profile low and slanting to past middle of eye, then rising abruptly to a
high gibbous rounding keeled nape. Four lengthwise dark bands on the
side. The uppermost solid; confluent with its fellow across the back and
expanding irregularly on the nape. The three lower ones increasingly
broken, so that the lowermost, on a level with the pectorals, consists of only
a few vague marks, entering an irregular jagged blotch in front, which it
shares with the band above it. Preorbital, suborbital and postorbital
regions punctulate with dark dots. A dark blotch on upper margin of
opercle. These dark body markings are seal brown in alcohol. Dorsal
pale basally, with an elongate black marginal blotch between 3^ and X the
length of the head, beginning near its origin. Behind this blotch the fin is
edged with a narrow dusky margin, which broadens slightly backward and
becomes narrow again and ill-defined on the caudal, though meeting the
broad black margin of the anal below. Anal pale basally, but with incon-
spicuous dark punctuations. Pectorals pale, punctulate with brown at
margin and on base.
Another specimen with the same data is 199 mm. in length. Head 5.1,
depth 6.6. Otherwise identical with type. Otophidium welshi^ is distin-
guished by its striped coloration, its gibbous nape, and its proportions, the
latter of which is most like Otophidium galeoides (Gilbert) of the Gulf of
California.
1 Named for memory of William W. Welsh, the collector.
Vol. 35, pp. 17-38 March 20, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
STUDIES IN THE TYRANNIDiE.
11. The Restricted Genus Myiobius.
BY W. E. CLYDE TODD.
It is over nine years ago since the writer first had occasion
to critically examine the status of the various members of this
group, in connection with the description of a new species
belonging thereto. This preliminary study sufficed to convince
him that the group in question was in serious need of revision,
certain of its components being but little known, and the inter-
relationships of all the forms very imperfectly understood.
With so much fresh material now available in the collections of
the Carnegie Museum, and of the several institutions listed in
Part I of the present series of papers, the time has seemed ripe
for carrying out a long-cherished plan involving a fuller study of
this genus. Three hundred and ninety-nine specimens in all,
including types or topotypes of most of the described forms,
have been examined in preparing the present paper, which
follows the same general plan as the writer's recent revision of
the genus Pipromorpha. Acknowledgments are due to the
same parties as are named in that paper for the loan of material.
Genus Myiobius Darwin.
Platyrhynchus, part (not Platyrinchus Desmarest, 1805) Spix, Avium
Species Novae Bras., II, 1825, 9 (no type specified).
Tyrannula (not Tyrannulus Vieillot, 1816) Swainson, Zool. Journ., Ill,
1827, 358 (orig. diag.; type, Muscipeta barbata = M uscicapa barbata
Gmelin).
Myiobius Darwin, Zool. Voy. Beagle, III, Birds, 1839, 46 (ex Gray, MS.;
vice Tyrannula Swainson; type, Mitscicapa barbata Gmelin). — Gray,
List Gen. Birds, 1840, 30 (syn.); ed. 2, 1841, 41 (syn.).— Gray, Gen.
Birds, I, 1845, 248, part (list of species). — Gray, Cat. Gen. and Subgen.
Birds, 1855, 49 (syn.). — Cabanls and Heine, Museum Heineanum,
6— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (17)
18 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
II, 1859, 67 (list of species). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860,
465 (crit.; list of species). — Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 359, part
(syn.; list of species). — Giebel, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 662, part (syn.;
list of species).— Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 198,
part (syn.; monogr.;). — Waterhouse, Ind. Gen. Avium, 1889, 139
(references). — Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 131, part (list of
species).— RiDGWAY, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 486 (syn.;
diag.; key to forms).
Early references to the birds of this group are comparatively few in
number; they appear under the generic names Muscicapa and Muscipeta.
Spix in 1825 described a member of the genus (as now understood) under
the name Platyrhynchus xanthopygus, but the generic name be used had
long been preoccupied. Two years later Swainson formally established
the genus Tyrannula, designating Muscipeta ( = Muscicapa) barbata as its
type. The same name with a masculine ending had previously been used
by Vieillot in 1816, and it is worth while noting that under one of the
rulings of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature this
use would not invalidate Swainson's name, which would thus become the
proper designation for this genus. There seems to be a general disposition
to ignore this particular ruling (a movement in which we concur), and under
the circumstances we therefore pass on to Myiobius, which was first used
by Darwin in 1839. Darwin here attributes it to Gray, and gives it ?s a
substitute for Tyrannula of Swainson. This is fortunate, inasmuch as its
type is thus the same as that of Tyrannula, and not one of the four species
arranged under it at this place, none of which are now recognized as properly
belonging to it. The case is parallel to that of Pachyramphus, a few pages
farther on in Darwin's work, to which Dr. Richmond has already called
attention (Proceedings U. S. National Museum, LIII, 1917, 568, note).
As used by Gray in 1845 Myiobius had a wide application, being even
extended to include what is now known as Myiarchus. Cabanis, writing in
1859, was the first author to restrict it to the three closely allied species
which he recognized at that time, while the following year Sclater used the
name for these and a fourth species, but in a subgeneric sense only. In
Volume XIV of the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum he admit-
ted no less than twenty-one species under Myiobius, and Sharpe followed
him in 1901 with twenty-eight. As used by these authors the genus
included such diverse forms as to render its diagnosis virtually impossible,
and it remained for Mr. Ridgway to insist upon its restriction to those
originally assigned to it by Cabanis and to their immediate allies. As
thus restricted the group is sufficiently homogeneous, and may be readily
recognized by the following combination of characters:
Bill shorter than the head, typically Tyrannine, flat, wide at base, with
strongly ridged culmen and decurved tip, terminally compressed in vertical
outline, the lateral outlines nearly straight and sub-parallel basally.
Nostrils oval, in basal half of bill. Rictal bristles excessively developed,
reaching beyond tip of bill when directed forw^ard, and feathers of chin with
more or less bristly points. Wings moderate, rounded, the tenth (outer-
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidcs. 19
most) primary shorter than the secondaries, the sixth, seventh and eighth
subequal and longest, and with outer webs sHghtly sinuate. Tail varying
from about five-sixths of to equal to the wing, even or somewhat rounded,
the feathers rather broad, with sub-acuminate tip. Feet moderate, the
hind claw about equal to hind toe, the other claws much weaker; outer toe
united to middle toe for the whole of its basal phalanx, and inner toe united
to middle toe for about half of its basal phalanx. Coloration olive greenish,
the pileum (in adult males) with a partially concealed vertical patch of
yellow, the rump yellow; tail blackish; under parts yellowish, buffy, or more
or less ochraceous.
As is often the case with such homogeneous genera, the discrimination of
the several forms belonging to this group presents a problem of exceptional
difficulty, even for the Tyrannidce. Before attempting to present our
own views it may be well to give a brief historical resume of the subject.
The first species to be formally described was the Muscicapa barbata of
Gmelin, 1788, from Cayenne, based on Buffon's figure and account. Then
came the Muscicapa mastacalis of Wied, 1821, and the Platyrhynchus
xanthopygus of Spix, 1825, both names referring to the bird of Brazil. In
1857 Sclater described a third member of the group from Mexico, Tyrannula
sulphureipygia, using Swainson's generic name. In the meantime Myiobius
had come into common use for the group, as well as for certain more
remotely related forms, so that when Sclater described a fourth species from
Ecuador in 1860 he called it Myiobius villosus. In 1863 Lawrence pointed
out distinctive characters for the Central American bird, which up to that
time had passed as barbatus, calling it atricaudiis, but subsequent authors
were by no means a unit in accepting this name. In fact, the true applica-
tion of the term barbatus, although properly indicated, it is true, by Cabanis
in 1859, was not appreciated for many years, due largely to scarcity of
specimens, the name being used indiscriminately for several perfectly dis-
tinct forms. The resultant confusion in the nomenclature may be
imagined. In 1888 we find von Berlepsch describing a sixth species, M.
ridgwayi, and Sclater still refusing to admit atricaudus to recognition
except as a subspecies, while at the same time confusing "xanthopygius"
i=7nastacalis) with barbatus. In 1906 Mr. Hellmayr pointed out charac-
ters for separating barbatus, mastacalis, and atricaudus, which he regarded
as subspecies, while keeping ridgwayi specifically distinct. Mr. Ridgway
in 1907 arranged the forms somewhat differently, keeping "xanthopygus,"
sulphureipygius, and villosus together as conspecies, and similarly uniting
barbatus and atricaudus, leaving ridgwayi to stand by itself. Mr. Hell-
mayr in 1911 again insisted that the Brazilian form, mastacalis, had nothing
to do with sulphur eipyius. In the meantime a southern race of the latter
had been worked out by Mr. Bangs. The next year the present writer
described a new form, modestus, allied to atricaudus, from Venezuela, and
later on another close ally of the same, suffusus, as well as a very distinct
species, serniflavus, both from Colombia. This brings the history of the
group down to date.
With such diverse treatment from leading authorities it is little wonder
that the literature of the group is in such a confused state, nor do we flatter
20 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
ourselves that our efforts to disentangle its complicated synonymy have
been entirely successful. Good series of specimens are absolutely necessary
in a case of this kind, and it is easy to see how much of this confusion has
arisen when we remember the amount and kind of material with which
authors generally have had to deal. With an unusually large and finely
prepared series of specimens for study we are satisfied that the tendency
toward the reduction in the number of specific types has gone too far in
this genus, if not also in other genera of the Tyrannidae. If M. ridgwayi is
specifically distinct, so also is M. mastacalis from M. barbatus, which can
invariably be distinguished one from the other by characters fully as good
as those which apply to M. ridgwayi. M. atricaudus, as shown beyond, is
not so closely related to M. barbatus as has generally been supposed, and
very probably their respective ranges overlap. M. semiflavus, an extreme
development of M. barbatus, inhabits a region adjacent to that occupied by
a race of M. atricaudus, with no sign of intergradation. M. atricaudus
and M. sulphureipygius aureatus are known to occur together, and Dr.
Chapman has lately shown that M. villosus, as the Subtropical Zone
representative of the latter, must be distinct specifically. In short, there
is every reason to believe that the forms whose ranges adjoin are fully
as distinct from each other as those whose ranges are actually known to
overlap. In discussing the case of Ewpsychortyx (Auk, XXXVII, 1920,
213), we have already had occasion to animadvert upon this matter, and
we here reiterate our belief that the fact of geographical collocation ought
not to constitute the sole (or even the principal) criterion for the recognition
of species as distinguished from subspecies. Take the case of the genus
Empidonax, for example — a storm-center for many years among American
ornithologists — whose members are now known to be distinct but closely
allied species, distinguished by slight but constant characters, and different
in life, nesting, etc. Caution is certainly necessary when dealing with
such a family as the Tyrannidae, in which slight differences often have
great value. We are convinced that in the case of Myiobius we have to do,
as in Empidonax, with a group of closely related but in the main distinct
species, and we venture to predict that when their life-histories come to be
as well known as are those of the North American Empidonaces similar
differences in their notes, haunts, nests, and eggs will come to light.
Viewing the group as a whole, therefore, and essaying a consistent treat-
ment on the above lines, we would recognize seven species and four addi-
tional subspecies, ranging from southeastern Mexico to southern Brazil,
mainly in the Tropical Zone. The key which follows, although not strictly
dichotomous, is believed to indicate approximately their real relationships
and place them in their natural order as nearly as may be.
Key to the Species and Subspecies of Myiobius.
A. Wing longer than tail; tail nearly or quite even; under parts green-
ish or yellowish, with little or no buffy.
a. No ochraceous color on breast and sides.
b. Rump barium yellow; under parts Martins yellow, more or
less shaded anteriorly and laterally with old gold.
Myiobius mastacalis.
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 21
b'. Rump and under parts (posteriorly) Martins yellow, the
breast more or less shaded with citrine, the throat deep
colonial buff ..Myiobius barbatus.
h". Rump and under parts pale lemon yellow, the breast and
sides shaded with pyrite yellow or yellowish citrine;
throat Martins yellow Myiobius semifiavus.
a'. Breast and sides distinctly washed with ochraceous.
b. Smaller (wing of male averaging 65 mm.; tail, 54.5 mm.);
upper parts brighter green.
c. Color of breast and sides darker, and yellow of under parts
duller and less extended posteriorly.
Myiobius sulphureipygius sulphureipygius.
c'. Color of breast and sides paler, and yellow of under
parts clearer and more extended posteriorly.
Myiobius sulphureipygius aureatus.
b'. Larger (wing of male averaging 70 mm.; tail, 61 mm.);
upper parts darker green.
c . Brighter; rump Martins yellow; breast and sides orange
citrine Myiobius villosus villosus.
c'. Paler; rump baryta yellow, breast and sides old gold.
Myiobius villosus peruvianas.
A'. Wing nearly or quite equal to tail; tail obviously rounded; under
parts more or less buffy.
a. Rump Martins yellow; under parts barium yellow, with more or
less buffy suffusion,
b. Above paler; under parts duller, more uniformly buffy, less
yellowish Myiobius atricaudus modestus.
h'. Above paler; under parts paler and more uniform, breast
less buffy ....Myiobius atricaudus suffusus.
h". Above darker; under parts barium yellow, anteriorly shaded
with old gold or honey yellow.
Myiobius atricaudus atricaudus.
a'. Rump and entire under parts uniform yellowish buff.
Myiobius ridgwayi.
Myiobius mastacalis (Wied).
Muscicapa mastacalis Wied, Reise nach Brasilien, II, 1821, 151 (Rio
Catol6, Bahia, Brazil; orig, descr.; types now in coll. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist.).
Muscipeta barbata (not Muscicapa barbata Gmelin) Swainson, Zool.
Illustrations, II, 1822, pi. 116 and text, excl. syn. (Pitanga ["twenty
leagues west of Bahia"], Brazil; descr.; crit.). — Wied, Beitrage Naturg.
Bras., Ill, 1831, 934 (Brazil; references; descr.; habits).
Platyrhynchus xanthopygus Spix, Avium Species Novae Bras., II, 1825, 9,
pi. 9, fig. 1 ([Rio de Janeiro], Brazil; orig. descr.; type in coll. Munich
Mus.).
Tyrannula barbata Hartlaub, Syst. Verz. Nat. Samm. Ges. Mus. [Bremen],
1844, 50 (Brazil; Swainson's reference).
22 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Myiobius barbatus Burmeister, Syst. Ueber. Thiere Bras., II, 1856, 501,
excl. syn. part (Brazil; descr.; references; habits). — Allen, Bull. Am.
Mus. Nat. Hist., II, 1889, 275, note (crit. on Wied's types). — Gceldi,
Aves do Brazil, 1894, 326 (Brazil). — Kcenigswald, Journ. f. Orn.,
XLIV, 1896, 359 (Estado de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Brazilian references).
— VON Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paulista, III, 1898, 201 (diag.; Brazilian
references; range). — Euler, Rev. Mus. Paulista, IV, 1900, 49 (Brazil;
nesting). — von Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paulista, IV, 1900, 155 (Cantagallo
and Nova Friburgo, Brazil), 236 (nesting). — Gates and Reid, Cat.
Birds' Eggs Brit. Mus., Ill, 1903, 203 (Rio Janeiro, Brazil; descr.
eggs). — VON Ihering, Auk, XXI, 1904, 315 (nest). — Hagmann, BoI.
Mus. Goeldi, IV, 1904, 11 (Spix's reference), 23 (Wied's reference)
47 (Burmeister's reference), 88, part (von Pelzeln's reference). — Sneth-
lage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, V, 1907, 49, part (Ourem, Rio Guama, and
Rio Tapajoz, Brazil). — von Ihering, Aves do Brazil, 1907, 289, part
(Brazil; range).— -Snethlage, Journ. f. Orn., LVI, 1908, 495, in text,
503 (Goyana, Rio Tapajoz, Brazil), 528 (Arumatheua, Rio Tocantins,
Brazil).— Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, VIII, 1914, 391, part (localities
in lower "Amazonia"; descr.).
Myiobius xanthopygus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Heineanum, II, 1859, 67
(Bahia, Brazil; references; crit.). — Euler, Journ. f. Orn., XVI, 1868,
185 (Cantagallo, Brazil; nest and eggs). — Cabanis, Journ. f. Orn.,
XXII, 1874, 88 (Cantagallo, Brazil).— Giebel, Thes. Orn., II, 1875,
668 (range; syn.). — Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Heineani
Orn., 1883, 144 (Bahia, Brazil).— von Berlepsch, Auk, V, 1888, 457,
458, in text (Bahia, Brazil; crit.). — Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901,
131 (range, in part).
Myiobius xanthopygius Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 465 (in
list of species; range). — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 225 (Brazil;
references). — Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 359 (ref. orig. descr.;
range). — von Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., ii, 1869, 113, part (Registo do Sai,
Brazil; meas.; crit.); iv, 1870, 426 (Bahia, Brazil; Brazilian records). —
VON Pelzeln, Nunquam Otiosus, II, 1872, 292 (Neu Freiburg, Brazil). —
von Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 481, in text (crit.).
[Myiobius barbatus] b. subsp. typica Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV,
1888, 200, part ("Amazons" and Bahia, Brazil; references).
Myiobius barbatus var. xanthopygia Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902, 245
(ref. orig. descr.; range).
Myobius barbatus barbatus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., XIII, 1906, 362, part
(Pard, Brazil; crit.); XIV, 1907, 357 (Humaytha, Rio Madeira, Brazil).
Myiobius barbatus mastacalis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., XIII, 1906, 362, in
text (Bahia, Brazil). — Hellmayr, Abhand. K. Bayerischen Akad.
Wiss., II Kl., XXII, 1906, 641 (Brazilian references and localities; meas.;
crit.). — von Ihering, Aves do Brazil, 1907, 290 (Estado de Sao Paulo,
Ubatuba, and Iguape, Brazil; Brazilian localities and references). — Hell-
mayr, Nov. Zool., XV, 1908, 51 (Fazenda Esperanca, Goyaz, Brazil;
crit.); XVII, 1910, 299 (Maruins, Marmellos, and Humaytha, Rio
Madeira, Brazil; crit.). — Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911,
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 23
1135, 1136 (range; crit.). — Hellmayr, Abhand. K. Bayerischen Akad.
Wiss., Math.-phys. KL, XXVI, 1912, 26, 90 (PeLxe-Boi and San Antonio
do Prata, Brazil; range; crit.)- — von Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paulista, IX,
1914, 440, 480, pi. 8, fig. 9, pi. 9, fig. 3 (nest and eggs).
Myiobius xanthopygus xanthopygus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., IV,
1907, 487 (diag.; references).
Myiobius mastacalis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, 1912, 208, in text
(crit.). — Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 296 (ref. orig.
descr.; range).
Description.— Male: above olive green, the pileum with a partially con-
cealed median vertical spot of lemon chrome; rump barium yellow; wings
dusky, externally more or less light brownish olive, the remiges edged with
buffy below; tail and upper tail-coverts plain dark brown or dusky; under
parts Martins yellow, the throat and sides of the head paler and duller, the
breast, sides, and crissum more or less shaded with old gold; "iris brown;
feet flesh gray; bill black above, pale below. " Female similar, but smaller,
and the vertical spot wanting or reduced to a trace.
Measurements. —Male: wing, 64-71 (66.5); tail, 55-61 (58); bill, 10.5-
11.5 (11); tarsus, 15.5-17 (16.5). Female: wing, 55-62 (59); tail, 50-54
(52.5); wing, 10-11 (10.5) ; tarsus, 13.5-15 (15).
Range. — Brazil, from the Amazon and Madeira Rivers south to Sao
Paulo and east to Bahia.
Remarks. — This species was described by Maximilian, Prince of Wied,
just one hundred years ago, his types being stUl preserved in the American
Museum of Natural History. Four years later it was given another name
by Spix, but in the meantime Wied had concluded that his bird was identical
with the Muscicapa barbata of Gmelin, and in 1859, when Cabanis finally
became satisfied that the Brazilian bird was really distinct from that of
Cayenne, it was Spix's name and not Wied's that was adopted. Not
until 1906, indeed, when Mr. Hellmayr critically examined Spix's types,
pointing out the pertinence and priority of Wied's name, did -mastacalis
finally come into use. Numerous authors had in the meantime followed
Sclater's lead in denying recognition to the Brazilian form, and with the
nomenclature of the group in such a confused state it was little wonder that
without adequate material for comparison they could not agree. The
late Count von Berlepsch, however, expressed a decided opinion on this
point in 1888, which was fully indorsed by Mr. Hellmayr in 1912. We
can not follow this eminent authority, however, in considering M.
mastacalis only subspecifically separable from M. barbatus. While the
two forms are undoubtedly closely related, we have yet to see a specimen
that can not be unequivocally referred to one or the other. In mastacalis
the rump and under surface are obviously paler than in barbatus — barium
yellow or naphthalene yellow, instead of picric yellow or Martins yellow —
and the latter is shaded with old gold instead of citrine. There is a marked
variation, however, in the amount of this shading, some specimens lacking
it entirely (except on the tibiae and crissum), while in others it is conspicu-
ous. These differences appear to be correlated with a variation in the color
of the upper parts, the examples with the most buffy suffusion having the
24 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
back and wings obviously tinged with brownish, while in those with uniform
under parts the upper surface is a purer olive green. In the latter phase the
bird more nearly resembles barbatus, and it is easy to understand how with
only a few specimens it should have been thus allocated by sundry authors.
Our series shows, however, that to whatever cause these variations may be
attributed they are certainly not geographical in character.
M. mastacalis was described from the Rio Catol6, in the province of
Bahia, Brazil, and a year later was again recorded from the Bahia region by
Swainson. Spix's type of xanthopygus came from Rio de Janeiro. In
more recent years the species has been traced north to the Amazon, west to
the Madeira, and south to the state of Sao Paulo, so that it appears to
occupy by far the larger part of BrazU. Euler describes the nest as an
oblong structure, with the entrance on one side, and a kind of conical roof
aU around. The eggs are two in number, white, with a rosy blush, with a
wreath of dark reddish and violet reddish spots around the larger end.
Specimens examined. — Brazil: Benevides, 2; Colonia do Mojuy, 4; Villa
Braga, 9; Miritituba, 7; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Cameta, Rio Tocantins, 3;
Arumatheua, Rio Tocantins, 3; Victoria, Rio Xingu, 1; Apehu, 1; Ourem,
Rio Guama, 2 ; Santa Julia, Rio Iriri, 1 ; San Antonio do Prata, 2 ; Ilhios,
Bahia, 1; Bahia, 6; Baron Melgaco, Matto Grosso, 1; Broken Canoe
Rapids, Rio Roosevelt, Matto Grosso, 1. Total, 45.
Myiobius barbatus (Gmelin).
"Barbichon de Cayenne, mas" D'Aubenton, PI. Enlum., 1778, 830, fig. 1.
— BuFFON, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, IV, 1778, 534, part (Cayenne, French
Guiana; descr. male; habits).
"Whiskered Flycatcher" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, II, i, 1782, 364, part
(Cayenne, French Guiana; descr. male; habits; ex Buffon). — Stephens,
in Shaw's Gen. ZooL, X, ii, 1817, 352, part (Cayenne, French Guiana;
references; descr. male; habits). — Latham, Gen. Hist. Birds, VI, 1823,
245, part (Cayenne, French Guiana; references; descr. male; habits).
Muscicapa barbata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, ii, 1789, 933 (Cayenne, French
Guiana, ex Buffon et Latham; diag.). — Latham, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 488,
part (Cayenne, French Guiana; diag. male; references). — Strickland,
Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (1), VII, 1841, 28, in text (taken as type of
Tyrannvla Swainson;.
Myiobius barbatus Cabanis, Arch. f. Naturg., 1847, 248 (designated as
type of Myiobius). — Gray, Gen. Birds, I, 1845, 249 (in list of species;
references). — Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen in Britisch-Guiana, III,
1848, 701 (British Guiana). — Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Heineanum,
II, 1859, 67, note (references). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859,
45 (range); 1860, 465, part (in list of species; range). — Sclater and
Salvin, Proc. Zool. Sor. London, 1867, 751, and 1873, 281 (Xeberos and
Chyavetas, Peru). — von Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., ii, 1869, 113 (Borba
[?] and Marabitanas, Brazil); iv, 1870, 426 (Brazil, ex Lichtenstein). —
Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 359 (in list of species; range). — Sclater
and Salvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 51, part (range). — Giebel,
Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 663 (syn.; range).— Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll.,
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 25
1882, 312 ("S. America"; references). — Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1882, 21 (Yurimaguas, Peru). — Taczanowski, Orn. Perou,
II, 1884, 298 (Xeberos, Chyavetas, and Yurimaguas, Peru; descr.;
references). — Salvin, Ibis, 1885, 297 (Bartica Grove, Merum^ Moun-
tains, Camacusa, Mount Roraima, and Atapurow River, British Gui-
ana).— Tristram, Cat. Coll. Birds, 1889, 124 (Cayenne, French Guiana).
— Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 131 (range). — von Bbrlepsch
and Hartert, Nov. Zool., IX, 1902, 49 (Suapure and La Pricion,
Caura River, Venezuela; British Guiana; crit.). — Dubois, Syn. Avium,
I, 1902, 245 (references; range). — Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, V, 1907,
49, part (Bom Lugar, Rio Purijs, Brazil). — von Berlepsch, Ornis,
XIV, 1907, 481, in text (crit.).— von Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., XV, 1908,.
129 (Ipousin, Rio Approuage, and Oyapoc, French Guiana). — Penard,
Vogels van Guyana, II, 1910, 254 (Guiana; descr.; habits; crit.). — Todd,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, 1912, 208, in text (crit.). — Brabourne and
Chubb, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 296 (ref. orig. descr.; range). — Snethlage,
Bol. Mus. Goeldi, VIII, 1914, 391, part (St. Antonio do Cachoeira and
Obidos, BrazU).— Chubb, Birds Brit. Guiana, II, 1921, 215 (British Gui-
ana localities and references; descr.).
Myiobius barbata Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, I, 1850, 187 (range; refer-
ences [part]).
Myiobius xanthopygius (not Platyrhynchus xanthopygus Spix) Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1866, 189 (upper Ucayali River, Peru).
[Myiobius barbatus] h. subsp. Ujpica Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV,
1888, 200, part (Bartica Grove, Atapurow River, Camacusa, and
Mount Roraima, British Guiana; Oyapoc, French Guiana; references).
Myiobius sulphureipygius (not of Sclater) Menegaux, Bull. Mus. d'Hist.
Nat. Paris, 1904, 118 (Saint Georges d'Oyapock and Saint Jean du
Maroni, French Guiana; range).
Myiobius barbatus barbatus Hellmayr, Abhand. K. Bayerischen Akad,
Wiss., II Kl., XXII, 1906, 642 (ref. orig. descr.; diag.; range; Natterer's
specimens).— RiDGWAY, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 487
(diag.; references). — Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., XIII, 1906, 362, part
(British Guiana and Caura River, Venezuela; crit.); XIV, 1907, 357,
part (British Guiana); XVII, 1910, 299 (Borba, Rio Madeira, Brazil, ex
von Pelzeln; crit.). — Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911, 1135,
1136 (range; crit.). — Cherrie, Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Sci. Bull., II, 1916.
242 (Caura River, Venezuela, ex von Berlepsch and Hartert). — Chap-
man, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 465 (Florencia and
La Morelia, Colombia; British Guiana). — Bangs and Penard, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., LXII, 1918, 78 (Jaraweg, Dutch Guiana).
Mijiobius barbatus subsp. Snethlage, Journ. f. Orn., LVI, 1908, 11 (Bom
Lugar, Rio Purtis, Brazil; crit.).
Myiobius barbatus xanthopygus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, VIII, 1914,
391 (Bom Lugar, Rio Puriis, Brazil; diag.).
Description. — Male: above olive green, the pileum with a partially con-
cealed median vertical spot of lemon chrome; rump Martins yellow; wings
dusky brown, externally buffy brown or buffy olive, the secondaries-
26 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
especially; upper tail-coverts and tail brownish black; throat deep colonial
buff, the breast more or less strongly shaded with citrine, passing into
Martius yellow posteriorly; tibiae buffy citrine; crissum old gold; under
wing-coverts buffy yellow; inner margins of remiges buffy below; "iris
brown; feet dark plumbeous; bill black, flesh-color below." Female
similar, but the vertical spot wanting or merely indicated in buffy or
ochraceous.
Measurements.— M&\e: wing, 64-69 (66); tail, 53-61 (57); bill, 10-11
(10.4); tarsus, 15.5-18 (16.4). Female (seven specimens); wing, 58-61
(60); tail, 51-54 (52); bill, 10-10.5 (10.3); tarsus, 13.5-17 (14.8).
Range. — Guiana, west through central and southern Venezuela to Colom-
bia (east of the Andes), and south to the north bank of the Amazon and
through upper "Amazonia" to eastern Peru.
Remarks. — The "Barbichon de Cayenne," male, of Buffon and D'Au-
benton is the basis of Gmelin's name for this species, the figure being easily
recognizable. Latham and Stephens, the next authors to notice the species,
merely copied Buffon's account. So far as we know Swainson had no
specimens of this form before him when he made it the type of his new genus
T]irannula, but only of the Brazilian bird (mastacalis). Cabanis, who
in due course had access to examples collected by Schomburgk in British
Guiana, is the first author to clearly recognize the distinctness of the
present bird. Whitely also secured specimens in British Guiana, and in
more recent years numerous other specimens have been taken in French
and Dutch Guiana, Venezuela, and thence westward to the foot of the
Andes in Colombia. Without having examined the specimens on which
the records are based it is impossible to be sure, of course, but we are
inclined to place the records for northeastern Peru here rather than under
M. atricaudus, mainly on geographical grounds. The measurements for
one of the specimens given by Taczanowski indicate a bird of the present
form, and not atricaudus, which averages smaller. The wing-measurement
of the other specimen, given as "59" millimeters, may be an error for 69.
It is extremely unlikely that atricaudus would be found on both sides of
the Andes in Peru, judging by analogy. For Brazil, Mr. Hellmayr finds
that Natterer's specimens from Marabitanas on the Rio Negro and from
Borba on the lower Rio Madeira belong here. A specimen, easily referable
to this form, from Avojutuba, on the Rio Negro, appears to confirm the
Marabitanas record, but we may be excused for venturing to doubt the
Borba record in view of the range of variation known to obtain in M.
Tnastacalis. It is more likely that the Rio Madeira separates the respec-
tive ranges of mastacalis and barbatus, but further field-work alone can
demonstrate this. Miss Snethlage has recorded two specimens from Bom
Lugar, on the Rio Puriis, which from the description are almost certainly
barbatus. The indications are, therefore, that this form has an extensive
range in northern South America, from Guiana on the east to Colombia and
Peru on the west. Individual variation is very much less than in )nasta-
calis, from which the present form may always be told by its much brighter
yellow rump and under surface, which latter is shaded with citrine, not
buffy or old gold.
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannida. 27
Specimens examined. — Colombia: La Murelia, Caqueta, 1. Venezuela:
Rio Yuruan, 3; Suapure, 2. British Guiana: Mount Roraima, 3; Cama-
cusa, 1; unspecified, 1. French Guiana: Tamanoir, 16; Pied Saut, 4.
Brazil: Obidos, 4; Coloniado Veado, Obidos, 1; St. Antonio do Cachoeira,
1; Manacapuru, 1; Avojutuba, Rio Negro, 1. Total, 39.
Myiobius semiflavus Todd.
Myiobius semiflavus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXXII, 1919,
114 (El Tambor, Santander, Colombia; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie
Mus.).
Description. — Male: above plain olive green, the pileum with a partially-
concealed vertical spot of empire yellow, the rump pale lemon yellow;
wings dusky, the remiges margined externally with buffy citrine, most
conspicuous basally and on the secondaries; upper tail-coverts and tail dull
black; beneath (including under wing-coverts) pale lemon yellow, the throat
and crissimi still paler (Martius yellow), the breast and sides shaded with
pyrite yellow or yellowish citrine ; tibiae usually more or less shaded with
citrine; inner margins of remiges buffy below; "iris brown; feet pale
leaden blue; bill black, flesh-color below." Female similar, but the verti-
cal spot wanting or merely indicated.
Measurements. — Male (four specimens): wing, 65-68 (66); tail, 53-59
(56.5); bill 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.5). Female (three speci-
mens): wing, 62-64 (63); tail, 51-56 (54); bill, 10.5-11 (10.7); tarsus,
15-17 (16).
Range. — Known only from the type-locality, in the valley of the Rio
Lebrija, northeastern Colombia.
Remarks. — This species is easily distinguished by its generally rich
coloration and decidedly yellow under parts, which are much brighter
than in any other form of this group. Although perfectly distinct, it
seems to be most closely related to M. barbatus, and may have been devel-
oped therefrom by isolation. Certainly it has nothing to do with M.
atricaudus, one of whose forms it approximates geographically. It is known
at present only from the seven specimens listed below, but will probably
be found to have a more extensive range, covering perhaps the whole of the
valley of the middle Magdalena.
Specimens examined. — Colombia: El Tambor, 7.
Myiobius sulphureipygius sulphureipygius (Sclater).
Tyrannula sulphureipygia Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, "1856,"
1857, 296 (Cordova, Vera Cruz, Mexico; orig. descr.; type now in coll.
Brit. Mus.).
Myiobius citrinopygus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Heineanum, II, 1859,
67, note (Mexico; new name for Tyrannula sulphureipygia Sclater, on
grounds of purism). — Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Heineani
Orn., 1883, 144 (Mexico; syn.).
Myiobius sulphureipygius Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, 45
(range), 384 (Playa Vicente, Oaxaca, Mexico). — Sclater, Ibis, 1859,
28 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
442 (Cordova, Mexico). — Salvin and Sclater, Ibis, 1860, 399 (Choc-
tum, Guatemala). — Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 465 (ref.
orig. descr.; syn.; range). — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 226 (Cordova,
Mexico, and Choctum, Guatemala). — Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869,
359 (in list of species; range). — Sumichrast, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., I, 1869, 557 ("tierra caliente," Vera Cruz, Mexico). — Sclater
and Salvin, Nom. Av. Neotrop., 1873, 51, part (Mexico, in range). —
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 200, part (Mexican, Guate-
malan, and British Honduras references and localities; descr.). — Salvin
and GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1889, 57, part (Mexican,
Guatemalan, and British Honduras localities and references; descr.;
crit.).— Salvin, Ibis, 1889, 360, and 1890, 87 (Cozumel I., Yucatan).—
Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., "1897-98," 1899, 222 (Cayo, British
Honduras). — Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, Hi, 1901, 131, part (range).
Myiobius sulphureipygia Dubois. Syn. Avium, I, 1902, 245, part (refer-
ences; range; syn.).
Myiobius xanthopygus sulphureipygius Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
No. 50, IV, 1907, 487, part (diag.), 490, part (descr.; range; meas.; refer-
ences).—Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, IV, 1908, 27, 28, in text
(crit.)— Peters, Auk, XXX, 1913, 376 ("30 mUes north of Camp
Mengel, " Quintana Roo, Mexico).
Myiobius sulphureipygius sulphureipygius Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1911, 1135, 1136 (range; crit.).
Description. — Above dull olive green, the pUeum and nape more or less
suffused with brownish, the former with a partially concealed vertical spot
of light cadmium or lemon chrome; rump picric yellow or Martins yellow;
upper tail-coverts and tail dull black; wings dusky, margined externally
with buffy brown; throat dull white, shaded with yellow posteriorly; breast,
sides of head and neck, and abdomen laterally strongly suffused with
ochraceous or antimony yellow, leaving only the middle of the abdomen pale
yellow (barium yellow); tibiae brownish olive; crissum more or less buffy
brown; "iris dark hazel; bill horn brown above, mostly whitish below; feet
blue. " (Female with the yellow vertical patch restricted, merely indicated,
or wanting).
Measxirements. — Male (seven specimens): wing, 64-69 (66); tail, 54—59
(56); bill, 10-12.5 (11.5); tarsus, 17-18 (17.5). Female (four specimens):
wing, 59-63 (61); tail, 50-53 (52); bill, 10-10.5 (10.3); tarsus, 16-16.5
(16.3).
Range. — States of Vera Cruz and Oaxaca, Mexico, east and south to
Yucatan, British Honduras, and Guatemala, in the Tropical Zone.
Remarks. — "The first specimens of this species sent to Europe were
probably those obtained by Deppe at Valle Real in Mexico, which remained
undescribed under Lichtenstein's MS. name, M. mexicanus, in the Berlin
Museum. In 1856 Mr. Sclater received examples from M. Sall6 which he
named M. sulphureipygius, comparing the species with the allied M.
barbatus. The range of this bird in Mexico appears to be extremely
limited, and probably strictly confined to the hot low-lying forests of the
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannida. 29
State of Vera Cruz. It also occurs on the island of Cozumel, whence Mr.
Gaumer sent us a single specimen. It is found too in British Honduras and
in some abundance in Northern Vera Paz in the heavily forested country,
lying at an elevation of about 1500 feet above the sea" (Salvin and God-
man).
We can not foUow Mr. Ridgway in reducing this form to a race of the
Brazilian M. mastacalis, from which it is widely separated geographically,
and consider it as distinct a species as any of the other forms herein admit-
ted to recognition. Its ochraceous under parts are a character shared by
only one other species, M. villosus, and should entitle it to stand alone.
Specimens examined. — Mexico: Orizaba, Vera Cruz, 1; Buena Vista,
Vera Cruz, 2; Teapa, Tabasco, 2. British Honduras: Manatee Lagoon,
3; Quamin's Creek, 1; Toledo District, 2; unspecified, 1. Guatemala:
Choctum, Vera Paz, 3; unspecified, 7. Total, 22.
Myiobius sulphureipygius aureatus Bangs.
Myiobius sulphureipygius (not Tyrannula sulphureipygia Sclater) Cassin,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, 144 (Rio Truando, Colombia).
— Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1863, 8 (Panama Rail-
way, Panama). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, 148 (Santa F6,
Veragua). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., IX, 1868, 114
(Angostura, Costa Rica). — von Frantzius, Journ. f. Orn., XVII, 1869,
308 (Costa Rica). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 198 (Calobre,
Bugaba, and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama). — Sclater, Ibis, 1873, 373
(Chontales, Nicaragua). — Botjcard, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, 64
(Naranjo, Costa Rica).— Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VI, "1883,
1884, 402 (Los Sabalos, Nicaragua). — Zeledon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
VIII, 1885, 108 (Costa Rica). — Zeledon, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica,
I, 1887, 117 (Jiminez, Rio Sucio, and Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica).
—Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 200, part (Nicaragua,
Costa Rica, and Panama localities and references). — Ridgway, Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1888, 589 (Segovia River, Honduras) .—Salvin
, and GoDMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1889, 57, part (Central American
localities and references). — Cherrie, Expl. Zool. Rio Naranjo, 1893, 15
(Rio Naranjo ["quebrada de Tocori], Costa Rica; nesting). — Cherrie,
Expl. Zool. en Costa Rica, 1891-2, 1893, 384 (Lagarto, Boruca, Terraba,
and Buenos Aires, Costa Rica). — Underwood, Ibis, 1896, 438 (Volcano
MiravaUes, Costa Rica). — Underwood, Avifauna Costarriquena, 1899,
7 (Costa Rica).— Bangs, Auk, XVIII, 1901, 363 (Divala, Panama).—
Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXXIX, 1903, 148 (Yaruca, Honduras).
Myiobius villosus (not of Sclater) Hartert, Nov. Zool., V, 1898, 488
(Chimbo and Cachavi, Ecuador).
Myiobius xanthopygus sulphureipygius Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
No. 50, IV, 1907, 490, part (Central American references and localities;
meas.). — Bangs, Auk, XIV, 1907, 302 (Boruca, Paso Real, and Pozo
del Rio Grande, Costa Rica). — Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1918, 267 (Canal Zone, Panama).
30 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Myiobius xanthopygus aureatiis Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club,
IV, 1908, 27 (Divala, Panama; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Mus. Comp,
Zool.; crit.).
Myiobius xanthopygius aureatus Caeriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910,
707 (Costa Rican localities and references; habits; nesting).
Myiobius sulphureipygius aureatus Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1911, 1135, in text (Chiriqui; Pozo Azul, Costa Rica; crit.), 1136 (range).
—Chapman, BuD. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 466 (Alto
Bonito, Choco, Baudo, Novita, Juntas de Tamana, San Jose, and
Barbacoas, Colombia; Manavi, Ecuador; range; crit.).
Myiobius sulphureipygius villosus (not of Sclater) Hellmayr, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1911, 1135 (N6vita, Colombia; crit.).
Subspecific characters. — Similar to Myiobius sulphureipygius sulphurei-
pygius, but color of breast and sides paler, and yellow of median under
parts slightly clearer in tone and more extended posteriorly, particularly
on the flanks and crissum.
Measurements.— Male: wing, 62-66 (64); taU, 52-55 (53); bill, 10-12
(11); tarsus, 16.5-18.5 (17.8). Female: wing, 56-68 (62); taU, 49-56
(52); bill, 10-11.5 (10.8); tarsus, 14.5-18.5 (16.7).
Range. — Honduras south through Colombia to Ecuador, west of the
Andes.
Remarks. — No. 66,574, Collection Carnegie Museum, is a young bird
emerging from juvenal dress. The upper parts, wings, etc., are barred
with ochraceous buff feather-tips; the tertiaries have broad outer margins
of buf?y; the vertical spot and the yellow of the rump are wanting, and the
under parts are paler, duller, and more tinged with buffy, with the flanks
and crissum nearly white.
M. sulphureipygius aureatus is not a strongly marked subspecies, but
may be recognized in series by the characters above specified. Examples
from Honduras and Nicaragua are clearly intermediate, but on the whole
seem best referred to the southern form. Birds from western Costa Rica
are pale by comparison, while those from Ecuador are bright; this is in
part due to season, however, and no further subdivision of the species is
advisable. The present race was formally distinguished by Mr. Bangs in
1908, after Mr. Ridgway had pointed out its characters. It occurs through-
out much of the territory occupied by M. atricaudus, but in somewhat
different haunts. In Costa Rica, according to Mr. Carriker, it is found
"up to an altitude of about 3,000 feet on the Caribbean slope and 2,000
feet on the Pacific. It is found only in the forest, usually near a little
brook, flitting about among the low limbs of the trees and shrubbery.
The birds are very silent; in fact I do not think I have ever heard them
utter more than a faint chirp." The same author describes the nest as a
"purse-shaped mass of grass, roots and bark-fibres, about eighteen inches
long, very slender at the upper end and about three and one-half inches in
diameter at the largest part (about four inches from the bottom). The
entrance to the cavity of the nest is on one side, four inches from the
bottom and protected by an overhanging flap of the material of the nest.
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 31
The eggs are invariably two in number, creamy white, sometimes with a
roseate tinge, and thickly speckled, streaked, and scrawled over the entire
surface with bright chestnut-rufous, heavier at the larger end, in the form
of a wreath or cap. Sometimes the markings have a decided purplish
color. " The nest is always suspended from a slender vine or the tip of a
branch over water.
Specimens examined. — Honduras: Yaruca, 1; Segovia River, 1; Rio
de las Piedras, 1. Nicaragua: Los Sabalos, 4; Rio Tuma, 1; Tuma, 2; Rio
Grande, 1; Savala, 1; Las Canas, 2; Pena Blanca, 2. Costa Rica: Pozo
Azul de Pirris, 10; Escazu(?), 1; Guapiles, 3; Volcano Turrialba, 1; Gua-
cimo, 2; Rio Sicsola, 1; Miravalles, 1; El Hogar, 2; El Pozo de Terraba, 2;
Boruca, 17; Buenos Aires, 1; La Concepcion, Jimenez, 1; Jimenez, 2;
Bonilla, 1 ; Angostura, 2; Naranjo, 1 ; Tenorio, 4; La Vijagua, 8; El General,
13; Paso Real, 2; Carrillo, 3; Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, 2; Pozo del Rio
Grande, 12. Panama: Divala, 2; Chiriqui, 1; Tacarcuna, 5; El Real, Rio
Tuyra, 4; Cana, 1; Tapalisa, 1; Cerro Azul, 1; Cituro, Cuppe River, 1;
Mt. Pirri, 1 ; unspecified, 1. Colombia: Murindo, 2; Quibdo, 1 ; El Tambo,
3; Andagoya, 3; Potedo, 3; Malagita, 3; Alto Bonito, 3; Baudo, Choco,
1; Choco, 2; Barbacoas, 2; San Jose, Cauca, 1 ; Juntas de Tamana, Cauca,
2; Novita, Cauca, 2. Ecuador: Junction Chanchan and Chiguancay
Rivers, 2; Bucay, Guayas, 2; Naranjo, Guayas, 1; Santa Rosa, Oro, 1;
Rio de Oro, Manavi, 4. Total, 164.
Myiobius villosus villosus Sclater.
Myiobius villosus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 93 (Nanegal
[type-locality] and Rio Napo[?], Ecuador; orig. descr.; type now in coll.
British Mus.), 465 (ref. orig. descr.; range).— Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds,
1862, 226 (Nanegal and Rio Napo, Ecuador; ref. orig. descr.). — Gray,
Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 359 (in list of species; range). — Giebel, Thes.
Orn., II, 1875, 668 (ref. orig. descr.). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1879, 514 (Frontino, Antioquia, Colombia; crit.). — Tac-
zanowski and von Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1885, 91
(Machay and Mapoto, Ecuador), 116 (Nanegal, Ecuador). — Sclater,
Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 201, part (Nanegal and Rio Napo,
Ecuador; Frontino and "Bogotd, " Colombia; descr.; references; crit.).
Salvador: and Festa, Bol. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Torino, XIV,
No. 362, 1899, 10 ("Foreste del Rio Peripa, " Ecuador; Ecuadorean
references; crit.) — Sharps, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 131, part (range).
— Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, 706 (Gualea, Ecuador; crit.). — Gceldi,
Bol. Mus. Paraense, III, 1902, 292, part (Rio Napo, Ecuador, ex Sclater).
— Menegaux, Mission Service Geog. Mes. Arc M6ridien Equat. Amer.
du Sud, IX, i, 1911, B 56 (Mindo, Ecuador; Ecuadorean records). — Bra-
bourne and Chubb, Birds S. Am. I, 1912, 296, part (ref. orig. descr.;
range).— Chapman, Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 465,
excl. extralimital records (Cocal and Ricaurte, Colombia; range; crit.).
Myiobiiis sulphur eipygia var. villosa Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902, 245
part (references; range).
32 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Myiohius xanthopygus villosus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50,
IV, 1907, 488, part (diag.; references; crit.). — Bangs, Proc. New Eng-
land Zool. Club, IV, 1908, 27, in text (crit.; range).
Myiohius sulphureipygius villosus von Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 481,
(crit.). — Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911, 1136, part (range).
Description. — Male: above dark olive green, the pileum more or less
suffused with Brussels brown, and with a large median vertical spot or
stripe (partially concealed) of lemon chrome; rump Martins yellow; upper
tail-coverts and tail black; wings dusky brownish, the coverts and remiges
edged externally with medal bronze, the inner margins of the remiges
buffy; under surface orange citrine, brightest on the breast and sides, the
throat yellowish, and the middle of the abdomen barium yellow; "iris
brown; feet grayish brown; bill black, flesh color below." Female similar
to the male, but lacks the yellow vertical spot, the pileum being Brussels
brown with a dark olive green wash.
Measurements. — Male (three specimens): wing, 70-71; tail, 60-61;
bill, 11.5-12; tarsus, 18. Female (four specimens): wing, 66-68 (67);
tail, 56-61 (58); bill, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 16-18 (17).
Range. — Andes of Colombia and Ecuador, in the Subtropical Zone.
Remarks. — Myiohius villosus is the Subtropical Zone representative of
M. sulphureipygius, as conclusively shown by Dr. Chapman. It differs
from the latter in its larger size and generally darker coloration, the yellow
below being more restricted and the ochraceous more extended. Nearly
all the specimens examined show an indistinct dusky mottling on the lower
parts, from the breast down. Although closely related to the form of the
Tropical Zone living immediately below, intergradation apparently does
not take place, and it should be accorded specific rank. Sclater's type came
from Nanegal, in western Ecuador, while a second specimen purported to
have come from the Rio Napo, in eastern Ecuador — almost certainly an
erroneous locality. We have not yet seen any specimens from western
Ecuador, but there is every reason to believe that skins from western
Colombia are the same. Dr. Chapman calls attention to the peculiarities
of a "Bogotd," skin in the American Museum Collection (No. 42704).
This specimen agrees closely with No. 59984, Collection Carnegie Museum,
from Rio Negro, Colombia, and the two together differ from the remainder
of the series in their brighter coloration below. Two forms are thus indi-
cated, from the Eastern and Western Andes respectively, but it will be
wise to await the receipt of additional material before formally character-
izing them. The Peruvian birds, however, are undoubtedly distinct, and
are described beyond. The present bird is not nearly so common or well
known as the forms of this group from the Tropical Zone, nor, indeed, as
many other Subtropical species.
Specimens examined. — Colombia: Rio Negro, 1; "Bogotd, " 1; Cocal,
Cauca, 1; Ricaurte, Narino, 2; near Pavas, 2. Total, 7.
Myiohius villosus peruvianus, subsp. nov.
Myiohius villosus (not of Sclater, 1860) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1879, 615 (Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia). — Taczanowski,
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 33
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1882, 21 (Huambo, Peru). — Taczanowski,
Orn. Perou, II, 1884, 299 (Amable-Maria and Huambo, Peru; descr.;
references; habits).— Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 201,
part (TilotUo, Yungas, Bolivia). — Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901,
131, part (range). — von Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1902, ii, 58 (Amable-Maria, Peru). — Gceldi, Bol. Mus. Para-
ense. III, 1902, 292, part (Yungas, Bolivia, ex Sclater). — von Berlepsch
and Stolzman, Ornis, XIII, 1906, 113 (Rio Cadena, Peru). — Brabourne
and Chubb, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 296, part (Peru and Bolivia, in
range).— Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 465,
part (Inca Mine, Peru). — Bangs and Noble, Auk, XXXV, 1918, 455
(Perico, Peru).
Myiobius xanthopygius (not Platyrhynchus xanthopygus Spix) Taczanow-
ski, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874, 537 (Amable-Maria, Peru).
Myiobius sulphureipygia var. villosa Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902, 245,
part (references; range).
Myiobius xanthopygus villosus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50,
IV, 1907, 488, part (references).
Type, No. 132,749, Collection American Museum of Natural History,
adult male; Rio Tavara (1600 feet), Peru, June 9, 1915; H. and C. Watkins.
Subspecific characters. — Similar in general to Myiobius villosus villosus
Sclater of Ecuador and Colombia, but conspicuously duller and paler
throughout, the upper parts not quite so green, and the rump paler, more
baryta yellow; under parts much duller, nearer old gold than orange citrine,
with the median yellow very pale, near napthalene yellow.
Measurements. — Male (three specimens): wing, 68-71 (70); taU, 60-63
(62); bill, 11-12 (11.5); tarsus, 18-19 (18.5). Female (one specimen):
wing, 67; tail, 58; bill, 12; tarsus, 18.
Range. — Andes of Peru and Bolivia (south at least to Yungas), in the
Subtropical Zone.
Remarks. — This form differs from true villosus in the same way, and to
an even greater detree, as does true sulphureipygius from its southern
race aureatus. According to Stolzmann it has not been found below 3700
feet, but the specimen selected as type is marked as having been collected
at 1600 feet, which, if correct, would indicate that the bird descends to a
lower altitude than do most Subtropical Zone forms. Buckley secured it
in the province of Yungas in Bohvia, but all the other published records
are for Peru. Where it meets the range of the typical form we are unable
to state; perhaps some of the Ecuador references may pertain here also.
Specimens examined. — Peru: Inca Mine, 1; Perico, 1; Rio Tavara
(1600 feet), 1; Santo Domingo, 1. Total, 4.
Myiobius atricaudus modestus Todd.
Myiobius barbatus atricaudus (not Myiobius atricaudus Lawrence) von
Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., IX, 1902, 49, excl. extralimital
references (Caicara, Venezuela; crit.).
34 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Myiobius modestus Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, 1912, 207 (Upata
[type-locality], San Felix, and Altagracia, Venezuela; orig. descr.; type
in coll. Carnegie Mus.; crit.). — Cherrie, Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Sci. Bull.,
II, 1916, 242 (Caicara and River San Feliz, Venezuela).
Subspecific characters. — Similar to Myiobius atricaudus atricaudus, but
upper parts paler, and lower parts duller, more uniformly buffy, less yellow-
ish.
Measurements. — Male (two specimens): wing, 60-62; tail, 59-60; bill,
10.5-11; tarsus, 17-18. Female (six specimens): wing, 57-58 (57); tail,
54-57 (56); bill, 10-10.5 (10); tarsus, 15-16.5 (15.5).
Range. — Eastern Venezuela, south of the Orinoco River, east to the
Sierra Imataca.
Remarks. — "This form is based upon two adult [male] and three imma-
ture [ = female] birds from San Felix, Altagracia, and Upata, localities in
the region lying immediately south of the Orinoco east of Ciudad Bolivar.
These are evidently the same as the two skins from Caicara (farther up
the Orinoco) doubtfully referred to Myiobius barbatus atricaudus Lawrence
by Messrs. Berlepsch and Hartert (Novitates Zoologicce, IX, 1902, 49).
Upon comparison with an ample series of the latter from Costa Rica,
however, they prove to be very distinct, being decidedly paler olivaceous
above, and more uniform below, with less of the buffy suffusion on the
breast and sides, and the tibise and under tail-coverts much paler, more
buffy. From true M. barbatus, of which I have three examples before me,
they are still more different, and may be distinguished at a glance by their
deep black tails" (Todd, 1. c).
With a much larger series of true atricaudus at hand than was available
when the above remarks were penned, it is evident that some qualifications
are required. M. modestus is more closely related to M. atricaudus than
at first was thought, and should stand as a subspecies thereof. It differs
in its lighter, duller coloration, the lower parts appearing less yellowish,
and more uniformly buffy, with the upper parts a shade paler also. In the
original description it is stated that there is "less of the buffy suffusion on
the breast and sides" than in atricaudus, but the fact is that this is only
apparent because of the dullness of the yellow color.
Since the respective ranges of M. barbatus and the present form are
known to approach each other very closely in Venezuela, if, indeed, they
do not actually overlap, without any signs of intergradation in the area
involved, we feel justified in keeping them specifically distinct. Two
specimens from Caicara, collected by Mr. Cherrie, and examined by the
writer in this connection, confirm his suspicions as to the identity of the
birds from this locality referred to by Messrs. von Berlepsch and Hartert.
Specimens examined. — Venezuela: San Felix, 2; Upata, 2; Altagracia, 1;
Caicara, 2; La Cascabel, Rio San Feliz, 1. Total, 8.
Myiobius atricaudus suflfusus Todd.
Myiobius modestus suffusus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXX,
1917, 4 (Turbaco, Colombia; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie Mus.).
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannida. Zh-
Subspecific characters. — Similar to Myiohius atricaudus atricaudus Law-
rence, but under parts paler and more uniform, with less buffy suffusion
on the breast; upper surface also slightly paler.
Measurements. — Male (four specimens): wing, 60-62 (61); tail, 56-58
(57); bill, 10-11 (10.5); tarsus, 18-19 (18.5). Female (three specimens):
wing, 55-57 (56); tail, 54-57 (55); bill, 9.5-10 (10); tarsus, 16-16.5 (16).
Range. — Valley of the Rio Sinu east to the valley of the middle Rio
Magdalena, Colombia.
Remarks. — In the light of the much larger series of true atricaudus
examined in this connection the characters originally ascribed to this form
assume somewhat less importance. It is in fact a barely recognizable race
of atricaudus, differing in its paler, less buffy coloration below, and paler
upper parts, in which latter respect it agrees with modestus. It appears to
be confined to the northern part of the area occupied by the Cauca-Mag-
dalena Fauna in Colombia (as defined by Dr. Chapman), since a specimen
from Malena, farther up the Magdalene Valley, is clearly referable to
atricaudus.
Specimens examined. — Colombia: Turbaco, 5; Gamarra, 1; Aguachica,.
1. Total, 7.
Myiohius atricaudus atricaudus Lawrence.
Myiohius barbatus (not Muscicapa barbata Gmelin) Sclater, Proc. ZooL
Soc. London, 1860, 282 (Babahoyo, Ecuador), 295 (Esmeraldas, Ecua-
dor).—Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VII. 1861, 328 (Panama
Railway, Panama). — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 225, excl. refer-
ences part (Esmeraldas and Babahoyo, Ecuador). — Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1877, 332 (Palmal, Ecuador). — Sclater and Salvin,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, 514 (Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colombia;
crit.). — Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Heineani Orn., 1883, 144
(Babahoyo, Ecuador). — Taczanowski and von Berlepsch, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1885, 118 (Babahoyo and Esmeraldas, Ecuador, ex Sclater)^
— Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1889, 56, part Costa
Rica and Panama references and localities; crit.). — Underwood, Avi-
fauna Costarriquena, 1899, 7 (Costa Rica). — Salvadori and Festa,
Bol. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Torino, XIV, No. 362, 1899, 10 ("For-
este del Rio Peripa, " Ecuador; Ecuadorean references). — Gceldi,
Bol. Mus. Paraense, III, 1902, 292 (Sarayacu, Ecuador, ex Sclater).
Myiobius atricaudus Lawrence, Jbis, 1863, 183 (Panama; orig. descr.;
types now in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). — Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat.
Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1863, 8 (Panama Railway, Panama; crit.). — Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, 360 ([Lion Hill?], Panama;
crit.). — Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1870, 198 (Calovevora,
Panama). — Giebel, Thes. Orn,, II, 1875, 663 (ref. orig. descr.; range).
— Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, 514 (crit.). —
RiDGWAY, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 396, note ("La Palma,"
Costa Rica, and Panama; crit.). — Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V,
1882, 396 ("La Palma," Costa Rica) .— Zeledon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
VIII, 1885, 108 (Costa Rica).— Zeledon, An. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica,,
36 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
I, 1887, 117 (Costa Rica).— Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club,
II, 1900, 22 (Loma del Leon [Lion Hill], Panama). — Todd, Ann. Carne-
gie Mus., VIII, 1912, 208, in text (crit.). — Brabourne and Chubb,
Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 296 (ref. orig. descr.; range).
Myiobius atricauda Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 359 (in list of species;
range). — Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 131 (range). — Thater
and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLVI, 1906, 219 (savanna of
Panama). — von Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 481, in text (crit.).
[Myiobius barbatus] a. subsp. atricauda Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
XIV, 1888, 200, part (localities and references for Panama, Colombia,
and Ecuador; crit.).
Myiobius barbatus atricaudus von Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool.,
IX, 1902, 49, part (Costa Rica; crit.). — Hellmayr, Abhand. K. Bayer-
ischen Akad. Wiss., II Kl., XXII, 1906, 642 (Paraiso, Panama; S.
Javier and Pambilar, Ecuador; diag.; meas.; range). — Ridgway, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 487 (diag.), 488, excl. extralimital
localities and references part (descr.; range; meas.; references). — Carri-
KER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, 708 (Costa Rican localities and
references; habits). — Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911, 1135,
1136 (range; crit.).— Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI,
1917, 465 (Dabeiba, Caldas, Barbacoas, Rio Frio, and Malena, Colombia;
range). — Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1918, 267 (Gatun,
Panama; nesting).
Myiobius barbatus var. atricauda Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902, 245 (ref.
orig. descr.; range).
Myiobius barbatus atricauda Bangs, Auk, XIV, 1907, 302 (Boruca and
Pozo del Rio Grande, Costa Rica).
Description. — Above between olive green and dark citrine, the pileum
slightly darker, and with a partially concealed vertical spot of lemon
chrome; rump Martins yellow; wings dusky, with outer margins of olive
green and pale grayish inner margins below; upper tail-coverts and tail
black; under surface barium yellow, the throat, breast, sides, tibiae, and
crissum more or less strongly shaded with old gold or honey yellow; "iris
brown, feet leaden blue; bill black, flesh-colored below. " (Female with the
yellow vertical spot restricted or wanting).
Measurements.— Male: wing, 56-62 (59); tail, 55-60 (58.5); bill, 9.5-11
(10.3); tarsus, 16.5-18 (17.5). Female: wing, 52-57 (55); tail, 53-59
(56); bUl, 9.5-10 (9.6); tarsus, 14.5-17 (16).
Range. — Western Costa Rica (Gulf of Nicoya) southward through
Panama and through western Colombia and Ecuador to northwestern
Peru.
Remarks. — The proper status of the present bird has been the subject
for considerable discussion in the past. Described by Lawrence in 1863
from Panama specimens, it was soon discovered to be the same form as had
already been recorded as barbatus from western Ecuador. With a restric-
ted representation of both forms before them, Salvin and Godman in 1889
could find "no material difference" between birds from Panama and those
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 37
from Guiana. Sclater in 1888 had admitted the former as a subspecies,
but with reservations. Mr. Ridgway and Mr. Hellmayr agree in making
atricaudus a subspecies of barbatus, and this course has been followed by
other recent authors. If it were only a question of the color of the tail
such a treatment might be indorsed, but there are other differences. In
atricaudus the upper parts are tinged with citrine, the yellow vertical spot
is smaller and very slightly paler, and the yellow of the rump is more
extended than in barbatus. Below the yellow color is a little deeper, and
the breast and sides are shaded with honey yellow or old gold, instead of
citrine, as in barbatus. Moreover, the proportions are different, atricaudus
having the tail equal to or even longer than the wing, and obviously
rounded, while in barbatus it is decidedly shorter, and nearly even. Taking
all these facts into consideration, and bearing in mind that in Venezuela
a race of atricaudus approximates and probably overlaps barbatus in range,
we are disposed to accord the present bird specific rank, believing that it is
fully as much entitled to such treatment as certain other forms whose
status is not in question.
M. atricaudus atricaudus ranges in the Tropical Zone from western
Costa Rica to northwestern Peru (Tumbez), west of the Andes, but invad-
ing the Cauca and Magdalena Valleys in Colombia. It is a forest-dweller,
according to Mr. Carriker "always seen rather high up in the trees, flitting
from branch to branch much like a warbler or some of the vireos, and usually
has its tail considerably spread, which distinguishes it at once [from M.
sulphureipygius aureatus] by its greater length and blackness. This
species is also usually seen farther away from creeks and streams than the
other, sometimes high up in the crest of a ridge, far from any water, a situ-
ation in which I have never seen aureatus." Dr. Stone describes a nest
collected by the late L. L. Jewel as a "pendant bell-shaped structure with
entrance beneath the passage going up and over into the nest cavity; made
of dead leaves and fine vegetable fiber, lined with vegetable silk and fine
fibers. Situated on a branch overhanging a stream in the forest. Eggs
two, rich deep rufous, wreathed about the larger end with deeper shade of
the same, .65 x .50 in."
Specimens examined. — Costa Rica: Pozo Azul de Pirris, 4; Boruca, 12;
Buenos Aires, 4; Pozo del Rio Grande, 3; El General, 2; La Palma, 1.
Panama: Panama, 4; Divala, 1; Loma del leon (Lion Hill), 3; Gatun,
7; Natd-Cocle, 1; Chiriqui, 3; Boqueron, 2; La Chorrera, 1; El Real, Rio
Tuyra, 1; Tabernilla, 3; Porto Bello, 1; Corozal, 1; Matachin, 1; Miraflores,
1; unspecified, 2. Colombia: Caldas, 3; Yumbo, 9; Barbacoas, 2; Malena,
1; Rio Frio, 1; Dabeiba, 1. Ecuador: Bucay, Guayas, 4; Esmeraldas, 5;
Rio de Oro, 2; Naranjo, 2; Puna Island, 1; Duran, Guayas, 1; Zamora,
Loja, 1. Peru: Tumbez, 1. Total, 92.
Myiobius ridgwayi von Berlepsch.
Myiobius xanthopygius (not Platyrhynchus xanthopygus Spix) von Pelzeln,
Orn. Bras., ii, 1869, 113, part (Luiz d' Almeida and Ypanema, Brazil;
meas.; crit.).
38 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Myiohius ridgioayi von Berlepsch, Auk, V, 1888, 457 (Petropolis, Prov.
Rio Janeiro, Brazil; orig. clescr.; type in coll. H. von Berlepsch; crit.). —
Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 131 (ref. orig. descr.; range). — Hell-
MAYR, Abhand. K. Bayerischen Akad. Wiss., II Kl., XXII, 1906, 643
(Victoria, Brazil; von Pelzeln's records; meas.; crit.). — Ridgway, Bull.
U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 488, excl. syn. part? (diag.; ref.
orig. descr.). — von Ihering, Aves do Brazil, 1907, 290 (Brazilian locali-
ties and references). — von Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 481 (crit.). —
Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., VIII, 1912, 208, in text (crit.). — Brabourne
and Chubb, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 296 (ref. orig. descr.; range).
Myiohius barbatus var. ridgwayi Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902, 245 (ref.
orig. descr.; range).
Description.— Male: above light brownish olive; small vertical spot pale
lemon yellow; rump yellowish buff (near mustard yellow); tail (with
sometimes longer upper coverts) dull black; wings dusky brown with more
or less brownish olive edgings; below (including under wing-coverts) yel-
lowish buff, almost uniform, but deepening a little on the crissum; inner
edges of remiges below more or less buffy. Female similar, but the vertical
spot (usually?) wanting.
Measurements. — Male (two specimens): wing, 58-59; tail, 58-59; bill,
10-10.5; tarsus, 16-16.5. Female (one specimen): wing, 55; tail, 56;
bill, 10.
Range. — Southern Brazil, in the provinces of Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro,
and Espirito Santo.
Remarks. — This is a very distinct species, readily known by its uniform
"buffy yellow rump and lower parts. These peculiarities were first remarked
by von Pelzeln in the case of three specimens collected by Natterer at
Ypanema and Luiz d'Almeida, southern Brazil, but the species as such
remained unrecognized and undescribed until 1888, when von Berlepsch
formally characterized it on the strength of a specimen in his own collection
from Petropolis (near Rio Janeiro), Brazil, and another in the collection of
the U. S. National Museum without exact locality, but probably from the
■same general region. In 1906 Mr. Hellmayr discovered that the speci-
mens referred to as different by von Pelzeln many years before really
belonged to the present species. Mr. Ridgway refers several more recent
records by von Ihering here also, but inasmuch as this author discriminates
between ridgwayi and mastacalis in his work on the Birds of Brazil we are
inclined to accept his determination. Little is known of the present species,
and very few specimens appear to be extant. While its range is known to be
included in that of Myiobius mastacalis, it does not yet appear whether the
two species are actually found together, or whether M. ridgwayi occupies
the higher and M. mastacalis the lower levels. It seems to be more closely
related to M. atricaudus than to any other form of this generic group.
Specimens examined. — Brazil : Petropolis, 1 ; Therezopolis, Organ Moun-
tains, 1; unspecified, 2. Total, 4.
Vol. 35, pp. 39-40 March 20, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Xr
DESCRIPTION OF A BRACHYSPIZA FROM THE
CHACO OF ARGENTINA AND PARAGUAY.
BY ALEXANDER WETMORE.
During a review of the more southern forms of the South
American song sparrow, incident to the identification of a series
of specimens collected by the writer during 1920 and 1921, a
subspecies previously undescribed has been recognized from
the region known as the Chaco. Its characters may be known
from the following diagnosis.
Brachyspiza capensis mellea, subsp. nov.
Character s.Simileir to Brachyspiza capensis argentina Todd but paler;
underparts mainly white with no distinct wash of gray on breast; sides and
flanks much lighter, more buffy; brown half collar on hindneck lighter;
dorsal surface lighter particularly on rump, with dark longitudinal streaks
somewhat more restricted.
Description. — Type, U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 284146, adult
male, collected 80 kilometres west of Puerto Pinasco, Paraguay, September
16, 1920, by Alex. Wetmore (orig. No. 5010). Median crown stripe moder-
ately wide, grayer than pale mouse gray; superciliary stripe white with a
wash of pale olive-gray, extended to base of bill where it is slightly expan-
ded; basal feathers dull white with an admixture of black; auricular region
pale mouse gray, indistinctly streaked with white; broad lateral crown
stripes, line behind eye, another below auricular region and a spot on either
side of breast black; a few hair-like black feathers above anterior canthus
of eye; feathers on lower eyelid white, those below eye whitish mixed with
black; collar on hindneck rather narrow, extended around to black spot
on either side of breast, in color slightly duller than tawny; back, rump,
upper tail-coverts and scapulars light grayish olive; back and scapulars
streaked with black, with a distinct space between longitudinal streaks and
brown collar on hindneck; external webs of scapulars bordered with avel-
laneous ; flight feathers blackish brown ; primaries edged narrowly with dull
pale olive-buff; secondaries more broadly margined with avellaneous,
almost white at tips; wing coverts blackish brown; lesser wing coverts
margined with smoke gray; median wing coverts tipped with white forming
7_Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (39)
40 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
a wing band; greater wing coverts margined with avellaneous and tipped
with white, the latter forming a second wing bar; tail brownish black, outer
webs of feathers margined with dull pale olive-buff; under surface mainly
white; sides paler than pale smoke gray, with a slight wash of cartridge
buff; flanks washed with buffy brown.
Measurements (in milUmeters). — Males (two specimens): Wing 69.9'-
70.0, tail 56.2-57.8,' culmen 11.8'-12.2, tarsus 20'-21.2. Female (one
specimen) : Wing 64.0, tail 55.2, culmen 12.0, tarsus 20.5.
Range. — The Chaco region in Formosa, Argentina (Kilometre 182,
northwest of Formosa) and Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco).
Remarks. — The present form of the widely spread South American
song sparrow in its characters is suggestive of two subspecies that have
been previously recognized, namely Brachyspiza c. argentina and B. c.
hypoleuca. In the diagnosis sufficient explanation has been made of the
manner in which B. c. mellea differs from the form first named, which ranges
throughout the Pampan region of Argentina, and adjoins mellea on the
south. From B. c. hypoleuca the subspecies here described as new differs
in much grayer, less rufescent dorsal surface, and in the distinct space
that separates the area of longitudinal stripes from the bright brown
collar. In addition mellea is even whiter below than hypoleuca, has the
sides of the neck grayer, and the sides and flanks paler, grayer, less bright
in color. The two forms under discussion should meet somewhere along
the western border of the Chaco.
iType specimen.
Vol. 35, pp. 41-46 March 20, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW GENUS AND FOUR NEW SUBSPECIES OF
AMERICAN BIRDS.
BY ALEXANDER WETMORE AND JAMES L. PETERS.
Examination of specimens collected during 1920 and 1921
in South America, in connection with older material already
available, has shown several forms not currently recognized by
ornithologists; further two species of tapaculos, usually associ-
ated in one genus are found to differ so strikingly as to merit
their separation in distinct generic groups. Descriptions of a
new genus for one of these, and of subspecies of the other birds
in question follow.
Teledromas, gen. nov.
Characters. — Similar to Rhinocrypta Gray' but head not crested; bill
relatively stronger and heavier; under tail-coverts equal to less than half
the length of tail; hind toe with claw longer than second toe with claw.
Type. — Rhinocrypta fusca Sclater and Salvin,^ which will now stand as
Teledromas fuscus (Sclater and Salvin).
Remarks. — As the genus Rhinomya established in 1832 by Isidore
Geoflfroy and d'Orbigny for the species that they described^ as Rhinomya
lanceolata was antedated by Rhinomya Robineau-Desvoidy,* a genus of
Diptera published in 1830, Gray in 1841 (1. c.) replaced it by Rhinocrypta,
with Rhinomya lanceolata as the type and only species then known. Later
Gistel^ noted this same duplication of names, and, apparently unaware
of Gray's action, proposed Rhinornis for Rhinomya of Isidore Geoffroy and
d'Orbigny. All of these names refer to Rhinocrypta lanceolata and so far
as we are aware no other generic names have been suggested in connection
with the two birds under discussion.
Though the two species that have been included in the genus Rhino-
iList Gen. Birds, 1841, p. 25.
2Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, p. 161 (Mendoza).
3Mag. Zool., 1832, cl. II. pi. 3.
4J. B. Robineau-Desvoidy, Essai sur les Myodaires, 1830, p. 123.
6Naturg. Thierreichs fiir Hoh. Schul., 1848, p. x.
8— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (41)
42 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
crypta are related, and have similar habits and habitat, they differ so tren-
chantly in structural characters that their separation is well warranted.
Dendrocygna bicolor helva, subsp. nov.
Characters. — Similar to Dendrocygna bicolor bicolor (Vieillot) but lighter
and brighter in color on under surface; crown paler; bill smaller, narrower,
greatest width not more than 19.8 mm.
Description. — Type, U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 135588, adult
male, from Unlucky Lake, San Diego County, California, collected April
30, 1894, by Dr. E. A. Mearns. Top of head between russet and mars
brown, with a slight wash of dark mouse gray on posterior portion; sides
of head and of upper neck tawny-olive, each feather margined with buffy
brown, producing an appearance of faint streaks, the basic color merging
above with color of crown; hind-neck with a broad streak of black, bordered
by tawny-olive; sides of neck and foreneck lighter than pale olive-buff, the
feathers on the middle of foreneck and sides of neck dusky neutral gray
basally and laterally, producing an appearance of fine, dark, poorly defined
lines, arranged as a half collar; base of hind neck and upper back verona
brown, tipped with cinnamon-buff, feathers of upper back indistinctly
darker in a line marking prolongation of black neck stripe; back and wings
in general dull black, feathers of back and scapulars tipped broadly with
verona brown, changing distally to cinnamon-buflf ; lesser and middle wing-
coverts, save on outer portion russet, outer coverts of these two series
black, tipped slightly with russet; greater wing-coverts, primaries, secon-
daries, lower back and center of rump black; sides of rump, and lateral
upper tail-coverts, light buff; central upper tail-coverts nearly white;
rectrices dull black; throat, chin and upper foreneck dull white, washed
more or less with cinnamon-buff; lower foreneck and upper breast clay
color becoming sayal brown on lower breast, sides and abdomen, the
feathers tipped indistinctly with cinnamon-buff; under tail-coverts dull
white, washed laterally with pinkish buff; an indistinct white line through
center of abdomen; feathers of tibiae streaked with ivory yellow; under
wing-coverts and axillars blackish mouse gray; feathers of sides and flanks
long, streaked broadly with dull ivory yellow, the light streaks bordered
indistinctly with olivaceous-black. Bill, tarsus and toes dull black (from
dried skin) .
Measurements (in millimeters, of type). — Wing 207.0, tail 48.3, culmen
44.5, tarsus 48.8, width of bill at widest point 18.1.
Range. — Central California, western Nevada, southern Arizona and
central Texas south into Mexico. (Mexican specimens seen from mouth
of Colorado River, Lower California; San Blasito, Tepic; La Barca, Jalisco;
Lerma and Ixtacalco, Mexico; and Huindo, Michoacan.)
Remarks. — The type locality of Anas bicolor Vieillot' is given as Para-
guay, so that the typical subspecies of the fulvous tree-duck is of South
American range. In the present studies we have had available six speci-
mens from northern Buenos Aires, Argentina that have been assumed to
iNouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., Vol. V, 1816, p. 136.
Wetmore and Peters — New Genus and Subspecies of Birds. 43
represent the bird of southern South America. A considerable series of
birds from the southwestern United States and Mexico have afforded
abundant material for comparison.
An occasional specimen of D. b. helva approaches typical hicolor in dark
dull coloration, but all of the North American birds are readily distinguished
by the narrower, more slender bill. The greatest breadth of the bill in
hicolor ranges from 20.2 to 22.1 millimeters, in helva (37 specimens) from
17.6 to 19.8 millimeters. Both sexes agree more or less in size of biU.
Other measurements of birds from the two continents offer nothing of
diagnostic value.
Colaptes pitius cachinnans, subsp. nov.
Description. — Type, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cat. No. 85293,
adult female, from Bariloche, Gobernaci6n de Rio Negro, Argentina, alti-
tude 2500 ft., collected February 17, 1921, by James L. Peters (orig. No.
4054). (Specimen starting postnuptial moult.) Top of head between
plumbeous and light violet gray, the shafts of feathers dusky; lores, super-
ciliary stripe, cheeks and auriculars pale ochraceous buff; upper back
between hair brown and chaetura drab, each feather narrowly edged with
whitish; interscapulars and lower back the same, but each feather with a
whitish band about 2 mm. broad placed about 6 mm. from the distal
end (a few fresh feathers are blackish, near chaetura drab, with bars deep
olive buff') ; concealed feather bases pallid neutral gray, shafts golden-yel-
low; rump white; central upper tail-coverts sulphur yellow, their shafts
golden yellow; lateral upper tail-coverts blackish, barred with white;
primaries between olive brown and clove brown (old feathers), or blackish
(new feathers) ; first (innermost) to eighth inclusive marked on the outer
web with whitish or deep olive buff (narrowly tipped with whitish in the
new plumage); all primaries except 10th, which is plain throughout,
blotched basally with deep olive buff, shafts golden-yellow; secondaries
incompletely barred on both webs with deep olive buff to whitish, shafts
golden-yellow; primary coverts colored like primaries with a few faint spots
on the outer webs; other series more or less completely barred across with
one or more bands of deep olive-buff; shafts golden-yellow; axillars and
under wing coverts cream color; tail above and below blackish, outer pair of
rectrices (minute) irregularly marked on both webs with deep olive-buff;
second pair irregularly marked with the same on outer web only; remaining
rectrices plain except middle pair which are incompletely barred on the
inner web with whitish; shafts black becoming paler basally; under tail-
coverts blackish barred with white and faintly washed with sulphur yellow;
throat, malar region, and intra-ramal space light buff; sides of neck banded
with black; lower throat with sub-cordate spots of blackish; upper breast
whitish, each feather with a broad terminal to subterminal blackish band ;
lower breast sulphur yellow, each feather banded terminally and centrally
with blackish; abdomen and sides sulphur yellow with a few spots and
bands of blackish; tibiae whitish, narrowly banded with black. Legs and
feet lead; bill dusky; iris yellow (collector's note on label).
44 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Measurements (in millimeters). — Males (3 specimens), wing 150.5-
157.5 (152.8), tail 113.5-120 (115.8), exposed culmen 33-37 (35.4), tarsus
29.0-29.5 (29.3).
Females (6 specimens). Wing 147-163.5 (157.7), tail 114.3-125.5
(119.3), exposed culmen 36^0 (37.7), tarsus 28.2-30 (29.1).
Type, adult female, wing 152.5, tail 125.5, exposed culmen 37, tarsus 29.
Range. — Specimens seen from Bariloche, Rio Negro; Rio Chico and
Maiten, Chubut, Argentina.
Reynarks. — This form of the Chilian flicker apparently ranges through
the wooded eastern slopes of the Andes in Argentina from the vicinity of
Lake Nahuel Huapi southward at least through the territory of Chubut.
Specimens taken west of the Andes are not available from south of Con-
cepci6n, Chile, so that the subspecific identity of the flickers of south Chile
is uncertain. The difference in length of bill between these two forms of
pituis is easily seen from the following measurements (in millimeters) of
the bill in typical C. p. pitius (specimens from Concon, Santiago and
Concepci6n): males (5 specimens) 40.5-44.4 (41.9); females (2 specimens)
39.5-41.5 (40.5).
The characters used^ in segregating Pituipicus Bonaparte,^ type Picus
chilensis Lesson (equivalent to P. pitius Molina), seem insufficient to war-
rant the maintenance of a monotypic genus for the present species, especi-
ally with the recognition of the short-billed southern and eastern race
cachinnans. We have therefore included pitius (together with the flickers
often separated under the generic division Soroplex) in the genus Colaptes.
Brachyspiza capensis choraules, subsp. nov.
Characters. — Similar to Brachyspiza capensis chilensis (Meyen) but paler;
superciliary stripe whiter especially posterior to the eye; sides and flanks
lighter, more buffy; rufescent edgings of wing feathers paler.
Description. — Type, U. S. National Museum, Cat. No. 284125, adult
male in somewhat worn plumage, from General Roca, Gobernaci6n de Rio
Negro, Argentina, collected November 30, 1920, by Alex. Wetmore (orig.
No. 5484). Crown dull neutral gray, with a rather narrow black line on
either side extending from base of no.stril to nape ; lores, a faint line on fore-
head at base of culmen, and superciliary stripe whitish, with a slight
admixture of pallid neutral gray; feathers on lower eyelid dull white, those
immediately anterior to eye a mixture of dull white and dull black; line
from eye to nape, somewhat broadened posteriorly, black ; auricular region
light mouse gray, with a white spot behind it; a poorly defined subauricular
streak, blackish; hindneck tawny, this color extended in a half collar
around on sides of neck; lower hindneck and upper back drab; rest of back
slightly duller than drab, each feather streaked with fuscous-black; rump
and upper tail-coverts slightly paler than hair brown; primaries and secon-
daries darker than fuscous, the outer primaries margined with whitish, the
inner ones and the secondaries with pinkish buff, changing to bister toward
iSee Ridgway, Birds North and Middle America, Bull. 50, U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. VI,
1914, p. 7.
2Ateneo Italiano, Vol. II, 1854, p. 126.
Wetmore and Peters — New Genus and Subspecies of Birds. 45
the coverts; greater wing-coverts fuscous-black, margined externally with
drab, this color shading distally to dull pinkish buff, the outer web at tip
white, forming a wing band; median wing-coverts fuscous-black, tipped
with white, forming a second wing band; lesser wing-coverts dull drab;
rectrices dull fuscous, the outer ones margined lightly on outer web with
tilleul buff; throat and foreneck white; a spot on either side of foreneck (at
end of rufescent half collar) black; upper breast and sides paler than drab-
gray with a slight buffy wash; lower breast and abdomen white, the
abdomen with a wash of buff; under tail-coverts white; flanks paler than
light drab; under wing-coverts dull whitish, mixed slightly with fuscous
over metacarpal; bend of wing white. Bill darker than fuscous, nearly
black at base; tarsus between natal brown and bone brown; feet blackish.
(From dried skin.)
Measurements (in millimeters). — Males, 2 specimens, 77.2-78.2' (77.7),
tail 59.2-6O.51 (59.8), culmen 12.0'-12.2 (12.1), tarsus 21.3'-22.5 (21.9).
Females, 5 specimens, wing 73.3-79.8 (76.1), tail 58.2-67.5 (62.1), culmen
11.2-11.7 (11.2), tarsus 21.0-21.5 (21.3).
Range. — Northern Rio Negro (General Roca, breeding), and southern
Pampa (Rio Colorado, August) north to the plains of north central Men-
doza (Tunuydn, March; Mendoza, March and June).
Remarks. — Though direct comparison of this form has been made with
Brachyspiza c. chilensis, a subspecies that it resembles closely, this resem-
blance would seem to be more or less superficial since the bird here described
is intermediate between Brachyspiza c. argentina of the eastern pampas
and B. c. canicapilla of Patagonia. To the westward it intergrades with
chilensis as specimens from Tunuydn and Mendoza are not typical. As
in most other forms from this region the exact range of B. c. choraules
remains to be established.
Saltator aurantiirostris nasica,^ subsp. nov.
Characters. — Similar to Saltator aurantiirostris aurantiirostris Vieillot,
but bill longer, larger and heavier.
Description. — Type, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cat. No. 85819,
adult female, from PotrerUlos (El Sal to, altitude 6,000 feet), Province of
Mendoza, Argentina, collected March 19, 1921, by James L. Peters (orig.
No. 4127). Specimen in worn breeding plumage. Entire upperparts.
including wing coverts and tail-coverts between deep grayish olive and dark
grayish olive; lores, orbital ring, auricular region and sides of throat dull
blackish; a superciliary stripe of light buff terminates in a patch of the same
color on the side of the neck; throat light buff to light ochraceous buff,
enclosed by a narrow blackish collar; breast light grayish olive shading into
warm buff on the abdomen; flanks and under tail-coverts brighter, the
latter paler, the former more or less washed with gray; wings between hair
brown and chaetura drab ; tail blackish brown becoming paler towards the
tip.
iType specimen.
2The Latin word nasica, ae is of common gender.
46 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Measurements (in millimeters). — Males (2 specimens), wing 94.5-96.0,
tail 87.0-91.5, culmen 19.0-21.0, depth of bill from posterior end of gonys
to highest point of culmen 13.5-14.5, tarsus 27.8-28.5.
Females (2 specimens), wing 91.5-93.5', tail 82.4-89', culmen 19.3-20'.
depth of bill from posterior end of gonys to highest point of culmen 13.5-
14', tarsus 26.7^.
Range. — Province of Mendoza (Alto Verde, Potrerillos, and Mendoza),
and western Gobernaci6n de Pampa (Victorica).
Remarks. — This form, characterized by large heavy bill, may be expected
to range through the semi-arid regions of San Luis and San Juan in addition
to the geographic distribution indicated by specimens at hand. In sepa-
rating it we have had available skins of the smaller billed, somewhat
brighter colored, eastern form from Paraguay (type locality) and Tucumdn,
Formosa, Chaco, Corrientes and Entre Rios, Argentina. In males of S. a.
aurantiirostris as here restricted the culmen measures from 17.4 mm. to
18.4 mm. (average 17.8 mm.) and the depth of bill, measured from the
posterior end of the gonys to the highest point of the culmen 11.2 mm.
to 11.9 mm. (average 11.6 mm.). A female (from Las Palmas, Chaco)
measures as follows: wing 90.0 mm., tail 85.6 mm., culmen 17.5 mm.,
depth of bill (taken as described above) 11.6 mm., tarsus 26.5 mm. The
bill in three other female birds (from Entre Rios, and Tapia, Tucumdn)
has the following dimensions: culmen 17-18 mm., depth (taken as in others)
11.7-12.7 mm.
1 Measurement of type specimen.
20ne specimen.
Vol. 35, pp. 47-52 March 20, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF FERNS FROM THE
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.!
BY WILLIAM R. MAXON.
In November, 1920, Dr. W. L. Abbott revisited the Domini-
can Republic, spending the period to May, 1921, in an investi-
gation of the natural history of the Samana Peninsula and of
the region lying between Sanchez (at the head of Samana Bay)
and Puerto Plata, on the north coast. Two weeks was spent
at Sanchez; three weeks in the vicinity of Samana, a town on
the south coast of the Samana Peninsula about 20 miles east of
Sanchez, and on the mountain known as Pilon de Aziicar;
seven weeks at several stations along the railroad connecting
Sanchez and Puerto Plata, among which were Villa Riva,
Pimentel, Cotuy, Mao, and Navarrete; two weeks in the
easternmost portion of the peninsula, in visiting Las Cacaos,
Rojo Cabo, and Cape Samana; one week on the south coast
of Samana Bay, in the vicinity of San Gabriel; and one week
in the region of Old Heart River, in the north-central part of
the peninsula.
On this trip Dr. Abbott's principal attention was given to
collecting plants, of which about 4,000 specimens, representing
1,460 numbers, were obtained. About one-fifth of the collec-
tion consists of ferns and fern allies, these for the most part
well known species of the Greater Antilles. Notes on some of
the rarer species, with description of a well marked new species
of Anemia, are given herewith.
A full report will shortly be published upon a much larger
collection of pteridophyta collected in Haiti by Mr. Emery C.
Leonard, who assisted Dr. Abbott in his biological exploration
of that country in the first half of 1920.
1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
9— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (47)
48 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
MARATTIACEAE.
Danaea elliptica (L.) J. E. Sm.
Near Laguna, Samand Peninsula (262). Old Heart River (Jato Viejo),
Samand Peninsula; altitude 300 meters (1407).
SCHIZAEACEAE.
Anemia hirta (L.) Swartz.
Cotuy, Provincia de la Vega; sea level to 300 meters altitude (821).
Originally described from specimens collected in the Leogane region,
Haiti. It is known otherwise from Porto Rico and the Lesser Antilles,
and doubtfully from South America.
Anemia abbottii Maxon, sp. nov.
Rhizome short-creeping, densely covered with rigid blackish acicular
hairs; fronds completely dimorphous, dorsal, distichous, the fertile ones
greatly surpassing the sterile. Sterile fronds numerous, rigidly ascending
or recurved, 4 to 10 cm. long; stipes 2 to 4.5 cm. long, arcuate or subflexu-
ous, dark brown, thickly beset with spreading, curved or subflexuous, flat-
tish, septate, light brown hairs ; blades narrowly deltoid-oblong or lance-ob-
long, 2 to 6 cm. long, 1 to 2 cm. broad near the base, simply pinnate; pinnae 5
to 11 pairs below the larger, obtuse, somewhat lobate terminal segment,
spreading, approximate to strongly imbricate, mostly stalked (the lower
ones 2 to 7 mm.), orbicular or exactly oval from a cordate or subcordate
base, simple, not lobed, equilateral, rigidly coriaceous, strongly convex,
highly lustrous above and bearing a few long, curved, antrorse hairs in the
deep wrinkles between the veins, beneath copiously but minutely glandu-
lose; margins very greatly thickened beneath, cartilaginous, strongly
sinuate-dentate when viewed from the under side. Fertile fronds erect,
7 to 19 cm. long, the rather stout stipes dark brown nearly throughout;
sporophyll one-third the length of the stipe, narrow, the pinnae numerous,
mostly close, 2 to 5 mm. long, subsessile, pedately lobed, the lobes glandu-
lar-puberulent and sparsely hairy; spores about 0.062 mm. in diameter,
broadly and deeply striate, the ridges subflexuous and distantly thickened.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1,048,802, collected on the
rocky limestone coast 3 to 4 miles west of San Lorenzo Bay, south side of
Samand Bay, Dominican Republic, at sea level (just above high water
mark), April 11, 1921, by Dr. W. L. Abbott (no. 1309). Duplicate material
has been distributed to the Gray Herbarium, the New York Botanical
Garden, the Berlin Museum, and the Herbarium of Prince Roland Bona-
parte.
Anemia abbottii is of the group of A. aurita Swartz, a Jamaican species,
and is most closely allied to A . portoricensis Maxon, of Porto Rico. From
this it differs notably in its much lesser stature and its -simply pinnate
sterile fronds, and in having the leaf surfaces hairy above, rather than
beneath. Long hairs are wanting from the under surface, whereas they
are conspicuously present in A. portoricensis. The fertile fronds are much
simpler than in A. portoricensis, also. The relationship of A. abbottii
with A. nipeensis Benedict, of Cuba, is much more remote.
Maxon — Notes on Ferns from Dominican Republic. 49
Lygodium oligostachyum (Willd.) Desv.
Near Sdnchez, Samand Peninsula; sea level to 300 meters altitude
(1123a). Near Samand, Samand Peninsula; sea level to 200 meters alti-
tude (1223). Puerto Plata, in ravine by waterfall (1459).
A remarkable and interesting little plant, originally figured by Plumier
from specimens collected near Lake Miragoan, Haiti, and described by
Willdenow as Hydroglossum oligostachyum. It is known only from His-
paniola. In addition to the specimens cited above, the following are at
hand from the Dominican Republic: Wright, Parry, and Brummel 1,
Taylor 247, Eggers 2536 (described by Baker as a new species, Lygodium
gracile), Fuertes 376, and Tiirckheim 2649. The last two numbers were
distributed as Lygodium cubense H. B. K., a very common and much
coarser plant endemic to Cuba.
CYATHEACEAE.
Alsophila aquilina Christ.
Pil6n de Aziicar, near Laguna, Samand, Peninsula, at 300 to 480 meters
altitude (274, 292, 445). Cotuy, Provincia de la Vega; sea level to 300
meters altitude (747, 747a).
These specimens and two other plants from the Dominican Republic
(Wright, Parry, & Brummel 26, 34) are referred tentatively to this species,
described originally from Oriente Province, Cuba, where it is abundant.
Similar material is at hand also from Porto Rico. All are characterized
by having striped stipe scales, in this respect (as in others) differing from a
similar group of forms from Jamaica, Cuba, and Porto Rico which have
bright concolorous scales. The two groups have been confused, and both
have been called Alsophila aspera (L.) R. Br. The typification of A.
aspera and the segregation of related forms is deferred to a separate paper.
Alsophila pungens (Willd.) Kaulf.
Near Laguna, Samand Peninsula, chiefly on the Pil6n de Aziicar; altitude
100 to 500 meters (347, 411, 424). Villa Riva (Almac^n), Provincia Pacifi-
cador; sea level to 100 meters altitude (611). Old Heart River (Jato
Viejo), Samand Peninsula; altitude about 300 meters (1337, 1409).
Further specimens from Hispaniola, both in the herbarium of the New
York Botanical Garden, are as follows: Plaisance, Haiti, altitude 600
meters, Nash 887; near Barahona, Dominican Republic, altitude 480
meters, Tiirckheim 2797. Described originally from "Brazil."
POLYPODIACEAE.
Anetium citrifolium (L.) Splitg.
Near Laguna, Samand Peninsula; trunks of forest trees (257).
Widely distributed in the West Indies and tropical America generally,
but apparently not previously reported from Hispaniola.
Hecistopteris pumila (Spreng.) J. Sm.
Old Heart River (Jato Viejo), Samand Peninsula; altitude about 300
meters (1399).
50 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
A rather rare tropical American species, known in the West Indies
previously from Trinidad, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, and Cuba. From its
diminutive habit and its growth in thick tufts of moss it is readily over-
looked.
Elaphoglossum herminieri (Bory & F6e) Urban.
Near Laguna, Samand. Peninsula (434).
A strikingly distinct species, which, in the writer's experience, is nowhere
very common. It is, however, widely distributed in the West Indies.
Adiantopsis radiata (L.) F6e.
Cotuy, Provincia de la Vega; sea level to 300 meters altitude (823).
Polypodium costatum Kunze.
Near Sanchez, Samand. Peninsula; sea level to 300 meters altitude (135).
Pil6n de Azucar, near Laguna, Samand Peninsula; altitude 300 to 500
meters (282). Villa Riva (Almac6n), Provincia Pacificador; sea level to
100 meters altitude (570).
Polypodium shaferi Maxon.
Summit of Pil6n de Azucar, near Laguna, Samand Peninsula; altitude
500 meters; December 18, 1920 (291a).
Known previously only upon two collections from eastern Cuba, Shafer
8071 (the type) and Shafer 3475. It is allied to P. mitchellae Baker, of
Central America and Panama.'
Polypodium harrisii Jenman.
Near summit of Pil6n de Aziicar, near Laguna, Samand. Peninsula; alti-
tude 450 to 500 meters; December 26, 1920 (437, 442).
Known previously only upon a few specimens from Jamaica, where it is
very rare.
Pleurogramme seminuda (Willd.) J. Sm.
Pil6n de Aziicar, near Laguna, Samand Peninsula; altitude 300 to 500
meters (436).
Asplenium integerrimum Spreng.
Old Heart River (Jato Viejo), Samand Peninsula; altitude 300 meters
(1336).
This species, now well known from Porto Rico and Cuba, has not
previously been reported from Hispaniola, so far as the writer is aware. ^
Asplenium cirrhatum Rich.
Old Heart River (Jato Viejo), Samand Peninsula; altitude 300 meters
(1384).
Nearly the typical form of this species, described originally from Guade-
loupe.
iSee Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 17: 410, pi. IS. B, pi. 14- 1914; also, 17: 548, 549. 1916.
2SeeContr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 10: 477.478. 1908.
Maxon — Notes on Ferns from Dominican Republic. 51
Dryopteris subincisa (Willd.) Urban.
Old Heart River (Jato Viejo), Samand, Peninsula; altitude 300 meters
(1411).
Of this species Christensen has reported a single specimen from Haiti
{Weinland 3), and the following from the Dominican Republic: Tiirck-
heim 2719; Fuertes 741b, 1548b, 1564.
Dryopteris nemorosa (Willd.) Urban.
San Gabriel, a small island west of San Lorenzo, on south side of Samand
Bay; sea level (1228). Rocky coast 3 to 4 miles west of San Lorenzo Bay;
sea level (1311).
The type of this species was from Hispaniola, whence Christensen cites
Fuertes 1043 and Eggers 1575, 2762, and 2762c (all from the Dominican
Republic) .
Dryopteris chaerophylloides (Poir.) C. Chr.
Near Laguna, Samand, Peninsula; altitude 100 to 200 meters (270).
Cotuy, Provincia de la Vega; sea level to 300 meters altitude (809).
Lajana, Samand Peninsula, in heavy forest; altitude 100 meters (1196a).
Rocky coast 3 to 4 miles west of San Lorenzo Bay, south side of Samand
Bay; sea level (1227a, 1230a). Old Heart River (Jato Viejo), Samand
Peninsula; altitude about 300 meters (1332).
Oddly enough Christensen cites no specimens of this species from His-
paniola, though listing many from Cuba and Porto Rico and a single
specimen each from Jamaica and St. CroLx.
Picarda's nos. 277 and 733, which Krug long ago listed as Aspidium
pubescens var. sericeurn Mett. (a synonym of D. chaerophylloides), are listed
by Christensen as Dryopteris pubescens var. haitiensis C. Chr.
Saccoloma elegans Kaulf.
Near Laguna, Samand Peninsula; altitude 100 to 200 meters (348, 425).
HYMENOPHYLLACEAE.
Hymenophyllum abruptum Hook.
Near Laguna, Samand Peninsula; altitude 100 to 200 meters (259).
Trichomanes lineolatum (v. d. B.) Hook.
Near Sdnchez, Samand Peninsula; sea level to 300 meters altitude
(200a). Near Laguna, Samand Peninsula; altitude 100 to 200 meters
(389).
LYCOPODIACEAE.
Lycopodium funiforme Bory.
Near Laguna, Samand, Peninsula; altitude 100 to 200 meters (433).
Vol. 35, pp. 53-54 March 20, 1922
PROCEEDINGS '
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
OCCURRENCE OF SCOTT'S GRAY FOX IN PROBABLY
RECENT CAVE DEPOSITS IN KENTUCKY.
BY OLIVER P. HAY.
From Prof. Arthur M. Miller, of the University of Kentucky,
the writer has received for examination a skull of a gray fox
which was found in the Breck Smith cave, situated about 8
miles west of Lexington, Kentucky. From the same cave have
been exhumed human remains, bones of a buffalo, bones and
teeth of a wolf; from a neighboring cave have been secured
remains of a deer and bones and teeth of a bear. It is believed
by Professor Miller that the cave had not been entered since the
coming of white men. The remains found probably do not
date back to the Pleistocene.
On comparison of the skull with those of specimens of Urocyon cinereo-
argenteus from Atlantic coast States and with one from Mt. Carmel, Illinois,
important differences were noted. The Kentucky skull is broader at the
postorbital processes; these processes are larger and more decurved; the
bullae are more flattened, and the teeth are thinner. On comparison with
specimens of [7. cinereoargenteus scotti (Mearns) from New Mexico it is
found that the latter present characters which are nearly identical with
those of the Kentucky specimen. Below are given measurements of the
molar teeth and of various parts of the skull of the specimen from Kentucky ;
of a skull from New Mexico (No. 35713, U. S. Nat. Mus.); of a skull, some-
what injured, from Mt. Carmel, 111. (No. 38503, U. S. Nat. Mus.); and of
another from Georgia (No. 3897 U. S. Nat. Mus.). The Kentucky skull
agrees with the New Mexican skull in having flattened bullae, large
postorbital processes, similarly lyrated temporal ridges, and a deep de-
pression at the base of each postorbital process.
10— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (53)
54 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Measurements of Skulls of the Gray Fox.
Basilar length
Width at rear of ear opening.
Width across postorbitals
Interorbital width
Width at antorbital foramen
Width at canines
Length pm*
Width pm«
Length m*..
Width ml
Length m^
Width m2
From
From
New Mexico
Georgia
112
115
41.5
40
42
35
27
24
24
24.5
19
19.5
11
12
5
6
8
8.5
10
11
6
6
7
9.5
From
Illinois
115 ±
37
38.3
26
25
18.6
12
6
8.6
11
7
8.6
It is somewhat remarkable that this subspecies should be found so far
away from its present habitat. Its occurrence in Kentucky appears to
add testimony to the writer's view that at some time shortly after the
retirement of the Wisconsin ice there was a period in which the climate was
warmer that it now is (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 47, p. 363).
Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., has called the writer's attention to a note pub-
lished in January, 1921 (Canad. Field-Naturalist, vol. XXXV, p. 19),
by W. J. Wintemberg, who reported the discovery of several lower jaws
and a part of a skull of the gray fox in an old village site in Canada. The
locality is in Oxford County, Ontario. This fox has not hitherto been
known to have been an inhabitant of Canada. Judging from the remains
found it was formerly as abundant as the red fox.
Vol. 35, pp. 55-58 March 20, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
NEW NORTH AMERICAN HYDNOCERA (COL.).
BY EDWARD A. CHAPIN.
The genus Hydnocera Newm. is one of the largest and most
unwieldy of the American genera of Cleridae. All of the species
are small and while there are characters present which will serve
to break it up into natural groups, such work should be under-
taken only after study of a comparatively large part of the
species and especially of the Central and South American repre-
sentatives. The present author has made two such segregates,
Isohydnocera and Wolcottia; however, this is but a beginning.
It might be stated here that Hydnocera cnjptocerina Gorh. is
closely allied to Isohydnocera albocincta Horn and should be
transferred to this latter genus, though both species represent
a type quite apart from 7. curtipennis (Newm.) and will
ultimately be separated as a distinct genus.
The species described below are all North American and fall
within the present limits of Hydnocera Newm. I am much
indebted to Mr. A. B. Wolcott for the privilege of describing
those species which are stated to be from his collections and to
Mr. L. L. Buchanan of the United States Biological Survey for
the type of H. iowensis, n. sp.
Hydnocera colbaltina, n. sp.
Elongate, nearly parallel; above cobalt-blue, under parts, femora,
posterior tibiae blue-black. Antennae, mouth parts, anterior and middle
tibiae and all tarsi piceous. Head blue, densely but not coarsely punctate,
vertex finely rugose, pubescence fine, not dense, suberect, brownish, with
a few erect black hairs scattered over the surface. Eyes large, moderately
convex. Thorax equilateral, (30-30); densely rugose-punctate; lateral
dilation very weak; foveae obsolete; apical transverse impression fine,
distinct, basal moderate, pubescence not dense at sides, sparse on disk, sub-
depressed, brown. Elytra as long as the abdomen; toward tips dehiscent
at suture; tips separately rounded and rather coarsely serrate, very densely,
evenly and confusedly punctate, pubescence sparse, suberect, brown,
11— Pkoc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (55)
56 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
evenly distributed. Color uniform cobalt blue. Underparts metallic
blue black, punctuation very fine and sparse, sides of metasternum finely
rugulose, pubescence sparse. Legs blue black, anterior and middle tibiae
and all tarsi piceous, hairy. Length: 3 mm.
Described from two specimens collected at Pasadena, Cal., by Dr. A.
Fenyes. A beautiful species, very distinct from cijanitincta Fall, which
resembles it superficially, in the form of the thorax and by the sculpture
of the thorax and elytra. The type remains in the Wolcott collection,
while the paratype is placed in the author's collection.
Hydnocera occiden talis, n. sp.
Form of H. humeralis Say from which it differs in the much more dense
punctuation of the elytra and the more pronounced rugosity of the thorax
and head. Head broad, finely and densely punctured, the occiput some-
what rugulose, antennae short, rather stout, dark brown, trophi dark.
Thorax not as wide as head across eyes, or across humeri, broader than
long (26-31), disk smooth, lateral portions rugose, individual punctures not
distinct. Lateral foveae large, single, lateral dilation prominent. Basal
and apical transverse impressions deep and distinct. Scutellum oval
behind, sparsely pubescent. Elytra entirely covering abdomen, sides
parallel, apices almost truncate, internal angle rounded, very feebly serrate,
punctures rather coarse, dense, confused at apices, surface covered with a
mixture of silvery white and black hairs, silvery hairs more dense near
middle of length, not so placed as to form a pattern. Color greenish to
bluish black. Under parts black, mesosternum finely punctured, meta-
sternum smooth. Terminal abdominal segments modified as in //. palli-
pennis Say. Legs black, anterior tarsus slightly more than half as long
as anterior tibia. Length: 4-4.5 mm.
Described from six specimens, a male (type), a female (allotype), one
male and three females (paratypes) from Palo Alto, Cal., collected in Jan-
uary. Of these, the type and a female paratype remain in the collection
of the author, the allotype and male paratype are in the collection of Mr.
Wolcott while the remaining paratypes are returned to Mr. C. A. Frost, to
whom we are indebted for the privilege of describing this material. This
is a less elongate species that H. cyanitincta Fall and is not of such a distinct
blue color, though it belongs near to this species.
Hydnocera picipennis, n. sp.
Elongate ; greenish black, elytra and legs piceous, antennae, mouth parts,
anterior tibiae, tarsi (posterior?) paler. Head greenish black, front with
fine and coarse punctures intermingled, vertex rugose, pubescence sparse,
depressed. Eyes large, convex. Thorax broader than long (31-38),
lateral dilations strong, sides toward base parallel, foveae distinct, apical
impre-ssion fine and distinct, basal a rounded groove, surface densely rugose
at sides, smooth on disk with a few punctures, pubescence sparse, suberect.
Scutellum black, sparsely hairy. Elytra nearly as long as abdomen, lateral
margins slightly sinuate at apical third, tips oblique, internal angle rounded,
irregular nearly smooth, suture nearly closed. Surface coarsely, densely
and somewhat confluently punctured, pubescence not dense, evenly dis-
Chapin — New North American Hydnocera {Col.). 57
tributed. Color uniform piceous. Under parts greenish black, finely and
not densely punctured, sparsely pubescent. Legs piceous, anterior
tibiae and all tarsi (posterior?) paler. Length: 3.7 mm.
Type locality. — "Texas. " Described from one specimen in the Wolcott
collection. Posterior tarsi massing.
The oblique tips and color of the elytra separate this species from any
now known to me.
Hydnocera pulchra, n. sp.
Rather broad and compact, not notably convex; aeneous; antennae and
mouth parts piceous; knees, tibiae, tarsi and elytral maculations testaceous.
Head metallic greenish black, very finely and very densely punctate, ver-
tex finely rugose. Eyes large, convex, prominent. Pubescence moderately
dense, fine, depressed. Thorax broader than long (40-47) ; sides roundly
dilated; lateral foveae shallow but distinct; apical impressions fine, distinct;
surface densely rugose punctate at sides, on disk finely and densely punc-
tate; pubescence rather dense, depressed, pale; color greenish black, bronzed.
Scutellum black, moderately pubescent. Elytra considerably shorter
than the abdomen, toward apex dehiscent at suture, tips separately
rounded and nearly smooth (margin toward apex finely serrate), tumid; sur-
face moderately coarsely and densely punctate, punctures shallow,
indistinct on basal half. Surface moderately densely pubescent, the
pubescence as in suhfasciaia Lee, color aeneous with an irregular
testaceous marking on each elytron. The pale spot on the elytron is
almost S-shaped, commencing at scutellum, running along basal margin
almost to humerus, then obliquely to suture at basal third, thence along
suture for a short distance and finally ending at about apical fourth near
middle of width of elytron. Under parts aeneous, rather densely
pubescent, finely and densely punctate. Legs aeneous, knees, tibiae and
tarsi testaceous, hairy. Length: 4.8 mm.
Type locality. — Mineral Spring, Tulare Co., Cal.
Somewhat resembles H. hamata Lee. in coloration but differs in the finer
punctuation of the elytra.
Hydnocera iowensls, n. sp.
Form of H. longa Lee. Head, thorax and underparts brassy black,
elytra black with slight tinge of blue, antennae (except extreme tips),
trophi, anterior femora in part, anterior tibiae and tarsi pale brown. Head
closely and rather coarsely punctured, deeply and broadly impressed
between eyes. Thorax slightly broader than long (47-53), disc rough,
almost transversely rugose, sides coarsely and closely punctured, lateral
dilations broad and low, anterior and basal transverse impression deep and
straight. Scutellum conspicuously trapezoidal. Elytra long, suture
dehiscent from apical third, the apices acutely rounded and coarsely serrate,
punctures coarse and not crowded, evenly distributed over entire surface.
Vestitute sparse, erect, and evenly distributed. Under parts as in genus.
Basal segment of all tarsi distinctly pale, claws dark. Length: 5 mm.
Type. — A female from Lake Okoboji, La., July 24, 1916, collected by Mr.
L. L. Buchanan.
58 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
At first glance, might be confused with H. humeralis Say, but is amply
distinct in the form of the elytra.
Hydnocera vicina, n. sp.
Elongate, somewhat convex; aeneous black, elytra brown with testaceous
marking, antennae, palpi and legs dark testaceous. Head bronze, finely
and moderately densely punctured; pubescence not dense, depressed.
Eyes olive brown, moderately prominent. Thorax slightly broader than
long, (40-45), sides slightly dilated, lateral foveae nearly obsolete, apical
impression feeble, obsolete on disk, basal a broad groove; surface at sides
rugose-punctate, on disk nearly smooth with a few punctures, pubescence
moderately long, depressed but not dense. Scutellum black, pubescent.
Elytra nearly as long as abdomen, attenuate toward tips, suture closed to
apical third, tips separately rounded and coarsely serrate, tumid. Surface
coarsely and densely punctate, punctures slightly confused toward apices,
pubescence not dense, depressed. Color brown, each elytron with two
testaceous markings, the first basal, quadrate, outer apical angle rounded,
narrowly distant from suture but including humerus, the second shaped as
first but smaller, slightly post median. Underparts black, decidedly
bronzed, finely and densely punctured, very sparsely pubescent. Legs
testaceous, apex of femora, and hind tibiae infuscate. Length: 4.1 mm.
Describeti from a unique specimen in the Wolcott collection, where the
type remains, collected at Esperanza Ranch, Brownsville, Tex., July 19,
1906 (Jagow).
Closely related to Hyd. robiista Horn from which it may be separated by
the much less pubescent under surface, especially on the metapleurae,
and by the very different appearance of the prothorax, robusta Horn being
entirely covered with rather dense punctures.
Hydnocera commixta, n. sp.
Moderately elongate; aeneous, elytra black, legs piceous, anterior and
middle tibiae, all tarsi, antennae and mouth parts paler. Head aeneous,
finely and densely punctured, pubescence sparse and erect, eyes large and
convex. Thorax broader than long, (37-42), lateral dilations moderate,
foveae shallow, conspicuous, apical impression weak, broadly V-shaped,
apex of V directed posteriorly, basal impression distinct, surface coarsely
and not sparsely punctured, disk nearly smooth. Scutellum black, sparsely
pubescent. Elytra nearly as long as abdomen, attenuate toward tips,
which are slightly obliquely truncate, coarsely serrate except on truncation,
tumid. Surface coarsely, confluently punctured, pubescence sparse,
equally distributed, sub-erect, pale. Color uniform black. Underparts
slightly greenish black; mesosternum coarsely punctate, metasternum finely
rugose, metapleurae finely punctate. Sparsely pubescent. Legs piceous,
anterior and middle tibiae and all tarsi paler. Length: 4.5 mm.
Type labeled "N. Y.-Sherman." Other specimens "Mass" and
"Drac[ut]-7-28-'10." Type in Wolcott collection, cotypc in Blanchard
collection at the Museum of Comjjarative Zoology, Harvard University,
with three other specimens. Somewhat of the appearance of Wolcottia
pedalis (Lee.) but distinguished l)y the more prominent eyes and more
coarsely punctate thorax.
Vol. 35, pp. 59-60 March 20, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
u
A NEW DRYONASTES FROM SZECHUAN, CHINA. V^^,
BY J. H. RILEY. 1
In a small collection of birds, mostly from Mount Omei,
central Szechuan, China, presented to the U. S. National
Museum recently by the Reverend David C. Graham, the
following very distinct species of Dryonastes was included. As
it apparently agrees with no published description, I take
great pleasure in naming it after the donor :
Dryonastes grahami, sp. nov.
Type, adult male, U. S. National Museum, No. 257,204, Shin Kai Si,
Mount Omei, Szechuan, China, July 6, 1921. Collected by David C.
Graham.
General color above and below, deep neutral gray, mouse gray on the
throat and jugulum; forehead and a narrow line bordering the black mask,
light neutral gray; feathers covering the nostril, supra-loral streak running
back beyond the eye as a narrow line, lores, sub-orbital and malar regions to
posterior border of the eye, and chin, black, forming a mask; ear-coverts
and an irregular patch on sides of neck, overlapping slightly as a narrow
streak the posterior extension of the black subra-loral streak, white, the
ear-coverts tinged with grayish anteriorly; upper and under tail-coverts,
mouse gray; wing-coverts similar to the back; remiges, chaetura black,
edged on the outer web with deep mouse gray; tail, sooty black; narrow
border of feathers surrounding anus, white. Wing, 130.5; tail, 140; cul-
men, 25; tarsus, 46; middle-toe, 27 mm.
Remarks. — In structure and size the present species agrees fairly well with
Dryonastes perspicillatus (Dryonastes as at present constituted is not a very
homogeneous genus), but not in color. The black mask of Dryonastes
grahami only differs in detail from that of Dryonastes perspicillatus, but the
white on the ear-coverts and sides of neck and gray plumage of the former
make it very distinct and quite unlike any described species known to the
author.
iPublished by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
12— Proc. Biol. See. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (59)
Vol. 35, pp. 61-62 March 20, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
ON CHLOROSPINGUS GOERINGI SCLATER AND
SALVIN.
BY J. H. RILEY. 1
Mr. B. H. Swales recently purchased a small collection of
birds from the well-known collector, Senor S. Briceno, collected
in the Merida Region of Venezuela and presented it to the U. S.
National Museum. Amongst the lot was a specimen of
Chlorospingus goeringi, now usually placed in the genus Hemis-
pingus, but where on account of its short rounded wing, short
rounded tail, heavy bill, and large strong feet it does not belong.
Indeed, the strong feet and rather heavy bill remind one very
much of certain sparrows, especially Poospiza nigro-rufa in the
style of coloration, but the wing is more rounded, the feet
larger and stronger, and the bill heavier. Its affinities seem
to be more fringilHne than tanagrine and it certainly should
be removed from the position usually assigned it. The short
rounded wing and large strong feet would seem to indicate that
it is a ground inhabiting bird. The feathers of the lower back
and rump seem to be unusually full and loose. As it apparently
does not belong to any of the accepted genera, I accordingly
propose the following name and diagnosis for its reception :
Orospingus, gen. nov.
Type, Chlorospingus goeringi Sclater and Salvin.
Superficially similar to Hemispingus Cabanis (type Arremon superciliaris
Lafresnaye), but wing about equal to the tail, instead of being considerably
longer; tail more rounded; feet large and strong, tarsus exceeding middle-
toe and claw by less than the length of the claw of the latter, instead of
being much longer than the middle toe and claw; bill much heavier, depth
at base about equal to the width, instead of being greater than the width.
Coloration different; above dusky neutral gray with a white superciUary,
below ochraceous orange.
Remarks. — Chlorospingus castaneicollis Sclater, though somewhat similar
in style of coloration, differs structurally in its weaker bill and feet.
1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
13— Pboc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (61)
Vol. 35, pp. 63-72 March 20, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
MUHLENBERG ON PLANTS COLLECTED IN THE
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA REGION ABOUT 1809.
BY W. L. McATEE.
In the year 1809 no list of plants of the District of Columbia
region had yet been published, nor, so far as we know, had any
society been organized for the study of plants. Data on plant
collections of that period are of considerable value, therefore,
and it is of interest to know that at least three amateurs were
collecting here at that day and sending their plants to the lead-
ing American botanist of the time, Dr. Henry Muhlenberg.i
These facts appear from a letter^ of Muhlenberg's addressed
to "Dr. John Ott, at Georgetown, Columbia D., " the botanical
matter in which is as follows :
Lancaster, Sept. 25, 1809.
Dear Sir:
I am ever so much obliged to you for this magnificent package of plants
and also to the other gentlemen who have contributed to it. I was very
glad indeed, and all my wishes have been satisfied. I was short of some
plants which Clayton described in his excellent Flora Virginica. Some of
them I found in the present collection, and if you continue in this way I am
in hopes to have them all in the end. The section around Columbia is par-
ticularly rich in rare plants. I regret that the plants have not been pro-
vided with numbers. By enumerating them the correspondence regarding
the same is very much facilitated. The nomenclature is clearer and the
fixing of new and unknown plants will be more intelligible. I have been
looking them all over, but only superficially. When I put them into my
herbarium I shall make a thorough examination of the same. I shall
specify below the nomenclature just the same way as I have put it into my
diary according to my first examination. Such as are new to me and
of which I am not sure I have marked with a cross. ^ Of these I would like
iThis is the form of his name on the title page of his pioneer Catalogus Plantarutn
Americae Septentrionalis, 1813, and probably should be adopted as the well considered
preference of his mature years rather than the baptismal name of Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst
given in encyclopedias and the like.
2The body of this letter is in German script which was translated for me, very obligingly,
by Dr. Carlo Zeimet of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology. The letter, in my possession, was
purchased through a book-dealer, from an autograph collection marketed in Philadelphia.
sAsterisks have been substituted.
14— Proc. Biol. See. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (63)
64 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
to have more specimens and, if possible, seeds. In case they are very
interesting to me I marked them "Nb." If I could have these in order to
plant them in my garden and examine them alive, I should be very much
pleased. Kindly excuse my imposition upon you in this regard.
[Then follows the list of plants for which I append both Muhlenberg's
names (together with the symbols he mentions) and modern equivalents.
With one exception the latter agree with those in Britton and Brown,
Illustrated Flora of the Northeastern United States, etc., Second Ed.
1913.1
*1.
*2.
o
o.
4.
*5.
*6.
*7.
8.
*9.
10.
Muhlenberg's Name.
Heliotropium europaeum Nb
Hyoseris maior Nb
Buphthalmum helianthoides
Eupatorium Nb
Aster
Narthecium pubens
Melanthium racemosum
Antirrhinum linaria
Verbascum
Saxifraga nivalis
11. Stellaria pubera
b. Oxalis corniculata
12. Arabis canadensis
b. Mentha viridis. A var.?
13. Ranunculus flamula
*14. Ruellia
15. Oenothera fruticosa. A var.?
16. Sambucus canadensis
17. Slum angustifolium
18. Evonymus atropurpureus
19. Prinus verticillatus
20. Vaccinium disomorphum
21. Smyrrnium integerrimum
22. Thaspia trifoliata
23. Cicuta maculata
24. Convolvulus spithamaeus
b. " panduratus
25. Cynoglossum officinale
26. Myosotis arvensis
27. Ceanothus americanus
b. " corymbosus Nb.
*28. Verbascum like 9
29. Phlox pQosa
*b.
30.
glaberrina
subulata
Modern Equivalent.
Same
Cynthia dandelion
Heliopsis helianthoides
Same
Triantha racemosa
Linaria linaria
Same
Should be Micranthes virginensis
no doubt.
Alsine pubera
Xanthoxalis corniculata
Same
Mentha spicata
Ranunculus reptans
Same
Kneiffia fruticosa
Same
Berula erecta
Euonymus atropurpureus
Ilex verticillata
Vaccinium atrococcum
Taenidia integerrima
Thaspium trifoliatum
Same
Same
Ipomoea pandurata
Same
Name for an intermediate form
not now recognized.
Same
Same
<(
McAtee — Muhlenberg on Plants in D. C. Region, 1809. 65
31.
*b.
*c.
32.
b.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
*46.
47.
b.
c.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
*53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
b.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
b.
68.
69.
70.
b.
Phlox maculata
" pilosa?
" glaberrima like 29
Asclepias obtusifolia
" cordata
Evonymus atropurpureus
Anchusa villosa
Cynoglossum offic. like 25
Lysimachia ciliata
" angustifolia
Linum virginianum
Heuchera
Lysimachia hirsuta
Bignonia sempervirens
Prinus verticillatus
Lithospermum arvense
Dodecatheon meadia
Lysimachia stricta
Rhamus Nb.
Physalis lanceolata m.
" viscosa Mich.
Solanum carolinianum
Pentstemon laevigat.
Scutellaria ovalifolia
" hyssopifolia
Mimulus alatus
Stachys aspera
Gratiola pUosa
Lycopus virginicus
Scutellaria hyss. like 50
Clinopodium vulgare
Gentiana ochroleuca
Claytonia virgin.
Viburnum dentatum
Itea virginica
Lonicera symphoricarpos
Thesium umbellatum
Gentiana saponaria
Plantago lanceolata
Sanicula marilandica
Euphorbia corollata
Ranunculus bulbosus
Anemone thalictroides
" quinquefolia
Geranium maculatum
Panax trifoliatus
Mitchella repens
Asarum canadense
Same
n
Asclepias amplexicaulis
" rubra
Euonynus atropurpureus
Po.ssibly Lithospermum canescens
Cynoglos.sum officinale
Steironema ciliatum
" lanceolatum
Cathartolinum virginianum
Same
Lysimachia quadrifolia
Gelsemium sempervirens
Ilex verticillata
Same
Lysimachia terrestris
Same
Physalis sp.
Physalis heterophylla
Solanum carolinense
Pentstemon pentstemon
Scutellaria pilosa
" integrifolia
Same
Sophronanthe pilosa
Same
Scutellaria integrifolia
Same
Dasystephana villosa
Claytonia virginica
Same
Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos
Comandra umbellata
Dasystephana saponaria
Same
Tithymalopsis corollata
Same
Syndesmon thalictroides
Same
Panax trifolium
Same
66 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
71.
Vaccinium resinosum
Gaylussacia baccata
72.
Cuphea viscosa
Parsonsia petiolata
73.
Polygala seneca
Polygala senega
b.
" incarnata
Same
c.
" sanguinea
Polygala viridescens
d.
Galium pilosum
Same
74.
Vaccinium stamineum
Polycodium stamineum
b.
" frondosum
Gaylussacia frondosa
c.
" virgatum
Same
75.
Rhexia virginica
a
b.
Stilosanthes elatior
Stylosanthes biflora
76.
Glycine monoica
Falcata comosa
b.
" apios
Apios apios
77.
Vicia caroliniana
Same
b.
Galega virginica
Cracca virginiana
c.
Hedysarum repens
Lespedeza repens
d.
" divergens
?
78.
Asclepias tuberosa
Same
79.
Kuhnia critonia
Kuhnia eupatorioides
80.
Echium vulgare
Same
81.
Dodecatheon
11
*82.
Aster
ti
*83.
((
li
84.
Erigeron heterophyllum
Erigeron annuus
85.
" bellidifolium
Erigeron bellidifolius
86.
Aster diversifolius
Aster undulatus
87.
" linarifolius
lonactis linariifolius
88.
" ericoides
Same
89.
" puniceus
ii
90.
" corymbosus
Aster divaricatus
91.
Asclepias cordata
Asclepias rubra
b.
" verticillata
Same
92.
Aster concolor
<<
*93.
Solidago
<(
94.
" gigantea
Solidago serotina
b.
" rugosa
Same
*95.
Solidago
a
b.
" bicolor
It
*c.
Solidago
Same
96.
" nemoralis
(<
97.
Viola primulaefolia
Viola primulifolia
b.
" palmata
Same
c.
" arvensis
«
d.
" sagittal is
Viola sagittata
e.
" cucullata
Same
f.
" blanda?
a
98.
Lobelia cardinalis
li
b.
var. alba
u
McAtee — Muhlenberg on Plants in D. C. Region, 1809. 67
c.
Lobelia siphilitica
Lobelia syphilitica
d.
" puberula
Same
*e.
Nb.
it
99.
Impatiens biflora
ei
b.
Eupatorium purpureum
tt
100.
Conyza asteroides
Sericocarpus asteroides
b.
" linifolia
" linifolius
101.
Eupatorium perfoliat.
Eupatorium perfoliatum
102.
Rudbeckia fulgida
Same
103.
Eupatorium coelestinum
It
104.
" hyssopifol.
Eupatorium hyssopifolium
105.
" scandens
Mikania scandens
106.
Inula mariana
Chrysopsis mariana
*107.
Eupatorium album
Same
*108.
Siegesbeckia Nb
Phaethusa
109.
Elephantopus tom.
Elephantopus tomentosus
110.
Cacalia atriplicifolia
Mesadenia atriplicifolia
111.
Helenium autumnale
Same
112.
Doronicum nudicaule
Arnica acaulis
113.
Hieracium venosum
Same
b.
" marianum
It
*114.
Senecio
11
115.
Bidens frondosa
tt
b.
Sonchus floridanus
Lactuca floridana
116.
Solidago lanceolata
Euthamia graminifolia
117.
Gnaphalium plantag.
Antennaria plantaginifolia
*11S.
Helianthus angustifol.
Helianthus angustifolius
119.
Rudbeckia laciniata
Same
120.
Helianthus mollis
tt
*121.
gigas?
Helianthus giganteus
122.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
Same
123.
Chrysogonum virg.
Chrysogonum virginianum
124.
Liatris spicata
Laciniaria spicata
125.
Bidens chrysanthemoides
Bidens laevis
126.
Polymnia uvedalia
Same
127.
Vernonia noveboracensis
tt
*128.
Bacharis halimifolia
Baccharis halimifolia
129.
Arum triphyllum
Arisaema triphyllum
130.
Verbascum blattaria var.
Same
131.
Silene pensilvanica
Silene caroliniana
b.
Sedum ternatum
Same
132.
Andromeda racemosa
Eubotrys racemosa
133.
Cucubalus stellatus
Silene stellata
134.
Cerastium arvense?
Same
135.
Andromeda mariana
Neopieris mariana
b.
" paniculata
Xolisma ligustrina
c.
Epigaea repens
Same
136.
Pyrola maculata
Chimaphila maculata
68 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
b. Gaultheria canadensis
137. Lythrum verticillatum
138. Podalyria australis
139. Lupinus perennis
b. Crotolaria sagittalis
140. Monotropa uniflora
141. Apocynum cannabinum
142. Cassia nictitans
143. Ophrys cernua
b. " aestivalis
c. Orchis ciliaris
d. " psy codes
e. " lacera
f. Arethusa bulbosa
g. " ophiogloss.
h. Limodorum tuberosum
i. Cypripedium parviflorum
k. Malaxis liliifolia
144. Aristolochia serpentaria
145. Lycopodium complanatum
b. Asplenium ebeneum
c. Aspidium thelypteris
d. Adiantum pedatum
e. Osmunda regalis
f. Aspidium asplenioides
Gaultheria procumbens
Decodon verticillatus
Baptisia australis
Same
Chamaecrista nictitans
Ibidium cernuum
" vernale?
Blephariglottis ciliaris
" psy codes
" lacera
Same
Pogonia ophioglossoides
Same
ii
Liparis liliifolia
Same
Same
Asplenium platyneuron
Dryopteris thelypteris
Same
Same
Athyrium asplenioides, recently
reinstated by Butters as a
segregate from ^4. filix-foemina
Fide W. R. Maxon.
g-
Onoclea sensibilis
Same
h.
Aspidium acrostichoides
Polystichum acrostichoides
i.
Botrypus virgin.
Botrychium virginianum
146.
Passiflora lutea
Same
b.
Sisyrinchium mucronatum
<(
147.
Verbena angustifolia
((
b.
Circaea canadensis
Circaea lutetiana
*c.
Salvia urticif olia
Same
148.
Collinsonia canadensis
((
b.
Dianthera pedunculosa
Dianthera americana
149.
Salvia lyrata
Same
150.
Hamamelis virginica
Hamamelis virginiana
*b.
Salsola tragus
Salsola kali
151.
Houstonia verna
Probably Houstonia coerulea
b.
Galium tinctorium
Same
152.
Dentaria laciniata
i<
b.
Arabis bulbosa
Cardamine bulbosa
153.
Cerastium arvense
Same
154.
Argomone mexicana
((
h.
Thalictrum polygamum
<(
McAtee — Muhlenberg on Plants in D. C. Region, 1809. 69
155.
Sicyos angulata
Sicyos angulatus
156.
Hedysarum ciliare
Meibomia obtusa
157.
" reticulatum
Lespedeza virginica
158.
" repens as above
Lespedeza repens
159.
" cuspidatum
Meibromia bracteosa
160.
Clitoria mariana
Same
161.
Euphorbia hypericifolia
Chamaesyce preslii
162.
Sparganium erectum
Sparganium sp.
163.
Panicum virgatum
Same
164.
Melanthium virg.
Melanthium virginicum
165.
Tradescantia virg.
Tradescantia virginiana
b.
Scirpus lacustris
Scirpus validus
166.
Pontederia cordata
Same
b.
Saururus cernuus
((
167.
Veratrum luteum
Chamaelirium luteum
b.
Convallaria biflora
Polygonatum biflorum
168.
Uvularia perfoliata
Same
169.
Scutellaria lateriflora
It
b. Gerardia villosa
Dasystoma flava
170.
Cunila mariana
Cunila origanoides
b.
Chelone glabra
Same
171.
Pedicularis canad.
Pedicularis canadensis
172.
Campanula amplexicaulis
Specularia perfoliata
The plants have been lying in the package in this way, and I left them in
the same order until I reached the first numbers which were new to me and
appeared to me quite strange. Where I do not make any mark it refers
to plants which we have here in gardens or otherwise growing wild.
Now I should like to have also Virginian plants of the Flora Gronovii
which I am lacking and which I should be glad to receive: 1. Salicornia,
2. Utricularia, 3. Cyperus odoratus, 4. Asperula, 5. Aphanes, 6. Sagina, 7.
Lycopsis, 8. Triosteum angustifolium, 9. Swertia, 10. Tordylium, 11.
Angelica lucida, 12. Burmannia, 13. Elatine hydropiper, 14. Vitex, 15.
Dolichos regularis, 16. Hehanthus atrorubens, 17. Verbesina virginica,
18. Centaurea, 19. Lobelia cliff ortiana, 20. Zannichellia, 21. Tragia, 22.
Atriplex, 23. Any hitherto undescribed plant.
Kindly transmit my best thanks, in my name, to Mr. Billyh and Mr.
Pickford, and whenever you want something from this section of the
country, kindly let me know.
With my best regards and assurance of friendship, I remain
Your obedient servant and friend,
Heinrich Muhlenberg.
Allowing for duplications and for incomplete identification there are in
the neighborhood of 224 species of plants named in this remarkable letter.
Though some of the names can not be identified with those of species now
ranging in our area, there is no reason to doubt that all of the plants were
collected in or near the District of Columbia and probably within a shorter
iThis Mr. Billy no doubt is the Peter Billy who had sent plants from Virginia as stated
in the preface of Muhlenberg's Catalog. No additional information on Mr. Pickford has
yet been obtained.
70 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
radius than used by botanists in recent years. The general correctness of
the determinations is shown by the fact that only 12 of the specifically
identified plants of which the modern synonyms are known, in addition to
one named only to the genus, are not included in the latest catalog of the
Flora of the District. (Vol. 21, Contrib. Nat. Herb. 1919.)
The quality of collecting done by Dr. Ott and his associates was good,
their plants by no means being of the most common sorts. Judged by
recent experience the following plants (in the order of the list) must be con-
sidered either as local, uncommon, or rare: Triantha racemosa, Myosotis
arvensis, Phlox pilosa, Asclepias rubra, Dodecatheon meadia, Sophronanthe
pilosa, Anemone quinquefolia, Panax trifolium, Arnica acaulis, Helianthus
angustifolius, Baccharis halimifolia, Gaultheria canadensis, Decodon verti-
cillatus, Baptisia australis, Blephariglottis ciliaris, Arethusa bulbosa, Salsola
kali, Argemone mexicana and Pedicularis canadensis.
The presence in the collection of the Triantha, Asclepias rubra, Sophron-
anthe, Helianthus angustifolius, Blephariglottis ciliaris and Arethusa bul-
bosa, shows beyond question, that these collectors had visited one or
more of the Magnolia bogs, which harbor, as we now thoroughly realize,
some of the rarest and most interesting plants of the region.
We are most fortunate in having records of plants that the earlier
botanists collected and the attempt to rediscover them is a fascinating
field of endeavor. The history of one of the bog species, namely, Arethusa
bulbosa is very interesting and illuminating in this respect. Listed in the
Florula Columbiensis of 1819 it later became one of the 'lost species' and
was not rediscovered until 1918. Relating in part to this orchid, the
writer, in discussing^ the Magnolia Bogs as a source of species recorded in
the older works, but subsequently lost to sight, noted that Polygala lutea,
P. cruciata, Rhexia mariana and Xyris caroliniana had been recovered
and added "May we not also hope to discover in these bogs other plants
mentioned, and with little doubt seen, by the older writers, such as Chamae-
daphne calyculata, Trichostema lineare, Arethusa bulbosa, and Pogonia
divaricata? " The ink was scarcely dry on the page when the Arethusa was
rediscovered in the Suitland Bog.
Ward in his admirable "Flora" of I88I2 listed 146 species of plants from
previous publications on the botany of the District of Columbia region
which at that time seemed to have disappeared. However by 1919, 36
of those species had been re-collected and were included in the "Flora" of
that year.
These confirmations of their discoveries do credit to the earlier botanists
and encourage us to believe that one after another most of the plants
recorded by them will again be collected in our region. Turning once more
to the list in the Muhlenberg letter (which, be it recalled, has priority in
date over any of the published catalogs), we find that of the species assigned
with reasonable satisfaction to modern synonyms, 12 are not included in
the most recent Flora. Of these, 7 have a range unquestionably covering
the District of Columbia and it would seem certain should again be col-
iBull. Biol. Soc. Wash. No. 1, 1918, p. 86.
2Bul. 22, U. S. Nat. Mus.
McAtee — Muhlenberg on Plants in D. C. Region, 1809. 71
lected here, namely: Thaspium trifoliatum, Phlox glaherrima, Scutellaria
integrifolia, Vaccinium virgaturn, Hieracium marianmn, Laciniaria spicata
and Blephariglottis psycodes. In addition to these a plant, No. 46, named
only to the genus Rhamnus, brings sharply to mind the fact that while it
seems within the bounds of possibility to collect here any of the 5 species of
Rhatnnus treated in the "Illustrated Flora," there are no preserved speci-
mens of any of them.^
The other five species of the Muhlenberg list have known ranges coming
close enough to our territory to be ranked as possibilities for re-collection,
especially in the light of several remarkable extensions of range that have
recently been made (e. g. Aletris aurea, Senecio crawfordii). These possible
rediscoveries are: Ranunculus reptans, Berula erecta, Gelsemiuni semper-
virens (perhaps escaped from cultivation), Viola palmata and Elephan-
topus tomentosus.
Only one of all these plants (namely Liatris spicata) is in Ward's list of
146 'lost' species: that list as noted above, has been reduced by newly
published records to 110. If we add the present 11, or better 12 (including
the Rhamnus) we find there are still 122 previously recorded species which
Washington botanists have the pleasure of searching for, the search to be
crowned in many cases, it is hoped, by the great satisfaction of rediscovery.
iln this connection the writer feels impelled to state that his notes record the collection
of Rhamnus in fruit, along Piney Branch, D. C, Aug. 28, 1904. Unfortunately he was not
pressing plants at that time, but specimens were brought into our laboratory for indentifica-
tion, and with fruit in hand, it hardly seems that an error in recognizing this genus could
have been made.
Vol. 35, pp. 73-76 March 20, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
NOTES ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE GENUS
CRYPTURUS ILLIGER.
BY HARRY C. OBERHOLSER.
The generic name Crypturus as originally proposed by Illiger
(Prodromus System. Mamm. et Avium, 1811, after April, p.
244) included two species — Tetrao cinereus Gmelin and Tetrao
major Gmelin. It has since universally been employed as the
generic designation for the group of which Tetrao cinereus
Gmelin is a member, and this species has been consistently
cited as its type. However, as may be seen by reference to the
introduction of Illiger 's work (Prodromus System. Mamm. et
Avium, 1811, after April, pp. XVI-XVII) the name Crypturus,
along with a number of others, chiefly mammal names, must be
regarded as merely substitutes for older names that Illiger for
one reason or another intended to reject. His reasons for
rejecting Sula and Tinamus may be seen from the quotation
given below, as these two generic names are included in a list
of 37 names, all the rest of which relate to mammals, by which
the paragraphs of this quotation are immediately followed :
"Nomina itaque generica, ab auctoribus transmissa, sancte
quidem servavi, nisi aperte praecepta Linnaeana offendebant;
tuncenim cum aliis ilia mutavi, in quibus eligendis consilium,
benevolenter impertitum, clarissimorum Virorum, in graecis
litteris versatissimorum, Lichtensteinii patris et Buttmanni, me
duxit. Nomina generica, quae rejeci, secundum regulas
codicis nostri, Philosophiae nempe botanicae Linnaeanae,
quibus, contradicunt, digesta jam enumerabo.
§220. Nomina generica primitiva (uti barbara, quum lingua
eorum ab eruditis non intelligatur) nemo sanus intro-
ducit.
15— Pboc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (73)
74 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
et §229. N. g. quae ex graeca vel latina lingua radicem non
habent, rejicienda sunt:"
Attention has already been called by Mr. G. M. Mathews
(Birds of Australia, IV, pt. 3, June 23, 1915, p. 202) to the real
status of the generic name Dysporus lUiger as merely a substi-
tute name for Sula, and this name has now been displaced by
Moris Forster. The name Crypturus, however, which has an
exactly parallel status, being a substitute and therefore an
absolute synonym of Tinamus Latham, must likewise be
rejected, and another name be sought for the group to which it
has commonly been applied. Two of the species of this group,
Tinamus tataupa Temminck and Crypturus parvirostris Wagler,
have been generically separated by Brabourne and Chubb
(Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, XIV, October 1, 1914, p. 322)
under the name Crypturellus, and because this name was found
to be preoccupied, later as Microcrypturus (Chubb, Bull. Brit.
Ornith. Club, XXXVIII, No. CCXXIX, December 29, 1917,
p. 30). Since these two species are generically different from
the others commonly referred to the genus Crypturus, and since
apparently there are no available synonyms, a new name must
be provided for Crypturus Auct. nee Illiger. We propose, there-
fore, to call the group Crypturornis,! nom. nov., with Tetrao
cinereus Gmelin as type.
On account of this change the species and subspecies of this
genus will stand as follows :
Crypturornis cinereus (Gmelin)
Crypturornis macconnelli (Brabourne and Chubb)
Crypturornis berlepschi (Rothschild)
Crypturornis castaneus (Sclater)
Crypturornis obsoletus obsoletus (Temminck)
Crypturornis obsoletus cerviniventris (Sclater and Salvin)
Crypturornis obsoletus griseiventris (Salvadori)
Crypturornis obsoletus purensis (Chubb)
Crypturornis soui soui (Hermann)
Crypturornis soui mustelinus (Bangs)
Crypturornis soui albigularis (Brabourne and Chubb)
Crypturornis soui hoffmannsi (Brabourne and Chubb)
Crypturornis soui andrei (Brabourne and Chubb)
Crypturornis soui harterti (Brabourne and Chubb)
Crypturornis soui caquetae (Chapman)
^Kpvwrds^ occultus, oiipd, cauda, 6pvti^ avis.
Oberholser — Nomenclature of the Genus Crypturus Illiger. 75
Crypturornis soui caucae (Chapman)
Crypturomis soui modestus (Cabanis)
Crypturornis soui panamensis (Carriker)
Crypturornis soui meserythrus (Sclater)
Crypturornis undulatus undulatus (Temminck)
Crypturornis undulatus scolopax (Bonaparte)
Crypturornis undulatus confusus (Brabourne and Chubb)
Crypturornis boucardi (Sclater)
Crypturornis kerriae (Chapman)
Crypturornis transfasdatus (Sclater and Salvin)
Crypturornis adspersus adspersus (Temminck)
Crypturornis adspersus vermiculatus (Temminck)
Crypturornis adspersus simplex (Salvadori)
Crypturornis adspersus yapura (Spix)
Crypturornis occidentalis (Salvadori)
Crypturornis mexicanus (Salvadori)
Crypturornis inornatus (Nelson)
Crypturornis atricapillus (Tschudi)
Crypturornis garleppi (Berlepsch)
Crypturornis rubripes (Taczanowski)
Crypturornis noctivagus (Wied)
Crypturomis columbianus (Salvadori)
Crypturornis tetrao tetrao (Boddaert)
Crypturornis tetrao bimaculatus (Gray)
Crypturornis tetrao salvini (Salvadori)
Crypturornis brevirostris (Pelzeln)
Crypturornis bartletti (Sclater and Salvin)
Crypturornis bartletti caroli (Brabourne and Chubb)
Crypturornis dnnamomeus cinnamomeus (Lesson)
Crypturornis cinnamomeus spencei (Brabourne and Chubb)
Crypturornis cinnamomeus goldmani (Nelson)
Crypturornis dissimilis (Salvadori)
Crypturornis erythropus (Pelzeln)
Crypturornis strigulosus (Temminck)
Crypturornis hellmayri (Brabourne and Chubb).
Vol. 35, pp. 77-80 March 20, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
s>
GENERAL NOTES.
NOTE ON A RARE PAROQUET FROM VENEZUELA, i
Mr. Ridgway described GrammopsiUaca lineola maculata (Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 27, 1915, 106) from four trade skins supposed to have come
from the interior of Venezuela. This locality he later changed to eastern
Peru, with a question mark, as Salvadori (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., 20, 1891,
240) had cast doubt upon Venezuela as the locality of Souanc^'s Myiop-
sitta tigrina.
In a small collection of Venezuelan birds collected by the well-known
collector S. Briceno and presented to the U. S. National Museum by Mr.
B. H. Swales, there is a fine specimen of this form, marked as a male, but
probably a female, and taken at San Jacinto, Merida Region. This speci-
men agrees very well with the type of maculata, except it is greener on the
head and back and the black on the central tail-feathers is more restricted ;
the lower parts are not so yellowish. In fact it is more like two of the
other specimens in the typical series of maculata and this difference is
probably sexual; it is dated May 24, and is probably adult. It measures:
wing, 101; tail, 57; culmen, 11 mm. Briceno notes on the label that it is
a wanderer to the Merida Region, but in any event this would seem to
validate Souanc6's record and as he founded his Myiopsitta tigrina (Rev.
et Mag. Zool., 1856, 144), upon the Venezuelan bird his name will have to
come into use for this form, which should be known in the future as
Bolborhynchus lineolus tigrinus (Souanc6).
— J . H. Riley.
AN ADDITIONAL NOTE ON THE NAME OF THE INCA TERN.
In these Proceedings (34, 1911, 38), I called attention to the fact that
Inca Jardine can not be used as a generic name for the Inca Tern in place
of Ncenia Boie, preoccupied. I then thought that Larosterna Blyth
(Cat. Birds Mus. As. Soc, 1852, 293) was the next available name, but this
proves not to be the case as Desmurs (Gay's Hist. Chile, Zool. I, 1847,
486) used Noddi, crediting the name to Cuvier, who did not use it in a
generic sense. As the only species placed under Noddi by Desmurs was
Sterna inca Lesson, it becomes the type by monotypy and the Inca Tern
will have to be called Noddi inca (Lesson). Noddi Oken (Isis, 1817,
1183) is not available from this date nor was it used in a generic sense by
Gray (List of the Genera of Birds, 1840, 79) as given by Waterhouse
(Index Gen. Avium, 1889, 146). — /. H. Riley.
1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
16— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (77)
78 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
NOTE ON ANAS ARCUATA HORSFIELD.
Matthews (Nov. Zool., 18, 1911, 9) has rejected Anas arcuata Horsfield,
because Horsfield (Zool. Research. Java, 1824, pi. 64) only intended to
rename or rather use what he considered an earlier MS. name of Cuvicr for
the bird he had previously described as Anas javanica (Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
13, 1921, 199). Horsfield defeated his purpose, however, when he pub-
lished a named plate and diagnosis of an entirely different species and
Salvadori (Cat. Birds Br. Mus., 27, 1895, 153) was correct in accepting
Horsficld's name, founded upon the plate alone, even if the diagnosis should
prove to be an entirely different species, but I can not see that it is.
Ornithologists can continue to use Dendrocygna arcuata (Horsfield) until ■
better reasons can be advanced than those brought forward by Mathews
or more recently by Dr. Oberholser (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 34, 1921,
166). —J- H. Riley.
NEW NAMES FOR THREE NORTH AMERICAN ASTERACEAE.
The name Bidens involucrata has been in use for some years for a species
of beggar-tick of the central United States. As this name is preoccupied,
the species may be renamed Bidens polylepis, in reference to the numerous
outer phyllaries. The names of two species of Erigeron of the Western
United States, being preoccupied, must also be changed. The synonymy
of these plants is as follows:
Erigeron nevadincola Blake, nom. nov.
Erigeron nevadense A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 649. 1873. Not E.
nevadense Wedd. Chlor. And. 1: 194. 1857.
Erigeron compactus Blake, nom. nov.
Erigeron pidvinaius Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 911. 1917. Not E. pul-
vinatum Wedd. Chlor. And. 1: 194. PI. 33, f. B. 1857.
Bidens polylepis Blake, nom. nov.
Coreopsis involucrata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 7: 74. 1834.
Diodonta involucrata Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 7: 361. 1841.
Bidens involucrata Britton, Bull. Torrey Club 20: 281. 1893. Not
B. involucratus Phil. Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile Bot. 1891: 49. 1891.
—S. F. Blake.
CHANGE OF NAME.
Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., has kindly called my attention to the fact that
the name neglectus given by me' to a race of the Microtus calif ornic us group
of meadow mice, was preoccupied by Arvicola neglectus [ = Microtus agrestis
neglectus] of Jenyns^, a meadow mouse inhabiting northern Scotland.
The subspecies must therefore be renamed, and may stand as Microtus
californicus sanctidiegi. — Remington Kellogg.
iKellogg, R., Univ. Calif. Publ. in Zool., vol. 21, No. 1, p. 31. 1918.
2Jcnyns, L.. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1), vol. 7, No. 44, p. 270, June, 1841.
General Notes. 79
INOCOTIS REICHENBACH TO BE REPLACED BY PSEUDIBIS
HODGSON.
The generic name Inocotis Reichenbach (Natiirl. Syst. Vogel, 1853,
p. XIV; type, Ibis papillosa Temminck) has been in current use for the
Indian ibis described by Temminck as Ibis papillosa. It is, however, con-
siderably antedated by Pseudibis Hodgson (Zool. Miscell., 1844, after
June 29, p. 86), the type of which by monotypy is Ibis papillosa. As the
latter is a perfectly valid name and is apparently not otherwise untenable,
it should be employed in place of Inocotis Reichenbach, and the sole species
referable to the group should be called Pseudibis papillosa (Temminck).
— Harry C. Oberholser.
ROSTRHAMUS LESSON VERSUS CYMINDES SPIX.
There appears in the text of the great work of Spix on the birds of Brazil
(Avium Species Novae Brasil., I, 1824, p. 7) the generic name Cymindes
in combination with the specific name leucopygus Spix, without comment
or further citation. This generic name Cymindes, although apparently
intended as an emendation of Cymindis Cuvier (Regne Animal, I, "1817"
[December 7, 1816], p. 319), is nevertheless here a new name, and is not
preoccupied by this latter, for it is, according to accepted codes of nomen-
clature, a distinct generic term, because possessing a different classical
ending other than of gender. Since Cymindes leucopygus is the only species
mentioned in connection with the generic name Cymindes, it is, of course,
by monotypy, its type. The Cymindes leucopygus Spix, above cited, is a
synonym of Herpetotheres sociabilis Vieillot; and since the name Cymindes
Spix antedates Rostrhamus Lesson (Trait6 d'Ornith., Feb. 13, 1830, p.
55; type Rostrhamus niger Ijesson = Herpetotheres sociabilis Vieillot) by
several years, it must replace the latter; and the species now known as
Rostrhamus sociabilis should hereafter therefore be called Cymindes socia-
bilis (Vieillot).
— Harry C. Oberholser.
PHOENICOTHRAUPIS CABANIS BECOMES HABIA BLYTH.
The generic name Habia, used by Bly th in his edition of Cuvier's ' Animal
Kingdom,' 1840, page 184, was many years ago (The Auk, XIV, No. 1,
January, 1897, pp. 39-42) discussed by Dr. Elliott Coues in connection with
its application to the genus now commonly known as Hedymeles Cabanis, or
Zamelodia Coues. No final disposition, however, was there made of this
name. It was originally proposed in the following language:
"The Finch-Tanagers {Habia, Vieillot)—
"Have a thick, bulging, conical bill, as broad as high, the upper mandible
of which is rounded above.
"Such are Tan. flammiceps, Pr. Max., T. superciliosa, psittacina, and
atricollis, Spix, etc."
It is evident from this quotation that the name Habia, unless otherwise
invalid, should be considered available for one of the groups represented
by the four species mentioned in the original description. These with their
modern equivalents are:
80 General Notes.
1. Ta7i[agra]. flammiceps Wied = Phoenicothraupis rubica (Vieillot).
2. "T[anagra]. superciliosa" = pTohah\y Tanagra superciliaris Spix ( =
Saltator caerulescens Vieillot).
3. [Tanagra] psittacina Spix = Pitylus fuliginosus (Daudin).
4. [Ta7iagra] atricollis Spix = Saliator atricollis Vieillot.
Since the type of Habia Blyth (1840) has, so far as we are aware, not yet
been formally selected, we propose to designate as such the first species
mentioned, Tanagra flammiceps Wied, a species now referred to the genus
Phoenicothraupis as a synonym of Phoenicothraupis rubica Vieillot.
This generic name Habia Blyth might appear to be preoccupied by Abia
Leach, used for a genus of Hymenoptera; but the two words are without
doubt etymologically distinct, since Abia is formed from two Greek words
— o primitive, and ^la; while Habia is a native name evidently taken
from Azara. Furthermore, Abia Agassiz (Index Universalis, 1846, p. 170),
is an emendation of the vernacular name Habia Lesson (Traits d'Ornith.,
1831, p. 464), thus evidently of the same Greek origin as Agassiz cites
for Abia Leach, and being several years posterior, has no bearing on the
availability of Habia Blyth. The Habia of Blyth is, therefore, to be con-
sidered an independent generic name on the same principle that Pica is now
held to be different from Picus. This being the case, the generic name Habia
Blyth 1840 must take the place of Phoenicothraupis Cabanis (Museum
Heineanum, I, 1851, after October 23, p. 24; type by subsequent designa-
tion of Gray (Cat. Gen. and Subgen. Birds Brit. Mus., 1855, p. 72), Saltator
rubicus Vieillot).
The species heretofore included in Phoenicothraupis will therefore stand
"as follows:
Habia rubica rubica (Vieillot)
Habia rubica amabilis (Berlepsch)
Habia rubica vinacea (Lawrence)
Habia rubica confinis (Bangs)
Habia rubica rubicoides (Lafresnaye)
Habia rubica nelsoni (Ridgway)
Habia rubica affinis (Nelson)
Habia rubica rosea (Nelson)
Habia alfaroana (Ridgway)
Habia rubra rubra (Vieillot)
Habia rubra peruviana (Taczanowski)
Habia rubra rhodinolaema (Salvin and Godman)
Habia salvini salvini (Berlepsch)
Habia salvini littoralis (Nelson)
Habia salvini discolor (Ridgway)
Habia salvini peninsularis (Ridgway)
Habia salvini insularis (Salvin)
Habia fuscicauda (Cabanis)
Habia cristata (Lawrence)
Habia gutturalis (Sclater).
— Harry C. Oberholser.
Vol. 35, pp. 81-88 May 26, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
or THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW ORCHIDS FROM TROPICAL
AMERICA WITH NOMENCLATORIAL CHANGES.
BY OAKES AMES.
In further study of the orchids of tropical America, the fol-
lowing plants appear to deserve recognition as new species or
to require nomenclatorial attention.
Aa Rosei, sp. nov.
Similitudinem gerit cum Aa MaUheivsio (Reichb. f.) Schltr. Herba
gracilis. Caules erecti, vaginis scariosis arete adpressis vestiti. Racemus
densiflorus, cylindraceus. Bracteae albidae, acutae. Sepala lateralia
glabra, oblonga, obtusa, uninervia. Sepalum dorsale ovatum, glabrum,
obtusum, uninervium. Petala oblongo-elliptica, obtusa, uninervia.
Labellum subgloboso-cucuUatum, ostio valde contractum, marginibus
basi excepta minute fimbriatulum, basi utrinque glandula ornatum.
Columna brevis.
Roots fleshy, up to 5 mm. in diameter when dry. Leaves wanting at
flowering time. Stems slender, 30-35 cm. tali, 1-3 mm. thick, invested
with whitish closely appressed sheaths. Raceme about 4 cm. long, 5-6
mm. in diameter, cylindrical, many flowered. Floral bracts whitish, trans-
lucent, triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, acute. Rhachis puberulous,
hairs flaccid, whitish. Pedicel abbreviated, together with the ovary 2 mm.
long. Flowers more or less globose, crowded. Lateral sepals 2.25 mm.
long, 1 mm. wide, oblong, concave, with a conspicuous mid-nerve, smooth.
Upper sepal 2 mm. long, L25 mm. wide at base, triangular-ovate, obtuse,
one-nerved. Petals about 2 ram. long, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, conspicu-
ously one-nerved. Labellum 2.5 mm. long, subglobose-cuoullate, margin
fimbriate beyond the middle, basal margin entire; near the base a large
gland is situated on each side. Column minute, dilated upward.
From the closely related Aa macra Schltr. this species differs in the
smaller flowers, broader petals and shorter stems.
PERU, Cuzco. Mr. & Mrs. J. N. Rose 19039. September, 1914.
(Type in United States National Herbarium 761630.)
17— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 3o, 1922. (81)
82 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Bletia Nelsonii, sp. nov.
Differt ab affinibus praesertim labello ecarinato. Radices et pseudo-
bulbi non praestant. Folia tria (plus minusve?), anguste oblongo-lanceo-
lata, utrinque attenuata, membranacea, subtus, in sicco, conspicue et
prominenter nervosa, ad basim vaginantia. Scapus erectus, gracilis,
vaginis brevibus instructus. Racemus laxus, plus minusve quindecim-
florus. Flores in sicco pallidi. Sepala petalaque ligulato-spathulata.
Labellum trilobatum, per discum prominenter nervosum. Lobi laterales
permagni, irregulariter lobulati vel crenulati, valde obtusi. Lobus medius
profunde retusus, irregulariter lobulatus. Columna gracilis.
Roots and pseudobulbs wanting. Leafy shoot about 76 cm. long, slender
below, terminating in the narrow leaves which are attenuated at both ends,
lamina of the largest leaf about 46 cm. long, 3.1 cm. wide near the middle,
conspicuously three-nerved, the other nerves more or less prominent;
narrowest leaf about 1.4 cm. wide. Scape slender, including the raceme
about 76 cm. long, 5 mm. in diameter near the base, four-bracteate, the
bracts sheathing and tubular, ± 2.5 cm. long. Raceme laxly flowered,
up to 2 dm. long. Pedicels, with the ovary, 1.7-2 cm. long, subtended by
lanceolate, acuminate, acute bracts 4.7 mm. long. Flowers yellowish in
dried specimens (pinkish when fresh?) ± 3 cm. apart, 1.8 cm. long. Lateral
sepals subspreading, ±1.7 cm. long, 3 mm. wide, narrowly spathulate,
abruptly acute, many-nerved. Upper sepal similar. Petals rhombic-
spathulate, obtuse, 1.7 cm. long, 4.25 mm. wide, many-nerved. Labellum
1.7 cm. long, 1 cm. wide between the lateral lobes, obovate-lanceolate in
outline, ecarinate, but prominently nerved longitudinally, lateral lobes
very broad, angularly lobulate or crenulate on the margin, porrect; middle
lobe subquadrate, deeply retuse, 4 mm. long, 6 mm. wide, irregularly
crenate-dentate or lobulate on the margin. Column 1.3 cm. long, gradu-
ally dilated upward.
In habit similar to Bletia Parkinsonii Hook., which bears larger flowers
with a very different labellum. In dried specimens the flowers are yellow-
ish with inconspicuous pinkish stains here and there. Perhaps when fresh
they are altogether pink in color.
MEXICO, Oaxaca, Vicinity of Choapam, E. W. Nelson 913, July 28-29,
1894. 3800-4500 feet altitude. (Type in United States National Herbari-
um.)
M alaxis mexicana, sp. nov.
Herba terrestris. Similitudinem gerit cum M. fastigiata Ktze. Folia
duo, ovato-lanceolata, approximata. Flores in racemum subumbellatum
dispositi. Sepala oblongo-elliptica. Petala linearia. Labellum antice
triloba timi, lobulis obtusis.
Plant 2 dm. tall, resembling M. fastigiata, from which it is clearly sepa-
rated by the three-lobed labellum. Stem tumid at the base, sheathed by
several scarious bracts. 9 cm. long to the base of the lowermost leaf, in dried
specimens longitudinally sulcate, naked above, bifoliate near the middle.
Leaves about 4 cm. long, up to 2.5 cm. wide, ovate-lanceolate, acute.
Ames — New Orchids from Tropical America. 83
Flowers numerous, crowded in a subumbellate raceme. Floral bracts
much shorter than the pedicels of the flowers. Pedicels slender, together
with the ovary 5.6 mm. long, ascending. Lateral sepals 3.25 mm. long,
1 mm. wide, oblong-elliptic, rounded at the tip, three-nerved. Upper
sepal 3 mm. long, 1 mm. wide. Petals linear, 2 mm. long. Labellum
ecallose, 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. wide, rounded at the base, three-lobed in
front, the lateral lobes triangular obtuse much exceeded by the oblong
obtuse middle-lobe. Column minute.
MEXICO, State of Pueblo. Between Tepeaca and Santa Rosa.
./. N. Rose and Walter Hough 4735. June 27, 1899. (Type in United
States National Herbarium 346724.)
Malaxis Rosei, sp. nov.
Aff. M. crispifoliae (Reichb. f.) Ktze. Herba gracilis, bifoliata, foliis
ovato-lanceolatis vel anguste ellipticis. Flores numerosi, in racemum
umbellatum dispositi. Sepala oblonga. Petala linearia. Labellum sub-
hastatum, lobulis basUaribus acutis.
Plant slender, 38.5 cm. tall. Roots fibrous, slender. Stem somewhat
tumid at the base, 11 cm. long to the base of the lowermost leaf, about
20 cm. long from the uppermost leaf to the base of the inflorescence. Leaves
6 cm. apart, about 6 cm. long, 28-41 mm. wide, the lower one ovate-lanceo-
late, the upper one narrower, narrowly elliptical, subacute. Raceme
umbelliform. Floral bracts about 1 mm. long, triangular, scale-like.
Pedicels slender, together with the ovary up to 1 cm. long, obliquely
ascending, glabrous. Lateral sepals 2.5 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide,
somewhat convex, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, three-nerved. Upper sepal
similar to the laterals, 2.75 mm. long, three-nerved. Petals linear, 2 mm.
long. Labellum 2 mm. long, fleshy, cymbiform-hastate, subacute, with
an erect uncinate lobule on each side near the base, tricarinate, the central
keel broad, and conspicuously thickened, the lateral carinae membranace-
ous. Column minute, bilobulate.
Similar to Malaxis crispifolia (Reichb. f.) Ktze., but with different leaves,
and short triangular bracts. In habit similar to Malaxis rupestris (Poepp.
& Endl.) Ktze., but sufficiently distinct from it in the form of the labellum.
MEXICO, State of Durango. J. N. Rose 3753. August 16, 1897.
(Type in United States National Herbarium 302747.)
Malaxis tepicana, sp. nov.
Planta monophylla. Racemus erectus, cylindraceus, multiflorus.
Sepala lateralia oblongo-elliptica, obtusa, plus minusve obliqua, apice
incrassata. Sepalum dorsale simile. Petala lineari-oblonga vel lineari-
spathulata, valde obtusa. Labellum cordato-triangulum, ecallosum.
Columna minuta.
Plant 24-27 cm. tall, rather stout. Stem tumid at base, sheathed by a
large tubular loosely appressed bract, monophyllous. Leaf 6-8.5 cm. long,
about 1.5 cm. wide (in Rose 2034 up to 3.2 cm. wide), subacute or obtuse,
at base sheathing the stem. Raceme up to 13 cm. long, cylindrical, about
6 mm. in diameter. Rhachis sulcate. Floral bracts minute, triangular.
84 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington
Flowers numerous, densely crowded. Pedicel together with the ovary
2 mm. long. Lateral sepals 2 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, oblong-ellipti-
cal, rounded and obtuse at the thickened apex, three-nerved, strongly
convex. Upper sepal similar, 2.5 mm. long. Petals 2 mm. long, linear or
linear-spathulate, obtuse, middle nerve conspicuous. Labellum 2 mm.
long, nearly 3 mm. wide below the middle, cordate-triangular in outline,
trulliform, four-nerved, without auricles, basal angles broadly triangular,
acute, bluntly pointed at the apex, ecallose. Column .75 mm. long.
Ovary smooth.
Allied to Malaxis crispata (Lindl.) Ames, but monophyllous, and without
crisped ridges on the ovary.
MEXICC^, Sierra Madre, Territorio de Tepic. Between Santa Ger-
trudis and Santa Teresa. J. N. Rose 2007. August S, 1897. (Type in
United States National Herbarium 300997.) Rose 2034, from the same
region, collected August 7, 1897, between Dolores and Santa Gertrudis is
apparently the same as M. lepicann. (U. S. Nat. Herb. 300931.)
The following changes are necessitated in atu'ordance with the rules
governing nomenclature.
Malaxis acianthoides (ScliUr.) comb. nov. Mierostt/lis arianOioides
Schltr. in P>ddo Repert. 15 (1918) 200.
Malaxis blephariglottis (Schltr.) comb. nov. Microstj/lis hlepfiariglodis
Schltr. in Fedde Repert. 12 (1913) 202.
Malaxis brachyrrhyncha (Reichb.f.) comb. nov. Microstylis brachyrrhyncha
Reichb. f. in Flora 71 (1888) 152.
Malaxis Javesiae {Reichb. f.) comb. nov. Microstylis Jnvesiae Reichb. f. in
Flora 71 (1888) 152.
Malaxis lepanthiflora (Schltr.) comb. nov. Microstylis lepanthiflora
Schltr. in Fedde Repert. 15 (1918) 200.
Malaxis lepidota (Finet) comb. nov. Microstylis lepidota Finet in Bull.
Soc. Bot. Fr. 54 (1907) 531.
Malaxis linguella {Reichb. f.) comb. nov. Microstylis lingnella Reichb. f. in
Flora 71 (1888) 153.
Malaxis minutiflora {Schltr.) comb. nov. Microstylis minutiflor a Schltr. in
Bull. Herb. Boiss. 7 (1899) 540.
Malaxis monticola {Schltr.) comb. nov. Microstylis monticola Schltr. in
Fedde Repert. 3 (1906) 17.
Malaxis ocreata {S. Wats.) comb. nov. Microstylis ocreata S. Wats, in
Proc. Am. Acad. 22 (1887) 453.
Malaxis pandurata {Schltr.) comb. nov. Microstyhs pandurata Schltr. in
Fedde Repert. 3 (1906) 77.
Malaxis Pittieri {Schltr.) comb. nov. Microstylis Pittieri Schltr. in Fedde
Repert. 12 (1913) 203.
Malaxis platyglossa (Robins. & Greenm.) comb. nov. Microstylis platy-
glnssa Robins, ik Greenm. in Proc. Am. Acad. 32 (1896) 35.
Malaxis Pringlei (*S'. Wats.) comb. nov. Microstylis Pringlei S. Wats, in
Proc. Am. Acad. 23 (1888) 282.
Malaxis streptopetala {Robins. & Greenm.) comb. nov. Microstylis
streptopetala Robins. & Greenm. in Proc. Am. Acad. 32 (1896) 36.
Ames — New Orchids from Tropical America. 85
Malaxis tenuis {S. Wats.) comb. nov. Microstylis tenuis S. Wats, in Proc.
Am. Acad. 26 (1891) 152.
Malaxis Tonduzii (Schltr.) comb. nov. Microstylis Tonduzii Schltr. in Fedde
Repert. 3 (1906) 106.
Malaxis Tuerckheimii (Sddtr.) comb. nov. Microstylis Tuerckheimii
Schltr. in Beihefte Bot. Centralbi. 36, Abt. 2 (1918) 382.
Malaxis Wercklei {Schltr.) comb. nov. Microstylis Wercklei Schltr. in
Beihefte Bot. Centralbi. 36, Abt. 2 (1918) 382.
Pelexia Maxonii, sp. nov.
Radices incrassatae, validae. Folia longipetiolata, erecta, lamina ovato-
elliptica, acuta. Scapus erectus, superne puberuliis, bracteis vaginantibus,
oblique acutis instructus. Racemus dense multiflorus, rhachide puberulus.
Bracteae inflorescentiae elongatae, lineari-lanceolatae, acutae. Sepala
lateralia patentia, ligulata, supra medium dilatata, prope apicem cymbi-
formia, extus pubescentia, mentum acutum formantia. Sepalum dorsale
ligulatum, acuminatum, .subacutum, extus pubescens. Petala basi angus-
tata, spathulata, acuta, margine anteriore ciliato-pubescenti. Labellum
supra medium dilatatum, prope apicem constrictum, infra apicem callo
/\-formi instructum, basi utrinque auriculatum, aiu'iculis incrassatis.
Columna elongata.
Plant 29 cm. tall. Leaves few (two in the type), long petioled; petioles
8-10 em. long, sheathing at base, erect or spreading, in dried specimens
tinged with purple, lamina membranaceous, 12-14 cm. long, 4.5-5.8 cm.
wide, in dried specimens conspicuously netted-veined, ovate-elliptical,
acute, rounded at the base, glabrous. Scape with the raceme ± 28 cm. tall,
in part concealed by sheathing bracts, glandular-pubescent above. Raceme
densely many flowered, ±12 cm. long, about 4 cm. in diameter, rhachis
pubescent. Flowers with pedicellate ovary about 3 cm. long, subtended by
linear, acute bracts, ±1.7 cm. long. Lateral sepals including the mentum
1.7 cm. long, narrowed below the middle, linear-lanceolate, cymbiform near
the tip, carinate, pubescent on the outside. Free part of the mentum
about 3.5 mm. long. Upper sepal 1.3 cm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, oblanceolate,
abruptly acuminate, acute, sparsely pubescent. Petals adherent to the upper
sepal, spathulate-oblanceolate, acute, 12 mm. long, ciliate-pubescent
on the anterior margin, one-nerved. Labellum 1.7 cm. long, 4.75 mm.
wide above the middle, narrowed toward the base, dilated above the middle
into an oblong-elliptical, acute plate, constricted by a fold on each side,
and with an inverted V-shaped thickening 2 mm. from the tip, sagittate at
base, the sagittal divisions thickened and about 2 mm. long. Column
dilated above. Anther triangular-cordate, acute.
CUBA. "Posesion de Starck" southeast of Jaguey, Yateras, Oriente.
William R. Maxon J^JiSl . May 3, 1907. Altitude 450-525 meters. Ter-
restial on rich forest slopes. (Type in United States National Herbarium
523200.)
Platystele compacta, comb. nov.
Stelis com-pacta Ames Orch. 3 (1908) 76, t. 53. The genus Platystele is
at present confined to Central America and as now limited contains only
86 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
two speoies, P. bulbinella Schltr. from Costa Rica and the present species
which was described originally from material collected in Guatemala by
H. von Tuerckheim. These species are very closely related, P. bulbinella
being a aiuch stouter plant than P. cotii pacta, with longer leaves and a more
robust raceme, but with very similar flowers. An examination of more
material than 1 have seen may prove that the Costa Rican species is simply
a larger form of P. compacta.
Pleurothallis palliolata, sp. nov.
Caiiles secundarii elongati, erecti, monophylli, prope basim paucivagin-
ati, vaginis tubulatis. Folium perrnagnum, ovato-lanceolatum, longe
acuminatum, acutum, basi rotundatum, amplexicaule. Flores duo,
permagni, roseo-striati, labello roseo-purpureo. Pedunculus abbreviatus,
quam folium multo brevior. Sepala lateralia usque ad apicem cohaerentia,
leviter convexa, ovat(j-Ianceolata, ainita, quam sepalum dorsale multo
minoi-a. Sepalum dorsale galeiforme, decem-nervium, laminam semi-
ellipticam formans. Petala carnosa, anguste falcata, acuta, apice valde
curvata, incrassata, triquetra, marginibus serrato-dentata. Labellum
carnosum, rotundato-cordatum, infra medium utrinque angulatum,
trinervium, nervis claviformibus, basi transverse incrassatum. Unguis
trinervius. Columna carnosa, superne dilatata.
Secondary stems erect, 11-14 cm. long, about 2 mm. in diameter, invested
below the middle with several brownish, closely appressed sheaths, mono-
phyllous. Leaf 9-10 cm. long, 3.8 cm. wide, coriaceous, rigid, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, acute, rounded at the base, clasping the stem.
Peduncle about 2.5 cm. long, bearing two large flowers about 1 cm. apart,
arising from a complanate sheath. Lateral sepals united to form an
ovate-lanceolate acute lamina, 1.5 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, about twice longer
than the petals. Upper sepal about 2 cm. long, 1 cm. wide when flattened
out, hood-shaped, semi-elliptical in outline, obtuse. Petals 7 mm. long,
2 mm. wide near the middle, linear-falcate, sharply bent backward near
the tip, thickened along the middle and at the tip, margin fimbriate-den-
tate. Labellum 6 mm. long, 6.5 mm. wide, orbicular-cordate, fleshy, with
four callus-like thickenings at base in front of the three-nerved, oblong
claw; abruptly narrowed below the middle with a reentrant angle on each
side; three-nerved, the lateral nerves slenderly claviform in outline, the
middle one broadly clavate above the middle. Column about 2 mm.
long, fleshy.
Allied to P. cnrdiuthallis Reichb. f. from which it differs in the cordate
labellum and coarsely fringed petals. P. costaricensis Schltr. is closely
allied, but differs in having subequal sepals and an ovate-oblong labellum.
P. phyllocardia Reichb. f. is very similar to P. paUiolata in having toothed
petals as shown by Reichenbach's type at Vienna, but the sepals are
different, the coherent laterals being equal to the upper sepal.
COSTA RICA. Lankester j^ (Type in Hort. Bot. Reg. Kew.)
Ames — New Orchids from Tropical America. 87
Stelis Johnsonii, sp. nov.
Similitudinem gerit cum S. microchila Schltr. Radices albidae, fibratae.
Caules secondarii abbreviati, monophylli. Folium oblanceolatum, coriace-
um, quam inflorescentia brevius. Pedunculus gracilis, multiflorus. Flores
in sicco brunneo-rubentes, niinuti. Sepala triangulari-ovata, trinervia.
Petala flabellata, labello niulto inajora, apice incrassata, trinervia. Label-
lum parvum, circuitu rhonibicum, apicc incrassatum, obtusum, prope
medium callo instructuni . Columna basi angustata, apice utrinque
lobulo ornata.
Epiphyte. From base of secondary stem to tip of inflorescence 8.5 cm.
high. Secondary stems erect, about 1 cm. long, when young concealed
by two elongated tubular sheaths, monophyllous. Leaf 2.5-4 cm. long,
up to 6 mm. wide, oblanceolate, obtuse, minutely bidentate at the apex,
narrowed toward the base into a sulcate petiole about 4 mm. long. Pedun-
cles with the lax-flowered raceme up to 7.5 cm. long, solitary or rarely
two, unibracteate below the raceme. Raceme 3.5-4.5 cm. long. Floral
bracts 1.5-2 mm. long, obliquely infundibuliforni, acuminate, acute,
shorter than the pedicels. Flowers twelve more or less, reddish-brown
in dried specimens, 3 mm. apart on the rhachis. Pedicel together with the
ovary up to 2.5 mm. long. Sepals adherent at base, 1.5 mm. long, about
1.5 mm. wide, triangular-ovate, obtuse, conspicuously three-nerved.
Petals 1 mm. long, 1.25 mm. wide near the apex, fan-shaped, thickened at
the tip, three-nerved. Labellum .5 mm. long, rhombic in outline, tri-
angular in side-view, margins erect, apex thickened, near the apex provided
with a large fleshy callus. Column slender near the base, dilated upwards.
Allied to Stelis bidentata Schltr. from which it is distinguished by wider
leaves and a different lip. In habit similar to the Costa Rican S. obscurata
Reichb. f.
GUATEMALA, Department Alta Verapaz, Chama. Harry Johnson
252. May 15, 1920. Epiphytic on trees, flowers reddish, odorless. Alti-
tude 900 feet. (Type in Herbarium of Oakes Ames 22114. Duplicate
type in United States National Herbarium 1081106.)
Bussey Institution, Harvard University.
Vol. 35, pp. 89-94 July 12, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
NEW FORMS OF FINCHES AND TANAGERS FROM
TROPICAL AMERICA.
BY W. E. CLYDE TODD.
In the course of a critical study of the Finches and Tanagers
in the collection of the Carnegie Museum a number of appar-
ently unnamed forms have been discovered. One new species
and eleven new subspecies belonging to these groups are de-
scribed in the present paper, which is the ninth of the series to
appear in these Proceedings, and is governed by the same rules
as were observed in the earlier communications. Acknowledg-
ments are due to the authorities of the American Museum of
Natural History, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia, the U. S. National Museum, the Bureau of Biological
Survey, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology for the loan
of material which has been invaluable for comparison.
Poospiza pectoralis, sp. nov.
Above plain gray; remiges dusky, the fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries
margined externally with white, the remaining remiges with mouse gray,
the innermost secondaries with very broad and conspicuous grayish white
outer edgings; lesser and middle coverts gray like the back; greater coverts
with bases and inner webs black, and outer webs mostly white, passing into
mouse gray on the innermost; alula and primary-coverts brownish black;
inner margins of remiges whitish; tail dusky, the middle pair of rectrices
more grayish, the two outer ones white except on the inner web towards the
base, and the third pair with a large white spot on the inner web towards
the tip; sides of head black, relieved by a wide white superciliary stripe
and a white spot on the lower eyelid; throat white, followed by a large
black spot occupying the upper part of the breast, continuous with the gray
of the sides of the breast and body; rest of under parts white, except the
crissum, which is tawny; "iris and feet brown; bill black above, brownish
gray below." Wing (type), 61; tail, 53; bill, 8.5; tarsus, 17.
18— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (89)
90 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Of this apparently new species only a single specimen has been received.
It differs very decidedly from Poospiza torquata (D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye)
in its shorter, relatively stouter bill, much broader black pectoral collar,
much wider and more whitish outer margins to the tertiaries, and in par-
ticular by having much more white on the tail, this color on the outer rec-
trix reaching nearly to the base of the feather, and cut off obliquely, not
almost straight across on the inner web, as in torquata. The middle rec-
trices are grayish, duller than the back, not dusky black.
Type, No. 43,650, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Guanacos,
Prov. Cordillera, Bolivia, August 21, 1909; Jos6 Steinbach.
Arremon aurantiirostris strictocollaris, subsp. nov.
Similar to Arremon aurantiirostris aurantiirostris Lafresnaye of Panama
and the Pacific slope of Costa Rica, but averaging slightly brighter, more
yellowish green above; black pectoral band narrower; under parts more
extensively white; and the sides, flanks, and crissum paler.
Four adult males from eastern Panama in the collection of the Ameri-
can Museum of Natural History agree with the type in the above characters
as compared with a series of true aurantiirostris, and evidently represent
a form which in some respects approaches A. spectabilis occidentalis Hell-
mayr, without, however, any indication of intergrading with that form.
Type, No. 63,859, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Sautata,
Rio Atrato, Colombia, January 22, 1918; M. A. Carriker, Jr.
Sicalis luteiventris flavissima, subsp. nov.
Similar to Sicalis luteiventris minor Cabanis of British Guiana, but larger,
with conspicuously heavier bill, and with the upper parts more broadly
streaked. SimUar also to *S. luteiventris luteiventris (Meyen), but under
parts more richly and more uniformly yellow, especially posteriorly.
Wing (type), 69; tail, 49; bill, 10.5; tarsus, 17.
This is apparently the Sicalis chapmani of Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., XV,
1908, 34, from the islands of Marajo and Mexiana, but not the S. chapmani
of Ridgway, from which the new form differs decidedly in being less greenish
yellow above, with the dusky streaks much broader, and slightly duller
yellow below. The sides of the head, the breast, and the sides in the male
are shaded with yellowish olive, instead of being plain yellow, as in chap-
mani, and the female has a distinctly yellow throat, as in luteiventris, so
that I would range it with this latter form, and not with chapmani, in which
the female has a whitish throat.
Sicalis "arvensis" is in all probability a synonym of S. luteiventris, and
in any case the latter name has a year's priority over the former as the
specific designation of this group.
Type, No. 68,308, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Rocana,
Pard,, North Brazil; May 13, 1918; Samuel M. Klages.
Sporophila americana dispar, subsp. nov.
Similar to Sporophila americana americana (Gmelin) of French Guiana,
but size constantly larger; white alar spot in the male averaging larger,
and rump more conspicuously mottled with white (not grayish) ; female also
Todd — New Forms of Finches and Tanagers. 91
very different, beins much duller, brownish or grayish olive above and dull
whitish below, shaded with bufly. The female of true americana is usually
rich brown above and strongly buffy below. Wing (type), 61; tail, 50;
bill, 11.5; tarsus, 16.5.
These characters are readily apparent in a series of sixteen specimens
from the lower Amazon as compared with another of fifty specimens from
French Guiana, the type-locality.
Type, No. 72,050, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Santarem,
Brazil, April 15, 1919; Samuel M. Klages.
Sporophila castaneiventris rostrata, subsp. nov.
Similar to Sporophila castaneiventris castaneiventris Cabanis of Guiana,
but size averaging slightly larger; bill much heavier (8 mm. long and 7.5
mm. deep in type); and chestnut of under parts slightly deeper.
The much heavier bill of this form is its best character, but the color-
difference, although slight, appears to be sufficiently constant in a series of
twenty- two specimens to justify its formal separation from the Guiana
birds (eleven skins from French Guiana).
Type, No. 71,511, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Santarem,
Brazil, March 26, 1919; Samuel M. Klages.
Pitylus grossus saturatus, subsp. nov.
Similar to Pitylus grossus grossus (Linnaeus) of Guiana, Brazil, etc.,
but males darker, more slaty blue, in general coloration, and females almost
uniform dark olive gray below, with little or no buffy brown shade.
Although Mr. Ridgway (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, 1, 1901, 652)
confesses his inability to distinguish specimens from different parts of the
range of this widely distributed species, I find that with an excellent series
of birds from the type-locality (French Guiana) before me for comparison
the birds from Costa Rica and Colombia can be told at a glance by their
darker coloration. Males are darker, more slaty blue, but it is in the
females that the difference is most pronounced. Guiana females are
strongly shaded below (especially posteriorly) with buffy brown, while
Costa Rica females are almost uniform dark olive gray below. Colombian
birds are easily referable to this dark form. I select as type an adult
female.
Type, No. 23,493, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult female; Guacimo,
Costa Rica, September 25, 1903; M. A. Carriker, Jr.
Tangara boliviana lateralis, subsp. nov.
Differs from Tangara boliviana boliviana (Bonaparte) of Bolivia, Peru,
etc., in the following respects: the yellow of the under parts, although
varying somewhat, is appreciably paler; the blue tips of the feathers on the
sides and flanks are shorter, allowing the black subterminal spots to show
more (these parts, therefore, appear to be more heavily spotted) ; the blue
margins to the middle wing-coverts are narrower; and the lesser wing-
coverts usually have a touch of greenish.
These characters are obvious in the series examined, and would seem to
suffice to distinguish the bird of the lower Amazon from that of Bolivia.
92 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Hellmayr (Nov. Zool., XIV, 1907, 7), it is true, disallows the differences,
but his material was very scanty.
Type, No. 78,031, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Apacy,
Rio Tapajoz, Brazil, April 29, 1920; Samuel M. Klages.
Tangara cayana fulvescens, subsp. nov.
Similar to Tangara cayana cayana (Linnaeus) of Guiana, etc., but larger,
and decidedly paler throughout. Wing (type), 75; tail, 54; bill, 11.5;
tarsus, 18.5.
Colombian specimens of Tangara cayana, including examples from both
sides of the Eastern Andes, are readily separable from a series from French
Guiana by their larger size and conspicuously paler general coloration,
this particularly evident in the males. They can not be referred to the form
cyanolaima of Bonaparte, said to be from eastern Peru (Rio Negro), since
this is described as being brighter throughout, with the blue of the throat
very conspicuous, which is certainly not the case with the Colombian
birds. I accordingly have no alternative but to give the latter a distinc-
tive name, since their characters are obvious and constant.
Type, No. 60,360, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Palmar,
Boyaca, Colombia, April 16, 1917; M. A. Carriker, Jr.
Thraupis palmarum atripennis, subsp. nov.
Similar to Thraupis palmarum melanoptera (Sclater) of Guiana, Brazil,
Bolivia, etc., but somewhat smaller and generally darker, the wings blacker
and more uniform, and tail darker. Wing (type), 93; tail, 69; bill, 13.5;
tarsus, 20.5.
Birds of this species from Costa Rica and Colombia (west of the Andes)
differ from a series from Guiana and the lower Amazon in their rather
smaller size and darker coloration throughout, the wing-coverts and bases
of the remiges being dull dark green (between vetiver green and grayish
olive), while the head is duller, darker green, and the gloss of the body-
plumage in adult males is more purely bluish, less purplish in tone. The
remiges have practically no lighter edgings, even in fresh plumage; the
tail is darker also. The Tanagra melanoptera of Sclater, based on the
bird of eastern Peru (which is undoubtedly the same as that of eastern
Colombia and of Bolivia), certainly does not apply to the present race,
although so given by all recent authors, and a new name is required, which
I here supply.
Type, No. 13,305, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Guapiles,
Costa Rica, March 11, 1903; M. A. Carriker, Jr.
Piranga saira rosacea, subsp. nov.
Similar to Piranga saira saira (Spix) of Brazil, but male much paler,
more pinkish throughout. The back is between Kaiser brown and ferru-
ginous, brightening into English red on the pileum; the ventral surface is
between flame scarlet and orange chrome in the brightest individual, and
Mikado orange in the palest. Females are indistinguishable in any way.
The discovery of a distinct race of saira so close to the range of the typical
one (which we have from the Rio Quisera, in the Province of Velasco, north
Todd — New Forms of Finches and Tanagers. 93
of Chiquitos) is interesting indeed. It is probably a local form with a
restricted range, which with only one specimen available might have been
set down as an extreme individual variant, but with four adult males at
hand, all showing the same characters, it is evident that a geographical
race is involved.
Type, No. 80,182, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Palmarito,
Rio San Julian, Chiquitos, Bolivia, May 24, 1918; Jos6 Steinbach.
Mitrospingus cassinii costaricensis, subsp. nov.
Similar to Mitrospingus casinii cassinii (Lawrence) of Panama and wes-
tern Colombia, but under parts darker, more greenish, less yellowish;
the throat darker gray; and the crissum less rufescent.
This is one of the species which has hitherto been supposed to range
unchanged from western Ecuador to Costa Rica, but comparison of a series
of nicely prepared skins from western Colombia with another from Costa
Rica develops the fact that the two are readily distinguishable from each
other. Colombian birds are much brighter below — nearer sulphine yellow
on the breast, with the crissum decidedly rufescent (near Sudan brown),
tinged with olive. In Costa Rican birds the breast is darker (deep warbler
green), the throat is darker gray, less strongly contrasted with the sides of
the head, and the crissum is more olivaceous, less rufescent. The species
was described from Panama, and birds from the type-locality are obviously
nearer the series from Colombia than to that from Costa Rica, leaving the
latter to be described as the new form.
Type, No. 27,947, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; El Hogar,
Costa Rica, November 14, 1906; M. A. Carriker, Jr.
Chlorospingus canigularis conspicillatus, subsp. nov.
Similar to Chlorospingus canigularis canigularis (Lafresnaye) of the Cen-
tral and Eastern Andes of Colombia, but yellowish pectoral band slightly
deeper in color and much wider, and olive green of the sides and flanks more
extended.
Dr. Chapman could find no racial differences in his series from the Co-
lombian Andes, but when uniformly and smoothly made up specimens are
compared the differences between the series from the Eastern Andes and
that from the Western Andes stand out very distinctly. The latter have
the greenish yellow breast-band slightly deeper in color and fully twice as
wide, while the olive green of the sides and flanks is more extended; the
size also averages larger.
Hemispingus veneris Bonaparte (Compt. Rend., XXXVII, 1853, 922)
is the only synonym of this species. It was described from a specimen
whose exact locality is not known, but which was taken during the voyage
of the "Venus." Sclater, who examined the type in the Paris Museum,
considered it to be the same as Lafresnaye's canigularis. None of the other
birds taken on the "Venus" voyage came from this part of Colombia, but
there was one which was described from the " Bogota " region, and very
probably the type of veneris is from the same part.
Type, No. 67,547, Collection Carnegie Museum, adult male; Bitaco
Valley, Colombia, July 6, 1918; M. A. Carriker, Jr.
Vol. 35, pp. 95-96 August 30, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
CHANGES IN NAMES OF AMERICAN RHYNCH(3TA
CHIEFLY EMESINAE.
BY W. L. McATEE AND J. R. MALLOCH.
Owing to the extreme and touching sohcitude of certain of
our contemporaries for the taxonomic welfare of groups of
Hemiptera recently specialized upon by us, we deem it advis-
able to place on record the subjoined changes in nomenclature
which otherwise would have been withheld until publication of
comprehensive sj^stematic treatises now well advanced.
EMESINAE.
Barce Uhler = Metapterus Costa.
Luteva Dohrn = Ploiaria Scopoli.
Ploiariopsis Champion = Ploiaria Scopoli.
Ploiaria Carolina Banks not Herrich-Schaffer = Ploiaria hirticornis Banks.
Ploiariola Reuter = Ploiariodes White.
Ploiariodes californica Banks = Ploiariodes rubromaculata Blackburn.
Ploiariodes euryale Kirkaldy = Ploiariodes rubromaculata Blackburn.
Ploiaria maculata Haldeman = Ploiariodes culiciformis De Geer.
Ploiariodes errahunda Banks not Say = Ploiariodes culiciformis De Geer.
Ploiariodes tuberculata Banks = Ploiariodes errabunda Say.
Ploiariodes hirtipes Banks = Ploiariodes vagabunda Linnaeus var. pilosa
Fieber.
Ploiariodes canadensis Parshley = Ploiariodes vagabunda Linnaeus var.
pilosa Fieber.
Luteva arizonensis Banks is a Stenolemus.
Myiagreutes Bergroth is a subgenus of Westermannias Kirkaldy.
ISOMETOPIDAE.
Isometopus of Am-^rican authors is not Isometopus of Fieber and we pro-
pose for it Corticoris new name. Genotype Isometopus pulchellus
Heidemann.
19— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (95)
Vol. 35, pp. 97-102 September .10, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON SOME EXTINCT
ELEPHANTS.
BY OLIVER P. HAY.
Professor Henry F. Osborn has recently (Amer. Mus. Novi-
tates, No. 41, July 8, 1922) issued a paper in which he deals with
the Pleistocene elephants of North America. I venture to dis-
cuss his important conclusions.
Professor Osborn takes up first Elephas columbi and announces
that the real E. columbi is not the animal that we have been de-
scribing under this name. Inasmuch as the elephant which has
hitherto borne this honorable title is one well known and widely
distributed, it is imperative that the name shall not be disturbed
except on evidence that can not reasonably be disputed. I
believe that such evidence has not been presented.
In the American Museum is a lower hindermost molar
(No. 13707) found at Charleston, South Carolina, which Pro-
fessor Osborn has made the "neotype" of E. columbi (his fig.
3 B). This tooth is said to have in its unworn condition 16
plates, of which only 8 had come into use. With this tooth a
plaster cast of Falconer's imperfect type of the species is com-
pared and identified as belonging to the same species. A draw-
ing (Osborn's fig. 1) purports to represent the type tooth re-
stored. Professor Osborn therefore restricts the name E.
columbi to a form whose lower hindermost molars have only 16
or 17 plates and not more than 6 plates in 100 mm. He further
concludes that this species is closely related to or identical with
Elephas imperator.
Now, the fact is that the "neotype " is a much-worn tooth and
does not represent the original number of plates; some are cer-
20— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (97)
98 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
tainly missing from the front. If the reader will examine A.
Leith Adams's monograph on British fossil elephants, plate III,
figure 1; plate IV, figure 1; and plate XI, figure 1; or my paper
on the "Mammals of the Pleistocene of Iowa" (Iowa Geol.
Surv., vol. XXIII), plate LVII, figures 9, 10; plate LV, figure 2;
plate LVII, figure 3; and especially plate LXII, figure 4, he will
find that a complete lower molar of an elephant possesses a
strong anterior root which is distinctly separated from the more
or less coalesced hinder roots. This root supports three, four,
or possibly five plates. When the tooth is worn down so that
this root is gone, one can no longer be certain just how many
front plates are missing. That is the condition of Professor
Osborn's "neotype. " I examined this tooth before Professor
Osborn published his paper; and, without knowing what use he
intended to make of it, I noted that it lacked this root and some
front plates. The tooth quite certainly belongs to E. columhi,
as we have been describing the species. It will be noticed that
in Professor Osborn's restoration of the type tooth (his fig. 1)
he has not suppHed the front root.
Having, as he supposed, restricted the name Elephas columhi
to a little-known form, Professor Osborn turned his attention
to the great body of elephants which he supposed was now left
without a specific title, and on these he bestowed the name
Elephas jeffersonii. As its type he chose the beautifully pre-
served and nearly complete skeleton found in Indiana and now-
mounted in the American Museum. To the same species he
referred a large skull (No. 10261) found at Cincinnati and now
in the U. S. National Museum. Unfortunately, however, for
this tribute to our illustrious statesman and naturalist, this
Cincinnati skull had previously been described by myself as
Elephas boreus. This was done in a paper entitled "Observa-
tions on some extinct elephants, " privately issued and widely
distributed on June 12, 1922. Professor Osborn's name becomes
therefore a synonym.
It was evidently Professor Osborn's intention to include under
E. jeffersonii not only his type, his para types (his fig. 11), and
the Cincinnati skull, but the elephants abundantly represented
by teeth which have about 7 plates in a 100 mm. fine and thick
festooned enamel. In doing this it seems to me that he has
ignored almost every character except size of teeth and thickness
Hay — Further Observations on Some Extinct Elephants. 99
of plates. I grant that Osborn's type, his paratypes (his figs.
11, 12), and various other specimens have only 7 or 8 plates in
100 mm. and that they are co-specific with his E. jeffersonii,
my E. boreus. Inasmuch as teeth of the forms that I have been
referring to E. columbi and E. primigenius have typically 24
plates in 100 mm. it follows that if teeth of both forms have the
same length there will be the same number of plates in 100 mm.
The teeth of E. columbi are usually the larger, but sometimes
those of E. boreus (hitherto referred to E. primigenius) attain
equal size, as in the case of Osborn's paratypes from Zanesville,
Ohio. Nevertheless, there are usually differences in the thick-
ness and the complications of the enamel, in the shape of the
plates, often strongly bent in E. columbi, and in the outlines of
the tooth.
Under his Elephas jeffersonii Osborn (his p. 15) has included,
besides the type skull and the Cincinnati skull, two others in the
American Museum. These are a skull from Whitman County,
Washington, and another from Dallas, Texas. He states that
the cranial characters of the Cincinnati skull are wholly similar
to those of the three skulls in the American Museum, and he
calls attention to the differences existing between these "rela-
tively long, broad, and shallow crania and the relatively short,
narrow, and deep crania of E. primigenius. "
In my paper of June 12 I have from careful measurements
constructed diagrams of a skull from Siberia (figs. 1, 2), of the
Dallas skull (figs. 3, 4), of the Cincinnati skull (figs. 5, 6), and
of the Whitman County skull (figs. 9, 10). I believe that these
diagrams give correct views of the architecture of these crania.
The skull taken as type of E. jeffersonii (diagram not pubHshed)
is essentially the same as that of E. boreus. The differences
between these and E. primigenius ( = E. mammonteus) noted by
Osborn are in general correctly stated; and these characters
taken in connection with the swollen occiput of E. boreus justify
the separation of the American form. On the other hand, the
skull of E. boreus is wholly different from the Whitman County
skull. Measured by the unit I have used for the length, this
cranium is much wider and much higher than either E. mammon-
teus or E. boreus. In the latter the height is hardly one percent
greater than the length; in E. mammonteus the height is 12 per-
cent greater; in the Whitman County skull, 28 percent greater.
100 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
The occiput of the last mentioned skull is more inflated than in
the others and the vertex lies in front of the foramen magnum.
I believe that this skull belongs to E. columbi, as that species has
been recognized.
The skull from Dallas, Texas, presents another and very dif-
ferent type of architecture. It is very narrow and very low, the
height being only 84 percent of the unit of length, and the occiput
is flat. This skull appears to me to be referable to E. imperator.
The three fine skulls in the American Museum belong to three
distinct species.
That the elephants which now bear the name Elephas horeus
are specifically different from those which have been called E .
columbi is indicated likewise by the geographical distribution of
the two forms. Elephas horeus is abundant in the glaciated
region of our northern States and Canada and around the
glacial border, but extremely rare in the southern States. E.
columbi is abundant southward and especially on the western
plains; but it is not so often found in the glaciated region as is
E. boreus.
Professor Osborn in his paper of July 8 has published an
interesting figure of upper teeth of an elephant (his fig. 8) found
in Indiana. On plate LIX of the twenty-third volume of the
Iowa Geological Survey, I published a figure of very similar
teeth found at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and preserved in the Pub-
lic Museum of that city. The hindermost molar had just begun
to suffer wear. In the U. S. National Museum are right and
left hindermost molars (No. 2195) of similar form, found at Ash-
land, Cass County, Illinois; also an upper left hindermost molar
(No. 4761) hardly different, discovered in Wayne Township,
Darke County, Ohio. The pecuharity of all these teeth is the
low elongated form and the approximate parallehsm of the upper
and the lower borders. Inasmuch as the molar descends at
a nearly right angle with the grinding face of the tooth in front
it seems probable that the skull was short. Professor Osborn
has referred his specimen to Elephas primigenius; but I find no
teeth from Alaska or the Old World which present similar
characters. I believe that a hitherto unrecognized species is
indicated. This I propose to call Elephas roosevelti in honor of
another statesman and naturalist, one whose multifarious inter-
est led him to pursue living elephants in their African wilds.
Hay — Further Observations on Same Extinct Elephants. 101
Elephas rooseveiti, new species.
Type specimen. Upper and lower hindermost molars, No. 2195, U. S.
National Museum.
Type locality. Ashland, Cass County, Illinois.
Type formation. Pleistocene.
Difigno.ns. Hindermost molars long and low, the base and the summit
approximately parallel, consisting apparently of 25
plates; of these 8 in a 100 mm. line; enamel thin, deli-
cate, and little folded.
The Ashland teeth are chosen because with them came the nearly com-
plete lower right hindermost molar. The length of the molars is close to
300 mm, the height 170 mm, the width of the upper teeth 90 mm., of the
lower 85 mm.
It appears to the writer that one may justly object to the
nomenclature applied by Professor Osborn to some of his sub-
famiUes. It is generally recognized that the name of the family
and that of the subfamily are to be based on a type genus.
Examples of Professor Osborn's deviation from this wholesome
rule are found in his paper of 1921 (Amer. Mus. Novitates
No. 1). Rhynchorostrinae is used instead of Rhynchotheriinae,
Longirostrinae instead of Gomphotheriinae, Brevirostrinae
instead of Anancinae, and Mastodontinae instead of Mam-
mutinae; while the Mammontinae appear to include no genus
except Elephas. It is a singular fact that Professor Osborn
on the same page arranges the genus Elephas under two sub-
famihes. In case the mammoths are worthy of subfamily rank,
to be called Mammontinae, there ought to be a corresponding
genus, but so far as the writer knows no such genus has yet
been proposed.
Vol. 35, pp. 103-104 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
NEW SPECIES OF CRABS FROM CURAgAO.
BY MARY J. RATHBUN.
The specimens described were obtained at Curasao by Prof.
C. J. van der Horst, of the Zoological Laboratory, Amsterdam,
and form part of a larger collection, a list of which will be pub-
lished by the Dutch Zoological Society. The types of the new
species are the property of the Amsterdam Museum.
Randallia curacaoensis, sp. nov.
Holotype. — Female, ovigerous; Spanish Water, Curagao.
Measurements. — Female holotype, length of carapace 8.4 mm., width
7.5 mm.
Description. — Carapace subcircular, covered, except on anterior and
antero-lateral portions, with large, unequal, close-set pustulous granules ;
intestinal region well defined, cardiac region ill defined, gastric and hepatic
regions not delimited. The tuberculate antero-lateral margin terminates
at the swollen pterygostomian protuberance. Intestinal region without
lobes or spines. Front bilobed, median point not visible from above and
exceeded by the projecting epistome. Chelipeds covered with flat granu-
lations, coarse on the merus, becoming gradually finer until near the fingers.
Legs slender, finely granulate. Abdomen and sternum coarsely granulate.
Xanthias vestitus, sp. nov.
Holotype. — Male; Spanish Harbor, Curagao.
Measurements. — Male holotype, length of carapace 4.6 mm., width
6.4 mm.
Description. — Covered, except ends of fingers, with a very short feltlike
pubescence which conceals granules and obscures antero-lateral teeth.
When the felt is removed, the regions are fairly well indicated, a deep H at
middle of carapace. Fine sparse granules on marginal regions. Four
shallow, blunt antero-lateral teeth besides angle of orbit. Fronto-orbital
distance a little over half as great as width of carapace, front less than a
third the width of carapace. Carpus and manus of chelipeds covered with
granules, fingers light-colored, fixed finger horizontal except at tip. Legs
smooth.
iPublished by permission of C. J. van der Horst.
21— Peoc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (103)
104 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Pinnixa vanderhorsti, sp. nov.
Holotype. — Male; Spanish Harbor, Curasao.
Measurements. — Male holotype, length of carapace 3.4 mm., width 6 mm.
Description. — Carapace narrowing toward the sides, smooth, punctate,
without posterior ridge; lateral marginal line disappearing toward hepatic
region. Front curved downward and fringed with hair. Orbits in dorsal
view inclined forward and outward. Chelipeds small, upper half of outer
surface hairy; a longitudinal ridge through middle of manus; fingers hori-
zontal. Legs broad, third pair much the largest. Terminal segment of
abdomen semi-oval, its proximal end only slightly broader than the contigu-
ous portion of preceding segment.
Pinnixa arenicola, sp. nov.
Holotype. — Male; Spanish Harbor, Curagao.
Measurements. — Male holotype, length of carapace 3 mm., width 6 mm.
Description. — Allied to the preceding. Posterior margin of carapace
longer, antero-lateral region higher; front narrower, sides more convergent;
cornea smaller. Propodus of third leg narrower at proximal end, dactylus
slenderer and more curved. Third segment of abdomen transversely
oblong, proximal and distal margins slightly bilobed by a median emargin-
ation, sides faintly sinuous; fourth segment very broad, having two trans-
verse crescentic wings united medially by a very narrow neck; fifth and
sixth segments together urn-shaped.
Vol. 35, pp. 105-106 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW POCKET MOUSE FROM IDAHO.
BY E. A. GOLDMAN.
The common pocket mouse, Perognathus parvus and sub-
species, has a wide range in the arid interior from southern
Washington south along the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada
to southeastern Cahfornia, and eastward through Idaho and
Nevada to Wyoming. Shght, irregular, geographic variants
in size and color are numerous and several fairly well-marked
subspecies have been recognized. The discovery of the new
form described below is one of the results of recent field work
in the extensive but little known lava fields, in the Snake River
desert region of southern Idaho.
Perognathus parvus idahoensis, subsp. nov.
IDAHO POCKET MOUSE.
Type from Echo Crater, 20 miles southwest of Arco, Blaine County,
southern Idaho. No. 236,394, d^ adult, U. S. National Museum (Bio-
logical Survey Collection), collected by L. J. Goldman, June 14, 1921.
Original number 2752.
Geographic distribution. — Known only from the type locality.
General characters. — Size large; color darkest of the known forms of Pero-
gnathus parvus; back blackish; lighter element in pelage of upperparts light
vinaceous buffy, most like P. p. parvus in general tone (not light ochraceous
buffy as in P. p. olivaceus), the blackish admixture strongly predominant;
skuU large, and very broad.
Color (type). — Upperparts finely mixed light vinaceous buflf' and black,
the black predominant especially over lower part of back, and the buffy
element purest along lateral line of sides; chin, throat, and inner sides of
forearms dull whitish; chest pure white to roots of hairs; belly and inner
sides of hind legs overlaid with light ochraceous buff; the under color light
plumbeous; outer sides of forelimbs dusky, the dark color here continuous
with that of sides; heels black; ears blackish, except marginal white spots,
which by contrast are conspicuous; feet white; tail clothed above with
iRidgway, Color Standards and Nomenclature, 1912.
22— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (105)
106 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
mixed black and buffy hairs, becoming nearly pure black toward tip, pale
buffy below.
Skull. — Essentially like those of P. p. parvus and P. p. olivaceus, but
larger than is typical of either, and decidedly broader, especially across
mastoid bullae.
Measurements (type). — Total length, 189; tail vertebrae, 102; hind foot,
24. An adult male topotype, 184; 96; 24. Skull (type): Greatest length,
27.5; greatest mastoid breadth, 14.5; interorbital breadth, 5.9; length of
nasals, 10.4; greatest width of interparietal, 5.9; maxillary toothrow, 4.
Remarks. — The remarkably dark color of P. p. idahoensis, distinctive
at a glance, appears to be associated with that of its lava field environment.
Additional specimens from the general region of the type locality are likely
to reveal a rather extensive range in the unexplored Snake River desert
country of southern Idaho. Specimens from southeastern Oregon, assigned
to P. p. parvus, are rather dark in color and indicate probable intergrada-
tion. In dark coloration the form here described contrasts strongly with
its pale geographic neighbor, P. p. darns, of eastern Idaho and southwestern
Wyoming.
Specimens examined. — Two, from the type locality.
Vol. 35, pp. 107-110 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
>jj LIB
NEW FROGS FROM MINNESOTA.
BY ALFRED C. WEED.
In studying any species of animal it is a great advantage to
be able to see a large number of specimens. In the present case,
F. J. Burns & Co., produce dealers of Chicago, very kindly gave
me free access to the frogs they have brought here for sale. In
some cases locahty records are poor but, in general, we are able
to be fairly sure of the name of the place from which the ship-
ment was made and it seems likely that the frogs were actually
caught within a few miles of the shipping point.
One of the forms here described has been recognized for some
years and considered simply as an aberrant form of Rana
pipiens. The other is apparently undescribed, although it
seems to be very well marked and present in fairly large num-
bers in a rather restricted region.
There may be some question as to the propriety of describing
species based on color characters alone, especially in a group
where the color variation of any particular individual may be
so great as in the frogs. However the author feels that the
differences shown are so constant and of such a degree as to
warrant their receiving a name and that their exact status,
whether specific, subspecific or varietal must be determined by
future examination, for which he has neither the time nor the
equipment. It seems probable that the final decision as to the
vaUdity of these species must rest on the result of carefully con-
trolled breeding experiments.
Both of these forms are sufficiently different from Rana
pipiens to be readily seen in a tank containing several thousand
frogs of that species.
23— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.. Vol. 35, 1922. (107)
108 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington:
Rana burnsi, sp. nov.
Measurements of the type specimen:
)ut to vent '
74
mm
igth of head
22
mm
" to rear of eye
19.£
>mm
" of eye
9
mm
" of ear drum
6
mm
" from vent to heel
69
mm
" from vent to knee
31
mm
" from knee to heel
38
mm
" of hind foot
58
mm
Width of head at rear of ear drum 24 mm.
The web of the hind foot is quite variable. In the type it appears as a
keel on the sides of about two and one half joints of the longest toe, but is
clearly visible practically to the end of that toe. In some other specimens
it is much larger and stretches almost directly across between the tips of
the toes. There is every degree of variation between the two conditions.
The color is extremely variable in each individual according to conditions
of fear, etc., as well as in response to the color of the environment but is
very uniform in the species as a whole.
The color of this species is usually some shade of green or brown, varying
from the color of an old watersoaked board to a very light mist gray and to
a light apple green. About a third of the specimens have irregular black
spots on arms or legs or both. These spots never approach the condition
of regular cross barring so often seen in Rana pipiens. They look more like
blots of ink that might have gotten there accidentally.
The brown color changes of Rana burnsi match almost exactly the similar
changes of the Wood Frog, Ra7ia sylvatica, the main difference being that
the latter species seldom shows a strong green color and always has a black
patch at the side of the head, which is lacking in Rana burnsi.
Rana burnsi has been known for some years and is generally considered
simply an immaculate form of Rana pipiens. Breeding experiments may
show that this view is correct. The author believes, however, that there
are sufficient grounds for giving it a separate specific name, in the present
state of our knowledge of the group.
The species seems to be confined to northern Iowa and southern Minne-
sota, with possibly some stragglers in western Illinois and Wisconsin. It
seems to differ from Rana pipiens only in color but no intergrading forms
have yet been found in the examination of many thousand specimens. In
size it is a very little smaller than Rana pipiens. That is, the very largest
individuals of the latter species are a little larger than the very largest ones
of the former. In length of leg and in the webbing of the hind foot Rana
pipiens is extremely variable and Rana burnsi is within the range of varia-
tion. Some specimens of Rana pipiens have very short legs while others
have very long ones. In different individuals the heel reaches from eye
to end of snout. Some specimens have two whole joints of the longest
toe free from the web while others have almost as large a web as a Bullfrog.
Weed — New Frogs from Minnesota. 109
The measurements given are of the type, which is number 3065 of the
reptile collection of Field Museum of Natural History. This specimen, and
twenty paratypes, was received from New London, Kandiyohi County,
Minnesota. There are about eighty other specimens of this species in the
collections of Field Museum, from Spicer, Kandiyohi County. Minnesota;
Okabena, Jackson County, Minnesota; Rothsay, Wilkin County, Minne-
sota and Astoria, Deuel County, South Dakota.
Rana burnsi is named in honor of Messrs. F. J. Burns and J. J. Burns,
whose courtesy and cooperation made it possible to get the specimens on
which this paper is based.
Rana kandiyohi, sp. nov.
Measurements of the type specimen:
Snout to vent
69.0 mm.
Length of head
21.5 mm.
" to rear of eye
17.5 mm.
" of eye
9.0 mm.
" of ear drum
5.0 mm.
" from vent to heel
67.0 mm.
" from vent to knee
31.0 mm.
" from knee to heel
36.0 mm.
" of hind foot
56.0 mm.
Width of head at rear of ear drum 24.0 mm.
The web of the hind foot is variable. In the type it is continued as a
rather broad keel to the end of the longest toe. In one para type it reaches
about the middle of the distal joint of the longest toe. In the other para-
type it extends on the next to last joint of longest toe as a very narrow keel.
Typical specimens of this species show a color pattern which suggests a
blending of Rana pipiens and Rana septentrionalis. It is as though the
black spots of Rana pipiens had been superposed on the mottled color of
septentrionalis. The spots are not as evenly rounded as in pipiens but show
a tendency to fuse with the mottlings between them. The vermiculate
mottlings are carried down on the legs and feet and are there combined
with a dark barring like that of especially dark colored examples of Rana
pipiens.
The mottled color of the back is carried well down on the sides of this
species and fades gradually into the white of the under parts. The light
stripes along the glandular ridges are similar to those in Rana pipiens and
sometimes in Rana burnsi.
The ground color is represented by small spots and lines between the
darker parts of the mottlings. It is about the same as in Rana pipiens.
Sometimes the mottlings are as dark as the spots. At other times they are
lighter.
The type, Number 3066, Field Museum of Natural History, was received
from New London, Kandiyohi County, Minnesota. Two other specimens,
paratypes, came from an unknown locality in Minnesota. About thirty
other specimens were found in lots of frogs from Rothsay, Wilkin County,
Minnesota, and from Astoria, Deuel County, South Dakota.
110 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
There is no indication of any intergradation in color pattern except in
specimens coming from the immediate vicinity of Lake Traverse and of
Big Stone Lake on the boundary between Minnesota and the Dakotas.
Almost all the Leopard Frogs from a region perhaps one hundred miles
north and south along the boundary between Minnesota on the east and
N«rth and South Dakota on the west show more or less plainly a tendency
to intergrade with the species under discussion. In fact, there seem to be
more specimens with typical coloration of Rana kandiyohi than with that
of Rana pipiens.
The taxonomic value of this variation can not be well understood until
the frogs of the region west of Big Stone Lake can be critically studied.
From the data already at hand we may suppose Rana kandiyohi to be a form
developed along the upper course of the Minnesota River, either as a vari-
ant of Rana pipiens or as a result of hybridization with some other form.
If this species is only a variant of Rana pipiens, produced by some
ecologic factor, we may expect to find it more common a little farther west,
or perhaps even supplanting the latter species at the western limit of the
range of frogs in the arid belt.
The name Rana kandiyohi is proposed with some misgivings because of
the small knowledge we have of the form and its relation to other frogs and
to its environment. Localities from which we have received it are, with
one exception, in the southwest quarter of Minnesota. The other record is
barely across the state line in South Dakota. It is to be hoped that careful
field studies may be made of the frogs of the region within a hundred miles
of Big Stone Lake in order that ecologic studies may supplement our present
knowledge of the group.
In conclusion, it may be well to mention that males of Rana kandiyohi
kept alive in the aquarium have been croaking vigorously for some weeks
and that their note is quite distinct from that of some Rana pipiens from
the vicinity of Chicago. The note of the Leopard Frog is more or less a
succession of syllables and may be almost represented by striking stones
together rather rapidly. That of Rana kandiyohi is more in the nature of a
croak and might be represented by grinding two stones together under con-
siderable pressure.
Vol. 35, pp. 111-114 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
THREE NEW NEOTROPICAL SALIENTIA.
BY THOMAS BARBOUR.
During the summer of 1921 Dr. E. R. Dunn was, as usual,
engaged in field work for the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
During a journey in Mexico, he found the first two novelties dis-
cussed herewith, while the third is from another source which
has been ever helpful in building up our representation of South
American amphibians, and reptiles as well.
Eleutherodactylus dunnii, sp. nov.
Type M. C. Z., No. 8242, from Cerro de los Estrapajos, somewhat west
and a little higher than the city of Jalapa, Mexico. E. R. Dunn, collector,
August, 1921. A second specimen from the type locality and a third from
the village of Xico nearby.
Description. — Tongue narrow, oval, slightly nicked behind; vomerine
teeth in two short, heavy, oblique series some distance behind the chonae;
these two sharply converging series do not meet by a considerable space,
the interval separating them being about equal to the distance of the upper
end of each series from the nearest choana ; nostril much nearer tip of snout
than eye, its distance from the eye being greater than the diameter of the
latter; upper eyelid nearly as wide as interorbital space; tympanum large,
round, well defined, considerably over half the diameter of the eye, its dis-
tance from the eye being just over one-half of its own diameter; fingers with
tips undilated, first and second fingers equal in length; toes without apical
dilatation, two metatarsal tubercles, the outer round and conical, the inner
oblong and much more prominent; a rather indistinct tarsal fold; the hind
limbs being extended along the side, the heel just reaches beyond the tip
of the snout, the hind limbs being placed vertically to the axis of the body;
the heels overlap considerably ; skin above with finely scattered granules on
back, a faintly defined granular ridge down the middle of the back, belly
smooth with a strong discoidal fold and thighs heavily granulate.
Dimensions. — Tip of snout to vent 35 mm.
Width of head 14 mm.
Diameter of eye 4.4 mm.
Tympanum 2.8 mm.
Fore leg from axilla 23 mm.
Hind leg from vent 67 mm.
24— Pboc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 34, 1922. (Ill)
112 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
The coloration of the three specimens secured by Mr. Dunn, two from
the type locaHty and one from Xico near Jalapa, is singularly uniform.
The dorsal surface is lichen gray, rather smoky with tiny black spots
scattered over the head and back; the gray limbs are faintly banded with
ill-defined cross bands. There is a black spot above the tympanum
extending to the insertion of the fore limb ; three dark spots below the eye
extending to the lip margin. The two posterior spots come directly to the
eye margin; the anterior spot is separated by a short distance from the eye
margin itself; another distinct spot on each side of the snout extending
anteriorly from the nostril to the tip of the no.se. The smallest of the three
specimens is slightly more reddish than the other two. The markings of
the head, however, are entirely characteristic.
I can not find that this species has been described. There is a possibility
that it may be what Brocchi confused with Guenther's E. conspicillatus.
The type locality of this form was, of course, in Ecuador but Brocchi had
something from Orizaba which, erroneously, he identified with conspicil-
latus and I should judge from the meagre description given that he might
have had the frog now before me, except that from his description the tym-
panum does not appear to have been so large.
Syrrhopus mystaceus, sp. nov.
Type M. C. Z. No. 8241 from Jalapa, Mexico. Collected by E. R. Dunn,
August, 1921.
Habit similar to that of Eleutheroddctylus sallaei. Tongue small,
oblong and entire; vomerine teeth absent; nostril much nearer tip of snout
than eye; its distance from the eye being equal to the orbital diameter; tym-
panum very large and round, distinctly larger than the eye; fingers without
dilated tips; first and second and fourth about equal in length; toes with no
trace of web and with no apical discs; metatarsal tubercles small and weak;
soles, however, with small scattered tubercles; a faint tarsal fold; the hind
limb being carried forward along the body; the heel reaches well beyond the
tip of the snout; the heols overlap when the hind limbs are placed vertically
to the axis of the body; skin above with many small tubercles and plicate
rugosities ; a faintly defined mid-dorsal granular ridge and a pair of granular
ridges converge from the eyes to the mid-dorsal region and then extending
backward run parallel to each other as far as the sacrum; several long but
irregular lateral glandular folds also present; upper surface of thighs with
scattered tubercles like the back; posterior aspects of thighs closely and
strongly granulate; belly and anterior aspect of thighs smooth; a strongly
developed ventral discoidal fold.
Dimensions. — Tip of snout to vent 26 mm.
Width of head 9.5 mm.
Diameter of eye 2.8 mm.
Tympanum 3.2 mm.
Fore leg from axilla 15 mm.
Hind leg from vent 43 mm.
The color of the unique specimen is a dark mahogany brown above, ashy
below; the hind limbs are faintly cross-barred; there is a light dusky band
Barbour — Three New Neotropical Salientia. 113
between the eyes and a light spot near the middle of the back. Along the
lip on each side there is a broad brilliant silvery white streak extending from
the tip of the snout to the fore limb and passing under the tympanum but
not extending to the upper lip margin along which there is a dark iron-grey
streak which borders the silvery zone below.
It seems worth while to recognize the genus Syrrhopus for convenience, if
for no other reason. The status of the two species which inhabit the United
States is reasonably well known. The status, however, of the various
names applied to Mexican forms is in the most dire confusion and races of
Phylobates and of Syrrhopus seem to be hopelessly confused. However,
this type is so very distinct that in spite of the chaos in which the genus
stands, it seems reasonably safe to consider it an unknown and undescribed
species.
Among many interesting increments to our collection from Southern
South America, some of the most important being from my valued friend
Senor don Carlos Reed, appeared this frog, apparently hitherto unknown.
Paludicola illotus, sp. nov.
Type M. C. Z. No. 8314. An adult from the Cordillera west of Mendoza,
about 7000 alt., Argentina. Don Carlos Reed collector.
This species may be readily diagnosed in that it possesses vomerine teeth,
has no evident tympanum nor lumbar gland ; and has no tarsal tubercle and
while the back is very warty, there are no longitudinal folds.
Description. — Tongue rounded, entire; vomerine teeth in two well devel-
oped series, between the choanae, converging very slightly backward, the
distance between the series being very slightly greater than the distance of
each series from its neighboring choana; nostril nearer tip of snout than
eye, its distance from the orbit being slightly less than the eye's diameter;
upper eyelid about the width of the interorbital space; no tympanum, a
heavy fold over the tympanic area ; fingers rather long, first and second sub-
equal; toes without trace of web; the hind limb being extended along the
body, the heel reaches the eye; the hind limb being placed vertically to the
axis of the body the heels are not quite in contact; there is a very slight
trace of web between the toes; the skin of the back is covered with many
rather rounded warty tubercles of varying sizes ; the belly is smooth with a
discoidal fold moderately indicated. The lower surfaces of the thighs are
coarsely granular and all the ventral surfaces of back and limbs present
irregularly scattered tubercles appearing very natural at first sight. They
are, however, beyond doubt pathological and are probably caused by sub-
dermal colonies of protozoan (?gregarine) parasites.
The color above is dull plumbeous with faint traces of a darker marbling
and very faint dark cross bars on the limbs. Below the color is uniform
plumbeous throughout, a little lighter than the back.
Dimensions. — Tip of snout to vent 46 mm.
Width of head 18 mm.
Diameter of eye 5 mm.
Fore leg from axilla 34 mm.
Hind leg from vent 75 mm.
Vol. 35, pp. 115-116 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW PHALANGER FROM CELEBES.'
BY GERRIT S. MILLER, JR., AND N. HOLLISTER.
In the extensive series of Phalangers collected by Mr. H. C.
Raven in North and Middle Celebes, while working under the
auspices of Dr. W. L. Abbott, are three skins and skulls of a new
species, allied to Phalanger ursinus. These were taken by Mr.
Raven at Rano Rano in the high mountains east of Lake Lindoe
and north of Lake Poso, a locality where he secured several of
the most striking novelties in his collection, including the
remarkable new rodent genus Melasmothrix and the pigmy
tarsier {Tarsius pumilus) which we have described in previous
papers.2
Phalanger furvus, sp. nov.
Type from Rano Rano, Middle Celebes. No. 219,473, U. S. National
Museum, skin and skull of adult cf ; collected January 5, 1918, by H. C.
Raven; original number 3369.
Diagnosis. — In general like Phalanger ursinus (Temminck), but larger,
with longer, softer fur (hairs on withers 50 mm. in length); ears small,
unmarked, and completely hidden in hairs of head; general coloration
black. Skull heavy with larger teeth than in P. ursinus; the larger pre-
molar particularly robust.
Color of type. — Upperparts, including flanks, from eyes to naked portion
of tail, and outer sides of arms and legs rich glossy black; underfur and bases
of long hairs clear rich chestnut. Around eyes, cheeks, and chin grayish.
Middle underparts from throat to tail, and inner sides of arms and legs dark
amber brown, sharply marked from black of flanks, the hairs with dark
chestnut bases. An older female and a younger male are colored essentially
as in the type.
Measurements of type. — Head and body, 610; tail vertebrae, 580; hind
foot, 120. Skull: Greatest length, 106.5; condylobasal length, 101.5;
zygomatic breadth, 66.2; length of nasals, 37.2; greatest breadth of both
iPublished here by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
2Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. 34, pp. 67-76, 93-104. 1921.
25— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (115)
116 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
nasals combined, 21.9; upper, tooth row, entire, 56.1; upper molars and
large premolar, 34.2; mandible, 81.6; lower molars and large premolar, 36.3.
Specimens examined.— Three, from the type locality.
Remarks. — Mr. Raven records the weight of this species as 22 pounds,
while his largest specimens of P. ursinus weighed 15 and 16 pounds.
Occasional specimens of ursinus are quite dark, especially when in worn
pelage, but no specimen in the collection, representing numerous localities
in North and Middle Celebes, south as far as Pinedapa, just north of Rano
Rano, approaches in any measure the rich glossy black of the new species,
which is further sharply differentiated from all specimens of ursinus by
the small, unmarked ears and the great relative size of the large upper
premolar.
Vol. 35, pp. 117-124 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
NEW PLANTS FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA
COLLECTED BY WILSON POPENOE.
BY S. F. BLAKE.
In the course of identification of the specimens collected by
Wilson Popenoe during his recent trip to Central and South
America for the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction
I have found nine apparently unnamed species. These are
described here in order that the names may be available for use
in papers to be published elsewhere by Mr. Popenoe on the
results of his trip.
Tibouchina asperipilis Blake, sp. nov.
Shrub 1.3 m. high, much branched; branches terete, densely hispid-
pilose, the hairs wide-spreading, about 0.7 mm. long, minutely hispidulous
throughout, with blackish base and brownish tip; internodes 1 to 3 cm.
long; petioles similarly pubescent, 2 to 4 mm. long; leaf blades ovate or the
uppermost suborbicular-ovate, 1 to 2.8 cm. long, 1 to 1.6 cm. wide, acute,
at base broadly rounded or slightly cordate, minutely serrulate, above dark
green, bullate, densely pilose-setose with ascending yellowish-white hairs
with adnate bases, beneath paler green, densely spreading-hispid-pilose
and hispidulous along all the veins and veinlets, essentially glabrous
between them, 5-pUnerved or obscurely 7-plinerved (the lateral nerves
shortly coalescent at base), the veins and veinlets impressed above, foveo-
late-reticulate beneath; cymes 3-flowered, on mostly paired terminal
branchlets, subtended by 2 free bracts 7 mm. long or less; pedicels 1 to 4
mm. long; calyx 2-bracteolate at base, the bracteoles oblong, about 2 mm.
long, deciduous; calyx tube campanulate, 7 to 8 mm. long, densely setose-
pilose with subappressed or ascending hairs, the lobes 5, lance-ovate, 8 to
10 mm. long, strigose and cilia te, contracted near middle, with acute 3-nerved
herbaceous tips, persistent; petals 5, "purple, " obovate, ciliate, 1.5 cm. long;
stamens 10, alternately unequal, glabrous throughout, the filaments 8 and
12 mm. long, the subulate beaked anthers 7 and 9 mm. long, the free por-
tions of the connectives 0.5 and 2.8 mm. long, with 2 large rounded golden
lobes at base; ovary strigose at apex, 5-celled, shortly 5-lobed.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1067084, collected in open
26— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (117)
^
*
118 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
places on hillsides, Loja, Ecuador, altitude 2255 meters, April 8, 1921, by
Wilson Popenoe (no. 1313).
This attractive species is said to be a common shrub in the region about
Loja. It is a member of the Section Diotanthera, coming in the group con-
taining species 149 and 150 in Cogniaux's monograph, and is readily dis-
tinguished by its pubescence and small ovate leaves.
Centronia tunguraguae Blake, sp. nov.
Small tree, 6 m. high; branchlets quadrangular, flattened below the nodes,
4-grooved, densely ferruginous- or sordid-lepidote, becoming glabrate and
greenish; petioles slender, 1 to 3.5 cm. long, lepidote beneath, stellate-
tomentose above; blades oval or elliptic, 9 to 15 cm. long, 2.8 to 6.8 cm. wide,
acuminate to an obtuse apex, cuneate or somewhat rounded-cuneate at
base, crenate-denticulate except toward base (teeth about 30 pairs, callous,
obtuse, about 0.5 mm. high), subcoriaceous, above deep green, callous-
bullate, essentially glabrous, with impressed venation, beneath densely
whitish- or sordid-ferruginous-pubescent with short stellate hairs and
longer pinnately branched hairs, strongly 5-plinerved and prominent-reticu-
late; flowers in clusters of 1 to 4 in the terminal and subterminal axils, the
floral leaves not seen; pedicels erect, 1 to 1.5 cm. long, densely stellate-lepi-
dote and somewhat pilose with many-celled hairs; calyx densely ferrugin-
ous-stellate-lepidote and less densely ascending-pilose, in bud turbinate-
obovoid, obtusely apiculate, 16 mm. long, 10 mm. thick, in anthesis irregu-
larly calyptrate near middle, thick and subcoriaceous throughout; petals
6, "deep salmon-color," broadly obovate, truncate-rounded, 18 mm. long,
14 to 16 mm. wide, glabrous ; stamens 12, equal, the linear-subulate glabrous
filaments 11 mm. long, the lance-subulate anthers 8.5 mm. long, the free
portion of the connectives 1.5 mm. long, with a .short blunt posterior
appendage and a subequal blunt spur; ovary 6-celled, glabrous, depressed
at apex, shortly and bluntly 6-lobed; style thickish, glabrous, 2 cm. long.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1067083, collected by roadside
at the settlement Pondoa, on slopes of Mt. Tunguragua, Ecuador, altitude
2745 meters, March 10, 1921, by Wilson Popenoe (no. 1296).
In Cogniaux's monograph this species comes nearest Centronia brachycera
(Naud.) Triana, of Colombia, which is described as having the leaves
rounded at base, pedicels 5 to 10 mm. long, calyx limb thinly membran-
aceous, petals 2.5 cm. long, and anthers minutely appendaged dorsally.
The anthers in C. tunguraguae show the peculiar apparent reversal of dor-
sality noted by Triana' in some species of the genus, and correspond pre-
cisely with the figure of those of C. excelsa (Bonpl.) Triana given by Triana
(pi. 5, f. 59a). That species, however, is said to have 7-plinerved leaves
with rounded or subcordate base, and numerous herbaceous stems only 2
to 3 meters high. C. tunguraguae is described by the collector as rare.
Gaultheria pubiflora Blake, sp. nov.
Shrub 1.5 m. high; stem rimose; branches leafy, densely hispid with
ascending or subappressed deep brown hairs; petioles hispid, 1 to 2.5 mm.
iTrans. Linn. Soc. 28: 165. 1872.
Blake — New Plants from South and Central America. 119
long; leaf blades ovate, 1 to 1.8 cm. long, 5 to 9 mm. wide, acute, callous-
tipped, rounded at base, hispid-serrulate, above somewhat shining and along
costa puberulous, beneath sparsely ascending-hispid with lepidote-tubercu-
late-based hairs, prominulous-reticulate on both sides; flowers solitary in
the axils toward ends of branches, or the lowest axil rarely bearing a leafy-
bracted raceme; pedicels becoming decurved, 8 to 10 mm. long, densely
griseous-puberulous with spreading hairs and less densely rufous-hispid
with upcurved hairs, bracteate at extreme base; calyx 3.2 to 4 mm. long,
5-lobed about half its length, puberulous above, the lobes ovate, obtusish,
densely ciliolate; corolla "white, " ovoid-urceolate, 7 to 8 mm. long, rather
densely puberulous outside, within pilose from shortly above the base to the
base of the 5 short suborbicular lobes; stamens 10, the lance-ovate filaments
2 mm. long, densely pilose dorsally and finely glandular-puberulous,
essentially glabrous ventrally, the anther sacs (body) 0.5 mm. long, the
shorter neck of each cell divided into two awns 0.6 mm. long; capsule 5-
celled, subglobose, pubescent, entirely included in the accrescent somewhat
fleshy calyx, the whole 6 mm. thick.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1059982, collected near Alban,
Cundinamarca, Colombia, altitude 2685 meters, October 5, 1920, by Wilson
Popenoe (no. 1133).
Related to Gaultheria anastomosans (L. f.) H. B. K., but distinguished
from that and from all related species by its externally pubescent corolla.
Disterigma margaricoccum Blake, sp. nov.
Shrub 1 to 1.5 m. high; older branches fuscous, hispid-pilose or glabres-
cent; young branches erect, brownish, densely hispid-pilose with short
spreading hairs, densely leafy; petioles broad, 1 mm. long, more or less
pubescent; leaf blades narrowly lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, 6.5 to 11
mm. long, 1.2 to 2 mm. wide, acuminate, at base rounded or acute, entire,
coriaceous, somewhat boat-shaped, short-ciliate, sometimes sparsely pubes-
cent above toward base, whitish-green, veinless above, the costa and 2 or 3
pairs of lateral veins obscure or conspicuous beneath; flowers axillary,
solitary, forming dense leafy pseudo-racemes 1 to 2 cm. long at base or apex
of branches; pedicels becoming deflexed, spreading-puberulous, 1.5 to 4 mm.
long; bracts at base of calyx 2, suborbicular, 2.5 to 3 mm. long, rounded or
obtuse, ciliolate, equalling the calyx tube, several-stria te ; calyx tube glo-
bose-campanulate, 2.8 mm. long, obtusely 4-angled, essentially glabrous,
the 4 teeth deltoid, 1.4 mm. long, acutish, ciliolate and sparsely pubescent
dorsally toward apex; corolla urceolate, "rich rose-pink," 9 mm. long,
about 5 mm. thick, glabrous, fleshy, the 4 teeth deltoid, recurved, acutish,
1.3 mm. long; stamens 8, equal, attached to extreme base of corolla, the
filaments narrowly linear-subulate, 5.2 mm. long, densely spreading-hispid-
pilose, the anthers muriculate especially below, 3.5 mm. long (body 1.5 mm.,
tubules 2 mm.); ovary 4-celled; "berry translucent, white, 6 to 12 mm.
thick; seeds few, minute."
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1067082, collected in paramo
on slopes of Mt. Tunguragua, Ecuador, altitude 3050-3965 meters, March
8, 1921, by Wilson Popenoe (no. 1287).
120 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Mr. Popenoe describes this species as a very common shrub on the slopes
of Mt. Tunguragua between the altitudes above mentioned, with very juicy,
tender and crisp, pleasantly subacid berries which resemble large pearls in
appearance. The native name of the plant is "chirimote." It is allied
to D. weberbaueri Horold, of Peru, which is described as a shrub only 0.5
meter high, with white corolla, filaments 4 mm. long, and anthers 3 mm.
long (body 2 mm., tubules 1 mm.).'
Disterigma popenoe! Blake, sp. nov.
Shrub 2 m. high; branches whitish, becoming purplish brown, glutinous,
puberulous, glabrate, leafy; petioles stout, puberulous, 2 to 4 mm. long;
leaf blades oval or elliptic-ovate, 2.4 to 3.4 cm. long, 1.2 to 2 cm. wide,
acute to obtuse, cuneate at base, coriaceous, entire, glabrous, strongly 3-
nerved from the base, the nerves impressed above, prominent beneath,
usually evanescent below apex of leaf, the secondaries obscure or obsolete;
flowers in dense axillary fascicles of about 6, sessile or on pedicels 1.5 mm.
long or less ; bractlets 2 at ba.se of calyx, equaling calyx tube, suborbicular,
2 mm. long, ciliolate with subglandular hairs; calyx tube campanulate-
subglobose, obtusely quadrangular, glabrous, equaling the limb (1.5 mm.
long), the 4 deltoid acutish teeth glabrous or slightly ciliate; corolla
"white," cylindric, 6 to 7 mm. long (with teeth straightened out), the tube
rather densely spreading-puberulous outside, pilose-barbate within except
at base, the 4 recurved lobes triangular-ovate, glabrous, about 2.2 mm.
long; stamens 8, the filaments linear, pilose on both sides except toward the
glabrous base, 5 mm. long, the anther sacs 1 mm. long, the tubes 2 mm. long,
conic; ovary 4-celled; "berry translucent white, about 6 mm. thick."
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1059983, collected in very
moist scrub in the Cordillera de Zamora, east of Loja, Ecuador, altitude
2440-2475 meters, April 11, 1921, by Wilson Popenoe (no. 1323).
This species, which occurs abundantly in cool and moist places in the
Cordillera of Zamora between 2440 and 2745 meters, bears the native name
"tira, " which seems to be restricted to it. The fruit is said to be similar
to that of the "chirimote" (Disterigma margaricoccum, described above),
but is not quite as good. The species is very distinct from any previously
described in its comparatively large strongly 3-nerved leaves and numerous
flowers with the corolla densely puberulous outside.
Macleania irazuensis Blake, sp. nov.
Shrub 2 m. high; branch stout, sub terete, glabrous; petioles stout,
glabrous, 5 mm. long; leaf blades elliptic-ovate, 4 to 6 cm. long, 2 to 2.6
cm. wide, obtuse, broadly rounded or subcordate at base, entire, coriaceous,
glabrous, marginate, penninerved, the lateral veins 4 or 5 pairs, sparsely
branched, obscure or prominulous above, prominulous beneath; racemes
axillary and terminal, 1.5 to 3.8 cm. long, glabrous, erect, straight, becom-
ing loosely flowered in age, about 10-flowered, the bracts ovate, rounded,
il take this opportunity to transfer to Disteribma a Costa Rican species of this genus
described under Vaccitiium several years ago.
Disterigma disaimile Blake. — Vaccitiium dissimile Blake, Journ. Bot. 53: 271. 1915.
Blake — New Plants from South and Central America. 121
persistent, 2 to 3 mm. long; pedicels stout, glabrous, articulate with calyx,
1.2 to 1.6 cm. long, bearing near or below middle a pair of oval or suborbicu-
lar bracts about 2 mm. long; calyx glabrous, the campanulate sub terete
tube 4 mm. long, the limb 3 to 4 mm. high, 9 mm. wide, the 5 teeth sub-
orbicular, apiculate, 2 mm. high; corolla ovoid-cylindric, ventricose below,
"rose-red," 17 to 19 mm. long, 5 to 6 mm. in diameter below, everywhere
glabrous, the 5 teeth somewhat spreading, triangular-ovate, acutish, 3.5
mm. long; stamens 10, equal, the linear-oblong glabrous filaments 3.8 mm.
long, the densely muriculate anther sacs 5 to 5.5 mm. long, the tubules 2,
connate, 4.8 to 5 mm. long, each opening by a longitudinal slit for more than
half its length; style exserted about 4 mm.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1059981, collected in moist
region on slopes of Volc^n Irazu, Costa Rica, altitude 3050 meters, June
28, 1920, by Wilson Popenoe (no. 1017).
According to Mr. Popenoe, this species grows sometimes as an epiphyte
and sometimes on the ground. Its nearest relative, Macleania turrialbana
Donn. Smith, also of Costa Rica, has oval or elliptic-oblong leaves, acutish
to broadly rounded at base, spreading or pendulous racemes, and tubules
(despite the original description) somewhat longer than the anther sacs.
In Horold's synopsis of the genus M. turrialbana is incorrectly placed in
the group with anthers produced into a single tubule. In the type ma-
terial they are produced into 2 connate tubules. Macleania costaricensis
(Klotzsch) Horold, of which I have seen no material, is apparently close
to M. irazuensis, to judge from the abbreviated original description, but
it is placed by Horold, who had presumably examined material, in the 1-
tubular group.
Macleania laurina Blake, sp. no v.
Scandent shrub; stem stout, obscurely puberulous, glabrate, very leafy;
leaves variable; petioles stout, obscurely puberulous or glabrous, 3 to 11
mm. long; leaf blades ovate to oblong-elliptic, 5 to 11 cm. long, 2.5 to 3.5
cm. wide, acute to obtusish, at base rounded to rounded-cuneate, entire,
not revolute, thick-coriaceous, sparsely short-hirsute with dark hairs which
often leave little pits on falling, penninerved, the chief lateral veins about
3 pairs, impressed above, prominulous beneath, the secondaries few and
obscure or obsolete; raceme axillary, subumbelliform, spreading-puberu-
lous, its axis 2 cm. long, about 20-flowered; pedicels clavate, 1.5 to 2 cm.
long, spreading-puberulous, articulate with calyx, bearing 2 or 3 deciduous
bractlets near the base; calyx densely puberulous, the tube campanulate,
subterete, 3 mm. high, the limb 5 mm. high, 8 mm. wide, the 5 lanceolate
to narrowly subulate teeth 1 to 2 mm. high; corolla ovoid-cylindric, ventri-
cose below, "rose-pink, waxy," 1.8 to 2.2 cm. long, 7 mm. in diameter
below, densely griseous-puberulous outside, glabrous within, the 5 triangu-
lar-ovate erect acutish teeth 2.5 mm. long; stamens 10, equal, the linear-
oblong filaments pilose-ciliate for the upper half of their length, 4 mm.
long, the densely muriculate anther sacs 6 mm. long, the tubules 2, connate,
iBot. Jahrb. Engler42: 268. 1909.
122 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
dehiscing by slits for about half their length, 4 mm. long; style barely ex-
serted; "berry round, dark purple, juicy, about 12 mm. thick."
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1059985, collected among
brush on hillsides near El Angel, Province El Carchi, Ecuador, altitude
3355 meters, June 5, 1921, by Wilson Popenoe (no. 1340).
Described by the collector as abundant in the vicinity of El Angel at
elevations from 3050 to 3660 meters. It bears the Quichua names "cha-
qui-lulu" (signifying the ball of a baby's foot, given it from the appearance
of the fruit) and "haulic6n. " The latter name is applied to several related
species, while the former is distinctive of this plant. It is not cultivated.
Macleania laurina is allied to M. loeserneriana Horold, from Mt. Pichin-
cha, but in that species the axis of the raceme is 5 cm. long, the bractlets
of the pedicels are borne near the middle, the corolla is apparently smaller,
and the anthers with their tubules are 1.3 cm. long.
Macleania popenoei Blake, sp. nov.
Shrub 3 m. high, sometimes half-climbing; branches stout, olive-green,
glabrous, subangulate, very leafy; petioles stout, fleshy like the base of the
costa, glabrous, 7 to 10 mm. long; leaf blades oblong-elliptic to ovate, 7 to
10.5 cm. long, 3 to 4.8 cm. wide, acute to obtusish, at base cuneate to round-
ed, entire, thick-coriaceous slightly revolute, sparsely impressed-punctate
and glabrous on both sides, feather-veined, the stronger lateral veins 2 or
3 pairs, impressed above, prominent beneath, the secondaries rather obscure
on both sides; flower buds 7 mm. long, densely covered with imbricated
ovate bracts with spreading-recurved acuminate ciliolate tips; flowers in
axillary fascicles of about 6 to 10; pedicels deflexed, glabrous, about 8 mm.
long, bearing 2 small ciliolate bractlets at or below the middle and a circle
of small glands at apex, where articulate with the calyx ; calyx campanulate,
sub terete, glabrous, 5 mm. long, the limb 5 mm. wide, the 5 acutish teeth
lanceolate to deltoid, 0.5 to 1 mm. long; corolla "reddish," ovoid-urceolate
or tubular-urceolate, 12 to 13 mm. long, fleshy, everywhere glabrous, the
5 teeth ovate, acutish, erectish, 1.5 mm. long; stamens 10, equal, the broad
filaments free or connate, about 2.8 mm. long, densely ciliate above, the
densely muriculate anther sacs 5 to 5.5 mm. long, the two coherent longi-
tudinally dehiscent tubules 3 mm. long; style exserted about 5 mm.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1059984, collected in cool
moist scrub in the Cordillera de Zamora, east of Loja, Ecuador, altitude
2440-2745 meters, April 8, 1921, by Wilson Popenoe (no. 1330).
This species is said to be abundant, and is known as " joyapa, " a generic
name applied to various species. It produces soft, sweet, juicy fruits about
half an inch in diameter, but is not cultivated. It appears to be as near M.
pilgeriana Horold as any other species, but is distinguished from that plant
by its broader leaves with the nerves impressed above, its somewhat
shorter corolla, the ciliation of its filaments, and the different proportions
of the anther sacs and the tubules.
Citharexylum subflavescens Blake, sp. nov.
Tree 8 m. high; branchlets elliptic in cross-section, flattened near the
nodes, white-pithy, densely flavescent-tomentulose with branched hairs,
Blake — New Plants from South and Central America. 123
becoming griseous or sordid; leaves opposite; petioles slender, those
of the main leaves 3 to 6 cm. long, pubescent like the branchlets, chan-
neled beneath and often above; blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 12 to 17.5
cm. long, 4 to 8 cm. wide, acute, at base cuneate to rounded, entire, thick-
pergamentaceous, somewhat sinuate and minutely revolute on margin,
above in youth densely pubescent with spreading olivaceous-yellowish
branched hairs, in age glabrescent except along costa and veins and then
pale green, beneath very densely and persistently flavescent-pilose-tomen-
tose with branched hairs, the costa and 13 to 16 pairs of lateral veins
(united close to margin) impressed above, prominent beneath, the secon-
daries obscure or concealed; spikes solitary or paired in the upper axils,
about 9 cm. long (including the 0.7 to 1.8 cm. long peduncle), 1.6 cm. thick,
rather densely flowered, pubescent like the stem, apparently erect or spread-
ing; flowers sessile; bracts triangular, 1 to 2.5 mm. long, tomentose-pubes-
cent; cplyx obovoid, 5 to 6 mm. long, densely pubescent like the stem, its
teeth irregularly cohering in two or three groups, these triangular, obtuse
or apiculate, about 1 mm. long; corolla "whitish," 8 mm. long (limb about
4 mm. wide), essentially glabrous outside, densely barbate-pilose within
from level of insertion of stamens to middle of the 5 (rarely 6) lobes, these
cuneate-flabellate, 2 to 2.5 mm. long, somewhat wavy-margined; perfect
stamens 5 (rarely 6), inserted near middle of corolla tube, included, the
subulate glabrous filaments 1.3 mm. long, equaling the linear-oblong
obtuse anthers; ovary 4-celled, the ovules solitary, erect; style bifid; "fruit
red, the size of a small cherry, in spikes up to 30 cm. long. "
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1067081, collected at Bogota,
Colombia, altitude 2640 meters, October 11, 1920, by Wilson Popenoe (no.
1143).
This species is cultivated in Bogota as a street tree. It is distinguished
by its combination of long-petioled comparatively large leaves, densely
flavescent-tomentose beneath, and its truly spicate pentandrous flowers.
Only a few species with all the stamens perfect have been described, and
from all of these C. subflavescens is clearly distinct.
Vol. 35, pp. 125-128 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
THE FUNGOUS INSECT FAUNA OF A MESOPHYTIC
WOODS IN NEW JERSEY.
BY HARRY B. WEISS.
During the course of a survey of the plants and insects of a
moist woods, special attention was paid to the fungous insect
fauna and the following notes summarize the findings.
The surveyed area consisted of about fifteen acres of moist
woods located at Monmouth Junction, N. J., on the lower border
of the Piedmont Plain and just above or on the southern edge
of the deciduous zone of New Jersey. The flora of this area was
typical of many of the numerous similar woods found in the
Piedmont Plain. The ground was moist with many wet spots
but seldom became swampy. Among the trees the red maple
was the dominant species. This together with the oaks
(palustris, rubra, alba) contributed over half the trees in the
woods, the balance consisting of ironwood, sweet gum and beech
with scattering clumps of gray birch in various stages of decay.
The shrubs consisted of viburnums, spice bush and elder. In
the more open spaces dense thickets of green briar prevailed.
The rich fungus flora consisted mainly of polypores thriving
on the many trees and stumps in various stages of decay and
numerous species of gill fungi supported by the moist forest
floor. Among the fungi, most of the conspicuous forms belonged
to the Polyporaceae and Agaricaceae. Much of the dead wood
was occupied by such species as Polyporus versicolor, Polyporus
pargamenus, Daedalia quercina and similar coriaceus forms. In
the Agaricaceae those belonging to the genera Pleurotus, Pluteus,
Russula, Lactarius, Colhjbia and Clitocybe were the most con-
spicuous. The following table summarizes the fungous insect
findings by families.
27— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (125)
126 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Fungous Insects in the Woods.
Order
Family
No.
Family
species
habits
Collembola
2
saprophagous
Coleoptera
Silphidae
1
It
Staphylinidae
10
predacious, saprophagous
Histeridae
predacious
Scaphidiidae
saprophagous
Dascillidae
a
Ostomidae
varied
Nitidulidae
varied
Erotylidae
saprophagous
Cryptophagidae
Colydiidae
Endomychidae
•
Tenebrionidae
3
Melandryidae
2
Anobiidae
2
Cisidae
9
Anthribidae
Thysanoptera
Diptera
Tipulidae
Mycetophilidae
Ortalidae
Acarina
Oribatidae
2
53
Of the 53 species collected, the Coleoptera supplied the major portion
and in this order the Staphylinidae and Cisidae contributed more species
than other single families. Had it been possible to breed out the fungous
gnats inhabiting gill fungi, the Diptera would have been better represented.
It is of interest to compare the number of species associated with fungi
with the numbers found in other situations in the woods and such com-
parison is found in the table below.
Distribution of the Insects in the Woods.
Situation, etc.
No. species
collected.
{all orders)
Percent of
total
number
Sifting
37
9.0
In dead stumps, under bark, etc.
44
11.0
Under stones
17
4.0
In dead trees
6
1.4
Taken flying or sweeping
210
50.0
Flower visitors
15
3.6
Galls and leaf miners
25
6.0
Fungous forms
53
13.0
Scales and aphids
8
2.0
415
100.0
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922.
Plate I.
Fig. 1. — Ideal conditions for the support of fungous insects.
Proc. Biol. Soc._Wash., Vol. 35, 1922.
Plate II.
Fig. 2. — One of the many wet spots in the
woods, with dead tree at right.
Fig. 3. — Fallen trees and dead wood
were plentiful in the woods.
Fig. 4. — A dead birch bearing sporophores Fig. 5. — An early spring view of the woods,
of Poly poms hetulinus.
All photographs were taken in the surveyed woods at Monmouth
Junction, N. J.
Weiss — Fungous Insect Fauna of a Mesophytic Woods. 127
Thus 50 per cent of the species were collected in flight or by sweeping the
vegetation. This percentage is followed by 13 for the species associated
with fungi. Insofar as the number of species is concerned only those found
in dead stumps, under bark, etc., approached the fungous forms in impor-
tance.
The various types of food habits found in the woods are shown in the next
table. Thus about 37 per cent of the species were phytophagous, about
35 per cent saprophagous and this percentage appears reasonable in view
of the dead timber which was present and the moist conditions. The 146
saprophagous species consisted of most of those found while sifting, about
half of those found in dead stumps, etc., 37 species taken by sweeping and
the fungous species with the exception of the predacious forms. All of
the fungus visitors were placed in the saprophagous class even though some
of them are not really feeders on vegetable decay and do not inhabit fungi
which are in visible stages of decay.
Types of Food Habits in the Woods.
No. species
all orders
Per cent of
total number
Phytophagous
155
37
Saprophagous
146
35
Predacious
83
20
Parasitic
20
5
PoUenizers
11
3
415
100
In the next table the percentages of species exhibiting the several types
of food habits found in the woods are compared with those for the State of
New Jersey as a whole, the latter figures being based on the recorded fauna
of New Jersey. It should be stated that the 5 per cent for parasitic species
in the woods is probably low and could have been increased by more diligent
collecting of the small forms in the Hymenoptera.
128 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washingto7i.
Types op Food Habits of Species Found in Surveyed Area and in
State of New Jersey.
Food habits
Surveyed woods
per cent of
total species
collected
State of New Jersey
per cent of total
number species
listed from N. J.
Phytophagous
Saprophagous
Predacious
Parasitic
PoUenizers
Miscellaneous
37
35
20
5
3
0
49
19
16
12
2
2
100
100
In the surveyed woods, the 100 per cent equals 415 species and in the
State of New Jersey, it equals 10,500 species which is about the number
listed as occurring in that State. *
Vol. 35, pp. 129-132 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
ON SIMONELLA, A GENUS OF SALTICID SPIDERS
NEW TO NORTH AMERICA.
BY EDWARD A. CHAPIN.
Some time ago, after a collecting trip to southern Florida,
Dr. Alexander Wetmore presented me with a few spiders and
insects. Among these was a specimen of Salticidae, collected
in connection with an ant {Pseudomyrma sp.) and somewhat
resembling it. Study showed the spider to belong to the genus
Simonella Peckh., a genus heretofore known only from Central
and South America.
Simonella petrunkevitchi, n. sp.
(Figs. 1 and 2.)
Color golden brown, eyes on black spots, abdomen with a short, dark
lozenge-shaped spot dorsally on the constriction. Legs pale. Anterior
median eyes very large, with a few white hairs about them. Palpus (fig.
3) moderately large, the penultimate segment with a large lateral plate-like
tooth, the distal extremity of which ends in a short, stout, heavily chitinized
tooth which is slightly recurved, the proximal portion is more prominent
but is less heavily chitinized. Chela (fig. 4) large, vertical, without teeth
on margin of the fang groove, and without the tooth at the base of the pro-
margin as in S. bicolor Peckh., fang long, becoming suddenly thinner and
more curved at its apical third, smooth, without tooth. Legs rather thin,
the femora of the leg I slightly enlarged, tibia I with stout spines 3-3,
metatarsus I with stout spines 2-2, leg formula' apparently 4 3 12, first
and third legs almost equal. Sternum elongate, narrow, pentagonal, much
as in S. bicolor Peckh. Chitinous portion of the venter short, narrow,
triangular. Spinnerets apparently ventral, a short distance before the
apex, though this condition may be due to shrinkage from drying. Dorsal
surface with a few setigerous punctures, otherwise smooth and glabrous.
Length of male: 5 mm.
Habitat: Sebastian, Florida, February 11, 1919, running on fohage in
company with Pseudomyrma sp., A. Wetmore, collector.
1 Specimen lacks both of the second pair of legs.
28— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (129)
130 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Type: An adult male in the collection of the author.
Dedicated to my former instructor, Dr. Alexander Petrunkevitch, in
appreciation of his contributions to the science of arachnology.
Simonella myrmeciaeformis (Tacz.).
Janus myrmeciaeformis Taczanowski, Horae Soc. Ent. Rossicae, Vol. 8,
p. 125, pi. 4, fig. 9 (1871).
Simonella myrmeciaeformis Peckham, Occas. Papers Nat. Hist. Soc. Wis-
consin, Vol. 2, no. 1, p. 81, pi. 7, fig. 4 (1892).
It seems evident that the above cited descriptions do not refer to the
same species. Taczanowski's material came from French Guiana and was
described as being ochre-yellow with four black spots on the head and with
two pale annulations on the abdomen. Peckham in his 1892 paper, redes-
cribed the species as with a black head, a white band around the constric-
tion, and with the posterior segment of the abdomen dark brown. The
original locality (French Guiana) is cited and an additional locality,
Chapoda (Chapada), Brazil (Collection (H. H.) Smith). It is probable
that the Brazilian specimen or specimens represent the species described by
Peckham and that it is an unnamed species. For numerous reasons I do
not care to attach a name to the description.
Simonella americana Peckh.
Simonella americana Peckham, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Wisconsin, p. 23, PI. 1,
fig. 1 (1885); Peckham, Occas. Papers Nat. Hist. Soc. Wisconsin, Vol. 2,
no. 1, p. 80, PI. 7, fig. 3 (1892).
Chapin — Simonella, a Genus of Salticid Spiders. 131
In the 1892 paper, the word description and the figure appear not to be
in accord. According to the description the palpus should be black and
the legs, except for the distal end of the fourth and the inside of the patella,
tibia and metatarsus of the first, should be pale. In the figure, the palpus
is pale, while the femora of the third and fourth pairs of legs are dark.
I have attempted to bring out the salient characteristics of the species of
the genus in the appended key. A key based on word descriptions or even
figures is usually very unsatisfactory but often times proves to be of some
value. Owing to the lack of knowledge of the female in some cases the key is
based on general characters or male characters, but in no case is a purely
female character used.
1. Caput with four or six black spots on a golden brown background.. 2.
Caput entirely black - 5.
2. Distance between the outside margins of eyes of second row less than
that between outside margins of eyes of first row; abdomen grayish;
habitat French Guiana Jucasii (Tacz.)
Second row of eyes as wide or wider than first row - 3.
3. Caput with four black spots; abdomen with two pale annulations,
one at the middle of the anterior part, the other at the constriction;
habitat French Guiana - myrmeciaeformis (Tacz.)
Abdomen without pale annulations... -A.
4. Caput with six black spots; abdomen with a lozenge-shaped black
spot at the constriction; chela without tooth at base of promargin;
habitat Florida, U. S. A. petrunkevitchi Chpn.
Caput with four black spots; abdomen with pedicel black; chela with
tooth at the base of promargin;' habitat Venezuela bicolor Peckh.
5. Process of tibia of male palpus almost quadrate, directed toward the
hyposynangeal surface, habitat BrazU myrmeciaeformis Peckh.
nee Tacz.
Process of tibia of male palpus acutely triangular, directed anteriorly. ..6.
6. Tibia of male palpus less than half as long as tarsus decipiens O. P.-C.
Tibia of male palpus as long as tarsus americanus Peckh.
lAccording to F. O. Pickard-Cambridge in Biol. Centr.-Amer., Arach., Vol. 2, p. 169, 171,
PI. 12, figs. 1-2. Specimen from Panama, Bugaba.
Vol. 35, pp. 133-134 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
:^
NEW SPECIES OF CALLIMERUS FROM MINDANAO,
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
BY EDWARD A. CHAPIN.
Owing to the premature publication of the names "Cal-
limerus persimilis Chapin" and ''Callimerus bakeri Chapin" in
an exchange Hst of coleoptera, the present descriptions are
offered to vahdate them.
Callimerus persimilis, n. sp.
General appearance, form and size as in C. albescens Chpn., from which
the present species differs markedly in the genital characters. Black,
almost entirely clothed above with white scales; legs, antennae, mouth-
parts and sometimes abdomen pale. Head, except for the labrum and
underside, very densely clothed with scales, finely alutaceous above, smooth
beneath, antennal club very lax, terminal segment oval. Thorax almost
cylindrical; apical and basal transverse impressions broad and shallow;
lateral dilations feeble, the width at the extreme base being almost equal
to the width across them; on the disc there is a shallow depressed area
followed by a smooth median line which reaches to the basal marginal bead,
surface, except on the smooth line, with coarse, scattered punctures. Ely-
tra with the punctures of the basal half arranged in rows, these rows fail
entirely beyond apical fourth, surface as it appears at the nude spots finely
alutaceous, almost entirely covered with white scales, the scales being absent
at almost the same places as in C albescens. Under-parts finely wrinkled,
laterally with white scales. In one specimen, a female, the abdomen is
pale. Legs long and slender, claws with small basal lobe, almost simple.
Hind tibiae without subapical notch.
Male : Fifth ventral abdominal segment with a broad and shallow emar-
gination, sixth ventral similar to fifth, terminal dorsal evenly rounded, lobes
of penis sheath with external hook-like processes on external side.
Female: All ventral segments with simple, unmodified margins.
Length: 6.5-7.5 mm.
Type: A male from Surigao, Mindanao (C. F. Baker No. 16293). Para-
types: one male and two females from Surigao (C. F. Baker No. 14725), one
female from Kolambugan, Mindanao (C. F. Baker).
29— Pkoc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (133)
134 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Type in the collection of the author, paratypes in collections of Professor
Baker and the author.
Callimerus bakeri, n. sp.
Form, size and superficial appearance much as in C. luzonicus Chpn.
Frontal region including clypeus rather densely punctured, occiput and
vertex smooth and shining. Eyes margined in front with white scales,
which are continued in a band across the punctured portion of the front.
Thorax urn-shaped, the basal transverse impression bordered behind by a
sharply raised ridge, anterior impression broad and shallow, with numerous
very fine transverse striae, especially toward the middle. Lateral dilations
moderate, lateral foveae broad, circular and shallow. Punctures fine and
sparse. Scutellum truncate behind. Elytra long, lateral margins almost
parallel, apices obliquely truncate, the outer angle of the truncature with a
rather conspicuous mucro. Punctures rather fine, arranged in longitudinal
rows, the rows becoming closer together as the lateral margin is approached
but without the conspicuous crowding of rows 4-6 as in C. lateralis Chpn.
Scales yellowish white, evenly distributed over the elytral surface. The
flanks of the elytra are slightly darker than the disc. Under parts heavily
scaled along the sides, abdominal sternites moderately closely punctured.
Male: Terminal dorsal with broad median triangular lobe which is sub-
acute at apex. Laterally, the segment is prolonged into a thin, flat ramus
on each side, which ends in an upwardly directed thorn-like triangular
process. The lobes of the penis sheath end in short, outwardly-directed
hooks. Fifth and sixth ventrals transverse, nearly straight.
Female: Fifth ventral with a very broad and shallow emargination, the
width of the emargination about equal to one-half the width of the sclerite.
Length: 6.5 mm (c?)— 8 mm. (9).
Type: A male from Butuan, Mindanao (C. F. Baker 17541), paratypes
as follows: a female from Surigao, Mindanao (C. F. Baker 14726), a female
from Iligan, Mindanao (C. F. Baker 12736) and 4 males and 3 females from
Surigao, Mindanao (C. F. Baker), 3 females from Butuan, Mindanao.
Type in the collection of the author, paratypes in collections of Professor
Baker and the author.
Vol. 35, pp. 135-136 October 17, 192
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
k
A NEW HYRAX FROM EAST AFRICA.'
BY N. HOLLISTER. V
Among several subspecies of Heterohyrax brucei contained in
the United States National Museum is an undescribed form from
southwestern Kenya Colony. It was collected by the Paul J.
Rainey African Expedition in 1911.
Heterohyrax brucei albipes, subsp. nov.
Type from Telek River, Loita Plains, Kenya Colony. No. 181,551
U. S. National Museum, skin and skull of adult 9 (stage VIII); collected
May 17, 1911, by Edmund Heller (Rainey Expedition).
Diagnosis. — Like Heterohyrax brucei hindei (Wroughton) but fresh pelage
lighter, more grayish; underparts white, the hairs along middle clear white
to roots; dorsal spot pale cinnamon or whitish; arms and legs grayer;
fingers white; white of inner side of legs spreading along inner half of upper
surface of feet and toes; the outer half of feet gray like outer side of legs.
Skull and teeth essentially as in hindei.
Measurements of type. — Head and body, 470 mm.; hind foot, 63; ear, 35.
Skull: Greatest length, 84.3; condylobasal length, 80.3; basal length, 75.8;
zygomatic breadth, 46.4; nasals 19.5 X 18.2; diastema, 12.7; upper molar-
premolar row, 31.9; mandible, 67.8; lower molar-premolar row, 31.7.
Specimens examined. — Twelve from the type locality.
1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
30— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (135)
Vol. 35, pp. 137-140 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
AN INTERESTING ADDITION TO THE FLORIDIAN
DECAPOD CRUSTACEAN FAUNA.
BY PEARL LEE BOONE.
The capture of two specimens at Key West in 1914 by Mr.
Louis L. Mowbray and more recent investigations by the Bio-
logical Laboratory of the Miami Aquarium Association have
added to our knowledge of the wonderfully rich crustacean
fauna of Florida a third species of edible crawfish or spiny lob-
ster, the magnificent PanuUrus laevicauda (Latreille), hitherto
known only from the type locality, "the shores of Brazil,"
French Guiana, one or two stations along the east coast of Cen-
tral America, and more rarely from the Isle of Pines and southern
Cuba.
According to Moreira, this species is more abundant in Brazil
than either PanuUrus argus, the common edible crawfish of
Florida, or P. guttatus, the "guinea crawfish," and is commonly
sold in the markets of that country. These PanuUrus are
industrially the most important crustaceans of tropical Ameri-
can waters, hence it is especially gratifying to learn that Panu-
Urus laevicauda which is economically predominant in Brazil, is
also native to Florida and consequently available for artificial
propagation should it become desirable to supplement the natu-
ral supply of crawfish.
The layman can readily distinguish P. laevicauda from its
American alUes by: 1, its distinctive exquisitely rich moss green
and maroon coloration; 2, the short proximal joint of the anten-
nules; 3, the shape of the epistome, particularly the anterior
margin of the latter; 4, the fact that its abdominal segments are
smooth dorsally, not having a transverse groove.
The following description of the species is given in order to
31— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (137)
138 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
record certain data not included in the earlier literature where
this species was several times confused with other species, and
with the hope that other workers may become interested in the
species and further the knowledge of its North American distri-
bution.
Panulirus laevicauda Latreille.
Carapace about as long as the abdominal segments including the anterior
third of the caudal fan; covered with stout spines, the more prominent of
which are arranged in ten more or less regular longitudinal rows; spaces
between the major spines are almost completely covered with lesser spines
which are broader basally, sharp-tipped and ringed with a circle of close-set
plumose setae; all the spines are directed upward and forward. The side
plates of the carapace are more freely articulate than in P. argus or P.
guttatus.
Orbital spines compressed laterally, but less so than those of Panulirus
argus or P. guttatus, deeper dorso-ventrally, and slightly more elevated
than in argus or guttatus. Eyes prominent, shining black. Anterior to
the frontal horns there are four long equal and equally spaced green spines,
between the latter near the base of the second pair are several weak spines
clothed with setae. There is a convex ridge extending from the base of the
orbital spines to the extreme frontal margin, this is much more prominent
than in argus or guttatus.
The antennae have the basal article short on the outer dorsal surface,
produced and tapering to an acute point on the inner dorsal surface, also
on the inner ventral surface ; there is a very strong spine on the inner dorsal
angle of this joint, another about half as strong on the outer dorsal angle,
below the latter are two very minute spines. The inner posterior dorsal
part of the basal joint is produced into a convex-concave triarticulate
scale, that slides over forming the animal's sound-producing organ. The
second joint of the antennae is about one and one half times as long as the
first and less oblique distally, but with a strong spine on the inner distal
margin preceded by two less strong; there is another strong spine in the
median dorsal area of the margin with two lesser spines just preceding it,
and another weaker spine on the outer lateral margin; there are several
small spines on the outer lateral and ventral surfaces; the third article is
almost as long as the second, almost evenly produced distally, with a series
of three strong subequal spines on the inner lateroventral margin, another
strong spine on the median dorsal area of the margin, another similar spine
on the outer lateral margin, there are seven or eight lesser spines scattered
over the surface of third article; the flagellum is about twice as long as the
body and consists of slender uniformly tapering rings; the flagellum is set
with somewhat regularly placed rings of small spines at intervals and
fringed along the proximal part on the inner ventral margin with fine close-
set setae.
The antennules have the basal joint extending a trifle beyond the tip of
the second peduncular joint of the antennae, the second article is two-thirds
Boone — Addition to Floridian Decapod Crustacean Fauna. 139
as long as the first and extends to the distal end of the peduncle of the
antennae; the third article is a trifle shorter and slenderer than the second;
the inner flagellum is longer and stouter than the outer; and is about a
third as long as the flagellum of the antennae; the outer flagellum of the
antennules is a little more than half as long as the inner.
The epistome is shield-shaped, produced to a decided spine at the apex
between the base of the antennules, there is another spine on each side at
the outer margin of the antennules ; the space between these spines is deeply
roundly excavate, the anterolateral margin of the epistome slopes abruptly
diagonally from these spines to the outer lateral angle of the base of the
antennae.
The exopodites of the first pair of maxillipeds are normal with brushes.
The second maxillipeds have the exopodite well developed, multiarticulate,
with brushes. The third maxillipeds have the exopodites very poorly
developed.
The sternal plastron is decidedly shorter and broader than those of P.
argus and P. guttatus, anteriorly it terminates in a blunt rounded nodule;
the sterna corresponding to the first pair of appendages is roughly triangular,
and bears a deep groove in the median line ; the sterna corresponding to the
second, third, and fourth pairs of limbs are similar in shape but graduatingly
increase in width posteriorly, the fourth being widest. The sutures between
all the sterna are distinct, those of the second to fourth sterna inclusive
extend inward slightly more than half the distance to the median line, that
of the fifth sterna extends farther in, almost to the median line, its apex is
distinctly punctate.
The first pair of legs are stout, the second are longer and slenderer, the
third are the longest, the fourth are about the same as the second, the fifth
are the shortest and weakest, all have the dactyl stout, acute and furnished
with bristles on the first, second, and third legs, and with slender spines
interspersed with bristles on the fourth and fifth legs.
The first abdominal somite is short, decidedly grooved; the second and
third somites are the longest, subequal; the fourth somite is about four-
fifths as long as the third; the fifth somite is about four-fifths as long as the
fourth; the posterior of each somite is fringed with short close-set setae.
The lateral angles of the somites are produced into acute teeth directed
posteriorly; that of the first segment is most acute, those of the second and
third are broader, of the fourth and fifth more curved, of the sixth broadly
curved, less acute; the post lateral margins of all the somites are finely ser-
rate just above the apical tooth, while in P. argus there is a single spine, and
also the same in P. guttatus but slightly differently placed. Pleopoda are
wanting on the first abdominal segment, those of the second segment con-
sist of a single broad, ovate, membraneous lamina; the pleopoda of the third
segment are about one and one-half times as long as those of the second and
narrower; those of the fourth segment are slightly longer than those of the
third, while those of the fifth segment are smaller and more acuminate.
Color. — The carapace is maroon, the spines of the carapace are green with
a purplish maroon base except those on the lateral margin which are set
in a light creamy buff base. Orbital spines purple mottled with light
140 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
creamy buff, the convex ridge below the orbital spines is yellow anteriorly
shading into deep orange posteriorly.
The antennal peduncle is maroon mottled sparsely with creamy buff.
The spines have the basal half deeper maroon than elsewhere, ringed
medially with cream, the distal half green. The flagellum is lighter purple
streaked ventrally and dorsally with a median longitudinal darker line.
The antennules are maroon with a creamy buff mottling at the distal end
of each peduncular joint.
The legs have the first four joints maroon with a slight greenish cast,
longitudinally striated with narrow creamy lines slightly tinted with ochre,
the fifth and sixth joints are a rich moss green longitudinally striated with
narrow creamy lines.
The first abdominal somite has the anterior part green mottled with
whitish dots, the posterior part maroon, finely punctate, the second to
fifth somites inclusive are maroon in the median area, shading into deeper
maroon posteriorly, the lateral parts are green, the entire surface is finely
punctate; a row of minute white dots parallel the posterior of each somite.
The sides of the somites are maroon-greenish; there is an enlarged white
spot on the median lateral region at the terminal of the epimeral groove,
below these are many spots of creamy buff including the tips of the segments.
The telson has the basal part to the anterior third of the caudal fan green
spotted with creamy buff; the posterior third of the fan is a similar green,
the interspace being lighter green, the caudal fan is margined with bright
yellow. All the pleopoda are green dotted with a few creamy spots and
bordered with a bright yellow margin.
Seven specimens and three cast shells are in the collections of the Bio-
logical Laboratory of the Miami Aquarium Association and were captured
in the vicinity of Biscay ne Bay, Florida. In size the Panulirus laevicauda
(Latreille) taken in Florida waters average about the same as the Panulirus
argus.
Vol. 35, pp. 141-144 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
SEVEN NEW SPECIES OF THE SYRPHID GENUS
SPHEGINA MEIGEN (DIPTERA).
BY J. R. MALLOCH.
There are at the present time seven species of this genus
recorded from the United States. In this paper there are inchi-
ded descriptions of seven new species the types of all of which
are deposited in the United States National Museum.
Sphegina flavomaculata, sp. n.
Male. — Shining black, with faint grayish pruinescence. Antennae
brownish yellow. Thorax indistinctly trivittate, the median vitta divided
anteriorly. Abdomen with a large elongate yellow mark in center of first
(second) tergite, and the second and third tergites yellow except posteriorly.
Legs colored as in armatipes.
Arista thickened on basal two thirds, very little longer than antenna,
with very short pubescence. First tergite broad, narrowed basally, not
longer than the next two combined. Fifth sternite with very short pale
hairs which are almost uniformly distributed on the entire surface ; hypopy-
gium with short hairs. Hind femur not as thick as first tergite; spur of
hind tibia curved, acute; basal segment of hind tarsus shorter and stouter
than in next species.
Length, 5 mm.
Type— Gresit Falls, Va., April 20, 1916 (W. L. McAtee).
Sphegina armatipes, sp. n.
Male. — Black, shining, with faint gray pruinescence. Facial prominence
slightly yellowish, antennae brown; palpi yellow, infuscated at apices.
Base of second tergite broadly yellow, venter largely yellowish. Apical
two segments of fore and mid tarsi and all of hind pairs fuscous; hind
femora except base, and apices and bases of hind tibiae blackened. Wings
slightly infuscated apically.
Frons about twice as long as wide, with very short hairs; arista gradually
tapered from base, densely pubescent, longer than antenna. Scutellum
rounded, with two long hairs. First tergite as long as the next two combined,
widened from base to apex; fifth sternite with a large patch in center pos-
32— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (141)
142 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washiiigton.
teriorly nearly bare, laterad and basad of this with moderately long pale
hairs; hypopygium with rather dense pale hairs. Hind femur as thick as
first tergite; hind tibia with a beaklike apical process as in last species; hind
trochanters with some minute black setulae below. Other cross-vein about
twice as long as its distance from bend of fourth vein.
Female. — Differs from the male in lacking the yellow mark on second
tergite, and in having two poorly defined rufous marks at base of third.
The first tergite is broader than in male, and not so long as the next tw-o
combined, the fourth is slightly flared at apex owing to the presence of a
shallow transverse preapical depression, and is conspicuously hairy as is
also the fifth sternite. The hind trochanters in allotype are as in type, but
in the paratype there are no black setulae present. The hind tibiae lack
the apical beaklike process in both specimens.
Length, 8-9 mm.
Type. — Bairs Ranch, Redwood Creek, Humboldt Co., Calif., June 11,
1908 (H. S. Barber). Allotype, female, Walnut Creek, Contra Costa Co.,
Calif., May 13. Paratypes, one female, Los Angeles Co., Calif, (coll.
Coquillett), one male, Dewatto, Wash., June 7, 1906 (J. M. Aldrich), one
male, Moscow Mt., Ida., June 4, 1910 (J. M. Aldrich), one male, Waha,
Ida., June 18, 1909 (J. M. Aldrich).
Sphegina armatipes, var. rufa, var. n.
Male. — Rufous, frons fuscous, abdomen suffused with castaneous, bases
and apices of hind tibiae and all of hind tarsi fuscous.
Structurally similar to the type form, differing as follows: Arista more
slender and less densely pubescent, hind femora not so thick, the process at
apex of hind tibia rounded at tip and compressed from each side, and the
hind trochanters without black setulae.
Length, 8 mm.
T?/pe.— Fieldbrook, Humboldt Co., Calif., May 29, 1903 (H. S. Barber).
Sphegina monticola, sp. n.
Female. — Fulvous, shining. Frons and upper half of face fuscous.
Apices of tergites 1 to 3 dark brown. Apical half of hind femur black, basal
segment of hind tarsus and apical two segments of all tarsi brown.
Frons about one fourth of the head width, very short haired. The curved
linear thoracic depression complete. First tergite slender basally, not as
long as next two together, third flared at apex, fourth with a deep notch in
center of posterior margin. Hind legs as in campanidata Robertson.
Length, 7 mm.
Type.— Mt. Washington, N. H.
Sphegma occidentalis, sp. n.
Male and Female. — Head black, antennae brown, face yellowish in middle
below. Thorax black, humeri and postalar callosity reddish. Abdomen
in male black, with the base of second tergite broadly yellow, in female
rufous. Legs yellow, hind femora black except bases, basal segment of
hind tarsi brown, the apical two segments of all tarsi hardly darkened.
Malloch — Seven New Species of Sphegina Meigen (Diptera) . 143
Frons of male about three times as long as wide, in female about twice
as long as wide, very short haired; arista pubescent, thickened on basal
fourth. Scutellum short and wide, over twice as wide at middle as its
median length, apex subtransverse, the two long hairs very widely sepa-
rated. Abdomen constricted near base of first tergite, the latter not as
long as the next two combined, fourth (fifth) tergite in female deeply
notched in center of hind margin; fifth sternite of male with the left hind
angle produced into a rounded lobe which is gray pruinescent apically, the
hairs setulose. Hind femora stout, hind tibia not produced at apex ven-
trally, basal segment of hind tarsus slightly thicker than apex of tibia.
Outer cross-vein as long as its distance from bend of fourth vein.
Length, 5.5-6.5 mm.
Type and allotype. — Dewatto, Wash., June 7, 1906. Paratypes, one male,
Longmire Springs, Mt. Rainier, Wash., August 2, 1905, one female, Wash-
ington State. The first three taken by Dr. J. M. Aldrich, and the last one
from the Williston collection identified and recorded by Williston as riifi-
ventris Loew. I have not seen the latter from the west.
Sphegina biannulata, sp. n.
Female. — A black and yellow species closely resembling flavimana, the
humeri, sides of mesonotum and scutellum, bases of second and third ter-
gites and all of fourth, and all of fore and mid tarsi yellow ; hind femur with
two black bands, one just beyond middle and the other at apex.
The curved linear thoracic depression is practically absent, and in general
this species is similar to rufiventris.
Length, 5.5 mm.
Type. — Virginia near Plummers Island, June 2, 1916, on flowers of
Aruncus aruncus (W. L. McAtee).
Sphegina flavimana, sp. n.
Male. — Similar to keeniana Williston in color, but the humeral angles of
thorax are pale yellow, and the fore and mid tarsi are pale yellow, with the
apical two segments rarely brownish.
Structurally similar to that species, the hind tibia slightly scoop-like at
apex ventrally, and the abdomen the same in general form, but the fifth
sternite lacks the short stubby spinules that cover a large part of the disc
in that species.
Female. — Agrees in color with the male.
Length, 5.5 mm.
Type. — Male, Maryland near Plummers Island, May 28, 1916 (H. L.
Viereck). Allotype, Lafayette, Ind., July 30 (J. M. Aldrich). Paratypes,
3 males, Maryland near Plummers Island, May 28-29, 1916 (H. L. Viereck),
two males, Lafayette, Ind., May 11, 1918, and June 29, 1916 (J. M. Aldrich) ;
1 female. Glen House, N. H., named lobata Loew by Williston; one female,
Ithaca, N. Y.. June (R. C. Shannon), and 1 male Tallulah Falls, Ga., June,
1909 (J. C. Bradley).
144 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Sphegina californica, sp. n.
Male. — Similar in color to infuscata and rufiveidris, the thorax black and
the abdomen rufous, suffused with fuscous. Legs yellow, hind femora
rufous, apical two segments of all tarsi and basal segment of hind pair fus-
cous.
Similar to rufiventris in structure, the arista long and slender, with the
pubescence indistinct. Fifth sternite without spinules, the fine hairs very
short. Hind legs as in rufiventris.
Length, 8.5 mm.
Type and paratype. — Walnut Creek, Calif., March 14 (W. M. Davidson).
Vol. 35, pp. 145-172 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
THE NORTH AMERICAN SPIDERS OF THE FAMILY
GNAPHOSIDAE.
BY RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN.
This paper gives a list of the known genera and species of
Gnaphosidae (Drassidae) occurring in America north of Mexico
with the synonymy as worked out in the preparation of a mono-
graph of the family. Since this monograph is not likely to be
pubhshed for some time, brief diagnoses of the considerable
number of new species and genera recognized are included in
order that the names may be used in the labeling of collections
examined from time to time.
The generic classification here used is based primarily upon
the morphology of the copulatory organs, particularly of the
male, the detailed presentation of which must be deferred. The
artificial key given below will be found convenient, pending
publication of fuller accounts, in separating the genera repre-
sented by the species here considered. Drassinella Banks, here-
tofore referred to this family, is omitted because examination of
its type species, D. modesta, has shown it to be a synonym of the
genus Heterochemmis Cambridge, which belongs in the family
Clubionidae. The genus Teminius is also rejected as a synonym
of the clubionid genus Syrisca Simon. It was originally based
upon two species, T. insularis Keys., from Hayti, and T. con-
tinentalis Keys., from Utah. The first of these, the genotype,
conforms to Syrisca. The second is a true gnaphosid synony-
mous with Orodrassus coloradensis (Emerton). Teminius nigri-
ceps Banks is also a true gnaphosid, synonymous with Haplo-
drassus signifer (C. Koch).
33— Pboc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (145)
146 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF NORTH AMERICAN GNAPHOSIDAE.
a. Lower margin of the furrow of chelicera keeled or lobed.
b. Lowertinargin of furrow with three contiguous, chitinous lobes.
Laronia Simon,
bb. Lower|margin of furrow with a single keel.
c. Posterior row of eyes much longer than the anterior, strongly
recurved, with the median eyes usually obviously nearer to
each other than to the laterals Gnaphosa Latreille.
cc. Posterior row of eyes but little longer than the anterior, the
eyes equidistant or the medians farther from each other
than from the laterals Callilepis Westring.
aa. Lower margin of furrow of chelicera unarmed or with from one to
three ordinary teeth.
b. Posterior row of eyes very strongly procurved, semicircular or
nearly so.
c. Lower margin of furrow of chelicera unarmed; bulb of pal-
pus of male simple, with no true apophysis.
Megamyrmecion Reuss.
cc. Lower margin of furrow of chelicera with one tooth; bulb of
palpus of male with a stout median apophysis
Scopodes, gen. nov.
bb. Posterior row of eyes not thus strongly procurved.
c. Tibia IV with two, or less commonly with three or five, median
dorsal spines. III with one or two.
d. Lower margin of furrow of chelicera with two or three
teeth,
e. Eye rows close together, the laterals on each side
separated by a distance decidedly less than their
diameter, usually only equalling or less than their
radius; posterior median eyes well separated, being
only a little farther from the laterals than from each
other,
f. Lower margin of furrow of chelicera with three
teeth, the upper with five..... Sosticus, gen. nov.
ff. Lower margin of furrow of chelicera with two
teeth, the upper with three.
Rachodrassus, gen. nov.
ee. Eye rows widely separated, the laterals on each side
separated by a distance about equalling or else
exceeding their diameter; posterior median eyes
much nearer to each other than to the laterals.
(Tibia of palpus of male much longer than the
tarsus; bulb with a single small apophysis ectad
of base of embolus). Drassodes Westring.
dd. Lower margin of furrow of chelicera with a single tooth.
Geodrassus, gen. nov.
cc. Tibia IV with a single median dorsal spine or with none.
Chamberlin — North American Spiders of Gnaphosidae. 147
d. Upper margin of furrow of chelicera unarmed, or with a
keel, or with three serrations or teeth, rarely more
(Nodocion only), the lower margin unarmed or with
but a single tooth or nodule; bulb of male palpus with
no apophyses, at most with one or several small teeth
near base of embolus,
e. Posterior row of eyes more or less recurved.
f. Tibia III with a median dorsal spine; carapace
without distinct median iurToyv.....Sergiolus Simon,
ff. Tibia III with no median dorsal spine; carapace
with a distinct median furrow.
Poedlochroa Westring.
ee. Posterior row of eyes more or less procurved, or some-
times straight,
f. Lower margin of furrow of chelicera with one
tooth or nodule; anterior median eyes usually
as large as or larger than the laterals,
g. Clypeus twice as high, or more, as the diameter
of an anterior eye; posterior median eyes
much farther from each other than from the
laterals; body with two black longitudinal
stripes over both carapace and abdomen.
Cesonia Simon.
gg. Clypeus obviously lower; posterior median
eyes not at all or but little farther from
each other than from the laterals; body
with no such black stripes above.
h. Eyes of posterior row typically nearly
equidistant, the medians always well
separated from each other and smaller
than or at most as large as the laterals.
Herpylliis Hentz.
hh. Posterior median eyes close together and
obviously larger than the laterals.
Litopyllus, gen. nov.
ff. Lower margin of furrow of chelicera smooth,
wholly unarmed; anterior median eyes usually
obviously smaller than the laterals.
Nodocion. gen. nov.
dd. Upper margin of furrow of chelicera with from three to six
distinct teeth, the lower margin with two or three, or
rarely with only one ; bulb of male palpus with one or
more apophyses.
e. Upper margin of furrow of chelicera with three teeth,
the lower with two, all well developed,
f . Posterior median eyes large and oblique, typically
close together but well removed from the
laterals; epigynum in female with a prominent
148 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
chitinous ridge on each side, this with anterior
end free and often cornuate ; (tibia of male pal-
pus with an apophysis at distal end that is long
and laminate, and unbranched).
Haplodrassus, gen. nov.
ff. Posterior median eyes circular, their diameter or
more apart; epigynum with no such anteriorly
freely ending ridges or rims.
Hind spinnerets not longer than the anterior,
the second joint very short or obscure;
(tibia of male palpus with apophysis on
ectal side, this short and bicornuate).
Orodrassus, gen. nov.
66. Upper margin of furrow of chelicera with from four
to six teeth, the lower margin with two or three
small teeth or nodules, or rarely the upper margin
with only three weak teeth and the lower with but
one.
f. Posterior row of eyes straight or but little pro-
curved with the eyes typically nearly equidis-
tant, the medians small or at most but little
larger than the laterals; bulb of male palpus
with no median ventral and no ectal apophysis,
but with one or two distal chitinous ridges or
apophyses Zelotes Gistl.
ff . Posterior row of eyes procurved, the medians close
together or contiguous, larger than the laterals,
usually much so, oblique; bulb of male palpus
with a conspicuous median ventral apophysis
and with an ectal apophysis as well as a distal
one Drassyllus, gen. nov.
Herpyllxjs Hentz.
Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1832, 21, p. 102; Spiders U. S., 1875, p. 90.
Scotophaeus Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign., I, 1893, p. 371.
Genotype. — H. vasifer (Walckenaer).
Simon in his key to genera (Hist. Nat., I, 368) gives as a distinguishing
feature of Herpyllus that the posterior row of eyes is strongly recurved.
However, this is not true of the genotype, in which this row is essentially
straight, or of any of the American species congeneric with it. The pos-
terior row is at most moderately procurved. On the contrary, these species
conform fully to Scotophaeus as defined by the author mentioned (op. cit.,
p. 371) and as represented by the European species referred to it, not only
in eye characters but in other structural features as well. Hence, Sco-
tophaeus is placed as a synonym of Herpyllus.
Chamberlin — North American Spiders of Gnaphosidae. 149
Herpyllus vasifer (Walckenaer).
Drassus vasifer Walckenaer, Tabl. Aran., 1805, p. 46; Ins. Apt., 1837, I,
p. 620; Blackwall, Ann. Mag. N. H., 1871, ser. 4, 8, p. 434.
Herpyllus ecdesiasticus Hentz, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1832, 21, p. 102;
Spiders U. S., 1875, p. 90, pi. II, f . 2.
Prosthesima bimaculata Keyserling, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien^ 1887,
p. 433, f. 9.
Prosthesima ecclesiastica Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1889, 8, p. 173, pi.
3, f. 7; Common Spiders, 1902, p. 5, f. 17-18.
Herpyllus vasifer Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign., I, 1893, p. 373; Comstock,
Spider Book 1912, p. 318, f. 308.
Distribution. — Canada and the entire U. S. westward as far as Colorado.
Specimens recorded imder this name from the Pacific Coast are probably
referable to the following species, H. propinquus (Keyserling).
Herpyllus propinquus (Keyserling).
Prosthesima propinqua Keyserling, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1887, p.
430, f. 7.
Herpyllus calif ornicus Banks, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 1904, p. 110.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 675 ( 9 )•
Distribution. — California: Santa Barbara (type loc), Claremont, Lake-
side, Gayton, etc.; Oregon; Utah.
Keyserhng's original description covered two species, a specimen from
Cambridge belonging to H. vasifer (Walck.) and one from Santa Barbara,
indicated in the M. C. Z. collection as type, representing the present
species.
Herpyllus scholasticus, sp. nov.
Male. — Cephalothorax, legs, and scutum of abdomen light brown, the
abdomen elsewhere grey excepting the sides, which are darker. Posterior
median eyes a little less than their diameter from each other, a little farther
from the laterals. Tibia I with a single apical spine beneath; II with a
submedian spine and a pair at apex; III and IV with no median dorsal spine.
Metatarsus I and II with a pair of spines. Tibial apophysis of palpus as
long as tibia, slender, bent upward at end, tip simple, nearly as in H.
cockerelli.
Length, 8 mm.; cephalothorax, 3.5 mm.; tib.-|-pat. IV, 3.6 mm.
Female. — Septum of epigynum very slender anteriorly, widely clavate or
cuneate behind.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 618 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Cal. : Stanford.
Herpyllus voluntarius (Chamberlin).
Scotophaeus voluntarius (Chamberlin), Jour. Ent. and Zool., 1919, 12, p. 5,
pi. 2, f. 5.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 361 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Cal.: Claremont.
U> L i
V
150 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Herpyllus floridanas (Banks).
Prosthesima floridamis Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1896, 23, p. 61.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 670 ($).
Locality. — Fla. : Punta Gorda.
Herpyllus validus (Banks).
Prosthesima valida Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1896, 23, p. 62.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 657 ( 9 )• Allotype.— M. C. Z. 658 (cf).
Distribution. — Cal.: Los Angeles (t3T)e loc), Claremont, Santa Barbara,
Palo Alto.
Herpyllus swarzi (Banks).
Prosthesima swarzi Banks, Proc. U. S. N. M., 1901, 23, p. 582.
Holotype.—V. S. N. M. 5425 ( 9 )•
Distribution. — Arizona: Catalina Springs (type loc); Colorado.
Herpyllus bubulcus, sp. nov.
Female. — Cephalothorax and legs fulvous. Abdomen grey. Posterior
median eyes their diameter apart, farther from laterals. Tib. I with a pair
of ventral spines at distal end; II with a submedian pair in addition; III
and IV with a median dorsal spine.
Length, 10 mm.; cephalothorax, 4.58 mm.; tib.+pat. IV, 5 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 586 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Texas: Brewster Co., Altudo.
Resembles swarzi but differs in spining of tib. II and especially in form of
epigynmn.
Herpyllus cockerelli (Banks).
Prosthesima cockerelli Banks, Proc. Acad. Phil., 1901, 23, p. 571.
Cotypes.—M. C. Z. 673 and 674 ( 9 cf )•
Locality. — N. M.: Mesilla Park.
Herpyllus cratus, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace dusky chestnut, blackish on sides. Sternum reddish
yellow. Legs chestnut. Abdomen light grey above and below, darker
grey on the sides. Posterior median eyes a little less than their diameter
apart and the same distance or sUghtly less from the laterals. Tib. I with
one spine at distal end; II with a submedian one in addition; III with a
median dorsal spine, but IV with none. Met. I unarmed; II with one spine
at base. Epigynal depression prolonged anteriorly, the septal plate filUng
its posterior portion and narrowing caudad.
Length, 8 mm.; cephalothorax, 3.33 mm.; tib.+pat. IV, 3.5 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 603 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Fla.: Punta Gorda.
Herpyllus pius (ChamberUn).
Joum. Ent. and Zool., 1919, 12, p. 6, pi. 2, f. 4.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 365 ( 9 )•
Distribution. — Cal.: Claremont (type loc); La.: New Orleans.
Chamberlin — North American Spiders of Gnaphosidae. 151
Herpyllus angustus Banks.
Proc. Cal. Acad., 1904, ser. 3, Zool., 3, p. 331, pi. 40, f. 43.
Hohtype—M. C. Z. 671 (d^).
Distribution. — Cal.: San Pedro (type loc), Claremont.
PoECiLOCHROA Westring.
Guteb. Handl. (n. s.), 1874, 14, p. 42.
Genotype. — P. variana (C. Koch).
Poecilochroa montana Emerton.
Trans. Conn. Acad., 1890, 8, p. 175, pi. 4, f. 2, 2a.
fDrassus hunterae Blackwall, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1871, ser. 4, 8, p. 432.
nee Poecilochroa montana Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1909, 14, p. 217,
pi. 9, f. 4, 4a, 4b.
Poecilockroa padfica Banks, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 1896, 4, p. 89.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 699 ( 9 )•
Distribution. — New Hampshire: Mt. Washington (type loc); N. Y.;
Idaho; Wash.; Cal.; Quebec; Montreal.
Poecilochroa columbiana Emerton.
Can. Ent., 1917, p. 269, f. 21.
Cotypes.—M. C. Z. 700 (d^ 9 ).
Distribution. — B. C: Departure Bay (type loc); Washington; Yakima
River (S. Henshaw, 1882), Olympia.
Sergiolus Simon.
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1891, p. 573; Hist. Nat. Araign., I, 1893, p. 374.
Genotype. — S. variegatus (Hentz).
It is questionable whether this genus can be maintained apart from
Poecilochroa with which it agrees closely in most structural features. It is
retained tentatively on the basis of the characters given in the key.
Sergiolus variegatus (Hentz).
Herpylus variegatus Hentz, Jour. Bost. Sco. N. H., 1847, 5, p. 456, pi. 24,
f. 12; Spiders U. S., 1875, p. 94, pi. II, f. 12.
Poecilochroa variegata Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1889, 8, p. 174, pi.
4. f. 1; Common Spiders, 1902, p. 4., f. 9-11.
Sergiolus variegatus Simon, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1891, p. 573.
Distribution. — Mass. (type loc.) and other New England States; New
York; Ohio; Indiana; Illinois.
Sergiolus decipiens, sp. nov.
Male. — Color essentially as in S. variegatus. Uniformly smaller than
that species, with the posterior row of eyes less recurved and the lateral
eyes on each side thus nearer together. Easily separable by form of tibial
apophysis of palpus which near its distal end is ridged transversely, the
152 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
apex beyond the ridge or fold triangular, not at all uncate. May be
separated from S. unimaculatus Em. in having no spine on anterior face
of tib. I but with one on anterior face of II, and in having the tibial apo-
physis of palpus bending away from tarsus distally instead of being closely
applied to it.
Length, 5 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 604 (cT').
Distribution. — N. C: Raleigh (type loc); Texas; California.
Sergiolus unimaciilatus Emerton.
Trans. Conn. Acad., 1915, 20, p. 142, pi. I, f. 9-9e.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 701 (cf ).
Locality. — Conn.: Lyme.
Sergiolus tennesseensis, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace dusky, more fulvous at middle. Sternum chestnut.
Femora of legs black, the more distal joints yellow or reddish yellow.
Abdomen black above with three light cross bands; venter with a pale area
narrowing caudad. Lateral eyes separated by more than their diameter.
Area of median eyes as wide in front as behind. Met. I unarmed; II with
a single spine. Tib. I and II with two seriate spines under anterior border.
Length, 7 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.7 mm.; tib.+pat. IV, 2.7 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 608 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Tenn.: Robertson Co., Glenraven.
Sergiolus stella, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace and sternum yellow. Femora of legs dusky brown
or blackish, the distal joints yellow. Abdomen above at base with a light
mark furcate behind and a light transverse band in front of spinnerets;
venter yellowish. Area of median eyes much wider behind than in front.
Met. I and II with one spine. Tib. I and II with two seriate spines under
anterior border. Epigynal area elongate, with a transverse rim anteriorly,
the depression each side of septum unusually small.
Length, 7 mm.; cephalothorax, 3.63 mm.; tib.+pat. IV, 2.7 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 599 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Tex.: Austin.
Sergiolus famulus, sp. nov.
Female. — -Carapace fulvous, more orange anteriorly. Sternum yellow.
Abdomen above dark greyish brown with a light spot at each anterolateral
corner and a narrow transverse light stripe across the middle and continuing
caudad on each side, the two end portions converging. Lateral eyes sepa-
rated by more than the diameter of an anterior one. Area of median eyes
slightly wider behind than in front. Met. I unarmed; II with one spine.
Tib. I and II with only a single spine beneath, this at distal end. Epigynal
depression wider transversely and proportionately shorter longitudinally
than in variegatus.
Length, 8 mm.; cephalothorax, 3.33"mm.; tib.+pat. IV, 2.7 mm.
Chamberlin — North American Spiders of Gnaphosidae. 153
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 612 (9).
Locality. — D. C: Washington.
Sergiolus bicolor Banks.
Can. Ent., 1900, p. 96.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 722 ( 9 )■
Locality. — La.: Covington.
Sergiolus clericus, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace fulvous to light chestnut. Sternum and legs similar
orjmore yellowish. Abdomen black above with a single narrow transverse
stripe of white narrowly broken at middle line and a light spot at each
anterolateral corner. Area of median eyes a little wider behind than in
front. Met. I with one spine, II with two. Tib. I with one spine; II with
two seriate ones. Epigynum nearly as in bicolor.
Length, 7.5 mm.; cephalothorax, 3 mm.; tib.+pat. IV, 2.5 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 609 ( 9 )•
Locality. — D. C: Washington.
Sergiolus minutus (Banks).
Poecilochroa minuta Banks, Can. Ent., 1898, p. 185.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 723 (o^).
Locality. — Texas: Brazos Co.
Sergiolus tribolus, sp. nov.
Male. — Carapace and legs yellowish brown, sternum yellow. Abdomen
black with a broader transverse white stripe across anterior end and a
narrower one across middle, the latter produced forward at its middle.
Area of median eyes narrower in front than behind. Met. I and II with a
pair of spines. Tib. I with a pair of spines; II with a pair and a single one.
Tibial apophysis differing from that of all others in having a three-pronged
apex, the prongs very short.
Length, 5 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.29 mm.; tib.+pat. IV, 2 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 724 (c?).
Distribution. — Fla.: Punta Gorda (type loc), Runny mede.
Sergiolus meretrix, sp. nov.
Poecilochroa montana Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1909, 14, p. 217, pi. 9,
f. 4, 4a, 4b, but not of Emerton 1890.
Male. — Carapace, sternum and legs yellow. Abdomen black above with
three rather broad transverse stripes of white of which the middle one is
broken at the middle. Posterior row of eyes more strongly recurved than
usual. Area of median eyes much wider behind than in front. Met. I
and II with a pair of spines.
Length, 4.6 mm.; cephalothorax, 2 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 1.87 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 611 id").
Distribution. — N. C: Raleigh (type loc); Mass.
154 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Sergiolus cyaniventris Simon.
Ann. Ent. Soc. France, 1893, p. 311.
Locality. — Fla. (type loc).
NoDOCiON, gen. nov.
Eye characters as in Drassylliis but armature of chelicera nearly as in
Herpylltis.
Genotype. — N. maieoniis, sp. nov.
Nodocion mateonus, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace and sternum yellow. Legs yellow excepting first
two pairs which are brown distad of patellae. Abdomen yellowish above
with a median longitudinal darker stripe that expands toward caudal end.
Posterior row of eyes procurved; median eyes oblique and angular and
much larger than the laterals, less than their radius apart. Eyes of anterior
row equal, clypeus narrower than their diameter. Met. I and II with one
spine or I with none. Tib. I with one spine; II with two seriate ones.
Epigynum of Sergiolus type.
Length, 6.25 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.66 mm.; tib.+pat. IV, 2.4 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 617 ( 9 )■
Locality. — California: San Mateo.
Nodocion barbaranus, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace and legs dusky chestnut, sternum clearer chestnut.
Abdomen nearly black above, greyish below. Posterior row of eyes
straight; median eyes large and nearly contiguous, less than their radius
from the laterals. Anterior median eyes smaller than the laterals. Met.
I and II with a pair of spines. Tib. I and II with no ventral spines.
Epigynum suggesting the usual Drassyllus type.
Length, 9 mm.; cephalothorax, 3.5 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 3.66 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 656 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Cal.: Santa Barbara.
Nodocion iugans, sp. nov.
Male. — Carapace and legs light brown, the sternum more yellow. Abdo-
men dark grey, the scutum weak, not differently colored. Posterior row of
eyes procurved ; the medians large and oblique, nearly contiguous, and only
about half their radius from the laterals. Laterals eyes separated by the
radius of a posterior one. Anterior median eyes two-thirds the diameter of
the laterals. Area of median eyes wider behind than in front. Met. I
with one spine at base, II with a pair. Tib. I and II unarmed. Upper
margin of furrow of chelicera with a chitinous angle above which are two or
three denticulations and below it one obscure one. Tibial apophysis of
palpus distally truncate. Embolus curved mesad parallel to base on which
is a tooth.
Length, 5.8 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.5 mm.; tib. -f- pat. IV, 2.66 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 654 (cf ).
Locality. — Cal.: Santa Barbara.
Chamherlin — North American Spiders of Gnaphosidae. 155
Megamtrmecion Reuss.
Zool. Miscell., Ar., 1834, p. 217.
Dyction Walckener, Ins. Apt. I, 1837, p. 380.
Genotype. — M. caudatum Reuss.
Megamyrmecion californicum Simon.
Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1893, p. 308.
Locality. — California, southern part.
Cesonia Simon.
Hist. Nat. Araign., I, 1893, p. 375.
Genotype. — C. bilineata (Hentz).
Cesonia bilineata (Hentz).
Herpyllus bilineatus Hentz, Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1847, 5, p. 456;
Spiders U. S., 1875, p. 92, pi. II, f. 5.
Poedlochroa bilineata Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1890, p. 11, pi. 4, f. 3.
Cesonia bilineata Simon, Hist. Nat. Araign., I, 1893, p. 375; Comstock,
Spider Book, 1912, p. 320, f. 309.
Distribution. — N. C. (type loc); Ala. and other southern states; New
England; Ohio; Indiana.
LiTOPYLLTJS, gen. nov.
AflBnities with Herpyllus but the posterior row of eyes more procurved
and, in particular, the median eyes of this row larger than the laterals and
close to each other. Tibial apophysis of palpus distal in position and very
short.
Genotype. — L. temporarius, sp. nov.
Litopyllus temporarius, sp. nov.
Male. — Carapace fulvous, the legs more orange. Sternum yellowish.
Abdomen grey excepting the scutum which is colored like the carapace.
Posterior row of eyes decidedly procurved; the median eyes one-fifth their
diameter apart, their radius from the laterals. Area of median eyes as
wide in front as behind. Met. I and II with a single spine. Tib. I and II
with two spines in series under anterior border.
Length, 6 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.75 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 2.75 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 602 (c^).
Locality. — Ky. : near Mammoth Cave.
Litopyllus luteus (Barrows).
Prosthesima lutea Barrows, Ohio Jour. Sci., 1919, 19, p. 356.
Holotype. — Ohio State Univ. (d).
Locality. — Ohio: Sugar Grove.
Litopyllus rupicolens, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace and legs fulvous, the sternum more yellow. Abdo-
men grey, without markings. Posterior row of eyes decidedly procurved;
156 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
the median eyes angular and oblique, less than half their longer diameter
apart and about four-sevenths that diameter from the laterals. Area of
median eyes wider in front than behind. Met. I and II with one spine.
Tib. I and II with two seriate spines under anterior border.
Length, 6.75 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.9 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 2.29 mm.
Holotype.~M. C. Z. 577 ( 9 ).
Locality.— N. Y.: Sea Cliff (type loc); Va.: Great Falls.
ScoPODES, gen. nov.
Suggesting Megamyrmecion in eye characters but differing in having a
tooth on the lower margin of the furrow of the chelicera and particularly
in having a stout median ventral apophysis on bulb of palpus of male.
Genotype. — S. catharius, sp. nov.
Scopodes catharius, sp. nov.
Male. — Carapace and legs light brownish yellow. The sternum clearer
yellow. Abdomen grey, its scutum small, yellow. Posterior row of eyes
strongly procurved; median eyes elliptic, their radius apart, half as far
again from the laterals. Lateral eyes less than their radius apart. Met.
I with one spine; II with two spines. Tib. I and II with three pairs of spines.
Tib. Ill and IV with a median dorsal spine.
Length, 6 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.7 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 3.33 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 630 ((^).
Locality. — Cal.: Claremont.
Laronia Simon.
Ann. Soc. ent. France, 1892, p. 457; Hist. Nat. Araign., 1893, I, p. 379.
Genotype.— L. rufithorax Simon.
Laronia bicolor (Banks).
Eilica bicolor Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1896, 23, p. 60.
Holotype.—M. C.Z.70d(d').
Locality. — Fla. : Punta Gorda.
Gnaphosa LatreUle.
Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 1804, 24, p. 134.
Drassus Walckenaer, Tabl. Aran., 1805, p. 45.
Pythonissa C. Koch, Ueb. Ar. Syst., I, 1837, p. 16.
Genotype. — G. lucifuga Latreille.
Gnaphosa gigantea Keyserling.
Verh. Zool-bot. Ges. Wien., 1887, p. 424, f. 3; Comstock, Spider Book, 1912,
p. 320, f. 311 and 312.
Gnaphosa conspersa Thorell, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1877, 3, p. 489;
Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1889, p. 176, pi. 4, f. 4; Common
Spiders, 1902, p. 2, f. 3-5.
Gnaphosa distincta Banks, Proc. Acad. Phil., 1901, p. 572 (nee distincta
Banks, 1898).
Chamherlin — North American Spiders of Gnaphosidae. 157
Holotype.— M. C. Z. 707 (9).
Distribution. — New York (Sullivan Co., type loc.) and other eastern
states with eastern Canada and westward to Colorado, New Mexico, Utah
and California.
Gnaphosa brumalis Thorell.
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1875, 17, p. 497; Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad.,
1889, 8, p. 175, pi. 4, f. 5.
Gnaphosa scudderi Thorell, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1877, 3, p. 491.
Gnaphosa humilis Banks, Proc. Acad. Phil., 1892, p. 19, pi. I, f. 9.
Distribution. — Canada: Labrador, Anticosti Id., Ottawa, Rocky Mts.;
N. H.; N. Y.; Col.
Gnaphosa sericata (L. Koch).
Pythonissa sericata L. Koch, Drassiden, 1866, p. 31, pi. 2, f. 21.
Herpyllus bicolor Hentz, Jour. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1847, 5, p. 456, pi. 24, f. 4;
Spiders U. S., 1875, p. 91, pi. II, f. 4, (Nom. preocc. by Hahn, 1831).
fDrasstis diversus Blackwall, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1871, ser. 4, 8, p. 433.
Gnaphosa sericata Comstock, Spider Book, 1912, p. 321.
Distribution. — Md.: Baltimore (type loc); Va.; N. C; Ga.; Ala.; Fla.;
N. Y.; Mo.; Ohio; Ind.; Mo.; Tex.; Col.
Gnaphosa texana, sp. nov.
Male. — Carapace almost black. Sternum fulvous. Legs dusky proxi-
maUy. Abdomen grey, paler beneath. Posterior median eyes about their
radius apart and once-and-a-half their diameter from the laterals. Lateral
eyes separated by twice the diameter of the posterior one. Met. I and II
with two pairs of ventral spines. Tib. I and II with five ventral spines.
Tib. II and IV with a median dorsal spine. Embolus of male palpus mak-
ing a complete turn about periphery of bulb. Tibial apophysis shorter
than tibia.
Length, 6 mm.; cephalothorax, 3 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 2.7 mm.
Holotype.— M. C. Z. 591 (d^).
Locality . — Texas : Austin .
Gnaphosa fontinalis KeyserUng.
Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1887, p. 426, f. 4.
Gnaphosa americana Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1896, 23, p. 61.
Holotype.— M. C. Z. 70S ( 9 ).
Distribution. — Ky.: Bee Spring (type loc); New York; Texas.
Gnaphosa altudona, sp. nov.
Female. — Cephalothorax and legs yellow. Abdomen light grey. Pos-
terior median eyes angular, half their longer diameter apart. Lateral eyes
less than their diameter apart. Anterior row recurved. Met. I and II
with three spines beneath. Tib. I unarmed; II with an apical spine. Tib.
Ill with no median dorsal spine.
158 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Length, 5.5 mm.; cephalothorax, 1.9 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 1.8 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 573 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Texas: Brewster Co., Altudo.
Gnaphosa californica Banks.
Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1904, ser. 3, 3, p. 335, pi. 37, f. 10.
Cotypes.—M. C. Z. 709 ( 9 )•
Distribution. — Cal.: Claremont (type loc); Santa Cruz Id.
Gnaphosa parvula Banks.
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1896, 23, p. 61; Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1909,
14, p. 218, pi. 9, f. 3.
Cotypes.—M. C. Z. 726 ( 9 ) and 727 (<f)-
Distribution. — N. H.: Hanover ( 9 ) and Franconia (cf ) (type localities);
Mass.;N. Y.;Va.
Gnaphosa orites, sp. nov.
iVfa?e.— Carapace and legs black over chestnut. Abdomen greyish
black. Posterior median eyes about one-third their diameter apart, and
once and a half their diameter from the laterals. Met. I and II with one
ventral spine. Tibia I and II with a distal spine. Embolus not coiled,
short and straight, anterior in position.
Length, 8 mm.; cephalothorax, 3.56 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 3.33 mm.
Holotype.~M. C. Z. 619 (c^).
Distribution. — Me.: Mt. Katahdin (type loc); N. H.: Mt. Washington.
Callilepis Westring.
Goteb. Handl. (n. s.), 1874, 14, p. 43.
Genotype. — C. nocturna (Linne).
Callilepis imbecilla (Keyserling).
Pythonissa imbecilla Keyserling, Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1887, 37, p.
427, f. 15.
Callilepis pluto Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1896, 23, p. 60.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 702 ( 9 )•
Distribution. — Ky.: Bee Spring (type loc); Va.; N. C; Fla.; N. H.;
Mass.; N. Y.; Ohio: Columbus; Wash.: Olympia, Pullman.
Callilepis clara (Keyserling).
Pythonissa clara Keyserling, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1887, 37, p. 429,
f. 6.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 705 (d^).
Locality. — Utah: Bridger Basin.
Drassodes Westring.
Aran. Suec, 1861, p. 360.
Genotype. — D. lapidosus (Walck.).
Chamberlin — North American Spiders of Gnaphosidae, 159
The genus is here used in a restricted sense on characters partially indi-
cated in the key.
Drassodes neglectus (Keyserling).
Drassus neglectus Keyserling, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1887, 37, p. 434,
f. 10.
Drassus saccatus Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1889, 8, p. 178, pi. 4, f. 7;
Common Spiders, 1902, p. 6, f. 19.
Drassus inornatus Banks, Ann. N. Y. Acad., 1895, 8, p. 420.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. mS (9)-
Distribution. — "U. S." (type loc): New England and North Central
States and westward to Colorado and Utah; Canada.
Drassodes celes Chamberlin.
Jour. Ent. and Zool., 1919 (Adv. reprint), and 1920, 12, p. 5, pi. 2, f. 2.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 360 ( 9 )•
Distribution. — California: Claremont (type loc); Arizona.
Drassodes robinsoni Chamberlin.
Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 1919, 12, p. 245, pi. 16, f. 2.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 418 ( 9 )■
Locality . — Utah : Fillmore .
Geodrassus, gen. nov.
It may be noted that the tibia of the male palpus, while clearly longer
than the patella, is only as long as, or but little longer than the tarsus, its
apophysis inconspicuous. Bulb of palpus with a small terminal apophysis
near conductor.
Genotype. — G. gosiutus (Chamberlin).
Geodrassus gosiutus (Chamberlin).
Drassodes gosiutus Chamberlin, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., 1919, 12, p. 245, pi. 16,
f. 3.
Holotype.—M.C.Z.S89i<f)-
Locality . — Utah : Fillmore .
Geodrassus phanus, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace and legs light brown. Abdomen brownish grey
above, clearer grey below. Posterior median eyes angular and oblique,
about their radius from each other, and once and a half their long diameter
from the laterals. Laterals about five-sevenths their diameter apart.
Tib. I and II with a single spine beneath.
Length, 9 mm.; cephalothorax, 4.38 mm.; tib. -|- pat. IV, 4 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 575 ( 9 )•
Locality.—^. Y.: Sea Cliff.
May be distinguished from auriculoides in having lateral eyes nearer each
other, the shorter tib. + pat. IV, and proportions and details of epigynum.
160 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Geodrassus auriculoides (Barrows).
Drassodes auriculoides Barrows, Ohio Jour. Sci., 1919, 19, p. 355, pi. 16,
f . 4a-4b.
Holotype.— Coll Ohio State Univ., ( 9 )•
Distribution. — Ohio: Rockbridge (type loc); Michigan; New York.
SosTicus, gen. nov.
In general structure near Drassodes but readily separable in the different
armature of the chelicera. Males not known. Epigyna elongate and with
a prominent median process projecting caudad in the depression.
Genotype. — S. continentalis, sp. nov.
Sosticus continentalis, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace and legs in tjrpe as preserved nearly chestnut, the
femora, patellae and tibiae more dusky. Abdomen grey. In structure
distinguishable from S. insularis in having the anterior median eyes smaller
than the laterals, in having tib. + pat. IV longer than the cephalo thorax
instead of only equal to it, in having a series of five median dorsal spines
on tibia IV instead of only two, and in the better development of the distal
tooth of the lower margin of furrow of chelicera.
Length, 8.5 mm.; cephalothorax, 3.54 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 4 mm.
Holotype.— U. C. Z. 659 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Iowa: Dallas Co.
Sosticus insularis (Banks).
Herpyllus insularis Banks, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 1895, 3, p. 78.
Holot-ype.—M. C. Z. 660 ( 9 )•
Locality.— N. Y.: Sea Cliff.
Rachodrassus, gen. nov.
In this genus the eye rows are unusually close together, the posterior
one straight. Area of median eyes wider behind than in front. Anterior
median eye much smaller than the laterals. Apophyses of bulb of palpus
of male strongly developed.
Genotype. — R. echinus, sp. nov.
Rachodrassus echinus, sp. nov.
Male. — Carapace and femora of legs cloudy yellow, the sternum and dis-
tal joints of legs clearer yellow. Abdomen yellowish, with a spear-mark at
base and a number of obscure, broken chevron marks behind. Met. I and
II with two pairs of spines. Tib. I and II with three pairs of ventral spines.
Ectal apophysis of bulb of palpus with a retrorse prong; tibial apophysis
much shorter than tibia, distally acute.
Length, 5 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.62 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 3 mm.
Length of 9 , 7.25 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.83 mm.; tib. -f- pat. IV, 3.2 mm.
Holotype.— M. C. Z. 613 (c^). Allotype.— M. C. Z. 614 ( 9 ).
Locality. — Ky.: near Mammoth Cave.
Chamherlin — North American Spiders of Gnaphosidae. 161
Rachodrassus chera, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace and legs light brown, the sternum more yellow.
Abdomen above greyish yellow with a faint darker spot at base and incom-
pletely developed chevrons behind. Met. I and II with two pairs of spines.
Tibia I and II with two pairs and one single spine below, the single spine
distal.
Length, 6 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.5 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 2.5 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 601 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Ky.: near Mammoth Cave.
Haplodrassus, gen. nov.
In addition to characters noted in the key, it may be mentioned that the
bulb of the male palpus has a well-developed median ventral apophysis
and also an ectal one. Posterior median eyes large, oblique, and near to-
gether.
Genotype. — H. hiemalis (Emerton)
Haplodrassus hiemalis (Emerton).
Trans. Conn. Acad., 1909, 14, p. 218, pi. 9, f. 1.
Cotypes.—M. C. Z. 686 ( 9 ) and 687 (cf).
Distribution. — N. H.: Lake Winnepesaukee, Three-mile Id. (type loc);
Mass.; Vt.; N. Y.; Newfoundland.
Haplodrassus taibo (Chamberlin).
Zelotes taibo ChamberUn, Jour. Ent. and Zool., 1919 (adv. reprint), and
1920, 12, p. 6, pi. 2, f. 5.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 367 ( 9 ).
Locality. — Cal.: Claremont.
Haplodrassus barber! (Banks).
Prosthesima barberi Banks, Proc. U. S. N. M., 1902, 25, p. 212.
Cotypes.— V.S.N. M. (9).
Locality. — Ariz.: Williams.
Placed in the genus with some doubt as the types have not been exam-
ined.
Haplodrassus bicornis (Emerton).
Drassus bicornis Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1909, 14, p. 218, pi. 9, f. 2.
Cotypes.—M. C. Z. 584 ( 9 ) and 585 (c?)-
Locality. — N. H.: Lake Winnepesaukee, Three-mile Id.
Haplodrassus mimus, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace fulvous, dusky anteriorly, the sternum and legs
similar but more yellow. Abdomen grey. Posterior row of eyes distinctly
procurved; median eyes large, separated by less than one-third the long
diameter, two-thirds that diameter from the laterals. Lateral eyes sepa-
rated by about the radius of the anterior one. Met. I and II with a pair of
162 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
spines. Tib. I and II unarmed beneath. Lateral ridges of epigynum not
cornuate anteriorly.
Length, 5.6 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.3 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 2.1 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 583 ( 9 )•
Distribution. — Va.: Great Falls (type loc); N. M.
Haplodrassus eunis, sp. nov.
Female. — Cephalothorax and legs light brownish yellow. Abdomen
above dark grey with a faint basal spear-mark, lighter grey below. Pos-
terior row of eyes straight, the medians scarcely one-half their long diameter
apart and about that diameter from the laterals. Lateral eyes about
four-sevenths the diameter of the posterior one apart. Met. I and II with
a pair of spines. Tib. I unarmed; II with a pair of submedian ventral
spines. Lateral ridges of epigynum not cornuate anteriorly.
Length, 6.25 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.62 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 2.3 mm,
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 680 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Arizona.
Haplodrassus admes, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace brownish yellow. Sternum and legs yellow. Abdo-
men yellowish grey, darker above. Posterior row of eyes plainly procurved ;
median eyes separated by less than half their longer diameter and from the
laterals by less than that diameter. Lateral eyes on each side separated
by radius of the posterior one. Met. I and II with a pair of spines. Tib.
I unarmed; II with a single submediari spine. Lateral ridges of epigynum
cornuate anteriorly.
Length, 5.5 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.08 mm.; tib. -\- pat. IV, 2 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 681 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Arizona.
Haplodrassus signifer (C. Koch).
Drassus signifer C. Koch, Die Arachniden, 1839, 6, p. 31, pi. 188, f. 452.
Drassus troglodytes C. Koch, ibid., p. 35, pi. 189, f. 455 and 456.
Drassus clavator Cambridge, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1860, ser. 3, 5, p. 171;
Blackwall, Spiders Gt. Brit., 1861, p. 109, pi. 6, f. 66.
Drassus robustus Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1889, 8, p. 179, pi. 4, f. 8.
Drassus placidus Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1893, 23, p. 63.
Teminius nigriceps Banks, Ann. N. Y. Acad., 1895, 8, p. 421.
Zelotes decepta Banks, Proc. Acad. Phil., 1900, p. 531.
Zelotes pacifica Banks, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1904, ser. 3, 3, p. 336, pi. 39, f . 15.
Drassodes robustus Comstock, Spider Book, 1912, p. 313, f. 303, 304.
Distribution. — Throughout the U. S. and Canada. It is also a common
species in Europe.
Haplodrassus maculatus (Banks).
Zelotes maculatus Banks, Proc. Gal. Acad. Sci., 1904, ser. 3, 3, p. 336, pi.
11, f . 38.
Holotype.—M.C.Z.SSSid').
Chamherlin — North American Spiders of Gnaphosidae. 163
Locality. — California: Claremont. •
In structure of palpal organ of male identical, or nearly so, with the pre-
ceding species, H. signifer. It is a smaller and lighter form of which the
female is not yet known. Its precise relationship to signifer can not as
yet be certainly determined.
(.Irodrassus, gen. nov.
Genotype. — 0. coloradensis (Emerton).
Orodrassus coloradensis (Emerton).
Drassus coloradensis Emerton, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1877, 3, p. 528.
Teminius continentalis Keyserling, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1887, p. 423,
f. 2.
Drassodes melius Chamherlin, Ann. Ent. Soc. Am., 1919, 12, p. 246, pi. 16,
f. 4, 5.
Distribution. — Colorado (type loc); Utah.
Orodrassus assimilis (Banks).
Drassus assimilis Banks, Ann. N. Y. Acad., 1895, 8, p. 420.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 689 id')-
Locality. — Colorado: Ft. Collins.
Orodrassus vastus (Banks).
Drassus vastus Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1896, 23, p. 63.
Locality. — Wash.: Olympia (type loc).
The type of this species can not at present be located, but it seems to be
unquestionably close to coloradensis.
Zelotes Gistl.
Naturg. 1848, p. 9.
Mekmophora C. Koch, in Schaeffer, Deutsch, Ins. Arach., 1833, 120, 20-23,
Prosthesima L. Koch, Abh. Nat. Ges. Nurnberg, 1872, 6, p. 139.
Genotype. — Z. subterreaneus (C. Koch).
Zelotes subterreaneus (C. Koch).
Melannphora subterreanea C. Koch, Die Arachn., 1839, 6, p. 85, pi. 201, f.
491, 492.
Herpyllus ater Hentz, Amer. Jour. Sci., 1832, 21, p. 102; Jour. Boston Soc.
N. H., 1847, 5, p. 455, pi. 24, f. 3; Spiders U. S., 1875, p. 91, pi. II, f. 3.
Prosthesima melancholica Thorell, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1877, 3, p. 493.
Prosthesima atra Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1889, 8, p. 172, pi. 3, f. 6;
Common Spiders, 1902, p. 5, f. 14, 15, 16.
Zelotes ater Comstock, Spider Book, 1912, p. 316.
Zelotes fratris Chamherlin, Can. Ent., 1920, 52, p. 193, f. 18, 1 & 2. (var.).
Distribution. — Eastern U. S., both north and south, and westward to
Utah and Washington but not as yet found in California where it seems
to be displaced by other species. It is a common species in Europe.
164 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Z. fratris is a varietal form showing differences in palpal organ of male
but with no corresponding differences in the female that have thus far been
detected.
Zelotes pseustes, sp. nov.
MoZe.— Carapace dusky chestnut, the legs dusky brown. Abdomen dark
grey, scutum reddish or chestnut. Por^terior row cf eyes straight, the eyes
equidistant or nearly so, the medians being about their diameter apart.
Met. I and II with a pair of spines. Tib. I and II unspined; III and IV
with no median dorsal spin?. Tarsus of palpus with a ventral spine toward
distal end; embolus with distal portion concealed by apical lobe, not lying
in notch of tarsus. Tib. + pat. IV decidedly shorter than cephalothorax.
Length, 6.7 mm.; cephalothorax, 3.33 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 2.7 mm.
Locality . — Texas : Austin .
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 598 (c^).
Zelotes duplex, sp. nov.
Male.— Carapace broad and low, black or nearly so. Legs blackish
brown. Abdomen blackish above, the scutum dusky fulvous; venter grey.
Eyes of the usual general arrangement. Area of median eyes a little wider
behind than in front. Met. I and II with two pairs of long, overlapping
spines. Tib. I with two pairs of spines; II with two seriate spines; III and
IV with a median dorsal spine. Upper margin of furrow of chelicera with
four teeth, the lower with three which are distinct.
Length, 6 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.5 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 3.1 mm.
Holotype.—M. C.Z.Q20 {^).
Distribution.— Ya.: Fairfax Co., (type loc), Gt. Falls; N. C: Black Mt.;
N. Y.: Sea Cliff; Ohio.
An aberrant species.
Zelotes puritanus, sp. nov.
Female.— Carapace and legs dusky chestnut or blackish, the sternum
clearer chestnut. Abdomen bluish black. Posterior row of eyes a little
. procurved; median eyes their diameter apart, nearer to the laterals. Area
of median eyes wider behind than in front. Met. I and II and tib. I and
II unarmed. Upper margin of furrow of cheHcera with three teeth, the
lower with only 1. Epigynum with an anterior transverse chitinous rim
and a median plate expanded behind.
Length, 7 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.4 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 2.33 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 574 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Mass. : Wellfleet.
This is also an aberrant species.
Zelotes discens, sp. nov.
Female.— Black throughout excepting tips of legs and venter of abdomen
in front of epigastric furrow. Posterior median eyes their radius apart
and about five-sixths their diameter from laterals. Met. I unarmed; II
with a single spine at base. Tib. I and II unarmed beneath. Upper
Chamberlin — North American Spiders of Gnaphosidae. 165
margin of furrow of chelicera with four teeth, the lower with one. Median
plate of epigynum with three processes behind of which the lateral ones
extend caudad beyond the median.
Length, 7 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.9 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 2.7 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 615 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Cal.: Stanford.
Zelotes perditus, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace black or nearly so, the legs similar but lighter distally.
Sternum chestnut. Abdomen dark above, the median ventral region paler.
Posterior median eyes their radius apart and about two-thirds their diame-
ter from the laterals. Met. I unarmed, II with a pair of spines. Tib. I
and II unarmed. Upper margin of chelicera with four teeth, the lower
with one. Epigynum suggesting that of funestus but the median plate
with median process shorter and the lateral caudal angles not prolonged;
an angle between anterior chitinous pockets.
Length, 7.7 mm.; cephalothorax, 3.3 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 3 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 641 ( 9 )•
Locality. — California: Stanford.
Zelotes funestus (Keyserling).
Prosthesima funesta Keyserling, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1887, 37, p.
431, pi. 6, f. 8.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 642 ( 9 )•
Locality. — California.
This species has been placed in synonymy with ater Hentz ( = subter-
reaneus C. K.) but is an obviously distinct species differing in epigynum and
other structural features.
Zelotes paludis, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace and legs dusky. Abdomen black above, paler
beneath. Posterior row of eyes straight, the medians a little nearer to each
other than to laterals. Met. I and II with two pairs of spines. Tib. I
with three ventral spines; III and IV with median dorsal spine. Upper
margin of furrow of chelicera with four teeth, the lower with three.
Length, 4 mm.; cephalothorax, 1.5 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 1.62 mm.
Holotype. — Cornell Univ. Coll.
Locality. — Ga.: Okefenokee Swamp, Billy's Id.
Zelotes adolescens, sp. nov.
Male (immat.). — Carapace and sternum dusky chestnut, and the legs
nearly black excepting the tarsi. Eyes of posterior row equal and nearly
equidistant, the interval less than a diameter but more than a radius. Mt.
I and II with two pairs of spines beneath. Tib. I and II with a submedian
ventral spine; III and IV with no median dorsal spine. Upper margin of
furrow of chelicera with four teeth, the lower with two.
Length, 5.6 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.3 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 2.62 mm.
Holotype. — M. C. Z. 644 (not quite adult cf )•
Locality. — Cal. : Felton Big Trees.
166 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Zelotes montereus, sp. nov.
Female. — Blackish throughout excepting venter of abdomen which is
paler. Eyes of posterior row equal; medians their radius apart, five-sixths
their diameter from the laterals. Met. I and II with a pair of spines. Tib.
I and II unarmed. Upper margin of furrow of chelicera with four teeth,
the lower with two. Epigynum most like that of discens but with a more
prominent angle between anterior pockets which are nearer together.
Length, 8.5 mm.; cephalothorax, 3.1 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 2.9 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 646 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Cal.: Pacific Grove.
Zelotes tuobus Chamberlin.
Ann. Ent. Soc. America, 1919, 12, p. 247, pi. 16, f. 7.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 387 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Utah: Fillmore.
Zelotes gynethus Chamberlin.
Jour. Ent. and Zool., 1919 (adv. reprint), and 1920, 12, p. 7, pi. 3, f. 1.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 363 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Cal.: Claremont.
Zelotes (?) arizonensis (Banks).
Prosihesima arizonensis Banks, Proc. U. S. N. M., 1901, 23, p. 582.
Holotype.—V. S. N. M. 5424 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Arizona: Catalina Springs.
Probably does not belong in this genus, but, as the type was not available
for study, it is left tentatively in the group where described.
Drassyllus, gen. nov.
Genotype. — D. fallens, sp. nov.
Drassyllus fallens, sp. nov.
Prosihesima depressa Emerton (in part). Trans. Conn. Acad., 1911, 16, p.
406, pi. 5, f. 8, but not f. 8a, 8b, or 8c.
nee Prosthesima depressa Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1889, 8, p. 173, pi.
3, f. 8.
Female. — Carapace and sternum dusky brown or chestnut to nearly solid
black. First and second legs black excepting the metatarsi and tarsi which
are yellow. Posterior legs lighter throughout. Eyes nearly as in depressus
Em., as is also spining of legs and armature of chelicerae. Median piece
of epigynum distinct, expanded caudally and ending anteriorly near middle
of length of median channel but not inversely T-shaped. Tib. + pat. I
shorter than cephalothorax.
Length, 4-5 mm.; cephalothorax, 1.87 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 1.95 mm.
Male. — Median ventral apophysis of bulb of palpus much more slender
than in depressus and the tibial apophysis not at all geniculate.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 634 ( 9 )•
Chamherlin — North American Spiders of Gnaphosidae. 167
Distribution.— l<i . C: Black Mt. (type loc); Va.: Great Falls; Mass.:
Blue Hill;N. Y.: Sea Cliff.
Drassyllus laccus (Barrows).
Prosthesima lacca Barrows, Ohio Jour. Sci., 1919, 19, p. 355, pi. 15, f. 3.
Type.— Ohio State Univ. Coll. (cT').
Locality. — Ohio: Columbus.
Known also from topotypes ( cf , 9 ) •
Drassyllus depressus (Emerton).
Prosthesima depressa Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1909, 8, p. 173, pi. 3,
f. 8.
Prothesima depressa Emerton (in part), ibid., 1911, 16, p. 406, pi. 5, f. 8a
but not f. 8, 8b, or 8c.
Holotype.—M.C.Z.7n (9).
Distribution. — Mass.: Medford (type loc); N. Y.; Ohio.
Drassyllus eremitus, sp. nov.
Female. — Coloration as in other members of the depressus group but the
posterior legs black, or nearly so, as in the anterior pairs. Anterior median
eyes only their radius or less apart. Upper margin of furrow of chelicera
with four teeth, or with an obscure fifth one, the lower with three. Epigy-
num with a transverse anterior rim; with no septal piece in median channel.
Length, 4 mm.; cephalothorax, 1.66 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 1.06 mm.
Holotype.— M. C. Z. 636 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Tenn.; Robertson Co., Glenraven.
Drassyllus socius, sp. nov.
Prosthesima depressa Emerton (in part), Trans. Conn. Acad., 1911, 16, p.
406, pi. 5, f. 8b and 8c, but not 8 or 8a.
Male. — Very similar in appearance and structure to depressus but tibial
apophysis of palpus smaller and less abruptly bent, and the median ventral
apophysis of bulb of an obviously different form. Upper margin of furrow
of chelicera with four teeth, the lower also with four instead of three.
Length, 4 mm.; cephalothorax, 1.75 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 1.87 mm.
Holotype.— M. C. Z. 634 (d^).
Locality. — Mass.: Blue Hill, Milton.
Drassyllus rufulus (Banks).
Prosthesima rufula Banks, Proc. Acad. Phil., 1892, p. 17, pi. I, f. 55;
Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1909, 14, p. 217, pi. 9, f. 6.
Prosthesima immaculata Banks, Proc. Acad. Phil., 1892, p. 18, pi. 1, f. 58.
Melanophora rufula Petrunkevitch, Ann. N. Y. Acad., 1910, 19, p. 207, pi.
21, f. 4.
Cotypes.—U. C. Z. 712 (9).
Distribution. — N. Y.: Ithaca (type loc). Sea Cliff, Lake Bluff; N. H.:
Hanover; Ohio: Rockbridge.
168 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Drassyllus blandus (Banks).
Prosthesima blanda Banks, Proc. Acad. Phil. 1892, p. 18, pi. I, f. 57.
Prosthesima minima Banks, ibid., p. 19, pi. 4, f. 89.
nee Prosthesima blanda Banks, Proc. Acad. Phil., 1901, p. 572.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 713 (d^).
Locality. — N. Y.: Ithaca.
Drassyllus frigidus (Banks).
Prosthesima frigida Banks, Proc. Acad. PhiL, 1892, p. 17, pi. I, f. 56.
Prosthesima nova Banks, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 1895, 3, p. 78.
Coty-pes.—M. C. Z. 714 (cf) and 715 ( 9 )•
Distribution. — N. Y.: Ithaca (type loc). Sea Cliflf; Penn.; Va.
Drassyllus virginianus, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace chestnut, the sternum and legs somewhat lighter.
Posterior row of eyes but little procurved; median eyes larger, oblique,
one-fourth their lesser diameter apart, three-fourths that diameter from
the laterals. Lateral eyes separated by the radius of a posterior one.
Met. I and II with a pair of spines. Tib. I and II unarmed. Upper margin
of furrow of chelicera with five teeth, the lower with three. Epigynum
with a wide, transverse chitinous rim anteriorly; cavity narrowest at caudal
end; septum narrowest at its middle.
Length, 7.5 mm.; cephalothorax, 3.1 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 3.75 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z., 581 ( 9 )•
Distribution. — Va.: Falls Church (type loc). Great Falls; N. Y.: Sea Cliff.
Drassyllus lepidus (Banks).
Megamyrmecion lepidum Banks, Proc. Wash. Ent. Soc, 1899, 4, p. 190.
Drassinella lepida Banks, Bull. U. S. N. M., 1910, no. 72, p. 8.
• Holotype.—M. C. Z. 715 ( 9 )•
Locality. — La. : Shreveport.
Drassyllus louisianus, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace and legs fulvous, the under parts more yellowish.
Abdomen dark grey above, darker caudally, the venter lighter grey. All
eyes of posterior row close together, each adjoining two separated by less
than half the radius of an eye; median eyes large and oblique. Met. I and
II with a pair of spines. Tib. I and II unarmed. Upper margin of furrow
of chelicera with four teeth, the lower with three. Epigynum with a trans-
verse anterior rim; septal plate completely filling depression or nearly so,
expanded transversely behind, the lateral ends of expanded part covered.
Length, 7 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.5 mm.; tib. -|- pat. IV, 2.9 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 579 ( 9 )•
Locality. — La.: Baton Rouge.
Drassyllus apachus, sp. nov.
Female. — Carapace dusky light brown to nearly black. Sternum and
legs yellowish, the latter dusky proximally. Abdomen dark grey or black-
Chamberlin — North American Spiders of Gnaphosidae. 169
ish above, lighter below. Posterior row of eyes slightly procurved; median
eyes large and oblique, nearly contiguous, a little farther from laterals.
Upper margin of furrow of chelicera with five teeth, the lower with two.
Met. I and II with a pair of spines. Tib. I unarmed; II with two seriate
spines beneath; III and IV each with a median dorsal spine. Epigynum
with a transverse chitinous rim anteriorly; cavity divided by a septum
which is narrower than the portion of cavity each side.
Length, 5 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.3 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 2.7 mm.
Holotype.~M. C. Z. 71Q (9).
Locality. — Arizona: Cottonia.
Drassyllus dixinus, sp. nov.
FewaZe.^Cephalothorax and legs yellow. Abdomen above dark grey or
blackish, lighter grey below. Posterior row of eyes procurved; median eyes
large and oblique, contiguous with each other and less than their radius
from the laterals. Lateral eyes only very narrowly separated from each
other. Upper margin of furrow of chelicer with five teeth, the lower with
two. Met. I and II with a pair of spines. Tib. I unarmed; II with a sub-
median spine. Septum of epigynum inversely T-shaped.
Length, 3.2 mm.; cephalothorax 1.33 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 1.5 mm.
Holohjpe.—M. C. Z. 5m (9).
Distribution. — La.: Mandeville (type loc); Ga.: Okefenokee Swamp,
Billy's Id.
Drassyllus orgilus, sp. nov.
Female. — Cephalothorax and legs fulvous. Abdomen grey, lighter ven-
trally. Posterior row of eyes procurved; eyes less than radius apart, the
medians large as usual. Met. I and II with a pair of spines. Tib I un-
armed; II with a submedian spine. Upper margin of furrow of cheUcera
with five teeth, the lower with three, or sometimes with only two. Epigy-
num with anterior rim meeting the lateral on each side in an acute, caudally
projecting angle, strongly bent forward in an angle at middle.
Length, 7.3 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.7 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 3.33 mm.
Holotype.—M.C.Z.5M{9). '
Locality . — Texas : Austin .
Drassyllus transversus (Emerton).
Prosthesima transversus Emerton, Trans. Conn. Acad., 1911, 16, p. 406, pi.
5, f . 9, 9a, 9b.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 690 (cf ).
Locality. — Mass.: Blue Hill.
Drassyllus dromeus, sp. nov.
Male. — Carapace and legs fulvous. Sternum yellow. Abdomen dark
grey above, lighter below. Posterior row of eyes slightly procurved;
median eyes large and oblique, half their radius apart, their radius from the
laterals. Upper margin of furrow of chelicera with five or six teeth, the
lower with three, one of which may be obsolete. Met. I and II with a pair
170 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
of spines. Tib. I unarmed; II with 1 o;- 2 spines at middle and one at base.
Tib. + pat. I longer than c^phalotliorax. Tibial apophysis of palpus
straight; median ventral apophysis of bulb long, distally slender, extending
well beyond anterior margin of alveolus.
Length, 5.37 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.25 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 2.66 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 592 (cT).
Locality. — Texas: Austin.
Drassyllus niger (Banks).
Prosthesima niger Banks, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, 1896, p. 62; Proc. Wash.
Acad., 1900, 2, p. 478.
Cotypes.—M.C.Z.718i9)-
Drassyllus aprilinus (Banks).
Zelotes aprilinus Banks, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, 1904, 12, p. 110, pi. 5, f. 7.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 719 ( ? ).
Distribution.— Md.: Chevy Chase (type loc); D. C: Washington;
Ala.;N. Y.: Sea Cliff.
Drassyllus femoralis (Banks).
Zelotes Jemoralis Banks, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1904, ser. 3, 3, p. 336, pi. 38, f. 1.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 720 ( 9 )•
Distribution. — Cal.: Claremont (type loc); Fla.: Altoona; Va.: Falls
Church.
Drassyllus liopus, sp. nov.
Male. — Cephalothorax and legs fulvous. Abdomen light grey, the
scutum small, orange. Posterior row of eyes essentially straight; eyes close
together, less than their radius apart, medians the larger. Met. I unarmed
or with one spine; II with three spines. Tib. I and II unarmed. Upper
margin of furrow of chelicera with five teeth, the lower with three. Tibial
apophysis of palpus much shorter than tibia, its upper distal angle not pro-
longed; embolus mostly concealed.
Length 8 mm.; cephalothorax 3.4 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 4.16 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 593 (c?).
Locality. — Texas: Austin (type loc); Va.: Falls Church.
Drassyllus irritans (Chamberlin).
Zelotes irritans Chamberlin, Jour. Ent. and Zool., 1919 (adv. reprint), and
1920, 12, p. 6, pi. 2, f. 6.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 366 (cf )•
Distribution. — Cal.: Claremont (type loc); Santa Cruz Id.; Sacramento.
The specimens from Santa Cruz Id. present certain differences but these
seem not to be of specific value.
Drassyllus proclesis, sp. nov.
Male. — Carapace and legs testaceous, the sternum more yellowish.
Abdomen grey, the scutum at base testaceous. Eye rows equal in length.
Chamherlin — North American Spiders of Gnaphosidae. 171
Posterior row a little procurved; median eyes larger, almost contiguous
and only about half their radius from the laterals. Upper margin of
furrow of chelicera with six teeth, the lower with three. Met. I and II
with a pair of ventral spines. Tibia I unarmed; II with a submedian spine.
Median ventral apophysis of bulb of apophysis narrowed distad, tip acute
and curved ectad. Embolus exposed, distal end in situ resting in notch
of tarsus.
Length, 6 mm.; cephalothorax, 2.5 mm.; tib. + pat. IV, 2.7 mm.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 652 (o^).
Locality. — Cal.: Santa Barbara.
Drassyllus ethops (Chamberlin).
Zelotes ethops Chamberlin, Jour. Ent. and Zool., 1919 (adv. reprint), and
1920, 12, p. 7.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 362 (im. cT').
Locality. — California : Claremont.
Drassyllus lamprus (Chamberlin).
Zelotes lamprus Chamberlin, Can. Ent., 1920, p. 193, f. 3.
Holotype.—M. C. Z. 489 ( 9 )•
Locality. — Utah: Mill Creek.
Vol. 35, pp. 173-178 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
NEW ASTERACEAE FROM UTAH AND NEVADA.
BY S. F. BLAKE.
During the preparation of the manuscript of the family
Asteraceae for Mr. Ivar Tidestrom's Flora of Utah and Nevada,
the following undescribed species and subspecies have been
found in the collections of the U. S. National Herbarium.
Chrysopsis viscida cinerascens Blake, subsp. nov.
Many-stemmed from a perennial base, 3 dm. high; stems erect, leafy,
densely hispid-pilose and hispidulous with spreading hairs; leaves lance-
obovate, 1.3 to 2.3 cm. long, 3 to 5 mm. wide, obtuse, narrowed to base,
densely and rather harshly cinerascent-hispid-pilose with ascending hairs
and gland-dotted; heads panicled, 1.5 cm. wide, the disk 8 mm. high;
involucre 7 mm. high, the phyllaries lanceolate, acuminate, densely glandu-
lar; longer pappus bristles 6 mm. long, the shorter outer ones 0.6 mm. long.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 508315, collected among rocks
in the oak region, Beaver Canon, Utah, September 2, 1909, by Ivar Tides-
trom (no. 2873).
Related to Chrysopsis viscida (A. Gray) Greene, but distinguished by the
dense pubescence of its stem and leaves.
Aplopappus brickellioides Blake, sp. nov.
Shrub; stem terete, about 2 mm. thick, white-barked, defoliate, rather
densely hispidulous and pilosulous, many of the hairs thick and tipped with
large yellow glands; young branches erect, straw-color, similarly pubescent,
their internodes 2 to 7 mm. long; leaves alternate, sessile by a broad base,
oval or ovate-oval, 1 to 2 cm. long, 5 to 12 mm. wide, acute, spinous-tipped,
sharply dentate with 4 to 6 pairs of lanceolate or triangular acutely spinous-
tipped teeth about 1.5 mm. long, triplinerved from the base or near it and
loosely prominent-reticulate on both sides, light green, pubescent like the
stem; upper leaves reduced, crowded; heads discoid, 12-flowered, sessile,
solitary or in twos at tips of branches; disk campanulate, 8 mm. high, 6 to
7 mm. thick; involucre about 5-seriate, graduate, 7 mm. high, the phyllaries
lanceolate to (inner) linear-lanceolate, acuminate or the outer merely acute,
with indurated whitish l-ribbed base and shorter (in the innermost phyllar-
34— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (173)
174 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
ies obscure) , firm but somewhat spreading herbaceous tip, densely covered
on their exposed surface with large and small sessile and short-stipitate
yellowish glands, and obscurely puberulous below; disk corollas apparently
pale yellow, rather sparsely hispidulous with subglandular erect hairs on
the lower half of the throat, 6 mm. long (tube 1.2 mm., throat slender, 4
mm., teeth triangular-ovate, obtusish, 0.8 mm.); achenes (immature)
oblong, thickened (lenticular?), hispidulous; pappus a single series of about
18 subequal stiff barbellate bristles, 6 mm. long; style branches 1.7 mm.
long, the appendages (0.7 mm. long) lance-ovate, obtusish, densely short-
hispid outside; anther tips lance-subulate, acute, 0.35 mm. long.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 348162, collected among rocks
at Ash Meadows, Sheep Mount, Nevada, altitude 915-1220 meters, May-
October, 1898, by C. A. Purpus (no. 6022).
This new species bears a remarkable superficial resemblance to species
of Coleosanthus (Brickellia), and was originally distributed as Brickellia
atractyloides. In all its technical characters, however, it is distinctly a
member of the group of Aplopappus usually known as Sideranthus. In its
truly shrubby stem it appears to be unique among the northern represen-
tatives of that group.
Aster glaucodes pulcher Blake, subsp. nov.
Similar to Aster glaucodes;^ stem finely hirtellous, except at base, with
mostly gland-tipped hairs, densely so in the inflorescence; phyllaries rather
densely glandular-hirtellous on their exposed surface and obscurely ciliolate,
the outer narrowly oblong, slightly obovate-oblong, or elliptic-lanceolate,
with obscurely greenish rounded or obtuse rarely acute tip, the inner lance-
linear or linear, acute or acuminate, sometimes purplish-tinged above.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 326729, collected at Elk
Ranch, Utah, September 12, 1894, by M. E. Jones (no. 6037).
Other specimens examined: Arizona: Bright Angel Trail, Grand
Canyon, September 10, 1901, Leiberg 5937; same locality, October 22, 1905,
Eastwood 2.
Aster bellus Blake, sp. nov.
Stems numerous, 6 to 12 cm. long, erect or ascending from a branching
woody caudex, flexuous, usually branching, densely cinereous-strigose, very
leafy; lowest leaves tufted, spatulate, 5 to 8 mm. long (including the nar-
rowed petioliform base), 1.2 to 2 mm. wide, obtuse, 1-nerved, glandular and
greenish along midline above, elsewhere densely cinerous-strigose, not
ciliate; lower and middle leaves similar, grading into the linear or very
narrowly linear-spatulate upper ones, these 4 to 7 mm. long, less than 1
mm. wide, acute, similarly pubescent, not ciliate; heads solitary at tips of
stems and branches, on naked densely cinereous-strigillose peduncles 1 to
1.5 cm. long, the rays probably white, turning to reddish-purplish, the disk
whitish, somewhat purplish-tinged when dry; disk about 8 mm. high and
1 Aster glaucodes Blake, nom. nov. Bucephalus glaucus Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.
n. ser. 7: 299. 1840. Aster glaucus Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 159. 1841. Not A.
glaucu* Nees. 1818.
Blake — New Asteraceae from Utah and Nevada. 175
wide; involucre about 4-seriate, strongly graduated, 6 to 7 mm. high, the
phyllaries lanceolate, acuminate, shortly pilose-strigose, green-centered,
more or less purplish above and toward margin, with narrow whitish scari-
ous obscurely ciliate border; rays about 8 mm. long; achenes. 5-angled,
densely subsericeous-pubescent between the angles; pappus bristles white,
slender, stiff, 5 mm. long, a few shorter slender outer bristles sometimes
present.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 348129, collected in gravelly
soil, Palmetto Range, Nevada, altitude 1830-2135 meters, May-October,
1898, by C. A. Purpus (no. 5906).
In Rydberg's key to Leucelene (Fl. Rocky Mts. 892) this species runs to
L. arenosa Heller and L. serotina Greene. It is distinct in the dense ciner-
eous strigosity of its leaves and stem.
Erigeron caespitosus anactis Blake, subsp. nov.
Rays wanting; involucre densely glandular-puberulous, sometimes also
sparsely hirsute toward base.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 348269, collected in rocky
places, Mt. Irish, Nevada, May-October, 1898, by C. A. Purpus (no. 6321).
In its perennial caespitose habit, its densely spreading-hirsutulous stems
(about 15 cm. high) and triplinerved spatulate-obovate or spatulate-
oblanceolate obtuse or merely acute basal leaves, its solitary or paired
heads, and conspicuously graduated involucre, this hew subspecies agrees
with typical Erigeron caespitosus Nutt. It differs conspicuously, however,
in the lack of rays, and to a less degree in the paucity or entire absence of
long hairs on the involucre, being approached in this latter character by
some specimens of the typical form.
Bahia ourolepis Blake, sp. nov.
Few-stemmed erect perennial, 40 cm. high; stems whitish, appressed-
puberulous in lines, bearing a few sessile glands toward apex; lowest leaves
opposite, the others alternate, those above the lower third of stem greatly
reduced; petioles slender, 1 to 2.5 cm. long, sparsely puberulous with
appressed white hairs; blades elliptic or lance-ovate, 2.8 to 4.7 cm. long, 8
to 15 mm. wide, obtuse or acutish, acutely cuneate at base, entire, tliick,
impressed-punctate, puberulous with short appressed white hairs, glabres-
cent, 3-nerved; upper leaves much reduced, lanceolate or linear-subulate,
1 to 2 cm. long, 1 to 3 mm. wide; heads about 3, on pedicels 1 to 2.5 cm.
long; disk hemispheric, 9 to 10 mm. high, 15 mm. thick; involucre 2-seriate.
equal, 8 to 9 mm. high, the phyllaries lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1 to
1.5 mm. wide, narrowed into caudate-attenuate tips about 3 mm. long,
sparsely appressed-puberulous dorsally, triplinerved; rays oval, yellow,
tridenticulate, about 6 mm. long; disk corollas yellowish, stipitate-glandular
especially on the tube, 5 to 5.5 mm. long (tube 1.5 mm. long, throat funnel-
form, 2.5 mm. long, teeth ovate, erect, 1 mm. long); disk achenes narrowly
obpyramidal, 4-angled, 3.8 mm. long, hispidulous chiefly on the angles;
pappus 2 mm. long, of 12 linear-oblong obtuse or emarginate squamellae
with strong not excurrent midribs.
176 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
«
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 326737, collected at Green
River, Utah, altitude 1370 meters, June 22, 1894, by M . E. Jones (no.
5482 1).
Bahia nudicaulis A. Gray, the only close relative of B. ourole-pis, is dis-
tinguished by its stipitate'-glandular as well as puberulous stem, the longer
hairs of its leaves, and its much broader, oval to elliptic-obovate, densely
stipitate-glandular, obtuse to acuminate, not caudate-tipped phyllaries.
The type of B. ourolepis was distributed as Bahia desertorurn M. E. Jones,
but the type collection of that species in the National Herbarium is identi-
cal with B. ihtegrifolia.
Bahia ouro'epis belongs in the group of Bahia raised to generic rank as
Platyschkuhria by Rydberg. The group has a characteristic aspect, but,
as is the case with Rydberg's other segregates from Bahia (Picradeniopsis
and Amauriopsis), the characters employed for separation do not seem to
be of generic value. The whole group is much better retained in Gray's
sense as a single genus with several sections, distinguished by habital
features, by the proportions of the disk corollas, and, in the case of Amauri-
opsis, by the absence of pappus.
Tetradymia comosa tetrameres Blake, subspi nov.
Closely similar to T. comosa in habit and foliage; fascicles of linear gla-
brate secondary leaves, about 1 to 1.5 cm. long, often present; involucre
7 to 10 mm. long, its phyllaries 4 or rarely 5, often more narrowly oblong
than in the typical form; flowers 4 or sometimes 5.
Type in the United States National Herbarium, no. 1066206, collected
at Corey Canon, Wassuk Mountains, southwestern Nevada, altitude 1600
meters, June 27, 1919, by Ivar Tidestrom (no. 10072).
Additional specimens examined: Nevada: Winnemucca, Humboldt
County, July, 1901, Griffiths & Morris 42, 95; in 1898, V. Bailey. Wads-
worth, Washoe County, 1902, Griffiths & Hunter 550; in 1919, Tidestrom
10684. Western Nevada, 1875, Lemmon.
In typical Tetradymia comosa A. Gray, which occurs chiefly in southern
California, the phyllaries are 5 or 6, and the flowers 6 to 9. It is possible
that most if not all of the localities for T. comosa in the southern Sierra
Nevada, Coso, and Panamint Mountains of California given in Coville's
"Botany of the Death Valley Expedition" (Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 4: 141.
1893) relate to T. comosa tetrameres, but no material was preserved. The
only material of true T. comosa seen from Nevada is a sheet (herb. N. Y.
Bot. Gard.) collected in hills near Reno, altitude 1435 m., June 20, 1900, by
S. G. Stokes.
The specimen in the Gray Herbarium collected by Lemmon was cited
first in the description of the species. It is not to be taken as the type, how-
ever, both because it is merely a specimen in young bud, from which the
characters could not have been drawn, and because the species was referred
by Gray to the Section Lagothamnus, the chief character of which is the
possession of a 5 to 9-flowered involucre of 5 or 6 phyllaries. There is in
the National Herbarium a specimen in bud collected by Lemmon in 1876
Blake — New Asteraceae from Utah and Nevada. 177
and bearing a label indicating that it was collected in the Sierra Nevada
Mountains of California. Dr. B . L . Robinson writes me that the specimen in
the Gray Herbarium, of which he has kindly sent two heads for examination,
has also a California label, but that it bears the notation "Nevada" in the
hand of Dr. Gray. There can be little doubt that both specimens are of
the same collection and from Nevada.
Ptiloria cinerea Blake, sp. nov.
Perennial (?), about 30 cm. high, freely divaricate-branched, densely
cinereous-tomentulose throughout except on the involucres; lower leaves
deciduous, the middle ones linear-lanceolate, 2.5 cm. long, about 5 mm.
wide across the teeth, acuminate, runcinate-toothed ; the upper entire,
lance-subulate, 1 cm. long or less or reduced to scales; heads few or solitary
at tips of branches and branchlets, erect, on pedicels 2 mm. long or less,
5-fiowered; involucre cylindric, 7 to 8 mm. high, glabrous, the principal
phyllaries 5, linear-oblong, obtuse or rounded, the calyculus of few unequal
ovate acute or acutish phyllaries half as long as the inner, or less; corollas
not well seen; achenes subcolumnar, 3.3 mm. long, 5-angled, whitish,
slightly transverse-rugulose, obscurely hispidulous; pappus brownish-
tinged, 5.5 mm. long, deciduous in a ring, the setae 14, merely hispidulous
for 1 mm. at base, plumose above.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 348173, collected in the
Pahrump Valley, Nevada, altitude 610-915 meters, June, 1898, by C. A.
Purpus (no. 6049). Duplicate in the herbarium of the University of Cali-
f or nil, no. 92336.
Other specimens examined: Ncvada: Ash Meadows, May-October,
1898, Purpus 6080 (herb. Univ. Calif.).
At once distinguished from most members of the genus by its dense
tomentose pubescence. It is nearest P. canescens Greene, of middle Cali-
fornia, known to me only from description, which has a similar pubescence,
but is said to be an annual with a pure white pappus plumose almost
throughout. Unfortunately the specimens of P. cinerea which I have
examined, including two loaned by Professor N. L. Gardner from the Uni-
versity of California Herbarium, do not show the base completely, but the
species appears to be perennial.
Vol 35, pp. 179-189 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
TWO NEW SPECIES OF MORACEAE FROM SOUTH
AMERICA.
BY S. F. BLAKE.
The two new species of the mulberry family here described
from the South American collections of H. M. Curran are both
good-sized forest trees of some commercial importance. Both
species were studied at the request of Professor S. J. Record, of
the Yale School of Forestry, who is engaged in a study of the
woods of this family. The species of Brosimopsis is of interest
as representing a second species of a hitherto monotypic genus.
Brosimum columbianum Blake, sp. nov.
Tree 30 m. high, 60 cm. in diameter; branchlets greenish white, glabrous,
obtusely angled, very leafy; petioles stout, sulcate above, sparsely pubes-
cent, 3 to 5 mm. long; leaf blades ovate or oblong-ovate, 4 to 9 cm. long,
2 to 3.3 cm. wide, shortly falcate-acuminate with obtuse apex, rounded or
cuneate-r iunded at base, entire, subcoriaceous, pale green, glabrous, nar-
rowly marginate, the costa flattish or slightly impressed above, prominent
beneath, the lateral veins 12 to 14 pairs, flattish or obscurely prominulous
above, prominent beneath, the secondaries finely reticulate but flyt on
both sides or even somewhat impressed beneath; receptacles solitary in the
axils, subglobose, 1.5 mm. thick in youth, 11 mm. thick when submature, at
first sessile, the pedicel becoming 1.5 mm. long at submaturity; receptacle
minutely puberulous and covered with peltate finely puberulous and cilio-
late bracts; pistillate flower solitary, the papillose style and stigmatic
branches together 5 mm. long, exserted from a very early period (when
receptacle is 1.5 mm. thick); staminate flowers not seen.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 1,068,154, collected in the
vicinity of Estrella, Cano Papayal, Lands of Loba, Bolivar, Colombia,
April or May, 1916, by H. M. Curran (no. 304). Duplicate in the herbar-
ium of Yale University.
The native name of this timber tree is given by Mr. Curran as "guaya-
mero." The species is nearest Brosimum alicastrum Swartz, not definitely
known from South America, but is distinguished by its smaller leaves and
solitary always sessile young receptacles. It is probable that further
differences will be found when more complete specimens are collected.
35— Phoc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (179)
180 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Brosimopsis diandra Blake, sp. nov.
Tree nearly 30 m. high, 0.5 m. thick; young branchlets purplish-brown,
spreading-pilosulous, the older gray-barked, glabrous; buds subulate,
sparsely sericeous-pubescent, about 5 mm. long; petioles narrowly channeled
above, puberulous, 5 to 8 mm. long; stipules subulate, usually deciduous,
about 5 mm. long; leaf blades oblong-elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 6 to 11 cm.
long, 2 to 3.3 cm. wide, rather gradually and often falcately acuminate to an
obtuse tip, at base broadly rounded or obscurely cordate, entire, subcoria-
ceous, brownish-green on both sides when dry, glabrous above, beneath
obscurely strigillose along the costa and lateral veins and very sparsely so
along the veinlets, feather- veined with 10 to 17 pairs of lateral veins, the
costa impressed above, prominent beneath, the lateral veins flattish or
slightly impressed above, prominulous beneath, diverging at nearly a right
angle and uniting near the margin to form a looped submarginal vein, the
veinlets rather finely reticulate, flattish above, prominulous beneath;
peduncles (of staminate heads) axillary, solitary, erect, puberulous, 4 mm.
long; staminate receptacle (before anthesis) subglobose, 4 mm. thick, with
a few minute bracts at base, not definitely calyculate, densely covered with
flowers and interspersed peltate bracteoles; flowers all staminate, without
rudiment of ovary; bracteoles peltate, 1 mm. long, the slender stipe spread-
ing-puberulous, the lamina suborbicular, puberulous on both sides and
ciliolate; perianth (immature) Imm. long, slightly immersed in the recep-
tacle, its segments 4, oblong, somewhat puberulous, cucuUate-imbricate in
bud; stamrns always 2, crnct in bud, the glabrous thick-subulate filaments
about equaling the subquadrate truncate cordate-based 2-celled anthers.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, no. 704,482, collected in the Rio
Grongogy Basin, Bahia, Brazil, altitude 100-500 meters, October-Novem-
ber, 1915, by H. M. Curran (no. 25). Duplicate in the herbarium of Yale
University.
The native name of this tree is given as "leiteira" by Mr. Curran. The
species is of considerable interest, since it evidently represents a second
species of the hitherto monotypic genus Brosimopsis described in 1895 by
Spencer L. Moore' from Santa Cruz, Matto Grosso, Brazil. In the type
of the genus, B. ladescens S. Moore, the male plant is only a low tree, and
the flowers are tetrandrous.
iTrans. Linn. Soc. Bot. II. 4: 473. pi. 30, f. 6-12, pi. 31. 1895.
Vol. 35, pp. 181-218 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
f'r-
(..
STUDIES IN THE TYRANNID^. ^^
III. The South American Forms of Myiarchus. ^ i>' .!^'
BY W. E. CLYDE TODD.
Myiarchus is one of those involved groups of closely related
forms which from the very beginning has been a source of
trouble to the systematic ornithologist. With the same pattern
of coloration running through the entire group, and such incon-
spicuous variations in form and proportion, it is little wonder
that authors have often failed to appreciate the value of the
characters of the specimens they handled, or to differentiate the
forms represented. The small amount and usually poor quality
of the available material have of course contributed largely
towards the confusion from which the present group, in common
with many others, has suffered. Mr. Ridgway, in the fourth
volume of his great work on "The Birds of North and Middle
America," having so satisfactorily elucidated the various forms
of Myiarchus found in that section, it remains to work out the
South American forms on the same Hues. The present paper
is offered as an attempt toward this end, and has been made
possible as a result of the activities of several institutions in
various parts of South America in recent years. No less than
nine hundred and sixty-three specimens, including considerable
typical and topotypical material, have been examined in the
course of the present investigation. Of these four hundred and
two are in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. The re-
mainder have been loaned by the various institutions specified
in Part I of the present series of papers, and our thanks are due
to these parties, and also to Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood of the Field
Museum of Natural History, Dr. E. W. Nelson of the Bureau of
Biological Survey, and to Mr. Thomas E. Penard of Arhngton,
36— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wabh., Vol. 35, 1922. (181)
182 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Massachusetts, for similar courtesies. We are also indebted
to Drs. Charles W. Richmond and Harry C. Oberholser for their
kindness in verifying certain references. The present paper is
governed by the same conditions as the first of the series.
The South American forms of Myiarchus fall naturally into
four groups, typified respectively by M. tyrannulus, M. pelzelni,
M. ferox, and M. tuberculifer. They range from Panama south-
ward to Argentina, throughout the Tropical Zone, while all of
the groups except the first have a single representative each in
the Subtropical. One species is a winter visitant from eastern
North America. M. pelzelni is said to be a bird of the campos
region in Brazil, but the species in the main are forest-dwellers,
with typical flycatcher habits, and nesting in holes in trees, in
the well-known manner of M. crinitus. Wear and fading affect
the color of the plumage greatly, while birds in ju venal and
immature dress show more or less decided rufescent edgings on
the wings and tail. Great care in making comparisons for
geographical differences is thus indicated, while another source
of error to be guarded against arises from the circumstance that
preserved skins fade out with age, old specimens being appreci-
ably paler than those freshly collected. The diagnoses and
descriptions in the present paper are based (unless otherwise
specified) on adult specimens in fresh unfaded plumage.
References to the birds of this group are very numerous in the
literature of South American ornithology, but the various forms
have been so imperfectly understood that the synonymy is
exceedingly involved. In many cases it is difficult or impossible
to determine from a study of the text what form or forms cer-
tain authors had in hand, and it is to be hoped that those
European ornithologists who may have access to the specimens
(if extant) on which such records were based will look them up
and publish their results. The first serious attempt to review
the group as a whole was by Coues in 1872. His treatment is
very unsatisfactory, partly because of insufficient and poor
material, and partly by reason of failure to reahze the signifi-
cance of the characters in this group. In some respects he even
left the nomenclature in a more confused state than before.
Sclater's treatment in Volume XIV of the Catalogue of the Birds
in the British Museum (1888) was a great improvement,
although he did not recognize subspecies. Mr. Ridgway indi-
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidoe. 183
cated the true systematic position of some of the South Ameri-
can forms in deahng with the North American members, while
Mr. Hellmayr and the late Count von Berlepsch have made
sundry contributions to the subject.
In the key which follows Myiarchus semirufus Sclater has not
been included. This species has recently been made the type
of a new genus, Muscifur, by Messrs. Bangs and Penard.
Every one of the diagnostic structural characters claimed for it
by these authors we find repeated in typical Myiarchus, leaving
only the different color-pattern to be considered, and an
additional character in what appears to be the rougher scutella-
tion of the tarsi. Whether under the circumstances Muscifur
deserves recognition is an open question. Probably it would be
better to keep its type in Myiarchus in spite of its aberrant
coloration.
Key to the South American Forms of Myiarchus.
A. Rectrices with more or less cinnamon.
a. Throat and breast pale neutral gray; posterior under parts
brighter yellow ...Myiarchus crinitvs.
a'. Throat and breast pallid neutral gray; posterior under parts paler
yellow {Myiarchus tyrannulus) .
b. General coloration darker; upper parts more grayish.
c. All the rectrices except the middle pair with broad inner
margins of cinnamon, sharply defined from the brownish
area — - Myiarchus tyrannulus tyrannulus.
c'. Outer rectrices with little or no cinnamon, and the cinna-
mon color not sharply defined on any
Myiarchus tyrannulus bahioe.
h'. General coloration paler; upper parts more greenish
Myiarchus tyrannulus pallescens.
A'. Rectrices without cinnamon (except sometimes as a narrow external
edging),
a. Larger forms; wing of male averaging not less than 90 mm., of
female not less than 85 mm.
b. Pileum not strongly contrasted with the back,
c. Rectrices without conspicuous paler tips.
d. Tail relatively shorter, approximately nine-tenths of
the wing; outermost (tenth) primary relatively
longer, exceeding or only slightly shorter than fourth ;
bill weaker and lighter colored,
e. Above lighter, more olivaceous.
f. Above paler (Saccardo's olive); breast more
strongly contrasted with abdomen
Myiarchus pelzelni.
184 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
f. Above darker (dark olive); breast less strongly
contrasted with abdomen
Myiarchus sordidus.
e'. Above darker, more dusky Myiarchus 'phoeonotus.
d'. Tail relatively longer, averaging more than nine-tenths
of the wing; outermost (tenth) primary relatively
shorter, conspicuously shorter than fourth; bill
stouter and darker colored,
e. Outermost pair of rectrices without conspicuous
paler external margins {Myiarchus ferox).
f. Above darker (dark o]ive) ....Myiarchus ferox ferox.
f. Above paler (light olive).
g. Above moderately pale (dull brownish olive) .
h. Pileum more brownish
Myiarchus ferox swainsoni,
h'. Pileum more dusky
Myiarchus ferox venezuelensis.
g'. Above decidedly pale (Saccardo's oUve)
Myiarchus ferox panamensis.
e'. Outermost pair of rectrices with conspicuous paler
external margins Myiarchus cephalotes.
c'. Rectrices with conspicuous paler tips.. ..Myiarchus apicalis.
h'. Pileum strongly contrasted with the back.
c. Pileum gray anteriorly, becoming black posteriorly
Myiarchus phceocephalus.
c'. Pileum wholly black Myiarchus atriceps.
a'. Smaller forms; wing of male averaging not more than 81 mm., of
female not more than 75.5 mm. {Myiarchus tuherculifer) .
b. General coloration duller; upper parts plain olive, the pileum
darker, but not strongly contrasted with the back; gray
of imder parts deeper (pale neutral gray)
Myiarchus tuherculifer tricolor,
b'. General coloration somewhat brighter; upper parts between
deep olive and citrine drab, the pileum dusky black, in
contrast with the back; gray of under parts lighter (pallid
neutral gray) Myiarchus tuherculifer tuhercidifer.
b". General coloration decidedly brighter; upper parts olive
citrine, the pileum deeper black in strong contrast ; anterior
under parts pallid neutral gray
Myiarchus tuhercidifer nigriceps.
Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus).
(South American references only.)
Myiarchus crinitus von Berlepsch, Journ. f. Orn., XXXII, 1884, 277,
303 (Bucaramanga, Colombia). — Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
XII, 1898, 137 ("Santa Marta," Colombia).— Allen, Bull. Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 142 (Bonda, Colombia).— Allen, Auk, XVII,
1900, 364 (Bonda, Colombia; von Berlepsch's and Bangs' records). —
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 185
Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVII, 1904, 29 ("Santa Marta
Mountains," Colombia, winter, in range). — Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 613 (Colombian localities and references). —
Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911, 1137 (N6vita and Noanamd,
Colombia; range; crit.). — Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S. Am., I,
1912, 302 (western Colombia, in range). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 474 (Noanamd, Puerto Valdivia, and La
Manuelita, Colombia). — Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus.,
XIV, 1922, 348 (Santa Marta region, Colombia; localities and references) .
Range. — Eastern North America, south in winter to northern and
western Colombia.
Remarks. — The Crested Flycatcher is merely a winter resident in South
America, reaching its southern limit at this season in Colombia, where it
has been recorded in the Santa Marta region, and in the valleys of the Mag-
dalena, Cauca, Atrato, and San Juan Rivers. It has been taken on Novem-
ber 1 in the fall movement, and as late as April 26 in the spring. The above
comprise all the published records of its occurrence in this region we have
been able to discover.
Specimens examined. — Colombia; Bonda, 1; Mamatoco, 1; El Tambor, 1;
Sautata, 2; Quibdo, 1; Andagoya, 1; Total, 7.
Myiarchus tyrannulus tyrannulus (Miiller).
"Tyrannus cayanensis minor" Brisson, Orn., II, 1760, 400 (Cayenne,.
French Guiana; descr.).
"Petit Tyran de Cayenne" D'Aubenton, PI. Enlum., 1770-86, No. 571,
fig. 1 (figure) .—BuFFON, Hist. Nat. Oiseaux, IV, 1778, 582 (Brisson's
reference).
Muscicapa tyrannulus Muller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 169 (Cayenne,
French Guiana; orig. descr.; ex PL Enlum. 571, fig. 1).
"Tyrant Flycatcher, Var. A." Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, II, 1782, 358
(Cayenne, French Guiana; descr., etc., ex Buffon). — Latham, Gen. Hist.
Birds, VI, 1823, 241 (references; descr., etc.).
Muscicapa aurora Boddaert, Table PI. Enlum., 1783, 34, excl. syn.
(D'Aubenton's plate).
Muscicapa ferox, ^ Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, 1788, 934 (Cayenne, French
Guiana, ex Brisson and Buffon). — Latham, Index Orn., II, 1790, 485
(references).
"Suiriri pardo y roxo" Azara, Apuntamientos, II, 1805, 143 (Paraguay;
descr.; habits).
Muscicapa flaviventris Vieillot, Ois. Am. Sept., I, 1807, 70, part (descr.;
etc.). — Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool., X, 1817, 342 (descr.; referen-
ces).
Tyrannus ferox (not Muscicapa ferox Gmelin) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet.
d'Hist. Nat., XXXV, 1819, 78, part (Paraguay, ex Azara). — Vieillot,
Tabl. Enc. M6th., II, 1822, 848, part (Paraguay, ex Azara).— Tem-
MiNCK, Man. d'Orn., I, 1828, 172 (S. Am.; diag.; ex Swainson).
Tyrannus crinitus (not Muscicapa crinita Linnaeus) D'Orbigny and
Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool., 1837, Syn. Avium, 43 (Corrientes, Argen-
186 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
tina). — D'Orbignt, Voy. Am. M^r., Oiseanx, 1844(?), 306, excl. syn.
part (Corrientes, Argentina, and Yungas, Bolivia; descr.; habits; refer-
ences).— Hartlaub, Index Azara, 1847, 13 (Azara's reference).
(?)Myiarchiis ferox (not Musdcapa ferox Gmelin) Taylor, Ibis, 1864, 87
(Trinidad; Orinoco River, Venezuela).
Myiarchtis tyrannulus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1864,
255 (Mailer's reference).— Giebel, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 662 (syn.
[part]). — VON Berlepsch, Ibis, 1883, 139, note (crit.). — Sclater and
Hudson, Argentine Orn., I, 1888, 156 (Catamarca, Argentina; descr.). —
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 251, part (excl. West Indian
and Bahia localities and references; descr.; crit.). — (?)Dalgleish, Proc.
R. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, X, 1889, 79 (Estancia Ytanu, Paraguay;
descr. nest and eggs). — Kerr, Ibis, 1892, 130 (Fortin Nueve, Rio Pil-
comayo, Argentina). — Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IV, 1892, 342
(Chapadd, Matto Grosso, Brazil; crit.). — Hartert, Ibis, 1893, 298, in
text (crit.). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1894, 44 (Princes-
town and Monos I., Trinidad). — Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1895, 673 (El Valle, Margarita I., Venezuela; descr.
nest and eggs). — Phelps, Auk, XIV, 1897, 365 (Cumand, Cumanacoa,
and San Antonio, Venezuela). — Dalmas, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, XIII,
1900, 139 (Tobago).— Kerr, Ibis, 1901, 226 (Waikthlatingmayalwa,
Paraguay). — Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 145 (in list of species;
range). — Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902, 250 (references; range). — Clark,
Auk, XIX, 1902, 264 (Margarita I., Venezuela). — von Berlepsch and
Hartert, Nov. Zool., IX, 1902, 51 (Altagracia, Caicara, and Ciudad
Bolivar, Venezuela). — Lillo, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3), I, 1902,
187 (Tucumdn and Tapia, Argentina). — Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, 469
(Tatarenda, Bolivia). — Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, XI, 1904, 254
(Salta, Oran, Argentina). — Baer, Ornis, XII, 1904, 221 (Santa Ana and
Tapia, Tucumdn, Argentina). — Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No.
50, IV, 1907, 610 (diag.; syn.).— Lowe, Ibis, 1907, 118 (Blanquilla I.,
Venezuela), 563 (Margarita I., Venezuela). — von Berlepsch, Ornis,
XIV, 1907, 476 (in list of species). — von Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., XV,
1908, 127 (Cayenne, French Guiana) .—Lowe, Ibis, 1909, 318 (Los Tes-
tigos Is., Blanquilla I., and Margarita I., Venezuela; Curasao, Dutch
West Indies; meas.; crit.), 322 (Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela). — Cory,
Field Mus. Orn. Series, I, 1909, 231 (Los Testigos Is., Venezuela), 246
(Margarita I., Venezuela). — Dabbene, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
(3), XI, 1910, 348, part (Argentine localities and range). — Penard,
Vogels Guyana, II, 1910, 260 (Guiana; habits, etc.). — Grant, Ibis, 1911,
122 (Puerto Asir, Paraguay; Pan de Azucar, Brazil; Colonia Mihanovitch,
Argentina). — Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 302 (ref.
orig. descr.; range). — Chubb, Birds British Guiana, II, 1921, 227,
(British Guiana localities; descr.).
Myiobius stolidus (not of Gosse) Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, 1866, 221 (Trini-
dad; descr., etc.).
Myiarchus erythrocercus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1868, 628 (Caracas, Venezuela), 631, part (orig. descr.; no type-locality
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 187
designated; crit.). — Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 333 (Santa Marta, Colombia). —
ScLATER and Salvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 52, part (in list of
species; range). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1876,
16 (Maranura, Peru). — Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, 125 (Santa
Marta, Colombia).— Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 1880, 15, in
text, part (range; crit.). — von Berlepsch, Ibis, 1883, 140, note (crit.). —
Taczanowski, Orn. P6rou, II, 1884, 320 (Maranura, Peru, and Cayenne,
French Guiana; descr.; crit.; references). — von Berlepsch, Journ. f.
Orn., XXXV, 1887, 118 (Paraguay, ex Azara). — Salvadori, Bol. Mus.
Zool. ed Anat. Comp. Torino, X, 1895, No. 208, 11 (Puerto Francia,
Paraguay); XII, 1897, No. 292, 16 (Caiza and San Lorenzo, Bolivia). —
Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII, 1898, 137 ("Santa Marta,"
Colombia).— Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 143 (Bonda,
Santa Marta, and Cacagualito, Colombia); XXI, 1905, 282 (Bonda,
Colombia; descr. nest and eggs).
Pyrocephalus erythrocercus Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 362 (in list, of
species; range).
Pyrocephalus tyrannulus Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 363 (in list of
species; range).
Myiarchus crinitus var. irritabilis (not Tyrannus irritahilis Vieillot) Coues,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1872, 65, part (diag.; Paraguay and
Parana; crit.). — Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, II,
1874, 331, part (diag.; range).
Myiarchus erythrocercus var. erythrocercus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
I, 1878, 140 (range; meas.; crit.).
Myiarchus tyrannulus chlorepiscius von Berlepsch and Leverkuhn, Ornis,
VI, 1890, 16 (San Miguel and Cuyabd, Brazil; orig. descr.; tj^je in coll.
Kiel Mus.).— VON Ihering, Aves do Brazil, 1907, 293 (ref. orig. descr.). —
VON Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 476 (in list of species). — Hellmayrj
Nov. Zool., XV, 1908, 53, in text (crit.). — Hartert and Venturi, Nov.
Zool., XVI, 1909, 203 (Oran, Tucumdn, and Mocovi, Argentina; descr.
nest and eggs). — Bangs and Noble, Auk, XXXV, 1918, 455 (Bellavista,
Peru).— Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 117, 1921, 98 (Santa Ana,
Peru).
Myiarchus brevipennis Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, I, 1892, 12 (Aruba,
Curagao, and Bonaire, Dutch West Indies; orig. descr.; type in coll.
Tring Mus.).— Hartert, Ibis, 1893, 298 (Aruba; crit.), 318 (Savonet,
Curagao), 328 (Bonaire).— Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 145 (ref.
orig. descr.; range). — Hartert, Nov. Zool., IX, 1902, 300 (range; crit.).
—Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 610, 620 (diag.;
range; references). — Lowe, Ibis, 1909, 318, in text (crit.). — Brabourne
and Chubb, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 302 (ref. orig. descr.; range).
Myiarchus oberi (not of Lawrence) Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901,
145, part (Tobago and Margarita Is.). — Brabourne and Chubb, Birds
S. Am., I, 1912, 302 (ref. orig. descr.; range).
Myiarchus chlorepiscius Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 145 (ref. orig.
descr.; range). — Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 302
(ref. orig. descr.; range).
188 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
[Myiarchus] tyrannulus. Var. chlorepiscius Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902,
250 (ref. orig. descr.; range).
[Myiarchus] tyrannulus. Var. bretdpennis Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902,
250 (ref. orig. descr.; range).
Miyarchus tyranny^ (lapsi) Gcbldi, Bel. Mus. Paraense, III, 1902, 293
(Saraydcu, Ecuador, ex Sclater).
Myiarchus tyrannulus tyrannulus Clark, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
XXXII, 1905, 276 (Colombia; Margarita I., Venezuela; crit.). — Hell-
MAYR, Nov. Zool., XIII, 1906, 26 (Chaguaramas and Laventille, Trini-
dad; Tobago; Cumandand Orinoco River, Venezuela). — Cherrie, Mus.
Brooklyn Inst. Sci. Bull., I, 1908, 364 (Pointe Gourde, Trinidad); II,
1916, 243 (Las Barrancas, Ciudad Bolivar, and Caicara, Venezuela;
descr. nest and eggs). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI,
1917, 474 (La Playa, Colombia).— Beebe, Zoologica, II, 1919, 232
(Bartica District, British Guiana). — Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie
Mus.. XIV, 1922, 347 (Santa Marta region, Colombia; references; crit.;
habits).
Myiarchus mexicanus chlorepisdus von Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis,
XIII, 1905, 89 (Santa Ana, Peru; crit.).
Myiarchus tyrannulus brevipennis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., XIII, 1906,
26, in text (crit.). — von Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 476 (in list of
species).— Cory, Field Mus. Orn. Series, I, 1909, 200 (Aruba), 207
(Curagao), 212 (Bonaire), 216 (Los Roques I.), 225 (Blanquilla I.,
ex Lowe).
{l)Myiarchus oberi nugator? Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV,
1907, 619 (Tobago; crit.).
{?)Myiarchus tyrannulus tobagensis Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern,
XII, 1914, 89 (Man-of-War Bay, Tobago; orig. descr.; type in coll.
Munich Mus.).
Description. — Above deep grayish olive, the pileum more or less shaded
with brownish olive ; wings dusky, the primaries with narrow external edg-
ings of argus brown, and the secondaries similarly margined with dull white
or cream color, the margins becoming wider on the tertiaries, and all the
remiges with buffy inner margins ; greater and middle wing-coverts narrowly
edged and broadly tipped with dull whitish or deep olive buff, forming two
bands across the wing; upper tail-coverts buffy brown or dull olive brown,
with more or less conspicuous margins of argus brown; tail dusky, with
indistinct paler brown tip and narrow pale outer margins to the outer rec-
trices; all the rectrices except the central pair with the inner webs largely
cinnamon brown ; throat pallid neutral gray, deepening into light gull gray
on the breast, and passing into naphthalene yellow on the abdomen and
crissum, the sides and flanks shaded with greenish; under wing-coverts
naphthalene yellow; "iris brown; feet and bill black."
In Juvenal dress the upper parts are dull grayish brown, the rectrices
(including the middle pair) are more or less cinnamon on both webs, the
secondary edgings are largely rufescent, the wing-coverts are tipped with
buffy or rufescent, and the under parts from the breast down are almost
white, with only a faint yellow tinge.
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce.
189
Measurements.
Five males
from Colombia
Wing.
(93-95)94
Tail.
(84-87)85
Bill.
(18.5-20)19.3
Tarsus.
(21.5-24.5)22.5
Five males from
Venezuela
(95-99)97
(89-94)90
(19.5-20.5)20.2
(22.5-24)23
Five males from
Curasao
(91-95)93.5
(81-85)84
(20-21)20.4
(22-23)22.4
Five males from French
Guiana
(91-94)92
(80-82)81
(18-20)19
(21-23)21.8
Five males from Matte
Grosso and Paraguay
(92-99)95
(83-90.5)87
(19.5-21)20
(20.5-23)21.8
Five males from Bolivia
(93-101)98
(87-92)89.5
(19.5-21.5)20.3
(21-23)22.2
Five males from
Argentina
(97-100)98
(90-92)91
(19-21)20
(21.5-23)22.3
Five females from
Colombia
(87-90)89
(81-85)83
(18.5-20)19.2
(20-22.5)21.5
Five females from Vene-
zuela and Trinidad
(89-92)90.5
(82-88)84
(18.5-20.5)19.8
(20.5-24)22.4
Two females from
Curasao
(89-91)90
(84-85)84.5
(19.5-20)19.7
(22-22.5)22.3
Five females from
French Guiana
(86-89)88
(76-80)78
(18.5-19)18.7
(20.5-22)21.3
Five females from Matto
Grosso and Paraguay
(89-94)91.5
(82-87)84.6
(18.5-20)19.4
(21.5-23)22.1
Five females from
Bolivia
(92-98)94.5
(82-90)87
(19-20)19.4
(21-22.5)21.8
Four females from
Argentina
(90-99)94
(82-87)85
(18.5-19.5)19.1
(20-21.5)21
Range. — From Central Argentina northward through Paraguay, western
Matto Grosso, BoHvia, Peru, and Ecuador (east of the Andes), to Vene-
zuela (including the Dutch West Indies), thence eastward to Guiana, and
westward to northern Colombia.
Remarks. — The above description is based on specimens in fairly fresh
plumage and average condition. A great deal of variation obtains in the
series examined — more than suffices in other species of Myiarchus to dis-
criminate racial differences, but it is individual and seasonal, certainly not
geographical. In worn plumage the upper parts fade out to brownish,
while in perfectly fresh dress there is often an olivaceous cast to the feathers
above, and the yellow below is purer. A bird from Colombia (No. 38,829,
Collection Carnegie Museum) is very pale above (citrine drab), while
another from Argentina (No. 141,744, Collection American Museum of
Natural History) is unusually dark (near dark olive), and between these
extremes there is every possible degree of variation. We note, too, that
the age of the specimens themselves has considerable to do with their shade
of color. A series from Matto Grosso, Brazil, collected by Herbert H.
Smith in 1885-86, are markedly duller and paler than specimens in com-
parable condition secured in the same general region in more recent years,
and the same is true of the series from the Santa Marta region collected by
Mr. W. W. Brown in 1898-99 as compared with Mr. M. A. Carriker, Jr.'s
later material from the same place. Consequently care must be exercised
in comparing such specimens.
Eliminating young and worn specimens, therefore, and using only such
as are in fact comparable, we can find no sufficient ground for separating a
series from the Caribbean coast region of Colombia from another from
190 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Venezuela and French Guiana. Specimens from the latter country are
topotypical, and average a little smaller than usual, while those from Vene-
zuela are a httle larger, but the difference is not excessive. Birds from the
Dutch West Indies have been separated by Dr. Hartert on the ground of
smaller size and generally paler color above. As shown by the above table
of measurements, examples from Curasao are actually larger than those
from the type-locality, while we can not verify the alleged color-differences
after a careful study of our series. Two birds from Tobago are not dis-
tinguishable in any way either, so far as we can see. Comparing now these
northern birds, considered collectively, with a good series from Brazil
(Matto Grosso), Bohvia, and Argentina, we fail to distinguish the latter
by any constant characters. The form chlorepiscius was based on just
three specimens from Matto Grosso, but the characters assigned are of
absolutely no diagnostic value in view of the large amount of variation
obtaining in this species. At first glance it would seem as if southern birds
had rather more cinnamon rufous in the tail than northern, but further
study shows that this feature is inconstant, and varies in all parts of the
range. There are specimens from Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, and
Brazil which have very little cinnamon rufous in the tail, thus approaching
the race bahice. In the series from Matto Grosso there is a perfect gradation
from specimens having a broad inner rufous margin to the outer rectrices
to those showing none at all, and which could be referred to bahioe just as
well as not. Allen has already remarked on this variation, but it must be
added that some of the specimens on which he based his remarks turn out
to be pelzelni. Taking everything into consideration, therefore, we can not
discover any good reasons for recognizing any geographical races of this
species except bahioe and pallescens, since the slightly larger size of more
southern birds is such a small matter. The present form has a rather
peculiar range, not passing beyond the Andes anywhere except in the
Caribbean coast district of Colombia, but apparently extending southward
along the east base of the Andes into Peru, Bohvia, and Argentina, leaving
the greater part of Brazil to be occupied by the race bahice, with which it
intergrades in Matto Grosso. Light and dark birds occur throughout this
extensive range, and have no geographical significance.
Myiarchus tyrannulus has had an eventful nomenclatural history. It
was described by Brisson in 1760 and independently figured by D' Aubenton
a few years later, the figure serving as the basis for Mtiller's name, applied
in 1776, and for Boddaert's in 1783. Latham and Gmelin considered it as
a "variety" of what is now known as Myiarchus Jerox. Vieillot described
it under still another name. D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye confused it with
the North American M. crinitus, and Coues made it a variety of that form.
Cassin was the first to point out the priority of Miiller's name in 1864, but
it was misapplied until revived by Sclater in 1888, the species having in the
meantime been again christened by Sclater in 1868 as erythrocercus. We
have already discussed the status of the supposed subspecies chlorejyiscius,
brevipennis, and tobagensis.
Specimens examined. — Colombia: Bonda, 5; Cautilito, 1: Mamatoco, 5;
La Tigrera, 4; Fundacion, 6; Rio Hacha, 3; Turbaco, 4; Palmar, 4; "Santa
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 191
Marta Mts.," 21; San Francisco, 1; La Playa, 1. Dutch West Indies: St.
Patrick, Curasao, 1; Savonet, Curagao, 8. Venezuela: Ciudad Bolivar, 8;
Agua Salada de Ciudad Bolivar, 5; Maripa, 6; El Llagual, 6; San Felix, 2;
El Callao, 2; San German de Upata, 1 ; San Esteban, 1 ; Aroa, 1 ; Tocuyo, 2;
El Trompillo, 6; Sierra de Carabobo, 1 ; Margarita Island, 7; Puerto Cabello,
1; El Cuji, Lara, 2; Tucacas, Falcon, 3; Cristobal Colon, Paria Peninsula, 4;
Cumanacoa, 1 ; San Antonio, 3 ; Cumand, 1 ; Las Barrancas, 1 ; Caicara, 9 ;
Maipures, L Trinidad: Carenage, 1; Pointe Gourde, 1; Princestown, 1.
Tobago, 2. British Guiana: Annai, 2; unspecified, L Dutch Guiana:
Coast near Diana Creek, 4. French Guiana: Cayenne, 1; Mana, 10.
Peru: BeUavista, 1; Santa Ana, Urubamba Valley, 1. Bolivia: Puerto
Suarez, 1; Rio Parapeti, 1; Yacuiba, 6; Rio Dolores, 5; Rio Surutu, 1; Pal-
marito, 1; Buenavista, 1; Rio Grande, Prov. Santa Cruz, 1; Mission San
Antonio, Rio Chimore, Prov. Cochabamba, 1 ; Todos Santos, Prov. Cocha-
bamba, 2; Chilon, Prov. Santa Cruz, 1; Vermejo, Prov. Santa Cruz, 1.
Brazil: Chapada, Matto Grosso, 24; Urucum, Matto Grosso, 7; Belvedere
de Urucum, 1. Paraguay: Fort Wheeler, Paraguayan Chaco, 2; Rio
Negro, 3; Puerto Pinasco, 2; unspecified (Parana River), 2. Argentina:
Rio Bermejo, 5; Miraflores, 1; Embarcacion, 2; Concepcion, Tucum^n, 1;
Timoca, Tucum^n, 1; Tafi Viejo, Tucumd,n, 3; Salta, Oran, 1; Las Pahnas,
Chaco, 2; Ocampo, Chaco, 3; Chaco de Salta, 1; Mocovi, Chaco Santa Fe, 1;
Tapia, Tucimidn, 1; Tafi Trail, Tucum^n, 6. Total, 254.
Myiarchus tyrannulus bahise von Berlepsch and Leverkiihn. .
Muscicapa ferox (not of Gmelin) Wied, Beitrage Naturg. Bras., Ill, 1831,
855 (Rio [Janeiro], Cabo Frio, and Campos dos Goaytacases, Brazil;
descr.).
Myiarchics ferox Burmeister, Syst. Ueber. Thiere Bras., II, 1856, 470,
part (Brazil; descr. male). — von Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., ii, 1869, 116, part
(locahties in Brazil; crit.). — (?)Reinhardt, Vidensk. Med. Nat. For.
Kjobenhavn, 1870, 141, part (Lagoa Santa, Brazil; crit.).
(?)Myiarchus crinitus var. irritabilis (not Tyrannus irritabilis Vieillot)
CouES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1872, 65, part (Bahia, Brazil).
Myiarchus nigriceps (not of Sclater) Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., VIII, 1876,
79 (Santarem, Brazil).
Myiarchus tyrannulus (not Muscicapa tyrannulus Miiller) Sclater, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 251, part (Bahia, Brazil).— (?)Tristram,
Cat. Coll. Birds, 1889, 124 (Brazil).— Riker and Chapman, Auk, VII,
1890, 270 (Santarem, Brazil). — Kcenigswald, Journ. f. Orn., XLIV,
1896, 360 (Sao Paulo, Brazil). — von Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paulista, III,
1898, 204, excl. extralimital locahties, part, and V, 1902, 314 (Sao Paulo,
Brazil). — Hagmann, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, IV, 1904, 46, part (Burmeister's
reference), 89 (von Pelzeln's reference). — von Ihering, Aves do Brazil,
1907, 293, part (localities in southern Brazil). — Snethlage, BoI. Mus.
Goeldi, VIII, 1914, 388 (Monte Alegre, Brazil; diag.).
Myiarchus bahioe von Berlepsch and LeverkIjhn, Ornis, VI, 1890, 17,
in text (Bahia [type-locaUty] and Goyaz, Brazil; orig. descr.; type in
coll. — ?). — Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 302 (ref. orig.
descr.; range).
192 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Myiarchus tyrannulus bahice von Ihering, Aves do Brazil, 1907, 294
(Bahia, Brazil).— von Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 476 (in list of
species). — Hellmayb, Nov. Zool., XV, 1908, 53 (Goyaz and Rio Ara-
guaya, Brazil; meas.; crit.). — Hellmayr, Abhand. K. Bayerischen Akad.
Wiss., Math.-phys. KL, XXVI, 1912, 90 (Rio Murid, Brazil, ex Natterer;
crit.). — VON Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paulista, IX, 1914, 442 (Joazeiro,
Brazil; descr. eggs).
Subspedfic characters. — Similar to Myiarchus tyrannulus tyrannulus, but
cinnamon rufous area on tail not sharply defined from the dusky, and
almost or quite wanting on the two outermost feathers on each side.
Measurements. — Male: wing, 92-99 (average, 95); tail, 83-91 (86); bill,
19.5-21.5 (20.5); tarsus, 21.5-24 (23). Female (five specimens): wing,
92-97 (93); tail, 84-87 (85); bill, 18.5-20.5 (20); tarsus, 20.5-23 (21).
Range. — Brazil, from the lower Amazon Valley to Sao Paulo (except the
Ceara region).
Remarks. — It would seem as if von Berlepsch and Leverkiihn did not
place much faith in their new form, since they failed to describe it formally.
It is a perfectly good race, however, quite distinct from the typical form,
having a differently colored tail. As a rule the outer pair of rectrices, and
often also the next pair, are without rufous, but sometimes there is a narrow
edging of this color on the inner web of the feathers. Birds of this type are
occasional anywhere in the range of tyrannulus, but in central and eastern
Brazil they are found to the exclusion of the other (so far as known).
With an unusually fine series at our command we can discover no other
characters for the separation of bahice, which should undoubtedly stand as
a subspecies of tyrannulus.
Specimens examined. — Brazil: Santarem, 20; Itaituba, 1; Apacy, 1;
Obidos, 8; Serra de Eur6, 2; Serra de Paituna, 1; Monte Alegre, 2; Cametd,
Rio Tocantins, 1; Bahia, 1; Itarare, Sao Paulo, 1; Victoria, Sao Paulo, 2;
Bebedouro, Sao Paulo, 1; Itapura, Sao Paulo, 1. Total, 42.
Myiarchus tyrannulus pallescens Cory.
Myiarchus tyrannulus pallescens Cory, Field Mus. Orn. Series, I, 1916,
343 (Jua, Ceard, Brazil; orig. descr.; type in coll. Field Mus.).
Subspedfic characters. — Similar to Myiarchus tyrannulus tyrannulus,
but coloration in general paler, and upper parts more greenish.
Measurements. — Male (two specimens): wing, 94-95; tail, 86-87; bUl,
19-20; tarsus, 21-22.
Range. — Known only from the type-locality, in extreme northeastern
Brazil.
Remarks. — In view of the extent of the area over which bahioe ranges
without varying it is surprising to find a different form inhabiting a com-
paratively restricted area in extreme northeastern Brazil. Although only
two specimens have been examined in this connection, they apparently
represent a valid race. The throat and breast are a shade paler gray (pallid
neutral gray) than in bahioe, and the upper parts are obviously paler and
more greenish (near citrine drab), with the pileum decidedly brownish.
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 193
There is also more cinnamon rufous on the rectrices than in bahioe, this
especially obvious on the outer pair basally. The yellow of the posterior
under parts is about the same.
Specimens examined. — Brazil: Jua, Gear A, 2.
Myiarchus pelzelni von Berlepsch.
Myiarchus tyrannulus (not Muscicapa tyrannulus Miiller) Coues, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1872, 71, part (Bahia, Brazil). — Barrows,
BuU. Nuttall Orn. Club, VIII, 1883, 202 (Concepcion, Uruguay).
Myiarchus pelzelni von Berlepsch, Ibis, 1883, 139 (Bahia, Brazil; orig.
descr.; type in coll. H. von Berlepsch). — Reichenow and Schalow,
Journ. f. Orn., XXXIV, 1886, 87 (reprint orig. descr.). — Sclater, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 125 (Bahia, Brazil, and Oyapoc, French
Guiana; descr.; crit.). — von Berlepsch and Leverkuhn, Ornis, VI,
1890, 17 (Pontinho and Bahia, Brazil; crit.). — Sharpe, Hand-List Birds,
III, 1901, 145 (in list of species; range). — Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XXV, 1903, 135, in text (crit.). — von Berlepsch and Stolzmann,
Ornis, XIII, 1905, 89 (Santa Ana, Peru; meas.; crit.). — Nicoll, Ibis,
1906, 668 (Itaparica I., Brazil; habits; crit.). — von Ihering, Aves do
Brazil, 1907, 294 (Bahia, Brazil).— Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No.
50, IV, 1907, 612 (diag.; references).— VON Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV, 1907,
477 (in list of species). — von Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., XV, 1908, 128
(Oyapoc, French Guiana, ex Sclater). — Penard, Vogels Guyana, II, 1910,
261 (Cayenne, French Guiana). — Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S. Am.,
I, 1912, 303 (ref. orig. descr.; range). — Hellmayr, Abhand K. Bayeris-
chen Akad. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., XXVI, 1912, 110, 120 (Fazenda
Nazareth, Mexiana I., Brazil; range; meas.; crit.). — Snethlage, Bol.
Mus. Gceldi, VIII, 1914, 389 (Boim, S. Natal, and Mexiana I., Brazil;
diag.).— Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 117, 1921, 99 (von Ber-
lepsch and Stolzmann's record).
Myiarc/ius/eroaorCABANis, Journ. f, Orn., XXXI, 1883, 214 (Tucumdn,
Argentina; orig. descr.; type in coll. Berlin Mus.). — Reichenow and
Schalow, Journ. f. Orn., XXXIV, 1886, 87 (reprint orig. descr.).
Myiarchxis ferox (not Muscicapa ferox Gmelin) Allen, Bull. Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist., IV, 1892, 346, part (Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil; crit.).
— NicoLL, Ibis, 1904, 40, part (Bahia, Brazil). — Dabbene, An. Mus. Nac.
Buenos Aires, (3), XI, 1910, 348, part (range).
Myiarchus swainsoni var. pelzelni Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902, 251 (ref.
orig. descr.; range).
Myiarchus ferox ferodor Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., XVI, 1909,
203 (Barracas al Sud and Ocampo, Argentina; crit.; descr. eggs).
Myiarchus fortirostris Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXVI, 1913,
171 ("Provence del Sara" [i. e., Buenavista], Bolivia; orig. descr.; type
in coll. Carnegie Mus.). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
XXXVI, 1917, 475 (Florencia, Colombia, and east Peru; crit.).
Myiarchus cephalotes (not of Taczanowski) Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
No. 117, 1921, 98, part (Chauillay, Urubamba Canon, Peru).
194 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Description. — Above Saccardo's olive, the pileum more brownish, the sides
of the head deeper brown, in more or less abrupt contrast ; wings dusky brown,
the middle and lesser coverts margined and tipped with olive buff, the inner
primaries and secondaries margined externally with cartridge buff, in
gradually increasing amount; inner webs of remiges margined with pale
buffy; upper tail-coverts Saccardo's umber; tail dusky brown, with indis-
tinct paler tip and edgings; throat and breast pallid neutral gray; rest of
under parts sulphur yellow (including under wing-coverts); "iris brown;
feet black; bill brown above, paler brown below."
Measurements.
Wing.
Tail.
Bill.
Tarsus.
Two males from Brazil
(87-92)89.5
(78-80)79
(17-17.5)17.3
(20-20.5)20.3
One male from Bolivia
100
88
17
22
Seven males from
Argentina
(97-103)99
(86-92)89.5
(17.5-19)18.3
(21-22.5)21.7
Five females from Brazil
(84-88)86
(75-87)80
(16-17.5)16.5
(19-21.5)20
Four females from
Bolivia
(92-94)93
(81-82)81.5
17.5
(20.-5-21.5)21
One female from
Argentina
96
85
17
22
Range. — From Guiana south to Buenos Aires, Argentina, and west to
the Andes.
Remarks. — Immaturity is indicated in specimens with rusty cinnamon
edgings to the remiges and rectrices, and buffy under tail-coverts. Entirely
aside from this, however, and from the effects of wear, there is much varia-
tion, affecting the general coloration and the size and shape of the bill. In
some examples, notably the type-specimen of Myiarchus "fortirostris,"
this member is shorter, stouter, and relatively higher, with the culmen more
rounded and the tip less strongly hooked than is usually the case in Myiar-
chus. Normally the upper parts in fresh plumage are as described, Sac-
cardo's olive, but occasionally they incline to grayish — in one specimen
(No. 284,412, U. S. National Museum, Victorica, Argentina) being almost
mouse gray. The yellow of the under parts is sometimes very pale or barely
indicated, and sometimes tinged with dull greenish. Wear and fading pro-
duce marked changes in color also.
How many of the earlier Myiarchus records for South America east of
the Andes may pertain to the present form it is impossible to say, but it is
likely that a species with such a wide range must occasionally have fallen
under the eye of ornithologists. At any rate, Coues in 1872, with a speci-
men before him, failed to recognize it, and it was not until 1883 that von
Berlepsch pointed out its distinctive characters. His description appeared
in the Ibis for April of that year, while in the Journal fiir Ornithologie of
ostensibly even date Cabanis described a new species of the same group
under the name Myiarchus ferocior. We find, however, in the issue of the
latter journal a reference to the receipt of the April number of the Ibis,
which would give von Berlepsch's name a slight priority. By most authors,
however, ferocior has been either ignored or misapplied, and while Messrs.
Hartert and Venturi have apparently placed it correctly on the form to
which it belongs, they make the mistake of considering it a subspecies of
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 195
ferox, with which it has clearly nothing to do, being in fact merely a slightly
larger race of pelzelni, very doubtfully worthy of formal recognition. Again
in 1913, with only a single specimen of rather unusual character before him,
the present writer was misled into perpetrating another synonym for the
same bird, comparing it with specimens of Myiarchus ferox swainsoni from
Paraguay which had been erroneously determined. In order to settle the
status of fortirostris beyond question, topotypical specimens were recently
sent to Mr. C. E. Hellmayr for comparison with Cabanis' type oi ferodor,
and he reports that they are the same.
While it is true that Argentine specimens are larger than those from
northern Brazil, there appears to be no difference in color. No sexed speci-
mens in good condition from Bahia, the type-locality, are available at this
writing, but taking the series as a whole the propriety of recognizing two
forms, based wholly on difference in size, is questionable, and we prefer to
refer them to a single variable species, easily recognized by its generally
paler, more uniform coloration as compared with any of the forms of ferox,
as well as by its different proportions. In ferox the wing is but little longer
(occasionally even shorter) than the tail, with a very short tip, and short
outermost primary, always decidedly shorter than the fourth. In pelzelni
the wing is relatively longer, approximately one-tenth more than the tail,
with a longer tip, and longer outermost primary, exceeding the fourth or but
little less. The bill, too, averages smaller and paler, more brownish, in
color. In all these characters of form and proportion the species agrees
with M. sordidus and M. phceonotus, these three comprising a group by
themselves within the genus.
Habits. — Myiarchus pelzelni is preeminently a species of the campos
region, instead of the deep forest. Mr. M. J. NicoU, who met with it on
Itaparica Island, near Bahia, says that it "was found singly or in pairs
among the clumps of mango-trees which grow in abundance in the open
glades of the forest. At a distance it is easily mistaken for M. ferox."
Prof. Barrows intimates that in Uruguay it is a migratory species; he speaks
of finding a "loose nest of hair, feathers, etc., in a hollow stub five feet from
the ground. It contained three eggs which in color and markings were
precisely like those of M. crinitus, but a little smaller. " A similar descrip-
tion is given by M. Venturi.
Specimens examined. — Colombia: Florencia, Caqueta, 1. Peru: Chauil-
lay, Urubamba Cafion, 1; unspecified, 1. Bolivia: Buenavista, 2;
Cercado de Santa Cruz, 1; Rio Surutu, 3; Rio Dolores, 1; Todos Santos,
1; Trinidad, Rio Mamore, 1. Argentina: Miraflores, 1; Rio Bermejo,
Chaco Central, 1; Ocampo, 1; Barracas al Sur, 1; Formosa, 2; Las Talas, 1 ;
Concepcion, Tucuman, 1; Victorica, 2. Uruguay: Concepcion, 3. Brazil:
Chapada, Matto Grosso, 9; Tapirapoan, Matto Grosso, 1; Urucum, Matto
Gross(^ 1; Bahia, 5; Santa Maria, Mexiana I., 1; Cachoeira, Rio Purus, 1.
Total, 43.
Myiarchus sordidus Todd.
Myiarchus sordidus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXIX, 1916, 96
(El Trompillo, Carabobo, Venezuela; orig. descr.; type in coll. Carnegie
Mus.).
196 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Myiarchus ferox venezuelensis (not of Lawrence) Cherrie, Mus. Brooklyn
Inst. Sci. Bull., II, 1916, 244, part (Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela).
Description. — Above dark olive; pileum subcrested, with darker centers
to the feathers; upper tail-coverts tinged with rusty; auricular region tinged
with brownish; wings brown, with sHght paler outer edgings, more promi-
nent and whitish on the inner secondaries, the middle and greater coverts
edged and tipped with grayish brown, forming two indistinct wing-bands;
tail deep brown, the rectrices with obscure external edgings of rusty brown,
the outermost pair with narrow buffy white external margins; throat and
breast pale neutral gray; abdomen and under tail and wing-coverts prim-
rose yellow, much tinged with olivaceous laterally and anteriorly; tibiae
duU brown; bill above brown (in skin), paler below; feet black; "iris seal
brown" (Cherrie).
Measurements. — Female (four specimens) : wing, 88-90 (average, 89) ;
tail, 81-84 (82.5); bUl, 16-18 (16.8); tarsus, 19.5-20 (19.7). (No adult
males seen).
Range. — Northern Venezuela and Guiana, south to Rio Grande do Sul,
southern Brazil.
Remarks. — In immature dress, represented by several specimens, the
crissum is washed with buffy cinnamon, and the remiges and rectrices are
more or less broadly edged with rusty cinnamon, as in other species of this
group. Of the series of five specimens from the type-locality, the type
itself is the only fuUy adult bird.
This species has nothing to do with M. ferox venezuelensis, with which it
has been carefully compared, being much paler, dingier, duller, and more
greenish yellow below and under the wings; the gray of the throat and
breast is not abruptly defined posteriorly, but merges gradually into the
greenish yellow color and tinges it for a considerable distance, especially on
the sides, giving a shaded olivaceous effect; the back is of a purer olivaceous,
with the head merely a little browner, the ear-coverts the same ; there is no
grayish color about the eyes or lores; the bill, too, is shorter, weaker, and
paler in color. Moreover, the wing-formula is entirely different, the tenth
(outermost) primary being nearly equal to or even longer than the fourth,
instead of decidedly shorter, while the tail is always decidedly shorter than
the wing. In all its proportions M. sordidus thus resembles M. pelzelni,
but differs in being very much darker colored throughout.
At the time this form was described it was supposed to be confined to a
restricted area in northern Venezuela, but such proves not to be the case.
Additional specimens have turned up in the collections of other institutions,
not only from the Orinoco region and British Guiana, but also from the
lower Amazon Valley (Santarem to Pard), and even from the States of Sao
Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. As this extensive range
embraces territory in which M. pelzelni is also found, they must be distinct
species, although related. It is true that pelzelni varies considerably in
color, but the specimens here referred to sordidus are obviously out of place
in a series of that species, while agreeing fairly well among themselves. At
the same time additional material from Brazil is very desirable in order to
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 197
fully establish the status of the present form, which seems to have gone
unrecognized until recently, having passed for ferox for the most part, as
shown by an inspection of the labels attached to the specimens. The
soiled greenish yellow color of the posterior under parts, in connection with
the proportions of the bill, wings, and tail, is a uniform characteristic of
the form in question.
Specimens examined. — Venezuela: El Trompillo, Carabobo, 5; Ciudad
Bolivar, 1; Agua Salada de Ciudad Bolivar, 1. British Guiana: Annai, 1.
Brazil : Benevides, 1 ; Santarem, 1 ; Piassaguera, Sao Paulo, 1 ; Santa Maria
River, Rio Grande do Sul, 2; Rio Negro, Parana, 1. Total, 14.
Myiarchus phaeonotus Salvin and Godman.
Myiarchus phceonotus Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1883, 207 (Merume
Mountains, British Guiana; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.). —
Salvin, Ibis, 1885, 298 (Mount Roraima, 3500 feet, British Guiana).—
Reichenow and Schalow, Journ f. Orn., XXXIV, 1886, 87 (reprint
orig. descr.).— ScLATER, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 255 (Mount
Roraima and Merume Mountains, British Guiana; descr.; references). —
Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 146 (in list of species; range). —
Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902, 251 (ref. orig. descr.; range). — Ridgway,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 612, note (crit.)— von Ber-
LEPSCH, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 477 (in list of species). — Penard, Vogels
Guyana, II, 1910, 261 (Guiana; descr.). — Brabourne and Chubb,
Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 303 (ref. orig. descr.; range). — Chubb, Birds
British Guiana, II, 1921, 229 (British Guiana references and localities;
descr.).
Description. — Above between deep and dark grayish olive, passing into
dusky brownish on the pileum and sides of the head ; wings dusky brownish,
the coverts and secondaries with paler (light grayish olive) edgings, becom-
ing nearly white on the tertiaries; inner margins of remiges dull whitish;
upper tail-coverts and tail dusky brownish; throat and fore breast pale
neutral gray; rest of under surface and under wing-coverts Marguerite yel-
low; bill (in skin) dark brown above, paler below; feet black.
Measurements. — Male (one specimen): wing, 93; tail, 84; bill, 17.5;
tarsus, 20.
Range. — Mount Roraima and Merume Mountains, British Guiana.
Remarks. — This proves to be a very distinct form, having nothing to do
with M. ferox, as suggested by Mr. Ridgway, but belonging in the same
group as M. pelzelni and M. sordidus, having the same small bill, relatively
short tail, and long outer primary. It is nearest the latter, but is decidedly
darker above, and has evidently been developed on the higher elevations
of British Guiana, where it was discovered by Whitely in 1881.
Specimens examined. — British Guiana: Merum6 Mountains, 1.
Myiarchus ferox ferox (Gmelin).
"Tyrannus cayanensis" Brisson, Orn., II, 1760, 398 (Cayenne, French
Guiana; descr.).
198 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
"Tyrant Flycatcher" Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, II, 1782, 357 (descr.;
excl. Buffon ref.). — Latham, Gen. Hist. Birds, VI, 1823, 241, excl. syn.
part (descr.; references).
Muscicapa ferox Gmelin, Syst. Nat., I, 1789, 934, part (ex Brisson and
Latham; diag.). — Latham, Ind. Orn., II, 1790, 485 (diag.; references
[part]). — Lesson, Traite d'Orn., 1831, 382 (in list of species).
Tyrannus ferox Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat., XXXV, 1819, 78, part
(Cayenne, French Guiana; descr.). — Vieillot, Tabl. Enc. Meth., II,
1822, 848, part (French Guiana; descr.; references).
Tyrannula ferox (?)Hartlaub, Syst. Verz. Nat. Samm. Ges. [Bremen],
1844, 49, excl. syn. ("Sudamerica"). — Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, I,
1850, 190, excl. syn. part (in list of species).
Myiarchus ferox von Tschudi and Cabanis, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1846,
153 (Peru; descr.).— Cabanis, Arch. f. Naturg., 1847, 248 (in list of
species). — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 233, part (Pard, Brazil; refer-
ences).— Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, 578
(Mexiana I., Brazil). — von Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., ii, 1869, 116, part
(Engenho do Cap. Gama, Borba, Marabitanas, Forte do Rio Bianco, and
Rio Muria, Brazil; crit.). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1873, 281 (Xeberos, Chamicuros, and Santa Cruz, Peru; descr. nest and
eggs).— Sclater, Ibis, 1887, 318 (Maccasseema, British Guiana). —
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 253, part (records and refer-
ences from eastern Peru, northern and eastern Brazil, etc.; descr.; crit.). —
RiKER and Chapman, Auk, VII, 1890, 270 (Santarem, Brazil). — Goeldi,
Aves do Brazil, ii, 1894, 326 (Brazil; descr. nest and eggs). — Gceldi,
Bol. Mus. Paraense, I, 1896, 339 (Rio Murid,, Pard, Brazil, ex Natterer),
346 (Mexiana I., Brazil, ex Wallace). — Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III,
1901, 145, part (in list of species; range). — Dubois, Syn. Avium, I,
1902, 250, part (in list of species; range). — Goeldi, Ibis, 1905, 172 (Para,
Brazil). — Nicoll, Ibis, 1906, 668 (crit.). — von Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV,
1907, 477 (in list of species). — Snethlage, Journ. f. Orn., LVI, 1908,
503 (Goyana and I. do Papageio, Rio Tapajoz, Brazil), 528 (Arumatheua,
Rio Tocantins, Brazil). — von Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., XV, 1908, 128
(Cayenne, Roche-Marie, Approuage, and He le Pere, French Guiana). —
Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, VI, 1909, 229 (range).— Penard, Vogels
Guyana, II, 1910, 261 (Guiana; descr.). — Brabourne and Chubb, Birds
S. Am., I, 1912, 302, part (ref. orig. descr.; range). — Snethlage, Bol.
Mus. Goeldi, VIII, 1914, 388 (localities in lower "Amazonia"; descr.).
Myiobius ferox Gray, Gen. Birds, I, 1847, 248, excl. syn. (in list of species).
Myiarchus tyrannulus (not Muscicapa tyrannulus Miiller) Sclater and
Salvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 52, part (in list of species; range). —
Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., VIII, 1876, 79 (Santarem, Brazil). — Forbes,
Ibis, 1881, 343 (Quipapa to Garanhuns, Brazil; habits). — (?)Salvin,
Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 314 ("S. America"; references).— Taczan-
owsKi, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1882, 22 (Yurimaguas, Peru). — Taczan-
owsKi, Orn. P6rou, II, 1884, 321, excl. syn. part (Yurimaguas; descr.;
crit.).
Myiarchus tyrannulus var. tyrannulus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 330, part (diag.; references; range).
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 199
Myiarchus cantans (not of von Pelzeln) von Berlepsch, Ibis, 1883, 140, in
text (Bahia, Brazil).
Miyarchus (lapsus) ferox Gceldi, Bol. Mus. Paraense, III, 1902, 293
(Amazon records, ex Sclater).
Myarchus (lapsus) ferox Gceldi, Album Aves Amazonicas, 1906, pi. 35,
fig. 2 (lower Amazon).
Myiarchus ferox ferox Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907,
612 (diag.; references).— Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., XVII, 1910, 301 (Cala-
ma, Rio Madeira, Brazil; von Pelzeln's records; crit.). — Hellmayr,
Abhand. K. Bayerischen Akad. Wiss., Math.-phys. Kl., XXVI, 1912.
109 (Fazenda Nazareth, Mexiana I., BrazU; crit.), 120 (Mexiana refer-
ences).— Oberholser, Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1918, 304 (diag.; ref.
orig. descr.; meas.; range; crit.).
(?)Myiarchus ferox insulicola Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, XII,
1915, 202 (Man-of-War Bay, Tobago; orig. descr.; type in coll. Munich
Mus.). — Oberholser, Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1918, 305 (diag.; ref.
orig. descr.; crit.).
Myiarchus cephalotes (not of Taczanowski) Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., No. 117, 1921, 98, part (Rio San Miguel, 4500 ft., Peru).
Description. — Above dark olive, the pileum darker and more sooty, the
rump rather paler; wings dusky brown, the greater and middle coverts
edged and tipped with dull buffy or grayish oUve, the inner primaries and
the secondaries margined externally with light buff, in gradually increasing
amount, and all the remiges with inner margins of dull buffy; upper tail-
coverts and tail dusky brown, with paler tip and external edgings of
brownish olive; sides of head neutral gray; throat and breast light neutral
gray; rest of under parts and under wing-coverts sulphur yellow; "iris
brown; bill and feet black."
This description is based on specimens in absolutely fresh dress. Wear
affects the plumage greatly, dulling all the colors, the yellow below fading
greatly. In ju venal dress the colors are all duller, and the remiges and
rectrices are margined with Brussels brown.
Measurements. — Male: wing, 87-92 (average, 89); tail, 84-91 (87.5);
bill, 18-20 (19); tarsus, 21-23 (22). Female: wing, 83-89 (86); taU,
82-92 (85); bill, 17.5-19 (18.5); tarsus, 21-23 (22).
Range. — French and Dutch Guiana, southern Venezuela, and Amazonian
Colombia, south to eastern Peru, and east and south to Bahia, Brazil.
(Tobago?).
Remarks. — Brisson gave a very full and accurate description of this form
in 1760, which became the chief basis for Gmelin's name ferox. This name
seems to have been correctly applied by most of the earlier authors, up to
1869 at least, when J. E. Gray placed it as a synonym of the tyrannulus
of Muller — a misidentification which was unfortunately followed by Coues in
1872, and has led to much confusion since. The late Count von Berlepsch
was the first to point out this mistake in 1883, while Sclater undertook to
restore the proper names to both forms in 1888, and to allocate the refer-
ences accordingly. Sclater, however, "lumped" all the races of this species
under one name, and his treatment is thus unsatisfactory.
200 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
In this, the typical race, the general coloration averages considerably
deeper than in any of the other known forms, as shown by a comparison of
freshly collected specimens. Old skins are almost invariably faded, and
worn specimens are not suitable for comparison either. Some British
Guiana skins seem to be nearer to this form, while others are indistin-
guishable from venezuelensis. Specimens from the upper Orinoco and
Amazonian Colombia are also best referred here, as well as those from Peru.
Fresh Bahia skins are certainly typical ferox, and not swainsoni, which
indicates the limit of the form in this direction.
Mr. Hellmayr has described the bird from Tobago as a distinct race,
insulicola, on the ground of larger size and darker coloration. The single
specimen (unsexed) we have been able to examine from this island measures :
wing, 90; tail, 89; bill, 20; tarsus, 19.5. It is thus no larger than many
French Guiana skins, nor is it any darker colored, allowing for its rather
worn plumage. The posterior under parts, however, are much duller and
paler than the average, but are approached by some Guiana specimens.
The rusty color on the rectrices is significant of immaturity. The outer
web of the outer rectrix, however, is markedly paler than in any specimens
of ferox in the series consulted, and this may be a good character. It will
require a series to demonstrate the validity of this supposed form, in our
opinion.
Specimens examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 11; Mana, 27; Pied
Saut, 3. Dutch Guiana: Meerzorg, 1; Parako Sarammatta, 1; Geyersvlyt,
1. British Guiana: unspecified, 1. Venezuela: Boca de Sina, Cunu-
cunuma R., upper Orinoco, 2. Colombia: La Morelia, 2; Florencia, 1.
Peru: Candamo, 1; Rio San Miguel, 1. Brazil: Benevides, 4; Santarem,
22; Colonia do Mojuy, 1; Villa Braga, 1; Apacy, 2; Obidos, 2; Islands,
Obidos, 2; Avojutuba, Rio Negro, 4; Monte Alegre, 1; Conceicao, 1; Isla
do Papageio, 1; Isla de Goyana, 1; Arumatheua, 2; Terra Nova, Rio Iriri,
1; St. Antonio da Cachoeira, 1; Sta. Maria, Mexiana I., 1; Mexiana I., 1;
Rio Maicuru, 1; Manacapuru, 1; Forte Ambe, Rio Xingu, 1; Bom Lugar
Rio Purus, 2; Flor do Prado, 2; Bahia, 6. Total, 112.
Myiarchus ferox swainsoni Cabanis and Heine.
Tyrannus ferox (not M uscicapa ferox Gmelin) Swainson, Quart. Journ. Sci.,
XX, 1826, 276 (Brazil; descr.; crit.). — (?)D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye,
Mag. de Zool., 1837, Syn. Avium, 43 (Chiquitos, Santa Cruz, and Yungas,
Bolivia).— D'Orbigny, Voy. Am. Mer., Oiseaux, 1844(?), 306, excl. syn.
part (Yungas, Moxos, and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia; diag.).
Muncicapa ferox (not of Gmelin) Wied, Beitr. Nat. Bras., Ill, ii, 1831,
855 (de.scr.).
Myiarchus ferox (?)Burmeister, Syst. Ueber. Thiere Bras., II, 1856, 470,
part (Brazil; descr. female; crit.). — Euler, Journ. f. Orn., XV, 1867,
228 (Cantagallo, Brazil; descr. nest and eggs). — von Pelzeln, Orn.
Bras., ii, 1869, 116, part (locahties in southern Brazil; crit.). — Rein-
HARDT, Vidensk. Med. Nat. For. Kjobenhavn, 1870, 141, part (Lagoa
Santa, Brazil; crit.).— Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 253,
part (localities and references for Bolivia, southern Brazil, and Argen-
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 201
tina). — ScLATER and Hudson, Argentine Orn., I, 1888, 156, excl. syn.
part (Punta Lara, Mendoza, and Buenos Aires, Argentina; descr.; crit.)-
— Frenzel, Journ. f. Orn., XXXIX, 1891, 122 (Cordoba, Argentina).—
Kerr, Ibis, 1892, 130 (Rio Pilcomayo, Argentina). — Allen, Bull. Am.
Mus. Nat. Hist., IV, 1892, 346, part (Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil;
crit.). — Holland, Ibis, 1893, 469, 487 (Estancia Sta. Helena, Media
Luna, Soler-F. C. al Pacifico, Argentina; migr.; habits). — Aplin, Ibis,
1894, 180 (Santa Elena, Uruguay; habits). — Salvadori, Boll. Mus.
Zool. ed Anat. comp. Torino, X, No. 208, 11 (Colonia Risso and Puerto
Pagani, Paraguay).— Kerr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, VI, 1896, 20 (Villa
Concepcion, Paraguay). — Kcenigswald, Journ. f. Orn., XLIV, 1896,
360 (Sao Paulo, Brazil). — Nehrkorn, Kat. Eiersammlung, 1899, 142
(descr. eggs). — von Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paulista, III, 1899, 204, excl.
syn. part (S. Sebastiao, S. Carlos do Pinhal, and Piquete, Sao Paulo,
Brazil). — Euler, Rev. Mus. Paulista, IV, 1900, 51 (descr. nest and eggs).
— VON Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paulista, IV, 1900, 156 (Cantagallo and Nova
Friburgo, Brazil), 237 (ref. descr. nest and eggs); V, 1902, 314 (Sao Paulo,
Brazil).— (?)Lillo, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3), I, 1902, 187 (Tapia,
Tucuman, Argentina). — Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXV,
1903, 135 (Sapucay, Paraguay; crit.). — Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds'
Eggs Brit. Mus., Ill, 1903, 210 (Argentina; descr. eggs).— (?)Lillo,
Rev. Letras y Cien. Soc. (Tucumdn), 1905, p. 17 of reprint (Tapia, Tucu-
m.4n, Argentina). — von Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paulista, VI, 1904, 326
(Paraguay).— Hagmann, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, IV, 1904, 253, part (Bur-
meister's reference), 286, part (von Pelzeln's reference). — von Ihering,
Aves do Brazil, 1907, 294, part (localities in southern Brazil). — Chubb,
Ibis, 1910, 595 (Sapucay and Ybitimi, Paraguay; descr. nest). — Dabbene,
An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3), XI, 1910, 348, part (Argentine refer-
ences and localities). — Grant, Ibis, 1911, 123 (Argerichi, Puerto San
Juan, Desaguadero, Sapetero Cue, and Puerto Olimpo, Paraguay;
Riacho Paraguay, Rabicho, and Boca de Homiguera, Brazil; habits).
Myiarchus swainsoni Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Heineanum, II, 1859,
72 (Brazil; orig. descr.; type in coll. F. Heine; references). — Sclater,
Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 233 (Bolivia and Brazil; references). — Sclater
and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1869, 161 (Buenos Aires, Argen-
tina; crit.). — Cabanis, Journ. f. Orn., XXII, 1874, 89 (Cantagallo,
Brazil).— GiEBEL, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 662 (ref. orig. descr.; references). —
Heine and Reichenow, Norn. Mus. Heineani Orn., 1890, 146 (Brazil). —
Cabanis, Journ. f. Orn., XXXI, 1883, 215, in text (crit.). — Dubois, Syn.
Avium, I, 1902, 250 (references; range).
Myiarchus cantans von Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., ii, 1869, 117, 182 (Rio
Janeiro, Sapitiba, Ypanema, and Curytiba [type-locality], Brazil; orig.
descr.; types in coll. Vienna Mus.). — von Pelzeln, Nunquam Otiosus,
II, 1872, 292 (Neu Freiburg, Brazil).— Giebel, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 660
(ref. orig. descr.) . — von Berlepsch, Ibis, 1883, 139, part (crit.) . — von Ber-
LEPSCH and von Ihering, Zeits. ges. Orn., 1885, 137 (Taquara do Mundo
Novo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; crit.). — von Berlepsch, Journ. f. Orn.,
XXXV, 1887, 118 (Paraguay, ex Azara?). — Stempelmann and Schulz,
202 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Bol. Acad. Nac. Cien. Cordoba, X, 1890, 402 (Cordoba, Argentina).—
KoeNiGswALD, Journ. f. Orn., XLIV, 1896, 360 (Estado de Sao Paulo,
Brazil; references).
Pyrocephalus swainsoni Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 363 (in list of
species).
Pyrocephalus cantans Gray, Hand-List Birds, 1, 1869, 363 (in list of species).
Myiarchus tyrannulv^ (not Mtiscicapa tyrannulus Miiller) Coues, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1872, 71, part (Brazil; crit.). — Durnford,
Ibis, 1878, 61 (Punta Lara, Argentina). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1879, 616 (Typuani and Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia;
D'Orbigny's records). — Durnford, Ibis, 1880, 418, in text (near Tucu-
mdn, Argentina). — White, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1882, 608 (Oran,
Salta, Argentina).
Myiarchus tyranninus (lapsus) Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., II,
1889, 87 (Mapiri, Bolivia).
Myarchiis (lapsus) ferox Boucard and von Berlepsch, Humming Bird,
II, 1892, 45 (Porto Real, Brazil) .—Hagmann, Bol. Mus. Gceldi, IV,
1904, 220 (Wied's reference).
Myiarchus ferox ferocior (not Myiarchus ferocior Cabanis) Oberholser,
Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1918, 307 (diag.; range; crit.).
Myiarchus ferox swainsoni von Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 477 (in list
of species). — Oberholser, Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1918, 307 (diag.;
range; crit.).
Myiarchus ferox cantans Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., XVII, 1910, 302, in text
(southern Brazil; crit.).
Subspecific characters. — Similar to Myiarchus ferox ferox, but upper parts
lighter, more brownish, and throat and breast slightly paler gray.
Measurements. — Male: wing, 87-93 (average, 90.5); tail, 82-91 (86.5);
bill, 18-19.5 (18.7); tarsus, 19-22 (21). Female: wing, 83-89 (85); taU,
74-89 (81); bill, 16.5-18 (17.3); tarsus, 18-21 (20).
Range. — From central Bolivia and Goyaz, Brazil, southward to the lati-
tude of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Remarks. — The characters distinguishing this southern race from the
typical form are precisely those separating venezuelensis from the latter.
Upon comparison the difference between swainsoni and venezuelensis proves
to be practically nil; they are so close that no one would think of formally
separating them if their ranges were continuous each with the other, but
they are in fact divided by the interposition of the dark form ferox, which
stretches from Guiana and the lower Amazon to the eastern base of the
Andes in Colombia. The only character we can find to separate swain-
soni from venezuelensis is in the color of the pileum, which is sUghtly more
brownish in the former, and more dusky in the latter, but the difference is
trifling and not constant — scarcely or not obvious, indeed, except in abso-
lutely fresh plumage. The yellow of the under parts varies considerably
in tone; it is much paler and duller in worn specimens.
The early records of this form are involved in much confusion. Certain
of Azara's names have been quoted as belonging here, but we think without
justification. Burmeister's account is open to question, since he considered
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 203
it to be the female of the species with the tail partly rufous, and his descrip-
tion of the nest and eggs is certainly all wrong. Von Pelzeln was satisfied
that these color-differences were not sexual, but thought they were due to
age, as also did Reinhardt. Meanwhile Cabanis and Heine had described
a bird from Brazil under the name Myiarchus swainsoni, comparing it with
M. ferox. No definite locality is mentioned, but in view of the fact that
the diagnosis fits the bird of southern Brazil as compared with typical
ferox we may accept the name for the form under consideration, instead of
cantans of von Pelzeln, described in 1869. We would suggest Rio Janeiro
as the type-locality. Specimens from Paraguay and Argentina are pre-
cisely matched by those from Rio Janeiro and Sao Paulo, so that we can
find no ground for distinguishing them, and even if they were separable the
name ferocior of Cabanis would not be available, since it pertains to a bird
of the M. pelzelni group. As in other forms of this generic group, old skins
are faded as compared with freshly collected material, and this fact must
be borne in mind. New specimens in fresh plumage from Bahia are refer-
able to typical ferox, while similar skins from Rio Janeiro are obviously
swainsoni, but no material from the intermediate region has been examined
in this connection.
Specimens examined. — Brazil: Rio Janeiro, 2; La Raiz (foot of Organ
Mts.), 2; S. Carlos do Pinhal, Sao Paulo, 1; Victoria, Sao Paulo, 1; Franca,
Sao Paulo, 1; Itapura, Sao Paulo, 1; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 17; San
Lorenzo River, Matto Grosso, 1 ; Agua Blanca de Corumbd, Matto Grosso,
1; Descalvados, Matto Grosso, 2; unspecified, 2. Argentina: Puerto
Segundo, Misiones, 6; Ocampo, Chaco de Santa Fe, 1; Santa Ana, Misiones,
3; Bonpland, Misiones, 2; Aguirre, 2; Las Palmas, Chaco, 2; Resistencia,
Chaco, 1; Tapia, Tucumdn, 1. Paraguay: Escobar, 1; Puerto Pinasco, 1;
Sapucay, 2; Puerto Bertoni, 1. Bolivia: Santa Cruz de la Sierra, 1;
Buenavista 2; Palmarito, 1; Rio Quiser, 1; Rio Surutu, 1; Yungas, 1;
Mapiri, 1; Tres Arroyas, Espirito Santo, 1; Todos Santos, Cochabamba, 4.
Total, 67.
Myiarchus ferox venezuelensis Lawrence.
Myiarchus ferox (not Muscicapa ferox Gmelin) Cabanis, in Schomburgk,
Reisen in Britisch-Guiana, III, 1848, 700 (British Guiana). — Cabanis
and Heine, Mus. Heineanum, II, 1859, 73, excl. syn. (Venezuela). —
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, 168 (Venezuela). —
ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 233, part (Trinidad). — Sclater, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 253, part (San Esteban, Venezuela, and
Trinidad). — Chubb, Birds British Guiana, II, 1921, 228 (British Guiana
references and localities; descr.).
Myiarchus venezuelensis Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1865, 38 (Venezuela; orig. descr.; type in coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). —
Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, 628 (San Esteban,
Venezuela), (?) 632 (Tobago; crit.). — Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1870, 554 (Trinidad, ex Sclater) .—Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., IV,
1892, 347 (crit. on type). — Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S. Am., I,
1912, 302 (ref. orig. descr.; range).
204 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Pyrocephalus venezuelensis Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 363 (in list of
species; range).
Myiarchus tyrannulus (not Miiscicapa tyrannulus Miiller) Coues, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1872, 71, part (Venezuela; crit. on type). —
Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Heineani Orn., 1890, 146 (Vene-
zuela).— Salvin, Ibis, 1885, 298 (Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British
Guiana).
Myiarchus ferox venezuelensis von Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool.,
IX, 1902, 51 (Altagracia, Caicara, Perico, and Ciudad Bolivar, Vene-
zuela).— VON Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 477 (in list of species). —
Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1913, 205 (Boca Uracoa and
Jocopita, Manimo River, Venezuela). — ^Cherrie, Mus. Brooklyn Inst.
Sci. Bull., II, 1916, 244 (Ciudad Bolivar and Caicara, Venezuela). —
Oberholser, Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1918, 305 (diag. ; range; crit.).
Myiarchus (ferox) venezuelensis Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
XXXVI, 1917, 475 (Villavicencio, La Morelia, and Florencia, Colombia).
Subspecific characters. — Similar to Myiarchus ferox ferox, but slightly
duller and paler, the upper parts dull brownish olive, the wings and tail
rather paler brown, the margins also paler.
Measurements. — Male: wing, 86-93 (average, 89); tail, 84-90 (86.5);
bill, 18-20.5 (19); tarsus, 20.5-23 (22). Female: wing, 84-88 (86); tail,
80-85 (83); bill, 18-20 (19); tarsus, 19-23 (21.8).
Range. — British Guiana and Venezuela, and west to the Andes in
Colombia.
Remarks. — When Lawrence described his Myiarchus venezuelensis he
had no specimens of what is now called ferox before him, and compared his
bird with the type and other examples of panamensis, from which it is
readily distinguishable by its deeper coloration. The rufous margins of
the tail-feathers, however, to which Lawrence alludes, are merely a sign
of immaturity. Coues in 1872, with the types of both forms before him,
relegated both panamensis and venezuelensis to synonymy without hesita-
tion, but with the much greater and better material now available we find
that the latter is a slightly differentiated race, recognizable by the charac-
ters specified above, which hold good throughout the series when com-
pared with ferox. A considerable proportion of the specimens examined
have more or less conspicuous cinnamon edgings to the wings and tail,
indicating immaturity. British Guiana birds are intermediate, but are
perhaps best referred here, as are also specimens coming from near the
eastern base of the Andes in Colombia, in the Orinoco drainage.
Specimens examined. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 1. Venezuela:
Boca Uracoa, 1; Jocopita, 1; Maripa, 6; La Lajita, 1; Rio Mato, 3; San
Felix, 1; El Callao, 2; Altagracia, 1; El Hacha, 1; Ciudad Bolivar, 2;
Caicara, 4; Sacupana, 1; La Union, 1; Las Trincheras, 1; Puerto La Cruz,
1; unspecified, 2. Colombia: Villavicencio, 4. Total, 34.
Myiarchus ferox panamensis Lawrence.
Myiarchus tyrannulus (not Muscicapa tyrannulus Muller) Coues, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1872, 71, part (Panama and New Granada;
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 205
crit.)- — ScLATER and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, 515 (Retiro,
Concordia, and Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colombia; descr. eggs). — Salvin
and GoDMAN, Ibis, 1880, 125 (Santa Marta, Colombia). — Gates and
Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs Brit. Mus., Ill, 1903, 210, pi. 5, fig. 10 (Santa
Elena, Antioquia, Colombia; descr. eggs).
Myiarchus ferox (not Muscicapa ferox Gmelin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1855, 150 ("Bogota," Colombia). — Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, 143 (Rio Truando, Colombia). — Sclater, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 253, part (Santa Marta, Santa Elena, and
"Bogotd, " Colombia). — Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XII,
1898, 137 ("Santa Marta," Colombia).— Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., XIII, 1900, 142 (Bonda, Colombia).
Myiarchus ferox panamensis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XVII,
1904, 29 (range).— RiDGWAY, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907,
640 (Colombian localities and references; descr.; meas.). — Gberholser,
Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1918, 306 (range; crit.). — Todd and Carriker,
Ann. Carnegie Mus., XIV, 1922, 346 (Santa Marta region, Colombia;
crit.).
Myiarchus panamensis Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 302
(ref. orig. descr.; range).
Myiarchus (ferox?) panamensis Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
XXXVI, 1917, 475 (Tumaco, Bagado, Malena, Puerto Berrio, Chicoral,
and Turbaco, Colombia; local range; crit.).
Subspedfic characters. — Similar to Myiarchus ferox venezuelensis, but
still lighter and paler above, the back Saccardo's olive, the pileum more or
less shaded with mouse gray, and the margins of the wings and tail generally-
paler.
Measurements. — Male: wing, 87-94 (average, 91.5); tail, 82-91 (87);
bill, 17.5-20 (19); tarsus, 22.5-25 (23.5). Female: wing, 83-95(?) (89);
tail, 81-87 (86); bill, 17-20.5 (18.5); tarsus, 21-23.5 (22.5).
Range. — From Panama to northern and western Colombia, in the
Tropical Zone.
i^emarfcs.— Compared with typical ferox from Guiana panamensis is a
very distinct race, easily told by its decidedly paler coloration throughout,
but Venezuelan specimens are obviously intermediate. It was described
by Lawrence in 1860 as a distinct species from Panama skins, but all the
more recent authors (except von Berlepsch) agree in considering it a race
oi ferox, with a range extending from Panama into Colombia, where it covers
the lowlands of the northern and western parts and the valleys of the Mag-
dalena and Cauca Rivers. Colombian specimens are precisely hke a series
from Panama.
Specimens examined. — Colombia: Bonda, 4; Cautilito, 1; Don Diego, 1;
La Tigrera, 2; Fundacion, 5; Punto Caiman, 2; Tucurinca, 2; Calamar, 1;
Turbaco, 4; Lorica, 1; Gamarra, 2; Aguachica, 1; El Tambor, 1; Sautata,
1 ; Rio Truando, 1 ; "Santa Marta, "4; Puerto Berrio, 2; Bagado, 1; Malena,
1; La Herrera, 1; Tumaco, 2. Total, 40.
206 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Myiarchus cephalotes Taczanowski.
{l)Myiarchusferox (not Muscicapaferox Gmelin) Tschudi, Arch. f. Naturg.,
1844, 273 (Peru; excl. syn.). — Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, Aves, 1846, 153
(descr.).
Myiarchus cephalotes Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1879, 671
(Paltaypampa, Ropaybamba, and Tambillo, Peru; orig. descr.; type in
coll. Warsaw Mus.; crit.; habits). — Reichenow and Schalow, Journ.
f. Orn., XXVIII, 1880, 317 (reprint orig. descr.). — Taczanowski, Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1882, 22 (Chirimoto and Tamiapampa, Peru).—
Taczanowski, Orn. Perou, II, 1884, 322 (Ropaybamba, Paltaypampa,
Tambillo, Chirimoto, and Tamiapampa, Peru; descr.; references; crit.;
habits). — Taczanowski and von Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. London.
1885, 93 (Machay, Ecuador).— Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV,
1888, 254 (Tamiapampa and Chirimoto, Peru; descr.; references). —
von Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1896, 367
(La Merced and Garita del Sol, Peru). — Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III,
1901, 145 (in list of species; range). — Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
No. 50, IV, 1907, 612, note (crit.).— von Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV, 1907,
477 (in list of species). — Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S. Am., I, 1912,
302 (ref. orig. descr.; range). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
XXXVI, 1917, 476 (Cerro Munchique, Miraflores, Salento, Santa
Elena, Rio Toche, El Eden, La Candela, and La Palma, Colombia;
Huanuco, Peru; local range; crit.). — Bangs and Noble, Auk, XXXV,
1918, 455 (Tabaconas, Peru). — Hellmayr, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXXV,
1920, 58 (Chaquimayo, Peru; range; crit.). — Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., No. 117, 1921, 98, part (Prov. Hudnuco, Peru).
Myiarchus swainsoni var. cephalotes Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902, 250
(ref. orig. descr.; range).
Description. — Above deep olive, the pileum usually darker and browner,
with obscure darker centers to the feathers; wings dusky brown, the middle
coverts tipped and the greater coverts edged and tipped with deep olive
buff; secondaries margined externally with pale chalcedony yellow, in
gradually increasing amount, becoming whitish on the inner secondaries
(tertiaries) ; upper tail-coverts and tail dusky brownish, with more or less
obvious olivaceous edgings; outer web of the outer rectrix conspicuously
paler, cartridge buff; sides of head neutral gray, passing into pallid neutral
gray on the throat and breast; rest of under surface and under wing-coverts
barium yellow; "iris dark brown; bill and feet black" (Taczanowski).
Measurements. — Male: wing. 91-95 (average, 93); tail, 88-93 (91);
bill, 17.5-19 (18.5); tarsus, 20.5-22.5 (21.5). Female: wing, 86-91
(87.5); tail, 84-89 (86.5); bill, 16.5-18.5 (17.6); tarsus, 19.5-21.5 (20.7).
Range. — Subtropical Zone of the Andean region, from Colombia to
Bolivia.
Remarks. — This species is easily recognizable by the conspicuously paler,
buffy white outer web of the outer tail-feathers, in which respect it differs
from all the other South American forms except M. apicalis, which, how-
ever, is otherwise very different. It was described by Taczanowski in 1879
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 207
from specimens collected at Paltaypampa and Ropaybamba by Jelski and
at Tambillo by Stolzmann. These localities are in central and northern
Peru respectively. A few years later it was reported from Ecuador, and
more recently it has been found to be a fairly common species in the Western
and Central Andes of Colombia, although not yet detected in the Eastern
Andes. It has also been traced southward to Bolivia, specimens from this
country being practically indistinguishable from those taken at the northern
limit of its range. It is a Subtropical Zone form, not descending below
3,000 feet at the most (not below 5,000 feet, according to Stolzmann),
and running up to 9,000 feet. There are two old and faded skins in the
collection of the U. S. National Museum (Nos. 101,280-1) labeled "Guaya-
quil," but which must really have come from the mountains in the interior
of Ecuador (cf. Chapman, Bulletin American Museum of Natural History,
XXXIV, 1915, 377). No young birds are represented in the series ex-
amined, but one specimen shows a little rufous edging on the wings and
tail — doubtless remains of the immature dress.
Habits. — Stolzmann says that Myiarchus cephalotes is a forest species,
found in pairs or singly, and is accustomed to perch in the tops of the
highest trees, whence it darts out after passing insects. It is one of the
least restless of the larger flycatchers, and has a plaintive and prolonged
call-note.
Specimens examined. — Colombia : El Eden, 1 ; Rio Toche, 1 ; Santa Elena,
3; La Candela, 1; Cerro Munchique, 1; Salento, 4; Mirafiores, 3. Ecuador:
"Guayaquil," 2. Peru: Prov. Huanuco, 1; Santo Domingo, 1; Utcuyacu,
Junin, 4; Chelpes, Junin, 3; Tabaconas, 2. Bolivia: Locotal, Cochabamba,
3; Roquefalda, Cochabamba, 1; Vermejo, Santa Cruz, 2. Total, 33.
Myiarchus apicalis Sclater and Salvin.
Myiarchxis apicalis Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1881, 269 ("Bogotd, "
Colombia; orig. descr.; types now in coll. Brit. Mus.). — Reichenow and
ScHALOW, Journ. f. Orn., XXX, 1882, 217 (reprint orig. descr.). —
Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 256 ("Bogota," Colombia;
descr.; references). — Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 146 (in list of
species; range). — Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902, 251 (ref. orig. descr.;
range). — von Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 477 (in list of species). —
Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 303 (ref. orig. descr.;
range).— Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 476
(Colombian localities and range).
Description. — Above olive or deep olive, purest posteriorly, and passing
into brownish dusky on the pileum; wings brownish dusky, the middle
coverts tipped and the greater coverts margined and tipped with deep olive
buff; inner secondaries externally margined with the same color in gradually
increasing amount, becoming sea-foam yellow or whitish on the tertiaries;
inner margins of remiges pale yellowish white; tail dusky black, with paler
margins, the outer web of the outer rectrix and the tips of all the feathers
deep olive buff, the pattern not sharply defined; sides of head grayish
dusky, passing into pale olive gray on the throat (this color more strongly
208 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
washed with olive on the breast and sides of the neck), and in a more or less
"streaky" fashion into baryta yellow on the rest of the under parts and
the under wing-coverts; "iris brown; bill and feet black. "
Measurements.— Male: wing, 89-95 (average, 92); tail, 86-93 (90); bill,
17-20.5 (19); tarsus, 20.5-23 (22). Female (five specimens): wing,
84-92 (86); tail, 80-90 (83.5); bill, 18-19 (18.5); tarsus, 20-23 (22).
Range. — -Arid Tropical Zone of the upper Magdalena and upper Cauca
Valleys in Colombia, reaching the valley of the upper Rio Dagua at Caldas.
Remarks. — This is a very distinct form, readily recognized by the pale
tips of the rectrices. It was described in 1881 by Sclater and Salvin from
"Bogotd" skins in the former's collection, but is still very imperfectly
known. As shown by the researches of Messrs. Chapman and Carriker in
recent years, it appears to be confined to the arid portion of the inter-
Andean Tropical Zone in Colombia, occupying the upper part of the valleys
of the Magdalena and Cauca Rivers. From here it has crossed over the
Western Andes to the valley of the Rio Dagua, in common with several
other species of similar range. Nothing is on record concerning its haunts
and habits.
Specimens examined. — Colombia: Caldas, 2; Heights of Caldas, 1;
Espinal, 1; Bitaco Valley, 2; Pavas, 3; Yumbo, 12; Cali, 2; San Antonio, 3;
Las Lomitas, 1; El Consuelo, 1; Chicoral, 1; Honda, 2; "Bogotd, " 1; La
Maria, 4; Jimenez, 1. Total, 37.
Myiarchus phaeocephalus Sclater.
Myiarchus phceocephalus Sclater, Froc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 281
(Babahoyo, Ecuador; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.). —
Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 233 (Babahoyo, Ecuador). — Lawrence,
Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., IX, 1869, 237 (Puna Island, Ecuador).—
CouES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1872, 73 (Puna Island,
Ecuador; descr.; crit.). — Sclater and Salvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop.,
1873, 52 (in list of species; range).— Giebel, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 661
(references). — Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877, 326
(Lechugal, Peru). — von Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, 1883, 559 (Guayaquil, Ecuador). — Taczanowski, Orn.
P6rou, II, 1884, 323 (Lechugal and Tumbez, Peru; descr.; habits). — von
Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1885, 93
(Yaguachi, Ecuador), 122 (local range). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
XIV, 1888, 255 (Babahoyo, Santa Rita, and Balzar Mountains, Ecuador;
descr.; references). — Salvadori and Festa, Bol. Mus. Zool. ed Anat.
Comp. Torino, XIV, No. 362, 1899, 13 (Vinces and Balzar, Ecuador;
Ecuadorean references; crit.). — Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 146
(in list of species; range). — Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902, 251 (references;
range).— von Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 477 (in list of species). —
Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 303 (ref. orig. descr.;
range).— Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 476, in
text (western Ecuador; crit.).
Pyrocephalus phceocephalus Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 363 (in list of
species; range).
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 209
Myiarchus tyrannulus var. phoeocephalus Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway,
Hist. N. Am. Birds, II, 1874, 330 (diag.).
Myiarchus fer ox phceocephalus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV,
1907, 612 (diag.; references).— Bangs and Noble, Auk, XXXV, 1918,
455 (Bella vista and Perico, Peru). — Oberholser, Proc. Indiana Acad.
Sci., 1918, 306 (diag.; ref. orig. descr.; range; crit.).
Description.^Ahove dull deep olive with a grayish cast, and obscurely
mottled with indistinct dusky centers to the feathers; pileum neutral gray,
becoming blackish posteriorly from increasing dark centers to the feathers ;
hindneck and sides of head neutral gray; wings dusky, the lesser coverts
like the back, the middle and greater coverts margined and tipped with
light grayish olive; the inner primaries and the secondaries margined
externally with the same color, paling into whitish or pale yellowish on
the tertiaries; remiges with inner margins of pale buffy white; tail dusky
brown with narrow paler outer margins and indistinct pale tip ; throat and
breast light neutral gray; rest of under parts Martius yellow or sulphur
yellow, brightest anteriorly, the crissum and under wing-coverts paler
"iris dark brown" (Taczanowski) ; bill and feet blackish (in skin).
Measurements. — Male (five specimens): wing, 89-97 (average, 92.5)
tail, 87-94 (90.5); bill, 19.5-22 (20.5); tarsus, 21.5-23.5 (23). Female
(five specimens): wing, 83-92 (88.5); tail, 83-91 (87.5); bill, 18.5-20 (19.5)
tarsus, 20-23 (21.5).
Range. — Tropical Zone of western Ecuador, reaching into extreme north-
western Peru.
Remarks. — Myiarchus phceocephalus was originally described from speci-
mens collected by Fraser at Babahoyo, Ecuador, and it has since been
found at sundry other localities on the Pacific slope of Ecuador and northern
Peru. In its distinctly grayish pileum, centered with black, it possesses
a character not shared by any other South American form of this group,
and which by comparison appears to be of specific value. In the coloration
of its tail an affinity to M. apicalis is suggested, but in any case we are
unable to agree with those authors who would make it a race of M. fer ox.
It is known to range northward along the coast as far as Esmeraldas at
least, while M. fer ox panamensis occurs at Tumaco, Colombia, less than one
hundred miles away, neither form showing any signs of intergradation at
these extremes. According to Stolzmann it is always found in pairs, and is
the only tyrant flycatcher in which he had remarked the habit of raising
the tail, thus reminding one strongly of a mockingbird. It has also the
habit of raising the feathers of the crest, making the head appear almost
black.
Specimens examined. — Ecuador: Esmeraldas, 1; Coast of Manavi, 2;
Santa Rosa, Oro, 3; Puna Island, 4; Loja, 1; Chone, Manavi, 2; Daule,
Guayas, 1; Bahia, Manavi, 1; unspecified, 2. Peru: Bellavista, 2; Perico,
2; Palotillas, Piura, 3; Chilaca, Piura, 1. Total, 25.
Myiarchus atriceps Cabanis.
Myiarchus sp. Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874, 678
(Cchachupata, Peru).
210 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Myiarchus nigriceps (not of Sclater) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, 1874, 539 (Maraynioc, Paltaypampa, and Pumamarca, Peru);
1879, 235 (Tambillo, Peru). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1879, 616 (Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia; crit.). — Taczanowski,
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1880, 203 (Cutervo and Callacate, Peru); 1882,
22 (Huambo and Tamaipampa, Peru). — Taczanowski, Orn. Perou, II,
1884, 324, excl. syn. part (Peruvian localities and references; descr.;
habits). ^Salvin, Nov. Zool., II, 1895, 12 (Cajabamba and Malea,
Peru).
Myiarchus atriceps Cabanis, Journ. f. Orn., XXXI, 1883, 215 (St. Xavier,
Tucumdn, Argentina [type-locality], and Chilpes, Peru; orig. descr.;
type in coll. Berlin Mus.). — Reichenow and Schalow, Journ. f. Orn.,
XXXIV, 1886, 86 (reprint orig. descr.). — Sclater and Hudson, Argen-
tine Orn., I, 1888, 157 (descr.; range). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
XIV, 1888, 259 (Cachupata, Peru; Tilotilo, Bolivia; Tucumdn, Argen-
tina; diag.; references [part]; crit.). — Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III,
1901, 146 (in list of species; range). — Lillo, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires,
(3), I, 1902, 187 (Tapia, Tucumdn, Argentina). — Lillo, Rev. Letras y
Cien. Soc. (Tucumdn), 1905, p. 17 of reprint (Tafi Viejo and San Javier,
Tucumdn, Argentina). — von Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, XIII,
1905, 113 (Huaynapata, Peru).— Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., XIII, 1906,
324, in text (crit.).— von Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 477 (in list of
species). — Dabbene, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, (3), XI, 1910, 348
(Argentine range). — Brabourne and Chubb, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 303
ref. orig. descr.; range). — Bangs and Noble, Auk, XXXV, 1918, 455
(Tabaconas, Peru).— Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 117, 1921, 99
(Torontoy, Peru).
Myiarchus nigriceps. Var. atriceps Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902, 251
(references; range).
Miyarchus [lapsus] atriceps Gceldi, Bol. Mus. Paraense, III, 1902, 293
(Yungas, Bolivia, ex Sclater).
Myiarchus tuberculifer atriceps Hellmayr, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXXV,
1920, 59 (Chuhuasi [7000 ft.], Peru; Jujuy, Argentina; references; crit.).
Description. — Above deep olive, with more or less of a grayish shade,
especially anteriorly; pileum subcrested, black, passing into dusky gray on
the sides of the head and thence into pale neutral gray on the throat and
upper breast, and this into the Martius yellow of the rest of the lower sur-
face (including the under wing-coverts) ; wings dusky black, the secondaries
and wing-coverts with grayish brown or buffy olive outer edgings and buffy
inner margins below; tail dusky, with outer margins of deep olive hke the
back, that on the outermost rectrix paler and more buffy; "iris brown; bill
and feet black."
Measurements. — Male: wing, 86-93 (average, 90); tail, 80-91 (85);
bill, 17-19.5 (18.5); tarsus, 18.5-21 (20). Female: wing, 80-87 (85); tail,
75-82 (80); bill, 17-18.5 (17.5); tarsus, 18.5-20.5 (19.5).
Range. — Andean region of Peru and western Bolivia, in the Subtropical
Zone, south to Tucumdn, Argentina.
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidcs. 211
Remarks. — The first specimens of this form to be collected were referred
to M. nigriceps of Sclater, with which M. atriceps agrees well in color, but
is an obviously larger bird, as pointed out by Cabanis in the original de-
scription. Taczanowski's records from Peru all seem to pertain to atriceps
also, the description fitting exactly. Mr. Hellmayr has lately proposed to
make atriceps and tuberculifer conspecific, but after an extended comparison
of specimens we are satisfied that this arrangement does not correctly repre-
sent their real relationships. M. atriceps appears to be a Subtropical Zone
species, probably taking the place of tuberculifer at the higher altitudes,
with absolutely no indication of intergradation. It is very imperfectly
known, however, and additional data on its habits and distribution is much
to be desired.
Specimens examined. — Peru: Santo Domingo, 6; Chelpes, Junin, 5;
Tabaconas, 2; Inca Mine, 1. Bolivia: Samaipata, 3; Mizque, 1. Argen-
tina: Tafi Viejo, Tucuman, 9; Las Pavas, Tucumdn, 1; San Pablo, Tucu-
man, 1. Total, 29.
Myiarchus tuberculifer tricolor von Pelzeln.
Myiarchus sp. Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867, 578
(Rio Tocantins, Brazil).— Gceldi, Bol. Mus. Paraense, I, 1896, 346
(Sclater and Salvin's record).
Myiarchiis tricolor von Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., ii, 1869, 117, 182 (Rio Janeiro
and Sapitiba, Brazil; orig. descr.; types in coll. Vienna Mus.). — von
Berlepsch, Ibis, 1883, 140, in text (crit. on type). — Sclater, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 259 (Rio Tocantins and Bahia, Brazil;
descr.; references; crit.). — Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 146 (in
list of species; range). — von Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., IX,
1902, 51, part (Sapitiba and Bahia, Brazil). — Hagmann, Bol. Mus.
Goeldi, IV, 1904, 89 (von Pelzeln's reference). — Snethlage, Journ. f.
Orn., LVI, 1908, 503 (Itaituba, Rio Tocantins, Brazil).— Penard,
Vogels Guyana, II, 1910, 262 (Guiana; descr.). — Brabourne and Chubb,
Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 303 (ref. orig. descr.; range). — Snethlage, Bol.
Mus. Goeldi, VIII, 1914, 389 (localities in lower "Amazonia"; descr.).
Pyrocephalus tricolor Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 363 (in list of species;
range) .
Myiarchus nigriceps (not of Sclater, 1860) Sclater and Salvin, Nom.
Avium Neotrop., 1873, 52, part ("Amazonia," in range). — Menegaux,
Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, 1904, 118 (I'Ouanary, French Guiana).—
RiDGWAY, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 613, part, 650, part
(Guiana localities and records).
Miyarchus (lapsus) tricolor Gceldi, Bol. Mus. Paraense, III, 1902, 293
(Rio Tocantins, ex Sclater).
Myiarchus nigriceps var. tricolor Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902, 251 (ref.
orig. descr.; range).
Myiarchus tuberculifer (not Tyrannus tuberculifer D'Orbigny and Lafres-
naye) Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., XII, 1905, 293 (Igarape-Assu, Par^,
Brazil; crit.); XIII, 1906, 323, part (crit. on type, etc.). — von Ihering,
Aves do Brazil, 1907, 294, part (range). — Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc.
212 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
London, 1911, 1137, in text, part (crit.)- — Hellmayr, Abhand. Bayer-
ischen Akad. Wiss., Math.-phys. KL, XXVI, 1912, 90 (Igarap6-Assu,
Pard, Brazil).— Beebe, Zoologica, II, 1916, 64, 90 (Para, Brazil; habits).
Myiarchus tuberculifer tricolor von Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV, 1907, 477 (in
list of species).
Myiarchus tuberculifer tuberculifer Hellmayr, Nov. ZooL, XVII, 1910, 302
(Marmellos and Borba, Brazil).
Subspecific characters. — Similar to Myiarchus tuberculifer tuberculifer,
but general coloration duller, the upper parts plain olive, becoming deeper
(near olivaceous black No. 1 of Ridgway) on the pileum, which is therefore
less strongly contrasted with the back; and gray of throat and breast
deeper (pale neutral gray).
Measurements. — Male (seven specimens): wing, 79-83 (81); tail, 67-74
(71); bill, 16-18 (17); tarsus, 18-19 (18.5). Female: wing, 72-76 (74);
tail, 65-70 (67); bill, 15-17 (16); tarsus, 17-19 (18).
Range. — From French Guiana southward through Brazil at least to Rio
Janeiro, and westward for an indeterminate distance.
Remarks. — This form is based on specimens from Rio Janeiro, from
which unfortunately no topotypical specimens are available at this writing.
Mr. Hellmayr, however, has critically examined the types in the Vienna
Museum, and finds them practically the same as specimens of tuberculifer
from other parts, being merely a little smaller. He is very doubtful of
the propriety of recognizing tricolor as a subspecies, but with the fresh ma-
terial from the lower Amazon Valley now in hand we have no difficulty in
separating it by the comparative characters specified above. There is one
specimen in the collection of the Goeldi Museum (No. 1296) marked as
agreeing with the type of tricolor (except for the wing-coverts being a little
lighter), so that we feel fairly safe in referring the whole series examined
to this form. None of those measured run as small as the types, but this
may be due to the possibly more worn condition of the latter, only birds
in fresh plumage having been measured in our own series. It is not at all
surprising that the type-specimens fail to show the differential color-char-
acters of the form, since these require a series in order to bring them out
clearly, and the types may have faded considerably in the hundred years
since they were collected. French Guiana birds vary slightly in the di-
rection of tuberculifer, but are best referred here; British Guiana speci-
mens, however, are difficult to place. The present race varies from the
typical form in an opposite direction from nigriceps.
Specimens examined. — French Guiana: Mana, 5; Pied Saut, 2. Brazil:
Oncoupi Island, 1; Benevides, 2; Santarem, 7; Colonia do Mojuy, 3; Villa
Braga, 4; Itaituba, 2; Obidos, 6; Pedroira, Pard, 1; Marco da Legua, Pard,
1; Utinga, Para, 1; "Insel im Rio Iriri, " 1; Boim, Rio Tapajoz, 1; Faro,
Rio Jamunda, 2; Chapeu Virado, Mosqueiro, 1. Total, 50.
Myiarchus tuberculifer tuberculifer D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye.
Tyrannus tuberculifer D'Orbigny and Lafresnaye, Mag. de Zool., 1837,
Synopsis Avium, 43 (Guarayos, Bolivia; orig. descr.; type in coll. Paris
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 213
Mus.).— D'Orbigny, Voy. Am. M6r., Oiseaux, 1844, 307, pi. 32, figs. 1,
2 (Chiquitos, Moxos, and Guarayos, Bolivia; descr.).
Myiarchus tuberculifer Cabanis, Arch. f. Naturg., 1847, 248 (in list of
species). — Giebel, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 662 (references). — von Ber-
LEPSCH, Ibis, 1883, 141, in text (crit.). — von Berlepsch, Journ. f. Orn.,
XXXII, 1884, 304 (Bucaramanga and "Bogota," Colombia; Puerto
CabeUo, Venezuela; Trinidad; crit.). — Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., VI, 1894, 43, excl. syn. part (Princestown, Trinidad; Merida,
Venezuela; crit.). — Phelps, Auk, XIV, 1897, 365 (San Antonio, Bermu-
dez, Venezuela). — Hellmayr, Nov. ZooL, XIII, 1906, 26 (Caparo and
Aripo, Trinidad; range [part]; crit.), 323, part (crit. on type). — von
Ihering, Aves do Brazil, 1907, 294, part (range). — von Berlepsch,
Ornis, XIV, 1907, 477 (in list of species). — Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1911, 1137, in text, part (range; crit.). — Brabourne and
ChubB; Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 303 (ref. orig. descr.; range [part]).
Myiohius tuberculifer Gray, Gen. Birds, I, 1847, 248 (in list of species;
references).
Tyrannula tuberculifer Bonaparte, Consp. Avium, I, 1850, 190 (in list
of species).
Myiobius nigriceps (not Myiarchus nigriceps Sclater) Leotaud, Ois. Trini-
dad, 1866, 231 (Trinidad; descr.; habits).
Myiarchus nigriceps Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868,
168 (Caripe, Venezuela). — Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 333 (Herradura, etc.,
Colombia). — Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875, 234
(Merida, Venezuela). — Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, 125 (Minca,
Colombia). — Heine and Reichenow, Nom. Mus. Heineani, Orn., 1890,
146 ("Bogota," Colombia).— Salvin, Ibis, 1885, 298 (Camacusa,
Merume Mts., and Roraima [3500 ft.], British Guiana). — Sclater, Cat.
Birds Brit. Mus., XIV, 1888, 258, part (Herradura, Minca, and "Bogo-
ta," Colombia; Merida and San Esteban, Venezuela; Roraima, British
Guiana; and Yquitos, Peru). — Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Aves, II, 1889, 96, part (range; references). — Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, XII, 1898, 137 ("Santa Marta," Colombia), 158 (Pueblo
Viejo, Colombia), 176 (Palomina and San Miguel, Colombia). — Allen,
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIII, 1900, 143 (Minca, Onaca, Las Nubes.
Cacagualito, and Valparaiso, Colombia). — Sharpe, Hand-List Birds,
III, 1901, 146, part (range) .—Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902, 251, part
(range; references). — Gceldi, Bol. Mus. Paraense, III, 1902, 293 (Sara-
ydcu, Ecuador, and Yquitos, Peru, ex Sclater). — Nelson, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, XVII, 1904, 49 (Colombia). — Thayer and Bangs,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XLVI, 1905, 153, in text (San Miguel, Colom-
bia).—Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV, 1907, 613, 650, part
(descr.; range; references). — Penard, Vogels Guyana, II, 1910, 262
(Guiana; descr.). — Beebe, Zoologica, II, 1919, 232 (Bartica District,
British Guiana). — Chubb, Birds British Guiana, II, 1921, 230 (British
Guiana references and localities; descr.).
{'!)Myiarckus gracilirostris von Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., ii, 117, 183 (Villa
Maria, Matto Grosso, Brazil; orig. descr.; type in coll. Vienna Mus.). —
214 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
GiEBEL, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 661 (ref. orig. descr.)- — von Berlepsch,
Ibis, 1883, 140 (crit.)-
Pyrocephalus tuberculifer Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 362 (in list of
species; range).
(?) Pyrocephalus gradlirostris Gray, Hand-List Birds, I, 1869, 363 (in list
of species; range).
Myiarchus coalei Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IX, 1886, 520 (Orinoco
Valley?; orig. descr.; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Miyarchus (lapsus) nigriceps Gceldi, Bol. Mus. Paraense, III, 1902, 293
(SarayAcu and Yquitos, Peru, ex Sclater).
Myiarchus tricolor (not of von Pelzeln) von Berlepsch and Hartert,
Nov. Zool., IX, 1902, 51, excl. extralimital localities and references
(Quiribana de Caicara and Nericagua, Venezuela; crit.).
Myiarchus tuberculifer tuberculifer Hellmayr and von Seilern, Arch. f.
Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 85 (Cumbre de Valencia and Las Quiguas,
Venezuela; range; crit.). — Cherrie, Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Sci. Bull., II,
1916, 244 (Caicara, Quiribana de Caicara, and Nericagua, Venezuela). —
Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 477 (Buena Vista
and "Santa Marta, " Colombia; crit.). — Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., LXII, 1918, 79 (Lelydorp, Dutch Guiana). — Hellmayr,
Arch. f. Naturg., LXXXV, 1920, 59, in text (crit.).— Todd and
Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., XIV, 1922, B45 (Santa Marta region,
Colombia; plum.; crit.).
Myiarchus tuberculifer nigriceps Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
XXXVI, 1917, 477, part (Andalucia, Colombia).
Description. — Above between deep olive and citrine drab, passing into
dusky black on the pileum, and into grayish on the sides of the head and
neck; wings brownish black, the upper coverts broadly tipped and the
secondaries externally margined with dark olive buff, becoming yellowish
on the tertiaries; inner margins of remiges pale buffy; upper tail-coverts
and tail deep brown, with slight olivascent or rufescent edgings ; throat and
breast pallid neutral gray; rest of under surface barium yellow, paler on the
aides, crissum, and under wing-coverts; "iris brown; bill and feet black."
In worn plumage all the colors are paler and duller; the yellow below
fades and the olive buff edgings on the wings become grayish. In juvenal
and first winter dress the remiges and rectrices are prominently edged with
ochraceous tawny, which makes the species look very much like some of its
allies. Spring specimens may even show traces of this rusty color. In
juvenal dress, illustrated by specimens No. 9,250 and 37,672, Collection
Carnegie Museum, the yellow below is very pale, the under tail-coverts
buffy-tinged, and the back dull dusky olive, with the pileum darker, but
less strongly contrasted than in the adult.
Measurements. — Male (twenty specimens): wing, 76-84 (average, 81);
tail, 69-78 (75); bill, 16-18 (17); tarsus, 18-20 (19). Female (twenty
specimens): wing, 71-80 (75.5); tail, 65-76 (69); bill, 16-18 (16.8); tarsus,
17-19.5 (17.5).
Range. — From Dutch and British Guiana and Venezuela to northern
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 215
Colombia (including the Magdalena Valley), and thence south (east of the
Andes) to central Bolivia. ,
Remarks. — This form was described from Guarayos, eastern Bolivia, the
type being still extant in the Paris Museum. It was long confused with
the M. nigriceps of Sclater from western Ecuador, even after von Berlepsch
in 1883 had suggested and Mr. Hellmayr in 1906 definitely determined the
true application of the name from an examination of the type. This
author was able to also compare at the same time the types of von Pel-
zeln's M. tricolor and M. gracilirostris, and came to the conclusion that all
three belonged to the same form. In the case of the latter he is probably
correct, on geographical grounds at least, but M. tricolor seems to be
recognizably distinct, although conspecific, as already shown. We can
find no difference between a series from Bolivia on the one hand and one
from Venezuela on the other, and these in their turn are the same as a series
from Colombia. A specimen from Trinidad belongs here also, but British
and Dutch Guiana birds are intermediate between this form and tricolor,
and might be referred as easily to the one form as to the other. In its
vertical range it goes up to the upper limit of the Tropical Zone and some-
times a little beyond. It appears to be confined to the region just east of
the Andes, except in Venezuela and Colombia, where it has succeeded in
passing around their northern extremity and invading the low country
beyond, grading into nigriceps in western Colombia. Dr. Chapman refers
his specimens from below Andalucia, in the Eastern Andes of Colombia, to
nigriceps, but we think that they, as well as the series from the Magdalena
Valley in the collection of the Carnegie Museum, go better with tuberculifer.
All these, being in fresh plumage, are a little darker than usual, but no more
so than Bolivian skins.
In coloration tuberculifer is intermediate between tricolor on the one hand
and nigriceps on the other, as might be expected from its geographical
position. The cap is brownish or dusky black, not deep black as in nigri-
ceps, but darker than in tricolor, and more strongly contrasted with the
rest of the upper surface. The two small tubercles on the edge of the
wing, from which the name tuberculifer is derived, are not peculiar alone
to this species, however.
Specimens examined. — Trinidad: Princestown, 1. British Guiana
Carimang River, 1; Roraima (3500 ft.), 1. Dutch Guiana: Lelydorp, 1
vicinity of Paramaribo, 1 . Venezuela : La Cumbre de Valencia, 3 ; Aroa, 1
Lagunita de Aroa, 2; Guarico, 1; Anzoategui, 4; El Trompillo, 1; Sierra de
Carabobo, 9 ; Merida, 6 ; " Orinoco " ( ? ) , 1 ; Caicara, 3 ; Quiribana de Caicara,
1; San Antonio, Bermudez, 2; El Guacharo, 1; Escorial, 1; Cristobal Colon,
Paria Peninsula, 1; Las Trincheras, 2. Colombia: Jordan, 1; Cacagualito,
1; Minca, 4; Bonda, 1; Cincinnati, 16; La Tigrera, 4; Las Vegas, 1; Don
Diego, 13; Pueblo Viejo, 2; Fundacion, 2; Jaraquiel, 1; El Cauca, 5; La
Palmita, 1 ; Ocana, 3 ; El Tambor, 1 ; Rio Negro, 3 ; Palmar, 1 ; La Colorada,
1; "Santa Marta Mts.," 2; San Miguel, 1; Palomina, 2; San Francisco, 1;
La Concepcion, 6; Andalucia, 3; Buena Vista, 2. Bolivia: Rio Yapacani,
2; Buena vista, 1; Rio Surutu, 6; Cerro del Chimbero, 1; Mission San
Antonio, Rio Chimore, Prov. Cochabamba, 1; Roquefalda, Prov. Cocha-
bamba, 1 ; Mouth of Rio San Antonio, Rio Espirito Santo, 1 . Total, 137.
216 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Myiarchus tubercixlifer nigriceps Sclater.
Myiarchus nigriceps Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1860, 68 (Palla-
tanga, Ecuador; orig. descr.; type now in coll. Brit. Mus.), 295 (Esmeral-
das, Ecuador). — Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 234 (Pallatanga and
Esmeraldas, Ecuador). — Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1872, 75 (Quito, Ecuador; Sclater's references; descr.; crit.). — Sclater
and Salvin, Nom. Avium Neotrop., 1873, 52, part (Ecuador and Colom-
bia, in range). — Giebel, Thes. Orn., II, 1875, 661, part (ref. orig. descr.).
— Salvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 316 (Sclater's reference; crit.). —
VON Berlepsch, Ibis, 1883, 140, in text (range; crit.). — von Berlepsch
and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1883, 559 (Chimbo, Ecua-
dor).— VON Berlepsch, Journ. f. Orn., XXXII, 1884, 304, in text
(range; crit.). — von Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, 1884, 297 (Bugnac, Ecuador). — Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.,
XIV, 1888, 258, part (localities in western Ecuador; descr.; references). —
Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, II, 1889, 96, part (refer-
ences; range). — Hartert, Nov. Zool., V, 1898, 488 (Chimbo and
Paramba, Ecuador). — Salvadori and Festa, Bol. Mus. Zool. ed Anat.
Comp. Torino, XIV, No. 362, 1899, 13 (La Concepcion and Niebli,
Ecuador; references). — Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, 707 (Intag and Gualea,
Ecuador). — Sharpe, Hand-List Birds, III, 1901, 146, part (in list of
species; range). — Dubois, Syn. Avium, I, 1902, 251, part (references;
range). — Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., XIII, 1906, 26, part (localities in Ecua-
dor), 324, part (crit.).— Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 50, IV ,
1907, 613, 650, part (references; range). — von Berlepsch, Ornis, XIV,
1907, 477 (in list of species). — Menegaux, Mission Service Geog. Mes.
Arc. M^ridien Equat. Amer. du Sud, IX, i, 1911, B 58 (Gualea and Santo
Domingo, Ecuador; references). — Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1911, 1137 (Pueblo Rico and Noanama, Colombia; crit.). — Brabourne
and Chubb, Birds S. Am., I, 1912, 303 (ref. orig. descr.; range).
Pyrocephalus nigriceps Gray, Hand-List Birds, 1, 1869, 363 (in list of species;
range).
Myiarchus lawrencii var. nigriceps Ridgway, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts,
(3), IV, 1872, 455 (crit.).
Myiarchus tristis var. nigriceps Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, Hist. N.
Am. Birds, II, 1874, 333 (diag.; range; crit.).
Myiarchus tuberculifer nigriceps Hellmayr and von Seilern, Arch. f.
Naturg., LXXVIII, 1912, 85, in text (range; crit.). — Chapman, Bull.
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, 477 (Alto Bonito, Dabeiba, Juntas
de Tamand, San Jos6, Rio Frio, and Call, Colombia; Ecuador; crit.). —
Hellmayr, Arch. f. Naturg., LXXXV, 1920, 59, in text (range; meas.;
crit.).
Subspedfic characters. — Similar to Myiarchus tuberculifer tuberculifer,
but upper parts brighter green (near olive citrine), pileum deeper black,
sides of head darker, and under parts averaging brighter yellow.
Measurements. — Male: wing, 73-81 (average, 77.5); tail, 67-77 (72);
Todd — Studies in the Tyrannidce. 217
bill, 15.5-17.5 (17); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.6). Female (eight specimens):
wing, 69-79 (75); tail, 66-72 (70); bill, 16-17.5 (17); tarsus, 17-19 (18).
Range. — Pacific slope of western Colombia and western Ecuador.
Remarks. — The above diagnosis is based on specimens from Ecuador.
Birds from western Colombia are not tjrpical, varying as they do in the
direction of tuberculifer; some of them, indeed, considered alone, could
readily be referred to that form, but the series as a whole is nearer the
Ecuador race. The evidence for the occurrence of nigriceps in Peru is not
at all conclusive. No specimens have been examined by us from that
country, and practically all the published records are for localities lying at
elevations falling within the confines of the Subtropical Zone, as also indi-
cated by the general character of their bird Hfe. It is true that in Colombia
and Ecuador nigriceps ascends to the upper limit of the Tropical Zone and
even beyond, but it is certainly significant that there are no records for the
low country in Peru. On geographical grounds alone, therefore, we feel
justified in placing all the supposed Peruvian records for nigriceps under
atriceps, and an examination of Taczanowski's description and general
account (the measurements in particular) seems to confirm this view. Mr.
Hellmayr, it is true, says that he can find no difference between a pair of
birds from Cajabamba, Peru, and others from western Ecuador, except
in size — which may be significant. Taking birds in fresh unworn plumage
alone, and only those to the authenticity of whose sexing there is no doubt
attaching, there is a gap in size between nigriceps and atriceps which is very
apparent. The present form is clearly only subspecifically related to
tuberculifer, the range of which it touches in northwestern Colombia, and
with which it agrees well in size. It has escaped synonyms, since the
brunneiceps of Lawrence, based on the bird of Panama, is recognizably
distinct, having the pileum more brownish, less blackish, and the upper
parts brighter.
Specimens examined. — Colombia: Murindo, 2; Cordoba, 4; Yumbo, 1;
San Jose, 2; Cali, 1; Juntas de Tamana, 1; Rio Frio, 2; Dabeiba, 2; Alto
Bonito, 2; San Luis, Bitaco Valley, 1; near Pavas, 1. Ecuador: "Quito,"
2; Intag, 1; Esmeraldas, 2; Chone, Manavi, 1; Gualea, 1; Zamora, 1;
Zaruma, 3; Huigra, Chimbo, 2; Pagma Forest, Chunchi, 1; Hacienda
Jalancay, Chunchi, 1; Junction Chanchan and Chiguancay Rivers, 1;
Bucay, 1. Total, 36.
Vol. 35, pp. 219-220 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
TWO NEW SOUTH AMERICAN SNAKES. \
BY E. R. DUNN.
While going over some of the South American snakes in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, I happened upon two which
seem as yet undescribed. As will be apparent their generic
assignments are rather a problem, although their direct specific
relations are easily determined.
Dromicus amazonicus, sp. n.
Type.—M. C. Z., No. 2820, Santarem, Brazil.
Scales 17; ventrals 152, anal divided; caudals 75. Eight upper labials,
4th and 5th entering eye; loreal longer than high; one pre- and two postocu-
lars; temporals 1-2; internasals as long as broad, frontal longer than its
distance from tip of snout, shorter than the parietals; latter longer than
their distance from the internasals; anterior chin shields longer than pos-
terior; olive brown above, white below and on the first two scale rows; dark
spots on some of the scales of the 7th and 8th rows, forming two dorsal dark
lines which disappear on the tail; upper labials and throat white with dark
mottlings; a pair of white spots on the nape. Total length 250 mm., tail
55 mm.
Apparently allied to Rhadinea binotata, Werner, also from Brazil, but
hinotata has the posterior chin shields longer; a dark stripe between the two
light flecks on the neck; and the sides, inclusive of the ends of the ventrals,
are olive green.
Van Denburgh (1912 Proc. California Acad. Sci. (4) I p. 327) has pointed
out the comparative uselessness of the scale pits for defining genera in this
group of snakes. It then becomes exceedingly doubtful whether Rhadinea,
Aporophis, Leimadophis (Liophis) and Dromicus (Alsophis), can be main-
tained as separate genera. There are doubtless several natural groups
within this mass of some 110 snakes, but until better characters are found
it is at least unsafe to describe a snake in one of these genera without care-
fully considering the species of the others. Dromicus is the oldest tenable
name and is not preoccupied by Dromica.
As examples of the danger of trusting too readily to the generic divisions
in this group it is worth while to mention —
37— Pboc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (219)
220 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
(1) Aporophis melanocephaliis Griffin (1917 Mem. Carnegie Mus.
vii, 3, p. 171) which is clearly a synonym of Rhadinea steinbachi
Boulcnger (1905, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xv, p. 454), both snakes
coming from Bolivia and both collected by the same man.
(2) Liophis atahuallpae Steindachner (1901 Anz. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
p. 195) from Ecuador is, according to Boulenger in the Zool. Rec. for
1901, a synonym of Rhadinea undiddta Wied (1825 Beitr. Nat. Bras.
I, p. 329).
Tachymenis surinamensis, sp. n.
Type.~M. C. Z., No. 5123, Surinam.
Ventrals 196, anal divided; caudals 98; scales 19; total length 417 mm.;
tail 113 mm.; eight upper labials, 4th and 5th entering eye; one pre- and
and two postoculars; temporals 1-1; frontal very long and narrow, no
broader than supraocular, longer than parietals, much longer than its dis-
tance from tip of snout; loreal longer than high. Color, (faded) very light
above and below ; a black dot on end of each ventral and one at tip of each
scale in row one; second, third and fourth scale rows rather peppered with
tiny black specks; a black dot on about every third scale in row four,
larger black dots on about every third scale in row eight, on the neck these
last fuse in pairs across median line and there is an elongate dark blotch on
the middle five scale rows just back of the parietals; a light, dark bordered
line along the frontal; a dark band from nostril through eye continuous with
the slightly darker scale rows 2, 3 and 4; behind the eye on the labials this
line bordered with black below; a dark spot below eye on fifth upper labial;
lower labials and throat sprinkled with darker.
A second specimen with same data has ventrals 200, anal divided,
caudals 89, total length 300 mm.; tail 75 mm. The upper series of dots on
the back is on the seventh row; the marking on the frontal is not visible
and the subocular streak extends from eye nearly to lip across fifth and sixth
labial.
Related to Tachymenis elongata Despax from Peru. But elongata has
scale pits; the parietal is as long as the frontal; the temporals are 1-2 and
tfif' coloration, wliile generally similar, differs in detail.
I am in some doubt as to whether the generic assignment of this snake
is correct. It agrees with Coniophanes in the absence of scale pits and in
the round pupil, but it is evidently closely allied to Tachymenis elongata.
It is somewhat doubtful whether Coniphanes and Tachymenis can be kept
apart. Tachymenis is the older name.
Vol. 35, pp. 221-222 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
NOTES ON SOME TROPICAL RANAE.
BY E. R. DUNN.
The notes hereinafter to be presented are supplementary
to Boulenger's monograph of American Ranae (Proc. Amer.
Acad. 55, 9, 1920).
Rana vibicaria (Cope).
I took five adults, fifteen young and a tadpole of this little known frog
while in Costa Rica in 1920. All the specimens came from small ponds in an
old crater of Poas. This is now occupied by the tumble-down "lecheria"
miscalled the "Hotel de Poas," and is at an altitude of about 7000-7500
feet.
(a) Comparison with the type of Levirana vibicaria Cope (Proc. Ac.
Phila. 1894, p. 141) makes it apparent that these are the same. It is also
quite evident that Boulenger was right in considering Levirana vibicaria
identical with Rana godmani Guenther (Biol. Cent. Amer. Rept. p. 204,
pi. 63, f. A, 1900).
(b) Boulenger says "lower parts white." In life the under surface of
the hind legs was red.
(c) The young diflier markedly in color being bright green above; sides
shiny black; a white line along upper jaw; under surfaces of legs and con-
cealed parts of hind legs red.
The grass around the small ponds was alive with these very beautiful
little frogs, evidently recently transformed. The adult were rather shy
and remained in the pond.
(d) The color of the young is strikingly similar to that of R. caeruleo-
punctata. Direct comparison of my specimens with some of caeruleopunc-
tata which I caught at Navarro, Costa Rica, shows that the two are more
closely allied than would appear from the arrangement in Boulenger, 1920.
There the two are each left rather isolated and each compared with Old
World species. R. vibicaria is the more aquatic of the two and has much
the more restricted range as it is known only from three places in the high
volcanoes of Costa Rica, while caeruleopunctata ranges over Costa Rica and
Nicaragua.
The dorso-lateral glandular fold which is very wide in adult vibicaria is
narrow in caeruleopunctata and in young vibicaria.
38— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (221)
222 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
The tips of the toes are evidently swollen into disks in caeruleopunctata
and in young vibicaria.
I fail to see any difference between adults of the two species in degree of
separation of the outer metatarsals and should say that they were separated
nearly to the base in both.
I should then put vibicaria in group II of Boulenger (which includes all
the other tropical American Ranae) and regard it as both anatomically and
geographically allied to R. caeruleopunctata.
(e) The tadpole of this species has not been described.
The specimen at hand has the hind legs already apparent and measures
70 mm. The taU is about twice as long as the body, rounded at the tip;
interocular space equals width of mouth; black; tail light brown with circu-
lar black dots; teeth 6-4; the upper series marginal; the lower bordered by
a row of papillae; the uppermost row uninterrupted and the three lowest
uninterrupted.
This tadpole agrees with that of Rana palmipes rather than with any
other described American tadpole, but has more numerous series of horny
teeth above. The tadpole of caeruleopunctata is as yet unknown.
(/) Deckert (Zoologica II, No. 1, 1915) mentions Rana godmani from
Costa Rica. The locality (Guapiles, 1000 ft.) is far too low for this frog
and the color "greenish olive above with indistinct darker spots, and whit-
ish below" does not agree with that of vibicaria and sounds suspiciously
like that of palmipes.
Rana palmipes.
Boulenger (1920, p. 479) in his discussion of Cope's Ranula chrysoprasina
says that no specimens of R. palmipes have ever been received from Costa
Rica. This is due, of course, to the fact that Underwood's collections
mostly came from the high central part of the country. That palmipes
occurs in Costa Rica is shown by six specimens in the M. C. Z., collected by
me at Zent, at Monteverde and at Guapiles.
Rana pustulosa.
A single female specimen from Ventanas, Durango, was all that was
known of this frog when Boulenger wrote in 1920. In 1921, I was pre-
sented with a male specimen from Mazatlan, Sinaloa by Senor Doctor
Carlos Cuesta Torron. It is now in the M. C. Z.
It differs from the male of palmipes in having external vocal sacs; the
tympanum is nearly the size of the eye and separated from it by % its own
diameter; the tibiotarsal articulation reaches the eye; the heels do not over-
lap; there is a large horny pad on the inner side of the first finger.
Vol. 35, pp. 223-224 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
\-/,
THE IDENTITY OF ATTILA FLAMMULATUS .;j* )
LAFRESNAYE. ^^ —
BY OUTRAM BANGS AND THOMAS E. PENARD.
Having examined the type of Attila flammulatus Lafresnaye
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, we estabUsh its status
as follows:
Attila flammulatus flammulatus Lafresnaye.
Attila flammulatus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 1848, p. 47 ("Colombia" — we
substitute Vera Cruz, Mexico; type, Lafr. coll. 4,526 [Verreaux Cata-
logue], now Mus. Comp. Zool., 76, 375).
Attila citreopyga salvini Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (Pasa Nueva, Vera
Cruz, Mexico; type in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).
Measurements (in millimeters). — Type (M. C. Z., 76,375): wing, 94.0;
tail, 79.0; tarsus, 28.5; exposed culmen, 26.5. Topotype of A. c salvini
(M. C. Z., 102,465, o", Pasa Nueva, Vera Cruz, Mexico): wing, 94.0; tail,
77.0; tarsus, 28.5; exposed culmen, 26.0.
Range. — Vera Cruz and Pueblo, Mexico, south to Hondiu-as.
Remarks. — The large size of Lafresnaye's specimen, the dark back,
heavily streaked pileum, hindneck and sides, without any olivaceous shade,
tlie orange-ochraceous rump and sides, the grayish throat and chest, very
distinctly streaked — all agree with only the northern form named salvini by
Ridgway and certainly not with A. citreopygus (Bonaparte), the recorded
range of which has recently been extended to western Colombia by Chap-
man (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXVI, 1917, p. 495). Compared with
topotypical specimens oi salvini, the type of Lafresnaye's Attila flammulatus
is found to be identical in all respects except that it has faded a little.
Sclater (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., Vol. XIV, 1888, p. 358, footnote) states
that Attila flammulatus Lafr. was unknown to him and hence he was unable
to place it. Brabourne and Chubb (The Birds of So. Am., I, 1912, p. 319),
however, include it in their list and give its range as "Colombia, " no doubt
on Lafresnaye's authority. But the locality Colombia is evidently an error
as we have found to be the case with many other localities cited by Lafres-
naye in his original descriptions.
Lafresnaye's designation of Attila flammulatus being the earliest for the
species, the forms will stand as follows :
39— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (223;
224 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
1. Attila flammulatus flammulatus Lafresnaye. Vera Cruz, Eastern
Mexico.
2. Attila flammulatus citreopygus (Bonaparte). Nicaragua to western
Columbia.
3. Attila flammulatus dnnamomexis Lawrence. Pacific slope of Mexico.
4. Attila flammulatus mexicamis Nelson. Tobasco, S. E. Mexico.
5. Attila flammulatus luteolus Ridgway. Pacific slope of Nicaragua and
Costa Rica.
6. Attila flammulatus gnumeri Salvin and Godman. Yucatan to coast of
Br. Honduras.
7. Attila flammulatus cozumelae Kidgway . Cozumel Island.
These forms are all recognized by Ridgway in his Birds of North and
Middle America, but it is very probable that the number will be reduced
when more material becomes available for study. For example, Carriker
in his annotated list of the birds of Costa Rica and Cocos Island (Ann.
Carnegie Mus., VI, 1910, p. 671) has already thrown out Attila flammulatus
luteolus.
Vol. 35, pp. 225-228 October 17, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
GENERAL NOTES.
THE TYPE OF PACHYRAMPHUS POLYCHOPTERUS (VIEILLOT) .
In our review of the races of Pachyramphus polychopterus (Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., LXIV, 1921, 4, p. 382), we accepted Hellmayr's designation
of South Brazil as the type locality of Platyrhynchos polychopterus Vieillot
(Nouv. Diet., XXVII, 1818, p. 10), provisionally using the name P. p.
polychopterus for the southern form. We stated, also, that Hellmayr and
Seilern (Archiv Naturg., 1912, Abt. A, Heft 5, p. 89, footnote) had noted
that the type might upon investigation prove to belong to another form.
Since the publication of our article Dr. Hellmayr has informed us that he
has examined the type in the Paris Museum, and that it is identical with
Bahia specimens. The type, an adult male, affords the following measure-
ments: wing, 75 mm.; tail, 56 mm. The name Pachyramphus polychop-
terus polychopterus (Vieillot) should therefore be transferred to the eastern
form, replacing Pachyramphus polychopterus splendens (Wied) which we had
revived in recognizing this race; and the name Pachyramphus polychop-
terus notius Brewster and Bangs again becomes available for the large
southern form.
The recognizable forms are thus:
1. Pachyramphus polychopterus polychopterus (Vieillot).
2. Pachyramphus polychopterus notius Brewster and Bangs.
3. Pachyramphus polychopterus variegatus (Spix).
4. Pachyramphus polychopterus tristis (Kaup).
5. Pachyramphus polychopterus cinereiventris Sclater.
6. Pachyramphus polychopterus tantulus Bangs and Penard.
7. Pachyramphus polychopterus similis Cherrie.
8. Pachyramphus polychopterus dorsalis Sclater.
— Outram Bangs and Thomas E. Penard.
A NEW NAME FOR THE RUFOUS-CHESTED FLYCATCHER.
The bird described by Lafresnaye (Rev. Zool., 1846, p. 207) as Tyrannula
rufipectus proves to be a Leptopogon and is identical with Leptopogon ery-
throps Sclater (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1862, p. 111). This invalidates
the combination Leptopogon rufipectus Taczanowski (Orn. Perou, II, 1884,
p. 249) for which we now propose the name Leptopogon inca, nom. nov.
— Outram Bangs and Thomas E. Penard.
40 — Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (225)
226 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
THE IDENTITY OF HYLOPHILUS LEUCOPHRYS LAFRESNAYE.
The type of Hylophilus leucophrys Lafresnaye (Rev. Zool., 1844, p. 81—
Colombia) which is now in the collection of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, proves to be identical with Vireosylva josephae (Sclater) (Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 137, pi. 154 — PhaUatanga, Ecuador).
Compared with a series of the various races of this species, we find the
type to agree best with birds from Colombia. The specimen is faded and
has become brownish above as in old Bogota skins, and the yellow of the
under parts is now duller. Sclater (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XI, 1886, p. 246)
places Hylophilus leucophrys Lafr. in the synonymy of Chlorospingus super-
ciliaris Lafr. [ = Hemispingus superciliaris (Lafr.)], but Berlepsch omits the
name altogether in his "Revision der Tanagriden, " correctly assuming
that it did not belong to a tanager. Chapman (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
XXXVI, 1917, p. 540) says that the Colombian birds are larger than those
from Ecuador. They may be separable, in which case the name Vireosylva
josephae (Sclater) will be available for the Ecuadorean form.
At present we recognize four forms as follows :
1. Vireosylva leucophrys leucophrys (Lafresnaye).
2. Vireosylva leucophrys mirandae (Hartert).
3. Vireosylva leucophrys chiriquensis Bangs.
4. Vireosylva leucophrys costaricensis Ridgway.
— Outram Bangs and Thomas E. Penard.
NOTE ON LAMPROPELTIS MEXICANA (GARMAN).
While tabulating characters of snake genera I noticed that Oreophis
Duges differed only slightly from Lampropeltis. On looking the matter
up, it became apparent that Oreophis boulengeri Duges (1897, Proc. Zool.
Soc. London, p. 284) from Guanajuato, Mexico, is a strict synonym of
Ophibolus triangulus mexicanus Garman (1883, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
(7), 3, p. 66) from San Luis Potosi, Mexico. This gives a third specimen
and second locality for this rare snake and affords an opportunity to erase
a genus and a species from an overcrowded list.
The dentition ascribed to Oreophis is obviously abnormal, differing from
that of Lampropeltis in having four teeth in the middle of the maxillary
shorter than the rest. In all the other characters, especially in the pecuhar
head coloration, the description agrees well with the types of Carman's
species which I have just examined.
The scale formula for this third specimen is Sc. 22; V, 185 + 1; C. 44;
L. 8-9; T. 2-3; 40 red saddles on body and tail. Total length 387 mm.,
tail 60 mm.
— E. R. Dunn.
General Notes. 227
A NOTE ON THE DOMESTIC PIGEON.
On September 13, 1921, in company with Mr. C. H. M. Barrett, I was
engaged in the wild rice (Zizania) marshes of the Anacostia River, D. C,
which is one of the areas in the Federal District where shooting is permitted.
A pair of homing pigeons {Columba livia var.) had been casually noted for
several minutes, but our attention was centered in their direction, when a
hunter, seventy-five or a hundred yards distant, fired at them. Although
it was obvious that the birds were practically out of range, one of them
seemed to have been hit, for after a short circle, it came down and alighted
on the surface of the river within about sixty yards of our boat. The second
bird, circling sharply, hovered over its mate for a few seconds and then
came down and lit on the water beside it. Turning our glasses on the birds,
we now observed them to be drinking, both apparently uninjured. They
remained on the water fully thirty seconds and then rose as lightly and
apparently with as little effort as would be expected from a gull or tern.
Both birds were seen several times later in the same day, but were not again
observed to repeat their aquatic performance.
Although this habit (if habit it is) was entirely new to me, I find that it
has been noted by other observers although it is evidently of rare occurrence.
In the Canadian Field-Naturalist for May, 1921 (Vol. XXXV, No. 5, p.
98), Mr. Hoyes Lloyd reports a similar observation, with a resume of some
previous accounts. He reports that this aquatic habit has been noted in the
case of the domestic or homing pigeon (European Rock Dove stock), the
Wood Pigeon {Columba palumbus, and the Passenger Pigeon {Ectopistes
migratorius) . In this connection, it is interesting to recall that in the
system of classification proposed by Dr. Hans Gadow,' Order number
eleven of the Division of Neornithes Carinatae, the Charadriiformes,
include the A. O. U. Orders Limicolae, Longipennes, and Columbae and the
Family Alcidae.
— Frederick C. Lincoln.
iBronn's Klassen un Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs. VogeJ. Von Hans Gadow. II, Syste-
matischer Theil, Leipzig, 1893, pp. 194-212.
Vol. 35, pp. 229-230 December 12, 1922
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
BiOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
A NEW SNAKE FROM SOUTHWEST AFRICA.
BY THOMAS BARBOUR.
Not long ago Professor Charles Palache brought to the Mu-
seum of Comparative Zoology a small but very interesting col-
lection of reptiles. They came from Kolmanskop about seventy
miles south of Liideritzbucht and from the waterless region of
the diamond fields. This desert, called the Nameb, is an arid
coastal zone like the Tarapaca or Atacama deserts and likewise
owes its extreme aridity to a cold water current similar to the
Humboldt stream off the Chilean coast. Oftimes years pass
with no rainfall at all but the average, over a period of years,
is about 0.5 inches a year. The Nameb is essentially lifeless
except that after one of the rare rainfalls reptiles appear for a
short time and then retire again for another long period of
inactivity.
Apparently this region was little visited by German zoologists
although, on account of the diamond fields, there was some
rather extensive geological exploration.
This collection was made by Dr. Werner Beetz, who not only
nursed Prof. Palache through a dangerous attack of typhoid
fever but presented him with these specimens as well.
This novelty with which, therefore, it is a pleasure to asso-
ciate Dr. Beetz's name, was found among such rare and little
known forms asSepsina weber'iKoux, Condylosaurus subtessellatus
(Smith) and Ramphiophis multimaculatus (Smith) and others.
The genus Tarbophis in which I have included this species is
not particularly well defined and may possibly finally be merged
with Crotaphopeltis from which it is separated by relatively
minor dental character and by style of coloration. No species
of the genus has been recorded from the Southwest Protectorate
(formerly German Southwest Africa) but the species most
■11— Pboc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922. (229)
230 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
closely similar is likewise the nearest geographicall}^, Tai'bophis
semiannulatus (Smith), being apparently closely allied and found
in East, South Central and Southeast Africa. The new form
is to be called
Tarbophis beetzii, sp. nov.
Type M. C. Z., No. 16,728 from Kolmanskop, Southwest Protectorate,
Africa. Collected by Dr. Werner Beetz. Type fresh and in fine preserva-
tion. Diagnosis: Similar to T. semiannulatus but differing in having 21
rows of scales instead of invariably having 19; in coloration, in having the
anal entire and in several other minor features.
Description: Rostral perpendicular in profile; not visible from above
and much wider than high; internasal broader than long, much shorter
than the prefrontals ; frontal very slightly longer than broad, a little longer
than its distance from tip of snout ; much shorter than the parietals ; nasal
divided; loreal almost square; one preocular widely occluded from the
frontal, two post-oculars; temporals 2+3; nine upper labials, of which the
third, fourth and fifth enter the eye; four lower labials touch the anterior
chin shields which are very large; posterior chin shields small and widely
separated; scales in 21 rows; ventrals, 218; anal entire; subcaudals 46 pairs.
Color, sandy buff above and below; the dorsal surface of the nape with
a conspicuous crosswise marking, wider on the midline than laterally, also
thirty-seven round, dark, middorsal spots on the body and many small
flecks on the upper side of the tail. The sides of the body are very faintly
clouded with dusky, the belly is immaculate.
Length of body, 220 mm.; of tail, 31 mm.
INDEX
New names are printed in heavy type.
Aa Rosei... -
Adiantopsis radiata
Aldrich, J. M. Notes on the
Genus Palpostoma-
Note on the occurrence of
dipterous larvae in shales of
Green River, Utah.—
Alsophila aquilina ----
pungens .— —
Ames, Oakes. Descriptions of
New Orchids from Tropical
America with Nomenclatorial
Changes.
Anas arcuata
Anemia abbottii
hirta._
Anetium citrifolium
Aplopappus brickellioides
Arremon strictocoUaris
Asplenium cirrhatum
integerrimum
Aster bellus._-
glaucodes
pulcher
Attila cinnamomeus
citreopygus
cozumelae
flammulatus
gaumeri
luteolus
mexicanus..
81
50
xu
49
49
81-88
78
48
48
49
173
90
50
50
174
174
174
224
224
224
223
224
224
224
Bahia ourolepis 175
Bailey, V. Occurrence of Buffalo
bones in Malheur County,
Oregon.. x
Tubers of Talinum angus-
tissimum eaten by Rodents in
Arizona x
Raising baby Beavers x
Exhibition of pet Rodents.. xii
Ball, E. D. Importance of ade-
quate training for biological
work in Government service.... xii
Bangs, Outram, and Thomas E.
Penard. The Identity of
Attila flammulatus Lafres-
naye 223-224
The Type of Pachyram
' " " 225
phus polychopterus (Vieillot)..
A New Name for the
Rufous-chested Flycatcher
The identity of Hylophilus
225
226
leucophrys Lafresnaye.
Barbour, Thomas. Three New
Neotropical Salientia 111-114
A New Snake from South-
west Africa .". 229-230
Barce 95
Bartsch, Paul. A Brazilian
Cardinal in Washington x
American Shipworms xi
Bidens polylepis 78
Blake, S. F. New Names for
Three North American Aster-
aceae
New Plants from South
78
and Central America collected
by Wilson Popenoe 117-124
New Asteraceae from
Utah and Nevada...- 173-178
Two New Species of
Moraceae from South America 179-180
Bletia Nelsonii..
Bolborhynchus tigrinus
Boone, Pearl Lee. Report of a
visit to C. T. Simpson
An Interesting Addition
82
77
to the Floridian Decapod
Crustacean Fauna 137-140
Brachyiulus pusLUus..
Brachyspiza choraules
mellea
Breder, C. M., Jr. See Nichols
and Breder.
Brosimopsis dlandra
Brosimum columbianum.-
Callilepis
clara.-
imbecilla
Callimerus bakeri
persimilis
Centronia tunguraguae
Cesonia
bihneata
Chamberlin, Ralph V. Further
Notes on the Nomenclature
of North American Julidae
and Nemasomidae
Two New American
Arachnids of the Order Pedi-
palpida
The North American
Spiders of the Family Gna-
phosidae
Chapin, Edward A. New North
American Hydnocera (Col.)....
On Simonella, a Genus of
Salticid Spiders new to North
America.-
— New Species of Callimerus
from Mindanao, Philippine
Islands—
Chlorospingus conspicillatus
goeringi
Chrysopsis viscida cinerascens
Citharexylum subflavescens
Cobb, N. A. Nematodes inhabit-
ing trees
Colaptes cachinnans
Collins, G. N. Maize and its wild
relatives.
Columba livia.—
Corticoris
Cowles, R. P. A Hydrographic
and Biological Survey of
Chesapeake Bay
8
44
39
180
179
146, 158
158
158
134
133
118
147
155
7-10
11-12
145-172
55-58
129-132
133-134
93
61
173
122
xii
43
xii
227
95
42— Pboc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vol. 35, 1922.
(231)
232 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
Crotaphytus wislizenii 1
Crypturornis 74
Crypturus 73
Cymindes 79
D
Danaea elliptica.- 48
Dendrocygna helva 42
Dickey, D. R. Exhibition of
moving pictures of game
animals of New Brunswicli xii
Diploiulus londinensis.- 7
caeruleocinctus._ 8
Disterigma dissimile 120
margaricoccum ._ 119
popenoei 120
Drassodes 146, 158
celes 159
negleotus 159
robinsoni 159
Drassyllus — 148, 166
apachus 168
aprilinus 170
blandus 168
depressus— 167
dixinus— 169
dromeus 169
eremitus 167
ethops 171
fallens.. 166
femoralis 170
frigidus 168
irritans 170
laccu8._ 167
lamprus 171
lepidus 168
liopus 170
louisianus 168
niger — 170
orgilus 169
proclesis 170
rufulua 167
80cius.„_ 167
transversus 1 69
virginianus 168
Dromicus amazonicus 219
Dryonastes grahami 59
Dryopteris chaerophylloides.__ 51
nemorosa.- 51
subincisa 51
Dunn, E. R. A New Salamander
from Mexico 5-6
Two New South American
Snakes 219-220
Notes on Some Tropical
Ranae 221-222
Note on Lampropeltis
mexicana (Garman) 226
E
Elaphoglossum herminieri 50
Elephas boreu8._ 99, lOO
columbi 97
imperator 97, 100
jeffersonii._ 98
mammonteus 99
primigenius 99, 100
roosevelti 100, 101
Eleutherodactylus duniii m
Eme8inae.__ 95
Erigeron caespitosus anactis _... 175
compactus 78
nevadincola. 78
G
Gaultheria pubiflora 118
Geodrassus 140, 159
auriculoides. I6O
gosintus 159
phanus._ 159
Gnaphosa 146, 156
altudona ' 157
brumalis 157
californica 158
fontinalis 157
gigantea.__ 156
orites 158
parvula 158
sericata 157
texana 157
Goldman, E. A. Meeting of the
Boston Bird-banding Society.. ix
A Mouse Plague in France xii
A New Pocket Mouse
from Idaho 105-106
Grammopsittaca maculata 77
H
Habia. 79
Hamburger, H. J. The increasing
significance of Chemistry in
medical thought and practice xii
Haplodrassus 148, 161
admes. ' i62
barberL. I6I
bicornis I6I
eunis i62
hiemalis 16I
maculatus 162
mimus 16I
signifer. — " 162
taibo 161
Hay, Oliver P. Occurrence of
Scott's Gray Fox in probably
Recent Cave Deposits in Ken-
tucky 53-54
Further Observations on
some Extinct Elephants 97-102
Hecistopteris pumila 49
Herpyllus "_ 147, 143
angustus 151
bubidcus 150
cockerelli 150
cratus 150
Herpyllus floridanus 150
pius 150
propinquus 149
scholasticus 149
swarzi 150
validus._ 150
vasifcr 149
voluntarius 149
Heterohyrax albipes 135
Hildebrand, S. F. Fish in relation
to Mosquito Control ix
Hitchcock, A. S. Botanical Notes
from the Orient x
On the Membership Cam-
paign xi
Hoffmann, I. N. Exhibition of
Attacus edwardsii ix
Holland, W. J. Remarks on the
collection of fossil Dinosaurs.. xi
Hollister, N. Arrival of a Giant
Anteater at the Zoological
Park xi
A New Hyrax from East
Africa 135-136
Hollister. N. See Miller and Hol-
lister.
Howard, L. O. Botfly larvae
attached to a tapeworm in the
stomach of a Zebra x
Index.
233
Howard, L. O. Recent meeting of
the New Jersey Mosquito Ex-
termination Association. x
A Mouse plague in Italy
since the War xii
Some informalities about
pioneer workers in medical
entomology xiii
Howell, A. H. The relationship
and distribution of American
Chipmunks. x
Hydnocera cobaltina 55
commixta 58
iowensis 57
occidentalis._ 56
picipennis 56
pulchra 57
vicina 58
Hylophilus leucophrys 226
Hymenophyllum abruptum 51
I
Inocotis 79
Isometopidae 95
Isometopus 95
pulchellus.. 95
J
Julidae 7
K
Kellogg, Remington. Change of
Name._ 78
L
Lampropeltis mexicana 226
Laronia 146, 156
bicolor 156
Larosterna 77
Lepophidium brevibarbe. 13
Leptopogon erythrops. 225
inca 225
rufipectus 225
Lincoln, Frederick C. A Note on
the Domestic Pigeon 227
Litopyllus 147, 155
luteus 155
rupicolens 155
temporarius _ 155
Luteva 95
arizonensis 95
Lycopodium funiforme 51
Lygodium oligostachyum 49
M
Macleania irazuensis 120
laurina 121
popenoei 122
Malaxis acianthoides.— 84
blephariglottis 84
brachyrrhyncha 84
Javesiae 84
lepanthiflora 84
lepidota 84
linguella. 84
mexicana.- 82
minutiflora 84
monticola 84
ocreata 84
pandurata 84
Pittieri 84
platyglossa 84
Pringlei 84
Rose! 83
streptopetala 84
tenuis.- 85
Malaxis tepicana
Tonduzii
Tuerckheimii
Wercklei
Malloch, J. R. Seven New Spe-
cies of the Syrphid Genus
Snhegina Meigen (Diptera)....
Malloch, J. R. See McAtee and
Malloch.
Marattiaceae
Marsh, C. D. Livestock poison-
ing by death camas
Maxon, William R. Notes on a
Collection of Ferns from the
Dominican Republic
McAtee, W. L. Muhlenberg on
Plants Collected in the Dis-
trict of Columbia Region
about 1809
McAtee, W. L., and J. R. Malloch.
Changes in Names of Ameri-
can Rhynchota chiefly
Emesinae
Megamyrmecion
calif ornicum
Metapterus
Microtus sanctidiegi
Miller, Gerrit S., Jr., and N. Hol-
lister. A New Phalanger
from Celebes
Miner, L. D. Spring bird study
classes of the Audubon
Society.__
Mitrospingus costaricensis.
Myiagreutes
Myiarchus.....
apicalis
atriceps
bahiae
cephalotes _
crinitus
ferox.
nigriceps
pallescens
panamensis
pelzelnL-
phaeocephalus..
phaeonotus
sordidus..-_
swainsoni
tricolor.-
tuberculifer
tyrannulus
venezuelensis..
Myiobius—
atricaudus
aureatus
barbatus
mastacahs
modestus
peru vianus
ridgwayi
semiflavus
suflfusus
sulphureipygius .
villosus
83
85
85
85
141-144
48
ix
47-52
63-72
95-96
146, 155
155
95
78
115-116
X
93
95
181, 183
184, 207
184, 209
183, 191
184, 206
183, 184
184, 197
184, 216
183, 192
184, 204
183, 193
184, 208
184, 197
184, 195
184, 200
184,211
184,212
183, 185
184, 203
17
21,35
21,29
21,24
20,21
21,33
21,32
21,37
21,27
21,34
21,27
21,31
N
Nemasomidae._
Nichols, John T., and C. M.
Breder. Otophidium welshi,
a New Cusk Eel, with Notes
on two others from the Gulf
of Mexico
NoddL___
Nodocion._
barbaranus
ingans
mateonus
13-16
77
147, 154
154
154
154
234 Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.
NopoiuluB minutus 9
O
Oberholser, H. C. Tameness of
Birds due to heavy snows x
Wintering of wild ducks in
Iowa, and importation of the
starling into Vancouver Island xi
Notes on the Nomencla-
ture of the Genus Crypturus
Illiger......... 73-76
— Inocotis Reichenbach to be
replaced by Pseudibis Hodg-
son 79
Rostrhamus Lesson versus
Cymindes Spix 79
Phoenicothraupis Cabanis
becomes Habia Blyth 79-80
Oedipus townsendi 5
Ophibolus mexicanus 226
Ophidion holbrooki 14
Ophyiulus pilosus 9
Oreophis boulengeri. 226
Orodrassus 148, 163
assimilis.- 163
coloradensis- 163
vastus 163
Orospingus 61
Otophidium welshi 15
P
Pachyramphus cinereiventris.
dorsalis
notius.
polychopterus
similis.-
tantulus._
tristis
variegatus
Pack, Herbert J. Food Habits of
Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird
andGirard
Palmer, T. S. Census of Quail in
D.C
Notes on a recently com-
pleted Check List of the Birds
of Africa, and on a cooperative
plan for similar lists for other
Regions
Miscellaneous Notes
Several birds recently
introduced into the United
States.
Twenty years of Federal
protection of the Buffalo
Paludicola illotus
Panulirus laevicauda—
Pelexia Maxoni
Penard, Thomas E. See Bangs
and Penard.
Perognathus idahoensis
Phalanger furvus
Phoenicothraupis
Pillsbury, A. S. Wild Flowers and
Birds of Yosemite National
Park
Pinnixa arenicola
vanderhorsti
Piranga rosacea
Pitylus saturatus
Platystele compacta
Pleurogramme seminuda.—
Pleurothallis palliolata
Ploiaria
Carolina
hirticornis
maculata
225
22r,
225
225
225
225
225
225
1-4
X
Zl
xii
113
138
85
105
115
79
IX
104
104
92
91
85
50
86
95
95
95
95
Ploiariodes 95
calif ornica 95
canadensis.- 95
culiciformis 95
errabunda 95
euryale. 95
hirtipes 95
pilosa 95
rubromaculata 95
tuberculata 95
Ploiariola.— 95
Ploiariopsis 95
Poecilochroa 147, 151
Columbiana 151
montana 151
Polypodium costatum 50
harrisii , 50
shaferi 50
Poospiza pectoralis 89
Pseudibis 79
Ptiloria cinerea 177
R
Rachodrassus 146, 160
chera 161
echinus 160
Rana burnsi 108
kandiyohi 109
palmipes 222
pustulosa.- 222
vibicaria 221
RandaUia curacaoensis.. 103
Rathbun, Mary J. New Species
of Crabs from Curasao 103-104
Ricker, P. L. Wild flowers that
need Protection xi
Riley, J. H. A New Dryonastes
from Szechuan, China 59-60
On Chlorospingus goeringi
Sclater and Salvin 61-62
Note on a Rare Paroquet
from Venezuela.- 77
An Additional Note on the
Name of the Inca Tern 77
Note on Anas Arcuata
Horsfield 78
Riley, Smith. The Nation's
Game Supply x
Ritter, W. E. The usefulness and
the peril of the laboratory
method in Biology.. xii
Rostrhamus 79
S
Saccoloma elegans 51
Saltator nasica 45
Schizomus guateinalensis._ 12
Scopodes 146, 156
catharius 156
Sergiolus 147, 151
bicolor 153
clericus 153
cyaniventris 154
decipiens 151
famulus 152
meretriz 153
minutus 153
Stella 152
tennesseensis 152
tribolus 153
unimaculatua 152
variegatus 151
Shantz, H. L. Notes on the
"white ants" of Africa iz
Shufeldt, R. W. Exhibition of a
new Biography of Alfred New-
ton ix
Index.
235
Shufeldt, R. W. The Asiatic
Mantis, Tenodera sinensis, in
Washington x
On methods in Photogra-
phy, and exhibition of a new
English magazine xi
Observations on the Fauna
and Flora of the District of
Columbia x'
Sicalis flavissima 90
Simonella americana.— 130
myrmeciaeformis 130
petrunkevitchi 129
Smith, H. M. Exhibition of a
large rock lobster from Florida
and exhibition of a map of
Iceland publishedin 1606 xi
Sosticus 146, 160
continentalis 160
insularis.. 160
Sphegina armatipes 141
biannulata._ 143
californica 144
flavimana 143
flavomaculata 141
monticola 142
occidentalls._ 142
rufa - 142
Sporophila dispar. 90
rostrata 91
Stelis Johnsonii 87
Stenochrus 11
portoricensis 1 1
Stenolemus 95
Stephenson, L. W. Discovery of
Cyprus stumps in excavation
for the new Hotel Walker
on Connecticut avenue xiii
Stiles, C. W. Frequency of
Amoeba in Man and its signi-
ficance in public health xiii
Appointment of a Com-
mittee on Zoological Nomen-
clature to represent the
Society in cooperation with
the International Commission
on Zoological Nomenclature.... xiv
Syrrhopus mystaceus 112
T
Tachymenis surinamensis 220
Tangara fulvescens 92
lateralis 91
Tarbophis beetzii 230
Teledromas. 41
Tetradymia comosa tetrameres 176
Thraupis atripennis— 92
Tibouchina asperipilis. 117
Tidestrom, Ivar. The floral
alphabet of the Celts xi
Todd, W. E. Clyde. Studies in
the Tyrannidae. II. The
Restricted Genus Myiobius.... 17-38
Todd, W. E. Clyde. New Forms
of Finches and Tanagers from
Tropical America.- 89-94
Studies in the Tyrannidae.
III. The South American
Forms of Myiarchus._ 181-218
Trichomanes lineolatum 51
U
Urocyon scotti 53
V
Vireosylva chiriquensis 226
costaricensis 226
leucophrys.__ 226
mirandae 226
W
Weed, Alfred C. New Frogs
from Minnesota 107-110
Weiss, Harry B. The Fungous
Insect Fauna of a Mesophytic
Woods in New Jersey.-- 125-128
Westermannias 95
Wetmore, Alexander. Unusual
Bird Songs... xii
Description of a Brachy-
spiza from the Chaco of
Argentina and Paraguay 39-40
Wetmore, Alexander, and James
L. Peters. A New Genus
and Four New Subspecies of
American Birds 41-46
White, David. Exhibition of a
fossil frog or toad xii
Williams, R. W. Roosting of
Starlings near the Cosmos
Club ix
Xanthias vestitus
103
Y
Yerkes, R. M. The behavior of
Monkeys and Apes z
Z
Zelotes 148,163
adolescena.- 165
arizonensis 166
discens 164
duplex 164
funestus._ 165
gynethus 166
montereus.- 166
paludis.- 165
perditus 165
pseustes 164
puritanus.- 164
subterreaneus 163
tuobns 166
MBL WHOI LIBRAR\
UH 1
R N
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11