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PLATE I.
Ecdyses of a Lobster over a period of three years.
Reared by H. J. Waddington, Esq., F.L.S.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Bournemouth Natural
Science Society.
- VOL. 1. - -
SESSION 1908-09.
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY AT THEIR ROOMS,
GRANVILLE CHAMBERS, BOURNEMOUTH, 1909.
PRINTED BY
Tye RICHMOND HILL PRINTING WorKs LTp. BOURNEMOUTH.
5
We
S
;
r
f;
%
CONTENTS.
Introductory
List of Officers and Committee
Report of Annual Meeting
Balance Sheet ‘ A
Report of Special General Meeting
Committee’s Report
List of Members
Rules of the Society
History of the two local Natural Science Societies
Presidential Address
Report of General Lectures
Report of General Summer Excursions
Proceedings of Sections :—
Archeological and Historical
Botanical
Geographical
Geological
Microscopical
Photographical
Physical
Zoological
Selection from Papers read :—
John Prophete ae
Roman Villa at Hemsworth
Place Names in Dorset ...
Silurian Strata in the Mendips
Halley’s Comet
Water Supply of Bournemouth
PAGE
5—6
7
8
9
Io
Io—I2
13—18
I9Q—22
23—27
28—34
347139
40—44
44—46
40—47
47—49
49—52
IaTaOD
55-700
5677159
58—59
60—62
63—64
65—68
/69—7I
12-14
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Plate J. Ecdyses of a Lobster... “i Frontispiece
3 LL. Bournemouth Lily ie ae To face page 47
» <L21. Mig. 1. Tealia Crassicornis ile
fig. 2. Easter Island Hievoglyph * +
PlatelV. Fig.1. Monstrilla Anglica |
Fig. 2. Caprella acutifrons £ 54
Fig. 3. Do., Bournemouth variety {
Plate V. Brass of John Prophete... ae . 62
Plate VI. The Venus Pavement ... ee Be 64
Plate VII. Section of the Mendips ... 58 69
Flate VILL. Orbit of Halley's Comet She 3 72
5
Iniroourtory,
———
HE BOURNEMOUTH NATURAL SCIENCE SOCIETY
was founded in 1904, being the successor to an older society
which became defunct in 1897. Its objects are the promotion
of Science in all its branches, by means of Lectures, Field Meet-
ings, the Reading and Discussion of Papers, and the formation of
Sections of its members devoted to any particular branch of the
Society’s work.
The Sections at present working are eight in number ;—
Archeological and Historical, Botanical, Geographical,
Geological, Microscopical, Photographical, Physical, and
Zoological.
During the WINTER Session, from October to April, two
GENERAL MEETINGS are usually held in each month, com-
prising Lectures and Demonstrations on various subjects of scientific
interest, illustrated by lantern slides, diagrams, or specimens.
These meetings are held in Trinity Hall, Lorne Park, or in THE
SociETY’s Rooms, GRANVILLE CHAMBERS, RICHMOND HILL, on
Saturday, at 4.30 p.m.
The SECTIONAL MEETINGS are held at Granville Cham-
bers on Thursdays and Saturdays, at 4.30 p.m., each Section
being allotted one monthly meeting. At these, the papers are
more specialized and technical than the General Lectures.
During the SuMMER Session, GENERAL EXCURSIONS
to places of interest in the neighbourhood are arranged once in
each month, usually on Wednesdays. SECTIONAL EXCUR-
SIONS also take place, one in each week, on Wednesdays or
Saturdays.
The management of the Society is vested in a Committee,
which is elected at the Annual General Meeting, held in October.
The Members are elected by the Committee, and pay an
annual subscription of Ten Shillings for full membership (admitting
to all meetings and excursions for the year), or Seven Shillings and
Sixpence in the case of those who do not desire to attend Sectional
Meetings or Sectional Excursions. Visitors to Bournemouth are
permitted to join for the Winter or Summer Sessions on payment
of Five Shillings, if approved by the Executive Committee.
6
The Society is endeavouring to lay the foundation of a Museum,
by acquiring collections of archeological, botanical, conchological,
geological, and other specimens of scientific interest, which are
being arranged, and are open to the inspection of members, at
Granville Chambers.
A Montutiy Noticr, giving full particulars of all meetings,
etc., is posted to every member at the beginning of each month,
and an Annual Report or Volume of Proceedings is published every
year.
Application Forms for Membership, and further par-
ticulars, can be obtained from the Hon. Secretaries of the
Society :—
Dr. J. R. L. DIXON,
Sherbrook,
Christchurch Road,
Bournemouth.
COLONEL MARKWICK, C.B., F.R.A.S.,
innisfalien,
Campbell Road,
Boscombe.
December, 1909.
7
Bournemouth Matuyal Srienre Socicty.
OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE FOR 1909-10.
President:
DR. A. SMITH-WOODWARD, LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.
Director of the Geological Department, British Museum.
Vice-Presidents:
G. BrowneENn, EsQ., F.c.s. Dr. A. RANSOME, M.A., F.R.S.
Dr. CRALLAN, M.A., M.B. Miss C. AGNES ROOPER.
J. E. Lippiarp, EsgQ., F.R.G.S., Dr. A. W. THomas.
M.N.G.S. Of U.S.A., M.J.S. Dr. J. Roberts THOMSON, J.P.
THe Rev. E. F. LInTon, M.a. H. J. WappineTon, Esg., F.L.S.
Chairman of Committee:
Dr. WILLIAM T. ORD.
Chairmen of Sections:
Archeological and Historical: G. BROWNEN, Esgq., F.C.S.
Botanical: Miss C. AGNES ROoPER.
Geographical: J. E. Liopiarp, Esq., F.R.G.S., etc.
Geological: Dr. W. T. Orn.
Microscopical: Dr. J. R. L. Dixon.
Photographical: C. J. HANKINsoN, EsQ., J.P.
Physical: Huprert PAINTER, ESQ., B.SC., F.C.S.
Zoological: Dr. A. W. THoMas.
Committee:
THE OFFICERS (ex-officio) and
H. BackHouseE, Esa. J; Ho Scorr, Eso!) (MB:
S. WuHITTY CHANDLER, EsoQ., B.A. R. V. SHERRING, EsQ., F.L.S.
W. PArRKINSON CortTIs, Esq. G. M. Stusss, Esq.
H. Le JEeuNeE, Esq. H. B. WEL Ls, Esq.
Hon. Secretaries:
Dr. J. R. L. Dixon, Sherbrook, Christchurch Road.
Cou. E. E. Markwick, c.B., F.R.A.S,, Innisfallen, Campbell Road.
Hon. Treasurer:
G. BRUMELL, ESQ., A.R.1.B.A.
Hon. Librarian:
A. Scott, EsgQ., B.A.
Hon. Auditors:
H. Sutton, Esg. E, BIckER, EsgQ.
Bankers:
NATIONAL PROVINCIAL BANK OF ENGLAND, BOURNEMOUTH.
8
Anmual Meeting.
THe Annual Meeting for 1908 was held in the Cairns’
Memorial House, St. Peter’s Road, on Saturday, October 31st, at
4.30 p.m., the President (Dr. Arthur Ransome, M.A., F.R.S.) in
the chair). :
The Minutes of the previous Annual Meeting were read and
confirmed. The Committee’s Report for the past year was read
and adopted.
The Chairmen of Sections reported the progress made by their
respective Sections during the past year, the details appearing in
the last Annual Report.
In the absence of the Hon. Treasurer (A. D. George, Esq.),
Dr. Ord read the Balance Sheet. This showed a deficit of
#2 5s. 4d. Dr. Ord stated that a much larger amount of work had
been done this year, causing extra expense; that the Sectional
Meetings were trebled this year, and that the Sectional subscrip-
tions did not cover the cost of the Sectional meetings. The Balance
Sheet was passed.
The re-election of the President (Dr. Arthur Ransome, M.a.,
F.R.S.), was proposed by Dr. Crallan and seconded by H. J.
Waddington, Esq., F.L.s. This was carried unanimously.
The Committee’s recommendations for the vacant offices were
also carried. They were as follows :—
G. Brownen, Esq., F.c.s., to be Chairman of the Archeological
and Historical Section, vice Dr. Thomas, resigned ;
C. J. Hankinson, Esq., j.p., to be Chairman of Photographical
Section, vice R. Y. Banks, Esq., resigned ;
Dr. Thomas to be Chairman of the Zoological Section, vice
Dr. Crallan, resigned ;
James E. Liddiard, Esq., F.R.G.s., to be Chairman of the newly-
formed Geographical Section ;
G. Brumell, Esq., a.R.1.B.4., to be Hon. Treasurer, vice
A. D. George, Esq., resigned ;
Col. E. E. Markwick, c.B., F.R.a.s., to be Co- secretary, vice
H. Backhouse, Esq., resigned ; and
H. Backhouse, Esq., A. Scott, Esq., B,A., J. H. Scott, Esq., M.z.,
and R. Ve Sherring, Esq., BLAS: to fill vacancies on the
Committee.
The proposed alteration of Rule 7 was considered and carried
A discussion arose regarding the admission of members of the
Geographical and Historical Associations at a minimum charge
of 2/6. It was decided to call a special meeting to consider
this matter, and to make a suitable provision in the Rules to
cover it.
It was announced that subsequent General Meetings of the
Society would be held in Trinity Hall, Lorne Park.
The Hon. Secretary announced the forthcoming lectures.
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A Special General Meeting of the Society was held in Trinity Hall on
Saturday, December 12th, 1908, at 5.45 p.m., to consider certain new rules and
other alterations in rules recommended by the Committee: Dr. Ord in the
chair.
A modification of the Committee’s recommendation relative to Associate
Members, proposed by A. Scott, Esq., 8.a., and seconded by Dr. Crespi, was
put to the meeting and carried. (.S¢e Rule 7—Associate Members).
The rule relating to Visitors was considered. Dr. Crespi proposed that any
one visitor may be admitted three times during a Session. This was not
seconded. A. Scott, Esq., B.a., proposed that a visitor may be introduced twice.
This was seconded by Dr. Thomas and carried. (See Rule 8).
It was also agreed that the necessary alterations be made in the rules.
Cunnmilier’s Report.
THE Committee have much pleasure in presenting the Sixth
Annual Report, and in stating that the past year has surpassed all
previous years in progress, and in the excellence of work done, and
that many important events have occurred to increase the welfare
and prosperity of the Society.
The membership has increased from 240 to 261.
The Annual Meeting was held on October 31st, 1908, Dr.
Arthur Ransome, M.a., F.R.S., being re-elected President for the
ensuing year. The new feature in the proceedings at the annual
meeting was the presentation of reports from the Chairmen of
Sections, reporting the work done and progress made by the respec-
tive Sections during the past year. It was also decided to increase
the annual subscription to 7s. 6d. for ordinary meetings, to charge
an extra 2s. 6d. for sectional meetings, and 15s. for family tickets.
The Committee felt that the Society’s progress was seriously limited
by the smallness of the previous subscription, and it was a question
of either curtailing the Society’s work or increasing the subscription.
The immense advance in the Society’s work which has taken place
during the past year has fully justified this increase.
It was decided to hold the general meetings and lectures of the
Society in the Trinity Hall, Lorne Park, instead of at the Cairns
Memorial House. This change also proved advantageous.
Another very important and beneficial change was also made.
The Society vacated its room at 122, Old Christchurch Road, and
took, in conjunction with the Bournemouth Students’ Association,
new and more commodious rooms at Granville Chambers, Rich-
mond Hill, the Sectional meetings on and after February 11th being
held in the new rooms. This change involved considerable expense
(in moving, furnishing, &c., &c.), and a special fund was opened to
cover the abnormal expenditure. The Committee wish to thank
those members who generously contributed and enabled them to
overcome this difficulty.
If
On the 23rd of March the Committee decided, in response to
requests, to form a Microscopical Section, and Dr. Dixon was
appointed Chairman.
On October toth a lecture entitled ‘‘ Early Intercourse between
Egypt and the A‘gean” was given by G. A. Wainwright, Esq.,
Member of the British School of Archeology in Egypt, and Associate
of the British School of Archeology in Rome. During the
remainder of the winter session the meetings were held in Trinity
Hall, and the following general lectures were given :—
1908.
Oct. 31st.—Annual Meeting. Reports of Chairmen of Sections, &c., &c.
Nov. 14th.--Address by the President (Dr. Arthur Ransome, F.R.S), on
‘‘ The Principle of the Storage of Force in Living Beings.”’
*Nov. 28th.—‘‘ Some Vanishing European Costumes,” with remarks thereon,
illustrated by 30—40 coloured lantern slides, by C. J. Hankinson, Esq.,
J.P.
*Dec,. 12th.—-‘“‘The Saving of Winchester Cathedral and other Historic
Buildings,’’ by Francis Cox, Esq., M. INST. C.E.
1909.
Jan. 16th.--‘‘On Beginning the Study of Grasses,” illustrated by large
coloured and other diagrams, by growing grass plants, and a collec-
tion of dried specimens, by J. F. Rayner, Esq., of Southamptor.
*Jan. 30th.—‘‘Geology in Relation to Scenery in England,’ by H. St.
Barbe, Esq., of Lymington,
*Feb. 13th.—‘‘ A Study of the Geology of the Isle of Purbeck,’’ by Frecerick
Hovenden, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S.
*Feb. 27th.—‘' Volcanoes and Their Action in the Mendip Area,” by Major
Alfred B. Trestrail, J.p., F.R.G.s., of Clevedon.
*Mar. 13th.—‘‘ Halley’s Comet,’”’ by Col. E. E. Markwick, c.B., F.R.A.s.
Mar. 27th.—‘‘Surnames in Relation to History,” by Capt. G. R. Elwes, J.P.
*Mar. 27th.—‘‘ Pond Life,” illustrated by lantern slides, by Dr. Dixon.
*April 17th.- ‘‘ The Natives of Sarawak,’’ by Charles Hose, Esq., F.R.GS.,
F.Z.S., D.SC. (Cantab). 4
*May 1st.—‘‘ The Great Messinian Earthquake and its Geological Causes,”
by Dr. Ord.
* Lantern Lectures.
The Sectional Meetings held during the winter session are given
in the ‘‘ Proceedings”’ of the respective sections (See pages 4459).
During the summer, General Excursions were arranged to the
following places :—
May 19th.—To Maesbury Camp, Croscombe and Shepton Mallet.
June 16th.—A Tour through the New Forest.
July 7th —An Excursion through the Hardy Country.
August 18th.—An Excursion to Romsey.
September 15th.—An Excursion to Glastonbury.
The General Excursions were all very successful and well
attended.
Numerous Sectional Excursions were arranged during the
summer, An account of these will be found under the headings
of the respective sections.
I2
The Geological and Botanical Collections continue to be added
to, and the systematic arrangement of the Barton fossils is making
excellent progress under the supervision of W. Parkinson Curtis,
Esq., assisted by H.. Le Jeune, Esq., and H. B. Wells, Esq.
The following presentations have been made to the Society, and
the Committee wish to convey their best thanks to the donors :—
A collection of 120 Paris Basin fossils and about 300 Barton fossils
by R. V. Sherring, Esq., F.L.s.; fossils from the Headon beds by
Dr. Ord and, H. Le. Jeune, Esq’, and other fossils’ by JE iNess
Thompson, Esq., and A. Wickes, Esq., of Bristol; a conchological
cabinet, with shell collection, by Dr. Crallan, and a shell collection
by Miss Forrest; two magnificent specimens of Pinna gigantea by
Mrs. Crallan; a number of useful and interesting books by Dr.
Thomas, Miss C. Agnes Rooper, A. Gray, Esq., and some interest-
ing zoological specimens by H. J. Waddington, Esq., F.L.s.; a roll-
up lantern screen by R. Y. Banks, Esq., and a beautifully carved
door-plate by A. Gray, Esq. The Committee are especially indebted
to D. Chambers, Esq., of Southbourne, for specimens of great
interest from the Celtic Camp which he discovered at Pokesdown.
The Committee desire also to thank the proprietors of the
“Bournemouth Visitors’ Directory” for the full accounts of the
Society's meetings and excursions which they have kindly printed
from week to week.
It was decided to issue the notices of Summer Excursions by
Circulars once a month, and this arrangement has worked very
satisfactorily.
James E. Liddiard, Esq., F.R.G.S., M.N.G.S. OF U.S.A., M.J.S.. WaS
appointed the Society’s delegate to the British Association, and
Dr. Ord was appointed the Society’s delegate to the South Eastern
Union of Scientific Societies’ Congress at. Winchester.
The Committee trust that members will do all they can to
follow up the good work which has been done, so that the Society’s
increased prosperity may be well maintained.
13
List of Members.
(CORRECTED TO 30th NOVEMBER, 1909.)
* HONORARY MEMBERS.
Alcock, Miss Edith
Alder, Mrs.
Alder, Miss Evelyn
Aldridge, Mrs.
Allday, J. L
Allday, Mrs.
Allis-Smith, Miss E.
Anthony, H.
Archer, J. W.
Archer, Mrs.
Aston, J. J.
Atkins, Dr. F.
Atkins, Mrs.
Atkinson, Miss
Backhouse, H.
Backhouse, Mrs.
Bagshaw, Mrs.
Bagshaw, Miss Marion
Bagshaw, Miss Phyllis
Bagshaw, Eric
Bandinel, J. J. F.
Bandinel, Miss J. M.
Banks, Ald. R. Y.
Barker, C. T.
Barlow, E. W., F.R.A.S.,
Barrett, J. Hayes
Barrett, Mrs.
Bartlett, H. F. D.
Batley, Dr.
Beaumont, —
+ Beale, Ald. J. E.
Bell, Miss R.
Bell, Miss F. C.
Bell, T. G.,-M.D.
Benison, F.
Benison, Mrs.
Bennett, H. Morden
Bennett, Miss E. C.
Bennett, G.
Beynon, The Rev. J. M.
Beynon, Mrs.
Beynon, Miss
Beynon, J. W. M.
Blackett, C. H.
Blackett, W. Eggleston
Bond, Dr. Eleanor
Boxer, Miss Violet
Braden, Miss
+ Past PRESIDENT.
A
St. Margaret’s Hall, West Cliff Gardens
East Grove, Lymington
Denewood, Alum Chine Road
Priory Lodge, Alumhurst Road
Martello Towers, Martello Road, Branksome
Park
Crossways, Burtley Road, Southbourne
Windlesham, Braidley Road
Habberley, Hamilton Road
Cathay, Alumhurst Road
Berwyn, ‘Hamilton Road
B
Yelland, McKinley Road
Pemlin, Richmond Park Avenue
2° 99
24, Church Road, Southbourne
99 99
Egerton, Portchester Road
St. Peter’s School
Ditton Lodge, Stourwood, Bournemouth
The Nook, Dalkeith Steps
1, Myrtle Road, Richmond Park
8, High Street, Christchurch
Elsmere, Sedgley Road
Bridge End, Parsonage Road
Clonmarron, Christchurch
Poole Road, Branksome
Aldborough House, Rosemount Road
Manor Lodge, Manor Road
Bonavista, Boscombe Spa Road
Sigwells, 20, Belle Vue Road, Southbourne
Rosslyn, Crescent Road
Rosapenna, McKinley Road
Blanchland, McKinley Road
St. John’s Lodge, St. Swithun’s Road
Firwood, Alum Chine
Knole Lodge, Knyveton Road
Brazier, J. J.
Bridger, Commd'r N. L., R.N.
Brownen, G., F.C.s.
Brownen, Mrs.
Brumell, G., A.R.1.B.A.
Brumell, Mrs. G.
Buckland, Dr. F.
Buckland, Miss
Bulfin, Ignatius, B.A.
Bulfin, Mrs.
Chaffey, J.
Chambers, D.
Chandler, S. Whitty, B.a.
Chandler, Mrs. Whitty
chapman, F. F.
Chapman, Miss
Cherry.
Chidell, Miss
Chittenden, H.
Clements, Lieut.-Col. W. G.,
R.A.M.C.
Coddington, EH. F.
Coles, Dr) ‘A.C.
Cooke, F. I.
Cookson, Saml.
Cooper, The Rev. Windle,
M.A., F.R.G.S.
Cooper, Mrs. J. Omer
Cooper, J. Omer
Cowie, Dr.
+ Crallan, Dr.
Crallan, Mrs.
Crespi, Dr.
Cundy, Mrs.
Curtis, W. Parkinson, F.E.s.
Dacombe, J. M. J.
Dance, George
Davenport, Miss C,
Davy, Dr. Humphrey
de Paiva, R. A.
Dixon, Dr. J. R. L.
Dodd, Dr.
Donkin, J., F.R.1.B.A.
_Donkin, Mrs.
Druitt, J.
Duka, Dr. A., D.s.o,
Dunning, Mrs.
Earle, Dr.
Elwes, Capt. G. R., J.P.
Evans, Miss
14
East Hill, Southcote Road
Walton Leigh, Tower Road, Branksome Park
Talnas, Grove Road, Christchurch
Maori, Richmond Park Avenue
Moorland Court, Poole Road
Temple Dinsley, Branksome Avenue
The Den, Knole Road
99 99
C
294, Wyndham Road
41, Seabourne Road, West Southbourne
St. George’s, Cecil Road, Boscombe
Penrhyn, ‘Argyle Road, Boscombe
Spencer House, Constitution Hill, Parkstone
Nairn, Suffolk Road
Pinemore, 127, Richmond Park Road
The Hermitage, Southbourne
St. Frideswide, Southbourne Road
York House, Poole Road
Kingsdown, Charminster Road
St. Kitts, Carysfort Road, Boscombe
Bergen, Branksome Wood Road
Calcot, Westby Road, Boscombe
Bonaccord, Westminster Road, Branksome
Park
The Elms, Parkstone
Wimborne
Shelley Grove, Boscombe
140, Old Christchurch Road
D
27, Holdenhurst Road
Brackendene, Wimborne Road
St. Clement’s Vicarage, Bournemouth
Red House, Alumhurst Road
San Kemo, Carysfort Road
Sherbrook, Christchurch Road
Maybrook, Wimborne
Maywood, Christchurch Road
Avebury, Madeira Road
15, Grand Avenue, West Southbourne
The Homestead, St. Clement’s Road
E
York House, Forest Road, Branksome Park
Bossington, Knyveton Road
Moordown Girls’ School
Evans, P.
Evens, T., M. INST. C.E.
Evens, Mrs.
Firbank, Miss
Fraser-Hird, The Rev. F., M.A.
Frean, G. M.
French, J. M.
Fry, Miss
Galpin, G.
Gaman, Miss, c/o Mrs, Jeremy
Gardner, Dr. W. T.
Gardner, William Temple
Gibbs, Miss EK. M.
Gibbs, Miss M. C.
Goodall, T, B., F.R.C.v.s.,
F.L.S.
Gould, Miss E.
Gould, Miss M.
Graham, F. A.
Gray, A.
Gray, Miss Parker
Green, The Rev. E. P., M.A.
Guest, —
Guy, Miss
Hall, J. T.
Hall, Maxwell
Handley, Rev. 5S. B.
Hankinson, ©. J.., J.P.
Harding, Miss
Hawker, Miss
Hayllar, J., J.P.
Hayllar, Miss
Heaton, Guy, M.A.
Heywood, Col. J. M.
Hill, S. McCalmont, D.c.L.
Hinton, Miss
Hollins, J. C.
Holmes, Mrs.
Hose, Charles, F.R.G.S., F.Z.S.,
D. SC. CANTAB.
Hovenden, F., F.L.S., F.G.S.
Hughes, D.
Hughes, W.
Hughes, Miss
Hughes, Miss M.
Ibbett, F. W.
15
Saugeen, Derby Road
The Pobbles, Southwood Avenue, Stourwood
99 9
F
280, Old Christchurch Road
Eaglehurst, Parkwood Road
Cranicombe, Branksome Avenue
12, Wharncliffe Road, Eoscombe
Fontainebleau, Manor Road
G
Clarendon Court, Clarendon Road
Whalley Range, Portarlington Road
Netherhall, Poole Road
Alexandra Road, Parkstone
Thorpe, Watkin Road, Boscombe
Purewell Gross, Christchurch
Frome Billet, Howard Road
99 9?
21, Beaulieu Road
Woodville, Melville Road, Winton
Collegiate School for Girls, Poole Road
Shirley, St. Clement’s Road
St. Paul’s School
9 be)
H
Highmoor, Ipswich Road
Copthorne, Winton
Eastbury, Surrey Road
Alma Road Council School
11, Lansdowne Road
Redholme, Cambridge Road
St David's, West Cliff Road
Sutherland Hall, South Cliff
The Priory, Argyle Road, Boscombe
Welcombe, Argyle Road
Mitford, Pembroke Road
Brackenwood, Southern Road, Stourwood
Marudi, Queen’s Park Road
Glenlea, Thornton Park Road, West
Dulwich, S.E.
Meran, Wellington Road
Beaufort, Hengist Road
Central Education Offices, Yelverton Road
Jacob, A. H., M.a., M. INST.
CLE.
Jennings, Miss Catherine E.
Jeremy, Mrs.
Jeremy, Dr. Mary
Jermyn, F. L.
Jones, W.
Jones, W.
Kaye, Wm. J.
Langley-Smith, W.
Langley-Smith, Miss
Le Jeune, H.
Lewis, Miss E.
* Liddiard, J. E., F.R.G.S.
Liddiard, Mrs.
Lilley, W.
Lilley, Mrs
* Linton, The Rev. E. F., M.a.
Lucas, Arthur
Lupton, Miss
Lyon, C.
Lyon, Mrs.
Mackay, Miss
Mahood, Dr.
Mahood, Mrs.
Markwick, Col. E. E., c.B.,
F.R.A.S.
Mate, Ald. C. H.
Maude, W. C.
May, Mrs.
May, Miss B.
McBean, Miss §.
Michell, T.
Middleton, The Rev. W.
Moon, P. G. G., F.C.S.
Moorhead, Dr.
* Morris, Sir Daniel, K.c.M.G.,
M.A., F.L.S,
Moss, Miss
Neale, J
Nethercoate, Mrs.
Neve, Miss
Nunn, Dr.
16
J
Glenelg, Westbourne Park Road
Edenhurst, Sandbanks Road, Parkstone
Whalley Range, Portarlington Road
4, Richmond Hill
Danny Corner, Stirling Road
254, Old Christchurch Road
Council School, Boscombe
K
Birk House, Wollstonecraft Road, Boscombe
L
Alumhurst Tower, Alumhurst Koad
ot. Ives; ‘Ashley Road, Parkstone
Sherbrook, Christchureh Road
Rodborough Grange, West Cliff Road
St. Agatha's, Owls Road, Boscombe
Edmondsham, Salisbury
Croftmoor, Dean Park Road
Bollingbroke, Knole Road
Shalimar, Wilderton Road, Branksome Park
” a”?
M
St. Andrew’s School, Malmesbury Park
38, Churchill Road, Boscombe
Innisfallen, Campbell Road, Boscombe
Elim, Surrey Road
Brackenwood, Gervis Road
15, Burnaby Road, Alum Chine
Froebelheim School, Lowther Road
Trewirgie, Wellington Road
Birdlip, Lansdowne Road
Hill Croft, Alexandra Road, Parkstone
Imperial Hotel
Inglewood, Hawkwood Road
The Grange, Westby Road, Boscombe
N
Sunnymead, Castlemain Road
217, Holdenhurst Road
Merridale, Westby Road
King’s Park Road
Odell, F. E.
Ord, Dr.
Ord, Mrs.
Ord, Miss
Oswald, The Rev. H. M., m.a.
Painter, Hubert, B. SC., F.C.S.
Painter, Mrs.
Parish, Miss
Pearce, Miss
Pechell, Sir A. Brooke
Pechell, Miss
Petrie, E.
Phillips, Miss
Pontifex, Mrs. R. D.
Prince, Miss
Price, Miss
Quilliam, Miss E.
+ Ransome, Dr. A., M.A., F.R.S.
Ransome, Miss
* Rayner, J. F.
Reeves, Miss
Rix, Miss
Rockstro, Dr.
Rogers-Barns, Miss
Rooper, Miss C. Agnes
Ross, Col. W. H.
Rudkin, Miss F.
Rumsby, Walter S.
Rutherford, C. R.
Sandell, J. W.
Scattergood, —
Scott, A., B.A.
Scott, J. H., M.E., M.I.M.C.E.
Scott, W. H., m.a.
Scott, Miss M.
Scott, Miss Stanley
Sedgefield, Miss C. B.
Serpell, E. Wilson
Sherring, R. V., F.L.s.
Sherring, Miss
Slade, Mrs. J. Hayter
Slade, Miss Doris
Slade, Miss Margery
Slade, Miss Joan
Spencer, J. F.
Stevens, T., F.R.I.B.A.
7,
O
Brampton, Alumhurst Road
Greensted, Madeira Road
9” 39
Eaglehurst, Bodorgan Road
Pp
29, Talbot Road, Winton
Bentley Lodge, Hengist Road
Kempstone, Chine Crescent
5, Surrey Road South, Bournemouth
59 99
Chatsfield House, Boscombe Spa Road
Boscombe
St. Ambrose School
High Peak, West Cliff Road
Mont Bletton, Carysfort Road, Boscombe
The Mount, Branksome Wood Road
Q
Stratton, West Cliff Road
R
Sunnyhurst, Dean Park Road
Ivy Bank, Highfield, Southampton
Northiam, McKinley Road
Wychwood, West Southbourne
92, Richmond Park Road
Bevois Cottage, King’s Park Road
Pen Selwood, Gervis Road
Ambleside, Dean Park Road
Ivel Cottage, Hamilton Road, Boscombe
Winchester House, Bournemouth
South Dene, Groveley Road
S
Wilts and Dorset Bank, Boscombe
Alma Road Council School
Stanley House, Buchanan Avenue
Ardrossan, Sedgley Road, Winton
Hendall, Westminster Road, Branksome
Park
38, Churchill Road, Boscombe
Hartmoor, Alumdale Road
Loughtonhurst, West Cliff
Kildare, Norwich Avenue
Whinthorpe, Parkstone
°° 9
Glen Thorn, Richmond Park Road
Richmond Chambers B
Stevenson, E. A.
Stokes, R.
Strachan, Mrs.
Stubbs, G. M.
Sturdy, Miss V.
Sutton, H.
Sutton, Mrs.
Sutton, K. H. M.
Sutton, Miss C. E. M.
Swallow, E.
Sworn, Mrs.
Sydenham, D.
Symonds, Mrs.
Tallant, Miss A.
Thomas, Dr. A. W.
Thomas, T. Gordon
Thompson, The Rev, G., M.A.
Thomson, Dr. J. Roberts, J.P.
oozs,) ]i\Wesk:
Trapnell, A.
Trapnell, Mrs.
Vernon, Dr. A. H.
+ Waddington, H. J., F.L-.s.
Waddington, Mrs.
* Wallace, Dr. Alfred Russel,
O.M.
Warr, Miss Ada
Waters, A. W., F.L.S., F.G.S.
Waters, Mrs.
Webster, The Rev. T.
Welby, The Rev. A.
Wells, H. B.
Wood, Samuel, F.c.A.,
M. INST. G.E.
Woodall, W. H.
Woodhouse, W. J., A.C.P.
Woodward, Dr. A. Smith,
LL.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.
Wooliacott, J. Christopher
Wright, The Rev. F. Russell
Yates, R.-P.
Yates, T. A.
Yates, Miss Jone
Yates, Miss Isabel
18
Northwood, Windermere Road
Laverstock, Cliff Road, Boscombe
Burley, Tregonwell Road
Broomwood, Westbourne Park Road
The Wick, Burton koad, Branksome Park
Ravenshall, Chine Crescent Road.
Westridge, Sandbanks, Parkstone
Normanville, Lansdowne Road
Pier Approach
Taynton Grange, Portarlington Road
7
Gablehurst, Kingsbridge Road, Parkstone
Carmelita, Crabton Close Road, Boscombe
Wychwood, Braidley Road
Highbury, Bodorgan Road
Monkchester, Manor Road
Broadhayes, Dean Park Road
Great Chalfield, Wollstonecraft Road
95 99
V
1, The Crescent, Boscombe
WwW
Moreton, Snowdon Road
3”
Broadstone, Dorset
Cottesmore, Pokesdown Hill
Alderley, McKinley Road
Danescourt, Fairfield, Christchurch
Englefield, Groveley Road, West
Bournemouth
Stalham, Studland Road
Beveriey, Grand Avenue, West Southbourne
Manor House, Lytchett Matravers, Poole
Mayhill, Chatsworth Road
British Museum, Cromwell Road, s.w.
Solent View, Belle Vue Road, Southbourne
Mountside, Westbourne Park Road
Y
Wood Manton, Wellington Road
79 9?
29 39
19
RULES OF THE
Bournenwuth Baturval Science Society.
Amended to 30th October, 1909.
1.—The title of the Society shall be THe BourNemoutH Naturat Title
SCIENCE SOCIETY.
2.—The objects of the Society shall be the promotion of the study Objects
of Science in all its branches, by means of Lectures, Field Meetings, the
Reading and Discussion of Papers, and the formation of Sections of its
members devoted to any particular branch of the Society’s work, or by
any other means that the governing body of the Society shall deem
advisable.
3.—The Society shall encourage the making of reports on any plant,
animal, or object of interest, and where the Society may deem it nec-
essary, take such steps as may be advised to secure any such plant,
animal, or object of interest from injury, extinction or destruction.
4.—The Society shall consist of Ordinary, Life, Associate, and Hon- Members
orary Members.
5.—The Ordinary, Life, and Associate Members of the Society shail
be proposed by an existing Member, and seconded by another existing
Member, and notice shall be sent to one of the Secretaries of the Society
of the name and address of the nominee, and the names of the proposer
and seconder. Any such proposed new Member shall be voted for at
the next ensuing Committee Meeting, and if two-thirds of the Committee
present and voting shall vote for the proposed new member, such
candidate shall become a Member upon payment of the Annual Sub-
scription, and shall receive a card of membership (not transferable)
entitling him or her to attend the Meetings of the Society. Members
joining during the last two months of the Summer Session shall be given
a card of membership to September 30th of the following year.
6.—Ordinary Members shall pay an Annual Subscription of Seven Ordinary
Shillings and Sixpence, due on the first day of October in each year. Members
An additional Sectional Subscription of Two Shillings and Sixpence is
charged to cover admission to the Meetings and Excursions of the
Sections. The Annual Subscription for members of the same family,
not exceeding four, and residing in the same house shall be Fifteen
Shillings, each Member being elected in the usual. manner, and each
receiving a Card of Membership.
The Subscription for Life Members shall be Five Guineas. Any Life
Ordinary Member who shall have commuted his Subscription, as provided Members
for in this Rule, shall become a Life Member, but shall not by reason
thereof have any different rights from those of an Ordinary Member.
7.—Associate Members are those who by payment of an Annual Associate
Subscription of Two Shillings and Sixpence are entitled to attend all the Members
Ordinary Meetings and Excursions of the Society. They also have the
privilege of joining any one particular Section they may select at the
time of their election, or at the commencement of each Session, their
choice being notified by them to the Hon. Treasurer. The following are
entitled to become Associate Members, on election by the Committee:
Visitors
Honorary
Members
Officers
20
(a) Teachers in schools who are still engaged in the active
duties of their profession.
(0) Persons who in the opinion of the Committee, although
unable to pay the fee for full membership, are by their
acknowledged scientific tastes or attainments, likely to prove
useful working Members of the Society.
On further payment of the usual Sectional Subscription of Two
Shillings and Sixpence, Associate Members may join all the Sections.
Associate Members shall have no power of voting on the affairs of the
Society, or of holding office.
8.—Any Visitors introduced by a Member or producing a Member's
card, may be admitted to any Lecture of the Society on entering their
names and that of the introducing Member in the Society's Visitor’s
Book. Such privilege not to be acceded more than twice to any one.
person in each Session.
On the recommendation of the Standing Sub-Committee, Visitors to
Bournemouth desirous of attending the Meetings of the Society may
obtain a ticket of admission for the winter at a charge of Five Shillings.
Visitors for the summer may be permitted to join the Excursions of the
Society at the same charge. Applications to be made to the Hon.
Treasurer.
9.—Honorary Members shall consist of any distinguished men of
Science, or any persons who may render any special service to the Society.
Such Honorary Members shall be proposed and elected in the same way
as Ordinary Members.
1o.—Any Members whose subscriptions are unpaid at the end of the
financial year (September 30th), on notice to that effect in writing having
been given to them by the Hon. Treasurer, shall be reported to the
Committee, who shall have the power of removing their names from the
list of Members.
11.—Resignations should be in writing, and addressed to one of the
Hon. Secretaries, and until such are received by them, Members remain
liable for their subscriptions.
12.—The power of expulsion of a Member from the Society for
objectionable conduct shall be vested in a General Meeting of the Society,
provided the Committee has caused special notice to be given on the
circular convening the Meeting, and that two-thirds of those present and
voting agree thereto.
13.—The Officers of the Society shall consist of two or more Vice-
Presidents, the Chairmen of Sections,an Honorary Treasurer, an Honorary
Librarian, and one or more Honorary Secretaries.
14.—There shall be a Committee of the Society, consisting of the
Officers and eight Members, who shall be elected at the Annual General
Meeting. The Committee shall have the general management of the
Society. Atall Meetings of the Committee, five shall form a quorum.
The Committee shall elect their own Chairman for the year, and shall
have power to fill up any vacancies in their number which may occur
from time to time. The Chairman at all Meetings of the Committee shall
have an original and a casting vote.
15.—The Committee shall arrange for all Lectures, Papers, Demon-
strations, and Exhibitions of Specimens, etc., at the Ordinary Meetings
of the Society, and shall decide upon all General Field Meetings and
Excursions. They shall have power to form any Section or Sub-section,
21
to consist of not less than six members, for the study of any special sub-
ject which the Committee may deem within the scope of the Society’s
work. They shall also have power to appoint the Chairman of any such
Section or Sub-section.
16.—The Committee shall have the control of the funds of the
Society.
17.—Any Member of the Committee, other than Ex-officio Members,
_ who shall have failed to attend half the number of Meetings of the Com-
mittee in any one year, provided that such non-attendance be not caused
by illness or absence abroad, shall not be eligible tor re-election, except
by desire of the Members present at the Annual Meeting.
18.—The President need not necessarily be selected from Members of The
the Society, and shall be elected annually. He shall deliver an Address President
at as early a date in the Winter Session as can be arranged.
19.—Any Member of the Society who, in the opinion of the Com- Vice-
mittee, shall have rendered distinguished service to Science or to the Presidents.
Society, shall be eligible for election as a Vice-President.
20.—Each of the Vice-Fresidents in rotation shall be requested to act
as Chairman at the Ordinary Meetings of the Society.
21.—-The Chairmen of any Sections or Sub-Sections appointed by the Sectional
Committee under Rule 15, shall form a Sub-Committee to arrange for the Meetings
Sectional Meetings and Excursions, and shall meet for this purpose at
least twice in each year. Each Sectional Chairman shall be responsible
for the issuing of Notices of Meetings and Excursions to the Members of
his Section, and shall submit accounts of costs incurred by him to the
Hon. Treasurer, after each Meeting or Excursion, who shall lay the same
before the General Committee at their next ensuing Meeting.
22.—A book for each Section shall be provided by the Hon. Sec-
retaries to be kept at the Society’s Room, each Chairman of Section to
enter therein an account of each Meeting, with number of Members
attending, and notes of any matters of interest observed or discussed.
Such book to be presented at each Meeting of the General Committee.
Every Chairman of Section shall report as to the work of his Section at
the Annual Meeting of the Society.
23.—The Honorary Secretaries shall perform all the usual secretarial gocretaries
work; shall keep minutes of all Committee Meetings, and the Annual
General Meeting, and a synopsis of all Ordinary Meetings. They shall
cause a programme of each Ordinary Meeting to be sent to every Member
seven days at least before each such Meeting. They shall make all pre-
parations for carrying out all Ordinary Meetings and General Excursions,
at which they shall receive from each Member his or her share of the
day’s expenses, and therefrom defray all costs of the Meeting. Any
surplus of such collection shall go to the General Fund, and any deficit be
defrayed out of that fund. They shall keep an account of all out-of-pocket
expenses incurred in arranging Meetings and otherwise. They shall give
notice of their election to all new Members. They shall furnish a copy of
the Annual Report to all Members who have paid their subscription, to
Honorary Members, and to any such Scientific Societies as the Committee
may from time to time appoint to receive them.
24.—The Honorary Treasurer shall have the custody of the General Treasurer
Funds of the Society. He shall prepare a Financial Statement at the end
of each Financial Year to be presented to the General Committee at the
Meeting next preceding the Annual General Meeting. He shall receive
22
and acknowledge all Subscriptions, and shall issue tickets of Membership
to all persons who are duly elected and have paid their Subscriptions.
He shall, when possible, attend Field Meetings and assist the Honorary
Secretaries. He shall bring before the General Committee any accounts
that are due for payment. After presentation of the Balance Sheet to the
General Committee, he shall submit it to the Auditors, and lastly to the
Annual General Meeting of the Society.
25.—At the Annual General Meeting and at all Ordinary Meetings of
the Society, not less than ten Members shall form a quorum.
26.—At the Annual General Meeting, which shall be held in the
month of October, the President, Officers and Committee of the Society,
and two Auditors, for the ensuing year shall be elected (either Auditor
having the power to audit the accounts 1n the unavoidable absence of the
other). At this Meeting the Committee’s Report of the past year,
together with those of the Chairmen of Sections, and the Hon. Treasurer’s
statement of acccounts, duly signed by the Auditors, shall be submitted.
27.—Alterations in the Rules shall be sanctioned by a majority of not
less than two-thirds of the Members present and voting at the Annual
Meeting, or at a Special Meeting called for that purpose, and no altera-
tions shall otherwise be made.
28.—Notice convening an Annual or Special General Meeting together
with any proposed alterations in the Rules, shall be given to Members at
least seven clear days before such Meeting be held. The notice of
Ordinary Meetings, and Committee Meetings if possible, shall be at least
seven clear days.
29.—On a written requisition, signed by at least five Members of the
Society, the Committee shall calla Special General Meeting to consider
any question as to the affairs of the Society; such Meeting to be called
within three weeks of the receipt of the requisition, and at least seven
days’ notice shall be given to the Members. At such Meeting no other
business than that mentioned on the requisition, and on the notice con-
vening such Meeting shall be considered.
23
Some Qotes on the Historp of the
GPournemouth Society of Datuval Sirence
and ifx Surressor,
By Cort. E. E. Markwick, c.B., F.R.A.S.
As our Society is now launching its first volume of proceedings,
an important epoch to all its supporters, this seems a fitting time
and place in which to give a brief account of the previously existing
- local scientific society. The task has been very much facilitated by
an inspection of the minute book of the old Society, which has been
courteously lent for the purpose by Mr. Bilson, a former secretary.
This book contains not only records of the purely ‘“ business ”’
transactions of the Society, but also brief accounts, principally in
the shape of newspaper cuttings, of nearly all the lectures delivered
and papers read before, as well as excursions made by the Society.
The older Society appears to have been formed, or started, on
the 24th January, 1883, when a meeting was held in Bournemouth
at which ‘‘it was decided to make the attempt to establish a Society
for the promotion of Natural Science in the town of Bournemouth.”
There were present ‘the following gentlemen only—the night being
wet—The Rev. Nehemiah Curnock, Messrs. Dolamore, W. Harding,
Ballard, Axford, and Percy Bright.”
In February a provisional Committee was formed, consisting
of the gentlemen just mentioned, with the addition of Rev. J. Byrne,
and Mr. W. McRaeas Hon. Secretary. On February 21st, 1883, ‘‘An
inauguration was held in a suite of rooms kindly lent by Mr. Bright,
the Arcade, at which a great number of interesting objects were
exhibited, with a number of microscopes and other scientific in-
struments. The rooms were crowded throughout the evening.
Everyone present expressed themselves highly gratified with the
result.”
In March, 1883, the rules of the Society were decided on, the
officers consisting of President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, Sec-
retary, and Librarian. A working committee was fixed.
The first annual meeting was held on 3rd May, 1883. Mr.
Bright offered the use of a room for the Society, rent free, for the
first year. The subscription was fixed at 5s.; the members num-
bered 68, ‘‘ but we shall not be satisfied until we have every
scientific man and woman in Bournemouth on our roll.’’ Finances
satisfactory, a balance of £19 8s. 5d. being then in hand. ‘‘ Messrs
Mate & Sons, the proprietors of the ‘ Bournemouth Directory,’
deserve the thanks of our Society for the reports of all our meetings.”
On September roth, 1883, it was decided that the meetings of
the Society be held at 8 o’clock on Thursday evenings.
24
The progress of the Society may be judged from the two items,
number of members and balance of funds in hand, some of which
appear in the following table, being gathered from the reports at the
annual meetings.
Year.. Members. Funds.
1883 68 £25
1884 120 34
1885 132 60
1886 — — No record.
1887 ae 52
1888 — 53
1889 — — No record.
1890 103 56
1891 125 —_
1892 115 —
1893 I14 45
1894 — No record.
1895 124 Reserve Fund drawn on.
1896 ~~ — No record. :
1897 — No record, a bald report.
For 10 years or so, from 1883, the Society seems to have
advanced and prospered ; after that, occurred a gradual falling off,
which is reflected in the reduction in the funds, and in the bald
character of the annual reports. At a meeting on 30th October,
1896, Dr. Mahomed, the President, told the members that ‘the
Society had not flourished as it ought to have done during the last
year,” but ‘‘he thought there was a considerable amount of vitality
left.” This vitality, however, was doubtless ebbing, for on the 4th
November, 1897, at a general meeting, it was decided ‘that the
Society be dissolved at the termination of the present quarter,’
‘when there was also a discussion as to the re-construction of the
Society.
At a final meeting on gth December, 1897, the library and
collections were vested in trustees, who were authorized to give the
books and collections to any Natural Science Society that may be
formed in Bournemouth before the end of 1898. However, it was
finally directed that the books be presented at once to the Public
Library, and that the collections be offered to the Town Council,
and failing acceptance, to the School of Art.
Here we have, then, in miniature, an account of the rise and fall
of a local Scientific Society, and some of the facts in that history
may not be without interest to us now.
The Society acquired, by gift or presentation at various times,
considerable property in the shape of (1) collections and (2) books.
For example, as regards (1) it is recorded that in 1883 a collection
of birds was presented by Mrs. Pearson. In 1884 two cases of
animals and some very fine specimens of moths were given by Dr.
Satchel ; and there are, generally, constant references to various gifts
made by the members to the Society. With regard to (2) it is plain
25
that by degrees a fine collection of valuable scientific books was
secured. A librarian was appointed to look after them and arrange
for their issue to members. There is often a reference to the
Library in the Annual Report, and the number of books in hand in
each year was:
In 1887—-223 books
5, 1888—254 ,,
»» 1889—280 ,,
me) 189g1—378 ”
It is much to be regretted that the existing Society has not
come into possession of the excellent collections and books formed
by its predecessor.
We notice that in the early days, conversaziones and exhibits
of specimens and scientific apparatus were generally held once a
year in some prominent building in the town, and doubtless were the
means of attracting public attention to the existence and the aims
of the Society.
In the early years of the Society it was sometimes the practice
at a meeting not to havea formal lecture, but asubject was proposed
and a discussion on it took place among the members.
In 1890, the Society had trouble as regards subscriptions, a
thing which is with us at the present day, and we find it recorded
that ‘‘In view of the difficulty of collecting subscriptions the Com-
mittee deemed it advisable to appoint Mr. Philo as collector. His
commission amounted to #1 19s. 5d. The subscriptions in arrears
thus collected amounted to £5 5s od.”
In 1886 there was established the class or grade of ‘“‘ Honorary
Members,” the qualification being apparently an annual payment of
one guinea to the Society. In 1894 the grade of ‘‘ Life Member ”’
was introduced, the qualification being a benefactor of the Society
in past years, by personal efforts. Such members were exempt
from payment of subscriptions. The old life member corresponds
to our present honorary member.
In October, 1886, there was a discussion on ‘‘ Vacation Work,”’
from which it may be inferred there was an interval, or interim
period, during which no meetings were held or lectures given.
A copy of the rules of the Society, as standing good at the end
of 1892, is affixed to the minute book.
In October, 1893, a Microscopical Section was formed.
In November, 1894, a separate Photographic Society was
formed, and affiliated to the older Society, the Photographical
Section being held “in abeyance.” The new Society was to pay
Alo annually to the Society of Natural Science for the use of its
room.
All the papers read before the Society during its existence have
been tabulated, but the detailed list is too long to reproduce here.
Suffice it to say, that the total number of papers (103) under the
26
different branches of knowledge into which our present Society is
subdivided, is as follows: ,
Zoological, 27 Geographical, 4
Physical, 22 Archeological, 3
Geological, 21 Photographical, 1
Miscellaneous, 14 Microscopical, 1
Botanical, 10
From this we gather that Zoological subjects were most in
evidence, while Archeology or Antiquities were not much taken
up in those days.
The first lecture or paper was on ‘‘ Microscopic Life in a
Pond,” by Rev. N. Curnock. In September, 1883, the subject was
‘¢ What is Life?” by Mr. Eustace Bright; the decision being that
it is hopeless to try to answer the question. Spiders take up three
papers. Stonehenge was treated of by Mr. Hood. In a paper on
‘‘ Climate,” by Dr. Davidson, the lecturer remarked—“ Surely the
day would come when it would be seen that gratitude and reverence
were due to such men as Pasteur, Lister, Koch, Klein, and Burdon-
Sanderson rather than that they should be assailed with insult, and
hindered by mischievous legislation, as if they were criminals rather
than benefactors of the whole human and animal races.’”’ In 1887,
the “ Advances in the Germ Theory of Disease” was treated of by
Dr. Greves ; and we note several papers at various times on medical
subjects in connection with public health, &c.
In 1887, Mr. Carus Wilson lectured on ‘‘ Grains of Sand,” and
in November of the next year on ‘‘ Musical Sand” (which is found
at Studland), about which a German Professor has quite recently
been making enquiries. In 1890 we had ‘‘ Leaves from the Note-
book of an Indian Magistrate,” by Mr. Jackson. We can only
trace one lecture on Astronomy, which was of an elementary char-
acter. ‘* Modern Explosives” and ‘‘Torpedoes’’ formed the
subjects of two lectures by Mr. Quick, R.N.
In 1884 there was a lecture on Gold and Silver, when the Kong
Mountains are given as the only source of gold in Africa! This is
a sign of the times, the present goldfields of South Africa being
then practically unknown and undeveloped.
So far as I can ascertain, the name of Dr. Dixon, one of our
present Secretaries, first appears on the Committee in 1891.
To complete the record we may here briefly refer to the origin
and proceedings of our present Society. These remarks are based
on information given in the annual reports, five of which have been
issued, commencing with that for 1904.
From the first report we gather that ‘‘In November last,
stimulated by the action of W. Saville-Kent, Esq., F.L.s., F.z.S., an
endeavour was made to resuscitate the Natural Science Society,
which had been defunct for many years, hoping that under his
influence and guidance the Society might be revived, and regain
some of its pristine vigour and activity.” Several preliminary
27
meetings were held at Pen Selwood, the residence of Miss Rooper,
with the result that officers were appointed and a set of rules
adopted, the title of the Society being given as the Bournemouth
and District Society of Natural Science. The chief officers were:
President, J. E. Beale, Esq., Mayor of Bournemouth; Vice-
Presidents—E. Hyla Greves, Esq., M.D., F.R.c.p., W. Saville-Kent,
Esq); F+L.S., ¥F.Z.S., F.R.M.S., Rev. E.,Linton, m.a.; 'Chairman. of
@ommaiuttee;, J. Jkoberts) Thomson, Esq.,. M.p,, FsR.c.P. >: Elon,
secretaries— Miss C. Agnes Rooper and Dr. J. R. L. Dixon,
MRC S., L.R.C.P.
The Committee reported: ‘ The revival of the Society has been
marked by phenomenal success. The membership became 112, and
during the session 17 lectures were given.”
In the second year the Committee recommended that the
evening meetings should be discontinued.
The proceedings of the past five years are more or less fresh in
the memory of the bulk of the present members, and there is no
need to go into details. The general progress of the Society may
be gauged by the following table :—
Lumber funds Lumber
Year of Members. in hand. of Meetings.
1904 LEZ nil 21
1905 140 £3 25
1906 204 £12 23
1907 220 7d.(!) 27
1908 240 £8 51
1909 267 £20 70
It will be seen that the number of members has increased by
leaps and bounds ; but it is possible we have now reached a period
when the membership can hardly be expected to increase much
more. As regards finances, a glance at the above table shows that
we are just able to pay our way. One ot the needs of Bournemouth
is a good Museum of local Natural History and Antiquities, which
should be part and parcel of our Society. This we fear must be a
dream of the future until some Carnegie stepsin and endows us with
the necessary funds.
The year 1909 has been marked by the acquisition of the present
commodious rooms in Granville Chambers, which constitute a home
of the Society such as it never seems to have possessed before.
If each member of the Society in his or her own sphere does his
or her best to recruit new members as opportunity offers, and to
contribute something original in the way of scientific papers,
lectures, notes, or gifts of specimens, &c., we are confident that the
Society has a long period of activity and usefulness before it.
28
Presidential Moovess
(ABSTRACT)
By Dr ARTHUR RANSOMES OH ke S:
(Delivered before the Soctety on 14th Nov., 1908).
E have long been accustomed to the idea of the storage of
force when contemplating the phenomena of inanimate
nature, but in the present address we shall be strictly limited
to the consideration of the storage of material, and of the forces
resulting from its changes, within living organisms. I propose
to adduce some instances of this accumulation of power.
My attention was first called to the subject many years ago, in
the course of some experiments upon the germination and early
growth of plants. Prof. Draper had made the assertion that—
‘“‘Tf growth be conducted in darkness, heat, air, and water cannot
cause the young plant to add anything to its substance. It is
feeding on the seed. Indeed, when the experiment is carefully
made, it is found that there is an actual loss of substance; tne
resulting plant, if dried, weighing less than the dry seed from
which it came. Growth in darkness leads to one result, growth in
sunshine to another.” —Hwman Physiology, 1856, p. 458.
It seemed worth while to put this assertion to the test. It was
easy to ascertain the average loss of water on drying, in seeds and
bulbs, and to grow their counterparts in the light and in darkness,
and then to dry them carefully and note the differences in the
resulting weights. This was done for mustard seeds, peas, kidney
beans, crocus, snowdrops, and hyacinths. The result was entirely
opposed to Prof. Draper’s statement.
(1) In every case, whether in light or darkness, the plants
(roots, seeds, stem and leaves) when dried, had lost a
certain amount of solid matter up to a certain point of
growth.
(2) Up to the period of cultivation observed, in the case of
mustard, z.e., when the plants attained a length of two
inches in light, and three inches in darkness, the amount
of loss was in close relation to the degree of growth.
(3) Up to this point, in mustard, there was but little difference
in the extent of loss, in the light and in the dark.
(4) In the case of peas and beans grown in the light, they
began to gain in weight when the plants were from eight
to twelve inches in height, and when the third set of
leaves was sprouting.
(5) The bulbs and the plants resulting continued to lose
weight for a still longer time, and it seems probable that
it is only when the plant has ceased flowering, and when
the secondary bulbs are being formed, that there is any
29
material gain in weight. It appeared from these
experiments that—‘‘As in the animal ovum, so in the
seed, the genesis of life receives its first impulse from
the seed, and that most plants continue for some time
to draw from this source a portion at least of their powers
of growth.”
From some more complete experiments of Boussingault, I
further gathered that the elements which are used up during early
growth are the carbon and oxygen, and to a certain extent the
hydrogen, of the seed. During germination the starchy portions of
the seed, by a species of fermentation, under the influence of warmth
and moisture, and also probably by the molecular action of the
nitrogenous germ, become changed into sugar or other soluble
substances, and these are slowly disintegrated and burnt by a. kind
of respiration, and heat and other energy is developed. The most
important agents in assisting the processes of growth are hydro-
carbonaceous particles in their course of transformation, and there
is little doubt that the heat energy of these compounds bears some
important relation to active life.
It seems probable that the oxydation of carbonaceous
compounds in animals has something to do, not merely with the
phenomena of muscular contraction, but also with many other vital
processes. In like manner plants, perhaps, owe not a little to the
Same sources. It was shown by the observations detailed above
that the plants lost weight during growth almost equally in the
light and in the dark. It wasthought possible, therefore, that the
processes of development and growth might receive their stimulus
not only from the direct heat and light of the sun, but also from the
energy lying hid in the carbonaceous compounds already stored up
within the seed or bulb.
It is probable that nitrogenous substances, as in the case of
animal respiration, are equally necessary for the absorption of
oxygen. Certain albuminous substances collect in the young leaves
of plants, and serve as a store of material that assists both in
early growth and in the evolution of leaves. The proof of this
statement is to be found in the fact that an albuminous substance,
such as asparagin, is found not only in the roots of plants and in
their cotyledons, but also in the petioles of young leaves. Sachs,
however, remarks on this point, z.e., as to asparagin, that—‘‘ Its
physiological significance remains at present limited to Leguminose,
and in them it is confined to the consumption of the reserve
albuminous substances.” In any case, it is evident that the storage
of both nitrogenous and hydro-carbonaceous material does take
place as a preliminary to active growth.
These conclusions might probably be extended to certain
stages in the more advanced life of a plant or tree, but I have no
observations to adduce in confirmation of this opinion. Still, when
we observe the manner in which the new bud is already formed
in deciduous trees and shrubs, even before the fall of the leaf, it
30
seems likely that preparation has already been made for the coming
expenditure of force in the spring; and if we were able to calculate
the total amount of dry material contained in a tree in the autumn,
ar.d contrast it with the percentage of this substance in the budding
or in the leafy branch, it would probably be found that there had
been some loss of substance, due to the molecular energy expended
in pushing forward the buds and leaves. When and where the
storage takes place cannot now Le stated with exactitude, but from
the analogy that exists between the germination and budding of
plants I cannot but think that, in addition to the stimulus of the
food afforded by the rising of the sap in the spring, there is also
some liberation of energy from material that had been previously
stored up, in anticipation of a revival of spring. It is important to
note in this regard that the same kind of combustion of hydrocarbons
by oxygen as goes on in germinating seeds, takes place in other
parts of the plant where active processes are going on, as during
inflorescence, and in the spadix of Arum at the time of fertilization.
In all these cases, as in seeds, there is a distinct rise of
temperature.
This mode of considering the subject at least adds interest to
our contemplation of vegetable nature in the winter months.
Instead of looking upon the trees with their bare branches as
organisms in a state of torpor, we may speculate upon the amount
of latent force that they possess, and may regard them as really
more powerful and richer than when they parade in summer finery.
I would suggest this subject as one well worthy of the
attention of some of our younger members. It would not be
difficult to make the requisite experiments, and I imagine that it
might have an important bearing upon some point in woodcraft.
Many other instances of the accumulation of material for the
future well-being of plants might be mentioned, though they are
often complicated with other subjects. Thus the collection of
honey in the nectaries, the fragant essential oils in the glands of
petals and leaves, the brilliant colouring matters in corolla and
calyx, and even in some leaves, all these have been stored up so as
to assist in the cross-fertilization of plants by insects. I would claim
these as, in some sense, examples of provision for the future
maintenance of the species. Again, many of the devices used for the
dispersion and for the most suitable disposal of seeds, and for their
preservation until they can reach their most favourable soil—many,
if not all, of these may be properly adduced as instances of the
general principle with which we are dealing to-night. I would not,
however, lay too great stress upon them, as otherwise I might be
accused of claiming all the other wonderful adaptations of structure
to environment as ‘‘ fish for my net.”
But there is one interesting point that I would mention with
regard tothe preservation of fruits until the fitting time has come
for their destruction. I allude to the mode in which the attacks of
insects and other animals are warded off, until the seeds that fruits
31
contain are ready for deposition in the soil. To some extent this
is accomplished by the absence of temptation until the fruit is ripe.
The raids of birds and insects, of snails, and of little boys, upon
the early strawberries and cherries, are prevented by the absence of
sweetness and by the untempting greenness of the fruit. It is
always the best of the bunch that is thus attacked. But, in the
case of many other fruits a longer sojourn upon the parent stem is
required, until, in fact, the fruit is ready to drop to the ground
almost by its own weight. This prolonged stay is in some cases
secured, as in apples and pears, by the protection of a cork-like
rind, in nuts by a hard shell, in other fruits by an evil-tasting
substance outside the fruit, but in many others the intrusion of
mould fungus and other agents of decomposition is prevented by a
layer of antiseptic material.
The essential oils contained in the rind of many fruits are all
inimical to the tiny micro-organisms of decay, and these widely
distributed, nay, almost constantly present, agents of destruction
can only obtain an entrance to fruit in which some abrasion has
been caused by accident, or along channels left open by imperfect
growth. A pear often begins to rot in the centre, along the line of
the junction of the dissepiments of the ovary, and other fruits often
betray similar tracks for the entrance of the germs of decay.
But it is from the animal kingdom that we can draw the
largest number of examples of storage.
Commencing with the entrance of food into the mouth, we find
that in the salivary glands, and especially in the parotids, there is
already stored up in their cells a plentiful supply of amylo-lytic
ferment, destined to effect the metamorphosis of starch into sugar.
Similar preparations for a coming meal are shown in all the
digestive glands. The gastric follicles are found full of cells before
food and empty afterwards. The liver is more constant in its
functions, which are also more varied than those of other glands.
It has, however, a distinct magazine, the gall-bladder, for the
storage of its secretion.
After its entrance into the blood, a considerable portion of the
food is stored up ready for use when required. Fatty matter in
adipose tissue, and starchy matter in the form of glycogen, is stored
up both in the liver and in the muscles, and the automatic
mechanism by which this is drawn upon as it is needed is very
beautiful, though it need not now be described.
There is also in all probability a storage of nitrogen during or
preliminary to exercise.
Dr. Parkes and others have shown that the elimination of
nitrogen by the kidneys is lessened during excrcise. When a period
of exercise is compared, after an interval, with one of rest (the diet
being without nitrogen, or with uniform nitrogen), the elimination of
nitrogen by the kidneys is decidedly not increased, and may be
lessened, in the exercise period. As we all know well, also, with
32
constant regular exercise our muscles enlarge, become thicker,
heavier, contain more solid matter, in other words they have
gained in nitrogen, and this is doubtless to provide for future
similar demands upon their strength.
Pettenkofer and Voit have also shown that during rest a
certain amount of storage of oxygen goes on, especially during
sleep, and this storage no doubt occurs chiefly in the muscles
themselves, and the supply is available at the time of exercise.
The evidence of a storage of nerve power is less distinct than
in the case of the muscles. Still it is rendered probable by the
phenomena attending the discharge of refuse material from the
body and the function of parturition. It is possible also, by means
of a galvanic current, to exhaust the nerve power of a muscle or -
even of a nerve of sensation, and a considerable time elapses before
it is restored, showing that a certain accumulation of this force must
take place during rest. The brain, again, is certainly a storehouse
of nervous energy. We talk of the stores of knowledge and of
erudition possessed by certain gifted persons, and although we are
ignorant of the precise nature of memory, we may regard it asa
case in point. Whether memory depends upon actual ‘“ residua”’
impressed upon the nervous elements, or whether it consists in the
more ready conveyance of impressions that have once or more
times travelled along a certain course, in either case we may
properly regard it as a sort of storage of force, or, at least, as the
facilitation of its manifestation, when required at future times.
The discharge of phosphorus in the secretion from the kidneys, after
severe mental or bodily exertion, is a further proof of the using up
of previously stored up material in the nervous system.
But perhaps the most important forms of the storage of
material are to be found, as in plants, in the provisions made for
the growing germ or for the preservation of the embryo in animals.
The egg of an oviparous animal is only a type of the ovum ofa
viviparous one.
There is indeed some difference in the mode of segmentation
of the yelk, and in birds the contents of the yelk-sac afford nourish-
ment until the end ofincubation. In mammalia its office ceases at
an early period, owing to the close connection soon formed between
the embryo and its mother. But in both the function of the yelk is
the same; it is a store of nutriment provided until the time arrives
at which other sources of food are opened up.
In all the tissues of the young animal also provision is made
for future growth.
But this is probably not nearly all that is involved in the pro-
cess of reproduction.
That there are some still more subtle processes of storage
involved in the work of reproduction is evident from the facts
respecting inheritance—atavism, prepotency, reversion, alternation
of generation, and so on.
33
It is impossible to enter fully into this subject now, but I
should do wrong if I omitted to mention Darwin’s attempt to
explain these facts by means of his marvellous theory of Pangenesis,
a theory that implies an extent of storage in germs and in other
parts such as one might regard as incredible if it had not been
gravely propounded by such a man. Darwin regards each cell of
a living being as to a certain extent independent or autonomous ;
each such cell then has the power of casting off a ‘‘ free gemmule”’
which is capable of reproducing a similar cell. ‘‘As each unit or
group of similar units throughout the body casts off its gemmules,
and as all are contained within the smallest seed or egg, and
within each spermatozoon, or pollen grain, their number and
minuteness must be something inconceivable. All organic beings,
moreover, include many dormant gemmules, derived from their
grandparents and more remote progenitors, but not from all their
progenitors. These almost infinitely numerous and minute
gemmules must be included in each bud, ovule, spermatozoon, and
pollen grain.” <‘‘ Truly,” as Wendell Holmes says, “this body in
which we journey across the isthmus between the two oceans is not
a private carriage but an omnibus.” An omnibus indeed! But
Darwin thought that this is no reason for rejecting his hypothesis,
and he believed it affords an explanation of many of the curious
phenomena of reproduction which I have indicated above. I shall
not venture to pronounce judgment in such a cause.
We have now left the sure ground of fact and have entered
upon the region of pure conjecture; but I cannot resist the
temptation to recall to your minds a singular supposed instance of
storage of mind force, given in M. Renan’s complacent account of
himself when he speaks of enjoying ‘‘ the economies of thought, of
long obscure lines of peasants and seamen ”—as he says, ‘“‘ A race
produces its flower when it emerges from obscurity. Brilliant
intellectual births come out of a vast abyss of unconsciousness, I
would say out of vast reservoirs of ignorance,” and again, ‘‘ Genius,
which is always the result of a long previous slumber.”
I must leave you to say whether the long list of instances of
storage of power that I have now laid before you, in any way
justifies M. Renan’s notion that he was in a certain sense an “ heir
of the ages” past. I do not myself think they do, for, as we have
seen, the exercise of a talent or of a power increases the storage for
future work; and if we were to adopt Darwin’s hypothesis, we
should have to acknowledge that brain gemmules can only be
thrown off from pre-existent similar material, and hence it is much
less likely that the dull wits of an ignorant race should produce a
clever man, than that as Galton has shown, genius should be
hereditary.
Lastly, in this regard, I should like to mention a striking theory
of the great French pathologist, Dr. Metschnikoff, as to the cause of
“natural death” in both plants and animals.
He believes that the reason why we die, that our days are but
as ‘‘a handbreadth” and that a man’s beauty consumes away with
Cc
34
age, is not because sustenance fails, but by reason of poisons which
are gradually stored up in the system, and by means of the action
of micro-organisms, forms of phagocytes, which eat away the
tissues, as the Psalmist says, “like a moth fretting a garment.”
The ‘‘auto-intoxication of the bodies of plants and animals is
also due to such microbes as the ‘ bacillus coli.’ ”
This remarkable hypothesis. is defended by Dr. Metschnikoff,
with great ability in his recent work, ‘‘On the Prolongation of
Life,’ but I must not now do more than refer to it.
I have now, perhaps, given a sufficient number of instances of
provision for the future, to prove not only that this principle is
carried out as a result of intelligence, but that it is inherent in the
materials of which organisms are made. I will leave my hearers to
draw the obvious moral.
Report of General Lerhives oelivered
During the Winter Srssivn, 1908-9.
—
This lecture was given on Nov. 28th, 1908, by C.
Some vanishing J. Hankinson, Esq., J.P., and illustrated by a
European series of coloured lantern slides, from photographs
Costumes. by the lecturer. The chair was taken by J.
Liddiard, Esq., F.R.G.S., Mr. Hankinson dwelt
upon the fact that every year witnessed the disappearance of some
relic of distinctive costume, and upon the importance of preserving
records of such when possible. Differences in costume are princi-
pally due to climate, materials available, and to individual taste or
special requirements. In England the old distinctive costumes are
practically extinct, though traces of them remain in outlying parts
of the British Isles. A number of slides were shown illustrating the
costumes of Brittany, particularly the coif, or white linen headdress,
which has a distinctive form in different districts. Then followed
pictures of Swiss, Swedish and Norwegian costumes, their peculiar-
ities being described. In Norway a mantilla-like head shawl is
worn, supposed to have originated with the survivors of a Spanish
galleon wrecked on the coast. Passing on to costumes of the
Austrian Empire, Balkan States and Turks, Mr. Hankinson em-
phasized the fitness and picturesqueness of the old native costumes
over the productions of the modern milliner, and concluded with a
few pictures of Oriental costumes, which had remained unaltered
for centuries.
35
PRE acinar This lecture was given on the rath Dec., 1908, by
| ple Francis Fox, Esq., M.Inst.C.E., whohas had charge
of the recent work undertaken for the saving of
Cathedral and Winchester Cathedral and is a member of the
eon en storie al eminent firm of engineers. The chair was taken
oh a by Dr. Ord. Mr. Fox began by roughly outlining
the methods of strengthening decaying buildings: first, the threatened
portions are shored up with strong timbers so as to prevent their
collapse while the repairs are in progress. Next, all cracks and
defects are filled in with ‘‘ grout,” or liquid cement; this is done with
the grouting machine, which forces the cement under pressure into
all the voids, thus binding the whole into a solid mass. The last stage
is the underpinning, or replacing of defective foundations. At
Winchester the trouble is due to bad foundations. The cathedral
stands on a peat bog, and the old builders laid great balks of timber
on this, building their masonry on the timber. ‘This timber has in
course of time decayed, and the superincumbent masonry is gradu-
ally sinking. ‘The recent operations consisted of the removal of the
peat, piece by piece, from underneath the building and the substitu-
tion for it of concrete, deposited by the grouting machine. The
continual presence of water made the work very difficult and
dangerous, a diver being required to do most of the undergrcund
work. Mr. Fox also described the reparation of the old walls at
Chester, and the restoration of Trinity Church, Hull, by strutting
up the roof, taking down the pillars, and rebuilding them on a
proper foundation. The lecture throughout was illustrated by very
fine lantern slides, showing the nature of the work at Winchester
and the other places referred to.
A lecture given on the 3oth Jan., r909, by H. St.
Barbe, Esq., of Lymington, the chair being taken
by Dr. Ord. The lecturer began by pointing out
how immensely the appreciation of scenery is in-
creased by a knowledge of the causes that have
brought about the various effects of mountain, valley, river, etc.
The four chief causes that have brought, or are bringing about the
present conformation of the earth’s surface are, first, the gradual
contraction of the earth’s crust, accompanied by crumpling or
folding ; second, the action of water; third, the action of fire, more
in evidence in earlier stages of the earth’s history than now; and
lastly, glacial action, by which masses of rock have been transported
from their original locality. Fine mountain scenery is always found
in an atea in which there once existed volcanoes, which threw up
immense masses of lava, etc., the remains and effects of which now
go to make up our mountains; as an example, the mountains of
Carnarvon are largely due to this cause. The terms anticlinal and
synclinal were defined, an anticline being a series of strata in arched
form, while a syncline is a series in hollow form, that is, concave
towards the top. The weald of Kent and Sussex is the top of an
Geology in
relation to
Scenery in
England.
36
anticlinal formation, whilst at the top of Snowdon, as a view of that
mountain showed, the strata evidently form the bottom of a syncline
indicating that the mountain top at one time probably formed the
bottom ofa lake. A view of Flamborough Head was exhibited to
show excessive folding of the strata, and another near Lough
Swilly showed the curious sharp foldmg of clayey strata. The
rugged beauty of Giggleswick Scar is due to a “ fault,” explainable
by -geological causes; other views showed the grand forms of
mountains due to volcanic causes, as in Pen-y-gant, Langdale and
Helvellyn. A diagram of the denudation of a volcano of the
Vesuvian type was exhibited, showing the changes through
weathering undergone by the ejecta. To a volcanic origin are
due the hills around Edinburgh which contribute so much to its -
picturesqueness, while the same cause has produced that wonder-
ful natural barrier that separates Wales from England. The
action of ice was illustrated by the case of erratic rocks in Norfolk,
supposed to have been brought thither from Norway by glacial
action. The lecturer concluded by remarking that the principles
of geology can be applied to the most homely landscape as well
as to magnificent mountain scenes, and that the application of
them affords much enjoyment to the careful observer. The fine
slides by which the lecture was illustrated were kindly lent from
the collection of Lord Avebury.
A lecture by J. F. Rayner, Esq., of Southampton,
was given on the 16th January, I909, the chair
being taken by G. Brownen, Esq., F.C.S. Mr.
Rayner pointed out that if grasses displaced all
other plants, we should still have food in abundance. The cereals,
from the various kinds of which many different sorts of bread are
made, are all grasses, as also is rice, the principal food of many
peoples. Amongst tropical grasses we have the sugar-cane, an im-
portant source of food, besides the bamboo, pampas grass and reeds
of many sorts, which, though not used as food, are of great value in
manufacture. Grass again forms the food of cattle, which in turn
provide meat for man’s use. There are in the world about 5,000
species of grasses, of which about 100 are british. They are
distinguished from the sedges by having round and hollow stems,
those of the sedges being usually triangular and solid. Grasses
may be annual, biennial or perennial; grasses in which all the
shoots have flower stems are annual, those in which some shoots
have leaves only are biennial or perennial, but those which have an
underground stolon or creeping rhizome are perennial. The lecturer
described the structure of the cup and the floral characters, and
mentioned that, being wind fertilized, grasses required no coloured
petals to attract insects. The lecture was illustrated by a num-
ber of diagrams, by a collection of dried specimens, and by a display
of a number of freshly gathered specimens.
On beginning
the Study
of Grasses.
37
A lecture given on the 13th Feb., 1909, by F.
The Geology | Hovenden, ee, BS GS. the aie bane
eee, Late taken by J. Liddiard, Esq., F.R.G.S. The lecturer
Oi Purbeck. began by explaining the general principles govern-
ing the formation of the sedimentary strata of the earth’s surface,
showing how they were all deposited from water, being either formed
of particles of rocks disintegrated by water, or of the remains of the
myriads of creatures that had lived in the water. In the course of
ages, the deposit, through pressure or chemical action, becomes
hardened into rock. Mr Hovenden then illustrated his general
remarks by reference to particular strata to be found in the Isle of
Purbeck, giving especial attention to the cinder bed, a thin stratum
of oyster shells about 22 miles long. These references were illus-
trated by lantern slides from photographs of many of the points of
interest in and near the Isle of Purbeck.
A lecture with this title was given on the 27th
Feb.) 1909; by Major, B. Trestrail,’|.P.,:FoR.G:S.;
of Clevedon) the (chair) being taken by) Col:
Markwick, C.B. The lecturer said there were three
types of volcanoes, according to their shape and
structure—the gently pointed conical shaped, the rounded dome-
shaped, and the irregular shaped. There are two kinds of volcanic
action, the gradual and gentle action as seen in Stromboli, and the
violent intermittent action as seen in Vesuvius. Volcanoes and
earthquakes are no doubt caused by the secular contraction of the
earth’s crust, an action always at work. The earth is slowly
radiating its heat into space, the outer crust becoming gradually
cooler than the heated interior; as it cools it contracts, which
causes it to crumple and crack, producing earthquakes, while
through the cracks the red-hot matter from the interior is forced up,
forming a volcano. Major Trestrail described in detail the volcanic
rocks of the Mendips and the traces of their eruptions in geological
times. He described, also, similar action as shown on the coast in
the neighbourhood of Weston-super-Mare. His remarks were illus-
trated by some very fine lantern slides from photographs of the
district.
Volcanoes and
their action
in the
Mendip Area.
For a report of this lecture given on 13th March,
ce 1909, by Col. E. E. Markwick, C.B., F.R.A.S.,
omet.
see page 72.
s This was a paper presented on 27th March, 1909,
3 ae t by Captain G. R. Elwes, J.P., who was unfortun-
oe ° ately unable to be present. The paper was read by
the Chairman, G. Brownen, Esq., F.C.S. The
origin of many surnames was traced to scientific sources—geology,
botany, astronomy, architecture and even heraldry. The surname
was originally a personal and descriptive name, based upon here-
ditary office or physical peculiarity, this name becoming in time
38
attached to the family. The Celtic and Irish “O” and ‘‘ Mac”
indicated descent. The Roman custom was mentioned of the
transference of house signs to the individual, as well as the shortening
of names, as Claudius to Clodd, &c. Saxon surnames were tribal
names, qualifying epithets, and trades or occupations—the suffixes
‘‘kin’’ and “lin’’ are also Saxon. Danish survivals are rare and
doubtful owing to close relationship with Saxon or Jutish names.
In Norman times surnames became abundant, and later the Crusaders
brought names from the East; actors in the mystery plays were
also known by the names of their parts. Since Elizabeth’s time
few surnames have been introduced.
Y After the reading of this paper, Dr. Dixon showed
Rome tile: a number of lantern slides of entomological and
microscopical objects, and gave descriptions of them, announcing
also that a new section of the Society had been formed, the Micro- |
scopical Section, with himself as chairman.
: This lecture was given on 17th April, 1909, b
Ane Natives Charles Hose, Esq., D.Sc., F.R.G.S., EZS. the
Ce araals. chair being taken by Dr. J. Roberts Thomson, J.P.
First a paper by Dr. Hose was read by Dr. Crallan, describing a
visit to the Madang country in the heart of Borneo. Ten years ago
Dr. Hose, with two members of the Cambridge Anthropological
Expedition, set out for this hitherto unexplored tract lying between
the head waters of the Batang-Kayan, Rejang and Baram rivers,
inhabited by the Madangs, a warlike tribe of the Kenyahs; after 14
days he had to part with his Cambridge friends and pursue the
journey alone. Travelling on the rivers was by ‘‘dug-out’’ boats,
which were most expertly managed by the Kenyahs through the
rapids which abound. The Lata River was so full of rapids that
the beats were left, and the journey taken on foot along the banks
for some distance. The principal Madang village contains two
thousand people, friendly to the white man. They area fine race,
light skinned, with dark eyes and straight black hair. Virgin
forests abound, and are at times cleared by the natives to afford
space for crops, the method adopted being to cut nearly through
every tree on a hill-side, and then pull down one at the top, so that
in its fall it breaks down the one below, and so on in succession till
all are down overa V-shaped area. The peopleare expert blacksmiths ;
they are also fond of music, having instruments of theirown. They
fix the time for planting rice by the length of the shadow cast by a
tall pole on a level piece of ground, the length being measured by a
notched stick, the graduations on which are marked irom long
experience. After the reading of the paper a number of lantern
slides were shown, from photographs by Dr. Hose, and were
described by him. They showed very beautiful river scenes, types of
natives, war canoes, houses—these are most curious, being of great
length, but only one room wide, and inhabited by a number of
families. The weaving of the native cloth and the manufacture of
39
a blowpipe—a weapon used for shooting animals with poisoned
darts—were shewn in some particularly fine slides. The interest of
the lecture was still further increased by the exhibition of a collection
of native weapons, instruments, &c.
—
A lecture given on the rst May, 1909, by Dr. Ord,
The Great the chair being taken by Dr. Crallan. Beginning
eeenen with a few general remarks on the origin and
7 a sources of earthquakes, Dr. Ord remarked that the
ang nts two districts of Great Britain where earthquakes
oe are most common (though fortunately only slight
ones) are the portion of Herefordshire near the
Malvern Hills and the line of the Caledonian Canal in Scotland—
in each case near hills or mountains composed of very ancient or
igneous rocks. On the Caledonian Canal lies a great fault, or old
dislocation of the strata, which is a common feature of unstable
areas. The line of mountains in the West of America was mentioned
as a district where earthquakes are common, and as exhibiting
features usual in earthquake areas. viz:—lofty mountains, proximity
to the sea with deep ocean beds, frequent changes in the level of the
land, frequency of faults, and the presence of volcanoes. The
lecturer explained the instruments in use for recording earthquakes
and said that these disturbances usually proceed from a point about
15 miles below the surface, and that a point immediately over this
is the seat of maximum intensity. From this point the disturbance
proceeds in regular waves, of less intensity as they recede from the
centre. The waves from Messina reached the Kew observatory in
four minutes after the shock began. Messina lies on the line of
mountains formed by the Appenines and the Peloritan Hills of
Sicily, once continuous. These mountains are chiefly of old crystal-
line rocks, though near Messina we have the more recent strata,
chiefly Miocene and Pliocene, deposited upon the older rock; in the
Pliocene strata, 4,000 feet above the sea, we find recent shells, which
points to tremendous upheavals in recent geological times, and in-
stability of the earth’s crust in this area. On the western slope of
the mountain range is a great fault which is constantly shifting, the
line of fracture passing close to Reggio and Messina, and it is this
which causes the earthquakes: they have probably been occurring
for long past ages and may continue to do so at intervals for many
years tocome. A number of photographs of Messina, showing the
ruin that had befallen it, were shown, and Dr. Ord concluded by
remarking that, though investigation into the theory of earthquakes
does not enable us in any way tocontrol them, it helps us to see how
best we may mitigate their effects, by building houses low and light
—least likely to sustain damage themselves and to cause further
damage in their fall.
Report of
@rneval Summer Excursions, 1909.
To Macsbury FavoureD by magnificent weather 37 members,
Camp, Croscombe ladies and gentlemen, took part in this Excur-
and Shepton ‘100, which will doubtless be long remembered
Mallet. by all who took part in it as an exceedingly
successful one, particularly as regards the insight
gained into the beauty and antiquities of the country which lies so
comparatively close to Bournemouth. On arriving at Shepton
Mallet by train, the party drove to Maesbury, or, as it is spelt
locally, Masbury. This ancient earthwork is on the summit of high
land, 958 feet above the level of the sea, and the views therefrom
are very fine. Almost underneath the hill (so it seemed) could be
seen the towers of Wells Cathedral and S. Cuthbert’s Church.
Further off was Glastonbury Tor, with its quaintly situated church,
looking together like a small green mountain. In the further
distance was the estuary of the Parrett, and the silver of the Severn
Sea, with a promontory of North Devon, running dark into it.
Mr. Brownen, F.c.s., the chairman of the Archzological and
Historical Sections, gave an excellent account of the Camp to the
assembled party, of which the following is a very brief résumé.
The Camp has doubtless beer occupied from prehistoric times,
and was captured by the Romans in their invasion of Britain by
Claudius Czsar, A.D. 43-9. Close to the Camp coins of Vespasian
have been found, as well as a pig of lead stamped with the name of
Claudius Cesar. Flint weapons and a neolithic stone axe have
been reported as found in the vicinity. There are other once
fortified hill-tops within easy range, such as Brent Knoll, Dolebury,
and Worle. In fact, the Fossway, from Grimsby on the Humber
to Seaton in Devon, passed near Maesbury, and was crossed quite
near by a Roman road running from Ad Axium to Old Sarum. A
funeral tablet has been found in the neighbourhood to Julius
Vitalis, a pensioner of the 2oth Legion.
Two members of the Shepton Mallet Natural History Society
then conducted the party through Ham Woods to Croscombe, in
which church the magnificent wood carving was inspected. Pro-
ceeding thence to Shepton Mallet our party was hospitably enter-
tained to tea, in the Rectory grounds, by the Rev. F. Jones and the
local Society. It is hoped we may shortly be able to return the
kindness shown, when Bournemouth is visited by the Shepton .
Mallet Society. Two of its members, viz., Mr. Higgins, the
president, and Mr. Barnes, the curator, kindly acted as our
guides. ———
A Tour through This excursion, in which 62 members took part,
the New Forest. W2S made with the idea of visiting certain points
of interest in, and so obtaining a good general
insight into the beauties of, the New Forest. It took place on 16th
41
June, and was a sort of circular tour, in vehicles, from Lyndhurst
Road to Lyndhurst, thence to Minstead, Malwood, Stonycross,
Boldrewood, and Mark Ash, terminating at Brockenhurst. The
members being assembled in Minstead Church, Mr. Brownen, F.c.s.,
gave them a short account thereof. It was built in the time of the
Barons’ War, in the reign of Henry III. (about a.p. 1250), and was
dedicated to all Saints. The building has suffered much from
alteration, and only portions of its original plan can now be made
out, the principal features being in the most debased churchwarden’s
style of architecture. The older portions are a shortened nave, a
chancel, and a north porch, the doorway from this porch being a
portion of the original 13th century structure. An embattled
western tower, and erections forming family pews attached to the
north walls of the church, mostly built of brick, as well as extensive
alterations on the southern side, mostly of 18th century date, have
totally destroyed the characteristics of the original building. The
inside of the church has been disfigured by two ugly galleries, one
over the other, at the western end, and the eastern chancel is
entered from the nave through a pointed Early English arch. Not-
withstanding the late barbarisms the little building is not without a
certain picturesqueness, surrounded as it is by meadows and
forest.
The living is a rectory, to which Lyndhurst is annexed. Its
value at the Inquisition of 1290 was given as £6 13s. 4d., but later,
in A.D. 1340, Henry and John Pikenet, with Philip Edmunds and
Henry Legatt, swore that the ninths were only £4 6s. 8d., that the
small tithes and death dues were 44s. 8d. per annum, and that the
value of the rectory and garden was two shillings. At the Survey of
the Reformation, a.pD. 1535, John Pye returned his income as.
48 38. 4d., less 118. for procurations and synodals.
After an ad fresco lunch in the pretty surroundings of the church,
the party visited the grounds of Malwood, which were thrown open
by kind permission of Lady Vernon-Harcourt. Afterwards the
spots mentioned above were visited in succession, and all present
obtained a series of splendid views of the exquisite and ever varying
glades of the Forest, the summer foliage of the beeches and oaks.
being then perhaps at its best.
A Day in the On 7th July some 54 members assembled at
Hardy Country. Wool Station and drove through a stretch of
country connected with Thomas Hardy, the
novelist, who has introduced the scenery into many of his novels.
Under the conductorship of Mr. C. J. Hankinson, J.P., who was
assisted by Mr. Harry Pouncy, of the Dorset Field Club, we visited
first, the Elizabethan Manor House (‘‘ Wellbridge’’ of Hardy),
forming with its walls and chimneys of mellow brick, a charming
object against the beautiful five-arched bridge across the Frome.
The date of the building is 1637, and possibly portions are earlier.
This is the spot where ‘‘ Tess” (vide “ Tess of the D’Urbervilles,”
by T. Hardy) came, the night after her wedding.
42
Passing in the distance an existing military camp, Bere Regis
was nextreached. The village is supposed to be identical with the
Ibernium of the Romans. King John had a favourite hunting box
here, in the Forest of Purbeck, and a letter from him is extant in
which he enjoins the sheriff of those days to establish a kitchen at
Bere. An inspection was made of Bere Regis Church, which is of
great beauty and interest. The principal feature is the roof, of dark
wood, ornamented with most curious figures, richly carved and
painted to represent, undoubtedly, actual medizval costumes,
although the figures themselves are supposed to stand for the
Apostles. The figures are curious as being more or less horizontal,
with face downwards. The roof, tower, and bells were the gift of
Cardinal Morton, minister of Henry VII. ‘The architecture, gener-
ally, is Perpendicular, the very fine font being Trans. Norman.
The ‘‘ Turberville Window ”’ is very interesting, containing no less
than 20 shields or coats of arms, in most of which the lion rampant,
gules, predominates, being the emblem of the Turbervilles.
Proceeding on their way, the party next inspected the beautiful
Church of Puddletown, in which the two most striking features are
the black Jacobean, or rather Carolean, pulpit, and the gallery,
dating from: 1634. The Athelhampton chapel contains many
monuments to members of the Martyn or Martin family. One
handsome recumbent figure, carved in alabaster, is remarkable for
the minute and exact representations of all the details of a con-
temporary set of knight’s armour.
After tea, taken in Dorchester, Mr. Pouncy kindly took the
party a little tour round the town, pointing out the chief points of
historical interest, some of which were connected with Judge
Jeffreys, of ‘‘ Bloody Assizes” celebrity.
This took place on Wednesday, August 18th, and
in spite of a somewhat unfavourable day, many
members took part in it. The ancient Abbey
Church of S. Mary and S. Ethelfleda was visited. Inthe absence
of the vicar, the party was conducted by the Rev. M. R. West, m.a.,
and his able descriptions of the Abbey and its historical associations
were much appreciated by the members present, who, at the con-
clusion, accorded him their heartiest thanks.
The first authentic mention of the Abbey occurs in 967, in the
reign of King Edgar, during that time of peace which followed
upon King Alfred’s victory over the Danes. There was shown,
under a trap door in the floor opposite the pulpit, the apsidal east
end of a large church—evidently the foundation of the Saxon
building of King Edgar’s time. Other evidences of Saxon work,
the carving at the east end of the South Aisle, and the Saxon Rood,
were also seen. To outline the history of the Abbey would occupy
too much space, suffice it to say that the original abbey was
destroyed by the Danes, led by Sweyn, in 994. There is no record
of the rebuilding of the Abbey, but in 1120 there is a record of the
Excursion to
Romsey,
43
present church, built upon the site of the old Abbey, at a time when
the Norman style of architecture was at its perfection.
The stately character of the building, its massive walls, the
thickness and solidarity of the piers, together with the exquisite
sense of proportion and usefulness, are all ideally Norman. The
two great east windows are 14th century work. The unusual size
of the triforium arches was commented on. The clerestory showed
a transition from pure Norman in the chancel to Early English at
the west end. Thechancel aisles are remarkable, being square
externally, but apsidal inside. The party saw some interesting
relics of the Ambulatory, in a glass case—the Romsey Psalmster, a
MS. Book of the Psalms and Canticles, &c., written at Romsey
about 1440, and a head of auburn hair, found in a much corroded
coffin beneath the Abbesses’ door.
Externally, one of the most interesting features was the
“‘Corbel Table,” which runs all round the building above the
windows—the corbels, carved into every kind of fantastic device,
excited much attention. The magnificent proportions of the triple
lancet (Early English) windows at the west end were also much
admired.
Many of the members then spent the rest of the day inspecting
in detail the many noteworthy features of the Abbey. A small
number paid a visit to Broadlands, close by, the residence of the
Right Hon. Wilfred Ashley, M.P., who kindly gave them permission
to inspect his beautitul park and gardens. In the lake in the
Japanese Garden some interesting microscopical specimens were
found, and are described under the Microscopical Section.
ee
Visit to On September 15th, a party of 24 members
Glastonbury. Journeyed_ to Glastonbury, under the conductor-
can uate ship of Drs. Crallan and Thomas. This is in
the country referred to by Tennyson as
Deep-meadow’d, happy, fair with orchard lawns
And bowery hollows crown’d with summer sea.
On arriving by rail a visit was paid to the excellent local
museum, which contains a fine collection of antiquities and geo-
logical specimens, as well as a library of rare books. Among the
numerous exhibits were the relics of prehistoric man found by Mr.
Bulleid in Godney Marsh, close to the town. These included a
very good specimen of a prehistoric dug-out canoe, about 18 feet
long. One could not help reflecting that here is a small town of
5,000 inhabitants, which has its well-equipped museum of antiquities
and natural history, supported, too, by the municipal authorities—
while here in Bournemouth, with its 60,000 inhabitants, nothing of
the sort exists! Verb. sap.
Proceeding to the Abbey grounds, the party were met by Mr.
F. Bligh Bond, F.r.1.B.A., who kindly acted as guide to the ruins of
the churches formerly existing here. This gentleman is not only a
44
practical architect, being in charge of the reparation of the ruins,
but is also a skilled and sympathetic antiquary. Glastonbury
Abbey is so well known, that no description is necessary here.
Suffice it to say that attention was duly called to the exquisite
architectural beauties contained in the S. Mary’s Chapel, the
Galilee, and the Grand Church, the series of buildings terminating
on the east with the site of King Edward’s Chapel. The total
length of the fabric in its prime was 580 feet.
After this, the Church of St. John, in the town, was visited,
and then the party ascended Glastonbury Tor, and gained a magnifi-
cent view over the surrounding country. On the way back, the
Abbot’s Barn and the Abbot’s Kitchen were inspected, each
furnishing fine specimens of the work of the medizval builders.
Proceedings of Secfiwrns.
Wrrharvlugicval and Historical Sertion.
CHAIRMAN : G. BRowNEN, ESsoa., F.C.S.
—_- ——
THE activity of these conjoint sections of our Society for the
past year may be seen in the interesting variety of the subjects or
objects noticed or discussed.
At the first meeting of the opened
winter session held on 12th November,
1908, the Chairman, Mr. Brownen, in
reading tnis paper, called attention to
the Saxon and Norman antiquities still in existence.
The Churches of our
locality mentioned in the
Domesday of A.D. 1086.
This paper was read by Mr. Brownen
on roth December, 1908, and will be
found in full at page 60.
John Prophete, D.D., Rector
of Ringwood, Hants.
On 14th January, 1909, our Secretary, Dr. Dixon,
exhibited, by the kind permission of the Bourne-
mouth authorities, a number of plans drawn to
scale, of the Earthworks, ancient Castles and Mote
Houses of Dorset, and these elicited an interesting discussion from
the members present.
Plans of Ancient
Earthworks,
&c., in Dorset.
45
At the next monthly meeting of the section on 11th
February Mr. Le Jeune read a paper on “ The
Recovery of a Roman Villa near Hemsworth,
Dorset,” illustrated by photographs and drawings.
This paper appears in full at page 63, and an illustration on
Plate VI, page 64.
The Roman
Villa at
Hemsworth.
On 11th March Dr. Thomas gave a lantern lecture
on this subject. The peculiarities of these curious
remains of antiquity were noticed and discussed.
Attention was called to a local maze near thecliff at Westbourne.
Labyrinths and
Mizmases.
At the meeting on 8th April Mr. Brownen gavea
lecture on this subject, explaining Balawat as an
Assyrian Windsor of the time of Shalmaneser ILI.,,
B.C. 859—25. It was illustrated by full-sized photographic repro-
ductions of this famous relic, which revealed the military and naval
art of Imperial Assyria, and led to an animated discussion on art
and commerce in general. With this lecture the winter session of
indoor meetings closed, and the excursions followed from next
month.
The Bronzes
of Balawat.
SO ee The first excursion of the season was on May 5th
West Parle to West Parley Church and Dudsbury. At West
&c Y: Parley we were met by the Rector, the Rev. R. A.
; Chudleigh, M.A., who kindly opened the church
and described its principal features. Mr. Chudleigh then accom-
panied us to Dudsbury Camp and described the peculiarities of
this strong prehistoric earthwork commanding the waterway of
the Stour.
In May and June our section participated in two general
excursions of the Society, the first on May i1gth, to Masbury,
Croscombe, and Shepton Mallet on the Mendips, and the second
on 16th June, to Minstead and Malwood in the New Forest.
Wicit) to Christ. bis took place on 23rd June, and a large
number of members participated in it. By the
kindness of Miss Tighe the ruins and relics in
the private grounds and gardens were thrown open, and Mr.
Brownen (who conducted) produced a plan of the destroyed
monastery, which assisted in the realization of the ancient edifices
as they originally stood. The Castle ruins were also visited the
same afternoon.
On 7th July our Antiquarian Section formed a part in a general
excursion to Wool, Bere Regis, Puddletown and Dorchester, all in
the district known popularly as “ the Hardy country.’’ It was under
the joint conductorsnip of Messrs. Hankinson and Pouncy.
church Priory.
46
This took place on 11th August. While the
: party were resting among the ruins, a short paper
rare ae. i was read upon the Cistercian Abbey of Biades
* by Mr. Brownen, who acted as conductor. This
was the last of the special antiquarian excursions of the season, but
on August 18th, and again on September 15th, two general excur-
sions were arranged by the Society. The first was to Romsey
Abbey, under the guidance of the Rev. M. R. West, m.a., and the
second was to Glastonbury, under the leadership of Drs. Crallan
and Thomas.
Excursion to
Also on 18th September, by invitation of the Geographical
Section, some of our Antiquarian members visited Wareham, and
were kindly conducted to various ancient buildings there, by the
Rev. S. Blackett, m.a., Rector of Wareham.
Botanical Section.
CHAIRMAN : Miss C. AGNES ROOPER.
Some interesting and profitable work has been done by this
Section during the past year.
The arrangement of the Society’s Herbarium has
been proceeded with regularly each Saturday
morning under the supervision of the Chairman,
assisted: by, it. V.\Sherming,) Esq... F.L.S., A.) Scott, sq. ib At,
Colonel Russ, and other members, and many valuable additions have
been made to it. Among these may be mentioned Equisetum
sylvaticum, E. hyemale, E. variegatum, Arabis stricta, Draba muralis,
Hutchinsia petreea, Vicia lutea, V. gracilis, Lathyrus Nissolia, L.
maritimus, Helianthemum polifolium, Bupleurum opacum, Orchis
incarnata, Ophrys aranifera, Ononis reclinata, Limonium biner-
vosum, all of which were gathered and presented by R. V. Sherring,
Esq., F.L.S., to whom the Society is also indebted for a collection of
all the Equisetaceze known to be obtainabie within 100 miles of
Bournemouth. There have been presented by the Chairman (Miss
C. Agnes Rooper) Corydalis claviculata, Sedum anglicum, Colchicum
autumnale, Habenaria vividis; by Dr. Ransome, M.D., F.R.S.,
Lavatera arborea, and a specimen of the Cotoneaster vulgaris (from
the Great Orme’s Head), which is now extinct; and by A. Scott, Esq.,
B.A., Trollius europzus, Sanicula europza, Scutellaria minor, Erica
ciliaris. Specimens of the Lobelia urens have been received from
G. Brownen, Esq., F.C.S., and Colonel Ross; Gladiolus communis
and Spiranthes autumnalis from Mrs. Austen; while the rare
Frankenia levis has been contributed by M. Picquet, of Jersey.
Additions to
Herbarium.
Exe
PLATE II.
The Bournemouth Lily
(Simethis bicolor).
47
In January a short paper was contributed by the
Chairman on the Crucifere. In March the Chair-
man gave a short account of plant tissues, illus-
trated by lantern slides prepared by Dr. Dixon. In April a short
paper was contributed by A. Scott, Esq., B.A., on the leading
characteristics and life history of a Composite, illustrated by
diagrams and specimens.
Papers
contributed.
During the summer, excursions were made to Little-
sea, Talbot Bog, Christchurch Meadows, Wootton,
and Corfe Castle. Many interesting plants were
observed and collected, the excursions being most enjoyable and
well attended.
Several members were very active on their own account, and,
forming small parties, undertook excursions to the Isle of Wight,
Clifton, Torquay, Brandsbury, Hartley (Kent), Weston-super- Mare,
Swanage, Weymouth and district, and Wareham.
Summer
Excursions.
a It may be of interest to note that the Bournemouth
Lily Lily (Simethis bicolor) which was threatened with
j extermination, owing to the site upon which it
grew having been acquired for building purposes, has flowered this
year in the PublicGardens, where a number of the bulbs were placed
in the hope of preserving the species from destruction. This is very
satisfactory, as the plant thrives only under certain conditions of
light and moisture (see Plate IT.’.
Geugraphival Sertion.
CHAIRMAN: J. E. Lippiarp, Esq., F.R.G.S.
Tue first meeting of the section was held in the
_ Society’s rooms on November 2ist, 1908, when a
British paper was read by A. Scott, Esq., B.A., entitled
Exhibiti ‘“‘ Notes made at the Franco-British Exhibition on
Semen i the Geographical Exhibits.’’ In the course of his
remarks the lecturer suggested that great advantages might arise,
if, in future the educational exhibits generally were arranged accord-
ing to suéjects. Had this plan been adopted, comparison between
various methods of teaching geography and the illustrations
employed for that purpose, would have been much facilitated. He
thought great advance was shown in the “ Graphic ” maps relating
to facts connected with temperature, rainfall, barometric pressure,
&c., and, indeed, that nothing was more striking than the progress
observable in map production generally and in the increasing atten-
tion given in English schools to both map construction and map
Geography at
the Franco-
48
interpretation. In illustration of this, the lecturer referred in detail
to an exhibit from a grammar school near Manchester, in which, by
means of land surveying, the pupils were taught the construction
and reading of maps in a thoroughly practical manner.
On December 5th, 1908, the Chairman read a
paper (illustrated by lantern slides), entitled
‘*Notes on the Island of Rapa Nui: The Great
Mystery of the Pacific.” This is the famous Easter Island situated
in mid-Pacific in lat. 27° S. and long. 109° W., and containing the
remains of an unknown race who must have attained remarkable
skill in the arts, judging from the numerous statues, hieroglyphic
tablets, stone houses, &c., which they left behind them. (See .
Plate III., Fig. 2). Mr. Liddiard, in the course of a most interest-
ing lecture, stated that the present inhabitants have not occupied
the island for more than three centuries, and are a fine-looking,
brave and cheerful race. Their mysterious predecessors in all
probability came originally from some part of South-West America.
The Island
of Rapa Nui.
A geographical conference of the members of the
section was held on January 23rd, 1909, Miss
C. Agnes Rooper presiding in the absence of the
Chairman. Discussion was opened by Mr. A. Scott reading a short
paper on “‘ How the work of the newly-created Section could be
made most helpful and interesting to its members?” This gave
rise to an animated debate in which Miss Fry, Dr. Mahood, and
Messrs. Yates, Day, Barker and other members took part. It is
hoped that many of the practical suggestions made on the occasion
will bear fruit in the future work of the section.
The On Feb. 2oth, 1909, G. Brownen, Esq., F.C.S.,
, delivered a lecture on ‘‘ The Geographical Area of
Again ie) Christchurch as seen from the Keep, and its
prea History.” J. E. Liddiard, Esq., F.R.G.S., presided.
Christchurch. 11 the course of his address the lecturer expressed
the opinion that from its peculiar position north of the Church and
Monastery, tne Castle could afford no real protection to either of
them. Although doubtful of the truth of the Hengist legend, he
showed from the character of the coins and weapons found near the
prehistoric earthworks at Hengistbury Head that the place in
former times must have been held successively by Celtic, Roman
and Saxon forces, and was regarded by them as a defensive position
of great strength. Ina paper replete with archeological detail and
conjecture of great interest, Mr. Brownen called attention to a small
section of a Romanized British road called the ‘“‘ Salt Way,” near
Lyndhurst, pointing S.W., and contended that indications of its
continuation towards Christchurch still existed. Allusion was also
made to the historical significance of such names as ‘‘ Stan-pit,” and
‘Stoney ’ Lane, where no doubt in former times mounds or stones
were set up to guide travellers through the forest marshes that then
A Geographical
Conierence.
Fig. I.
0a ee
ee ae
as
Dis les ren
i ; | oe ee a
ho OS ae ee 1 he we ee
Cd ve y |
ws 3 ne
Mp ated a 7, te fe
ROB ODO AREY AG { Nw |
it bie eae ea fk pn 1
gd é :
PLATE III. Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. A Sea-Anemone (Tealia crassicornis) devouring a crab.
Fig. 2. Hieroglyphic Tablet from Easter Island.
49
existed. ‘The whole paper was a good illustration how geography
may be used in correlating masses of historical, archeological, and
even etymological details, thereby intensifying their hold on the
memory and imagination.
On March 2oth, 1yog, R. P. Yates, Esq., gavea
ue ee lecture on ‘“ Australia: Its Social, Commercial,
Development. Mineral, Agricultural and Manufacturing Develop-
ment, &c.”’ There was a good attendance, and the
members present followed with great interest the lecturer’s account
of his tour through the great island continent. The lecture was
amply illustrated by lantern slides, and Mr. Yates, in the course of
his remarks, showed that he had been a keen and _ intelligent
observer of the scenes he had witnessed.
On April 24th a paper was read on ‘‘ The Place
Names of Dorsetshire” by W. J. Stanton, Esq., of
Wimborne. (For an abstract of this lecture see
page 65). The subject was ably handled by Mr. Stanton, anda
general desire was expressed by the members present that he would
read at some future time a similar paper on the place-names of
Hampshire.
Dorset
Place Names.
On September 18th, under the able and genial
leadership of the Rev. S. Blackett, M.A., a visit to
Wareham took place in connection with the
Archeological and Geographical Sections. Notwithstanding the
preponderating archzological interest attached to so ancient a town,
Mr. Blackett did not fail to call special attention to the striking
geographical features presented by its site and the district surround-
ing it, pointing out the changes effected since King Alfred’s days by
the silting up of the river, and showing the course taken by the old
Roman road.
Visit to
Wareham. |
Geological Sertivn,
CHAIRMAN: Dr. W. T. Orb.
Raised THE first meeting of the section during the 1908-9
Beaches. session was held at the Society’s room at 122, Old
Christchurch Road, on November tgth, 1908. The Chairman read
a paper on ‘‘ Raised Beaches,” illustrated by maps, diagrams, and
photographs. Some twenty-three members were present. The
formation of beaches was described, and the structure of the old
beaches, traces of which are found at many places round the south
and west coasts of England, was described. It was explained that
these chiefly occurred where the strata were hard, where cliffs were
of softer material they had been washed away; their usual height
being 25ft. or 30ft. above present sea level. Their remains are
D
50
found at Brighton, Portland, Torquay, and many places around
Cornwall, up the Bristol Channel and along the South Wales
coast. The raised beach is usually covered up by a ‘head’ or mass
of debris washed down from above. In the beaches, shells, all of
existing species, are found. Flint weapons had been found in the
head in one instance.
Glacial — At the second meeting, on January 21st, 1909,
Action. Mr. Parkinson Curtis read a paper on “Glacial
Action South of the Thames,’* in which he argued that from the
denudation of the chalk from the anti-clinal of Sussex and of
Purbeck, and the almost complete obliteration of the superimposed
strata, and from the admitted facts of glaciation north of the Thames,
there must have been local glaciation in Devon, Dorset, and
Sussex. Twelve members were present.
Geology of The third meeting, on February 18th, was held in
Portland. the new rooms at Granville Chambers, when Dr.
Moorhead—late cf Weymouth—read a paper on ‘“‘ The Geology of
Portland,” illustrated by blackboard diagrams in coloured chalks
prepared by Dr. Ord. The four strata entering into the structure of
the Island of Portland were described—Kimmeridge clay, Portland
sand, Portland stone, and Lower Purbeck Beds. ‘Their formation,
organic remains, commercial uses, and relationships, were detailed,
and a general account of the geology of this interesting spot was
given. Twenty-five members attended.
ee ee
Flints. At the fourth meeting, on March 18th, 1909, Mr.
H. B. Wells read a paper on Flints. He referred
to the enormous amount of chalk that must have been denuded
away to provide the vast number of flints found in the neighbourhood
of Bournemouth, both as gravel deposits and in the Tertiary strata.
The various forms of flints, their method of production, and the
organic remains found in them were described and illustrated by
specimens from the author’s collection and from the cabinet of the
Society. The chemical composition and the deposition of silex in
chalk beds was described and an account of the large sheets ot flint
met with in a pit near Salisbury was given, and samples exhibited.
In the discussion which followed, the Chairman—Dr. Ord—-referred
to the possible sources of silica, especially to that from the decom-
position of the felspar derived from granite. ‘The silicified tree
trunks of the Purbeck beds at Lulworth, occurring in fresh-water
strata, were mentioned by Dr. Moorhead. About twenty members
attended the meeting.
Excursion round The first excursion of the summer session on
the Isle of Wight. \ay 27th, consisted of a trip by steamer round
the Isle of Wight, to study the natural sections displayed in the
51
cliffs round the coast. Owing to bad weather only ten members
attended, although the excursion proved most interesting and in-
structive. Dr. Ord conducted, and by means of a series of charts
and diagrams described the geology of the several cliff sections as
they were passed by the steamer. Through the courtesy of Messrs.
Sydenham, the S.S. AZajestic, which took the party, went as near the
shore as was practicable, and excellent views of the cliffs were
obtained. The members landed at Shanklin, and spent two hours
in examining the lower greensand strata from the beach. A good
many fossils were found which have been added to the Society’s
collection.
i The second excursion was made on June i1gth, to
a a fo Hengistbury Head, under the conductorship of
Hengistbury Dp; W.T. Ord. Proceeding from Southbourne
Bead. cross roads, the party walked to the double dykes,
near which a halt was called and an account of the geology of the
series of Bracklesham strata krown as Hengistbury Head Beds,
and their relationship to the Bagshot Beds of Bournemouth Bay,
was given by the Chairman, illustrated by a large diagram especially
prepared for the meeting. The three strata displayed—the Boscombe
sands, the Hengistbury Head Beds of sand and clay with glauconitic
grains below, and bands of hard iron-stone above, capped by a layer
of Highcliff Sands forming the bold cliffs of the Head—were then
examined. From the iron-stone blocks on the beach a number of
sharks’ teeth were extracted, a fossil pine-cone was found, also
remains of worm tracks, and teredo-bored wood was observed.
Some thirty-five members attended. The recently formed Micro-
scopical Section took part in this excursion.
Bei kien to At the third geological excursion, on June 16th, the
{ie Mendips Mendips were visited, Dr. Ord taking the party
* over the ground that he had at Easter visited with
the Geologists’ Association. Leaving Bournemouth West at
8.35 a.m., members arrived at Shepton Mallet at 10.30. Mays Hill
was first visited, and the magnificent views from the summit enabled
the conductor to give a sketch of the geology of the district, pointing
out its distinctive features. Parts of the counties of Somerset,
Wilts, Dorset, Devon and Gloucester were visible, from Exmoor in
the West to Cley Hill in the East. Decending the hill, a small
quarry in the upper lias was explored, after which two quarries
each of inferior oolite with fuller’s earth above were visited, and
many fossils obtained. Proceeding to the village of Doulting, after
an al-fresco lunch, brakes were entered and a halt was made at the
celebrated Doulting freestone quarries, where the method of
obtaining the stone was observed. Waterlip quarry in carboniferous
limestone was then visited, and an interesting section showing
Rhaetic, Lias and Inferior Oolite compressed into a few yards in
thickness, lying on the planed off edges of Carboniferous Limestone,
52
was pointed out by the conductor. The igneous eruption of
Sunnyhill next demanded attention, and finally, the recently dis-
covered Silurian Beds, from which a good few Silurian fossils were
obtained (for a full account of this discovery see page 69). After
this an excellent tea was enjoyed at the Doulting Arms. Some
sixteen members attended the expedition, which was one of the mast
interesting and enjoyable of the season. Mr. Barnes, the Hon.
Curator of the Shepton Mallet Museum, joined the party and kindly
assisted in describing the places visited. The return train reached
Bournemouth West at 8.30 p.m.
= Aes The fourth and last geological excursion of the
i ag Lee season was to Hordwell Cliffs on Sep. 22nd. Some
wich "4S: twenty-eight members met at Christchurch and
drove to Milton, where—leaving the brakes by permission of Mr.
Troke, in an adjacent field on his farm—they walked to the cliffs
and descended to the beach. There an account of the strata was
given by Dr. Ord, who afterwards led the party in searching for
fossils in the Lower Headon Beds. These being the lowest members
of the Oligocene group, and lying on the unfossiliferous Becton
Bunny Sands (which are the highest of the Eocene), occur only at
Hordwell and the adjacent cliffs of the Isle of Wight. Various fresh
water shells, and some fish remains were obtained.
Mirrosropical Srrfion.
CHAIRMAN: Dr. J. R. L. Dixon,
: THE first meeting was held on April 22nd, 1909,
Openins when an introductory address was given by the
paar ese: Chairman. The formation of sections opened up
the subject of specialisation, and the Chairman dwelt upon
the advantages and drawbacks of this, and took illustrations
bearing upon the subject from Microscopic life. He drew
attention to the necessity for an adequate amount of co-opera-
tion amongst the specialised branches of the Society in order
that the full benefits of specialisation might be obtained. It is
hoped that this aspect of the sectional work of the Society will
not be overlooked. After pointing out the enormous scope of the
section, the Chairman said that one of its first objects would be to
encourage members to use their microscopes satisfactorily and
scientifically, and that, to help forward beginners, demonstrations
on preparing objects for microscopical examination would, from
time to time, be given; that during the summer special excursions
would be arranged for obtaining specimens, and that in this way
53
members would be taught where and how to look for microscopic
life ; that a microscopist required to understand the order of nature
as much when searching for a gnat as a geologist did when searching
for coal.
Diatoms were next considered. This subject was chosen not
only because of the important part which diatoms play in the
economy of nature, but also because they are amongst the best
tests for the defining power of microscope objectives. Theimportant
parts played by diatoms in nature was made apparent when viewing
oceanic life, and the chairman pointed out that they were not only
the fundamental food supply, but the primeval supply which has
determined the whole course of Marine life, and that this was the
fundamental conception of marine biology. Many interesting
lantern slides of diatoms, from photomicrographs by the Chairman,
were shown—a number showing secondary structure as seen under
a one-twelfth inch oil immersion lens. Many diatom slides were
shown under microscopes by members.
This took place on May 5th. Collecting was
Excursionto | engaged in along the banksof the Stour. Many
West Parley. interesting larve of Ephemeridze were obtained,
also the fresh water limpet (Aucylus fluviatilis) the
water spider (Avgyronefa aquatica), and other more ordinary forms,
On May 6th, a meeting was held in the Society’s room when the
specimens obtained were exhibited under microscopes,
Excursion Took place on May 15th. Besides the ordinary
to East forms of pond life, as Volvox, Hydra vulgaris and
Parley Ponds. viridis, Daphnia, Cyclops, &c., which were obtained
the only noteworthy find was Diaptomus castor,
var caeruleus.
On June roth, on the return journey from Mudeford
Dredging in to Christchurch Quay, a dredge was used from
Christchurch the motor-boat, also a small tow net. Several
Harbour. species of Mysis, the phantom shrimp, which has
an auditory organ in the tail, were obtained, also
Gammarus marinus and Sphaeromaserratum. The tow net yielded
one specimen—a Hydra fusca—which was evidently floating out
to sea.
This was made on July 21st, when a delightful day
Excursion to was spent, and many captures made—larve of
Marlboro’ Deep Ephemeridez and Corethra plumicornis, the phan-
at Wootton. tom larva, were obtained, as well as many Entomos-
} traca, also an interesting infusoria Ophrydium
versatile and a red alga Palmella cruenta.
54
On August 11th. The moats surrounding Bindon
To Wooi. Abbey were full of interesting microscopic life,
and the following uncommon alge were found:
Apiocystis Brauniana and Enteromorpha intestinalis.
On August 18th, at the general excursion to
To Romsey. Romsey, a visit was paid to Broadlands, and the
lake inthe Japanese garden was found to be very
rich in microscopic life. Volvox globator occurred in enormous
numbers, as also Cyclops and various Entomostraca. The Rotifer,
Triarthra longiseta, was also present in great abundance.
Several smaller excursions were arranged amongst members,
and at one, at Christchurch, the beautiful Floscularia ornata was
obtained.
On August 25th, a dredging excursion took place in Poole
Harbour and Studland Bay. Many interesting specimens were
obtained. A few of the more interesting will be described, but an
enumeration of all those found must be left for another occasion.
Many of the specimens obtained were shown next day at the
Society’s room, and examined under microscopes.
On this occasion the chairman gave a demonstration in preparing
vegetable tissues for the microscope, A specimen of Equisetum
sylvaticum was cut, stained and mounted and the method explained.
The following record of the more important marine
Marine work is contributed by H. J. Waddington, Esq.,
Work. Bales:
Among the more interesting finds in marine
zoology was a specimen of Monstrilla anglica, carrying ova (see
Fig. 1, Plate 1V). This is rather a rare copepod, of parasitic
habits, which has been taken, for the most part, sparingly off Jersey.
The usually well developed mouth organs of normal Copepoda are
absent. No trace of an alimentary canal can be made out, and no
respiratory organs are apparent. This is the first specimen clearly
showing how the ova are carried, the method being previously
judged by analogy from allied species.
Some exceedingly fine specimens of the polyzoon, Bicellaria
ciliata, were obtained and prepared (by Mr. Waddington) for the
Society’s museum. One or two specimens of the very curious worm,
Siphonostoma diplochaitos were obtained from the piles of Salterns
ier.
2 The local distribution of the Caprelle is a subject of much
interest. On Bournemouth and Boscombe piers a variety of
Caprella acutifrons is most prevalent but is not met with elsewhere.
It has been named by Dr. Paul Meyer, of Naples (the European
authority), the Bournemouth Caprella. It is rather larger than the
ordinary form, with more powerful anterior legs, which possess an
extra and distinctive tubercle. Fig 2, Plate IV, represents the
Fig. 2. Fig. 3.
PLATE IV.
Fig. 1. A rare Copepod (Monstrilla anglica), showing how the ova are
carried after extrusion.
Fig. 2. An Amphipodous Crustacean (Caprella acutifrons) parasitic on
Hydroids.
Fig. 3. A variety of Caprella acutifrons found on Bournemouth and
Boscombe Piers.
55
ordinary form of Caprella acutifrons, Fig 3 the Bournemouth variety.
At Totland Bay the prevailing species is Caprella protopedata.
This also predominates at Salterns pier. An extremely rare species
Caprella erethizon, was also found at Totland. ‘Two specimens of
this Caprella have recently been found at Swanage. At Swanage
the prevailing species is Caprella acanthifera. At Poole Quay,
Caprella zequilibra is to be met with in profusion, and this season
several of these were obtained of unusual size. Some of these were
sent to the British Museum, and were found to be larger than any
in the collection there. Two or three other Caprellae are more
dispersed than those which have been here described.
Photvguaphiral Section.
CHAIRMAN: C. J. Hankinson, Esq., J.P.
Tue first meeting of the winter session was held in
art Me the Society’s former room at 122, Old Christchurch
Pang Road, on December 3rd, 1908. Some15 members
attended. The Chairman exhibited a monthly
portfolio of the Zodiac Camera Club. A discussion followed, after
which it was decided to issue a circulating portfolio of original
photographs, scientific and pictorial, taken by members. ‘The late
Chairman of the section, Alderman R. Y. Banks, undertook the
management of this portfolio, to which all consented to contribute
specimens of their work. It was agreed that a contribution of one
shilling per head per annum should be paid by members receiving
the portfolio, to cover necessary expenses.
Ee p On February 4th, 1908, a demonstration was given
aa ae by R. Y. Banks, Esq., on the new Ensyna paper
Sch Se recently introduced by the Paget Photographic
Toning of dl i
: Co. Some excellent prints, in several tones, were
Platinum
A produced, and the advantages and method of
Prints. : © Aegis
working the process clearly explained by the
lecturer. This was followed by a demonstration on the colour
toning of platinum prints by the Chairman. The salts of vanadium,
in several solutions, proved successful in producing some very
pleasing colour effects on prints provided by Mr. Hankinson.
‘Much interest was shown in the experiments by members present.
This was the last meeting of the section held in the Society’s old
room.
The first meeting of the section to be held in
Granville Chambers was on March 16th, Igo9,
when Dr. Ord gave a demonstration on ‘“‘ Reflex
Cameras,” explaining their construction and principles by black-
board diagrams, and showing their working by his Planex camera.
Reflex
Cameras.
56
Mrs. Waters kindly brought an Adams’ Videx camera for exhibition.
The advantages and disadvantages of the new type of camera were
clearly explained, especial stress being laid upon the aid to pictorial
composition obtained by the full-sized picture as seen by the mirror
of the reflex, also the facility by which times of exposure could be
correctly estimated from the appearance of the image. ‘The import-
ance of the focal-plane shutter, with which all reflex cameras are
fitted, was also pointed out, as reducing the time of exposure to one-
fourth of the normal, enabling snap-shots to be taken in very poor
light.
The only special photographic excursion arranged
during the summer was held on May 12th, when
the Chairman conducted a small party to Studland
to photograph the well-known Norman Church and picturesgue bits
in the village. Asso many of the general and sectional excursions
were to places of interest to photographers, it was not considered
necessary to arrange other separate excursions, members having
cameras attending most of the field meetings. The most important
excursion to photographers was the visit to Twynham Priory of the
Archeological Section—(page 45)—on June 23rd, when the oppor-
tunity was given—and taken advantage of by several members of
the section—of photographing interesting portions of the Minster
and the adjacent buildings which are not usually accessible to the
public.
Photographic
Excursions.
Some 20 members have joined in providing photo-
The Portfolio. graphs and circulating the portfolio under the
management of Mr. Banks, Egerton, Portchester
Road, who will be glad to receive names of others who may wish to
join. ‘There is a section for scientific prints, as distinguished from
pictorial. The portfolio takes about two months to complete each
round, so that six pictures a year is the minimum expected from
each member.
Phypsiwal Srrtivn.
CHAIRMAN: HuBERT PAINTER, EsQ., B.Sc., F.C.S.
THE activities of this section during the Society’s year, 1908-9,
were represented by two meetings at the Society's rooms, an
excursion, and an astronomical evening at the residence of Colonel
Markwick, C.B., F.R.A.S.
Paperon The first meeting took place on December rgth, at
i eiicds 6 the old committee rooms at 122, Old Christchurch
the pero e Road. After a few remarks on the derivation of
* the word ‘ silica,” and the sense in which it is used,
a brief sketch was given ot the history of the subject. A specimen
37
of the element silicon was exhibited and a practical demonstration
of one of the methods of isolating it was given. Then followed a
description of the principal natural forms of silica, specimens of
some of these being handed round. The preparation of amorphous
silica was shown practically, and the remarkable properties of the
new ‘‘silica ware’’ were illustrated by simple experiments.
The paper ended with some remarks on the enormous import-
ance of silica in nature and on the multiform services it and its
derivatives render to mankind. Mr. E. W. Barlow rendered great
assistance in preparing the experiments and Dr. Ord and Mr. W. T.
Gardner kindly lent specimens for exhibition.
On February 6th, Mr. W. Temple Gardner gave
pe Aa his paper on this subject at the Society’s new
cep o rooms at Granville Chambers. This was the first
Bournemouth.
sectional meeting held under the improved con-
ditions, and this circumstance co-operated with the intrinsic interest
of the subject of the paper in securing a good attendance of members.
A full abstract of Mr. Gardner’s excellent paper isgiven at page 75.
sais The invitation to visit the Works of the Bourne-
eae mouth Gas and Water Company kindly given, on
Gas and Water jt half of the company, by H. W. Woodall, Esq.,
eeeee ele i 1.C.E., was thankfully accepted. On June 30th
and Wimborne. 4 party of about forty members visited the works
at Poole, Wimborne, Longham and Alderney. The weather was
favourable and the visit was most instructive and enjoyable. The
processes of preparing, purifying, storing and distributing coal-gas
were seen in operation at Poole; at Wimborne, Longham and
Alderney we saw the way in which the company collects the water
used in Bournemouth, and how that water is softened, filtered and
stored. The company provided an excellent lunch for the party at
the Wimborne works, and after this Mr. Woodall, in responding to
a vote of thanks, gave a brief but clear account of the working of
the water-softening plant.
Throughout the whole of the visit the party was accompanied
by Mr. Woodall and Mr. Moon, the Assistant-Manager, and not
only so but a number of the other members of the staff contributed
greatly to the pleasure and profit of the visit by being at hand to
answer questions and give explanations.
By the kind invitation of Colonel Markwick about
a Baal twenty members of the section had the opportunity
tia Ae 4G of seeing the planets Mars and Saturn under
peculiarly favourable circumstances. The party
met at Colonel Markwick’s residence on September 23rd. The
atmospheric conditions were excellent and both planets were well
seen in the 84 inch reflector with which so much good work has
been done. Mars was just in opposition (a most favourable one, too)
58
and on this evening the colours of the planetary markings were
particularly well visible. ‘‘ Mare Tyrrhenum,” ‘‘ Mare Cimmerium’”
and ‘‘Syrtis Major’? were amongst the features identified, and
much interest was taken in the south polar ice-cap. Saturn was
also well placed for observation, and the image formed in the
telescope was as sharp as a fine steel engraving. The belts on the
planet were seen and a fine view was obtained of the ring system,
including Cassini’s division and the ‘‘ Crape”’ ring. The shadow of
the planet on the rings was also made out and several of the
satellites, especially Titan, were seen with unusual clearness.
Few of the members who were present will forget the interesting
astronomical evening which they enjoyed through Col Markwick’s
kindness.
Boslogical Section.
CHAIRMAN: Dr. A. W. THOMAS.
Tue work of this Section during the past year has
Meetings. been very satisfactory. During the winter session
the following meetings were held and papers read:
On Nov. 26th, 1908. ‘‘Some Microscopical Spoils of last Session,”’
with microscopical demonstration by the Chairman.
On Dec. 31st. ‘* Urania Solanus,’’ a few words on its habits in
Jamaica, by R. V. Sherring, Esq., F.L.S., and the exhibition
of a Calcid, parasitic on Pygaera bucephala, with microscope
slide illustrations by W. Parkinson Curtis, Esq., F.E.S.
On Jan. 28th, 1909. ‘‘ Notes on the Male Genitalia of Euplea
linnei (Midamus),”’ illustrated by microscope slides, by W.
Parkinson Curtis, Esq., F.E.S.
On Feb. 25th. A paper on the ‘‘ Cowries of the World,” with
illustrative specimens, by Dr. Dixon.
On March 25th. A paper on “Instinct,” illustrated by some ex-
amples in insects, by Dr. Crallan, M.A., M.B.
On April 29th. ‘‘ Remarks on the Structure of the Bryozoa,” by
AI WioNWaters, Esq. RLS..h-G-S?
—_—_—_————
During the summer, a number of interesting Ex-
Excursions. cursions were made, mostly in conjunction with the
Microscopical Section, under which heading a
description of them will be found. In conjunction with the Micro-
scopical Section some dredging excursions took place, and the
sections would welcome a boat of their own, so that the fauna of
the bay might be properly examined and recorded. Although this
section possesses several lepidcpterists, it is to be regretted that it is
SS < - fe e
59
without anyone devoting special attention to the Coleoptera, Diptera
or other branches of entomology. Some more ornithologists would
also be welcomed, as there is a good deal of interesting work waiting
to be done among the migratory birds, and Poole Harbour and the
environs of Christchurch, which have contributed so many valuable
specimens to Hart’s Museum at Christchurch, aftord very favourable
opportunities for pursuing this study.
During the year an interesting and uncommon
Tealia specimen was obtained in the bay—sce Fig 1, Plate
Crassicornis. III, which represents a sea anemone, Tealia
crassicornis, devouring a crab. The anemone has
partly swallowed the crab, which, however, appears to have been
too large for it. In the struggle, the anemone probably lost its grip
on the rock or stone to which it was attached, and so was unable to
complete its meal. It clung, however, to its prey to the end. An
anemone would hardly have been expected to attack or to devour
so large an object as this crab. This specimen was presented to
the Society’s Museum by H. J. Waddington, Esq., F.L.S.
The frontispiece illustrates a unique series of the
Ecdyses of a _Ecdyses or cast off shells of a lobster. This
Lobster. series has been prepared by H. J]. Waddington,
Esq., F.L.S., who has succeeded in the difficult
task of rearing this lobster, which is still alive, and watching its
growth for over three years. The dates of the Ecdyses and their
measurements are as follows :—
August 2ist, 1906 ap 2.20) 'C.m.
Sepremberr4th)))/',, mi Pa
October goth uh be ZOO,
November 23rdi)))). wi BaAOiaiys
March rath, 1907 Ne STO ss
May 5th Mi ul ZR OMP NEY
July 14th 5 by AVAON|
August 24th ss tt SOG lls
October 26th i) He 5100) W)i55
February 17th, 1908 ae OZOH i),5
May rath A uy 73055
August 16th a Ha QusiSieiin
December gth My Ne Quezon iis
June 8th, 1909 Le LOSS Sins
This series of Ecdyses was shown at one of the Society’s
meetings, and has since been presented to the British Museum.
A rather rare crab, Gonoplax angulatus, was taken in Bourne-
mouth Bay, during the summer, in a trawl net, and has been
presented by Mr. Waddington to the Society’s Museum.
A Selection from the Papers
real before the Suriety.
John Prophete, D.D., Rector of Ringwood, Hants.
By G. Brownen, Esq., F.C.S.
(Read before the Archeological and Ffistorical Section
on 10th Dec., 1908).
Mankind in almost every age—prehistoric or modern—have
shown some respect for their dead, and tumulus, cromlech and
monolith, with or without inscription, may be found all over the
inhabited earth. In our own country, here and there, the monolith
with its edge runes may still be found. After these came the Celtic
and other crosses, later still in the Norman age the simple incised
stones acting oftentimes as coffin lids. To these in a still later age
were added inscriptions and figures. The decorative art of the
inlayer and enameller also contributed metal and mosaic work rich
in colour and gems.
In other lands and more ancient times the memorial works of
Egyptian, Hittite, Assyrian, Greek, Etruscan and Roman empires
consisted in sculptured representations of the deceased, but about
these peoples for present purposes we have nothing to say, except
this, that although the Roman funeral bust in stone may here and
there remain in England, attempts in any other way to figure the
departed rarely exist amongst us until the brasses of the 13th century.
Our oldest brasses in this country are at Stoke d’Aubernon, in
Surrey, dated 1277 and 1327 respectively. There is sufficient
evidence to prove the existence of earlier brasses, but in the
revolutions of the 16th and 17th centuries they were either mutilated
or lost. As regards the brass of Ethelred I. at Wimborne, although
dated A.D. 872, the year of the death of this Saxon monarch, from
its style or lettering it would appear to be not earlier than the 15th
century and at its best only represents an earlier memorial. The
subject of our present sketch was a notable man in his age, for
John Prophete was the last Rector of Ringwood, and his brass,
which is preserved from an earlier church and now lies in the south
side of the present choir of Ringwood church, is a good specimen of
15th century art. The figure is dressed in processional or choral
vestments, and indicates correctly temporal rather than spiritual
dignity as we shall presently see. Turning from his brass on the
church floor to the story of his life, we may note that the Prophete
family were 14th century London goldsmiths, who a little later
intermarried with the Lynes, a Wessex family seated at Ringwood
and elsewhere.
61
John Prophete, D.D., was a most important personage in the
eventful days of Richard II., Henry IV. and V. His record by
preferments is as follows :—Rector of Orpington, Leighton Buzzard
and Ringwood, Prebendary of Lincoln, 1387; of Chichester, 1391 ;
of Salisbury, 1413; Prelocutor of Aberguilli, Dean of Hereford,
1393 ; Dean of York, 1406; and Keeper of the Privy Seal to Henry
IV. He is named as a witness in that King’s will as “ John
Prophete, warden of my Privy Seal,” dated at Greenwich, 21st
Jan., 1400.
John Prophete was thus the contemporary of such famous
Englishmen as Wycliffe, Wykeham, Cobham and Beaufort. He
saw the rise and fall of Lollardy and possibly knew many of the
intrigues which produced the Act for the burning of Heretics (De
Hzeretico Comburendo, 2 Henry 1V., c.15). Was he infected with
Lollardy? ‘This is a difficult question to answer exactly but he
seems to have had correspondence with the martyred Cobham, and
later than this pleaded for one Joan Cobham, in great distress, after
Oldcastle’s martyrdom (Har/. MSS., 431). This again leads us to
note that much of the correspondence of Prophete still exists, for
his Register is in the British Museum (Aar/. AZSS., 431) and his
letters, beautifully written, are in the same Museum among the
Hlarlecan Manuscripts. The Prophete letters are interesting from
historical and ecclesiastical points of view, and well worth repro-
duction. For instance, we find that Prophete attended the funeral
of Roger Walden, Bishop of London, whose career was a chequered
one in the dynastic revolution that placed Henry IV. on the throne
of England. Prophete tells us that he ventured to lift the veil from
the face of Walden lying for burial in St. Paul’s Cathedral, and that
the corpse looked fairer than usual and more like a man asleep.
But John Prophete was an envoy from the English Court of
Henry IV., trying to end what is now called ‘“ the great Schism ”’ in
the Papacy, which had become the scandal of Christendom. Rival
Popes like Urban VI. and Clement VII. had been cursing each other,
and then followed Benedict XIII. and Gregory XII. continuing the
quarrel. Against both, and the corruptions in the church, Wycliffe
had been preaching in England and a little later Huss in Bohemia.
Amongst the politicians trying to induce both Popes to abdicate, so
that a more respectable Head might be chosen for the church as
Pope, we find John Prophete, who described Gregory XII. as acrazy
brain-sick old man, with one foot in the pit, and mazy in his dotty
old head! Ofcourse Prophete got into trouble with the angry Popes,
being excommunicated and deprived of his benefices, but Henry IV.
prevented their accomplishment, and by and bye the crowned heads
of Europe by stopping supplies brought the quarrelling Popes to
reasonableness, and the disgraceful scenes at Lucca and Sienna toa
close. The Prophete MSS. are quite a storehouse of clerical politics
for the opening years of the 15th century, but we must now leave
them for home affairs. In England he helped Cardinal Beaufort in
his Cambridge foundation by transferring the income of Ringwood
Rectory to King’s College—possibly he had worked the rectory
62
through a deputy or vicar, for a Richard Field is named as such by
Bishop Wykeham in 1397. We see no self denial in the act of
spoliation of his successor’s income even to found a college at
Cambridge like ‘‘ King’s.” Prophete fully repaired Ringwood Rectory
by royal grants (Har/. MSS., 431, 18) and helped the Berkeleys of
Bisterne to found their chantry near Ringwood. On 8th April,
1416, being in London, he made his own will and soon afterwards
died. This willis at Somerset House (PPC 33 Marche). In it he
desires to be buried either at Leighton Buzzard or Ringwood, and
as his brass is in Ringwood Church, he probably lies there, although
the exact grave is unknown, the brass having been moved in modern
times for convenience and preservation.
‘The brass, which is six feet long (see Plate V.), exhibits the wear
of more than four and a half centuries, its inlay of white metal or
silver being destroyed, as well as its inscriptions, portions of its
shields, saintly figuresand canopy. The tonsured head of Prophete
is represented as lying on a diapered cushion. The vestments are
a surplice with hanging sleeves over which is the almuce. The
hands are clasped as in prayer. The morse or brooch fastening the
almuce bears a figured head with a nimbus, probably of Christ.
On the cope are eight saintly figures on pedestals under canopies—on
the right side St. Michael in triumph, St. John Baptist with a lamb
and book, St. Peter with his key, St. Paul and his sword, these last
two being the dedication saints of the Ringwood church. On the
left side is St. Winifred with a book—her pedestal is inscribed Sca
Welfrd, below is St. Katherine with wheel and sword, then next St.
John with a chalice and dragon, and the lowest is probably Christ
in triumph over the dragon, slaying it with a cross-hilted spear.
The canopy has foliage ornamentation similar to John d’Campeden
at St. Cross, Winchester, and Thomas Aylward at Havant—all three
are probably the work of the same artist. As the features on each
brass differ it may be assumed that a likeness is intended. If so,
John Prophete had a round handsome happy face—his lines had
fallen in pleasant places; if he had his worries he also had a good
share of prosperity and friends. As a memento of the stormy time
of the 15th century in the making of England, may this brass long
be preserved at Ringwood as an interesting local object for the
historian and antiquary.
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63
The Roman Villa at Hemsworth, Dorset.
By H. Le Jeune, Esa.
(Read before the Archeological Section on Feb. 11th, 1909).
Tuis Roman villa, recently uncovered, is at Hemsworth,
Dorset, situated on farm lands about a mile and three quarters due
north of Badbury Rings, and about a quarter of a mile from the
Roman road leading irom Badbury to Donhead St. Mary, or about
three quarters of a mile from the Via Iceniana or Ackling Way—
which is now known locally as the “ Wiry Lane ”—or the Via con-
necting Badbury with Sorbiodunum or Old Sarum. The villa,
Pereiore, was within touch of several Roman roads, and was, no
doubt, in close connection with that important stronghold, Badbury
Rings, which was the meeting place of five roads, and a probable
site for the Roman station Vindogladia, As long ago as 1831 Dr.
Wake Smart wrote as follows: ‘‘On Hemsworth Farm were dis-
covered the foundations of several rooms, in one of which I saw a
beautiful representation of a dolphin surrounded with a fine
ornamental border all in mosaic work.” (Proc. Dorset WV. Hist. Field
Clio, vol) 1x., Pp. 19). ‘Lhe fact that Dr. Smart says he saw a
mosaic dolphin seems to imply that he only partially saw what we
are about to describe as the Venus pavement of one of the rooms of
this villa; this has five dolphins in tessera on its border, and we have
no knowledge of the dolphin ornamentation occurring on any other
floors of this villa. It is, however, very curious that Dr. Smart
omits mention of seeing the Venus of the central panel. As far as
we have been able to trace, the Dorset Field Club papers contain
no other reference to this Hemsworth site. Warne, in his ‘“‘ Ancient
Dorset,’’ does not mention Hemsworth in words, but he indicates a
Roman occupation somewhere near the site by a red mark on his
map. Hutchins at an earlier date is, however, more specific. In
his ‘‘ History of Dorset’’ he notices extensive irregularities of the
surface as suggestive of ancient occupation, and he then proceeds
to state that “in an adjoining field were found the remains of a
Roman villa consisting of foundations and six pavements three of
which were tesselated.” Asa matter of fact ten pavements on this
site have been recently uncovered.
Notwithstanding the remarks of Hutchins, Dr. Smart and
possibly others, the villa remained covered up by a few inches of
surface soil and became quite forgotten, indeed, the plough or spade
must at times have gone dangerously near to breaking it up!
Having heard that some small squares of coloured stones had been
found thereabouts, I determined to inquire into the matter. Having
succeeded in interesting Mr. Linklater, the tenant of the farm, and
his friend, Mr. Scott Orr, a search was made for the remains Of the
villa. Our first efforts to find the spot were not successful, but by
the help of an old shepherd whose memory went back more than
half a century, we soon hit upon the exact site. Having located
the remains about nine inches below the surface, the walls, founda-
64
tions, floors and pavements of an extensive and important villa were
soon uncovered and examined. The principal rooms of the villa
were found to have been paved with rich mosaics. The first
tesselated pavement displayed was thirteen feet square, having a
framework of concentric bands, richly ornamented, which converted
the centre of its field into a panel. On this appeared the mosaic
figure of a fine human head, full faced, of a swarthy complexion, with
short beard and moustache. There were six curious chevron-shaped
rays radiating from the back of the head. That this figure was
intended as a likeness there cannot be much doubt, nor that so
gorgeously embellished a head must have represented some im-
portant personage of the Roman power in Britain. It has been
suggested with great probability that this head was a representation
of the Emperor Severus, who reigned A.D. 193-211. This Emperor
was born in Atrica, A.D. 146, and died in Britain, at York
(Eboracum), A.D. 211, in his sixty-sixth year: | Ing AsD i 2on
Severus, with his wite Julia and his two worthless sons, Caracalla
and Geta, came to Britain. Leaving his family in South Britain,
Severus with his legions went north to the Caledonian War. The
profile of Severus on his coins shows slight beard and moustache in
harmony with the Hemsworth mosaic—so if this surmise is correct,
the date of the pavement may be assigned to the earlier portion of
the third century A.D. This pavement has been removed to Crichel
House by Lord Alington, the owner of the property, and relaid
there.
The second pavement (which we term the “ Venus’”’) is of even
more beautiful design, and is represented and described on Plate VI,
which is reproduced from an excellent coloured scale drawing by G.
Brumell, Esq., a.r.1.B.A. This pavement has been removed to the
British Museum.
Another pavement of the Hemsworth villa was laid in black
and white tiles, 74 inches square, the white being of marble, the
black of Kimmeridge shale, which is a most unusual material, and
this is our only known instance of its use for such a purpose, but
when waxed and polished it was probably effective and striking in
appearance.
Seven other pavements were uncovered, mostly having geo-
metrical designs, but all had been more or less injured by time, etc.
A fine specimen of a Roman bath was also found, with its drain.
Also the hypocaust was exposed, with many of its bricks and tiles
in position, showing the peculiar arrangement adopted for conveying
hot air from the furnace to the various rooms of the mansion. Ina
pit near the Venus pavement were found a collection of broken pots,
bricks, tiles, etc. Some of the stone tiles had the rusty remains of
nails still sticking in their holes; these tiles were of the elongated
hexagonal pattern. All this—and more might be added if space
permitted—bears fullest testimony to the luxury of this Roman
settlement, for the villa to the conquering Roman was like the
Squire’s hall in our modern times and was furnished with all that
artistic skill could achieve or acquire.
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PLATE VI. The “Venus” Pavement found at Hemsworth.
Tus floor is of peculiar shape, in plan like a slightly stilted semi-circle, or an
apsidal end, 16ft. long and 12ft. 7in. broad. The central panel, of the same shape
as the whole floor, is occupied by an artistic representation of Venus rising from the
waves, and screened at the back by an enormous, beautifully-fluted and delicately-
coloured shell, the rays diverging from the point where the goddess’s feet meet.
Unfortunately the head and body have been destroyed, most probably by deliberate
intent, as the remainder of the floor is nearly perfect; but the legs remain from the
hips downwards. The decorated borders enclosing the panel are varied and beautiful.
Besides the cable ornament of two and three strands, the guilloche appears, and there
are other elaborate geometrical designs delicately foliated. The broad and main outer
band is the most remarkable, for it is occupied by five dolphins delineated with wonder-
ful life and spirit, and with small fish and scallop shells between. The colours in this
pavement are more varied than the other, for there are here yellows and browns. Pale
blue tesserze worked into the lower parts of the dolphins’ bodies give an effective
impression of the gleam of the creatures emerging from the water.
|
|
65
Place Names in Dorset.
Their Association with the Geography of the County.
By W. J. Stanton, Esq.
(Read before the Geographical Sectiom on 24th April, 1909).
Many of the place-names in Dorset may be conveniently
arranged under certain geographical heads. First, there are those
connected with water; and when, as in Dorset, between a hundred
and a hundred and fifty names can be so associated, there can be no
doubt in our minds as to where our early predecessors chose to
make their dwelling places. Then our forefathers appear to have
chosen the valleys rather than the hills for their villages, for a large
number of places so derive their names, and these may therefore be
placed second. Then there are the names connected with hills,
those with woods and forests, others with the soil and agricultural
pursuits, and, lastly, a number which have obtained their names in
various ways.
Taking those connected with water, we find that the names of
most of the rivers of the county come from British words meaning
a river, stream, water, &c., and so what were originally common
names have become proper ones, ¢.g., the Stour, formerly called the
Sdora or Stora, derives its name from the British word dour or dur,
meaning water, the Trent from frouent, a winding river, the Frome
from frau, a stream, the Wey from gwy, meaning water, the Wye
in Wales deriving its name similarly, and the Bredy and Brid from
brid, to spring forth.
Then these rivers have given names to many of the places on
their banks. On the Stour itself we have East Stour, West Stour,
Stour Provost, the latter part derived from Preveaux in France to
the monastery of which place it belonged at the time of the Conquest,
Sturminster Newton, originally two separate places, Stourpaine,
which at one time belonged to the Paynes, and Sturminster Marshall,
the manor during John’s reign having been in the possession of the
Marshals, Earls of Pembroke. The tributaries of the Stour are
responsible for many names. The Lydden gave Lydlinch; the
Iwerne supplied Iwerne Courtenay ,Shroton or Sheriffstun), Iwerne
Minster and Iwerne Steepleton; the Tarrant (torrent), Tarrant
Gunville, Tarrant Hinton, Tarrant Launceston, Tarrant Monkton,
Tarrant Rawston, Tarrant Rushton, Tarrant Keyneston (Kaynes’
town) and Tarrant Crawford, most of these places obtaining the
second portions of their names from their ancient owners. Tarrant
Monkton, for example, belonged at one time to the abbey which
formerly existed at Cranborne. The Winterborne, so called because
in the summer it often reaches only as far as Winterborne Clenston
gives names to Winterborne Houghton (Hugh’s town), Winterborne
Stickland (sticel-land, z.c., steep, sloping Jand), Winterborne Clenston,
(Clench was an ancient owner), Winterborne Whitchurch (Whit,
E
66
from British w//, meaning a wood), Winterborne Kingston (once the
property of King John), Winterborne Anderson (St. Andrew’s tun),
Winterborne Thomson (Thomas’ tun), and Winterborne Zelstone
(the tun of Sell, a Saxon); the Allen or Wim gives us Wimborne
St. Giles (church dedicated to this saint), and Wimborne Minster,
that is, the church on the clear stream, the word Wimborne being
a hybrid from the Celtic, Wim, meaning white or clear, and the
Saxon durne,a stream. It is interesting to note that Winfrith also
means the place on the clear stream, but in this case the name is
purely Celtic, the first syllable being derived from the same source
as that in Wimborne, and the latter from f/rdd, a stream. The
Crane, so called from its winding, resembling the neck of a crane,
gives us Cranborne, and the Moors, West Moors.
Turning to the Puddle or Trent, we have Puddletrenthide
(thirty hides of ground), Puddlehinton, Puddletown, Tolpuddle,
formerly Tola’s Puddle, Tola being a great officer under Canute,
Affpuddle (Affa was a Saxon owner), Toner’s Puddle (the Toners
held it in the reign of Edward I., paying a yearly rental of eight
pence to that monarch), and Brian’s Puddle, formerly owned by
Brian de Turbervill, the ancestor of the family immortalised in
Hardy’s ‘‘'Tess.”’
The Frome gives us Frome St. Quinton (Quintons were the
lords of the manor in the reign of Richard I.), Chilfrome (S. ced,
meaning cold), Frome Vauchurch, Frampton and Frome Whitfield
(the Whitfields owned it in Richard I.’s reign).
The Frome has two tributaries, viz., the Cerne and the
Winterborne, which supply us with many names. The Cerne gives
us Upcerne (Upper Cerne), Cerne Abbas, the latter word referring
to the abbey, Nether Cerne (Lower Cerne),and Charminster. The
Winterborne gives us Winterborne Abbas, the place formerly
belonging to the abbey at Cerne, Winterborne Steepleton, Winter-
borne St. Martin (church dedicated to St. Martin), Winterborne
Monkton, which formerly belonged to the priory of Wost or Le
Vast, near Boulogne, and Winterborne Came which was at one time
in the hands of the abbey at Caen, in Normandy. From the Wey
we get Upwey, Broadwey and Weymouth, names which explain
themselves. ~The Bredy gives us Bridehead, the place where the
river rises, Little Bredy, Long Bredy, and Burton Bradstock (S.,
stocce, means a wood). The Brid supplies Bridport, the Char,
Charmouth, the Lyme, Lyme Regis, a place formerly in the hands
of the Crown, while the Parrot gives us South Perrott.
Many places obtain their names from the fords which existed
near them, ¢.g., on the Stour we have Childe Okeford (S., céle,
meaning cold, and Okeford because of the oaks which grew near),
Okeford Fitzpaine (Robert Fitzpaine owned it in the reign of
Edward I.), Blandford and Canford; on the Frome we find Bradford
Peverel, Bradford meaning the broad ford and the Peverels having
been the ancient owners, Fordington, Stinsford (Stint or Staen was
an owner in ancient times), West Stafford, formerly Stanford, or
strong ford, and Woodsford, a very tamous ford and protected by a
67
castle, now used as a farmhouse; while near Sherborne we find
Bradford Abbas, a place formerly belonging to the abbey at Sher-
borne, and Thornford, so called probably because of a remarkable
thicket of thorns which grew near.
The wells give us Wool or Welle, Ulwell (holy well), Warm-
well (Wermund, a Saxon owned the well), Poxwell (Pocca’s well),
Askerswell (the well of Asker, a Saxon), Holwell (Holywell), and
Belchalwell (the beautiful cold well).
From water mills the names of the following places are derived:
Fontmell Magna (in Domesday book we read “three mills here pay
ris. 7d.), Corfe Mullen, Melbury Abbas (the place formerly
belonged to Sherborne Abbey), Melbury Bubb (the Bobbes or
Bolbes were the ancient owners), Melbury Osmund (the church is
dedicated to St. Osmund), and Melbury Sampford (the Sanfords
were the owners in the reign of Henry III.)
Then we come to a number of places which derive their names
from water in various ways. We have Poole (Brit., pu or pol, a
pool), Radipole (the reedy pool), Bradpole (the broad pool), Pulham
(a dwelling by a pool), Dorchester (Brit., duz, meaning water and
ceastre, a camp), Fleet (S., feet, a place where the tide comes up),
Hamworthy (S., Zam, a dwelling, and weorth, meaning near a shore,
and hence the dwelling by the shore), Wyke Regis (S., wy4e, a curve
or reach of the sea, or a winding of the shore), Longfleet, Creek-
moor, Sherborne (S., setve, meaning clear, pure, and burne, a stream
or brook), Wareham (either from weay or ware, meaning a dam,
or var a river, re two, ham, dwelling place, and hence the dwelling
place between two rivers, in this case the Trent and the Frome),
and Witchampton, which means a place on a winding river.
Turning to the surface we get the Saxon word comd, meaning a
valley, constantly occurring. We find Bincombe (S., dimnan-comé,
means the inside dell), Chilcombe (S., ce, meaning cold), the
present village is on a hill, but the ancient parish was in a valley,
Melcombe Bingham (the Binghams were the owners in former
times), Melcombe Regis, Coomb Keynes (formerly held by the same
Kaynes who owned Tarrant Keynstone), Compton Abbas (once the
property ot the abbey at Shaftesbury), Corscombe, Watercombe,
Bettiscombe, Encombe (in a valley), Thorncombe, Botcombe,
Nether (lower) Compton, Over (higher) Compton, and Compton
Valence, which, in the reign of Henry III. was granted to William
de Valence, who afterwards became Earl of Pembroke, having
married the heiress. Corfe Castle, formerly Corves geat, owes its
name to the Saxon word ceorvfan, meaning to cut, and referring to
its situation in a gap, or as it were, a cleft or cut in the hills, while
geat is the Saxon for gate or entrance.
The hills give us Bindon, Hilton, Church Knowle (S°, cuolle,
meaning the top of a hill or an ascent), Puncknowle, Marnhull
(Marl hill), Pentridge (Brit., en, meaning a head or chief part, and
ridge, the ridge of a hill), Broadwindsor (évoad, to distinguish it from
Littlewindsor, and windsor, a winding bank or range of hills),
Steeple, from its situation under a steep hill, Swyre which derives
68
its name from a Saxon word meaning a pillar or cliff, Shaftesbury,
which possibly gets its name from the shaft-like shape of the hill
on which it stands, and Kimmeridge (Brit., cymmre, meaning a place
of hills and hollows, Cumberland deriving its name from the same
root).
The northern part of the county was formerly occupied by a
part of Cranborne Chase and the woods of the Blackmore Vale.
We therefore now find many places whose names are associated
with woods. We get Glanvilles Wootton (the Glanvilles were the
owners in ancient times), Wootton Fitzpaine (held by Robert
Fitzpaine in the reign of Edward I1), Halstock (holy wood), formerly
owned by the abbey at Sherborne and the revenue devoted to holy
purposes, Stock Gaylard (S., s¢occe, meaning a stick or wood, and ~
Coyllard the name of a former proprietor), Stoke Wake (the Wakes
were the lords of the manor in ancient times, and ancestors of
William Wake, a former Archbishop of Canterbury), Stoke Abbott,
which formerly belonged to Sherborne Abbey, East Stoke, Power-
stock, which may be a corruption of Porcus-stock, Cattistock, Holt,
Alderholt, Evershot (eafor’s holt, meaning the wood of the wild
boar: cf., Eversley in Hampshire), Hooke (oaks), Woodlands,
Verwood (fair wood), Woodyates, East Orchard, West Orchard,
Hazelbury Bryan (S., A4az/-beve, meaning a hazel copse, and Bryan,
a former owner), Bere Regis (the place belonging at one time to
the Crown, a royal manor-house being probably situated there),
Rushmore and Farnham, possibly noted in former times for a
remarkable growth of ferns.
From the soil and productions a few names are derived.
Blackmore Vale was so called, either from the black nature of the
soil, or because of the dark aspect of the woods with which it was
at one time covered. Fifehead Magdalen obtained the former part
of its name from the five hides of land it contained, and the latter
part because the church was dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen ;
while Fifehead Neville at one time belonged to the Nevilles.
Sheep-farming gave us Shipton (Sheeptown) Gorge, Shapwick
(S. sceaf, a sheep, and wc, a village) and Bothenhampton (Booth
town, the shepherds living in tents there), while the keeping of pigs
explains the origin of Toller Porcorum.
Then there are a number of places which cannot be put in any
of the classes already dealt with. We have Brownsea (Bruno’s Ey
or Island), Studland, probably so called because of its proximity to
Poole Harbour which is studded with islands, Swanage, formerly
Swanwic or Swainwic, because of its association with the Danes,
Chesil (S., cest/, a pebble), Chesilbourne, Yetminster or Gateminster
(the entrance into the Blackmore Vale), Maiden Newton (maz dun,
meaning a great hill) and Maiden Castle.
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69
Silurian Strata in the Mendips.
By Dr. W. T. Orv, Chairman of the Geological Section.
(Presented to the Members attending the Geological Excursion
to the Mendips, on July 14th, 1909).
The discovery, by Prof. Reynolds of the Bristol University, of
Silurian strata underlying the old red sandstone in the Mendip Hills,
is one of the most important and interesting contributions to the
geology of England that has been made for some years. The way
in which this discovery was made, and the facts which led Prof.
Reynolds to identify Silurian beds, affords a striking example of the
romance of a science, which many people imagine to be dulness
itself and very much the reverse of romantic.
To make clear how this discovery was made, a brief account of
the geology of the Mendips must be given; this will be much
simplified by a study of the section given in Plate VII. The Mendip
Hills consist of four great tolds of Carboniferous Limestone, arranged
en echelon from north-west to south-east. Each fold, called in
geological terms a pericline, contains a core of Old Red Sandstone,
and probably of Silurian beds beneath, although this has only been
demonstrated so far, in the case of the south-eastern pericline, which
is known as Beacon Hill, and is the one with which this paper is
concerned. This hill has the further peculiarity of exhibiting a
series of igneous rocks, which is shown in the section on the Plate.
After the close of the carboniferous period in geological times, the
sea-bed was raised up, the strata folded and bent up, and finally a
great part of the carboniferous rocks and most of the coal measures
were denuded off the land. On the planed edges of this strata, after
subsequent immersion, horizontal beds of more recent strata, rheetic,
lias, and inferior oolite were laid down. These now appear on the
surface of the Mendip area, except near the higher grounds, where
the Carboniferous strata, and in some parts the Old Red Sandstone
crop up. A glance at the plate will make this clear.
We are now concerned with the igneous rocks of Beacon Hill,
in connection with which the Silurian strata were discovered.
These igneous rocks are shown in the Geological Survey Map
(sheet 19) as rising along the ridge of old red sandstone to the north
of Shepton Mallet. They were formerly supposed to be lavas
which had broken through the adjacent strata from beneath and
spread themselves over them, having subsequently been denuded
down to their present extent. But Prof. Reynolds has shown that
they are probably the remains of volcanic eruptions which occurred
at an earlier period, some certainly during Silurian times. These
igneous rocks have for years been extensively quarried for road
metal, and it was in the Sunny Hill quarry that proof of their age
was first found. Amidst the great masses of trap or lava which are
7O
there worked, occur several beds of tuff, or voleanic ash which has
by age, pressure, and possibly heat, been solidified into hard rock.
Now, although fossils are naturally never found in volcanic lavas,
they are occasionally found in volcanic ashes or tuff. Fossils can
only be preserved in beds of this nature when the ashes, having
originally fallen on the surface of the sea or of lakes, and sunk
gradually to the bottom, have enveloped and killed any organisms
that were living there at the time, these usually being mollusca,
crustaceans, and more rarely sea plants. It occurred then to Prof.
Reynolds to carefully examine these beds of tuff, and his search at
one spot near the entrance to the quarry where the tuff was softer
and more fragile, was rewarded by the discovery of certain shells
and crustacean remains, which instead of being of Old Red Sandstone
age, proved to be undoubted Sz/urtan fossils.
Here then was a great discovery. If this were so, it was
evident that the tuff or ash had been thrown up and had descended
from a volcano duriug the Silurian period, and long before the Old
Red Sandstone rocks had been laid down. Moreover, the igneous or
trap rock in which the beds of tuff occurred must also be of the same
age, and hence it seemed probable that Silurian strata—which had
been formed about the time during which volcanic action was pro-
ceeding—would be found close to the position of the eruptive rocks.
A very careful search was therefore made in the immediate neigh-
bourhood. On the other side of the road, a few hundred yards
distant trom Sunnyhill is Moon’s Hill Quarry, which has been worked
for many years for road metal, but from the Audesite or trap rock
quarried there nothing could be learnt. Unfortunately there were
no other exposures of strata in the neighbourhood, and it was
very difficult to obtain evidence of the extent of the trap, although
from the constant occurrence of fragments in hedgebanks and in the
fields it seemed probable that the area covered was very considerable.
If the edge of the mass of trap could be found and an exposure
made shewing the strata it rested upon, this would probably be
found to be of Silurian age. Some help was obtained from frag-
ments of stone thrown out from rabbit and mole holes in the fields,
and in one spot, 300 yards south-south-west of Tadhill Farm, Prof.
Reynolds found tuff with Silurian fossils.
The area between Tadhill Farm and Moon’s Hill Quarry is
occupied by a mass of coarse ashy conglomerate, which was
exposed in 1905 in a temporary quarry between Moon’s Hill and a
farm a short distance off. This curious conglomerate consists,
according to Prof. Reynolds, of a fine-grained ashy matrix similar
to that of the normal tuff of the district, embedding blocks and
pieces of rock, some as large as 18 inches in diameter, mostly of the
local trap rock, and thoroughly well rounded, although a few of the
larger are sub-angular, or only partially rounded. No fossils were
found in this exposure, but the possible origin of this rock will be
referred to later.
Since, however, Prof. Reynolds pubiished his results in a paper
entitled ‘‘ A Silurian Inlier in the Eastern Mendips,” in the Quarterly
71
Journal of the Geological Society, 1907—to which I am indebted for
many of the above facts—a new line of rails has been laid from
Downhead Quarry to Long Cross Bottom, and in one of the ex-
posures here made the long looked for Silurian strata was discovered,
Old Red Sandstone being first met with (quarter mile N.E. of Long
Cross Bottom) and conglomerate, whilst two hundred yards further
east a fine greenish sandy shale was found of undoubted Silurian
age, containing many fossils. There was no sign of tuff in this
exposure; it consisted of normal sediments. The fossils were of the
commoner Silurian types, mollusca such as Orthis, Lingula and
Spirifer, and a few fragments of trilobites, Calamene and Phacops,
also Crinoid stem joints. These have been identified as of Llan-
dovery age, and seeing that the Old Red Sandstone lies almost
directly on these beds, it seems evident that the Upper Wenlock and
Ludlow series of the Silurian age are here missing although in other
parts of England they occupy a considerable space between the two.
I had the privelege of going over tnis area and examining the
exposures with Prof. Reynolds, and of hearing from his own lips
the account of these interesting discoveries. This ground was
visited by some of us in anexcursion in July last, and I was enabled
to explain the facts as we inspected the exposures. A good few
Silurian fossils were obtained by us from this recent cutting on that
occasion. Specimens of the other rocks, especially of the coarse
ashy conglomerate, collected by Mr. Sherring, have been exhibited
at the Society’s rooms during the past summer.
In conclusion one may point out the very extensive area
occupied by the trap and tuff in this district. The most interesting
deposit is undoubtedly the conglomerate, the origin of which it is
very difficult to ascertain. It has been conjectured that this material
forms the déér7s thrown out from the mouth of an active volcano
during the Silurian age, the crater of which ray be represented by
part ot the area so occupied, whilst the adjacent trap is what
remains of the lava that flowed during its eruptions; the tuffs were
formed by the volcanic ash blown around from the explosions. The
blocks in the conglomerate may possibly have been rounded by
friction in the vent of the volcano as they were tossed up and down
during eruptions. Thesubject isa very attractive one, and although
this explanation has much in its favour, further observations are
necessary before the question can be finally decided.
72
Halley’s Comet.
By Cou. E. E. Marxwick, C.B., F.R.A.S.
(Read as a General Lecture on 13th March, 1909).
The following is a much condensed account of the original
lecture on Halley’s Comet, as exigencies of space will only allow
certain portions to be given :—
Halley’s Comet interests us in several respects, because it is
the first periodic comet whose return was ever predicted ; because
its period is 76 years, about the average duration of a healthy man’s
life ; because it has returned so many times in the past to the
vicinity of the sun, on some of which occasions it is connected with
historical events; because it illustrates the marvellous accuracy,
and complexity also, of the laws of universal gravitation enounced
by Newton; because of the brilliant feats of calculation which it
has been the cause of evolving from some of the finest mathematical
intellects ; and, lastly, itis interesting because its return to perihelion
is due next year (1910), and we may all reasonably hope to geta
view of this celestial visitant, which has been an object of such deep
study to astronomers.
This comet had been observed by Newton, Halley, and their
contemporaries in 1682. Halley investigated the orbit, and found
that it was identical with comets which had appeared in 1607 and
1531, and he was able to announce boldly “ This body moves in an
elliptic orbit round the sun, and will return again to the sun in the
year 1759. The calculation of the first cometic orbit ever worked
out by man was therefore effected by Halley, one of our own
countrymen, and in the glory of such a feat posterity all the world
over, English or Continental, have always called this body Halley’s
Comet. Halley did not live to see the fulfilment of his prophecy,
but the comet returned to perihelion on the 13th March, 1759, thus
verifying the correctness of his work.
The orbit, or track of the comet, is a very elongated ellipse,
with the sun in one of the foci. The length of the major axis is
about 3,400 millions of miles, so that the comet when in aphelion
is a considerable distance outside the orbit of Neptune, the outer-
most planet of the Solar system. The perihelion distance from the
sun is rather more than half the earth’s distance from the sun.
The plane of the ellipse, or orbit, is slightly inclined at an angle of
17° to the ecliptic.
Plate VIII, illustrates the general position of the orbit in
connection with the sun and the orbits of the planets. Certain
dates are marked along the comet’s track which has been followed
since the last nearest approach to the sun in 1835. A selection of
these as connected with some historical events follows :—
1835. Comet’s perihelion passage on 16th November, the
5th year of King William IV., and 1% years
before the accession of the late Queen Victoria.
HALLEY’S COMET. Seale: (Pat = 33-3Millien Miles
GENERAL VIEW of ORBIT. fig Ltn! po,
PLATE VIII. Orbit of Halley’s Comet.
73
1836. Mr. Chamberlain born.
1841. Our King born.
1848. Revolution in France.
1852. Death of the Duke of Wellington.
1854. Crimean War.
1857. Indian Mutiny.
1859. War between France and Austria.
1863. Marriage of our King and Queen.
American Civil War.
1866. War between Austria and Prussia.
1870. Franco-Prussian War.
1873. February—Comet in aphelion, or at greatest
distance from sun.
1879. Zulu War.
1880. Old Boer War.
1885. Death of General Gordon.
1899. Boer War.
1904. Russo-Japanese War.
I9g09. Present time—Comet approaching perihelion.
Thus a great deal of history has been made while the comet
has been completing its present circuit.
Messrs. Crommelin and Cowell, of the Royal Observatory,
Greenwich, have recently made a very laborious investigation into
the orbit of Halley’s Comet, going far back into the past, as well
as looking ahead. In this work they have been assisted by three
computers, one of whom, Dr. D. Smart, kindly communicated some
valuable particulars to the lecturer. These gentlemen have investi-
gated the recorded appearances of the comet in B.C. 12; A.D. 451,
6345) 700) 1900) 114.5, 1222, L301, 1376, 1456, 1531, 1607, .1682, 175g
and 1835. We can only refer to 1066, when it may be called the
comet of the Norman Conquest. It is represented in the Bayeux
tapestry, and was generally supposed to be a favourable omen for
William of Normandy, in his invasion of England, although, as a
matter of fact, the comet had come and gone before the battle of
Hastings (14th October).
Messrs. Crommelin and Cowell have also published, many
months in advance, an ephemeris giving a series of positions in the
sky which will be occupied by the comet at its coming return.
In view of the fact that the comet has now been “secured,”’
both by the photographic plate and by visual observation, we must
alter the anticipatory tone of the lecture (which was delivered long
before the comet was seen), and note briefly the facts of its discovery,
or re-discovery. A photographic campaign to catch the stranger at
the first possible chance was entered upon at Greenwich Observatory
on the oth September last, when two trial exposures on the cal-
culated place of the comet were made. ‘These plates were not
closely examined at the time, and meanwhile it was announced from
Germany that Professor Wolf had photographed the comet on the
night of September 11th, two days after the first Greenwich photo-
graphs were taken. On re-examining the latter, the comet was
74
detected on both, of course as a very tiny, faint object. One cannot
help wishing that the plates had been carefully examined at once,
and the announcement of first discovery might have emanated from
our national observatory. (See last paragraph but two).
The position of the comet, so found, is almost exactly in accord-
ance with the ephemeris mentioned above, and we heartily con-
gratulate Mr. Crommelin on the complete success of his laborious
investigation.
Since then the comet has been visually observed in the 40-inch
telescope of the Yerkes Observatory in the U.S.A., and just at the
time of writing Mr. H. F. Newall informs the “‘ Times ” that he has
seen the comet in the 25-inch refractor of the Cambridge Observa-
tory; this was on October 2ist, and thus the first European
observation of it has been made in England. It was then very
faint, about the 14th magnitude, and all doubt about it was
removed by the fact that its motion among the stars was evident.
Halley’s comet will now goon increasing in size and brightness,
and at the end of the year it should be well within the reach of
moderate-sized telescopes. The date of perihelion passage is antici-
pated on 1g1o, April 20oth.* The comet will be an evening star in
Pisces next January and February, a fairly bright morning star in
April, and at its greatest splendour in the evening after the middle
of May. It will then be better placed for observers in the southern
hemisphere. |
Since the above was written, Professor H. H. Turner, F.R.S.,
has stated in a lecture delivered at Birmingham that the comet was
photographed at the astronomical observatory of the Egyptian
Government at Helwan on August 24th. If this is so, we may yet
congratulate ourselves, as Britishers, that the first discovery was
made here, as the observatory is directed by an Englishman.
It may be added as a matter of mutual congratulation that our
member, Mr. E. W. Barlow, F.R.A.S., got his first view of the
comet on the evening of the 30th November, 1909, in a 44%-inch
refracting telescope. The comet appeared as a tiny ball of
nebulosity, and there could be no mistake about it, as it was in its
calculated place, very near the bright star Aldebaran, andits motion
among the surrounding fixed stars almost immediately proclaimed
its cometary character.
I had the pleasure of seeing the comet on the evening of 3rd
December in my 8%-inch reflector. It appeared as a very small
patch of nebulosity. A second observation, made two hours later
on the same evening, revealed its motion among the stars. On 4th
December it was again seen, and was unchanged in appearance.
* This differs 4 days from the date given in the Plate, which was inserted from
an earlier ephemeris.
75
The Water Supply of Bournemouth.
By W. Tremp_Le GarpN_er, Esq,
(Read 6th February, 1909).
Berore the year 1864 all the water used for drinking, domestic
and trade purposes in Bournemouth, was obtained from shallow
wells and springs, so that every consumer provided his own supply.
In 1864 the Bournemouth Gas and Water Company came into
existence, and their first supply of water was derived from the little
river Bourne, which gives its name to the town. The water was
filtered at the Bourne Valley Works of the company, pumped to a
reservoir on adjacent high ground, and gravitated to the town. The
daily consumption of water in Bournemouth at this time was
between forty and fifty thousand gallons, compared with the present
supply which is about two million gallons. This method of pro-
cedure soon proved insufficient to cope with the demand due to the
growth of Bournemouth, and furthermore the water was of uncertain
character. ‘The company consequently decided to obtain another
supply, and ultimately settled that the most suitable source was to
be found in the gravel beds of the Valley of the Stour, near the
small village of Longham. Operations were commenced at
Longham in 1886, but ten years later (1896) the company obtained
powers to again extend their source of supply in order to safeguard
the town for all time. At present the town is supplied from two
_ sources—the gravel beds at Longham and a large, deep well near
Wimborne. At one time, besides these, a supply was obtained from
a well at Southbourne, but this has been purchased by another
company. The Wimborne supply is the more important as it is
from there that the greater quantity of water is obtained and
softened. The well, which is sunk in a natural basin formed by the
chalk hills, has a depth of 207 feet and extends for about 1v0 feet
into the chalk. At the depths of 155 feet and 195 feet respectively,
headings or tunnels, six feet in height and four feet in width, extend
horizontally 480 feet along the chalk, and serve as feeders to the
well. The average diameter of the well is ten feet, and for a depth
of 165 feet it is enclosed in an iron casing very similar in con-
struction to the Tube railways in London, except that in the case of
the well the position is vertical instead of horizontal. Below the
iron tube the chalk is so firm as not to necessitate any strengthening
to the walls of the bore-hole. The capacity of the well provides at
least four million gallons per day.
The water is brought to the surface by two sets of double-acting
pumps, which are situated at the lower end of the well. The
engines at the top which work the pumps, transmit the power by
means of steel rods enclosed in two steel tubes extending from top
to bottom. The compound condensing type of engine is used, and
each has an indicated horse power of 110. When the water reaches
76
the surface it is conveyed directly to the softening plant. In its
natural state the water is hard, being derived from the chalk, and
impregnated with carbonate of lime, its hardness being reckoned as
fifteen degrees, an equivalent to fifteen grains of carbonate of lime
per gallon. The purity of chalk water is well known, and the sole
objection to its use is on the score of hardness. Many towns in
England use a water of twenty-two to twenty-four degrees of
hardness. In Bournemouth, the water taken from the chalk is
softened to between nine and ten degrees of hardness, resulting in
the supply of the most desirable water to be obtained for drinking
and all other purpose. The process of softening is effected in three
stages. First, there is an apparatus for the continuous production
of lime water; second, a reservoir of sixty-two thousand gallons
capacity in which the actual softening takes place, by mixing the
hard water with lime water in the correct proportion; third, a
battery of filters for dealing with the water, after softening, by passing
it through a material similar to sail cloth stretched on a framework
of metal. In mixing the lime water with the hard water great
care has to be exercised to prevent an excess of either. Should the
well water be in excess the product would be improperly softened,
but on the other hand if the lime water predominates the object in
view would be defeated, as there is a possibility of the softening
reaction taking place, and the water re-hardening to even a greater
degree than originally. The chemical reaction which takes place
during the softening process is represented as follows :—
Ca CO3 )
Hs COs; § ae Ca OH2O0 = 2Ca COs ale 2H.O
Calcium Lime Calcium
Bicarbonate + Water a) Carbonate | eee
After the process of softening and purification is completed the
water is rendered suitable for consumption.
The precipitated carbonate of lime produced in softening the
water after having been washed off the filter-cloths, is pumped in
the form of sludge to special settling tanks, situate in a field
adjoining the pumping station. The softened water is pumped to
Alderney, which may be termed the town depot of the water-supply.
The water from the gravel-beds at Longham is also pumped to this
station, and is then passed through sand-filters, after which it mixes
with the Wimborne softened water in the reservoirs. From
Alderney the water falls by gravitation into the mains of the town.
The average pressure of water in the town is about thirty-five
pounds per square inch, which 1s equivalent to a column of water
nearly eighty feet in height.
In 1908 the amount of water supplied from Wimborne was
five hundred and thirty-one million gallons, and from Longham two
hundred millions, making a total of seven hundred and thirty-one
million gallons.
During a dry week in the summer the company has supplied
twenty-eight million gallons of water into Bournemouth.
77
The lime used during 1908 for softening amounted to three
hundred and twenty-six tons. A huge mass of putty-like substance
is formed by the residuum or sludge resulting from the softening of
the water, and this amounts to about one thousand two hundred
tons per annum. The only use at present found for it is as a
fertilizer for farm land, and the company give permission to farmers
to remove as much as they require, free of charge, in order to
reduce the ever increasing stock.
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