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Sak PROCEEDINGS 
of the 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


of 
WASHINGTON 


Volume 81 


OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1979 


President 

President-elect 

Recording Secretary 

Corresponding Secretary 

Treasurer 

Editor 

Custodian 

Program Committee Chairman 
Membership Committee Chairwoman 
Delegate to the Washington Academy of Sciences 
Hospitality Chairwoman 


Published by the Society 
WASHINGTON, D.C. 
1979 


Donald R. Davis 

T. J. Spilman 
Wayne N. Mathis 
Mignon B. Davis 

F. Christian Thompson 
Manya B. Stoetzel 
Sueo Nakahara 
Michael Faran 
Joyce A. Utmar 
Donald R. Davis 
Helen Sollers-Riedel 


Pica 
Beet 
eee: Ct. on. 
Pr tien) de 
Migiomyidies 
mig | on itt 
[oe a 


94 i ei ite irfol 


Table of Contents, Volume 81 


ANDERSON, D. M. and P. E. BOLDT.—Identification of larvae of two European spe- 
cies of Ceutorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) found in Carduus macrocephalus 
Destontamess(@ompositaeys sos. ses cnt c oe sort eels eaehe hole ec cae he dies oe ei aloeusieael ee 

PORN ESS At ON It See AID OS IREMB ig cece saa lcr a qerarctonetersakecere wate eae ora arate eleva epee reas 

BARNES, J. K.—The taxonomic position of the New Zealand genus Prosochaeta Mal- 
fochy(Dipteras SCLOMYZIGAe) iiss ice cee wie eet sisc te Aetna 6 teah Sie acl eraonei ores alae seuereine = 

BARROWS, E. M.—Polistes wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) show interference com- 
petition with other insects for Kermes scale insect (Homoptera: Kermesidae) secre- 
OTS reed Soe ec has OR OR RS Rt aan mth se aan yon Mi CL eee aL Cale) 

BO RIAIR Tae —— Se eyMiBINIKIE Avy Si ecackerecene trerosasralsinee ont verohecione Eetevoeeta erat rite 


BOHART, R. M. and L. S. KIMSEY.—A key to the species of Ectemnius in Amer- 
ica north of Mexico with notes and description of a new species (Hymenoptera: 
Sphecidae) tacrer oe sete ous hea Gem ceeeys Meket eee. ed, «ee aed ee Sone eee 


BOLD PE See ANDERSON Ds Mio. 58: duce sm clare Serta: stots oul ane es ee nee 
BOEENBEMG:=—see MCDANIEL] Be Cee Acces so beits cece aeciGites en crsiche arsine inert: 
BUEINOZSORDA, Ji=——SeerBic INT, OF Sic UR a3 sete ciate oc gee Sel sate erage ai cuho) veins 
CAMPOS. ES 'G==See EADS. IRE Bae aac cou nto ape tetuerael sie « char we BERS ois oy ots a OS 
AIUE SON bs t-——See WHETE. TORS ys... cen ae ana. cup cn tioaee Maerua ey ok ees 


CARLSON, R. W.—Seventy-three names validated in “Jchneumon” and “‘Evania” 
(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in posthumously published letters written by Cuvier. . 
CARLSON, R. W.—The correct name for Theroscopus micator of authors (Hymenop- 
LEkassl ChMEUMONIGAE) Ks cc cuccsicsccopssSec vanes S edclevs Ones) eaun eno che one Shey ein, osc Gli nie OR Ra eerie 
CERMELI L., M. and C. F. SMITH—Keys to species of the genus Picturaphis (Ho- 
moptera: Aphididae) with descriptions: of Mew SPECIES? «24. a. 22.1 )os 1 tom eee 
ETABIBING S7—— Seen lee OEIC ris cosecentace cots teiseeene toners erecchc ar mice earner 
CLARK, W. E.—Taxonomy and biogeography of weevils of the genus Sibinia Germar 
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) associated with Prosopis (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) 
TOY: ZANTE EXE OUT Nh ec a ere enna ea Re Re Nee ek aed ony SA ARS a re oe A ato 6 
COCHRAN, D. G.—A method for rearing the sand cockroach, Arenivaga tonkowa 
(Dict opteraseolypnavidae) ies secre tracts ant omic e rc rinerrere een) Ae SCR heme ee 
COSCARON, S., G. B. FAIRCHILD, and C. B. PHILIP.—Rediscovery of both sexes 
of the enigmatic Zophina eiseni (Townsend) (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Baja California 
SIT ea carsuchck cae es cape ei oe a a eer ate en CN ern MA Rd eh ng PPO Aa Lt ee 
DELONG, D. M.—Studies of the Gyponinae with six new species of Polana (Homop- 
teraraCicadellidae) te yeni. re tears Saeed Pact hate tore Ln ENE ST a ae obsess Poet a tae PMO Tate 
De MEILLON, B. and W. W. WIRTH.—A taxonomic review of the subgenus Phy- 
tonelea ot Horcipomyia (Diptera Ceratopogomidae)igue.....0-.. 0202 cece os ee sean 
DENNIS DAS:—SeceveAWVIGNE Re: ole. Aaa etait Enea ntsc) acdc ees eh aceite 
DENNIS, D. S.—Ethology of Holcocephala fusca in Virginia (Diptera: Asilidae) ...... 
EADS, R. B., E. G. CAMPOS, and A. M. BARNES.—New records for several flea 
(Siphonaptera) species in the United States, with observations on species parasitizing 
cannivoreswinuthes Rocky Mountain! Regione +). eietas ee eee eee ae te ae ae nie or 
ELLIOTT, N., F. KURCZEWSKI, S. CHAFLIN, and P. SALBERT.—Preliminary an- 
notated list of the wasps of San Salvador Island, the Bahamas, with a new species 
of Cerceris (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae, Scoliidae, Vespidae, Pompilidae, Sphecidae) .. 


460 
38 


285 


570 
111 


486 
460 
621 
522 

38 
379 


178 
438 
366 


38 


352 


EVANS, H. E.—The genus Dissomphalus in northwestern South America (Hymenop- 
Heras Ctinyldae) bss aac csescishoners creeks: cay taste t nous) SeeTOe neat cle aie ee ae er 
EVANS, H. E.—Additions to knowledge of the bethylid fauna of Hispaniola (Hymenop- 
ter ayeBethivlidae) rt cs <s8e faicieceu hosts ctto sccchet eheke erste east icp ae ee a nae rere ae 
PAIR CHIED Ss Gaibi—SeeiCOSCARON TS 5 tig cccn acca rd Ao Cae eee 
RICINT Ox Ss uIRe—SeedeNUTSON, Le le occis derdie tees ee Een e 
FLINT, O. S., JR. and J. BUENO-SORIA.—Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XXIV. 
The genus Macronema in Mesoamerica (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)............. 
FOOTE, R. H.—I/schyropteron Bigot revisited (Diptera: Tephritidae)................. 
BO Xe Ri Gr——S Ce WEA alow RG, © shoo de eetinyeus aieyare ies Roreag naa eee Cee 
FROESCHNER, R. C.—Heteroptera in an oft-overlooked paper of P. R. Uhler 
(Us KENT {TSIEN chistes a eaccn cite Crpeektr coe Re es mon OL kee RTC Iie SAI OS ths cit. u Hh ao 8-8 


GORDH, G. and R. HENDRICKSON, JR.—New species of Diglyphus, a world list of 
the species, taxonomic notes and a key to New World species of Diglyphus and 
Draulinopsisa(rymenopteras Eulophidae) aces setae eae acharion ace eae eee 

GREENFIELD, M. D. and M. G. KARANDINOS.—A new species of Paranthrene 
(BepidopteratSesiGae) rrc cies nots crests ae eels ears iar ayehc Se OR TALS OT ee Eee 

GROGAN, W. L., JR. and W. W. WIRTH.—A new Neotropical genus of predaceous 
midges, with a key to the genera of Heteromyiini (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) ....... 

HAMBLETON, E. J.—Rhizoecus mealybugs of Texas, with description of a new species 
@ilomopterawsBscudococcidac)iaaassa saa s aoriee rien eee eee ere 

IEINIDRIGKS ONGRe WIR -—See GORD aGi nase caste teer aoe enon eener 

HENRY, T. J.—Review of the Ceratocapsus lutescens group, with descriptions of 
seven new species from the eastern United States (Hemiptera: Miridae) ............ 

HENRY, T. J.—Review of the New World species of Myiomma with descriptions of 
eightanew especies (Hemiptera: Minidae Isometopinac)) ja. -1-2. a) seen 

HENRY, T. J. and J. L. HERRING.—Review of the genus corticoris with descriptions 
of two new species from Mexico (Hemiptera: Miridae: Isometopinae) .............. 

HENRY, T. J. and A. G. WHEELER, JR.—Orthotylus translucens: Taxonomic status 
and correction of published misidentifications (Hemiptera: Miridae) ................ 

HENRY, T. J. and A. G. WHEELER, JR.—Palearctic Miridae in North America: 
Records of newly discovered and little known species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) ..... 

HEPPNER, J. B.—A new Neotropical genus of Choreutidae (Lepidoptera: Sesioidea).. 

HERRING 2A S Cent E NR Yl Ws Aivcpsicus cates un tec ei cabin See eres 

HERRING? Je .—-S€e-P OWE MUS lias saa revenccsneete coe cle cee ae aces ee eee 

HETZ, M. and F. WERNER.—Xeranobium laticeps (Coleoptera: Anobtidae) reared 
from Haplopappus tenuisectus (Compositae), with description of the larva.......... 

HOY, M. A. and P. M. MARSH.—Breeding tests support synonymy of Apanteles 
melanoscelus and Apanteles solitarius (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)................. 

HUBBARD, M. D.—The type-species of the genus Leptophlebia Westwood (Ephemer- 
Oplerawlwepltophle buGae)ieciops waa aeteesie eer Talore achat i eto a ase cea nee 

KARWAN DINOS MaiG.—_SceiGREENFIE RD Ma Dean orator eeeoere noe eere 

KENNEDY, J. H. and H. B. WHITE III.—Description of the nymph of Ophiogom- 
pnusinomen(@donota:-Gomphidae) aa. ee eee eee oe ee Eee eee eee 

KoIMSE Yeu S!S € eB © HART Ree Mire ® srsterid eta a tieaetere Rt cho cree geese aa eens enn 


KNUTSON, L. and O. S. FLINT, JR.—Do dance flies feed on caddisflies ?—Further 
evidence(Diptera:sEmpididacsinchoptena)) sac sesame are ere eerie 


401 


KROMBEIN, K. V.—Studies in the Tiphiidae, XII. A new genus of Methochinae with 
notes on the subgenera of Methocha Latreille (Hymenoptera: Aculeata) ............ 
KROMBEIN, K. V.—Biosystematic studies of Ceylonese wasps, VI. Notes on the 
Sclerogibbidae with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea). . 
ROA EAW S Kelew ESC Ee TOMI IN ed ere cic reiaecsatesct esehe ous. ayoranue, shan) « Grotoretedey avaraerees 
i. LTR CA ENWAST I teal Et SiS ever (Oe) 83) 241 0 SUN /aalY Id Se geryeonic ote nines Ge BUIG Cena cone sao moe 
LAVIGNE, R. J.—Notes on the ethology of Efferia argyrogaster (Diptera: Asilidae) 
‘tl NAGS ONO Ve, crates cee Pe rota as acon RCo erm rel meee rene ate ct ovinees Romina Paty Certo ann amen Sinn Tot 


LAVIGNE, R. J. and D. S. DENNIS.—Notes on the ethology of Proctacanthus nearno 
MDI pPtCrAasvASUIdAS)bINUNTSXIC OMe es <ee EA cnchal oct Ledeiccne rout atte clean Sl Seetlor@h 2: SiO eam open ayes storage 


PEE) "See MENDEZ Bo reset ee baricuhs hercs eacine s mah bas ones ae ele 


LEWIS, P. A.—A new species of the mayfly genus Stenonema Traver from eastern 
mitedsStates (Ephemeropteras bMeptarenlidae) peer crass soeie cio eee acu ee eater 
LIN, N.—Differential prey selection for the sex of offspring in the cicada killer Sphe- 
GIMSMSPEGLOSIES (Ey MenOplera:, SDNECIGAC)) ccc oe ccuskere co cterteioieremenie stom elector ieuten citar 
MEADE INUUAING 5 J See M OUTED ING = Js gee recone oie ce eis actos scene een Oe 
PANS Elemis MS 6 © I @ Yoga Ace o5. <a tired nclaue cxsneweiterty Sut go ety sie te GIRO aa Rep A oe te 
MASON, W. R. M.—A new genus and species of Orgilini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 
PMOMEING Wi GUI aes ae tse Ase ef ale Mien tec iaea mst oe calerate ema the Wh eT AE oe SE ee 
MATHIS, W. N.—Ecuadorian Parascatella (Diptera: Ephydridae) ................... 
IPAW WAR a ase S CO AW OIE EE LG WW secs care, oF tenepebey se aeilo no voeuats vey sdeuenamlorane (ucier eae. lane ARR 
McCAFFERTY, W. P.—Variants of Hexagenia s. s. species affecting subgeneric diag- 
HOSISIGE DhemeLoptenad phemenldace)it.. a4 + mets carc dates oh tomar cede tian acheter cre 
McGAL EPRI pW, sb:—-SeeuMORTEHAIRA <I! IK cates tae onncnensierstie thins fetta ae 


McDANIEL, B., R. A. NORTON, and E. G. BOLEN.—Mites of the family Lohman- 
MAGdacaCA carl Onibatel) pinOmeleXaSis15o oyckerthe cynenctarcecle ceo cirel pevtone es ocle he = ao ache 


MENDEZ, E. and T. O. LEMKE.—Description of a new species of bat flea from Co- 
lombiai(Siphonapteraspischnopsyllidae)3. tcrce ciate aot hei eens acer soe 


MENKE, A. S. and R. M. BOHART.—Sphecid wasps of the world: Errors and 
OMUSSIOnST (hymen opteras Sphecidae)laraaprte eas steels h etetete ie ne ek acaerae ek eiseiciete 
MICK Cab —SeerS CHMIDR SIO} ia. fac. San heer teste oes Bes we aes DRS ee 


MORIHARA, D. K. and W. P. MCCAFFERTY.—Subspecies of the transatlantic spe- 
Glesshaclismmacania(ephemeropteras bactidae)iae.oaaett aaeeei cone Grane Cee ne 


MOULDING, J. D. and J. J. MADENJIAN.—Macrolepidopteran moths light-trapped in 
aeNewnensevaoakurorest: (Lepidoptera). 1.5 > ceo miseiiceecnd omer Ss oe oe oe One 
NORTON, R. A.—Notes on synonymies, recombinations, and lectotype designations in 
NathangBanks? ispeciesiofNothrus (Acam:) Onibatel) ~ 225 02u.< te terelcetyes Se 2 oer 
NORIO NERS At —=SeesMGDANUBIC, IBe. sige crore asoa.cchehe SERIE toe bs Ree ae 
NUHN, T. P. and C. G. VAN DYKE.—Laboulbenia formicarum Thaxter (Ascomyco- 
tina: Laboulbeniales) on ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Raleigh, North Carolina 
RVUhcagne Wal OS LECONG cree ew fareys Seek ees oiys cco. ePe 2 Bok Sgh, ALN PEE eee OE 
O’BRIEN, M. F. and F. E. KURCZEWSKI.—Observations on the nesting behavior of 
Alysson conicus Provancher (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) ........2...2ee0ceceesesees 
PARKER, C. R. and J. R. VOSHELL, JR.—A new species of Hydroptila from Vir- 
Pinian (UoLeno ptcra-esky GrOptilicae) Mev tercxcisteyesek ci ces Beacicie) koto een ciel vokeronicte 
Eee eG wb SeeuSOSCAIRONIAG? o: craic sets oh eobecske avs aoe NA Tekh sie ees 


101 


435 


248 


NBINIKOWESI Ms IRs INO NOMIC Vs Ils elcadoonacedboocdn soma Goomsebaamoner 
POLHEMUS, J. T. and J. L. HERRING.—A further description of Hermatobates 

bredini Herring and a new record for Cuba (Hemiptera: Hermatobatidae) ........... 
RAW SINS sree —See SHOES ORD a Gensco) cor eee ati eieee 
REICHART, C. V.—A new Anisops from Kenya (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) ......... 
RUSSELL, L. K.—A new genus and a new species of Boreidae from Oregon (Mecop- 


SABE RIE P= Seer RICIORT Ne oie Cais rae we ete ee eee eee 
SCARBROUGH, A. G.—Predatory behavior and prey of Diogmites missouriensis 
BromlevamneArkansasi(DipterasAsilidae)y = cmise es sl oceicls ieee eee ere 
SCARBROUGH, A. G. and B. E. SRAVER.—Predatory behavior and prey of Atomosia 
DUC GMD (enasA SINAC) i aes ce ees cae oes clapeue scr erent reieae tn co ate en eee 
SCHMIDT, J. O. and C. E. MICKEL.—A new species of Dasymutilla from Florida 
(iyvimenopterasMiurtillid aes ser ctotarseyoh ates eat eeevecerchrser ers seers ss ae ae aera ee ea 
SCISWISITBIR, IR. OSES SUIMIMIIRS AE ME. Geleiolocig’s doolio bolo in. do cdlondccoo'o abo ous 
SHENEFELT, R. D.—Some unusual Braconidae (Hymenoptera) .................... 
SHOLES, O. DV. and J. E. RAWLINS.—Distribution of orb-weavers (Araneidae: 
ATAneac) snenomorencousrold-neldavegetationiasce ee sacs eee ee icin itera 
SLATER, J. A.—A key to the species of Patritius Stal with the description of four 
new species from South America (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) ......................-.. 
SMILEY, R. L.—Pygmephorus athiasae Wicht: A redescription of the holotype (Acari: 
RYO tidac) Permtres eeds Seo tce te oe at eee: MUSE Ws beet a fatame eheieoiie cate eee 
SMITE Gb: ——SeesC PRIMED Tee Ni ahieete s ek eer eee a tee ee ee 
SPANGLER, P. J.—Hydramara argentina, a description of its larva and a report on 
lisidistmbution (Coleopterasiydrophilidac)im anmca. sm aoe eee le ae ae eee ee 
SPILMAN, T. J.—Larvae and pupae of Centronopus calcaratus and Centronopus 
suppressus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), with an essay on wing development in pupae 
SRAVEIR SB aE see sSCARBROUGH RANG th. att ne eine eee oe eae 
STEYSKAL, G. C.—Reference of Cephalia fulvicornis and Cephalia maculipennis 


(Diptera: Otitidae) to the genera Euxesta (Diptera: Otitidae) and Rivellia (Diptera: 
lati stom atyd ae)! = crc se creiets choke ca stescuese Raza lean seca Sian IA Asc rrr 


STEYSKAL, G. C.—Biological, anatomical, and distributional notes on the genus 
Gallopistromviastiendell (Diptera Otitidae) memes os Onc ain Gee oe ae eee oe 


STIMMEL, J. F.—Seasonal history and distribution of Carulaspis minima (Targ.-Tozz.) 
iInvbennsyivanias (Homoptera: Diaspididae)ia.-ic sec ce ae sins see kee cite erecta 


SUMMERS, F. M. and R. O. SCHUSTER.—Revision of Acrotocarus Banks (Acari: 
Canestrini dae) re. week ee ee ee ree eee ea alone Eee ik Pee aoe eee 
TRIPLEHORN, C. A.—Two new species of Corticeus from Florida and the West In- 
dresn(Coleoptenas tienebnonidae) yan ae ema Aerie oer criee eer er er eee 
TRUMBLE, J. T. and R. L. PPENKOWSKI.—Development and survival of Megaselia 
scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae) at selected temperatures and photoperiods ............. 
WEAINSDINGKSE Ss Ca Gi — See VIWIRINGw is tP  rercceeyepeuater patios eects cee tee nen eee 
VOSHE RIS HaRestIRI = S ey BAIR KaBIReg Cree Be cast sats cone oe tanec SA Seccnes ie rey aera 
WADAS Ye S eee WITIRARET ss Wo Wet ne cia do ORR cree sip eae CO UNE AE Si lo coreg eeerh eee 


WARNER, R. E.—The genus Eudiagogus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Leptopiinae), 
with two new species of the weed Sesbania (Leguminosae) ................+2-008- 


WERNER | Fi==Seer HE PZ Mie) oo Nasi as arte a aie n okie viele a Gree Ouasiee one ae ees eave 


VaR RA GaiRe——See HENRY 0. Ue, ie atiig a ton seb wi ec os Aer thine cae ts 
Meee bina Are Gee ——O6e LIEN Y cells Win vowtats chistes aeetic oiraset ete e socean hs re cierere'e 
eer. UT: =SeesKPNNEDYs dh Hos a eh in a al bs Mec baie ce on the 


WHITE, R. E.—New synonymy and new combinations primarily in American taxa 
meMlEOpteraPATIODIIGAG) Pater atoncencen et nnd Gunes cee ice cree eaten ce erst els clove Gia aenoniays 


WHITE, T. R., P. H. CARLSON, and R. C. FOX.—Emergence patterns of fall and 
winter stoneflies (Plecoptera: Filipalpia) in northwestern South Carolina ............ 


WHITEHEAD, D. R.—Recognition characters and distribution records for species of 
Conotrachelus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) that damage avocado fruits in Mexico and 
CETTE YAS VCE ret iene a ai cori eri re nee ee acdsee Pert nde Be ce 


WHITEHEAD, D. R.—Notes on Apteromechus Faust of America north of Mexico 
KMeoleopteras Curculionidaes Cryptorhynchinae)\) yee. «- sea eerie acess se ses eee 


MARGE. We wWwe-—See DE MBTEIEON) Be aiercis secs cis Sine che fois tie ote sae ee cements 
RVG eM VWAeWe-— See GROGAIN EG WW UR Caer cnces cceertieirrete Ae cite cree inert eee 


WIRTH, W. W. and Y. WADA.—Two new species of the genus Camptopterohelea 
Wirth and Hubert from southeast Asia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) ................. 


WOLFE, G. W. and J. F. MATTA.—Three new species of Hydroporus (Coleoptera: 
Dytiscrdac)tromthe southeastem: United States) 5 csc ae teenie en ional 


YOUNG, D. A.—A review of the leafhopper genus Cofana (Homoptera: Cicadelli- 
LAS) pemmereerek oe enter cfc Meh ey 5G) Sisuelss Sasa: nk aeons chcheade ace: hemo ce aay ee ereteed onc eat  OP eh Sale 


ZUNGOLI, P. A.—Eupteromalus viridescens (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a new 
parasite association for Pediobius foveolatus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Epi- 
lachnasvarivestis (Coleoptera; ‘Coccinelladac)) 222k. 2.. 2 es aso tines oe es ee 


BAIN GAAr——See PER EVA Te. Wire ode sclera cemey are nicie tic erenstetave stayla era 6. dvats Gepterters meee 
SKOIGIEIN 18a (Cpa exe Ko) DANN] 8) yaa) 3}. Moles ee cise cls crete e ctaet cmc cides eaters caw a ool dec 
BOWRGEOIS. CE Secu DARE WD RAIIESIW er, ciepual dices cuore octavo Gieveashounate lation ere 
JOHNSON, M. D.—Some notes on two species of stelidine bees from Indiana (Hyme- 

NO Pleka-wMecacniIGae) wy eye® atone Ako TR eens ok ee PIS Sin eS 
McDANIEL, B. and E. G. BOLEN.—A new distribution record for Podocinum pacifi- 

GuMmmEBelese,(AcarinessMesostiomata)ina: coche hee aoe tes eee ae 
MENKE, A. S.—Three sphecid wasps previously unrecorded from Tahiti (Hymenop- 

CerasS DNECICAC) pete ere rege renee we es rer Ans Aen een a re Rar Ne Pee an A aCe RI eee oe 
NAKAHARA, S.—Pinnaspis caricis, new synonym of Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Homop- 

(IZING ADYEVSY OPAC FAVS) epee csetarees Pesce an a tse UE Oe mp Mt dre RDS OIE en AU A 
NEGROBOV, O. P.—Some new synonymy in the Dolichopodidae (Diptera) .......... 
NORTON, R. A.—The identity of Pelopsis nudiuscula (Acari: Oribatei) .............. 
SGHABRERAS Al — See slAM Tr Sli: saccire aera te eee pone ae loses 
STEYSKAL, G. C.—The gender of Nosopon Hopkins (Mallophaga) ................. 
STEYSKAL, G. C.—Lutzomyia vexator (Coquillett), the correct designation for Lutzo- 

Iuyiaayvexatrica Of authorss(Dipterasbsychodidae)i. cs... a... 4-145 soeee «sae ae eerre ee 


TAFT, S. J. and S. A. SCHAPER.—A survey of shore bird lice from two Wisconsin 
counties with a new host record for Lunaceps holophaeus (Mallophaga: Philopter- 
GREYS) NG Says BUSA oo MPT eet ROE OPE CRORE OST Te CRETE CSN CERI cr CIE RC Rtn TE ere ey ee 


211 


379 


105 


663 


THRELFALL, W., C. E. BOURGEOIS, and G. A. BAIN.—Mallophaga from some 


North American Amatidaé: .. «6... 50% <6 ooo 5c sieelae- = ihieis ce tohe ereyeh nen aap news tmecr at eee tare 327 
WHEELER, A. G., JR.—Further spread of the Palearctic Berytinus minor in North 
America (Hemiptera: Benytidae) a... ~rs< os 6-0 12rys «chef ois 08) tre eee eee 506 


Book Review 


MATHIS, W. N.—Record of My Life-Work in Entomology, 1903-1904 .............. 330 
Obituaries 
Frank Leslie Campbell—W. D. REED and. M. KOSZTARAB 3352. 9. s-nes ee eee 694 


EnnestsNeal(@orys Sr — lal BISSEIE 2. 25 de ke eet ee ce eed See en At See ee ee 33) 


wgarobilla Clark (Sibinia (Microtychius)), 162 

inisoforficata Parker and Voshell (Hydrop- 
tila), 43 

intilleanus Evans (Nesepyris), 458 

wchboldi Schmidt and Mickel (Dsaymutilla), 
576 

velkini de Meillon and Wirth (Forcipomyia 
(Phytohelea)), 198 

vicavatus Evans (Dissomphalus), 280 

latchleyi Henry (Ceratocapsus), 408 

brasilianum Henry (Myiomma), 556 

breviauris Slater (Patritius), 599 

brevirostris Hambleton (Rhizoecus), 650 

‘apitatum Henry (Myiomma), 557 

Caurininae Russell, 22 

Caurinus Russell, 22 

cecilsmithi Henry (Ceratocapsus), 409 

citipes Krombein (Sclerogibba), 466 


crataepus Summers and Schuster (Ac- 
rotocarus), 484 

dectes Russell (Caurinus), 22 

Dimorphomastax Shenefelt, 131 

dominicana de Meillon and Wirth (For- 


cipomyia (Phytohelea)), 195 
Ecnomios Mason, 640 
ecuadorensis Mathis (Parascatella), 604 
englemani Slater (Patritius), 594 
folkertsi Wolfe and Matta (Hydroporus), 175 
fuligineus Slater (Patritius), 596 
fuliginosa Shenefelt (Bequartia), 129 
fungosus Evans (Dissomphalus), 282 
fusiforme Henry (Myiomma), 560 
gilvipes Evans (Dissomphalus), 283 


gramineus McDaniel, Norton, and Bolen 
(Torpacarus), 626 
graminosus McDaniel, Norton, and Bolen 


(Pseudocryptacarus), 621 
grisselli Evans (Anisepyris), 465 
hastatus Evans (Dissomphalus), 281 
helvola DeLong (Polana), 301 
hirsutus Henry (Ceratocapsus), 410 
hoogstraali Young (Cofana), 13 
infuscatus Henry and Herring (Corticoris), 85 
ischnodemoides Slater (Patritius), 595 
Javanensis Wirth and Wada (Camptop- 
terohelea), 347 
Jeanneae Wolfe and Matta (Hydroporus), 174 
Jedarfa Young (Cofana), 15 
Jenniferae Wolfe and Matta (Hydroporus), 171 


Index to New Taxa, Volume 81 


Karlissa Krombein, 428 

knighti Henry (Ceratocapsus), 413 

lata Young (Cofana), 18 

luteipenne Flint and Bueno (Macronema), 532 

maai Young (Cofana), 11 

magnadens Reichart (Anisops), 447 

maryae Warner (Eudiagogus), 305 

mastuerzo Clark (Sibinia (Microtychius)), 157 

medleri Young (Cofana), 19 

megomphalus Evans (Dissomphalus), 279 

melalbida DeLong (Polana), 301 

melella DeLong (Polana), 302 

meridensis Cermeli and Smith (Picturaphis 
venezuelensis), 617 

mexicanum Henry (Myiomma), 561 

mexicanus Henry and Herring (Corticoris), 87 

napo. Evans (Dissomphalus), 282 

nigellus Bohart (Ectemnius), 496 

obliquus Evans (Dissomphalus), 279 

ornatum Henry (Myiomma), 563 

papuensis Mason (Ecnomios), 642 

peculiaris Shenefelt (Dimorphomastax), 133 

pedicellus Gordh and Hendrickson (Di- 
glyphus), 678 

pellucida Greenfield and Karandinos (Paran- 
threne), 499 

Physohelea Grogan and Wirth, 53 

piceatus Henry (Ceratocapsus), 415 

pogo Warner (Eudiagogus), 309 

pojanii Cermeli and Smith (Picturaphis), 611 

polaris Young (Cofana), 14 

promisca Shenefelt (Bequartia), 131 

Prosochaetini Barnes, 294 

Pseudocryptacarus McDaniel, Norton, and 
Bolen, 621 

pubescens Henry (Ceratocapsus), 417 

putara DeLong (Polana), 298 

rubrooculatum Henry (Myiomma), 563 

sana DeLong (Polana), 299 

schuhi Henry (Myiomma), 565 

semipallidum Henry (Myiomma), 567 

separata Young (Cofana), 12 

sinclairi Lewis (Stenonema), 321 

solida DeLong (Polana), 302 

sotot Young (Cofana), 20 

spangleri Mathis (Parascatella), 607 

taprobanana Krombein (Sclerogibba), 473 

tensicollis Triplehorn (Corticeus), 46 

tintitaco Clark (Sibinia (Microtychius)), 160 


tokunagai Wirth and Wada = (Camptop- 
terohelea), 349 

tropica Méndez and Lemke (Myodopsylla), 
657 

tuberculatus Triplehorn (Corticeus), 48 

tzaneenensis de Meillon and Wirth 
cipomyia (Phytohelea)), 184 


vallensis Evans (Dissomphalus), 281 


(For- 


variipenne Flint and Bueno (Macronema), 528 

venezuclensis Cermeli and Smith (Pic- 
turaphis), 614 

watlingensis Elliott and Salbert (Cerceris), 
359 

wheeleri Henry (Ceratocapsus), 421 

vasumatsui Young (Cofana), 16 

Zodia Heppner, 685 


OL: Si JANUARY 1979 NO. 1 


F*™ PROCEEDINGS 


of the 


NTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
of WASHINGTON 


DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20560 


PUBLISHED QUARTERLY 


‘. Table of Contents 
Volume 81, Number 1, Proceedings ESW 


‘ARLSON, R. W.—Seventy-three names validated in “Jchneumon” and **Evania”’ 
(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in posthumously published letters written by 


“CHEIRSTTIES? sooth Eee CRG eI IEE Sean toe ee LEE A te he 70 
‘ADS, R. B., E. G. CAMPOS and A. M. BARNES.—New records for several flea 
(Siphonaptera) species in the United States, with observations on species parasitiz- 
igeecarmivoresin the Rocky Mountain Region :....)2-..c4..s.- +++ see sess eons 38 
7OOTE, R. H.—Ischyropteron Bigot revisited (Diptera: Tephritidae)................. 97 
JROGAN, W. L., JR. and W. W. WIRTH.—A new Neotropical genus of predaceous 
midges, with a key to the genera of Heteromyiini (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) ..... 51 
TENRY, T. J. and J. L. HERRING.—Review of the genus Corticoris with descriptions 
of two new species from Mexico (Hemiptera: Miridae: Isometopinae) ............ 82 
TENRY T. J. and A. G. WHEELER, JR.—Orthotylus translucens: Taxonomic status 
and correction of published misidentifications (Hemiptera: Miridae) .............. 60 
HOY, M. A. and P. M. MARSH.—Breeding tests support synonymy of Apanteles 
melanoscelus and Apanteles solitarius (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)............... 75 
<ENNEDY, J. H. and H. B. WHITE III.—Description of the nymph of Ophiogomphus 
64 


Beet Onata: COMPA) sine setae ere G4 cu cals seis Sis wkaicg Balee bles S A edcls. F weeine 


(Continued on back cover) 


‘ THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF WASHINGTON 


ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884 


OFFICERS FOR 1979 


DONALD R. Davis, President HELEN SOLLERS-RIEDEL, Hospitality Chairwo 
T. J. SPILMAN, President-Elect MICHAEL FARAN, Program Chairn 
WAYNE N. MartTuis, Recording Secretary Joyce A. UTMAR, Membership Chairwon 
MIGNON B. Davis, Corresponding Secretary SuUEO NAKAHARA, Custod 
F. CHRISTIAN THOMPSON, Treasurer DONALD R. Davis, Delegate, Wash. Acad. 


MANYA B. STOETZEL, Editor 
Publications Committee 
Eric E. GRISSELL JOHN M. KINGSOLVER 
ASHLEY B. GURNEY Davip R. SMITH GEORGE C. STEYSKAL 


Honorary President 
C. F. W. MUESEBECK 


Honorary Members 
FREDERICK W. Poos RAYMOND A. ST. GEOR 


All correspondence concerning Society business should be mailed to the appropriate officer at the following address: Entomol) 
Society of Washington, c/o Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


MEETINGS.—Regular meetings of the Society are held in the Ecology Theater, Natural History Building, Smithsonian Institutio 
the first Thursday of each month from October to June, inclusive, at 8 P.M. Minutes of meetings are published regularly i 
Proceedings. | 


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year. | 


PROCEEDINGS.—Published quarterly beginning with January by the Society at Washington, D.C. Members in good standing rec] 
the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Nonmember subscriptions are $15.00 per year, domestic, and $17.09 
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STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP 
Title of Publication: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 
Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October). 


Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: The Entomological Society of Washington, c/o Depart) 
of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution NW, Washington, D.C. 20560. {| 


Editor: Dr. Manya B. Stoetzel, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, BARC-W, Beltsville, Maryland 20705. 
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This issue was mailed 28 February 1979 
Second Class Postage Paid at Washington, D.C. and additional mailing office. 


PRINTED BY ALLEN PRESS, INC., LAWRENCE, KANSAS 66044, USA 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 1-21 
; A REVIEW OF THE LEAFHOPPER GENUS COFANA 
(HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)! 


DaAviID A. YOUNG 


Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 
North Carolina 27650. 


Abstract.—The Old World genus Cofana is redescribed. A list of species 
with synonyms and distributions includes 10 new combinations, 8 new syn- 
onyms and the following 9 new species: hoogstraali, jedarfa, lata, maai, 
medleri, polaris, separata, sotoi and yasumatsui. A key to 17 of the 19 known 

| species and illustrations of many of the key characters are included. 


The genus Cofana is part of the leafhopper tribe Cicadellini, of the Old 
World, that is under study by the author. Because of requests for iden- 
tifications, often involving unpublished synonymy, new combinations, and 
undescribed species, it is considered advisable to present this review before 
the remainder of the work. Coded bibliographic references to works before 
1956 (e.g., Kirkaldy 1905b:319) may be found in the Metcalf (1964) work 
cited in the Literature Cited section in this paper, the number after the 
colon referring to the page. 

Institutional abbreviations used in the text are as follows: AMNH, Amer- 
ican Museum of Natural History: BM, British Museum; BPBM, Bernice P. 
Bishop Museum; CAS, California Academy of Sciences; HNHM, Hungar- 
ian Natural History Museum; MHNP, Museum National d’ Histoire Natu- 
relle; MMB, Moravian Museum in Brno; NCS, North Carolina State Uni- 
versity; RMS, Riksmuseet, Stockholm; USNM, United States National 
Museum; ZIL, Zoological Institute, Lund; ZIMH, Zoologisches Institut und 
Museum, Hamburg. 


Genus Cofana Melichar 


Cofana Melichar, 1926a:345. Type-species: Tettigonia quinquenotata Stal, 
which is a junior subjective synonym of Tettigonia eburnea Walker, by 
subsequent designation of China, 1938d:185. 

Yasumatsuus Ishihara, 1971:18. Type-species: Kolla mimica Distant (mis- 
determined), by original designation and monotypy, which is Cofana yas- 
umatsui, new species, described below. NEW SYNONYMY. 


Description.—Length of male 5.3-11.8 mm, of female 5.3-13.0 mm. 


' Paper number 5665 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment 
Station, Raleigh, North Carolina. 


PD PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Head not strongly produced, median length of crown from 4/10 to slightly 
more than 34 interocular width, and from % to slightly more than °/10 trans- 
ocular width, anterior margin varying from narrowly (eburnea (Walker) and 
sotoi, new species) to broadly rounded in dorsal view; ocelli usually aligned 
with anterior eye angles, or slightly more posteriorly in most species (ex- 
ception: female of C. separata, new species), each closer to adjacent 
anterior eye angle than to median line of crown (exceptions: the new species 
minima and jedarfa in which they are equidistant from adjacent anterior 
eye angle and median line); crown with or without a concavity across ocelli, 
disk not sculptured, lateral clypeal sutures extending onto crown and at- 
taining ocelli; antennal ledges not protuberant, in lateral view with anterior 
margins varying from rectilinear to convex or concave and from vertical to 
oblique; clypeus usually very broadly and slightly convex medially, or flat- 
tened medially (shallowly concave in eburnea (Walker)), granulate or not 
sculptured medially, muscle impressions distinct or not (varying interspe- 
cifically), transclypeal suture entire (usually) or interrupted medially; cly- 
pellus in profile continuing contour of clypeus or with its apical portion 
more nearly horizontal, without pubescence. 

Thorax with pronotal width varying in comparison to transocular width 
of head, broader in most species (narrower in eburnea, albida (Walker), 
equal to width of head in unimaculata (Signoret), and variable within je- 
darfa, new species), pronotum with lateral margins convergent anteriorly, 
dorsopleural carinae almost always incomplete, posterior margin shallowly 
concave, posterior portion of disk transversely rugulose or not; scutellum 
occasionally transversely rugulose on posterior portion. Forewing usually 
hyaline and without a membrane (exception: subvirescens (Stal) which is 
coriaceous except for apical membrane), veins usually distinct, often fus- 
cous, with 3 anteapical cells of which innermost, or middle one, or both, 
may be open basally; outer margin (wings at rest) of Ist apical cell occa- 
sionally curved toward commissural margin so that apex of Ist apical cell 
does not attain apical margin; forewings of female in rest position exceeding 
apex of ovipositor. Hindleg with femoral setal formula 2:1:1, or occasionally 
2:1:1:1; Ist tarsomere approximately equal in length to 2 distal tarsomeres, 
with 2 parallel rows of plantar setae and setae of one of the rows longer 
than those of other row. 

Male genitalia with pygofer moderately produced with posterodorsal mar- 
gin convex, posteroventral margin oblique, with a number of large macro- 
setae near apex and parallel to posteroventral margin, usually with a group 
of microsetae parallel to ventral margin, without setae on disk, pygofer 
processes absent; pygofer without more lightly sclerotized areas of flexion. 
Plates triangular, with uniseriate macrosetae from base to apex. Style short, 
with distinct lateral lobe on shank, apex truncate, often with a minute angle 
on mesal margin before apex (not shown in accompanying illustrations). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 3 


Connective short, triangular or trapezoidal. Aedeagus with dorsal apodemes 
well developed, shaft cylindrical (exception: C. /ata, new species) and with- 
out processes (exception: C. yasumatsui, new species, which has paired 
short apical processes); aedeagus not articulated with connective, shaft di- 
rected posteriorly or posteroventrad. Paraphyses absent. 

Sternal abdominal apodemes well developed in male but length and shape 
not always consistent within species. 

Female abdominal sternum VII produced with posterior margin varying 
interspecifically; broadly convex, slightly narrowed and truncate, slightly 
narrowed and emarginate, or gradually narrowed to narrowly rounded apex. 
Genital chamber without sclerites. Ovipositor 2nd valvulae very broad be- 
yond basal curvature, with ventral margin slightly convex and dorsal 
margin more strongly convex to anteapical portion which is slightly concave 
to apex which is located dorsoapically; dorsal margin with quadrate primary 
teeth except at base, smaller near base, larger apically, each bearing a 
number of secondary denticles, anteapical portion with numerous denticles, 
without apicoventral denticles. Pygofer broadly convex dorsoapically with a 
few macrosetae in a group near apex and a short distance anteroventrally 
near margin. 

Specimens of Cofana are lightly sclerotized and require much less time 
in KOH for maceration (four hours in concentrated solution without heating) 
than in other genera of Cicadellini. Longer exposure of females to KOH 
results in twisting of the 2nd valvulae of the ovipositor. The male genitalia 
are not very useful for identification in most species. 

Discussion.—Cofana is in the leafhopper subfamily Cicadellinae, tribe 
Cicadellini of which the New World representatives were treated recently 
by Young (1977). It belongs to the Cicadella generic group discussed in that 
work. Of the genera in that group, Cofana is very similar in appearance to 
Plesiommata. Both of the genera also have conspicuous sternal abdominal 
apodemes. Cofana lacks the basal aedeagal processes found in Plesiommata 
and the paraphyses found in the other genera of the Cicadella generic group. 

Specimens belonging to Cofana Melichar have been examined from New 
Britain, the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Fiji Islands, northern Aus- 


tralia, New Guinea, Borneo, Celebes, Java, Sumatra, Okinawa, the Phil- 


ippines, Malaya, Singapore, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Viet Nam, South 
China, Formosa, Japan, Korea, Burma, Sikkim, Bengal, Nepal, W. Paki- 
stan, NE. and S. India, Ceylon, Yemen, Iran, Madagascar, Eritrea, Ethio- 
pia, Chad, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Upper Vol- 
ta, Cameroons, Gabon, Principe Island, French Equatorial Africa, Nigeria, 
Uganda, Belgian Congo, Tanganyika, Angola, Northern and Southern Rho- 
desia, Transvaal, Natal and Cape Province. 

My interpretation of Tettigonia albida Walker is based on the holotype, 
a specimen from Port Natal, Africa, from which the abdominal apex and the 


4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 1. Cofana spectra: a, head and pronotum, dorsal view; b, same, lateral view; c, male 
pygofer, lateral view; d, male plate, ventral view; e, style and connective, dorsal view; f, 
aedeagus, lateral view; g, aedeagus, caudoventral view; h, apodemes of male abdominal ster- 
num II (broken line represents conjunctiva); 1, female abdominal sternum VII, ventral view 
(asymmetry is actual) (a—-g from interception; h from specimen from Queensland, Australia; i 
from NW. New Guinea). 


right forewing are missing. It agrees closely in form with a series of speci- 
mens in BPBM from Palawan in the Philippines and British North Borneo, 
differing only in that the holotype has only a discal small black spot on the 
crown, while the Palawan specimens also have a very small black apical 
spot on the head and a very small black scutellar spot. I cannot account for 
the discrepancy in localities between the holotype and the other specimens 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 5 


(Perhaps the holotype was taken aboard ship?). I have seen no other spec- 
imen from Africa at all similar to the holotype. The species is very close to 
C. eburnea (Walker). 

My interpretation of Tettigonia eburnea Walker rests on the male lecto- 
type of which the male genitalia are very similar to the illustrations of Co- 
fana spectra (Distant) (Fig. 1). Cofana eburnea is a highly variable species 
with the lectotypes of Tettigonia quinquenotata Stal and Tettigoniella 
whiteheadi Distant lying within the limits of variation. 

I have not seen type-material of Tettigonia fuscivenis Bergroth. Ber- 
groth’s original description did not mention an apical spot on the head. | 
have seen seven specimens from Madagascar from MMB and two from 
RMS, all without an apical spot on the head and all belonging to Cofana 
unimaculata (Signoret) as interpreted in the present work. Nevertheless, 
without having seen Bergroth’s specimens, I am unwilling to synonymize 
the two names, although the probability is that they should be synonymized. 

I have seen a paratype of Poecilocarda grisea Evans, but it was not at 
hand as this was written. There is no doubt that it belongs in Cofana. 

I have seen no type-specimen of Kolla lineatus Distant. Two specimens 
in MMB were determined by Melichar as a variety of Cicadella spectra 
(Distant). A number of specimens at hand fit the original description well, 
except that all are smaller than Distant stated (5.4-6.6 mm vs. 7 mm), and 
I have seen no other species from Ceylon that would fit the description. 

Although I selected a lectotype of Tettigonia nigrilinea Stal in RMS, my 
knowledge of Cofana at that time was only sufficient to place it generically. 
There are four species with a size range of males fitting the original descrip- 
tion and with a conspicuous dark median line on the pronotum and scutellum 
(jedarfa, new species, lineata (Distant), perkinsi (Kirkaldy), and nigrilinea); 
only one occurs in the Philippines. I have determined this species as nigri- 
linea. 

Kirkaldy (1905b:319) wrote a key to the cicadelline species that he in- 
cluded in that paper. The species are numbered in the key, with the new 
species perkinsi being number 2. He then proceeded to describe the species 
in numerical order with the number and name of each species in its center- 
head. There is no species numbered **2,”> but a centerhead: “‘koebelei, sp. 
nov.’ appears between “‘1. albida (Walker)? and **3. pasiphae, sp. nov.” 
One concludes that the description koebelei applies to the species “*2. per- 
kinsi sp. nov.’ of the key. Both names are available, but perkinsi has line 
priority. I have seen no specimens of this species from Australia (type- 
locality Cairns, Queensland), but I have based my determination on a spec- 
imen from Port Moresby, New Guinea that agrees with the original descrip- 
tion of koebelei and with Evans’ 1966a:144, Fig. 23D illustration. 

I have identified Tettigoniella spectra Distant in the sense of the lecto- 
type in BM. Distant proposed this name as a substitute name for Tettigonia 


6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


albida Signoret. But Signoret’s albida was merely a misdetermination of — 
the Walker species, not a separate proposal, and therefore not a homonym, 
and there was no type-series. Distant’s ‘‘new name”’ actually constituted a 
separate proposal, and I therefore designated a lectotype for spectra 
(Young, 1965:194). 

My identification of Tettigonia subvirescens Stal agrees with the lecto- 
type. This species is easily recognized by the somewhat coriaceous greenish 
forewings. 

At the time I designated the lectotype of Tettigonia unimaculata Signoret, 
I recognized the species as a close relative of Cofana spectra (Distant). 
Signoret pointed out the significance of the lack of an apical black spot on 
the head in his original description. Although some specimens of other 
species share this character (see key), it is important in species recognition. 
I have seen the types of the nominal species listed in synonymy in the 
accompanying list of species, except Kolla tripunctifrons Banks which Met- 
calf (1965:430) placed in Cofana. A specimen from Luzon determined by 
Melichar as tripunctifrons is the same as unimaculata Signoret. 

A number of authors have reported Cofana spectra (Distant) from eco- 
nomic plants including rice, barley, wheat, sugarcane and sorghum. Misra 
(1920a:229) reported it from grass. Esaki and Ito (1954a:16) reported it also 
from ‘‘rush’’ and from mulberry. But all this information needs to be verified 
in the light of refinements in our knowledge of species recognition. Clausen 
(1931a:45) reported C. subvirescens (Stal) from sugarcane. Most of these 
accounts fail to state that the species observed was very important econom- 
ically, even though feeding, or occurring on, economic plants. Undoubtedly 
several species occur commonly in paddies, and one apparently has been 
observed to oviposit on rice plants. Ishihara (1971:18) reported Yasumat- 
suus mimicus Distant (misdetermination = Cofana yasumatsui, new species 
described herein) as a pest of rice and illustrated the last instar nymphs. 


SPECIES OF COFANA 


albida (Walker), 1851b:767 (Tettigonia). Philippines: Palawan; Br. N. Bor- 
neo. NEW COMBINATION. 
eburnea (Walker), 1857b:168 (Tettigonia). Philippines: Luzon, Mindoro, 
Negros, Leyte, Palawan, Mindanao; Borneo: Br. N. Borneo, Sarawak; 
W. Sumatra. NEW COMBINATION. 
quinquenotata (Stal), 1870c:734 (Tettigonia). NEW SYNONYMY. 
whiteheadi (Distant), 1908f:142 (Tettigoniella). NEW SYNONYMY. 
fuscivenis (Bergroth), 1894a:2 (Tettigonia). Madagascar. NEW COMBI- 
NATION. 
grisea (Evans), 1955b:9 (Poecilocarda). Belgian Congo. NEW COMBI- 
NATION. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER I 7 


hoogstraali, NEW SPECIES. Dutch New Guinea, New Britain. 
jedarfa, NEW SPECIES. Belgian Congo, Uganda. 
lata, NEW SPECIES. S. China, Viet Nam, Java. 
lineata (Distant), 1908g:224 (Kolla). Nepal, NE. India, S. India, Ceylon, 
Java. NEW COMBINATION. 
maai, NEW SPECIES. NE. New Guinea. 
medleri, NEW SPECIES. Liberia, Nigeria, Chad, Gabon, Principe Is., Fr. 
Equatorial Africa, Belgian Congo, Rhodesia, Transvaal. 
nigrilinea (Stal), 1870c:735 (Tettigonia). Formosa; S. China; Viet Nam; S. 
India; N. and S. Malaya; Singapore; Sarawak; N. Borneo; Phillippines: 
Palawan, Negros, Mindanao; Dutch New Guinea; NE. New Guinea; Pa- 
pua; New Britain; Bougainville; Guadalcanal. NEW COMBINATION. 
perkinsi (Kirkaldy), 1906c:319 (Tettigonia). New Guinea: Papua; [Australia: 
Queensland]. NEW COMBINATION. 
koebelei (Kirkaldy) loc. cit. (Tettigonia). NEW SYNONYMY. 
polaris, NEW SPECIES. Liberia, Upper Volta, Nigeria, Belgian Congo. 
separata, NEW SPECIES. Is. of New Britain. 
—sotoi, NEW SPECIES. Sierra Leone. 
spectra (Distant), 1908g:211 (Tettigoniella). Fr. Equatorial Africa; Sen- 
egal; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ghana; Nigeria; Cape Province; Natal; Trans- 
vaal; Chad; Rhodesia; Tanganyika; Uganda; Ethiopia; Eritrea; Yemen; 
Iran; W. Pakistan; Nepal; Sikkim; Formosa; S. China; Burma: Shan 
States, Tenasserim; Laos; Thailand; Viet Nam; Bengal; Calcutta; S. In- 
dia; Ceylon; Malaya; Java; Sumatra; Okinawa; Philippines: Luzon, Min- 
doro, Negros, Leyte, Palawan, Mindanao; N. Borneo; Sarawak; N. Ce- 
lebes; Dutch New Guinea, NE. New Guinea, Papua; Australia: N. 
Territory, Queensland; New Britain; New Caledonia; Fiji Is.; Guadalcan- 
al. NEW COMBINATION. 
subvirescens (Stal), 1870c:734 (Tettigonia). W. Pakistan; S. China; Ceylon; 
Viet Nam; Burma; Thailand; Malaya: Pahang, Malacca; Sumatra; Java; 
Philippines: Luzon, Negros, Misamis, Mindanao; New Guinea. NEW 
COMBINATION. 
unimaculata (Signoret), 1854a:26 (Tettigonia). Fr. Equatorial Africa; 
Senegal; Sierra Leone; Liberia; Ghana; Upper Volta; Nigeria; Br. Cam- 
eroons; Gabon; Belgian Congo; Uganda; Tanganyika; Northern Rhodesia; 
Transvaal; Natal; Madagascar; S. China; NE., NW. and S. India; Ceylon; 
Nepal; Formosa; Laos; Cambodia; Viet Nam; W. Pakistan; Burma: Ran- 
goon, Tenasserim; Malaya; Singapore; Java; Philippines: Luzon, Min- 
doro, Negros, Cebu, Samar, Palawan, Mindanao; Borneo: Dutch New 
Guinea; Australia: Queensland. NEW COMBINATION. 
punctum (Taschenberg), 1884a:445 (Tettigonia). NEW SYNONYMY. 
mimica (Distant), 1908g:225 (Kolla). NEW SYNONYMY. 


8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 2. Cofana eburnea: a, anterior dorsum; b, head and pronotum, lateral view; c, female 
abdominal sternum VII (all from lectotype of Tettigonia quinquenotata Stal, from Philippine 
Islands). Fig. 3. Cofana maai: a, anterior dorsum; b, female abdominal sternum VII (both 
from holotype). Fig. 4. Cofana separata, anterior dorsum (holotype). Fig. 5. Cofana hoogs- 
traali, male: a, anterior dorsum; b, sternal abdominal apodemes (broken line represents con- 
junctiva) (from specimen from Dutch New Guinea ). Fig. 6. Cofana unimaculata: a, anterior 
dorsum; b, sternal abdominal apodemes of male (broken line represents conjunctiva) (from 
specimen from eastern Negros Island, Philippines); c, female abdominal sternum VII (from 
specimen from Gabon). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 9 


tripunctifrons (Banks), 1910a:51 (Kolla). NEW SYNONYMY. 
differentialis (Baker), 1914a:420 (Tettigoniella). NEW SYNONYMY. 
hopinensis (Distant), 1918b:3 (Tettigoniella). NEW SYNONYMY. 
yasumatsui, NEW SPECIES. S. China, Viet Nam, Thailand, Sarawak, Bor- 
neo, Java. 


KEY TO SPECIES OF COFANA 
(C. grisea (Evans) and C. fuscivenis (Bergroth) not included) 


1. Head with transocular width less than greatest width of pronotum 


— Head with transocular width equal to or greater than greatest width 
Glepronocimiere Satie eds Oe. Reel Aes PE ee ee a 3 
2. Forewing with inner anteapical cell closed basally .............. 
ME hs ah scot sn Ra aera od oaks albida (Walker) 
-— Forewing with inner anteapical cell open basally (Fig. 2) ........ 
ey er RTT PI 5 cnt ois Sonn peer onosny ahs mails eburnea (Walker) 
3. Crown with paired discal spots or with a discal transverse marking 


MEMES) Peers Teenie ent Late Peal. ais maai, new species 
— Crown with one discal spot or a longitudinal line, or without discal 

TPTLOTOVS ss sote otal 8 Ob SRMCRERS cotta ts Oa ae Meee Se pee CE RR NAPS TT OES ere RPE ES ee 4 
ay Head without asmedianiapical black«¢spot. 42. 4)..600328 Sok Re, . 5 
=e ilead witha median apical’ DIACK. SPOt: «cic cos sacs eres: aye od Geto sues tes onetas 9 
5. Length of male 9.2 mm or more; of female 10 mm or more ........ 6 
=~ wengthrot male 5.3—8:0 mms: or female-5:3=9:4 mm s...260 9.05 he. 7 
6. Crown and pronotum dark, marked with yellow (New Britain) (Fig. 

AN RCP URE ADEA Gest lie i Paap: yl Ws hs ti) se separata, new species 


-— Crown and pronotum usually unmarked (crown rarely with a dark 

median discal spot) (New Britain and Dutch New Guinea) (Fig. 5) 

ME REO ere. CIR IME IE Slice So a BOA hoogstraali, new species 
7. Head with a median pale spot at transition from crown to face ..... 8 
-— Head without such a spot (Fig. 6)........... unimaculata (Signoret) 
8. Pronotum and scutellum with a conspicuous dark line ........... 

OP Teak CIS AE Sacks ae ee Se LS Me cE polaris, new species 
= Pronotum and scutellum ‘unmarked ............ 02) sotoi, new species 
9. Large specimens, length usually 10 mm or more; female abdominal 

sternum VII truncate apically but slightly convex medially (Fig. 7) 

5 Ui SFOS SOT DOT ne ore ee ae ee PE subvirescens (Stal) 
— Without above combination of characters; length almost always 


LSS Seti Onin peck ether en etenns Se a aie ows SA NS CE 10 
10. Crown with a median posterior longitudinal dark marking that con- 
tinues as a median pronotal dark stripe without interruption ...... 1] 


— Crown not so marked, with a broader median discal spot ......... 12 


10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


TA 


lie 


Fig. 7. Cofana subvirescens, lectotype: a, anterior dorsum; b, female abdominal sternum 
VII. Fig. 8. Cofana perkinsi, anterior dorsum (from specimen from Port Moresby, New Guin- 
ea). Fig. 9. Cofana jedarfa, holotype, anterior dorsum. Fig. 10. Cofana lineata: a, anterior 
dorsum; b, apodemes of male abdominal sternum II (from specimen from Kandy, Ceylon). 
Fig. 11. Cofana yasumatsui: a, holotype, aedeagus, lateral view; b, female abdominal sternum 
VII; c, female pygofer, lateral view; d, second valvula of ovipositor; e, teeth near base of 
second valvula; f, teeth near middle of same; g, apex of second valvula (b-—g from topotype). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 11 


ia 


Ie: 


Lateral pronotal margins dark, in dorsal view (Papua, N. Australia) 


(BiCNS Ps peste. caeteeeN es oh aatiot shoei ens perkinsi (Kirkaldy) 
Lateral pronotal margins not dark-bordered in dorsal view (Central 
NGhICA) EGE IE:. 29); AES hese eee i eit tee lon Jedarfa, new species 


Head produced and triangular; specimens smaller (length of male 
5.4-5.9 mm; of female 6.0-6.6 mm); head with median length °/10 
interocular width or more; with a median pronotal line continuing 
ontoscutellumy(FigedO) ai: 22k <eseie eel orks lineata (Distant) 
Head less produced, more broadly rounded at apex; specimens 
larger (length at least 6.3 mm in male; 7.7 mm in female); head with 
median length less in relation to interocular width; with or without 
median pronotal line that continues onto scutellum............... 13 


. Forewing with middle anteapical cell open basally; male with a pair 


oishortiapicaliaedeagaluprocesses:(Fig:il1)i2s 2. Beaieccttinw fees 
PERN vane toe sracegte nae Peto nrel otenl 4 actA a, yasumatsui, new species 
Forewing with middle anteapical cell usually closed basally; male 
WWihOUmaAcd caval MLOCESSESis act oste mise sheers 1a ee eens 14 


. Pronotum with 3 parallel brown longitudinal lines on disk, all ex- 


tending onto scutellum; aedeagal shaft broad in lateral view (Fig. 
WA rete eek fed Aart ethos. endex (awe ies lata, new species 
Pronotum with only one line extending onto scutellum, or none; 
aedeagal shaft cylindrical, not broader in lateral than in ventral view 


Pree ieee Nace (lieth eal ge TARE SEs weak ose Badass 15 
. Specimens more robust; female abdominal sternum VII with pos- 

terior margin slightly undulate, but broadly convex (much as in 

Vasmimaisur eign Hil) Ghee owa hy koe. otbemery i: spectra (Distant) 

Specimens more slender; female abdominal sternum VII narrowed 

and t@iumnecate ion emarginatesapically jasc sca. soe) dead ater: 16 


. Head with median discal spot usually larger; often with a median 


pronotal dark stripe extending onto scutellum; female abdominal 
sternum VII narrowed and truncate apically (Palaearctic, Oriental, 
MUS talian) s Chis eed) atte: beeeee tet, Sete eke MAN 0) nigrilinea (Stal) 
Head with median discal spot usually smaller; without such a pro- 
notal stripe; female abdominal sternum VII narrowed and emargin- 
atevapically (Ethiopian) (Figs14) acca. ds..8 mess medleri, new species 


Cofana maai Young, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 3 


Description.—Length of female 7.9-8.2 mm. 
Head with median length of crown approximately 4/10 interocular width 


and from % to slightly more than 4 transocular width, anterior margin 
broadly rounded in dorsal view; ocelli behind a line between anterior eye 
angles; crown with a slight transverse concavity between ocelli; antennal 


12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


ledges in lateral view with anterior margins oblique and concave; clypeus 
flattened and granulate medially, muscle impressions distinct, transclypeal 
suture interrupted medially, clypellus with contour of its lower portion very 
slightly more nearly horizontal than profile of clypeus. 

Pronotum with greatest width less than transocular width of head, dor-— 
sopleural carinae incomplete, posterior portion of disk weakly transversely 
rugulose; scutellum not transversely rugulose; forewing with veins fuscous, 
with anteapical cells closed basally. 

Male genital characters much as in C. spectra (Fig. 1). Female abdominal 
sternum VII with posterior margin converging obliquely to narrowly convex 
apex. 

Crown with a pair of fuscous close-set spots near median line (type) be- 
tween ocelli or with a transverse fuscous marking, apex of head usually 
(holotype) with a small fuscous median spot bordered with yellow; prono- 
tum unmarked (type) or with a faint median fuscous line; scutellum un- 
marked. Face with a small fuscous spot on each side bordering margin of 
antennal ledge at transition from face to crown, median portion of clypeus 
pale, areas of muscle impressions darker; remainder of face, thoracic venter 
and pleura, abdominal venter, and legs dull yellow except dark bases of 
tibial setae. 

Material Examined.—Holotype 2? , Maprik, NE. New Guinea, 150 m, Dec. 
29, 1959-Jan. 17, 1960 (T. C. Maa); 1 2, Sepik, Maprik area, NE. New 
Guinea, 160 m, Aug. 23, 1957 (D. Elmo Hardy); and | 2, Sepik River, Pagwi — 
area, 5m, Aug. 25, 1957 (D. Elmo Hardy) (BPBM): 2 2 and 4 6, Hollandia, 
New Guinea, March, 1945 (K. L. Knight) (USNM). 

Diagnosis.—This species can be separated from all other species of Co- 
fana by the distinctive form of the female abdominal sternum VII. 

Etymology.—The species is named in honor of the collector of the ho- 
lotype, whose collections have contributed much to the knowledge of the 
Cicadellinae. 


Cofana separata Young, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 4 

Description.—Length of male 9.9 mm, of female 11.5 mm. 

Head with median length of crown approximately °/10 interocular width 
and slightly less than 4/10 transocular width, anterior margin broadly round- 
ed in dorsal view; ocelli on (male) or before (female) a line between anterior 
eye angles, each approximately equidistant from median line and adjacent 
anterior eye angle; crown with a slight transverse concavity between ocelli; | 
antennal ledges in lateral view with anterior margins oblique and convex; | 
clypeus convex and granulate medially, clypellus with contour of its lower | 
portion slightly (male) or greatly (female) more nearly horizontal than profile | 
of clypeus. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER I 13 


Pronotum with greatest width approximately equal to transocular width 
of head, dorsopleural carinae incomplete, posterior portion transversely ru- 
gose, scutellum transversely rugulose behind transverse impression; fore- 
wing with veins fuscous, with anteapical cells closed basally, outer margin 
of inner apical cell curved towards commissural margin and apex of inner 
apical cell not attaining wing apex as a result. 

Male genitalia as in generic description. Female abdominal sternum VII 
with posterior margin gradually and regularly convex. 

Crown and pronotum dark except area including muscle impressions 

(which are also dark) and narrow area adjacent to posterior margin on 
crown, and a group of irregular submarginal markings near anterior margin 
of pronotum, which are dull yellow; scutellum of female very pale with 
median area narrowly dark in basal 12, expanded to include all of portion 
behind transverse impression; basal portion of scutellum obscured medially 
by pin in male, apical portion concolorous with remainder. Clypeus of male 
black except yellow lines between muscle impressions; clypeus of female 
as in male except lower portion and broad lateral portion adjoining gena on 
each side, which are yellow; clypellus and posterior portion of genae dull 
yellow; proepimeron dark beneath dorsopleural carina; mesepimeron dark 
in male; male with legs dark beyond knees (femoro-tibial joints), female with 
prothoracic legs broken off at knees, mesothoracic legs dark beyond knees, 
metathoracic legs pale except ventral apices of tibiae and 2 apical tarso- 
meres, which are dark. 

Material Examined.—Holotype d, Sio, N. coast, New Britain, 600 m, 
July 24, 1956 (E. J. Ford, Jr.), and 1 2, Gazelle Peninsula, Bainings, St. 
Paul’s, New Britain, 350 m, Sept. 6, 1955 (J. L. Gressitt) (BPBM). 

Diagnosis.—Cofana separata differs from other species in the genus by 
the distinctive markings of the anterior dorsum and by the shape of the 
head. 


Cofana hoogstraali Young, NEW SPECIES 
higs5 


Description.—Length of male 9.2—9.5 mm, of female 10.0-10.2 mm. 

Head with median length of crown from slightly less than °/10 to almost 
‘/io interocular width and from slightly more than “% to more than 4/10 
transocular width, anterior margin well produced for the genus; ocelli 
aligned with anterior eye angles; crown with a slight concavity between 
ocelli; antennal ledges in lateral view with anterior margins oblique and 
concave; clypeus convex medially and smooth, muscle impressions distinct, 
transclypeal suture entire, clypellus with contour of its lower portion con- 
tinuing profile of clypeus or slightly more nearly horizontal than profile of 
clypeus. 

Pronotum with greatest width less than transocular width of head, dor- 


14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


sopleural carinae incomplete, posterior portion of pronotum transversely 
rugulose; scutellum transversely rugulose behind transverse impression; 
forewing with veins concolorous with remainder of wing, with anteapical 
cells closed basally. 

Male genital characters much as in C. spectra (Fig. 1). Female abdominal 
sternum VII with posterolateral margins oblique, convergent, apex subtrun- 
cate (much as in illustration of C. eburnea (Walker), Fig. 2). 

Crown and pronotum yellowish-green (in some specimens, Fig. 5, with 
a discal coronal black spot), scutellum and forewings pale yellowish-white. 
Clypeus greenish-yellow, at least medially, remainder of face, thoracic ven- 
ter and pleura, legs and abdominal venter dull yellow; femora without black 
spots at bases of macrosetae. 

Material Examined.—Holotype 2°, Keravat, New Britain, May 17, 1956 
(G. Dun); 1 3, Gazelle Peninsula, Upper Warangoi, Illugi, New Britain, 230 
m, November 25-26, 1962 (J. Sedlacek); 1 d and 2 2, Malmalwan-Vun- 
akanau, Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain, May 4, 6, and 8, 1956 (J. L. Gres- 
sitt); 1 ¢, Guega, W. of Swart Valley, Dutch New Guinea, November 15, 
1958 (J. L. Gressitt) (BPBM). Seven ¢, 250 ft., January 31, March 19, May; 
2 6 and 2 @, kundi grass, Cyclops Mts. foothills, 500 ft., March 7; 3 ¢ and 
1 specimen without abdomen, edge of kunar grass and forest, 1800 ft., 
March 15; 1 6, rain forest, February 9, all Hollandia, New Guinea, 1945 
(H. Hoogstraal) (NCS). 

Diagnosis.—The produced crown and the (usual) lack of dark markings 
will distinguish C. hoogstraali from other species of Cofana. 

Etymology.—The species is named in honor of Harry Hoogstraal who 
collected most of the specimens at hand. 


Cofana polaris Young, NEW SPECIES 


Description.—Length of male 5.3—6.3 mm, of female 5.3-7.2 mm. 

Head with median length of crown from °/10 to 8/10 interocular width and 
from slightly less than 4/10 to almost ’% transocular width; ocelli on or 
slightly behind a line between anterior eye angles, each closer to adjacent 
anterior eye angle than to median line of crown; crown usually with a slight 
transverse concavity between ocelli; antennal ledges in lateral view with 
anterior margins oblique and either rectilinear or convex; clypeus convex 
and granulate medially; transclypeal suture interrupted medially, clypellus 
with contour a continuation of profile of clypeus. 

Pronotum with greatest width less than transocular width of head, dor- | 
sopleural carinae incomplete, posterior portion of disk transversely rugu- 
lose; forewing with veins fuscous, middle anteapical cell open or closed 
basally. | 

Female abdominal sternum VII gradually narrowed to concave apex | 
(much as in illustration of C. unimaculata (Signoret), Fig. 6) but with pos- | 
terior margin concave. 


i] 
a 


| VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 15 


Crown dull yellow to greenish gray, with a median black spot on posterior 
portion partly or completely surrounded by pale yellow; apical median area 
dark between 2 dorsal areas of muscle impressions in some specimens (ho- 
lotype); pronotum dull yellow to fuscous, with a black median line continu- 
ing over scutellum to a varying extent (to apex in holotype), basal angles of 
scutellum dark (holotype) or not; face with a median basal yellow spot 
surrounded by fuscous, a black spot surrounded by yellow adjoining each 
antennal ledge; clypeus and clypellus yellow to brown, with median line 
pale and with pale arcs on area of muscle impressions, clypellus dark me- 
dially; lora yellow with dark markings, or black; proepisternum usually 
black, proepimeron with dorsopleural carina dark-bordered or not; hindlegs 
as in jedarfa (mew species below) or with dark areas much less distinct 
(holotype). 

Material Examined.—Holotype 6, Genewonday, Liberia, **2-17-58-19"" 
roadside (C. Blickenstaff); 1 2, K. State, N. Bussa, Nigeria, December 1, 
1970 (J. T. Medler); 1 2, Gangala Na Bodio, Belgian Congo, April 29, 1955 
(Baker and Schmidt); | 2, 9 mi S. Nobera, Upper Volta, 11°26’N, 1°10’ W, 
November 8-9, 1968, AMP, light trap, 6 PM—6 AM (USNM). One <6, 40 mi 
E. of Matadi, Belgian Congo, July 29, 1957 (E. S. Ross and R. E. Leech) 
(CAS). One 2, ‘‘Savane de Mbouma,’’ March 12, 1968 (Michel Boulard) 
(MHNP). One ¢ and 1 2, Zaria, November 2, 1975; 2 2°, Zaria, November 
a) 1975; 1.46, Zaria, September 13; 1974; 1 9, Ibadan, December 15-19, 
1975; 2 36, near Kafanchan, Kagoro Forest, November 13, 1976, all N. 
Nigeria (all J. C. Deeming) in collection of Institute for Agricultural Re- 
search, Samaru, Nigeria. 

Diagnosis.—The presence of the pale apical head-spot and the longitu- 
dinal dark line of the pronotum are diagnostic for C. polaris. 


Cofana jedarfa Young, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 9 


Description.—Length of male 7.3 mm, of female 7.2-7.8 mm. 

Head with median length of crown from slightly less than °/10 to slightly 
less than %4 interocular width and from slightly less than 4/10 to approx- 
imately 4/10 transocular width; ocelli on a line between anterior eye angles; 
crown with a slight transverse concavity between ocelli; antennal ledges in 
lateral view with anterior margins oblique and concave; clypeus flattened 
and granulate medially, transclypeal suture entire, clypellus with contour a 
continuation of profile of clypeus. 

Pronotum with greatest width less than transocular width of head, dor- 
sopleural carinae incomplete, posterior portion of disk transversely rugu- 
lose; forewing with veins fuscous, middle anteapical cell open or closed 

basally. 
Female abdominal sternum VII gradually narrowed to concave apex 
(much as in illustration of C. subvirescens, Fig. 7). 


16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Dorsum pale tan with a black spot at apex of head; a median dark spot 
close behind it on crown between muscle impressions; and a black spot 
between ocelli narrowing and extending to posterior margin of head and 
continuing through pronotum and onto scutellum almost to its apex; fore- 
wing with veins fuscous; face with the black apical head-spot bordered with 
yellow, with a black spot on each side contiguous with anterior margin of 
antennal ledge or nearly so, clypeus brown with a narrow yellow median 
line extending laterally on each side above transclypeal suture then dorsally 
along lateral clypeal suture and expanding to surround black spot next to 
antennal ledge, with narrow transverse yellow lines on each side in area of 
muscle impressions, clypellus yellow with a dark median line, genae and 
lora yellow, each lorum with a dark margin that gives off a branch across 
the adjacent gena to its posterior margin; with a black spot on proepimeron 
surrounding the dorsopleural carina, and another near dorsal margin of mes- 
episternum, anterior margins of femora of metathoracic legs, in rest posi- 
tion, dark, bases of tibial setae of row 3 dark, remainder of pleura and 
venter pale. 

Material Examined.—Holotype ¢, Faradje, Congo, 29°40’E, 3°40’N, Jan- 
uary 1913 (Lang and Chapin) (AMNH); 1 °, Katona, Uganda, August 1913 
(Majenje) (HNHM); one parasitized ¢, Ankole, Kichwamba, Uganda, April 
23-29, 1968 (P. J. Spangler) (USNM). 

Diagnosis.—In appearance, C. jedarfa is similar to C. polaris and C. 
perkinsi, C. nigrilinea and C. lineata and from all of which it may be sep- 
arated by the characters in the key. The pronotum of jedarfa, in lateral 
view, has a dark border above and below the dorsopleural carina; but the 
pronotum does not appear dark-bordered laterally from a dorsal view, as in 
C. perkinsi. The female abdominal sternum VII of C. perkinsi is similar to 
that found in C. spectra. 


Cofana yasumatsui Young, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 11 


Description.—Length of male 6.4-7.5 mm, of female 7.2-8.0 mm. 

Head with median length of crown from slightly more than 12 to °/10 
interocular width and from 3/10 to almost 4/10 transocular width; ocelli on 
(female) or behind (male) a line between anterior eye angles; crown usually 
with a slight transverse concavity between ocelli; antennal ledges in lateral 
view with anterior margins oblique and convex; clypeus flattened and gran- | 
ulate medially, muscle impressions distinct or not, transclypeal suture en- 
tire, clypellus with contour of its lower portion continuing profile of clypeus 
or slightly more horizontal. 

Pronotum with greatest width less than transocular width of head, pos- | 


f 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER I 17 


terior portion of disk rugulose; scutellum not rugulose; forewing with veins 
fuscous, with middle anteapical cell usually open basally. 

Male pygofer, styles and connective much as in illustration of Cofana 
medleri (Fig. 14); aedeagus in lateral view with a pair of short apical acute 
processes directed towards bases of dorsal apodemes. Female abdominal 
sternum VII gradually narrowed and convex apically, with posterolateral 
margins slightly undulate (much as in C. spectra). 

Crown with a large median black spot, apex with a smaller median black 
spot narrowly bordered with yellow; pronotum unmarked or with a faint 
median fuscous stripe (type). Face with a black spot on each side bordering 
margin of antennal ledge at transition from face to crown, with a dark stripe 
on each side of clypeus over area of muscle impressions and narrowing 
below, clypellus with median line dark, remainder of face, thoracic pleura 
and venter tan to sordid yellow; legs tan to dull yellow, hindlegs with an- 
terior margins of femora, in rest position, and with bases of tibial setae of 
row 3, dark. 

Material Examined.—Holotype and 4 additional d and 3 2 Fyan, Viet 
Nam, 1200 m, July 11-August 9, 1961 (N. R. Spencer); 3 ¢, 10 2 and 1 
specimen without abdomen, same data except 900-1000 m; 2 °, DaLat, 
Viet Nam, 1500 m, September 26-27, 1960 (C. M. Yoshimoto); | @ and 1 
specimen without abdomen, same data as last preceding except collector 
(J. L. Gressitt); 1 2, DaLat, Viet Nam, September 11, 1960, 1550 m (J. L. 
Gressitt); 3 6, 6 km S. of DaLat, Viet Nam, June 9-July 7, 1961 (N. R. 
Spencer); | @, Van Gia, N. of Nha Trang, Viet Nam, November 29—De- 
cember 5, 1960 (C. M. Yoshimoto); 1 2, Ap Hung Long, 21 km NW of 
Di Linh, Viet Nam, November 29—December 5, 1960 (C. M. Yoshimoto); 2 
3, Di Linh (Djiring), September 27—October 14, 1960 (C. M. Yoshimoto); 1 
6 and 2 2, NW. of Chiangmai, Doi Suthep, Thailand, 1278 m, March 29- 
April 4, 1958 (T. C. Maa); 1 9, Chiangmai, Fang, NW. Thailand, 500 m, 
April 12, 1958 (T. C. Maa); 2 ¢ and 1 2, Sarawak, Nanga Pelagus, near 
Kapit, Borneo, 180-585 m, August 7-14, 1958 (T. C. Maa); 1 3d, Sarawak, 
Marirai, V., Kapit Dist., Borneo, 30-300 m, August 1-6, 1958 (T. C. Maa); 
3 6 and 1 2, Sarawak, Sedong, Kampong Tapuh, Borneo, 300-450 m, July 
10, 1958 (T. C. Maa); 1 5, same data as last preceding except date, July 4— 
9, 1958; 1 d and 1 2, Sarawak, Bau District, Pangkalen Tebang, Borneo, 
300-450 m, September 6, 1958 (T. C. Maa); 1 2, Keningan, British N. 
Borneo, Jan. 12-17, 1959 (T. C. Maa) (all in BPBM). Also, one pair in 
copula, S. Halimoen, Java, November, 1938 (ZIL). One ¢ Yin Na San, E. 
Kwantung, China, June 16, 1936 (L. Gressitt) (NCS). 

Diagnosis.—Cofana yasumatsui is the species upon which Dr. Ishihara 
based his genus Yasumatsuus. The aedeagus differs from all other species 
in its short apical processes. 


18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


12a 12¢ 
12b 


14a 
13a 13b 14b 


Fig. 12. Cofana lata, holotype: a, anterior dorsum; b, aedeagus, lateral view; c, left apo- 
deme of male abdominal sternum II (broken line is median). Fig. 13. Cofana nigrilinea: a, 
anterior dorsum; b, female abdominal sternum VII (a from specimen from Mindanao; b from 
Sarawak). Fig. 14. Cofana medleri: a, anterior dorsum; b, female abdominal sternum VII (a 
from Stanleyville, b from Lukolela, both Belgian Congo). 


Cofana lata Young, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 12 


Description.—Length of male 8.3 mm, of female 8.4-9.7 mm. 

Head with median length of crown between °/10 and °/10 interocular width 
and from 3/10 to slightly less than 4/10 transocular width, anterior margin 
broadly rounded in dorsal view; ocelli on or behind a line between anterior 
eye angles; crown with a transverse concavity between ocelli; antennal 
ledge in lateral view with anterior margin oblique, either convex or con- 
cave; clypeus broadly convex and granulate medially, muscle impressions 
distinct, transclypeal suture complete, clypellus with contour of its lower 
portion very slightly more nearly horizontal than profile of clypeus. 

Pronotum with greatest width less than transocular width of head, dor- 
sopleural carinae incomplete, posterior portion of disk weakly transversely 
rugulose; scutellum not transversely rugulose; forewing with veins fuscous, 
with anteapical cells closed basally. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 19 


Male with aedeagal shaft much broader than in other species of the genus, 
other male genital characters much as in C. spectra (Fig. 1). Female ab- 
dominal sternum VII with posterior margin much as in C. subvirescens (Fig. 
a). 

Crown with a median discal black spot between ocelli and a median black 
spot bordered with yellow at apex; pronotum and scutellum with ground 
color concolorous with crown, with 3 longitudinal brown stripes over disk 
of pronotum extending onto scutellum, the median one attaining apical 12 
of scutellum, the lateral ones ending just behind posterior pronotal margin, 
lateral pronotal margin narrowly bordered with brown; forewing with veins 
fuscous. Face with clypeus and clypellus marked as in C. yasumatsui but 
with dull yellow arcs in the dark area of the muscle impressions; pleura, 
venter, and legs as in yasumatsut. 

Material Examined.—Holotype ¢, Wong Sa Shui, S. Kiangsi, China, 
June 12, 1936 (L. Gressitt) (NCS); 1 2, Tisolak, Java (RMS); 1 2, 17 km 
E. of Phanthiet Rd., Viet Nam, October 6, 1960 (C. M. Yoshimoto), and | 
2, Fyan, Viet Nam, 1200 m, July 1l—August 9, 1961 (N. R. Spencer) 
(BPBM). Holotype on indefinite loan to USNM. 

Diagnosis.—Cofana lata is more similar externally to C. spectra than to 
other species in the genus, but may be separated from it, and from other 
species by the pronotal stripes in combination with either the form of the 

aedeagus in the male or, with the form of the seventh abdominal sternum 
of the female. 


Cofana medleri Young, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 14 


Description.—Length of male 7.3-7.9 mm, of female 9.0-9.3 mm. 

Head with median length of crown from % to almost °/10 interocular 
width and from 3/10 to slightly less than 4/10 transocular width, anterior 
margin broadly rounded in dorsal view; ocelli usually located behind a line 
between anterior eye angles; crown with or without a transverse concavity 
between ocelli; antennal ledges in lateral view with anterior margins oblique 
and rectilinear; clypeus convex and granulate medially, muscle impressions 
distinct, transclypeal suture usually entire, clypellus with contour of its 
lower portion continuing profile of clypeus. 

Pronotum with greatest width less than transocular width of head, dor- 
sopleural carinae incomplete, posterior portion of disk transversely rugu- 
lose; scutellum rugulose or not on its posterior portion; forewings with veins 
not fuscous, with anteapical cells closed basally. 

Male genitalia much as in Cofana spectra, but with styles slightly longer. 
Female abdominal sternum VII with posterior margin tapered on each side 
of shallowly excavated median portion. 

Crown with ground color of anterior 2 tan, of posterior 2 paler tan to 


20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


dull white, disk with a small median black spot near posterior margin, apex 
of head with a small median black spot bordered with white; pronotum and 
scutellum concolorous with posterior 2 of crown, unmarked. Face with a 
black spot bordering margin of antennal ledge at transition from face to 
crown, clypeus and clypellus marked as in Cofana yasumatsui; thoracic — 
pleura, venter, and legs tan to yellow, without black markings. 

Material Examined.—Holotype and two additional 2 Umuahia, CRIN 
EC State, Nigeria, April 10, 1973 (J. T. Medler); 1 6, Benin NIFOR MW 
State, April 1, 1975 (J. T. Medler); 1 d and 1 2°, Cape Vert, Senegal, French 
West Africa (Fred Morrison) (NCS). One 2, Lukolela [Belgian Congo], July 
17, 1909 (Lang and Chapin; | 9 Stanleyville, Belgian Congo, 25°10'E, 0°30’N 
August 10, 1909 (same collectors); | d and 1 2, Matadi, Belgian Congo, 13°30’ 
E, 6°0’S, June 24, 1909 (same collectors) (AMNH). One 6 and | 2, Benin, Asa-— 
ba, Nigeria, Jan. 3, 1949 (B. Malkin); 3 2, Lokoja, Kabba Province, Nigeria, — 
February 24-28, 1949 (B. Malkin) (CAS). One ¢ and 1 2, Yaba-Lagos, Nige- 
ria, August 1, 1964 (Mir S. Mulla) (University of California, Riverside). Two 
36 and 1 2, Douala, Cameroons, May 8, 1954, 1 2, same locality, December 2, 
1956, 1 2, same locality, August 20, 1956; 1 ¢ and 1 2, Abidjan, Ivory 
Coast, June 16, 1957; 1 d6 and 1 2, Abidjan, Ivory Coast, January 23, 1959; 
1 2, Monrovia, Liberia, May 5, 1957; 1 d and 2 2, Lagos, Nigeria, February 
2, 1956: 3 6 and 1 @2, Port Gentil, Gabon, Feb. 23, 1956 (all F. Zielinski) 
(all ZIMH). Also, 1 3d, Orendo, nr. Libreville, French Equatorial Africa, 
April 11, 1954; 1 2, Pointe Noire, March 10, 1955; 1 2, Cabinda, Angola, 
August 15-20, 1954 (all E. Zielinski) (ZIMH). One ¢ and 1 2, Principe 
Island, September 25, 1949 (G. R. Gradwell and D. Snow). 

Diagnosis.—Except for the pale crown, males of C. medleri are indistin- | 
guishable from males of C. spectra. The females, in addition to the pale | 
crown, have a distinctive abdominal sternum VII. | 


Cofana sotoi Young, NEW SPECIES 


Description.—Length of male 6.8 mm, of female 7.6—7.9 mm. | 

Head moderately produced, median length of crown from slightly less : 
than °/10 to 34 interocular width and from 4/10 to slightly more than 4/10 | 
transocular width, anterior margin narrowly rounded in dorsal view; ocelli | 
aligned with anterior eye angles; crown with a slight median concavity | 
across ocelli; antennal ledges oblique and rectilinear or convex in lateral | 
view: clypeus broadly and slightly convex and granulate medially, muscle | 
impressions distinct, transclypeal suture entire or interrupted medially; pro- 
file of clypellus a continuation of contour of clypeus. 

Pronotum with width approximately equal to transocular width of head, } 
dorsopleural carinae complete or not, posterior portion of disk transversely | | 
rugulose, scutellum weakly transversely rugulose or not; forewing with } | 
veins fuscous, anteapical cells closed basally. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 21 


Female abdominal sternum gradually narrowed to truncate apex, which 
is slightly convex. Crown, pronotum and scutellum pale greenish-yellow, 
crown with a median black spot before the ocelli; face with a median basal 
pale spot, a black spot adjoining each antennal ledge, remainder pale green- 
ish yellow except arcs on areas of muscle impressions, a longitudinal line 
on each side of median area on clypeus, and median area of clypellus, all 
pale brown; dorsopleural carina very narrowly dark, remainder of pleural 
region concolorous with face; metathoracic legs with bases of tibial setae 
of row 3 dark, remainder of legs pale. 

Material Examined.—Holotype and three additional 2 and 1 6, “*Ru- 
kupr.,’’ Sierra Leone, December 18, 1975 (P. E. B. Soto), on rice (Institute 
for Agricultural Research, Samaru, Nigeria). 

Diagnosis.—Cofana sotoi is close to C. polaris from which it may be 
separated readily by the characters used in the key. 

Etymology.—The species is named for the collector of the type-series. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I am grateful to the curatorial personnel of the institutions listed in the 
introduction for their ever generous cooperation in lending specimens, and 
to most of them for courtesies extended during my visit to their institutions 
in 1962-3. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Ishihara, T. 1971. Several species of the genus Kolla Distant. Trans. Shikoku Entomol. Soc. 
11(1): 14-20. 

Metcalf, Z. P. 1964. General Catalogue of the Homoptera, Fascicle VI, Cicadelloidea, Bib- 
liography of the Cicadelloidea. Agric. Res. Serv., USDA. 349 pp. 

—. 1965. General Catalogue of the Homoptera, Fascicle VI, Cicadelloidea, Part 1, Tet- 
tigellidae. Agric. Res. Serv., USDA. 730 pp. 

Young, D. A. 1965. Cicadelline types in the British Museum. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. 
Entomol. 17:161—199. 

—. 1977. Taxonomic Study of the Cicadellinae, Part 2. New World Cicadellini and the 
genus Cicadella. NC Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. No. 239. 1135 pp. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 22-31 


A NEW GENUS AND A NEW SPECIES OF BOREIDAE 
FROM OREGON (MECOPTERA) 


LOREN K. RUSSELL 


828 NW 27th Street, Corvallis, Oregon 97330 (mailing address: Depart- 
ment of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331). 


Abstract.—Caurinus dectes, a new species and a new genus, is described 
from the Coast Range of Oregon, USA. Caurinus possesses some diagnostic 
boreid characters (clasper-like forewings of male, fusion of basal sclerites 
of maxillae and labium into zygostipes) but also characters unusual or oth- 
erwise unknown for the Mecoptera, including: Armored body, anterior 
abdominal segments synscleritous; minute size (1.4-1.8 mm); genitalia 
concealed in both sexes; non-rostrate head; and short mandibles with a 
strongly developed molar blade. The female possesses unfused cerci and 
lacks the elongate ovipositor typical of other boreids. 

Because of the divergence of Caurinus from other Boreidae, 2 subfamilies 
are recognized here: CAURININAE (new subfamily), including only C. 
dectes, and BOREINAE, including the genera Boreus and Hesperoboreus. 


The Boreidae comprise 23 described species in two genera (Boreus and 
Hesperoboreus) (Svensson, 1972; Penny, 1977). These are insects of uni- 
form, rather bizarre habitus, with an aggregate distribution limited to the 
Holarctic Zone. The insect described here, although related to the other 
boreids, is so distinctive that it was not at first recognized as a mecopteran 
on the basis of the external structure of the female alone. The considerable 
morphological-taxonomic distance from other living Mecoptera and the 
presence of some probably plesiomorphic characters not found in Boreus, | 
justify its recognition as a new subfamily of the Boreidae. 


Caurinus Russell, NEW GENUS 


Diagnosis.—Adult: Strongly sclerotized, compact boreid. Head with short 
broad rostrum. Mandibles short, with large molar blade. First abdominal | 
tergum fused to pterothorax, without free median sclerite; forewings short, | 
slender, forceps-like in male; oval and pad-like in female; hind wings absent. | 
Abdominal segments 2-6 synscleritous; segments 7 and 8 divided normally, 
sternum 9 forming hypandrium in male. Terminal segments, including gon- 
opods of male, retracted. Aedeagus with complex sclerotized structures. | 
Cerci 1-segmented in female, absent in male. Female with sclerotization of | 


ovipositor limited to short median lobe of eighth sternum. | 


as 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 23 


Larva: Curculionoid, similar to Boreus in structure but orthosomatic; 
head with 7 ocelli on each side, vertex angulate medially; thoracic legs 
reduced to short 1-segmented papillae. 

Type Species.—Caurinus dectes, new species. 

Description of Male (Figs. |-3).—Color: Head and thorax reddish brown, 
abdomen chestnut brown, lateral and dorsal portions of abdominal segments 
2-6 and hypandrium infuscated with black; eyes dark purplish brown; legs 
and forewings testaceous. 

Vestiture and sculpture: Body and appendages clothed with moderately 
long pale pubescence, semierect on frons and vertex, decumbent elsewhere. 
Pterothoracic pleura and 2nd abdominal venter with shorter, much denser 
pubescence. Clypeus with pair of long lateral setae near base; pronotum 
with variable number of long, erect setae on inflexed lateral portion. Body 
surface between punctures obscurely microreticulate, shining. 

Head: As broad as long (vertex to apex of labrum); frons and vertex 
convex. Eyes large, oval, convex, coarsely facetted, emarginate opposite 
antennal bases. Ocelli absent. Antennae approximately 2 body length, 16- 
segmented, inserted laterally on frons, slightly thickened near apex. Scape 
stout, cylindrical; pedicel large, pyriform; 3rd segment cylindrical; segments 
4-15 elongate-ovoid. Last antennomere small, about / length and width of 
penultimate. Membrane of antennal socket recessed, much reduced in area. 

Epistomal suture angulate medially, deeply impressed. Clypeolabral su- 
ture parallel to epistomal suture; clypeus transverse, chevron-shaped. La- 
brum broadly arcuately emarginate, not strongly sclerotized. Clypeogenal 
and subgenal sutures short; subgena confined to lateral surface of head. 
The occiput produced caudad as median, broadly triangular lobe. Postorbital 
ridge strongly developed as laterally prominent thin ridge adapting to an- 
terior margin of prothorax. Hypostomal bridge long (.64 vertical diameter 
of eye); occipital foramen divided by corporatentorium. 

Mandibles short, falcate, with 3 large acute teeth and hatchet-blade 
shaped mola (Fig. 8). Maxillae: Zygostipes transverse, crescentic, without 
median suture; palps 5-segmented; 4th segment inflated, with membranous 
concave medial surface; apical segment acicular, as long as 4th (Fig. 3). 
Prementum rhomboidal with narrow basal stalk; labial palps 2-segmented. 

Thorax: Cervical membrane concealed. Lateral cervical sclerite slender, 
almost horizontal. Pronotum transverse, expanded forward over the occi- 
put, partly covering propleura ventrally, with deep transverse furrow at 
posterior 3. Mesothoracic spiracle large, at caudal margin of pronotum 5x 
its diameter above ventral pronotal border. Propleuron subequally divided 
by propleural suture which is obsolete ventrally; proepisternum deeply in- 
cised at middle of anterior margin to receive cervical sclerite. Prosternum 
nearly as in Boreus, with paired short precoxal lobes, and slender furcal 
arms dorsally reaching strong pleural apodemes; procoxae contiguous at 
midline. 


24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON | 


Figs. 1-4. Scanning electron photomicrographs of Caurinus dectes. 1, Dorsal view of male, 
genitalia retracted. 2, Lateral view of male, genitalia extruded. 3, Frontal view of male. 4, 
Lateral view of female. Numbers beside scale bars give scale in mm. 


Pterothoracic segments fused with Ist abdominal tergum. Mesonotum 
large, alate; scutum transverse; scutellum quadrate, convex; area behind 
wing bases extensively membranous. Metascutellum large, rhomboidal, 
with strong posterior median keel; metanotum otherwise membranous. Me- 
sopleuron excavated below wing bases; mesopleural suture vertical, ex- 
tending only short distance from coxa; suture between mesepimeron and 
metepisternum indicated only by the small metathoracic spiracle. Meta- 
pleural suture only partially evident externally, directed obliquely anteriad 
for % metacoxal diameter. Metepimeron limited posteriorly by weak phrag- 
ma; a short internal longitudinal plica present at posterior margin of ptero- 
thorax at level of metathoracic spiracle; rudimentary Ist abdominal spiracle — 
above the anterior end of this plica. 

Mesosternum broadly exposed between coxae, these separated by 3 cox- 
al diameter at midline; metasternum exposed anterior and posterior to con- 
tiguous metacoxae. Meso- and metafurcae poorly developed, mesopleural 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER | 25 


-apophysis developed only ventrally near coxae; metapleural apophysis ab- 


/ Sent. 


Mesothoracic wings modified as clasping organs as in male Boreus, but 
relatively much shorter, only reaching anterior margin of 2nd abdominal 
tergum; apical 24 bearing 6 evenly spaced stout spines, proximal spine short- 
er than other 4, terminal one much longer; with wings in repose, each spine 
crossing contralateral spine at midline. Metathoracic wings absent. 

Legs short, increasing in length from pro- to metathorax; coxae moderate 
in length, oriented vertically; procoxae slender, base above level of ventral 
margin of eye; pterothoracic coxae stouter, metacoxae much the larger. 
Meron not recognizable in any coxa. Trochanters, femora, and tarsi un- 
modified, apical 2 of tibia and ventral surface of Ist tarsomere each bearing 
several spines. Tarsi 5-segmented, tarsomeres |—4 of decreasing length. Pro- 
and mesotarsi shorter than corresponding tibiae; metatarsi longer than tib- 


_iae, basitarsus elongate, pretarsal claws small, simple. 


Abdomen: Large, dorsal surface flattened; widest at segments 4 and 5; 
narrowed to broadly rounded hypandrium. Tergum | entire, fused with pter- 
othorax, with strong median keel. Sternum | not sclerotized. Segments 2- 
6 annular, synscleritous, subequal in length, capable of slight telescoping. 
Segments 7 and 8 discleritous, pleural membranes concealed when genital 
capsule is retracted; terga 7 and 8 meet sterna in line ascending caudad 
when hypandrium is closed against tergum 8. Tergum 9 unsclerotized, mem- 
brane incorporated in genital capsule. Abdominal spiracles 2—6 small, set in 
segmental rings above middle of sides. Spiracles 7 and 8 at midlength of 
terga, distant from pleural membrane. Segments 10 and 11 (proctiger) slen- 
der; membranous, except for small transverse sclerite (possibly tergite 10). 
Cerci absent. 

Genital capsule (Fig. 5) comprising 2-segmented gonopods, aedeagus with 
ventral sclerotized trough and strong arcuate dorsal sclerite; and proctiger. 
Gonocoxites not fused, robust, tapering basally to elongate lateral process; 
articulating by medial basal apodeme with basal apodeme of dorsal sclerite. 
Gonostyles (Fig. 6) flattened, deeply incised; basal tooth with 2 long setae 
on ectal surface and several smaller setae apically and on mesal surface; 
surface without coarse granules. Dorsal sclerite apically free from aedeagal 
membrane in spoon-shaped process; basally forming stout, laterally ex- 


panded apodeme. Lateral membranes of aedeagus bearing 2 pairs of spinose 


; 


sclerites (Fig. 5). Distal portion of gonoduct with paired linear sclerites 
(aedeagal rods, Fig. 7). 

Description of Female (Fig. 4).—Similar to male; more robust, abdomen 
stout, ovoid. Mesothoracic wings reduced to oval pads, shorter than meso- 
notum, sparsely pubescent; mesonotal sclerites less differentiated than in 
male, mesopleuron less excavated; metascutellum and abdominal tergum | 
medially convex, but not keeled. Abdomen subglobose, more evenly convex 


26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


.25mm 


.25 


10 


Figs. 5-11. Caurinus dectes. 5, Genital capsule of male, left lateral view (shaded areas are 
apodemal). 6, Left gonostyle; a, anterior view and b, medial view. 7, Aedeagal rods, dorsal 
view. 8, Left mandible, anterior view. 9, Female terminal segments of abdomen, segments 9- 
11 extruded, in dorsolateral view. 10, Eighth sternum of female, internal view. 11, Dorsal 
view of female abdomen, segment 11 only extruded. Abbreviations: ads, basal apodeme of 
dorsal sclerite; ar, aedeagal rods; c, cercus; ds, dorsal sclerite of aedeagus; ec, epicondyle; 
gp, gonapophyses; gs, gonostyle; gx, gonocoxite; hc, hypocondyle; m, molar process; s, 
sternum; ss, spinose sclerites; f, tergum; vt, ventral trough of aedeagus. Numbers beside scale 
bars give scale in mm. | 


dorsally than that of male. Segments 2-6 annular as in male; segment 7 
strongly tapered posteriorly, sternum and tergum equal. Segment 8 small; 
tergum inflexed, enclosing sides of sternum. Sternum 8 narrow, with apical 
process (gonopophyses) emarginate medially (Fig. 10). Segments 9-11 slen- 
der, normally retracted (shown extended in Fig. 9), largely membranous, 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 27 


with weakly sclerotized tergite and linear laterotergites on segment 9, small 
median tergite 10, and tergum and sternum 11. Segments 9 and 10 bear 
subapical transverse series of setae. Tergum 9 may be entire, but is usually 
sclerotized only laterally. Cerci (Fig. 11) short, l-segmented, articulated at 
base, separated by tergum 11. 

Holotype.— ¢, 1.58 mm long, collected I-22-76; 35 ¢ and 32 @ para- 
types, collected I-22-76 to [V-4-76, VI-16-76, X-11-76, to IV-3-77, all from 
Marys Peak, Benton County, Oregon, USA, on the northeast ridge at 600 
m elevation, collected by L. K. Russell, P. J. Johnson, G. L. Peters, and 
R. L. Westcott. Also designated as paratypes are specimens from ORE- 
GON: Tillamook County: Cascade Head, summit, 490 m elevation, XI-25- 
76, Johnson, collector (1 6); XII-19-76, Russell (1 2); Little Nestucca Coun- 
ty Park, III-6-77, Russell (1 ¢ ); Yamhill County: Hanchet Creek, 12 km W 
Grand Ronde Agency, 185 m, XII-19-76, Russell (1 ¢); Lincoln County: 
Depot Creek, 8 km N Toledo, near sea level, III-6-77, Russell (1 2); Lane 
County: Klickitat Mountain, 520 m, I-23-77, Johnson (1 ¢); Cape Ridge, 7 
km E Cape Perpetua, 430 m, I-9-77, Russell (1 2). The range of length is 
1.4 to 1.75 mm (males) and 1.5 to 1.9 mm (females). 

The holotype and a female paratype are deposited in the California Acad- 
emy of Sciences, San Francisco. Paratopotypes are deposited in the British 
Museum of Natural History, Canada Department of Agriculture collection, 
Ottawa; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; Oregon 
Department of Agriculture, Salem; Oregon State University, Entomology 
~ Museum; Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas; and United 
States National Museum. Other specimens and dissections are in my private 
collection, and in those of P. J. Johnson and G. L. Peters, Corvallis, Oregon, 
and K. W. Cooper, Riverside, California. 

Habitat.—All Caurinus habitats are moist forested sites, with abundant 
epiphytic and terrestrial bryophytes, in the central Coast Range of western 
Oregon. The initial Marys Peak collections, and all from other sites, were 
obtained by Berlese funnel extraction from moss samples. Most Marys Peak 
specimens were collected by beating mossy stems of vine maple (Acer cir- 
cinatum Pursh), or were washed from moss samples and recovered on #25 
soil screens which retained particles larger than 0.7 mm diameter. Rhytidi- 
adelphus loreus (Hedw.) Warnst. (Rhytidiaceae), Metaneckera menziesii 
(Hook.) Steere and Neckera douglasii Hook. (Neckeraceae) are the most 
abundant epiphytic mosses on stems with Caurinus, but many other bryo- 
phytes occur in this community. An abundant epiphytic liverwort, Porella 
navicularis (L. & L.) Lindb. (Porellaceae) is a favored food of adults and 
an oviposition site for Caurinus. Hesperoboreus brevicaudus (Byers) is also 
abundant at the Marys Peak site; both boreids appear to breed in epiphytic, 
rather than terrestrial, bryophytes at this locality. 

At Cascade Head, Caurinus was found in terrestrial mosses (mostly Rhy- 


28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


tidiadelphus loreus) at the edge of a dense stand of young Sitka spruce 
(Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) within 2 km of the Pacific Ocean. Other 
localities are generally comparable to the Marys Peak site. 

Etymology.—The generic name is derived from the Latin caurinus, 
‘‘northwestern,’’ referring to the northwest wind Caurus, and is analogous 
to Boreus, named for the Greek and Roman god of the north wind. Dectes, 
Greek, ‘‘a biter,’ refers to the strongly developed mandibles. 

Discussion.—Caurinus differs from previously known boreids in many 
important characters. Of these the mouthparts, the abdominal structure and 
genitalia, and the virtually legless larvae are especially significant. The head 
of Caurinus is of normal proportions for a generalized mandibulate insect, 
and can hardly be termed ‘‘rostrate,’’ while the rostrum of Boreus is un- 
usually long for a plant-feeding mecopteran (Byers, 1968). Brachypanorpa 
(Panorpodidae) and the Nannochoristidae are the only other Mecoptera with 
a short rostrum, but in these groups the rostrum is markedly narrowed 
apically. The clypeolabral suture is present in Caurinus, but absent from all 
other adult Mecoptera (Hepburn, 1969). The short, strongly toothed man- 
dibles contrast with those of all other Mecoptera. Byers (1968) characterized 
the Boreidae as having ‘‘short, thick mandibles,’ but the width/length ratio 
of the Caurinus mandible is about .58 while that of a robust Boreus mandible 
(e. g., B. nivoriundus Fitch) is near .30. The strong, arcuate molar blade of 
Caurinus is unlike any mandibular structure in other Mecoptera. Most 
Mecoptera, including Boreus and Hesperoboreus, lack cutting teeth or 
blades on the proximal half or more of the mandible; a cutting structure is 
best developed in Brachypanorpa, which has a thin, straight serrulate molar 
blade (Otanes, 1922). 

A number of characters related to the extensive sclerotization and com- 
pactness of Caurinus contribute in large part to the peculiar habitus of this 
genus. These include the proportionately very small thorax and short ap- 
pendages, particularly the extreme reduction of the notal and pleural struc- 
tures of the metathorax. The abdominal structure of Caurinus is unique in 
the synscleritous anterior segments and discleritous posterior segments (7— 
11 in both sexes). The opposite pattern of abdominal fusions is common in 
other Mecoptera: Segments 2-5 are always discleritous; the synscleritous 
state may occur in any of segments 6—10 in males, and in segment 10 only 
of females. In Boreus and Hesperoboreus, all the pregenital segments are 
discleritous; in males, fusions occur only in segments 8 or 9 (Cooper, 1973), 
and in females only segment 10 can be considered synscleritous (Mickoleit, 
1975). The retraction of the terminalia in both sexes of Caurinus is appar- 
ently related to the protective armor. Judging from the unfused and rela- 
tively unmodified cerci of female Caurinus, however, the lack in this genus 
of an exserted ovipositor formed from structures of segments 9-11 may be 
primary rather than a reduction. The terminal segments are partly retracted 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 29 


in females of other mecopteran families, with each segment partly telescop- 
ing into the next anterior one (Mickoleit, 1975), rather than being withdrawn 
as a unit as in Caurinus. 

In a review of the phylogeny of extant mecopteran families, Penny (1975) 
cited four characters in which boreids differ by reduction from the condition 
in supposed panorpid-like ancestors: in body size, wing development, num- 
ber of antennal segments, and in size of male tergum 9. Each of these 
characters in Caurinus appears in a more specialized (reduced) state than 
any other known boreid. The legless larva and general extension of scler- 
otization in the adult also suggest that Caurinus has evolved through further 
specialization from a Boreus-like ancestor. 

Caurinus is more similar to Boreus and Hesperoboreus in ecological and 
behavioral characteristics than in morphology. Caurinus dectes, like other 
boreids, has a winter adult emergence; and it feeds on bryophytes. When 
disturbed, Caurinus adults may hop several centimeters, usually landing 
with appendages drawn in, in the death-feigning posture typical for Borei- 
dae. This avoidance hop is less constant than in most species of Boreus and 

-Hesperoboreus; individuals of Caurinus may simply grip the substrate and 
remain immobile, or fall vertically, when they are touched. 

Caurinus appears more generalized than other boreids in such characters 
as the free cerci of the female, the sutures of the head, sclerotization of the 
aedeagus, and the more complex larval eye. These, together with the nu- 
merous divergent characters listed above, make a paraphyletic origin of 
Caurinus within the Boreus-Hesperoboreus lineage unlikely. The many dif- 
ferences between Caurinus and other boreids appear to justify a separation 
at higher than generic level. To accommodate this morphological gap, I 
propose the recognition of 2 subfamilies of Boreidae: CAURININAE (NEW 
SUBFAMILY), presently including only C. dectes, and BOREINAE, 
which includes all other known boreids. The subfamilies and genera of the 
Boreidae may be separated by the following key: 


KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA OF THE BOREIDAE 


1. Head not rostrate; male gonopods and female segments 9-11 en- 
closed in abdomen (1 species, Oregon, USA) (CAURININAE).... 
5 boo CIO LO NO OF OTe A eer Cea EEe LATE te RECS Say Crea ee Caurinus, new genus 
— Head strongly rostrate; male gonopods exposed: female with ab- 
dominal segments 9-11 forming conspicuous, sclerotized ovipositor 
(EX CULRST BUS VAN! Batt 5-0 Bs os GW al el 2 
2. Males with a series of stout spines on outer margin of forewing; 
females with abdominal tergum 10 lacking caudal spiniferous exten- 
sions, tergum 10 much longer than tergum 9 (21 species, Hol- 
ZIP CUS) Rel@etey 21. Gas ote in ond A Se ea Boreus Latreille 


30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


— Males with no outer spines on forewing; females with tergum 10 
bearing caudal spiniferous extensions, tergum 10 at dorsal midline 
no longer than tergum 9 (2 species, Pacific Coast, USA) ellipsis 
AOR AT Se POR PERE) PEST ek ESE as LORE SE ROE AAAS TAN Hesperoboreus Penny | 


Penny (1977) suggested a Nearctic origin for the Boreidae, apparently | 
because of the representation in North America of Hesperoboreus and the | 
relatively plesiomorphic nivoriundus group of Boreus. Five of 6 species of | 
the latter group are American; | species, B. beybienkoi Tarbinsky, occurs 
in central Asia (Penny, 1977). 

Caurinus, like Hesperoboreus and Boreus elegans Carpenter, appears to | 
be restricted to the Pacific coastal region of North America, in areas with 
moist, mild winters (Cooper, 1974; Penny, 1977). It is possible that Caurinus | 
and Hesperoboreus, at least, diverged before boreids became adapted to 
areas with more rigorous, continental climates. 

The inclusion of Caurinus in the Boreidae makes the modified male fore- | 
wings and the maxillo-labial fusion (presence of zygostipes) the most diag- | 
nostic characters for adults of this family. It is not clear whether other | 
structures which are characteristic of the Boreinae, including the ovipositor | 
and the large peg-like spines of the maxillae, evolved after separation of | 
Caurinus or were lost in the evolution of the latter genus. Ongoing studies 
of the biology and morphology of Caurinus and Hesperoboreus may help | 
to clarify the origin and evolution of the Boreidae. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I am especially grateful to Kenneth W. Cooper for his encouragement, | 
and to Paul J. Johnson for his enthusiastic help in the field. George W. 
Byers and John D. Lattin provided helpful criticism of earlier drafts of this 
paper. 

The photomicrographs were produced on the AMR 1200 scanning electron | 
microscope at the Forestry Sciences Lab., Corvallis, with the assistance of | 
R. B. Addison. | 


LITERATURE CITED 


Byers, G. W. 1968. Ecological distribution and structural adaptation in the classification of 
Mecoptera. Proc. Int. Congr. Entomol. 13th (Moscow). 1:486. 

Cooper, K. W. 1973. Patterns of abdominal fusion in male Boreus (Mecoptera). Psyche. | 

80:270. | 

. 1974. Sexual biology, chromosomes, development, life histories and parasites of Bo- 
reus, especially of B. notoperates. A Southern California Boreus. II. (Mecoptera: Bor- 
eidae). Psyche. 81:84—120. 

Hepburn, H. R. 1969. The skeleto-muscular system of Mecoptera: The head. Univ. Kans. | 
Sci. Bull. 48:721-765. 

Mickoleit, G. 1975. Die Genital- und Postgenitalsegmente der Mecoptera-Weibchen (Insecta, | 
Holometabola). Z. Morphol. Tiere. 80:97-135. 


Se eae 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER | 31 


Otanes, F. Q. 1922. Head and mouthparts of Mecoptera. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 25:310- 
323. 
Penny, N. D. 1975. Evolution of the extant Mecoptera. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 48:331-350. 
. 1977. A systematic study of the family Boreidae (Mecoptera). Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 
$1:141-217. 
Svensson, S. A. 1972. Boreus Latreille, 1825 (Mecoptera). A synopsis of described species. 
Entomol. Scand. 3:26—32. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, p. 31 


NOTE 


Pinnaspis caricis, New Synonym of Pinnaspis aspidistrae 
(HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) 


Pinnaspis caricis Ferris (1957. Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. 16(2):212) 
was described from specimens collected on Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) 
Ker-Gawl. (=Mondo japonica (Thunb.) Farw.) at Honolulu, Hawaii. Ac- 
cording to the description, the median lobes are fused into a single lobe. 
Because of this character, Ferris compared the species with Pinnaspis un- 
iloba (Kuwana) which has fused median lobes but does not otherwise closely 
resemble P. caricis. Ferris also stated that the male of P. caricis is not 
Known. 

In the type-specimens of P. caricis that I examined, the median lobes are 
not fused but are closely appressed. Pinnaspis caricis is identical with Pin- 
naspis ophiopogonis Takahashi (1952. Misc. Rpt. Res. Inst. Nat. Resources 
Japan. 27:11), which is currently considered a junior synonym of Pinnaspis 
aspidistrae (Signoret) (1869. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Fr. (ser. 4) 9:443) (Takagi. 
1970. Insecta Matsumurana. 33(1):106). Although P. caricis and P. ophio- 
pogonis are apparently parthenogenetic and restricted to few host-plants 
such as Liriope sp., Ophiopogon sp. and Rohdea sp., there is no reliable 
morphological character to differentiate them from P. aspidistrae. There- 
fore, until a reliable morphological distinction is found, I think P. caricis is 
best treated as another junior synonym of P. aspidistrae (NEW SYN- 
ONYM). 

I thank Dr. S. Takagi, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, and Mr. R. 
Schuster, University of California, Davis, for the loan of types and other 
specimens examined in this study. 

Sueo Nakahara, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Animal and Plant 
Health Inspection Service, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 32-33 


DO DANCE FLIES FEED ON CADDISFLIES?—FURTHER 
EVIDENCE (DIPTERA: EMPIDIDAE; TRICHOPTERA) 


L. KNUTSON AND O. S. FLINT, JR. 


(LK) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and 
Educ. Admin., USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705; (OSF) Department of 
Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—Discovery of pupae of unidentified hemerodromiine Empidi- 
dae in cocoons and pupal cases of Neoatopsyche obliqua Flint (Rhyaco- 
philidae) and Mortoniella wygodzinskii (Schmid) (Glossosomatidae) in Ar- 
gentina provide further evidence that the larvae of these Diptera feed on 
caddisfly immatures. 


In 1971 we reported the first evidence that certain dance flies (Empididae) 
feed on pupae of caddisfiies (Trichoptera). This was based on the discovery 
of pupae of Neoplasta (Hemerodromiinae) in 10 cocoons of Cailloma (Tri- 
choptera: Rhyacophilidae) collected in Chile and of pupae of an undeter- 
mined species and genus of Hemerodromiinae in several cocoons of Mor- 
toniella apiculata Flint (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) collected in 
Ecuador. The cast larval skins and remnants of the pupae of the caddisflies 
were found inside their apparently intact cocoons. Each cocoon contained 
one dance fly pupa. 

Two additional collections further substantiate the feeding of Hemero- 
dromiinae larvae on Trichoptera pupae. The pupa of an unidentified hem- 
erodromiine was found inside a cocoon of Neoatopsyche obliqua Flint (Tri- 
choptera: Rhyacophilidae) at Arroyo Rosales, near San Martin de los 
Andes, Neuquen Province, Argentina, on January 22, 1974 by O. S. Flint, 
Jr. This was a small stream about | meter wide by up to 10 centimeters 
deep. The water was very clear and cool to the touch, with alternate pools 
and riffles, and a sand and gravel bottom. The stream flowed through old 
pastures, and its margins were generally overhung by bushes and scattered 
trees. Although the region was generally green and sparsely forested, it was 
an area of rather low (around 20-30 inches), primarily winter, rainfall. 

A pupa of another unidentified hemerodromiine was found inside the case, 
but outside the cocoon of Mortoniella wygodzinskii (Schmid) (Trichoptera: 
Glossosomatidae) on October 18-19, 1973, at Rio Ambato, El Rodeo, Ca- 
tamarca Province, Argentina, by O. S. Flint, Jr. This habitat is in a dry 
zone with mostly grasses and large cacti called the *‘Provincia Prepunéna.”’ 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 33 


The stream was up to 2 meters wide by 5S to 10 centimeters deep. The water 
was clear and cold, flowing over a substrate of gravel and boulders with 
very little organic matter. The stream was mostly riffles and cascades with 
very few pools. 

The cocoons reported in the earlier paper appeared to be intact, without 
tears or openings, and we speculated that either (1) the newly hatched dance 
fly larva attacked the caddisfly larva but did not feed until the caddisfly 
pupated, or (2) the predaceous larva penetrated the cocoon, making an 
indistinguishable hole, or (3) the adult dance fly oviposited onto or into the 
caddisfly cocoon. However, both of the recently collected caddisfly cocoons 
have a slight tearlike opening just before one end. This may indicate that 
the dance fly larva penetrated the cocoon, or the hole may have been caused 
by the anterior integumentary horns of the pupa during its exit or attempted 
exit from the cocoon. 

Unfortunately, in neither additional case was the dance fly pupa devel- 
oped and pigmented enough to allow a more precise identification than to 
the subfamily Hemerodromiinae. 

Both of the newly discovered Hemerodromiinae pupae have pairs of long, 
slender spiracular gills on the prothorax and on abdominal segment 1-7, as 
do other Hemerodromiinae. These structures provide an extensive surface 
for diffusion of oxygen when the pupa is submerged and permit entrance of 
oxygen without significant water loss when outside the water. The elongate 
spiracular gills also may aid in catching or snagging the pupae on projections 
after they have left the caddisfly cocoons, and thus prevent them from being 
swept far downstream in their torrential habitats. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Knutson, L. V. and O. S. Flint, Jr. 1971. Pupae of Empididae in pupal cocoons of Rhyaco- 
philidae and Glossosomatidae (Diptera-Trichoptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 
73:314-320. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 

81(1), 1979, pp. 34-37 
SUBSPECIES OF THE TRANSATLANTIC SPECIES, 
BAETIS MACANI (EPHEMEROPTERA: BAETIDAE)! 


D. K. MORIHARA AND W. P. MCCAFFERTY 


Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 
47907. 


Abstract.—Based on an examination of adults and larvae from Canada 
and Europe, Baetis bundyae Lehmkuhl is placed as a subspecies of Baetis 
macani Kimmins: Baetis macani bundyae (new status). Morphological di- 
agnosis and variation of both subspecies are discussed, including the first 
description of reared adults of B. m. bundyae. Ecological characters of the 
two subspecies appear to support the revised classification. 


Baetis macani Kimmins was originally described from a small series of 
reared specimens collected from a lake in North Finland. Adults were de- 
scribed by Kimmins (1957), and the larvae were subsequently described by 
Macan (1957). On the basis of morphologically similar males, B. macani 
has appeared to be most closely related to a more southern European 
species, B. vernus Curtis. Both species have been studied taxonomically in 
detail (Miiller-Liebenau, 1969), and the adults may be separated with diffi- 
culty by the shape of the turbinate eyes. The larvae, however, of B. vernus 
and B. macani differ significantly both in structure and habitat. Baetis ver- 
nus larvae live exclusively in lotic waters, the typical habitat of the genus 
Baetis, whereas B. macani is frequently found in still water. Thus, B. ver- 
nus and B. macani are considered distinct. 

Lehmkuhl (1973) described B. bundyae from a series of larvae collected 
at the edges of tundra ponds in northern central Canada. Baetis bundyae 
has appeared to be quite similar to B. macani, being distinguishable only 
by the shape of the labial palpi and body length (Brittain, 1975). Adults from 
Canada were recently reared by Lehmkuhl and are herein described for the 
first time. 

Because of fundamental morphological and ecological similarities and yet 
because of distinct geographic segregation and some slight morphological 
differences, we designate the European and North American populations 
respectively as the subspecies B. macani macani and B. macani bundyae, 
NEW STATUS. 


' Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 7113. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 35 


PD eR 


// my 
a 


8 


Figs. 1-2. Lateral view of male adult eyes. 1, Baetis m. macani. 2, B. m. bundyae. Figs. 
3-4. Labial palpi. 3, B. m. macani. 4, B. m. bundyae. Figs. S—6. Left mandibular incisors. 
5, B. m. macani. 6, B. m. bundyae. Figs. 7-9. B. m. bundyae, male. 7, Hindwing. 8, Ventral 
view of forceps. 9, Lateral view of forceps, dorsal side up. 


Baetis macani macani Kimmins 


Baetis macani Kimmins, 1957. 37:27; Macan, 1957. 37:58; Muller-Liebenau, 
1969. 48/49:112. 


Diagnosis.—No adult characters have been found which consistently dis- 
tinguish the nominate subspecies from Baetis macani bundyae. The follow- 
ing two characters show differences in most individuals: B. m. macani is 
slightly larger, body length is usually between 5—7.5 mm, forewing length 
is between 6-8 mm; in B. m. bundyae body length is usually between 5S—6 
mm and forewing length is between 5—7 mm; the turbinate eyes of B. m. 


36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


macani are less elevated than those of B. m. bundyae (Figs. 1 and 2) al- 
though this may be the result of postmortem changes. 

The larvae are more easily separated on the basis of mouthpart structure. 
The terminal segment of the labial palpi in B. m. macani is 2 the length of 
the subterminal segment (Fig. 3) whereas in B. m. bundyae it is % as long | 
(Fig. 4). The width of the outermost mandibular tooth of the incisors in B. 
m. macani is twice that of the adjacent tooth (Fig. 5); in B. m. bundyae the 
two outermost mandibular teeth of the incisors are subequal in width (Fig. 
6). Larval body lengths do not provide a good taxonomic character. 

Distribution.—Baetis m. macani occurs in northern Europe south to ap- 
proximately 60°N (Muller-Liebenau, 1969: 187). 

Discussion.—Although B. m. macani may appear to be easily distinguish- 
able from B. m. bundyae both in the adult and larval stages, each character 
discussed in the diagnosis, with the exception of the labial palpi, is subject 
to enough variation to result in overlapping character states between the 
two subspecies in question. The differences in the labial palpi are not distinct 
enough to warrant specific status. 

Macan (1957) gave a remarkable account of adult survival which may 
indicate greater dispersal capabilities in this species than is otherwise con- 
sidered possible for mayflies in general. 

Material Examined.—One larva, LuLpm. Siluluoberl, 12.7.60, Lok. 55; 
1 larva, Material Brinck, LuLpm. 3. Koskatsj u. Koskats sjostrand, 29.6.60; 
2 paratype male adults, Mt. Sanna, N. Finland, VIII-15-1956. T. Macan. 


Baetis macani bundyae Lehmkuhl, NEW STATUS 
Baetis bundyi Lehmkuhl, 1973. 105:343. 


Description of Male Adult.—Lengths—body 5S—6 mm; forewing 5—7 mm; 
cerci 11 mm. Head, thorax and coxae dark brown; turbinate eyes paler, 
grey to yellow brown, medium-large in size (see McDunnough, 1923:40). 
Legs brown, paler than thorax. Wings hyaline except for translucent costal 
and subcostal cells of forewings, veins pale; hindwings with 3 longitudinal 
veins and marginal intercalaries (Fig. 7). Abdomen light brown, segments 
2-6 transluscent, segments 7-10 opaque, segment 10 often darker brown; 
sterna same color as terga; abdominal tracheation sometimes pigmented 
black; forceps (Figs. 8 and 9) with basal segment brown, apical segments 
paler, constriction between segment | and 2 of forceps often weak, most 
distinct dorsally from lateral perspective (Fig. 9). Cerci pale with brown 
articulations. 

Distribution.—Baetis m. bundyae has been collected only in the tundra 
of central Canada (N.W.T.). 

Discussion.—Baetis m. bundyae and B. m. macani regularly occur in | 
extremely cold lentic conditions and both overwinter strictly as eggs | 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER | 37 


(Lehmkuhl, 1973; Brittain, 1975). These similarities in habitat and life cycle 
are atypical for Baetis in general. In addition to ecological and morpholog- 
ical evidence, the subspecific designations presented herein are also justified 
nomenclatorially in light of maximum information content concerning close 
relationship between these two taxa and their geographic isolation. 

Material Examined.—Five larvae and 3 male adults, Canada, N.W.T., 
Keewatin, Rankin Inlet, 62.45 N, 94.27 W, 26 July 1973, Char River. D. M. 
Lehmkuhl; 1 larval exuvium, | larva and | male adult, same location, 28 
July 1973, D. M. Lehmkuhl. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Loans of B. m. bundyae by Dr. D. M. Lehmkuhl of the University of 
Saskatchewan and B. m. macani by Dr. J. M. Elliott of the Freshwater 
Biological Association, Ambleside, Westmorland, England, and Dr. I. Miil- 
ler-Liebenau of the Max-Planck-Institut ftir Limnologie, Pl6n, West Ger- 
many, are greatly appreciated. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Brittain, J. E. 1975. The life cycle of Baetis macani Kimmins (Ephemerida) in a Norwegian 
mountain biotope. Entomol. Scand. 6:47-S1. 

Kimmins, D. E. 1957. A new lentic species of the genus Baetis (Ephemeroptera) from North 
Finland. Not. Entomol. 37:27-29. 

Lehmkuhl, D. M. 1973. A new species of Baetis (Ephemeroptera) from ponds in the Canadian 
arctic, with biological notes. Can. Entomol. 105:343-346. 

Macan, T. T. 1957. A description of the nymph of Baetis macani Kimmins. Not. Entomol. 
37:58-60. 

McDunnough, J. H. 1923. New Canadian Ephemeridae with notes. Can. Entomol. 55:39-S0. 

Muller-Liebenau, I. 1969. Revision der europaischen Arten der Gattung Baetis Leach, 1815 
(Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Gewasser und Abwasser. 48/49: 1-214. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 38-42 
NEW RECORDS FOR SEVERAL FLEA (SIPHONAPTERA) SPECIES IN 
THE UNITED STATES, WITH OBSERVATIONS ON SPECIES 
PARASITIZING CARNIVORES IN THE 
ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION 


R. B. Eapbs, E. G. CAMPOS, AND A. M. BARNES 


Vector-Borne Diseases Division, Center for Disease Control, Public 
Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, P. O. 
Box 2087, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522. 


Abstract.—New flea distribution data are discussed, and the fleas paras- 
itizing certain carnivorous animals infrequently examined for ectopar- 
asites are listed. Ceratophyllus scopulorum Holland is reported from the 
U.S. for the first time. Stenoponia americana (Baker), Nearctopsylla princei 
Holland and Jameson, Amphipsylla sibirica washingtona Hubbard, Cteno- 
phthalmus pseudagyrtes Baker, Chaetopsylla floridensis (1. Fox) and Ep- 
tescopsylla vancouverensis (Wagner) are reported from Colorado for the 
first time. 


The bird flea, Ceratophyllus scopulorum Holland, can be added to the 
species of fleas known to be present in the United States. Thirty specimens 
were recovered from nests of the cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, 
near Drayton, Pembina County, North Dakota, 16 August 1975 by G. C. 
Smith. The same collector took two females and a male of the species from 
a cliff swallow nest near Hallock, Kittson County, Minnesota, 16 August 
1975. Ceratophyllus scopulorum has been previously reported only from 
Yukon Territory and New Brunswick in Canada, also from cliff swallow 
nests. 

The flea, Stenoponia americana (Baker), is common on a variety of small 
rodents (chiefly Peromyscus and Microtus) in the eastern United States. To 
our knowledge, it has not been previously reported from Colorado. Our 
collections indicate it is present on the eastern slope of the Rockies. Records 
include: | female ex dog, Larimer County, Colorado, 26 February 1975, G. 
C. Smith: 13 females, 8 males ex Peromyscus maniculatus, Custer County, 
Colorado, 4 October 1975, A. M. Barnes, E. G. Campos and G. O. Maupin. 

Two female Nearctopsylla princei Holland and Jameson were removed 
from a Mustella frenata, 17 December 1974, in the Rocky Mountain Na- 
tional Park, Larimer County, Colorado, W. S. Archibald and G. O. Maupin. 
Fleas of this genus parasitize shrews and moles and the carnivores which 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 39 


Table 1. Fleas recovered from marten, Martes americana, Larimer County, Colorado. 


No. 
Fleas Species F M Usual Hosts 
Three marten, October-November, 1976 
2 Pulex sp. 2 0 Wide Host Range 
2. ~Foxella ignota 1 1 Pocket Gophers 
7  Orchopeas sexdentatus 6 1 Neotoma 
2. Orchopeas caedens 2 0 Tamiasciurus 
1 Monopsyllus wagneri 1 0 Peromyscus 
5) Monopsyllus vison 3 2 Tamiasciurus 
3. = Ctenophyllus armatus 1 2 Ochotona princeps 
| Oropsylla idahoensis 0 1 Spermophilus 
1] Opisocrostis labis 0 1 Spermophilus 
1 Megarthroglossus sp. 1 0 Cricetine Rodents 
21 Chaetopsylla floridensis 8 13 Martes americana 
Two marten, October, 1977 
22. ~=Chaetopsylla floridensis 15 7 Martes americana 
2 Thrassis stanfordi ] 1 Marmota 
2. Tarsopsylla octodecimdentata 
coloradensis 2 0 Tamiasciurus 
Megarthroglossus sp. 1 0 Cricetine Rodents 
1 Amphipsylla sibirica 1 0 Microtus 


prey on them. Nearctopsylla princei has been known only from California, 
its usual host being the shrew, Sorex trowbridgei. 

Two subspecies of the largely Palaearctic genus Amphipsylla have been 
reported from North America. Amphipsylla sibirica washingtona Hubbard 
has been known only from Washington and Idaho, to our knowledge. Am- 
Phipsylla sibirica pollionis (Rothschild) has been taken in Alaska, the Yu- 
kon, Alberta and Labrador. We have taken the following specimens of A. 
s. washingtona from the Rocky Mountain National Park, Larimer County, 
Colorado: 1 male ex Peromyscus maniculatus, 21 December 1975, R. G. 
McLean; | male ex Microtus montanus, 21 December 1975, R. G. McLean; 
1 male ex Clethrionomys gapperi, 5 March 1975, E. G. Campos; and 2 
females ex M. montanus, 27 February 1975, E. G. Campos. A single female 
A. sibirica was taken from a marten, Martes americana, in October 1977, 
in Larimer County, Colorado, by George Stewart. 

Ctenophthalmus pseudagyrtes Baker is commonly found in the eastern 
United States but is rare in the West. We know of no reports of this flea 
from Colorado previous to the following: 1 male ex Microtus sp., 24 April 
1970, Spring Creek Dam, Larimer County, Colorado, E. G. Campos; and 
1 female ex Rattus norvegicus, Fort Collins, Larimer County, Colorado, 
3 August 1976, City-County Health Department. 


40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Table 2. Fleas recovered from 7 bobcat, Lynx rufus, Larimer County, Colorado, 
December 1975—March 1976. 


No. 
Fleas Species F M Usual Hosts 
99 ~~ Cediopsylla inaequalis 62 37 Rabbits 
11. Hoplopsyllus glacialis 7 4 Rabbits 
21 Odontopsyllus dentatus 4 17 Rabbits 
| Pulex irritans 0 1 Carnivores 


The range of the flea, Eptescopsylla vancouverensis (Wagner), which par- 
asitizes several species of bats has been extended eastward from the west 
coast of the United States and Canada by the recovery of specimens in 
Colorado: 1 male, 1 female ex Plecotus pallescens, Boulder County, Col- 
orado, 19 January 1977, C. J. Mitchell; and 1 male ex P. pallescens, Boulder 
County, Colorado, 6 January 1978, C. J. Mitchell. We have also seen a male 
taken from Euderma maculatum in Nevada, but the slide has been mislaid 
and more specific collection data are not available. 

The Nevada and Colorado specimens differ somewhat from the west coast 
E. vancouverensis. For example, the former have a reduced number of 
frontal spiniforms on the head, no mid-dorsal hump on the movable process 
of the male clasper and reduced setation on the male sternum VIII. The 
differences are believed to be no more than subspecific in nature. 

We have had an opportunity to study fleas from five Martes americana 
trapped in Larimer County, Colorado, in October and November of 1976- 
77. One marten was taken November 5, 1976 in the Rocky Mountain Na- 
tional Park by Dr. R. G. McLean; the others were secured by Mr. George 
Stewart, professional trapper, elsewhere in Larimer County. The 14 species 
taken from martens are listed in Table 1. Of these, only Chaetopsylla flor- 
idensis (1. Fox) can be characterized as a true marten flea. 

Chaetopsylla floridensis, previously unreported from Colorado, bears an 
unfortunate specific name. It was described from material in the U.S. Na- 
tional Museum purported to be ‘‘from garden truck leaf mold’’ taken in 
Gainesville, Florida. In light of its present known distribution from Alaska 
(Hopla, 1964) to Colorado, one is tempted to speculate that the type-material 
was mislabeled. We have observed that the flea is well-adapted to cold 
weather and remains active at below 0°F on trapped martens which have 
been frozen for hours. 

Two specimens of a rare flea were recovered from a marten. Tarsopsylla 
octodecimdentata coloradensis (Baker) was described from Colorado on 
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus. We know of but two additional records of the 
species in the state. We have not seen it in recent years, even though nu- 
merous T. hudsonicus and their nests have been examined in connection with 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 4] 


Table 3. Fleas recovered from 4 ringtailed cat, Bassaricus astutus, Bernalillo County, 
New Mexico, November—December 1977. 


No. 
Fleas Species F M Usual Hosts 
30 = Megarthroglossus bisetis 21 9 Neotoma 
24 Anomiopsyllus novomexicanensis 12 12 Neotoma 
2. Stenistomera alpina 2 0 Neotoma 
6 Atyphloceras echis 5) I Neotoma 
4 Epitedia stanfordi 1 3 Peromyscus 
1 Micropsylla sectilis goodi 1 0 Neotoma 
1 Meringis arachis 1 0 Dipodomys 
2 Diamanus montanus 1 ] Spermophilus 
2. Malaraeus sinomus 0 2 Cricetine Rodents 
2. ‘Thrassis aridis 1 1 Spermophilus 
1 Monopsyllus wagneri 0 1 Peromyscus 
1 Orchopeas neotomae l 0 Neotoma 
3. Pulex simulans 1 2 Cynomys, Carnivores 
4 Echidnophaga gallinacea 2 2 Wide Host Range 


Colorado tick fever studies in the Rocky Mountain National Park. Hopla 
(1964) reports taking the species in Alaska from T. hudsonicus, Mustela er- 
minea, Glaucomys sabrinus and Clethrionomys rutilus. We consider T. 
O. coloradensis to be truly a rare flea in Colorado. Due to its scarcity on 
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, it has been considered a nest flea. 

It is apparent from the plethora of flea species found on certain carnivores 
that they may play an important role in the natural history of bubonic plague, 
primarily by transferring infected fleas from an infected rodent aggregate to 
uninfected rodents of the same or different species. With comparatively large 
home ranges, carnivores should be capable of rapidly spreading plague in 
rodents. 

The Mustelidae are much more likely to have a large variety of flea species 
on them than other common carnivores in the Colorado Rocky Mountain 
area. Fox and coyote are frequently heavily infested with Pulex irritans, with 
only occasional rabbit or rodent fleas seen on them. As shown in Table 2, 
seven bobcat recently examined were infested exclusively with rabbit fleas, 
with the exception of a single Pulex irritans. 

The number and diversity of rodent fleas found on the marten is a reflection 
of the wide host range of these animals and the energetic manner in which 
they investigate nests of both burrowing and arboreal rodents. The relatively 
small size of the Mustelidae enables them to actually enter many rodent bur- 
rows and pick up predominantly nest fleas. 

Noticeable by their absence from the extensive list of fleas from marten are 
rabbit fleas. Even if they do not feed on rabbits, rabbit fleas are so common 


42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


in the Rocky Mountain area that we have picked them up from the ground 
with flannel drags used for collecting ticks. 

An impressive number of flea species have recently been seen off four an- 
imals representing another carnivore family, the Procyonidae. A total of 83 
fleas, representing 14 species, were removed from two ringtailed cat, Bas- 
saricus astutus, trapped November 18, 1977 and two taken December 5, 1977, 
by U.S. Air Force preventive medicine personnel in Bernalillo County, New 
Mexico (Table 3). As with the marten, this extensive list of flea species from 
ringtailed cat does not include rabbit fleas. 

We appreciate the assistance given by Dr. George W. Holland, Research 
Branch, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Canada, and Dr. Robert Traub, De- 
partment of Microbiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, in 
the specific determination of certain of the fleas treated in this paper. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Hopla, E. C. 1964. Alaskan hematophagous insects, their feeding habits and potential as vectors 
of pathogenic organisms. Part I. Univ. Oklahoma Research Institute, Norman, Oklahoma. 
346 pp. 


| PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 43-45 
A NEW SPECIES OF HYDROPTILA FROM VIRGINIA 
(TRICHOPTERA: HYDROPTILIDAE) 


CHARLES R. PARKER AND J. REESE VOSHELL, JR. 


Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni- 
versity, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061. 


Abstract.—The adult male of Hydroptila anisoforficata, new species, is 
described and figured. The new species is briefly compared to similar species 
in the genus. 


During a recent survey of the aquatic insect fauna of Stony Creek, Vir- 
ginia, an unknown species of Trichoptera was discovered. Subsequent ex- 
amination of material collected previously near the Maury River produced 
additional specimens. 


Hydroptila anisoforficata Parker and Voshell, NEW SPECIES 


Adult male.—Length of forewing, 2.0-2.5 mm. Color of specimens in 
alcohol, brown. Seventh (and occasionally 6th) sternum with short, pointed 
apicomesal process. Eighth segment with numerous very long setae. Gen- 
eral appearance similar to others in genus. Genitalia: Ninth segment re- 
tracted into 8th and part of 7th segments; prolonged posteriorly as a broad 
setose lobe that covers base of clasper. Tenth tergum (Fig. 1B) arises from 
9th as a narrow, heavily sclerotized process that widens gradually before 
forking at about midlength; each fork twisted and bent (Fig. 1A), the right 
fork longer than the left and bending dorsad, the left bending ventrad. Clasp- 
er rectangular at base in lateral view; becomes slender and bladelike dor- 
somesally and curves mesoventrad, overlapping the other clasper before 
curving laterad and ending in a narrow apex (Fig. 1C); with several stout 
setae, more numerous apically. Mesal membranous lobe of 9th segment 
projects beneath 10th tergum, closely appressed to it; 2 setae project ventrad 
near apex; aedeagus exits between fork of 10th tergum and mesal lobe of 
9th segment. Aedeagus (Fig. 1D) with enlarged base; slender tapering pro- 
cess arises just before midlength and spirals posteriad clockwise one revo- 
lution; constricted beyond midlength, ending apically as a slender finger; 
ejaculatory duct reticulated and looped at midlength. 

Remarks.—Hydroptila anisoforficata appears to be similar to H. wau- 
besiana Betten (1934) and allies because of the long, forked 10th tergum. 
The complete sclerotization of the 10th tergum is found in H. eramosa 


44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. |. Hydroptila anisoforficata, male genitalia. A, Lateral. B, Dorsal. C, Ventral. D, 
Aedeagus. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER I 45 


Harper (1973). The long, curved claspers are suggestive of H. xera Ross 
(1938), H. berneri Ross (1941), H. salmo Ross (1941), H. tusculum Ross 
(1947) and H. melia Ross (1938). However, H. anisoforficata is easily sep- 
arated from other species by the asymmetrically forked 10th tergum and 
sinuate claspers which overlap midway and diverge apically. 

Etymology.—The name is derived from aniso- (Greek, unequal) and for- 
ficat- (Latin, forked) and refers to the distinctive 10th tergum. 

Types.—Holotype, 3: Virginia, Giles Co., Stony Creek between Olean 
and Interior, 650-670 m elevation, black light trap, 13 July 1977, Sharon 
Johnson. Paratypes: Same data as holotype, 2 6. Virginia, Rockbridge Co., 
Maury River, Goshen Pass, 440-460 m elevation, black light trap, 8 Sep- 
tember 1976, Walter Knausenberger, 4 6. Holotype and 2 paratypes de- 
posited in the United States National Museum; remainder of paratypes de- 
posited in the Royal Ontario Museum and the collection of the Department 
of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


The authors thank Ms. Sharon Johnson for her diligent collecting during 
the summer of 1977 and Mr. Walter Knausenberger for donating specimens 
which he had previously collected. The assistance of Dr. Oliver S. Flint, 
Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and Dr. Glenn B. Wiggins, Royal Ontario Mu- 
seum, in examining specimens and reviewing the manuscript Is greatly ap- 
preciated. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Betten, C. 1934. Zye caddis flies or Trichoptera of New York State. NY State Mus. Bull. 
292: 1-576. 

Harper, P. P. 1973. Hydroptila eramosa a new caddis fly from Southern Ontario (Trichoptera, 
Hydroptilidae). Can. J. Zool. 51:393-394. 

Ross, H. H. 1938. Descriptions of Nearctic caddis flies (Trichoptera) with special reference 
to the Illinois species. Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. 21:101-183. 

—. 1941. Descriptions and records of North American Trichoptera. Trans. Am. Entomol. 

Soc. 67:35-126. 

. 1947. Descriptions and records of North American Trichoptera, with synoptic notes. 

Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 73:125-168. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 46-50 


TWO NEW SPECIES OF CORTICEUS FROM FLORIDA AND THE 
WEST INDIES (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE) 


CHARLES A. TRIPLEHORN 


Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 
43210. 


Abstract.—Two new species of Corticeus, C. tensicollis from Florida, 
Cuba, Puerto Rico, Haiti and Dominican Republic and C. tuberculatus from 
Cuba, are described. Characters which separate them from other large, Neo- 
tropical species of Corticeus are presented. 


Anticipating an eventual review of the Western Hemisphere components 
of the genus Corticeus, I wish to make known the following two new species 
at this time. 

Grateful acknowledgment is expressed to a number of curators and in- 
stitutions for the loan of specimens upon which this paper is based. The 
institution, abbreviation used in the text and curator(s) in charge are as 
follows: United States National Museum of Natural History, Washington, 
D.C. (USNM), T. J. Spilman; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (MCZC), J. F. Lawrence; American 
Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH), Lee H. Herman, Jr.; 
Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, (FSCA), R. E. Wood- 
ruff; Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (ICCM), George Wallace; 
Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Munich, West Germany 
(ZSBS), Gerhard Scherer; The Ohio State University Collection of Insects 
and Spiders, Columbus (OSUC), C. A. Triplehorn. 


Corticeus tensicollis Triplehorn, NEW SPECIES 


Holotype, male.—Elongate, very slender, subcylindrical, dark reddish 
brown, glabrous, shining. Head uniformly finely and densely punctured; 
clypeus well defined and swollen medially; antennae with segments 5-10 
short but broadly expanded laterally, apical segment lighter in color, longer 
and rounded apically; eyes coarsely faceted, separated dorsally by almost 
3x the observed dorsal diameter of one eye and ventrally by much less than 
the observed ventral diameter of one eye; ventral surface of head with only 
a few fine, widely separated punctures. Pronotum long and narrow (width = 
0.7 length), convex, lateral margins parallel, marginal bead very fine, apical | 
margin strongly rounded, angles abruptly acute and prominent, base feebly 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER I 47 


rounded, prominently beaded, angles obtuse; surface finely and sparsely 
punctured, most punctures separated by at least their own diameters. Elytra 
slightly wider than pronotum, with distinct rows of fine, closely spaced 
punctures forming striae, only the Ist and 2nd (adjacent to suture) lying in 
sulci, lateral striae obsolete; intervals subconvex near suture, becoming flat 
laterally, with a single row of minute punctures on each; pygidium finely 
and densely punctured. Ventral surface concolorous with dorsum, legs 
somewhat lighter in color; flanks of prothorax coarsely but shallowly and 
densely punctured; prosternum finely punctate with wavy, transverse sculp- 
turing; prosternal process narrow between coxae, expanded apically into 2 
prominent lobes; mesosternum and mesepisternum coarsely and confluently 
punctured; metasternum with obvious though weak carina progressing 
obliquely caudad from mesocoxa and becoming vague posteriorly, sparsely 
and minutely punctured except laterally where punctures are coarser and 
shallower but still widely separated; abdominal sterna with deep lateral 
grooves, basal 3 sterna finely and sparsely punctured except on flattened 
median area on segments | and 2 where punctures are larger, 4th segment 
more coarsely and densely punctured, 5th segment still more coarsely, al- 
most confluently punctured. Length 6.2 mm; width 1.5 mm. 

Types.—Holotype, Paradise Key, Florida, 9 March (no year or collector 
indicated); 4 paratypes, Miami, Florida, 15 November 1947; 4 paratypes, 
Miami, Florida, June 1948; 4 paratypes, Homestead, Florida, 16 Novem- 
ber 1931; 2 paratypes, Biscayne Bay Florida (no date or collector); | para- 
type, Broward County, Florida (no date); | paratype, Dade County, Florida, 

June, 1930. Holotype in USNM; paratypes in FSCA, MCZC, USNM, 
-OSUC, ICCM, AMNH, and ZSBS. Additional specimens studied (26) Cay- 
-amas, Cuba, 14 January to 11 February, (no year indicated), E. A. Schwarz, 
on ceiba; (2) Cayamas, Cuba, Baker (no date), (3) Higueral, Dominican 
Republic, 12 April 1913, J. R. Johnston; (1) Port au Prince, Haiti, R. J. 
Crew, all in USNM; Upper Ovando River, eastern Oriente Province, Cuba 
(1000-2000 ft.), 17-20 July 1936, Darlington; (2) Soledad, Cienfuegos, 
Cuba, 28 October 1926, Darlington; (3) San Juan de los Remedios, Cuba, 
H. Bryant; (7) Jarabacoa, Dominican Republic (1500-4000 ft.), August, 
1938, Darlington, all in MCZC; (1) Cayey, Puerto Rico, 1920, G. N. Wolcott; 
(3) Higueral, Santo Domingo; (1) Cuba, all in AMNH. 

Discussion.—There is obvious sexual dimorphism involving the basal two 
abdominal sterna and the pro- and metathoracic legs. The male has the 
middle portion of the first abdominal sternum (sometimes the second ster- 
num also) flattened or concave, with distinctly coarser punctures than the 

outer portions of the sclerite; in the female these two sterna are uniformly 
convex with punctures subequal throughout. The male protibia has long, 
dense, golden setae on the anterior surface, with the ventral surface ob- 
viously incurved along apical three-fourths; the metatibia is stouter, sud- 


48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON | 


denly though slightly narrowed near base. The female protibia has much) 
shorter golden setae on the anterior surface, with the ventral surface almost’ 
straight; the metatibia is slenderer and evenly narrowed from apex to base.) 

Measurements.—Length 5.0-7.5 mm; width 1.2—1.8 mm. 

The presence of this large, elongate species of Corticeus in Florida has} 
been known for a long time. It has been misidentified as C. mexicanus) 
(Reitter) in several collections, perhaps as a result of the listing of that] 
species in the Leng Catalogue from Florida, even though the name was) 
preceded by a question mark. 

Through the courtesy of Dr. Gerhard Scherer, Zoologische Sammlung des) 
Bayerischen Staates, Munich, Germany, I was able to borrow a Reitter) 
cotype of C. mexicanus and verify the identity of that species. I was aware, 
that the Florida species differed markedly from specimens I had on hand. 
from Central America and which I presumed to be C. mexicanus. Exami- | 
nation of the cotype and study of an adequate series from Central America - 
confirmed my suspicions that the Florida species was undescribed. | 

Corticeus mexicanus is of stouter proportions than C. tensicollis, the 
pronotum is shorter (width = 0.8 length) and the ventral surface is more> 
coarsely punctured. Males of C. mexicanus are very distinct in having the 
medial portion of the basal abdominal sternum flattened and rugosely sculp- 
tured between and behind the metacoxae with a distinct median carina end- 
ing in a tubercle. In addition, there is a dense, conspicuous patch of short, 
pale setae on the prosternum immediately behind the head. These two struc- 
tures are absent in the female of C. mexicanus and in both sexes of C. 
tensicollis. Both structures were clearly visible on the cotype studied even 
though it was glued dorsal side up on a card. 

I have seen specimens of C. mexicanus from Mexico, Guatemala, Nica- 
ragua, Panama and Colombia. 

Corticeus tensicollis is more similar to C. rufipes (Fabricius) than to any 
other New World species. The two may be separated by several characters 
in addition to the male genitalia. Corticeus rufipes is usually larger (up to 
10 mm in length), the eyes are separated ventrally by about 1.5 x the 
ventral diameter of one eye, and the elytral striae are better defined, at least 
5 discal striae on each side of the suture situated in distinct sulci with convex 
elytral intervals. 

I have seen specimens of C. rufipes from Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, 
Panama, British Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Bolivia, Brazil and Trin- 
idad. 


Corticeus tuberculatus Triplehorn, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 2—3 


Holotype, sex undetermined.—Elongate, stout, subcylindrical, dark red- 
dish brown, shining; dorsal surface with scattered, widely separated, erect, 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 


Fig. 1. Corticeus tensicollis, body outline in dorsal view. Figs. 2-3. C. tuberculatus. 
Body outline in dorsal view. 3, Left prothoracic leg. 


49 


5 


50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


pale setae. Head with clypeus trapezoidal, sides straight, finely crenulate 
and distinctly reflexed, anterior angles prominent, epistoma subtruncate 
with 2 small, almost contiguous marginal tubercles, 2 similar, slightly sep- 
arated tubercles at base of clypeus; interocular area smooth and shiny with 
6 small tubercles; posterior portion of head coarsely and densely punctured, 
a transverse impression between eyes; antennae dark reddish brown, stout, 
subfusiform, segments 5-10 transverse, terminal segment narrower, elon- — 
gate, rounded apically; eyes moderate, coarsely faceted, separated ventrally 
by almost 2 the observed ventral diameter of one eye; ventral surface of 
head with a few coarse but very shallow punctures, transversely impressed 
between eyes. Pronotum large (0.6 length of elytra), strongly convex; lateral 
margins straight and divergent from base to apex, apical margin truncate, 
strongly and abruptly deflexed medially, angles finely acute and prominent, 
basal margin nearly straight, basal angles rounded; lateral and basal margins 
finely beaded; surface coarsely and deeply punctured, punctures well sep- 
arated on disc, much closer laterally, punctures more or less elliptical; lat- 
eral setae quite long. Elytra equal in width to base of pronotum, sides par- 
allel, surface shallowly punctate-striate, intervals flat and minutely 
punctulate; elytral setae vaguely arranged in longitudinal rows, best seen in 
anterior or posterior views, longest near lateral margins; pygidium very 
finely punctate. Ventral surface finely and densely punctured, somewhat 
alutaceous, especially metasternum; prosternal process narrow between 
coxae, strongly expanded behind, truncate apically; legs light reddish 
brown; profemur expanded apically, grooved ventrally for reception of pro- 
tibia; protibia expanded apically, outer margin strongly denticulate (Fig. 3); 
inner margin densely clothed with golden setae, apical spur large and strong- 
ly deflexed; dorsal surface of mesotibia finely denticulate; metatibia with 
large subapical tooth on dorsal surface. Length 3.5 mm; width 0.9 mm. 

Types.—Holotype and 5 paratypes, Cayamas, Cuba, 14 January (no year 
indicated), E. A. Schwarz, on ceiba; 2 paratypes, same locality and collector 
but 21 January. Holotype and paratypes in USNM: paratype in OSUC. 

Discussion.—There is not much variation in the type-series. Three of the 
specimens have a single epistomal tubercle instead of two and the number 
and arrangement of other tubercles on the head vary slightly (as few as 4 
as in Fig. 2). The denticulations on the dorsal edge of the protibia are ir- 
regular, some large teeth and some small teeth on the same tibia, and with 
different combinations on the right and left tibia of a specimen. 

Measurements.—Length 3.2—3.7 mm; width 0.82—0.96 mm. 

This species has at least three unique characters, any one of which will 
distinguish it from all other known Corticeus in the Western Hemisphere: 
Head tuberculate, outer margin of profemur denticulate and anterior margin 
of pronotum deflexed. It is totally unlike any species known to me, and I 
am unable to speculate on its affinities. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 51-59 


A NEW NEOTROPICAL GENUS OF PREDACEOUS MIDGES, 
WITH A KEY TO THE GENERA OF HETEROMYIINI 
(DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) 


WILLIAM L. GROGAN, JR. AND WILLIS W. WIRTH 


(WLG) Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College 
Park, Maryland 20742 (now at: Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury 
State College, Salisbury, Maryland 21801); and (WWW) Systematic Ento- 
mology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA, 
% U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—Physohelea, a new genus of predaceous midges of the tribe 
Heteromyiini, is described and illustrated. It includes the type-species, Neu- 
‘ohelea oedidactyla Ingram and Macfie, from Argentina, and N. turgidipes 
[Ingram and Macfie, from Chile. A key and phylogeny are presented for the 
Heteromyiini, and phylogenetic relationships within the tribe are discussed. 


Ingram and Macfie (1931) described Neurohelea oedidactyla and N. tur- 
gidipes from Patagonia and South Chile, respectively. In their excellent 
paper they remarked that these two species resembled both Clinohelea Kief- 
fer and Neurohelea Kieffer in possessing a swollen front fifth tarsomere. 
They distinguished Clinohelea from these two species by: ‘“‘all femora are 
slender and unarmed, the costa is not prolonged beyond RS, the median 
fork is broadly sessile, and on the four posterior legs of the female the 
fourth tarsal segment is armed, and the claws are very unequal.’’ They 
concluded that these two species more closely resembled Neurohelea be- 
cause ‘‘the only difference to be found is apparently in the femora, all of 
which in Neurohelea are slender and unarmed. We have therefore referred 
the two speciese described here to this genus, assuming that, as only a single 
species is known, the armature of the femora may not be in this case a 
character of generic importance.”’ 

We consider the allocation of these two species to Neurohelea by Ingram 
and Macfie at the time a prudent decision. However, since the publication 
of their paper in 1931, another species of Neurohelea, N. nigra, has been 
described by Wirth (1952). An additional species, N. macroneura, originally 
described by Malloch (1915) in Johannsenomyia and later allocated to Neu- 
erohelea by Johannsen (1943), was apparently unknown to Ingram and Mac- 
fie. The type species of Neurohelea, N. luteitarsis (Meigen), occurs in the 


52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Palaearctic Region while the above two species are Nearctic. These three 
species of Neurohelea are very similar morphologically with but minor dif- 
ferences at the species level, and it now appears that they comprise a rather 
well-defined genus, apparently Holarctic in distribution. 

Recently, we discovered in the material in the U.S. National Museum a 
specimen of Neurohelea turgidipes collected in Patagonia by R. and E. 
Shannon in 1926 on the same expedition during which F. and M. Edwards 
collected the type-series of N. turgidipes and N. oedidactyla. Unfortunately 
much of Shannon’s collection was not made available for study when the 
British Museum (Natural History) published its series on the Diptera of 
Patagonia and South Chile. Through the courtesy of Richard Lane and the 
trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), we were able to borrow 
the type-series of N. oedidactyla and N. turgidipes. The female holotypes 
of both species were mounted on slides in balsam by Ingram and Macfie and 
are in excellent condition. After comparing the type-material of N. oedi- 
dactyla and N. turgidipes with other species of Neurohelea, we feel it 
necessary to propose a new genus for them. 

In this paper we are also revising the recently published key (Wirth et al., 
1974) to the tribe Heteromyiini, to include this new genus and to correct 
some problems in classification. In addition we are including a section on 
the phylogenetics of the Heteromyiini to elaborate on our evaluation of 
characters in this tribe. For an explanation of general terminology of Cer- 
atopogonidae see Wirth (1952) and Wirth et al. (1977). We are grateful to 
Ethel L. Grogan for preparing the illustrations. 


KEY TO THE GENERA OF HETEROMYIINI (FEMALES) 


1. Media barely sessile, forking at level of r-m crossvein; fourth tar- 


Somerc ol hind les"corditonm: .%..gcesss hosts Shee ee oe je 
— Media broadly sessile, forking proximal to r-m crossvein; fourth tar- 
somere of hind leg bifid or greatly elongated, not cordiform ......... 4 


tN 


. One radial cell; claws of hind leg without basal inner tooth ....... 
rah Earth estan ie aired See ah te a! bt Neurobezzia Wirth and Ratanaworabhan 
Two radial cells; claws of hind leg with basal inner tooth ........... 3) 

3. Front femur bearing 5-12 spines; fifth tarsomere of front leg elon- 

gate, greatly inflated; claws moderately small, less than 4 length of 
iiiGhgtAarSOmMehe sw Me 2 seiih nests ie eee Physohelea, new genus 

— Front femur without spines; fifth tarsomere of front leg shorter than 

those of middle and hind legs, slightly inflated; claws moderately 


large, more than 2 of length of fifth tarsomeres .. Neurohelea Kieffer 
4. Fourth and fifth tarsomeres of hind leg greatly elongated; hind claw 
PRCAUY CIONSALEC. wo-.gocscoe os es ae thee ee Ce ee eee 5 


— Fourth tarsomere of hind leg bifid, spinose; fifth tarsomere of hind 


53 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 
leg about as long as those of front and middle legs; hind claw not 
PReALMVACOMPANCC epics cent ees ces Chia re cee eine Caalets Sinise ene aie state 7. 
. Front femur greatly swollen, bearing 20-30 spines; claws of front 
and middle legs with basal inner tooth .............. Heteromyia Say 
Front femur slender with less than five spines; claws of front and 
muadlewdess, withoutibasalipmmen tOOtn’ 21: oi 6 3... fi. aoe wl ste eye eee oi 6 
Inner claw present on hind leg; fourth tarsomere of front and middle 
legs bitid, spimose:, wing fasciafe .. 2... ..2..06.%. Tetrabezzia Kieffer 
Inner claw absent on hind leg; fourth tarsomere of front and middle 
legs cordiform, without spines; wing hyaline .... Pellucidomyia Macfie 


. Claws of front leg unequal; eyes broadly contiguous ............ 


a6 oh Boo BOSE, Se ee ores Metahelea Edwards 


One radial cell; anterior scutal spine strongly developed .......... 
ic Seek pO es EES Sper UE le ene Ee err a Ceratobezzia Kieffer 
Two radial cells; anterior scutal spine poorly developed or absent 
5 wie ue 6S Ae oc EE PER ec oO ee ee ee eee Clinohelea Kieffer 


Physohelea Grogan and Wirth, NEW GENUS 


Type-species, Neurohelea oedidactyla Ingram and Macfie, by present des- 


ignation. 


Diagnosis.—As genus of predaceous midges of the tribe Heteromyiini 


distinguished from all other ceratopogonid genera by the following combi- 
nation of characters: Fifth tarsomere of front leg elongate, greatly inflated; 
front femur slightly swollen and bearing 5S—12 spines; wing slightly infus- 
cated, with 2 radial cells, the costa extending beyond R4+5 to 0.87-0.91 of 
wing length; media barely sessile, forking at level of r-m crossvein; claws 
moderately small, less than % length of Sth tarsomeres, equal in size and 
possessing basal inner teeth; 4th tarsomeres cordiform. Male unknown. 


Physohelea keys to couplet 9, the tribe Heteromyiini, and couplet 36, 


Neurohelea Kieffer, in Wirth et al. (1974) but differs from that genus by 
several characters. Neurohelea has shorter, stouter legs and the front femur 
lacks spines, the front fifth tarsomere is shorter than the others and just 
slightly inflated, the claws are much longer, more than 12 the length of the 
fifth tarsomeres, the costa extends far beyond R4+5 to more than 0.97 of 
the wing length, and the flagellum is much shorter and stouter. Heteromyia 
Say differs from Physohelea in having a greatly swollen fore femur bearing 
20-30 spines, fasciate wings with a broadly sessile media, hind fourth and 
fifth tarsomeres greatly elongated and hind claws greatly elongated. Neu- 
robezzia Wirth and Ratanaworabhan, the only other heteromyiine genus 
with a media forking at the level of the r-m crossvein, differs readily from 
Physohelea in having only a single radial cell. All other genera in the tribe 


54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


a iS SP Ne CP EB ES 
a 


Fig. 1. Physohelea oedidactyla, female. a, flagellum; b, palpus; c, wing; d, mandible; e, 
leg pattern; f, tarsi; g, fifth tarsomeres and claws. 


Heteromyliini differ from Physohelea in having a broadly sessile media and 
the hind fourth tarsomeres either greatly elongated or bifid and spinose. 

Etymology.—The generic name is a combination of Greek physo (inflat- 
ed) and heleios (marsh dweller) and refers to the characteristic inflated front 
fifth tarsomeres of this genus. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER | 55 


Physohelea oedidactyla (Ingram and Macfie), NEW COMBINATION 
Figs. 1, 2a 
Neurohelea oedidactyla Ingram and Macfie, 1931:212 (female; Argentina); 
Wirth, 1974:48 (in catalog of Neotropical Ceratopogonidae). 


— Diagnosis.—A species of Physohelea characterized by its dark brown 
legs with the proximal 2 of the front and middle femora and base of the 
hind femur yellowish; scutum brownish. 

Female.—For a complete description see Ingram and Macfie (1931). To 
that description may be added the following: Wing length 2.46 mm; breadth 
0.86 mm. Antenna with lengths of flagellomeres (Fig. la) in proportion of 
19-12-12-13-14-15-15-16-23-23-22-23-25; antennal ratio 1.00. Palpus (Fig. 1b) 
with lengths of segments in proportion of 7-8-15-9-15; palpal ratio 3.0. Man- 
dible (Fig. 1d) with 8-9 large coarse teeth on inner margin; outer margin 
with 3—4 small, widely-spaced teeth. Legs (Fig. le) with dark brown femora 
and tibiae except yellowish on proximal /% of front and middle femora and 
base of hind femur; front femur with 5—7 spines; tarsi (Fig. 1f) yellowish on 
proximal 3 tarsomeres, brown on distal 2 tarsomeres; Sth tarsomere of fore 
leg (Fig. 1g) elongated and greatly inflated, shorter and slender on middle 
and hind legs; claws small, equal sized, with basal inner teeth. Wing (Fig. 
Ic) slightly infuscated, surface with microtrichia only; 2 radial cells; costa 
extending beyond R4+5 to 0.87 of wing length; media barely sessile, forking 
at the level of r-m crossvein; cubitus forking at level of r-m crossvein. 
Abdomen with genitalia as in Fig. 2a; 9th sternum with truncate anterior 
margin; posterior margin cleft; 8th sternum with a pair of bifid arms; 10th 
sternum with a deeply cleft anterior margin and 6 pairs of large setae. Two 
or three small, spheroid, subequal spermathecae with narrow, moderately 
long necks, the largest measuring 0.067 by 0.052 mm. 

Male.—Unknown. 

Distribution.—Argentina; known only from the type-locality, which 1s 
plotted in Fig. 3. 

Type.—Holotype, female, Argentina, Rio Negro Province, Bariloche, 
December 1926, F. and M. Edwards, in British Museum (Natural History), 
London. 


Physohelea turgidipes (Ingram and Macfie), NEW COMBINATION 
Fig. 2b—c 
Neurohelea turgidipes Ingram and Macfie, 1931:214 (female; Chile); Wirth 
1974:48 (in catalog of Neotropical Ceratopogonidae). 


Diagnosis.—A species of Physohelea very similar to P. oedidactyla but 
differing from that species by its mostly yellowish legs with the distal 4 of 
the femora and tibiae brown and with large yellowish anterolateral spots on 
the scutum. 


56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 2. Physohelea oedidactyla and P. turgidipes, females. a, genitalia of P. oedidactyla; 
b and c, leg patterns and spermathecae, respectively, of P. turgidipes. 


Female.—For a complete description see Ingram and Macfie (1931). To 
that description may be added the following: Wing length 2.50—2.79 mm; 
breadth 0.86-0.90 mm. Antenna with lengths of flagellomeres in proportion 
of 19-13-13-14-14-15-17-17-26-27-26-26-26; antennal ratio 1.07—1.21. Palpus 
with lengths of segments in proportion of 6-9-13-7-15; palpal ratio 2.55—2.60. 
Legs (Fig. 2b) yellowish except brown on distal 4 of femora and tibiae; 
front femur with 6-12 spines. Costa of wing extending to 0.89-0.91 of wing 
length. Two slightly larger spermathecae (Fig. 2c), the largest measuring 
0.076 by 0.055 mm. 

Male.—Unknown. 

Distribution.—Southern Chile; locality records plotted in Fig. 3. 

Type.—Holotype, female, Chile, Chiloe Province, Mechuque Island, 23 
December 1926, F. and M. Edwards, in British Museum (Natural History), 
London. 

Additional Material Examined.—CHILE: Chiloe Province, Isla Chiloe, 
Ancud, December 1926, R. and E. Shannon, | female, on slide, in USNM. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 Sif 


Fig. 3. Locality records of Physohelea oedidactyla (open circle) and P. turgidipes (closed 
circles) in southern Chile and Argentina. 


PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS 


Downes (1977) has presented the only phylogenetic diagram of the tribes 
of the Ceratopogoninae to date. His diagram is rather simplified and is based 
to a large extent on the feeding habits, but we agree with its general ar- 
rangement and branching sequence of the tribes. Within the Cerotopogon- 
inae, Downes placed the Heteromyiini in that group in which the female 
captures and devours the male during the mating process. He also indicated 
from his diagram that the Heteromyiini arose from a Ceratopogonini-Stilo- 
bezziini ancestor. We believe that the Stilobezziini is probably the more 
logical ancestor of the Heteromyiini. 

Figure 4 presents a proposed phylogeny for the genera in the tribe Het- 
eromyiini. We believe that this tribe is a monophyletic group having in 
common apotypic character state 1, an inflated front fifth tarsomere. This 
character is better developed in some genera than in others; nevertheless, 
it along with some other apotypic characters indicates that the Heteromyiini 
are monophyletic in origin. 

Branch A in Fig. 4 includes Physohelea, Neurohelea and Neurobezzia, 
and these three genera are thought to be the most plesiotypic in the tribe. 
They share apotypic character state 2, a barely sessile media, that is, forking 


wa 


NEUROBEZZIA 
NEUROHELEA 
PHYSOREERE: 
HETEROMYIA 
PELLUCIDOMYIA 
TETRABEZZIA 
CERATOBEZZIA 
METAHELEA 
CLINOHELEA 


Fig. 4. Phylogeny of the genera in the tribe Heteromyiini. Apotypic character states are: 
1, inflated Sth tarsomere of front leg; 2, media barely sessile, forking at level of r-m crossvein; 
3, media broadly sessile, forking proximal to level of r-m crossvein; 4, greatly elongated hind 
4th and Sth tarsomeres and claws; 5, bifid, spinose, hind 4th tarsomere. 


at the level of the r-m crossvein, and are the only genera in the family that 
possess this character. This character probably represents an intermediate 
condition between the plesiotypic petiolate media of the Stilobezziini and 
the broadly sessile media (apotypic character state 3) present in the other 
six genera in the Heteromyiini (branch B), and the Sphaeromiini, Palpo- 
myiini, and Stenoxenini. The genera in branch A also share several plesi- 
otypic characters such as the cordiform fourth tarsomeres and equal-sized 


8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON | 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 59 


claws usually with basal inner teeth. Heteromyia (branch C) is apparently 
the only other genus to have retained the plesiotypic condition of claws with 
basal inner teeth. 

Branch B in Fig. 4 includes in the Heteromyiini those genera which share 
apotypic character state 3, a broadly sessile media. This character is also 
found in all of the higher ceratopogonid genera, as stated previously. The 
genera in branch B exhibit several unusual modifications such as bifid, spi- 
nose fourth tarsomeres and greatly elongated hind claws, characters unique 
to the Heteromyiini. 

Branch C in Fig. 4 includes Heteromyia, Pellucidomyia and Tetrabezzia, 
all of which share apotypic character state 4, greatly elongated hind fourth 
and fifth tarsomeres and claws. These characters are unique to these three 
genera, which are apparently closely associated, and probably represent 
modifications for specialized feeding behavior. However, nothing is pres- 
ently known of the feeding or mating habits of these genera. 

Branch D in Fig. 4 includes Ceratobezzia, Metahelea and Clinohelea, all 
of which share apotypic character state 5, hind fourth tarsomere bifid and 
spinose. The fourth tarsomeres of the front and middle legs of Clinohelea 
and Metahelea, and the middle leg of Ceratobezzia, are bifid and spinose 
as well. These structures may be used for holding prey. Tetrabezzia (branch 
C) also has the fourth tarsomeres of the front and middle legs bifid and 
spinose. This may indicate that Tetrabezzia might have developed this char- 
acter independently from those genera in branch D or that branches C and 
D are paraphyletic. At present we are uncertain as to what sort of hind fifth 
tarsomere the ancestor of branches C and D possessed. We may be better 
able to determine the relationships of these two groups if new characters 
are discovered or when we know more of their biologies. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Downes, J. A. 1977. Evolution of feeding habits in Ceratopogonidae. Mosquito News 37:279- 
280. 

Ingram, A. and J. W. S. Macfie. 1931. Ceratopogonidae. Diptera of Patagonia and South 
Chile, Part II, Fascicle 4, pp. 155-232. ,; 

Johannsen, O. A. 1943. A generic synopsis of the Ceratopogonidae (Heleidae) of the Americas, 
a bibliography, and a list of the North American species. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 
36:763-791. 

Malloch. J. R. 1915. The Chironomidae or midges of Illinois. Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 
10:213-243. 

Wirth, W. W. 1952. The Heleidae of California. Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 9:95—266. 

1974. A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. 14. 
Family Ceratopogonidae, pp. 1-89. Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 
Sao Paulo, Brazil. 

Wirth, W. W., N. C. Ratanaworabhan and F. S. Blanton. 1974. Synopsis of the genera of 
Ceratopogonidae (Diptera). Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 49:595-613. 

Wirth, W. W., N. C. Ratanaworabhan and D. H. Messersmith. 1977. Natural history of 
Plummers Island, Maryland. XXII. Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). |. Intro- 
duction and key to genera. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 90:6 15-647. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 60-63 


ORTHOTYLUS TRANSLUCENS: TAXONOMIC STATUS AND 
CORRECTION OF PUBLISHED MISIDENTIFICATIONS 
(HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)! 


THOMAS J. HENRY AND A. G. WHEELER, JR. 


The Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, Pennsyl- 
vania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (mailing ad- 
dress: Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, 
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120). 


Abstract.—The type-specimen of Orthotylus translucens Tucker 1907 has 
been examined. Although the condition of the type is poor, we are following 
Kelton and are regarding Tucker’s species as a junior synonym of Diaph- 
nocoris provancheri (Burque). Records of O. translucens in faunal lists prob- 
ably should refer to D. pellucida (Uhler) and D. ulmi (Knight), as well as 
to D. provancheri. Published host records from onion and mesquite refer 
to Labopidea allii Knight and Orthotylus vigilax Van Duzee, respectively. 


Elbert S. Tucker was F. H. Snow’s student and museum assistant at the 
University of Kansas during the early years of this century (Hyder, 1953). 
He published a number of papers on economic entomology while employed 
as a special field agent by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. From ex- 
tensive spare-time collecting he amassed considerable material from Colo- 
rado, Kansas, Louisiana and Texas and helped to catalogue the insects of 
Kansas. He identified much of his own material but usually had specialists 
verify his determinations. Tucker felt sufficiently confident to describe sev- 
eral new species of Diptera and Hymenoptera; his taxonomic work in He- 
miptera was limited to the 1907 description of a new mirid, Orthotylus 
translucens. 

Tucker described O. translucens from a male he collected in July 1894 
near Colorado Springs, Colorado, which O. Heidemann had noted was most 
closely related to the European O. prasinus (Fallén). Tucker hesitated to | 
describe a new species based on a single specimen but did so ‘‘to avoid — 
listing a species as unknown.”’ 

In helping to complete the mirid fascicle for the forthcoming catalogue of 


1 Authorized for publication May 24, 1978 as paper no. 5521 in the Journal Seri2s of the 
Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. A contribution from the Frost Entomological 
Museum (AES Project 2070). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 61 


the Hemiptera of America north of Mexico, we found that there is confusion 
surrounding the identity of Tucker’s species. We discovered that Van Duzee 
(1916) had redescribed translucens without examining Tucker’s type-spec- 
imen; that H. H. Knight at one time confused translucens with related 
orthotyline mirids; that the host plant records published under the name O. 
translucens by Glenn (1923) and Jones (1932) probably were based on mis- 
identifications; and that Kelton (1965) synonymized translucens under 
~Diaphnocoris provancheri (Burque) without indicating whether he had seen 
Tucker’s type. We have examined the type and the specimens of Glenn, 
Jones, Knight and Van Duzee in order to clarify the taxonomic status of O. 
translucens and to correct published host plant records based on misiden- 
tifications. 


TUCKER’S TYPE AND METATYPES 


Dr. P. D. Ashlock, Department of Entomology, University of Kansas, 
kindly permitted us to borrow Tucker’s type-specimen from the Snow En- 
‘tomological Museum. The specimen is badly faded with little hint of green 
and no fuscous tinge; its condition is poor. The antennae (except the right 
Ist segment) are missing and the genitalia are glued to a 2nd point be- 
neath the specimen, but only the right paramere is visible. The specimen is 
suggestive of Diaphnocoris provancheri, or D. pellucida (Uhler), but as 
pointed out by Kelton (1965), these two species are at best difficult to sep- 
arate. Kelton (1965) synonymized translucens under D. provancheri, prob- 
ably as a practical way to dispose of a long troublesome name and appar- 
ently without studying the Tucker type-specimen. Tucker’s specimen 
clearly belongs in the genus Diaphnocoris, and its general form most closely 
resembles specimens determined as D. provancheri from the eastern U.S. 
Because of its poor condition, it is impossible to identify the type with 
certainty; Tucker’s specimen may well represent a species distinct from 
other known Diaphnocoris. We believe it best, however, to follow Kelton’s 
disposition of translucens owing to the condition of Tucker’s type-speci- 
men. 

Tucker’s metatypes, four females collected at Kansas City, Missouri, 
May 13 and 20, could not be located. His description of this green ortho- 
tyline mirid strongly suggests the honeylocust plant bug, D. chlorionis 
(Say), based on the short rostrum (failing to attain mesocoxae), antennae 
(III-IV infuscated), and membrane (very slightly dusky). The collection of 
the metatypes from ‘‘trunks of locust trees’’ further supports our conclusion 
if the host indeed was honeylocust rather than black locust. 


VAN DUZEE’S AND KNIGHT’S CONCEPT OF ORTHOTYLUS TRANSLUCENS 


In his 1916 monograph of the genus Orthotylus in North America, Van 
Duzee redescribed O. translucens based on a pair collected at Buffalo, New 
York and two males taken at Elma, New York (near Buffalo). He did not ex- 


62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


amine Tucker’s type but thought that based on the original description he had 
correctly placed Tucker’s species. Van Duzee’s specimens from Buffalo (6- 
27-08) and Elma (Aug-25-12) were located in the collection of the California 
Academy of Sciences and were borrowed through the courtesy of Dr. P. H. 
Arnaud, Jr. These specimens cannot be referred to either D. pellucida or 
D. provancheri or to the similar-appearing D. chlorionis. Van Duzee’s spec- 
imens appear to be D. ulmi (Knight). 

H. H. Knight apparently was unsure of the identity of O. translucens and 
did not include Tucker’s species in his major works of 1923, 1941 and 1968. 
He did, however, occasionally identify specimens as translucens. In ma- 
terial submitted by C. J. Drake and H. Osborn from their survey of the 
Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake, New York, Knight identified D. pellucida, 
D. provancheri, and O. translucens?, all taken on yellow birch (Betula 
lutea) at Barber Point during July and August. He also identified translucens 
from Batavia, New York (Knight, 1928) and Raleigh, North Carolina (Brim- 
ley, 1938). In addition, his personal collection, now housed at the U.S. 
National Museum of Natural History (USNM), contains a series of speci- 
mens standing under the name O. translucens. Three species comprise this 
series: D. pellucida, D. provancheri, and D. ulmi. The specimen from Law- 
rence, Kansas, noted by Knight (1922) to be closely related to translucens 
but evidently undescribed, appears to be D. pellucida. 


Host PLANT RECORDS BASED ON MISIDENTIFICATIONS 


Glenn (1923) reported on seasonal history, damage and control of a mirid 
on wild garlic and cultivated onions in the vicinity of Olney, Illinois. C. S. 
Spooner misidentified Glenn’s species as O. translucens. In the family Mir- 
idae we were aware of only Allium spp. serving as hosts of Labopidea spp. 
We located a specimen from Olney (June 1915, on onion) in the USNM 
collection that Knight had determined as L. allii. Knight (1941) lists L. allii 
from Olney, Illinois. 

Jones (1932), based on Van Duzee’s determination, recorded O. translu- 
cens from mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa and P. velutina) in southeastern 
Arizona. He reported that feeding by large numbers of mirids apparently 
was responsible for failure of a large percentage of leaves and flowers to 
develop on time. Some of his specimens from Cochise Co., Arizona, labeled 
‘ex. mesquite,’’ have been borrowed from the California Academy of Sci- 
ences; the species fits the description of O. vigilax Van Duzee. Knight 
(1968) reported O. vigilax from mesquite in California. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We are grateful to P. D. Ashlock, University of Kansas, for permitting 
us to borrow the Tucker type-specimen and to P. H. Arnaud, Jr., California 
Academy of Sciences, for the loan of Van Duzee’s specimens. We thank R. | 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 63 


C. Froeschner, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, for 
allowing us to examine specimens in the H. H. Knight collection and J. L. 
Herring, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, I[BIII USDA, c/o U.S. Na- 
tional Museum, for letting us examine specimens under his care. K. C. Kim, 
Pennsylvania State University, kindly reviewed the manuscript and en- 
dorsed it for publication. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Brimley, C. S. 1938. The insects of North Carolina. N.C. Dept. Agric., Div. Entomol., Ra- 
leigh. 560 pp. 

Glenn, P. A. 1923. The onion capsid, Orthotylus translucens Tucker. J. Econ. Entomol. 16: 
79-81. 

Hyder, C. K. 1953. Snow of Kansas. Univ. Kans. Press, Lawrence. 296 pp. 

Jones, W. W. 1932. Mesquite injured by Orthotylus translucens Tucker in Arizona. J. Econ. 
Entomol. 25:136. 

Kelton, L. A. 1965. Diaphnidia Uhler and Diaphnocoris Kelton in North America (Hemiptera: 
Miridae). Can. Entomol. 97:1025—1030. 

Knight, H. H. 1922. Nearctic records for species of Miridae known heretofore only from the 
Palearctic Region (Heterop.). Can. Entomol. 53:280-288. 

—. 1923. Family Miridae (Capsidae). Pages 422-658. In Britton, W. E. (ed). The He- 
miptera or sucking insects of Connecticut. Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 34. 
——.. 1928. Family Miridae. Pages 110-134. Jn Leonard, M. D. (ed). A list of the insects 

of New York. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Mem. 101. 

. 1941. The plant bugs, or Miridae, of Illinois. Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. 22. 234 pp. 

—. 1968. Taxonomic review: Miridae of the Nevada Test Site and the western United 
States. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. Biol. Ser. 9(3):1—282. 

Tucker, E. S. 1907. Some results of desultory collecting of insects in Kansas and Colorado. 
List of Hemiptera Heteroptera. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 4:51-62. 

Van Duzee, E. P. 1916. Monograph of the North American species of Orthotylus (Hemiptera). 
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4) 6:87—128. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 64-69 
DESCRIPTION OF THE NYMPH OF OPHIOGOMPHUS HOWEI 
(ODONATA: GOMPHIDAE) 


JAMES H. KENNEDY AND HAROLD B. WHITE III 


(JHK) Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State 
University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061; and (HBW) Department of Chem- 
istry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711. 


Abstract.—The nymph of the little known dragonfly Ophiogomphus how- 
ei Bromley is described for the first time. It is distinguished from other 
members of the genus by its small size (19.0—22.5 mm in length), the absence 
of dorsal hooks and the vestigal nature or absence of lateral spines on ab- 
dominal segment 7. The geographical range of O. howei is extended from 
the Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania to the New River in Virginia and 
North Carolina where it is a significant component of the benthic fauna. 
The nymphal habitat, species associations, food preference and emergence 
patterns are reported along with some observations of adult behavior. 


The holotype description of Ophiogomphus howei Bromley (1924) was 
made based on one female adult. Likewise, Calvert (1924) described the 
male of O. howei based on one specimen. Until its recent discovery in a 
section of the New River in Virginia only one other O. howei specimen had 
been recorded since the original descriptions. This was a teneral female 
taken in 1967 from the Susquehanna River near Halstead, Pennsylvania 
(Thomas W. Donnelly, personal communication). Despite the fact that O. 
howei has been one of the most sought after species in North America it 
has eluded collectors and its nymph has remained undescribed for over 50 
years (M. J. Westfall, personal communication). 

As part of a study to determine species composition of the benthic in- 
vertebrate fauna in the New River, a mature Ophiogomphus nymph was 
collected in December 1976, a few meters upstream of St. Rt. 721 bridge, 
Carroll County, Virginia. The nymph was reared in facilities at Virginia 
Polytechnic Institute and State University; and in February 1977, a female 
O. howei emerged. Additional nymphs were reared and the exuviae were 
conspecific with exuviae collected from the Susquehanna River near Hal- | 
stead, Pennsylvania. The morphological terminology given by Corbet (1953) 
and Snodgrass (1954) is used in the following description of the O. howei | 
nymph. | 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER | 65 


Mature Nymph.—Body length 19.0-22.5 mm (20.5 aver.), abdominal 
width 5.6-6.1 mm (5.6 aver.), head width 4.5—4.9 mm (4.7 aver.). 

In general the mature nymph Is a greenish brown. Earlier instars have 
more of a yellowish-brown body. Preserved nymphs are a light brown. Body 
is covered with coarse cuticular granules. 

There are 4 antennal segments. The length to width ratio of antennal 
segment 3 is less than 2.0 (1.86—-1.95). The labium is as shown in Fig. 2A. 
The distal margin of the median lobe is evenly arcuate with 32-36 blunt 
teeth and 61-68 piliform setae. The distal margin of each palpus possesses 
11-13 rectangular dentations. Setae are present on lateral margins of the 
thorax. Wing pads, 4.5—5.0 mm long, extend to the base of abdominal seg- 
ment 4. The legs have prominent setae present on femora, tibia and tarsal 
segments. 

Abdominal tergal segments 2-9 in profile are somewhat arched longitu- 
dinally with a blunt rounded apical projection but no dorsal prominences 
(Fig. 2B). The abdominal terga in addition to well-marked submedian and 
lateral rows of spots have a dark pigmented blotch on segment 6. This 
characteristic may fade in preserved specimens. Subequali lateral spines are 
present on segment 8-9. A lateral spine may weakly be present on abdom- 
inal segment 7. Cerci are slightly less than % of the epiproct length. Cerci 
basal width is approximately % their length. 

The nymph of O. howei is easily distinguished from all other Ophiogom- 
phus nymphs by its small size and lack of any dorsal hooks or prominences. 
The absence of a lateral spine on segment 7 is also diagnostic for this 
species. However, this trait is variable and in approximately 40% of the 
examined specimens a weak spine was present. 

Material examined.—6 nymphs and 26 last instar exuviae from Virginia 
Carroll Co., New River, near Galax. 10 last instar exuviae from North 
Carolina: Alleghany Co., New River. 4 exuviae from Pennsylvania: Sus- 
quehanna Co., Susquehanna River. Last instar exuviae and adult specimens 
have been deposited in U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.; Florida 
State Collection Insects and Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida; Department 
of Entomology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department 
of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafeyette, Indiana; and Museum 
of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

Range.—Nymphs and adults of O. howei were collected from a 39.1 km 
section of the New River which flows through North Carolina (Alleghany 
Co.) and Virginia (Grayson, Carroll Co.). Elevation ranges from 732 m (2400 
ft) to 640 m (2100 ft) above sea level in this area. The New River near Galax, 
Virginia (36°39.5'N, 80°59’W) is a site nearly central to the distribution of 
O. howei. Exuviae were also collected from the Susquehanna River in Penn- 
sylvania (Susquehanna Co., 41°57.5'N, 75°40’W). The original descriptions 


66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 1. Ophiogomphus howei, dorsal view. 


of the adults were from specimens taken in Amherst, Massachusetts and 
Lemoyne, Pennsylvania near the Connecticut and Susquehanna Rivers, re- 
spectively. 

Ecology.—Nymphs were found in sand and gravel in swiftly flowing 
water. The average annual flow of the New River near Galax, Virginia is 51 
m?/sec. The New River is approximately 200 m wide and 0.30 m deep in 
this section. The flow, depth, width and substrate characteristics of the 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 67 


+ 5mm ——__ 


Fig. 2. Ophiogomphus howei. A, Labium (note % piliform setae are deleted to show tooth 
structure of median lobe). B, Abdomen, lateral view. 


68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Susquehanna River near Halstead, Pennsylvania are similar to the New 
River. 

Physical and chemical properties of the New River within the distribution 
range of O. howei were monitored monthly from 1970 to 1975 at three 
locations. Ranges of selected physical and chemical parameters are as fol- 
lows: Calcium, 2.00-6.50 ppm; magnesium, 0.80—-2.10 ppm; sulfate 0.00- 
7.40 ppm; chloride, 0.30-5.40 ppm; pH, 6.10—8.45; hardness, 9.90—22.40; 
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 0.01-6.15 ppm; and nitrate 0.304—3.49 
ppm. Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) was always near the saturation point. Water 
quality in this area of the New River is excellent because the drainage basin 
has few major industrial sites (Benfield and Cairns, 1974). Comparable water 
chemistry data from the Susquehanna River are not available. However, 
two spot surveys done by the Pennsylvania Fish Commission indicate the 
Susquehanna has a greater hardness (46-82 ppm) (Clark Shiffer, personal 
communication). Further reliable comparisons between the New and Sus- 
quehanna Rivers are not possible. 

Odonata nymphs sympatric with O. howei in both the Susquehanna and 
New rivers included Gomphus (Gomphurus) vastus Walsh, G. (Tylurus) 
spiniceps Walsh, Macromia illinoiensis Walsh and Neurocordulia yamas- 
kanensis Provancher. Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis (Walsh) was associated 
with O. howei in the Susquehanna and Ophiogomphus aspersus Morse in 
the New River. 

Emergence on the New River in 1977 began 30 April and continued 
through the first part of May. Peak emergence occurred 4—S May. The last 
exuviae were picked up 15 May 1977. Ophiogomphus howei emergence in 
1978 began 21 May 1978. Water temperature at the time of emergence in 
1977 and 1978 was approximately 19°C. 

The nymphs were observed climbing out of the river and up vertical mud 
banks. Emergence either occurred while clinging to the exposed mud bank 
or in the grassy vegetation on the top of the bank. Emergence occurred 
between early morning and early afternoon. Teneral O. howei kept alive up 
to seven days have yellow markings. They are devoid of the green thoracic 
coloration typical of other eastern species of Ophiogomphus. 

Foregut contents of 5 O. howei mid-instar nymphs collected during the 
summer of 1977 revealed water mites (Arachnida: Acari: Prostigmata) may- 
fly nymphs (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) and midge larvae (Diptera: Chiron- 
omidae: Tanytarsini). Two distinct size classes of O. howei were collected 
from the New River suggesting a 2 year life cycle. 

Adults are strong fliers and were observed migrating into trees after emer- 
gence. Active O. howei adults were observed 7-10 m high in trees in the 
late afternoons until dusk. Ovipositing was not observed in the New River. 
However, adults were observed to leave their perches high in trees and fly | 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER I 69 


very fast over the surface of the Susquehanna River late in the afternoon 
(Thomas W. Donnelly, personal communication). 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Boris Kondratieff and Steve Berte assisted in the field collection of adult 
and nymphal material. Clark Shiffer of the Pennsylvania Fish Commission 
and Ernest F. Benfield provided water chemistry data of the Susquehanna 
and New River respectively. Thomas W. Donnelly shared his observation 
on the Susquehanna population of O. howei and Reese J. Voshell critically 
reviewed this manuscript and offered many useful suggestions. Appalachian 
Power Company provided funds that partially supported this project. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Benfield, E. F. and J. Cairns. 1974. Pre-impoundment ecological reconnaissance of the New 
River in the area of the proposed APCO Blue Ridge Project. Three year report CES, 
VPI & SU, Blacksburg, VA. 

Bromley, S. W. 1924. A new Ophiogomphus (Aeschnidae: Odonata) from Massachusetts. 
Entomol. News 35(10):343-344. 

Calvert, P. S. 1924. The supposed male of Ophiogomphus howei Bromely (Odon.: Aeschni- 
dae). Entomol. News 35(10):345—347. 

Corbet, P. S. 1953. A terminology for the labrium of larval Odonata. Entomologist (London). 
86: 191-196. 

Snodgrass, R. E. 1954. The dragonfly larvae. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 123(2):3-38. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 70-74 — 
SEVENTY-THREE NAMES VALIDATED IN ‘“‘ICHNEUMON”’ AND 
‘“EVANIA”’”’? (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) IN 
POSTHUMOUSLY PUBLISHED LETTERS 
WRITTEN BY CUVIER 


ROBERT W. CARLSON 


Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. 
Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—Dalla Torre did not catalog the names of “‘Jchneumon’’ and 
‘*Evania’’ species which were validated in 1833 in posthumously published 
letters written by Cuvier in 1790 and 1791. Those Cuvier names are listed 
and discussed (homonymy, etc.) for the convenience of systematists not 
having ready access to Sherborn’s Index Animalium. No names of well- 
known species are junior primary homonyms of the Cuvier names discussed. 
However, such is not the case for all of the junior primary homonyms which 
Dalla Torre neglected to suppress. Consequently, it is important for Hy- 
menopterists producing comprehensive catalogs or revisions to consult 
Sherborn’s Index Animalium. 


Following the death of Georges Cuvier in 1832, two letters which he had 
written to P. I. Hartmann in 1790 and 1791 were sent by G. L. Duvernoy 
to G. Silbermann, founder and editor of Revue Entomologique. Silbermann 
thought the letters to be of historical interest with respect to the beginning 
of Cuvier’s career (Cuvier wrote the letters at age 21) as an extraordinary 
scientist; and, accordingly, he published them in Revue Entomologique 
(Cuvier, 1833a and 1833b). Although some of the names validated by virtue 
of publication of those letters pertain to Coleoptera (Carabidae and Staphy- 
linidae), the majority (73) apply to an assortment of Ichneumonoidea, Chal- 
coidea and Proctotrupoidea. The Ichneumonoidea were described in Ich- 
neumon (68 species) and the Chalcidoidea and Proctotrupoidea were 
described in Evania (5 species). Cuvier’s collection is apparently no longer 
in existence. | 

None of the names of Cuvier (1833a and 1833b) were cited in the pertinent 
volumes of Dalla Torre’s Catalogus Hymenopterorum (1898a, 1898b, 1901- 
1902). Dalla Torre’s (1898b:297) citation of “‘“Evania Silbermann’’ in the 
synonymy for Torymus would appear to indicate that Dalla Torre was aware 
of the Cuvier names but regarded them as unavailable. I encountered the 
Cuvier names in Sherborn (1902, 1922-1933), in the process of checking for 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 71 


homonymy of names treated by Carlson (in press). Because Sherborn’s 
volumes would not be readily available to many taxonomists working with 
parasitic Hymenoptera, it seems worthwhile to present a summary of the 
information I have assembled concerning Cuvier’s (1833a and 1833b) names 
of Hymenoptera. Following the alphabetized specific names are enumera- 
tions of the pages on which they occur in volume | of Revue Entomologique 
and parenthetical comments on the status of the names. Listing the literature 
citations for the original descriptions of the homonyms or synonyms dis- 
cussed would unnecessarily lengthen this paper; accordingly, most of those 
citations are not listed. 

Ichneumon: affinis, p. 158 (preoccupied by Fabricius, 1793); anonymus, 
p. 203 (preoccupies Heinrich, 1961); 7. aaonymus Heinrich ts being replaced 
by Carlson [in press, p. 522]); ‘‘apectator, L. F.,”’ p. 160 (lapsus for assec- 
tator Linnaeus); armillatorius, p. 156 (preoccupied by Gravenhorst, 1807, 
and Thunberg, 1822); armillatus, p. 203 (preoccupies Wesmael, 1845; J. 
armillatus Wesmael is apparently a species of Cratichneumon [see Hellen, 
1946, p. 2-3] for which the female is not yet known); autumnalis, p. 157; 
barbatus, p. 207; bicolo, p. 157 (presumably not the intended spelling); 
bicultrator, p. 208 (as ‘‘bicultratorem, noblis|’; nomen nudum, because 
name regarded by Cuvier as a synonym of J. ‘‘formicator’’ Linnaeus [lapsus 
for formicatus]); bipunctatus, p. 203 (preoccupied by Gmelin, 1790); bra- 
chiacanthos, p. 210; brachigaster, p. 210; cadomensis, p. 156; carduorum, 
p. 158; cerasi, p. 203 (preoccupied by Linnaeus, 1771); cinctus, p. 158 and 
203 (preoccupied by Linnaeus, 1758, and Geoffroy, 1775); coecus, p. 209; 
cognator, p. 156 (preoccupied by Thunberg, 1822); crassipes, p. 159 (preoc- 
cupied by Sern 1785, Rossi; 1790; and Gmelin, 1790); cyanops, p. 207; 
dimidius, p. 159; elegans, p. 205 (preoccupied by Gravenhorst, 1829); er- 
ytrostoma, a 206 (presumably not the intended spelling); femoralis, p. 205 
(preoccupied by Geoffroy, 1785); femorator, p. 156 (preoccupied by Fabri- 
cius, 1793 and Kirby, 1802); fimetarius, p. 206; gallicanus, p. 201; Geoffroi, 
p. 157 Gunior objective synonym [n. syn.] of J. vorax ae by virtue of 
Wuviers statement “Syn. :). . "Geoff: Ichn. 52;”” a reference to species 52 
of Geoffroy [1762, p. 344], which Geoffroy [1785, p. 411] named vorax; the 
latter name may correctly apply to Pterocormus discriminator |Wesmael]); 
globosus, p. 210; Hartmanni, p. 157; humeralis, p. 206 (preoccupied by 
Lichtenstein, 1796; regarding the status of the names of Lichtenstein [1796], 
see Bohart and Menke [1976, p. 117]); incrassatus, p. 204; latepetiolatus, 
p. 204; lateralis, p. 206 (preoccupies Kriechbaumer, 1887; according to 
Constantineanu [1959, p. 812-814] J. lateralis Kriechbaumer is a species of 
Barichneumon that is known only from the male); /eucogaster, p. 209; 
leucospis, p. 202; lucidus, p. 159; luctuosus, p. 208 (preoccupied by Grav- 
enhorst, 1820); macroceros, p. 210; Marschallii, p. 207 (nomen nudum), 
maxillosus, p. 204; melanostygma, p. 207 (apparently preoccupies melan- 


72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


ostigma Kriechbaumer, 1882, if article 58 (2) of the ‘“‘Code’’ [Stoll et al., 
1964, p. 57] is heeded; according to Aubert [1962, p. 126], melanostigma 
Kriechbaumer is a junior synonym of Pterocormus novemalbatus [Kriech- 
baumer], the latter being misspelled nonoalbatus by Aubert); militator, p. 
206; nanus, p. 208 (preoccupies Ratzburg, 1848 and Cresson, 1877; /. nanus 
Cresson and its replacement name, Amblyteles nanodes Cushman, are ju- 
nior synonyms of Cratichneumon scitulus [Cresson]; I. nanus Ratzburg is 
apparently a nomen dubium); nebulosus, p. 208; normannicus, p. 157; och- 
ropsis, p. 202; ochropus, p. 204 (preoccupied by Gmelin, 1790); orthacan- 
thos, p. 210; pallifrons, p. 204 (preoccupied by Gravenhorst, 1829); pector- 
alis, p. 159 (preoccupied by Say, 1829); personatus, p. 207 (preoccupied by 
Gravenhorst, 1829); pictus, p. 207 (preoccupied by Schrank, 1776 and Gme- 
lin, 1790); proximus, p. 207; psetosus, p. 205 (as psetosi, genitive case in 
Latin text); 4-dentatus, p. 203 (nomen nudum); recentissimus, p. 202; re- 
curvicauda, p. 206; romenilianus, p. 209; rufescens, p. 209 (preoccupied by 
Retzius, 1783; Gmelin, 1790; and Rossi, 1794); ruficollis, p. 20S (preoccupies 


Stephens, 1835; J. ruficollis Stephens is a junior synonym of Barichneumon — 


sanguinator [Rossi]); rufoscutellatus, p. 205; scutellorius, p. 156; semicau- | 
datus, p. 206; sequanensis, p. 204; serratularum, p. 203; stuttgardiensis, — 


p. 156; tricolor, p. 205 (preoccupied by Schrank, 1776 and Fabricius, 1793); 
tristis, p. 158 (preoccupied by Gravenhorst, 1829); vallemontanus, p. 202; 
varius, p. 209 (preoccupied by Pontoppidan, 1763; Miiller, 1776; Gmelin, 
1790 [two species] and Fabricius, 1793); vicinus, p. 204 (preoccupies Boyer 
de Fonscolombe, 1847; and Cresson, 1864; the disposition of J. vicinus B. 
de F. is to be decided by Dr. Klaus Horstmann in a forthcoming paper; 
regarding J. vicinus Cresson, see Carlson [in press, p. 528]); wurtemburgi- 
cus, p. 157; xanthoceros, p. 208. 

Evania: cynipedis, p. 154 and fig. 12; clavicornis, p. 153 and fig. 7; po- 
dagraria, p. 152 and fig. 6; saltatrix, p. 152 (unnecessary new name for 
Vespa minuta Linnaeus); subclavata, p. 153 and fig. 8. 

Twenty-one of the Cuvier (1833) names which were validated in [chneu- 
mon are junior primary homonyms. Seven of them are senior primary hom- 
onyms, and all of the junior homonyms in these cases are presently sup- 
pressed in synonymy, are nomina dubia, or pertain to species that are 
little known and of indefinite taxonomic status. Consequently, I have not 
proposed replacement names for any of them here. 

It seems appropriate to point out here that Dalla Torre disregarded pri- 
mary homonymies in cases for which two or more primary homonyms had 
been subsequently placed in different genera or families. In most of these 
cases of primary homonymy, the senior homonyms, at least, were usually 
validated before 1850 and can, therefore, be found in Sherborn (1902, 1922— 
1933). Incognizance of the need for consulting Sherborn’s volumes is illus- 
trated by two examples (many could be cited) from recent catalogs: 1) 


—=— eS SSS nee ree ie a ee eee ee ee eee 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 73 


Townes and Townes (1973, p. 236) failed to suppress the name Ichneumon 
rubidus Tosquinet, 1896, which is preoccupied by Rossi, 1794; 2) Shenefelt 
(1974, p. 1076) failed to suppress Ichneumon circulator Gravenhorst, 1807, 
which is preoccupied by Panzer, 1801. Is it now too late for those who are 
able to begin using the remarkable compendium which Sherborn completed 
45 years ago? 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I thank George Steyskal for assistance in interpreting parts of Cuvier’s 
letters. Arnold Menke’s constructive criticism of the manuscript is greatly 
appreciated. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Aubert, J.-F. 1962. Les Ichneumonides du rivage Méditerranéen Frangais (4° Serie, alpes- 
maritimes) (1). Rev. Fr. Entomol. 29:124-153. 

Bohart, R. M. and A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid wasps of the world, a generic revision. Univ. 
California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London. ix + 695 pp. 

Carlson, R. W. In press. Ichneumonidae, Stephanidae, Evanioidea, and Trigonalidae; pp. 
315-740, 740-741, 1109-1118, and 1197-1198, respectively. Jn. K. V. Krombein, P. D. 
Hurd, D. R. Smith and B. D. Burks [ed.], Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north 
of Mexico. Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C. 

Constantineanu, M. I. 1959. Familia Ichneumonidae, subfamilia Ichneumoninae, tribul Ich- 
neumoninae stenopneusticae. Fauna Republicii Populare Romine, Insecta, v. 9, fasc. 4. 
Academiei Republicii Populare Romine. Bucarest. 1248 pp. 

Cuvier, G. L. C. D. 1833a. Lettres sur l’entomologie. Rev. Entomol. 1:143-160, 1 pl. (14 

figs.). 

. 1833b. Deuxieme lettre sur l’entomologie. Rev. Entomol. 1:193-210, 1 pl. (7 figs.). 

Dalla Torre, K W. v. 1898a. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus 
et synonymicus, v. 4 (Braconidae). Guilelmé Englemann. Leipzig. 323 pp. 

——. 1898b. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synony- 
micus, v. 5 (Chalcidoidea and Proctotrupoidea). Guilelmé Englemann. Leipzig. 598 pp. 

— . 1901-1902. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et syn- 
onymicus, v. 3 (pts. 1 and 2; Trigonalidae, Megalyridae, Stephanidae, Ichneumonidae, 
Evaniioidea, Pelecinidae). Guilelmé Englemann. Leipzig. vill + 1141 pp. 

Geoffroy, E. L. 1762. Histoire abrégée des insectes qui se trouevent aux environs de Paris, 
dans laquelle ces animaux sont rangés suivant un ordre méthodique, v. 2. Durand. Paris. 
690 pp. 

—. 1785. In A. F. de Fourcroy [ed.], entomologia parisiensis, sive catalogus insectorum, 
quae in agro parisiensi reperiuntur, secundum methodum Geoffraeanum in sectiones 
genera et species distributa, v. 2. Paris. 311 pp. 

Hellen, W. 1946. Zur Ichneumonidenfauna Finnlands (Hym.) V. Notulae Entomol. 26:1-12. 

Lichtenstein, A. A. H. 1796. Catalogus museu zoologici ditissimi Hamburgi III Febr. 1796 

| auctionis lege distrahendi, sect. 3 (Insecta). G. F. Schniebes. Hamburg. 222 pp. 

Shenefelt, R. D. 1974. Jn J. van der Vecht and R. D. Shenefelt [ed.], Hymenopterorum 
catalogus, pars 11, Braconidae 7 (Alysiinae). W. Junk, ’s-Gravenhage. 76 pp. 

Sherborn, C. D. 1902. Index animalium, sive index nomenum quae ab A. D. MDCCL VIII 

generibus et speciebus animalium imposita sunt, sect. 1 (1758 to 1800 A.D.). Cambridge 

University Press. London. ix + 1195 pp. 

1922-1933. Index animalium, sive index nomenum quae ab A.D. MDCCLVIII ge- 


74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


neribus et speciebus animalium imposita sunt, sect. 2 (1800 to 1850 A.D.). Trustees of 
the British Museum London. cxxxi + 7056 pp. and (epilogue) cxlvii + 1098 pp. 

Stoll, N. R. (Chairman), R. Ph. Dollfuss, J. Forest, N. D. Riley, C. W. Sabrosky, C. W. 
Wright, R. V. Melville, Editorial Committee, International Commission on Zoological 
Nomenclature, 1964. International code of zoological nomenclature adopted by the XV 
International Congress of Zoology, ed. 2. International Trust for Zoological Nomencla- 
ture, London. 176 pp. 

Townes, H. K. and M. C. Townes. 1973. A catalogue and reclassification of the Ethiopian 
Ichneumonidae. Mem. Amer. Entomol. Inst. 19, iv + 416 pp. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 75-81 
BREEDING TESTS SUPPORT SYNONYMY OF APANTELES 
MELANOSCELUS AND APANTELES SOLITARIUS 
(HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) 


MARJORIE A. HOY AND PAUL M. MARSH 


(MAH) USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 
151 Sanford Street, Hamden, Connecticut 06514 (present address: Depart- 
ment of Entomological Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Cali- 
fornia 94720); and (PMM) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, 
Agric. Res., Sci, and Educ. Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum, 
Washington, D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—The satin moth (Stilpnotia salicis (L.)) and the gypsy moth 
(Lymantria dispar (L.)) were accidentally introduced into North America. 
Classical biological control projects led to the introduction of two closely 
related braconid parasites, Apanteles solitarius (Ratzeburg) and A. mela- 
noscelus (Ratzeburg), which were recently synonymized. Hybridization 
tests were conducted to confirm this synonymy with an A. solitarius colony 
collected from the satin moth in British Columbia in 1975 and an A. mela- 
noscelus colony collected from the gypsy moth in Connecticut. Mating oc- 
cured readily under laboratory conditions, and fertile hybrid female progeny 
were produced in the F, and the backcross generations. 


The satin moth (Stilpnotia salicis (L.)) and the gypsy moth (Lymantria 
dispar (L.)) are exotic pests and have been the targets of classical biological 
control programs in North America, but with differing results (Burgess and 
Crossman, 1927; Howard and Fiske, 1911; Crossman, 1922; Jones et al., 
1938; Brown, 1931; Reeks and Smith, 1956; and Dowden, 1962). The effort 
against the satin moth has been considered successful (McGugan and Cop- 
pel, 1962); the current impact of the satin moth in the northeastern United 
States is insignificant, whereas the gypsy moth remains a significant prob- 
lem. One approach that might yield improved control of the gypsy moth is 
genetic improvement of a parasite through hybridization of different geo- 
graphical strains (Hoy, 1975a and 1975b). 

— Apanteles melanoscelus (Ratzeburg) was introduced into New England 
from Europe in 1911. It is primarily a parasite of gypsy moth larvae but 
occasionally attacks other moths including the satin moth. In 1927, a species 
of Apanteles determined as solitarius (Ratzeburg) was also introduced into 
New England from Europe. This species is primarily a parasite of the satin 


76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


moth but is apparently able to develop on the gypsy moth in the laboratory. 
From the earliest days of the gypsy moth and satin moth programs there 
has been confusion about the identities of these two Apanteles species (Par-_ 
ker, 1935). Specialists in braconid taxonomy have always had difficulty in 
distinguishing melanoscelus from solitarius, and in 1974 the two species 
were synonymized on the basis of morphological characters (Nixon, 1974). 
Breeding tests either have not been done or, when done (Parker, 1935), did 
not provide the sex ratios of the progeny which are necessary in arrheno- 
tokous species. 

Therefore we hybridized in the laboratory two colonies obtained from 
geographically distant sources to determine if these colonies were repro- 
ductively isolated or whether solitarius could provide an additional gene 
pool for incorporation into a breeding program of melanoscelus (Hoy, 1975a 
and 1975b). 


MATERIALS AND METHODS 


Colony Sources and Culture Methods.—The breeding tests were con- 
ducted with an A. melanoscelus colony from Connecticut (CT) collected 
from and maintained on the gypsy moth. The A. solitarius colony (SOL) 
from the satin moth was received from British Columbia as cocoons in June 
1975. After adults emerged, they were allowed to mate and were given gypsy 
moth hosts, which they readily parasitized. The colony was subsequently 
maintained on gypsy moth hosts. This colony (SOL) was classified solitarius 
on the basis of its original host and its geographic source. A few overwin- 
tering A. solitarius cocoons collected by D. E. Leonard from satin moth 
hosts in Maine provided three females that were also crossed with CT col- 
ony males. 

Rearing of A. solitarius and A. melanoscelus was conducted as previously 
described (Hoy, 1975a), except that 20 to 25 host larvae were reared in 16 
oz. untreated paper food cartons with clear plastic lids, rather than in petri 
dishes. 

Breeding Experiments.—Crosses were made with virgin females isolated 
as cocoons in No. 000 Lilly! gelatin capsules. Newly emerged females were 
placed into 16 oz. containers with honey, water, and males for mating. After 
two days, females were given hosts at least twice during their lifetime. At 
least 10 reciprocal crosses were made between the CT and SOL colonies. 
Data obtained for individual females included the number of progeny and 
the F, sex ratio. Virgin F, females were obtained and were used for recip- 
rocal backcrosses. Again, sex ratio and number of progeny were obtained 
for each female. 

1 The use of trade, firm, or corporation names is for the information and convenience of the 


reader and does not imply endorsement or approval by the Forest Service or the Department 
of Agriculture. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 7 


Figs. 1-4. Dorsal view of abdominal terga 2 and 3. 1, Specimen determined as Apanteles 
solitarius from gypsy moth in Massachusetts, 1927, yellow hind femur. 2, Specimen determined 
as A. solitarius from satin moth in Massachusetts, 1930, yellow hind femur. 3, Specimen 
determined as A. melanoscelus from gypsy moth in Massachusetts, 1930, black hind femur. 
4, Specimen determined as A. solitarius from satin moth in Hungary, 1926, yellow hind femur. 


Morphological Examinations.—After crosses had been made and progeny 
obtained, adult CT and SOL parasites and their F, and backcross progeny 
were preserved in 70% alcohol and studied for morphological variability. 
Traits particularly examined included the color of the hind femur and the 
degree of sculpturing on the second and third abdominal terga. About 500 


78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON | 


Table 1. Hybridization of Apanteles melanoscelus and A. solitarius. 
Cross Cross Number of Number of crosses % females from 
No. 6 x 2 crosses yielding females total progeny 
1 Cw sx. Cr 11 9 79 
2 SOLSSOE 10 9 54 
3 CI $< SOIL 36 14 59.8 
4 SOL x CT 29 12 40.4 
5 Ci <SOL/ Ci 11 5 US 
6 SOE SOL/GE 17 6 61.6 
7 CT x CT/SOL 15 9 Si57/ 
8 SOL x CT/SOL 21 21 50.4 


specimens reared from the two hosts in Europe and New England since 
1925 were compared with about 150 specimens resulting from our hybrid- 
ization tests. 

RESULTS 


Breeding Tests.—As shown in Table 1, A. melanoscelus and A. solitarius 
mated in the laboratory and produced fertile hybrid F, females (Table 1, 
crosses 3, 4). However, the number of crosses in which F, female progeny 
were not produced is significantly different? for the homogametic crosses 
(crosses 1, 2) compared to the heterogametic crosses (crosses 3, 4), which 
may indicate some type of genetic or behavioral isolation. Under these 
conditions, some all-male progenies probably result from a failure of the 
parent male to inseminate, rather than from hybrid sterility, and the high 
proportion of females in one of the backcrosses (cross 8) suggests that any 
genetic or behavioral isolation could be lost quickly. 

The three Maine A. solitarius females crossed with CT A. melanoscelus 
males yielded at least one F, female in each of two crosses, suggesting 
reproductive compatibility although backcrosses were not done. 

Morphological Examinations.—Apanteles solitarius and A. melanoscelus 
were both described by Ratzeburg in 1844. He distinguished the two species 
mainly by the color of the hind femur, that of solitarius being ‘‘at least light 
on basal half’ and that of melanoscelus being ‘‘completely or nearly com- 
pletely black.”’ Obviously, a problem arises immediately as to what name 
to give a specimen with a partly black (or partly yellow) hind femur. Ratze- 
burg further distinguished the species by the degree of sculpturing on the 
second and third abdominal terga, that of solitarius being more extensive 
than melanoscelus. The characters used by Ratzeburg have since been 
shown to be among the most variable and difficult to interpret in the genus 
Apanteles. 


* Chi-square test was used. 


“VOLUME 81, NUMBER | 79 


nM psd , , 

Figs. 5-8. Dorsal view of abdominal terga 2 and 3. 5, Apanteles melanoscelus female from 
Connecticut colony used in breeding experiments, hind femur pale brown edged with black. 
6, A. solitarius female from British Columbia colony used in breeding experiments, hind femur 
pale brown edged with black. 7, F, female from SOL female x CT male cross. 8, F, female 


from CT female x SOL male cross. 


The color of the hind femur of the specimens we examined ranges from 
entirely black to entirely yellow, each color variant having degrees of ab- 
dominal sculpturing, and there is no correlation between any of these vari- 
ations and the host on which the specimen had been reared. The degree of 
difference in sculpturing between melanoscelus and solitarius is subtle or 
nonexistent (Figs. 1-8) and there is no correlation between the sculpturing 
and the hind femur coloration or the host species. 


80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


DISCUSSION 


In organisms that reproduce sexually, species must be separated by at 
least one reproductive isolating mechanism, including hybrid inviability or 
sterility, or by ethological or ecological isolation (Dobzhansky, 1972). The 
production of viable, fertile F, hybrid and backcross females by reciprocal 
crossing in the laboratory of the British Columbia colony and the CT A. 
melanoscelus colony demonstrates that these geographically isolated pop- 
ulations are not reproductively isolated. Since A. solitarius, the satin moth 
parasite, developed apparently normally in the gypsy moth under laboratory 
conditions, they apparently are not separated by host specificity. Differ- 
ences in the production of female progeny (Table 1) suggest that there are 
some genetically based differences, but these do not appear to have 
achieved species status. 

This study provides additional support for Nixon’s (1974) synonymy of 
A. melanoscelus and A. solitarius, although future field studies could in- 
dicate that A. melanoscelus and A. solitarius are actually reproductively 
isolated where both hosts coexist because of their hosts’ separate phenol- 
ogies. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


The following people provided specimens of A. solitarius from the satin 
moth: D. A. Ross, R. Wood, and L. Fiddick of the Pacific Forest Research 
Centre, Victoria, British Columbia; D. E. Leonard and T. Wagner of the 
Department of Entomology, University of Maine, Orono. R. Weseloh pro- 
vided one of the A. melanoscelus colonies from Connecticut, and the exotic 
colonies from Europe were provided by L. Ertle, Beneficial Insects Re- 
search Laboratory, USDA, Newark, Delaware. Use of the scanning elec- 
tron microscope for this project was supported in part by the Electron Mi- 
croscope Central Facility, Center of Materials Research, University of 
Maryland, College Park, Maryland. 

The work herein reported was funded in part by a USDA-sponsored 
program entitled the expanded Gypsy Moth Research and Applications 
Program. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Brown, C. R. 1931. Observations on the satin moth and its natural enemies in central Europe. 
U.S. Dept. Agric. Circ. 176, 19 pp. 

Burgess, A. F. and S. S. Crossman. 1927. The satin moth, a recently introduced pest. U.S. 
Dept. Agric. Bull. 1469, 22 pp. 

Crossman, S. S. 1922. Apanteles melanoscelus, an imported parasite of the gypsy moth. U.S. 
Dept. Agric. Bull. 1028, 25 pp. 

Dobzhansky, T. 1972. Species of Drosophila. New excitement in an old field. Science. 
177(50):66 1-669. 


~ VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 81 


Dowden, P. B. 1962. Parasites and predators of forest insects liberated in the United States 
through 1960. U.S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Handb. 226, 70 pp. 

Howard, L. O. and W. F. Fiske. 1911. The importation into the United States of the parasites 
of the gypsy moth and the brown-tail moth. U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Entomol. Bull. 91. 
344 pp. 

Hoy, M. A. 1975a. Hybridization of strains of the gypsy moth parasitoid, Apanteles mela- 
noscelus, and its influence upon diapause. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 68:261—264. 

. 1975b. Forest and laboratory evaluations of hybridized Apanteles melanoscelus (Hy- 

menoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Porthetria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). 

Entomophaga 20:261—268. 

Jones, T. H., R. T. Webber and P. B. Dowden. 1938. Effectiveness of imported insect enemies 
of the satin moth. U.S. Dep. Agric. Circ. 459. 24 pp. 

McGugan, B. M. and H. C. Coppel. 1962. A review of the biological control attempts against 
insects and weeds in Canada. Part II. Biological control of forest insects, 1910-1958. 
CIBC Tech. Comm. No. 2:35-216. 

Nixon, G. E. J. 1974. A revision of the northwestern European species of the Glomeratus 
group of Apanteles Foerster. Bull. Entomol. Res. 64:453—524. 

Parker, D. L. 1935. Apanteles ‘‘solitarius’’ (Ratzeburg), an introduced braconid parasite of 
the satin moth. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 477. 17 pp. 

Ratzeburg, J. T. C. 1844. Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten. Nicolai, Berlin. Vol. 1. 
224 pp. 

Reeks, W. A. and C. C. Smith. 1956. The satin moth, Stilpnotia salicis (L.) in the Maritime 
Provinces and observations on its control by parasites and spraying. Can. Entomol. 
88:565-5S79. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. - 
81(1), 1979, pp. 82-96 
REVIEW OF THE GENUS CORTICORIS WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF 
TWO NEW SPECIES FROM MEXICO (HEMIPTERA: 
MIRIDAE: ISOMETOPINAE) 


THOMAS J. HENRY AND JON L. HERRING 


(TJH) Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, 
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120; and (JLH) Systematic Entomology Labo- 
ratory, I[BIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA, % U.S. National 
Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—The Nearctic genus Corticoris McAtee and Malloch is re- | 
viewed and compared to the Palearctic genus Jsometopus Fieber. The two 
new species, Corticoris infuscatus and C. mexicanus from Mexico are de- 
scribed and the species C. libertus (Gibson), C. pulchellus (Heidemann), C. 
signatus (Heidemann) and C. unicolor (Heidemann) are redescribed. Fig- 
ures of all adult females and known males, male genitalia of C. pulchellus 
and C. signatus, and a key to the species are provided. 


Work on the New World Isometopinae is scant, even when compared to 
the relatively few studies on Old World isometopines. Of the 77 species 
described, only 15 are known from the Western Hemisphere (Eyles, 1971, 
1974; Henry, 1977). More recently, however, with the recognition of addi- 
tional predaceous tendencies in the group (Wheeler and Henry, 1978), new 
interests have evolved. By sorting undetermined material and soliciting 
specimens from various institutions, we have discovered several unique 
isometopines which justly deserve description. 

In this paper, we are presenting a review of the genus Corticoris McAtee 
and Malloch, with descriptions of two new Mexican species. A revised key 
to the species based on females, figures of the known males and their gen- 
italia and illustrations for all adult females are provided. 

The following abbreviations are used for institutions cited in this paper: 
FSCA, Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Florida Department of Ag- 
riculture, Gainesville; PDA, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Har- 
risburg; TAM, Texas A & M University, College Station; TTU, Texas Tech 
University, Lubbock; USNM, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, 
Washington, D.C. 


Corticoris McAtee and Malloch 


Type-species.—Corticoris pulchellus (Heidemann), 1908:128. 
Description.—Oval to suboval species; females more oval, generally with 


~VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 83 


conspicuous dorsal markings; males more elongate, usually without con- 
-spicuous dorsal markings. Head much broader than long, triangular from 
frontal aspect slightly narrower than anterior width of pronotum; front 
broadly rounded, often punctate; posterior margin carinate; vertex wide, 
greater than or subequal to dorsal width of an eye in most species: eyes 
large, finely pubescent, somewhat reniform, interoposterior angles often 
emarginate: ocelli set near inner margin of eyes just in front of emargination. 
Antennae arising well below and in front of eyes, segment I short, often 
visible from dorsal aspect, thicker than segment II in females, thinner than 
segment II in males, segment II longest, curved, gradually thickened to 
apex, stouter in males, thickly set with dark setae, segments III and IV 
slender, III longest, combined lengths as long or longer than /% the length 
of segment II. Rostrum long, reaching beyond metacoxae to 2nd or 3rd 
abdominal segment. Pronotum trapeziform, with a distinct but narrow col- 
lar, width at base about 2x length, disc punctate, calli and disc distinctly 
convex, separated by a transverse impressed line, impression expanded at 
posterior angles of calli, lateral margins flattened, distinctly carinate, basal 
‘margin nearly straight to distinctly emarginate on either side of median line. 
Mesoscutum set under posterior margin of pronotum. Scutellum triangular 
or heart-shaped, distinctly raised above hemelytra, middle of basal area 
often depressed, apex not extending beyond claval commissure. Hemelytra 
translucent, more opaque in females; broadly rounded, more elongate in 
males, embolium distinct, wide, somewhat reflexed: cuneus slightly wider 
than long, membrane entire with 2 closed cells, one large, the other smaller 
and often indistinct. Legs slender, hind femora saltatorial, tibial spines 
weakly formed. 

Remarks.—Males of the genus Corticoris, unlike those of most other 
mirid genera, are difficult to associate with females and, at this time, as- 
sociations can be made only by collecting the two sexes together in the 
field. The known males are slender with a relatively narrow vertex, pro- 
portionately large ocelli, thickened antennae and translucent hemelytra 
which lack definite markings or color patterns; females are more broadly 
oval with a relatively wide vertex, proportionately smaller ocelli, slender 
antennae and opaque hemelytra which usually exhibit distinct markings and 
color patterns. 

Reuter (1912) was the first to comment that /sometopus of Heidemann 
was distinct from Fieber’s Jsometopus. McAtee and Malloch (1922) also 
recognized that Isometopus of American authors was not congeneric with 
Isometopus Fieber; thus, they proposed the new name Corticoris and des- 
ignated pulchellus Heidemann as the type of the genus. Bergroth (1924) 
objected to the new name Corticoris, claiming it to be ‘‘half dog-latin, half 
greek’? and offered the new name Dendroscirtus. McAtee and Malloch 
(1924) replied by noting that no nomenclatorial code permitted ‘such name 
tinkering’ and cited examples of other generic names derived from **bar- 


84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


barous languages,’ including such personal dedications as Bergrothia and_ 
Rothbergia. All subsequent authors have continued using the name Corti-— 
coris. 

Although there has been considerable confusion between Corticoris (New - 
World) and /sometopus (Old World), these two genera are relatively easy 
to separate. In Jsometopus the head is distinctly quadrate from the frontal 
aspect; the front, tylus and vertex are punctate; the antennae arise well 
below the eyes on either side of the tylus (1st segment not visible from the 
dorsal aspect); the pronotum is subquadrate and uniformly punctate (in- 
cluding the calli), the base is deeply emarginate on either side of the median 
line, the lateral margins are weakly and narrowly flattened; the calli are not” 
raised or separated from the disc by a deeply impressed line; the mesoscu- 
tum is depressed medially and raised laterally to meet the base of the scu- 
tellum, the scutellum is longer than wide, transversely convex and narrowly — 
tapered apically to the apex of the clavus; the hemelytra are distinctly punc- - 
tate with only the basal half of the embolium broadly flattened and strongly 
reflexed. 


KEYS TO THE SPECIES OF CORTICORIS (FEMALES) 


1. Dorsum uniformly dark brown (Fig. 12) ...... unicolor (Heidemann) 
— Dorsum not unicolorous, hemelytra with extensive pale areas ....... 2 
2. Hemelytra largely pale or whitish with only a few small, fuscous 

POMS (PIGS S) 5 a ee ee ee eet te pulchellus (Heidemann) 
— Hemelytra pale or testaceous, but with large fuscous or black areas .. 3 
3. Pronotum uniformly shiny black; background color of hemelytra 


PalevorrwinitiSh tent sen pest ete rn eee tr mis ero ns ane ee 4 
— Pronotum testaceous on posterior 2; background color of hemelytra 
MOKESESTACCOUS ey re ee re eta ee oe ee eee 5 


4. Second antennal segment pale on dorsal aspect; vertex as wide or 
wider than eye; apex of cuneus usually fuscous or black (Fig. 7) 
loch eh AS agit ha hei Rie hak be ae tora b aren tute aaa of ht dite signatus (Heidemann) 
— Second antennal segment paler on basal ¥2 and apex; vertex much 
narrower than eye; apex of cuneus usually pale (Fig. 2) 
SEE PEO ENE UL OE NEN CERO Sey RES tet ae eee ate infuscatus new species 
5. Head largely black, venter dark brown to black, scutellum testa- 
ceous; posterior margin of pronotum nearly straight (Fig. 11) ..... 
Et ELTA Te ee RAR We Seren RENCE me RTT see libertus (Gibson) 
— Head largely testaceous with only tylus shiny black, venter largely 
testaceous, scutellum black, only apex testaceous; posterior margin 
of pronotum distinctly emarginate on either side of median line (Fig. 
[Ee AIRS POA ES AIT oe SON TD SAAR A DON Lae On et OO mexicanus new species 


~ VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 85 


Figs. 1-2. Corticoris spp. 1, mexicanus, female habitus. 2, infuscatus, female habitus. 


Corticoris infuscatus Henry and Herring, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 2 
Holotype.—2?, length 2.20 mm, width 1.14 mm, generally black with pale 
hemelytra, clothed with recumbent, brown to golden pubescence. Head: 
Length 0.24 mm, width 0.54 mm, shiny black, pale around and between an- 
tennal bases, front punctate, basal angles between eyes pale, vertex clothed 


q 


86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON | 


with recumbent, golden setae, front with more silvery, sericeous pubescence; - 
vertex 0.20 mm across basal margin of head, 0.14 mm across ocelli; dorsal | 
width of eye 0.18 mm, strongly emarginate behind ocelli, ocelli 0.10 mm apart | 
(measured from middle), 0.10 mm from base of head (measured from middle 
of ocelli). Rostrum: Length about 1.16 mm (bent out from venter), dark 
brown, 4th segment fuscous, reaching 3rd or 4th abdominal segment. Anten- 
nae: I, length 0.08 mm, brown, apex paler; II, length 0.48 mm, slender, very 
gradually enlarged to apex, brown to testaceous, apical “3 fuscous, extreme 
apex pale; III, length 0.18 mm, slender, fuscous; IV, length 0.14 mm, fuscous. 
Pronotum: Length 0.36 mm, width at base 0.96 mm, black, shiny; disc punc- 
tate, calli raised, smooth, shiny; flattened lateral margins pale (base of meson 
pale on paratype), basal margin on either side of median line emarginate. 
Mesoscutum and scutellum black, thickly clothed with recumbent, golden 
setae. Hemelytra: Largely pale to distinctly white, clavus fuscous on basal 
Y and along inside margin of apical 43, corium fuscous across middle (much 
like C. signatus) (Fig. 7) with 2 fuscous points bordering cuneus, embolium 
translucent, infuscated, whitish on basal “3; cuneus black, paracuneus and 
apex pale; membrane fumate, veins paler. Venter: Shiny black, ostiolar per- 
itreme yellow to yellowish brown, clothed with recumbent pale to brownish 
pubescence. Legs: Coxae pale to yellowish brown, infuscated through mid-_ 
dle; femora fuscous, apex pale to yellowish brown; tibiae brown to testa-_ 
ceous, basal % fuscous; tarsi and claws brown to fuscous. | 

Types.—Holotype: 2, Mexico, Oaxaca, 5.5 mi northeast Huajuapan de 
Leon, July 14, 1974, Clark, Murry, Ashe and Schaffner collectors (USNM > 
Type No. 75225). Paratype: 1 2, Mexico, 4.3 mi northeast Ixtapan, July 6, | 
1974, Clark, Murry, Ashe and Schaffner collectors (TAM). | 

Remarks.—Females of C. infuscatus most closely resemble C. signatus 
in wing pattern but can be separated by the tendency of the fuscous marks 
on the corium to fade apically and into the embolium. The narrow vertex, the 
more elongate form of the eyes and proclivity for the base of the head to 
overlap the anterior margin of the pronotum suggest a close relationship with 
C. pulchellus. 


Corticoris libertus (Gibson) 
Fig. 11 


Isometopus libertus Gibson, 1917:76. 
Dendroscirtus libertus, Bergroth, 1924:8. 
Corticoris libertus, McAtee and Malloch, 1924:79. 


Holotype.—@, length 2.30 mm, width 1.12 mm, generally testaceous with 
fuscous on the head, pronotum and hemelytra; clothed with recumbent pale 
setae. Head: Length 0.26 mm, width 0.72 mm, fuscous, pale or testaceous 
between eyes through ocelli and through antennal bases; front clothed with 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 87 


silvery, silky pubescence; vertex across ocelli 0.26 mm, across posterior 
margin 0.36 mm; dorsal width of eye 0.23 mm; ocelli 0.18 mm apart, 0.16 mm 
from posterior margin of head. Rostrum: Length 1.26 mm, fuscous, reaching 
to 3rd abdominal segment. Antennae: I, length 0.10 mm, fuscous; II, length 
0.54 mm, fuscous, apex pale; II] and IV broken. Pronotum: Length 0.40 mm, 
width at base 0.98 mm, fuscous, testaceous on posterior 2, lateral margins 
straight, basal margin nearly straight, weakly indented on either side of me- 
dian line. Calli and disc separated by deeply impressed line, calli raised, 
shiny, smooth, disc black punctured; mesoscutum fuscous, scutellum shiny, 
testaceous, basal 2 slightly more brown (scutellum uniformly testaceous in 
Arizona specimen), median area depressed, weakly rugose. Hemelytra: 
Shiny, testaceous, apical “3 of corium and narrow area through apical 4% of 
embolium fuscous, clothed with recumbent, golden setae; cuneus fuscous, 
paracuneus pale or testaceous; membrane fumate (darker than in C. uwnicol- 
or). Venter: Shiny, fuscous to black, ventral margin of procoxal cleft pale, 
-ostiolar peritreme fuscous. Legs: Fuscous, apices of femora and tibiae pale; 
tarsi and claws fuscous. 

Specimens Examined.—Arizona: | °, Richfield, 8-7-1902 (USNM). New 
Mexico: | 2 (holotype), Las Vegas HS, 14-8, Barber and Schwarz colls., 
USNM Type No. 21592. 

Remarks.—McAtee and Malloch (1924) suggested that C. libertus might 
be a color form of C. unicolor. After closely remeasuring and comparing the 
holotype and one additional specimen of C. libertus with C. unicolor and 
other members of the genus, we find C. /ibertus distinct. 

Corticoris libertus can be separated from C. unicolor by the largely tes- 
taceous dorsum (including the scutellum), the fuscous apical 3 of the corium, 
the darker membrane and the more slender form. This species is most similar 
to mexicanus but may be separated by the darker membrane, the uniformly 
fuscous venter, the largely fuscous head and legs, the more deeply punctured 
pronotal disc and the nearly straight basal margin of the pronotum. 


Corticoris mexicanus Henry and Herring, NEW SPECIES 
Fig: 1 


Holotype.—@, length 2.24 mm, width 1.10 mm, generally testaceous and 
distinctly marked with black, clothed with pale to golden pubescence. Head: 
Length 0.26 mm, width 0.66 mm, testaceous, impunctate, tylus and area be- 
tween antennal bases and eyes shiny black, front and vertex set with silvery 
recumbent setae; vertex 0.28 mm across ocelli, 0.32 mm across posterior 
margin; dorsal width of eye 0.20 mm; ocelli 0.18 mm apart, 0.08 mm from 
posterior margin. Rostrum: Length about 1.04 mm, testaceous, apical seg- 
ment fuscous, reaching 2nd or 3rd abdominal segment. Antennae: |, length 
0.10 mm, fuscous, apex pale; II length 0.56 mm, brown to fuscous on ventral 
aspect, pale or testaceous on dorsal aspect, curved and gradually enlarged to 


88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON- 
: 

apex; III, length 0.18 mm, fuscous; IV, length 0.14 mm, fuscous. Pronotum; 
Length 0.40 mm, width at base 0.92 mm, anterior margin and lateral margins” 
straight, basal margin strongly emarginate on either side of median line, dis¢ 
punctate; testaceous, calli and a wide vitta extending back on either side of 
disc shiny black, dark areas clothed with silvery, silky pubescence. Meso- 
scutum black, scutellum shiny black, apex testaceous. Hemelytra: Pale to 
testaceous, clavus fuscous, pale along corial margin and apical “3, embolium 
wide, largely fuscous along subcostal vein and across apical 2 of corium; 
cuneus translucent, inside 2 fuscous, paracuneus testaceous; membrane and 
veins smoky or fumate. Venter: Largely testaceous, pleura black, testaceous 
posteriorly and along hind margin of coxal cleft, sternum and anterior margins 
of abdominal segments fuscous. Legs: Largely pale to testaceous, coxae pale, 
bases lightly infuscated; femora pale, apical ’% with a broad fuscous ring; 
tibiae brown, darker on basal /%, tarsi and claws brownish. 

Type.—Holotype 2, Mexico, Oaxaca, 3.2 mi S. of Ocotlan, July 20, 1974, 
Clark, Murray, Ashe and Schaffner collectors (USNM Type No. 75226). 

Remarks.—Corticoris mexicanus is most similar to C. libertus but can be 
separated by the testaceous head with the fuscous tylus, the distinctly emar- 
ginate basal margin of the pronotum, the black scutellum having only the apex 
pale, the largely testaceous venter and the more finely punctured pronotal 
disc. 


Corticoris pulchellus (Heidemann) 
Figs. 3-6 


Isometopus pulchellus Heidemann, 1908:128. 
Corticoris pulchellus, McAtee and Malloch, 1922:95. 
Dendroscirtus pulchellus, Bergroth, 1924:8. 


Female.—Length 2.30 mm, width 1.18 mm, suboval, more slender than C. 
signatus, head and pronotum dark with hemelytra pale. Head: Length 0.22 
mm, width 0.56 mm, shiny black, front finely punctate, clothed with suberect 
black to brown setae; posterior margin largely overlapping anterior margin 
of pronotum; vertex 0.18 mm across ocelli, 0.20 mm across posterior margin; 
dorsal width of eye 0.16 mm, distinctly emarginate behind ocelli; ocelli 0.10 
mm apart, 0.10 mm from posterior margin of head. Rostrum: Length about 
1.04 mm, pale, segments 3 and 4 brown, reaching 3rd abdominal segment. 
Antennae: I, length 0.10 mm, black, not visible from dorsal aspect; I, length 
0.54 mm, apical 4% pale, sometimes with a fuscous annulis; III, length 0.16 
mm, fuscous; IV, length 0.14 mm, fuscous. Pronotum: Length 0.40 mm, 
width at base 0.96 mm, shiny black, disc finely punctate, calli smooth, shiny, 
lateral margins weakly rounded, base weakly emarginate on either side of 
median line, set with fine recumbent, brown setae. Mesoscutum and scutel- 
lum shiny black, middle and base of scutellum somewhat depressed, middle 
weakly rugose. Hemelytra: Opaque white to off-white, basal ’% and extreme 
apex of clavus black, a black spot at apex of corium just above paracuneus, 


~VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 89 


Figs. 3-6. Corticoris pulchellus. 3, Female habitus. 4, Male habitus. 5, Left paramere, lat- 
eral view. 6, Right paramere, lateral view. 


90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF onan 
cuneus pale; membrane opaque white, veins distinct. Venter: Shiny black, 
ostiolar peritreme and abdominal segments invaded by white, especially gen+ 
ital segments. Legs: Coxae pale or white, base lightly infuscated; femora pale 
or white; tibiae testaceous, paler apically; tarsi and claws testaceous. 

Male.—Length 2.44 mm, width about 0.92 mm (wings spread); very similar 
to females in color and markings, except for the fuscous cuneus. As in all 
Corticoris males, the general body form is longer but more slender, the head 
is more slender, the eyes and ocelli are proportionately larger than in females, 
and the antennae are considerably more thickened. Head: Length 0.20 mm, 
width 0.56 mm; vertex across ocelli 0.18 mm, across posterior margin 0.22. 
mm; dorsal width of eye 0.18 mm; ocelli 0.12 mm apart, 0.06 from posterior | 
margin. Rostrum: Length about 0.98 mm (bent). Antennae: I, length 0.08 
mm; II, length 0.64 mm, apical width about 0.08 mm, pale to testaceous, api- 
cal ring indistinct, thickly pubescent; III, length 0.12 mm; IV, length 0.14 mm. 
Pronotum: Length 0.38 mm, width at base 0.92 mm. 

Specimens Examined.—lIllinois: 1 2, Pulaski, June 28, 1909, cypress 
swamp, W. L. McAtee collection (USNM). New York: | 2, Long Island 
(USNM). Pennsylvania: 1 2, Bedford Co., Aug. 24(USNM); 3 @, State Col- 
lege, Centre Co., Aug. 5, 1975, D. J. Shetlar coll., taken on trunk of sugar 
maple, Acer saccharum (PDA); 1 2, State College, Centre Co., Sept. 8, 1976. 
D. J. Shetlar coll., taken on trunk of sugar maple (PDA); | ¢, State College 
Centre Co., July 13, 1977, A. G. Wheeler, Jr. coll. on trunk of Acer saccha- 
rum (PDA). Virginia: 2? (holotype), Falls Church, Aug. 2, N. Banks collec- 
tion, USNM Type No. 11368; 2 2, same data as holotype, July 27 (USNM). 
West Virginia: | 2, Aurora, Aug. 3, 1904, O. Heidemann (USNM). 

Remarks.—Corticoris pulchellus can be separated from other Corticoris 
by the black head and thorax and white hemelytra having fuscous markings 
only at the base and apex of the clavus and apex of corium. 


Corticoris signatus (Heidemann) 
Figs. 7-10 


Isometopus signatus Heidemann, 1908:129. 
Dendroscirtus signatus, Bergroth, 1924:8. 
Corticoris signatus, McAtee and Malloch, 1924:79. 


Holotype.—®, length 2.24 mm, width 1.10 mm, generally black, suboval 
species, with fuscous on white hemelytra, clothed with erect and suberect 
pale pubescence. Head: Length 0.24 mm, width 0.64 mm, black, shiny, area 
between and posterior to ocelli pale, front punctate; vertex 0.26 mm across 


— 


Figs. 7-10. Corticoris signatus. 7, Female habitus. 8, Male habitus. 9, Left paramere, lat- 
eral view. 10, Right paramere, lateral view. 


~VOLUME 81, NUMBER I 


91 


92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 11. Corticoris libertus, female habitus. 


ocelli, 0.34 mm across posterior margin; dorsal width of eye 0.20 mm, emar- 
ginate behind ocelli; ocelli 0.18 mm apart, 0.08 mm from posterior margin of 
head. Rostrum: Length about 1.24 mm reaching near 3rd abdominal segment. 
Antennae: I, length 0.10 mm, black, apical 4% pale, visible from dorsal aspect; 
II, length 0.50 mm, fuscous to black on ventral aspect, dorsal aspect pale; III, 
and IV broken (both segments black on other specimens). Pronotum: Length 
0.40 mm, width at base 0.94 mm, shiny black, calli shiny, smooth and raised, 
lateral margin weakly rounded, anterior and posterior margins nearly straight, 
posterior angles pale. Mesoscutum and scutellum shiny black. Hemelytra: 
Opaque white, embolium wide, translucent, lateral edge black-margined; cla- 
vus pale, black at base and apex and frequently along inner margin to near 
apex of scutellum; corium pale, black at base and across middle; cuneus 
black, pale at base; membrane smoky translucent, veins indistinct. Venter: 
Shiny black, ostiolar peritreme pale. Legs: Yellowish, bases of coxae infus- 
cated; femora pale with subapical black band; tibiae brownish, more black 
on basal 2; tarsi and claws fuscous. 

Male.—Length 2.84 mm, width 0.64 mm. Head: Length 0.18 mm, width 
0.70 mm, coloration much as in females; vertex 0.30 mm across ocelli, 0.34 
mm across posterior margin; dorsal width of eye 0.22 mm, ocelli 0.20 mm 
apart, 0.10 mm from posterior margin of head. Rostrum: Length 1.32 mm, 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 93 


| 

reaching 3rd abdominal segment. Antennae: I, length 0.10 mm, black, paler 
* extreme apex; II, length 0.90 mm, width at apex 0.10 mm, testaceous to 
fuscous, thickly pubescent; III, length 0.12 mm, fuscous; IV, length 0.10 mm, 
fuscous. Pronotum: Length 0.44 mm, width at base 1.10 mm, shiny black, 
lateral margins flattened but more narrowly than in females. Mesoscutum and 
scutellum shiny black. 

Specimens Examined.—District of Columbia: | 2, 29-7. P. R. Uhler col- 
lection (USNM). Florida: | 2, Ormond, Mrs. A. T. Slosson, Ac 26226 
(FSCA); 1 Sth-instar nymph, DeLeon Spring, C. R. Roberts coll., 5-II-1958, 
citrus paradise (FSCA). Pennsylvania: | ¢, 4 2, Lancaster Co., Erb Bros. 
Nurs., June 3, 1976, J. F. Stimmel coll., taken on Quercus palustris (PDA); 
i 6, 15 2, Lancaster Co., Erb Bros: Nurs., June 7, 1976, T. J. Henry and 
A. G. Wheeler, Jr. colls., taken on Quercus palustris infested with obscure 

scale (PDA); 4 ¢, Dauphin Co., Harrisburg, 2301 North Cameron St. (Agr. 
Bldg.), June 28, 1976, K. McIntosh, coll., taken on Quercus coccinea (PDA); 
4 2°, Lancaster Co., Lancaster, June 11, 1977, R. T. Schuh and A. G. Wheel- 
er, Jr. colls., on Quercus palustris infested with obscure scale (PDA); 3 2, 
Centre Co., University Park, July 13, 1977, A. G. Wheeler Jr. coll., on trunk 
of Quercus borealis (PDA). Texas: 1 2 (holotype) San Diego, 29-4, E. A. 
Schwarz coll., USNM Type No. 11364; 1 2, San Diego, 25-5 (with label An- 
canthiodes (Isometopus signata OH. ms. Uhler)) (USNM); 1 2, Beeville, 22- 
4,P.R. Uhler collection(USNM); 3 2, Goliad, E. A. Schwarz coll. (USNM); 
1 2, Victoria, 10-4, E. A. Schwarz coll. (USNM); | @, Sabinal, IV-1910, 
Pierce and Pratt coll. (USNM); 1 @, Gillespie Co., V-6-1946, D. J. and J. N. 
Knull colls. (USNM). 

Remarks.—Corticoris signatus (Fig. 7) closely resembles C. infuscatus 
(Fig. 2) but is separated by the distinct hemelytral markings, broader head, 
wider vertex and pale femora. 

The size of C. signatus varies. Specimens from Pennsylvania, especially 
those of the Ist generation, are larger than those from the southern states 
(Florida and Texas), yet the two size forms appear conspecific. 


Corticoris unicolor (Heidemann) 
Figs. 12-13 
TIsometopus unicolor Heidemann, 1908: 130. 
Myiomma media Gibson, 1917:75. 
Dendroscirtus unicolor, Bergroth, 1924:8. 
Corticoris unicolor, McAtee and Malloch, 1924:79. 


Holotype.— 2 , length 2.38 mm, width 1.34 mm; broadly rounded, generally 
uniformly dark brown, clothed with erect and suberect, golden pubescence. 
Head: Length 0.24 mm, width 0.70 mm, dark brown, area along posterior 
margin, between ocelli and compound eyes and area around and between 


Figs. 12-13. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Corticoris unicolor. 12, Female habitus. 13, Male habitus. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 95 


antennal bases testaceous, front clothed with recumbent, silvery setae; ver- 
tex across ocelli 0.28 mm, across posterior margin 0.40 mm; dorsal width of 
eye 0.22 mm; ocelli 0.18 mm apart, 0.08 mm from posterior margin of head. 
Rostrum: Length about 1.28 mm, dark brown, reaching 3rd or 4th abdominal 
segment. Antennae: I, length 0.12 mm, dark brown; II, length 0.62 mm, 
brown darker on apical 4% and base, apex pale; II] and IV broken. Pronotum: 
Length 0.42 mm, width at base 1.10 mm, shiny, dark brown, basal angles 
paler, calli and disc separated by a deeply impressed line, impressed area 
expanded laterally, lateral margins weakly flattened (less than in other 
species). Mesoscutum and scutellum shiny, dark brown. Hemelytra: Uni- 
formly dark brown, corium somewhat lighter; cuneus dark brown, apical 
more translucent; membrane fumate to dark translucent brown, veins simi- 
larly colored. Venter: Shiny, dark brown, sternum lighter brown, ostiorlar 
peritreme testaceous. Legs: Coxae light brown or testaceous; femora dark 
brown, apices pale to testaceous; tibiae fuscous, gradually paler towards 
apex, apex pale; tarsi and claws brown to fuscous. 

Male.—(holotype of Myiomma media), length about 2.60 mm, (membrane 
bent under), width 1.20 mm; form similar to males of C. pulchellus and C. 
signatus, general color much as in females (dark brown, not distinctly black 
as in other species). Head: Length 0.18 mm, width 0.72 mm, distinctly dark 
brown as in females, tylus and sides more reddish brown; vertex 0.24 mm 
across ocelli, 0.34 mm across posterior margin; dorsal width of eye 0.24 mm; 
ocelli 0.16 mm apart, nearly touching inside margin of eyes, 0.08 mm from 
posterior margin of head. Rostrum: Broken on holotype (Mexican specimen: 
Length 1.24 mm, reaching 3rd or 4th abdominal segment). Antennae: Broken 
on holotype (Mexican specimen: I, length 0.10, black; II, 0.88 mm, fuscous 
to black, extreme apex pale; II] and IV broken). Pronotum: Length 0.41 mm, 
width at base 1.00 mm, dark brown, lateral margins flattened, more widely 
on basal 43, mesoscutum and scutellum dark brown. Hemelytra: Translucent 
brown, darker brown of clavus, apex of corium and cuneus. Venter: Reddish 
brown. Legs: Broken, except for reddish-brown front femur (Mexican spec- 
imen: Femora brown, hind femora darker, apices pale, tinged with red; tibiae 
brown, paler apically; tarsi and claws brown). 

Specimens Examined.—8 @ (including holotype, USNM Type No. 11370), 
Williams, Arizona, July 27, Barber and Schwarz collectors (USNM). 1 6 
(holotype of M. media, USNM Type No. 21591), Williams, Arizona, Aug. 
7, Barber and Schwarz collectors. 1 6, 2 2, Mexico, Durango, 2 mi N. of 
Cerro Gordo, 6600’, VII-1-1971, O’ Briens, Marshall and Brothers coll., taken 
on Prosopis (Mesquite Project) (TTU). 

Remarks.—We have examined two females and one male of C. wnicolor 
collected together on Prosopis (Ward, et al., 1977 as Corticoris sp.) and 
|Gibson’s type of Myiomma media and can now safely agree with McAtee 
| and Malloch (1924) that M. media is actually a male of C. wnicolor. 


96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Corticoris unicolor is one of the easiest Corticoris to recognize; the unt 
formly dark brown color and broad form distinguish this species. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We thank D. E. Foster (TTU), F. W. Mead (FSCA) and J. C. Schaffner 
(TAM) for kindly lending specimens used in this study; and A. G. Wheeler, 
Jr. (PDA) for reading the manuscript and making useful comments. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bergroth, E. 1924. On the Isometopidae (Hem. Het.) of North America. Not. Entomol. 4:3-9. 

Eyles, A. C. 1971. List of Isometopidae (Heteroptera: Cimicoidea). NZ J. Sci. 14:940-944. 

. 1972. Supplement to list of Isometopidae (Heteroptera: Cimicoidea). NZ J. Sci. 15:463— 

464. | 

Fieber, F. X. 1860. Exegesen in Hemipteren. Wien. Entomol. Monatsschr. 4:257-272. 

Gibson, E. H. 1917. The family Isometopidae Fieb. as represented in North America (Heter- 
optera). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 12:73-77. 

Heidemann, O. 1908. Notes on Heidemannia cixiiformis Uhler and other species of Isometo- 
pinae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 9:126—130. 

Henry, T. J. 1977. Teratodia Bergroth, new synonym of Diphieps Bergroth with descriptions 
of two new species (Heteroptera: Miridae: Isometopinae). Fla. Entomol. 60:201-210. 

McAtee, W. L. and J. R. Malloch. 1922. Changes in names of American Rhynchota chiefly 
Emesinae. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 35:95—96. 

—. 1924. Some annectant bugs of the superfamily Cimicoideae (Heteroptera). Bull. Brook- 
lyn Entomol. Soc. 19:69-83. 

Reuter, O. M. 1912. Hemipterologische Miscellen. Ofv. F. Vet. Soc. Férh. 54A: 
76 pp. 

Ward, C. R., C. W. O’Brien, L. B. O’Brien, D. E. Foster and E. W. Huddleston. 1977. An 
annotated checklist of New World insects associated with Prosopis (mesquite). U.S. 
Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. No. 1557. 

Wheeler, A. G., Jr. and T. J. Henry. 1978. Isometopinae (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Pennsylvania: 
Biology and descriptions of the fifth instars, with observations of predation on obscure 
scale. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 71(4):607-614. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 97-100 


ISCHYROPTERON BIGOT REVISITED (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) 
RICHARD H. FOOTE 


, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. 
| Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—The headless female holotype of Ischyropteron nigricaudatum 
Bigot from near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is described in detail; and specula- 
tions are made on its generic and supergeneric relationships. It is believed 
to belong to the trypetine tribe Adramiini, which has never been heretofore 
reported from the New World. 


In 1889, J. M. F. Bigot described Ischyropteron nigricaudatum from a 
single female specimen collected in Teresopolis, a suburb of Rio de Janeiro, 
Brazil (Bigot, 1889a). Apparently believing that his name was preoccupied 
by Ischyroptera Pokorny 1887, he unnecessarily proposed Calopteromyia 
for this monotypic genus later the same year (Bigot, 1889b). The name 
Ischyropterum of authors is either an error or an unjustified emendation. 

This unusual fly is redescribed here because its relationship with other 
genera is obscure (see Discussion below). It is hoped that additional spec- 
imens may be found, thus making available other characteristics that will 
relate the species properly to others, either in the Neotropical Region or 
elsewhere. 


Ischyropteron nigricaudatum Bigot 


Description.—Female. Head entirely missing, but Bigot describes it as 
follows (1889a: xxix): ‘‘Antennis basi vicinus, segulo tertio oblongo, angus- 
to, apice rotundato, usque ad orem fere elongato, chaeto nudo; fronte con- 
ica, prominula, superne macrochaetis, parce sed longe, instructa, facie ob- 
liqua et, genis, nudis; haustello modice exserto, labris haud perspicuis; 
palpis elongatus, apice parum dilatatis . . . antennis sordide fulvis, basi par- 
um infuscatus; palpis haustelloque pallide fulvis; fronte, utrinque, superne, 
fusco-diffuse uni-notata, et, facie, fulvo pictis, genis, infra oculos, fusca 
-nigro ini-maculatis ... .”’ 

Thorax uniformly yellowish brown, scutum ornamented with dark brown 
markings as follows: Paired fasciae extending from anterior margin to level 
of anterior supra-alars, narrowing in region of transverse suture, then wid- 
ening posterior to suture before terminating, these fasciae separated by a 
distance equal to the width of one fascia; paired eggshaped spots laterad of 


98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


median fasciae, situated between a transverse line through humerals and a 
point immediately anteriad of transverse suture and separated from median 
fascia by 2 the width of spot; a 3rd pair of elongate, rounded spots between 
a point immediately posteriad of transverse suture and one slightly posteriad 
of dorsocentrals, and a 4th pair of smaller black spots immediately behind 
wing bases. Scutellum concolorous with thorax, posterior 4% of postnotum 
darkened. Scapulars not evident; 1 pair humerals, 2 pairs notopleurals, | 
pair anterior supra-alars, | pair postalars, | pair intra-alars, | pair acrosti- 
chals, 2 pairs anepisternals, the lower pair about % as long as the upper, 1 
pair anepimerals, all the foregoing bristles black, shining. Two pairs long 
shining black scutellars approximately equal in length; scutum and scutellum 
beset with slender, sharply pointed, black setulae about 0.1 as long as 
presutural bristle. Pleurae almost entirely devoid of setulae except in a small 
triangular area immediately below notopleurals and the 6-8 notopleural set- 
ulae, which are shorter, colorless. Wing (Fig. 1) Length-to-width ratio 2.6:1, 
appearing longer and wider than usual in the family, the clear membranes 
with a yellowish cast and the veins in unpatterned areas of disk distinctly 
brown, 2nd costal cell about 5.6 as long as its greatest width, subcostal 
cell dark, at least 3x as long as wide, wedge shaped, vein R1 rather straight, - 
no prominent bristles present at subcostal break, vein r-m situated basad of 
middle of discal cell and pointing to about the middle of subcostal cell, veins 
r-m and dm-cu almost parallel, base of distal extension of basal cubital cell 
about 2 as wide as the cell itself, the extension triangular; little longer than 
its own width; anal lobe rather prominent; pattern comprising an evenly 
brown area in apical 4 of wing distad of vein dm-cu, its inner transverse 
margin parallel with that vein, vein RS haired to level of vein dm-cu above, 
bare below. Legs Unusually long and slender, fore coxa about % as long 
as fore femur, fore femur with a few short dorsal setulae instead of a 
‘*comb,”’ a single dark seta posteroventrally on distal 4, fore tibia without 
outstanding setae; mid femur without outstanding setae, apical ’% of mid 
tibia slightly enlarged, a short black posterior bristle at middle, 2 long, stout 
apical bristles; apical 4 of hind femur with one or a pair of black apical 
bristles and a single black dorsolateral bristle immediately proximad; hind 
tibia with a small dark anterior bristle immediately beyond middle; tarso- 
meres 3-5 on all legs dark brown, tarsomere 2 and at least apical “4 of 
tarsomere | on middle and hind legs also dark brown. Abdomen Terga and 
sterna light brown, each slightly darkened on basal 74, abdominal terga | 
and 2 apparently fused, together almost as long as remaining terga, tergum 
6 about 2 as long as tergum 5, setulae about as long and numerous as on 
scutum but light yellowish brown or colorless; ovipositor sheath (Fig. 2) % 
as long as abdomen, with configuration as shown in the figure, flattened 
condition possibly due to drying, ovipositor not visible through integument 
of sheath. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 99 


Figs. 1-2. Ischyropteron nigricaudatum, female. 1, Right wing, dorsal view. 2, Ovipositor 
sheath, dorsal view. 


Discussion.—Among the Neotropical Tephritidae, /. nigricaudatum has 
no close morphological relationships. Its long, broad wings and long, very 
slender legs are not at all characteristic of other New World fruit flies; and, 
together with the head characters stated by Bigot, in fact relate it more 
closely with the Richardiidae than with any other group of flies outside the 
family. However, G. C. Steyskal (personal communication) states that it is 
definitely not a richardiid, due principally to the sharply upturned subcostal 
vein. 

Morphologically, Ischyropteron somewhat resembles some species of 
Euphranta; but the wing pattern is quite different, the subcostal cell is much 
longer and narrower, and vein r-m is situated proximad of the middle of the 
discal cell. In correspondence, D. E. Hardy has suggested that /schyrop- 
teron may relate to several genera of Xyphosiini, but most members of that 
tribe as defined by Hering (1947) have essentially dark wings with yellow 
or white spots and/or stripes and have quite a different habitus. 


100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Ischyropteron rather closely fits the concept of the tribe Adramiini as 
discussed by Hardy (1974) in that the body bristles are rather delicate; 
dorsocentrals, presuturals and katepisternals are not present; the abdomen 
is long, comparatively narrow and straight sided; and the wing is excep- 
tionally long in comparison to body length. Generically, however, the genus 
appears to be distinct, differing by at least one character from each of the 
8 Oriental adramiine genera discussed by Hardy (1973, 1974) and from each 
of the 5 known Afrotropical genera. 

It is hoped that specimens with heads become available for study. If so, 
the supergeneric relationships of Jschyropteron can be made clear. If in fact 
this genus is eventually shown to be an adramiine as discussed above, the 
presence of this tribe in the New World will be recorded for the first time. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I hereby express my gratitude to J. W. Ismay, Hope Department of Zo- 
ology (Entomology), University of Oxford, for making the holotype (and 
only specimen) of nigricaudatum available for study. My gratitude is also 
hereby expressed to D. E. Hardy and G. C. Steyskal, who discussed with 
me the possible relationships of this species. Ms. Ellen Paige executed the 
figures. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bigot, J. M. F. 1889a. Novum genus Dipterorum ex Trypetidis, genus Chaetostomae (Ron- 

dani) sat vicinum. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (1889):xxix—xxx. 

. 1889b. [Change of generic name.] Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (6) 9 (Bull.):xciil. 

Hardy, D. E. 1973. The fruit flies of the Phillipines (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pacif. Ins. Monogr. 

32: 1-266. 

. 1974. The fruit flies (Tephritidae-Diptera) of Thailand and bordering countries. Pacif. 

Ins. Monogr. 31:1—353. 

Hering, E. M. 1947. Bestimmungstabelle der Unterfamilien und Tribus der Trypetidae. Siruna 
Seva. 6:1-16. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 101-104 


LABOULBENIA FORMICARUM THAXTER (ASCOMYCOTINA: 
LABOULBENIALES) ON ANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) IN 
RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA WITH A NEW HOST RECORD' 


T. P. NUHN AND C. G. VAN DYKE 


Departments of Entomology and Botany, North Carolina State Univer- 
sity, Raleigh, North Carolina 27650. 


Abstract.—A survey of ant species on the campus of North Carolina State 
University was conducted during 1971-73. Several species collected were 
found to be infested with the Ascomycete fungus Laboulbenia formicarum 
Thaxter. Ants were studied with light microscopy and scanning electron 
microscopy (SEM). One of the species, Acanthomyops murphyi (Forel), 
represents a new host record for the fungus-ant relationship and SEM mi- 
crographs are presented. 


The fungus Laboulbenia formicarum Thaxter is an ectoparasite of ants 
in the subfamily Formicinae. Smith (1961) reported that 17 species in five 
genera have been recorded as hosts. There have been no observed detri- 
mental effects on infected ants which were attributable to the fungus. La- 
boulbenia formicarum was the first species in the genus proven dioecious 
(Benjamin and Shanor, 1950a). They detailed its development from asco- 
spore germination to mature individuals (Benjamin and Shanor, 1950b). In 
Raleigh, North Carolina, the fungus was first collected by Z. P. Metcalf on 
all castes of (Lasius alienus Foerster) (=Lasius niger var. americanus 
Emery) (Smith, 1928). Recently, the fungus was again encountered in Ra- 
leigh during a survey of the various ant species on the campus of North 
Carolina State University (Nuhn, 1977). 

Two species of ants were photographed by Scanning Electron Microscopy 
(SEM), one of which represents a new host record of the fungus-ant rela- 
tionship. 


MATERIALS AND METHODS 


Over 500 collections of ants were made on or adjacent to the campus of 
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, primarily from September 1971 


' Paper No. 5691 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 
Raleigh, North Carolina. The use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement 
by the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station of the products named nor criticism of 
similar ones not mentioned. 


102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON | 


Fig. 1. The abdomen of a specimen of Acanthomyops murphyi as seen with SEM. The 
arrows point to a few of the individual fungal structures of Laboulbenia formicarum. (90x) 
Fig. 2. A close-up view of Laboulbenia formicarum on the body of Acanthomyops murphyi. 
The female (2) portion of the fungus is to the left and the male (d) portion to the right. Another 
fungal individual in the early developmental stage is behind this pair. The ascus (A) of the 
fungus is associated with the female portion. (1,000) 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER | 103 


through August 1973, during a study of the species composition of ants in 
landscaped suburban habitats. Most of the ants were collected with an as- 
pirator and placed in 70% ethyl alcohol; others were obtained with pitfall 
traps. 

Specimens of Acanthomyops murphyi (Forel) stored in 70% ETOH were 
subsequently dehydrated in ethanol and a graded ethanol-Freon series and 
critical-point dried in Freon 13. The dried specimens were mounted on 
stubs, coated with gold, and observed and photographed using an ETEC 
Autoscan microscope. 


RESULTS 


The fungus Laboulbenia formicarum was found on the exoskeleton of 
four species of ants, representing four different genera. The percent of col- 
lections with infested ants for each species was as follows: Lasius neoniger 
Emery 44% (38 of 86 collections); Formica pallidefulva Latreille 544% (1 of 
19 collections); Prenolepis imparis (Say) 242% (1 of 40 collections); and 
Acanthomyops murphyi (Forel) 20% (1 of 5 collections). The collection of 
Acanthomyops murphyi represents a new genus and species host record for 
L. formicarum. 

Figure | shows the fungus-ant relationship as seen with SEM; the abdo- 
men has numerous fungal individuals, as did other ant parts. Figure 2 shows 
the morphology and dioecous nature of the fungus. The fungal structures 
are somewhat collapsed, which perhaps occurred while the ants were in 
70% alcohol for several years. These represent the first published SEM 
micrographs of L. formicarum. 


DISCUSSION 


Species of Acanthomyops have long been considered as potentially ac- 
ceptable hosts for Laboulbenia formicarum (Smith, 1946). Species of Acan- 
thomyops were suspected of being temporary social parasites of the closely 
related genus Lasius, acommon host of L. formicarum (Wing, 1968). Such 
a situation would facilitate transfer of the fungus from one host species to 
another. For example, the fungus has been found on various species in the 
genus Formica and on certain social parasites of Formica in the genera 
Formica and Polyergus (Smith, 1946). 

Of 41 collections of ants infested with Laboulbenia formicarum, 38 (93%) 
were from Lasius neoniger. Also, the incidence of fungus within each 
species was over twice as high for L. neoniger as for any other species. 
This suggests that the fungus may prefer L. neoniger over the other ac- 
ceptable hosts. It would be interesting to establish whether the fungus shows 
a preference for specific ant species and whether the relative prominence 
of Lasius neoniger in Raleigh affects the infestation rates between different 
species. 


104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT 


We gratefully acknowledge confirmation of the fungus identification by 
Dr. R. K. Benjamin. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Benjamin, R. K. and L. Shanor. 1950a. Discovery of dioecism in Laboulbenia formicarum. 
Science. 111:33-34. 

—. 1950b. The development of male and female individuals in the dioecious species — 
Laboulbenia formicarum Thaxter. Am. J. Bot. 37:471-476. 

Nuhn, T. P. 1977. A survey of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the campus of North 
Carolina State University at Raleigh. M.S. Thesis. North Carolina State University, 
Raleigh, N. C. 

Smith, M. R. 1928. Remarks concerning the distribution and hosts of the parasitic ant fungus, 

Laboulbenia formicarium (sic) Thaxter. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 23:104—106. 

. 1946. Ant hosts of the fungus, Laboulbenia formicarum Thaxter. Proc. Entomol. Soc. 

Wash. 48:29-31. 

. 1961. Another ant genus host of the parasitic fungus Laboulbenia Robin. Proc. Ento- 

mol. Soc. Wash. 63:58. 

Wing, M. W. 1968. Taxonomic revision of the Nearctic genus Acanthomyops (Hymenoptera: 
Formicidae). NY Agric. Exp. Stn. (Ithaca), Mem. 405:1-173. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 105-107 
RECOGNITION CHARACTERS AND DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR 
SPECIES OF CONOTRACHELUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) 
THAT DAMAGE AVOCADO FRUITS IN MEXICO 
AND CENTRAL AMERICA 


DONALD R. WHITEHEAD 


Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. 
Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—Three species of Conotrachelus are known or suspected pests 
of commercially grown avocado fruits in Mexico and Central America: C. 
aguacatae Barber, C. perseae Barber and C. serpentinus (Klug). These 
species form part of a poorly known species group. Diagnoses and keys are 
given for their recognition, and distribution records are summarized. 


In recent years, some concern has arisen about importation of avocado 
fruits into the United States, and field surveys have been made in Mexico 
to locate possible pest-free areas. Three species of Conotrachelus Schoen- 
herr appear to damage commercially grown avocado fruits in Central Amer- 
ica, and at least two are of economic importance (Garcia Arellano, 1975). 
When Barber (1919, 1923) published his comments on these species, their 
geographic distributions seemed to be allopatric. However, all three are now 
known to occur in central Mexico. Therefore, diagnostic characters are 
given for their recognition, and distribution records are summarized. 

Specimens of at least a dozen other Conotrachelus species, most as yet 
undetermined, have been submitted as a result of these surveys. However, 
these species are not closely related to the pest species discussed here, and 
I have no information to implicate them as avocado pests. 

I thank Mike Shannon (APHIS, USDA) for pertinent information, and I 
thank Wayne Clark (Auburn University), and F. C. Thompson and R. W. 
Hodges (Systematic Entomology Laboratory), for constructive criticism. 


RECOGNITION CHARACTERS 


Adults of the avocado pests trace to ‘‘group r’”’ in Champion’s (1904) key 
to Central American Conotrachelus. Members of this group are distin- 
guished from other Conotrachelus by the following diagnosis: Mesosternum 
and anterior part of metasternum depressed along midline but not forming 
part of rostral canal, mesosternum not conspicuously binodose; elytra with 
alternate intervals costate, costae of intervals 3&5 evanescent in anterior 3 
or 4%, costae of intervals 7&9 entire; femora clavate, unidentate ventrally. 


106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Group r’ includes C. conicicollis Champion 1904, C. incanus Champion 
1904, C. octocostatus Champion 1925, C. sulcipectus Champion 1904, sev- 
eral apparently undescribed forms, and the avocado pests discussed here. 
This paper is intended only to facilitate recognition of the avocado pests, 
as I have seen insufficient material of the other species to justify a revision 
of this poorly known complex. The three pest species are distinguished from 
other members of the group by the following diagnosis: Elytra narrow 
(width/length = 0.64—-0.72), widest at humeri, strongly converging posteriad 
toward apex; pronotal punctures coarse, nearly uniform, interstices lacking 
smaller punctures; elytral vestiture coarse, long, largely fulvous or brownish 
(not uniformly pale); strial punctures each with slender, elongate, white 
scale; beak not more than 1.5 (male) or 1.8 (female) times longer than prono- 
tum; front coxae clearly separated, front and middle coxae with vestiture 
recumbent. See Barber (1923) for illustrations of male genitalia. 


KEY TO THE AVOCADO-EATING SPECIES OF CONOTRACHELUS 


1. Abdominal sterna 3&4 coarsely punctate; pronotum strongly trans- 
verse (length/width less than 0.80), strongly constricted in front, con- 
ical; beak with antennal insertion near apical 0.30—0.35 in male, near 
apical 0.40-0.45 in female; front coxae narrowly separated. Florida, 
West Indies, Mexico, Central America, South America........... 

HAL SS. BO ERE A ee Ooh Bah vee ie motte? 4 serpentinus (Klug) 

— Adbominal sterna 3&4 finely punctate: pronotum less transverse 

(length/width more than 0.80), strongly constricted in front or not, 

conical or subconical; beak with antennal insertion at or beyond 

apical 0.25 in male, at or beyond apical 0.40 in female: front coxae 

widely:separated.*Mexico; Central America i225 -1:). sie s <)- 2 

Beak with antennal insertion near apical 0.18—0.20 in male, near 

apical 0.25 in female; uncus of male front tibia simple, acute; uncus 

of male hind tibia short, dentate; pronotum feebly constricted in 

fromtstconicalseMiexicom. taexk aatat. Seca eases aguacatae Barber 

— Beak with antennal insertion near apical 0.25 in male, near apical 
0.35-0.40 in female; uncus of male front tibia dilated, truncate or 
bifid: uncus of male hind tibia short, blunt, recurved; pronotum 


i) 


Conotrachelus aguacatae Barber 1923. This species damages avocado in 
central Mexico. MEXICO: Coahuila (Ciudad Acuna, Saltillo), Jalisco 
(Huascata), Michoacan (Uruapan), Nayarit (Tepic), Queretaro (Queretaro). 

Conotrachelus perseae Barber 1923. Described as a pest of avocado in 
Guatemala, this species is now known to range from central Mexico (see 
also Garcia Arellano, 1975) southward to Costa Rica. Costa Rican speci- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 107 


mens differ by having a more conical pronotum, male tibial uncus truncate 
rather than bifid, beak in both sexes relatively slender and elongate, and 
male phallus more broadly rounded apically—characters here regarded as 
geographic variation. Study of additional material may indicate that this 
form is a distinct species. MEXICO: Michoacan (Uruapan). GUATEMA- 
LA: Alta Verapaz (Coban), Guatemala (Guatemala). HONDURAS: Mora- 
zan (Zamorano). COSTA RICA: San Jose (San Jose, San Pedro de Montes 
de Oca). 

Conotrachelus serpentinus (Klug) 1829. [Balaninus serpentinus Klug 
1829 = Conotrachelus serpentinus Germar of Boheman 1837, a secondary 
usage according to Kuschel (1955); C. ventralis LeConte 1878 = C. serpen- 
tinus, according to Barber (1919) and other authors.] Barber (1919) sug- 
gested that distribution records cited by Champion (1904) might have been 
based on misidentifications, but Champion’s description of this species and 
the records given here suggest that his identifications and distribution rec- 
ords were correct. Not generally regarded as a pest of commercial avocado, 
this species attacks various native species of Persea (Barber, 1919); how- 
ever, the Queretaro specimen cited below was taken from avocado along 
with specimens of C. aguacatae. Therefore, this species is here regarded 
as at least a potential avocado pest. In addition to the records cited from 
Mexico, I have seen specimens from Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba, and Haiti; 
see Champion (1904) for additional distribution records. MEXICO: Quere- 
taro (Queretaro), Veracruz (Tampico), Yucatan (Yaxcopoil). 

There probably are many additional Persea-eating Conotrachelus species 
belonging to this complex. I have seen three apparently undescribed ones 
from Central America that closely resemble C. perseae. One female (Tur- 
rialba, Costa Rica) differs by having a very long beak, about 2.0 times longer 
than the pronotum and extended nearly to the apex of ventrite 1. Two 
females (San Jose, Costa Rica) have the front coxae nearly contiguous, the 
front and middle coxae with tufted, suberect vestiture. Two males (Barro 
Colorado Island, Panama, and Hermitage Res., Jamaica) have the front 
coxae narrowly separated, front and middle mucrones normal, and the hind 
tibial mucrone greatly enlarged. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Barber, H. S. 1919. Avocado seed weevils. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 21:53-60. 

. 1923. Two new Conotrachelus from tropical fruits (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Proc. 

Entomol. Soc. Wash. 25:182-185. 

Champion, G. C. 1904. Rhynchophora, Curculionidae. Vol. 4, part 4, pp. 337-448. In God- 
man, F. D. and O. Salvin. Biologia Centrali-Americana. 

Garcia Arellano, P. 1975. Clave para la identificacion de las larvas barrenadoras del hueso del 
aguacate en Mexico. Folia Entomol. Mex. 31—32:127—131. 

Kuschel, G. 1955. Nuevas sinonimias y anotaciones sobre Curculionoidea (Coleoptera). Rev. 
Chilena Entomol. 4:261-312. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 108-110 


PYGMEPHORUS ATHIASAE WICHT: A REDESCRIPTION OF 
THE HOLOTYPE (ACARI: PYEMOTIDAE) 


ROBERT L. SMILEY 


Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. 
Admin., USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705. 


Abstract.—Pygmephorus athiasae Wicht, 1970 is redescribed; and illus- 
trations are given for the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body and legs 
I-IV of the female. 


I examined the holotype of a mushroom mite, Pygmephorus athiasae 
Wicht while studying Pygmephorus species of the Western Hemisphere. 
Wicht’s (1970) description and illustrations do not provide enough details 
of the morphological characteristics to allow for recognition of the species. 
Because of the economic importance of Pygmephorus mites to the mush- 
room industry (Hussey et al., 1969) and because females of several pyg- 
mephorids are dimorphic (Rack, 1974; Cross and Moser, 1975; Moser and 
Cross, 1975; Kosir, 1975: Smiley and Moser, 1976), it is essential to illustrate 
and describe all species so that accurate determinations can be provided. 
The higher classification of the Pyemotoidea and Pygmephoroidea (Mahun- 
ka, 1970) requires further study because of the confusion caused by the 
occurrence of dimorphic females and because some taxa overlap. Accurate 
descriptions and illustrations are needed to design a workable classification. 


Pygmephorus athiasae Wicht 
Figs. 1-5 


Pygmephorus athiasae Wicht, 1970:266. 


Holotype Female.—USNM, collected at Citeaux, France, date unknown, 
by Madame C. Athias; no other data available. 

Female.—Gnathosoma oval, wider than long, dorsoventrally with 2 pairs 
of simple setae. Dorsum: Propodosomal shield subrectangular, longer than 
wide, lightly punctate; with 3 pairs of conspicuous spiculate setae, anterior 
and medial pairs subequal, posterior pair longest, more than 2x as long as 
others. Pseudostigmatic organ globelike, without spicules. Hysterosoma 
lightly punctate with conspicuous spiculate setae; Ist (anterior) tergite larg- 
est, with lateral and medial pair of spiculate setae; 2nd tergite with pair of 
medial spiculate setae; longer than medial setae of Ist tergite; 3rd tergite 
with medial and lateral pairs of spiculate setae, lateral pair about 2 length 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER I 109 


Figs. 1-5. Pygmephorus athiasae, female. 1, Dorsal and ventral view. 2, Right leg I. 3, 
Right leg II. 4, Right leg III. 5, Right leg IV. 


of medial pair; 4th tergite with lateral setae short and simple, medial setae 
subequal in length to medial setae of 3rd tergite. Venter: Posteromedial 
plate between legs IV wider than long, spade shaped distally, with pair of 
simple setae. Coxal setal formula: 3—2—3-—2. Leg I robust, with strong, 
distally recurved claw. Setation on femur, genu, and tibiotarsus I: 3+1 rod- 
like seta —4—12+4 eupathidia +4 solenidia; leg II with bifurcate claws, 
setation on femur, genu, tibia and tarsus: 3—3—4+1 small solenidion —6+ 1 
solenidion; leg HI with bifurcate claws, setation on femur, genu, tibia, and 
tarsus: 2—2—4+1 small solenidion —5; leg IV with uncinate claws and not 
enlarged, setation on femur, genu, tibia, and tarsus: 2—1—4+1 small so- 


110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


lenidion —6. Posterior plate with 3 pairs of terminal setae. Body 326 pu long, 
147 w wide. 

Male.—Unknown. 

Distribution.—This species is known only from the type-locality. Ac- 
cording to Wicht (1970) it is found in various places in mushroom houses 
and actually on mushrooms. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Cross, E. A. and J. C. Moser. 1975. A new dimorphic species of Pyemotes and a key to 
previously described forms (Acarina: Tarsonemoidea). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 68:723- 
S52 

Hussey, N. W., W. H. Read and J. J. Hesling. 1969. The pests of protected cultivation. The 
biology and control of glasshouse and mushroom pests. American Elsevier Publishing 
Co., Inc. New York. 404 pp. 

Kosir, M. 1975. Ernahrund und Entwicklung von Pygmephorus mesembrinae und P. quad- 
ratus (Pygmephoridae, Tarsonemini, Acari) und Bemerkungen Uber drei weitere arten. 
Pedobiologia, Bd. 15:313—329. 

Mahunka, S. 1970. Considerations on the systematics of the Tarsonemina and the description 
of new European taxa (Acari: Trombidiformes). Acta. Zool. Acad. Sci. Hung. 16:137- 
174. 

Moser, J. C. and E. A. Cross. 1975. Phoretomorph: a new phoretic phase unique to the 
Pyemotidae (Acarina: Tarsonemoidea). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 68:820-822. 

Rack, G. 1974. Neue und bekannte Milbenarten der Uberfamilie Pygmephoroidea aus dem 
Saalkreis bei Halle (Acarina, Tarsonemida). Entomol. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Hamb. 4:499- 
Syile 

Smiley, R. L. and J. C. Moser. 1976. Two new phoretomorphic Siteroptes (Acarina: Pye- 
motidae) from galleries of the southern pine beetle. Beitr. Entomol. 26(1):307-322. 

Wicht, M. C., Jr. 1970. Three new species of pyemotid mites associated with commercial 
mushrooms. Acarologia. 12:262—268. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 111-124 
SPHECID WASPS OF THE WORLD: ERRORS AND OMISSIONS 
(HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) 


A. S. MENKE AND R. M. BOHART 


(ASM) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and 
Educ. Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560; 
(RMB) Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, Cali- 
fornia 95616. 


Abstract.—Errors of omission and commission in the book ‘‘Sphecid 
Wasps of the World”’ (1976) by Bohart and Menke are corrected. 


Since our book “‘Sphecid Wasps of the World’? was published in 1976, 
various mistakes and omissions have been found. Fortunately, most of these 
are minor spelling errors, incorrect dates or improper gender endings on 
species names. The serious errors include overlooked species names, in- 
correct tribal spellings, wrong gender determinations for a few genera, mis- 
takes in key couplets and omissions of several lines of text. With the real- 
ization that we dealt with over 14,000 names the errors are few, but they 
are regretted nonetheless, especially because so many people painstakingly 
proofed galley copy. We would appreciate being informed of any additional 
mistakes or omissions, especially any names published before 1976 that 
were not included in the book. Hopefully, all errata can be inserted in future 
editions. 

We would like to thank the various people that have brought some of 
these items to our attention, but we want to thank especially George Steys- 
kal, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, SEA, AR, Washington, 
D.C. and H. D. Cameron, Dept. of Classical Studies, University of Michi- 
gan, for checking scientific names in the book for grammatical correctness. 
Some of their revelations involve changes in spelling and gender which upset 
traditional usage. 

Abbreviations used below are: RC = right column, LC = left column, 
MC = middle column, L = line. The page number is given first in each 
citation. Repetitive changes are listed in groups to save space. 


TRIBAL NAMES 


The following spellings should be adopted: 


Sceliphrini for Sceliphronini 
Prionychina for Prionyxina 


112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Trypoxylini for Trypoxylonini 
Aphilanthopini & -ina for Aphilanthopsini & -ina 


MASS CHANGES OF DATES, ETC. 


Change 1896 to 1897a as follows: 28, LC, L 35; 38, LC, L 13; 40, RC, L 
2): Al RCI, 12:42 REV IS 74asicbC. Tiss 44. bE. 25> 457 LC eae 
51:46, LC, 46246, RC 243488 RGC, 1555552, RC, L'62; S49REC) wire 
216, L@vL! 1 207 RE PE M4222 EE 1513030; 308, LC baAss 3500 re 
21-352: RE, L502 607, Le; 24: 

Change 1896 to 1897 as follows: 42, RC, L 17, 21; 45, LC, L 33, 45, 52; 
46. 1G, 1 48346; REE es: 220 Ree 26.3227 RE, E23: 

Change 1864 to 1863 as follows: 41, RC, L 10-11, 13; 106, RC, L 22; 164, 
LC, £45: 186, RC, £38:.245. RC 33:.247, RC, 129° 585, Clases 

Change 1838 to 1839 as follows: 43, RC, L 16-17, 20; 55, RC, L 1, 3-5; 
134. RC. A244 ee 1 43-3153, We 583.245, RC. 52.756 eae 
53: 267 WE wk 26; 273; REE, We 274, LE, 8; 275, RC; £19; 29 ee 
16-17-7367 RE; L545 368) ECAE 4529219 LE rE 16; 526-REWeSsas2e 
RG; 1425545. ROV46, 49547 Cy 3s S49) CHL 215 :39; 6S 
134: 5669 C21 442566; RC 39s 5 784 ROL 483580, RC, lastii am 
EC, eal6s 18192587 RC 42 588k Coie 83 588, RC. LS; 

Change 1893 to 1894 as follows: 213, LC, L 13; 244, LC, L 3, 6; 258, RC, 
L16,.22, 207 259, LC; © 21; 2597 RE) L42245=46; 265°LC, Lk 3327720 
137 45, 5022725 REA 2=5,.92273,, ESL 375437 273) RC, 333274 
E33 275 ys = 14517, 36-275 RG 375939: 276) RE. 25742 elo 
BAN 27 413299 VUCaE 262131 SEG 23335496. REY LS: 

Change 1858 to 1857 as follows: 45, RC, L 33-34, 38; 74, LC, L 4; 78, 
ROVE 23206) RC, e214, RE w38 72, RCs 1343: 237 RES Paes 
248, EC, L 34; 264, LC,, L 6: 336, RC, L 73337, LC, L 13; 410, Lean 
531, RC, last L. 

Change 1895 to 1896 as follows: 53, LC, L 34; 501, LC, L 41; 503, LC, 
1-24.955¢4506; RE, 1.35; 508,21 C, \6:/516;- REMlast 517) ECA seu 
ROE 524591521 LG eEMIe. 

Delete ‘“‘new synonymy by R. Bohart’’ and ‘‘new status by R. Bohart”’ 
as follows (see Bohart and Grissell, 1975): 564, RC, L 9-10, 42-45, 47; 565, 
LC, L 28-29, 33-36; 565, RC, L 23, 26-28; 566, LC, L 3-4, 6-9, 19-20, 26-27, 
56-59; 566, RC, L 14-15, 57-58; 567, RC, L 1-3; 576, RC, L 23-24; 577, 
RG; last two 3/578, RC,°L'1631579, "LC, L427 580, RC} b. 34=355 56-57% 
581, RC, L 5, 45-46; 584, RC, L 33, 35; 586, RC, L 23-24; 588, RC, L 57; 
591, RE 29-30: 592. WE le 5=729: 592 RE) ES: | 


KOHL ‘‘ 1896” 


F. Kohl’s *‘Die Gattungen der Sphegiden’’ which has always been cited 
as published in 1896 actually appeared in early 1897, probably in March.The 
major effect of this discovery is that the citation of Nitelopterus Ashmead 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 113 


must be changed as follows: 45, LC, L 31 should read: (Nitelopterus) Ash- 
mead, 1897:22. Delete L 34-37. 
FABRICIUS °*1781”’ 


Fabricius’ ‘Species Insectorum’”’ bears the date 1781 on the title page, 
however, the work was published in 1782 according to the author in his 
autobiography (see Hope, 1847). The only consequence of this for our book 
is that 1781 should be changed to 1782 (species names on pp. 77, 103, 105, 
106, 115, 139, 291, 401, 427, 526 & 566). 


ERRATA SHEET 


L 35: Oryttus is correct (p. 485) 
L 50: delete entire entry (p. 655) 
L 52: jamaicensis is correct (p. 661) 


FIGURE 15 


Letters used in legend were not placed on the figures. They apply left 
to right, top to bottom. 


LET 


(page number is first entry) 


a IC. 1 20: New Zealand not Nigerian 
SAG CAG Big montana 1s correct 
5) BGR Wes 945 Deinomimesa is correct 
Po iC. 1,45: 1894e is correct 
aA. RC, L 32: add parenthesis after Psammaletes 
os RC. L. 15: 7,633 is correct 
RE. 117: 84 is correct 
RG. L 30: Tachytes—265 is correct 
83, Table 3: change figures as indicated below: 


Larrinae 2,070 
Bembix—328 


Philanthinae 1,097 + (2) Cerceris—857 + (1) 


Pemphredoninae 717 Psenulus—122 
meee. 1. 8: courtesy is correct 
Bo, LC, L 56: delete ‘‘recte kirbyi”’ 
mae Le 37 14: kirbii is correct 
fi, RC, L 59: africanum 1s correct 
ms, LC, L 13: reticulatus is correct 
iC’ 1; 28,, 39: appendiculatus is correct 
Ee. 1.6): argentatus 1S correct 
RC, L 41: 1894a is correct 


aac, 1,59: 1893b is correct 


114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 
451 G. E53; 54555: these should be indented to align with lines 
61-63 
RC aie ss: 1893b is correct 
SORE Tr 33: Ceratocolus is correct 
SOP GH 131 ,*32: 1894a is correct 
54 °RC LS 4: 1897b is correct 
REYES: 1897 is correct 
RC, L 14-15: delete ‘“‘new synonymy by Menke and Pulawski”’ 
(see Kazenas, 1974) 
59 Ee 163: change (Astatinae) to (Astatinae and Xenosphe- 
cinae) 
RE 2: change 19 to 20 
RG} ly 5-7: delete *‘, midtibia with two apical spurs in both 
both sexes” 
RC, L 10-12: delete ‘‘, females with two midtibial spurs but 
males with none... Dinetini, p. 251°’ and 
substitutes “Wi 9” 
RC, insert the following revised couplet after L12: 
19. Forewing with three submarginal cells, episternal sulcus 
essentially absent, New World...... Xenosphecini, p. 439 
Forewing with two submarginal cells, episternal sulcus long, 
reaching’ venter, Old Wonds:-...: 222-2: Dinetini, p. 215 
RCW E13: change 19 to 20 
RC e116: delete 20 and substitute: Laphyragogini, p. 219 
RC, 18-23: delete entire couplet 
WOIRCSL 37: delete Westwood (for consistency) 
9S REE 30: cyclocephala is correct 
1OS5 te Cale 27: omissum 1s correct. The spelling ommissum 
dates from Kohl, 1906 (Sceliphron). Out of al- 
phabetical order, place after L 36 
1055 LE) le 38: jJamaicense Fabricius is the proper name for the 
species listed by us as annulatum (L 36) [see 
Art. 59 (b) (ii)] 
106, LC, insert after L 54: bruininii (W. F. Kirby), 1880 (Zoo. Rec.) (Pelo- 
paeus), emendation. Insert in index 
109, Fig. 25E: kirbii is correct 
114, LC, L 29: plumifer is correct 
REE 54: argentifer is correct 
1116; 1G: 1-24: melanopus is correct. Add ‘‘nec Dahlbom, 
1843°° to end of line 
RE S13 47: integer, not integrus 
ies 3: erythropus 1s correct 
128-132: change the species name kirbyi to kirbii 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER I 


115 


#30, LC, L 45: hindtibial is correct 
3, LC, L 34: erythrogastra is correct 
IE ac .53: indus is correct 
eee S4: indostanus is correct 
EC. 1 58: englebegi. . . . 1898 is correct 
Rew 2: kirbii is correct 
RC, insert after L 6: kirbyi Dours, 1874 (Parasphex), emendation 
RCA 14: delete parenthesis in front of Berland 
RG: L 36: melas is correct 
4, LC, L 13: albospinifer is correct 
m9, RC, L 47: erythrocephala is correct 
145, RC, L 49, 56: luteus 1S correct 
M6, LC, RC: Eremochares is a masculine noun (Art. 30a(i)(2). 
Change species names ending in -a to -us 
fe RE. LL 22: lobicollis out of chronological sequence, place 
after velutina 
53, LC, L 48: Snoflak is correct 
REA 12; Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785 is correct 
RCM 53: Frivaldszky, 1877 is correct. Change in index also 
RE. 1,54: delete entire line 


RC, insert after L S6: 


mocsarti W. F. Kirby, 1880 (Zoo. Rec.), emen- 
dation. Insert in index 


ips, RE, Ll 29: 718 is correct 
mo, eC. L 7,11: Psenini and Pemphredonini should not be in 
italics 
RE 23: 334 is correct 
mo. WC, 22: delete” except Ss. America 
BC. 55: Odontopsen is correct 
Rew 13; Mimumesa Malloch is correct 
fos, RC, I 37: pacifica 1s correct 
164, LC, L 43: reticulata is correct 
los ILC, I 52: chrysomalla is correct 
REE 20: 79 is correct 
166, LC, L 4: van Lith, 1959 is correct 
GSE 5: erythopus is correct 
CE. 8: One species, barthi, ..... is correct. Membraci- 
dae should not be in italics 
RC Ie. 9: erythopus is correct 
REA TE 10: erythropus 1s correct 
RC Ie 35: matalensis is correct 


RC, insert after L 26: ssp. formosensis Tsuneki, 1965; Taiwan 
tov, LC, L 26-27: mandibularis is proper subspecies name; tsu- 
nekii is valid only if Mimumesa is considered 


116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


7 RS 1, 5520: 
RC 128: 
1722 Ce, 1 34: 
LC, insert after L 48: 
RG Mave 
RC. 122: 
RC. 133: 
173 Ue, 120: 
MELA 


LG, insert after L 39: 
ee E50; 
RC, -L.. 4: 
REC 1c, iG: 
RE. 1550: 
178 eC, 2S: 
179: eG. rag: 


RE. Bie 
180-182: 


ISD PRE, We 49-10: 
S82 le Ce 36: 
LC, L 44: 


LC, L 48: 
RC.) 20: 
184. 1c€, 10:33: 
RE de83: 
RC, insert after L 29: 
18S65RC pS: 
191, LC, L 16: 
ECA T4t: 
193 RECS 13 47: 
RC, L 44: 
194. Ge CAL 2931436: 
ECG 435-36, 51: 
195, Fig. 47A: 


to be congeneric with Psen (see Art. 59c). 
Delete ‘‘nec H. Smith, 1906” | 

122 is correct 

Neotropical—2 is correct 

chrysidid is correct 

aztecus Bohart and Grissell, 1969; Mexico 

brevitarsis is correct 

bismarckensis is correct 

corporaali is correct 

salomonensis 1s correct 

jalapensis is a nomen nudum. It is a lapsus for 
mayorum. (see below) 

mayorum Bohart and Grissell, 1969; Mexico 

delete *‘Sri Lanka’”’ 

Java is correct 

tristis 1S correct 

sandakanensis is correct 

leguminifer is correct 

leguminifer Cockerell in Cockerell and Fox, 
1897 is correct 

spinifer is correct 

Pemphredon is a feminine Greek noun. Change 
species names ending in -ws to -a here and in 
index 

delete ‘“‘new synonymy by Bohart’’ (see Lom- 
holdt, 1975) 

put parens around Dahlbom. Insert ‘‘(Cemo- 
nus) after 1844 

sedula is out of alphabetical order, place after 
L 45 

tenera 1s correct 

22 is correct 

Cockerell in Cockerell and Fox, 1897 is correct 

longiceps is correct 

turanicus Gussakovskij, 1952; sw. USSR 

deserticola is correct 

(Turner), 1917 (Stigmus) is correct 

saigusai is correct 

exspectata is correct 

minutissima is correct 

ceanothae is correct 

africanum is correct. Gender of Xysma is neuter 

ceanothae is correct 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER | 


208; RC, L 24: 
12, LC, L 45: 


RC. 55: 


ms, ILC. L. 16: 
ewe 17: 
229, RC, footnote 5: 
234, Fig. 63G: 
236, Fig. 64B, Q: 
Fig. 64C: 
Fig. 64E: 
Fig. 64K: 
Fig. 640: 
238-248: 


Base We: 17: 
249, Fig. 67A: 
250; RC, lL 3: 
253, Fig. 69F: 
258, Fig. 71C: 

RE-r; 12: 


259-260: 


260, RC, L 27: 

Po. EC. I. 2: 

263, RC, L 9: 
RC: 


117 


peculiar is correct 

Cockerell in Cockerell and Fox, 1897 (Astatus) 
is correct 

mexicana is out of alphabetical order, place 
ahead of miegii 

aspera W. Fox, 1894 (Astatus) is correct 

delete entire entry 

tenebrosus 1s correct 

argentatus is correct 

odontophorus is correct 

argentatus is correct 

ciliatus is correct 

subtessellatus is correct 

aurulentus is correct 

Liris is masculine (Art. 30a(i)(1), the river 
Garigliano) and all species names ending in -a 
should be changed to -ws (except montezuma, 
antaka, ancara, antaca, argenticauda, flavi- 
vena, basilissa, cleopatra, erythropyga, eryth- 
rotoma, fuscistigma, gryllicida, melania, na- 
mana, argyropyga, palumbula, pitamawa, 
primania, regina, sabrina, samoa, hova, seri- 
cosoma, silvicola, & muspa); erythropoda 
should be erythropus; nigra should be niger; 
and the suffix -a should be dropped from 
dyscheira, dasycheira, gastrifera, setigera, ru- 
gifera and spathulifera. Make same changes in 
index and addendum 

Turner (1916b, d) is correct 

argentatus is correct 

facetus is correct. Paraliris is masculine 

distinctum is correct 

punctulatum is correct 

(Cockerell) in Cockerell and Fox, 1897 (Ancis- 
tromma) Is correct 

Ancistromma is neuter. Change species names 
ending in -a to -uwm (except aurantia and socia). 
Change /aevidorsis to laevidorse. Make same 
changes in index 

265 is correct 

24 Neotropical is correct 

alacer 1s correct 

delete L 36-37 (antillarum and apiformis ) 


118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


RC, L 46: 
264, RC, L 47: 
265, EC: 


GC. dlast i; 


266, RC, L 56: 
2671, le @uplege3: 
[ees 128: 
EC: 135: 
271, Fig. 74A: 


272, RC, insert after L 53: 


273) lea Ie ile 
I INAS. |RSS 
279, Fig. 76 G: 
297, Fig. 84J: 

299° REE 46: 
201k 24: 
306518 C-L23: 
313, RE E46: 


323, ECE: 
332 shC ii 16: 
335 RECA 5: 


346, LC, L 36: 
EGle3i: 
LE@.1,55: 
Geils 58: 

347. Cs Si: 

348, 1G; 8: 
EG 40: 
RE. 53: 


349% 13Gy 1s 4: 


350, BEV E20: 


355; RCo ansert after lv 22: 


3635 LCy i 22: 
366; RC; 53: 
3675 RC, 3: 
368; RG) Ee 14: 

RE wk AT: 
374, LCC E55: 


melanopyga is correct 

N. & C. America is correct 

delete L 17 (fervens) 

harpax should not be indented 

setiger 1S correct 

tabrobanae is correct 

turcomanicus is correct 

testaceinervus is correct 

distinctum is correct 

brullei Kirchner, 1867 (Tachytes), emendation 

1914 is correct 

Frivaldszky, 1877 is correct. Change in index 

Tachytes fucatus is correct 

soikai is correct 

e. N. America is correct 

frontalis is correct 

1899 is correct 

delete ‘“‘new synonymy by Menke’ (see Sielfeld, 
1975) 

1894e is correct 

1968a is correct 

argentatum is out of alphabetical order, place 
ahead of ashmeadi 

gardineri 1s correct 

1901 is correct 

majus 1S correct 

minus 1s correct 

1901 is correct 

sinuosiscute 18 correct 

Gussakovskij is correct 

Johannis is out of alphabetical order, place ahead 
of lactitarse 

place dagger (+) at beginning of line. Add ‘‘nec 
Kohl, 1883” after Brasil, 

1894e is correct 

carina paralleling outer orbit from mandible 
base to upper angle of eye; occipital carina 
meeting hypostomal 

trilineata is correct 

frondiger is correct 

conifer 1S correct 

linguifer is correct 

spinifer is correct 

hindtibia is correct 


~VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 
4 


feo. LC, L 35: 
1693; LC, L 33: 
#200, RC, L 15: 


401, 


402, 


414, 
420, 
427, 
428, 


430, 


448, 
449, 


457, 
458, 


469, 
470, 
492, 


495, 
496, 


500, 
501, 


RC. 32: 
RC, L 24: 
BC AL. 13: 


Ee last le: 


SialkeG. al. 25: 


LC, 1,29: 
LG, L 56: 
REE At: 
RE: I 39: 
RC; iL 46; 
IE, 129: 
RC. iL 35=36: 
RC wL26: 
WE. te 32: 
| Cay Ge 
RC, L.42: 
RG. i 12: 
LE; 1.40: 
IEG, lL 43,, 45: 
REs hel7: 
REE 24: 


LC, L 49: 
RC, L.39: 
RG, 1:55: 
EC. AL, 41: 
LC, L 46: 
LG, L 48: 
RE. b 42; 
RE. 14: 
RG. 24: 
RG. £47: 
EC, ansert after 130: 


LC, L 44: 
RET. W7: 
RG, i 30: 
REwhk 50; 


119 


tibiale is correct. Change in index 

imbellis is correct 

bougainvilleae is correct 

yezo is correct 

nipponis is correct 

maculipennis (F. Smith), 1856 (Crabro); is cor- 
rect 

unicus is the proper name for ne/li. Transfer 
to p. 403 

1954; s. India (Cro) is correct 

riparius 18 correct 

spiniger 18 correct 

sugtharai is correct 

tyuzendyianus Tsuneki, 1955 is correct 

delete. Je lzeclercgq ’ 

pilifer is correct 

1901 is correct 

insert ‘‘(Crabro)”’ after 1866 

(Cl) is correct 

spinifer is correct 

alacris 1s correct 

1894d is correct 

1780 is correct 

Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785 is correct 

sabulosus is correct 

‘(Geoffroy) is Fourcroy, 1785 (Vespa); local- 
ity?’’ ‘‘May be a Cerceris’’ is correct 

1894b is correct 

1894c is correct 

botsharnikovi is correct 

erythropus is correct 

1971 is correct 

ganglbaueri is correct. Change in index 

change distribution to: Africa: Mali 

cruciger is correct 

1780 is correct 

SIS, comect 

guichardi (Beaumont), 1968 (Gorytes); Canary 
Is. Insert in index also 

alicantinus 1s correct 

1909, not 1910 

Macropsis is correct 

anceps is out of chronological order, place 
ahead of intercedens 


120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


504, EC, "2: 
508, RC, L 4, 


SIO RC AES 2: 
oy a) OG) Gee 
512; RG: 
513), CE a7, 
S25, eC, E53: 
526, 1G, E43: 

RG P34: 
531, LC, Lb 36: 

RE, Ee s3): 
535, aE. Ie si: 
537, RC, L. 43: 

RE, 155: 


539, LC, insert after L 47: 


541, RC, L 10: 


542, LC, insert after L 37: 


543. LC. E80: 
546 EC LW: 


RC, L 33-34: 


RE, Lb 54: 
947;,,LC, Eat: 


560; EGS 32: 
564, RC, L.46: 
566; LCL SS: 
566; RCL 5: 

REC. 18: 


ieee 35—50: 
$79, RC, insert after L 8: 


58l RC AL 38: 
584, LC, L 46: 
S66 REE 4 

RC, L 49: 


587, LC, insert after L 49: 


6: 


50: 


RC, L 3-4: 


589, RC, insert after L 28: 


592, (EC, Ae 74; 
LOSE: 


8: 


procerum is correct 

laminifer (Cockerell) in Cockerell and Fox,|) 
1897 (Gorytes) is correct. ; 

Dow (1942b) is correct 

1909, not 1910 

spinifer is correct 

spinifer is correct 

Stizus is correct 

for 1941 read 1942a 

1793, not 1804 

Frivaldszky, 1877 is correct. Change in index 

1954 is correct 

221s" correct 

oribates is correct 

delete entire entry 

monodorta Say, 1825 (Bembex), lapsus 

27 is correct 

gorgonensis (Cheesman), 1928 (Monedula); Co- 
lombia 

328 is correct 

delete entire entry (difformis) 

Cameron, 1901 is correct 

jJerdanica is correct 

maldivensis Cameron, 1901 is correct (maldi- 
viensis is a lapsus from Zoological Record 
for 1902) 

1897b is correct 

Kohl, 1884 is correct 

delete==ssp= 

Thunberg is correct 

Geoffroy in Fourcroy, 1785 is correct 

1780 is correct 

copiapoensis Sielfeld, 1972; Chile 

delete entire entry 

chagatai 1s correct 

1839 is correct 

delete entire entry 

schariniensis Kazenas, 1972; sw. USSR: Kazakh 

SSR 

delete both entries 

zoellneri Sielfeld, 1972: Chile 

delete ‘‘ssp”’ 

Cockerell and Rohwer in Rohwer, 1908 is cor- 
rect 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 


m7 RE, LU. 8: 
998, LC, L 36: 
G00, LC,.L 26: 
Ct G..28: 
m2, RE, L 11: 
RE, E; 12: 
RG wld 457 , 205; 23: 


oo4, LC, L 58: 
RGFIa2: 
RE; i 32: 

606, LC, L 47: 


Ee. 50: 
607, LC, L 10: 
BE 26: 
ms, LC, L 24: 


Ga, 26: 
EG we 27: 
m9) RC; 3: 
RE, b, 19: 
oO; LC; i 2: 
f253 RC; last L: 
m8. RC. 152: 
m9. C,- EAs: 
EC, Lb 26: 
634, MC, L 9: 
MC, b 56: 
MG, 1.58: 
RE. x65: 
m5. LC. 1.27: 
n56;, RC; L. 22: 
37, MC, L 2: 
RE, 1.25: 
Po. iC, 115: 
BC, ti: 
LC, insert after L 25: 
639, LC, insert after L 53: 
640, MC, L 65: 
RE. 38: 
RC, L 40: 


RC, L 41: 


add hyphen after *‘Re”’ 

nests is correct 

change 1941 to 1942a 

change 1942 to 1942b 

1894a is correct. Place reference after L 14 

1893b is correct 

change as follows: 1894a to 1894b, 1894b to 
1894c, 1894c to 1894d, 1894d to 1894e. 

chinesische is correct 

599-699 is correct 

657-942 is correct 

delete **(12)4:489-516"’ and substitute: Le genre 
Passaloecus (Shuckard) 

divores is correct 

77-194, 317-462 is correct 

1897b is correct 

entry should read: Les Sphecius paléarctiques. 
Ann. Soc. Ent. 

paleéarctiques is correct 

Mem. and (Zool.) are correct 

change 1858 to 1857 

change 1864 to 1863 

change 1838 to 1839 

Munksgaard is correct 

majus Kohl and minus Beaumont are correct 

colombicus is correct 

crenulifer 1s correct (noun) 

africanum is correct 

alacris is correct, place after L 58 

alacer is correct, place after L 56 

albospinifer is correct 

alicantinus is correct 

delete 263 

argentifer is correct 

delete ‘“‘and W. Fox”’ 

aspera is correct 

delete entire entry 

aspites van Lith, Psen, 166 

aztecus Bohart and Grissell, Psenulus, 172 

delete 587 

delete ‘“‘and W.Fox”’ 

delete ‘‘and W.Fox’”’ and add parens after Cock- 
erell 

change 50 to 508 


122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON © 


641, LC, L 44: bismarckensis is correct 
REEVE DS: botsharnikovi is correct 
642, LC, insert after L 64: brullei (Kirchner), Tachysphex, 272 
644. VE. Lf: catharinae is correct, place on p. 643 before 
catherinae 
MGs i) 32: chagatai is correct, place after L 7 
RE. LG: delete ‘‘and W. Fox)’’ and add parens after 
Cockerell 
6455 1G; Ey ~5: chrysomalla is correct 
646, MC, L 48-49: transfer to RC after L 15; conifer Arnold is 
correct 
647, LC, insert after L 17: copiapoensis Sielfeld, Cerceris, 579 
Cs 1662: corporaali is correct 
RE: 4: 629 is correct 
648, LE, E “3: cruciger is correct 
eC TS: delete ‘‘and W. Fox)’ and add parenthesis after 
Cockerell 
NICE 5: cyclocephala is correct 
649 -C. E. 2: defiguratus is correct 
MC, L 17: deserticola is correct 
MC, L 69: delete entire entry 
6515 REE 13: englebegi is correct 
6521. We 22: erythopus is correct 
Mes 30: erythrocephala is correct 
LC, L 44-45, 47-48: erythropus is correct 
RC, L 40: exspectata is correct, place after L 48 
655) RCA 42: substitute (Geoffroy) for (Fourcroy) 
RE. 4: delete 265 
694; EC. 33: flavipes is correct 
RC, insert after L 25: formosensis Tsuneki, Psen, 166 
655, © last Li: substitute (Geoffroy) for (Fourcroy) 
MiG AL 25: delete entire entry 
MC, L 9: frondiger is correct 
MC, L 39-43: insert i after ful- 
656;, MGe Ie” 5: gardineri is correct 
RG, ‘65: delete entire entry 
MC, L 66: substitute (Geoffroy) for Tamer 
MG er 72: gobiensis is correct 
657, LC, insert after L 25: gorgonensis (Cheesman), Stictia, 542 
659, RC, L 64: illabefactus is correct 
RG, last LW: imbellis is correct 
660, MC, L 5: indus is correct, insert after L 23 


MCG ri 2A: indostanus is correct, insert after L 22 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 


MC, L 48: 


MC, L 54-S5: 


MC. 56: 
RG, E67: 
661, RC, L 54: 


1662, MC, L 34, 37: 


663, MC, L 65: 
mot; LC, L 65: 
Bos 11C. L 59: 
666, RC, L 5: 

RE, 123: 


667, MC, insert after L 56: 


123 


ifranensis is correct, place on p. 659 after id- 
zekil 

delete entire entry 

substitute (Geoffroy) for (Fourcroy) 

integer is correct, place after L 58 

jordanica is correct 

insert 133 after Prionyx 

laminifer is correct, place after L 63 

leguminifer Cockerell is correct entry 

longipes should read longiceps, place after L 40 

majus is correct, place after L 10 

maldivensis is correct 

mayorum Bohart and Grissell, Psenulus, 173 


RECA 21: delete entire entry 
REE. 27: Megistommum and 503 should be in boldface 
RC. 130: melas is correct, not melaenus, place on p. 668 
after melas M. Muller 
RCeI 69: melanopus is correct, transfer to p. 668, LC, 
after 15)5 
Mose ie€ le o-5: melanopus is correct 
Genie 16: melanopyga Is correct 
Re. 4: melanostictus is correct 
669, LC, L 38: minus is correct, place after L 52 
EC S5: delete entire line 
LCSis61: minutissima is correct, place after L 58 
BAe eMC ele. 57: nipponis is correct 
57/3). RC, IL 69: odontophorus is correct, place after last L 
674, MC, L 28: oribates is correct 
MC rls 69: delete entire entry 
676, RC, L 46: substitute (Geoffroy) for (Fourcroy) 
ei 7, MCL ° 4: pilifer is correct 
MC e325: insert after pimarum: Cockerell and 
RG, LL 34: plumifer is correct 
678, MC, L 48: procerum is correct, place after L 44 
aoe la. 1553: quadrifasciatus is correct, place after L 57 
pol, RC, L 3: riparius is correct 
683, LC, L 40: put parenthesis around Dahlbom 
MC, last L: SaiguSai is correct 
RC, insert after L 17: salomonensis van Lith, Psenulus, 173 
RCo): sandakanensis is correct 


685, MC, L 27-28: 


686, MC, L 22: 
MC, L 49: 


setiger 1s correct 
sinuosiscute is correct 
delete 587 


124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Re. 1°20: 


687, LC, L:55=58: 
EC. E65: 
688, RC, L 6: 
RC; EA: 
689°, RC; E31: 
690, LC, Ly 14: 
691, MC, L 31: 
RE VE: 
692, LC, insert after L 31: 
eG. Aan: 
695, MC, L 10: 
RC, insert after L 27: 


salomonensis is correct (insert on p. 683 as 
noted above) 

spinifer is correct, place after L 52 

spiniger is correct, place after L 60 

sugiharai is correct 

sungaral is correct 

tenera is correct 

testaceinervus is correct 

Bicyrtes, 537 is correct 

tristis 1s correct 

turanicus Gussakovskij, Passaloecus, 184 

turcomanicus is correct 

yezo is correct 

zoellneri Sielfeld, Cerceris, 589 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bohart, R. M. and E. E. Grissell. 1975. California Wasps of the Subfamily Philanthinae. Bull. 
Calif. Insect Surv. 19:1—92. 
Bohart, R. M. and A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World, a Generic Revision. 


Univ. of California Press. 


Berkeley & Los Angeles. x + 695 pp. 


Hope, F. W. 1847. The auto-biography of John Christian Fabricius translated from the Danish, 
with additional notes and observations. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London. 4:i-xvi. 

Kazenas, V. L. 1974. Two new species of the genus Eremiasphecium from South-Eastern 
Kazakhstan. Zool. Zh. 53:1733-1736. 

Lomholdt, O. 1975. The Sphecidae of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomol. Scand. 


4(1):1-224. 


Sielfeld, W. H. 1975. Contribucion al conocimiento de los Miscophini Neotropicales. Rev. 


Chil. Entomol. 8:95-116. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 125-134 


SOME UNUSUAL BRACONIDAE (HYMENOPTERA)! 
R. D. SHENEFELT 


630 Oak Street, Oregon, Wisconsin 53575. 


Abstract.—Figures are presented to show features which may be useful 
in determining relationships of Gnathobracon babirussa A. Costa, Pseu- 
dodicrogenium monstrosum Fahringer and Bequartia gigantea Fahringer. 
Two new species, fuliginosa and promisca, are described in Bequartia. A 
new rogadine genus, Dimorphomastax, is described with peculiaris as a new 
species. A system for naming areas of the mandible is proposed. 


One of the most difficult problems in the taxonomy of Braconidae remains 
that of the suprageneric classification. Individuals beginning to work with 
the family soon realize that the segregations between subfamilies or between 
tribes are far from being clear and that characters overlap or do not hold. 
Part of the problem lies in the fact that classifications originally proposed 
for material from particular areas simply do not fit when the fauna of other 
regions is explored. Part is due to our lack of knowledge of the features of 
species incompletely described long ago, and some of it is due to our failure 
to visualize correctly specimens upon reading descriptions. Figures are 
often lacking and occasionally are so inaccurate as to be misleading. The 
combined result of these factors is a great need to restudy type-specimens 
and to publish the data regarding them before attempting to either confirm 
or restructure the higher categories within the family. The notes and dia- 
grams which follow are presented in order to help provide bases for clari- 
fication of certain questions. The diagrams were made by use of an ocular 
grid and squared paper. 


Gnathobracon babirussa A. Costa 
Figs. 1-7 


One of the subfamilies, the Gnathobraconinae, established by Szepligeti 
in 1904 and based upon Gnathobracon babirussa described by A. Costa in 
1864 from the northern part of South America, has long been an enigma. 

Through ‘the kindness of Prof. G. Viggiani, it became my privilege to 


' Results of research sponsored in part by the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences and 
the Research Committee of the University of Wisconsin. 


126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


—— 


Figs. 1-7. Gnathobracon babirussa. 1, Head, antero-lateral. 2, Head, frontal. 3, La- 
brum. 4, Base of antenna. 5, Outline of scutellum and prescutellar furrow. 6, Outer claw 
posterior leg. 7, abdominal terga 1-4. Figs. 8-10. Pseudodicrogenium monstrosum. 8, Head, | 
front view. 9, Head, dorsal view. 10, Outer claw middle leg. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 127 
i 
study and photograph the unique type which is in the collection of the 
Institute and Museum of Zoology, University of Naples. Though I had been 
unable to visualize the specimen from the descriptions, actually both those 
by Costa and Szépligeti were good and stressed salient features. The prob- 
lem lay in the fact that the insect is so different from what people who look 
at braconids are accustomed to seeing. 

The type female carries Costa’s label. Labels bearing the Museum No. 

8768 and indicating that it is the specimen studied and published upon by 
Szépligeti are alongside. The specimen is about 13 mm long, with the ovi- 
positor adding about 10 mm more. Forewing length is 13 mm. 

Description.—Head black, polished above; thorax dark reddish brown 
and polished above, black below. Wings banded, pale at base, a dark band 
just before stigma, yellowish behind stigma, apex dark. Stigma yellow. Fore 

-coxae reddish, middle and posterior coxae piceous. Anterior and middle legs 

—testaceous with posterior femora infuscated on distal half and posterior tib- 
iae infuscated on apical ’%. Abdomen testaceous through tergum 4, black 
beyond. 

Head immargined, no scrobes per se, but front depressed ahead of an- 
terior ocellus and a groove runs from it to between antennae. Both antennae 
broken but at least 57 segments remain in the right antenna, segments be- 
yond 4th flagellar at least as wide as long. Scape and pedicel as shown in 
Fig. 4. Face flattened, impressed below a transverse ridge located below 
antennae. Not cyclostome, clypeus insunken between anterior tentorial pits, 
slightly raised at apex to form a low rim which becomes higher and roll-like 
at side. Labrum from in front appears as a great flat plate which hangs down 
between and behind mandibles. Enormous mandibles start out normally but 
then curve upward, forward and mediad, the apices crossing (see Figs. |- 
2). A large open space left in front of the labrum and clypeus. Mandible, in 
cross section, flat on inside, rounded on outer side but becoming quite flat 
after bending, the upper tooth longer than the lower. Maxillary palpus 6- 
segmented, labial 4. Relative measurements: Malar space 10, eye height 45, 
eye length (anteroposteriorly) 35, temple length 20. 

Wing venation typical of Braconinae, i.e., submediellan cell short, ner- 
vulus interstitial. Relative lengths: Ist abscissa radius 4, 2nd 15, 3rd 30; Ist 
intercubitus 9, 2nd 7.5; upper abscissa of basal 5, lower 10. Radiellan cell 
does not broaden apically; Ist abscissa of mediella 10, second 30, basel- 
la 8. 

No prepectal carina or sternaulus. Notaulices very faintly impressed, in- 
dicated mostly by lighter color. Scutellum low, not margined, shaped as in 
Fig. 5. Propodeum smooth, with long, fine, whitish hairs which also occur 
on metapleuron and hind coxa. No chaetobothria. Outer claw of posterior 
leg as in Fig. 6. Major abdominal features as sketched. 


128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Pseudodicrogenium monstrosum Fahringer 
Figs. 8-10 


In 1936 Fahringer erected the subfamily Pseudodicrogeniinae for his mon- 
obasic genus Pseudodicrogenium. Van Achterberg (1976) in his key (couplet 
3, p. 40) points out that ‘‘exceptionally the face takes part in the hypoclypeal 
depression (Tribe Pseudodicrogeniini), resulting in a concave face and flat 
clypeus,”’ and on p. 77 he presents drawings. On p. 35 he places the tribe 
in the Braconinae. 

There are two specimens of monstrosum, the lectotype and paralectotype 
respectively, in the Musée Royal de |’ Afrique Centrale at Tervuren. Based 
upon these specimens, whether the genus should be placed in the Bracon- 
inae or not might be questioned. The species is not cyclostome in the usual 
sense. The face is impressed, and the clypeus is bent inward and not raised 
at all. The labrum, continued in almost the same line as the clypeus, forms 
an elongated triangle which extends back between and behind the mandi- 
bles: and it is not concave anteriorly. The massive mandibles project for- 
ward and appear to arise on a projection which is the extended gena; and 
a space is left between the mandibles and the labrum. The front tibia carries 
very numerous characteristic robust reddish “‘hairs’’ or chaetobothria, most 
of which are about as long as the diameter of the tibia. These structures 
occur on the inner front aspect and, toward the apex of the tibia, tend to 
form into transverse rows; they are broad and appear much like the apical 
transverse row. 

It would appear that the genus is sufficiently different from the cyclostome 
forms that it might be held separately as Fahringer handled it. 


Bequartia gigantea Fahringer 
Figs. 11-15 

Fahringer described the genus Bequartia (sic) in 1936 based upon a single 
male from Elizabethville. The specimen, which he named gigantea, had 
been collected by Dr. M. Bequaert. While Fahringer spelled the name in- 
correctly both in the generic name and in giving the collection data, it is 
obvious that an error occurred as it is written Bequaertia on the determi- 
nation label. However Schouteden had used Bequaertia in 1913 for an hem- 
ipterous genus and Pic in 1914 used Bequaertiella for a coleopterous genus. 
Other comparable names have been used (see Neave, 1939), and therefore 
it appears best to accept the generic name as it appeared originally. 

Through the kindness of Dr. J. Decelle, I was able to examine and pho- 
tograph the unique type which is housed in the Musée Royal de |’ Afrique 
Centrale. While the genus belongs to the Rogadinae as Fahringer indicated, 
certain corrections should be made in the original description. The maxillary | 
palpi are 6-segmented; and the terminal segments are normal, not as Fah- 
ringer drew them. The prescutellar furrow is crenulate and is crossed by | 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 129 


carinae. The radius emerges at about the basal one-third of the stigma, and 
the stigma is relatively narrow. The area just behind the stigma is deeply 
pigmented; and, at first glance, the stigma appears much wider than it ac- 
tually is. Because of the color pattern, one must sometimes look closely to 
see where the radius actually emerges. The first abscissa of the radius is 
decidedly thickened at the base but rapidly becomes more slender as illus- 
trated in Fig. 13. The sculpture of the abdomen is much finer than Fahrin- 
ger’s diagram would indicate and is rather typical. The claws are finely 
pectinate, and the posterior tibial spurs straight. 

Six additional specimens (including two females) of gigantea in the British 
Museum of Natural History in London, an additional female from the col- 
lection in Tervuren, and four specimens representing two additional species 
enable further characterization of the genus. In addition to the usual roga- 
dine features, the thickened base of the radius and the strongly incrassate 
hind tarsi are distinctive. (In the female the posterior tarsus, while thick- 
ened, is less so than in the male.) The prepectal carina is present. On the 
base of the propodeum occurs a most unusual structure which is more highly 
developed in males than in females, although its degree of development in 
the males varies some. In the female this structure is like a pair of horizontal, 
flat, rimmed areas, with the posterior rim being highest near their juncture 
in the middle. The flat area is covered by very dense pile-like hair. In the 
males the pile-covered area is much larger, the maximum development being 
as indicated in Fig. 11. It is tumescent, raised centrally; and at its apex the 
pile-covered surface appears to slide under the regular propodeal covering. 
The propodeum is decidedly raised (bulged) on each side behind the pile- 
bearing area. 

Two females and four males collected by S. A. Neave at Mlanje, Nyasa- 
land in Oct. 1912, Jan. 1913 or Dec. 1913 are in the British Museum of 
Natural History and one female taken by F. G. Overlast at Lulua: Riv. 
Luisa X-1933 is in Tervuren. 


Bequartia fuliginosa Shenefelt, NEW SPECIES 


Differs from gigantea primarily in having the wings infuscated, excepting 
only the very base of the stigma and the parastigma which are testaceous. 

Holotype.—d, *‘Coll. Mus Congo. Ruanda: Rukoma (cheff.) Terr. Nyan- 
za I-1953, P. Basilewsky”’ in the Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale at 
Tervuren. 

Description.—Length 16 mm. Forewing length 14 mm. Wings dark brown 
excepting lighter base of stigma, parastigma and adjacent part of basal. 
Eyes, antennae, anterior pretarsi, middle tarsi, posterior tibiae and tarsi 
black. Otherwise ferrugineous. 

Paratypes—TERVUREN: ‘‘Musée du Congo. Katanga: Kansenia XI- 
1930, G. F. de Witte’? 1 6. BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY): 


130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


18 sisted 20 


19 


Figs. 11-15. Bequartia gigantea. 11, Propodeum of male showing pile covered area at 
base. 12, Same in female. 13, Stigma, bases of radius and basal. 14, Palpi of male (first 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 131 


**Salisbury Mashonaland. Nov. 1899, G. A. K. Marshall. *124°’. Marshall 
Coll. 1909-323,’ 1 6. 


Bequartia promisca Shenefelt, NEW SPECIES 


Differs from gigantea and fuliginosa in its smaller size, in the wings being 
infuscated excepting the testaceous parastigma, a pale spot surrounding the 
juncture of the recurrent and the cubitus and a pale transverse band ex- 
tending across the posterior half of the radial cell, the base of the third 
cubital cell and into the second discoidal. 

Holotype.—°?, ‘‘Uganda, Sukh Plains, Nr. Nepal Pass 1931. Dr. E. B. 
Worthington. Cambridge Univ. Exp. B. M. 1931-545”’ in the British Mu- 
seum (Natural History). 

Description.—Length 13 mm. Forewing length 12 mm. Wings brown ex- 
cept as indicated above. Head and thorax testaceous, abdomen ferrugi- 
neous. Eyes and antennae black. Anterior pretarsi, middle tarsi, posterior 
tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Antennae distinctly longer than body, with 90 
segments in flagellum. 


Dimorphomastax Shenefelt, NEW GENUS 


To describe the structure involved here, it is necessary to review the 
structure of the mandible and to propose certain new terms. Each mandible 
is articulated anteriorly and posteriorly and is attached to the ventral margin 
of the cranial wall by membrane between the articulations. At the anterior 
articulation, a process from the subgena fits into a cavity of the mandible 
called the acetabulum, which is located on the inner basal angle of the 
mandible. (Imms calls this the ginglymus of the mandible.) At the posterior 
articulation, the mandible carries a projection known as the condyle (=pos- 
tartis). This bulbous structure fits into a socket of the subgenal wall near 
the distal end of the hypostomal carina. Each mandible may be regarded as 
essentially a hollow tetrahedral structure. If the base of the bottom triangle 
is thought of as being formed by the portion between the acetabulum and 
the condyle and this is regarded as the outside, the adductor muscle is 
attached at approximately the apex. Actually, the outer surface of the man- 
dible, extending distally from what we have been calling the base of the 
bottom triangle, may be bowed outward or bent in other shapes. Likewise 
the upper inner face, extending distad from the side of the basal triangle 


an 


segment not shown on maxillary palpus). 15, Outer claw of hind leg, from type. Figs. 16-20. 
Dimorphomastax peculiaris. 16, Head of type from front. 17, Outline of left mandible of type 
male. 18, Outline left mandible of allotype female. 19, Outer hind claw of type. 20, Inner spur 
of posterior tibia of male. 


132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


from the acetabulum to the apex, may be invaginated (bent toward the 
middle of the mandible in cross section) so the mandible becomes concave 
on the inner aspect. The third side of the bottom triangle, from the condyle 
to the apex, serves as the base of the underside of the mandible or the lower 
inner surface. The angles between the three sides vary considerably from 
species to species both in sharpness and in degree, and the mandible is often 
twisted in such a way that the teeth of the mandibles meet each other in a 
vertical instead of a horizontal plane, or the mandible may be modified in 
other ways. With downward extension of the postgena, the acetabular-con- 
dylar line may become practically vertical so the anterior articulation of the 
mandible appears dorsal. 

Obviously a structure such as that described and used for biting or crush- 
ing needs strengthening. And the mandible is very often braced by a sharp 
edge or carina which can be called the condylar carina as it runs from the 
condyle along the lower edge of the outer face of the pyramid to the lower 
tooth or a little above it. A similar carina may be developed along the upper 
(anterior) edge of the mandible and proceeds from the acetabulum to or 
nearly to the upper tooth. This may appropriately be called the acetabular 
carina. The carinae tend to be most robust near their origins. On either or 
both sides of the carinae grooves may appear, especially along the condylar. 
When this occurs, a bracing ledge is formed which may be quite plate-like 
and which serves as a buttress. Between the two carinae the outer face of 
the mandible may be sculptured in various ways. In contrast, the upper 
inner face is normally smooth. The lower surface or third face of the pyr- 
amid, i.e., that portion extending from the condylar carina to the smooth, 
usually concave portion, is often flat and is usually much narrowed near the 
teeth and suddenly broadened toward the base where the adductor muscle 
is attached. Frequently a thickening of the mandibular wall occurs around 
the basal margin. This reinforcement is normally set off by a shallow groove 
around the margin and is most evident along the base of the lower side. 
While the lower side may carry sensoria and hairs, it has been utilized very 
little in classification. 

In Dimorphomastax the condylar carina has undergone strange devel- 
opment. In the male the base of the carina has been produced outwards to 
such an extent that it appears like a sickle, and the two projections together 
appear like a second set of mandibles. In the female the outgrowth is limited 
to a lamellar, triangular tooth. This modification of the base of the condylar 
carina will at once separate the genus from all other rogadine genera. The 
prepectus is margined; the recurrent enters the first cubital cell; the antennae 
are multiarticulate; the propodeum is not armed; there are three cubital 
cells; the first abscissa of the mediella is longer than the second; the spiracles 
of the first abdominal tergite are normal; the tarsi are normal; the first ab- 


it 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 133 


dominal tergum is broadened posteriorly; the suturiform articulation is dis- 
tinct; the claws are coarsely pectinate; the sternaulus is absent. 
Type for the Genus.—Dimorphomastax peculiaris, new species. 


Dimorphomastax peculiaris Shenefelt, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 16-20 


Holotype.— 6, **6 mi. S. Durango, Dgo. MEX. 6100’ July 14, 1964, W. 
R. M. Mason.”’ In the Canadian National Collection at Ottawa. 

Description.—Length 4.8 mm. Forewing length 5.0 mm. Head, excepting 
testaceous to brown mouthparts, black. Antennae brown. Mesonotum 
black, metanotum and apex of scutellum margined with testaceous, remain- 
der of thorax brownish to piceous. Legs, including coxae, testaceous; pre- 
tarsi darkened. Abdomen testaceous. Face finely granular. Both antennae 
broken but 41 segments remain in flagellum of left antenna. All flagellar 
segments longer than wide. Notaulices distinct. Mesonotal sculpture of 
ovoid pits separated by about their diameter and surrounded by shining 
plaquettes which mostly appear as 2 rows on the intervals between the pits. 
Propodeal spiracle oval. Propodeum finely granular-rugose, with a median 
carina on basal 4. Scutellum covered by fine shining plaquettes which are 
smaller than those between the pits on the mesonotum. Sternaulus absent. 
Mesopleuron punctulate on lower 43, roughened below anterior wing base, 
mesopleural fovea and speculum distinct. Wings lightly infuscated. Radius 
emerging beyond middle of stigma, inner margin to outer margin as 4:3. 
First abscissa of discoideus shorter than 2nd (as 13:16). Radiellan cell wid- 
ening distally, postnervellus present, Ist abscissa of mediella longer than 
2nd (as 32:25). Abdominal terga 1, 2 and basal 2 of 3 longitudinally strigose 
with shining spots along the irregular carinae and with a median carina. 
Boss at base of 2 short, about '/,. as long as the tergum, and extending 
across middle 4%. Terga 4—7 depressed anteriorly and with dense bands of 
long golden hairs across the middle. Tergum 5 with a fringe of apical hairs. 
Posterior tibial spurs blunt. 

Allotype.—?, ““MEX. Dgo. 7 mi. W. Durango, 7000’ 29 July 1964, W. 
R. M. Mason.”’ In the Canadian National Collection at Ottawa. 

Differs from the 6 in having the condylar carina produced only into a 
triangular tooth at base, in having the posterior tibial spurs pointed and in 
having terga 4—7 alutaceous, sparsely hairy, not impressed. Tergum 5 lacks 
the fringe of apical hairs. The flagellum has 46 segments; the apical one 
conical at the tip. The ovipositor sheath is dark and is approximately as 
long as the second segment of the middle tarsus. 

Paratypes CANADIAN NATIONAL COLLECTION in Ottawa: 7 mi. 
W. Durango MEX. 29.VII.64 L. A. Kelton, 1 ¢; Santa Lucia, Sin. MEX. 
4-VIII-1964 4000’, J. F. McAlpine, 1 ¢ and 1 9; MEX. Sin. 15 mi. W. El 


134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Palmito, 5000’ 11 July 1964, W. R. M. Mason, | 6. MUSEUM d’HISTOIRE 
NATURELLE in Genéve: Mexigq. Orizaba, | 6. RISKSMUSEUM van 
NATUURLIJKE HISTORIE in Leiden: Meseum Leiden. MEXICO, Ve- 
racruz, Fortin, 900 m 1.XII.1962, C. & O. Epping, 1 ¢6. ENTOMOLOGY 
MUSEUM, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN at East Lansing: Rio Blanca, 
V.C., Mex. 11-13-57, R. & K. Dreisbach, 1 6. AMERICAN ENTOMO- 
LOGICAL INSTITUTE at Ann Arbor, Michigan: Portal, Ariz. VIII-26- 
1974, H. & M. Townes, | 6; Portal, Ariz. VIII-24-1974, IX-2-1974, [X-5- 
1974 and IX-9-1974, H. & M. Townes, 4 °°. 

Discussion.—In the paratype males the outgrowth from the condylar ca- 
rina varies in width from nearly as wide as the base of the mandible to only 
about 4 the width and in length from about 34 to longer than the mandible. 
The ‘tooth’ on the female also varies in size. The thorax is mostly testaceous 
in two of the males. In size the males vary from a little less than 5 mm to 
over 7 mm. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT 


I am deeply indebted to Dr. W. R. M. Mason for calling the peculiar 
mandibles to my attention and then loaning his material so that I could 
describe it. Thanks are also due to the individuals and institutions in which 
I found specimens for their so willingly allowing me to borrow them. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Costa, A. (1862) 1864. Acquisiti fatte durante l’anno 1862. Annu. R. Mus. Zool. R. Univ. 
Napoli. 2:70. 

Fahringer, J. 1936. Uber einige merkwiirdige und seltene Hymenopteren-Gattungen aus Af- 
rika. Festschr. 60. Geburtst. E. Strand, Riga. 1:571, 573. 

Neave, S. A. 1939. Nomenclator Zoologicus. Zool. Soc. London. Vol. 1, pp. 419-420. 

Pic, M. 1914. Nouveaux Coleopteres du Congo et d’Afrique orientale au Musée du Congo. 
Rev. Zool. Afr. 3:486. 

Schouteden, H. 1913. Reduviidae, Nabidae et Pyrrhocoridae recueillis au Congo par le Dr. 
J. Bequaert. Rev. Zool. Afr. 2:242. 

Szépligeti, G. V. 1904. Uber Gnathobracon A. Costa. Annu. R. Mus. Zool. R. Univ. Napoli 
@s) 10 7a 

Van Achterberg, C. 1976. A preliminary key to the subfamilies of the Braconidae (Hymenop- 
tera). Tijdschr. Entomol. 119(3):34. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, pp. 135-144 
MACROLEPIDOPTERAN MOTHS LIGHT-TRAPPED IN A 
NEW JERSEY OAK FOREST (LEPIDOPTERA) 


JONATHAN D. MOULDING AND JAMES J. MADENJIAN 


Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology, Rutgers University, 
New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903 (present address of JOM: Environment 
and Resources Branch, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, P.O. Box 4970, 
Jacksonville, Florida 32201). 


Abstract.—Light trapping was conducted for five years in a virgin oak 
forest on the New Jersey Piedmont Plateau. A total of 410 species of moths 
were recorded from 14 families. This includes about a third of all the species 
of macrolepidopteran moths recorded in New Jersey. The total catch of 
each species is listed, and the species are ranked within family by abun- 
dance. The most abundant species, Lithacodia carneola Gn., represented 
about 8% of the total catch, and the top 15 species represented about 50%. 


A five year study was conducted to quantify the taxonomic structure and 
phenology of the moth community in a small forest in central New Jersey. 
The objectives of the study were to examine ecological aspects of the com- 
munity and to evaluate the stability of the community in the wake of an 
expected gypsy moth outbreak. The latter did not materialize (Moulding, 
1977), but the first objective has been achieved. 

This paper describes the taxonomic composition of the macrolepidopteran 
moths collected by light-trapping in the forest from 1973 to 1977 during the 
seasons extending from early March to mid-October. 


METHODS AND RESULTS 


The collecting site was Hutcheson Memorial Forest (HMF), located on 
the New Jersey Piedmont Plateau near the town of East Millstone, Somerset 
County (40°30'N, 74°34’W). It is a mature (over 250 years old), mixed-oak 
forest of 65 acres surrounded by old fields in various stages of abandonment 
and cultivated fields of corn, soybean and winter rye. Monk (1961) char- 
acterized the upland part of the forest (82% of the area) as having a mixed- 
oak canopy, flowering dogwood understory and maple-leaved viburnum 
shrub layer. Frei and Fairbrothers (1963) in an extensive inventory of the 
flora of the forest and edge recorded 40 species of trees, 39 of shrubs and 
232 of herbs; 71 of the total were considered exotic (non-native) species. 
The forest is believed to have had a minimum of human interference since 


136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


z 
Sait RO. See 


Fig. 1. Moth light-trap noe sites. (Aerial eae flown on 9 February 1976.) 


colonial times. No fires or significant cutting have apparently occurred since 
the early 1700’s. Under Rutgers’ study since 1948 and ownership since 1955 
it has been established as an ecological preserve; and insecticides are knowr 
never to have been applied. 

Moths were collected by four 6-watt, photo-cell- controlled: UV light traps 
(Ellisco Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) located at permanent sampling 
sites in the central part of the forest (Fig. 1). A weekly sampling regime wa: 
established, and the nights were chosen to avoid rain, wind and unseason-) 
ably low temperatures in order to minimize non-seasonal environmenta} 
variables. Moon effects were avoided as much as possible by choosing: 
cloudy nights when practical. Collections were made during the years 1973-} 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 137 


Table 1. Seasonal sampling intensity. 


Total number of nights trapped 


Early Mid Late 
March 2 1 2 
April 0 3 2 
May 2 yp 3 
June 2 4 2 
July 5) 5 7 
August 5 5) 4 
September 5 3 3} 
October 4 3 0 


1977, with the collecting season varying somewhat from year to year as 

shown in Table 1. In 1973, all traps were placed at a height of 1.8 m above 

the ground. During the remaining years, the middle two traps were raised 
on pulleys attached to white oaks to a height of 18 m. 

Moths were identified by comparison with specimens in the insect mu- 
seum of the Rutgers’ Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology, 
and voucher specimens from the trapping were put into the collection. Only 
moths belonging to the division Macrolepidoptera were tallied by species. 

From a total of 293 trap-nights, 22,880 individual moths were collected 
and represented 410 species in 14 families. These are listed by family in 
Table 2; the species within a family are ranked in decreasing order of abun- 
dance. Scientific nomenclature is based on McDunnough (1938) as amended 
in recent years. 


DISCUSSION 


Exclusive of sub-species and infrasub-specific variants, there are 1258 
species of macrolepidopteran moths recorded from New Jersey (Smith, 
1909; Muller, 1965, 1968, 1973, 1976). Some of the species listed by Smith 
may have since been extirpated in New Jersey due to habitat destruction; 
other species are being added to the record at a rate of about 10 per year 
by Muller, who to our knowledge is the only New Jersey worker active in 
this area. The present study adds six new species to the published record 
of New Jersey species. Five of these are represented by New Jersey spec- 
imens already in the Rutgers’ insect museum and so have probably been 
merely overlooked or confused with closely related species in the past. Our 
specimen of Callopistria floridensis Gn. is to our knowledge the first record 
for New Jersey. This, however, is not ecologically significant since it is 
described as a sometimes-greenhouse-pest from Florida and thus it probably 
is not viable as a resident in the New Jersey climate. 


138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


able: 


family in order of decreasing abundance. 


Species 


NOCTUIDAE 


Lithacodia carneola Gn. 

L. muscosula Gn. 
Graphiphora c-nigrum L. 
Ogdoconta cinereola Gn. 
Palthis asopialis Gn. 
Zanclognatha cruralis Gn. 
Agrotis ypsilon Rott. 
Spragueia leo Gn. 
Ochropleura plecta L. 
Cosmia calami Harv. 
Phoberia atomaris Hbn. 
Anorthodes tarda Gn. 
Plathypena scabra Fabr. 
Pseudaletia unipuncta Haw. 
Euplexia benesimilis L. 
Xanthoptera nigrofimbria Gn. 
Epizeuxis aemula Hbn. 
Palthis angulalis Hbn. 
Papaipema marginidens Gn. 
Orthosia hibisci Gn. 
Papaipema harrisi Grt. 
Orthodes cynica Gn. 
Lacinipolia renigera Steph. 
Cerastis tenebrifera Wlk. 


Phalaenophana pyramusalis Wk. 


Tarachidia erastrioides Gn. 
Catocala amica Hbn. 
Zanclognatha pedipilalis Gn. 
Bomolocha baltimoralis Gn. 
Pseudorthodes vecors Gn. 
Lithacodia synochitis G. & R. 
Elaphria grata Hbn. 

Sunira bicolorago Gn. 
Lascoria ambigualis Wk. 
Nephelodes emmedonia Cram. 
Acronicta modica Wlk. 
Zanclognatha jacchusalis Wk. 
Choephora fungorum G. & R. 
Zanclognatha ochreipennis Grt. 
Renia salusalis Wlk. 
Spodoptera ornithogalli Gn. 
Graphiphora smithi Snell 
Protolampra brunneicollis Grt. 
Epizeuxis americalis Gn. 


Total 
Catch 


1565 
619 
465 
313 
284 
282 
237 
186 
180 
175 
171 
143 
140 
139 
116 
110 
102 
95 
93 
91 
89 
86 
82 
78 
75 
73 
67 
66 
58 
58 
57 
56 
55 
54 
52 
47 
46 
42 
40 
38 
35 
34 
34 
33 


Species 


Graphiphora badinodis Grt. 
Philometra eumelusalis Wk. 
Tarachidia candefacta Hbn. 
Hormisa orciferalis Wk. 
Leucania ursula Forbes 
Phalaenostola larentioides Grt. 
Platysenta videns Gn. 
Tetanolita floridana Sm. 
Amphipyra pyramidoides Gn. 
Catocala micronympha Gn. 
Apamea americana Speyer 
Galgula partita Gn. 

Orthosia rubescens Wk. 
Metaxaglaea inulta Gtt. 
Elaphria versicolor Grt. 

Zale horrida Hbn. 
Crocigrapha normani Gtt. 
Orthodes crenulata Butl. 
Acronicta exilis Grt. 
Autographa precationis Gn. 
Caenurgina crassiuscula Haw. 
Leuconycta diphteroides Gn. 
Papaipema impecuniosa Grt. 
Leucania multilinea Wk. 
Neoerastria apicosa McD. 


Polygrammate hebraeicum Hbn. 


Renia factiosalis Wk. 
Leucania phragmatidicola Gn. 
Panopoda rufimargo Hbn. 
Rivula propinqualis Gn. 
Schinia arcigera Gn. 
Tricholita signata Wk. 
Catocala ultronia Hbn. 
Peridroma margaritosa Haw. 
Procus modica Gn. 
Spargaloma sexpunctata Grt. 
Psaphida grotei Morr. . 
Redectis vitrea Grt. 
Zanclognatha lituralis Hbn. 
Graphiphora bicarnea Gn. 
Proxenus miranda Grt. 

Balsa malana Fitch 

Orthosia revicta Morr. 
Paectes oculatrix Gn. 


Zanclognatha protumnusalis Wk. 


Epizeuxis lubricalis Geyer 


Listing by family of species caught in forest traps. Species are ranked within 


Total 
Catch 


33 
33 
38 
32 
31 
31 
31 
Sil 
30 
30 
27 
27 
27 
26 
25 
24 
22 
22 
21 
21 
21 
21 
21 
20 
19 
19 
19 
18 
17 
15 
15 
15 
14 
14 
14 
14 
13 
13 


13 
12 
12 
11 
11 
11 
11 


10 


- VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 


Table 2. Continued. 


Achatodes zeae Harr. 9 
Feltia ducens WIk. 
Lithophane antennata Wlk. 
Stirioides obtusa H.-S. 
Zanclognatha laevigata Grt. 
Agrapha aerea Hbn. 
Amolita fessa Grt. 

Baileya levitans Sm. 
Chamyris cerintha Treit. 
Eupsilia sidus Gn. 

Phosphila turbulenta Hbn. 
Renia discoloralis Gn. 
Scolecocampa liburna Geyer 
Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith 
Acronicta afflicta Grt. 
Agrotis venerabilis Wlk. 
Chytolita morbidalis Gn. 
Epidelta metonalis Wk. 
Eupsilia morrisoni Grt. 
Feltia herilis Grt. 

Hyppa xylinoides Gn. 
Leucania commoides Gn. 
Marathyssa inficita Wlk. 
Metalectra discalis Grt. 
Mocis texana Morr. 
Parallelia bistriaris Hbn. 
Platysenta vecors Gn. 

Polia subjuncta G. & R. 
Pyreferra hesperidago Gn. 
Amphipyra tragopoginis L. 


ANA NWNNDNDNDNANDNADNHAAHAAA IN AYANOOMOMOMmwwWOWwo wo 


Bleptina caradrinalis Gn. 5 
Catocala grynea Cram. 5 
Eueretagrotis sigmoides Gn. 5 
Graphiphora tenuicula Morr. 5) 
Hormisa litophora Grt. 5 
Perigea xanthioides Gn. 5 
Zale lineosa Wk. 5) 
Acronicta haesitata Grt. 4 
A. ovata Grt. 4 
Apamea velata WIk. 4 
Baileya australis Grt. 4 
Balsa labecula Grt. 4 
B. tristrigella Wk. 4 
Chytonix palliatricula Gn. 4 
Crambodes talidiformis Gn. 4 
Cryphia pervertens B. & McD. 4 


Feltia subgothica Haw. 


Harrisimemna trisignata Wk. 


Morrisonia evicta Grt. 
Nedra ramosula Gn. 
Pangrapta decoralis Hbn. 
Zale lunata Dru. 

Z. lunifera Hbn. 
Acronicta hasta Gn. 
Agroperina dubitans Wk. 
Catocala andromedae Gn. 


Cryphia villificans B. & McD. 


Lacinipolia lorea Gn. 
Leucania pseudargyria Gn. 
Papaipema cerussata Grt. 
P. nebris Gn. 

Procus exhausta Sm. 

P. mactata Gn. 

Schinia marginata Haw. 
Zale aeruginosa Gn. 
Acronicta caesarea Sm. 
Anagrapha falcifera Kby. 
Anticarsia gemmatilis Hbn. 
Baileya dormitans Gn. 

B. opthalmica Gn. 
Bomolocha toreuta Grt. 
Catocala connubialis Gn. 
C. ilia Cram. 

Celiptera frustulum Gn. 
Charadra deridens Gn. 
Eucirrhoedia pampina Gn. 
Euherrichia monetifera Gn. 
Heliothis zeae Harr. 
Tsogona natatrix Gn. 
Leucania linita Gn. 
Lithophane hemina Girt. 

L. laticinerea Grt. 

L. petulca Grt. 

Morrisonia confusa Hbn. 
Panopoda carneicosta Gn. 
Papaipema duovata Bird 
Parathisanotia grata Fabr. 


Plusiodonta compressipalpis Gn. 


Polia distincta Hbn. 
Procus crytora Franc. 
Renia flavipunctalis Geyer 
Schinia lynx Gn. 


139 


Total Total 
Species Catch Species Catch 
Rhynchagrotis anchocelioides Gn. 10 Farontia diffusa Wk. 


NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNW WWW WwWWwWDWwWwWwWwNnhh RRA RA AD 


140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON! 


Table 2. Continued. 


Species 


Spodoptera exigua Hbn. 
Tetanolita mynesalis Wk. 
Ulolonche culea Gn. 

Zale galbanata Morr. 
Acontia aprica Hbn. 
Acronicta americana Harr. 
A. brumosa Gn. 

A. interrupta Gn. 

A. lithospila Grt. 

A. vinnula Grt. 


Agriopodes teratophora H.-S. 


Allotria elonympha Hbn. 
Anaplectoides prasina Schiff. 
Anathix ralla G. & R. 
Bomolocha bijugalis Wlk. 
Caenurgina erechtea Cram. 
Callopistria floridensis Gn. 
Catabena lineolata Wk. 
Catocala gracilis Edw. 

C. minuta Edw. 

C. muliercula Gn. 
Chytolita petrealis Grt. 
Cucullia asteroides Gn. 
Dypterygia scabriuscula L. 
Epizeuxis denticulalis Harv. 
E. forbesi French 
Euagrotis illapsa Wik. 
Eurois occulta L. 
Euthisanotia unio Hbn. 
Feltia annexa Treit. 


Graphiphora normaniana Grt. 
Haploolophus mollissima Gn. 


Heptagrotis phyllophora Grt. 
Hypsoropha hormos Hbn. 
Lacinipolia meditata Grt. 
Ledaea perditalis Wlk. 
Lithacodia musta G. & R. 
Lithophane bethunei G. & R. 
Loxagrotis acclivis Morr. 
Metalectra tantillus Grt. 
Paectes abrostoloides Gn. 
Papaipema maritima Bird 
Phlogophora periculosa Gn. 
Phosphila miselioides Gn. 
Polia adjuncta Bdv. 

P. detracta Wlk. 

Procus fractilinea Grt. 


Lc ce cc ce ee Ta OTTO ND YT OO YT NS 


Species 


Protocryphia secta Grt. 
Protorthodes oviduca Gn. 
Psaphida resumens Wk. 
Pseudeva purpurigea Wk. 
Pseudoplusia oo Cram. 
Pyrrhia umbra Hufn. 
Raphia frater Grt. 
Schinia nundina Dru. 

S. obscurata Stkr. 
Xylomyges alternans Wk. 
Xystopeplus rufago Hbn. 
Zale minerea Gn. 


GEOMETRIDAE 


Nematocampa limbata Haw. 
Hypagyrtis subatomaria Wood 
Eupithecia miserulata Grt. 
Itame pustularia Gn. 

Pero honestarius Wlk. 
Anacamptodes ephyraria Wk. 
Eugonobapta nivosaria Gn. 
Anavitrinella pampinaria Gn. 
Xanthorhoe lacustrata Gn. 
Hyperetis nepiasaria Wlk. 
Bapta vestaliata Gn. 
Nycterosea obstipata Fabr. 
Hyperetis amicaria H.-S. 
Lygris diversilineata Hbn. 
Abbottana clemataria J. E. Smith 
Pleuroprucha insulsaria Gn. 
Campaea perlata Gn. 
Cosymbia packardaria Prout 
Ectropis crepuscularia Schiff. 
Nemoria bistriaria Hbn. 
Scopula limboundata Haw. 
Phigalia denticulata Hulst 
Melanolophia canadaria Gn. 
Euphyia centrostrigaria Woll. 
Prochoerodes transversata Dru. 
Synchlora aerata Fabr. 
Xanthotype sospeta Dru. 
Metarranthis homuraria Grt. 
Melanolophia signataria Wlk. 
Ennomos subsignarius Hbn. 
Tetracis cachexiata Gn. 
Euchlaena decisaria W\k. 
Plagodis fervidaria H.-S. 


Catch 


1354 
953 
850 
607 
530 
446 
398 
365 
287 
266 
221 
174 
167 
134 
125 
117 
116 
115 
113 
111 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER | 


Table 2. Continued. 


; Total Total 
Species Catch Species Catch 
Epimecis hortaria Fabr. 43. =P. phlogosaria Gn. 2 
Timandra amaturaria Wlk. 38 3=Semiothisa continuata Wlk. 2 
Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria Gn. 37. ~—soS. ocellinata Gn. 2 
Antepione thisoaria Gn. 36 »=©Anagoga occiduaria Wlk. 1 
Xanthorhoe ferrugata Clerck. 35. Chlorissa pistasciaria Gn. l 
- Apicia confusaria Hbn. 33. = Earophila vasiliata Gn. l 
Besma quercivoraria Gn. 28 Eubaphe mendica Wlk. 1 
Phigalia titea Cran. 27. ~=—Euchlaena irraria B. & McD. 1 
Sicya macularia Harr. 25 Hydriomena pluviata Gn. 1 
Hyperetis alienaria H.-S. 24 Lambdina athasaria W\k. l 
Cosymbia pendulinaria Gn. 23. Metarranthis duaria Gn. l 
Paleacrita vernata Peck 23. M. obfirmaria Hbn. 1 
Orthofidonia tinctaria Wlk. 19 Nyrdria prunivorata Ferg. l 
Euchlaena serrata Dru. 16 Paleacrita merriccata Dyar. l 
Heterophleps triguttaria H.-S. 16 = =Priocycla armataria H.-S. l 
Phigalia strigataria Minot 16 Protitame virginalis Hlst. l 
Euchlaena amoenaria Gn. 15 Semiothisa bisignata Wlk. 1 
Scopula inductata Gn. 13. Tornos scolopacinarius Gn. l 
Dichorda iridaria Gn. 1] 
Haematopis grataria Fabr. 11 NOTODONTIDAE 
Dyspteris abortivaria H.-S. 8 Heterocampa guttivitta WIk. 202 
Metarranthis hypochraria H.-S. 8 H. biundata Wk. 164 
Neodezia albovittata Gn. 8 Nadata gibbosa J. E. Smith 89 
Itame coortaria Hulst 7 Lophodonta angulosa J. E. Smith 34 
Semiothisa aemulataria Wlk. 7 Schizura unicornis J. E. Smith 10 
Anacamptodes larvaria Gn. 6 Oligocentria lignicolor Wlk. 9 
Biston betularia Gn. 6 Heterocampa manteo Dbldy. oi 
Euchlaena johnsonaria Fitch 6 Schizura ipomoeae Dbldy. 6 
Hydrelia albifera WIk. 6 Heterocampa varia Wk. 5 
Semiothisa multilineata Pack. 6  Datana contracta Wk. 4 
Plagodis phlogosaria Pears. 5 Hyperaeschra georgica H.-S. 4 
Protoboarmia porcelaria Gn. 5 Nerice bidentata Wk. 4 
Sterrha demissaria Hbn. 5 Fentonia marthesia Cram. 3 
Syssaura puber G. & R. 5 Symmerista canicosta Franc. 3 
Anacamptodes humaria Gn. 4 Gluphisia septentrionalis W\k. 2 
Coryphista meadi Pack. 4 = Schizura leptinoides Grt. 2 
Euphyia intermediata Gn. 4S. semirufescens WIk. 2 
Lytrosis unitaria H.-S. 4 Datana integerrima G. & R. 1 
Deuteronomus magnarius Gn. 3. D. major G. & R. | 
Eupithecia spp. 3. Ellida caniplaga Walk. | 
Metarranthis broweri Rupert 3. Heterocampa bilineata Pack. | 
Tetracis crocallata Gn. 3. Ichthyura albosigma Fitch 1 
Thysanopyge gausaparia Grt. 3. Schizura badia Pack. I 
Heliomata cycladata Grt. 2 
Horisme intestinata Gn. 2 ARCTHDAE 
Mellilla xanthometata Wlk. 2 Halisidota tessellaris J. E. Smith 997 
Plagodis alcoolaria Gn. 2 Diacrisia latipennis Stretch 187 


142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Table 2. Continued. 


Total Total 
Species Catch Species Catch 
D. virginica Fabr. 115. M. disstria Hbn. 105 
Cycnia tenera Hbn. 90 Tolype velleda Stoll. 48 
Estigmene congrua Wlk. 71 
Euchaetias egle Dru. 41 DREFANIDAE 
Eubaphe opella Grt. 38 Oreta rosea Wik. 32 
Isia isabella J. E. Smith 33. Drepana arcuata Wlk. 2 
Hyphantria textor Harr. 6 Eudeilinia herminiata Gn. 2 
Apantesis phalerata Harr. 5) THY ATIRIDAE 
A. virgo L. 2 
Hyphantria cunea Dru. 2. Euthyatira pudens Gn. 3 
Crambidia pallida Pack. 1 Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides Gn. 2 
C. uniformis Dyer 1 Habrosyne scripta Gosse 1 
Cycnia inopinatus Hy. Edw. 1 SATURNIIDAE 
Phragmatobia assimilans Wlk. 1 
P. lineata Donahue | Automeris io Fabr. 3 
Actias luna L. 1 
SPHINGIDAE Antheraea polyphemus Cram. 1 
Paonias excaecatus J. E. Smith 18 Dryocampa rubicunda Fabr. I 
P. myops J. E. Smith 7 
Ceratomia undulosa Wk. 6 NOEIDE 
Deidamia inscripta Harr. 4 Sarbena minuscula Zell. 186 
Cressonia juglandis J. E. Smith 1 Celama triquetrana Fitch 3 
Darapsa pholus Cram. 1 
Eumorpha satellitia L. 1 APATELODIDAE 
Olceclostera angelica Grt. 85 
LYMANTRIIDAE Apatelodes torrefacta J. E. Smith 5 
Lymantria dispar L. 328 
Orgyia leucostigma A. & S. 255 EPIPLEMIDAE 
O. definita Pack. 10 Calledapteryx dryopterata Grt. 155 
LASIOCAMPIDAE CTENUCHIDAE 
Malacosoma americana Fabr. 413. Cisseps fulvicollis Hbn. 90 


The relative abundance of each species as shown in Table 2 must be 
interpreted with some caution. Sampling intensity and trapping efficiency 
were not equal at all seasons. Temperature was the most important uncon- 
trolled environmental factor affecting the size of the catch. During the fall 
and early spring, night temperatures often fell below the 5°C (40°F) activity 
threshold. The adequacy of the catch as a proportional representation of the 
existing moth community therefore depended upon the ability to capitalize | 
on the few and randomly occurring warm nights during these seasons. If 
there was snow cover, any winter moths dormant in the leaf litter would be 
prevented from flying even if the air temperature was high enough. Late fall | 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 143 


moths may not have been adequately sampled. Trapping was discontinued 
in mid-October when the hunting (poaching) season began and falling leaves 
tended to block the trap funnels. This was too early to catch the fall can- 
kerworm (Alsophila pometaria Harr.) which is known to be present in the 
forest. It should be recognized also that, while almost all moths will come 
to light, they may have differential responses to the attraction such that 
trapping efficiency would vary among the species. This has been demon- 
strated for the Catocala (Sargent, 1976). 

It is difficult to delineate the exact physical boundaries of the community 
from which the species in this study were drawn. The placement of the 
traps, a minimum of 100 m back from the edges of the surrounding fields, 
undoubtedly limited the catch to the moths present in the forest. The lights 
were not visible from the fields during most of the season, and the attractant 
range of even larger blacklight traps has been found not to exceed 30 m 
(Hartstack et al., 1971). However, a number of the species caught are wide- 
ranging migrants; and others may have been blown into the forest from 
other habitats, thereby being non-residents of the community within the 
forest. Occurrences with strong stochastic elements such as these contribute 
in part to the tally of species represented by only one individual. 

An analysis of the comparative richness of the HMF community is ham- 
pered by the lack of available studies in similar environments. The closest 
known study is one conducted for four years at Orono, Maine over a shorter 
season but with somewhat greater sampling intensity (Dirks, 1937). From 
56,131 specimens, Dirks recorded 344 species of macrolepidopteran moths, 
120 of which are shared with the HMF community. Williams (1939), col- 
lected 356 species involving 76,755 specimens at Rothamsted, England over 
four years. Preston (1948) gives data for two other unpublished moth light- 
trapping studies: King in Saskatchewan, Canada reported 277 species from 
87,110 specimens over 22 years; and Seaman in Alberta, Canada reported 
291 species from 303,251 specimens over 22 years. The greater species rich- 
ness of the HMF collection may be directly or indirectly attributable to the 
warmer climate and greater plant species diversity of the eastern North 
American deciduous forest biome. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Appreciation is expressed to J. P. Reed and R. F. Denno for help in 
identifying some specimens and to F. H. Rindge for reviewing the nomen- 
clature of the Geometridae. This study was funded in part by a USDA 
sponsored program entitled *‘The Expanded Gypsy Moth Research and 
Development Program,’ U.S. Forest Service, Cooperative Agreement No. 
42-165. This is a paper of the Journal Series, New Jersey Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New 
Jersey. 


144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


LITERATURE CITED 


Dirks, C. O. 1937. Biological studies of Maine moths by light trap methods. Maine Agric. 
Expt. Stn. Bull. 389. 

Frei, K. R. and D. E. Fairbrothers. 1963. Floristic study of the William L. Hutcheson Me- 
morial Forest (New Jersey) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 90:338-355. 

Hartstack, A. W., Jr., J. P. Hollingsworth, R. L. Ridgway and H. H. Hunt. 1971. Determi- 
nation of trap spacings required to control an insect population. J. Econ. Entomol. 
64: 1090-1100. 

McDunnough, J. H. 1938. Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the U.S.A. Pt. 1, 
Macrolepidoptera. Memoirs South. Calif. Acad. Sci., Mem. 1. 

Monk, C. D. 1961. The vegetation of William L. Hutcheson Memorial Forest, New Jersey. 
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 88:156—-166. 

Moulding, J. D. 1977. The progression of a gypsy moth invasion of a mature oak forest in 
New Jersey. Wm. L. Hutcheson Memorial Forest Bull. 4:5-11. 

Muller, J. 1965. Supplemental list of Macrolepidoptera of New Jersey. J. NY Entomol. Soc. 
73:63-77. 

——. 1968. Additions to the supplemental list of New Jersey Macrolepidoptera. J. NY 
Entomol. Soc. 76:303-306. 

—. 1973. Second addition to the supplemental list of Macrolepidoptera of New Jersey. 

J. NY Entomol. Soc. 81:66—71. 

. 1976. Third addition to the supplemental list of Macrolepidoptera of New Jersey. J. 

NY Entomol. Soc. 84:197—200. 

Preston, F. W. 1948. The commoness and rarity of species. Ecol. 29:254-283. 

Sargent, T. D. 1976. Legion of Night: The underwing moths. Univ. Mass. Press, Amherst, 
Mass. 

Smith, J. B. 1910. Report of New Jersey State Museum for 1909. Trenton. 

Williams, C. B. 1939. An analysis of four years’ captures of insects in a light trap. Roy. Ent. 
Soc. London Trans. 89:79-132. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(1), 1979, p. 145-150 


SociETY MEETINGS 
85ist Regular Meeting—May 4, 1978 


The 85Ist Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington 
was called to order by President Sutherland at 8:00 pm on May 4, 1978, in 
the Ecology Theater of the National Museum of Natural History. Twenty- 
two members and 7 guests were present. The minutes of the April meeting 
were read and approved. 

Membership chairman Utmar read for the first time the names of the 
following new applicants for membership: 


James F. Matta, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion Uni- 
versity, Norfolk, Virginia. 

Loren Russell, Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, 
Corvallis, Oregon. 


President Sutherland announced that our editor, Manya Stoetzel, would 
attend the meeting of the Council of Biological Editors, to be held in To- 
ronto, Canada. Program chairman Adler asked the Society for suggestions 
for speakers, particularly for the October meeting. President-elect Davis 
passed out announcements for the Annual Banquet and encouraged the 
membership to purchase tickets as soon as possible. William Bickley re- 
minded the Society of the banquet of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 
Richard Foote, a member of our Society, will be their speaker. 

President Sutherland introduced the principal speaker for the evening, 
Dr. J. C. M. Jonkman, Attache for Health and Environmental Protection, 
Royal Netherlands Embassy. Dr. Jonkman spoke on the biology and ecol- 
ogy of the leaf-cutting ant Atta vollenweideri and its impact in Paraguayan 
pastures. The talk was well illustrated with kodachrome slides and was 
followed by a question and answer period. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS 


Manya Stoetzel circulated a recent publication entitled *‘Aphids on Jug- 
landaceae in North America’’ that was written by Ted Bissell of our Society. 

The meeting adjourned at 10:05 pm, after which punch and cookies were 
served. 


Wayne N. Mathis, Recording Secretary 
852nd Regular Meeting—June 1, 1978 


The Entomological Society of Washington and Insecticide Society of 
Washington Joint Annual Banquet was held on June 1, 1978, at the Fort 
McNair Officers’ Club, Washington, D.C. Dale Parish was host, Don R. 


146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Davis and Jack Plimmer were the banquet chairmen, and Victor Adler was 
the Master of Ceremonies. 

After the social hour and dinner, Dr. and Mrs. Oliver S. Flint, Jr. and 
Dr. Wayne N. Mathis spoke on ‘‘Expedicion a Chile.’’ Afterwards, Jack 
Plimmer conducted the drawing for door prizes, of which there were many. 

Mrs. Floyd E. Smith planned and made the floral arrangements. 

Approximately 115 members and guests attended. 


Wayne N. Mathis, Recording Secretary 


853rd Regular Meeting—October 5, 1978 


The 853rd Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington 
was called to order by President Sutherland at 8:05 pm on October 5, 1978, 
in the Ecology Theater of the National Museum of Natural History. Thirty 
members and 10 guests were present. The minutes of the May and June 
meetings were read and approved. 

Memberships chairman Utmar read for the first time the names of the 
following new applicants for membership: 


Jeffrey K. Barnes, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ith- 
aca, New York. 

Lynda D. Corkum, Department of Zoology, University of Alberta, Ed- 
monton, Alberta, Canada. 

Raymond D. Eikenbary, Entomology Department, Oklahoma State Uni- 
versity, Stillwater, Oklahoma. 

J. D. Moulding, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville, Florida. 

Donald R. Perry, 247 Bicknell Apt. C, Santa Monica, California. 

Barbara L. Peterson, Department of Entomology, University of Mary- 
land, College Park, Maryland. 

Richard G. Robbins, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, 
Washington, D.C. 

John E. Rawlins, Department of Entomology, Comstock Hall, Cornell 
University, Ithaca, New York. 

Owen D. V. Sholes, Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, As- 
sumption College, Worcester, Massachusetts. 

James F. Stimmel, Bureau of Plant Industry, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 

Stephen J. Taft, Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Stevens 
Point, Wisconsin. 

G. W. Wolfe, Department of Zoology, University of Tennessee, Knox- 
ville, Tennessee. 


President Sutherland announced that the Executive Committee had re- | 
cently met and had reviewed and approved the amendments proposed to | 
the Society’s bylaws as submitted and explained by the bylaws committee. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 147 


President Sutherland then asked Chris Thompson of the bylaws committee 
to briefly explain the need for the changes and what the changes are. A 
handout was given to all in attendance to further explain the proposed 
changes. At the November meeting, there will be a vote of the membership 
regarding these changes. 

Program chairman Adler requested suggestions from the Society for 
speakers at future meetings. 

President Sutherland announced that Don Anderson, Dale Parrish, and 
Oliver S. Flint, Jr., have been asked to serve on the auditing committee and 
that Terry Erwin and John Kingsolver have been asked to serve on the 
nominating committee. 

The principal speaker for the evening was Dr. Edward M. Barrows, De- 
partment of Biology, Georgetown University. Dr. Barrows spoke on the 
mating behavior of bees and wasps. Several kodachrome slides illustrated 
his talk and an interesting question and answer period followed. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS 


J. H. Fales reported taking the European Skipper, Thymelicus lineola 
(Ochsenheimer) in Rock Creek Park, Washington, D.C., on June 10, 1978. 
This is the first record of this species in the District. A. B. Gurney exhibited 
a new book, compiled by Pamela Gilbert and published by the British Mu- 
seum, ‘A compendium of the biographical literature on deceased entomol- 
ogists,’ 1977. He also discussed briefly Serie II, 1864-1900, of Index Lit- 
teraturae Entomologicae, 5 volumes, published 1963—1975 in Berlin, which 
is a continuation of the well known work published under the leadership of 
Walther Horn, 1928-29. 

President Sutherland announced that Carl F. W. Muesebeck of our So- 
ciety was recently presented with the L. O. Howard award at the Eastern 
Branch Meetings of the Entomological Society of America in New York. 

Dee Houston announced that an international pollination symposium will 
be held at the University of Maryland, October 11-13. 

Following the introduction of guests, President Sutherland adjourned the 
meeting, after which punch and cookies were served. 


Wayne N. Mathis, Recording Secretary 


854th Regular Meeting—November 2, 1978 


The 854th Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington 
was called to order by President Sutherland at 8:00 pm on November 2, 
1978, in the Ecology Theater of the National Museum of Natural History. 
Twenty-seven members and 18 guests were present. The minutes of the 
October meeting were read, corrected, and approved. 


148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Membership chairman Utmar read for the first time the names of the 
following new applicants for membership: 


Ibrahim J. Al Gboory, Baghdad University, Abu-Ghraib, Iraq. 

Thomas Richard Beck, 12607 Cedarbrook Lane, Laurel, Maryland. 

Mignon M. Davis, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, 
Washington, D.C. 

Paul H. Freytag, Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, 
Lexington, Kentucky. 

Hans J. Hannemann, Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt University, Ber- 
lin, DDR, East Germany. 

Carl H. Kaster, Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louis- 
ville, Kentucky. 

James L. Skaptason, 11164 Forest Edge Dr., Reston, Virginia. 

Rebecca F. Surdick, Department of Biology, ey of Utah, Salt 
Lake City, Utah. 

John Trumble, Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute 
State University, Blacksburg, Virginia. 

T. R. White, Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology, Clem- 
son University, Clemson, South Carolina. 


President Sutherland announced that the third member of the nominating 
committee is John Davidson. 

President Sutherland asked Chris Thompson, chairman of the bylaws 
committee, to again explain why the bylaws committee was convened and 
their proposed amendments, which were presented and passed by the 
executive committee for presentation to the general membership at a regular 
meeting. Ray Gagne moved that the amendments to the bylaws be accepted 
unanimously. Three objections to the wording of the proposed amendments 
were raised by George Steyskal and explained by Chris. These were discus- 
sed. The motion was seconded and passed by a three-fourths majority. 

John Kingsolver, member of the nominating committee, announced their 
slate of nominees for 1979. They are: 


President-elect Theodore J. Spilman 
Recording Secretary Wayne N. Mathis 
Corresponding Secretary Mignon B. Davis 
Treasurer F. Christian Thompson 
Program Chairman Michael Faran 
Membership Chairwoman Joyce A. Utmar 
Editor Manya B. Stoetzel 
Custodian Sueo Nakahara 


President Sutherland introduced the principal speakers for the evening, | 
Dr. John Davidson, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland; 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 1 149 
and Mr. Stan Gill, Extention Agent, Montgomery Co. They spoke on inte- 
grated pest management of urban ornamental plants and presented numer- 
ous kodachrome slides to illustrate their talk. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS 


Mignon Davis passed around a new book entitled **Magnificent Fora- 
gers,’ which is a photo-written account of the field activities of the scientists 
at the National Museum of Natural History. 

Maynard Ramsay showed a new edition of Fundamentals of Applied En- 
tomology, Robert Pfadt editor. 

Manya Stoetzel exhibited a new book entitled *‘Whitefly of the world, a 
systematic catalogue of the Aleyrodidae (Homoptera) with host plant and 
natural enemy data’ by L. A. Mound and S. H. Halsey, British Museum 
(Natural History), London. 1978. [John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., England 13.50. ] 

John Kingsolver announced that Herb Ross had died (2 Nov.) and gave a 
brief biography of his life. 

Following the introduction of many guests, the meeting was adjourned at 
9:40 pm. 


Wayne N. Mathis, Recording Secretary 
855th Regular Meeting—December 7, 1978 


The 855th Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington 
was called to order by President Sutherland at 8:00 pm on December 7, 1978, 
in the Ecology Theater of the National Museum of Natural History. Forty 
members and 28 guests were present. 

The minutes of the November meeting were read and approved. 

Membership chairman Utmar read for the first time the names of the 
following new applicants for membership: 


Rick Borchelt, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, Col- 
lege Park, Maryland. 

Mark A. Deyrup, Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West 
Lafayette, Indiana. 

Deborah R. McGann, 5497 Lighthouse Lane, Lake Braddock, Burke, 
Virginia. 

O. P. Negrobov, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Voronesh University, 
Voronesh, USSR. 


President Sutherland reported that the Society had completed the year in 
good condition and asked the membership chairman, editor, and treasurer to 
give their reports, which they did. Summary reports will be published in the 
April issue of the Proceedings. 


150 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


President Sutherland then presented the slate of nominees for the Soci- 
ety’s elected offices as announced previously. They are: 


President-elect Theodore J. Spilman 
Recording Secretary Wayne N. Mathis 
Corresponding Secretary Mignon B. Davis 
Treasurer F. Christian Thompson 
Program Chairman Michael Faran 
Membership Chairwoman Joyce A. Utmar 
Editor Manya B. Stoetzel 
Custodian Sueo Nakahara 


It was moved and seconded that the slate be adopted as presented. The 
motion passed unanimously. President Sutherland also announced that 
Helen Sollers-Riedel has again agreed to be hospitality chairwoman for the 
coming year. 

On behalf of the Society, President Sutherland presented an engraved bowl 
to Mrs. Floyd Smith in appreciation for years of service to the Society in 
making floral displays for the annual banquets. | 

The principal speaker for the evening was Dr. Don Davis, Department of | 
Entomology, Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Davis spoke on African entomol- 
ogy, °‘A Trip Report.’’ His talk was illustrated by numerous kodachrome 
slides of insects, other wildlife, and the terrain. The excellence of the slides 
is in part a credit to Mignon Davis. Dr. Davis also brought along a drawer of 
insects collected on the trip and a vial of Polypedilum vanderplanki Hinton, 
the indestructable chironomid fly. 


NOTES AND EXHIBITIONS 


John Kingsolver showed the first fascicle of the North American Coleop- 
tera Catalog. John explained how the information can be updated and said 
that the catalog will be completed during the next 10 years. 

Don Davis announced that Doris Blake, a longtime member of the Soci- 
ety, had passed away on December 3rd. Doris worked on the taxonomy of 
chrysomelid beetles and had been associated with the museum for over 40 
years. 

T. J. Spilman showed the 43rd edition of The Naturalists’ Directory and 
Almanac (International), compiled and edited by Ross H. Arnett, Jr. 

T. J. Spilman reported the death of Henry Dietrich of Cornell University 
on November 8th and the hospitalization and recovery of Curtis Sabrosky 
and Ashley Gurney. | 

Following the introduction of many guests, President Sutherland turned 
the gavel over to Don Davis who adjourned the meeting. | 

Punch and cookies were served afterward. 


Wayne N. Mathis, Recording Secretary 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER | 151 


SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF SYSTEMATIC AND 
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 
(ICSEB-II) 


The Second International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary Bi- 
ology (ICSEB-II) will be held at The University of British Columbia, Van- 
couver, Canada, 17—24 July 1980. 


OMAN NHAUNABWN — 


The provisional list of symposia topics include: 


. Arctic refugia and the evolution of Arctic biota 
. Origins and evolution of the North Pacific marine biota 
. Evolution of reproductive strategies 

. Evolutionary epigenetics 

. Evolution of community structure 

. Green algae and land plant origins 

. Macromolecular mechanisms in evolution 

. Allozymes and evolution 

. Coevolution and foraging strategy 

. Evolution of colonizing species 

. Rare species and the maintenance of gene pools 
. Paleobiology of the pacific rim 


Additional symposia may be included. 
Sessions for contributed papers and for papers in specialized fields, taxo- 


nomic as well as methodological, will also be organized. 


Those interested in receiving an information circular in the spring of 1979, 


should write to the following: 


Dr. G. G. E. Scudder 

Department of Zoology 

The University of British Columbia 
2075 Wesbrook Mall 

Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1W5 
Canada. 


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CONTENTS 


(Continued from front cover) 


KNUTSON, L. and O. S. FLINT, JR.—Do dance flies feed on caddisflies?—Further 
evidence (Diptera: Empididaes inchopteta) 2s. 7 asses eee 


MENKE, A. S. and R. M. BOHART.—Sphecid wasps of the world: Errors and omis- 
sions: (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)i % osais ncten ahtniel s eetc eer nclaieia ela ces ave ag tee 


MORIHARA, D. K. and W. P. MCCAFFERTY.—Subspecies of the transatlantic spe- 
cies. Baetismacani. (Ephemeroptera:, bactidae)) ori ec eite ei ioe retro 


MOULDING, J. D. and J. J. MADENJIAN.—Macrolepidopteran moths light-trapped in 
a Néw: Jersey oak forest (Lepidoptera)! ieee en oe es oe ee see ee 


NUHN, T. P. and C. G. VAN DYKE.—Laboulbenia formicarum Thaxter (Ascomy- 
cotina: Laboulbeniales) on ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Raleigh, North Caro- 
lina with a new: host record’. .ncacs dsams cohen ew oe om ee eis waives Ake eee 


PARKER, C. R. and J. R. VOSHELL, JR.—A new species of Hydroptila from Virginia 
(irichoptera: Hydroptilidae), ..a9.-6<s asec cle cies cick ores «tices <poele eee 


RUSSELL, L. K.—A new genus and a new species of Boreidae from Oregon (Mecop- 


SHENEFELT, R. D.—Some unusual Braconidae (Hymenoptera) .................... 


SMILEY, R. L.—Pygmephorus athiasae Wicht: A redescription of the holotype (Acari: 
Pyemotidae)!s.fo5 eerscod selenide Gre ae neue Oe Setae eleerernge tats treet Cain see eae 


TRIPLEHORN, C. A.—Two new species of Corticeus from Florida and the West Indies 
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)) 2.2 .ke)he.snd Soran sortie dy cle seis cic ee. 31s e eee eee 


WHITEHEAD, D. R.—Recognition characters and distribution records for species of 
Conotrachelus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) that damage avocado fruits in Mexico 
and G@entral PA merical’ A crugs criti sported aro chollese bietede tetsrere outs faleh ss oe) oho ota eh ee 


YOUNG D. A.—A review of the leafhopper genus Cofana (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) .. . 
NOTE: 


NAKAHARA, S.—Pinnaspis caricis, new synonym of Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Homop- 
teraz Diaspididae) iis) e.ci sides Guwus. sieteieinhe easiest oe vel siete oes CCE eae 


SOCIETY -MBETINGS 25. cick avin ne Sree Sera srorshslensnioyyecusl > sie ore eee i eee ae 


ANNOUNCEMENT: Second International Congress of Systematic and Evolutionary 
Biology (ESB BID ej cdi anvennade cy. es reese Seen tees ieee crs nee eee 


APRIL 1979 NO©..2 


$, 70673 _ 
PROCEEDINGS 


of the 


TOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
of WASHINGTON 


DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20560 


PUBLISHED QUARTERLY 


CONTENTS 


/AARNES, J. K.—The taxonomic position of the New Zealand genus Prosochaeta Mal- 
SEPA teha ty SCLOMYZIGAE) ec cia eects repsiots eae ne Sy chs oe abale alley esac Hg erg yavel a bdson tyes whejsleseteie 285 


LARK, W. E.—Taxonomy and biogeography of weevils of the genus Sibinia Germar 
_ (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) associated with Prosopis (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) 
“11 QNTREETTIUUITTE Re Pet ea nS ee eau eees karen: eed eae car ae ie eA el ee 153 


OSCARON, S., G. B. FAIRCHILD, and C. B. PHILIP.—Rediscovery of both sexes 
of the enigmatic Zophina ciseni (Townsend) (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Baja Califor- 
3 ‘SUES 5 Sheree Sis aah ato. oa oo. ot oS ake he ane SR ae Cre caGie eer nena ene Sentra eres tr 248 


‘ELONG, D. M.—Studies of the Gyponinae with six new species of Polana (Homop- 
ioe (Chee IGEYe))) Salata Gee ae ORGS Oe OO SOI tae Seine rine Cora yaar an err preety 298 


‘VANS, H. E.—The genus Dissomphalus in northwestern South America (Hymenop- 
PoE ULV IAG) i pase clentts oi cy serine cecil ve sec torch ue eevee icnsi ciettles aucysiviedis cide scthers eye valle 276 


TENRY, T. J. and A. G. WHEELER, JR.—Palearctic Miridae in North America: 
Records of newly discovered and little-known species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera).. 257 


[UBBARD, M. D.—The type-species of the genus Leptophlebia Westwood (Ephemer- 
OT TTERER ILS yriiteye te oiGhYS)piamaseo eco aod cs peo Ae OC at Cen nos Orta od as ete 219 


.EWIS, P. A.—A new species of the mayfly genus Stenonema Traver from eastern 
United States (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae)..................- 2. cece ee eee ees 321 


IN, N.—Differential prey selection for the sex of offspring in the cicada killer Sphe- 
ABE CIOSUS (FAY MENOpteras: SPHECIGAE)! 61. fey. cael. wis anes sna noi eieie oc ns alo nlere s sie aye 269 


(Continued on back cover) 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF WASHINGTON 


ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884 


OFFICERS FOR 1979 


DONALD R. Davis, President HELEN SOLLERS-RIEDEL, Hospitality Chair 
T. J. SPILMAN, President-Elect MICHAEL FARAN, Program Cha 
WayYNE N. Maruis, Recording Secretary Joyce A. UTMAR, Membership Chair 
MIGNON B. Davis, Corresponding Secretary SUEO-NAKAHARA, Cus 
F. CHRISTIAN THOMPSON, Treasurer DONALD R. Davis, Delegate, Wash. Aca 


Manya B. STOETZEL, Editor 
Publications Committee 
Eric E. GRISSELL JOHN M. KINGSOLVER 
ASHLEY B. GURNEY Davib R. SMITH, Associate Editor GEORGE C. STEYSKAL 


Honorary President 
C. F. W. MUESEBECK 


Honorary Members 
FREDERICK W. Poos FRANK L. CAMPBELL RAYMOND A. St. GEO 


All correspondence concerning Society business should be mailed to the appropriate officer at the following address: Entom 
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MEETINGS. —Regular meetings of the Society are held in the Ecology Theater, Natural History Building, Smithsonian Instituti_ 
the first Thursday of each month from October to June, inclusive, at 8 P.M. Minutes of meetings are published regularly 
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PROCEEDINGS.—Published quarterly beginning with January by the Society at Washington, D.C. Members in good standing r 
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Please see inside back cover of any 1972-1975 issue for instructions regarding preparation of manuscripts. 

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP 

Title of Publication: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 
Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October). 


Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: The Entomological Society of Washington, c/o Depar 
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Editor: Dr. Manya B. Stoetzel, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, BARC-W, Beltsville, Maryland 20705. 
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PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 153-170 


TAXONOMY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF WEEVILS OF THE GENUS 
SIBINIA GERMAR (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) 
ASSOCIATED WITH PROSOPIS (LEGUMINOSAE: 
MIMOSOIDEAE) IN ARGENTINA 


WAYNE E. CLARK 


Department of Zoology-Entomology and Alabama Agricultural Experi- 
-ment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36830. 


Abstract.—Five species in the sulcifera group of the genus Sibinia Ger- 
mar occur in the semiarid Monte and Chaco biotic provinces of Argentina 
and have hosts in the plant genus Prosopis (Leguminosae). Sibinia asulci- 
fera Clark, newly recorded from P. argentina, P. flexuosa, and P. torquata 
and §. concava Clark, now known from P. flexuosa, P. nigra, and P. alba, 
are confirmed as a seed-bud predator microsympatric pair. Three Argentine 
species, §. mastuerzo from P. strombulifera, S. tintitaco from P. torquata, 
and S§. algarobilla from P. seriacantha are newly described. A key to the 
Argentine sulcifera group members is presented, and the position of the 
new species in a modified version of a previously reconstructed sulcifera 
group phylogeny is discussed. Zoogeography of the group is considered in 
light of various hypotheses put forth to explain similarities in the floras of 
the disjunct arid regions of North and South America. The sulcifera group 
is apparently unusual among animals associated with plants in these areas 
in having closely related species in both regions. 


This paper is based on a study of 17 specimens of the weevil genus Sibinia 
sent to the United States National Museum of Natural History (USNM) for 
identification by Hugo Cordo of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The 
specimens were collected in western Argentina, in the Monte and Chaco 
phytogeographic provinces, as part of an effort to find agents for biological 
control of Prosopis. In view of the current interest in Prosopis as an im- 
portant component of New World desert ecosystems (Simpson, 1977) and 
Prosopis-associated insects, both from the standpoint of their natural his- 

tory and ecology (Kingsolver et al., 1977), and as potential biological control 
agents in North America (Ward et al., 1977), it is desirable to review what 
is known about Prosopis-associated species of Sibinia. 

Five species of Sibinia, all members of the sulcifera group of the sub- 
genus Microtychius, are represented in the series collected by Cordo. Two 


154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


of the species, S. asulcifera Clark and S. concava Clark, have been de- 
scribed (Clark, 1978). The other three are described for the first time herein. 
The specimens were collected on six different species of Prosopis: P. ar- 
gentina Burkart, P. flexuosa de Candolle, P. nigra (Grisebach) Hierony- 
mus, and P. seriacantha Hooker and Arnott of the section Algarobia, and 
P. strombulifera (Lamarck) Bentham, and P. torquata (Lagasca) de Can- 
dolle of the section Strombocarpa. 

Although direct information on the life histories of these species of Sibinia 
is not available, it is possible to infer the probable site of larval development 
of each. The host plants of all of the 127 previously described members of 
the subgenus Microtychius are known to be, or are suspected to be, mi- 
mosoid legumes (Clark, 1978). Larvae of some species of Microtychius de- 
velop in seeds of these plants (seed predators), whereas larvae of others 
develop in the flower buds (bud predators). Adults of the seed predators are 
generally easily distinguished from adults of bud predators by their larger 
size, more prominent structural features, and frequently more distinctive 
scale patterns. Thus, although the larval developmental site of only one 
sulcifera group member, the bud predator S. setosa (LeConte) is known 
(see Rogers et al., 1975), it is inferred that the su/cifera group contains both 
bud and seed predators. 

Another important characteristic of species of Microtychius is the fre- 
quent synchronous occurrence of individuals of two or more species on the 
same plant. I refer to this situation as ‘“‘microsympatry,’’ distinguished from 
‘‘sympatry,’ or the occurrence of individuals of different species of Micro- 
tychius at a given locality on different plant species. In Microtychius it is 
common for individuals of a seed predator to be microsympatric with in- 
dividuals of one, or sometimes two or more, bud predators. The members 
of these microsympatric bud-seed predator pairs frequently belong to the 
same species group, and appear to be limited to one or a few closely related 
host plant species. These attributes appear to characterize the sulcifera 
group. 

With this as background, it is possible to discuss the sulcifera group in 
greater detail. The species descriptions and line drawings were prepared 
using techniques described previously (Clark, 1978). All 17 of the specimens 
received from Cordo are deposited in the USNM collection. In addition to 
locality and host labels, each of the specimens bears a label, presumably 
affixed by the collector, with a unique combination of numbers and letters. 
The specimens are referred to by this combination at certain places in the 
text. 


THE SULCIFERA GROUP 


Members of the sulcifera group have the following diagnostic features 
(modified from Clark, 1978:128): Eyes relatively small, flattened, hind mar-/ 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 155 


gins not raised; frons distinctly wider than rostrum at base; vertex of head, 
rostrum, pronotum, elytra, and femora with large, round to subquadrate, 
imbricated scales which are strongly concave in most species, and with 
elongate, narrow scales which are erect and acuminate in some species 
(absent from the pronotum in some). 

Four of the nine species in the su/cifera group are North American. These 
are §. transversa (Casey) of the southwestern United States, and $. cuauh- 
temoc Clark of southern Mexico, both on Acacia; S. setosa (LeConte) of 
the southwestern United States, Mexico, and the West Indies, on Prosopis 
(see Rogers et al., 1975; Clark, 1978:135-137, 140-141), and S. sulcifera, 
presumably of Mexico, but known only from specimens intercepted in quar- 
antine at the U.S.-Mexico border, on unknown host(s). The remaining five 
species are known only from Argentina. These are S$. asulcifera, S. con- 
cava, and three species described herein on Prosopis. 

The North American sulcifera group members are distinguished from 
each other by the characters in the key to North and Central American 
Sibinia (Clark, 1978). Three of the Argentine species, §. asulcifera, S. tin- 
titaco, and S. mastuerzo, trace to S. asulcifera in the key to South Amer- 
ican Sibinia (Clark, 1978). The other two Argentine species, S. concava 
and S§. algarobilla, trace to S. concava in the same key. The Argentine 
species are distinguished from each other in the following key: 


KEY TO SPECIES OF THE SIBINIA SULCIFERA GROUP FROM ARGENTINA 


1. Round to subquadrate recumbent scales biseriate on all elytral in- 

terspaces; pronotum without elongate narrow scales; narrow scales, 

if present on elytra, short, recumbent, or raised only slightly on 
CSC TEES BS eee SO Re ST OPER ote erate EG CR er 2 

— Round to subquadrate recumbent scales uniseriate on major portions 

of even-numbered elytral interspaces; pronotum and elytra with 

prominent, narrow, attenuate, erect bristlelike scales (Figs. 1-2, 5- 
CeO rt hee gy aie aye gs 5 2. oie a: coal hn Sa viavie Bons Sh alin hh wad PR RRR 4 
2. Distal portion of rostrum more or less cylindrical (Figs. 1, 3, 5, 7)... 3 
Distal portion of rostrum acuminate (Fig. 9) .. S. tintitaco, new species 

3. Recumbent scales on pronotum and elytra not or only feebly con- 

cave; rostrum nearly straight (Fig. 7); sternum 5 of female abdomen 

strongly constricted, posteromedian portion distinctly produced ... 
Pet stes cecrvicieys state LES Gs bepdie ce 4 he S. mastuerzo, new species 

— Recumbent scales on pronotum and elytra distinctly concave; ros- 

trum curved (Fig. 3); sternum 5 of female abdomen only feebly con- 
stricted, posteromedian portion not produced ..... S. asulcifera Clark 

4. Round to subquadrate recumbent scales uniseriate on even-num- 

bered elytral interspaces; even interspaces devoid of bristlelike 
SOAS Gr OR REIOR Rene RCE Or ee mI eee rence S. concava Clark 


156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Ces 
: 10 


Figs. 1-10. Sibinia spp., habitus. (1) S. algarobilla, female, holotype, lateral view; (2) the 
same, dorsal view; (3) S. asulcifera, female, paratype, Andalgala, Catamarca, Argentina, lat- 
eral view; (4) the same, dorsal view; (5) S$. concava, female, paratype, Andalgala, Catamarca, 
Argentina, lateral view; (6) the same, dorsal view; (7) S. mastuerzo, female, holotype, lateral 
view; (8) the same, dorsal view; (9) S. tintitaco, female, holotype, lateral view; (10) the same, 
dorsal view. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 157 


— Round to subquadrate recumbent scales uniseriate on elytral inter- 
space 4 and on basal portions of interspaces 6 and 8, biseriate on 
odd-numbered interspaces and on remainder of even-numbered in- 
terspaces; even-numbered interspaces with prominent, erect bristle- 
like sSCales Pree tee Sats Se el ee S. algarobilla, new species 


Sibinia (Microtychius) asulcifera Clark 
Figs. 3, 4 


Sibinia (Microtychius) asulcifera Clark, 1978:129. Holotype, 6, 50 km W 
Andalgala, Catamarca, Argentina (USNM). 


Diagnosis.—Distal portion of rostrum cylindrical (Fig. 3); concave recum- 
bent scales biseriate on odd- and even-numbered elytral interspaces; odd- 
numbered elytral interspaces with median row of short, narrow, recumbent 
scales, these dense and conspicuous on declivities; pronotum without nar- 
row scales. 

Description.—See Clark, 1978:129. 

Discussion.—This relatively large Microtychius is probably a seed pred- 
ator. Although members of the type-series were collected on non-mimosoid 
plants (Cassia and Zuccagnia; Leguminosae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae), 
it was predicted (Clark, 1978:135) that the weevil would have a Prosopis 
host(s) because of its close resemblance to the Prosopis-associated bud 
predator S. concava. The receipt of three S. asulcifera specimens collected 
on Prosopis confirms that prediction. Furthermore, the fact that one spec- 
imen of S. asulcifera (D-457b) and a specimen of §. concava (D-457a) bear 
identical label data is evidence that the two species may, as was also pre- 
dicted, occur in microsympatry. Another specimen of S$. asulcifera (D-543) 
appears to have been taken in microsympatry with the bud predator S. 
tintitaco (D-545a, D-545b). The Prosopis spp. on which the S. asulcifera 
specimens were collected belong to two of the six generic sections recog- 
nized by Burkart (1940), Algarobia and Strombocarpa. 

The specimens received from Cordo were taken in San Juan Province, at 
localities and on dates and hosts as follows (see Fig. 22): D-457b. Rt. 40, 39 
mi N San Juan City, 26 November 1976, sweeping Prosopis flexuosa. 
D-509. Rt. 40, 51 mi N San Juan City, 26 November 1976, sweeping Prosopis 
argentina. D-543. Rt. 40, 10 mi N Jachal, 27 November 1976, sweeping 
Prosopis torquata. 


Sibinia (Microtychius) mastuerzo Clark, NEW SPECIES 
Bigs deo, L250 15 
Holotype.—?, Argentina: Mendoza Province, Rt. 40, 10 mi N Mendoza 
City, 24 November 1976, sweeping Prosopis strombulifera, D-377a. (USNM 
Type no. 75852). 


| 


158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Paratype.—Same label data as holotype (1 2, D-377b). 

Diagnosis.—Rostrum of female nearly straight, distal portion cylindrica 
(Fig. 7); recumbent scales on elytral interspaces flat or feebly concave 
uniformly biseriate; odd-numbered interspaces with median row of short 
stout, apically blunt scales which are recumbent on dorsum, erect, but in- 
conspicuous on declivites. 

Description.—Length: 1.86—-2.08 mm. Width: 0.92-1.06 mm. Eye: Height 
about 1.5 x length. Frons: Rounded continuously with head (Fig. 7); scales 
on sides forming low superocular tuft. Rostrum: 0.88—-0.94 x pronotal 
length; in dorsal view tapered slightly to antennal insertions, subparallel 
sided to tip; in dorsal profile broadly curved at base, nearly straight from 
just distad of base to tip; distal portion long, 55-59% of total rostral 
length, slender, glabrous, smooth. Prothorax: Pronotum and pleuron with 
round to subquadrate recumbent scales only, these not or only slightly con- 
cave; white, fulvoferruginous, and ferruginous scales present, white scales 
forming incomplete, posteriorly-widened dorsomedian vitta, ferruginous 
scales forming broad lateromedian vittae, posterolateral portions and pleu- 
ron with white scales and ferruginous or fulvoferruginous scales intermixed 
Elytra: Interspaces subequal in width; round to subquadrate recumbeni 
scales not or only feebly concave, broadly imbricated; short, recumbent 
narrow scales forming irregular mediobasal macula and sutural vitta, inter- 
mixed among fulvoferruginous or ferruginous scales on remainder, espe- 
cially dense laterally and on declivities. Abdomen: Median portion of sternzé 
1-5 feebly convex, sternum 5 strongly constricted subapically, posterome- 
dian portion of segment slightly produced and distinctly flexed downward 
Spiculum ventrale: See Fig. 12. Spermatheca: See Fig. 15. 

Discussion.—Roughly comparable to S$. asulcifera in size, S. mastuerzc 
is probably, like that species a seed predator. Its host is Prosopis strom- 
bulifera. 

Etymology.—The name mastuerzo, a Spanish vernacular name of the 
host (Rowell, 1969), is also generally applied to South American member: 
of the section Strombocarpa (commonly known as “‘screwbeans”’ in Nortl 
America (Burkart and Simpson, 1977)). The masculine noun stands in ap- 
position to the feminine generic name. 


Figs. 11-18. Sibinia spp., external genitalia. (11) S. algarobilla, paratype, D-690a, spiculum 
ventrale; (12) S. mastuerzo, paratype, D-377b, spiculum ventrale; (13) S. tintitaco, paratype, 
D-545b, spiculum ventrale; (14) S$. algarobilla, paratype, D-690a, spermatheca; (15) S. mas- 
tuerzo, paratype, D-377b, spermatheca; (16) S. tintitaco, paratype, D-545b, spermatheca; (17) 
S. algarobilla, paratype, D-690b, median lobe of male genitalia, ventral view; (18) S. tintitaco, 
paratype D-640b, median lobe of male genitalia, ventral view. 


159 


NUMBER 2 


VOLUME 81, 


160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Sibinia (Microtychius) tintitaco Clark, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 9% 10-13, 16; 185.20 


Holotype. —@, Argentina: San Juan Province, Rt. 40, 10 mi W Jachal, 20 
November 1976, sweeping Prosopis torquata, D-545a (USNM Type no. 
75851). 

Paratypes.—Argentina: La Rioja Province, Rt. 40, 20 mi NE Pangancillo, 
20 November 1976, sweeping Prosopis torquata (1 2, D-640a; 1 d, D-640b); 
same label data as holotype (1 2, D-545b). 

Diagnosis.—Distal portion of rostrum acuminate (Fig. 9); recumbent 
scales biseriate on each elytral interspace; odd-numbered interspaces with 
median row of short, narrow scales which are feebly raised on declivities; 
pronotum without such scales. 

Description.—Length: 3, 1.56 mm; @, 1.78-1.82 mm. Width: 3, 0.78 
mm; 2, 0.94-0.96 mm. Eye: Height about 1.6 x length. Frons: In profile 
rounded continuously with head; erect scales on sides forming a low but 
distinct superocular tuft. Rostrum: 3, 0.81x, 2, 0.82-0.93 x pronotal 
length; in dorsal view strongly tapered to antennal insertions, finely acu- 
minate distally, especially in 2; in dorsal profile, broadly rounded at base, 
broadly, evenly curved from just distad of base to tip; distal portion in ¢ 
short, 52% of total rostral length, stout; in lateral view tapered, lateral sulcus 
obsolete; in 2, distal portion longer, 58-61% of total rostral length, smooth, 
shining. Prothorax: Pronotum with round, concave, imbricated scales only; 
white scales present in incomplete, posteriorly-widened dorsomedian vitta 
which is bounded on each side by broad, irregular vittae of ferruginous 
scales, the latter darkest on posterior portion; lateral portions of dorsum 
and pleuron with fulvous and paler whitish scales admixed. Elytra: Inter- 
spaces subequal in width; recumbent scales on interspaces round to 
subquadrate, concave, broadly imbricated, biseriate; white, fulvous, and 
darker ferruginous scales present in irregular pattern; white scales forming 
broad anteromedian macula and narrower posteromedian macula (Fig. 20); 
maculae separated by irregular transverse band of ferruginous scales; fer- 
ruginous and fulvous scales also variably intermixed mediobasally, else- 
where fulvous and whitish scales intermixed. Abdomen: In 6, sterna 1-4 
shallowly, broadly concave medially, sternum 5 more deeply impressed, but 
not foveate medially; in 2, subapical constriction of sternum 5 distinct but 
posteromedian portion of segment not produced. Median lobe: See Fig. 18. 
Spiculum ventrale: See Fig. 13. Spermatheca: See Fig. 16. 

Discussion.—This relatively small Microtychius is probably a bud pred- 
ator of Prosopis torquata. It apparently occurs in microsympatry with the 
seed predator S. asulcifera, at least at the type-locality. 

The only significant variation noted in the small series examined is in the 
relative proportion of light fulvous and whitish scales and darker ferruginous 
scales on the pronotum and elytra. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 161] 


| 
Figs. 19-20. Sibinia spp., habitus. (19) S. concava, paratype, female, Andalgala, Cata- 


marca, Argentina, dorsal view; (20) S. tintitaco, female, holotype, dorsal view. 


Etymology.—The name fintitaco, a Spanish vernacular name of P. tor- 
quata (Rowell, 1969; Burkart and Simpson, 1977), is a masculine noun 
standing in apposition to the feminine generic name. 


Sibinia (Microtychius) concava Clark 
Figs. 5, 6, 19 


| Sibinia (Microtychius) concava Clark, 1978:135. Holotype, °, 11 km W Las 
Cejas, Tucuman, Argentina (C. W. O’Brien collection). 


162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Diagnosis.—Distal portion of rostrum cylindrical (Fig. 5); concave recum- 
bent scales biseriate on odd-numbered elytral interspaces, uniseriate on 
even-numbered interspaces; pronotum and odd-numbered elytral inter- 
spaces with prominent, acuminate, erect bristlelike scales, even-numbered 
interspaces devoid of such scales. 

Description.—See Clark, 1978:135. 

Discussion.—This relatively small Microtychius is probably a bud pred- 
ator. One of the paratypes (from Las Termas, Santiago del Estero Province, 
Argentina) was collected on Prosopis alba Grisebach. Cordo’s specimens 
were taken on two species of Prosopis (listed below), both of them, like P. 
alba, members of the section Algarobia. The apparent microsympatry of S. 
concava and the seed predator S. asulcifera on P. flexuosa is discussed in 
the section dealing with S. asulcifera. 

The specimens received from Cordo were collected at the localities on 
dates and plants as follows (see Fig. 22): D-226. San Luis Province, Rt. 7, 
4 mi W San Luis City, 20 November 1976, sweeping Prosopis nigra. D-369. 
Mendoza Province, Rt. 40, 10 mi S Mendoza—San Juan border, 24 Novem- 
ber 1976, sweeping Prosopis flexuosa. D-457a. San Juan Province, Rt. 40, 
39 mi N San Juan City, 26 November 1976, sweeping Prosopis flexuosa. 
D-675. La Rioja Province, Rt. 38, 6 mi SE Patquia, 20 November 1976, 
sweeping Prosopis flexuosa. D-684. La Rioja Province, Rt. 38, 27 mi SE 
Patquia, 30 November 1976, sweeping Prosopis flexuosa. 

Sibinia concava is also known from Andalgala, Catamarca Province 
(Clark, 1978:135). 


Sibinia (Microtychius) algarobilla Clark, NEW SPECIES 
Pigss 12, 0, 145 17 


Holotype.—°, Argentina: La Rioja Province, Rt. 38, 8 mi W border La 
Rioja—Cordoba, 30 November 1976, sweeping Prosopis seriacantha, D-691 
(USNM Type no. 75853). 

Paratypes.—Same label data as holotype (1 2, D-690a; 1 d, D-690b). 

Diagnosis.—Distal portion of rostrum attenuate, not acuminate (Fig. 1); 
recumbent scales on elytral interspace 4 and on basal portions of interspaces 
6 and 8 uniseriate, otherwise scales biseriate; pronotum and odd- and even- 
numbered elytral interspaces with prominent, erect, attenuate bristlelike 
scales; whitish and fulvous scales intermixed on pronotum and elytra. 

Description.—Length: 3, 1.78 mm; 2, 1.60-1.66 mm. Width: 3, 0.88 
mm; 2, 0.84—0.88 mm. Eye: Height about 1.4 x length. Frons: Rounded 
separately from head (Fig. 1); erect scales forming a distinct superocular 
tuft. Rostrum: 3 and 2, 0.9 x pronotal length; in dorsal view distinctly 
tapered from base to antennal insertions, slightly narrowed just distad of 
insertions, then subparallel to tip; in dorsal profile, moderately rounded at 
base, nearly straight from just distad of base to tip; distal portion of male 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 163 


rostrum moderately long, 52% of total rostral length, slender, in lateral view 
slightly tapered, sulci obsolete; in female, distal portion longer, 50-58% of 
total rostral length, smooth, shining. Prothorax: Pronotum with round, con- 
cave, imbricated scales, and short, narrow, erect scales intermixed; pleuron 
with round, recumbent scales only; white scales present in large postero- 
median macula on dorsum; a few ferruginous scales present in large pos- 
teromedian macula and posterolaterally; fulvous and pale whitish scales 
intermixed elsewhere; scales on pleuron whitish. Elytra: Odd-numbered 
interspaces slightly wider than even-numbered ones; recumbent scales bi- 
seriate on each odd-numbered interspace and on interspace 2 posteriorly, 
mostly uniseriate on even-numbered interspaces; each odd-numbered inter- 
space and interspace 2 with median row of short, narrow, erect scales; other 
even-numbered interspaces without erect scales, or these sparse; white, 
fulvous, and ferruginous scales present in irregular pattern; white scales 
forming broad anteromedian macula and narrower, posteromedian macula; 
maculae separated by irregular transverse band of ferruginous scales; fer- 
ruginous and fulvous scales also variably intermixed mediobasally, else- 
where fulvous and whitish scales intermixed. Abdomen: Sterna 1—4 nearly 
flat medially in 3d, feebly convex in 2; sternum 5 of 3 not depressed me- 
dially; subapical constriction of sternum 5 of 2 obsolete. Median lobe: See 
Fig. 17. Spiculum ventrale: See Fig. 11. Spermatheca: See Fig. 14. 

Discussion.—Like S. concava, which it closely resembles, this minute 
Microtychius is most likely a bud predator of its Prosopis seriacantha host. 
In addition to the diagnostic characters listed, S. algarobilla is distinguished 
from §. concava by its shorter, stouter body form (cf. Figs. 1, 2, 5, 6). 

Etymology.—The name algarobilla is one of the vernacular names of the 
host (Rowell, 1969). It is the diminutive form of algarobo, the vernacular 
name applied in South America to all Prosopis with arched or straight fruits 
(Burkart and Simpson, 1977), most of which, like P. seriacantha, belong to 
the section A/garobia. The diminutive is appropriate for this very small 
weevil. 


PHYLOGENY 


In a reconstruction of the phylogeny of the New World species of Sibinia 
(Clark, 1978) five character states were hypothesized to indicate sister group 
relationships within the sulcifera group (numbers as on Figure 443 of that 
work): 


23—spiculum ventrale with elongate, broadly forked base; 

24—elytra with transverse diamond-shaped mediobasal fascia; 

25—hosts in plant genus Prosopis; 

26—Spermatheca as in Fig. 27 (of Clark, 1978); and 

27—distal portion of female rostrum elongate, slender, cylindrical, 
smooth. 


164 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


SULCIFERA 
ASULCIFERA 
MASTUERZO 
TINTITACO 
CONCAVA 
ALGAROBILLA 
SETOSA 
TRANSVERSA 
CUAUHTEMOC 


(1 261 


CG 26a 5) 27 


3) 93 


(12) 25 


2 1) 24 


Fig. 21. Cladogram of phylogenetic relationships of su/cifera group of genus Sibinia. Num- 
bers at nodes designate hypothetical ancestors referred to in the text and in Clark (1978); 
numbers beside nodes designate apotypic character states referred to in the same places. 


A modified, apparently more parsimonious cladogram (Fig. 21), which 
also depicts relationships of the three new species from Argentina is now 
proposed. This arrangement requires assumption of loss of apotypic state 
24 in S. sulcifera, rather than reversal or loss of state 23 in S. setosa, S. 
transversa, and §. cuauhtemoc required by the previously proposed system. 
Inference of the Prosopis host association in ancestor 12 requires assump- 
tion that S. sulcifera will be found to have a Prosopis host. All of the new 
Argentine species possess apotypic states 23, 24, and 25, but not 26. The 
latter state is probably a weak indication of relationship, however. Sper- 
mathecal shape in S. asulcifera and $. concava does not really differ greatly 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 165 


from that in §. sulcifera (Clark, 1978, Fig. 26) and in the new Argentine 
species (Figs. 14-16, herein). Instead, a system based on two additional 
apotypic states inferred in ancestors 14a and 14b (Fig. 21) is now proposed: 


26a—pronotum without elongate, narrow scales, and 
26b—round to subquadrate scales uniseriate on major portions of even- 
numbered elytral interspaces. 


No evidence of sister-group relationships among any two of the three 
different lines depicted as arising from each of ancestors 13 and 14a was 
found. Further collecting and search for apotypic states in the sulcifera 
group is important and desirable in light of the existence in the group of 
species in arid regions of both North and South America. The significance 
of these relationships in view of the amphitropical similarities of the floras 
of these disjunct regions is discussed below. 


BIOGEOGRAPHY 


The apparent amphitropical disjunct distribution of su/cifera-group mem- 
bers in arid regions of Argentina and North America brings to mind the 
well-known similarities of the disjunct floras of arid regions of North and 
South America, particularly the North American Sonoran Desert and the 
Argentine Monte. This is all the more intriguing because of the Prosopis 
host association of North and South American members of the sulcifera 
group. Prosopis is one of the major components of the floras of the arid 
regions of both continents (see Simpson, 1977). Various theories advanced 
to explain similarities in the floras of the Sonoran Desert and the Monte 
were reviewed by Solbrig et al. (1977). These authors concluded that at the 
family and generic levels the similarities had their origins “‘in the process 
of parallel or convergent evolution towards arid adaptations from common 
or closely related, more mesic ancestors.’ They cite Raven and Axelrod 
(1974), however, in describing the hypothesis that similarity in at least one 
element of the biotas whose relationships are closer than the generic level, 
the Larrea divaricata-L. tridentata disjunction, is the result of derivation 
from a transtropic ancestor which was widespread during periods of greater 
aridity in Pleistocene time. 

Raven (1963) suggested that one line of evidence which could be used to 
test hypotheses of long-range dispersal of plants against hypotheses of for- 
mer interconnection between disjunct arid areas of North and South Amer- 
ica would be examination of the phylogenetic relationships of insects as- 
sociated with the plants. He reasoned that if the similarities resulted from 
former interconnectedness the insects associated with the plants should be 
related, but that if long range dispersal were involved this probably would 
not be so. After review and comparison of distribution patterns of several 
different animal groups in the Sonoran Desert and Monte regions, Solbrig 


| 
| 


166 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


20 


30 


40+ 


PATAGONIA 
| 
\ SCALE 
\ 
) 190-200-300 400 SOO 600 MILES 
\ f T rs tae T 7 
\ fe) 200 400 600 800 KILOMETERS 
—— =! 


50 
SINUSOIDAL PROJECTION | 


22 


1 


80 a 60 50 


Fig. 22. 


sulcifera group; outline of biotic provinces (redrawn from Blair et al. 1976). 


Map of southern South America showing composite distribution of members of the 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 167 


et al. (1977) concluded that the faunas are ‘“‘much less related phylogenet- 
ically’’ than the floras. Raven and Axelrod (1975) went so far as to state that 
even when associated with the same sorts of plants, the animals of the two 
regions are ‘“‘very different.’’ Hurd and Linsley (1975) concluded that dis- 
similarity of the bee faunas north and south of the New World tropics, 
including those associated with Larrea, suggests lack of dispersal between 
the two regions. 

A comparable dissimilarity has been described in at least one other group 
of insects, the seed beetles or Bruchidae. The host associations of these 
insects are similar to those of su/cifera-group members. Stange et al. (1976) 
noted that bruchids attacking the dominant legume shrubs in the Monte and 
Sonoran Desert regions (Acacia, Cassia, Cercidium, Mimosa, and Prosopis 
spp.) belong to different genera, with the exception of three which are 
widely distributed throughout the Americas. Kingsolver et al. (1977) em- 
phasized the fact that this distinction also holds for the Prosopis-associated 
bruchids. According to these authors the bruchid species in the two disjunct 
regions are entirely different. They also state that distinct genera with ap- 
parent independent origins have radiated separately on Prosopis on the two 
continents. They do note the existence of two “‘sister genera’ of Prosopis- 
associated bruchids, A/garobius of North America, and Scutobruchus of 
South America. 

It would appear, then, that occurrence of very closely related members 
of the same genus of herbivorous insects in the disjunct Sonoran Desert and 
Monte regions represents an anomolous situation. Such is the case, how- 
ever, with the sulcifera group. 

It should be noted that like most animal groups reviewed by Solbrig et al. 
(1977), the sulcifera group contains species which occur outside the limits 
of the Sonoran Desert and Monte regions. Furthermore, like most of the 
bruchids reviewed by Kingsolver et al. (1977), some sulcifera group mem- 
bers have hosts other than species of Prosopis, namely species of Acacia. 
The only North American sulcifera-group member known to be associated 
with Prosopis, S. setosa, occurs throughout the southwestern United States 
and on the Mexican Plateau, in the semi-arid Valley of Oaxaca of southern 
Mexico, and in the West Indies (Clark, 1978). North American sulcifera- 
group members with Acacia hosts occur, for the most part, in the same 
areas of the United States and Mexico, although none is known from the 
West Indies (Clark, 1978). 

Conversely, South American sulcifera-group members are known only 
from Prosopis and only from the Argentine Monte and adjacent portions of 
the Chaco (Fig. 22). Their potential distributions are much more extensive, 
however. South American Prosopis spp. occur throughout the Chaco region 
of Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay, as well as in related plant formations 
in Uruguay and western Brazil and in the arid inter-Andean valleys of Bo- 


168 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 23. North and South America showing the generalized distribution of the genus Pro- 
sopis in the New World (redrawn from Simpson and Solbrig, 1977). 


livia, Peru, and Colombia. Their ranges thus extend at interrupted intervals, 
throughout the length of the continent. Some also occur in northern Vene- 
zuela and along the Pacific Coast of Middle America from the Isthmus of 
Panama to southern California (Fig. 23). Thus the su/cifera group has an 
almost continuous potential distribution between the regions in which it is) 
now known. Considering the possibility that these arid and semiarid ‘‘step-) 
ping stones’? were more extensive at intervals during the Pleistocene, it 
seems possible that the apparent disjunction is not and never has been a 


i 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 169 


reality. If this is so, however, we may wonder about the apparent lack of 
corollary relationship among the Prosopis-associated bruchids. 

The paucity of collection records for members of the genus Sibinia from 
much of South America, and especially from the Andean corridor, is re- 
grettable. Further collecting of weevils and bruchids on mimosoids, espe- 
cially Prosopis, in Central and South America is needed. Prosopis plants 
have been sampled at a few stations along the Pacific Coast in Chiapas, 
Mexico, and in Panama, as well as on the tip of the Yucatan Penninsula, 
where no Sibinia were found. More concerted efforts at different times of 
the year may change this. Further collecting on Prosopis and other mimo- 
soids in the Monte itself, in the Chaco, and particularly along the Andean 
cordillera, promises to provide valuable evidence which may help answer 
previously posed questions about Sibinia phylogeny (Clark, 1978), and may 
even shed further light on the history and nature of the floristic similarities 
of the disjunct arid regions of North and South America. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Thanks are extended to B. B. Simpson and W. N. Mathis (Smithsonian 
Institution) and J. M. Kingsolver and D. R. Whitehead (Systematic Ento- 
mology Laboratory SEA, USDA) for critical reviews. Habitus photos (Figs. 
19-20) were taken by D. M. Anderson (Systematic Entomology Laboratory 
SEA, USDA). The study reported here was carried out at the USNM, and 
I thank the Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, for pro- 
viding working space, equipment, and access to the collections. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Blair, W. F., A. C. Hulse, and M. A. Mares. 1976. Origins and affinities of vertebrates of the 
North American Sonoran Desert and the Monte Desert of northwestern Argentina. J. 
Biogr. 3(1):1-18. 

Burkart, A. 1940. Materiales para una monografia del genero ‘‘Prosopis.’’ Darwiniana. 4:57— 
128. 

Burkart, A. and B. B. Simpson. 1977. Appendix: the genus Prosopis and annotated key to 
the species of the world. P. 201-215. Jn B. B. Simpson (ed.), Mesquite: its biology in 
two desert ecosystems. US/IBP Synthesis Series 4. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., 
Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. 250 p. 

Clark, W. E. 1978. The weevil genus Sibinia Germar: natural history, taxonomy, phylogeny, 
and zoogeography, with revision of the New World species. Quaest. Entomol. 14:91- 
387. 

Hurd, P. D., Jr. and E. G. Linsley. 1975. The principle Larrea bees of the southwestern 
United States (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smiths. Contr. Zool. 193. Smithsonian Insti- 
tution Press, Washington, D.C. 74 p. 

Kingsolver, J. M., C. D. Johnson, S. R. Swier, and A. Teran. 1977. Prosopis fruits as a 
resource for invertebrates. P. 108-122. Jn B. B. Simpson (ed.), Mesquite: its biology in 
two desert ecosystems. US/IBP Synthesis Series 4. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., 
Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. 250 p. 


170 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Raven, P. H. 1963. Amphitropical relations in the flora of North and South America. Quart. 
Rev. Biol. 29:151-177. 

Raven, P. H. and D. I. Axelrod. 1974. Angiosperm biogeography and past continental move- 

ments. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 61(3):539-673. 

. 1975. History of the flora and fauna of Latin America. Am. Sci. 63(4):420-429. 

Rogers, C. W., W. E. Clark, and H. R. Burke. 1975. Biosystematics of Sibinia sulcatula 
(Casey) on mesquite. Southwest. Natur. 20(3):303-314. 

Rowell, C. M., Jr. 1969. The taxonomy and phytogeography of the genus Prosopis L. P. 4— 
19. In J. L. Schuster (ed.), Literature on the Mesquite (Prosopis L.) of North America: 
an annotated bibliography. Special Report No. 26, International Center for Arid and 
Semi-Arid Land Studies. Texas Tech. Univ., Lubbock, Texas. 84 p. 

Simpson, B. B. (ed.). 1977. Mesquite: its biology in two desert ecosystems. US/IBP Synthesis 
Series 4. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. 250 p. 
Simpson, B. B. and O. T. Solbrig. 1977. Introduction. P. 1-25. Jn B. B. Simpson (ed.), 
Mesquite: its biology in two desert ecosystems. US/IBP Synthesis Series 4. Dowden, 

Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. 250 p. 

Solbrig, O. T., W. F. Blair, F. A. Enders, A. C. Hulse, J. H. Hunt, M. A. Mares, J. Neff, D. 
Otte, B. B. Simpson, and C. S. Tomoff. 1977. The biota: the dependent variable. P. 
50-66. In G. H. Orians and O. T. Solbrig (eds.), Convergent evolution in warm deserts. 
US/IBP Synthesis Series 3. Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, Pennsyl- 
vania. 333 p. 

Stange, L. A., A. L. Teran, and A. Willink. 1976. Entomofauna de la provincia biogeografica 
del Monte. Acta Zool. Lilloana. 32(5):73-120. 

Ward, C. R., C. W. O’Brien, L. B. O’Brien, D. E. Foster, and E. W. Huddleston. 1977. 
Annotated checklist of New World insects associated with Prosopis (mesquite). Tech. 
Bull. No. 1557. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 115 p. 


EpbITorR’s NOTE 


Contributors of articles to the Proceedings are advised that illustrations 
are kept for one year after they are published. If an author does not request 
the return of his or her illustrations within that one year, the illustrations 
will be discarded. Authors are reminded that illustrations are returned at 
the authors’ expense. 

The editor has a stack of illustrations from several past volumes. These 
illustrations will be discarded on December 1, 1979, unless otherwise 
claimed. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 171-177 


THREE NEW SPECIES OF HYDROPORUS (COLEOPTERA: 
DYTISCIDAE) FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES 


G. WILLIAM WOLFE AND JAMES F. MATTA 


(GWW) Department of Zoology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 
Tennessee 37916; and (JEM) Department of Biological Sciences, Old Do- 
minion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23508. 


Abstract.—Three new species of Hydroporus, jenniferae, jeanneae, and 
folkertsi, are described from Tennessee and Alabama. All three species are 
placed in the pulcher group of Hydroporus. 


During the past three years, extensive collecting in Tennessee has re- 
vealed two new species of Hydroporus, which are rather common and wide- 
spread in central Tennessee. A third species, generously provided by Dr. 
G. W. Folkerts, is known only from the type-locality in Jefferson Co., Al- 
abama. All three species are placed in the pulcher group of Hydroporus 
based on their narrow form, prosternal setae (in two of the species), and 
apically bifid aedeagus. The importance of the apically bifid aedeagus in 
characterizing species of the pulcher group has previously been pointed out 
by Leech (1949). Fall (1923) keyed and discussed all previously described 
species in the pulcher group, except H. laetus which was described by 
Leech in 1949. 


Hydroporus jenniferae Wolfe and Matta, NEW SPECIES 


Diagnosis.—Hydroporus jenniferae is most closely related to Hydroporus 
ohionis and will key to that species in Fall’s (1923) revision. It is easily 
distinguished from H. ohionis by its larger average size and paler more 
yellowish head. In addition the tip of the aedeagus of H. jenniferae is much 
more hook shaped than in H. ohionis. 

Description of holotype.—d, length 3.3 mm, width 1.7 mm, L/W 1.94. 
Form elongate evenly oval, with pronotum and elytra in continuous outline, 
widest at middle. Lateral margins of pronotum evenly rounded toward an- 
terior angles, lateral bead distinct, at maximum width about equal to width 
of the 4th antennal segment. Prosternal setae evident but somewhat sparse. 
Prosternal prominence evidently angulate but not distinctly protuberant; 
prosternal file present; prosternal process broadened, narrowly lanceolate 


172 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


@) b © d e f 


Fig. 1. Aedeagus of: Hydroporus jenniferae, a) side b) dorsal; H. jeanneae c) side d) 
dorsal; H. folkertsi e) side f) dorsal. 


posterior to anterior coxae; with median area rounded, lateral margins taper 
toward bluntly rounded apex. 

Not strongly shining dorsally. Head pale yellow, vaguely infuscate at 
occiput, antenna pale yellow with 11th segment infuscate. Pronotum with 
an even broad black band along entire anterior margin. Posterior margin of 
pronotum with a black band of variable width, narrower on each side, ex- 
panding medially in undulating fashion and coalescing with anterior band at 
areas of maximum width. Paler isolated discal areas of pronotum reddish 
yellow. Elytra with 2 rather broad undulating narrowly connected blackish- 
brown fascia, the anterior fascia at middle of elytra, the 2nd in posterior 4%. 
Dark sutural stripe extending from apex to base then extending about % 
width of elytral base. Ventral surface primarily reddish yellow with meso- 
sternum, lateral edges of metaepisterum, metacoxae, and abdominal sterna 
slightly infuscate. 

Dorsal surface with perceptible reticulate microsculpture. Punctation of 
head sparse and fine. Pronotum with line of coarser and denser punctures 
posterior and adjacent to anterior margin, discally punctures sparser and 
finer; along posterior pronotal areas punctures coarser, these being restrict- 
ed to posterior infuscation. Elytral punctation fine and sparse, coarsest dis- 
cally and finer laterally and apically, a very poorly defined longitudinal series 
of denser punctures is discernible in discal area of each elytron. Ventrally 
metacoxae rather coarsely punctate, metasternum even more so, medial 
punctures finer on both metacoxae and metasternum. Abdominal punctures 
fine, except on sterna | and 2 which are coarser. 

Pro- and mesotarsi relatively short and broad, articles 1 and 2 with small 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 173 


palettes, anterior protarsal claw modified, more strongly curved at base and 
slightly sinuate on inside, posterior claw modified but less so than anterior 
claw. Aedeagus apically bifid and shaped as in Fig. la, b. 

Allotype.—@, length 3.6 mm, width 1.8 mm, L/W 2.00. Similar to male 
but slightly longer and broader, pro- and mesotarsi less dilated, anterior 
protarsal claw not modified, evenly curved and tapered. Abdominal sterna 
more infuscate. 

Variation —Males (n = 20); & = 3.3 mm (3.4-3.0), W = 1.6 mm (1.7— 
4) 1c / Wi—="2.06 Females (n= 23); lL) = 3.4 mmiG.7-3:1), W = 1-7 mm 
(1.7-1.6), L/W = 2.00. Anterior and posterior pronotal bands vary from nar- 
rowly connected to broadly separated. Some specimens have elytral fascia 
so reduced that they are separated from each other and the sutural stripe. 
Females are more alutaceous and are generally more infuscate ventrally. 
The ventral infuscation varies from practically none to almost completely 
darkened sterna. 

Habitat.—So far known only from central Tennessee, its presence in cen- 
tral Kentucky is likely. The large type-series is from a small stream (8 to 10 
feet wide) with expansive slabs of bedrock. The beetles were found, among 
leaves and filamentous algae, in fissures and depressions in the bedrock 
which contained one to several inches of water. Hydroporus jenniferae was 
also taken from small and medium sized intermittent streams with gravel or 
gravel and sand substrates, usually among leaves and/or algae. 

Etymology.—This species is named for the senior author’s daughter, Jen- 
nifer, who has accompanied him on many field trips and has assisted in 
many of the collections. 

Type-data.—Holotype and allotype: TENNESSEE: Trousdale Co., 
Rocky Cr. approximately 1 mi N Barthelia on Hwy. 231-10, 20 June 77, G. 
W. Wolfe and Jennifer and Jeanne Wolfe. Paratypes: Same locality data; 
164 specimens. Lincoln Co., Cane Cr. at Old Fishing Ford Bridge, 0.8 mi 
from Hwy. 431, 7 May 77, 2 specimens, G. W. Wolfe and J. Louton. Spring 
Cr. off county road 4281 approximately 1 mi N Blakeville, 5 May 77, 10 
specimens, G. W. Wolfe, G. S. Schuster, B. Wunderlin. Marshall Co., Trib- 
utary to East Fork Globe Cr. 2 mi E jet. I-65 and Hwy. SOA, 25 July 76, 35 
specimens, G. W. Wolfe and J. L. Louton. Spring Creek at county road 
4278 ridge just off Hwy. 99, 25 July 76, 14 specimens, G. W. Wolfe and J. 
L. Louton. Dekalb Co., Dry Cr. 7 air mi W of Smithville, 13 Sept. 77, 9 
specimens, G. W. Wolfe, B. H. Bauer, and D. Nieland. Maury Co., Flat 
Cr. at Hwy. 99, 22 June 77, 7 specimens, G. W. Wolfe. Summner Co., Dry 
Fork Cr. at Hwy. 31 E, 3 Aug 77, 8 specimens, G. W. Wolfe. Williamson 
Co., Rutherford Cr. at Hwy. 431-10, 22 June 77, 10 specimens, G. W. Wolfe. 

Deposition of type-material.—The holotype and allotype are deposited in 
the United States National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) Type no. 
75498. Also deposited in the NMNH are one male and one female paratype 


174 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


from Trousdale Co., Tenn. One male and one female paratype from the 
type-locality (Trousdale Co.) have been deposited with each of the follow- 
ing: Snow Museum, University of Kansas; Michigan State University; Cal- 
ifornia Academy of Sciences (San Francisco); Dr. W. L. Hilsenhoff, Uni- 
versity of Wisconsin; Dr. W. U. Brigham, Illinois Natural History Survey; 
Dr. J. R. Zimmerman, New Mexico State University; Dr. F. N. Young, 
University of Indiana; Mr. R. E. Roughly, University of Alberta; Dr. G. W. 
Folkerts, Auburn University; Hugh B. Leech, Angwin, California; Fredrico 
Angelini, Francavilla Fontana, Italy. The 35 paratypes from Marshall Co. 
are deposited with Dr. J. F. Matta, Old Dominion University. All other 
type-material is deposited with the senior author. 


Hydroporus jeanneae Wolfe and Matta, NEW SPECIES 


Diagnosis.—Hydroporus jeanneae keys to Hydroporus oppositus in Fall 
(1923). It may be separated from H. oppositus, and all other species of the 
pulcher group, by its unique dorsal color pattern which consists of a pale 
yellowish fascia in the basal one third and apical one fifth of the elytra and 
a single larger dark brownish fascia in the posterior two thirds. It might be 
confused with the darker forms of H. oppositus which are sometimes almost 
completely infuscated dorsally (especially specimens from the northeastern 
United States); however, in these specimens the dark fascia is more reddish 
and almost covers the entire dorsal surface of the elytra. 

Description of holotype.—Length 3.4 mm, width 1.7 mm, L/W 2.00. Form 
as in H. jenniferae. Lateral bead of pronotum distinct and approximately 
4/; as wide as 4th antennal segment. Prosternal setae distinct and dense. 
Prosternal prominence distinctly angulate and more acutely produced than 
in H. jenniferae. Prosternal process essentially as in H. jenniferae. 

Not strongly shining dorsally. Head light brownish yellow and vaguely 
infuscate on each side of head between eyes and at occiput. Antennae light 
reddish yellow with 11th segment infuscate. Pronotum entirely dark reddish 
brown, slightly darker anteriorly. Elytra with | large dark fascia in posterior 
24, pale yellow band across basal % and at apical '/s, restricted pale 
circular areas are also evident in lateral areas of dark discal fascia. Dark 
brownish sutural stripe extending from apex to base of elytra then laterally 
along 74 basal width, expanding at middle of base. Ventral surface orangish. 

Dorsal surface with perceptible reticulate micro-sculpture. Punctation on 
head sparse and fine. Pronotal punctation finer discally, elytral punctation 
slightly coarser than in H. jenniferae and vague discal longitudinal series of 
denser punctures evident; ventral punctation as in H. jenniferae but slightly 
finer and denser. 

Protarsi as in H. jenniferae. Anterior protarsal claw rather strongly mod- 
ified; strongly bent at base, thickened and distinctly sinuate internally. Pos- 


/ VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 175 


| 


trerior protarsal claw less distinctly modified than anterior claw. Aedeagus 
distinct, apically bifid and deeply cleft (Fig. Ic, d). 

Allotype.—@, length 3.3 mm, width 1.7 mm, L/W 1.90. Similar to male 
but slightly more alutaceous. Anterior tarsi narrower and anterior claw 
evenly curved and tapering. Abdominal sterna more infuscate. 

Variation.—Males (n = 11), L = 3.3 mm (.4-3.1), W = 1.7 mm (1.7- 
1:6); L/W = 1.90. Females (9 = 12), L-= 3.4 mm (3.5-3.3), W = 1.7 mm 
(1.8-1.7), L/W = 2.00. The large discal dark fascia is of variable size, some- 
times isolated from lateral and basal areas of elytra. At maximum extent it 
reaches the lateral edges and is connected to the dark basal area by a narrow 
dark stripe on each elytron. The ventral color varies from orangish to red- 
dish brown. 

Habitat.—The same as for H. jenniferae, however, this species is usually 
found in fewer numbers. 

Etymology.—This species is named after the senior author’s wife, Jeanne, 
who has encouraged and assisted him continuously during his studies. 

Type-data.—Holotype and allotype: TENNESSEE: Trousdale Co. same 
locality as for H. jenniferae. Paratypes: Trousdale Co. same locality data, 
21 specimens. Summner Co. same data as for H. jenniferae, 3 specimens. 
Dekalb Co., stream at base of cliff at Hwy. 141 by Center Hill Dam, 26 
June 77, | specimen, G. W. Wolfe and J. Louton. Marshall Co., Spring Cr. 
at county road 4278 bridge just off Hwy. 99, 25 July 1976, 1 specimen, G. 
W. Wolfe and J. L. Louton. Tributary to east fork of Globe Creek, 2 mi E 
of Junction I-65 and Hwy. 50A, 25 July 76, 2 specimens, G. W. Wolfe and 
J1:.Louton. 

Deposition of type-material.—The holotype and allotype are deposited in 
the United States National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) as Type 
no. 75499. Also deposited in the NMNH are one male and one female para- 
type from the type-locality. One male and one female paratype from the 
type-locality are deposited with each of the following: Dr. G. W. Folkerts, 
Auburn University; Dr. F. N. Young, University of Indiana; Hugh B. 
Leech, Angwin, California; Dr. J. R. Zimmerman, New Mexico State Uni- 
versity; California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco); Dr. J. F. Matta, 
Old Dominion University. All other type-material is retained by the senior 
author. 


Hydroporus folkertsi Wolfe and Matta, NEW SPECIES 


Diagnosis.—This species keys to couplet 7 in Fall (1923) but does not fit 
any of the alternatives given at the couplet. It may be separated from H. 
pulcher, H. cocheconis and H. laetus by its coarser dorsal punctation. In 
addition the pronotum is infuscate along the anterior and posterior edges 
and is yellow discally and laterally. Hydroporus laetus has the pronotum 


176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


uniformly reddish brown while both pulcher and cocheconis have the pos- _ 
terior infuscation reduced. 

Description of holotype.—<d, length 3.1 mm, width 1.5 mm, L/W 2.07. | 
Body quite elongate oval, widest at middle, lateral edges of elytra nearly 
parallel in basal 4%. Lateral edges of pronotum evenly rounded toward an- 
terior angles, lateral bead distinct and slightly broader than 4th antennal 
segment. Prosternal setae are absent. Prosternal prominence angulate but 
reduced, more so than with previous 2 species, prosternal file present. Pros- 
ternal process as in previous 2 species. 

Rather strongly shining dorsally. Head entirely pale yellow. Antennae 
pale yellow with segments 8 to 11 becoming gradually infuscate. Pronotum 
with evenly broad brownish infuscation along anterior margin, posterior 
infuscation restricted to middle 4 with anterior edge undulating, discal and | 
lateral areas pale yellow. Elytra with 2 unconnected irregular fascia, the 
anterior fascia 2x as broad as the posterior one. Sutural stripe extending 
from apex to base then along % the width of base. Ventral surface entirely 
yellowish. 

Dorsal surface with perceptible reticulate microsculpture which is less 
evident on elytra. Punctation of head sparse and fine, denser in occipital 
area. Pronotum with narrow area of finer denser punctures just posterior to 
and parallel to anterior edge, discal punctures slightly coarser. Coarsest 
punctures along posterior edge in posterior infuscation. Elytra with rather 
coarse and sparse punctures, somewhat less coarse laterally and apically; 
a vague longitudinal series of finer punctures evident in discal area and 
adjacent to suture. Ventrally metacoxae coarsely and somewhat sparsely 
punctate, more so than previous species. Metasternal punctures coarser, 
finer medially. Abdominal sterna finely punctate except sterna | and 2. 

Male pro- and mesotarsi not distinctly expanded, but with palettes. An- 
terior protarsal claw slightly thickened and more strongly bent at base. 
Aedeagus apically bifid and distinctive (Fig. le, f). 

Allotype.—?, length 3.3 mm, width 1.5, L/W 2.09. Almost identical to 
male, not duller. Protarsi slightly less broad, claws evenly curved and ta- 
pering. 

Viariation.—Males (1 —_4)9) = 3.1 mm (G52=3.1),. W = 14mm 
1.4), L/W = 2.21. Females (n = 3), L: = 3.3. mmy (:4=3:0), W =1¢6mm 
(1.7-1.5), L/W = 2.08. The small series available is very constant in most 
characters. In some specimens the posterior fascia is somewhat reduced, 
even being separated from the sutural stripe. At maximum size this fascia 
may be scarcely connected to the more anterior fascia. The light areas of 
the pronotum vary from pale yellow to orangish. 

Habitat.—The type-locality is a small woodland stream (3 to 8 feet wide) 
with gravel-rock-rubble bottom. All specimens were taken along margins in 
overhanging grass and among leaves. 


| VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 177 


Etymology.—This species is named in honor of Dr. George W. Folkerts 
who called our attention to this species. 

Type-data.—Holotype and allotype: ALABAMA, Jefferson Co., wood- 
land stream 1.5 mi N of Praco on county road 81, 18 December 77, Jeanne, 
Jennifer and G. W. Wolfe. Paratypes: Same locality data, 5 specimens. 
Same locality 31 January 70, 4 specimens, G. W. Folkerts. 

Deposition of type-material.—The holotype and allotype are deposited in 
the United States National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) as Type 
no. 75500. One male and one female paratype are also in the collection of 
each of the authors and all other specimens are deposited with Dr. G. W. 
Folkerts, Auburn University. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We are especially grateful to Dr. G. W. Folkerts who called our attention 
to the previously undescribed species (H. folkertsi) from Jefferson Co., 
Alabama. Dr. F. N. Young has generously provided specimens of the pul- 
cher group from his collection, which included representatives of H. jean- 
neae and H. jenniferae. We thank Dr. G. S. Schuster, Mr. J. A. Louton, 
and Ms. Belinda Wunderlin for their assistance on several extended field 
trips. Dr. P. J. Spangler was especially helpful in reviewing the manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Fall, H. C. 1923. A revision of the North American species of Hydroporus and Agaporus. 
Mt. Vernon, New York (J. D. Sherman Jr.), 129 p. 

Leech, H. B. 1949. Some Neartic species of hydradephagid water beetles new and old (Co- 
leoptera). Can. Entomol. 80:89-96. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 178-206 


A TAXONOMIC REVIEW OF THE SUBGENUS PHYTOHELEA OF 
FORCIPOMYIA (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) 


BOTHA DE MEILLON AND WILLIS W. WIRTH 


(BM) Consultant, South African Institute of Medical Research, Johan- 
nesburg, R.S.A.; Cooperating Scientist, Systematic Entomology Labora- 
tory, USDA, % U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560; and 
(WWW) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and 
Educ. Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Wash- 
ington, D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—The subgenus Phytohelea Remm of the genus Forcipomyia 


Meigen is reviewed, with a diagnosis and a key to species. On the basis of 


female characters 18 of the 22 known species are divided into three taxo- 


nomic groups; good specific differences are found in the males and immature © 


stages. The larvae live in water found in the leaf axils of a wide variety of 
plants in the tropics and subtropics and feed on detritus. Apparently they 
are readily transported in such plants by commerce, especially in pineapples 


and other bromeliads. Three new species are described: belkini from New — 


Zealand, dominicana from Dominica, W.I., and tzaneenensis from South — 
Africa and Ghana. Lasiohelea natalia de Meillon from Natal is synonymized — 


with F. bacoti (Ingram and Macfie) (NEW SYNONYMY). A lectotype is 
designated for F. bacoti. 


There has been no previous attempt to review the subgenus Phytohelea 


Remm largely because of a paucity of material, especially of the immature 
stages. The adults are drab little creatures, and all look more or less alike. 
The male genitalia, which show such striking specific differences in other 
subgenera of the genus Forcipomyia Meigen, are of limited value and often 


have to be dissected and stained for their structure to be revealed. Many | 


specimens from museums are on slides, some many years old, and to dis- 
solve them off, reprepare, dissect, and stain if necessary, is laborious and 
risky because the small structures are easily lost. 

For many years it has been known that the immature stages of Forcipo- 


myia often provide striking specific differences when adults do not (Saun- _ 
ders, 1925; Mayer, 1933), and the latter author attempted to construct a key | 


to the then known immature stages of six species of Phytohelea. The correct 


| VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 179 


assciation of immatures with the adult has been a constant problem. The 
pupa can, in the most cases, be accurately assigned because the tough pupal 
exuviae may be readily recovered along with the associated reared adult. 
The larva, on the other hand, sheds a diaphanous, fragile, colorless skin 
that is difficult to handle and indeed even difficult to find. It is well known 
that more than one species may frequent the same habitat so great care has 
to be taken in assigning any particular larva unless a direct association has 
been made by rearing the adult. 

The subgenus Phytohelea is now known from the tropics and subtropics 
of the Americas, Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific. There is little 
doubt that it will be found to be widespread and the species fairly common 
in these regions. Apparently the immature stages are readily transported in 
leaf axils of plants over long distances, and some species may have extended 
their distribution thusly through commerce (Tokunaga, 1961). 

The subgenus is of no medical or veterinary importance since adult fe- 
males do not take blood meals. In agriculture the larva of F. brevis (Johann- 
sen) was reported by Johannsen (1927) as damaging the tender leaves of 
pineapple, thus allowing onset of bacterial rot, which may kill the plant. 
Later, however, Illingworth (1934) stated that there was no conclusive evi- 
dence that the larvae induced the infections. 

Taxonomic material has been made available by the National Museum of 
Natural History (abbreviated USNM), the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) 
(BMNH), the South African Institute of Medical Research (SAIMR), and 
Cornell University (CU). A species described below as new was collected 
by the senior author at Tzaneen, South Africa, in 1976. 

Though the material available has allowed no more than a preliminary 
review, it has been found possible to divide 18 of the 22 known species into 
three species groups, thus bringing some order into the taxonomy of the 
subgenus. Unfortunately the main features that allow this division are pe- 
culiar to females; no male or immature characters have so far been found 
in support. For this reason the following species, known only in the male 
sex, fijiensis Macfie, hamaticauda Tokunaga, keilini Saunders, and sa- 
broskyi Tokunaga, are not included in the keys but they are compared with 
the males of other species where relevant. 

An explanation of the terminology used in this paper can be found in the 
excellent basic papers by Saunders (1924, 1925, 1956) and Tokunaga and 
Murachi (1959). 


Forcipomyia subgenus Phytohelea Remm 


Forcipomyia, subgenus Phytohelea Remm, 1971:189. Type-species, Cera- 
topogon bromelicola Lutz (original designation). 

Apelma Kieffer of Saunders, 1925:252. 

Trichohelea Goetghebuer of Saunders, 1956:695. 


180 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


REFERENCES: Saunders, 1925:252 (all stages; habits; revision; as Apel- 
ma); Saunders, 1956:695 (revision, all stages; as Trichohelea); Chan and 
LeRoux, 1971:754 (figures; all stages; as Trichohelea). 


Diagnosis.—Tarsal Ratio 2.0-3.2. Basal flagellar segments of female an- 
tenna compressed, some may be missing in some species. Palpus 5-seg- 
mented; 4th and Sth segments fused or not; 3rd segment with definite sen- 
sory pit. Empodium present in female; present, absent, or vestigial in male. 
Wing with sparse macrotrichia, iridescent, unmarked; costa ending at or 
near middle of wing; 2nd radial cell open in female, longer than in subgenus 
Forcipomyia. Spermathecae 1 or 2. Male genitalia with 9th sternum broad 
and short; aedeagus variably shield shaped; parameres spatulate, joined by 
stout crossbar, with a pair of stout anterior processes extending back from 
basistylar apodemes, the complex appearing as an H-shaped structure in 
ventral view. 

Immature stages.—Larva with head flattened, prognathous, roughly rect- 
angular in dorsoventral view; antenna reduced to circular windows on front 
corners of head, containing minute sensoria; body elongate, vermiform, 
dorsoventrally flattened, with many fine lateral chaetae often ‘‘finned,’’ few 
dorsal; characteristic dorsal pair of chaetae arising from sclerotized crossbar 
(dorsal plate) on posterior margin of penultimate segment; prothoracic pseu- 
dopod conical, bearing many curved hairlike and broader hooklets beyond 
a row of short, stout hooks; anal pseudopod provided with thornlike hooks 
and slender, hyaline hooklets, the outermost usually stouter and serrate on 
inner surface; body ending in a dorsal, median, bluntly conical point re- 
garded as a cauda; 2 pairs of anal blood gills often bifurcate, fine pointed; 
cuticle devoid of armature. 

Pupa elongate, agile, never retaining larval exuviae; chaetae few to none 
on thorax, tubercles mostly armed with spines and short setae on abdomen; 


prothoracic respiratory horn small with narrow base, a U-shaped row of | 


spiracular openings at tip; terminal rami widely spaced, short or long and 


attenuated, with a small or large seta on outer surface; genital processes of | 


male ventral. 

Habits.—Larvae are found living submerged in water-filled leaf axils of 
water-holding plants such as bromeliads, Dracaena, Pandanus, Colocasia, 
Alocasia, Cordyline, and Musa. The pupa leads an active submerged life. 
When the imago Is ready to emerge, vigorous writhing motions bring the 
pupa up out of the water. 

Illingworth (1934) reported on the biology of F. brevis in Hawaii as fol- 
lows: “Investigating pests of pineapples, I discovered the larvae of these 
tiny midges usually present in water which collects in the axils of the central 
leaves. Apparently these larvae feed upon wind-borne, decomposing organic 
matter that naturally washes down into their retreat. I should note, however, 


: 
| 
| 


/ VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 18] 


that the mouth of the larva is provided with a pair of needle-like hooks, 
which it uses in pulling itself forward. These hooks are capable of puncturing 
the tender white tissue at the bases of the leaves, and possibly they do this 
in the ordinary movements of the maggot. But there are no visible abrasions 
of the epidermis and we have no conclusive evidence that they cause infec- 
tions.” 

Illingworth further noted the oviposition habits and life-history of this 
species: ‘‘Tracing the life history I found difficulty, at first, in locating the 
eggs of the fly. Later, however, I discovered that they are not placed down 


in the water pockets, as one might expect, but higher up on the leaf blade— 
at about the lower edge of the green area where it joins the white. The eggs 


are cigar shape and quite dark in color, about one-half millimeter in length. 
The incubation period lasts four days, when the larva splits the shell down 
over half its length, and crawls out. After feeding for twenty-eight to forty- 
five days the larvae pupate in the water pockets, and emerge as flies four 
days later. Thus the whole life cycle requires a period of only thirty-six to 
fifty-three days—and there is a continual series of development throughout 
the year.” 

Distribution.—Pantropical. 

Included species (with stages known: male (m), female (f), larva (1), pupa 
(p), all stages (all)): 


alocasiae Tokunaga, 1961:120. New Britain (all). 

antiguensis Saunders, 1956:700. Antigua, W.I. (all). 

bacoti (Ingram and Macfie), 1923:55 (Apelma). Sierra Leone (m, f, p). 

belkini, NEW SPECIES. New Zealand (all). 

brevis (Johannsen), 1927:205 (Apelma). Hawaii (all). 

bromelicola (Lutz), 1914:84 (Ceratopogon). Brazil (all). 

caribbeana Saunders, 1956:696. Trinidad (all). 

comis Johannsen, 1931:409. Sumatra, Java, Bali (all). 

crinume (Tokunaga), 1932:1 (Dasyhelea). Japan (all). 

dominicana, NEW SPECIES. Dominica (all). 

edwardsi (Saunders), 1925:260 (Apelma). Brazil (all). 

fijiensis (Macfie), 1945:1 (Apelma). Fiji (m). 

grandis Chan and LeRoux, 1971:758. Singapore (all). 

hamaticauda Tokunaga, 1959:212. Caroline Islands (m). 

Jocosa Saunders, 1956:701. Trinidad (all). 

keilini (Saunders), 1925:266 (Apelma). Brazil (m, 1, p). 

magna (Saunders), 1925:266 (Apelma). Brazil (all). 

marksae Tokunaga, 1961:117. New Guinea (all). 

natalia (de Meillon), 1936:158 (Lasiohelea). Zululand. Synonym of bacoti 
(Ingram and Macfie). NEW SYNONYMY. 

nicopina Chan and LeRoux, 1971:754. Singapore (all). 


182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


oligarthra Saunders, 1956:698. Puerto Rico (all). 

sabroskyi Tokunaga, 1959:211. Caroline Islands (m). 

tzaneenensis, NEW SPECIES. South Africa, Ghana (all). 
KEY TO THE SPECIES GROUPS IN PHYTOHELEA 


1. Female with 1 spermatheca; pupa with caudal rami about as long, 


or longer, than abdominal segment IX ................. comis Group 
— Female with 2 spermathecae; pupa with caudal rami usually shorter 

thansseament Axe SORE Ten rk Ad het eR epee ae ee 2 
2 “Female antennaswith liltsesmentsias. 5-0. ass ces oligarthra Group 


= Femalevantenna with, 1S*seesments: S:.)22.24) 22s. bromelicola Group 


THE comis GROUP 


The species of this group are alocasiae, comis, grandis, and tzaneenensis. 
Females of the comis Group are characterized by having a single sperma- 
theca. All pupae of this group have the caudal rami very long and finely 
attenuated and the caudal seta minute or even absent. This is not a unique 
characteristic of this group as it is shared by pupae of marksae and do-— 
minicana of the bromelicola Group. | 

With the exception of some small differences in the male genitalia it has 
not been found possible to separate the adults of the species in this group. — 
The following examples will serve to illustrate the similarity of different 
species. Tarsal ratio of the hind leg (numbers of specimens examined in 
parentheses): comis 2.9 (2); tzaneenensis from Ghana 2.4-3.0 (7), from 
Tzaneen 2.0-2.5 (5); grandis 2.3-3.2 (4); alocasiae 2.8—3.0 (number ex- 
amined not stated). Antennal ratios (male iii—xi/xii-xv, female ili—x/xi—xv) 
remarkably constant; in male 1.0—1.2 and in female 0.6—0.7. The wing length 
in millimeters varies as follows: tzaneenensis 0.8-1.0; comis 1.0-1.1; gran- 
dis 0.7-0.8; alocasiae 1.0. In all specimens the costa reaches to about the 
middle of the wing. No palpal differences of any moment could be detected 
but in tzaneenensis the sensory pit was a little deeper than in the other 
species. 

Until such time as adults are reared and larval and pupal skins preserved 
the state of knowledge of this group will remain uncertain. With the material 
and descriptions of authors at hand the following tentative key is presented: 


KEY TO SPECIES OF THE COMIS GROUP 


1. Pupal respiratory horn with more than 20 apical spiracular openings 
Pe Se ETO Ore CA CL OT OTTO hte cee comis Johannsen 
— Pupal respiratory horn with less than 20 spiracular openings ........ 2 
2. Larva with lateral seta of anal segment modified; male paramere 
pointed and sclerotized:apicallym.ei.+eiatieado sas cee eee 3 


| : 
VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 183 


— Larva with lateral seta of anal segment not modified; male paramere 

smoothly rounded apically (Fig. 1) ........ tzaneenensis, New species 
3. Larva with lateral seta of anal segment leaflike, serrated ......... 

9p RE ESR Rea ed re a grandis Chan and LeRoux 
— Larva with lateral seta of anal segment flattened but not serrated. . 

UT ee sear t BNe hea et EEY AS el ET aie inti toia oi alocasiae Tokunaga 


The paucity of material plus the inadequacy of some illustrations in the 
literature have prompted us to provide figures to aid in future studies. Fig- 
ures 4 and 8 illustrate the genitalia of a comis male identified by Johannsen. 
The difference in the shape of the parameres of tzaneenensis is obvious 
though the aedeagi are very similar in the two species. 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) alocasiae Tokunaga 


Forcipomyia (Trichohelea) alocasiae Tokunaga, 1961:120 (all stages; New 
Britain; figs.). 


Types.—Holotype @, allotyped, paratype 6 6, larvae, and pupae, Vudal, 
SW of Keravat, New Britain, 21.iv.1958 (Marks), in axils of Alocasia at edge 
of primary rainforest (types in Bishop Museum, Honolulu; University of 
Queensland, Brisbane; and Entomology Laboratory, Kyoto Prefectural Uni- 
versity, Kyoto, Japan). 

Specimens examined.—None available. 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) comis Johannsen 
Figs. 4, 8 


Forcipomyia (Apelma) comis Johannsen, 1931:409 (male, female: S. Su- 
matra, Middle and East Java, Bali; fig. male genitalia). 

Apelma comis (Johannsen); Mayer, 1933:225 (larva, pupa; figs.; distribution; 
larval habitats and biology). 


Types.—Syntypes (in BMNH) from Bali (east of Baturiti, 790 m), Java 
(Lake Bedali in East Java; Lake Ngebel and Nglekok in Middle Java, and 
Buitenzorg Botanical Garden in West Java); South Sumatra (Kapala Tju- 
rup), all taken in leaf axils of Colocasia by A. Thienemann). 

Specimens examined.—INDONESIA: Sumatra, 1928-9, A. Thienemann, 
in Colocasia, 2 3, 1 2 (det. O. A. Johannsen) (BMNH, syntypes). NEW 
HEBRIDES: Port Patrick, 1.iii.1953, M. Laird, in leaf axils of taro, 1 larva 
(USNM). SW Espirito Santo, Namatasopa, 2500 ft., M. Laird, in leaf axils 
of taro, 2 larvae (USNM). SOLOMON ISLANDS: Guadalcanal, Talamu, 
8.vii.1953, 3030 ft., M. Laird, in leaf axils of Colocasia, 1 larva, 2 pupae 
(USNM). Guadalcanal, Tuturahitoko, 1900 ft., 6.viii.1953, M. Laird, in leaf 
axil of Alocasia, 1 larva (USNM). 

In the Laird collections the pupae were not mature so together with the 


184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


larvae their identification remains uncertain. Mayer (1933) described the 
larva and pupa of F. comis from material from Indonesia provided by Thie- 
nemann. The larvae and pupae in the Laird collections differ significantly 
from Mayer’s descriptions, and it is unlikely that they are comis (Laird, 
1956). 

Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) grandis Chan and LeRoux 


Forcipomyia (Trichohelea) grandis Chan and LeRoux, 1971:758 (all stages; 

Singapore; figs.). 

Types.—Holotype, pupa, Wallace Way, Singapore, v.1962, K. L. Chan, 
collected in watery detritus in leaf axils of Colocasia sp. (deposited in Ly- 
man Entomology Museum, McDonald College, Quebec). Paratypes, 9 lar- 
vae, 2 pupae, 1 ¢, 1 2 (Chan collection). 

Specimens examined.—Wallace Way, Singapore, x.1961, leaf axils of 
Colocasia, K. L. Chan, 4 6, 2 2 (topotypes, USNM). 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) tzaneenensis de Meillon and Wirth, 
NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 1-3, 5—7, 9-13, 27 


The following description is from the male holotype; the figures in paren- 
theses are the ranges in 5 paratypes. A small dark species with legs paler 
as commonly seen in the genus. 

Male.—Wing length, measured from the arculus 0.95 (0.90—1.00) mm. 

Head: Dark brown, eyes narrowly separated, bare. Palpus (Fig. 3) with 
lengths of segments II-V in proportion of 30-45-30-28 (25-30, 40-50, 25-30, 
25-30); 3rd segment slightly swollen with a moderately deep sensory pit. 
Antenna with segments IV—XI wider than long, gradually narrowing to XI 
which is about as long as wide; XII-XV with lengths in proportion of 53 
(50-60), 70 (60-80), 60 (55-60), 80 (65-80) (including the apical papilla); 
antennal ratio (III—-XI/XII-XV) 0.9 (0.8-1.0). 

Thorax: Scutum, scutellum, postnotum and pleuron except for membra- 
nous parts, dark brown. Wing with ratio of costa to wing length 0.45 (0.44— 
0.46); Ist radial cell a mere slit seen in stained specimens, 2nd radial cell 
open, well developed as usual in the subgenus. Legs pale brown, without 
any darker margins; tarsal ratios of front, middle, and hind legs respectively: 


as 


Figs. 1-3. Forcipomyia tzaneensis. 1, Dististyle of holotype, ventral view. 2, Aedeagus 
and parameres of holotype, ventral view. 3, Segments III—V of male palpus. Fig. 4. F. comis, 
aedeagus and parameres of a male identified by Johannsen, ventral view. Figs. 5-7. F. tza- 
neensis. 5, Segments II-III of female palpus. 6, Side view of aedeagus showing small teeth 


on ventral side. 7, Aedeagus and parameres of holotype, side view. Fig. 8. F. comis, aedeagus © 


and parameres of a male identified by Johannsen, side view. 


SS SS Se ee ae eee 


| 
VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 185 


186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


23° (2.0-2.3), 2.3 (210=2:5), 2:3 (2.0=2:5)? empodium absent;*claws, only 
slightly curved. 

Abdomen: Dark brown dorsally, venter a shade paler. Genitalia (Fig. 1) 
with basistyle parallel sided, 3 as long as wide; dististyle in ventral view 
gradually tapering to a rounded point but more pointed when viewed from 
another angle; aedeagus (Fig. 2) shield shaped, with a pair of dorsally di- 
rected sclerotized hooks apically, this and the sclerotized dorsal portion of 
the shield best seen in side view (Fig. 7); parameres (Figs. 2, 7) fused as 
usual, each apical process rather membranous, short and well rounded, the 
precise shape difficult to see unless dissected free of the 9th segment. In 
some Ghana specimens the aedeagus showed a few minute dorsal teeth 
along the ventral side (Fig. 6); such specimens could not be separated from 
the others by any other features. 

Female.—Wing length measured from the arculus 0.80—0.85 mm. 

Head: Eyes narrowly separated, bare. Palpus (Fig. 5) with lengths of 
segments II—V in proportion of 25-40(45)-30-25; 3rd segment swollen with 
a deep sensory pit (some variation in this character is apparent in Ghana 
specimens). Antenna (Fig. 27) with lengths of segments XI—XV in propor- 
tion of 35-40-40-40-65; IV—X transverse, about 2x as wide as long; antennal 
ratio (II—X/XI-XV) 0.5-0.6. 

Thorax: As in male. Wing with ratio of costa to wing length 0.4—0.5; radial 
cells as in male. Legs with tarsal ratios of front, middle, and hind legs, 
respectively: 2.3-2.5, 2.3, 2.6; empodium developed; claws moderately 
curved. 

Abdomen: Spermatheca single, pear shaped; sclerotized, and including 
the neck measuring 0.062 by 0.039 mm. 

Pupa (Figs. 11—13).—Described from the pupal exuviae of the holotype. 

Cephalothorax: Very faintly pigmented, some shagreen dorsally where 
there are 4 small raised tubercles; operculum with 3 larger tubercles. Res- 
piratory horn more or less straight sided, measuring 0.20 mm long by 0.04 
mm at its widest (Fig. 1); spiculate with 16-17 apical spiracular openings. 
Abdomen! nearly colorless; the noteworthy features are: (1) setae 3 and 4 
of segment V on separate tubercles; (2) tubercles 1 and 2 well developed; 
(3) caudal rami longer than segment IX, caudal seta minute or apparently | 
absent (Fig. 13). There is some variation in the size of tubercles ¢1 and 72, 
but on the whole as figured (Fig. 12). 

Larva.—According to Saunders (1925) the larva of Forcipomyia has 3 
thoracic and 8 abdominal segments, segment VIII being divided into 2 por- 
tions, the terminal portion of which bears the posterior pseudopod. We refer 
to the penultimate portion as the VIIIth segment, and the terminal as the 


' Here as elsewhere we use the notation of de Meillon (1936) for the setae with addition of 
“‘t’’ for tubercles without spines or hairs. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 187 


13 


Figs. 9-13. Forcipomyia tzaneenensis. 9, Larva, portion of anal segment showing upright 
cauda and two leaflike serrated setae of one side (c, cauda). 10, Larva, tail end showing some 
of the modified setae on one side. 11, Pupal respiratory horn. 12, Pupa, tubercles and setae 
of abdominal segments V, VII, and VIII (for legend, see text). 13, Pupa, abdominal segments 
VIII and IX, dorsal left, ventral right. 


anal segment to facilitate the descriptions. The descriptions and the figures 
are from several Tzaneen specimens including exuviae of reared adults. 
Whole larvae are poorly preserved and mounted so little use is made of 
them. 

Head light brown, slightly longer than broad, setae all small, delicate, and 


188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


simple. Prothoracic pseudopod apparently of the usual type though not well 
displayed in any of the specimens. Abdominal setae all small, short and 
delicate; the 2 setae on the dorsal plate of segment VIII shorter than anal 
segment; dorsal apex of anal segment without the pair of short, stout setae 
seen in larvae of many species; cauda (Saunders, 1925) well developed and 
erect as shown in Fig. 9. Anal pseudopod consisting of the usual fine spines, 
long lanceolate setae, and shorter, broader, saw-toothed setae as shown in 
Fig. 10. The number of these setae is difficult to determine and appears to 
vary from specimen to specimen. Anal gills simple. 

Types.—Tzaneen, N. Transvaal, South Africa: Holotype ¢d (in SAIMR) 
with its pupal exuviae on same slide. Paratypes, 5 ¢, 1 with larval and pupal 
exuviae and 4 with pupal exuviae only; 3 2, | with larval and pupal exuviae 
and 2 with pupal exuviae only. In addition: 2 ¢ with pupal exuviae on the 
same slide; 1 2 pupa, 2 ¢d and 1 2 pupae on the same slide, 1 immature 
pupa, | larval exuviae; 5 larvae on | slide and 3 on another. All material 
collected in leaf axils of Colocasia by B. de Meillon, 1976. (1 d, 1 2 para- 
types deposited in USNM). 

Tafo, Ghana: 26 3, 22 2, 1 pupa, 14 pupal exuviae, 2 larvae, from leaf 
axils of aroid, lily, and Musa, collected by L. G. Saunders 15.iv.1963. The 
association of the larvae with the pupal exuviae and the adults is not certain. 
(USNM). 


THE OLIGARTHRA GROUP 
Four species have been described in which the female has 2 spermathecae 
and the antenna is 1l-segmented: bacoti, brevis, nicopina, and oligarthra. 
KEY TO SPECIES OF THE OLIGARTHRA GROUP 


1. Paramere of male genitalia drawn out distally at more or less right 
angles: to-ayspinelike sclerouzed pomt (Figs) 115 15))t 2. S2neee see 
ra RNS: Hie dn Uetins, ws 8 eh ae YS SS bacoti (Ingram and Macfie) 


=) Paramere pale, broad; and not spmelike distally, & «22235-32542 eee 2 
2. Third palpal segment with a deep sensory pit; anal gills of larva 
PORK CIE. FE ON: DUR... cae: Se ee Mie ee oligarthra Saunders 


— Third palpal segment with pit shallow; anal gills long and simple 
(paucity of material does not allow separation of these species) ... 
DSF Site Cl ice aa A ge PRRs bot shone bE UR tc) A brevis (Johannsen) 

nicopina Chan and LeRoux 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) bacoti (Ingram and Macfie) 
Figs. 14-20 


Apelma bacoti Ingram and Macfie, 1923:55 (d; Sierra Leone; fig. wing, 
genitalia). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 189 


19 


Figs. 14-20. Forcipomyia bacoti. 14, Male aedeagus of lectotype, ventral view. 15, Male 
aedeagus and parameres of a Ghana specimen, side view. 16, Antenna of a female from 
Ghana. 17, Pupal respiratory horn of a specimen from Ghana. 18, Third palpal segment of a 
female from Ghana. 19, Tubercles, spines, and setae of a pupa from Zululand. 20, Abdominal 
segments VIII and IX of a pupa from Ghana, dorsal left, ventral right. 


190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Lasiohelea natalia de Meillon, 1936:158(¢, 2, pupa; Zululand; figs.). NEW 
SYNONYMY. 


Types.—Syntypes of bacoti, 3 6, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 1915, A. Ba- 
cot, ‘reared from larvae found in leaf axils of *‘cocked-hat’’ tree (Dracaena 
sp.)’’ (BMNH). Holotype 6, of natalia, Eshowe, Zululand, 111.1935, B. de 
Meillon; 4 ¢ and 3 2 paratypes, same data (SAIMR). 

Thanks to the cooperation of the trustees of the British Museum (Natural! 
History) is has been possible to examine and remount a male syntype of F. 
bacoti. A holotype has apparently never been selected or labelled as such, 
so at the suggestion of Richard Lane (BMNH) the male syntype mentioned) 
above is here selected as the LECTOTPYE. It bears the following 4 original 
labels: (1) Apelma bacoti; (2) Cotype; (3) Sierra Leone, Freetown, A. Bacot 
1915-356; (4) Larvae in leaf axil of “‘cocked hat tree. Dracaena sp.” This 
last is in what can be recognized as the handwriting of the late F. W. Ed- 
wards. Paratype material of F. natalia was made available by the Director, 
South African Institute for Medical Research (SAIMR). In addition we have 
the collection made by L. G. Saunders in Ghana during 1963 which is now 
deposited in the National Museum of Natural History (USNM) in Washing- 
ton. As a result of remounting the male genitalia of the specimen selected 
as the lectotype of bacoti, and finding nothing to the contrary in other 
characters, the above synonymy became evident. 

Macfie (1939) described from Uganda what he thought to be the female 
of F. bacoti from a specimen with a single spermatheca. He regarded two 
spermathecae and the reduced female antenna of natalia as being abnormal. 
Macfie’s female is definitely not bacoti but belongs in the comis Group and 
cannot be differentiated with any certainty from F. tzaneenensis. One of 
Macfie’s slides shows a female with two spermathecae and the reduced 
antenna of the oligarthra group. Why he chose to assign the specimen with 
the single spermatheca and the 15-segmented antenna to bacoti is puzzling. 

As aresult of the new synonymy, however, the female and pupa of bacoti 
are known from their description under natalia. We are now able to correct! 
and supplement the description of bacoti. The male genitalia of the lectotype 
are described and figured (Figs. 14, 15) and a fuller account with figures is} 
given of the pupa and the female (Figs. 16-20). 

Male.—Wing length from basal arculus 0.95—-1.10 mm (8 <3). 

Head: In some otherwise normal specimens the sensory pit on the 3rd 
palpal segment is quite deep; this is unfortunate as the depth of this organ 
is usually regarded as of specific importance. Antennal ratio (III—-XI/XII- 
XV) varies from 1.0 to 1.2 in specimens from all sources. There is, however.) 
some variation in the mean relative lengths of XII—-XV as follows (in paren-}) 
theses, the number examined): Lectotype and | other 100-106-86-96 (2): 
Ghana 100-110-93-100 (7); Eshowe, Zululand 100-100-100-125 (2). 


Fn SP ni 


5 
7 


y 


| 
| 
| 
| 


| 
i 
i 


dl 
« 


' 


| 


\ 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 191 


Thorax: Costa reaching to about middle of wing in all specimens. Legs 


with tarsal ratios of front, middle, and hind legs respectively 2.3-3.0, 2.1- 
12.8, and 2.6—3.1). 


Abdomen: Genitalia (Figs. 14, 15) drawn from the lectotype and a Ghana 
specimen; the pair of sclerotized hooks at tip of aedeagus quite apparent; 
parameres sclerotized apically and drawn to a strong pointed process which 
is especially noticeable in side view. 

Female.—Wing length measured from arculus 0.8—0.9 mm; description 


_based on 5 specimens. General coloration as in the male. 


Head: Eyes and palpus (Fig. 3a) as in d but sensory pit deeper (Fig. 18). 
Antenna (Fig. 16) 11-segmented; according to Saunders (1956) the Ist seg- 
ment after the 2nd represents the amalgamation of III-VII and this is ac- 


ceptable; antennal ratio (III—-X/XI-XV) 0.3-0.4; segments XI-XV with rel- 


ative lengths 3.0-4.0, 3.5-7.5, 3.5-7.5, 3.0-3.5, 4.0-5.0 (including the nipple 


/ on XV). 


Thorax: Coloration as in the d but perhaps more pronounced. Wing with 
costa extending to middle of wing in all specimens; Ist radial cell not ap- 
parent, even in stained specimens, 2nd radial cell well formed. Legs with 
ratios of Ist to 2nd tarsomeres of front, middle, and hind legs respectively, 
2.5-2.7, 2.7—2.8, and 2.8-3.0; claws small, simple, slightly curved; empo- 
dium well developed. 

Abdomen: Spermathecae 2, one slightly larger than the other; moderately 
well sclerotized, measuring 0.062 by 0.050 mm and 0.056 by 0.044 mm. 

Pupa.—The following description is based on a specimen from Ghana 
from which a typical male was dissected and from several pupal exuviae of 
‘natalia’? from Eshowe. Pupal exuviae generally brown, especially those 


\ from Zululand. Respiratory horn (Fig. 4) 0.15 mm long by 0.05 mm greatest 


breadth; with few imbrications and with 14 spiracular openings at the tip. 

Abdomen (Figs. 19, 20): Seta I-V a small delicate hair; seta 2-V rather 
similar and difficult to find; seta 3-V a long, strong seta placed on a single 
tubercle with 4-V; ¢1 minute or absent, f2 absent; setae 5-V and 6-V sep- 
arated; seta 7-V smaller but stiff and spinelike; seta 8-V a delicate hair. On 
segment VIII seta 3-VIII minute or absent; seta 3-VII a long delicate hair; 
seta 3-VI well developed as in 3-V. Segment IX with caudal rami about as 


long as segment; caudal setae reaching beyond tip of the rami. 


Specimens examined.—GHANA: Tafo, 15.iv.1963, L. G. Saunders, from 


> Musa, pineapple, and lily leaf axils, 16 ¢, 5 9, larvae, pupae (USNM). 
' NATAL: Eshowe, Zululand, 1935, B. de Meillon, from hole in a tree fern, 
) 2 3, 10 pupal exuviae (SAIMR). SIERRA LEONE: Freetown, 1915-356, A. 


Bacot, larva in leaf axils of ‘“‘cocked hat tree’? (Dracaena sp.), 1 3 (selected 
here as LECTOTYPE) (BMNH). UGANDA: Kampala, viii.1931, E. G. 


192 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Gibbins, 3 6, 5 2 (BMNH). Fort Portal, 25.ix.1931, E. G. Gibbins, 4 ¢ 
(BMNH). 
Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) brevis (Johannsen) 


Apelma brevis Johannsen, 1927:205 (all stages; Hawaii; on pineapples); II- 
lingworth, 1934:542 (figures all stages; life history; on pineapples); Wil- 
liams, 1944:172 (notes; Hawaii). 

Forcipomyia (Trichohelea) brevis (Johannsen); Hardy, 1960:179 (rede- 
scribed; Hawaii; figs.). 


Types.—Holotype 6, allotype 2, Waipahu, Oahu, 7-8-27, J. P. Illing- 
worth, ex pineapple leaf sheath (Type no. 75308, USNM). Paratypes, all 
stages, in USNM and CU. 

Specimens examined.—HAWAII: Kunia, Oahu, 1.x.1945, 18th Labora- 
tory, W. W. Wirth, light trap, 1 2 (USNM). Schofield Barracks, Oahu, 
10.xi.1945, W. W. Wirth, light trap, 1 2 (USNM). Waipahu, 7-8-27, J. P. 
Illingworth, holotype and allotype (pinned, USNM); 1 d, 1 2 (pinned), 3 
3,2 2, 2 larvae, 2 pupae (slides) (CU). NEW YORK: In pineapple (Plant 
Quarantine) from Hawaii, xii.1968, 2 larvae, 2 pupae (USNM). 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) nicopina Chan and LeRoux 


Forcipomyia (Trichohelea) nicopina Chan and LeRoux, 1971:754 (all stages; 
Singapore; figs.). 


Types.—Holotype, fourth-instar larva, Wallace Way, Singapore, v.1962, 
K. L. Chan, in watery detritus in apical leaf axils of pineapple plants (in 
Lyman Entomological Museum, Macdonald College, Quebec). Paratypes, 
2 larvae, 3 pupae, 2 2, 9 do, and 31 associated pupal exuviae, same data 
(in Chan collection). 

Specimens examined.—SINGAPORE: Wallace Way, ix.1961, K. L. 
Chan, in water in axils of pineapple plant, 1 d, 2 2 (topotypes, USNM). 

Discussion.—We cannot separate this species from F. brevis on the basis 
of our rather inadequate material. From the descriptions, the larvae may be 
separated by the yellow-brown head and 3-branched anal blood gills in ni- 
copina, and the whitish head and simple (unbranched) anal blood gills in 
brevis. 

Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) oligarthra Saunders 
Forcipomyia (Trichohelea) oligarthra Saunders, 1956:698 (all stages; Puerto 

Rico; figs.); Tokunaga and Murachi, 1959:209 (redescribed; Caroline Is- 

lands; fig. female); Tokunaga, 1961:115 (all stages; New Britain; figs.; 

larvae in axils of cultivated banana). 

Types.—Holotype @, allotype 6, Corcega Beach, Puerto Rico, 22.11.1953, 


L. G. Saunders, reared from larvae in leaf axils of terrestrial bromeliads, 
Bromelia pinguin L. (deposited in Canadian National Collection, Ottawa). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 193 


2 


J 


25 


Figs. 21-26. Forcipomyia dominicana. 21, Male pret 22, Male aedeagus, ventral 
view. 23, Male aedeagus, lateral view (st, sternal side; tg, tergal side). 24, Palpal segments 
IlI-V of female. 25, Male paramere of one side, ventral view. 26, Male paramere in side 
view. Figs. 27-28. Antennal segments II-IV of female. 27, F. tzaneenensis. 28, F. domini- 
cana. 


Paratypes, many, all stages, Puerto Rico, Montserrat, Dominica, Guyana, 
from pineapple. 

Specimens examined.—FLORIDA: Sebring, 15—27.xi.1927, M. R. Os- 
burn and M. DuPree, pineapple plants, | ¢d, 1 2 (USNM). PUERTO RICO: 
San Juan, 25.vi.1962, L. G. Saunders, in pineapple, 6 d, 5 2 (USNM). 
SINGAPORE: 1.x.1952, D. H. Colless, pineapple leaf axils, 2 ¢, 2 pupal 
-exuviae, | larva (USNM). 

- Note.—Saunders (1956) recorded oligarthra from British West Indies, 
Guyana, Mexico, and Cuba. Tokunaga (1961) reported the species from 


194 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON | 


New Britain in leaf axils of banana. Tokunaga and Murachi (1959) also 
recorded it from Palau in Micronesia. 


THE BROMELICOLA GROUP 


The species belonging to this group in which the females have two sper- 
mathecae and 15-segmented antennae are antiguensis, belkini, bromelicola, 
caribbeana, crinume, dominicana, edwardsi, jocosa, magna, and marksae. 


KEY TO SPECIES OF THE BROMELICOLA GROUP 


1. Male with well-developed empodium .......%.%%< 22. -25 2 sc dee okie 2 
— Male with empodium reduced to a single thread or absent .......... 3 
2. Hind tarsal ratio 2.0; female palpal segments IV and V completely 

fused; pupa with a spherical, spinose tubercle on operculum ...... 

AAS OT Oe ROHS Ni PSE RCS. SORT a Fae jJocosa Saunders 
— Hind tarsal ratio near 3.0; female palpal segments IV and V partly 

or wholly separated; pupa without such tubercle . crinume (Tokunaga) 
3. Hind tarsal ratio 2.0; pupa with caudal setae 2 as long again as the 

rami; larva with lateral setae arising from papillae ............... 

AS Cee Ee en eee antiguensis Saunders 
— Hind tarsal ratio larger; pupa with caudal setae shorter than or about 


as long as the rami; lateral setae of larva not on papillae ........... 4 
4. Lateral setae of larva finned; pupal respiratory horn expanded before 
apex; spermatheca without sclerotized neck. . . «0. Saacess eee 5 


— Lateral setae of larva unmodified; respiratory horn of pupa not ex- 
panded; spermatheca with slender sclerotized neck (except in bro- 


PCH EOID) ae cP IO RS CAs oc 56 stos MGs a 6 Ae Bik, Steers bed hn eee 6 

5. Sensory pit of female palpus shallow, depth less than diameter of 
OY OSTTUITY 5. 9 cae Seo tere cy 3 Stare ee EES roe caribbeana Saunders 

— Sensory pit of female palpus deep, depth equal to or more than 
diameter omoOpemingyn. a0 eee ee eee ee magna (Saunders)? 
edwardsi (Saunders) 
6. Sensory pit of female palpus deep (see couplet 5)... =... a5... eee 7 
=) Sensory pit of female palpus shallow .....2<.... «5. .s00 Soe 8 


7. Male aedeagus with apical pair of slender, sclerotized hooks; pupal 
respiratory organ with 20-25 spiracular openings; pupal caudal rami 
long, 1.3x as long as base of segment IX ......... marksae Tokunaga 


2 Material at hand does not permit the separation of these two species. Saunders (1925) gives 
the size of the spermathecae of edwardsi as 0.053 by 0.041 mm, but in 4 specimens, including 
syntypes, measured by us the mean size of the larger spermatheca was 0.081 by 0.067 mm 
(range 0.075—0.088 by 0.062—0.081 mm). The spermathecae of magna are even larger, mea- 
suring 0.094 by 0.081 mm and 0.088 by 0.069 mm. If these differences in size are stable they 
will allow separation of the two species. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 195 


— Male aedeagus with apical pair of broadly rounded lobes; pupal res- 
piratory organ with 15 spiracular openings; pupal caudal rami short, 
O:8<casviong as. base of segment IX. 2... 2... 05; belkini, new species 

8. Female palpus with sensory pit located in middle of 3rd segment; 
female spermathecae without sclerotized necks; pupa with caudal 
rami stout and as long as or shorter than base of segment IX ..... 
Te he rats Lor otehe ask shove a Teta acted sha aeapeME Ses bromelicola (Lutz) 

— Female palpus with sensory pit located at distal 0.7 of 3rd segment; 
female spermathecae with slender sclerotized necks; pupa with cau- 
dal rami attenuated, slightly longer than base of segment IX ...... 
A DIN ees eee os nels Daher s dominicana, new species 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) antiguensis Saunders 


Forcipomyia (Trichohelea) antiguensis Saunders, 1956:700 (all stages; Anti- 
gua; figs.). 
_ Types.—Holotype 2, allotype ¢, Falmouth Harbour, Antigua, B.W.I., 
-2.v.1953, L. G. Saunders, reared from larvae in epiphytic bromeliads (in 
Canadian National Collection, Ottawa). 
Specimens examined.—None available. 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) dominicana de Meillon and Wirth, 
NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 21-26, 28-33 


In general appearance as in most species of the subgenus, that is, dark 
brown with paler legs and no striking markings anywhere. The description 
is from the holotype; any differences worth mentioning are in parentheses 
and relate to | other specimen. 

Male.—Wing length measured from the basal arculus 0.9 mm. 

Head: Eyes narrowly separated, bare. Palpus with relative lengths of 
segments II-V as 20-40-25-25; segments IV and V partially fused; 3rd seg- 
ment with a large sensory pit on distal /2 of segment as in 2. Antenna with 
unusually long neck on segment III; IV-IX about as long as wide, X and 

XI slightly longer; relative lengths of XII-XV as 70-60-50-65 (70 in paratype); 
antennal ratio (II]—XI/XII-XV) 1.1. 

Thorax: Wing with ratio of costal length to wing length 0.5; radial cells, 
if present, not visible due to excessive clearing. Tarsal ratios of front, mid- 
dle, and hind legs as 2.7, 2.7, 2.25; claws only slightly curved; empodium 
absent. 

Abdomen: Genitalia (Figs. 21-23, 25—26) described from the dissected and 
stained genitalia of the paratype; basistyle as usual in the subgenus, parallel 
sided and about 3x as long as wide; dististyle (Fig. 21) slightly shorter, 
rather slender and only slightly wider basally; aedeagus (Fig. 22) shield- 


196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Figs. 29-33. Forcipomyia dominicana. 29, Dorso-apical angle of anal segment of larva. 
30, Clypeal plate of pupa in side view showing short, stout spines. 31, Respiratory horn of 
pupa. 32, Pupa, tubercles, and setae of abdominal segments V, VII, and VIII. 33, Pupa, 


segment IX and rami. 


shaped, not strongly sclerotized, divided apically into 2 slightly expanded 
lobes, in side view each lobe seen to project dorsally to an unsclerotized 
point, the only sclerotization occurring apically on the ventral face as shown 
in figure; parameres unsclerotized except ventrally as shown (Figs. 23, 25). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 197 


Female.—Wing length 1.0 mm. Described from 2 paratypes, one of which 
has its associated pupal exuviae. 

Head: Eyes as in 6. Palpus (Fig. 24) with relative lengths of segments 
II-V as 25-40-25-20; IV and V partly fused and III with a large but shallow 
sensory pit on distal 2 of segment. Antenna with an unusually long neck 
on segment III; segments IV—VII rather broadly joined as described by 
Tokunaga (1961) for marksae; antennal ratio (III-X/XI-XV) 0.4; relative 
lengths of XI-XV as 25-25-25-25-35 including terminal nipple. 

Thorax: Wing with costa reaching to middle; 2nd radial cell apparently 
open. Legs with tarsal ratios of front, middle, and hind legs respectively 
3.0, 2.4, 2.75 (the higher ratio of 3.0 in the front leg in both specimens is 
unusual); claws only slightly curved; empodium well developed. 

Abdomen: Spermathecae 2, pyriform; measuring (with a short sclerotized 
neck excluded) 0.056 by 0.044 mm and 0.050 by 0.047 mm in | female, and 
0.062 by 0.050 mm and 0.056 by 0.050 mm in the other; as usual in the 
subgenus the genital sclerotizations are ill defined. 

Pupa.—Described from 2 exuviae on 2 slides, each with its corresponding 
adult. Pale (in our experience the color of the pupal exuviae is a variable 
character) with some very minor shagreening on the operculum. Respiratory 
horn (Fig. 31) clear yellowish without any spicules, 20 spiracular openings 
present apically. Clypeal plate (Fig. 30) with a pair of very stout but short 
spines (which in other species appear as a pair of very fine delicate (and 
often minute) hairs). Abdomen (Figs. 32, 33) with segment IX bearing a pair 
of very long, attenuated caudal rami, caudal setae minute and difficult to 
locate; segment VIII with normal setation but tubercles much enlarged; VII 


_ with normal setation but f1 greatly enlarged, 12 absent or unapparent; V as 
in VII but seta 3 greatly elongated and placed on the same basal tubercle 


as 4, tl greatly enlarged, ¢2 absent. 
Larva.—Described from 3 whole larvae presumed to be those of domini- 


cana. Head a little longer than broad. Thorax of normal appearance and 


this includes the thoracic pseudopod. Abdomen with setae all fine, unmod- 
ified, and reduced in size; setae of dorsal plate on VIII shorter than the 


elongated anal segment, lateral setae unmodified; 2 pairs of dorso-apical 
_ setae, the more lateral one a short, thick, stout spine, the other near the 


dorsal margin and short, greatly expanded, bladelike (Fig. 29). Pseudopod 


truncate (as previously described for comis, crinume, jocosa, and belkini); 
_ the spines surrounding the pad all more or less similar, narrow and with or 


without very fine teeth; combs present. 
Types.—Holotype 3, Dominica, W.1I., Calibishie, 16.11.1965, W. W. 


_ Wirth, reared from Heliconia sp. (Type no. 75306, USNM). Paratypes, | 
6,1 2,2 2 with associated pupal exuviae, 3 pupae, and 3 larvae (USNM), 


same data. 
Remarks.—This species is undoubtedly closely related to marksae but 


198 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


separable therefrom as shown in the key. It is of interest to note that Hel- 
iconia is indigenous to New Britain where marksae was found in Alocasia 
and Colocasia. 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) belkini de Meillon and Wirth, 
NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 34-41, 45-46 


A member of the bromelicola Group sharing with edwardsi, fijiensis, and 
marksae a deep sensory pit on the 3rd palpal segment. The female of 
fijiensis is unknown, but the species probably belongs here and differs from 
belkini significantly in palpal and genital characters (Figs. 42-44). The larger 
than usual 2nd palpal segment and deep sensory pit of belkini is remi- 
niscent of sabroskyi which is also known only in the male adult; but here 
again the male genitalia differ markedly from the description given by that 
author. 

The description of F. belkini is from slide material in the National Mu- 
seum of Natural History. The adults are brown with pleuron slightly paler 
anteriorly; the abdominal sterna are markedly pale and contrast sharply with 
the terga; scutellum and legs pale. 

Male.—The description is from the holotype with figures in parentheses 
taken from 8 other ¢. Wing length measured from the basal arculus 0.9 mm 
(0.85—1.00). 

Head: Eyes narrowly separated in front, bare. Palpus (Fig. 37) longer 
than proboscis; 3rd segment slightly swollen in middle, sensory pit deep, 
circular, sclerotized and with a small opening; segments IV and V partly 
fused; segment II longer than usual; relative lengths of segments II—-V in 
proportion of 20-30-40-50 (15-20, 30, 40-50, 50-60). Antenna with relative 
lengths of segments XII—XV including terminal papilla as 50 (S0-60), 60 (60- 
70), 55 (50-60), 65 (60-75); segments I[V—XI mostly about as wide as long; 
antennal ratio (III—XI/XII/XV) 1.0. 

Thorax: Scutum brown with shoulders and pleuron a shade paler, scutel- 
lum pale; postnotum dark. Wing as usual in the subgenus; costa 0.48 (0.47-— 
0.50) of wing length. Legs with femora and tibiae brown, tarsi a shade paler; 
ratios of Ist and 2nd tarsomeres of front, middle, and hind legs 2.3 (1.9- 
2.3), 1.9 (1.9-2.3), 2.4 (2.2-2.5); empodium undeveloped; claws slightly 
curved. 

Abdomen: Brown above, pale below. Genitalia (Figs. 34, 38-40) with 
aedeagus (Fig. 34) shield shaped, borders sclerotized, apex with 2 lobes 
separated by a deep cleft; in situ and without undue pressure each paramere 


appears to consist of a bulbous lobe but when dissected it is seen in side | 


view to have a long, strong, pointed process directed ventrally (Fig. 38); 
when pressure is applied to paramere its process appears as in Fig. 40; 
basistyle, dististyle, tergum, and sternum as usual in the subgenus. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 199 


Figs. 34-40. Forcipomyia belkini. 34, Male aedeagus, ventral view. 35, Female sperma- 
theca (one of two). 36, Female palpus, segments IIJ-V. 37, Male palpus (not to same scale 
_as Fig. 36). 38, Male paramere of one side, slightly crushed and flattened. 39, Male paramere 
in side view. 40, Male parameres, ventral view, in natural position. 


Female.—Described from 2 paratype specimens; coloration as in ¢. Wing 
length measured from the arculus 0.8 mm. 
Head: As in 6. Palpus (Fig. 36) with segments IV and V partly fused; III 
| distinctly swollen in middle, with characteristic deep sensory pit, the size 
_of the opening to the pit appearing to be variable. Antenna with segments 
IV_-X transverse, slightly wider than long; XI-XIV subequal, each measur- 
ing about 30 units, XV including the nipple just over 50 units; ratio of III- 
X/XI-XV 0.7. 
Thorax: Wing with costa ending at the middle; nature of the radial cells 
could not be determined precisely but they appear to be typical of the sub- 
genus. Legs with ratios of Ist and 2nd tarsomeres of front, middle, and hind 


| 
| 
| 
| 
| 


200 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


legs as 2.6, 2.0-2.5, and 2.7; claws short, moderately curved; empodium 
present. 

Abdomen: Spermathecae (Fig. 35) 2, pyriform, with a short length of the 
duct sclerotized; including the duct measuring 0.056—0.063 mm by 0.044— 
0.047 mm in the 2 specimens. 

Note.—The immature stages associated with the adults and from the same 
habitat are 2 larvae and 2 male pupae; | larva, 1 male pupa, and 3 pupal 
exuviae; and 2 larvae and 1 female pupa, on 3 slides. The presence of the 
male pupa makes the association definite for this sex. The female pupa 
unfortunately has the terminal segment missing, but the spermathecae and 
what can be seen of the palpus leave little room for doubt that it is also the 
same species. 

Pupa.—Pupal skin pale in color without imbrications or nodules of any 
note. Respiratory horn of the usual shape for the subgenus, measuring 0.17 
mm long and 0.04 mm in greatest breadth; 15 spiracular openings in a horse- 
shoe formation; not heavily imbricated but a shade darker than the rest of 
the pupa. Clypeal plate with a pair of minute, delicate hairs as usual in the 
subgenus and in sharp contrast to those of dominicana n. sp. Abdomen 
(Figs. 45-56) with r1 greatly enlarged on segments III—VII, 2 absent; spine 
1 on VIII subterminal on a large tubercle; seta 3 on VIII unusually long and 
well developed; seta 8 on III-VIII a long delicate hair; seta 2 on VII-VIII 
minute; seta | on III-VII about the same, short and stiff; segment IX with 
relatively short caudal rami, the setae shorter than the rami. 

Larva.—There are 5 larvae which under the circumstances may safely be 
regarded as belonging to the species. Head light brown and about same | 
color as body; slightly longer than broad; setae all very small, delicate and 
hard to find. Prothoracic pseudopod not very different from that of bro- 
melicola. Abdomen with the usual dorsal and lateral setae which are shorter 
than the width of the body, delicate, inconspicuous, and unmodified; dorsal. 
sclerotized plate on posterior margin of penultimate segment with a pair of 
strong, dark, curved setae shorter than the segment itself; anal segment only | 
slightly shorter than penultimate, with lateral setae unmodified, short and | 
fine; cauda upturned as figured, | pair of dorsal setae short and stout, flat- | 
tened with a few serrations near the apex or none; posterior pseudopod | 
(Fig. 41) truncate and provided with peripheral combs between the setae as” 
in dominicana and some others. | 

Types.—Holotype 6, paratypes 8 6, 2 9, 7 larvae, 4 male pupae, 2 
female pupae, 3 pupal exuviae, all labelled: New Zealand, Amwaniwa Falls, | 
Gisborne Province, Dist. Nat. Park near Urewera, 27.xii.1963, Belkin and 
Schroeder, ex leaf axil of Cordyline australis Hooker in Podocarp- beech | 
forest (Type no. 75307, USNM). | 

Discussion.—The species is named for Professor John A. Belkin, Uni- | 
versity of California in Los Angeles, in appreciation of his interest in the 
collection and study of ceratopogonid midges. | 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 


Fig. 41. 


Forcipomyia belkini, posterior end of larva in side view. Figs. 42-44. F. fijiensis. 
42, Male aedeagus and one paramere of holotype, ventral view. 43, Male aedeagus and par- 
amere in side view. 44, Male holotype, palpus. Figs. 45-46. F. belkini. 45, Pupa, setae, and 


tubercles of abdominal segments V, VII, and VIII. 46, Pupa, segments VIII and IX, dorsal 
left, ventral right. 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) bromelicola (Lutz) 


Ceratopogon bromelicola Lutz, 1914:84 (2; Brazil; fig. wing). 

Apelma bromelicola (Lutz); Saunders, 1925:263 (combination; all stages re- 
described; figs.; Brazil). 

Lasiohelea bromelicola (Lutz); Floch and Abonnenc, 1942:2 (French 
Guiana; combination; redescribed; fig. wing, palpus, tarsus); Lane, 


202 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


1945:360(¢, 2 redescribed from Lutz’ types; Brazil); Cavalieri, 1962:360 
(comparative notes). 
Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) bromelicola (Lutz), Wirth, 1974:9 (combination). 


Types.—Lectotype ¢ (designated by Lane, 1945), Ilha do Governador, 
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, A. Lutz, reared from bromeliads (on pin; in Instituto 
Oswaldo Cruz). Allotype 2, same data, on slide. 

Specimens examined.—BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, 23.vii.1923, L. G. Saun- 
ders, from small bromeliads on rocks in Rio Bay, | d, 1 larva (BMNH). 
TRINIDAD: Tabaquite, Charuma Forest, iv,v.1955, T. H. G. Aitken, ex 
bromeliad Aechmea nudicaulis Grisebach, 1 3, 1 pupa (USNM). 

Notes.—Saunders’ excellent redescription and figures were made from 
material he collected in Rio Bay and compared by him with two males and 
one female types from the Lutz collection. 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) caribbeana Saunders 


Forcipomyia (Trichohelea) caribbeana Saunders, 1956:696 (all stages; Trin- 
idad; figs.). 


Types.—Holotype @, allotype ¢, Mount St. Benedict, Trinidad, 
12.v.1953, L. G. Saunders, reared from larvae in fallen epiphytic bromeliad 
in forest (Canadian National Collection). Paratypes, all stages, from Trini- 
dad, Guyana, Tobago (Saunders collection). 

Specimens examined.—BRAZIL: Bahia, Ilheus, CEPEC, 8.iv.1977, D. 
Fish and S. Soria, reared from leaf axils of bromeliad, 3 3, 4 9, 4 larvae, 
3 pupae. GUYANA: Georgetown, 20.v.1953, L. G. Saunders, 1 2, 1 pupal 
exuviae, 3 larvae, all marked ‘‘paratype’’ (USNM). 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) crinume (Tokunaga) 


Dasyhelea crinume Tokunaga, 1932:1 (all stages; Japan; figs.). 
Forcipomyia crinume (Tokunaga); Tokunaga, 1934:469 (larva, pupa rede- 
scribed; figs.; combination); Saunders, 1956:704 (compared with jocosa). 


Types.—Holotype 6, allotype 2, paratypes (in alcohol), Setto, Waka- | 
yama Prefecture, Japan, 17.vi.1930, M. Tokunaga, reared from rainwater — 
between the leaves of Crinum lilies along seashore (deposited in Entomo- | 
logical Laboratory, Kyoto Prefectural University, Japan). 

Specimens examined.—None available. 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) edwardsi (Saunders) 


Apelma edwardsi Saunders, 1925:260 (all stages; Brazil; figs.). 
Forcipomyia (Trichohelea) edwardsi (Saunders); Saunders, 1956:698 (com- 
bination; compared with caribbeana). 


Types.—Syntypes, numerous examples of all stages, from small brome- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 203 


liads on rocks in Rio Bay and on Island of Paqueta, Brazil, 23.viii.1923; also 
in terrestrial bromeliads in woods behind Pernambuco (Dois Irmaos), Brazil, 
10.ix.1923, L. G. Saunders (BMNH). 

Specimens examined.—BRAZIL: Rio and Pernambuco, viii,ix.1923, L. 
G. Saunders, in terrestrial bromeliads, | ¢, 4 2, 4 pupal exuviae, 3 larvae, 
labelled ‘‘cotypes’’ (BMNH). TRINIDAD: No locality, ix.1963, R. W. Wil- 
liams, from bromeliad Guzmania sp., 1 ¢, 6 2 (USNM). 

Notes.—This species is quite similar to F. caribbeana and magna. In 
caribbeana the larval head is shorter (1.45x as long as broad) and the 
sensilla of the female palpus are not borne in a pit; while in edwardsi the 
larval head ratio is 1.70 and the palpal sensilla are borne in a deep pit. 
Forcipomyia magna differs from edwardsi most notably in its larger size 
(wing length 1.24 mm compared with 1.0). 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) jocosa Saunders 


Forcipomyia (Trichohelea) jacosa Saunders, 1956:701 (all stages; Trinidad; 
figs.). 


Types.—Holotype @, allotype ¢, Mount St. Benedict, Trinidad, 
13.v.1953, L. G. Saunders, reared from terrestrial Bromelia pinguin L. (in 
Canadian National Collection). Paratypes, 1 d,7 2, 6 larvae, 2 pupae, same 
data. 

Specimens examined.—None available. 

Notes.—This species resembles comis in the truncate structure of the tail 
end of the larva, but comis has a normal cauda flanked by the usual bladelike 
chaetae, while in jocosa the tail end is squarely truncate, forming a terminal 
disc rimmed with four pairs of comblike plates projecting outwards, one 
pair of lateroventral papillate prominences, and one median ventral pad or 
cushion bearing symmetrically disposed black studs. In the larva of crinume 
the cauda is still larger and ‘‘pineapple-like’’; the ventral studded pad is 
tightly packed with rounded papillae, but the disc is not rimmed with combs. 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) magna (Saunders) 


Apelma magna Saunders, 1925:266 (all stages; Brazil; figs.). 
Forcipomyia (Trichohelea) magna (Saunders); Saunders, 1956:701 (combi- 
nation; compared with antiguensis). 


Types.—Syntypes, 4 larvae, 4 pupae, 2 6d, 1 @ (alcohol), from terrestrial 
bromeliads in woods behind Pernambuco (Dois Irmaos), Brazil, 1x.1923, L. 
G. Saunders (BMNH). 

Specimens examined.—BRAZIL: Pernambuco, 10.ix.1923, L. G. Saun- 
ders, from bromeliads, | 2, 2 pupal exuviae, 2 larvae, labelled *‘cotypes”’ 
(Saunders collection in USNM); 1 6, larval head, and pupal exuviae 
(BMNH). 


204 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) marksae Tokunaga 


Forcipomyia (Trichohelea) marksae Tokunaga, 1961:117 (all stages; New 
Guinea; figs.). 


Types.—Holotype 2, allotype (sic) 2, paratypes, 5 2, 2 3d, Subitana, 
Port Moresby, New Guinea, 3.iv.1958 (Casey) (deposited in Bishop Mu- 
seum, University of Queensland, and Kyoto Prefectural University, Japan). 

Specimens examined.—NEW SOUTH WALES: Tilba Tilba, 14.x1i.1953, 
B. McMillan, bred from Alocasia, 2 36, 4 @, 2 larvae, 3 pupae (USNM). 
QUEENSLAND: Boldery Park, 2.iii.1957, E. N. Marks, from Alocasia 
macrorhiza Schott, 2 6,3 2, 4 pupal exuviae (USNM). 


Unplaced Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) species 


The following four species of Phytohelea cannot be placed in a species 
group because only the male is known. 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) fijiensis (Macfie) 
Figs. 42-44 


Apelma fijiensis Macfie, 1945:1 (3; Fiji; fig. genitalia). 


Type.—Holotype 6, Korobaba, Fiji, 21.vii.1943, R. A. Lever, **Panda- 
nus axil’’ (on slide, in BMNH). 

Discussion.—Through the courtesy of Richard Lane and the Trustees of 
the British Museum (Natural History), we were privileged to borrow the 
holotype male and to remount it for close examination of the genitalia. As 
noted by Macfie (1945), the male palpus (Fig. 44) is unusually short and 
stout, and the 3rd segment bears a deep sensory pit with a small opening. 
The empodium is present only as a slender, threadlike filament with a slight 
terminal swelling. The aedeagus (Fig. 42) is slightly broader proximally than 
figured by Macfie, while the apices of the distal processes appear truncate 
in ventral view. In ventral view the distal lobes of the parameres appear as 
broad, leaflike, obtusely pointed plates, each with a darkened ventral carina, 
and in lateral view this carina is seen to bend abruptly ventrad from the 
main body of the paramere. 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) hamaticauda Tokunaga 


Forcipomyia (Trichohelea) hamaticauda Tokunaga, in Tokunaga and Mu- 
rachi, 1959:212 (6; Caroline Islands; figs.). 


Type.—Holotype ¢, Melekeiok, Babelthuap I., Palau Is., 22.v.1957, C. 
W. Sabrosky, light trap (Type no. 64597, USNM). 

Specimens examined.—CAROLINE ISLANDS: Palau (holotype ¢). The 
holotype in the USNM was unfortunately mounted in Hoyers’ medium and 
is now in very bad condition, unsuitable for examination. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 205 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) keilini (Saunders) 


Apelma keilini Saunders, 1925:265 (larva, pupa, male; Brazil; figs.). 
Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) keilini (Saunders); Wirth, 1974:9 (combination). 


Types.—Syntypes, 3 larvae, 3 pupae, 1 6 (alcohol) from terrestrial bro- 
meliads in woods behind Pernambuco (Dois Irmaos), Brazil, 10.ix.1923, L. 
G. Saunders (BMNH). 

Specimens examined.—None available. 


Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) sabroskyi Tokunaga 


Forcipomyia (Trichohelea) sabroskyi Tokunaga, in Tokunaga and Murachi, 
1959:211 (¢; Caroline Islands; figs.). 


Types.—Holotyped, Ngaremlengui, Babelthuap I., Palau Is., 1.vi.1957, 
C. W. Sabrosky, light trap (Type no. 64596, USNM). 

Specimens examined.—CAROLINE ISLANDS: Palau (holotype d). As 
in F. hamaticauda, the type of F. sabroskyi was also mounted in Hoyers’ 
medium. It has turned opaque and is unsuitable for examination. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We are grateful to Richard Lane and the trustees of the British Museum 
(Natural History) for allowing us to examine the holotype of F. fijiensis 
which confirmed our opinion regarding the status of F. belkini as a new 
species and for the loan of other museum material including type-material 
of F. bacoti Ingram and Macfie. The director of the South African Institute 
of Medical Research in Johannesburg kindly supplied type-material of F. 
natalia de Meillon. We are grateful to L. L. Pechuman for the loan of type- 
material of F. brevis in the Johannsen collection in Cornell University, and to 
Marshall Laird for collections from the South Pacific, and to John A. Belkin 
for the submission of the material of F. belkini from New Zealand. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Cavalieri, F. 1962. Notas sobre Ceratopogonidae (Dipt. Nematocera) HI. Sobre un nuevo 
diptero hematofago para Argentina, Lasiohelea saltensis n. sp. y notas sobre las es- 
pecies neotropicales de Lasiohelea. Acta Zool. Lilloana 18:359—36S. 

Chan, K. L. and E. J. LeRoux. 1971. Nine new species of Forcipomyia (Diptera: Cerato- 
pogonidae) described in all stages. Can. Entomol. 103:729-762. 

Floch, H. and E. Abonnenc. 1942. Cératopogonideés divers de la Guyane Frangaise III. Publ. 
Inst. Pasteur de la Guyane et du Territ. de L’Inini 55: 1-6. 

Hardy, D. E. 1960. Insects of Hawaii. Vol. 10. Diptera: Nematocera—Brachycera. University 
of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 368 . 

Illingworth, J. F. 1934. Life history and habits of Apelma brevis Johannsen (Chironomidae). 
Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. 8:541—543. 

Ingram, A. and J. W. S. Macfie. 1923. Notes on some African Ceratopogoninae. Bull. Ento- 
mol. Res. 14:41-74. 


206 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Johannsen, O. A. 1927. A new midge injurious to pineapples (Diptera, Ceratopogoninae). 
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 29:205-208. 

————. 1931. Ceratopogoninae from the Malayan subregion of the Dutch East Indies. Arch. 
Hydrobiol. Suppl. Bd. 9:403-448. 

Laird, M. 1956. Studies of mosquitoes and freshwater ecology in the South Pacific. R. Soc. 
N.Z. Bull. No. 6, 213 pp. 

Lane, J. 1945. Redescrigao de Ceratopogonideos Neotropicos (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) 
Rev. Entomol. 16:357-372. 

Lutz, A. 1914. Contribuigao para o conhecimento das Ceratopogoninas do Brazil. Mem. Inst. 
Oswaldo Cruz Rio de J. 6:81-99. 

Macfie, J. W. S. 1939. Ruwenzori Expedition 1934-5, Ceratopogonidae. Vol. 1, no. 5, p. 81- 

107. 

. 1945. A new species of Apelma (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) from Fiji. Proc. R. Ento- 

mol. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Taxon. 14:1-2. 

Mayer, K. 1933. Die Metamorphose von Forcipomyia (Apelma) comis Johannsen (Dipt. Ce- 
ratopog.) und Beschreibung einer unbekannten Apelma-Larve. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. 
Bd. 12:224—-238. 

de Meillon, B. 1936. Entomological Studies. Studies on insects of medical importance in South 
Africa (Part III). South African Ceratopogonidae. Part Il. Some new and unrecorded 
species. Publ. S. Afr. Inst. Med. Res. 7:141-207. 

Remm, H. 1971. On the fauna of Ceratopogonidae of southern Maritime Territory. (In Rus- 
sian). P. 182-220. In Living Nature of the Far East. Akad. Nauk Estonskoi SSR. 
240 p. 

Saunders, L. G. 1924. On the life history and anatomy of the early stages of Forcipomyia 

(Diptera, Nemat., Ceratopogoninae). Parasitology. 16:164—213. 

. 1925. On the life history, morphology and systematic position of Apelma Kieff. and 

Thyridomyia n.g. (Dipt. Nemat. Ceratopogoninae). Parasitology. 17:252—277. 

. 1956. Revision of the genus Forcipomyia based on characters of all stages (Diptera, 

Ceratopogonidae). Can. J. Zool. 34:657—705. 

Tokunaga, M. 1932. A new biting midge from Japan (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae), with ana- 

tomical notes on the larval head-capsule and mouth-parts. Trans. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 

3:1-12. 

. 1934. Chironomidae from Japan (Diptera), II]. The early stages of a seashore biting 

midge Forcipomyia crinume (Tokunaga). Philipp. J. Sci. 53:469-487. 

. 1961. Notes on biting midges III. Publ. Entomol. Lab. Univ. Osaka Prev. no. 6:115— 

122. 

Tokunaga, M. and E. K. Murachi. 1959. Insects of Micronesia. Diptera: Ceratopogonidae. 
Insects Micronesia. 12:103—434. 

Williams, F. X. 1944. Biological studies in Hawaiian water-loving insects. Part III, Diptera 
or flies. D. Culicidae, Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae. Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. 
12:149-180. 

Wirth, W. W. 1974. A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. 
14. Family Ceratopogonidae. Mus. Zool. Univ. Sao Paulo 14:1-89. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 207-210 


DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL OF MEGASELIA SCALARIS 
(DIPTERA: PHORIDAE) AT SELECTED 
TEMPERATURES AND PHOTOPERIODS 


J. T. TRUMBLE AND R. L. PIENKOWSKI 


Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni- 
versity, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061. 


Abstract.—Newly eclosed Megaselia scalaris larvae were placed on com- 
mercially available Drosophila media to determine developmental time and 
survival to the adult stage at temperatures of 21°, 27°, and 32°C and at 
LD:12-12 and LD:16-8. With few exceptions, the developmental time and 
percentage survival decreased with increasing temperature. Mean devel- 
opmental time of insects reared at 21°C showed an increase of approximately 
300% over those reared at 32°C. The survival fluctuated from a low of 50.0% 
at 32°C to a high of 82.0% at 21°C. Photoperiod significantly affected de- 
velopment at the lower temperatures. 


Megaselia scalaris (Loew.) is a small yellowish-brown phorid of nearly 
cosmopolitan distribution (Robinson, 1971). Larvae have been reported de- 
veloping on a wide variety of host materials, including: Decaying meat; 
decomposing insects; feces from many sources; milk; plant materials; and 
in one case, boot polish (Patton, 1922; Robinson, 1975). The occurrence and 
control of this fly in cockroach colonies was reported by Robinson (1975). 
Adult and immature stages of this species have been adequately described 
(Grandi, 1914; Patton, 1922; Semenza, 1953; Haider, 1956; Borgmeier, 1964: 
and Robinson, 1978). 

Although M. scalaris has been used in genetic studies (Burisch, 1963; 
Mainx, 1964), and the larvae have been known to cause myiasis in man and 
animals (Haider 1956), little is known about its basic biology. Because of 
the potential of this species as a medical problem and pest in insect colonies, 
this study was undertaken to increase the basic knowledge available on the 
survival and development of this insect. 


METHODS AND MATERIALS 


Megaselia scalaris adults were obtained from laboratory colonies main- 
tained in the Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and 


208 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


State University. Approximately 50 adults were allowed to oviposit for 12 
hours on commercially available Drosophila media and moistened cheese- 
cloth. Eggs were collected from the surface of the media with a double *‘0” 
paint brush and placed on moistened filter paper. Eggs laid on cheesecloth 
were collected by rinsing the cheesecloth in a small beaker of tap water and 
pouring the water and dislodged eggs through a funnel lined with filter paper. 
All eggs were sealed in a small plastic container maintained at 27°C. After 
24 hours newly eclosed larvae were placed on freshly prepared media in 
sterile quadrant petri dishes. Two of the four compartments in the petri 
dishes were left empty to allow the larvae dry surfaces on which to pupar- 
late. 

Five replicates of 10 larvae per container were allowed to develop in each 
of three temperature-photoperiod chambers set for 21°, 26°, and 32°C (+1°Q), 
respectively. Photoperiod was maintained at light-dark (LD):12-12 for all 
chambers. This test was repeated using the same sample sizes and temper- 
atures in chambers set for a photoperiod of LD:16-8. 

Larvae were examined at 12 hour intervals. Newly formed puparia were 
removed, placed in 25 dram snap cap containers with moistened filter paper 
and returned to the same chamber from which they had been removed. 
Puparia were examined at 12 hour intervals; emergence and the sex of the 
adults were recorded. 


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 


The survival rate of M. scalaris was influenced by both temperature and 
photoperiod (Table 1). In general, a photoperiod of LD:12-12 permitted a 
more uniform survival for each temperature than LD:16-8. Although this 
trend could be seen in development before and after pupariation, survival 


was obviously more uniform in LD:12-12 when the total developmental time — 


was considered. Statistically, the only significant differences (t-test; P < 


0.05) in mortality between photoperiods occurred at 21°C; the percent sur- — 


vival of: 1) larvae developing until pupariation and 2) insects developing to 
the adult stage was significantly greater at LD:12-12 than LD:16-8. 

With few exceptions, survival increased with decreasing temperature. 
However, significant differences in survival for the total developmental time 
were found only in LD:12-12; survival at 32°C was significantly different 
(Least Significant Range Test, P < 0.05) from both 27°C and 21°C. 


: 


Because the data on the developmental rates of M. scalaris were not | 


normal and could not be completely normalized with transformations, con- 
tingency tables measuring differences in frequency of occurrence through- 
out the ranges were used to statistically compare growth rates. A factorial 
analysis of variance (attempted for comparative purposes) found the same 
relationships, with one exception: Photoperiod did not sifnificantly influence 
development at 27°C. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 209 


Table 1. Mean percent survival of Megaselia scalaris at selected photoperiods and tem- 
peratures. 


Photoperiod 
Developmental Temperature 

Interval 5c LD:12-12 LD: 16-8 
Pre-pupariation 32 64.0 + 8.9! 67-55== 12.6 
2 78.0 + 8.4 80.0 + 10.0 
21 88.0 + 8.4 64.0 + 16.7 
Post-pupariation 32 $258, == 25:5 72.0 = 1926 
27 97.8 + 4.9 75.0 = 17.9 

21 93/51 93 Bias) a= 3) 
Total development 32 52.0 + 14.8 50.0 + 21.6 
27 16.0) == 5-5 60/0. 17-3 
21 82.0 + 8.4 60.0 + 18.7 


1 Based on 5 replicates of 10 L each, +SD; except at 32°C and LD:16-8 which was based on 
4 replicates of 10 L each. 


Based on contingency table analysis, temperature affected developmental 
times significantly (P < 0.05); the rate of development increasing with in- 
creasing temperature (Table 2). Also, growth rates were significantly faster 
(P < 0.05) in LD:12-12 for larvae developing until the onset of pupariation 
at 21°C. Development was not significantly different between photoperiods 
at 27°C or 32°C. Analysis of photoperiodic effects on development after 
pupariation and on the total developmental time found significant differences 


Table 2. Range and mean developmental time in days for Megaselia scalaris at selected 
temperatures and photoperiods.! 


Tem: Photoperiod 
pera LD: 12-12 LD: 16-8 
Developmental Gure 9 = 
Interval 16 x SD Range Xo SD Range 
Pre-pupariation 32 5:39\= 91506 3.75-7.25 6.00 + 0.88 3.75—7.75 
27 6.85 + 1.07 5.25—10.25 7.02 = 0:79 5.75-8.75 
21 16.67 + 2.87 12.25-21.75 14.92 + 1.84 11.75-17.75 
Post-pupariation 32 Ted ==10536 6.75-7.75 7.33 + 0.41 6.75—7.75 
Dili 10.45 + 1.18 9.25-16.25 10.83 + 0.60 9.25-11.75 
21 20.14 + 0.82 17.75—21.25 18.75 + 0.62 17.75—20.25 


Total development 32 13.53 + 1.09 11.25-15.75 12.99 + 1.00 11.25—14.75 
27 17.37 + 0.69 16.25—18.25 18.30 + 0.92 16.25-20.25 
21 36:95)==9 37229 31.75—42.75 33-33) =)2209 29.25—37.25 


' Based on at least 26 insects per temperature. 


210 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


(P < 0.05) in growth rates between photoperiods at 21°C and 27°C, but not 
at.32-C. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We are grateful for the statistical help provided by Dr. J. W. White and 
Dr. S. K. Lee of the Statistics Department, VPI & SU, and to Dr. W. H 
Robinson, Department of Entomology, VPI & SU, for identifying the phor- 
ids and reviewing this manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Borgmeier, T. 1964. Revision of the North American Phorid flies. Part Il. The species of the 
genus Megaselia, subgenus Aphiochaeta. Stud. Entomol. 7:257-416. 

Burisch, E. 1963. Beitrage zur Genetik von Megaselia scalaris Loew. Z. Vererbungsl. 94:322— 
330. 

Grandi, G. 1914. Ricerche sopra un Phoridae (Diptera) africano (Aphiochaeta xantina [sic] 
Speiser), con particolarae riguardo alla morphologia esterna della larva. Boll. Lab. Zool. 
Portici. 8:242-263. 

Haider, S. R. 1956. Description of the male genitalia of Megaselia scalaris (Loew) an intestinal 
myiasis producing fly (Diptera-Phoridae). Pak. J. Health, Lahore. 6:191—192. 

Mainx, F. 1964. The genetics of Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Phoridae): A new type of sex 
determination in Diptera. Am. Nat. 98:415—430. 

Patton, W. S. 1922. Notes on some Indian Aphiochaetae. Indian J. Med. Res. 9:683-691. 

Robinson, W. H. 1971. Old and new biologies of Megaselia species (Dipt. Phoridae). Stud. 
Entomol. 14:1-14. 

—. 1975. Megaselia (M.) scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae) associated with laboratory cock- 

roach colonies. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 77:384—390. 

. 1978. Terminalia of some North American species of Megaselia (Aphiochaeta) and 

descriptions of two new species (Diptera: Phoridae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 80:216— 

D2 

Semenza, L. 1953. Aphiochaeta xanthina Speiser. Contributo alla conoscenza morfologia e 
del ciclo biologico. Rend. Ist. Lomb. Sci. Lett. Cl. Sci. Mat. Nat. 86:320-330. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 211-218 


NEW SYNONYMY AND NEW COMBINATIONS PRIMARILY IN 
AMERICAN TAXA (COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE) 


RICHARD E. WHITE 


Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. 
Admin., USDA % U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, 
D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—Examination of types in the Museum National d’ Histoire Na- 
turelle in Paris has led to new synonyms and new combinations. Among 
species described by Maurice Pic, five are synonymized with Tricorynus 
~ herbarius (Gorham), and eight are generically reassigned. Five species de- 
scribed by A. Solier in the genus Anobium are generically reassigned. The 
genus and species Alvarenganiella seabrai (both proposed by Viana and 
Martinez in 1971) are synonymized with Dasytanobium monstrosum (both 
validated by Pic in 1910). A species described from Mexico by White is 
newly synonymized, and a genus described by White from Florida is noted 
as a possible synonym. An Hawaiian species described by Perkins is ge- 
nerically reassigned, and the Lepesme genus Picatoma is synonymized with 
Protheca. Several lectotypes are designated. 


During a recent trip to the Museum National d’ Histoire Naturelle in Paris, 
I examined type-material of many species of American Anobiidae that were 
described by M. Pic, A. Solier, and P. Lepesme. The Pic collection is by 
far the most important to my studies, for he named about 265 species and 
subspecies of American Anobiidae. Rarely can his species or subspecies be 
recognized from the exceedingly brief descriptions (some consisting of 5 to 
10 words) provided for them, so examination of types is the only reliable 
means of correctly assigning the names. 

In Paris I saw type-specimens of about 150 of the Pic taxa of Anobiidae. 
Type-specimens of roughly 90 taxa were not available to me because they 
had been loaned many years ago and were never returned to the museum. 
However, the data that I accumulated and the specimens that I borrowed 
will enable me, in time, to make considerable progress with certain genera 
of American Anobiidae. 

Major problems often accompany examination of Pic types. Most of his 
types are in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, but when a certain 


212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


type seems to be missing, there is usually no way of knowing if that type 
is in another museum, lost, or mislaid. Pic generally gave no indication in 
print where types were deposited. 

The haste and general lack of care with which Pic worked is well reflected 
by his handwriting, labeling, and arrangement of the material. Most types 
are marked by both his small, yellow, handwritten type-label, and by a 
capitalized, red museum type-label. Where a Pic type-label is on a specimen 
I have accepted that as the type. I have designated lectotypes herein for 
species when I felt sure that a particular specimen was the type, but was 
not clearly labeled as such. Some boxes of the collection were so badly 
crowded by Pic (especially those containing genera with many species) that 
the chaos therein, and the lack of care in labeling, make it difficult to sort 
out types from non-types. In my examination of the Pic collection of Ano- 


biidae I found three instances in which there were evidently two types of © 


a species; in one instance the data on neither apparent type agreed with that 
published for the species. It often is impossible to know whether Pic had a 
series of specimens when he described a species, and if some of the series 
might be in museums other than the Paris museum. Even after my careful 
examination of the Pic collection, the possibility remains that there may 
have been before me types that I wished to examine, but which were indis- 
tinguishable as types because they were not adequately labeled. 

Following are the changes resulting from my studies. All types referred 
to herein are in the Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris. 


Pic CATORAMA SPECIES 
Tricorynus herbarius (Gorham) 


Cathorama herbarium Gorham, 1883:207. 

Catorama latipennis Pic, 1927b:9. NEW SYNONYM. 
Catorama claveri Pic, 1923:5. NEW SYNONYM. 
Catorama minasensis Pic, 1927b:8. NEW SYNONYM. 
Catorama goudoti Pic, 1927b:8. NEW SYNONYM. 
Catorama venezuelensis Pic, 1927b:9. NEW SYNONYM. 


The fact that four of these unnecessary names were validated in the same 
paper offers a commentary on Mr. Pic’s approach to taxonomy. 

The type of goudoti bears: Colomb Goudot, Type, TYPE, Goudoti n. sp.; 
the type of minasensis has: Capress Bresil (undecipherable word), 2810, 
Dang un livre 1931, C. minasensis Pic; the type of venezuelensis bears: 
Venezuela, Type, TYPE, venezuelensis n. sp.; the pin bearing the name 
claveri has 6 specimens mounted consecutively, I hereby designate the top 
one as LECTOTYPE, the pin bears the data: Colombie Ibague Fr. Claver, 
TYPE, C. Claveri n. sp.; the Pic specimen of /atipennis has: Belmont Trin- 
idad LX, ambion, latipennis n. sp. I hereby designate this specimen as LEC- 
TOTYPE. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 213 


Tricorynus hogei (Pic) 


Catorama hogei Pic, 1927b:10. 
Tricorynus partinitidus White, 1967:22. NEW SYNONYM. 


_ Examination of the Pic type of hogei shows that these two names apply 
to the same species; Pic’s original description did not allow recognition of 
his species. Data on the type follow: Mexico (Hoge), Type, Hogei n. sp. 


Mirosternus jacobsoni (Pic), NEW COMBINATION 
Catorama jacobsoni Pic, 1927a:50. 


I have examined a specimen that I hereby designate as LECTOTYPE 
(with the data: Fort de Kock [Sumatra] 92 M. 1925, leg E. Jacobson), and 
find the above change to be necessary. 


Pic XYLETINUS SPECIES 


Pic described 25 American species and one subspecies that he placed in 
Xyletinus; | have seen all but two of the types of these. Most species ac- 
tually do belong in Xy/etinus, but a number do not. I have earlier placed X. 
wagneri Pic in Hadrotinus (White, 1973:846); I below assign an additional 
six species and one subspecies to different genera and designate a lectotype 
for one species. 


Tricorynus robusticollis (Pic), NEW COMBINATION 
Xyletinus robusticollis Pic, 1922:4. 


The type bears: Republ. Argentina, Chaco de Santiago, Del Estero, Rio 
Salado, Type, TYPE, robusticollis n. sp. 


Calymmaderus inaequalicollis (Pic), NEW COMBINATION 
Xyletinus inaequalicollis Pic, 1932:11. 
The type has Loja, Type, TYPE, inaequalicollis n. sp. Loja is a province 
of Ecuador. 
Xyletomerus griseopubens (Pic), NEW COMBINATION 
Xyletinus griseopubens Pic, 1915b:8. 
Data on the type follow: Mineiro Loyaj, Type, TYPE, griseopubens Pic. 
The locality is in Brasil. 
Xyletomerus semisericeus (Pic), NEW COMBINATION 
Xyletinus semisericeus Pic, 1915a:13. 


The type-data are identical with that on griseopubens except for the 
species label. 


214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Hadrotinus inermicollis (Pic), NEW COMBINATION 
Xyletinus inermicollis Pic, 1902a:18. 


The type has the data: S. Antonio da Barra, Pr. de Bahia, Gounelle, 
11.12.88, An. Belg. 1902, p. 18, Type, TYPE, inermicollis Pic. 


Hadrotinus distinctevestitus (Pic), NEW COMBINATION 
Xyletinus distinctevestitus Pic, 1902c:21. 


The type-data are: Jataby, Prov. Goyas, Bresil, Sept. a Nov. 97, Le Nat. 
No. 352, Jounv. 1902, p. 21, Type, TYPE, Xyletinus distinctevestitus Pic. 


Hadrotinus distinctevestitus hirsutus (Pic), NEW COMBINATION 
Xyletinus distinctevestitus hirsutus Pic, 1915a:13. 


Three type-specimens are mounted on one pin (two on one card, one 
above on another card); I hereby designate the uppermost as the LECTO- 
TYPE. The collection data are: Républ. Argentine, Chaco de Santiago, Del 
Estero, Rio Salado, Type, TYPE, distinctevestitus v. hirsutus Pic. It is 
worth noting that reference to this subspecies was not included in the Black- 
welder catalog (1945). 


OTHER TAXA DESCRIBED BY PIC 
Dasytanobium monstrosum Pic 


Dasytanobium monstrosum Pic, 1910:60. 
Alvarenganiella seabrai Viana and Martinez, 1971:123. NEW GENERIC 
and SPECIFIC SYNONYMY. 


I have compared the Pic type of D. monstrosum with the illustrations and 
description of A. seabrai and they agree so closely in nearly all details that 
I am convinced they are identical. The only difference that I found is that 
the antennal serration of Pic’s type is somewhat greater than is the serration 
shown in the illustration of the antenna of A. seabrai. However, the angle 
at which the antenna was drawn could explain the apparent difference. An 
attempt to borrow a specimen of A. seabrai was met with no response, so 
I have not seen a specimen of this species. 


Dasytanobium inaequale Pic 


Examination of the type of D. inaequale Pic (type-species of Dasytan- 
obium; Pic, 1902b:23) shows that it differs greatly from the type of D. 
monstrosum. The latter has the coxa, trochanter, femur, and tibia of a front 
leg each greatly elongated (two or more times normal length) and arcuate. 
In inaequale the above segments of a front leg are not elongated, but are 
similar to the segments of the other legs. It is possible that the unique leg 
adaptations of D. monstrosum are male characters, and that monstrosum 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 215 


is actually the male of D. inaequale. If it is found that the two names apply 

to a single species, the correct name will be inaequale, for it was published 
earlier than was monstrosum. A more complete series than I have seen of > 
monstrosum and inaequale will be needed to decide whether e two 
names apply to the sexes of one species. 

The type of D. monstrosum 1s labeled: Espirito-Santo Brasil ex. coll. 
Fruhstorfer, Type, TYPE, Dasytanobium monstrosum Pic. The type of D. 
inaequale is labeled: Caraca (Minas Geraez) Bresil, E. Gounelle 1.2.1885, 
Dasytide?, L-Exchange no. 209, Type, TYPE, Dasytanobium inaequale Pic. 

Viana and Martinez (1971) erected the new subfamily Alvarenganiellinae 
for their new genus and species; I am in agreement that a new subfamily is 
appropriate so it remains unchanged. 

In addition to D. monstrosum and inaequale, the Hawaiian species Xy- 
letobius timberlakei Perkins (1921:505) belongs in Alvarenganiellinae. 


Dasytanobium timberlakei (Perkins), NEW COMBINATION 


This is a provisional assignment, for the species shows notable differences 
(most obvious in the antennal form) from both monstrosum and inaequale, 
and likely deserves a genus by itself. 


Pseudodorcatoma Pic 


Pseudodorcatoma Pic, 1905:171. 
Cryptoramorphus White, 1966:959. SYNONYM? 


Unfortunately, I have not seen Pic’s type of the type-species (P. ornata 
Pic), but I have examined a specimen determined by P. Lepesme as P. 
ornata Pic. If Lepesme’s identification is correct, then my Cryptoramorphus 
is a synonym of Pseudodorcatoma. Also, on the basis of Lepesme’s iden- 
tification, the original, brief description of Pseudodorcatoma may be in 
error in stating that the antennae are 8 or 9 segmented (they are 11 seg- 
mented in the Lepesme specimen); and, Psewdodorcatoma seems to be not 
closely related to Dorcatoma Herbst, to which Pic compared it. 


SOLIER ANOBIUM SPECIES 


Solier described nine Anobiidae from Chile that he placed in Anobium; 
I have seen the types of seven of these. Most of the species belong to genera 
that were not yet described when Solier did his work; the species are below 
reassigned generically or their generic status is discussed. None of the spec- 
imens was designated in print as type and only one bears a type-label, so I 
below designate lectotypes for six species. 

I below assign two of Solier’s species to Xy/etomerus. M. Pic described 
eight Chilean anobiids in Xyletomerus; unfortunately, none of the types of 
these species was available to me in Paris. It is likely that certain of Pic’s 


216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


species are synonyms of Solier species. Two of the species below do not 
belong to genera with which I am familiar. Further study may show that 
new genera should be described for these two species. 


Xyletomerus cylindricus (Solier), NEW COMBINATION 
Anobium cylindricum Solier, 1849:472. 


The LECTOTYPE that I hereby designate bears the data: Anobium cy- 
lindricum Sol. Chile. 


Xyletomerus fumosus (Solier), NEW COMBINATION 
Anobium fumosum Solier, 1849:471. 


The data on the holotype are: Museum Paris, Chile, Cl. Gay 1845, An- 
obium fumosum Sol. Santiago, TYPE. 


Xyletinus oblongus (Solier), NEW COMBINATION 
Anobium oblongum Solier, 1849:471. 


The LECTOTYPE that I hereby designate has the data: Anobium oblon- 
gum Ziegel. Chile Coquimbo. 


Euvrilletta nigra (Solier), NEW COMBINATION 
Anobium nigrum Solier, 1849:470. 


The data on the specimen I hereby designate as LECTOTYPE are: An- 
obium nigrum Sol. Sa Rosa. This species does not agree well in general 
form with other members of Euvrilletta, but it is better placed here than in 
any other genus known to me. 


Trichobiopsis spinolae (Solier), NEW COMBINATION 


Anobium spinolae Solier, 1849:469. 
Nicobium spinolae (Solier), Pic, 1912:32. 


The specimen I hereby designate as LECTOTYPE (with data: Anobium 
spinolae Sol., Illapel), from Chile, is damaged with most appendages miss- 
ing; and it is badly encrusted with foreign material. From what I can see of 
the morphology, the species most likely belongs in Trichobiopsis (White, 
1973:846), but does not exhibit the generic characters to the same degree as 
does the type-species, T. excavata White. That is, the sternal groove is less 
deep and less strongly marked off, the abdominal sutures are weak medially 
but not obliterated as in 7. excavata, and only the last segment of the labial 
palpus is notched, and not also the last segment of the maxillary palpus as 
in excavata. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 217 


Anobium lunatum Solier 
Anobium lunatum Solier, 1849:472. 


The specimen I here designate as LECTOTYPE has: Anobium lunatum 
Sol. Chile. This species belongs in Xyletininae, but I am not sure to what 
genus. 


Anobium acutangulum Solier 
Anobium acutangulum Solier, 1849:470. 


The LECTOTYPE that I here designate has the data: Anobium acutan- 
gulum Sol., Coquimbo, Coquimbo. This species belongs in the Anobiinae 
near the genus Priobium Motsch., but exhibits notable differences from that 
genus. I am uncertain to what genus this species belongs. 


Lepesme’s Picatoma 


Protheca LeConte, 1865:241. 
Picatoma Lepesme, 1947:224. NEW SYNONYM. 


I have compared the type-species of Protheca (P. hispida LeConte) with 
specimens determined by Lepesme as Picatoma guadalupensis (Pic), the 
type-species of Picatoma; and I found that they are distinguishable on a 
species level only. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


My thanks are extended to Dr. Jean Menier and Mme. A. Bons (both of 
Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris) for assistance during this 
work. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Blackwelder, R. E. 1945. Checklist of the Coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, 
the West Indies, and South America. Pt. 3. Smith. Inst. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 185:343- 


550. 
Gorham, H. S. 1883. Family Ptinidae. Jn Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Coleoptera. 
3(2): 194-209. 


LeConte, J. L. 1865. Prodromus of a monograph of the species of the tribe Anobiini, of the 
Family Ptinidae, inhabiting North America. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 17:222-244. 
Lepesme, P. 1947. Bostrychoidea. Jn Fleutiaux, et al., Coleopteres des Antilles, Faune de 
L’Empire France, VII, vol. 1, p. 194-233. 

Perkins, R. C. L. 1921. Notes on Hawaiian Plagithmysides and Anobiides (Col.) with descrip- 
tions of new species. Proc. Hawaii. Entomol. Soc. 4(3): 493-506. 

Pic, M. 1902a. Contribution a l’etude des Xyletini du Brasil. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Belg. 46:17- 
18. 

/ ——.. 1902b. Diagnoses de Coleopteres de L’Ancien et du nouveau monde. L’Echange, 
Rev. Linn. 18(209):23-26. 

——. 1902c. Coléopteres Brésiliens Nouveaux. Le Naturaliste. 24(357):21. 


nN 


18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


1905. Captures diverses, noms nouveaux, et diagnoses (Coléopteres). L’Echange, 

Rev. Linn. 21(250):169-171. 

1910. Coléopteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. L’Echange, Rev. Linn. 

26(308):60-63. 

1912. Anobiidae. Jn Coleopterorum Catalogus, W. Junk, Berlin. 10(48): 1-92. 

1915a. Nouveautes de diverses Familles. Mel. Exotico-Ento. 13:2-20. 

1915b. Nouvelles especes de diverses Familles. Mel. Exotico-Ento. 15:2-20. 

1922. Nouveautes diverses. Mel. Exotico-Ento. 34:1-32. 

1923. Nouveautes diverses. Mel. Exotico-Ento. 39:3-32. 

1927a. Fauna sumatrensis (Beitrag Nr. 49) Byrrhidae, Dermestidae, Anobiidae, Bru- 

ehidae! Suppl. Entomol. 16:49-50. 

. 1927b. Nouveautes diverses. Mel. Exotico-Ento. 48:1—32. 

1932. Nouveautes diverses. Mel. Exotico-Ento. 60: 1-36. | 

Solier, A. 1849. Orden III. Coleoptera. Jn Gay, Historia fisica y politica de Chile... . 4:414— | 
Slits 

Viana, M. and A. Martinez. 1971. Una nueva subfamilia de Anobiidae (Insecta, Coleoptera). 
Neotropica. 17(54):121-126. 

White, R. 1966. Cryptoramorphus floridanus, new genus, new species (Coleoptera: Anobi- 
idae), with generic reassignments. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 59(5):959-961. 

—. 1967. The Tricorynus of Mexico (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 

93: 1-40. 

. 1973. Neotropical Anobiidae: new genera and species, and taxonomic notes (Coleop- 

tera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 66(4):843-848. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 219-221 


THE TYPE-SPECIES OF THE GENUS LEPTOPHLEBIA WESTWOOD 
(EPHEMEROPTERA: LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE) 


MICHAEL D. HUBBARD 


Laboratory of Aquatic Entomology, Florida A&M University, Tallahas- 
see, Florida 32307. 


Abstract.—The type-species of the genus Leptophlebia Westwood is 
Ephemera vespertina L., not Ephemera marginata L. as has been com- 
monly supposed. 


_ The identity of the type-species of any genus is of crucial importance to 
the taxonomy of that genus because the type-species serves as the basis for 
any definition of the genus; any redefinition or modification of the generic 
limits must take into account the type-species. It is therefore important to 
understand the correct concept of the type-species of a genus before any 
taxonomy (at least at the generic level) or systematics involving that genus 
is begun. Any errors in the present concept of the identity of a type-species 
may well be transformed into greater errors in work of the future if left 
uncorrected today. 

One such error has persisted in the literature since it was first introduced 
in 1881. The genus Leptophlebia Westwood, 1840, is one of the largest 
genera of Ephemeroptera and is the type-genus of the family Leptophlebi- 
idae which contains about one-quarter of the extant genera of mayflies. The 
type-species has generally been thought to be Ephemera marginata Lin- 
naeus, 1767. 

Eaton (1871) in his Monograph on the Ephemeridae listed no type-species 
for the genus Leptophlebia. However, he divided the genus into 4 “‘series”’ 
and gave a type-species for each. “‘Series 3,’ which included Leptophlebia 
vespertina Linnaeus, 1758, and eight other species, was given Ephemera 
marginata for a type-species. Following this Eaton (1881) restricted the 
definition of the genus Leptophlebia sensu stricto to coincide with ‘‘series 
3’’. The type-species of “‘series 3’’, Ephemera marginata, was retained by 
Eaton as the type-species of Leptophlebia (restricted). Since this time, all 
major works treating the Leptophlebiidae which list type-species (e.g., Ea- 
ton, 1884; Needham, Traver, and Hsu, 1935; Grandi, 1960; Landa, 1969; 
Peters and Edmunds, 1970; Edmunds, Jensen, and Berner, 1976) have con- 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


nN 
td 
—_) 


sistently given Ephemera marginata as the type-species of the genus Lep- 
tophlebia, apparently following Eaton (or each other). 

An investigation of the original establishment of Leptophlebia (West- 
wood, 1840) however, reveals that the genus was erected for Ephemera 
vespertina L., and ‘‘the allied species.’’ The present International Code of 
Zoological Nomenclature requires that the type-species of a genus be one 
of the originally included nominal species, and that if only one nominal 
species is originally included, it is the type-species by monotypy. Thus, 
Ephemera vespertina L., 1758, must be regarded as the type-species of 
Leptophlebia Westwood, 1840 (type by indication: monotypy), not Ephem- 
era marginata as has been commonly, but erroneously, accepted. 

There is little doubt as to the identity of Leptophlebia vespertina or to 
the fact that it is the species which Westwood had in mind when he estab- 
lished Leptophlebia. He both mentioned it by name and referred to the 
figure of DeGeer’s (1771) “‘Ephémere noire a ailes blanches’’ which has 
been shown by Bengtsson (1912) to be Linnaeus’ Ephemera vespertina. The 
figures, descriptions, and distributions given by Linnaeus (1758), DeGeer 
(1771), and Westwood (1840) are all compatible with the present concept of 
Leptophlebia vespertina. 

Leptophlebia vespertina is a senior synonym of Leptophlebia meyeri Ea- 
ton, 1884, and Euphyurus albitarsis Bengtsson, 1909 (see Lestage, 1917, for 
a fuller discussion of these specific synonymies). Euphyurus albitarsis is 
the type-species by monotypy of Euphyurus Bengtsson, 1909, making the 
latter a junior synonym of Leptophlebia as suggested by Lestage (1917). 

This clarification of the true type-species of the genus Leptophlebia will 
induce no change in any of the present prevailing concepts of the genus, but 
may well prevent taxonomic confusion in the future. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Drs. W. L. Peters and D. R. Towns, and Ms. J. G. Peters, all of Florida 
A&M University, read the manuscript and provided helpful discussion. The 
research on which this paper is based was supported by a research program 
(FLAX 79009) of SEA/CR, USDA, to Florida A&M University, William L. 
Peters, Research Leader. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bengtsson, S. 1909. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der palaarktischen Ephemeriden. Lunds Univ. 
Arsskr., N. F., Afd. 2, 5(4):1-19. 

—. 1912. An analysis of the Scandinavian species of Ephemerida described by older 
authors. Ark. Zool. 7(36):1-21. 

DeGeer, C. 1771. Mémoires pour servir a l’histoire des insectes. Pars II. Stockholm. 

Eaton, A. E. 1871. A monograph on the Ephemeridae. Trans. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 1871:1- 
164. 


tN 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 2 


1881. An announcement of new genera of the Ephemeridae. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 

17:191-197. 

. 1883-1888. A revisional monograph of Recent Ephemeridae or mayflies. Trans. Linn. 

Soc. Lond., Ser. 2, Zool. 3:1—352. 

Edmunds, G. F., Jr., S. L. Jensen, and L. Berner. 1976. The mayflies of North and Central 
America. Univ. Minn. Press, Minneapolis. 

Grandi, M. 1960. Ephemeroidea. Fauna d'Italia HI. Calderini, Bologna. 

Landa, V. 1969. Jepice-Ephemeroptera. Fauna CSSR 18. Cesk. Akad. Véd, Praha. 

Lestage, J.-A. 1971. Contribution a l’etude des larves des Ephemeres palearctiques. Ann. 
Biol. Lacustre. 8:215—458. 

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae. Tom. I. Ed. 10. Holmiae. 

Needham, J. G., J. R. Traver, Y-C. Hsu. 1935. The biology of mayflies. Comstock Publishing 
Co., Ithaca, New York. 759 p. 

Peters, W. L. and G. F. Edmunds, Jr. 1970. Revision of the generic classification of the 
Eastern Hemisphere Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera). Pac. Insects. 12:157—240. 
Westwood, J. O. 1840. An introduction to the modern classification of insects: founded on 
the natural habits and corresponding organisation of the different families, Vol. 2. Long- 

man, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, London. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 222-229 


SEASONAL HISTORY AND DISTRIBUTION OF CARULASPIS MINIMA 
(TARG.-TOZZ.) INPENNSYLVANIA 
(HOMOPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) 


JAMES F. STIMMEL 


Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Har- 
risburg, Pennsylvania 17120. 


Abstract.—The biology and distribution of the univoltine scale insect Car- 
ulaspis minima (Targ.-Tozz.) was studied at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, dur- 
ing 1974-75 and its seasonal history compared to that of juniper scale, C. 
juniperi (Bouche). Fertilized adult females overwintered and began ovipo- 
sition April 30 and May 23 of the two years studied. Eggs hatched in one 
week and peak crawler emergence occurred May 30 both years. Second 
instars appeared June 12, adult males and females, at the end of June. Adult 
males were most abundant the first two weeks of July, when they fertilized 
the females then died. The seasonal histories of minima and juniperi were 
similar. The distribution survey revealed that C. minima infests seven Penn- 
sylvania counties, mainly in the southeastern portion of the state. The only 
hosts harboring minima during the survey were Juniperus spp. Natural 
enemies encountered during the study included the hymenopteran para- 
sites Aphytis sp., Aspidiotiphagus sp., and Prospaltella sp., and the neu- 
ropteran predator Aleuropteryx juniperi Ohm. 


Two species of the genus Carulaspis MacGillivray are found in the United 
States: Carulaspis juniperi (Bouche), juniper scale, and Carulaspis minima 
(Targioni-Tozzetti), the so-called minute cypress scale. Both species are 
believed to be introduced, with Ferris (1937) stating that juniperi is Euro- 
pean, and King (1902) suggesting minima to be Oriental. Both species are 
economically important. Naegele (1953) described severe damage to native 
junipers in Bermuda from exploding populations of juniper scale. In 1975 
the number of quarantines levied against both scales on ornamental junipers 
in Pennsylvania was second only to the number imposed against black vine 
weevil on Taxus.! In 1958, C. minima was reported heavy on eastern red 


‘From the nursery inspection records of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania De- 
partment of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 223 


cedar, Juniperus virginiana, in Oklahoma (USDA, 1958). Recently, Dekle 
(1976) recognized that minima is economically important on juniper in Flor- 
ida. 

The first record of C. minima from the U.S. is King’s (1902) collection 
on Thuja in Massachusetts. It has since been recorded from California, 
Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Kansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, North Carolina, 
Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington. The 
identification of this scale in Pennsylvania (USDA, 1974) was made during 
the initial stages of a study of the arthropod fauna of ornamental juniper by 
Bureau of Plant Industry entomologists. I had been making preliminary 
observations on a population of scale thought to be C. juniperi but which 
I found to be C. minima with the aid of McKenzie’s (1956) key. I began a 
more detailed investigation of C. minima because of the lack of published 
information on this species, probably the result of failure by workers to 
separate minima from juniperi. Also, a survery was initiated to determine 
its distribution and host range in Pennsylvania. 


METHODS 


An ornamental planting of Juniperus chinensis cv. ‘Hetzii’ on the grounds 
of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Dauphin Coun- 
ty, was selected. The planting, about 46 m long by 3 m wide, harbored a 
heavy infestation of C. minima. Weekly samples were taken from March 
through October 1974 and 1975. Each sample consisted of a randomly se- 
lected, scale-infested 15-cm terminal which was cut from the host plant and 
taken to the laboratory. The first 100 living scale forms encountered (in- 
cluding eggs) were removed from the host material, mounted five at a time 
on microscope slides in Hoyer’s medium, and examined through a phase- 
contrast microscope to determine the stage of each specimen. The stage and 
sex (except first instars, which were not sexed) of nearly 4,500 specimens 
were recorded, and the percentage of each stage in the total sample was 
calculated. 

Counts of deposited eggs were made by lifting the coverings of adult 
females and counting the eggs beneath. Most females carried additional 
undeposited eggs, and these were counted when the slide-mounted speci- 
mens were examined under phase-contrast. No attempt was made to deter- 
mine total fecundity of the females since empty chorions were not counted. 

Male scales and parasites were collected by the mailing tube and glass 
vial method described by Stoetzel and Davidson (1971). These were labeled 
and preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol in 2-dram vials. 

Field observations were in themselves unsatisfactory for determining the 
number of annual generations. Overwintering females oviposited over a long 
period, a fact which would obscure oviposition by first generation females, 
should it occur. The number of generations was determined by transferring 


224 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


active first generation crawlers to scale-free hetz junipers (potted 10-inch 
plants). After these had settled and matured (to first generation adults), they 
were observed periodically in order to detect any subsequent oviposition, 
which would indicate the onset of a second generation. The absence of such 
oviposition would suggest that the first generation adults overwinter. 

The distribution survey for the two Carulaspis spp. in Pennsylvania uti- 
lized Bureau of Plant Industry inspectors, entomologists, and the author. 
Small clippings from Juniperus and Thuja plantings harboring what ap- 
peared to be juniper scale were taken and delivered to the laboratory in 
Harrisburg, where specimens were mounted on slides for identification. 

To compare the seasonal history of C. minima with that of C. juniperi, 
a nearby population of C. juniperi on J. chinensis cv. “Hetzii from Camp 
Hill, Cumberland County, was monitored weekly during 1975. Approxi- 
mately 20 specimens per week were mounted on slides in Hoyer’s medium 
for phase-contrast studies. 


SEASONAL HISTORY 
Fig. 1 


Carulaspis minima is a univoltine species which overwinters as fertilized | 
adult females. In southcentral Pennsylvania, the females began to swell in 
late March, and eggs could be seen in the bodies of slide-mounted specimens — 
in the middle of April. Oviposition began April 30 in 1974 and May 23 in 
1975, and peak oviposition occurred around the third week of May both 
years. Deposited eggs averaged 20 per individual, but the total number of 
eggs probably was more than 35 since slide-mounted females contained an 
average of 15 undeposited eggs, and empty chorions were uncounted. Most 
eggs hatched in seven days, although the incubation period ranged from five 
to eight days. | 

As the first-instar scales hatched, they emerged from beneath the parent © 
scales and searched for suitable feeding sites. The crawlers settled in a short 
time (no crawlers survived more than 24 hours without feeding), inserted — 
their mouthparts to feed, and became permanently attached to the host. 
This was the ‘‘settled crawler’ or immobile phase of the first instar. Peak 
crawler emergence occurred around May 30 both years. 

Second instars of both sexes began to appear in the samples June 12, two 
weeks after appearance of active and settled crawlers. The second stadium 
lasted about two weeks, during which both sexes had developed pygidia. 
Females attained a turbinate shape with no evidence of eyes, while males 
became elongate and developed easily visible eyespots. Incorporation of 
wax secretions into the scale cover began during the second stadium, and 
seemed to follow that described for C. juniperi by Stoetzel (1976). Female 
scale covers were usually smooth and circular, while male covers were 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 


NR 
thr 
Nn 


PERCENT IN SAMPLE 


OLD ADULT FEMALES 


ACTIVE CRAWLERS [um wea. 


SETTLED CRAWLERS Bp-=. <p 


Il INSTAR FEMALES Ce 


I) INSTAR MALES ee 


PREPUPAL MALES = 


PUPAL MALES 


ADULT MALES 


Ce 


NEW ADULT FEMALES 


(eat teratan | 

NOR ee a 7) NO © o 
~RNe EP Phin ol GReHt iin TSHR eK NNR “nw es 
Se rT — t-te Jt — hy ry 
a Cc saa. 2) a a as cs a a Ss SBS SFB SBS STS SS DBDPaowowew Ll Vv 
SSeseaqatcqqet SSSeezsssS SS SSEaqCRRqCRqICqIqCAZAAASS 
Fig. 1. Seasonal history of Carulaspis minima in 1975. 


226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


elongate and faintly tricarinate. The male covering was completed during 
the second instar. 

First generation (‘‘new’’) adult females appeared at the end of June, two 
weeks after the appearance of second instars. They differed from the second 
instars by the presence of a vulva surrounded by five clusters of perivulvar 
pores. New adult females were differentiated from old (overwintering) adult 
females by the absence of internally developing eggs, and they often had 
the mouthparts still in the crumena or coiled ready to descend into the 
crumena. This first generation overwintered and produced the following 
year’s eggs. 

Prepupal males were found one week after the appearance of second 
instars, about June 20. The prepupal period was short and did not last more 
than several hours. The pupal period (pupae were found in the same week's 
sample as the prepupae) lasted about a week. Neither prepupae nor pupae 
had functional mouthparts. 

The emergence of the adult males began at the end of June and coincided 
perfectly with the maturation of the new adult females. Males immediately 
began to search out and fertilize the virgin females by wandering about and 
probing beneath the scale covers with their long genitalia. Laboratory ob- 
servations of newly emerged males showed that they were short-lived. All 
lived at least eight hours, but none survived more than 40 hours. High 
numbers of males were present the first two weeks of July. After mid-July 
their numbers dropped quickly, but a small percentage of males could be 
found in the weekly samples until the middle of August. After late August, 
the population consisted primarily of fertilized adult females. 


Hosts AND DISTRIBUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA 


In Pennsylvania C. minima was found only on Juniperus spp. with J. 
chinensis cv. ‘Hetzii’ the most common host (Table 1). Only C. juniperi— 
was collected on Thuja and Chamaecyparis. 

Of 165 scale samples collected in the distribution study only 16 contained 
C. minima. It was found mainly in the southeastern portion of the state and 
was present in only seven counties: Berks, Blair, Bucks, Cumberland, Dau- 
phin, Snyder, and York (Fig. 2). Infestations of C. minima were most fre- 
quently encountered in the Cumberland—Dauphin—York county area. 


NATURAL ENEMIES 


Three parasitic species were encountered during the sampling. Two, As- 
pidiotiphagus sp. and Prospaltella sp., were internal parasites, feeding en- 
tirely within the female scale. At death the scales seemed to mummify, and 
the parasites’ pupae could clearly be seen inside the derm of the scales. The 
third, Aphytis sp., fed externally on adult females (beneath the scale cover). 
Rate of parasitism by all species was low, reaching a maximum of 18% in 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 227 


Fig. 2. Distribution of Carulaspis minima in Pennsylvania. 


mid-July. Parasites were present from mid-May to mid-September, although 
no dramatic parasite emergence periods were observed. 

Aleuropteryx juniperi Ohm, an introduced coniopterygid first reported 
from North America by Henry (1976), proved to be an important predator 
of C. minima. Both adults and larvae fed on all stages of the scale. This 
species reduced the scale population more than any other natural enemy in 
the experimental planting.” 


DISCUSSION 


Field and laboratory observations indicate that C. minima is a univoltine 
species in Pennsylvania, although Baccetti (1960) report C. minima to have 
two generations per year in Italy. Scale transfer studies showed that only 
about 2% of the new females oviposited late in the summer. None of the 
progeny of this late oviposition survived the winters since no forms other 
than adult females were found in the early spring. Johnson and Lyon (1976) 
stated that adult males are active during late summer and fall. I found that 
by far the greatest percentage of males emerged during the first two weeks 
of July, and only small numbers were present into late summer. No adult 
males of either species were found in the samples after August 22. Com- 
parison of the life histories of these two species showed them to be similar, 


2 Personal communication, T. J. Henry, Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department 
of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 


nN 


28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Table 1. Numbers of collections of Carulaspis juniperi and C. minima taken from various 
hosts in Pennsylvania, 1974-75. 


Carulaspis Carulaspis 
Host minima Juniperi 
Chamaecyparis sp. 0 1 
Juniperus chinensis 2 35 
J. chinensis cv. ‘Hetzii’ 5 43 
J. chinensis cv. ‘Pfitzeriana’ 1 30 
Juniperus communis ] 3 
Juniperus excelsa 1 3 
Juniperus horizontalis cv. ‘Plumosa’ 1 1 
Juniperus procumbens 0 1 
Juniperus scopulorum 0 1 
Juniperus virginiana 1 9 
Juniperus sp. 4 16 
Thuja occidentalis 0 6 


as hatching dates, growth rates, and adult emergence dates were nearly 
identical. This disagrees with Boratynski (1957) who found that in Britain 
the seasonal history of C. minima lagged up to two weeks behind that of C. 
juniperi. Both species developed later in Britain than in Pennsylvania; C. 
juniperi and C. minima developed two and four weeks later, respectively, 
in Britain than my studies indicate for Pennsylvania. Baccetti’s studies of 
C. juniperi in Italy show only one generation per year. 

The crawlers of C. minima normally settled away from the parent scale, 
so infestations were only one layer thick and did not build up to a multilay- 
ered crust as do some armored scales, such as obscure scale, Melanaspis 
obscura (Comstock) (Stoetzel and Davidson, 1971). During the 2-year sam- 
pling period the scales infested only the lower portions of the hosts and 
populations did not move upward significantly. This suggests that C. minima 
crawlers do not move great distances and have a limited ability to disperse 
upward, except when branches are touching. 

In Pennsylvania C. minima was found only on Juniperus, although 
McKenzie (1956) lists these additional hosts: cypresspine, Callitris articu- 
lata; cypress, Cupressus sp.; redwood, Sequoia sempervirens; and arbor- 
vitae, Thuja spp. Johnson and Lyon (1976) seemed to suggest that C. minima 
is restricted to Thuja, with no mention of any additional hosts. Workers 
should not attempt to separate the two species solely by host information, 
since both species apparently attack Juniperus and Thuja. 

Carulaspis minima is probably more common than previously thought 
because of the difficulty in separating it from C. juniperi. I am certain that 
additional sampling in Pennsylvania and other states would prove that the 
range of C. minima is greater than previously indicated. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 229 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Special thanks are due Miss Karen McIntosh, a summer employee with 
the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, for faithfully processing week- 
ly samples in the laboratory. I am grateful to T. J. Henry, Dr. Karl Valle, 
and Dr. A. G. Wheeler, Jr., entomologists with the Bureau of Plant Industry, 
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, for reading the manuscript and 
offering many suggestions for its improvement; and Dr. E. E. Grissell, Sys- 
tematic Entomology Laboratory, SEA, USDA, for the identifications of the 
hymenopterous parasites. I also thank Dr. Douglass R. Miller, Systematic 
Entomology Laboratory, SEA, USDA, and Dr. John A. Davidson, Depart- 
ment of Entomology, University of Maryland, for kindly supplying distri- 
bution information. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Baccetti, B. 1960. Le coccinigle Italiane del cupressaceae. Redia. 45 (Ser. 2):23-111. 

Boratynski, K. 1957. On the two species of the genus Carulaspis MacGillivray (Homoptera: 
Coccoidea, Diaspidini) in Britain. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 93:246-251. 

Dekle, G. W. 1976. Florida armored scale insects. Arthropods of Florida. Fla. Dept. Agr. 
Vol. 3, 343 p. 

Ferris, G. F. 1937. Atlas of the scale insects of North America. Series I. Serial Nos. SI-1 to 
SI-136. Stanford University Press, California. 
Henry, T. J. 1976. Aleuropteryx juniperi: A European scale predator established in North 
America (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 78:195—201. 
Johnson, W. T. and H. H. Lyon. 1976. Insects that feed on trees and shrubs, an illustrated 
practical guide. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 464 p. 

King, G. B. 1902. Further notes on Massachusetts Coccidae. Can. Entomol. 34:59-63. 

McKenzie, H. L. 1956. The armored scale insects of California. University of California 
Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 209 p. 

Naegele, J. A. 1953. Life history and control of juniper scale, Diaspis visci (Schrank) Loew. 
Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 155 p. 

Stoetzel, M. B. 1976. Scale-cover formation in the Diaspididae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). 
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 78:323-332. 

Stoetzel, M. B. and J. A. Davidson. 1971. Biology of the obscure scale, Melanaspis obscura 
(Homoptera: Diaspididae), on pin oak in Maryland. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 64:45—49. 

USDA. 1958. A minute cypress scale (Carulaspis minima). USDA Coop. Econ. Insect Rep. 
8:703. 

USDA. 1974. Anarmored scale (Carulaspis minima). USDA Coop. Econ. Insect Rep. 24:856. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 230-233 


NOTES ON APTEROMECHUS FAUST OF AMERICA NORTH OF 
MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE: CRYPTORHYNCHINAE) 


DONALD R. WHITEHEAD 


Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. 
Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, 
D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—A generic diagnosis is given for the primarily Neotropical ge- 
nus Apteromechus. The first key to the four currently recognized taxa in 
America north of Mexico is given, using simple, previously ignored char- 
acters. Distribution records are briefly summarized. A historical summary 
includes comments about past errors, present interpretations, and possible 
future problems associated with the systematics of these four taxa. 


The cryptorhynchine genus Apteromechus Faust, largely Neotropical, is 
represented in America north of Mexico by four nominate taxa: A. ferratus 
(Say), A. longus (LeConte), A. microstichus Fall, and A. texanus Fall. 
Some of the characters previously used to distinguish them are superficial 
or difficult to use. I here give the first key to these four taxa, using some 
conspicuous but previously unexploited characters; and I append some ad- 
ditional notes. I do not attempt a detailed revision of the species, partly 
because generic limits are ill-defined and partly because it appears that study 
of Neotropical material not yet available will be needed to reach satisfactory 
conclusions. 


RECOGNITION CHARACTERS FOR APTEROMECHUS FAUST 


Kissinger’s (1964) key to genera of North American Cryptorhynchinae 
does not work satisfactorily for Apteromechus. One species, A. longus, 
does key through rubric 29 to Apteromechus. Kissinger traced the other 
species to Apteromechus through couplets 31 and 33 as if the mandibles 
were prominent when closed. However, the mandibles are not prominent. 
These Apteromechus species trace more readily through couplet 31 to cou- 
plet 35, where distinguished from other genera by having the scutellum not 
or only minutely exposed and by having the pronotum sparsely rather than 
densely squamose. The following diagnosis distinguishes Nearctic Aptero- 
mechus from other Nearctic Cryptorhynchinae, but it is only a first approx- 
imation with respect to Neotropical members of the subfamily. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 231 


Diagnosis.—Head: Rostrum short, feebly curved to nearly straight, man- 
dibles not prominent when closed; antenna inserted near middle of rostrum, 
funicle 7-segmented, club ovate and with distinct sutures; interocular dis- 
tance varied from nearly as great as width of rostrum to much shorter; eyes 
partly exposed when head is in repose. Pronotum: Rounded at sides, deeply 
bisinuate at base, median lobe partly filling scutellar cavity; coarsely, closely 
punctate, not densely squamose; ocular lobes moderately reduced. Scutel- 
lum: Hidden or minutely exposed. Elytra: Stria 10 abbreviated, not extend- 
ed beyond hind coxa; intervals 3, 5, and 7 varied from convex to feebly 
elevated to strongly carinate. Legs: Femora feebly unidentate ventrally, or 
front femur with tooth obsolete; in most species front femur with sharply 
defined, glabrous ventral sulcus in which both tibia and tarsus are received 
in repose; tibiae rounded at base externally, outer margin even, straight, 
not serrate; tibia 3 with apical comb formed of single row of spines, comb 
angulate or broken; in most species tarsi not dimorphic; claws free, simple. 
Venter: Rostral canal extended into mesosternum to point in line with front 
margin of middle coxae; mesosternum prominent, feebly emarginate; dis- 
tance between middle coxae slightly to considerably less than apical width 
of rostrum; metasternum long, distance between middle and hind coxae 
greater than length of antennal club; metepisternal suture distinct, metepi- 
sternum moderately broad; abdominal ventrite 2 a little longer than 3 or 4 
but much shorter than 3+4. 


KEY TO APTEROMECHUS OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO 


1. Front femur without ventral sulcus, tarsus not received in repose; 
most specimens with scutellum minutely exposed...... ferratus (Say) 
— Front femur with glabrous ventral sulcus, tarsus received in repose; 
SCULEIIIMMMOMEXDOSCOMS te ans. eat 6 Sees oh scm egies Qieeeeoeeiae sac 2, 
2. Front and vertex densely punctate; middle coxae separated by dis- 
| tance much less than width of rostrum ............ longus (LeConte) 
-— Frons and vertex minutely, sparsely punctate, densely squamose 
immediately around eyes, surface alutaceous; middle coxae sepa- 
rated by distance nearly as great as width of rostrum .............. 3 
3. Ventrites 3 and 4 with punctures arranged in | or 2 nearly regular 
ROM SAOMMCACMEVEMUMLC. «fot eins cic s.< cece © sos e's sin en etey eis texanus Fall 
— Ventrites 3 and 4 with punctures more confused, at least in part 
aimangedum 3 TOWwsion each) Ventrite..:2............ microstichus Fall 


DISTRIBUTION RECORDS 


Records are by state, using postal abbreviations, to facilitate use in the 
USDA “‘A catalog of the Coleoptera of America north of Mexico’ now in 
_ preparation. 


232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Apteromechus ferratus—eastern, not subtropical: AL, CT, DC, FL, GA, 
[ee LAS ME NGS NIN ORL PASSC. TEN? VA: f 

Apteromechus longus—southeastern: AR, FL, TX. | 

Apteromechus microstichus—southeastern: FL, GA. Subtropical, ex- | 
tending northward to southeastern Georgia. A specimen in USNM labelled 
New York is suspect. 

Apteromechus texanus—extreme southern Texas: TX. Subtropical; spec- 
imens from Tampico, Veracruz are probably conspecific with those from 
Brownsville. 


DISCUSSION 


Champion (1906) was first to recognize Apteromechus in the United 
States fauna. He cited a specimen labelled Cryptorhynchus ferratus from 
a series collected by H. F. Wickham at Brownsville, Texas, but I am con- 
vinced that this series was entirely composed of the subsequently described 
Apteromechus texanus. | 

Apteromechus, as presently understood, is somewhat heterogeneous. | 
Probably, Apteromechus should remain defined broadly enough to include | 
A. ferratus. However, A. ferratus lacks the specialized femoral sulcus char- | 
acteristic of most other members of the genus, and I know of no other 
shared, derived character state that can be used to define the genus so_ 
broadly. Kissinger (1964) emphasized the peculiar divided comb of tibia 3 | 
as characteristic of the genus, but this character needs extensive study. | 
Examination of several Neotropical species leads me to conclude that the” 
comb is composed of a single row of setae, in some species simply angulate 
rather than broken as Kissinger described for A. ferratus and A. longus. | 

The closely related taxa A. microstichus and A. texanus may be conspe- | 
cific (Fall, 1925). I make no attempt to analyze this matter now, because 
there is a complex of closely related, poorly known forms in Mexico and 
Central America. Superficial differences among the various samples are 
minor, and geographically intermediate samples are needed to determine | 
extent of variation. : 

Kissinger (1964) reassigned Cryptorhynchus longus to Aponte 
This species is not closely allied with any other species I have examined, | 
but it shares with A. texanus, A. microstichus, and most tropical species | 
the peculiar, presumably synapotypic sulcus of the front femur. | 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I thank T. L. Erwin (Smithsonian Institution), R. H. Foote, R. W.. 
Hodges, and J. M. Kingsolver (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA). 
for reviewing the manuscript. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 233 


LITERATURE CITED 


Champion, G. C. 1906. Rhynchophora, Curculionidae. /n Biologia Centrali-Americana, In- 
secta. Coleoptera. F. Godman and O. Salvin, eds. R. H. Porter, London, vol. 4, part 
4, fascicles 4 KK and 4LL, p. 617-624. 

Fall, H. C. 1925. New species of Apion and Apteromechus. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 
20:85-88. 

Kissinger, D. G. 1964. Curculionidae of America north of Mexico: A key to the genera. 
Taxonomic Publications, South Lancaster, Massachusetts. 143 p. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 234-247 


DISTRIBUTION OF ORB-WEAVERS (ARANEIDAE : ARANEAE) IN 
HOMOGENEOUS OLD-FIELD VEGETATION 


OwEN DEVER SHOLES AND JOHN EDWARD RAWLINS 


(ODVA) Section of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, 
New York 14853 (present address: Division of Natural Sciences and Math- 
ematics, Assumption College, Worcester, Massachusetts 01609); (JER) De- 
partment of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853. 


Abstract.—Dispersion patterns of araneid spiders were random, based on 
nearest-neighbor distances in two oldfields with apparently homogeneous 
vegetation structure. All structural types of vegetation, and hence potential 
web sites, were aggregated in both fields when measured with variance/ 
mean ratios from 2 x 2 m quadrats. Plant aggregations were often indistinct, 
forming a complex and fine-textured habitat in which spiders built webs. 
Significant correlations between quadrat counts of spiders and of plant stems 
indicated that spiders responded to plant density when selecting web sites. 
In addition, webs were attached to plants in proportions significantly dif- 
ferent from expected based on relative abundance of plant types. Ob- 
servations suggested that spiders differentially retained types of attachment 
plants via behavioral kinesis. 


Studies of spatial distribution in spiders have usually emphasized the im- 
portance of habitat structure (Cherrett, 1964; Colebourne, 1974; Duffey, 
1972; Enders, 1973, 1976; Riechert, 1974; Riechert et al., 1973; Tolbert, 
1976). Other factors, including wind, rain, temperature, humidity and prey 
availability, have been considered less often (Eberhard, 1971; Muma and 
Muma, 1949; Nergaard, 1951; Riechert and Tracy, 1975; Robinson and Rob- 
inson, 1974; Tolbert, 1976; Turnbull, 1964, 1973). Most studies dealing with 
the response of spiders to physical structure of the habitat have considered 
sites with major differences in vegetation structure. In these sites, spiders 
were aggregated (Cherrett, 1964; Duffey, 1972; Enders, 1977; Post and Rie- 
chert, 1977; Riechert, 1974; Riechert et al., 1973; Tolbert, 1976; Turnbull, 
1966). 

Few workers have dealt with relatively homogeneous vegetation. Three 
species of Lycosa Latreille were aggregated in three of eleven sites in which 
the vegetation structure appeared slightly heterogeneous; they were ran- 
domly distributed in the other eight sites (Kuenzler, 1958). Two other wolf 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 235 


spiders, Trochosa terricola Thorell and Pardosa pullata (Clerck), were 
usually regularly distributed in two Polish meadows, perhaps a result of 
territorial interactions. During the period of mating, adults were distributed 
randomly (Syrek and Janusz, 1977). The funnel-web spider Agelenopsis 
aperta (Gertsch) was aggregated in sites containing a mixture of lava beds, 
grassland, and rangeland. In sites containing only one type of favorable 
habitat, the spiders were distributed uniformly, having interacted with one 
another and spaced themselves out (Riechert, 1974; Riechert et al., 1973). 

In 1974, we measured the distribution of 29 orb-weavers (Araneidae) in 
an apparently homogeneous oldfield, and found it to be random (Sholes 
and Rawlins, unpublished). To clarify this result, we expanded the study 
using two other oldfields, chosen for their apparently homogeneous vege- 
tation structure. We hoped to approach the scale of the spider’s perceived 
environment, to measure their distribution in a fine-grained, small-scale 
mosaic of vegetation, and then to compare our results with other studies on 
orb-weavers done in more strongly heterogeneous vegetation (Cherrett, 
1964; Enders, 1973, 1976, 1977; Tolbert, 1976). 


STUDY FIELDS 


Both fields were in Tompkins County, near Ithaca, New York. Field 1 
was southeast of Ithaca in the Town of Caroline (76°21'W, 42°22’N) at an 
elevation of 425 m, situated at the base of a hill. The slope of the site was 
about 5%, facing to the west. Field 2 was northeast of Ithaca in the town 
of Dryden (76°26'W, 42°30'N), 340 m above sea level, with slope of 3% 
facing north. Soils in both fields were moderately well drained, medium 
textured, not very fertile, and acidic (Neeley, 1965). The study area within 
Field 1 was L-shaped, containing 616 m?; the study area in Field 2 was a 
176-m? rectangle. 


METHODS 


We searched both fields visually for the webs of large female araneids on 
8 September (Field 1) and 18, 19 September (Field 2) 1977, disturbing the 
webs and vegetation as little as possible. Webs of Araniella displicata 
(Hentz), Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz, and immature Acanthepeira stellata 
(Walckenaer) were too small for reliable discovery and were excluded from 
consideration. We marked every web within the sites, and all those outside 
that were nearest neighbors of those inside. For each web, we measured the 
height of the highest attachment point, the distance between upper attach- 
ments, the vertical diameter of the orb, and the height of the diurnal position 
of the spider (hub of web or retreat). We identified the spider, the attachment 
plants, and the plant used for a retreat (if present). 

The fields were marked out in grids of 2 x 2-m quadrats, and the coor- 


236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Field 1 Field 2 


Oi. 2 so 4 0 4 8 1 1&6 20 
m dm 


Nearest Neighbor Distance 


Fig. 1. Frequency distribution of nearest-neighbor distances for large araneid spiders in 
each field. Both distributions are unimodal, allowing nearest-neighbor analysis of dispersion 
without risk of spurious results (see text). 


dinates of each spider at its diurnal position were measured to the nearest 
decimeter. We censused the vegetation in each quadrat by counting the 
number of stems or culms of different structural types of plants (grass, 
milkweeds, and non-milkweed forbs in Field 1; grass, forbs, and shrubs in 
Field 2), and by estimating the percent cover of grass (taken as the percent 
of the quadrat covered by dense matted grass, or percent of the quadrat 
not under a closed ‘“‘canopy’”’ of taller vegetation). Species included in the 
stem categories were: Grasses—Dactylis glomerata L., Phleum pratense 
L., Carex sp., and scapes of Plantago lanceolata L.; non-milkweed forbs— 
Solidago spp., Aster spp., Arctium minus (Hill), Cichorium intybus L.., 
Daucus carota L., Achillea millefolium L., and tall Linaria vulgaris Hill; 
milkweeds (Field 1)—Asclepias syriaca L., and small Rhus typhina L.; 
shrubs (Field 2)—Viburnum recognitum Fernald, V. lentago L., and Cornus 
racemosa Lamarck (nomenclature as in Fernald, 1950). Species not extend- 
ing above the mat of grass were included in the percent cover estimates. 

Intra- and interspecific nearest-neighbor distances were calculated for spi- 
ders from the coordinate values, and then used to determine the distribution 
patterns of the spiders (Clark and Evans, 1954). Underwood’s (1976) objec- 
tions to the nearest-neighbor method, based on Pielou (1959), do not apply 
to our data, and we did not have the difficulties with nearest-neighbor results 
experienced by Payandeh (1970). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 237 


Table 1. Intraspecific and interspecific dispersion patterns of araneid spiders based on 
nearest-neighbor distances, analyzed as in Clark and Evans (1954). 


Field 1 Field 2 
N Tae Re ch N Te R c 
Araneus trifolium 51 1.83 1.05 0.71 9 2.70 E22 E27, 
Argiope trifasciata 18 ZAD 0.75 203% 89 0.73 1 0.66 
Argiope aurantia 9 4.23 1.02 0.13 0 
Neoscona arabesca 9 4.94 1.19 1.19 2 
Mangora gibberosa 5 7.61 1-37 1.59 1 
Acanthepeira stellata 0 2 
All spiders 92 1.24 0.96 —0.70 103 0.67 1.03 0.49 


‘fr, is the average actual nearest-neighbor distance; R is the ratio of r,/T., with r, being the 
average expected distance; c is the standard normal variate for the quantity (rf, — f,). If c is 
significantly greater than zero, the distribution is aggregated; if c is significantly less than zero, 
the distribution is regular. Distances are in meters. 


* Significant departure from random, P < 0.025; one-tailed test. 


On 9 September 1977 at Field 1, strong winds destroyed all or part of 
many webs. That afternoon, we recorded the degree of web destruction for 
each marked web (intact; orb destroyed, frame intact; frame and orb de- 
stroyed). On 11 September, we returned and observed whether the webs 
were rebuilt and whether the spiders were present at their original sites. 


RESULTS 


Distributions.—Data were collected on adult females of Araneus trifolium 
(Hentz), Argiope aurantia Lucas, Argiope trifasciata (Forskal), Neoscona 
arabesca (Walckenaer), Mangora gibberosa (Hentz), and Acanthepeira 
stellata. 

In all but one case, the individual species were distributed randomly with- 
in each field (on Field 1 Argiope trifasciata was regularly distributed). Con- 
sidering all species together, the distributions on both fields were random 
(Table 1). The frequency distribution of the nearest-neighbor distances (Fig. 
1) shows that the data fit the unimodal requirement of the nearest-neighbor 
method, and thus, the results are not spurious (Clark and Evans, 1954). All 
species pairs show symmetry and no segregation (sensu Pielou, 1961) in 
their occurrence as nearest-neighbors (Table 2). 

Based on the index of dispersion, variance/mean (Greig-Smith, 1964), all 
structural types of vegetation on both fields were aggregated (Table 3). 

Spearman Rank Correlations between density of vegetation types and of 
the dominant spider species in each field were computed after removing all 
quadrats with no spiders (103 of 154 quadrats on Field 1, and 5 of 44 quadrats 
on Field 2 were omitted). Araneus trifolium density in Field 1 was negatively 
correlated with abundance of non-milkweed forbs; Argiope trifasciata in 


238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Table 2. Proportional occurrence of araneid species as nearest neighbors. All comparisons 
of observed with expected show no significant difference (chi-square test, P > .05). Expected 
values for species are based on the proportion of all individuals which could possibly occur as 
nearest neighbors; a spider cannot be its own neighbor. Classes were lumped to obtain a 
minimum expected value of 1.0 spider. 


Neighboring Species 


Field 1 
Araneus Arglope Argiope Neoscona Mangora 
trifolium trifasciata aurantia arabesca _ gibberosa 2 
ee x 
Species obs; “exp. obs: exp. ‘obs. exp. obs. exp; obs.) exp) a(classes) 
Araneus 
trifolium 0.59 0.55 0.16 0.20 0.06 0.10 0.14 0.10 0.06 0.06 2.18 (5) 
Argiope 
trifasciata 0.50 0.56 0.22 0.19 0.00 0.10 0.28 0.10 0.00 0.06 8.69 (5) 
Argiope 
aurantia 0333" 0:56 0:22 0:20) “0:44 0309" 0200" 0210" 02007 “OL06) 251186) 
Neoscona 
arabesca 0:56 0:56 0:22 0:20' 0:00 0.10: 0:00) 0:09 0:22 0:06) 10;09%6) 
Mangora 
gibberosa 0.60 0.56 0.20 0.20 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.00 0.04 0.03 (2) 
All species 0.54 S55) OA9F (02205 -.0:08 MOMOe O14" OFO OF057 Ol0S5ieee223 01) 
Field 2 Neighboring Species 
Araneus Argiope Neoscona Mangora_ Acanthepeira 
trifolium trifasciata — arabesca gibberosa stellata 5 
a X 
Species obs. exp. obs. exp. obs. exp. obs. exp. obs. exp. (classes) 
Araneus 
trifolium 0.22 0.08 0.78 0.87 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.62 (2) 
Argiope 
trifasciata 0.10 0.09 0.84 0.86 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 3.98 (4) 
All species 0.11 0.09 0.85 0.86 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.02 3.99 (5) 


Field 2 was positively correlated with percent grass cover, and negatively 
correlated with forb abundance (Table 4). All other comparisons between 
spiders and vegetation were not significantly correlated (P > .05). 

Web sites.—The numbers of web attachments observed on different struc- 
tural types of vegetation were compared with the expected numbers based 
on the percentages of vegetation types counted in each field (Fig. 2). In both 
fields, only the numerically dominant species attached its webs to plants in 
proportions significantly different from expected. There were also signifi- 
cant departures from expected when considering all spiders together. 

The mean heights of spiders and of web attachments for each species 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 239 


Table 3. Dispersion patterns of structural types of vegetation based on variance/mean ratio 
(s*?/x) (Greig-Smith, 1964) of stem densities from 2 x 2-m quadrats. 


Field 1 (n = 154) Field 2 (n = 44) 
x s?/x Ge x s?/x Xa 
Percent grass cover 80.3 3.26 498.8} 67.3 5.38 23.3% 
Grass stems 11.0 16.50 2524.5} 43.8 9.07 390.0! 
Non-milkweed forbs 34.9 19.15 2930.0! 59.2 9.50 408.5} 
Milkweed 9.9 S72 875.2! — 
Shrubs — 9.32 Psi l9 93.3! 


Chi-square = (n — 1)s?/x. 
1 Significant departure from randomness, P < .01. 


were higher on Field 2 than on Field 1, while the mean distance between 
attachments was less on Field 2 (Table 5). 

Natural web destruction and rebuilding.—Wind damage to webs on Field 
1 was classified into three categories: No damage, orb destroyed, and orb 
plus frame destroyed. Rebuilding occurred less often on more heavily dam- 
aged webs (Table 6). A higher percentage of Araneus trifolium webs were 
rebuilt and occupied than were Argiope webs. 

Damage level and rebuilding were related to the type of attachments for 
Araneus trifolium webs (Table 7). Webs between two milkweeds or between 
two non-milkweeds suffered the least amount of destruction. A larger per- 
centage of rebuilding occurred when milkweed was the retreat plant than 
when a non-milkweed plant contained the spider’s retreat. 


Table 4. Spearman Rank Correlation coefficients between quadrat counts of spiders and of 
vegetation types, including only the dominant spider species in each field, and excluding quad- 
rats with no spiders. 


Structural Vegetation Type 


Percent Non- 
Grass Grass milkweed 
Spider Cover Stems Forbs Milkweed Shrubs 
Araneus trifolium 
(Field 1; 
51 quadrats) —0.021 0.100 0.364? —0.328} —- 
Argiope trifasciata 
(Field 2; 
39 quadrats) 0.438? 0.155 —0.407! — —0.106 


' Significant correlation, P < .05. 
? Significant correlation, P < .01. 


240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


IEE 


Fig. 2. Percent of araneid web attachments on each structural type of plant (left-hand 
column of each pair) and percent of each plant type in both fields (right-hand columns). Chi- 
Square comparisons of web attachments (observed) and plant types (expected) showed signif- 
icant differences (P < .05) for A. trifolium (retreat and non-retreat) on Field 1, A. trifasciata 
on Field 2, and total spiders on both fields. 


| 


241 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 


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42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


tN 


Table 6. Rebuilding of webs two days after destruction by wind (Field 1). Values in paren- 
theses are percentages of total webs examined for each species. 


i 


No Orb Orb & Frame 
Damage Destroyed Destroyed Total 

a eum 
Araneus trifolium 

Rebuilt 0 19 (35) 17 (32) 36 (67) 

Not rebuilt 2 Q. es OMyy _12 (22) _18 (33) 

Total 0 25 (46) 29 (54) 54 (100) 
Argiope spp. 

Rebuilt 6 (23) 2 (8) 0 8 (31) 

Not rebuilt 5 (19) 3 (12) 10 (38) 18 (69) 

Total 11 (42) 5 (19) 10 (38) 26 (100) 

DISCUSSION 


Large araneid spiders were distributed randomly in both fields. In con- 
trast, the structural types of vegetation were always aggregated. Based on 
the importance of vegetation structure to spiders, amply demonstrated in 
the literature (see introductory remarks), we conclude that the potential web 
sites were also aggregated. Our data and the results of other workers have 
led us to two hypotheses for explaining the difference in distribution pattern 
between the spiders and their potential web sites. One is based on spider 
interactions, and the other on random dispersal into a surplus of potential 
web sites. 

Spider interaction.—Riechert et al. (1973) showed that the funnel-web spi- 
der Agelenopsis aperta was uniformly distributed within areas of favorable 
vegetation for web construction. They suggested that interactions between 
spiders acted to space spiders apart. Perhaps interaction between spiders 


Table 7. Relation of type of attachment plant to web destruction and web rebuilding for 
Araneus trifolium, Field 1. Values are percentages of total webs for that row. 


Structures 
Destroyed Rebuilding 
Total Original Attachment Plants: Orb Orb & Not 
Webs Retreat to Non-retreat Only Frame Rebuilt Rebuilt 
20 Milkweed to milkweed 60 40 80 20 
20 Milkweed to non-milkweed 40 60 2 28! 
4 Non-milkweed to milkweed 25 75 50 50 
11 Non-milkweed to non-milkweed 46 54 36 64 


1 Two web sites were destroyed by recreational vehicles before rebuilding could be observed. 


| 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 243 


in our fields acted to space them further apart than were suitable web sites 
actually spaced. Spacing would shift the spiders away from an aggregated 
toward a regular distribution until interactions were reduced. In our sites, 
this could have produced a random pattern of spiders in a clumped pattern 
of potential sites. 

We think this interaction hypothesis unlikely for two reasons. First, 
species-specific repulsion seems a likely consequence of interactions intense 
enough to produce increased spacing. In our fields, all species occurred as 
nearest-neighbors to themselves and to each other as often as expected 
simply by their proportional abundance in each field, indicating an absence 
of species-specific repulsions. Interactions between spiders can occur at the 
densities in our sites (Enders, 1974), but there is no indication that they 
produced any spacing of spiders analogous to that found by Riechert et al. 
(1973) or by Syrek and Janusz (1977). 

Second, it appears that web sites were not limiting in these fields. Araneid 
spiders perceive very little beyond the tactile stimuli reaching the web and 
its attachment plants (Tolbert, 1975; McCook, 1889). The area within per- 
ception distance of a spider can be approximated by an ellipse, with the 
web hub at the center and the long axis extending the distance between 
attachments. The short axis extends perpendicularly from the hub, and was 
estimated by twice the depth of the primary barrier web used by Argiope 
trifasciata (Tolbert, 1975). The distance between attachment plants slightly 
underestimates the long axis because plants extend beyond the point of 
attachment and can themselves transmit vibrations to the web. Twice the 
barrier web depth, however, overestimates the width of the ellipse because 
A. trifasciata’s primary barrier webs are on only one side of the main orb, 
and secondary barrier webs are infrequent. Barrier webs are rarely used by 
adult A. aurantia (Tolbert, 1975), and not all by the other species. There- 
fore, the overestimated width more than compensates for the underesti- 
mated length because changes in width affect ellipse area more than changes 
in length. 

With a mean distance between attachments of about 28 cm, the barrier 
web is about 9 cm (Tolbert, 1976) or one-third the length of the long axis. 
Using this ratio for all spiders, the estimated average area perceived by 
spiders was 0.16 m? on Field 1 and 1.71 m? on Field 2, so that 2.4% (Field 
1) and 3.1% (Field 2) of the total area was occupied by large araneid spiders. 
These values are quite close to the percentages of total stems used for web 
attachments in each field: 2.1% (Field 1) and 4.2% (Field 2). Based on this 
generous estimate of area occupied, it does not appear that the available 
web sites were nearly saturated. This is true not only for adults, but also 
for juveniles. Though juveniles are more abundant than adults will be 
later in the same season, juvenile webs and space requirements are smaller 


244 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


than those of adults. Consequently, there are many more available sites for 
juveniles than for adults within the same field. 
Random dispersal and surplus web sites.—Araneids emerge from egg sacs 


which may contain hundreds of eggs (Kaston, 1948). From this highly ag- | 


gregated beginning, spiderlings disperse by aerial ballooning, setting silk 
lines over vegetation, or walking (Bristowe, 1971; Kaston, 1948; Tolbert, 
1977). As they grow they continue to disperse, moving less frequently, but 
covering greater distances in each move (Enders, 1975). Essentially all of 
their dispersal within ‘‘reasonably’’ homogenous environments appears to 
be random (Enders, 1975, 1976, 1977; Laing, 1937; Tolbert, 1977; Turnbull, 
1964). 

The vegetation into and through which the spiders disperse, and hence 
the potential web sites, are aggregated. However, the potential web sites in 
these fields far outnumber the spiders using them. Thus, when a spider stops 
moving and initiates web-building, the site it is in will very likely be suitable 
and unoccupied. The result is a distribution of spiders not significantly dif- 
ferent from random. A closer examination of the mechanisms of web site 
selection and retention reveal the importance of vegetation structure to spi- 
der distributions. 

Web site selection and retention.—As a spider enters a web site, few a 


priori evaluations of the site are possible. A spider can build a web at that — 


site if there are sufficiently sturdy attachment plants, space for the web, 
and, in retreat builders such as Araneus trifolium, a location on one attach- 
ment plant for a retreat. Where vegetation is sparse (Field 1) there is a 
premium on attachment plants; not surprisingly, A. trifolium abundance 


was positively correlated with non-milkweed forb density in the quadrats of | 


Field 1. In dense vegetation (Field 2) there is a premium on space; as ex- 


pected, Argiope trifasciata numbers were positively correlated with percent | 


grass cover (open space) and negatively correlated with forb density in 
Field 2. 

Araneus trifolium on Field 1, being negatively correlated with milkweed 
abundance, appears not to agree with our predictions on space and attach- 
ment plant requirements. Clones of milkweed, however, were often so dense 
that leaves from adjacent stems overlapped considerably. Even in relatively 
sparse vegetation, space is apparently limiting for araneids within such 
clones. 

Sites of marginal quality, instead of being abandoned, can be ameliorated 
by the spider’s use of silk. Araneus trifolium, for example, maintained the 
same orb diameter in both fields, but fit its web into the different densities 
of vegetation by changing the length of the upper frame thread (Table 5). 

Once a web is built, its continued occupation may depend on prey avail- 
ability (Turnbull, 1964; but see Enders, 1976, 1977; Tolbert, 1976), thermal 
conditions, humidity, or destruction by wind or rain (see introductory re- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 245 


marks). Whatever the factor involved in web site retention, araneids appear 
to respond to them by kinesis (Marler and Hamilton, 1966). 

One such example of a kinetic response appeared after wind destroyed 
all or part of each A. trifolium web on Field 1 (Table 7). Destruction of webs 
was more severe when the webs were attached between structurally differ- 
ent plants than when attached between similar ones. Plants of similar struc- 
ture differ less in flexibility, inertial mass, and wind resistance than plants 
of differing structure (i.e., large milkweeds as opposed to forbs). Structural 
similarity would increase the ease by which the two attachment plants are 
held in synchronous motion by the web when exposed to wind. 

As found by other workers (Bristowe, 1971; McCook, 1889; Savory, 
1952), webs with frames intact are more likely to be rebuilt than those with 
frames destroyed. However, rebuilding was more frequent when A. trifo- 
lium’s retreat was one milkweed than when on another type of plant. A 
kinesis would tend to increase the proportion of webs between two milk- 
weeds, but only slowly because there are slight advantages for webs be- 
tween two non-milkweeds (less destruction), and a moderate disadvantage 
for having a retreat on milkweed when the second attachment is another 
species (more destruction). It is also possible that immatures do not prefer 
milkweeds over other vegetation types. We did find a disproportionately 
large number of A. trifolium web attachments to milkweed (Fig. 2). However, 
only 20 of 55 A. trifolium were situated between two milkweeds, and this 
at the end of the growing season. 

As araneids age, they tend to change web sites less often (Enders, 1975, 
1976). This might reflect a decrease in the response to environmental influ- 
ences that would have initiated dispersal in younger spiders. Enders (1977) 
suspected that the cost of dispersal is quite high for araneids, so that older 
spiders of higher reproductive value would be under considerable selection 
pressure to remain at a site until the costs of doing so outweighed those of 
dispersing. On the other hand, a reduced frequency of site changes with age 
might also indicate an increase in web site quality as a result of a kinetic 
response. Marked Agelenopsis aperta individuals that moved between web 
sites tended to move from sites of lower quality to those of higher quality, 
based on scores of the sites in a discriminate analysis (Riechert, 1976). This 
evidence further supports the hypothesis that web site ‘‘selection’’ is the 
result of a kinetic response to web site quality, i.e., web site retention (End- 
ers, 1975, 1976; Tolbert, 1977; Turnbull, 1964). 

Vegetation heterogeneity.—We chose our study fields for the apparent 
structural and physiognomic homogeneity of their vegetation. Nevertheless, 
we found every structural type of plant to be aggregated on both fields based 
on 2 X 2-m quadrats. On a scale approaching that of single web sites, our 
impressions of these and other oldfields are that vegetation clumps are 
often indistinct, overlapping, or absent in some parts of the fields. Coloni- 


246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


zation, cloning, disturbance, interaction, and extinction of many plant 
species in oldfields produce an enormous number and diversity of potential 
sites for web building. 

The result of random movement by spiders through a fine-grained, mostly 
unoccupied habitat is a random distribution. This does not mean that spiders 
are not reacting to vegetation structure; the correlations with vegetation 
types and the disproportionate use of attachment plants show a clear re- 
sponse to vegetation. However, the response is not as strong as in situations 
with striking vegetation heterogeneity (see introductory remarks). 

In summary, potential web sites for large araneid spiders in oldfields are 
aggregated because of the aggregation of vegetation. Though spiders seem 
to prefer and/or avoid certain types of vegetation, the random nature of 
spider dispersal, the fine texture of the vegetation mosaic, the adaptability 
of spider silk in web supports, and the surplus of potential web sites all 
combine to produce a distribution of large araneid spiders not significantly 
different from random. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bristowe, W. S. 1971. The world of spiders. 2nd ed. Collins, London. 304 p. 

Cherrett, J. M. 1964. The distribution of spiders on the Moor House National Nature Reserve, 
Westmorland. J. Anim. Ecol. 33:27—48. 

Clark, P. J. and F. C. Evans. 1954. Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial 
relationships in populations. Ecology. 35:445-453. 

Colebourne, P. H. 1974. The influence of habitat structure on the distribution of Araneus 
diadematus Clerck, J. Anim. Ecol. 43:401—409. 

Duffey, E. 1972. Ecological survey and the arachnologist. Bull. Brit. Arach. Soc. 2:69-82. 

Eberhard, W. G. 1971. The ecology of the web of Uloborus diversus (Araneae: Uloboridae). 
Oecologia. 6:328-342. 

Enders, F. 1973. Selection of habitat by the spider Argiope aurantia Lucas (Araneidae). Am. 
Mid]. Nat. 90:47-SS. 

——. 1974. Vertical stratification in orb-web spiders (Araneidae, Araneae) and a consid- 
eration of other methods of coexistence. Ecology. 55:317-328. 

—. 1975. Change of web site in Argiope spiders. (Araneidae). Am. Midl. Nat. 94:484— 
490. 

—. 1976. Effects of prey capture, web destruction and habitat physiognomy on web-site 
tenacity of Argiope spiders (Araneidae). J. Arachnol. 3:75-82. 

——. 1977. Web-site selection by orb-web spiders, particularly Argiope aurantia Lucas. 
Anim. Behav. 25:694-712. 

Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. 8th ed. American Book Co., New York. 
1632 p. 

Greig-Smith, P. 1964. Quantitative plant ecology. 2nd ed. Butterworths, London. 256 p. 

Kaston, B. J. 1948. Spiders of Connecticut. Conn. State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. No. 


70: 1-874. 
Kuenzler, E. J. 1958. Niche relations of three species of lycosid spiders. Ecology. 39:494— 
500. 


Laing, J. 1937. Host-finding by insect parasites. I. Observations on the finding of hosts by 
Alysia manducator, Mormoniella vitripennis, and Trichogramma evanescens. J. Anim. 
Ecol. 6:298-317. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 247 


Marler, P. and W. J. Hamilton, III. 1966. Mechanisms of animal behavior. John Wiley & 
Sons, New York. 771 p. 

McCook, H. C. 1889. American spiders and their spinningwork. Vol 1. Philadelphia: published 
by the author. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 369 p. 

Muma, M. H. and K. E. Muma. 1949. Studies on a population of prairie spiders. Ecology. 
30:485-S02. 

Neeley, J. A. 1965. Soil survey, Tompkins County, New York. U.S. Dept. Agric., Soil Cons. 
Serv. Series 1961, No. 25. 241 p. 

Norgaard, E. 1951. On the ecology of two lycosid spiders (Pirata piraticus and Lycosa pullata) 
from a Danish sphagnum bog. Oikos. 3:1-21. 

Payandeh, B. 1970. Comparison of methods for assessing spatial distribution of trees. For. 
Sci. 16:312-317. 

Pielou, E. C. 1959. The use of point-to-plant distances in the study of the pattern of plant 

populations. J. Ecol. 47:607-613. 

1961. Segregation and symmetry in two-species populations as studied by nearest 

neighbor relations. J. Ecol. 49:255-269. 

Post, W. M., III and S. E. Riechert. 1977. Initial investigation into the structure of spider 
communities. I. Competitive effects. J. Anim. Ecol. 46:729-749. 

Riechert, S. E. 1974. The pattern of local web distribution in a desert spider: mechanisms 

and seasonal variation. J. Anim. Ecol. 43:733-746. 

. 1976. Web site selection in the desert spider Agelenopsis aperta. Oikos. 27:311-315. 

Riechert, S. E., W. G. Reeder and T. A. Allen. 1973. Patterns of spider distribution (A gelen- 
opsis aperta (Gertsch)) in desert grassland and Recent lava bed habitats, South-central 
New Mexico. J. Anim. Ecol. 42:19-35. 

Riechert, S. E. and C. R. Tracy. 1975. Thermal balance and prey availability: bases for a 
model relating web-site characteristics to spider reproductive success. Ecology. 56:265— 
284. 

Robinson, M. H. and B. C. Robinson. 1974. Adaptive complexity: the thermoregulatory 
postures of the golden-web spider, Nephila clavipes, at low latitudes. Am. Midl. Nat. 
92:386-396. 

Savory, T. H. 1952. The spider’s web. Fred. Warne & Co., New York. 154 p. 

Syrek, D. and B. Janusz. 1977. Spatial structure of populations of spiders Trochosa terricola 
Thorell, 1856, and Pardosa pullata (Clerck, 1758). Ekol. Pol. 25:107-113. 

Tolbert, W. W. 1975. Predator avoidance behavior and web defensive structures in the orb 

weavers Argiope aurantia and A. trifasciata (Aranea, Araneidae). Psyche. 82:29-S2. 

. 1976. Population dynamics of the orb-weaving spiders Argiope trifasciata and Argiope 

aurantia (Araneae, Araneidae): density changes associated with mortality, natality, and 

migrations. Ph.D. thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 172 p. 

. 1977. Aerial dispersal behavior of two orb weaving spiders. Psyche. 84:13-27. 

Turnbull, A. L. 1964. The search for prey by a web-building spider Achaearanea tepidariorum 
(C. L. Koch) (Araneae, Theridiidae). Can. Entomol. 96:568—579. 

—. 1966. A population of spiders and their potential prey in an overgrazed pasture in 
eastern Ontario. Can. J. Zool. 44:557-583. 

—. 1973. Ecology of the true spiders (Araneomorphae). Annu. Rev. Entomol. 18:305— 
348. 

Underwood, A. J. 1976. Nearest neighbor analysis of spatial dispersion of intertidal proso- 
branch gastropods within two substrata. Oecologia. 26: 257—266. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 248-252 


REDISCOVERY OF BOTH SEXES OF THE ENIGMATIC 
ZOPHINA EISENI (TOWNSEND) (DIPTERA: TABANIDAE) IN 
BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR' 


SIXTO COSCARON, G. B. FAIRCHILD, AND C. B. PHILIP 


(SC) Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Faculdad de Ciencias Naturales 
y Museo, Paseo del Bosque, La Plata, Argentina; (GBF) Department of 
Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 
32611; (CBP) California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Fran- 
cisco, California 94118. 


Abstract.—The little-known tabanid fly Zophina eiseni (Townsend) is re- 
described and figured. It is placed in the primitive section of the Pangoniini 
and appears nearest Asaphomyia and Protosilvius. 


Dr. Gustav Eisen, a vigorous collector of insects in southern Baja Cali- 
fornia before the turn of the century, took in September a ‘‘wholly blackish”’ 
male fly of what Townsend (1895) described as ‘‘Apatolestes (or nov. gen.) 
eiseni.’’ His guess at that time, based on the male, was remarkably good. 
As recounted by Philip (1954), Townsend, in later unpublished manuscript 
notes, decided this fly belonged in a new genus, to which Philip gave the 
name Zophina. Its relationships among generalized Pangoniinae still re- 
mained enigmatic, however, because of the unfortunate destruction of the 
type in the California Academy of Sciences during the great San Francisco 
earthquake and fire in 1906. 

Townsend had received, from Eisen, three more topotypic specimens, 
including a ‘‘poorly preserved’’ female but only one badly pest-damaged 
male survived among Townsend’s collection. This specimen, now in the 
British Museum (Natural History) was adequate only for meager generic 
characterization on further study by Philip (1954). He later made a special 
trip in September 1972 to the type-locality, San José del Cabo, in an effort 
to secure additional specimens. He was not successful, although both a net 
and canopy trap were used, probably because the places of search were in 
conventional tabanid habitats, such as meadows occupied by livestock, and 
in vegetation along a nearby stream. It was a gratifying surprise when each 


' Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 1285. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 249 


sex was recently taken by others (incidental to other insect collecting) in 
the vicinity of San José del Cabo, again in September, which enabled the 
present definitive studies. Dr. J. A. Chemsak of the University of California, 
Berkeley, netted two males while collecting cerambycid beetles, one 3 km 
N of town. A female was taken by Dr. R. L. Westcott about 10 km SW of 
town: he reported it to us as resting in a xerophytic bush in the dune area 
bordering the sandy beach where he also was collecting beetles. The fly was 
not teneral, but appeared fresh as though recently emerged from below the 
bush, and resting before taking wing. Townsend’s “‘poorly preserved’’ fe- 
male may have been tenera! after capture under similar circumstances. We 
are indebted to Drs. Chemsak and L. L. Pechuman of Cornell University 
for the loan of these specimens. 

The descriptions below confirm the primitive relationship in Tribe Pan- 
goninii, discussed in detail following the formal description. 


Zophina eiseni (Townsend) 


Female.—Length of body 10.5 mm; of wing, 8.5 mm. Eyes bare, irrides- 
cent greenish violet, unbanded. Frons (Fig. 1) slightly widened below, index 
(height/basal width) 1.7, blackish subshiny, with 3 large ocelli at vertex, 
basal callus black, wide and flat, not well-differentiated from the dark frons; 
subcallus shiny black and bare. Antennae, palpi and face brownish-gray 
pollinose with black hairs, the latter very dense on palpi. Proboscis short 
and membranous, without sclerotized reinforcements. Face short, profile of 
head as figured (Fig. 2). Scape robust, little longer than wide; pedicel longer 
than 2 its own width. Style composed of a basal plate and 5 annuli, sutures 
between the segments indistinct (Fig. 3). Second palpal segment elongated, 
without bare areas or sensorial pits (Fig. 4). 

Thorax and abdomen dark brownish without ornamentation. Wings black- 
ish with very short appendix on R,. Legs blackish brown with black hairs. 
Posterior tibiae with 2 short apical spurs. 

Genitalia.—Cerci subtriangular with apical borders rounded, tergite X 
divided, with few setae, and tergite IX undivided, hypoproct with sparse 
‘subapical setae (Fig. 9). Sternite VIII wider than long with apical margin 
excavated, gonapophyses well-sclerotized (Fig. 10). Genital fork without 
teeth on the combs and straight basally. Basal portion of spermathecal ducts 
with small but evident chitinous thickenings, though without mushroom-like 
expansions; distal portions of spermathecal ducts with membranous am- 
pullae, not sclerotized nor expanded (Fig. 8). 

Male.—Similar in size and coloration to the 2. Head with area of enlarged 
facets covering most of eye surface, bare, and with very large ommatidia 
(Figs. 5, 6). Ocellar tubercle higher than eyes, the 3 ocelli well-developed; 
frontal triangle black, shiny. Antennae (Fig. 7) grayish brown, the styles 
paler; whole antenna more slender than in 2, with scape 2 as long as wide 


250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


{ 
! 
| 
| 
| 
i 
| 
| 


N : 
~ 


Figs. 1-12. Zophina eiseni. 1, Frons of 2. 2, Head, 2, lateral view. 3, Antenna, 2. 4, 
Left palpus, 2. 5, Head, 6d, lateral view. 6, Head, 6, frontal view. 7, Antenna, o. 8, 2, 
genital fork and spermatheca. 9, 2, tergites IX—X and hypoproct. 10, 2, sternite VIII and 
gonapophyses. 11, d, tergite IX, cerci and hypoproct. 12, ¢, basistyle, dististyle and aedeagus. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 251 


and style with basal plate more slender, the 5 to 7 segments of style not 
clearly demarcated. Palpi more slender than in female, its shape obscured 
by dense hairs. 

Genitalia.—Basistyle inwardly concave, dististyle strongly bifid; aedeagus 
robust, subtriangular (Fig. 12). Cerci subcircular, tergite LX undivided, 
shield-shaped, with a deep basal concavity; hypoproct subtriangular (Fig. 
11). 

Specimens examined.—Mexico, Baja California Sur, San José del Cabo, 
11-12 September 1967, coll. J. A. Chemsak, | ¢; 3 km N San José del 
Cabo, 11-13 September 1967, coll. Chemsak, | 6; 6.5 mi (10 km) SW San 
José del Cabo, 22 September 1976, coll. R. L. Westcott, 1 @. 

Discussion.—The following characters show that this species belongs in 
Pangoniinae: 6, tergite IX a single shield, dististyle bifid. Female, tergite 
IX undivided, basal portion of spermathecal ducts without mushroom- 
shaped expansions distally, sternite VIII very wide medially with a deep 
concavity on the distal margin. Within the Pangoniinae it fits best in the 
Tribe Pangoniini, as it has dististyle bifid, ocelli present, proboscis short 
and basal annulations of antennal flagellum partially (¢) or entirely fused 
(2). The appendix on fork of R, is short in the female, absent in the males. 
The presence of enlarged and bare upper eye facets in the d is a very 
peculiar character, uncommon in Pangoniini. The palpi are as in Veprius 
presbiter Rondani and Protodasyapha hirtuosa (Philippi) without special 
sensorial areas such as found on the apical portion in Stonemyia tranquilla 
(Osten Sacken), Protodasyapha (Curumyia) lugens (Philippi) or Apatolestes 
spp., or special pits as in Chaetopalpus annulicornis Philippi, Fairchildi- 
-myia penai Coscaron and Philip or Brennania hera (Osten Sacken). The 
closest genus structurally appears to be Asaphomyia Stone. Asaphomyia 
texensis Stone, illustrated by Stone (1953) and the genitalia by Mackerras 
(1955:463), differs slightly in the shapes of the 2 sternite VIII and ¢ tergite 
IX, and more noticeably in the shape of the antennae, which in A. texensis 
has an orbicular or disc-shaped basal plate and slender, abruptly narrowed 
flagellum of 2 or 3 poorly demarcated, elongate annuli. In A. floridensis 
-Pechuman (1974), the styles of the d genitalia are more deeply bifid, the 
ventral ramus being more hooked. The antennae of A. floridensis are similar 
to those of A. texensis and both species share with Zophina the bare, en- 
_larged upper eye facets and lack of palpal sensory areas in the male. 

Apatolestes spp. are very close in most features of the genitalia, but the 
cerci are more acute, the frons is more swollen basally, and the palpi have 
apical sensory areas. 

Protosilvius as treated by Fairchild (1962), also contains species, such as 
priscus Fairchild and perhaps termitiformis Enderlein, which have a num- 
ber of features in common with both Asaphomyia and Zophina, such as 
bare, enlarged upper eye facets in d priscus, antennae somewhat interme- 


252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


diate in structure between Asaphomyia and Zophina, and ¢ genitalia of at 
least priscus and mackerrasi quite similar to those of Zophina. The struc- 
ture of the spermathecae, so far as known, is rather different in Protosilvius, 
and none of the species has as broad a frons as Zophina or Asaphomyia, 
nor any vestige of a frontal callus. 

The Nearctic genera Brennania, Stonemyia, and Pilimas are less similar, 
differing notably in both genitalic and external features. 

It is obvious that this group of generalized genera has much in common, 
and their disjunct, mainly subtropical distribution further suggests that all 
may represent an earlier stage in the development of the Pangonitinae, as 
was postulated by Mackerras (1955). We believe that a more detailed com- 
parative study of the structure of not only Zophina, Asaphomyia, Apato- 
lestes, and Protosilvius, but including also such genera as Ectenopsis (Aus- 
tralia) and the group of southern Neotropical genera recently discussed by 
Coscaron (1976) should be undertaken. There appears to have been much 
more recognition of differences among this group in the New World, about 
13 supraspecific categories versus about six in the Australian region, and a 
reassessment of the characters used to separate these taxa seems in order. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Coscaron, S. 1976. Contribucion al conocimiento de los Tabanidae Neotropicales. II. Los 
Pangoniini del Sur de sudamerica y datos sobre la tribu Scepsidini. Rev. Mus. de la 
Plata (N.S.) 12, Sec. Zool. No. 114, p. 75-116. 

Fairchild, G. B. 1962. Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae. III. The genus Protosilvius Enderlein. 
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 55(3):342-350. 
Mackerras, I. M. 1955. The classification and distribution of Tabanidae. II. History: Mor- 
phology: Classification: Subfamily Pangoniinae. Australian J. Zool. 3(3):439-S11. 
Pechuman, L. L. 1974. Two new Tabanidae from southeastern United States. J. NY Entomol. 
Soc. 82(3): 183-188. 

Philip, C. B. 1954. New North American Tabanidae. IV. Zophina new genus for ‘‘Apato- 
lestes’’ eiseni Townsend from Lower California. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 30:53-56. 

Stone, A. 1953. New tabanid flies of the tribe Merycomyiini, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 43(8):255— 
258. 

Townsend, C. H. T. 1895. On the Diptera of Baja California, including some species from 
adjacent regions. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (ser. 2). 4:593-620. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 253-254 


A FURTHER DESCRIPTION OF HERMATOBATES BREDINI 
HERRING AND A NEW RECORD FOR CUBA 
(HEMIPTERA: HERMATOBATIDAE) 


JOHN T. POLHEMUS AND JON L. HERRING 


(JTP) % 3115 S. York, Englewood, Colorado 80110 (Contribution from 
the University of Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colorado 80309 and Martin 
Marietta Corporation, Denver, Colorado 80201); (JLH) Systematic Ento- 
mology Laboratory, I[BHI, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin, USDA, 
% U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—Hermatobates bredini Herring is recorded for the first time 
from Cuba. An erroneous description of the caudal process of the meta- 
sternum is corrected. 


The genus Hermatobates occupies an uncertain position in the heterop- 
teran hierarchy. Various authors have considered it to be either a gerrid or 
a separate family. Matsuda (1960) revised the higher rank taxa of the Ger- 
ridae and excluded Hermatobatinae, leaving it incertae sedis. Andersen and 
Polhemus (1976) treated the Hermatobatidae as a family in their work on 
marine water striders, and we follow this interpretation pending a more 
complete analysis to be published later by the first author and others. 

In 1965 Hermatobates bredini Herring was described from a unique male 

- from Dominica, the only record for the genus in the Atlantic Ocean system. 
Herring figured the ventral features of bredini while the specimen was im- 
mersed in alcohol and did not notice the peculiar folded caudal extension 
of the metasternum. An amended description of this structure follows. 


Hermatobates bredini Herring 


Hermatobates bredini Herring 1965. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 117:124. Type, 
male, Dominica, British West Indies (USNM Type No. 66875). 


Apterous male.—Caudal margin of metasternum sharply elevated into a 
ridge, prolonged caudad in a sinuate flap-like process embracing the distal 
part of abdominal segment 9 and terminating as a ventrally directed lamina 
(Fig. 1). 

Specimens examined.—Holotype, ¢ (data given above); | d CUBA, Cor- 

| rientes Bay, IV-9-1937, P. Bartsch, in Polhemus collection. 


i) 
in 


4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 1. Hermatobates bredini. Ventral view of distal part of abdomen: c, posterior coxae; 
m, metasternum; t, posterior trochanter; 8, tergite 8; 9, tergite 9. 


Discussion.—This is the second record of bredini for the Caribbean re- 
gion, and as Dominica and Cuba are widely separated, it is likely that bredini 
occurs along other West Indian islands. The female is still unknown, and 
its discovery is much to be desired. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Andersen, N. M. and J. T. Polhemus. 1976. Water-striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae, Veliidae, 
etc.). In L. Cheng, ed., Marine Insects, North Holland/American Elsevier, Amsterdam, 
Oxford, New York. p. 187-224. 

Herring, J. L. 1965. Hermatobates, a new generic record for the Atlantic Ocean, with de- 
scriptions of new species (Hemiptera: Gerridae). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 117(3510):123- 
130. 

Matsuda, R. 1960. Morphology, evolution and a classification of the Gerridae (Hemiptera: 
Heteroptera). Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 41:25-632. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 255-256 


REFERENCE OF CEPHALIA FULVICORNIS AND CEPHALIA 
MACULIPENNIS (DIPTERA: OTITIDAE) TO THE 
GENERA EUXESTA (DIPTERA: OTITIDAE) AND 

RIVELLIA (DIPTERA: PLATYSTOMATIDAE) 


GEORGE C. STEYSKAL 


Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. 
Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, 
D.C. 20560. 


Abstract. —Examination of the type-specimens reveals that Cephalia ful- 
vicornis Bigot should be known as Euxesta fulvicornis (Bigot), new com- 
bination (Otitidae) and that C. maculipennis Bigot should be known as Riv- 
ellia maculipennis (Bigot), new combination (Platystomatidae), with Rivellia 
maculosa Namba, new synonym. Euxesta fulvicornis (Bigot) is character- 
ized. Both species are North American and have been cited in the North 
American catalogue as unrecognized. 


The type-specimens of Cephalia fulvicornis and C. maculipennis, both 
described by Bigot (1886) from North America, were examined through the 
kindness of the authorities of the University Museum, Hope Department of 
Zoology (Entomology), University of Oxford, England. The results of the 
examination follow. 


Euxesta fulvicornis (Bigot), NEW COMBINATION 
Cepahlia fulvicornis Bigot, 1886:386. 


The type is in good condition, pinned through the thorax with a little 
verdigris extruding from the points pierced by the pin. Although Bigot stated 
that the unique type is a male, the specimen sent is clearly a female, but it 
agrees otherwise well with his description, and I believe it may be accepted 
as the type. The label, not affixed to the same pin as the specimen, reads 
“C. fulvicornis. 3/ Californ. J. Bigot’? (with arrowhead of the sex symbol 
directed downward). Dr. Ismay, of the Oxford Museum, tells me that the 
next specimens in the Bigot collection are two on one pin labelled C. bi- 
color, from ‘*Celan.” 

| The Bigot specimen agrees well with three specimens in the United States 
National Museum collection taken at Temecula, California, by A. L. Melan- 
| 


256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


der. I had considered these specimens to be an undescribed species of Eux- 
esta. They may be distinguished from other species of Euxesta by the fol- 
lowing combination of characters: Wing with costal cells wholly dark brown, 
a small brown streak in cell R, anterad of fork of R, and a brown mark 
filling tips of cells R,, Rs, and R;, the mark a little shorter than broad; vein 
M ending at wing tip; lunule, face, and clypeus wholly tawny; costa not 
enlarged; scutellum black; abdomen largely black with metallic sheen, at 
most a little brown basally; mesoscutum with weak tomentosity between 
humeri and before scutellum. 


Rivellia maculipennis (Bigot), NEW COMBINATION 


Cephalia maculipennis Bigot, 1886:385. 
Rivellia maculosa Namba, 1956:35. NEW SYNONYM. 


The Bigot type is in fairly good condition, with antennae and most of the 
bristles missing. It is glued to a cardboard point on a pin bearing a label 
reading ‘‘C. maculipennis, d/ am. Sept./ Mts. Roch./ J. Bigot.’’ The locality 
was cited in Bigot’s publication as ‘“‘Rockey-Mount.’’ The Rocky Mountains 
are Les Monts Rocheux in French. There can hardly be any doubt that the 
specimen is Bigot’s type, even though the tip of the abdomen, close against 
the cardboard, seems to be that of a female. 

Comparison of Bigot’s specimen with paratypes and other specimens of 
Rivellia maculosa in the United States National Museum make it quite 
evident that Namba’s species is a synonym. The fact that one of the para- 
types of Rivellia maculosa is from Alberta (Waterton Lakes National Park) 
makes Bigot’s locality plausible enough, even though the other known lo- 
calities of the species are in the southeastern United States. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bigot, J. M. F. 1886. Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. 29° partie (suite). XX XVII: 2°. Essai 
d’un classification synoptique du groupe des Tanypezidi (mihi) et description de genres 
et d’especes inédits. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (ser. 6) 6:369-392. 

Namba, R. 1956. A revision of the flies of the genus Rivellia (Otitidae, Diptera) of America 
north of Mexico. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 106:21-84. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 257-268 


PALEARCTIC MIRIDAE IN NORTH AMERICA: RECORDS OF 
NEWLY DISCOVERED AND LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES 
(HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA) 


THOMAS J. HENRY AND A. G. WHEELER, JR. 


Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Har- 
risburg, Pennsylvania 17120. 


Abstract.—The Palearctic mirids Orthotylus viridinervis (Kirschbaum), 
Psallus betuleti (Fallén), and Sthenarus rotermundi (Scholtz) are reported 
in North America for the first time, and additional locality records are given 
for four previously reported Palearctic species. Orthotylus viridinervis was 
discovered in Ontario, Canada on Ulmus americana; P. betuleti was taken 
at one locality in Pennsylvania on Betula populifolia and is also recorded 
from Alaska, based on museum specimens; and §. rotermundi was found 
at two localities in Pennsylvania feeding on the seeds of Populus grandi- 
dentata and P. tremuloides, and in Ontario, Canada on P. alba. Megalo- 
coleus molliculus (Fallén), previously recorded from Massachusetts, Wis- 
consin and Ontario, Canada, is reported for the first time from Pennsylvania 
and West Virginia breeding on yarrow, Achillea millefolium, and from Con- 
necticut and New Jersey, based on museum specimens. Camptozygum de- 


quale (Villers) and Plagiognathus vitellinus (Scholtz) are recorded for the 


- first time in Canada, based on collections from Ontario on Pinus banksiana 


and Picea pungens, respectively; and a single specimen of Orthotylus nas- 
satus (F.) was taken on Acer pseudoplatanus in Bucks Co., Pennsylvania. 
Seasonal occurrence and diagnoses are given for M. molliculus, O. viridi- 
nervis, P. betuleti, and S. rotermundi. Mlustrations of the adult and 5th 


instar of M. molliculus and S. rotermundi and the male genitalia of O. 


_viridinervis are provided. Nursery stock is considered the most likely means 


— 


of introduction for most of these species. 


In the course of our studies on the mirid fauna of Pennsylvania and eastern 
North America we have collected three Palearctic species previously un- 
recorded from North America, Orthotylus viridinervis (Kirschbaum), Psal- 


lus betuleti (Fallén) and Sthenarus rotermundi (Scholtz), as well as a fourth 
species, Megalocoleus molliculus (Fallén), reported as an introduced 
species from Massachusetts (Knight, 1922) and not mentioned again in the 


258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


North American literature until 1972. Our distribution records and biological 
observations for these four mirids, with additional notes on three other 
previously reported Palearctic Miridae (Wheeler and Henry, 1973; Henry 
and Wheeler, 1973; Henry, 1977), are made available for inclusion in the 
forthcoming catalogue of the Hemiptera-Heteroptera of America north of 
Mexico. Characters of the adults are given, and descriptions and illustra- 
tions of the adults and fifth instars of M. molliculus and S. rotermundi and 
genitalia for O. viridinervis are provided to facilitate recognition of these 
species in the Nearctic fauna. 


Megalocoleus molliculus (Fallén) 
Figs. 1-2 


This species is widely distributed throughout much of Europe and Great 
Britain and is known to occur in northern Africa (Carvalho, 1958; Wagner, 
1975). Megalocoleus molliculus breeds on composites, mainly yarrow, 
Achillea millefolium L., but other composites such as Anthemis tinctoria 
L., Artemisia spp., Matricaria maritima L., and Tanacetum vulgare L. 
may also serve as hosts (Kullenberg, 1944; Stichel, 1956). Adults feed in the 
flower heads of yarrow where they blend in with the color of the involucres. 
Eggs deposited in the flower stalks hatch in early June in England. Adults 
mature in early July and are present until September (Butler, 1923; South- 
wood and Leston, 1959). 

Kullenberg (1944) described the egg and illustrated the fifth instar nymph. 
Several workers, including Reuter (1875) and Southwood and Leston (1959), 
have described the adult. Kullenberg (1941) and Wagner (1975) figured male 
genitalia. 

Knight (1922) first reported M. molliculus from North America based on 
specimens collected during 1916-17 by H. M. Parshley and C. E. Olsen at 
Beach Bluff (Essex County, near Marblehead) on the coast of Massachu- 
setts and subsequently included it in his *‘Miridae (Capsidae) of Connecti- 
cut’ (1923). This mirid was not recorded again from North America until 
Akingbohungbe et al. (1972) reported it from Wisconsin and Reid et al. 
(1976) mentioned taking specimens by sweeping goldenrod, Solidago can- 
adensis L., in Ontario. J. A. Slater (personal communication) has collected 


{ 


| 


this species in Connecticut (Mansfield Center, June 19, 1957). We found | 


specimens in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History (USNM) from 
New Jersey (Newark, B/L Ser. #991, 7/1/64) and Pennsylvania (Spring- 


brook, Lackawanna Co., VII-11, 1945, Sailer, DDT Exp.) The Pennsylvania | 
State University collection contains an additional specimen from Pennsyl- | 


vania (Centre Co., State College, 7-30-76, L. E. Adams). 
In 1977 and 1978 we collected large numbers of M. molliculus in Penn- 
sylvania on flowers of yarrow growing along roadsides and in old fields. We 


found this phyline in 10 counties: Allegheny (Allison Park, 6 July 77), Centre © 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 


Figs. 1-2. Megalocoleus molliculus. 1, Adult female. 2, Sth instar nymph. 


260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


(Scotia Barrens, 26 July 77), Clarion (Rts. 36 & 208 near Tylersburg, 25 July 
78), Crawford (Rt. 8, 2.3 mi S of Tillotson, 25 July 78), Dauphin (Bow Creek | 
Rd. 1.5 mi N of Grantville, and Jonestown Rd., Shellsville, 15 July 77), Erie | 
(Presque Isle and Erie, 26 and 27 July 78), Montgomery (Montgomeryville, _ 
19 July 78), Northumberland (Dornsife and 2 mi S of Augustaville, 12 July 
77, 1 August 78), Somerset (Thomas Mills, 8 July 77), and Venango (Rt. 36 
just W of Forest Co. line, 25 July 78). 

Only adults were taken in Pennsylvania, but we collected a few fifth 
instars with larger numbers of adults in mid-July at higher elevations in 
West Virginia (Tucker Co., Dolly Sods Wilderness Area, 17 July 77, on 
yarrow). Adults were also taken in Greenbrier Co., West Virginia (I-65 near 
Alta exit, 16 July 78, on yarrow). 

Adult male.—Length 4.58 mm, width 1.66 mm, generally pale yellowish 
green, thickly clothed with erect, brown to golden setae. Head: Width 0.92 
mm, vertex 0.42 mm. Rostrum: 2.28 mm, reaching base of genital segment. 
Antennae: Testaceous; I, length 0.32 mm; I, 1.30 mm; III, 0.42 mm; IV, 
0.20 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.68 mm, width at base 1.40 mm. Hemelytra: 
Pale yellowish green, clavus, embolium, middle of corium and cuneus often 
tinged with pale brown or golden yellow; membrane brownish to golden 
yellow. Venter yellow. Legs: Yellowish to testaceous; tibial spines brown 
to fuscous; tarsi brown, last segment and claws fuscous. 

Females are similar to males in coloration, although they are distinctly 
broader and the head is more strongly convex and produced than in males, 
which gives them a superficial resemblance to Amblytylus nasutus (Kirsch- 
baum). 

Fifth instar.—Length 3.00 mm, pallid yellow, dorsum clothed with erect, 
stout, black setae. Head: Pale yellow, eyes red, frons strongly produced in 
front of eyes; antennae uniformly pale, clothed with erect, black setae, 
segments II and III subequal; rostrum pale to testaceous, apex fuscous, 
reaching middle of abdomen. Pronotum: Pale yellowish, width at base about 
2x length at middle, wing pads and scutellar area pale yellow, pads reaching 
3rd abdominal segment. Abdomen pale yellow, dorsal scent gland opening 
weakly pigmented, not easily visible. Venter pale yellow. Legs: Pale; fem- 
ora clothed with erect, black setae, especially near apices; tibiae pale, spines 
stout, black; tarsi testaceous, apical 2 of last segment and claws fuscous. 


Orthotylus viridinervis (Kirschbaum) 
Fig. 3a—c 

Orthotylus viridinervis is also a common species throughout Europe and 
Great Britain (Carvalho, 1958). Wych or Scotch elm, Ulmus glabra Huds., 
is the most common host (Butler, 1923), but it has also been taken on Alnus, 
Corylus, Quercus, and Salix (Stichel, 1957). In Britain eggs overwinter and 
adults are found from early July until late August (Southwood and Leston, 
1959). Southwood (1953) figured male and female genitalia. 


—_- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 261 


3 


Fig. 3a-—c. Orthotylus viridinervis. a, Right paramere, inside lateral view. b, Right para- 
mere, lateral view. c, Left paramere, inside lateral view. 


Our only record of viridinervis in North America is from Niagara Falls, 
Ontario, Canada, June 17, 1978 on American elm, Ulmus americana L., 
heavily infested with woolly elm aphid, Eriosoma americanum (Riley). Six 
males and two females were collected; three of these were teneral. Cam- 
pylomma verbasci (Meyer), Deraeocoris aphidiphagus Knight, and Micro- 
phylellus modestus Reuter were also found on the same trees. 

Adult male.—Length 5.80 mm, width 1.76 mm, generally translucent 
green, clothed with erect, pale setae. Head: Width 0.86 mm, vertex 0.42 
mm, testaceous, frequently tinged with green. Rostrum: Length 1.64 mm, 
reaching metacoxae. Antennae: Testaceous; I, length 0.58 mm, II, 2.00 mm; 
III, 1.00 mm; IV, 0.68 mm, fuscous. Pronotum: Length 0.68 mm, width at 
base 1.28 mm, greenish, mesoscutum and scutellum pale green. Hemelytra: 
Uniformly translucent green, clothed with erect pale setae; membrane trans- 
parent, veins and spot inside large areole green. Venter and legs: Pale green- 
ish, tibial spines brownish, apex of last tarsal segment and claws fuscous. 
Genitalia: See Fig. 3. 

The female is very similar to the male in color and form. Length 5.83 mm, 
width 1.84 mm. Head: Width 0.88 mm, vertex 0.46 mm. Rostrum: Length 
1.72 mm, reaching metacoxae. Antennae: I, length 0.60 mm; II, 2.32 mm; 
Ill, 1.16 mm; IV, 0.64 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.72 mm, width at base 1.40 


_ mm. 


Remarks.—This is our only large green Orthotylus that breeds on elm. 
Orthotylus viridinervis keys to basicornis Knight in Knight (1941) but differs 
in the uniformly testaceous antennae, the longer rostrum which reaches the 
metacoxae, and the unique genitalia. 


Psallus betuleti (Fallen) 


Like M. molliculus and O. viridinervis, P. betuleti is a widely distributed 
species in Europe and Great Britain (Carvalho, 1958). Birches, especially 


Betula alba L., serve as the principal hosts, although this mirid has been 


262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


taken on alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) and willows (Salix spp.). On 
willow P. betuleti is associated with the flowers and fruits (Kullenberg, 
1944). Psallus betuleti is both phytophagous and predacious (Kullenberg, 
1944: Southwood and Leston, 1959). Eggs deposited in young wood of birch 
hatch in late April or early May in England; adults mature in late May or 
early June and are present until August (Southwood and Leston, 1959; Wag- 
ner, 1975). 

Kullenberg (1944) described and figured the egg and both Kullenberg 
(1944) and Butler (1923) described and illustrated the fifth instar. Reuter 
(1875) and Southwood and Leston (1959) illustrated the adult. Wagner (1975) 
included a figure of male genitalia. 

Our only collections of P. betuleti were made at Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne 
Co., Pennsylvania, during May 1977 and June 1978. On May 5, two fifth 
instars were beaten from gray birch, Betula populifolia Marsh., growing on 
coal spoil banks. Ten adults (five males, five females) were taken on the 
same trees on May 19 and three adults were taken at the same locality on 
June 7, 1978. 

Although the occurrence of P. betuleti in North America has not previ- 
ously been published, we found that R. I. Sailer had made an earlier col- 
lection from Alaska in 1948. The USNM has eight specimens (six males, 
two females) with the following data: Nabesna, Alaska, 15 mi W, 13-VII- 
48, R. I. Sailer; Alaska Insect Project. 

Adult male.—Length 5.00 mm, width 1.83 mm, generally fuscous to black, 
clothed with silvery, sericeous pubescence intermixed with semierect, sim- 
ple, black setae. Head: Black, eyes red, width 0.92 mm, vertex 0.38 mm. — 
Rostrum: Length 1.42 mm, reaching middle of mesocoxae. Antennae: 
Black; I, length 0.32 mm; II, 1.50 mm; III, 0.68 mm; IV, 0.46 mm. Prono- — 
tum: Length 0.82 mm, width at base 1.64 mm, shiny black; mesoscutum — 
and scutellum black. Hemelytra: Uniformly fuscous to black; cuneus black 
(sometimes largely tinged with red), pale along cuneal fracture, more reddish 
at apex. Venter: Black, ostiolar peritreme pale. Legs: Fuscous to dark 
reddish brown; pro- and mesofemora dark with a row of black spots on 
anterior surface, hind femora with 2 rows of black spots, apices of all femora 
frequently more reddish; tibiae yellow to reddish yellow with large black 
spots at bases of black spines; tarsi and claws largely fuscous. 

Females differ from males by being more broadly formed and having red 
largely replacing black or fuscous on pronotal disc, scutellum, clavus, em- 
bolium, cuneus, abdomen, all femora and the outer and inner margins of the 
corium. 

Remarks.—In Knight (1941) females of betuleti will key most closely to 
alnicola Douglas and Scott (although the dorsum is not distinctly flecked 
with fuscous), and males will key somewhat poorly to the couplet containing 
strobicola Knight and bakeri (Bergroth). Psallus betuleti can be distin- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 263 


guished from all other Psallus species by its large size (rivaled only by 
parshleyi Knight), the black antennae, the reddish cuneus in males and the 
reddish pronotal disc, scutellum, corium (in part), and cuneus in females, 
and the fuscous and red legs with black spots. The sexual dimorphism in 
this species is so great that the two sexes could be mistaken for different 
species if collected separately. 


Sthenarus rotermundi (Scholtz) 
Figs. 4—S 


This phyline mirid occurs throughout most of Europe and Great Britain 
and in Algeria (Carvalho, 1958; Wagner, 1975). White or silver poplar, Pop- 
ulus alba L., is the main host plant; P. canescens Smith, and Alnus glutinosa 
are additional hosts. The eggs overwinter and in England adults are present 
from late June until mid-August or September (Butler, 1923; Southwood and 
Leston, 1959). 

Butler (1923) briefly described the egg, Reuter (1878) and Southwood and 
Leston (1959) illustrated the adult, and Wagner (1975) figured male genitalia. 

Our records of S. rotermundi in North America are based on collections 
from western and eastern Pennsylvania and Ontario, Canada. At Monroe- 
ville, Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania, four males and three fifth instars 
were beaten from large-toothed aspen, Populus grandidentata Michx., dur- 
ing May 24-26, 1977. On May 7, 1978, a population of several hundred 
individuals was found on P. grandidentata near Wilkes-Barre in Luzerne 
Co. Late instars and adults were feeding on the seeds and were well cam- 
ouflaged against the white pubescence of the capsules. Only a few adults 
were taken on quaking aspen, P. tremuloides Michx., growing among the 
large-toothed aspens. At Niagara Falls, Ont., a few adults and large numbers 
of fifth instars were found June 17, 1978, on seeds of silver poplar, the 
principal host of this mirid in Europe. 

Adult male.—Length 3.80 mm, width 1.76 mm, generally grayish brown 
to fuscous, thickly clothed with silvery, sericeous pubescence (which gives 
a pale, silvery brown appearance). Head: Width 0.46 mm, vertex 0.24 mm, 
median line from vertex to tylus fuscous or black. Rostrum: Length 1.20 
mm, reaching middle of mesocoxae. Antennae: Testaceous; I, length 0.28 
mm, lightly fuscous at base; II, 1.16 mm, clothed with recumbent, golden 
setae; III, 0.48 mm, lightly infuscated at base; IV, 0.36 mm. Pronotum: 
Length 0.38 mm, width at base 0.76 mm, grayish brown, calli black with a 
lateral black ray extending back to base of disc; mesoscutum and scutellum 
black. Hemelytra: Grayish brown, corium, apex of clavus and paracuneus 
fuscous (thickly set silvery sericeous setae often mask fuscous coloration), 
cuneus pale grayish brown, often tinged with red. Venter: Mostly fuscous, 
_ostiolar peritreme pale, genital segment frequently orange red. Legs: Gray- 
ish brown; pro- and mesofemora with a row of fuscous spots on either side; 


264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 265 


metafemora with 2 rows of large fuscous spots (these spots made up of 
clusters of very small spots) on either side, apex frequently tinged with red 
or orange; tibial spines black with distinct black spots at bases; last tarsal 
segment and claws fuscous. 

Females are very similar to males in color and pubescence and differ 
mainly by their broader form. 

Fifth instar.—Length 3.52 mm, pale grayish green, shaded with more 
testaceous yellow, clothed with suberect and erect pale to golden setae. 
Head: Pale yellowish green, eyes reddish, antennae pale yellow, basal /% 
of 2nd antennal segment with a few fuscous spots at bases of more promi- 
nent setae. Pronotum: Pale green, basal % more testaceous, wing pads 
testaceous, streaked with darker brown, apical area fuscous, hind wing pads 
fuscous. Abdomen: Pale green, dorsal scent gland opening narrow, weakly 
pigmented. Venter: Pale green. Legs: Pale green, tibial spines brownish, 
with distinct fuscous spots at bases, these fading apically. 

Remarks.—Sthenarus rotermundi will key to the genus Psallus Fieber in 
Knight (1941) but does not fit smoothly in the species key.! This distinct 
mirid can be separated from all other phylines in our fauna by the brown 
dorsum thickly clothed with silvery white, sericeous pubescence, the infus- 
cated calli, the translucent or red-tinged cuneus and the stout, black tibial 
spines with distinct spots at the bases. 


NOTES ON PREVIOUSLY REPORTED SPECIES 


Henry (1977) first reported Orthotylus nassatus (F.) from Dauphin and 
Lehigh counties in eastern Pennsylvania, based on single specimens from 
each county. A third specimen was discovered in Bucks Co., Pennsyl- 
vania, Danboro, along Rt. 611, July 26, 1973, by T. J. Henry and A. G. 
Wheeler, Jr. on Acer pseudoplatanus L.; thus, this record helps to confirm 
the establishment of this interesting species in the United States. 

Two additional conifer-inhabiting species previously reported from Penn- 
sylvania (Wheeler and Henry, 1973; Henry and Wheeler, 1973), were col- 
lected at Niagara Falls, Ontario, June 18, 1978. A few late-instar nymphs 
of Camptozygum aequale (Villers) were taken on Jack pine, Pinus bank- 
siana Lamb., and both nymphs and adults of Plagiognathus vitellinus 
(Scholtz) were common on Colorado spruce, Picea pungens Engelm. These 


‘In Knight's key, couplet 2, choice 2 should be modified to read ‘Second antennal segment 
black or entirely pale.’’ Otherwise, at least one species included in that key cannot be properly 
keyed (1.e., strobicola Knight, with the 2nd antennal segment entirely yellow). 


—— 


Figs. 4-5.  Sthenarus rotermundi. 4, Adult male. 5, Sth instar nymph. 


266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


records represent a considerable range extension and are the first known 
Canadian records for both species. 


DISCUSSION 


Interest in the origin of the Palearctic insect fauna of North America has 
been stimulated by Lindroth’s (1957) general review and recent papers on 
Hemiptera-Heteroptera (Slater, 1974) and ichneumonoid parasites (Mason, 
1978). Slater (1974) analyzed the heteropteran fauna of the northeastern 
United States and recorded 43 species of Miridae as Holarctic in distribu- 
tion, with 22 representing definite or probable introductions by man. It 
should be noted that a number of mirids previously thought to have been 
introduced to the Nearctic fauna have been shown distinct from their Pale- 
arctic congeners and have been described as new species (Wagner and Sla- 
ter, 1952). Conversely, a number of species described as new from this 
continent may actually be invaders from abroad; detailed examination of 
specimens in North American and European museums may reveal such 
synonymies. 

Often it proves impossible to determine whether a species recently dis- 
covered in North America is truly Holarctic or an artificial introduction. A 
disjunct distribution that fits Lindroth’s (1957) **geographic criterion,’ usu- 
ally in habitats modified by human habitation, might normally suggest that 
a species has been introduced via man’s commerce. However, a conclusion 
regarding origin may prove incorrect if based on inadequate collecting. The 
discovery of Pithanus maerkeli (Herrich-Schaeffer) along the eastern coast 
of the U.S. and in Nova Scotia (Olsen, 1915; Parshley 1916), and its further 
recovery on the coast of British Columbia (Parshley, 1919), led early work- 
ers to regard this species as a European introduction. Further collecting of 
this mirid from undisturbed habitats of Canada and the United States sug- 
gests that P. maerkeli is genuinely Holarctic (Kelton, 1966). 

Our discovery of Orthotylus viridinervis, Psallus betuleti, and Sthenarus 
rotermundi in the U.S. or Canada brings the number of known Holarctic 
Miridae to approximately 51. Despite the problems mentioned in determin- 
ing the origin of a particular taxon in North America, O. viridinervis and S. 
rotermundi most likely represent fairly recent invaders, probably having 
gained entrance as eggs inserted in stems of nursery stock. Other mirids 
discussed in this paper (Camptozygum aequale, Orthotylus nassatus, and 
Plagiognathus vitellinus) have also been thought to have become estab- 
lished in the same manner (Wheeler and Henry, 1973; Henry and Wheeler, 
1973; Henry, 1977). The distribution of P. betuleti in eastern North Amer- 
ica, one locality in Pennsylvania, again suggests a recent introduction by 
commerce. Its occurrence in Alaska, however, may indicate that this 
species long ago crossed the Bering Sea land bridge into North America 
(Sailer, 1978). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 267 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We give special thanks to J. A. Slater (University of Connecticut, Storrs) 
for lending examples of Palearctic species used to verify our findings of 
species reported in this paper and for his record of M. molliculus in Con- 
necticut, and to J. L. Herring (Systematic Entomology Laboratory, SEA, 
USDA) for the loan of additional specimens which helped to expand our 
distributional data. We also thank our colleague Karl Valley (Pennsylvania 
Department of Agriculture) for reviewing the manuscript and making useful 
comments. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Akingbohungbe, A. E., J. L. Libby, and R. D. Shenefelt. 1972. Miridae of Wisconsin (He- 
miptera: Heteroptera). Univ. Wisc. Coll. Agric. Life Sci. Res. Bull. R2396. 24 p. 
Butler, E. A. 1923. A biology of the British Hemiptera-Heteroptera. H. F. & G. Witherby, 
London. 682 p. 

Carvalho, J. C. M. 1958. Catalogue of the Miridae of the world. Arqu. Mus. Nac., Rio de J. 
45:1-216 (Pt. II, Subfam. Phylinae); 47: 1-161 (Pt. III, Subfam. Orthotylinae). 

Henry, T. J. 1977. Orthotylus nassatus, a European plant bug new to North America (Heter- 
optera: Miridae). USDA Coop. Plant Pest Rep. 2(31): 605-608. 

Henry, T. J. and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. 1973. Plagiognathus vitellinus (Scholtz), a conifer-feeding 
mirid new to North America (Hemiptera: Miridae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 75:480- 
485. 

Kelton, L. A. 1966. Pithanus maerkeli (Herrich-Schaffer) and Actitocoris signatus Reuter in 
North America (Hemiptera: Miridae). Can. Entomol. 98:1305—1307. 

Knight, H. H. 1922. Nearctic records for species of Miridae known heretofore only from the 

Palearctic Region (Heterop.). Can. Entomol. 53:280—288(1921). 

1923. Family Miridae (Capsidae). Pages 422-658. Jn Britton, W. E. (ed.). The He- 
miptera or sucking insects of Connecticut. Bull. Conn. St. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. 
No. 34. 

. 1941. The plant bugs, or Miridae, of Illinois. Bull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. 22:1-234. 

Kullenberg, B. 1941. Zur Kenntnis der Morphologie des mannlichen Kopulations-apparates 
bei den Capsiden (Rhynchota). Zool. Bidr. Uppsala. 20:415—430. 

———. 1944 (Preprint). Studien Uber die Biologie der Capsiden. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala. 23:1- 
522: 

Lindroth, C. H. 1957. The faunal connections between Europe and North America. John 
Wiley & Sons, New York. 344 p. 

Mason, W. R. M. 1978. Ichneumonoid parasites (Hymenoptera) accidentally introduced into 
Canada. Can. Entomol. 110:603-608. 

Olsen, C. E. 1915. A capsid new to our fauna. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 10:34—-35. 

Parshley, H. M. 1916. New and noteworthy Hemiptera from New England. Entomol. News. 

27: 103-106. 

. 1919. On some Hemiptera from western Canada. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 

Now 7LS5sp: 

Reid, D. G., C. C. Loan, and R. Harmsen. 1976. The mirid (Hemiptera) fauna of Solidago 
canadensis (Asteracea) in south-eastern Ontario. Can. Entomol. 108:561—567. 

Reuter, O. M. 1875. Revisio critica Capsinarum, praecipue Scandinaviae et Finniae. J. C. 
Frenckell & Son, Helsingfors. 101 p. 

—. 1878. Hemiptera Gymnocerata Europae. I. Acta. Soc. Sci. Fenn. 13:1-188 (Sep. 
1878). 


268 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Sailer, R. I. 1978. Our immigrant insect fauna. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 24:3-11. 

Slater, J. A. 1974. A preliminary analysis of the derivation of the Heteroptera fauna of the 
northeastern United States with special reference to the fauna of Connecticut. Mem. 
Entomol. Soc. Conn. 1974:145-213. 

Southwood, T. R. E. 1953. The morphology and taxonomy of the genus Orthotylus Fieber 
(Hem., Miridae), with special reference to the British species. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. 
Lond. 104:415—449. 

Southwood, T. R. E. and D. Leston. 1959. Land and water bugs of the British Isles. Frederick 
Warne, London & New York. 436 p. 

Stichel, W. 1956-57. Illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Wanzen. II. Europa. Privately 
printed, Berlin-Hermsdorf. [Vol. 2] Heft 8 (1956):225—256; Heft 16 (1957):481-512. 

Wagner, E. 1975. Die Miridae Hahn, 1831, des Mittelmeerraumes und der Makaronesischen 
Inseln (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Teil 3. Ent. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Dresden. 40(suppl.):1— 
483. 

Wagner, E. and J. A. Slater. 1952. Concerning some Holarctic Miridae. Proc. Entomol. Soc. 
Wash. 54:273-281. 

Wheeler, A. G., Jr. and T. J. Henry. 1973. Camptozygum aequale (Villers), a pine-feeding 
mirid new to North America (Hemiptera: Miridae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 75:240- 
246. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 269-275 


DIFFERENTIAL PREY SELECTION FOR THE SEX OF 
OFFSPRING IN THE CICADA KILLER SPHECIUS 
SPECIOSUS (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) 


NORMAN LIN 


1487 East 37th Street, Brooklyn, New York 11234. 


Abstract.—Data originally obtained by Dow (1942) were reanalyzed and 
showed that female cicada killers, Sphecius speciosus, knew, in advance of 
the hunt, the sex of the egg they would lay. Consequently, they provisioned 
12 male cells in most cases with a single cicada of the smaller species Tibicen 
canicularis, and more often than not the sex of the cicada was the smaller 
male. Each of the six female cells was provisioned with two female cicadas 
of both the larger and smaller species 7. canicularis and T. lyricen 50% of 
the time. The finding by various observers that more female cicadas were 
captured than male cicadas is now explained because most female cells 
receive two large female cicadas because they are the heavier sex. Male 
cells nearly half the time receive small female cicadas. Weight rather than 
number of prey is critical since some female cells as shown by Dambach 
and Good (1943) were provisioned with a single large female cicada of 7. 
lyricen while others received three cicada prey. Two male cells were pro- 
visioned with two cicadas, a male and female of the lighter species. Some 
female cicada killers specialize in producing all male nests; others produce 
both sexes and possibly all female nests. 


According to Krombein (1967) female wasps or bees know in advance 
before storing the cell with food, the sex of the egg which she will place in 
the cell prior to sealing it. With the Vespidae where the egg is laid before 
the cell is provisioned, the wasp still controls and knows the sex of the egg 
She has laid, because she brings in a large number of caterpillars if it is to 
be a female or a small number if it is to be a male. Krombein further stated 
that females of all vespid wasps and most sphecid wasps and bees, lay a 
series of female eggs in larger cells before a series of male eggs in larger 
cells before a series of male eggs in nests where both sexes are produced. 
Krombein was speaking in connection with solitary wood-nesting preda- 
ceous wasps and bees. However, there are reasons to believe that this 
remains true of many ground-nesting sphecid wasps and bees. Evans (1971) 


270 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


stated that production of females in larger cells containing more prey is 
probably common in ground nesters, though it has been clearly demonstrat- 
ed only in Sphecius speciosus (Drury) (Dow, 1942). However, Dow did not 
comment on size differences, if any, between cells. Evans (1971) in studying 
Cerceris fumipennis Say found that cells were of two sizes: Large cells 25 
to 30 mm long and small cells approximately 20 mm long. When provisioned 
with large buprestids (Dicera), large cells typically contained four; small 
cells, two. When provisioned with Argilus, large cells contained 16 to 32; 
small cells, 8 to 12. Large cells contained larger larvae that made larger 
cocoons. It seemed probable that the small cocoons would produce males 
and the large ones females. The female C. fumipennis is considerably larger 
than the male, and there is relatively little overlap in size. Evans (1971) 
found that the majority of nests were provisioned with Argilus and that the 
use of the larger buprestids was mainly confined to a few females that took 
them in considerable numbers, indicating that they learned where to find 
the larger buprestids. 

In the cicada killer, male eggs are typically provisioned with one cicada, 
and female eggs are typically provisioned with two cicadas (Dow, 1942). 

Usually, there are more than one species of annual cicada in an area, and 
female wasps prey upon more than one species (Dow, 1942; Dambach and 
Good, 1943; Lin, 1979). 

Examination of Table 1, data taken from Dow (1942), shows that two 
species of cicadas were preyed upon in Berkley, Massachusetts, Tibicen 
canicularis and Tibicen lyricen. The male sex is often the lighter, and T. 


canicularis is a smaller species than T. lyricen. To get an estimate of the — 


weights of the cicadas, Dow captured a specimen of each cicada and found 
the male 7. canicularis to weigh .93 g, the female 1.12 g and the male 7. 
lyricen to weigh 1.39 g, the female 1.94 g. 


Table 1 shows that when provisioning 12 male cells, only a single prey | 
species was used in each cell with the exception of two which each received — 


a male and a female cicada of the smaller 7. canicularis. Also, the sex of 
the cicada was male in six cells, and female in four cells; and, of course, in 
two cells both male and female. The prey species in nine of the twelve cells 
was the small 7. canicularis. Of the three exceptions, two were the lighter 
males of 7. lyricen and only one was a female of the latter species. Re- 


garding the female cells, if selection of prey by the female wasp was not — 
the case, then the probability of the contents of the six female cells would | 
have been exceedingly low. Each of these six cells first received a female | 


cicada; and then again, each received an additional female cicada making 
the probability of consecutively receiving twelve female cicadas. The female 
cicada received was, in half the cases, the smaller species and in half the 
cases, the larger species. Thus, two cells received two T. canicularis, and 
two cells received two T. lyricen, and two cells received one of each species. 


271 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 


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D2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


The weight of the cocoon in the six female cells ranged from 2.96 g to 3.40 
g. In the cicada killer, there is seldom overlap of size, and females are 
considerably heavier than males (see Lin, 1979, for an exception). The 
weight of the cocoon in the 12 male cells including the two provisioned with 
two cicadas ranged from .67 g to 1.62 g. The weight of the adult males 
ranged from .13 g to .44 g, the weight of the adult females ranged from .61 
gto 1.09 g. 

The cocoon weights are rough estimates of the prey weights and the adult 
weights (Table 1). When the female cocoon weights were divided in half for 
comparison with those male cocoons which received one prey species, they 
were as follows: 1.48 g, 1.48 g, 1.58 g, 1.58 g, 1.67 g, and 1.70 g. Only two 
male cocoon weights weighed as much or more than one-half a female 
cocoon. These were a male cocoon whose prey was a female 7. lyricen 
which weighed 1.48 g, the two lowest values of the female cocoon weights; 
and a male cocoon provisioned with a male 7. lyricen weighing 1.59 g. With 
the exception of these two cases, one-half the weights of all cocoons des- 
tined to become females weighed more than all cocoons destined to become 
males. In the cases of the two exceptions, it 1s quite possible that the first 
female prey species in each of the female cells weighed more than just one- 
half the female cocoon and consequently weighed more than the male co- 
coon prey. These findings generally support the view that heavier female 
prey individuals were used when rearing a female wasp as opposed to a 
male wasp. In the two cases of male cocoons each receiving a male and 
female cicada, one-half the weight of the cocoons was only .81 g and .65 g, 
respectively. 

The data presented here confirm that females know the sex of the egg 
she will lay before going on the hunt; it is clear that the hunting female 
engages in prey selection of a complex sort. If she is to lay a female egg, 


she hunts for two female cicadas, and presumably specimens on the heavier — 


side, judging from the species of cicada, its sex, cocoon weight, and the 
adult weight (see Table 1). If she is to lay a male egg, she hunts for lighter 
prey, this being in most cases the capture of the smaller prey species T. 
canicularis and often the lighter male sex is *‘selected.”’ 


Davis (1920) found that more female cicadas were taken as prey than male | 
cicadas and in doing so called attention to the erroneous idea prevalent | 
among naturalists that Sphecius secure its prey by hunting only singing | 


males. Dow (1942) also found more female prey, 24 males to 44 females; 
and Dambach and Good (1943) found the same: of 703 captured cicadas, 
only 204 were males. The writer studied a population of Sphecius in Pine- 
ville, Louisiana in 1977 and found eight of ten cicadas captured by Sphecius 
to be female. Various hypotheses have been put forth to explain why more 
female cicadas are taken than male cicadas. 

According to Dambach and Good (1943), *‘The disproportionate sex ratio 


| 


|| 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 2S 


may be due to the greater susceptibility of females to the hunting system 
employed by the wasp. Male cicadas are probably more readily disturbed 
than are ovipositing females.” 

Dow (1942) has suggested that, **. . . it might be that the females are less 
active (hence more susceptible to capture), longer lived (therefore more 
abundant during the nesting period of the wasp), or more likely to occur 
where the wasp will find them. There is also the possibility that there is 
some selection on the part of the wasp.” 

The last hypothesis apparently provides the answer to the question. Data 
presented here indicate that it is indeed the case that there is selection on 
the part of the wasp, as Dows’ data show (Table 1). Each female cell was 
provisioned with two female cicadas, one-half being the heavier 7. /yricen. 
Male cells were typically provisioned with one cicada, the lighter female of 
T. canicularis or male cicadas which are also light; only three of twelve 
male cells received a T. lyricen. Thus, Table 1 shows 18 captured female 
cicadas as compared to eight male cicadas. The reason for the female bias 
in cicadas is now clear; it is due to the fact that female cells each receive 
typically two female cicadas because they are heavier, while male cells 
receive, probably depending on chance, approximately one-half male and 
one-half lighter female cicadas; there were 8 66:62 @ cicadas in the male 
cells. 

Dambach and Good (1943) found that 47 cells containing small larval cases 
were found to be provisioned with one cicada. Cells containing large larval 
cases were found to have been provisioned with two cicadas in 19 cells and 
with three cicadas in five cells. Only two large larval cases were found with 
single cicadas, and each of these had a large female 7. /yricen. Presumably, 
small larval cases were male and large ones female. Dow (1942) also found 
three cells provisioned with three cicadas each; however, none contained 
cocoons. 

It would be a decided advantage for the female wasp to know in advance 
the sex of the egg to be laid so that especially in the cicada killer enough 
prey of the right sex and hence weight are brought in for the larger female 
host. If this were not the case, a female cell might receive one or two male 
cicadas possibly also of the lighter species 7. canicularis as prey, and this 
would not be sufficient for rearing an adult female. Under ordinary condi- 
tions a female cell must receive two female prey of sufficient weight to rear 
an adult female. As Dambach and Good’s (1943) data already indicated it 
is not the quantity of prey per cell which is of major importance but the 
approximate weight of the prey which the cell holds. According to Dambach 
and Good (1943): **. . . in hunting, the wasp approaches a tree or shrub and 
slowly circles closely about the trunk, gradually working its way up through 
the limbs and branches. It sometimes alights on the bark and continues the 
search on foot.” 


274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


During the summer of 1964, I saw numerous instances of females circling 
the lower trunks of trees in Lawrence, Kansas. Dambach and Good (1943) 
cited the method of attacking the cicada when located. Mr. Conrad Roth 
witnessed the capture of a 7. pruinosa at close range. *‘The wasp darted 
backward and forward in front of the cicada several times meanwhile bend- 
ing the tip of the abdomen downward and forward. It then hit the cicada 
viciously and injected the sting.’’ The cicada buzzed shrilly and immediately 
ceased struggling. ‘“‘The wasp managed to hold its prey to the limb of the 
tree and pulled it up on the top side of the limb.’ The wasp turned the 
cicada over on its back, grasped it in the usual carrying position and flew 
off with it. Color probably plays a major role in locating the cicada. In 52 
instances in the Parade Grounds in Brooklyn, New York, when a female 
dropped or was deprived of her prey, she was seen to fly repeatedly back- 
ward and forward over pieces of green glass apparently mistaking them for 
prey before finding her prey. Females never showed such responses to 
brown glass or other objects. A boy who assisted me in my work in the 
Parade Grounds had captured a large green tobacco horn worm whose color 
is similar to a cicada’s and left it in a small jar in his backyard across the 
street from the Parade Grounds. A female Sphecius entered the jar, and I 
was shown the jar containing the captured female wasp and the horn worm. 
Dambach and Good (1943) reported an account by J. N. Knull that Sphecius 
may take its prey in full flight. They point out, however, that this is not the 
usual method as evidenced from the apparent safety enjoyed by cicadas 
observed flying to and from trees 10 feet to 25 feet in height while cicada 
killers were busy searching the lower limbs in the usual methodical manner. 
Dambach and Good (1943) suggested that should a cicada attempt escape by 
flight after being located, pursuit and probably capture would result. Thus, 
by carefully locating its prey, a female Sphecius would probably be able to 
‘‘judge’’ its weight so as to bring back a light cicada for male prey and a 
heavy cicada for female prey. While Davis (1920) showed that Sphecius 
does not secure its prey by hunting only singing males, he did not, however, 
prove that sound is sometimes not used by Sphecius. Arnold (1929) reported 
on the South African Sphecius milleri which preys on large cicadas such as 
Munza furva, Platypleura quadraticollis, P. lindiana and P. marshalli 
which live largely on small mopanin trees (Copaifera mopani). The Sphecius 
circles round these trees and makes a sudden swoop at its prey and stings 
it on the ground. It is found that when a Sphecius comes within a foot or 
so of the trees, the vociferous din of the cicadas ceases quite suddenly, 
suggesting that Sphecius might sometimes locate male prey by their song. 

Some female cicada killers in the Brooklyn populations produce all male 
nests, and others produce nests containing both sexes. Some females may 
produce all female nests (Lin and Michener, 1972). In this regard, Savin 
(1923) found the greater number of cells uncovered contained two cicadas. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 275 


All females discussed have been mated (Lin and Michener, 1972). Since 
females are considerably larger than males and there is almost no overlap 
in sizes, the sex of the offspring of various nests can be determined by the 
size of the emergence hole made by the eclosing wasps the following season. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Arnold, G. 1929. The Sphecidae of South Africa. Part XII. Ann. Transvasal Mus. 13:217-418. 

Dambach, C. A. and E. Good. 1943. Life history and habits of the cicada killer in Ohio. Ohio 
J. Sci. 43(1):32-41. 

Davis, W. T. 1920. Mating habits of Sphecius speciosus, the cicada-killing wasp. Bull. Brook- 
lyn Entomol. Soc. 15:128-129. 

Dow, R. 1942. The relation of prey of Sphecius speciosus to the size and sex of the adult 
wasp (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 35:310-317. 

Evans, H. E. 1971. Observations on the nesting behavior of wasps of the tribe Cercerini. J. 
Kans. Entomol. Soc. 44(4):500-523. 

Krombein, K. V. 1967. Trap-nesting wasps and bees: Life histories, nests, and associates. 
Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C. 570 p. 

Lin, N. 1979. The weight of cicada killer wasps Sphecius speciosus and the weight of their 
prey. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. Vol. 68. 

Lin, N. and C. D. Michener. 1972. Evolution of sociality in insects. Q. Rev. Biol. 47(2):131- 
159. 

Savin, W. M. 1923. A wasp that hunts cicadas. Nat. Hist. 23:569-—575S. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 276-284 


THE GENUS DISSOMPHALUS IN NORTHWESTERN SOUTH AMERICA 
(HYMENOPTERA: BETHYLIDAE)' 


HOWARD E. EVANS 


Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort 
Collins, Colorado 80523. 


Abstract.—The genus Dissomphalus has not previously been reported 
from northwestern South America. The following eight species are here 
described, all from the male sex: D. megomphalus (Ecuador), D. obliquus 
(Colombia), D. bicavatus (Venezuela), D. vallensis (Colombia), D. hastatus 
(Ecuador), D. napo (Ecuador), D. fungosus (Ecuador), D. gilvipes (Colom- 
bia). 


The genus Dissomphalus is unique in having a diversity of paired pits and 
hair mats or pencils on the second tergite of the male. I presented a generic 
diagnosis in 1964 and at that time recognized 39 species from the Americas 
(Evans, 1964). I later added three more species from South America and 
presented a key to males from that continent (Evans, 1966). In 1969 I de- 
scribed four species from the West Indies (Evans, 1969a, 1969b). In the 
same year I described eight species from Argentina, and presented a key to 
species known from that country (Evans, 1969c). However, no species have 
been reported from Ecuador, Colombia, or Venezuela; and I take this op- 
portunity to describe several striking species that have recently been made 
available to me from those countries, bringing the total recognized American 
species to 62. 

The function of the tergal pits remains obscure, but considering the dis- 
tinctive form of these pits in each species, it seems safe to assume that they 
play a role in mating. I suspect they are glandular and that the female 
somehow comes in contact with them during phoretic copulation. Females 
have been associated with only a few species, and the present paper is 
concerned with males only. 

Terminology is the same as that used in my 1964 synopsis. Abbreviations are 
as follows: HE = height of eye, lateral view; LH = length of head, full 
frontal view; OOL = ocello-ocular line; WF = width of front, at its mini- 


1 This paper is part of a survey of American Bethylidae, supported by a grant from the 
National Science Foundation, DEB75-17142. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 177 


mum; WH = width of head at its maximum, including eyes; WOT = width 
of ocellar triangle, including lateral ocelli. The tergal pits, on the second 
metasomal segment, may be located in concavities which are simply spoken 
of as depressions. 

The material on which this paper is based is in large part housed in the 
Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida (abbreviated 
FSCA in the text). Other material is in the U.S. National Museum (USNM) 
and some paratypes have been placed in the Museum of Comparative Zo- 
ology at Harvard University (MCZ). 


KEY TO THE NEW SPECIES OF DISSOMPHALUS (MALES) 


1. Anterior face of 2nd tergum nearly vertical, bearing 2 large, subcon- 
tiguous pits, this tergum also with a pair of much smaller depressions 
laterad of the large pits (Fig. 1) .......... megomphalus, new species 

— Anterior face of 2nd tergum more sloping, pits smaller and not sub- 
contiguous (though they may share a common depression), this ter- 


PUMaWithouUt additionall CEPrESSIONS yy. .j2)0 0c eee fe late ose he eae 2 
2. Depressions of 2nd tergum ovoid or linear, much longer than wide 
OSES ope) Beas ee dene iy ere deg crt tet Soke encase is Ast srs antl sa aN 3 


Depressions or pits of 2nd tergum more or less circular (Figs. 4-8) .. 4 
3. Tergal depressions linear, oblique, each with a series of close-set, 
short setae (Fig. 2); 3rd antennal segment about 1.4 as long as 
DVL Cl eee ornate ats Poke ie as phweutt ald. Weel oy obliquus, new species 
— Tergal depressions ovoid, each with a pit on its mesal margin (Fig. 
3); 3rd antennal segment barely longer than wide ................ 
Os Ae NGL eis aaa Se ee ed bicavatus, new species 
4. Clypeus with an acute median tooth, laterad of which the margin 
may be somewhat sinuate but without other processes; tergal pits 
rathenclosentosthe midlines(Pigs? 4, 8) sf.iqn. cae oot ks ace as ome 5 
— Clypeus tridentate; tergal pits more widely spaced (Figs. 5—7)....... 6 
5. Tergal pits located on the sides of a common, bowl-shaped median 
depression (Fig. 4); head slightly wider than high ................ 
ear HE otis eons Le anthatte Laie REE ws SORES vallensis, new species 
— Tergal pits each located in a separate depression, the depressions 
separated by less than their own width (Fig. 8); head slightly higher 
TANIA CO me rds a thor Become c Reh ae. Ae ate area rok hastatus, new species 
6. Mandibles bidentate; antennal segment 3 barely longer than wide; 
coxae. ang femora dark DIOWN: jon. 526 seen Sees os napo, new species 
— Mandibles quadridentate; antennal segment three 1.3-1.4x as long 
asawide: lees laneelyzor wholly testaceous < .. 64.6. Piet. ree oe ess di 
7. Tergal pits fairly large, each giving rise to a group of short, closely 
matted setae (Fig. 6); clypeal carina straight in profile............ 
RR eA Me: DnB SEOR vo oilo lo NE Ea a8 14 fungosus, new species 
— Tergal pits small, bowl-shaped, each with a small pencil of setae that 


278 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 279 


is directed caudad (Fig. 7); clypeal carina, in profile, arched toward 
the base but somewhat depressed toward the apex............... 


Dissomphalus megomphalus Evans, NEW SPECIES 


Type.—d, ECUADOR: Limoncocha, on Rio Napo, Napo Prov., 18 
March 1974 (Boyce A. Drummond III, Malaise trap) (FSCA). 

Description of male type.—Length 3.0 mm; fore wing 2.4 mm. Head and 
thorax black, abdomen dark brownish fuscous, shining; mandibles rufotes- 
taceous; clypeus dull, dark ferruginous; basal 4 of antenna testaceous, re- 
mainder dark brown; legs dark brown except tarsi testaceous and tibiae 
largely so; wings hyaline. Mandibles tridentate; clypeus trilobed, with a 
strong median carina which is nearly straight in profile. WH 1.03 x HE; 
WF 1.15 x HE, eyes diverging above; sides of head rounded behind eyes 
to a weakly arched vertex; OOL and WOT subequal. Front alutaceous, 
moderately shining, with an abundance of large but very shallow punctures; 
eyes strongly hairy. First 4 antennal segments in a ratio of 14:4:4:5, segment 
three 1.4 as long as wide. Pronotal disc with a strong anterior, transverse 
carina; propodeal disc wholly covered with coarse, foveolate sculpturing. 
Abdomen robust; 2nd tergum rising abruptly above the Ist, its median an- 
terior face nearly vertical, slightly concave, bearing 2 very large, subcon- 
tiguous pits which are densely filled with very short setae; tergum 2 also 
with a pair of much smaller, somewhat pale depressions laterad of these 
larger pits (Fig. 1). 

Paratypes.—ECUADOR: 122 ¢, same data as type except various dates, 
28 December 1973-28 September 1974 (FSCA, USNM, MCZ). COLOM- 
BIA: 1 6, Mun. Candelaria, Finca San Luis, 1010 m, Dept. Valle, 25-28 
July 1975 (R. C. Wilkerson, Malaise trap, tropical dry forest) (FSCA). 

Variation.—Length varies from 2.6 to 3.8 mm. In some males the basal 
antennal segments and outer parts of the legs are more brownish than in the 
type, but on the whole there is little variation in color or sculpture. The 
tergal pits of the Colombia specimen are slightly smaller than in any of the 
Ecuador males, but there is close agreement in all other features. 


Dissomphalus obliquus Evans, NEW SPECIES 


Type.—d, COLOMBIA: Dept. Valle, Central de Anchicaya, 30 km E 
Buenaventura, 560 m, 10 June 1975 (R. Wilkerson, Malaise trap) (FSCA). 
Description of male type.—Length 3.7 mm; fore wing 2.6 mm. Piceous; 


+ 

Figs. 1-8. Basal two abdominal segments of Dissomphalus species, dorsolateral aspect. 
1, megomphalus. 2, obliquus. 3, bicavatus. 4, vallensis. 5, napo. 6, fungosus. 7, gilvipes. 
8, hastatus. 


280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


mandibles ferruginous on apical 2; antennae rufotestaceous, slightly suf- | 
fused with brown on apical 2; coxae and femora brown, legs otherwise | 
rufotestaceous; wings subhyaline. Mandibles bidentate; clypeus with a me- | 
dian carina which is straight in profile and at the end of which the clypeal | 


margin is angulate; clypeal margin also with a pair of weak, rounded lobes 
laterad of the median angulation. WH and LH subequal; WF 1.27 x HE, 
eyes diverging above; ocelli in a compact triangle, OOL 1.1 x WOT; vertex 
weakly arched. Front strongly alutaceous, rather weakly shining, punctures 
numerous but small and inconspicuous. First 4 antennal segments in a ratio 
of 3:1:1:1, segment three 1.4 as long as wide. Pronotum short, without a 
transverse carina; propodeal disc coarsely sculptured except smooth and 
shining posteriorly, median carina strong, attaining the transverse carina. 
Second abdominal tergum with a pair of large, oblique depressions dorso- 
laterally, each depression with a series of close-set, short setae that are 
directly caudad (Fig. 2). 

Paratype —COLOMBIA: | d, same data as type except dated 14-16 July 
1975 (FSCA). 

Variation.—The paratype is slightly larger than the type (fore wing 2.8 
mm) but is similar in every other respect. 


Dissomphalus bicavatus Evans, NEW SPECIES 


Type.—d, VENEZUELA: Zulia, El Tucuco, 45 km SW Machiques, 5- 
6 June 1976 (A. Menke and D. Vincent) (USNM). 

Description of male type.—Length 3.0 mm; fore wing 2.6 mm. Piceous; 
mandibles testaceous, tips rufous; antennae testaceous, much darkened on 
apical 4; legs bright testaceous except front coxae and hind femora suffused 
with brown; wings hyaline. Mandibles bidentate; median clypeal carina 
arched in profile, apical margin angulate at end of carina, margin also with 
2 rounded projections laterad of the median angulation. Head very slightly 
wider than high; WF 1.2 x HE; ocelli in a compact triangle, OOL 1.2 x 
WOT; vertex nearly straight. Front strongly alutaceous, weakly shining, 
with an abundance of very shallow punctures. First 4 antennal segments in 
a ratio of 15:5:4:5, segment 3 barely longer than wide. Pronotal disc short, 
without a transverse carina; propodeal disc coarsely reticulate except mere- 
ly alutaceous posteriorly, median carina barely reaching transverse carina. 
Second abdominal tergum with deep, ovoid depressions anterolaterally, 
each with a circular, setigerous pit on its mesal margin, the depressions 
fringed with short setae (Fig. 3). 

Paratypes—VENEZUELA: 1 6, same data as type; 1 6, Aragua, 2 km 
N Ocumare de la Costa, 21-22 June 1976 (A. Menke and D. Vincent) 
(USNM). 

Variation.—The male from Aragua is small, fore wing 1.9 mm, and is 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 281 


paler in color than the Zulia males, the thorax and abdomen being casta- 
neous, the head fuscous. 


Dissomphalus vallensis Evans, NEW SPECIES 


Type.—d, COLOMBIA: Penas Blancas, 10 km W Cali, Dept. Valle, 26- 
28 1975 (R. Wilkerson, Malaise trap) (FSCA). 

Description of male type.—Length 3.8 mm; fore wing 3.1 mm. Head and 
thorax black, abdomen deep brown; apical ¥2 of mandibles ferruginous; 
scape testaceous, antennae otherwise dark brown; legs medium brown var- 
iegated with lighter brown, especially the tarsi; wings subhyaline. Mandibles 
tapered to an acute apex above which are 2 minute teeth; clypeus sharply 
angulate medially, at end of median carina, margin otherwise without pro- 
jections. Head slightly wider than high; WF 1.4 x HE; vertex passing 
straight across a short distance above eye tops; ocelli in a compact triangle, 
OOL 1.4 x WOT. Front shining, rather weakly alutaceous, with weak, shal- 
low, inconspicuous punctures. First 4 antennal segments in a ratio of 
16:6:6:7, segment three 1.5 as long as wide. Pronotum of moderate length, 
without a transverse carina but somewhat coarsely sculptured at crest of 
anterior slope; median carina of propodeum not reaching transverse carina, 
posterior part of disc smooth and polished. Abdomen fusiform, slightly de- 
pressed, rather slender basally; 2nd tergum with a pair of small, setigerous 
pits rather close to the mid-dorsal line and located on the sides of a common, 
shallow, bowl-shaped depression (Fig. 4). 

Paratypes.—COLOMBIA: 5 6, same data as type except dated 29 Oc- 
tober 1974, 31 January 1975, 12-28 February 1975 (FSCA, USNM). 

Variation.—The paratypes vary but slightly in size and standard mea- 
surements. Three specimens have the mandibles mostly ferruginous and the 
basal three antennal segments more or less testaceous. 


Dissomphalus hastatus Evans, NEW SPECIES 


Type.—d, ECUADOR: Limoncocha, on Rio Napo, Napo Prov., 30 De- 
cember 1973 (Boyce A. Drummond III, Malaise trap) (FSCA). 

Description of male type.—Length 2.4 mm; fore wing 2.3 mm. Deep cas- 
taneous, head nearly black; mandibles and basal 2 antennal segments tes- 
taceous, remainder of antenna dark brown; femora medium brown, coxae 
slightly suffused with brown, legs otherwise testaceous; wings hyaline. Man- 
dibles slender, acuminate, with 2 minute teeth on the inner margin a short 
distance back from the apex; clypeus with an acute median tooth at the 
apex of the median carina, margin laterad of the tooth somewhat sinuate. 
WH 0.95 x LH; WF 1.1 <x HE, eyes weakly diverging above; head roundly 
narrowed a short distance behind eyes to a weakly convex vertex; OOL 
1.2 x WOT, front angle of ocellar triangle less than a right angle. Front 


282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


somewhat alutaceous but moderately shining, punctures shallow and incon- 
spicuous. First 4 antennal segments in a ratio of 11:4:4:4, segment 3 about 
1.5 as long as wide. Pronotal disc without a transverse carina; propodeal 
disc with basal triangle depressed, alutaceous and with a median carina and 
a pair of additional, short carinae; disc smooth and polished behind, median 
carina not attaining the transverse carina. Abdomen slender basally, sub- 
petiolate; 2nd tergum with a pair of shallow, bowl-shaped depressions close 
to the median line, separated by less than their own width; each depression 
gives rise to a small pencil of setae; there are no other pits or prominent 
setae on this tergum (Fig. 8). 

Paratypes ECUADOR: 2 6, same data as type except dated 22 January 
1974 (FSCA, USNM). 

Variation.—The paratypes resemble the type closely in all respects. Leg 
color varies somewhat, one specimen having the legs almost entirely tes- 
taceous to straw colored. 


Dissomphalus napo Evans, NEW SPECIES 


Type.—d, ECUADOR: Limoncocha, on Rio Napo, Napo Prov., 19 
March 1974 (Boyce A. Drummond III, Malaise trap) (FSCA). 

Description of male type.—Length 3.9 mm; fore wing 2.8 mm. Head and 
thorax black, abdomen deep castaneous; mandibles and clypeus dusky fer- 
ruginous; antennae light brown except much darkened on apical 2; coxae 
and femora dark brown, legs otherwise testaceous; wings hyaline. Mandi- 
bles bidentate; clypeus trilobed, with a median carina which is nearly 
straight in profile. WH and LH subequal; WF 1.2 x HE, eyes weakly di- | 
verging above; sides of head rounded behind eyes to a nearly straight vertex; — 
OOL 1.25 x WOT, ocelli in a compact triangle well below top of vertex. 
Front alutaceous, covered with large but shallow punctures which are sep- 
arated for the most part by less than their own diameters; eyes with scat- 
tered, very short hairs only. First 4 antennal segments in a ratio of 14:5:4:5, 
segment 3 barely longer than wide. Pronotal disc without a transverse ca- 
rina; propodeal disc wholly covered with coarse reticulations, slightly de- 
pressed in the basal triangle. Abdomen fusiform; 2nd tergum with a pair of 
widely spaced, circular depressions, rather small in size, each giving rise to 
a small cluster of setulae which are directed strongly caudad, this tergum 
also with a few very short lateral setae (Fig. 5). 

Paratypes.—ECUADOR: 55 6, same data as type except dates 28 De- 
cember 1973-1 May 1974 (FSCA, USNM, MCZ). 

Variation.—The paratypes vary in length from 3.4 to 4.0 mm, but there 
is otherwise no variation worthy of note in this series. 


Dissomphalus fungosus Evans, NEW SPECIES 


Type.—d, ECUADOR: Limoncocha, on Rio Napo, Napo Prov., | April 
1974 (Boyce A. Drummond, Jr., Malaise trap) (FSCA). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 283 


Description of male type.—Length 3.0 mm; fore wing 2.8 mm. Head and 
thorax black, abdomen dark brown, shining; mandibles dull ferruginous; 
antennae testaceous basally, gradually infuscated over apical %; legs rufo- 
testaceous except coxae and femora weakly suffused with brown; wings 
subhyaline. Mandibles quadridentate, with 3 minute teeth in a series above 
the large apical tooth; clypeus trilobed, median tooth acute and located at 
the end of a carina which is straight in profile. Head barely wider than high, 
with a broad, weakly arched vertex; WF 1.2 x HE; OOL 1.35 x WOT. 
Front strongly alutaceous, weakly shining, covered with strong punctures 
which are separated by about or somewhat less than their own diameters. 
First 4 antennal segments in a ratio of 15:5:4:5, segment 3 about 1.4 as 
long as wide. Pronotal disc short, with rather rough surface sculpturing but 
without a transverse carina; propodeal disc and posterior slope wholly cov- 
ered with coarse reticulations. Second tergum with a pair of large, circular 
depressions dorsolaterally, each giving rise to a large group of closely mat- 
ted setae (Fig. 6). 

Paratypes.—ECUADOR: 3 d, same data as type except two collected 27 
January and 13 February 1974 (FSCA, USNM). 

Variation.—None worthy of note. 


Dissomphalus gilvipes Evans, NEW SPECIES 


Type.—¢, COLOMBIA: Dept. Valle, Central de Anchicaya, 30 km E 
Buenaventura, 560 m, 14-16 July 1975 (R. Wilkerson, Malaise trap) (FSCA). 

Description of male type.—Length 2.6 mm; fore wing 2.0 mm. Head and 
thorax black, abdomen deep brown, shining; mandibles testaceous and 
scape largely of this color, but flagellum dark brown; legs entirely bright 
testaceous; wings subhyaline. Mandibles with an apical tooth above which 
are 3 small teeth; clypeus with a median apical angulation laterad of which 
are 2 small, rounded and slightly elevated processes; median clypeal carina 
weakly arched in profile basally, but somewhat depressed just before the 
apex. Head barely wider than high; WF 1.25 x HE; vertex nearly straight; 
OOL 1.2 x WOT. Front moderately shining, somewhat alutaceous, punc- 
tures minute and inconspicuous. First 4 antennal segments in a ratio of 
about 13:5:4:4, segment three 1.3 as long as wide. Pronotum without a 
transverse carina; propodeum with strong reticulations, median carina only 
faintly reaching transverse carina. Second tergum with a pair of widely 
spaced, small, bowl-shaped depressions, each giving rise to a pencil of setae 
that is directed caudad (Fig. 7). 

Paratypes.—COLOMBIA: 2 6, same data as type (USNM, FSCA). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Evans, H. E. 1964. A synopsis of the American Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Bull. 
Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ. 130:251-359. 


284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


____. 1966. Further studies on neotropical Pristocerinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Acta | 
Hymen. 2:99-117. | 
1969a. Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Survey of Dominica: Bethyloidea (Hymenop- 

tera). Smithson. Contr. Zool. 3:1-14. 

———. 1969b. West Indian wasps of the subfamily Pristocerinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). 
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 71:514-530. 

. 1969c. The genera Apenesia and Dissomphalus in Argentina and Chile (Hymenoptera, 
Bethylidae). Breviora, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Univ. no. 311, 23 p. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 285-297 


THE TAXONOMIC POSITION OF THE NEW ZEALAND GENUS 
PROSOCHAETA MALLOCH (DIPTERA: SCIOMYZIDAE)' 


JEFFREY K. BARNES 


Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 
U.S.A. 14853; and Department of Entomology, Lincoln University College 
of Agriculture, Canterbury, New Zealand. 


Abstract.—The monotypic New Zealand genus Prosochaeta Malloch is 
redescribed incorporating morphological characters of the abdomens of the 
male and female. Prosochaeta is placed in a new tribe, Prosochaetini, and 
the definition of the subfamily Huttonininae Steyskal (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) 
is expanded to receive this tribe. The relationships of Prosochaeta and the 
other Huttonininae to other sciomyzid taxa are discussed. 


The taxonomic position of the monotypic New Zealand genus Proso- 
chaeta Malloch has never been satisfactorily determined. Malloch (1935) 
referred it to the Sciomyzidae. Harrison (1959) retained it in the Sciomy- 
zidae and considered it to be most closely related to the New Zealand genus 
Xenosciomyza Tonnoir and Malloch. Steyskal (1965) did not include Pro- 
sochaeta prima Malloch in his subfamily classification of the Sciomyzidae 
because he was unable to examine sufficient material. Griffiths (1972) re- 
moved Prosochaeta from the Sciomyzidae and referred it to his new family 
Helosciomyzidae along with Huttonina Tonnoir and Malloch, Heloscio- 
myza Hendel, Xenosciomyza, and Polytocus Lamb. I have examined male 
and female specimens of Prosochaeta prima, and I believe that the following 
revised generic definition lists the attributes that are most important for 
characterizing the genus and for determining its taxonomic position. 

The following abbreviations are used for institutions holding specimens: 
AIM = Auckland Institute and Museum, Auckland, New Zealand; ATI = 
Abteilung Taxonomie der Insekten, Institut fiir Pflanzenschutzforschung, 
Eberswalde, German Democratic Republic; CU = Cornell University, Ith- 
aca, New York, U.S.A.; FRI = Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New 


! This investigation was supported by research grants DEB 75-21782 and BMS 75-10451 from 
the U.S. National Science Foundation. 


286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Zealand; MAF = Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Levin, New Zea- 
land: NZNAC = National Arthropod Collection, Department of Scientific 
and Industrial Research, Auckland, New Zealand; NZNM = National Mu- 
seum, Wellington, New Zealand. 


Prosochaeta Malloch 


Prosochaeta Malloch, 1935:95 [type-species: Prosochaeta prima Malloch, 
by monotypy]; Harrison, 1959:37. 


Arista pubescent, arising near apex of 3rd antennal segment. Antenna 
short. Lunule largely concealed. Three fronto-orbital bristles present; 2 an- 
terior bristles somewhat proclinate; posterior bristle somewhat reclinate. 
Ocellar bristles weak. Postvertical bristles short and parallel to slightly con- 
vergent. Face concave. Oral vibrissae absent. Clypeus visible in profile 
when proboscis withdrawn, not separated from epistoma by large membra- 
nous area. 

Mesonotum setulose, with 1 humeral, 2 notopleural, 1 supra-alar, 2 post- 
alar, 1 dorsocentral bristle; presutural bristles absent. Scutellum with 1 lat- 
eral and 1 apical bristle, otherwise bare. Propleural bristle well developed. 
Mesopleuron with scattered, fine setae posteriorly. Pteropleuron and hy- 
popleuron bare. Sternopleural bristles present. Prosternum bare, free from 
propleuron. 

Costa and subcosta complete. Costa without rows of strong spines. Anal 
[basal cubital] cell with acute dorso-apical angle and distinctly obtuse ven- 
tro-apical angle [see Malloch (1935, Fig. 2) and Harrison (1959, Fig. 43) for 
wing venation]. Anal vein abruptly terminated about three-quarters distance 
to wing margin. Femora simple, without strong bristles or spines. Tibiae 
simple, with pre-apical dorsal bristles. 

Suture between Ist and 2nd abdominal segments indistinct. 

Male.—Abdominal spiracles 2 to 5 situated within respective tergites, at 
lateral margins. Postabdomen asymmetrical. Protandrium as in Fig. 1. Sixth 
tergite nearly symmetrical, narrow, about 4 length of Sth tergite, not fused 
to protandrium. Vestige of 7th tergite represented by a narrow band fused 
to anterior end of 8th sternite [dorsal sclerite of 8th segment; see Griffiths 
(1972:51)]. Vestige of 8th tergite absent. Sixth sternite narrow, best devel- 
oped on left side where it is closely approximated to 7th sternite. Seventh 
sternite narrow, best developed on left side where it is fused to 8th sternite. 
Sixth spiracles at lateral margins of 6th tergite. Seventh right spiracle situ- 
ated within 7th tergite; 7th left spiracle situated within 7th sternite; left 
spiracle displaced dorsally and right spiracle displaced ventrally with respect 
to corresponding 6th-segment spiracles. [Hennig (1958, Fig. 125) incorrectly 
showed the 6th and 7th right spiracles completely within the membrane. ] 

Andrium and proctiger as in Fig. 2. Epandrium bearing | pair of discrete, 
movable surstyli with sparse, fine setae on inner and outer surfaces. Internal 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 287 


0.50 mm hy ad 


Figs. 1-4. Prosochaeta prima, male. 1, Protandrium, dorsal view, drawn as if split ven- 
trally and laid flat. 2, Andrium and proctiger, lateral view. 3-4, Hypandrium, aedeagus, and 
associated structures, lateral and anteroventral view, respectively. Figures 2, 3, and 4 same 
scale. Abbreviations: aa, aedeagal apodeme; ad, aedeagus; ea, ejaculatory apodeme; ep, epan- 
drium; hy, hypandrium; is, internal sclerotized plate; pa, point of attachment between hypan- 
drium and epandrium; ss, surstylus; 6t, 6th tergite. 


288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


sclerotized plate [interparameral sclerotization; Griffiths (1972:35)] present, 
extending from bases of surstyli and posteroventral edge of epandrium over 
inner copulatory apparatus and linked with hypandrium on left and right 
sides. Cerci scarcely differentiated; a few fine setae present on posteroven- 
tral edge of epandrium between surstyli. 

Hypandrium, aedeagus, and associated structures as in Figs. 3 and 4. 
Hypandrium nearly symmetrical, with a few fine setae posteroventrally. 
Ejaculatory apodeme large, flattened, fan-shaped anteriorly. Aedeagal apo- 
deme long, rodlike, linked to hypandrium by 2 long, narrow arms extending 
between posterior end of aedeagal apodeme and inside ventral margins of 
hypandrium. Aedeagus large, asymmetrical, bilobed, mainly membranous, 
densely covered with fine scale-like structures, able to be swung through 
wide arc against aedeagal apodeme to anteriorly directed rest position. 

Female.—Abdominal spiracles 2 and 3 in respective tergites, at lateral 
margins. Abdomen posterior to segment 3 as in Figs. 5 and 6. Fourth and 
Sth terga membranous; 4th and Sth spiracles displaced dorsally. Sixth and 
7th tergites and sternites fused to form 2 completely annular somites; 6th 
and 7th spiracles well within respective sclerites. Two spermathecal ducts 
present, each with 2 apical spermathecae, as in Fig. 7. 

Immature stages.—Unknown. 


Prosochaeta prima Malloch 


Prosochaeta prima Malloch, 1935:95—96, plate XIV, figs. 1-2 [holotype: 
Auckland, New Zealand; Abteilung Taxonomie der Insekten, Institut fur 
Pflanzenschutzforschung, Eberswalde, German Democratic Republic]; 
Harrison, 1959:37, 39, figs. 43, 46, 47, 52. 


I have not attempted to redescribe the species because this would only 
duplicate the accurate descriptions given by Malloch (1935) and Harrison 
(1959). The holotype and other specimens agree well with these descrip- 
tions. 

Specimens examined.—North Island. Auckland, 3, holotype, coll. Old- 
enberg, coll. Osten Sacken, ATI. Titirangi; 27.x1i1.1942, 2; -.iv.1947, 9; M. 
W. Carter, NZNAC. Huia, in house, 8.1.1967; ¢, CU; 2, NZNAC; B. M. 
May. Kaimanawa North State Forest 90, 10.i.-, 2, Anon., FRI. Ohakune, 
2, J. W. Campbell, CU. Between Kakatahi and Ohakune, in car, 20.1.1974, 
2, L. G. Morrison, MAF. Kaitawa, 19.xii.1922, sex unknown, Ethel Rich- 
ardson, NZNM. South Island. Nelson, Belton, 20.x1i1.1940, 2, E. S. Gour- 
lay, CU. Mt. Arthur, Gordon’s Pk., 2.i11.1927, 2, A. Philpott, NZNAC. 
Nelson Lakes National Park, L. Rotoiti, Kerr Bay Motor Camp, 9.iii. 1977, 
2, J. K. Barnes, CU. Greymouth; 6, coll. Lichtwardt, ATI; sex unknown, 
coll. Osten Sacken, coll. Oldenberg, ATI. Christchurch, Dyer’s Pass, 
29.1.1924, 2, Anon., AIM. Otago, 2, coll. Lichtwardt, ATI. No data; 6, 
coll. Miller, NZNAC; @, coll. Oldenberg, coll. Osten Sacken, ATI. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 289 


Figs. 5-7. Prosochaeta prima, female. 5-6, Abdomen posterior to segment 3, lateral and 
dorsal view, respectively. 7, Spermathecae and ducts. Figures 5 and 6 same scale. Abbrevi- 
ations: 4t, 4th tergum; St, Sth tergum; 6so, 6th somite; 7so, 7th somite. 


The female that I collected was taken from a marshy area of Sphagnum 
and Carex surrounded by Nothofagus forest by beating the vegetation with 
an insect net. 


THE TAXONOMIC POSITION OF PROSOCHAETA 


A summary of the distribution of some characters of the five subfamilies 
of Sciomyzidae (sensu Steyskal) and Prosochaeta is presented in Table 1. 


290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


o 
o nN 8 ® 
3 cra) 5 S © 
eo} £ E = « § 
| (o> (9) esas 
Characters Sl E O° °s eae 
Site Roe cour ames 
= =] 
Gl) Ee ees 
1. Arista preapical (+); not preapical (—) ......c..ssssscsssesssssesesssessesssseseesseseessees _ a a 
2. Clypeus small (+); large (—) ..........ssecercercerencencenssncsccsecscssecessnssesseseesees se | | 7 
3. Postverticals parallel or convergent (+); divergent (—) .............cce08 ahs loeccaens i Sn 
4. Propleural bristle absent (+); present (=) ........csccccscccccessssssseseess cee! ae il 
55 Costaspinose!(+) snOtiSpinOSe) (=) ne cc cscosscccateessesesscccssssesaccncessssscocss _maES 
6. Ventroapical angle anal cell distinctly obtuse (+); otherwise; .............cceccess Be Bie2) 
7. Anal vein abbreviated (+); complete (—) ..........ssssscesseeeee sreussccucssereussts m= | | ill 
8. Suture on abdominal tergites 1 + 2 indistinct (+); distinct (—) ..................0000 ae 
9. Abdominal spiracles 2—5 in tergites (+); in membrane (—) .................cceceeee [al 


10. o6th tergite fused to protandrium (+); free (—) .......cssscssssescecsceccseceecceeseece 


11. 07th left spiracle in 7th sternite (+); in membrane (—) 


Pe ccccccccccccccccscseseccosess 


12. Anteroventral corner epandrium extended (+); not extended (—) 


13. Surstyli fused to epandrium (+); free (—) 


Perce ecrereecerese sees essere esesesesseseseeses 


14. Aedeagus bilobed, membranous, scaled (+); otherwise (—) 


Socecccccscccscceceesecos 


15. 9 4th and 5th terga membranous, (+); sclerotized (—) 


Poeccoccsessesescesescuseseseeee 


16. fc) 6th abdominal tergite and sternite fused (+); separate (—) ............ccccecee aeee 
17. 9 7th abdominal tergite and sternite fused (+); separate (=) eee ee 
18. 9 6th abdominal spiracle in sclerite (+) ; in membrane (—) 


Peecccccecceccesoccsecees 


19. 9 7th abdominal spiracle in sclerite (+); in membrane (—) ..............cseceeeceeee 


2O5Numben ofiepecmathecae v2.52 en, noche coctsocaceewnuaesca eee 3/313 


i od =+ aes | == I = Character found in some, but not all, species 


Table 1. Distribution of some characters in Prosochaeta and the subfamilies of Sciomy- 
zidae sensu Steyskal. 


The black rectangles indicate characters that are interpreted as apomor- 
phous groundplan conditions of the given taxon. Plesiomorphous ground- 
plan conditions are indicated by white rectangles. If an apomorphous char- 
acter is present in some, but not all, members of a taxon, and it therefore 
may or may not be interpreted as an apomorphous groundplan condition, 
it is indicated by a cross-hatched rectangle. 

Prosochaeta shares more apomorphous groundplan characters with the 
monotypic New Zealand subfamily Huttonininae than it does with any other 
subfamily of the Sciomyzidae. The following characters, interpreted as 
apomorphous with respect to the groundplan of the Sciomyzoidea and Scio- 


| 
I 


i 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 291 


myzidae, are apparently sufficient to establish the taxon consisting of the 
genera Prosochaeta and Huttonina as a monophyletic group: 


(1) Postvertical bristles short and parallel or slightly convergent; 


(3) 


(4) 


(6) 


Steyskal (1965) characterized the Helosciomyzinae as also having par- 
allel or slightly convergent postverticals. My observations of the New 
Zealand species of Helosciomyza, Xenosciomyza, and Polytocus indi- 
cate that the trend toward convergence is poorly defined. Indeed, I 
believe the Helosciomyzinae should be characterized as having post- 
verticals parallel to slightly divergent. The postverticals are also long 
and well developed in the Helosciomyzinae. It is unlikely that the con- 
dition of the postverticals in Prosochaeta, Huttonina, and the Helo- 
sciomyzinae can be attributed to synapomorphy. 

Anal [basal cubital] cell enclosed by a curved cross vein forming an 
acute dorso-apical angle and a distinctly obtuse ventro-apical angle (see 
Tonnoir and Malloch, 1928, Fig. 27; Malloch, 1935, Fig. 2; Harrison, 
1959, Figs. 43, 58-64); 

Anal vein abruptly terminated about three-quarters distance to wing 
margin; 

The anal vein is also abbreviated in Colobaea Zetterstedt, Parectin- 
ocera Becker, and a few species of Pherbellia Robineau-Desvoidy 
(Sciomyzinae: Sciomyzini), but it is unlikely that this is due to synap- 
omorphy with Prosochaeta and Huttonina because most members of 
the Sciomyzini have the more plesiomorphous condition of a complete 
anal vein. 

Suture between Ist and 2nd abdominal segments indistinct; 

Among the families of Sciomyzoidea this character is also found in 
the Dryomyzidae and Sepsidae, according to McAlpine (1963, Table 1). 
Aedeagus bilobed, mainly membranous, covered with fine scale-like 
structures; 

Griffiths (1972) used the presence of a bilobed aedeagus to support 
placement of Prosochaeta and Huttonina in his family Helosciomyzi- 
dae, along with Helosciomyza, Xenosciomyza, and Polytocus. | have 
examined the aedeagi of all New Zealand species of the latter three 
genera. In most species they cannot be characterized as bilobed, they 
are not membranous, and they are not covered with fine scale-like struc- 
tures. 

Female with 7th abdominal tergite and sternite fused to form a com- 
pletely annular somite; 7th abdominal spiracle well within the scleroti- 
zation of this somite. 


A character that is interpreted as plesiomorphous with respect to the 
groundplan conditions of the Sciomyzoidea and Sciomyzidae and occurs in 
one or both of the genera Prosochaeta and Huttonina is considered a ple- 


292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


siomorphous groundplan condition of the taxon consisting of Prosochaeta 
and Huttonina. Among these are the following: Arista not pre-apical, clyp- 
eus not reduced, propleural bristle present (but much reduced in Huttonina), 
costa not spinose, abdominal spiracles 2 to 5 in membrane, male with 6th 
tergite free, anteroventral corner of epandrium not extended, surstyli uni- 
lobate and movable, female with 4th and Sth terga not membranous, female 
with 6th tergite and sternite separate, female with 6th abdominal spiracles 
in membrane, spermathecae 2+ 1. 

Prosochaeta also possesses several apomorphous characters that are not 
interpreted as groundplan conditions for any family of Sciomyzoidea nor, 
in most cases, for any previously characterized subfamily of the Sciomy- 
zidae, including the Huttonininae: 


(1) Arista pre-apical; 

Tetanura Fallén (Sciomyzinae: Sciomyzini) also has a pre-apical aris- 
ta, but this condition cannot be interpreted as a synapomorphy. 

(2) Female with 4th and Sth terga membranous, and corresponding spiracles 
displaced dorsally; 

(3) Female with 6th tergite and sternite fused, forming completely annular 
6th somite; 

(4) Spermathecae 2+2. 

Two apical spermathecae on each of two spermathecal ducts can also 
be found in Salticella fasciata (Meigen) (Salticellinae). It is unlikely that 
this can be interpreted as a synapomorphous condition of Prosochaeta 
and Salticella Robineau-Desvoidy because there is little other evidence 
to indicate that these genera are monophyletic. The four spermathecae 
of Prosochaeta probably arose from the condition of three spermathe- 
cae as found in Huttonina and in the presumed groundplan of the Schi- 
zophora (Hennig, 1958), whereas the four spermathecae of Salticella 
may have arisen from either the two-spermathecal condition of the 
groundplan of the Sciomyzinae or from the more plesiomorphous three- 
spermathecal condition (Hennig, 1965). 


It is apparent from the above discussion that Huttonina may be regarded 
as the sister-genus of Prosochaeta. However, these two genera differ in 
several important features, and they should be referred to different higher 
taxa of at least tribal rank. On the other hand, assigning them to separate 
subfamilies of the Sciomyzidae may only serve to confuse further the taxo- 
nomic relationships within a family whosé higher taxonomy is not yet well 
understood. I have therefore chosen to expand the definition of the subfam- 
ily Huttonininae to include Prosochaeta and to describe a new tribe to 
receive this genus. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 293 


Huttonininae Steyskal 


Huttonininae Steyskal, 1965:593 [type-genus: Huttonina Tonnoir and Mal- 
loch, by monotypy]. 


Arista pubescent and sometimes arising near apex of 3rd antennal seg- 
ment. Antenna short. Lunule largely concealed. Two or 3 fronto-orbital 
bristles present. Ocellar bristles weak. Postvertical bristles weak and par- 
allel to slightly convergent. Face concave. Oral vibrissae absent. Clypeus 
well developed, not separated from epistoma by large membranous area, 
visible in profile when proboscis withdrawn. 

Mesonotum setulose. Presutural bristles and presutural dorsocentral bris- 
tles present or absent; 1 or more postsutural dorsocentrals present; prescu- 
tellar acrostichal bristles absent; 1 humeral, 2 notopleural, | supra-alar, 2 
postalar bristles present. Scutellum with | lateral and 1 apical bristle, oth- 
erwise bare or setulose. Propleural bristle well developed or minute. Me- 
sopleuron setulose. Pteropleuron and hypopleuron bare. Sternopleuron with 
1, 2, or 3 strong bristles. Metastigmatal bristles absent. Prosternum bare, 
free from propleuron. 

Wings hyaline or with brown pattern. Costa and subcosta complete; costa 
without rows of strong spines. Anal [basal cubital] cell enclosed by curved 
cross vein forming acute dorso-apical angle and distinctly obtuse ventro- 
apical angle. Anal vein abruptly terminated about three-quarters distance to 
wing margin. Femora simple, without strong bristles or spines. Tibiae sim- 
ple, with pre-apical dorsal bristles. 

Suture between Ist and 2nd abdominal segments indistinct. Abdominal 
spiracles 2 to 5 situated within membrane or within respective tergites, at 
lateral margins. 

Male.—Postabdomen asymmetrical. Sixth tergite narrow, free or fused to 
protandrium. Vestige of 7th tergite present or absent. Vestige of 8th tergite 
absent. Sixth and 7th sternites narrow, better developed on left side. Sev- 
enth sternite fused to 8th sternite on left side. Sixth spiracles situated within 
membrane, within sclerotization of protandrium, or at lateral margins of 6th 
tergite. Seventh left spiracle situated within 7th sternite, displaced dorsally 
with respect to 6th left spiracle. Seventh right spiracle situated within scler- 
otization of protandrium, displaced ventrally with respect to 6th right spi- 
racle. Epandrium bearing | pair simple, lobulate surstyli, movable or fused 
to epandrium. Internal sclerotized plate [interparameral sclerotization; Grif- 
fiths (1972:35)] present, extending from bases of surstyli and posteroventral 
edge of epandrium over inner copulatory apparatus and linking with hypan- 
drium on left and right sides. Cerci small. Hypandrium nearly symmetrical, 
with a few fine setae posteroventrally. Aedeagal apodeme long, rodlike, 
linked to hypandrium by 2 long, narrow arms extending between posterior 


294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


end of aedeagal apodeme and inside ventral margins of hypandrium. Ae- 
deagus asymmetrical, bilobed, mainly membranous, covered with fine scale- 
like structures, able to be swung through wide arc against aedeagal apodeme 
to anteriorly directed rest position. 

Female.—Fourth and Sth terga membranous or sclerotized. Seventh ter- 
gite and sternite fused to form completely annular 7th somite; 6th tergite 
and sternite fused or separate; 6th and 7th spiracles situated within sclero- 
tization of annular somite or in membrane. Spermathecae 2+1 or 2+2. 

Immature stages.—Unknown. 


KEY TO THE TRIBES OF HUTTONININAE 


Arista not pre-apical. Propleural bristle not well developed. Abdominal 
spiracles 2 to 5 in membrane. Male 6th tergite fused to protandrium; 
surstyli not movable, fused to epandrium or delimited only by a par- 
tial suture. Female 4th and Sth terga sclerotized; 6th abdominal ter- 
pite and sternite separate; spermathecae 241"... -..- 4.5.5 see 
Dee, Ne Oe ere A Seen tre Somer a er etre Tribe Huttoninini Steyskal 

Arista pre-apical. Propleural bristle well developed. Abdominal spira- 
cles 2 to 5 in respective tergites, at lateral margins. Male 6th tergite 
not fused to protandrium; surstyli movable, not fused to epandrium. 
Female 4th and Sth terga membranous; 6th abdominal tergite and 
sternite fused, forming completely annular somite. Spermathecae 
POA tc Oe Meee ee RCE A ONT ES Tribe Prosochaetini, new tribe 


THE TAXONOMIC POSITION OF THE HUTTONININAE 


Tonnoir and Malloch (1928) considered Huttonina to be an ‘‘aberrant 
genus’’ and only tentatively referred it to the family Sciomyzidae. Harrison 
(1959) considered the genus to be intermediate between the Sapromyzidae 
(=Lauxaniidae) and the Sciomyzidae. He apparently based this conclusion 
upon the fact that Huttonina possesses an abbreviated anal vein and parallel 
or slightly convergent postvertical bristles. However, an abbreviated anal 
vein and convergent postvertical bristles occur in many and diverse groups 
of cyclorrhaphous Diptera. There is little evidence to indicate that the oc- 
currence of these characters in Huttonina and in the Lauxantidae is due to 
synapomorphy. 

Furthermore, Harrison stated that ‘‘the male genitalia are not particularly 
modified and are comparable to the normal genitalia of both the Sciomyzidae 
and Sapromyzidae.’’ In the Lauxantidae, however, the males possess re- 
peatedly branched accessory glands, a character that is apparently peculiar 
to this family (Sturtevant, 1926; Griffiths, 1972). I examined the male ac- 
cessory glands in Huttonina scutellaris Tonnoir and Malloch and found 
them to be simple and unbranched. Griffiths (1972) presented evidence that 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 295 


indicates that the male postabdomen of Huttonina approaches more closely 
that found in the Sciomyzidae than that of the Lauxaniidae. Indeed, he does 
not believe that the Sciomyzoinea (=Sciomyzoidea + Cremifaniidae + Me- 
gamerinidae) and Lauxanioidea are monophyletic. The arrangement of the 
postabdominal sclerites and the structure of the aedeagus are fundamentally 
different in the two groups. 

Hennig (1965) supported the view that Huttonina is more closely related 
to the Sciomyzidae than to the Lauxaniidae. He suggested that the fusion 
of the sixth tergite to the protandrium may be a synapomorphous condition 
of the Huttonininae and Sciomyzinae. It is now apparent, however, that this 
condition cannot be ascribed to the groundplan of either subfamily because 
there are members of both subfamilies in which the sixth tergite of the male 
is found in its plesiomorphous, ‘‘free’’ state (Prosochaeta prima among the 
Huttonininae; Preromicra spp. and Pherbellia albocostata (Fallen) among 
the Sciomyzinae). This character, therefore, cannot be used to support the 
contention that the Huttonininae and Sciomyzinae constitute a monophy- 
letic taxon. 

Griffiths (1972) removed Huttonina and Prosochaeta from the Sciomy- 
zidae and referred them to his family Helosciomyzidae along with the He- 
losciomyzinae (Helosciomyza, Xenosciomyza, and Polytocus). He support- 
ed his decision by stating that the Helosciomyzidae are characterized in 
their groundplan by five conditions that are apomorphous with respect to 
the groundplans of the Sciomyzoinea and Muscoidea: (1) postvertical bris- 
tles parallel to slightly convergent; (2) male 6th tergite reduced, less than 
one-third length of Sth tergite; (3) vestiges of male 7th and 8th tergites lost 
and 7th right spiracle lying at margin of 8th sternite; (4) male 7th left spiracle 
lying within 7th sternite; and (5) aedeagus bilobed distally. I have already 
pointed out that conditions (1) and (5) are of doubtful value for supporting 
the view that the Helosciomyzidae are a monophyletic group. Condition (3) 
cannot be considered a groundplan condition for the Helosciomyzidae or 
the Huttonininae because the seventh tergite of the male is retained in Pro- 
sochaeta, and the seventh right spiracle lies within this tergite (Fig. 1). 
Condition (2) also occurs in other families of Sciomyzoidea; on its own it 
does not support the argument that the Helosciomyzidae are a monophyletic 
group. Only condition (4) seems to support the argument for monophyly. 
Among the other Sciomyzoidea the same condition is found only in the 
Phaeomyiinae (=Phaeomyiidae sensu Griffiths). The taxonomic position of 
the Huttonininae remains uncertain. 

The Sciomyzoidea have never been satisfactorily characterized as a 
monophyletic group on the basis of apomorphous conditions. The group is 
maintained primarily as a taxonomic convenience because there is no evi- 
dence that the included taxa are more closely related to taxa outside the 


296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Sciomyzoidea. The same can be said of the Sciomyzidae sensu Steyskal. 
Although the taxon consisting of the Sciomyzinae and Salticellinae (=Scio- 
myzidae sensu Griffiths) appears to be well characterized as a monophyletic 
group (Knutson et al., 1970; Griffiths, 1972), the placement and relationships 
of the Huttonininae, Helosciomyzinae and Phaeomylinae remain uncertain. 
Knutson et al. (1970) expressed the opinion that the group consisting of the 
Sciomyzinae, Salticellinae, and Phaeomyiinae is monophyletic. The fact that 
in these subfamilies the clypeus is separated from the epistoma by a large 
membranous area and is not visible in profile when the proboscis is with- 
drawn may support their opinion. The Helosciomyzinae are the only scio- 
myzids with rows of large costal spines and an anteroventral extension of 
the epandrium (lacking in some species of Helosciomyza and in Xenoscio- 
myza prima Tonnoir and Malloch). These apomorphous characters may 
indicate affinities with other families of Sciomyzoidea that also show one or 
both of the characters, but further investigation is required. It may be of 
interest that the suture between the first and second abdominal segments is 
indistinct in the Huttonininae. Elsewhere in the Sciomyzoidea this condition 
is known only in the Dryomyzidae and Sepsidae (McAlpine, 1963). 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I am thankful to the following people for allowing me to inspect speci- 
mens: B. A. Holloway (NZNAC), D. C. M. Manson (MAF), G. Morge 
(ATI), R. G. Ordish (NZNM), K. A. J. Wise (AIM), and R. Zondag (FRI). 
C. O. Berg, R. A. Harrison, L. V. Knutson, and G. C. Steyskal critically 
reviewed the manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Griffiths, G. C. D. 1972. The phylogenetic classification of Diptera Cyclorrhapha, with special 
reference to the structure of the male postabdomen. Ser. Entomol. (The Hague) 8:1- 
340. 

Harrison, R. A. 1959. Acalypterate Diptera of New Zealand. N.Z. Dept. Sci. Ind. Res. Bull. 
128: 1-382. 

Hennig, W. 1958. Die Familien der Diptera Schizophora und ihre phylogenetischen Ver- 

wandtschaftsbeziehungen. Beitr. Entomol. 8:505—688. 

. 1965. Die Acalyptratae des Baltischen Bernsteins und ihre Bedeutung fir die Erfor- 

schung der phylogenetischen Entwicklung dieser Dipteren-Gruppe. Stuttg. Beitr. Na- 

turkd. 145:1-215. 

Knutson, L. V., J. W. Stephenson, and C. O. Berg. 1970. Biosystematic studies of Salticella 
fasciata (Meigen), a snail-killing fly (Diptera: Sciomyzidae). Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. 
Lond. 122:81-100. 

Malloch, J. R. 1935. New Zealand Muscidae Acalyptratae: Sciomyzidae; Addendum. Rec. 
Canterbury Mus. 4:95—96. 

McAlpine, J. F. 1963. Relationships of Cremifania Czerny (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) and 
description of a new species. Can. Entomol. 95:239-253. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 297 


Steyskal, G. C. 1965. The subfamilies of Sciomyzidae of the world (Diptera: Acalyptratae). 
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 58:593-594. 

Sturtevant, A. H. 1926. The seminal receptacles and accessory glands of the Diptera, with 
special reference to the Acalypterae. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 34:1-21. 

Tonnoir, A. L. and J. R. Malloch. 1928. New Zealand Muscidae Acalyptratae: Part 1V.— 
Sciomyzidae. Rec. Canterbury Mus. 3:151-179. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 298-303 


STUDIES OF THE GYPONINAE WITH SIX NEW SPECIES OF 
POLANA (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) 


DwiGHT M. DELONG 


Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 
43210. 


Abstract.—Six new species of Polana are described. Four new species, 
helvola, sana, melalbida, and melella are placed in the subgenus Polanana. 
One new species, putara, is placed in Bohemanella; and one new species, 
solida, is place in Polanella. 


The genus Polana was described by DeLong (1942). A synopsis of Polana 
treating 87 species was published by DeLong and Freytag (1972). Six new 
species are described in this paper. 


Polana putara DeLong, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 21-25 


Length of male 7.5 mm, female unknown. Crown broadly rounded, more 
than 2 as wide at base between eyes as median length. Ocelli about equi- 
distant between eyes and median line. Conspicuous striae on and just above 
margin. Color, crown pronotum and scutellum pale brown, irregularly tinged 
with dark brown. Forewings dark brown with 2 black elongate spots on Ist 
and 2nd claval veins at commissure. 

Male genitalia with plates 2’2x as long as median width, apex rounded. 
Style with blade convexly curved on ventral margin, apical tip spinelike 
extending dorsally. Aedeagal shaft in ventral view appearing narrow, par- 
ameres a little broader, each side; in lateral view the aedeagal shaft is long 
and slender, curving ventrally. Parameres curve dorsally with a constriction 
just before transversely broadened apex, rounded on apical margin and 
sharp pointed dorsally and ventrally. The parameres are two-thirds as long 
as shaft and reach to apex of shaft. Pygofer tapering to bluntly pointed apex. 

Holotype 6, Bolivia, Dept. Beni, Rio Manore at mouth of Rio Ibare, 
VIII-18-20, 1965. J. K. Bouseman coll., in the American Museum of Natural 
History. 

Polana putara is placed in the subgenus Bohemanella and is nearest chi- 
fama. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 299 


+) 
40) 


Figs. 1-5. Polana helvola. 1, Aedeagus ventrally. 2, Aedeagus laterally. 3, Style lateral- 
ly. 4, Plate ventrally. 5, Pygofer laterally. Figs. 6-10. P. sana. 6, Aedeagus ventrally. 7, 
Aedeagus laterally. 8, Plate ventrally. 9, Style laterally. 10, Pygofer laterally. 


ty) 


Polana sana DeLong, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 6-10 


Length of male 8.5 mm, female unknown. Crown broadly rounded, not 
quite % as long at middle as basal width between eyes; ocelli about equi- 
distant between eyes and median line. Color brown, scutellum with basal 
angles darker brown. Forewings brown, subhyaline, claval vein reddish 
brown: Veins anterior to claval vein dark brown, cross veins on disc dark 
brown, apex smoky. 

Male genitalia with plates more than 2x as long as median width, apices 
rounded. Style with blade broad, narrowed at middle, apical 3 broad almost 
truncate, a small rounded notch near middle of apex. Aedeagal shaft in 
ventral view vaselike, forming a narrow ‘‘neck’’ at two-thirds its length 
then with two ‘‘arms’’ extending laterally, between which the central apical 


300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


0 
IO 
ee 


Figs. 11-15. Polana melalbida. 11, Aedeagus ventrally. 12, Aedeagus laterally. 13, Style 
laterally. 14, Plate ventrally. 15, Pygofer laterally. Figs. 16-20. P. melella. 16, Aedeagus 
ventrally. 17, Aedeagus laterally. 18, Style ventrally. 19, Plate laterally. 20, Pygofer later- 
ally. Figs. 21-25. P. putara. 21, Aedeagus ventrally. 22, Aedeagus laterally. 23, Style lat- 
erally. 24, Plate ventrally. 25, Pygofer laterally. Figs. 26-30. P. solida. 26, Aedeagus ven- 
trally. 27, Aedeagus laterally. 28, Style laterally. 29, Plate ventrally. 30, Pygofer laterally. 


27 
26 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 301 


portion is broadly concave. In lateral view the shaft appears long and narrow 
with an inverted ‘‘foot’’ apically. Pygofer broadly rounded apically. 
Holotype ¢, Tingo Maria, Peru, VIII-12-1960. D. A. Young coll. in the 
North Carolina University Collection. 
Polana sana is placed in the subgenus Polanana and is nearest to quad- 
rilabes. 


Polana melalbida DeLong, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 11-15 


Length of male 7.5 mm, female unknown. Crown broadly rounded, almost 
parallel margined, two-thirds as long at middle as basal width between eyes; 
ocelli much closer to proximal eye than median line. Head rounded to front, 
clypeus inflated. Color, face white tinged with yellow, crown pale yellow. 
Pronotum pale yellow with a smoky area behind each eye and a round black 
spot behind each eye at one-third length of pronotum. Scutellum yellow, a 
small black spot in each basal angle. Forewing white with numerous brown 
irregular spots; a large spot on anterior portion of disc, a small round spot 
on clavus each side near apex of scutellum and a spot about middle of clavus 
near commissure; a series of small spots are on anterior side of claval vein. 

Male genitalia with plates almost 3x as long as median width. Style with 
blade enlarged on ventral margin at more than one-third its length, apex 
bifid, each portion bluntly pointed. Aedeagal shaft short, 6x as long as 
broad, a long spine, one-third length of shaft, arising each side at base of 
shaft. In lateral view the shaft appears bluntly pointed at apex. Pygofer 
narrowed, broadly rounded apically. 

Holotype ¢, Sante Fe, Darien Prov., Panama, V-29-67, DeLong and Tri- 
plehorn colls., in the DeLong Collection, the Ohio State University. 

Polana melalbida is placed in the subgenus Polanana and is nearest quad- 
rilabes. 


Polana helvola DeLong, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 1-5 


Length of male 8 mm, female unknown. Crown rounded appearing almost 
parallel margined, without a distinct margin. Color pale yellow, pronotum 
with a round black spot behind each eye at one-third length of pronotum. 
Forewings yellowish, subhyaline, veins yellow, 2 transverse rows of pale 
brown spots across clavus. 

Male genitalia with plates more than 3x as long as median width, apices 
narrow, rounded. Style with blade slightly broadened on apical 42, apex 
curved dorsally, pointed. Aedeagal shaft slender, blunt at apex, a pair of 
processes arise each side at base, remain contiguous with shaft, extending 
almost to apex and curving dorsally around each side of shaft subapically. 


302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Holotype ¢, Rurrenaba que, Beni, Bolivia, December 1921, Wm. M. 
Mann coll., Mulford Biol. Exped. 1921-1922, in the U.S. National Museum. 

Polana helvola is placed in the subgenus Polanana and is nearest to 
venosa. 


Polana melella DeLong, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 16-20 


Length of male 7 mm, female unknown. Crown broadly rounded, almost 
parallel margined, % as long at middle as width at base between eyes. Ocelli 
nearer eyes than median line. Color, crown yellow, ocelli red. Pronotum 
yellow, a round black spot behind each eye at one-third length of pronotum. 
Scutellum pale yellow. Forewings white, tinged with yellow, anterior 2 of 
costa bright yellow. A broken brown band represented only by spots ex- 
tends from middle of costa to middle of clavus, represented on clavus by 
brown spots at apices of claval veins. 

Male genitalia with plates 3x as long as median width, apices narrowed, 
rounded. Style with blade slightly enlarged on ventral margin and serrate at 
two-thirds its length, apical '/; tapered and pointed. Aedeagal shaft blunt at 
apex; a process one-fourth length of shaft arising each side at one-third 
length of shaft. Pygofer narrowed and broadly rounded at apex. 

Holotype ¢, Tingo Maria, Peru, VIII-12-60, O. Vargas coll., in the North 
Carolina State University collection. 

This species is placed in the subgenus Polanana and is nearest truncata. 


Polana solida DeLong, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 26-30 


Length of male 8 mm, female unknown. Crown broadly rounded, more 
than 3x as broad at base between eyes as median length. Ocelli closer 
compound eyes than median line. Crown without distinct margin. Color 
dark brown, forewings brown, subhyaline, a small brown spot at apex of 
each claval vein at commissure. 

Male genitalia with plates 2/2 as long as median width, apices rounded. 
Style with blade almost uniform in length, apex pointed, curved dorsally. 
Aedeagal shaft bifid on apical 1/2, contiguous at apex, each portion bearing 
a short spine. Pygofer with a process arising dorsally near middle, curving 
caudally to caudal margin of pygofer and with a slightly enlarged apex. 

Holotype 6, Mt. Duida, Venezuela, III-5-24, Ac. 29500 Tate No. 837, in 
the American Museum of Natural History. 

This species is placed in the subgenus Ponanella. It is not closely related 
to any described species but nearest to sereta. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 303 


LITERATURE CITED 


DeLong, D. M. 1942. A Monographic Study of the North American Species of the Subfamily 
Gyponinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) exclusive of Xerophloea. Ohio State University, 
Graduate School Studies, Contrib. Zool., Entomol. No. 5. Biol. Series. 187 p. 

DeLong, D. M. and P. H. Freytag. 1972. Studies of the World Gyponinae (Homoptera: 
Cicadellidae) The Genus Polana. Arq. Zool. S. Paulo. 22:(5)239-324. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, p. 303 


NOTE 


Three Sphecid Wasps Previously Unrecorded from Tahiti 
(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) 


The following records are based on a small collection of insects made on 
the island of Tahiti in the Society Islands in December of 1976 by Gary 
Hevel of the Smithsonian Institution. Three species representing two genera 
of the larrine tribe Trypoxylini were taken by Mr. Hevel. All of the species 
are new records for Tahiti and one is of particular interest because it is a 
Neotropical wasp. All material is in the U.S. National Museum. 

Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) nitidum Smith is a common Neotropical 
species which apparently has become established on Tahiti fairly recently. 
Hevel obtained one female at Vaimahuta Falls on the Vapuu River. This is 
the only species of Trypoxylon known on Tahiti and it represents the first 
Old World record for a member of the endemic Neotropical subgenus Tryp- 
argilum. 

Three species of the genus Pison have been reported from Tahiti: tahi- 
tense Saussure, impunctatum Turner, and ignavum Turner (Cheesman, 
1928. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10)1:169-194). Cheesman also recorded two 
other species from the Society Islands: iridipenne Smith (Bora Bora) and 
hospes Smith (Raiatea). Two species of Pison are represented in Hevel’s 
material, iridipenne and insulare Smith, which brings the total number of 
species of this genus known from Tahiti to five. Pison insulare was previ- 
ously known from New Hebrides and Hawaii. All of Hevel’s Pison were 
collected between Lake Vaihiria and Otiaroa road, and all specimens are 
females. 


A. S. Menke, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., 
Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA, Y% U.S. National Museum of Natural His- 
tory, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 304-320 


THE GENUS EUDIAGOGUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE: 
LEPTOPIINAE), WITH TWO NEW SPECIES ON THE 
WEED SESBANIA (LEGUMINOSAE) 


Rose ELLA WARNER 


Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. 
Admin. USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, 
D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—In the New World genus Eudiagogus (Coleoptera: Curculion- 
idae), two new species, pogo from Georgia and maryae from Florida, are 
described: the lectotype of E. pallidevittatus is designated; and E. albo- 
limbatus is synonymized under E. rosenschoeldi. A new key, illustrations, 
distributions, and host records are given for all six species of Eudiagogus. 
The adults of these species defoliate Sesbania, a weed that competes with 
soybeans. 


The species of the weevil genus Eudiagogus live almost exclusively on 
species of Sesbania (Leguminosae). Sesbania spp., commonly known as 
hemp sesbania, Drummond rattlebox, purple sesbania, and bagpod sesba- 
nia, are very troublesome weeds competing with soybeans on several 
hundred thousand acres in the Mississippi River Delta of Arkansas, Loui- 
siana, and Mississippi. These weeds produce large quantities of seeds which 
persist in the soil for years. 

In 1840, Schoenherr described the new genus Eudiagogus and included 
three species, episcopalis, type by original designation, from Brazil, rosen- 
schoeldi Fahraeus from Nova Aurelia [New Orleans, Louisiana, USA] and 
pulcher Fahraeus from Mexico. Lucas, in 1859, described E. pallidevittatus 
from Peru. In a discussion of the genus Horn (1876) mentioned but did not 
formally name two varieties of pulcher, one from Florida and one from 
Texas. 

Horn’s variety from Florida is described below as a new species. Also a 
species from Georgia is described as new. 


Eudiagogus Schoenherr 


Eudiagogus Schoenherr, 1840:307 [type-species: Promecops episcopalis 
Schoenherr 1834:164, by original designation]. 


| 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 305 


Diagnosis.—Form convex, oblong, subovate, densely scaly. Rostrum as 
long as head, stout, medially furrowed; submentum pendunculate, deeply 
emarginate; mentum small, retracted. Scrobes narrow, well defined, passing 
immediately beneath and slightly beyond lower border of eye, not continued 
beneath rostrum. Eyes oval, pointed toward the posterior border of antennal 
scrobe. Antennae moderately long; scape slightly arcuate, gradually clavate, 
passing slightly beyond anterior border of eye; funicle 7-segmented. Prono- 
tum broader than long, narrowed basally; ocular lobes very prominent. Scu- 
tellum transverse. Elytra oblong; base slightly wider than thorax; humeri 
oblique; sides parallel. Mesosternum not protuberant; metasternum short, 
metasternal suture well defined. Second visible abdominal sternum longer 
than 3 and 4 united, Ist suture arcuate. Posterior tibiae with corbel closed; 
claws free. 

The genus Eudiagogus belongs in the tribe Promecopini. In this tribe the 
rostrum is short, stout, dilated or not (Eudiagogus) in front, apex emargin- 
ate; antennae moderately long, scape passing eye or not. Thorax with very 
large ocular lobes; deeply emarginate beneath; scutellum distinct. Tibiae 
mucronate; tarsal claws free or connate. The genus Eudiagogus may be 
distinguished from others of the tribe (Coleocerus, Aracanthus, and Pro- 
mecops) by the absence of erect setae on the elytra, the large and transverse 
scutellum (except in rosenschoeldi), and by the acute emargination of the 
submentum. 


Eudiagogus maryae Warner, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 5.glleelGs 2126.45 1c; 35,.38¢ 


Holotype.—d. Length 5.81 mm, width 2.32 mm. Integument black, shiny, 
antennae and legs dark brown. Vestiture of closely appressed shiny black, 
metallic copper, and yellow scales that conceal the integument. Head with 
black and copper scales; convex copper scales covering frons and encircling 
eyes; flat, black scales covering rest of head. Eyes large. Frons continuous 
with rostrum, medially with large deep, round fossa at base of rostrum. 
Rostrum stout, thick (0.664 mm), wider than long (0.966—0.747 mm), dor- 
sally rounded; with dense appressed, black and whitish scales, except scales 
on apex metallic green and copper; apex emarginate, with 3—4 long silvery, 
hairlike setae; scrobes deep, sharply defined, curving downward in front of 
eye, passing eye but not extending under rostrum. Antennae moderately 
long; scape and funicle with fine hairlike silvery greenish scales; club dense- 
ly pubescent, dark brown. Pronotum in dorsal view about as wide as long 
(1.82 mm-1.66 mm), narrowing to base; postocular lobes well developed, 
projecting; surface sparsely and finely punctate; vestiture dense, of closely 
appressed shiny, black, striate scales and convex nonstriate copper scales; 
copper scales present on lateral margins and on disc forming a median lon- 


306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Figs. 1-6. Eudiagogus spp., dorsal view. 1, rosenschoeldi. 2, pallidevittatus. 3, pogo. 


4, pulcher. 5, maryae. 6, episcopalis. 


gitudinal and a posterior transverse bar that divide the disc into 4 dark areas, 
anterior dark area larger; hypomeron with a large spot of black scales. 
Scutellum large, transverse; densely covered with metallic yellow scales. 


Elytra with black vestiture as on prothorax, and with bright yellow scales 
forming longitudinal stripes from base to apex on intervals 1 and 6 and on 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 307 


Figs. 7-12. Eudiagogus spp., lateral view. 7, rosenschoeldi. 8, pallidevittatus. 9, pogo. 
10, pulcher. 11, maryae. 12, episcopalis. 


lateral margins (Figs. 5, 11); parallel sided to beyond middle then gently 
rounded to apex; intervals of equal width; striae of fine deep punctures; 
each puncture with a minute black seta. Legs with dense vestiture of grey- 
ish-white striate scales intermixed with small white setaelike scales; femur 
with a ring of large, bright metallic yellowish scales; tibia straight, mucro 
strong, corbel of posterior tibia closed and clothed with a single row of erect 
yellowish setaelike scales; tarsus normal, dorsally clothed with greenish 
setaelike scales, ventrally densely pubescent, segment 4 long, slender, claws 
free. Venter with dense white scales, visible abdominal sternum 5 less scaly 
but with numerous erect hairlike setae; each sternum with lateral black spot; 
visible sterna 1 and 2 medially concave, visible sternum 5 at apex slightly 
convex. Genitalia as figured (Figs. 16, 21). 

Allotype.—¢@. Length 5.8 mm, width 2.4 mm. Differing from male by the 
evenly convex visible abdominal sterna | and 2, and the shorter visible 

sternum 5. Spermatheca and sternum 8 as figured (Figs. 26, 31c). 


308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Figs. 13-22. Eudiagogus spp., median lobe of male genitalia, dorsal and lateral views. 13 
and 18, rosenschoeldi. 14 and 19, pogo. 15 and 20, pulcher. 16 and 21, maryae. 17 and 22, 
episcopalis. 


Paratypes.—Length 3.98-6.31 mm, average length 4.03. Like holotype 
and allotype except some specimens with metallic scales on pronotum, ely- 
tra, and venter sometimes greenish, deep copper, yellow, or a mixture of 
these colors, black scales sometimes brownish or with a greenish sheen. 

Described from holotype ¢, allotype 2, USNM Type no. 73811, and 49 
paratypes, 17 6 and 10 @, from Tampa, Hillsborough Co., Florida, 24-V- 
44, Tuthill collector, on Glottidium vesicarium (=Sesbania_ vesicaria 
(Jacq.) Ell.) leaves, USDA no. 44-14959; 14 ¢ and 8 2, same data as ho- 
lotype except, 25-V-44, Link and Tuthill, USDA no. 44-14960. 

Also, 87 nonparatypic specimens were studied from the following locali- 
ties: ALABAMA. Montgomery Co. Auburn Co.: Auburn. SOUTH CAR- 
OLINA. Horry Co.: Myrtle Beach; Charlestown Co.: McClellanville. 
NORTH CAROLINA. Columbus Co.: Chadburn; Brunswick Co. GEOR- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 309 


GIA. Spalding Co.: Experiment; McIntosh Co.: Darin; Chatham Co.: Sa- 
vannah. FLORIDA. Lee Co.: Fort Meyers; Dade Co.: Hialeah; Duval Co.: 
Jacksonville; Manatee Co.: Oneco; Hillsborough Co.: Seddon Island, Tam- 
pa; Pinellas Co.: St. Petersburg; Seminole Co.: Sanford; Volusia Co.: De- 
land; Alachua Co.: Gainesville. The geographic distribution is shown in Fig. 
35 and the seasonal distribution in Fig. 38c, these figures are based on the 
specimens examined. 

This species in very similar to the South American species, episcopalis. 
It can be readily separated from episcopalis by its smaller size, by the more 
sparse and less coarsely punctured rostrum and pronotum, and by the larger, 
deep, round fossa at the base of a deep, fine, rostral groove. In episcopalis 
the size is larger, the punctures of the rostrum and pronotum are coarser 
and denser, the more shallow, oblong fossa is located at the base of a 
broader, more shallow rostral groove, and the shape of the median lobe of 
the male genitalia is especially different (Figs. 17, 22). The species maryae 
is easily separated from the North American species by the median lobe of 
the male genitalia and by the other characters given in the key. 

Etymology.—Eudiagogus maryae, for my sister Mary in whose honor 
this species is named. 

Biology.—Nothing is known of the life history of this species, but spec- 
imens have been found feeding on and defoliating species of Sesbania. The 
following records are from labels pinned with specimens studied: In pepper 
blossom; on okra; on corn; on butterbeans; on squash; on coffee weed; 
feeding on Cassia sp.; false indigo; spanish needle; black-eyed pea leaf, 
stem and pod; bagpod sesbania, Sesbania vesicaria (Jacq.) Ell., hemp ses- 
bania, Sesbania exaltata (Ref.) Cory, and in soybean fields. 


Eudiagogus pogo Warner, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 3, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34, 38b 


Holotype.—d. Length 7.97 mm, width 3.15 mm. Integument black. Ves- 
titure of dense, closely appressed, small, dull brownish-black scales, convex 
tannish scales, and a few scattered greenish metallic scales. Head covered 
with convex tan and brown, nonmetallic scales. Eyes large. Frons contin- 
uous with rostrum, medially with a small pit. Rostrum stout, thick (0.83 
mm), almost as wide as long (0.83—0.91 mm); dorsally flat; deeply and broad- 
ly grooved from frontal pit to emarginate apex, with black, tan, and a few 
scattered greenish-metallic scales from base to apex, 2—3 stout setae, each 
arising from a puncture, on either side of broad apical sulcus; scrobes deep, 
well defined, from apex, then passing downward in front of eye and con- 
tinuing a short distance under rostrum. Antennae moderately short, scape 
curved to fit into scrobe; funicular segments shiny, sparsely clothed with 
fine silvery setae. Pronotum in dorsal view wider than long (2.49—1.83 mm), 
expanding behind well-developed ocular lobes then narrowing to base; with 


310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


l wi \atlel, oeel si / 
arty yeaeiny oil 3 elds 


Figs. 23-32. Eudiagogus spp., sternum 8 and spermatheca of female. 23 and 28, rosen- 
schoeldi. 24 and 29, pogo. 25 and 30, pulcher. 26 and 31, maryae. 27 and 32, episcopalis. 


sparse, large punctures; vestiture dense, of closely appressed, brownish 
black, and tan scales, tan scales present on lateral and anterior margins, 
and forming on disc a median longitudinal and a posterior transverse bar 
dividing the disc into 4 dark areas, anterior dark area larger; hypomeron 
with a large spot of black scales. Prosternum covered with tan scales. Scu- 
tellum large, transverse, densely covered with tan scales. Elytra with black 
and tan vestiture as on prothorax, dull tan scales forming a narrow longi- 
tudinal stripe from base to apex on interval | and 6 and on lateral margins, 
stripe on lateral margin broadening at a point opposite posterior coxae and 
partially dividing the lateral black area (Fig. 9); parallel sided in basal 4% 
then gently rounded to apex; intervals of equal width; striae of fine, shallow 
punctures, each puncture with minute black seta. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 


Figs. 33-35. 


maryvdae. 


Eudiagogus spp., geographical distribution. 33, rosenschoeldi. 34, pogo. 35, 


Legs stout; femur short, thick; tibia stout, curved toward apex, mucro 
‘strong, corbel of posterior tibia closed, broad, anterior and distal combs 
composed of stout black spines, anterior spines shorter; clothed with erect 
silvery scales and light tan and brown appressed scales, not covering integ- 


312 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


4 PALLIDEVITTATUS 


@ EPISCOPALIS 


Figs. 36-37. Eudiagogus spp., geographical distribution. 36, pulcher. 37, episcopalis and 
pallidevittatus. 


ument; larger metallic copper and nonmetallic tan scales forming a ring on 
femora, ring more evident on posterior femora. Venter with appressed, 
black, whitish, and metallic golden scales, visible abdominal sterna 1—4 with 
whitish scales broader and denser along posterior margin, and submetallic 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 313 


A 

i | B 

i | G 

i | D 

J E 
i J N D 


38 


Fig. 38. Eudiagogus spp., seasonal distribution. A, rosenschoeldi. B, pogo. C, maryae. 
D, pulcher. E, episcopalis. 


yellowish scales denser along lateral margins, and with lateral spot of brown- 
ish-black scales, visible sternum 5 with brownish-black scales (a few white 
scales laterally) and with numerous erect silvery hairlike setae that are long- 
er and more numerous toward apex; sterna 1-2 medially concave; sternum 
5 convex, finely, densely punctured; pygidium coarsely punctured. Genitalia 
as figured (Figs. 14, 19). 

Allotype.—¢. Length 6.97 mm, width 2.16 mm. Differing from the 3 only 
in the slightly smaller size, the less concave sterna 1-2. Spermatheca and 
sternum 8 as figured (Figs. 24, 29). 

Paratypes.—Length 4.99-8.00 mm, average length 6.00 mm. Like holo- 


314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Table 1. Host plants of Eudiagogus species (records were not found for the South American 
species pallidevittatus). North America (NA), South America (SA), Mexico (M), Central 
America (CA). Upper case letters indicate the host was recorded more than once for that 
species; lower case letters indicate only one record. All scientific and common names of weeds 
were checked in Standardized Names of Weeds (1971) and Cabrera (1967). 


pul- rosen- episco- 
cher schoeldi palis pogo  maryae 


Sesbania exaltata (hemp sesbania) NA NA NA NA 
Sesbania vesicaria (bagpod sesbania) NA na 
Sesbania drummondii (Drummond rattlebox) NA 
Sesbania punicea (‘‘acacia mansa’’) NA SA 
(purple sesbania) 
Sesbania virgata (‘‘acacia”’ *‘cafe’’) SA 
Daubentonia texana (coffee weed) na NA na 
Cassia occidentalis (coffee senna) NA NA 
Cassia marilandica (wild senna) NA 
Cassia obtusifolia (sicklepod) NA NA 
Cassia sp. (senna) NA NA 
Sesbania tomentosa (sesbania) NA 
Baptisia tinctoria (wild indigo) na 
Erythrina crista-galli (cockspur coral bean) sa 
Bidens bipinnata (spanish needle) NA na 
Solanum tuberosum (nightshade) na na 
Acacia sp. (‘acacia’) na 
Crotalaria intermedia (crotalaria) na 
Casuarina equisetifolia (horsetail, na 
beefwood) 
Xanthium sp. (cocklebur) na 
Artemisia sp. (wormwood) na 
Beta vulgaris (sugar beet) NA 
Gossypium sp. (cotton) m na 
Aster sericeus (devilweed) na 
Hibiscus esculentus (okra) m na 
Cattleya (orchid) m 
Musa sp. (banana) ca na 
Sorgum vulgare saccharatum (sorghum) m na na 
Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane) m 
Lactuca sp. (lettuce) m 
Capsicum (pepper) na 
Vigna unguiculata (black-eyed pea; cowpea) na 
Cucurbita sp. (squash) na 
Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) na na 
Crataegus sp. (hawthorn) na 
Rudbeckia amplexicaulis (coneflower) na 
Medicago sativa (alfalfa) na 
Phaseolus vulgaris (green bean) na 
Xanthoxylum clavaherculis (prickly ash) NA NA 
Carex sp. (sedge grass) NA (roots) 
Hymenocallis sp. (spider lily) na 
Tillandsia usneoides (spanish moss) na 


Rubus sp. (dewberry) na 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 315 


type and allotype except some specimens with elytral stripes and lateral 
stripes of abdominal sterna formed of pinkish scales. 

Described from holotype d, and allotype 2, USNM Type no. 73810, and 
58 paratypes, 38 6 and 20 @, from Billy’s Island, Okefenokee Swamp, 
Charlton Co., Georgia, 9-VIII-1926, C; C. Sperry collector, on Sesbania 
macrocarpa (=S. exaltata (Raf.) Cory). 

Also, 352 nonparatypic specimens were studied from the following local- 
ities: FLORIDA. Volusia Co.: Enterprise, Deland; Duval Co.: Jacksonville; 
Seminole Co.: Sanford; Alachua Co.: Gainesville; Putnam Co.: Crescent 
City; Osceola Co.: Kissimmee; Orange Co.: Orlando; Hillsborough Co.: 
Tampa; Clay Co.: Green Cove Springs; Okeechobee Co.: Shore of Lake 
Okeechobee, 6 mi. South Okeechobee; Escambia Co.: Pensacola: Florida, 
no other locality. GEORGIA. Chatham Co.: Tybee Island, Savannah; Geor- 
gia, no other locality. NORTH CAROLINA. Columbia Co.: Chadbourn, 
(S.C., is on label with the specimens, but Chadbourn is in southern North 
Carolina, 52 miles west of Wilmington on the North-South Carolina border). 
Specimens in the Casey Collection USNM, labeled L, the symbol L does 
not appear in Casey’s code of localities and cannot be placed. The geo- 
graphic distribution is shown in Fig. 34 and seasonal distribution in Fig. 
38b, these figures are based on the specimens examined. 

This species is similar to pulcher in general appearance. It differs from 
pulcher by the stout legs, the dull scales of the maculations, the incomplete 
narrow lateral transverse bar on the elytra, and the straight longitudinal 
stripe on elytral interval six. In pulcher the legs are more slender, the scales 
of the maculations have a metallic sheen, the lateral transverse bar on the 
elytra is wider and completely divides the lateral elytral area, and the stripe 
on elytral interval six undulates and by the other differences given in the 
key. 

Etymology.—It gives me great pleasure to name this species after the 
classic comic strip character ‘Pogo’ created by the late Walt Kelly. Pogo 
was a ‘possum’ who lived in Okefenokee Swamp; his antics and those of 
his swamp friends brought delight to readers young and old. 

Biology.—Nothing is known of the life history of this species. Specimens 
were found feeding on hemp sesbania, Sesbania exaltata, in Okefenokee 
Swamp. The following records are from the labels pinned with the speci- 
mens studied; only two series of specimens had ‘host’ labels: Feeding on 
Cassia sp., and resting on stems of a leguminous weed, presumably Cassia 


sp. 
Eudiagogus pallidevittatus Lucas 
Eudiagogus pallidevittatus Lucas, 1859:158. 


_ This species is represented by four specimens in the Museum National 
D’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. These four are without question the type-series. 


316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


All the specimens, males, have green labels, Museum Paris, Pampa de Cas- 
tel .. . , a green disc with number 10/47 on the underside, and an identifi- 
cation label, E. pallidevittatus Cat. Mus. Pampa del Sacremento M. de 
Castelnau. The number 10/47, according to information supplied by Mlle. 
Héléne Perrin, indicates that the insects were collected on the Mission Sar- 
ayaci (Riviere Ucayale), Pampa del Sacramento [Peru] from the voyage of 
M. de Castelnau. As there is no type-designation for this species, I have 
selected and labeled one of the four specimens in the above series as the 
LECTOTYPE. 


Eudiagogus rosenschoeldi Fahraeus 


Eudiagogus rosenschoeldi Fahraeus, 1840:309. 
Eudius albolimbatus Chevrolat. 1881:38, NEW SYNONYMY. 
Eudiagogus albolimbatus (Chevrolat), Kuschel, 1955:302. 


I have seen the type of Eudius albolimbatus, described from ‘‘Amer. 
mer.’ [South America?], and I am convinced that this locality is wrong and 
that the type of this species represents merely a rubbed female specimen of 
Eudiagogus rosenschoeldi. 


KEY TO SPECIES OF EUDIAGOGUS 


1. Prothorax dorsally divided by longitudinal stripe of light-colored 
Scales into 2*dark areas, (Figs: U2). onc. scene oe soe te eee p. 
— Prothorax dorsally divided by transverse and longitudinal stripes of 
light-colored scales into 4 dark areas, anterior areas larger (Figs. 3— 
(G3) eae ten Sle ee a ae er edit te BE, UNA 3 oy 5-0 6 30 0 3 
2. Pinkish-white stripes on elytral intervals 1 and 6 and elytral margins 
wide, stripes very uneven. Male with metasternum and visible ab- 
dominal sternum | medially with dense, long, erect, silvery hairs; 
visible sternum 1 of females with scales. Length: 4.15—7.14 mm, 
average 5.83 mm. Genitalia as figured (Figs. 13, 18, 23, 28). South- 
eastern and: Gulf Coast states (Figs. 1, 7; 33, 38a) <1... 2. ncaa 
Si siete aac nA ll ie aaa ma AR ae. Aiba rosenschoeldi Fahraeus 
— Pale-green elytral stripes on elytral intervals 1 and 6 and elytral 
margin narrow, stripes even. Male with metasternum not as above; 
females not seen. Species covered with flat, metallic green scales, 
ventrally scales denser and less metallic. Length: 4.43-5.16 mm 
GEigseee Oe OM eR. cra = as ace veo oe oes atmo ee pallidevittatus Lucas 
3. Lateral elytral black area entirely or partially divided by a transverse 
bar of light-colored scales connecting stripes on elytral interval 6 
andhlateralumanem) (Figs; 9=10)) s 5.053 a0 4 «5 ace be ee 4) 
— Lateral elytral black area entire, not divided by a transverse bar of 
light-coloredscales (Figs: 1D1=12)) ier. Yo. ae eee ee 5 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 317 


4. Lateral transverse bar narrow, of varying length and partially divid- 
ing black area; stripe of light dull tan, convex scales on elytral in- 
terval 6 straight; ventrally with sparse, slender scales (laterally 
scales sometimes denser and with a few scattered metallic scales), 
in male visible abdominal sternum 5 convex, with long, erect setae, 
1 and 2 concave; in female, 5 less convex, | and 2 convex. Rostrum 
dorsally rounded. Legs stout. Robust species. Length: 4.98-8.13 
mm, av. 6.83 mm. Genitalia as figured (Figs. 14, 19, 24, 29) North 
Carolina, Georgia and Florida (Fig. 34) ........... pogo, new species 

— Lateral transverse bar wide, connecting stripe on elytral margin with 
stripe on interval 6 and completely dividing lateral area; stripe on 
elytral interval 6 sinuous; scales of maculations flat, bright, shiny 
yellowish copper, pink or reddish metallic; ventrally densely cov- 
ered with large, appressed, white scales medially and yellowish- 
green metallic scales laterally, visible abdominal sternum 5 in male 
convex, coarsely punctured, large punctures each with a long, fine 
erect seta. Rostrum dorsally flat. Legs slender. Slender species. 
Length: 3.9-8.00 mm, av. 6.70 mm. Genitalia as figured (Figs. 15, 
20, 24, 30). Gulf coast states, Arizona and California, Mexico, Hon- 
duras, CostaeRica (Figs: '4) -1105°36, 38d)... oe... pulcher Fahraeus 

5. Ventrally with dense, flat, broad white scales that conceal integu- 
ment. Rostrum almost straight, shallowly sulcate medially from 
large, deep round frontal pit to apical emargination. Femur annula- 
tion not very distinct. Visible abdominal sternum 5 in both sexes 
with numerous, long, fine silvery setae. Smaller species, length: 
3.95—6.31 mm, average 4.03 mm. Genitalia as figured (Figs. 16, 21, 
26, 31). North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Al- 
Awami a CI SeES 3) TR. Fe CE = 2 maryde, New species 

— Ventrally with sparse, blackish and silvery, narrow scales that do 
not conceal integument. Rostrum gently curved, deeply and broadly 
sulcate medially from oblong frontal pit to apical emargination. Fe- 
mur annulation distinct, of broad, shiny, golden metallic scales. Vis- 
ible abdominal sternum 5 in both sexes with numerous stout, brown- 
ish, erect setae. Large species, length: 4.6—7.2 mm, av. 6.1 mm. 
Genitalia as figured (Figs. 17, 22, 27, 32). Argentina, Brazil, Para- 
Maye Wrugday. Bolivia (Higss65912°37, 386)... ie. eo 3 wale ee 


The life history and biology are basically similar for all species of Eudi- 
agogus. Adults defoliate the host plant. It is not known where the eggs are 
laid, but the larvae are in the soil, feed on roots, pupate, and emerge as 
adults usually in spring or early summer. Adults of all species feed exclu- 
sively on plants in the family Leguminosae, and in particular the species of 


318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


the genera Sesbania, Cassia, and Daubentonia. An extensive study of the 
feeding habits of two species, pulcher and rosenschoeldi, conducted in 
south-central Texas (Doyle McKey, personal communication) showed that 
these beetles were associated almost exclusively with three species of Ses- 
bania, vesicaria (bagpod sesbania), drummondii (Rydb.) Cory (Drummond 
rattlebox), and exaltata (hemp sesbania). The species pulcher was com- 
monly found on drummondii and exaltata and rosenschoeldi was even more 
restricted, being most common on vesicaria. The amount of damage done 
to leaves was extensive. It was very common for a large portion of leaves 
to be 20 to 60 percent eaten. However, all Sesbania species grow extremely 
fast when they have enough water and good soil, and plants that are heavily 
damaged can easily grow quite large and produce an abundance of seeds in 
spite of the damage. 

Eudiagogus rosenschoeldi was found to be predominantly nocturnal. Five 
times as many were found on the same individual plant at midnight as during 
the day. The species copulated almost exclusively at night. When distrib- 
uted, the specimens usually dropped from the plant. Eudiagogus pulcher, 
in contrast, was found on a plant in about the same numbers throughout the 
day and night; and they were found in copulo as often during the day as 
during the night. When distributed, the specimens responded by running 
around on the plant, not dropping to the ground. 

According to Mitchell and Pierce (1911:50) and Pierce (1907:256) these 
two species were found in abundance on Cassia occidentalis L., coffee 
senna; and they appeared in such great numbers that they quickly defoliated 
the senna. Pierce also observed them defoliating Xanthoxylum clavaherculis 
L., hercules club prickly ash, and Sesbania vesicaria. Schwarz (1884:84) 
recorded the food plants of these two species as Cassia occidentalis and C. 
obtusifolia L., sicklepod. Eudiagogus pulcher was much more abundant 
and defoliated large tracts of the weeds. McConnell (1915:551) observed the 
larvae of E. rosenschoeldi feeding on the nodules on the roots of Sesbania 
macrocarpa (=S. exaltata) in Mississippi. The larvae gnawed into the one 
side of a nodule and out the opposite end. All that was left of the nodule 
was a convex ring of epidermal tissue. Practically all the plants were de- 
stroyed in this way. The larvae also feed on the roots. 

As indicated by the labels attached to the specimens, Eudiagogus adults 
overwinter under bark and in crevices of various species of trees, dried corn 
stalks, crevices of telephone poles, under bark of red-cedar VJuniperus) 
fence posts, in prickly ash (Xanthoxylum), in dried okra pods, in trunk of 
mesquite tree, in Spanish moss, and in dried cotton bolls. 

Since the species maryae and pogo have not been separated from pulcher 
before, it is not now possible to tell, in the areas where the species overlap, 
to which species the recorded host plants refer. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 319 


Eudiagogus episcopalis lives almost exclusively on Sesbania punicea 
(Cav.) commonly known as purple sesbania, “‘acacia mansa,’’ and “‘acacia 
negro.’ The species is very common on this plant which it inhabits pref- 
erably close to rivers. George Vogt (personal communication) found this 
species causing heavy damage to Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers., ‘“‘rama 
negro,’ 20-II-75, growing on the marshy shores of Rio de las Palmas, Bue- 
nos Aires, Argentina; on Sesbania sp. along the margins of backwaters of 
Rio Paraguay, north of Asuncion, Paraguay, 30-III, 3-IV-75; along the bank 
of a drainage canal in Campos, Rio de Janeiro, heavily damaging leaves of 
Sesbania sp. growing on fairly high ground on the deltaic island of Rio 
Guaiba, 7-II-75, Ilha do Pavao, Brazil; and damaging leaves of Sesbania 
exaltata near Guayaquil, Ecuador. The species was collected at Rocha, 
Uruguay, 11-II-75, on Sesbania sp. leaves by Hugo Cordo. 

Numbers of individuals were plotted against the time they occurred 
throughout a twelve-month period (Fig. 38). Differences in seasonal distri- 
bution are obvious from these bar graphs. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I wish to extend my thanks to the following individuals and their insti- 
tutions for the loan of material used in this study. 

Patricia Vaurie, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New 
York; Horace R. Burke, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; 
Anne and Henry Howden, Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ontario, 
Canada, and private collection; Paulette Jones, Academy of Natural Sci- 
ences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; George B. Vogt, USDA, 
AR, Southern Weed Science Laboratory, Stoneville, Mississippi; and Ingo. 
Agr. Hugo Cordo, USDA, AR, Biological Control of Weeds Research Lab- 
oratory, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina, who collected and provided 
specimens, and biological data; Guillermo Kuschel, Department of Scien- 
tific and Industrial Research, Nelson, New Zealand, for material compared 
with types of pulcher, rosenschoeldi, and episcopalis, and the type of al- 
bolimbatus; Joan B. Chapin, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 
Louisiana; Hugh B. Cunningham, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. 
Mlle. Helene Perrin, Museum National D’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, 
for the type-series of pallidevittatus. 

My special thanks to Doyle McKey, Department of Zoology, University 
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, for the valuable information on the 
biology of the species, pulcher and rosenschoeldi. To Mrs. Selby Kelly, 
New York, New York, and Richard E. Marshall, Comics Editor, Field 
Newspaper Syndicate, Chicago, Illinois, thanks for permission to use the 
name ‘Pogo’ for the new species from Okefenokee Swamp. 

I am most grateful to my colleagues Theodore J. Spilman, who carefully 


320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


read the manuscript and suggested numerous improvements, and Donald 
M. Anderson for the fine photographs of the adult weevils. 
To all these, my sincerest appreciation. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bosq, J. M. 1942. Secunda lista de Coléopteres de la Republica Argentina, daninos a la 
Agriculture. Ing. Agron., Buenos Aires. 4(18—22):5-80. 

Cabrera, A. L. 1967. Flora de la Provencia de Buenos Aires. Coleccion Cientifica del Institutio 
Nacional de Technologia Agropecuaria, Vol. IV, pt. 3a., p. 1-671. 

Chevrolat, L. A. 1881. Quatre nouvelles especes americaines de Curculionidae. Bull. Soc. 
Entomol. Fr. 1881:xxxviii. 

Fahraeus, O. J. 1840. Jn Schoenherr, C. J. Genera et species Curculionidum, cum synonymia 
hujus familiae. Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. 
Leonardo Gyllenhal, C. H. Boheman, et Entomologis aliis. Vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 1-474. 

Horn, G. H. 1876. In LeConte, J. L. and G. H. Horn. Rhynchophora of America North 
of Mexico. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 15(96):111. 

Kuschel, G. 1955. Nuevas sinonimias y anotaciones sobre Curculionidea. Rev. Chilena de 
Entomol. 4:302. 

Lucas, P. H. 1859. Entomologie. Jn Francis Laporte de Castelnau, Animaux nouveaux ou 


rares ... . Expedition | Amerique du Sud. Vol. 3, p. 1-204. 
McConnell, W. R. 1915. Another nodule-destroying beetle. Scientific notes. J. Econ. Entomol. 
8(6):551. 


Mitchell, J. D. and W. D. Pierce. 1911. The weevils of Victoria, Texas. Proc. Entomol. Soc. 
Wash. 13(1):50. 

Pierce, W. D. 1907. On the biologies of the Rhynchophora of North America. Jn Report of 
the Zoologist, Henry B. Ward. Nebraska State Board of Agriculture. P. 249-320. 
Schoenherr, C. J. 1834. Genera et species Curculionidum, cum synonymia hujus familiae. 
Species novae aut hactenus minus cognitae, descriptionibus a Dom. Leonardo Gyllen- 

hal, C. H. Boheman, et Entomologis aliis. Vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 1-326. 

. 1840. Op. cit., Vol. 6, p. 1-474. 

Schwarz, E. A. 1884. Notes on the food habits of some N. A. Rhynchophora. Bull. Brooklyn 
Entomol. Soc. 7:84. 

Standardized names of weeds. Composite list of herbaceous weeds, aquatic weeds, and woody 
plants arranged alphabetically by scientific name. Weed Science 1971 (Revised), 
19(4):437-476. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 321-325 


A NEW SPECIES OF THE MAYFLY GENUS STENONEMA 
TRAVER FROM EASTERN UNITED STATES 
(EPHEMEROPTERA: HEPTAGENIIDAE) 


PHILIP A. LEwIs 


Biological Methods Branch, Environmental Monitoring and Support Lab- 
oratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268. 


Abstract.—Nymphal and adult stages of a new species, Stenonema sin- 
clairi, from Tennessee are described. 


A new species belonging to the mayfly genus Stenonema was found 
among two separate collections of mayflies from Sequatchie and Marion 
Counties, Tennessee. 


Stenonema sinclairi Lewis, NEW SPECIES 


Nymph (Fig. 1).—Length of body, 10-12 mm. 

Head: Brown with minute freckle-like white dots, often coalescing to 
form small spots anterior to eyes; white band running from anterolateral 
angle of each compound eye to lateral margin; area posterior to eyes mostly 
white; each ocellus surrounded by a large white spot. Scapes of antennae 
dusky, remainder of antennae light tan. Maxillae (Fig. 2) with armature on 
crowns consisting of 3 pectinate spines and 30-50 setae; ventral surface of 
galea-laciniae with 30—40 lateral setae. Mandibles (Fig. 3) with 8-10 teeth 
on inner margin of each outer canine; inner canine of right mandible with 
3 sharp teeth on inner margin. Lacinia mobilis lanceolate, undivided at tip. 

Thorax: Light brown with large white spots near anterior margin of prono- 
tum and in center of mesonotum, lateral margins of pronotum entirely white. 
Femora white with 2 irregular brown bands across dorsal surface (when an 
apical brown band is also present the dorsal surface is predominantly 
brown); tibiae pale with basal and median brown bands present; tarsi brown 
in middle and pale at both ends; claws not pectinate. 

Abdomen: Terga 1, 2, 4, 7, and 8 white with brown posterior margins; 
terga 5 and 9 about equally brown and white; and terga 3, 6, and 10 brown 
with a few white dots on meson and larger white spots at lateral margins 
(Fig. 1). Venter entirely pale on segments | to 7 except for occasional spec- 


« % 
4 
s, 
2 Sac ~ oe 
é ng tase 3S 
fe ce eke 
on noe 
§ 
ee i =( 
a 4 
ap) Ae 
Fal ¥ \ 
4 RS ‘ 
PAY Nia 
i NZX, 
a ENG)s 
iNZS® ‘ 
WW aN 
AY 4 NR Ber 
IN Gx G 3 j 
tN JN ms 
NB & 
Ak & d 
ER 4% s 
Ez fh: SX fs 
ax t-- fy 
: 5 


Se 
LC thes ja 


Figs. 1-3. Stenonema sinclairi, nymph. 1, Dorsal view. 2, Left maxilla, ventral view. 3, 
Left mandible. 


imens with brown shading in sublateral and median areas at posterior mar- 
gins of more posterior segments; sternum 9 with posterolateral angles brown 
(Fig. 4). Abdominal segments 3 to 9 produced as posterolateral spines. Gills 
1 to 6 truncate at apices, each with brownish-purple tracheae; 7th gill with 
fringe of hairs, but without tracheae. Caudal filaments yellow tan with circle 
of strong spines at alternating joints; a row of setae only on mesal margin 
of each (Fig. 1). 

Male imago.—Length: Body, 11 to 12 mm; fore wing, 11 mm; tails, 30 
mm. 

Head: Gray-brownish white in frontal portion below eyes; vertex dark 
brown, ocelli ringed with black at bases; pedicels of antennae tan, each 
flagellum purple in basal 2, becoming white at tip. 

Thorax: Light brown on pronotum, gradually darkening posteriorly so 
that mesoscutellum is dark brown; pleura tan with patches of dark brown 
pigment near base of each leg. Legs yellowish gray; brown median bands 
on each femur; fore tarsal ratio 3.5. Fore wings hyaline with light brown 
veins; cross veins about evenly spaced throughout the wing (not crowded 
in bulla area) (Fig. 5); white stain in costal and subcostal interspaces in 
stigmatic area. Hind wing hyaline with light brown cross veins. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 323 


Fig. 4. Stenonema sinclairi, nymph, posterior sterna. Figs. 5-7. Stenonema sinclairi, male 
imago. 5, Fore wing. 6, Dorsal view of abdomen. 7, Genitalia. 


Abdomen: Segments 1 to 8 rusty brown throughout (Fig. 6); terga 9 and 
10 yellow brown; posterior margins of terga 1-8 with narrow black bands; 
no dark spiracular spots. Genitalia (Fig. 7) with large discal spine and small 
apical spine on each penis lobe; penis lobes not as boot-shaped as in most 
Stenonema species. Caudal filaments tan with reddish-brown joints; cov- 
ered with short setae and fringed on mesial sides with long setae. 

Holotype.—¢d imago; Spring Brook of Glady Fork Creek, Sequatchie 
County, TENNESSEE 30-IV-76 (Reared 1-V-76); collected by R. Sinclair, 
Jr. and J. Rossman; deposited at U.S. National Museum of Natural History, 
Washington, D.C. (USNM Type no. 75942). 

Paratypes.—@ imago; same data as Holotype; deposited at National Mu- 


324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


seum of Natural History. Four nymphs; Glady Fork Creek, Bledsoe County, 
TENNESSEE 10-VII-75; collected by R. Sinclair, Jr.; deposited at Florida 
A&M University Museum, Tallahassee. One d imago, | d subimago, and 
2 2 imagoes; Spring Brook of Glady Fork Creek, Saquatchie County, TEN- 
NESSEE 30-IV-76; collected by Ralph Sinclair, Jr. and Joe Rossman; de- 
posited at Florida A&M University Museum. 

Additional nymphs of this species were examined from Kellys Creek, 
Marion County, TENNESSEE (Collected 10-24-78 by Wendell L. Penning- 
ton). 

Ecology and distribution.—The small streams from which the nymphs 
were collected flow through an area that was strip-mined many years ago. 
These soft-water streams are cold and slow-flowing with stream beds com- 
posed of smooth stones, cobble, and sand over underlying sandstone bed- 
rock. At the times of collection the water temperature ranged from 13 to 
26°C, the dissolved oxygen was between 6.0 and 9.0 ppm, the pH ranged 
from 5.5 to 7.8, and the alkalinity as CaCO, was less than 6 mg/l. 

This species has been collected only from the very small tributaries of the 
Sequatchie River in Tennessee. 

Discussion.—Stenonema sinclairi is closely related to S. fuscum Clemens 
and §. pudicum Hagen. The male imago keys to S. fuscum (couplet 24) and 
the nymph keys to S. pudicum (couplet 24) in Lewis (1974). 

The fore tarsal ratio (3.5) of the male will separate Stenonema sinclairi 
from all other Stenonema except S. vicarium Walker. The characteristic 
penis lobes which are only slightly boot-shaped and the large discal spines 
distinguish this species from all other members of the vicarium complex 
(including §. fuscum and §S. pudicum). Both males and females lack the 
crowded cross veins in the bulla region and the dark hind wing margins so 
characteristic of S. pudicum and S. carlsoni Lewis. 

The nymph its separated from S$. pudicum by having fewer than five pec- 
tinate spines on the crown of each maxilla compared to five to eight in S. 
pudicum. The absence of dark bands on the sterna of segments 4 to 8 also 
appears to be diagnostic. The nymph of S. sinclairi differs from S. fuscum 
in lacking dark posterior margins on sterna 2 to 8. 

Etymology.—The name is in honor of Ralph Sinclair, Jr., who collected 
and reared the species during a water pollution study in Southeast Tennes- 
see, and sent the type-material for examination. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I wish to thank Ralph Sinclair, Jr., Tennessee Department of Health, and 
Wendell L. Pennington, Resources Consultants, for providing the reared 
specimens from which this species was described and for the data on dis- 
tribution and ecology. The figures were drawn by Stephen E. Wilson from 
photographs provided by the author. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 325 


LITERATURE CITED 


Lewis, P. A. 1974. Taxonomy and Ecology of Stenonema Mayflies (Heptageniidae: Ephem- 
eroptera). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring 
Series, EPA-670/4-74-006, 81 p. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, p. 325 


NOTE 
The Gender of Nosopon Hopkins (Mallophaga) 


The genus Nosopon was erected by Hopkins in 1950 (Ann. Mag. Nat. 
Hist. (12) 3:239) with the sole species indicated as Menopon ‘‘fulvofascia- 
tum var.’’ minor Piaget. No new combination was made nor was a statement 
made regarding either gender or derivation of the generic name. A few 
authors have placed additional species in the genus. The latest of these is 
Price (1976. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 49:23—26) who describes a new species 
and includes four other species in his key to the genus; viz., N. australiensis 
Price, N. casteli, N. chanabensis, N. clayae, and N. lucidum, the latter 
four without citation of authors’ names. 

It seems evident that the generic name is analogous to Menopon, inas- 
much as no other reasonable derivation for it can be found in lexicons. 
Erichson (Jn Agassiz. 1846. Nomenclator Zoologicus. Fasc. 9 & 10. Epi- 
zoa:1) derived Menopon from Greek menos ‘force, strength’ + ops ‘face, 
aspect.’ The name therefore has a suffix or termination -on appended to it. 
This changes its gender from that of ops to neuter (Internatl. Code of Zool. 
Nomencl., Art. 30.a.1.3). Nosopon may be derived from Greek nosos ‘“dis- 
ease, distress + Ops + on. Inasmuch as -on, as used in these names, is 
generally associated with neuter gender, both Menopon and Nosopon 
should be considered of neuter gender, as the former generally has been. 
Two of the species of Nosopon bearing adjectival species epithets should 
be in the neuter form; viz., N. chanabense and N. australiense. Nosopon 
lucidum is correctly neuter, and the other two epithets are in the genitive 
case. The neuter form of the epithet minor, incidentally, is minus. 


George C. Steyskal, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IBIIT, Agric. 
Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Natural 
History, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 326-327 


NOTE 


A New Distribution Record for Podocinum pacificum 
Berlese (Acarine: Mesostigmata) 


A single female Podocinum pacificum Berlese was extracted from six soil 
samples collected on the Rob and Bessie Welder Wildlife Foundation in San 
Patricio County about 8 miles north of Sinton, Texas. The soil samples were 
collected 15 June 1978 in the riparian forest bordering the Aransas River; 
each sample was placed in a Berlese funnel under continuous illumination 
from 80-watt lamps for 10 days. The extracted material was preserved in 
70% ETOH for sorting and identification. 

Evans and Hyatt (1958. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 12, X:913-932) dis- 
cussed the zoogeography of the genus Podocinum and noted its restriction 
to regions within latitudes 30°N and 30°S, respectively. Accordingly, the 
genus is cosmotropical in distribution with the exception of P. pacificum 
whose distribution also includes temperate zones. In the United States, a 
female P. pacificum was collected at Berkeley, California, 29 October 1951 
by W. C. Bentinck (in Evans and Hyatt. 1958. Op. cit.). Our record for P. 
pacificum originated at latitude 28°00’N and extends the known distribution 
of the species in the United States to Texas and established a zoogeograph- 
ical link between California and Argentina (Evans and Hyatt. 1958. Op. 
Cit.) 

Podocinum pacificum does not seem abundant in the microarthropod fau- 
na of forest soils; the museum collections examined by Evans and Hyatt 
(1958. Op. cit.) normally contained only a single specimen or, at most, four 
individuals. 

The Texas specimen of P. pacificum originated from a riparian forest 
community; the major forest species and their frequency of occurrence 
along 20 100-foot line transects were hackberry (Celtis spp.) 100%, anaqua 
(Ehretia anacua (Teran and Berland.)) 30%, persimmon (Diospyros texana 
Scheele) 70%, and ironwood (Bumelia lycioides (L.) Pers.) 100%. Mustang 
grape (Vitus candicans Engelm.) drapes many of the trees and provides 
additional foliage cover to the overstory shading a complex understory of 
brush, forbs, and grasses. The soils are also complex because of periodic 
flooding by the adjacent Aransas River. Generally, the soils are of the Sinton 
complex and Odem fine sandy loam groups; sandy terraces frequently in- 
tersect the heavier soils at these sites. 

We are indebted to David Fischer for use of his unpublished vegetational 
data. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 327 


This article is Contribution No. 236, Rob and Bessie Welder Wildlife 
Foundation, and South Dakota Agric. Exp. Stn. J. Ser. No. 1600. 

B. McDaniel, Entomology-Zoology Department, South Dakota State 
University, Brookings, South Dakota 57007; and E. G. Bolen, Rob and 
Bessie Welder Wildlife Foundation, Sinton, Texas 78387. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 327-328 


NOTE 
Mallophaga from Some North American Anatidae 


During an ongoing survey of the helminth parasites of anatids, particularly 
in central and eastern Canada (Bain and Threlfall. 1977. Proc. Helminthol. 
Soc. Wash. 44:219-221; Mahoney and Threlfall. 1978. Can. J. Zool. 56:436- 
439; Noseworthy and Threlfall. 1978. J. Parasitol. 64:365—367; Turner and 
Threlfall. 1975. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 42:157-169), Mallophaga 
were collected whenever they were seen. However, no systematic study of 
birds was made for these organisms. The specimens were fixed and stored 
in 70% alcohol and later mounted in Rubin’s solution (Rubin. 1951. Stain 
Technol. 26:257—260) or stained with carbol fuchsin and mounted in Canada 
Balsam. Lapage (1961. Parasitology. 51:1—109; reprinted 1962. Wildlife Dis. 
(26), 3 microcards (109 p.)) listed the Mallophaga that had been recovered 
from members of the family Anatidae, while Emerson (1972. Checklist of 
the Mallophaga of North America (North of Mexico). Part IV, Bird host list. 
Deseret Test Center, Dugway, Utah. 216 p.) gathered together records for 
North American anatids. The classification of the Mallophaga follows the 
scheme of Emerson (1964. Checklist of the Mallophaga of North America 
(North of Mexico) Part I. Suborder Ischnocera, 171 p. Part II, Suborder 
Amblycera, 104 p. Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, Utah), while that of 
the avian hosts follows the A.O.U. Checklist of North American Birds 
(1957. American Ornithologists’ Union, Port City Press, Inc., Baltimore, 
Maryland. 691 p.) and its thirty-second supplement (1973. Auk. 90:41 1-419). 

The following annotated list contains records of Mallphaga that we re- 
covered from the anatids we examined, host origin (Newfoundland (NFLD), 
New Brunswick (NB), Ontario (ONT)), the location on the host (when 
known), and their status (- previous records,* new host record). No attempt 
was made to identify the majority of the lice to the subspecific level, due to 
the doubtful validity of many of the aforesaid taxa. 


328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Ischnocera 


Anaticola crassicornis (Scopoli, 1763): Anas crecca, NFLD, body, -; 
Anas discors, ONT, back, -; Aythya collaris, ONT, -, *; Melanitta deglandi, 
NB, -, -; Melanitta perspicillata, NB, -, -; Mergus serrator, ONT, -, -. 

Anatoecus cygni (Denny, 1842): Olor columbianus (birds obtained after 
mass die-off due to lead poisoning), ONT, gular, nape and head regions, 
-; Bucephala clangula, ONT, head, *(stragglers?); Clangula hyemalis , 
ONT, head, *(stragglers?). 

Anatoecus dentatus (Scopoli, 1763): Anas platyrhynchos, ONT, head, -; 
Anas rubripes, NB, head, *; Ay. collaris, ONT, -, *; Somateria mollissima, 
NFELD, head, -; Lophodytes cucullatus, ONT, head, *; M. serrator, ONT, 

Anatoecus icterodes (Nitzsch, 1818): A. rubripes, NB, head, *; Ay. col- 
laris, ONT, -, *; Histrionicus histrionicus, NFLD, -, *; L. cucullatus, ONT, 
head, *; M. serrator, ONT, -, -. 

Anatoecus spp. (immatures and females only): A. discors, ONT, -, *; 
Aythya americana, ONT, head, -; Bucephala albeola, ONT, head, *. 

Ornithobius waterstoni reconditus Timmermann, 1962: O. columbianus, 
ONT, head, -. 


Amblycera 


Ciconiphilus cygni Price and Emerson, 1965: O. columbianus, ONT, 
head, -. 

Holomenopon loomisii (Kellogg, 1896): M. serrator, ONT, -, -. 

Pseudomenopon sp. (immatures and females only): L. cucullatus, ONT, 
=e Maeserraton, ONT.-a*: 

Trinoton anserinum (J. C. Fabricius, 1805): O. columbianus, ONT, 
head, -. 

Trinoton querquedulae (Linnaeus, 1758): A. rubripes, NB, head, -; A. 
crecca, NFLD, -, -; Ay. collaris, ONT, head, *; B. clangula, ONT, head, 
*: L. cucullatus, ONT, head, -; M. serrator, ONT, -, -. 

During this study it became obvious that while much work has been done 
on the taxonomy of the Mallophaga of anatids, relatively few studies have 
been made of the population dynamics, and effects, of these parasites on 
their hosts. The authors feel that this is a fertile field where much more 
detailed work can be performed. 


William Threlfall and Charles E. Bourgeois, Department of Biology, 
Memorial University, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada, AI1B 3X9; and 
Geoffrey A. Bain, Department of Zoology, University of Western Ontario, 
London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B7. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, p. 329 


NOTE 
Some New Synonymy in the Dolichopodidae (Diptera) 


I examined the following types of Dolichopodidae in the United States 
National Museum, Washington, D.C. As the results of the study three new 
synonyms have been established. 

1. Hydrophorus signiferus Coquillett (1899. in Jordan, Fur Seals 4:344). 
Hydrophorus magnicornis Frey (1915. Acta Soc. Fauna Flora Fenn. 
40(5):70) is a NEW SYNONYM of signiferus Coquillett. 

2. Rhaphium dispar Coquillett (1898, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 21:319). Por- 
phyrops argyroides Parent (1926, Encyc. Entomol. (B) 2 Dipt. 3:137) is a 
NEW SYNONYM of dispar Coquillett. 

3. Porphyrops nudus Van Duzee (1924, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. (1923). 
63(21):9). This species is a NEW SYNONYM of Rhaphium nasutum (Fal- 
lén) (1823, Monogr. Dolichopod. Sveciae :6 (Hydrochus)). 


O. P. Negrobov, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University, Voronesh, 
USSR. 


Fig, 3 


oz | 


Figs. 1-3. Rhaphium dispar. 1, Gonopod, lateral. 2, Hypopygium, ventral. 3, Hypopyg- 
ium, lateral. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 330-331 


Book REVIEW 


Record of My Life-Work in Entomology. 1903-1904. By C. R. Osten Sack- 
en. With an appreciation and introductory preface by K. G. V. Smith. E. 
W. Classey, Ltd. Classica Entomologica No. 2, fascimile edition, 240 pp. 
plus addenda and corrigenda and postscripts, 3 plates and a frontispiece. 
Cost £7.50: 


Carl Robert Romanovich, Baron von der Osten Sacken has been called 
the Father of North American Dipterology, and well he deserves the title. 
His own contribution, spanning 50 years, included description of 456 Nearc- 
tic species. Perhaps of even greater significance were his cooperative en- 
deavors, particularly with the German dipterist Hermann Loew, which re- 
sulted in an additional 1,276 species. His catalogs, published in 1852 and 
1878, were the first for the North American fauna and provided a then up- 
to-date framework on a par with the better studied European fauna. In view 
of Osten Sacken’s contribution, it is fitting that his entomological autobiog- 
raphy be reprinted in its entirety and be made more widely available. 

‘*Record of My Life-Work in Entomology,’ as implied by the title, is 
Osten Sacken’s own account of his dealings and associations in entomology. 
Classey’s reprinted edition is complete, including postscripts and addenda 
and corrigenda. In addition, Classey’s edition includes Osten Sacken’s por- 
trait, taken in 1902, as a frontispiece. 

Many details of Osten Sacken’s life, especially before his residence in the 
United States, were not dealt with in his autobiography and were not gen- 
erally known. In this regard, K. G. V. Smith’s preface to the reprinted 
edition contains many details of Osten Sacken’s life, including his ancestry, 
family, and pertinent events of his youth and education. 

Osten Sacken’s association with other biologists, not just dipterists, adds 
to the value of his work. His insights into the personalities and whim of 
many nineteenth century entomologists is enlightening as well as fascinat- 
ing. Osten Sacken’s biased but candid assessment of his contemporaries is 
in many cases our most informative account of their work. His assessment 
also tells us much about his own abilities and perspective. 

The underlying element of Osten Sacken’s entomological autobiography, 
including his evaluation of others, is Hermann Loew, and in many respects 
the book is more of a critique of Loew than an autobiography. Although 
Osten Sacken admired Loew’s ‘“‘working power’’ “‘tenacity at work’’ and 
even admitted that Loew excelled in his predilection of minutiae, particu- 
larly within the domain of the Acalypterata, he was critical of Loew’s mas- 
tery of the subject and his ‘‘unpardonable and studied disregard of his con- 
temporaries in dipterology.’’ Osten Sacken felt that Loew was ‘“‘less gifted 


with a spontaneous insight into natural affinities of Diptera than his contem- | 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 331 


poraries, Robineau-Desvoidy and Rondani.’’ Despite their differences, the 
liaison between Osten Sacken and Loew was fruitful and established the 
foundation of North American dipterology. 

Classey’s reprinted edition is a good reproduction of the original, and 
they are to be congratulated for their efforts in making valuable but scarce 
works, such as this, more generally available. I only wish that something 
besides the shiny white cover had been used; I would have preferred a color 
and luster more along the lines of a Russian Baron. 

I am grateful to Alan Stone for providing the number of species-group 
names proposed by Osten Sacken and Loew. 


Wayne N. Mathis, Department of Entomology, NHB 169, Smithsonian 
Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 332-334 


OBITUARY 


ERNEST NEAL CORY, SR. 
Honary Member ES W 
1965-1979 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 333 


Ernest Neal Cory was born in 1886 in New York State and came to Takoma 
Park with his family at an early age. He entered Maryland Agricultural Col- 
lege, now the University of Maryland, and graduated in entomology in 1909. 
His teachers were Thomas B. Symons, Arthur B. Gahan, and Leonard M. 
Peairs. Peairs left Maryland but he and Cory remained close friends many 
years. 

Cory was at once employed at Maryland in nursery inspection, Experi- 
ment Station research, Extension and teaching. In 1913 he earned the Mas- 
ter’s degree. In 1914 on Dr. Symons appointment as Director of Extension, 
he became State Entomologist, which entailed regulatory work, and Head 
of the Department of Entomology and Zoology, which entailed research and 
teaching. 

There were the old pests, San Jose scale, codling moth, mosquitoes and 
house fly to engage his attention. Then a succession of new ones: oriental 
fruit moth, Mexican bean beetle, European corn borer, Japanese beetle and 
alfalfa weevil. San Jose scale as an orchard pest had made the State of 
Maryland insect conscious and brought about the establishment of the State 
Horticultural Board and active entomological work. Possibly his ‘‘favorite’’ 
pests were those of shade trees and shrubs because he loved gardens and 
helped to beautify homesteads with azaleas. 

In 1926 he was awarded the PhD degree in entomology by American 
University. 

Dr. Cory’s principal interest was teaching. In 42 years he had 150 grad- 
uates. On retirement in 1956 he said, ‘You can work ona problem and save 
someone thousands of dollars, and it’s all over. The real satisfaction comes 
in teaching men who go out and make names for themselves in the field.”’ 

I remember Dr. Cory’s teaching me to mount aphids and mites and to 
study “‘red spider’ in the greenhouse. He gave me freedom to rearrange the 
beetle collection, which seemed to me very big. And finally he spent con- 
siderable time teaching photography to Elizabeth Hook (the first four-year 
co-ed at Maryland), Toady Riggs, and me. 

He joined the Entomological Society of Washington in 1911. He took his 
students to meetings frequently and made short talks. I remember going 
with him to a meeting in 1920; I believe it was in the large auditorium at the 
Smithsonian. Dr. Cory was elected President in 1942 and Honorary member 
in 1965. 

The American Association of Economic Entomologists long claimed 
Cory’s activity. He was elected to membership in 1910 and served on many 
different committees and boards—beekeeping, nursery inspection, the Jour- 
nal. He served as secretary, and business manager of the Journal of Eco- 
nomic Entomology 1936 to 1952. In 1947 he was President and gave as his 
retiring address, ‘‘Totalitarian Insects,’ comparing the totalitarian nations 


334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


of Europe and Asia, defeated in World War II, to the social insects—hon- 
eybee, ants, and termites. 

Dr. Cory with his wife, Bess, were gracious entertainers at their home 
and clubs. He excelled in Maryland cuisine. Two other interests endeared 
him to his associates, these were orchids and painting. Ernest became an 
expert in orchid culture and helped other growers over the country with 
insect and mite pests. 

He painted both in oils and watercolors, following the talent of his father 
Azro J. After retirement he painted some 125 Christmas cards annually. He 
honored me with 15 cards on successive Christmasses. 

Dr. Cory’s wife, the former Elizabeth Colton Elder, died in 1965. Dr. 
Cory spent his last years with his son, Ernest, Jr., and his wife, Ann, at 
their home on Corn Islans, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Dr. Cory died 
January 27, 1979. His ashes were placed in the family plot at St. John’s 
Episcopal Church, Beltsville. 


Theodore L. Bissell, 3909 Beechwood Road, Hyattsville, Maryland. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
SI(2)P 19795 ip. 335 


SUMMARY REPORTS OF SOCIETY OFFICERS FOR 1978 


Treasurer 
(1 November 1977 to 31 October 1978) 


Special 
General Publication 
SUMMARY: Fund Fund Total 
On hand, | November 1977 3,583.42 24,928.29 28,511.71 
Total receipts 33,429.93 Ba/ 22253 37,152.46 
Total disbursements 26,233.45 0.00 26,233.45 


On hand, 31 October 1978 10,779.90 28,650.82 39,430.72 


Editor 
(Calendar Year 1978) 


Four numbers of the Proceedings were published in 1977. The 672 pages 
printed represented 60 scientific articles, 15 notes, 10 book reviews, | obit- 
uary, 2 announcements, and the minutes for 10 meetings of the Society. 
Editorial charges were waived for 7 articles totaling 89 pages. Full editorial 
charges were paid for immediate publication of | article of 12 pages. Several 
lengthy articles included full editorial charges for 49 pages. 

The Society partially covered the expenses for the Editor to attend the 
Annual Conference of the Council of Biology Editors, May 21-24, 1978, 
Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The conference dealt with the new copyright law 
and its effects, the use of new technology, the concept of a total information 
system, and several approaches to scientific writing. 


Publications Committee: Earlene Armstrong, Wayne E. Clark, Ashley B. 
Gurney, George C. Steyskal, and Manya B. Stoetzel (Editor). 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(2), 1979, pp. 336-344 


BYLAWS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON! 


Article I—Name Article VIII—Meetings 

Article [I—Objectives Article [Xx—Publications 

Article 111—Membership Article X—Dissolution 

Article [V—Fees Article XI—Limitation and General 
Article V—Officers Publications 

Article VI—Executive Committee Article XI1I—Amendments 


Article VII—Standing Committees 


Article I—Name 
The name of this organization is ‘““The Entomological Society of Wash- 
ington.” 
Article Il.—Objectives 


Section 1.—The objectives of the Society are to promote the study of 
entomology in all its aspects and to cultivate mutually advantageous rela- 
tions among those in any way interested in entomology. The Society is 
organized and operated exclusively for scientific and educational purposes. 


Article I{I.—Membership 


Section 1.—Members shall be persons who have demonstrated interest 
in the science of entomology. 

Section 2.—Applications for membership shall be made to the Member- 
ship Committee in writing. They shall be accompanied by brief statements 
of qualifications. 

Section 3.—Election of members shall be the responsibility of the Mem- 
bership Committee in accordance with the procedure outlined in Article 
VII, Section 2. 

Section 4.—Any member whose fees are paid in full may become a Life 
Member by paying $150.00. Fees for a Sustaining Member are $750.00 for 
a 5-year period. Life Members are exempt from paying further fees. 

Section 5.—Members of 15 years or more standing, not in arrears for dues 
or otherwise indebted to the Society when retiring from income-producing 
employment, may request, and be continued by, the Executive Committee 


' The last revision of the Bylaws was published in the Proceedings, vol. 73 (3): 348-354, 
Sept. 1971. Amendments since then are noted in vols. 75 (2): 251, June 1974; 76 (1): 96, 
March 1975; 78 (2): 223, April 1977; 78 (4): 495, Oct. 1977; and 79 (3): 494, July 1978. Fur- 
ther amendments were adopted at the regular meeting of November 1978, these being pro- 
posed by the undersigned committee during its preparation of these Bylaws for publi- 
cation.—Ad hoc Committee on Bylaws, Douglass R. Miller, Douglas W. S. Sutherland, 
T. J. Spilman, F. Christian Thompson, Chairman. | 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 337 


as Emeritus Members without further payment of dues. Members thus re- 
lieved of the payment of dues will not be sent copies of the Proceedings. 

Section 6.—The Society may elect Honorary Members in recognition of 
long and meritorious effort to advance entomological science. Individuals 
so recognized shall be approved unanimously by the Executive Committee 
and by two-thirds vote of members present at any regular meeting. Hon- 
orary members shall be elected for life, shall pay no fees, and shall be 
accorded all privileges of members. The number of honorary members car- 
ried concurrently on the membership roll shall not exceed three, except 
when an honorary member is chosen Honorary President, in which case 
there may be four. 

Section 7.—A membership list shall be published at least once every three 
years in the Proceedings of the Society. 


Article I1V.—Fees 


Section 1.—The annual fees, which include membership dues and sub- 
scription fee, shall be payable by January 1. Annual membership dues shall 
be two dollars and the member’s subscription rate shall be eight dollars. 
Members residing outside of the United States may be charged a supplement 
to cover the increased cost of postage; the amount and nature of this sup- 
plement to be determined by the Treasurer and approved by the Executive 
Committee. Members elected prior to June shall receive all numbers of the 
Proceedings for that year. Members elected after June shall be exempt from 
fees for the calendar year in which they are elected and shall receive the 
Proceedings beginning with January of the next year. 

Section 2.—The Treasurer shall notify those members one year in arrears 
for fees. If fees have not been paid one month after notice had been sent, 
the member’s name shall be removed from the mailing list for the Proceed- 
ings. The member shall be notified of such action by the Corresponding 
Secretary. A member who is two years in arrears for fees may be dropped 
from membership by vote of the Executive Committee two months after a 
final notice had been sent. 

Section 3.—A member shall be considered to be one year in arrears if he/ 
she has not paid his/her fees by January of the year in which they are 
payable. 

Section 4.—Members dropped for non-payment of fees, or those who 
have resigned, may be reinstated by payment of fees for the current year 
and by payment at membership rate for all copies of the Proceedings for 
which they are delinquent. 


Article V.—Offices 


Section 1.—The elected Officers of the Society shall be a President, a 
President-Elect, a Recording Secretary, a Corresponding Secretary, a Trea- 


338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


surer. an Editor, a Custodian, a Program Chairman, and a Membership 
Chairman. These shall be chosen from resident members. 

Section 2.—The President or, in his/her absence, the senior officer present 
(as listed in the previous Section) shall preside at all meetings of the Society 
and of the Executive Committee. The President or his/her substitute shall 
have authority to and shall appoint any standing or special committees 
whose services are required in the interests of the Society. He/she shall 
conduct such correspondence as should appropriately bear his/her signature 
as presiding officer. He/she shall represent the Society on the Board of 
Managers of the Washington Academy of Sciences; or he/she may appoint 
a substitute for him/her. The President shall deliver an address on some 
subject pertinent to the objectives of the Society at the first or second meet- 
ing subsequent to the completion of his/her term of office. 

Section 3.—The President-Elect shall automatically succeed to the Pres- 
idency at the close of the annual meeting, or whenever the President is 
unable to complete his/her term of office. 

Section 4.—The Recording Secretary shall make a record of the proceed- 
ings of the Society and of the meetings of the Executive Committee, and 
shall submit a record of the Society’s proceedings to the Editor for publi- 
cation. 

Section 5.—The Corresponding Secretary shall conduct all official cor- 
respondence of the Society except as otherwise provided, shall keep a list 
of all members and subscribers together with their addresses, and shall be 
responsible for the mailing of the Proceedings. 

Section 6.—The Treasurer shall have charge of and be responsible for all 
funds and investments of the Society, and shall make routine disbursements. 
Unusual disbursements and investments shall be made only at the direction 
of the Executive Committee. He/she shall collect all sums due to the Society 
from any source, notify all members and subscribers who are in arrears, 
and shall present to the Executive Committee an annual report on the fi- 
nancial status of the Society, and conduct such correspondence as is nec- 
essary to carry out these duties. The fiscal year of the Society shall be 
November | to the following October 31. The Treasurer shall close his/her 
books at the end of the fiscal year so the accounts of the Society may be 
audited prior to its annual meeting. 

Section 7.—The Editor shall be responsible for editing all publications of 
the Society and shall conduct such business as is necessary to carry out 
this responsibility. 

Section 8.—The Custodian shall have charge of the reserve stock of the 
Society's publications, shall make such sales as lie within the interests of 
the Society, and shall be responsible for preserving such records, papers, 
or items of the Society as shall be deemed necessary by the Executive 
Committee. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 339 


Section 9.—The Program Chairman shall be responsible for arranging, 
with the assistance of the members of the Program Committee, the program 
of each meeting of the Society and for notifying the resident members of 
the Society of all meetings. Those members living in metropolitan Wash- 
ington and nearby areas shall be considered resident members. 

Section 10.—The Membership Chairman shall be responsible for activities 
of the Membership Committee as provided for in these Bylaws. He/she shall 
notify the Corresponding Secretary of the names and addresses of new 
members, and cooperate with that officer and the Treasurer in maintaining 
an accurate membership list. 

Section 11.—At the annual meeting, having before it the list of candidates 
submitted by the Nominating Committee, the membership present may 
make other nominations from the floor. A separate election by written ballot 
shall be held for each officer for which there are two or more candidates, 
the ballots being distributed, collected and counted by tellers appointed by 
the President. When only one candidate for an office is before the Society, 
election shall be viva voce on motion and second from the floor and in that 
case two or more offices may be treated in one motion. 

Section 12.—The officers shall serve for one year and until their succes- 
sors are elected. They shall assume their duties at the end of the Annual 
(December) Meeting except the Treasurer who shall assume his/her duties 
as soon as arrangements can readily be made with his/her predecessor and 
the banks for transfer of Society funds. The Executive Committee may ask 
for such reports of officers as are deemed necessary. Except for the Presi- 
dent and President-Elect, who cannot be re-elected to these offices in con- 
secutive years, there shall be no limitation as to the number of terms to 
which an officer may be elected. 

Section 13.—Vacancies in any office except President and President-Elect 
shall be filled through appointment by the Executive Committee. Members 
selected to fill such vacancies shall hold office only until their successors 
are elected. If the office of President-Elect becomes vacant, the position 
will be filled by a special election in accordance with regular nomination 
procedures. 


Article VI.—Executive Committee 


Section 1.—The activities of the Society shall be guided by an Executive 
Committee. The Committee membership shall consist of all officers and the 
last available past president. 

Section 2.—The Executive Committee shall assume the responsibility for 
and shall conduct the activities of the Society, direct finances, and provide 
for meetings and publications. As provided elsewhere in these Bylaws, the 
Committee shall report fully to the Society once each year, on its conduct 
of the Society’s business, either through the different officers or by a spe- 


340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


cially approved representative. The report shall include an approved audit 
of the Treasurer’s accounts. The Committee shall also consider and present 
to the Society proposals for change or improvements, and shall transact all 
other business requiring attention and not otherwise assigned. 

Section 3.—The Executive Committee shall hold such meetings as are 
required to transact the business of the Society during the year. One of 
these shall be sufficiently prior to the Annual Meeting to permit consider- 
ation and approval of a summary report for presentation by the President 
at the Annual Meeting on the state of the Society and the work of the 
officers. Other meetings of the Executive Committee may be called at any 
time by the President or his/her substitute and shall be called promptly by 
the presiding officer on request of any three members of the Committee 
other than the presiding officer. The presence of five members of the Ex- 
ecutive Committee at any meeting shall establish a quorum. 


Article VII.—Standing Committees 


Section 1.—The standing committees of the Society shall consist of a 
Membership Committee, a Program Committee, a Publications Committee, 
a Finance Committee, and a Nominating Committee. New non-elective 
members of these committees shall be appointed by the incoming President 
each year. The Committees shall report to the Society at one of its meetings 
or to the Executive Committee as may be required. 

Section 2.—The Membership Committee, consisting of the elected chair- 
man and four appointed members, shall search for prospective new mem- 
bers of the Society among professional workers, students and amateurs in 
entomology, see that their applications are properly executed and by ma- 
jority vote approve the candidates’ qualifications for membership. The name 
of each new electee shall be reported by the Membership Committee at a 
regular meeting; and, in the absence of adverse notice from the members, the 
electee’s name shall be read as a new member at the next regular meeting, 
and if feasible he/she shall be introduced by a sponsoring member. If the 
committee receives an adverse notice concerning an electee, the candidate’s 
name shall be referred to the Executive Committee and final approval shall 
be by majority vote of that committee with formal announcement of mem- 
bership to be made in the usual manner at the next regular meeting following 
action by the Executive Committee. 

Section 3.—The Program Committee, with the elected Program Chairman 
serving as head, shall arrange for the programs and meeting places of all 
regular meetings of the Society. This Committee shall consist of the Chair- 
man and three members, the latter to be appointed each year. 

Section 4.—The Publications Committee shall consist of the Editor as 
Chairman and at least three appointed members. The appointed members 
shall assist the Editor. The committee shall consider and put into execution 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 341 


plans for promoting the sales of Society publications. It shall make rec- 
ommendations to the Executive Committee regarding publication of Mem- 
oirs and any other special publication. Terms for appointed members of the 
Publication Committee shall be at the discretion of the Editor and President. 

Section 5.—The Finance Committee, consisting of the Treasurer as Chair- 
man, the Editor, the Custodian, and the Program Chairman, shall assist the 
Treasurer in matters of finances of the Society and make recommendations 
to the Executive Committee relative to these matters. It shall be a particular 
duty of this Committee to prepare for the Executive Committee at the be- 
ginning of each year a statement of the income and expenditures of the 
preceding year and to prepare a budget based on the estimated receipt and 
disbursements of the coming year, with such recommendations as seem 
desirable. No financial obligation against the Society may be contracted by 
any officer or member except as specified in the annual budget or as pro- 
vided for by special action of the Executive Committee upon recommen- 
dation of the Treasurer and Finance Committee. 

Section 6.—The Nominating Committee of three members shall prepare 
a list of candidates comprising one nominee for each office, except the office 
of President, for presentation to the membership at the regular meeting one 
month before the annual meeting. The committee shall secure the acquies- 
cence of each candidate before presentation. 

Section 7.—The Auditing Committee of three persons shall be appointed 
by the President not later than October of each year. It shall inspect the 
accounts of the Treasurer and report to the Society at its next annual meet- 
ing. 

Article VIII.—Meetings 


Section 1.—The regular meeting of the Society shall be held, unless oth- 
erwise ordered by the vote of the Society or of the Executive Committee, 
on the first Thursday of each month except June, July, August and Septem- 
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Section 2.—The suggested order of business at the regular meetings, ex- 
cept the annual meeting, shall be as follows: 


Reading and approval of minutes. 

Reports of officers and committees. 

Introduction of new members. 

Miscellaneous business. 

Presentation of notes and exhibition of specimens. 


nA bhWN — 


342 ~ROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


6. Presentation of announced topics. 
7. Introduction of visitors. 
8. Adjournment. 


Section 3.—The suggested order of business at the annual meeting in 
December shall be: 

1. Reading and approval of minutes. 

2. Introduction of new members. 

3. Presentation by the President of a summary report on the state of the 

Society and the work of the retiring officers. 

4. Election of new officers. 

5. Miscellaneous business. 

6. Presentation of notes and exhibition of specimens. 

7. Presentation of announced topics. 

8. Introduction of visitors. 
9. Installation of newly elected President. 
0. Adjournment. 


Section 4.—Either the first or the second regular meeting following the 
annual meeting shall be set aside for the delivery of the annual address of 
the retiring President. 

Article [X.—Publications 


Section 1.—Publications of the Society shall consist of a periodical to be 
known as the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 
which shall contain the proceedings of the Society and such papers as are 
accepted for publication in it, a series of Memoirs, and such miscellaneous 
handbooks or other special publications as may be deemed desirable. Each 
member in good standing, except Emeritus Members relieved of payment 
of fees, is entitled to one copy of each issue of the Proceedings (see Art. 
EVE Sec 2): 

Section 2.—Financial support of the Proceedings shall be provided from 
subscription revenues, from the sale of complete or partial sets of the Pro- 
ceedings, from the fees of life and sustaining memberships, from editorial 
charges, and from such other funds as the Executive Committee shall de- 
termine. 

Section 3.—The Society shall maintain a separate fund to be known as 
the Special Publication Fund. At the discretion of the Executive Committee, 
any unrestricted portion of the Special Publication Fund may be used for 
publishing Memoirs, handbooks, or other special publications. In any one 
year, a sum not exceeding the previous five years’ income from interest on 
the Fund monies may be taken from this Fund and applied toward the 
publication of the Proceedings, such sum to be returned to the Special Pub- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 343 


lication Fund at the discretion of the Executive Committee. The Special 
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Article X.—Dissolution 


If the Society should be dissolved or terminated, all its assets remaining 
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and approved by the membership of the Society, to one or more non-profit 
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Article XI.—Limitation and General Prohibitions 


Section 1.—The objectives of the Society are listed in Article 2 of the 
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Society shall engage in such activity. 

Section 2.—Notwithstanding any provision of the Bylaws which might be 
susceptible to a contrary construction: 


a. no part of the net earnings of the Society shall or may under any 
circumstances inure to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual; 

b. no substantial part of the activities of the Society shall consist of car- 
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d. the Society shall not be organized or operated for profit; 

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4) make any purchase of securities or any other property, for more 
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5) sell any securities or other property for less than adequate consid- 
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6) engage in any other transactions which result in substantial diver- 
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to the Society. The prohibitions contained in this subsection (e) do not imply 
that the Society may make such loans, payments, sales or purchases to 
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of the Bylaws. 


Article XIJ.—Amendments 


These Bylaws may be amended at any regular meeting by a two-thirds 
vote of the members voting, if the total number voting represents a quorum, 
provided that such amendment has been passed by a two-thirds vote of the 
Executive Committee and presented to the Society in written form at the 


344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 
meeting prior to the meeting at which the vote is taken. 


PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE BY THE 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS 
Cynipid Galls of the Eastern United States, by Lewis H. Weld ___-..--_________- 
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BOtoMpAapersiOm eyMIpiaegalls sans 2s ee ane et ee aes 
Identification of Alaskan Black Fly Larvae, by Kathryn M. Sommerman _____- 


Unusual Scalp Dermatitis in Humans Caused by the Mite Dermatophagoides , 
| By? UII RA 1 BST) pee oe en ee ree re oes sot Sn oes Se 


A Short History of the Entomological Society of Washington, by Ashley B. 
(CUTER es eel Se le Pa a ete oe 


Pictorial Key to Species of the Genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae), by 
MGT CE OAS LC YS Ra fe rn er ae en ee ee Ee 


MEMOIRS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


No. |. The North American Bees of the Genus Osmia, by Grace Sandhouse. 
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© 
i) 


. A Classification of Larvae and Adults of the Genus Phyllophaga, by 
AGamiG BOVINE G40 2 ae ee ee ee ee ek eee 


No. 3. The Nearctic Leafhoppers, a Generic Classification and Check List, by 
| BEATA TAY UTES 0) GTEC OT TWEET 01 sal BO 00 a eee ee oe en ee ee 


Fate eae 2 cae eee ee ae SL ee cae aS ee ee 


Z 
° 
tn 


. A Classification of the Siphonaptera of South America, by Phyllis T. 
BUGS TSO 1 Rm) (ip eae ne Ce es Saeed SE Be od Ss 


No. 6. The Female Tabanidae of Japan, Korea and Manchuria, by Wallace P. 
Murdochiand Hirosi Vakahasi:; 196922... eo 


No. 7. Ant Larvae: Review and Synthesis, by George C. Wheeler and Jeanette 
WANES Ket 7 ICI it AES ae ee es Oe ea EEO eae Sec 


- Back issues of the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington are available 
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-Prices quoted are U.S. currency. Dealers are allowed a discount of 10 per cent on all 
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Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


CONTENTS 


(Continued from front cover) 


DE MEILLON, B. and W. W. WIRTH.—A taxonomic review of the subgenus Phy- 


tohelea of Forcipomyia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)..........-.-2.535-- 2. eon ee 178 
POLHEMUS, J. T. and J. L. HERRING.—A further description of Hermatobates 

bredini Herring and a new record for Cuba (Hemiptera: Hermatobatidae) ......... 253 
SHOLES, O. DV. and J. E. RAWLINS.—Distribution of orb-weavers (Araneidae: 

Araneae) in| homogeneous old-field'Vegetation: ; .-)... 6-6-2: es i ere 234 


STEYSKAL, G. C.—Reference of Cephalia fulvicornis and Cephalia maculipennis (Dip- 
tera: Otitidae) to the genera Euxesta (Diptera: Otitidae) and Rivellia (Diptera: Platy- 


StOMAIAAE) | a eosev ci severer's eats Goavs shee 4. leled. ays, 0,0'9 cus Ibis. aaa, Fcoksgetloleh oS Sponele) Siseeteneae eee een 255 
STIMMEL, J. F.—Seasonal history and distribution of Carulaspis minima (Targ.-Tozz.) 

Mm Pennsylvania) (Homoptera: Diaspididae)).2.).\.5-- 3. se- oc ee ee erie 222 
TRUMBLE, J. T. and R. L. PIENKOWSKI.—Development and survival of Megaselia 

scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae) at selected temperatures and photoperiods ........... 207 


WARNER, R. E.—The genus Eudiagogus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Leptopiinae), 
with two new species of the weed Sesbania (Leguminosae) ..................--- 304 


WHITE, R. E.—New synonymy and new combinations primarily in American taxa 


(ColeopterascAnobiidae)! \c.s oi 6s sts hatiane deitiecd s<thh eRe ten ec es eee 211 
WHITEHEAD, D. R.—Notes on Apteromechus Faust of America north of Mexico 
(Coleoptera: Curculionidae: ‘ry ptorhynehinae)) <<. sn caste te =e ies ve ere reieie) ete eee 230 © 
WOLFE, G. W. and J. F. MATTA.—Three new species of Hydroporus (Coleoptera: 
Dytiscidae) fron the southeastern United States); =... -.4.25-156 soe eee ee eee 17k 
NOTES: 
MCDANIEL, B. and E. G. BOLEN.—A new distribution record for Podocinum pacifi- 
cum Berlese (Acarine:{Mesostigmata)) 2... s.s.0¢ « == ss: «5 crores dcietote oes eee 326 


MENKE, A. S.—Three sphecid wasps previously unrecorded from Tahiti (Hymenop- 


teras SPNECIdAE)) > <4 isc.ace ves ncieriie. egies esc caiclobareioiane Gea a eae ee 303 
NEGROBOV, O. P.—Some new synonymy in the Dolichopodidae (Diptera) .......... 329 | 
STEYSKAL, G. C.—The gender of Nosopon Hopkins (Mallophaga) ....... bee Sonne koe 325 
THREFALL, W., C. E. BOURGEOIS, and G. A. BAIN.—Mallophaga from some 

North AimenicanAnatidae) i i2 cia: steers cine ce ects So Sia ee ee ee 327 


BOOK REVIEW: 


MATHIS, W. N.—Record of My Life-Work in Entomology. 1903-1904. (C. R. Osten 4 
SACKEN) sass =, cha ce ser ctess eicie oy 0/ei oho Tole csliepeveo eas. oo 1 sana as advo eka aps Sec eee ee 330 


OBITWARY: ERNEST NEAL CORY.(SR. (By T. L. BISSELL) :432 i 42-06-2 eee 332) 
SUMMARY REPORTS'OF SOCIETY ORFICERS FOR 1978)... 25...-..-u5-seemanee 335) 
BYLAWS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON..........<. 336 


VOL. 81 JULY 1979 NO. 3 
(ISSN 0013-8797) 


PROCEEDINGS 


of the 


INTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
of WASHINGTON 


DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20560 


PUBLISHED QUARTERLY 


CONTENTS 


ANDERSON, D. M. and P. E. BOLDT.—Identification of larvae of two European spe- 
cies of Ceutorhynchinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) found in Carduus macroce- 
BUCLUSeMESTONIAINES ((COMPOSItAG) Ws. <i-5-(s aici i= sts, = tess <a lave jens ve, sue santlene, 51 she tes ofevouete wutelors 


OHART, R. M. and L. S. KIMSEY.—A key to the species of Ectemnius in America 
north of Mexico with notes and description of a new species (Hymenoptera: Sphe- 
TAS), Sack Ae Sse eNO eae CoN, CR SOY See eT ee eR Ne eee ah ne 


DENNIS, D. S.—Ethology of Holcocephala fusca in Virginia (Diptera: Asilidae) ...... 


SLLIOT, N., F. KURCZEWSKI, S. CLAFLIN, and P. SALBERT.—Preliminary an- 
notated list of the wasps of San Salvador Island, the Bahamas, with a new spe- 
cies of Cerceris (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae, Scoliidae, Vespidae, Pompilidae, Spheci- 
PUES re pees ete de erate ay cieres eras fe euas s) efecken estan nicusieleAiqghalnie wiaront wie anueveidy Pas oumisneuerel aierere 


IVANS, H. E.—Additions to knowledge of the bethylid fauna of Hispaniola (Hymen- 
PLOU Aw CE VIGAG) rt hs cclepatete erste teers ayce sucteces sve) shtoe cig +d ois 4s os ai Siard Solexs Spoon 


GREENFIELD, M. D. and M. G. KARANDINOS.—A new species of Paranthrene 
Mee pIdOpte4nas sSeSHGAE)) eye vayets ete evsts vale alesasee fen cosie elds .p ah bf yduelioney ledge etal Srey oreyer oe ecetehe = 


HENRY, T. J.—Review of the Ceratocapsus lutescens group, with descriptions of seven 
new species from the eastern United States (Hemiptera: Miridae) ................ 


<ROMBEIN, K. V.—Studies in the Tiphiidae, XII. A new genus of Methochinae with 
notes on the subgenera of Methocha Latreille (Hymenoptera Aculeata)........... 


(Continued on back cover) 


460 


486 
366 


352 


456 


499 


401 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
OF WASHINGTON 


ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884 


OFFICERS FOR 1979 


DONALD R. Davis, President HELEN SOLLERS-RIEDEL, Hospitality Chairwon' 
T. J. SPILMAN, President-Elect MICHAEL FARAN, Program Chairn 
WAYNE N. MatTuis, Recording Secretary Joyce A. UTMAR, Membership Chairwo 
MIGNON B. Davis, Corresponding Secretary SUEO NAKAHARA, Custo 
F. CHRISTIAN THOMPSON, Treasurer DONALD R. Davis, Delegate, Wash. Acad. 


MANnya~ B. STOETZEL, Editor 
Publications Committee 
Eric E. GRISSELL JOHN M. KINGSOLVER 
ASHLEY B. GURNEY DavipD R. SMITH, Associate Editor GEORGE C. STEYSKAL 


Honorary President 
C. F. W. MUESEBECK 


Honorary Members 
FREDERICK W. Poos RAYMOND A. St. GEOR 


All correspondence concerning Society business should be mailed to the appropriate officer at the following address: Entomola 
Society of Washington, c/o Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. : 


MEETINGS.—Regular meetings of the Society are held in the Ecology Theater, Natural History Building, Smithsonian Institution | 
the first Thursday of each month from October to June, inclusive, at 8 P.M. Minutes of meetings are published regularly i 
Proceedings. 


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are $9.00 (U.S. currency) of which $8.00 is for a subscription to the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington fo 
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PROCEEDINGS.—Published quarterly beginning with January by the Society at Washington, D.C. Members in good standing re: 
the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. Nonmember subscriptions are $15.00 per year, domestic, and $17.00 
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STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP 
Title of Publication: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 
Frequency of Issue: Quarterly (January, April, July, October). 


Location of Office of Publication, Business Office of Publisher and Owner: The Entomological Society of Washington, c/o Depart 
of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, 10th and Constitution NW, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


Editor: Dr. Manya B. Stoetzel, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, BARC-W, Beltsville, Maryland 20705. 


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This issue was mailed 13 August 1979 


Second Class Postage Paid at Washington, D.C. and additional mailing office. 


PRINTED BY ALLEN PRESS, INC., LAWRENCE, KANSAS 66044, USA 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 345-351 


| TWO NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS CAMPTOPTEROHELEA WIRTH 
AND HUBERT FROM SOUTHEAST ASIA 
(DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) 


WILLIS W. WIRTH AND YOSHITO WADA 


(WWW) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. 
and Educ. Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 
20560; (YW) Department of Medical Zoology, Nagasaki University School 
of Medicine, Nagasaki, 852 Japan. 


Abstract.—Two new species are described in the Oriental genus Camp- 
topterohelea Wirth and Hubert: javanensis from Java and tokunagai from 
Malaysia. Notes and a key are presented to distinguish them from C. hoog- 
straali Wirth and Hubert from the Philippines, the only previously known 
species. Reasons are discussed for shifting Camptopterohelea from the tribe 
Ceratopogonini to the tribe Stilobezziini. 
| 


Heretofore the genus Camptopterohelea Wirth and Hubert (1960) has 
been known only from the unique holotype of C. hoogstraali Wirth and 
Hubert from Mount McKinley, Mindanao, Philippines. The purpose of this 
paper is to describe two similar but distinct new species of these minute 
| biting midges from two widely separated localities in Southeast Asia. The 
males and immature stages of these midges are still unknown. 

_ Wirth and Hubert (1960) and Wirth et al. (1974) placed Camptopterohelea 
in the tribe Ceratopogonini, near Baeohelea Wirth and Blanton and Lep- 
tohelea Wirth and Blanton, which also have a reduced number of palpal 
segments and greatly modified wing venation. A study is now underway, 
however (Wirth and Grogan, in preparation), in which the tribal assignments 
_of genera in the Ceratopogonini and Stilobezziini are re-evaluated, giving 
emphasis to some characters that have previously been given little attention. 
In the forthcoming study the size of the second radial cell, and along with 
this the length of the costa relative to the length of the wing, the length of 
the stem of the medial fork, and the presence or absence of macrotrichia on 
the wing membrane are not given primary importance in the separation of 
the two tribes. Instead, the presence of sensory pits (sensilla coeloconica) 
on some of the flagellar segments of the antenna will be given primary 
importance for recognition of the Ceratopogonini, and secondary emphasis 


346 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


will be placed on the usual presence of hairy eyes and equal-sized tarsal 
claws in this tribe. Camptopterohelea lacks sensilla coeloconica and has 
only a single tarsal claw on each leg, and on all these counts must be as- 
signed to the Stilobezziini, where it will key out (Wirth et al., 1974) near 
Parastilobezzia Wirth and Blanton, Fittkauhelea Wirth and Blanton, and 
Parabezzia Malloch. It is readily distinguishable from all of these by its 
short costa and the presence of only one sclerotized spermatheca. 


Genus Camptopterohelea Wirth and Hubert 


Camptopterohelea Wirth and Hubert, 1960:89. Type-species: Camptopte- 
rohelea hoogstraali Wirth and Hubert (original designation). 


Diagnosis.—Only female known. Eyes bare, broadly separated. Antenna 
15-segmented, long and slender, last 5 segments not longer than others. 
Palpus 3-segmented, proximal segment with sensory pit. Proboscis reduced, 
mandible with or without fine microscopic teeth. Thorax stout, humeral pits 
present. Legs moderately stout; 4th tarsomeres on front and middle legs 
slightly cordiform; only a single moderately long tarsal claw on each leg. 
Wing greatly modified, broad on basal 2 and tapering distally; 2 radial cells 
present, Ist well developed, 2nd small; media and r-m crossvein absent; 
anterior portion of wing with a large transverse area with dense coarse 
microtrichia, other areas of spinelike microtrichia sometimes present; 
macrotrichia absent. One spermatheca present. 


KEY TO SPECIES OF CAMPTOPTEROHELEA 


1. Wing with a distinct patch of coarse dark spinelike microtrichia on 
distal portion, separate from the patch extending caudad from area 

of radial cells; 2nd tarsomere of hind leg with 4 palisade setae in comb 2 
— Wing without patch of dark spinelike microtrichia on distal portion; 
2nd tarsomere of hind leg with only 2 palisade setae in comb; (man- 
dibular teeth present; vein M,,, extending to wing margin, vein Cu, 
halfway to margin; patch of coarse spinelike microtrichia behind 
radial cells with a small cell-like area of small microtrichia) ....... 

FE OE Oe Oe ee ce ee Pee eae jJavanensis, new species 
2. Wing with distal patch of coarse microtrichia large and extending 
nearly to wing tip; mandibular teeth absent; vein M,,, absent, Cu, 
represented by 2 parallel linear areas of coarse microtrichia extend- 

Ing TOAWIng Maren" 426 see ae eee hoogstraali Wirth and Hubert 
— Wing with distal patch of coarse microtrichia restricted to a small 
rounded subapical area; mandibular teeth present; veins M*** and 
Cu, both extending about halfway to wing margin ............... 

Ln NL INGUS Miles’ atete ahbore seth te RMT IRR Rae RE ere tokunagai, new species 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 347 


Camptopterohelea hoogstraali Wirth and Hubert 
Fig. lg—h 


Camptopterohelea hoogstraali Wirth and Hubert, 1960:90 (9; Philippines; 
figs.). 


Type.—Holotype, 2, east slope of Mount McKinley, 3300 ft, Davao 
Prov., Mindanao, Philippines, 25 September 1946, F. G. Werner, at light 
(on slide; deposited in Field Museum of Natural History). 

Notes.—Through the courtesy of the Field Museum of Natural History 
the junior author borrowed the type of C. hoogstraali in order to make a 
closer comparison with our two new species. We were able to confirm that 
in C. hoogstraali there is no trace of mandibular teeth, there are four sharp 
palisade setae on the second tarsomere of the hind leg (Fig. lg), there is a 
large area of coarse spinelike microtrichia on the distal portion of the wing 
(Fig. lh), and the distal arms of the mediocubital fork are not complete, the 
anterior arm is apparently entirely absent, and the posterior arm is repre- 
sented by two parallel linear areas of coarse spinelike microtrichia extending 
to the wing margin. 


Camptopterohelea javanensis Wirth and Wada, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. la—f 


Female.—A minute dark brown midge without distinctive markings. Wing 
length 0.85 mm (holotype) and 0.71 mm (paratype); breadth 0.43 mm (ho- 
lotype) and 0.35 mm (paratype). 

Head (Fig. 1b): Eyes very broadly separated, by about the diameter of 
7 ommatidial facets; bare between facets. Vertex with small hairs in inter- 
ocular space. Antenna (Fig. la) 15-segmented; Ist segment concealed in 
head capsule, approximately 0.036 by 0.064 mm, higher than broad, with 2- 
3 small setae; 2nd segment greatly swollen, 0.051 mm long, breadth nearly 
equal to length; distal segments forming a 13-segmented flagellum 0.50 mm 
long. Lengths of flagellar segments in holotype in proportion of 12-11-11-11- 
12-14-14-12-14-14-14-16-25, in paratype 12-11-10-10-11-11-11-9-11-11-12-13- 
20; antennal ratio (XI-XV/III—X) 0.8-0.9; all flagellar segments with a prox- 
imal whorl of 4—5 long verticils and a distal pair of short, curved, hyaline 
sensilla trichodea; in addition segments III-IX each with 3 long, straight, 
hyaline sensilla trichodea in middle of segment, and segments XI—XV with 
a few scattered long fine hairs. Palpus (Fig. lc) short, degenerated from a 
5-segmented condition; Ist and 2nd segments absent; distal 3 segments not 
clearly separated; 3rd segment (apparent Ist) moderately swollen on distal 
0.6, 0.036 mm long and 0.023 mm wide, bearing a small, round, shallow, 
sensory pit; 4th segment short, 0.013 mm long and 0.018 mm wide; Sth 
segment slender, parallel sided, 0.028 mm long and 0.005 mm wide. Head 


348 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. la-f. Camptopterohelea javanensis. a, Antenna; b, anterior view of head; c, palpus; 
d, abdomen; e, hind tarsus; f, wing. Fig. lg—h. C. hoogstraali. g, Hind tarsus; h, wing. 


height (from tormae to interocular setae) 0.16 mm in holotype and 0.12 mm 
in paratype. Mouthparts short; proboscis length (from tip of labrum-epi- 
pharynx to tormae) 0.07 mm in holotype and 0.06 mm in paratype. Mandible 
with 10 teeth, distal ones larger. Labrum-epipharynx with a flap extending 
beyond 2 blunt, short, terminal teeth, without lateral teeth. Hypopharynx 
with 4 slender teeth. 

Thorax: Scutum dark brown, with a submedian pair of oval hyaline pits 
toward anterior margin; with short scattered bristly hairs. Scutellum dark 
brown, with 5-6 bristles. Legs moderately stout, dark brown. Femora with 
apical pale bands and tibiae with basal pale bands. Front tibia with a lan- 
ceolate spur and compact comb of bristly hairs; mid tibia without spur or 
comb; hind tibia without spur but with a comb of bristly hairs. Hind basi- | 
tarsus with a row of sharp palisade setae ventrally, and 2nd tarsomere with | 
2 (rarely 3) sharp palisade setae (Fig. le). Claws single, long (0.03-0.04 | 


t 


' 
t 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 349 


mm), slightly curved, 34 as long as 5th tarsomere. Proportions of legs as 
follows (scale: 0.01 mm): 


Femur Tibia Tarsomere 

Holotype I II Ill IV V 
Fore 26 25 11 3 3 3 6 
Mid 31 32 14 4 3} 3 5 
Hind 33 30 15 4 3 3 5 

Paratype 
Fore 22 20 10 4 3 3 5 
Mid 25 25 12 3 2 2 4 
Hind 30 24 13 3 2 2 4 


Wing (Fig. If) uniformly light brown; venation greatly modified as in figure; 
vein M;,, complete to wing margin, vein Cu, obsolete on distal 4; costa 
extending to 0.56 of wing length; macrotrichia absent, large spinelike mi- 
crotrichia present surrounding a small oval bare area in upper middle part 
of wing, more numerous between this area and end of costa. Halter light 
brown. 

Abdomen (Fig. 1d): Dark brown. A single large oval spermatheca pres- 
ent, measuring 0.115 by 0.087 mm, including a short, slender, sclerotized 
neck. 

Male.—Unknown. 

Distribution.—Indonesia. 

Types.—Holotype, 2, Manggis, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia, ele- 
vation about 500 m, 25 June 1977, T. Suzuki, by light trap at chicken farm 
(USNM Type no. 73564). Paratype, | 2, same data as holotype (deposited 
in National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan). The types are mounted each 
on a glass slide with phenol-balsam. 

Discussion.—Camptopterohelea javanensis resembles the type-species of 
Camptopterohelea in all respects except that the mandibles are toothed and 
vein M,,, 1s present in the wing. Additional characters for separation of the 
species of this genus are found in the key. 


Camptopterohelea tokunagai Wirth and Wada, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 2 
Female.—Wing length 0.69 mm; breadth 0.40 mm. Closely resembling C. 
Javanensis, but differing as follows: Antenna (Fig. 2a) with lengths of fla- 
gellar segments in proportion of 11-10-11-11-12-12-12-13-14-14-15-15-20, an- 
tennal ratio 0.85. Measurements (length vs width in mm) of palpal segments 
as follows: 3rd, 0.044 by 0.025; 4th, 0.012 by 0.018; Sth, 0.025 by 0.007 (Fig. 
2b). Proboscis (Fig. 2e) 0.33 as long as height of head; mandible (Fig. 2d) 
with 10 fine teeth. Wing (Fig. 2c) with veins M;,, and Cu, evanescent about 


350 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 2. Camptopterohelea tokunagai. a, Antenna; b, palpus; c, wing; d, mandible; e, an- 
terior view of head; f, hind tibial comb; g, femora and tibiae; h, fifth tarsomeres and claws of 
(left to right) hind, mid, and fore legs; i, tarsi (left to right) of hind, mid, and fore legs; j, 
spermatheca; k, abdomen, dorsal view. 


halfway from base of fork to wing margin; coarse spinelike microtrichia 
forming 2 large dark brown areas, a larger slightly transverse patch behind 
radial cells, and a 2nd rounded smaller patch about midway between pos- 
terior margin of the former and the wing tip. Halter pale brown. Second 
tarsomere of hind leg (Fig. 21) with 4 palisade setae in a comb on distal 2; 
claws (Fig. 2h) shorter, each about % as long as Sth tarsomere. Spermatheca 
(Fig. 2)) measuring 0.133 by 0.097 mm. 

Male.—Unknown. 

Distribution.—Malaysia. 

Type.—Holotype, 2, on slide, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia, Ke- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 351 


pong Forest Reserve, March—April 1960, R. Traub, light trap (USNM Type 
no. 73563). 

Discussion.—This species is named for Dr. Masaaki Tokunaga of Kyoto, 
Japan, in recognition of his monumental work on the classification of Asian 
and Pacific biting midges. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We are grateful to Dr. Eric H. Smith, Field Museum of Natural History, 
Chicago, Illinois, for loaning the holotype of C. hoogstraali for comparison, 
and to Dr. T. Suzuki, Vector and Rodent Control Research Unit, WHO, 
Jakarta, Indonesia, for submitting the specimens of C. javanensis. We are 
very much indebted to Dr. Niphan C. Ratanaworabhan, Applied Scientific 
Research Corporation of Thailand, Bangkok, for the illustrations of C. to- 
kunagai. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Wirth, W. W. and A. A. Hubert. 1960. Philippine Zoological Expedition 1946-1947. Camp- 
topterohelea, a new genus of Ceratopogonidae from the Philippines (Diptera). Field- 
iana—Zoology 42:89-91. 

Wirth, W. W., N. C. Ratanaworabhan, and F. S. Blanton. 1974. Synopsis of the genera of 
Ceratopogonidae (Diptera). Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 49:595-613. 


EpDITOR’S NOTE 


Contributors of articles to the Proceedings are advised that illustrations 
are kept for one year after they are published. If an author does not request 
the return of his or her illustrations within that one year, the illustrations 
will be discarded. Authors are reminded that illustrations are returned at 
the authors’ expense. 

The editor has a stack of illustrations from several past volumes. These 
illustrations will be discarded on December 1, 1979, unless otherwise 
claimed. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 352-365 


PRELIMINARY ANNOTATED LIST OF THE WASPS OF SAN 
SALVADOR ISLAND, THE BAHAMAS, WITH A NEW 
SPECIES OF CERCERIS (HYMENOPTERA: 
TIPHIIDAE, SCOLIIDAE, VESPIDAE, 
POMPILIDAE, SPHECIDAE) 


N. ELLiott, F. KURCZEWSKI, S. CLAFLIN, AND P. SALBERT 


(NE, PS) Department of Biology, Hartwick College, Oneonta, New York 
13820; (FK, SC) Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY 
College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 
13210. 


Abstract.—Twenty-three species of Aculeate Hymenoptera were collect- 
ed from San Salvador Island, the Bahamas, between November 1975 and 
June 1978. Collection records for these species are compared with museum 
records and the literature to determine the source of the island’s wasp fauna. 
A new species, Cerceris watlingensis, is described. Behavioral notes on 
Stictia signata and Tachysphex alayoi are included. 


Aculeate Hymenoptera have been little studied in the Bahama Islands. 
Bahamian species and subspecies have been treated in taxonomic revisions, 
as, for example, in Bequaert’s and Salt’s (1931) and Bequaert’s (1948) works 
on various Vespidae, Krombein’s (1942) revision of the Myzininae (Tiphi- 
idae), and Bradley’s (1928) study of Campsomeris (Scoliidae). Krombein’s 
(1953) paper on the aculeates of Bimini is one of the few works representing 
an extensive study of a particular island in the Bahamas. Since the Bimini 
group lies only about 50 miles off the coast of Florida, it would be expected 
to show many affinities with the Floridian fauna. But Krombein (1953) re- 
ported a large percentage of the Bimini wasps to be endemic species or 
subspecies, with only a small percentage of the species North American in 
origin. Many species considered endemic to the Biminis may be found on 
other islands in the Bahamas as they are explored. A similar study on one 
of the outer islands of the Bahamas would be instructive in providing further 
information about the origin of the Bahamian wasp fauna. 

Since 1975 we have been collecting and observing aculeates on San Sal- 
vador Island in the Bahamas. This island, located about 400 miles southeast 
of the coast of Florida, is vegetated largely by subtropical scrub (Smith, 
1975), with many brackish inland lakes. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 353 


Our paper lists collection records for wasps from the island and compares 
these records with those obtained from museum specimens and a survey of 
the literature. Higher taxonomic groups are arranged phylogenetically ac- 
cording to Muesebeck et al. (1951), and species are arranged alphabetically. 
Behavioral notes are included on certain of the species, and a new species, 
Cerceris watlingensis is described. 

Representatives of the species collected and the types of Cerceris watlin- 
gensis have been deposited in the United States National Museum. Para- 
types of Cerceris watlingensis have been deposited in the Cornell University 
collection. Duplicate specimens have been retained in the collections at the 
authors’ institutions. 

Abbreviations of institutions are given in Acknowledgments. 


TIPHIIDAE 


Myzinum apicale Cresson. ° 2: 26 Nov. 1976, nr. Polaris; 7 Dec. 1976, 
Farquharson’s Plantation; 6 June 1978, dump. d6: 23 Nov. 1977, East 
Beach; 28 Nov. 1977, nr. Polaris (4); 29 Nov. 1977, Cockburntown; 9 June 
1978, dump. 

These individuals cannot be assigned to any of Krombein’s (1942, 1953) 
subspecies. The males have only the last abdominal tergite ferruginous, 
whereas in typical M. a. apicale and M. a. cazieri Krombein (1953), the 
last two are ferruginous. The other subspecies of M. apicale described by 
Krombein (1942) lack ferruginous markings on the abdomen. Krombein 
(1953) reported Bahamian collection records for this species as follows: M. 
apicale breve from Rum Cay and New Providence; M. a. eleuthera from 
Eleuthera, and M. a. jamaicense from Turk’s Island. He described M. a. 
cazieri from the specimens collected on Bimini. 


Myzinum ephippium bahamense Krombein. 6 ¢: 26 Nov. 1975, no specific 
locality; 23 Nov. 1977, Blacklands. 

This species has previously been collected from Mariguana and Grand 
Bahama Island, but was not reported from the Biminis (Krombein, 1953). 


SCOLIIDAE 


Campsomeris trifasciata nassauensis Bradley. 22: 24 Nov. 1975; 24 
Nov.-—4 Dec. 1976, no specific locality; 9 Dec. 1975, 7 Dec. 1976, Farquhar- 
son’s Plantation; 9 Dec. 1976, High Cay; 6 Dec. 1976, Snow Bay; 20 Nov. 
1977, CCFL Base; 28 Nov. 1977, nr. Polaris; 1 Dec. 1977, Jake Jones’ Road; 
5 Dec. 1977, Sandy Hook; 12 Dec. 1977, nr. sinkholes. ¢ ¢: 21 Nov.-8 Dec. 
1975 (28), 24 Nov.—1 Dec. 1976 (2), 28 Nov. 1977, no specific locality; 1 
Dec. 1975 (3), 5 Dec. 1977 (2), Sandy Hook; 9 Dec. 1975, Farquharson’s 
Plantation; 22 Nov.—11 Dec. 1976 (3), 14 June 1978, CCFL Base; 24-25 
Nov. 1976 (3), 15 Dec. 1976.(1), 1 Dec. 1977 (8), 10 June 1978 (1), Jake 
Jones’ Rd; 26 Nov. 1976, nr. Polaris; 22-25 Nov. 1977 (2), 6-9 June 1978 


354 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


(4), dump; 23 Nov. 1977, Blacklands (2); 5 Dec. 1977, nr. French Bay; 5 
Dec. 1977, Sandy Pt. 

Males of this species are frequently collected on flowers along paths into 
the island’s interior. Bradley (1928) described the subspecies from speci- 
mens collected at Nassau, and Krombein (1953) reported it from the Biminis. 
In addition, we have examined a series of two females and nine males from 
Mangrove Cay, Andros (CU). 


VESPIDAE 


Polistes exclamans picturatus Bequaert and Salt. 22: 20 Nov.-8 Dec. 
1975 (17), 23 Nov. 1976 (1), 23 Nov. 1977 (2), no specific locality; 20 Nov. 
1976, nr. French Bay; 22-24 Nov. 1976 (8), 2 Nov. 1977 (1), CCFL Base; 
24-25 Nov. 1976 (3), 1 Dec. 1977 (1), Jake Jones’ Rd; 28 Nov. 1976 (1), 28 
Nov. 1977 (2), nr. Polaris; 2 Dec. 1977, Watlings’ Castle; 2 Dec. 1977, Guana | 
Cay (2); 5 Dec. 1977, Sandy Pt; 8 Dec. 1977, trail to N. Granny L. 6: 23 | 
Nov. 1977, no specific locality. 

While our specimens agree in general with Bequaert’s and Salt’s (1931) 
description of the holotype of this subspecies, there is variation among our 
specimens not accounted for in the original description. Bequaert and Salt 
(1931) listed the presence of four longitudinal yellow bars on the mesonotum 
as one of the distinguishing characteristics of the subspecies. In several 
specimens of P. e. picturatus from San Salvador, the lateralmost pair of 
bars is reduced or lacking. There is also variation in the extent of yellow on 
the propodeum. This subspecies has previously been reported from San 
Salvador (Krombein, 1953), and from other Bahamian localities including 
Acklin, Mariguana, Rum Cay, Crooked Island, Long Island and Cat Island. 


Polistes major (Palisot de Beauvois). 66: 22 Nov.-6 Dec. 1975 (12), 22 
Nov. 1976 (1), 23 Nov. 1977 (1), no specific locality; 24 Nov. 1976, Jake 
Jones’ Rd; 30 Nov. 1976, Sandy Hook; 2 Dec. 1976, Watlings’ Castle; 7 
Dec. 1976, Farquharson’s Plantation; 8 Dec. 1976, High Cay (2); 20 Nov. 
1977, CCFL Base; 22-23 Nov. 1977, dump (4); 23 Nov. 1977, East Beach; 
28 Nov. 1977, nr. Polaris. 

Krombein (1953) noted that this species had previously been collected on 
Eleuthera in the Bahamas, but did not report it from Bimini. 


Mischocyttarus cubensis Saussure. 2 2: 23 Nov.—9 Dec. 1975, no specific 
locality (12); 24 Nov. 1976 (1), 24 Nov.-—1 Dec. 1977 (2), Jake Jones’ Rd; 26 
Nov. 1976, nr. Polaris; 21 Nov. 1977, CCFL Base (2); 22 Nov. 1977, dump; 
5 Dec. 1977, limestone pit nr. French Bay. 

The collection records for museum specimens of this species indicate a 
range which includes localities in Florida, South Carolina, Texas, Cuba 
(USNM), and Honduras (CU). Bahamian records are from Bimini, Nassau 
(USNM), New Providence, Eleuthera and Watlings’ Island (MCZ). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 355 


Zethus bahamensis Bequaert and Salt. d: 30 Nov. 1976, Sandy Hook. 

Bequaert and Salt (1931) described this species from specimens collected 
at Nassau. We have examined an additional specimen from Cat Island 
(MCZ). 


Pachodynerus nasidens (Latreille). 2: 30 Nov. 1977, Sandy Hook. 

Collection records for museum specimens of this species include Cuba, 
Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Argentina, Guyana, Surinam, and Canal Zone (CU). 
Bequaert (1948) reported that New Providence was the only Bahamian lo- 
cality from which the species had been collected. Krombein (1953) did not 
include the species in his list of Bahamian wasps. 


Pachodynerus scrupeus (Zavattari). 2 2: 1-2 Dec. 1975 (6), 30 Nov. 1976 
(2), 30 Nov. 1977 (1), Sandy Hook; 6 Dec. 1975, 14 Dec. 1976, no specific 
locality; 6 Dec. 1976, nr. Pigeon Creek; 22 Nov. 1977, dump. 64: 1-2 Dec. 
1975 (6), 5 Dec. 1977 (1), Sandy Hook; 3-4 Dec. 1975 (2), 25 Nov. 1976 (1), 
no specific locality; 2 Dec. 1977, Guana Cay; 6 June 1978, dump; 16 June 
1978, CCFL Base. 


Pachodynerus scrupeus var. bahamensis Bequaert and Salt. 29: 1-2 
Dec. 1975 (4), 30 Nov. 1976 (1); 30 Nov. 1977, Sandy Hook; 21 Nov.—4 
Dec. 1975, no specific locality; 24-25 Nov. 1976 (4), 24 Nov.—1 Dec. 1977 
(3), Jake Jones’ Rd; 26 Nov. 1976, 28 Nov. 1977, nr. Polaris; 2 Dec. 1977, 
Guana Cay; 5 Dec. 1977, Sandy Pt.; 8 Dec. 1977, trail to N. Granny L. 
366: 1-2 Dec. 1975 (2), 30 Nov. 1976 (2), Sandy Hook; 22 Nov. 1976, CCFL 
Base. 

Bequaert and Salt (1931) described the variety Pachodynerus scrupeus 
bahamensis from a single specimen collected at Mangrove Cay, Andros. 
This variety was distinguished from typical P. scrupeus by having the basal 
portion of the first abdominal tergite red. Bequaert (1948) reported additional 
individuals of the typical form from Cuba, Cat Island, New Providence, 
Rum Cay and Eleuthera; he reported the Bahamian subspecies from New 
Providence, Cat Island, Long Island and Watlings Island, now San Salva- 
dor. Krombein (1953) reported both forms from South Bimini. On San Sal- 
vador both forms have been collected from the same population. Thus this 
variation should be considered a case of polymorphism, and the variety P. 
s. bahamensis should be considered invalid. 


POMPILIDAE 


Episyron conterminus posterus (Fox). 3: 6 June 1978, dump. 
This is a widely distributed species with its range extending from Cali- 
fornia and New York to Guatemala according to Muesebeck et al. (1951). 


Anoplius fulgidus (Cresson). 2 2: 12 Dec. 1975, Jake Jones’ Rd; 2 Dec. 


356 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


1977, Guana Cay; 8 Dec. 1977, trail to N. Granny L. (3); 10 Dec. 1977, no 
specific locality. 6d: 8 Dec. 1977, trail to N. Granny L. (2). 

According to Muesebeck et al. (1951), the range of this species includes 
the Greater Antilles, as well as Mexico, Texas, Florida, Utah and California, 
but it was not reported from Dominica by Evans (1972), nor did Krombein 
(1953) include it among the Pompilidae previously collected from the Ba- 
hamas. Museum specimens examined came from the following non-Baham- 
ian localities: Jamaica (USNM, BMNH, MCZ), St. Croix, St. Thomas, 
Peru, Bolivia, Honduras, Texas (USNM), Puerto Rico (USNM, MCZ), 
Florida, Guatemala (USNM, BMNH), Mexico (BMNH), Haiti, Cuba 
(USNM, MCZ). The only Bahamian specimens we examined came from 
Androstown, Andros (USNM, MCZ). 


Anoplius insignis bahamas Krombein. ° 2: 2 Dec. 1975 (2), 30 Nov. 1977, 
Sandy Hook; 6 Dec. 1976, Snow Bay. 

This species was described by Krombein (1953) with the holotype and 
allotype specimens from Nassau. Additional collection records listed by 
Krombein included South Bimini and Moraine Cay. 


SPHECIDAE 


Tachytes tricinctus (F.). 22: 6-17 June 1978, CCFL Base. do: 6 June 
1978, dump; 19 June 1978, Graham’s Harbor to Barker’s Pt (2). 

Krombein (1953) described a subspecies, Tachytes cubensis bimini from 
a series of males collected in Bimini. Bohart and Menke (1976) treated T. 
cubensis as a synonym of T. tricinctus, and transferred Krombein’s sub- 
species to a different species, T. distinctus. Specimens of T. tricinctus 
which we examined were collected from Cuba (USNM). 


Tachysphex alayoi Pulawski. 2 2: 6-9 June 1978, dump (2); 6-17 June 
1978, CCFL Base (5). 6d: 6-9 June 1978, dump; 10-16 June 1978, CCFL 
Base (8). 

Pulawski (1974) included the following localities in the known geographic 
distribution of this species: Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Is- 
lands. Bohart and Menke (1976) added Florida to its known range. Thus 
this is apparently the first published record of the species’ occurrence in the 
Bahamas. Krombein (1953) reported Tachysphex terminatus (Smith) from 
North Bimini. While that species is primarily North American in distribu- 
tion, Pulawski (1974) reported its occurrence in South America as well. 

Three females of T. alayoi were collected with roaches, all individuals of 
Symploce sp. nr. munda Gurney; one was an adult male, the other two 
were nymphs. In all cases these females were collected on the ground, 
having flown down from nearby vegetation. The ratio of weights of the prey 
to those of the females varied from 1.98 to 2.76:1. 


~ VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 35// 


Liris antilles Krombein. 2 2: 22-29 Nov. 1975, CCFL Base (3); 6 Dec. 
1975, 25-26 Nov. 1976 (2), 23 Nov.—1 Dec. 1977 (2), no specific locality; 9 
Dec. 1976, High Cay. 66: 30 Nov.-—6 Dec. 1975 (2), 23 Nov. 1976 (1), 30 
Nov. 1977 (1), 6-10 June 1978 (2), CCFL Base; 1 Dec. 1975, no specific 
locality; 8 Dec. 1977, trail to N. Granny L. 

This species was described by Krombein (1953) from holotype and allo- 
type specimens collected on South Bimini. He reported other individuals of 
the species from New Providence, Cat Island, and Cuba. 


Liris argentata (Beauvois). 2: 22 Nov. 1975, CCFL Base. dd: 29 Nov. 
1975, CCFL Base; 6 Dec. 1975, no specific locality. 

While this species is primarily North American in its distribution, Bohart 
and Menke (1976) included Cuba, the Bahamas and Hawaii in its distribu- 
tion. Krombein (1953) reported its occurrence on South Bimini. 


Sphex jamaicensis (Drury). 2 2°: 22 Nov. 1975 (2); 23 Nov.—15 Dec. 1976 
(2), 21 Nov.—14 Dec. 1977 (4), 14-15 June 1978 (2), CCFL Base; 22 Nov.-— 
10 Dec. 1975, no specific locality (9); 29 Nov. 1975 (1), 24 Nov.-13 Dec. 
1976 (2), 24 Nov.-1 Dec. 1977 (2), Jake Jones’ Rd; 30 Nov. 1976, nr. French 
Bay; 30 Nov. 1977, Sandy Hook; 6 Dec. 1976, Snow Bay; 22 Nov. 1977, 
dump. 6c: 19 Nov.-4 Dec. 1975, no specific locality (2); 6 Dec. 1975, 
CCFL Base; 6 Dec. 1976, Snow Bay (2); 26 Nov. 1977, nr. Polaris. 

Museum records indicate that this species is found in Florida (CU, MCZ, 
USNM), Jamaica (BMNH, USNM), and Cuba (USNM). These records 
agree with the distribution of the species as reported by Bohart and Menke 
(1963). Bahamian records include the following: Nassau (BMNH, MCZ, 
USNM), Long Island, Crooked Island, Rum Cay, S. Eleuthera, Cat Island 
(MCZ), Andros (MCZ, USNM), and the Biminis (USNM). 


Prionyx thomae (F.). 2° 2: 22 Nov.—6 Dec. 1975 (5), 7-12 June 1978 (3), 
CCFL Base; 24 Nov.-15 Dec. 1975, no specific locality (6); 1-2 Dec. 1975 
(6), 30 Nov. 1976 (2), Sandy Hook. 646: 24 Nov.-6 Dec. 1975 (6), 23 Nov. 
1976 (2), 11-13 June 1978 (4), CCFL Base; 26 Nov. 1976, nr. Polaris (2); 28 
Nov. 1978, no specific locality. 

This species was recorded by Bohart and Menke (1976) as occurring in 
western and southeastern United States, Central and South America, and 
the West Indies. Our studies of museum specimens substantiate this wide 
distribution. Bahamian records of specimens we examined included the fol- 
lowing localities: Rum Cay, New Providence, and Simons, Long Island 
(MCZ). The species, however, was not listed by Krombein (1953) among 
those occurring in the Bahamas. 


Sceliphron jamaicense (F.). 2 2: 3 Dec. 1975, no specific locality; 8 June 
1978, dump; 12 June 1978, CCFL Base; 19 June 1978, nr. N. Point. 


358 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Krombein (1953) reported this species from South Bimini. Museum spec- 
imens we examined included individuals from Cuba, Dominican Republic 
(BMNH, CU), Turks and Caicos Islands, and Jamaica (BMNH). 


Stictia signata (L.). 22: 24 Nov.-8 Dec. 1975 (15), 26 Nov.-7 Dec. 1976 
(2), 23-27 Nov. 1977 (3), no specific locality; 24 Nov. 1976, 9 June 1978, 
Jake Jones’ Rd; 22 Nov.—9 Dec. 1976, CCFL Base (4); 26 Nov. 1976, nr. 
Polaris (3); 2 Dec. 1976, Watlings’ Castle; 15-16 Dec. 1976 (6), 22 Nov. 1977 
(2), 9 June 1978 (1), dump; 23 Nov. 1977, Blacklands (2); 30 Nov. 1977, 
Sandy Hook; 19 June 1978, Graham’s Harbor to Barker’s Pt. dd: 20-24 
Nov. 1975 (5), 22 Nov. 1976; 23 Nov. 1977, no specific locality; 23 Nov. 
1976, CCFL Base; 30 Nov. 1976, Sandy Hook. 

This is a widespread tropical species, as indicated by collection records 
on museum specimens from Peru, Brazil, Venezuela, Paraguay, Panama, | 
Dominican Republic, Mexico, Jamaica, St. Vincent, Grenada, Martinique 
(USNM), Guyana, Cuba, Puerto Rico (CU, USNM). Bahamian records in- 
clude the following localities: Andros (CU, MCZ, USNM), Arthurstown, 
Cat Island, Clarencetown, Long Island, Crooked Island (MCZ) and Nassau 
(USNM). Krombein (1953) reported this species from Bimini. 

One of us (S.C.) studied nesting and predatory behavior of Stictia signata. 
This is one of the few tropical species on which previous behavioral studies 
have been published (Evans, 1966, 1972; Richards, 1937). 

One female was observed digging a nest in sandy soil at the edge of the 
softball field at the CCFL base at about 1500 on 27 November 1976. The 
nest was in progress when observations were begun, and the female was 
making successive digging trips below the surface. She reentered the nest 
nine times, spending between 40 and 49 (¢ = 43.2) sec inside the burrow 
each time. She then backed out and distributed accumulated sand. Having 
completed the burrow, she backed out of the entrance and scraped sand 
backward into the entrance, filling it completely. Then she leveled the tu- 
mulus that had accumulated outside the burrow. Following completion of 
leveling, she made short flights around the area, pulling small pebbles away 
with the forelegs and mandibles. Finally she flew away to hunt. In about 15 
min, she returned with prey, carrying it with the second and third pairs of 
legs. She opened the nest and entered directly, spending 10 min below the 
surface. Then she spent 4 min reclosing the entrance before flying away to 
hunt. 

All of the provisioning females we observed entered their nests directly 
except for one female with a very large sarcophagid. This prey was depos- 
ited near the entrance while the female opened and entered it. She exited, 
and approached the nest again, digging at the surrounding sand as she did 
so. The prey was partly covered with sand in the process. She entered the 
nest again, then exited and uncovered the prey, and moved it closer to the 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 359 


entry. Then she reentered the nest. Finally she reappeared in the entrance, 
head first, and pulled the prey backwards into the nest. 

Females varied in the completeness of temporary nest closures and tu- 
mulus leveling. In the case mentioned above, the nest was filled completely 
and the tumulus fully leveled before the female flew away to hunt. On | 
December 1976, another female was observed carrying prey to her nest. 
When first observed, she was making a temporary closure by scraping sand 
into the entrance. Within six minutes, she returned with prey, repeated the 
temporary closure and flew away again. Upon her return to the nest, 21 min 
later, she left the nest partly open. In 3% min she returned with prey, 
entered, and made a more complete closure upon leaving. She returned 28 
min later, and left the nest with virtually no closure. During the next two 
returns to the nest, she made rudimentary closures of 6 and 3 sec duration. 
Another female we observed spent 51 sec making a closure. Thus there is 
variability between individuals and between successive closures by the same 
female. 

Females hunted at various sites to which the flies they preyed upon were 
attracted. We observed females hunting at the garbage dump near Graham’s 
Harbor and near vertebrate carrion. Evans (1966) reported their capturing 
flies near livestock. Perhaps such attraction explains the annoyance these 
wasps cause by flying at humans in the tropics and subtropics. Indeed, 
Richards (1937) reported that a female Stictia captured a tabanid from the 
neck of one of the observers in his party. 

A hunting female approached a would-be prey, grabbing it with the fore 
and middle legs. The sting was inserted while the female was in flight. She 
then flew away with the sting still inserted in the fly. 

While excavating nests of other sphecid wasps, we discovered several old 
cells of S. signata. One cell was located at a depth of 25 cm; it was 25 mm 
long and 15 mm high, and contained debris from at least 11 flies, as indicated 
by a count of head capsules. Another was at a depth of 27 cm and contained 
at least six head capsules. A third was found 13 cm below the surface; it 
was 4.2 cm long, 2.0 cm high, and 1.4 cm wide. It contained a cocoon which 
was 2.3 cm long and 0.9 cm in diameter. Chief families of Diptera utilized 
as prey by S. signata on San Salvador included Syrphidae, Muscidae, Sar- 
cophagidae, and Calliphoridae. 


Cerceris watlingensis Elliott and Salbert, NEW SPECIES 


A new species of Cerceris was collected during the studies on San Sal- 
vador. We propose the name watlingensis for the old name for San Salvador 
Island, and for Watlings’ Castle, one of the localities on the island from 
which it has been collected. 

Female.—Length: 10.1 mm-18.5 mm. 


360 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 361 


Head: Frons, clypeus whitish yellow, punctate with whitish appressed 
setae; setae on lateral margins of clypeus longer, silvery and appressed 
ventrally. Clypeal process bidentate; teeth and ventral margin of process 
black. Interantennal ridge black, terminating between 2 minute yellow spots 
on the vertex. Vertex black, granular, punctate, with sparse erect setae. 
Gena behind eye bearing yellow macula. See Fig. 1. 

Thorax: Pronotum black at base with swollen yellow posterior margin; 
pronotal lobe, tegula mostly yellow; scutum black; metanotum black except 
for 2 minute yellow spots. Scutellum largely yellow except lateral portion 
adjacent to wing attachment. Propodeum yellow dorsolaterally, but black 
area surrounds propodeal enclosure; propodeum punctate with erect setae; 
propodeal enclosure triangular, black at base and apex, but largely yellow; 
finely and shallowly punctate. All coxae black with yellow maculation; tro- 
chanters largely yellow; femora black; foretibiae and tarsi yellow; mid- and 
hindtibiae yellow at base, black apically; tarsi dark. Lateral margins of hind- 
tibiae coarsely toothed with a row of setae. Larger of hindtibial spurs pec- 
tinate. 

Abdomen: First abdominal tergite with broad yellow band, narrowed 
medially; 2nd through Sth tergites with successively narrower yellow bands; 
all but most posterior concave anteriorly. Pygidium granular, coarsely punc- 
tate. Abdominal sternites mostly black, 2nd and 3rd with small lateral yellow 
spots. 

The females in the type-series agree in general with the above description 
of the holotype. The color of the frons and vertex varies from deep yellow 
to whitish; a few females have the setae in these areas reduced or lacking. 
Otherwise there is variation in the extent of yellow markings on the tegulae 
and propodeal enclosure. Terminal flagellomeres are ferruginous in a few 
females. 

Male.—Length: 9.5-10.5 mm. 

Head: See Fig. 2. Frons and clypeus yellow, smooth, punctate with 
whitish erect setae. Frontoclypeal suture clearly defined; suture around ten- 
torial pits divides clypeus into three parts. Golden hairs on lateroventral 
margin of clypeus form brush-like structure. Interantennal ridge black, end- 
ing just behind a yellow spot on the vertex. Vertex granular, punctate, with 
scattered setae. 

Thorax: Thorax black except as noted below. Posterior margin of prono- 
tum yellow and swollen as in female. Central portion of tegula yellow. Me- 
dian portion of scutellum yellow. Propodeum black, shining with yellow 


— 


Figs. 1, 2. Cerceris watlingensis, frontal view of head. 1, Female, upper figure. 2, Male, 
lower figure. (Drawn by Thomas Caperna, Syracuse University.) 


362 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


lateral maculae, large, well-spaced punctures with erect setae; propodeal 
enclosure with more closely-spaced, but shallow punctures, triangular, en- 
tirely black. All coxae black with yellow maculation; trochanters yellow; 
femora black; fore and mid-tibiae and tarsi yellow; basal 2 of hindtibiae 
yellow; apical % black; hind tarsi dark. 

Abdomen: Abdominal tergites 2 through 4 with subapical yellow bands 
complete, slightly narrowed medially; tergites 5 and 6 with yellow band 
incomplete medially. Pygidium shining, with a few widely scattered punc- 
tures. Abdominal sternites mostly black; sternites 2 through 5 with poste- 
riolateral yellow markings. 

Genitalia: See Fig. 3. Aedeagus elongate, with head of valves simple, 
lacking teeth or setae; volsella short, stout and simple, gonostyle elongate, 
slender and bearing a few scattered setae on distal 4. 

The males of the paratype series agree with the description of the allotype 
male except for slight variation in color pattern. Only a few males have the 
yellow spot on the vertex near the posterior extent of the interantennal 
ridge; a few males have the hindtarsi distinctly black. One male has two 
small yellow markings on the propodeal enclosure. 

Types.—Holotype female: 28 Nov. 1977, dump. Allotype male: 14 
Dec. 1977, dump. Paratypes: 22: 30 Nov. 1977, Sandy Hook; 1 Dec. 
1977, Jake Jones’ Rd; 6-14 Dec. 1977, dump (10); 8 Dec. 1977, trail to N. 
Granny Lake. 66: 21 Nov.-14 Dec. 1977, dump (6). 

Distribution.—The species is known only from specimens collected on 
San Salvador Island, but studies on neighboring islands may show that it 
occurs there as well. Other localities on San Salvador from which the 
species has been collected include Sandy Point, Watlings’ Castle and the 
CCFL Base. 

Discussion.—This species is distinguished from the various Cuban species 
we have examined on the basis of clypeal characteristics of the female. 
Cerceris festiva Cresson has a more extensive yellow pattern on the face, 
and its clypeal process forms a shallow inverted U rather than a deep 
V-shaped notch as in C. watlingensis. Females of C. hatuey Alayo have the 
face more deeply punctate, and although the clypeus is raised, it is not 
toothed. Cerceris triangulata Cresson has the face and vertex entirely yel- 
low, and the clypeal process consists of two cuticular pieces. Cerceris zon- 
ata Cresson (=cubensis), which is very small in comparison with C. wat- 
lingensis, has a slightly swollen clypeus, but no clypeal process. We have 
examined only males of C. cerverae Giner Mari, but this species is distin- 
guished by the black clypeus of the male with its central yellow marking 
and an elongate yellow stripe on the scape. We were unable to examine two 
additional Cuban species, but these are also distinct from C. watlingensis. 
Cerceris flavocostalis Cresson lacks the deeply incised clypeal process, as 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 363 


Fig. 3. Cerceris watlingensis, male genitalia. A, Genitalia. B, Subgenital plate. 


does C. trinitaria Alayo. The latter also has a rounded keel surrounding the 
clypeal process (Alayo, 1968). 


Cerceris zonata Cresson. 2? 2: 10 June 1978, dump; 17 June 1978, CCFL 
Base. ¢: 13 June 1978, CCFL Base. 

This species was not reported from the Bahamas by Krombein (1953); 
Bohart and Menke (1976) reported it only from Cuba. 


Ectemnius auriceps (Cresson). ¢: 26 Nov. 1977, dump. 

This species was reported from the Bahamas by Pate (1947). It was not 
collected from Bimini (Krombein, 1953). Bohart and Menke (1976) included 
Cuba and the Bahamas in the species distribution. 


DISCUSSION 
A total of 23 species of Aculeate Hymenoptera were collected during our 
studies on San Salvador. Eleven of these (48%) were also reported from 


Bimini (Krombein, 1953). One new species, Cerceris watlingensis, has been 
described as a result of our collections. It cannot be considered endemic to 


364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


San Salvador, however, because of lack of collection data from the nearby 
islands. The largest percentage of species we collected (30%) may be con- 
sidered West Indian in their distributions (Myzinum apicale, Pachodynerus 
scrupeus, Sceliphron jamaicense, Liris antilles, Tachytes tricinctus, Cer- 
ceris zonata, Ectemnius auriceps); 17% have been collected only from the 
Bahamas (Campsomeris trifasciata nassauensis, Myzinum ephippium ba- 
hamensis, Zethus bahamense, Anoplius insignis bahamas). Three of the 
names listed in the latter group belong to Bahamian subspecies of West 
Indian species with wider distributions, however. Five species (Mischocyt- 
tarus cubensis, Pachodynerus nasidens, Anoplius fulgidus, Sphex jamai- 
censis, and Tachysphex alayoi) have been reported from the West Indies 
and southern United States. Several species are more widely distributed. 
Polistes major, Stictia signata, and Episyron conterminus posterus are dis- 
tributed from the southern United States through Central and South Amer- 
ica. Prionyx thomae and Liris argentata are widely distributed in North 
America. Our paper apparently reports the first Bahamian collection records 
for Tachytes tricinctus, Tachysphex alayoi, and Cerceris zonata. 

We found that seasonality is a factor in the distributional flight patterns 
of the wasps on San Salvador. Since the weather is satisfactory for wasp 
activity throughout the year, we had expected many of the same species to 
be active at all times. A collecting trip to study sphecids in June 1978 proved 
that this was not the case. Three species of sphecids, which we had not 
collected in November and December, were active at this time. They were 
Tachytes tricinctus, Tachysphex alayoi, and Cerceris zonata. Sceliphron 
jamaicense, which we had collected once in December, was more common 
in the summer. Other species, including Stictia signata, Prionyx thomae, 
and Sphex jamaicensis, seemed to be active at approximately the same level 
at both times of year. Cerceris watlingensis individuals were present in 
June, but their level of activity was much lower than in November and 
December. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We thank Dr. A. S. Menke, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agric. 
Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA, Washington, D.C., for identifying 
most of the Hymenoptera collected during this study. Dr. Ashley Gurney, 
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., 
USDA, Washington, D.C., identified the prey of Tachysphex alayoi, and J. 
H. Ortiz, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, verified the family identifi- 
cations of dipterous prey of Stictia signata. The following curators allowed 
us to examine museum specimens: L. L. Pechuman, Cornell University 
(CU); C. Vardy and M. Day, British Museum of Natural History (BMNH); 
J. F. Lawrence, Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology 
(MCZ); A. S. Menke, for the U.S. National Museum (USNM). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 36 


nn 


All studies on San Salvador Island were conducted through programs of 
the College Center of the Finger Lakes. We thank D. Gerace, CCFL, for 
assisting us with living arrangements and transportation during our work. 
Many Hartwick College students assisted the senior author with collections 
on San Salvador. Notable contributions to the Hymenoptera collections 
were made by S. Metz and T. Shlotzhauer. The collecting trip in June 1978 
was financed in part by a research grant from the Hartwick College Board 
of Trustees. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Alayo, D. 1968. Estudios sobre los Himenopteros de Cuba. Subfamilia Philanthinae. Poeyana 
54:1-23. 

Bequaert, J. C. 1948. The genus Pachodynerus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the Antilles. 
Psyche 55:105-112. 

Bequaert, J. C. and G. Salt. 1931. New West Indian Diploptera. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 
24:765-797. 

Bohart, R. M. and A. S. Menke. 1963. A reclassification of the Sphecinae with a revision of 

the Nearctic species of the tribes Sceliphronini and Sphecini. Univ. Calif. Publ. Ento- 

mol. 30:91-182. 

1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World, Generic Revision. Univ. of California Press, 

Berkeley and Los Angeles. x + 695 pp. 

Bradley, J. C. 1928. The species of Campsomeris (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae) of the plumipes 
group inhabiting the United States, the Greater Antilles, and the Bahama Islands. Proc. 
Acad. Sci. Philadelphia 80:3 13-338. 

Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard 

Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. 526 pp. 

. 1972. The Aculeata of Dominica. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 115:1-19. 

Krombein, K. V. 1942. Studies in the Tiphiidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Part V. A revision 

of the West Indian Myzininae. Rev. Entomol. 13:308—353. 

. 1953. The wasps and bees of the Bimini Island Group, Bahamas, British West Indies. 

Am. Mus. Nov. 1633:1-29. 

Muesebeck, C. F. W., K. V. Krombein, and H. K. Townes. 1951. Hymenoptera of America 
North of Mexico, Synoptic Catalog. U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Monogr. 2, 1420 pp. 

Pate, V. S. L. 1947. The pemphilidine wasps of the Caribbees (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). 
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 73:1-33. 

Pulawski, W. 1974. A revision of the Neotropical Tachysphex Kohl (Hymenoptera, Spheci- 
dae). Polskie Pismo Entomol. 44:3-80. 

Richards, O. W. 1937. Results of the Oxford University expedition to British Guiana, 1929. 
Hymenoptera, Sphecidae, Bembicidae. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 86:101—120. 

Smith, R. R. 1975. Ferns of San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Am. Fern Journal 65(2):63. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 366-378 


ETHOLOGY OF HOLCOCEPHALA FUSCA IN VIRGINIA 
(DIPTERA: ASILIDAE) 


D. STEVE DENNIs! 


5875 E. Weaver Circle, Englewood, Colorado 80111. 


Abstract.—Holcocephala fusca Bromley foraged primarily from twig tips 
on the edges of forest clearings. Prey were captured and immobilized in 
flight. The preferred prey consisted of Hymenoptera and Diptera. While in 
copula the male assumed a position similar to that observed in Leptogaster 
spp., with his head down and dorsal surface facing the same way as the 
female’s ventral surface. Collected eggs had hexagonal sculpturing on the 
chorion. Grooming behavior and nocturnal resting position are similar to 
that described for other species of Asilidae. 


In the United States there are three described species in the robber fly 
genus Holcocephala (Martin, 1965): H. abdominalis (Say), H. calva 
(Loew), and H. fusca Bromley. To date only the ethology of H. abdominalis 
has been described in some detail (Johnson, 1976) and limited ecological 
observations have been made for the other two species. 

The present paper adds to our knowledge of the ethology and ecology of 
H. fusca. This species was studied intermittently for a two week period 
from August 21 to September 5, 1976, in a forested area in Fairfax, Virginia, 
at an elevation of approximately 152 m above sea level. The habitat con- 
sisted of a mixed stand of pine (Pinus sp.), oak (Quercus sp.) and a few 
hickory (Carya sp.) trees, with a dense shrub understory of blackberry 
(Rubus sp.), greenbrier (Smilax sp.), and rose (Rosa sp.). Holcocephala 
fusca were mostly found on the edge of the forested area near its juncture 
with lawn areas of apartment buildings. A few asilids were also observed 
on the edge of small clearings in the forest, but they seemed to prefer and 
were most abundant near large, open areas. This species was never ob- 
served in the darker more thickly vegetated areas of the forest. Both H. 
abdominalis and H. calva have generally been reported to occur in moist 
edges of meadows, woodland areas and marshy lakes which contain sedges 


1 Ecologist, Environmental Sciences Division, Stearns-Roger Incorporated, P.O. Box 5888, 
Denver, Colorado 80217. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 367 


_and grasses (Baker and Fischer, 1975; Brimley, 1922; Bromley, 1931, 1946, 
1950a, 1950b; Hull, 1962; McAtee and Banks, 1920). Scarbrough (1974) re- 
ported these species to occur in dry fields composed of shrubs and trees, 
a stream margin in a wood-field and along a sunlit path in some woods. 
Also, Johnson (1976) found H. abdominalis to occur in an open field. It is 
of interest to note that when H. abdominalis and H. calva occurred simul- 
taneously within a habitat, H. calva were far less numerous (Baker and 
Fischer, 1975; Bromley, 1931; McAtee and Banks, 1920). This may indicate 
that interspecific competition can keep H. calva populations at relatively 
low levels. 


RESTING BEHAVIOR 


Holcocephala fusca rested on the vegetation in the shade or sun, with its 
body parallel to the ground or the twig it was on, or with its body at a 45° 
angle to the vertical like H. abdominalis (Johnson, 1976). The asilids almost 
always faced open areas where there was lower growing vegetation than 
their resting place. Also, they rarely faced areas shaded by vegetation, but 
faced sunlit areas or directly into the sun. This position presumably made 
it easier to see the outline of their prey. Melin (1923) stated that asilids 
‘‘.. often catch their prey against the sun ....’ A few non-foraging 
individuals, mostly males, were observed on twig tips 230 cm above the 
ground. These males were usually ‘‘resting’’ between searching flights for 
receptive females with which to mate. Holcocephala fusca were never ob- 
served to land on the ground. 


FORAGING AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR 


Holcocephala fusca generally foraged from the tips of vegetation (mostly 
blackberry and rose twig tips) 30 to 120 cm above the ground. However, 
when the wind blew in excess of 3.2 km/hr the asilids moved closer to the 
ground and foraged at heights between 7.5 and 60 cm above the ground. 

During flight H. fusca held their fore legs in a modified ‘‘chair-like’’ po- 
sition up against the body, slightly extended, and bent between the femora 
and tibia. The mid and hind legs were held in a similar position, but with 
the femora at a 60° to 90° angle to the body and a more pronounced bend 
between the femora and tibia. A similar positioning of the legs has been 
reported for H. abdominalis (Johnson, 1976) and Leptogaster spp. (Dennis 
and Lavigne, 1976b; Hobby, 193la; Melin, 1923; Parmenter, 1952; Scar- 
brough and Sipes, 1973; Seguy, 1950). 

As has been reported for other species of Asilidae (Dennis and Lavigne, 
1975), H. fusca would often make several forage flights from the same twig 
tip before changing its foraging site. Then they would generally fly 60 to 90 
cm to another location and resume foraging. 

While this species was engaged in foraging activity and while it was feed- 


368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


ing, it continued to observe other insects, as indicated by rapid movements 
of its head and body. According to Melin (1923), these movements allow 
asilids to obtain a larger field of vision. In addition, it probably allows them 
to see their prey with the central ommatidia of their eyes. Melin demon- 
strated that these ommatidia probably have a greater intensity of vision than 
the surrounding ommatidia. 

Holcocephala fusca usually made forage flights and captured prey in sun- 
lit areas, although a few prey were captured in the shade of vegetation. 
Forage flights into sunlit areas were for distances of 12.5 to 90 cm, whereas 
forage flights into shaded areas were much shorter (usually 12.5 to 30 cm). 
It is assumed that the asilids made longer forage flights in sunlit areas be- 
cause of increased visual acuity. 

Although forage flights were made for distances up to approximately 90 
cm from an asilid’s foraging position, prey were observed to be successfully 
captured only within 12.5 to 30 cm of the asilid. Like H. abdominalis (John- 
son, 1976), all prey were captured in the air either to the side or in front of 
an asilid. However, most prey were captured directly in front of the asilid 
and 10 to 15 cm above its foraging position. It is assumed that the manner 
in which H. fusca carried its legs in flight enabled it to more readily capture 
its prey. The positioning of the legs in flight has also been associated with 
prey capturing methods of Leptogaster (Dennis and Lavigne, 1976b; Martin, 
1968; Melin, 1923). 

Holcocephala fusca made frequent forage and investigatory flights. Dur- 
ing the latter type flights the asilids would either chase insects without com- 
ing into contact with them, or make contact with potential prey, manipulate 
them with all six tarsi and then release them. According to Dennis and 
Lavigne (1975), investigatory flights probably help asilids discriminate be- 
tween suitable and unsuitable prey before actually attacking. Also, asilids 
which release prey may have poorer powers of vision than asilids which 
capture prey and do not release them. However, it is possible that prey may — 
be rejected for other reasons, such as odor or toughness of the integument — 
(e.g., Coleoptera). | 

Holcocephala fusca made frontal captures which resulted in the prey’s — 
head being directly underneath the asilid’s head following capture. Once 
prey were captured, the asilid would either immediately insert its hypo-— 
pharynx or manipulate the prey with all six tarsi for 15 to 25 seconds before — 
insertion. During manipulation the asilid would often move 30 to 90 cm from 
the capture site before landing to feed. The hypopharynx was always ob- 
served to be inserted into the dorsum of the prey’s thorax or in the inter- 
segmental membrane between the head and thorax. These points of insertion 
are the ones most frequently reported in the literature. Johnson (1976) ob- 
served that H. abdominalis also inserted its hypopharynx in the mouth and 
anus of Formicidae. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 369 


Not all prey were immobilized as soon as the asilid inserted its hypo- 
pharynx. Prey, in particular Formicidae, often remained active for 20 to 25 
seconds before being completely immobilized. This may have resulted from 
the hypopharynx either not penetrating a ganglion or not being inserted 
close enough to one of the anterior nerve centers. In addition, H. fusca and 
asilids in general, may be able to regulate the amount of neurotoxin which 
is injected into prey and small amounts may not immobilize prey as fast as 
large amounts. 

After prey were captured, H. fusca often returned to its previous foraging 
site. If this position was in a sunlit area, they would then frequently move 
into a shaded area where the temperature was 2 to 3°C lower than that in 
the sun. Lavigne and Dennis (1975) observed that such behavior probably 
helps asilids maintain their normal body temperature by reducing exposure 
to the sun’s rays. 

As H. fusca fed, prey were manipulated with all six legs as the asilid 
hovered 7.5 to 10 cm around its feeding station. The hypopharynx was 
removed and reinserted during the hover after which the asilid settled down 
and continued feeding. Hovers generally lasted for 7 to 8 seconds and during 
this period the asilid often moved 30 to 90 cm from its former feeding po- 
sition before settling down. It is of interest to note that prey manipulation 
was rarely observed, possibly because the small size of the prey did not 
necessitate it. Johnson (1976) never observed H. abdominalis to manipulate 
prey and also speculated that this was due to the small size of the prey. 
Hovering and manipulating prey has been observed quite frequently in the 
subfamily Asilinae, but not in the Dasypogoninae, to which H. fusca be- 
longs (Dennis and Lavigne, 1975; Lavigne and Holland, 1969). 

During feeding prey were allowed to hang free and were frequently ob- 
served to balloon. However, like H. abdominalis (Johnson, 1976), abdom- 
inal pumping by H. fusca was never observed. Prey ballooning has been 
attributed to asilids pumping digestive enzymes and digested material in and 
out of the prey (Lavigne and Holland, 1969). 

Holcocephala fusca fed on prey for an average of 10 minutes 54 seconds 
with a range between 1 minute and 29 minutes 30 seconds. There was a 
positive correlation between the time spent feeding and the length of the 
prey. Prey with an average length of 1.25 mm, such as Bradysia sp., were 
fed on for approximately 9 minutes 30 seconds; whereas winged reproduc- 
tive Myrmecina americana Emery, which averaged 3.0 mm in length, were 
fed on for 20 to 24 minutes. 

At the completion of feeding prey were usually pushed off of the asilid’s 
hypopharynx with the fore tarsi. However, some prey were discarded as 
the asilid withdrew its hypopharynx without touching the prey. Some prey 
were also allowed to drop off the asilid’s hypopharynx as it flew to a new 
location, began to forage for other prey or captured another prey. Johnson 


370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Table |. Relation between length of Holcocephala fusca and that of its prey. 


Predator Length (mm)* Prey Length (mm) Mean 
1 EEE ————— No. of Ratio of 
Mini- Maxi- Mini- Maxi- Prey Predator 
Sex mum mum Mean mum mum Mean Measured to Prey 
EEE 
Male 5.0 6.5 Sao, 0.5 3.0 1.5 27 3.9 
Female 0 7.0 29 0.5 BES IES a Sul 
Unidentified” _— — — 3.0 3.0 3.0 | = 
Total 5.0 7.0 5.9 0.5 355 177 105 355 


@ 10 predators of each sex were measured. 
> Unidentified indicates that the sex of the predator was not determined. 


(1976) observed H. abdominalis to always discard prey at the completion 
of feeding by pushing prey off its hypopharynx with its fore tarsi. 

The time between feedings (interfeeding time) varied between 0 and 22 
minutes 30 seconds, with an average of 9 minutes 42 seconds. The 0 minute 
interfeeding time was for flies which dropped prey they were feeding on and 
immediately captured another victim. 

As with other species of Asilidae, it is possible to calculate the theoretical 
number of prey an individual H. fusca could feed on in one day if one 
assumes, (1) the asilid continually engages in foraging and feeding between 
10:30 AM and 7:30 PM (the observed major period of foraging and feeding 
activity), and (2) the asilid captures and feeds on one prey every 20 minutes 
36 seconds (based on the average feeding and interfeeding times). Thus, 
over a 9 hour period this species could feed on approximately 26 prey per 
day. Other investigators have estimated that asilids feed on from 4 to 35 
prey per day (Dennis and Lavigne, 1975, 1976a, 1976b; Lehr, 1964). 


Table 2. Number and percent composition of different orders of prey taken by Holcoce- 
phala fusca. 


Male Female Total 

Order Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 
Coleoptera 1 Se 9 10.1 10 8.2 
Diptera 18 58.1 33 SV 51 41.8 
Hemiptera 0 0.0 1 1.1 1 0.8 
Homoptera 6.5 1 [et 3 5) 2 
Hymenoptera 10 32.3 39 43.8 Sie 41.8 
Lepidoptera 0 0.0 l Veil l 0.8 
Psocoptera 0 0.0 5 5.6 5 4.1 

TOTAL 31 89 1222 


a Includes two Hymenoptera for which the predator sex is unknown. 


~ VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 371 


The mean predator to prey size ratio for this species is 3.5 (Table 1). Both 
male and female H. fusca had the same mean length, however, females 
caught larger prey. Thus, females have a smaller mean predator to prey size 
ratio then do males (i.e., 3.1 and 3.9, respectively). 

Holcocephala fusca appears to be fairly selective in its choice of prey. 
Diptera and Hymenoptera made up approximately 84 percent of the total 
number of prey (Table 2). Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Lepidoptera 
and Psocoptera made up 8.2, 0.8, 2.5, 0.8 and 4.1 percent of the prey, 
respectively. Females preyed on insects from seven orders, whereas males 
preyed on insects from only five orders. Both males and females preyed on 
similar species within an order, however males seemed to prefer Diptera 
(58.1 percent) and females preyed more heavily on Hymenoptera (43.8 per- 
cent). Holcocephala abdominalis has also been reported to feed primarily 
on Hymenoptera and Diptera (Bromley, 1950b; Johnson, 1976; McAtee and 
Banks, 1920). Johnson (1976) found that both sexes of H. abdominalis fed 
on approximately the same percentage of prey belonging to these two or- 
ders. 

As has been reported for other species of Asilidae (Dennis and Lavigne, 
1975; Hobby, 193la, 1931b; Lavigne, 1970; Lehr, 1958a, 1958b; Poulton, 
1906; Richards, 1927), more females were captured with prey than males. 
This phenomenon has been attributed to, (1) the female’s need for additional 
nourishment for development of her eggs (Hobby, 1931a), (2) males spend- 
ing less time foraging and feeding, and more time searching for and mating 
with females, (3) in some populations of asilids there may be more females 
than males, and (4) females may have shorter feeding and interfeeding times 
and thus catch more prey than males (Dennis and Lavigne, 1975). 

The following is a list of prey taken by H. fusca. All prey were collected 
in Fairfax, Virginia, between August 21 and September 5, 1976, by capturing 
the asilids in a baby food jar. In some instances prey are identified only to 
the family or subfamily level since specific identifications are not available. 
D. M. Anderson (Scolytidae), R. J. Gagné (Cecidomyiidae, Sciaridae), G. 
Gordh (Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Eupelmidae, Pteromalidae), 
R. D. Gordon (Orthoperidae), J. L. Herring (Anthocoridae), J. M. King- 
solver (Cryptophagidae, Languriidae, Ptilidae), P. M. Marsh (Ceraphroni- 
dae, Scelionidae), A. S. Menke (Cynipidae), C. W. Sabrosky (Anthomyzi- 
dae, Chloropidae), D. R. Smith (Formicidae), G. Steyskal (Sphaeroceridae), 
M. B. Stoetzel (Aphididae, Aleyrodidae), F. C. Thompson (Dolichopodidae, 
Simuliidae), R. White (Chrysomelidae), and W. W. Wirth (Ceratopogonidae, 
Chironomidae, Phoridae) of the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, 
Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA, Washington, D.C. and Belts- 
ville, Maryland, D. R. Davis (Gracillariidae) of the National Museum of 
Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., and E. L. 
Mockford (Ectopsocidae, Psocidae) of the Illinois State University, Normal, 


37/2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Illinois, are thanked for the prompt identification of their respective groups. 
The number and sex (if known) of the predator is indicated in parentheses 
following the prey record. 

COLEOPTERA, Chrysomelidae: Chaetocnema sp. prob. pulicaria 
Melsheimer, [X-4-76 (°); Cryptophagidae: Anchicera sp., VIII-21-76 (2); 
Languriidae: Corticaria sp., [X-4-76 (2 2); Orthoperidae: Orthoperus sp., 
VIII-22-76 (2, 3); Ptilidae: Achratrichis sp., VIII-21-76 (¢); Scolytidae: 
Pityophthorus sp. nr. rhois Swaine, VIII-22-76 (2); Staphylinidae: Uniden- 
tified, VIII-21-76( 2), VIII-30-76( 2). DIPTERA, Anthomyzidae: Anthomyza 
sp., [X-4-76 (3d); Cecidomytidae: Cecidomyia piniinopis O.S., VIII-30-76 
(3), Clinodiplosis sp., VIII-22-76 (3), Dasineura sp., VIII-22-76 (3), Les- 
todiplosis spp., VIEI-21-76 (2), VIII-22-76 (3), VIII-29-76 (2 2), VIII-30-76 
(3), Neolasioptera sp., VIII-22-76 (2), Peromyia sp., VIII-22-76 (2 °, 
36), Porricondyla sp., VIII-30-76 (¢ ); Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides paraen- 
sis (Goeldi), VIII-21-76 (2); Chironomidae: Cricotopus sp., VIII-22-76 
(2), Orthocladiinae, VII-22-76 (3); Chloropidae: Monochaetoscinella ni- 
gricornis (Lw.), VIII-21-76 (2 2), VIII-22-76 (2, 3), Oscinella umbrosa 
(Lw.), VIII-21-76 (2); Dolichopodidae: Chrysotus sp., VIII-30-76 (2, 3); 
Phoridae: Megaselia sp., VIII-21-76 (2), Puliciphora sp., VIUII-21-76 (3), 
VIII-22-76 (2); Sciaridae: Bradysia sp., VIII-21-76 (2, 3), VIII-22-76 (¢, 
3 3), VIII-29-76 (2), VIII-30-76 (2, 5), [X-4-76 (2 2), IX-5-76 (3); Simu- 
liidae: Simulium (Phosterodoros) sp., VIII-21-76 (3 2), VIII-22-76 (4 @, 
3); Sphaeroceridae: Leptocera sp., VIII-22-76 (2 2), [X-4-76 (2); uniden- 
tified VIII-21-76 (2). HEMIPTERA, Anthocoridae: Orius insidiosus (Say), 
VIII-22-76 (2). HOMOPTERA, Aleyrodidae: Unidentified, VIII-22-76 
(3), IX-4-76 (2); Aphididae: Cinara sp., VIII-29-76 (3d). HYMENOP- 
TERA, Aphelinidae: Unidentified, [X-5-76 (2); Ceraphronidae: Ceraphron 
sp., [X-4-76 (2); Cynipidae: Eucoilinae, VIII-21-76 (2), Kleidotoma sp., 
VIII-22-76 (2); Encyrtidae: Copidosoma sp., VIII-29-76 (3), [X-5-76 (2), 
Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead, VIII-21-76 (¢), VIII-22-76 (2), [X- 
4-76 (2); Eulophidae: Tetrastichus sp., VIII-21-76 (2); Eupelmidae: Lutnes 
sp., [X-4-76 (2); Formicidae: Lasius sp., VII-21-76 (2), Myrmecina amer- 
icana Emery, VIII-21-76 (2), VIII-22-76 (8 2, 1 ¢, 1 no sex), VIII-29-76 
(11 2), [X-4-76 (3 2, 2 3), IX-5-76 (2 2, 2 dg, 1 no sex), Ponera pennsyl- 
vanica Buckley, VIII-22-76 (2 3), VIII-29-76 (2); Pteromalidae: Eupter- 
omalus sp., VIII-30-76 (3), Halticoptera sp., VIII-21-76 (2); Scelionidae: 
Telenomus sp. (?), VII-22-76 (3), Trimorus sp., X-4-76 (2). LEPIDOP- 
TERA, Gracillariidae: Phyllonorycter sp., VIII-21-76 (2). PSOCOPTERA, 
Ectopsocidae: Ectopsocopsis cryptomeriae (Enderlein), VIII-22-76 (¢), [X- 
4-76 (3 2), Trichadenotecnum alexanderae Somm., VIII-21-76 (¢). 

Bromley (1950b) recorded H. fusca as preying upon Culicoides spp., 
Phortica sp., and a scolytid beetle. 

While in the baby food jar H. fusca frequently exhibited thanotosis or lay 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 373 


on their dorsum with one or both wings spread and kicked their legs. Dennis 
and Lavigne (1975) reported that several species of asilids they studied 
exhibited thanotosis. Also, as has been reported for Leptogaster parvoclava 
(Dennis and Lavigne, 1976b), one male of H. fusca dropped its prey off its 
hypopharynx and carried the prey around in its hind tarsi as it tried to 
escape from the jar. 


MATING BEHAVIOR 


The only behavior associated with premating exhibited by H. fusca was 
male searching flights. These flights consisted of the males flying in an ir- 
regular path 60 to 240 cm above the ground for periods of 25 to 120 seconds. 
In flight the males’ legs were held in a position similar to that of foraging H. 
fusca. As the males searched for receptive females with which to mate they 
frequently hovered in front of seeds on vegetation and briefly landed on 
rose or greenbrier thorns. However, males were never observed to hover 
in front of females or exhibit a more complex type of courtship. This is in 
sharp contrast to the apparent courtship behavior of H. abdominalis. John- 
son (1976) reported that the males of this species hover in front of females, 
but without any obvious epigamic display (i.e., signaling with the legs). 

In addition to briefly landing on inanimate objects during searching flights, 
males frequently landed on other males and females. A male would locate 
another asilid, land on its dorsum facing the same direction, curve his ab- 
domen to the right or left of the asilid’s abdomen, and then try to clasp the 
asilid’s genitalia from below. When a male or a non-receptive female was 
contacted, the asilids would avoid mating by raising and spreading their 
wings over their dorsum, curve their abdomen down, and kick at or push 
the male away with their hind legs. Non-receptive asilids also frequently 
held their hind legs up behind their wings in order to prevent males from 
landing on them. These agonistic postures were performed even when a 
male was hovering over a non-receptive asilid, thus making it physically 
impossible for the male to land on the asilid. Mating attempts were also 
discouraged when the accosted asilids flew off, flattened themselves against 
or crawled around the vegetation. Males exhibited this behavior more fre- 
quently than wing spreading. Similar agonistic postures and methods of 
avoiding copulation have been observed for H. abdominalis (Johnson, 1976) 
and other species of Asilidae (Dennis and Lavigne, 1975, 1976b). 

Males often attempted to mate several times with the same asilid before 
resuming their searching flights. In addition, they attempted to mate with 
asilids which were feeding on prey, as well as those engaged in foraging or 
resting on vegetation. 

No complete matings were seen and only two mating pairs were observed. 
Both pairs were approximately | m above the ground on vegetation at 3:03.5 
PM and 5:00 PM when the air temperature at the asilid’s height were 31.5 


374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


and 29°C, respectively. The latter mating pair were in the shade where it 
was approximately 2°C cooler than in a nearby sunlit area. 

This species assumed a mating position quite similar to that of H. ab- 
dominalis (Johnson, 1976) and Leptogaster spp. (Dennis and Lavigne, 
1976b: Melin, 1923; Scarbrough and Sipes, 1973). Females held onto vege- 
tation while the males hung free in a head down position with their wings 
folded over their dorsum and their dorsal surface facing the same direction 
as did the females’ ventral surface. The female of one mating pair held onto 
the vegetation with the fore and mid legs while the hind legs hung free. 
While in this position, the female frequently kicked her hind legs or rubbed 
both abdomens and genitalia with her hind legs. Males of both mating pairs 
held their legs up against their body or slightly extended. 

One mating pair was lost to sight when they flew into the forest after 
being observed for 4 minutes. The other mating pair was observed to fall 
onto vegetation on the ground and separate, after being watched for only 
30 seconds. The female then flew back to the twig tip where mating had 
occurred and the male flew onto vegetation 10 to 12 cm above the ground. 


OVIPOSITION 


Oviposition by female H. fusca has not been observed. However, since 
their genitalia do not have apical spines it is assumed that this species ovi- 
posits in or on vegetation, or that they drop their eggs while resting on 
vegetation or while in flight, as has been observed for Leptogaster spp. 
(Bromley, 1946; Dennis and Lavigne, 1976b; Melin, 1923; Parmenter, 1952; 
Scarbrough and Sipes, 1973; Skidmore, 1966). Johnson (1976) speculates 
that H. abdominalis females oviposit by broadcasting the eggs during flight. 
According to Melin (1923), asilids like H. fusca which have yellow or 
brownish eggs, drop their eggs in flight or deposit them in open hiding 
places. 

Eggs of H. fusca were collected from two females which oviposited in 
vials. One female deposited 3 eggs in a vial and the other female deposited 
46 eggs. The eggs were quite similar in appearance to those of H. abdom- 
inalis (Johnson, 1976) and Leptogaster spp. (Dennis and Lavigne, 1976b; 
Lavigne, 1963; Melin, 1923; Newkirk, 1963; Parmenter, 1952; Scarbrough 
and Sipes, 1973; Skidmore, 1966) (Fig. 1). All eggs were a light to dark 
amber. At 100 hexagonal sculpturing was easily visible on the chorion 
where the yolk material had pulled away from the chorion. The yolk material 
at the same magnification appeared to consist of a gelatinous-fibrous or 
granular material. The eggs were slightly oval with an average width and 
length of 0.175 and 0.263 mm, respectively. The range in width was from 
0.160 to 0.184 mm and the range in length was from 0.240 to 0.280 mm. All 
asilid eggs which have been described in the literature are oval or oblong, 
however, chorionic sculpturing has not been frequently reported. According 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 37/5 


to Parmenter (1952) asilid eggs may have bumps or ridges, but they lack fine 
sculpturing like that found on Lepidoptera eggs. Melin (1923) reported that 
Laphria spp. and Dioctria spp. have eggs with *‘facet-like ridges’ and dia- 
grammed part of an egg with five-sided ridges. Scarbrough (1978) found 
similar ridges on the eggs of Cerotainia albipilosa Curran and Johnson 
(1976) observed pentagonal and hexagonal sculpturing on the eggs of Hol- 
cocephala abdominalis. 


GROOMING 


All Asilidae studied to date appear to groom in much the same way, with 
species specific variations in the sequence and relative frequency of groom- 
ing (Dennis and Lavigne, 1975, 1976b). Holcocephala fusca, evidently like 
H. abdominalis (Johnson, 1976), spent more time grooming its wings, ab- 
domen, and hind legs. The only time they generally groomed their fore legs 
and face was immediately after feeding. This species typically rubbed its 
fore and hind tarsi together before grooming its face and abdomen (this 
includes the wings), respectively. After rubbing the hind tarsi together H. 
fusca would groom the abdomen and wings with one or both hind tarsi from 
anterior to posterior. Oftentimes the abdomen was curved downward during 
grooming and one wing or side of the abdomen was then groomed. When 
the asilids groomed one side at a time they appeared to be scratching them- 
selves. Leptogaster parvoclava has also been observed to groom one wing 
at a time while the wing is bent downward, at a right angle to its body 
(Dennis and Lavigne, 1976b). Most Asilidae however appear to groom both 
wings simultaneously. 


NOCTURNAL RESTING POSITION 


Holcocephala fusca typically began settling down for the night when the 
entire study area was enveloped in shade. This generally occurred at ap- 
proximately 7:45 PM. At this time the asilids became less active and most 
of them merely stood up on all six legs on twig tips. Within 15 to 20 minutes 
the asilids made stepping movements with their legs and then flattened them- 
selves against the twig tips or moved backwards | to 3.5 cm and flattened 
themselves against the top or side of the twig. They remained in this position 
throughout the night. 


COMPARATIVE BEHAVIOR OF ASILIDAE 


Throughout this paper and in other publications on Asilidae (in particular 
those by Dennis and Lavigne, 1975, 1976a, 1976b; Lavigne and Holland, 
1969; Melin, 1923) emphasis has been placed on comparing behavior pat- 
terns and other characteristics of species in the same genera and subfamilies. 
As more species are studied it is becoming evident that taxonomically re- 
lated species have similar behavior patterns. However, these species can be 


376 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 1. Diagrammatic representation of egg of Holcocephala fusca (approximately 470 
normal egg size). 


distinguished by slight variations in their behavior, such as the methods of 
prey manipulation or oviposition. 

It is hoped that ultimately studies of asilid behavior will yield information 
on the evolutionary trends of morphological characteristics, which may in 
turn reveal phylogenetic relationships of various taxa. This may be partic- 
ularly useful in determining the validity of the family status given the 
subfamily Leptogastrinae by Martin (1968). Martin proposed to give this 
group family status based on certain morphological and behavioral charac- 
teristics. However, comparative data for Holcocephala spp. (Dasypogoni- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 377 


nae) and Leptogaster spp. (Leptogastrinae) presented in this paper, indicate 
the possibility of a close phylogenetic relationship between the Leptogas- 
trinae and other asilid species. For example, the eggs of many asilids are 
oblong and white; whereas, the eggs of Leptogaster and Holcocephala are 
oval or semi-oval and amber or yellowish brown (the eggs of Dioctria spp. 
are also semi-oval and reddish brown, Melin, 1923). Both Leptogaster and 
Holcocephala hold at least their fore legs in front of their body during flight, 
other asilids hold the legs under their body. In addition, these two genera 
have a similar mating position not reported for other genera of Asilidae. 
The female rests in a position vertical to the ground on vegetation, while 
the male hangs free or else supports himself below on vegetation with his 
dorsal surface facing the same way as the female’s ventral surface. In other 
asilids the two sexes are either facing the same direction with the male 
remaining on top of the female (male over female position), or they face in 
opposite directions with their dorsal surfaces facing the same direction (tail- 
to-tail position). 

Certainly more than the aforementioned characteristics are needed before 
such information can be used for taxonomic purposes. However, more de- 
tailed ethological and ecological observations should help clarify the present 
system of classifying Asilidae and related groups, which is based primarily 
on morphological characteristics. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Dr. Robert J. Lavigne (Entomology Section, University of Wyoming, 
Laramie) is thanked for his confirmation of the identity of H. fusca and for 
providing a copy of Johnson’s (1976) thesis. I would also like to thank my 
wife, Jeanne Ann Gowen, for her comments on the manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Baker, N. T. and R. L. Fischer. 1975. A taxonomic and ecologic study of the Asilidae of 
Michigan. Great Lakes Entomol. 8:31-91. 

Brimley, C. S. 1922. List of the robberflies (Asilidae, Diptera) of North Carolina. Entomol. 
News 33:294-298. 

Bromley, S. W. 1931. A preliminary annotated list of the robberflies of Ohio (Diptera: Asili- 
dae). Ohio State Univ. Mus. Sci. Bull. 1:3-19. 

—. 1946. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera, or true flies of 
Connecticut. Third Fascicle. Asilidae. Bull. Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., No. 69, 48 pp. 

—.. 1950a. Florida Asilidae (Diptera) with description of one new species. Ann. Entomol. 

Soc. Am. 43:227-239. 

. 1950b. Ohio robber flies V. Ohio J. Sci. 50:229-234. 

Dennis, D. S. and R. J. Lavigne. 1975. Comparative behavior of Wyoming robber flies II 

(Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Wyoming Agric. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr. No. 30, 68 + iv pp. 

. 1976a. Ethology of Efferia varipes with comments on species coexistence (Diptera: 

Asilidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 49:48-62. 

—. 1976b. Ethology of Leptogaster parvoclava in Wyoming (Diptera: Asilidae). Proc. 
Entomol. Soc. Wash. 78:208—222. 


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Hobby, B. M. 193la. The British species of Asilidae (Diptera) and their prey. Trans. Entomol. 
Soc. South England, No. 6, (1930), pp. 1-42. 

—. 193lb. The relationship between courtship and predaceous habits in Dioctria rufipes 
DeG. and D. atricapilla Meig. (Dipt., Asilidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 6:74—75. 

Hull, F. M. 1962. Robberflies of the world. The genera of the family Asilidae. U.S. Natl. 
Mus. Bull. 224, Pts. 1 & 2. 907 pp. 

Johnson, P. E. 1976. A preliminary investigation of the behavior of adult Holcocephala ab- 
dominalis (Say) (Diptera: Asilidae) in Putnam County, Indiana; with a description of the 
larvae and eggs. M. S. Thesis, DePauw University, Greencastle, Indiana. 

Lavigne, R. J. 1963. Description of the eggs of Leptogaster salvia Martin (Diptera: Asilidae). 

Pan-Pac. Entomol. 39:176. 

1970. Courtship and predatory behavior of Cyrtopogon auratus and C. glarealis 

(Diptera: Asilidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 43:163-171. 

Lavigne, R. J. and D. S. Dennis. 1975. Ethology of Efferia frewingi with a description of the 
eggs (Diptera: Asilidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 68:992-996. 

Lavigne, R. J. and F. R. Holland. 1969. Comparative behavior of eleven species of Wyoming 
robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Wyoming Agric. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr., No. 18, 
61 pp. 

Lehr, P. A. 1958a. The biology of a robber fly feeding on locusts. Russian Rep. of Kazakh 

Acad. Agric. Sci., Alma-Ata. 3:16—23 (In Russian). 

. 1958b. Materials on the biology of Promachus leontochlaenus Loew (Diptera: Asi- 

lidae). Proc. Sci. Res. Inst. Protection Plants, KazASKhN. 4:210—224 (In Russian). 

. 1964. On the feeding and significance of robber flies. Proc. Sci. Res. Inst. Protection 

Plants. 8:213—224 (In Russian). 

Martin, C. H. 1965. Distribution patterns and corrected identifications of asilid species re- 

ported as common to North and South America (Diptera: Asilidae). Trans. Am. Ento- 

mol. Soc. 91:1-37. 

1968. The new family Leptogastridae (the grass flies) compared with the Asilidae 

(robber flies) (Diptera). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 41:60-100. 

McAtee, W. L. and N. Banks. 1920. District of Columbia Diptera: Asilidae. Proc. Entomol. 
Soc. Wash. 22:13-33. 

Melin, D. 1923. Contributions to the knowledge of the biology, metamorphosis, and distri- 
bution of the Swedish asilids in relation to the whole family of asilids. Zool. Bidrag, 
Uppsala. 8:1-317. 

Newkirk, M. R. 1963. The feeding and mating of Leptogaster annulatus (Diptera: Asilidae). 
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 50:234—236. 

Parmenter, L. 1952. Notes on the Asilidae (robber flies). Entomol. Record. 64:229-234, 263- 
266, 295-299. 

Poulton, E. B. 1906. Predaceous insects and their prey. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. 
1906:323—409. 

Richards, O. W. 1927. Sexual selection and allied problems in the insects. Biol. Rev. 2:298- 
360. 

Scarbrough, A. G. 1974. A faunistic study of Asilidae (Diptera) at three locations in northern 
Baltimore County, Maryland: Incidence, relative abundance and seasonal distribution. 
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 76:385-396. 

——. 1978. Ethology of Cerotainia albipilosa Curran (Asilidae: Diptera) in Maryland: 
Courtship, mating and oviposition. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 80:179-190. 

Scarbrough, A. G. and G. Sipes. 1973. The biology of Leptogaster flavipes Loew in Maryland 
(Diptera: Asilidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 75:441-448. 

Seguy, E. 1950. La biologie des Dipteres. Encycl. Entomol., Paris, ser. A, 26:609 pp. 

Skidmore, P. 1966. Asilidae (Dipt.) of northern England. Entomol. Record. 78:230-235. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 379-390 


EMERGENCE PATTERNS OF FALL AND WINTER STONEFLIES 
(PLECOPTERA: FILIPALPIA) INNORTHWESTERN 
SOUTH CAROLINA! 


TINA R. WHITE, PAUL H. CARLSON, AND RICHARD C. Fox 


Department of Entomology and Economic Zoology, Clemson University, 
Clemson, South Carolina 29631. 


Abstract.—Fall and winter stoneflies were collected from November 23, 
1976 through April 12, 1977 from a mountain and an upper piedmont stream 
in South Carolina to determine the species composition, emergence pat- 
terns, and seasonal distribution of the adults. 

Allocapnia aurora Ricker demonstrated early seasonal emergence and 
appeared only at the upper piedmont creek. Allocapnia recta (Claassen) 
demonstrated early seasonal emergence at both creeks. Leuctra ferruginea 
(Walker) demonstrated a continuous emergence at the upper piedmont 
creek, but depicted the late seasonal pattern at the mountain creek. Tae- 
niopteryx maura (Pictet) demonstrated mid-seasonal emergence at both lo- 
calities. Although the emergence periods did overlap, peak emergence for 
each species was separated clearly at both creeks. 


Studies of Plecoptera in South Carolina have been limited to a report of 
one species by Needham and Claassen (1925) and a list of 52 species in 17 
genera by McCaskill and Prins (1968) and McCaskill (1967, 1973). Investi- 
gations of emergence patterns of fall and winter stoneflies have occurred 
only in more northern latitudes. 

The objectives of this study were to determine the species composition, 
emergence patterns, and seasonal distribution of fall and winter stoneflies 
from the upper piedmont and mountain regions of South Carolina. Also, an 
equally important objective was to examine influence of air and water tem- 
perature on emergence. 


' Published by permission of Director, South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, 
Technical Contribution No. 1619. 


380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 
Limber Pole Creek 


Limber Pole Creek is located approximately 14 km north of Salem in 
Oconee County, South Carolina. It is a relatively small headwater mountain 
creek at an altitude of about 395 m above sea level. Limber Pole Creek 
flows in a southeasterly direction until its confluence with Howard Creek, 
which eventually empties into Lake Jocassee. 

The substrate of the creek varies from silt and sand with large boulders 
to sheer rock bottom with some silt and sand deposits. The large boulders 
in the stream are covered with algae and mosses. The creek also contains 
large deposits of logs, limbs, and leaves. The terrain can generally be de- 
scribed as mountainous with steep slopes. The surrounding vegetation con- 
sists of hickory (Carya), holly (Ilex), oak (Quercus), pine (Pinus), mountain 
laurel (Kalmia), and rhododendron (Rhododendron). 

Limber Pole Creek supports a great diversity of animal life. Fish are 
abundant, as are populations of Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, Diptera, Tri- 
choptera, and other benthic insects. 

The trapping site was located 0.8 km from the mouth in a relatively shal- 
low area (3 to 15 cm deep). Discharge ranged from near 0 to 24 cms, with 
an average velocity of 1.5 m/sec. 


Wildcat Creek 


Wildcat Creek is located in Pickens County, South Carolina, 9 km north- 
west of Clemson. It is situated in the Issaqueena Forest, part of the Clemson 
University Experimental Forest. The creek has been subjected to little ag- 
ricultural pollution, although the area around Issaqueena Forest has been 
extensively farmed. Logging occurs periodically within the forest, and an 
old logging road yielded access to the study site. 

Wildcat Creek varies in altitude from 213 to 286 m above sea level. It is 
a small piedmont stream with southwesterly flow and a total length of 2.5 
km. Wildcat Creek enters Six Mile Creek, which then empties into Lake 
Issaqueena. Discharge under normal conditions ranged from near 0 to 19 
cms, with an average velocity of around 1.2 m/sec. 

The substrate of Wildcat Creek includes silt, fine to coarse sand, boulders 
covered with mosses and algae, and granite ledges. Large logs, limbs, and 
deposits of detritus were common within the stream. Microhabitats included 
pools, riffles, and moderate waterfalls. Small unknown fishes were observed 
within the creek as well as large populations of Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, 
Diptera, Odonata, Trichoptera, and Coleoptera. 

The terrain is typically piedmont with rolling hills. The vegetation consists 
of pine, redbud (Cercis), holly, oak, and hickory. Mountain laurel linec the 
creek as did a variety of other shrubs and vines. 


: 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 381 


. 


Nee, © eS ” o o a - - “ , 

si ~~ _ “aad Se a r, 7 Se > , we abe 
" : ss ‘ : Reals. os Ps 7 = a BS" ae : Se - a } 
aS a 2 afr 4 a. . eens —— 


Fig. 1. Photograph of Tent Trap at Limber Pole Creek. 


The study site was 1.15 km above the mouth in riffle areas of the creek 
which were about 20 cm deep. 


METHODS 


Stoneflies from the two study sites were collected from November 23, 
1976 through April 12, 1977. Collections at Wildcat Creek were made 4 to 
6 times per week, while those at Limber Pole Creek were made twice per 
week. 

On each collection date, the following methods were employed: (1) Re- 
moval of adults and exuviae from the tent traps at the study sites; (2) ex- 
amination of rocks, logs, and banks for adult stoneflies; and (3) collections 
of adults with a Tropics® net on bank vegetation along both sides of the 
creek. All adults were counted in the field and the number recorded. The 
specimens were preserved in 70% ETOH. 

Two tent traps were erected at Wildcat Creek. The traps were constructed 
from two large cotton and polyester sheets and were approximately 5.5 m 
long and 1.3 m wide. Trap no. | was tied on top at the center and at both 
ends to stakes 1.3 m high which had been driven into the creek bed. The 
trap was anchored by ropes tied to rocks at five places along its perimeter. 
One lengthwise edge overlapped the stream margin by about 20 cm to retain 
any adults that emerged after climbing onto the bank. Trap no. 2 was sus- 
pended over two large tree limbs overhanging the creek, and attached to 


382 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


rocks within the creek. A similar tent trap was erected at Limber Pole Creek 
and was anchored in the same manner as trap no. | at Wildcat Creek (Fig. 1). 

Boulders, sand, and leaves were added under all tent traps whenever 
collections were made. The added material increased the amount of nymphal 
habitat and increased the stability of the traps. 

The tent traps appeared to retain adequately the stoneflies as long as 
collections were made frequently. Spiders and webs were destroyed on each 
visit to reduce predation on the stoneflies. Heavy rains and high winds 
occasionally jarred the stoneflies into the water. The short life span of the 
stoneflies also necessitated frequent collections, as the dead adults that fell 
from the trap into the creek were lost. 

Nymphal collections were made approximately once per month in both 
creeks. These samples were made to determine if the adult collections were 
giving a thorough representation of the species present in the creeks. 

The rearing of fully developed nymphs was conducted in the field in order 
to associate nymphs and adults. Only one nymph was placed in each rearing 
container, and after emergence both adult and exuviae were preserved. The 
rearing container used in this study was designed by Muller-Liebenau (1969) 
and simplified by Peters (1969). It consisted of a 250 cc plastic cup with two 
net-covered openings in the lower portion. 

Water and air temperature at the time of collection were measured. Dis- 
solved oxygen, pH, turbidity, alkalinity (CaCO;), nitrates (NO), ammonia 
(NH,), and total phosphates were measured with a Hach Kit®. Daily max- 
imum and minimum air temperatures, maximum and minimum humidity, 
and precipitation were provided by Kish (1977, personal communication). 


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 


Species Composition 


Four species of fall and winter stoneflies were collected from Wildcat 


Creek, and three of these species were collected also from Limber Pole 


Creek (Table 1). Allocapnia recta (Claassen) was collected only at Wildcat — 


Creek. Allocapnia aurora Ricker was collected from both creeks in large 
numbers. Leuctra ferruginea (Walker) was reported for the first time in 
South Carolina, and Taeniopteryx maura (Pictet) was reported as a new 
record for Oconee County. 

Approximately 90% of the specimens were collected in the tent traps. The 


remainder of the specimens was collected by sweeping and searches of the 
substrate. Taeniopteryx maura was the only species not collected by sweep- 


ing. 
Emergence Behavior 


Emergence behavior of the various species was observed. When ready to 
emerge, the nymphs climbed out of the water and attached to the substrate 


383 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 


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384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


with their claws. The exoskeleton split longitudinally along a dorsal suture 
and the teneral adult emerged. 

Exuviae of A. recta and A. aurora were found 5 to 8 cm above the water 
surface on the tents, while exuviae of L. ferruginea were found 30 to 40 cm 
above the water on the side of the trap. Most nymphs of T. maura climbed 
to the top of the trap before emerging. 

The teneral adults usually required about 2 hours to reach maturity. 
Adults of Allocapnia and Leuctra folded their wings over their back while 
in the teneral phase, but the teneral adults of Taeniopteryx lifted their wings 
into a tentlike position similar to that of mayflies and changed the wings to 
the usual position when maturation was completed. 


Seasonal Emergence 


The fall and winter stoneflies are unique because of their emergence habits 
during the cold months of the year. However, detailed studies of their emer- 
gence have been rare and the present study is the first to examine emergence 
in the South. 

Aquatic insects exhibit various types of emergence patterns that are cor- 
related directly to the life cycle of a particular insect. Corbet (1964) recog- 
nized four basic temporal emergence patterns: Continuous, rhythmic, spo- 
radic, and seasonal. Continuous emergence, with relatively little fluctuation 
in rate, is considered to be the simplest condition from which other emer- 
gence patterns are derived. Rhythmic emergence shows cyclical fluctuation 
in rate which is apparently based on lunar phases. Sporadic emergence is 
characterized by short bursts of emergence separated by irregular intervals 
of a few days during which no emergence occurs. In seasonal emergence, 
a species emerges primarily during one of the four seasons of the year. 
Corbet also divided seasonal emergence into early, mid, and late seasonal 
categories. The time at which peak emergence occurs determines the sub- 
category to which a species belongs. 

Allocapnia aurora and A. recta (Figs. 2A, 2B, 3A) apparently illustrated 
early seasonal emergence. This pattern is characterized by a rapid increase 
in numbers of specimens emerging to a peak in the late fall or early winter, 
followed by a slow decline. Previous studies by Carlson (personal com- 
munication) at Wildcat Creek indicated that while emergence was initiated 
before November 23, the observed pattern would not be affected greatly. 

Allocapnia recta and A. aurora emerged in largest numbers in December, 
with the midpoint of emergence for A. recta occurring 2 to 3 weeks before 
that of A. aurora. Allocapnia recta completed emergence approximately 
one month before A. aurora. Allocapnia aurora had similar emergence pe- 
riods and patterns at both creeks. 

Known distributional records for A. aurora include USA: Alabama, Geor- 
gia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. 


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PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


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VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 387 


Allocapnia recta has been reported from Canada: Nova Scotia, Ontario, 
and Quebec; USA: Alabama, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Georgia, 
Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, 
New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, 
Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. 

Leuctra ferruginea at Wildcat Creek (Fig. 2C) exhibited a pattern which 
was most similar to the continuous seasonal emergence pattern. However, 
there were small increases in emergence in late January and late February. 
The pattern of L. ferruginea at Limber Pole Creek (Fig. 3B) was apparently 
the late seasonal type. Emergence probably began prior to November 23, 
1976, but no specimens of L. ferruginea were collected from mid-December 
to mid-January. However, during this period without emergence, there were 
extremely high winds; and the tent trap was stolen on one occasion and 
collapsed on another. Therefore it is possible that some adults emerged but 
were not collected, although this is unlikely because collections of Tae- 
niopteryx maura were not affected. 

Leuctra ferruginea had a slightly longer emergence period at Limber Pole 
Creek than at Wildcat Creek, with the midpoint of emergence occurring the 
last week in February at Limber Pole Creek, five weeks earlier than at 
Wildcat Creek. The species showed peak emergence at Limber Pole Creek 
the beginning of March but showed no peak emergence at Wildcat Creek. 
No specimens were collected in the traps after March 6 at Wildcat Creek, 
although earlier collections by Carlson (personal communication) have 
shown the species to be present as late as June 6. 

Illies (1966) and Zwick (1973) record the distribution of L. ferruginea as 
Canada: Nova Scotia and Quebec; USA: Maine south to Florida, west to 
Minnesota and Illinois. 

Taeniopteryx maura illustrated the mid-seasonal pattern (Figs. 2D, 3C). 
In this pattern the number of species emerging increases to a peak in mid- 
winter then decreases slowly. 

Taeniopteryx maura began emerging January 2, 1977 at Limber Pole 
Creek but was not collected at Wildcat Creek until January 30, 1977. How- 
ever, 7. maura completed emergence at both creeks during the third week 
of March. It emerged in greatest numbers at Limber Pole Creek in January, 
whereas the few specimens from Wildcat Creek were taken primarily in late 
February and March. 

There were only eight specimens of T. maura collected at Wildcat Creek. 
This species was collected in the traps only after a heavy rainfall. Cata- 
strophic drift may have caused displacement of the nymphs to the study site 
from upstream. Further studies should be made to determine if catastrophic 
drift was responsible for the appearance of 7. maura at this study site. If 
catastrophic drift was responsible, the emergence pattern may be different. 

Taeniopteryx maura has been reported from Canada: New Brunswick, 


388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


WATER TEMPERATURE (°C) 


Fig. 4. Average weekly water temperature at the Limber Pole Creek study site (solid line) 
and Wildcat Creek study site (dotted line). 


Nova Scotia, and Ontario; USA: Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, 
Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, New York, North 
Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and 
West Virginia according to Illies (1966) and Zwick (1973). 

There was temporal separation of peak emergence in all species at both 
creeks. Allocapnia recta demonstrated peak emergence at Wildcat Creek 
the last week in November and the first week in December. Allocapnia 
aurora followed with peak emergence during mid-December at both creeks. 
At Limber Pole Creek, T. maura showed peak emergence in January and 
L. ferruginea in late February and early March. Taeniopteryx maura 
showed peak emergence in February at Wildcat Creek, while L. ferruginea 
emerged at a steady rate from November through March. 


Environmental Factors 


Temperature and photoperiod acting independently or together are sea- 
sonally variable factors which most likely are responsible for differences in 
the duration of emergence from one habitat to another. There was a sharp 
decrease in water temperature at Wildcat Creek from early January through 
mid-February, which was accompanied by a distinct decrease in emergence 
(Fig. 4). Allocapnia aurora showed a decrease in emergence during that 
period of approximately 12% (Fig. 2B). Limber Pole Creek showed low 
water temperatures during the third week in December, when the emergence 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 389 


of A. aurora decreased by 25% (Fig. 3A), and the third week in January 
when the emergence of this species declined by 6%, and the occurrence of 
T. maura decreased by 20% (Fig. 3C). Generally water temperatures of 7 
to 10°C caused maximum emergence during the late fall and winter, as was 
shown by A. aurora at both creeks during November and December (Figs. 
2B, SA): 

The fall and winter stoneflies in this study emerged at water temperatures 
as low as 2.5°C, although the number of specimens was sharply reduced 
(Fig. 3). Khoo (1964) showed that a rise in water temperature stimulates the 
emergence of stoneflies, and this fact was demonstrated by all species in 
this study. 

The extremely cold weather and unusually heavy snowfall during the 
1976-77 winter must be considered when interpreting the data from this 
study. Air temperatures during the month of January were the lowest re- 
corded since 1880 and were accompanied by decreases in water temperature 
to 2.5°C. The unusual weather conditions may have caused atypical emer- 
gence behavior. 

There were no major differences in the water quality parameters measured 
at Wildcat Creek and Limber Pole Creek. Both streams had slightly acidic 
water of high quality that indicated minimal organic pollution. 

The emergence periods of species found at both biogeographical areas in 
this study showed no major differences. The similarity of emergence reflects 
the similarity in altitude, temperature, water quality, and proximity of the 
two sites. However, differences in emergence based on biogeographical 
region may be considerable because of the wide range of the species in- 
volved in this study. Allocapnia recta exhibited maximum abundance at 
Wildcat Creek during the last week of November and first two weeks of 
December. Near Oakwood, Illinois, this species exhibits maximum abun- 
dance during the last week in January and the first week in February (Frison, 
1935). Therefore the emergence of A. recta occurs later in the northern 
latitudes than it does in the more southerly latitudes, implying that tempera- 
ture or other environmental factors strongly influence emergence. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Our appreciation is extended to Dr. Bill P. Stark for identifying represen- 
tatives of the stoneflies, and to the late Dr. Byron R. Ingram and Dr. Von 
H. McCaskill for their helpful criticism. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Corbet, P. S. 1964. Temporal patterns of emergence in aquatic insects. Can. Entomol. 96:264— 
279. 

Frison, T. H. 1935. The stoneflies, or Plecoptera of Illinois. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 29:281- 
471. 


390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Illies, J. 1966. Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich 82: 1-632. 

Khoo, S. J. 1964. Studies in the biology of Capnia bifrons (Newman) and notes on the 
diapause in the nymphs of this species. Gewasser und Abwasser. 34/35:23-30. 

Kish, A. J. 1977. Clemson University and South Carolina agricultural experiment stations— 
1976 climatological data. Agric. Weather Res. Ser. No. 49, 32 pp. 

McCaskill, V. H. 1967. A survey of the stoneflies (Order Plecoptera) of northwestern South 
Carolina. Masters Thesis, Clemson University, Clemson, S.C. 29631. 

—___. 1973. The stoneflies (Order Plecoptera) of South Carolina. Ph.D. dissertation, Clem- 
son University, Clemson, S.C. 29631. 

McCaskill, V. H. and R. Prins. 1968. Stoneflies of northwestern South Carolina. J. Elisha 
Mitchell Soc. 84:448-453. 

Miiller-Liebenau, I. 1969. Revision der Eliropa ischen arten der gattung Baetis Leach, 1815 
(Insecta, Ephemeroptera). Limnologiochi Scherift en reiche. 48-49, 214 pp. 

Needham, J. G. and P. W. Claassen. 1925. A monograph of the Plecoptera or stoneflies of 
America north of Mexico. Publ., Thomas Say Found., Entomol. Soc. Am. 2, 397 pp. 

Peters, W. 1969. Rearing Ephemeroptera. Symposium on aquatic insects. Bull. Entomol. Soc. 
Am. 15:224. 

Zwick, P. 1973. Plecoptera phylogenetisches system und katalog. Das Tierreich. 92: 1-465. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 391-400 


PREDATORY BEHAVIOR AND PREY OF DIOGMITES MISSOURIENSIS 
BROMLEY IN ARKANSAS (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE)! 


AUBREY G. SCARBROUGH 


Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Institute of Animal Behav- 
ior, Towson State University, Baltimore, Maryland 21204. 


Abstract.—Diogmites missouriensis Bromley was concentrated in areas 
of the study site where prey and prey activities were maximized. The asilids 
perched on low vegetation and surveyed the immediate area for prey using 
characteristic head and body movements. Foraging flights were usually 
short and unsuccessful. Prey were usually captured in flight and carried to 
perches where they were immobilized. Feeding times and number of prey 
manipulations were correlated with prey characteristics. Hymenoptera and 
Diptera were most frequently taken as prey. Over 90% of the prey were 14 
mm or less in length. Females were larger, took larger prey, and had a wider 
range of prey than males. Males captured primarily Hymenoptera, espe- 
cially halictid bees. 


Diogmites missouriensis Bromley is a medium sized (17-26 mm) pale 
reddish-gold robber fly. It is recognized by three black mesonotal stripes of 
which the central one is divided longitudinally for its entire length and ex- 
tends to, or almost to, the pronotum (Bromley, 1951). Diogmites missou- 
riensis is similar to D. salutens Bromley, but differs in having darker me- 
sonotal markings and lacking the blackish bands on the dorsum of the 
abdomen (Artigas, 1966). The species has been found in weedy areas, cotton 
fields, and vegetable gardens (Bromley, 1951; Scarbrough, 1972). Diogmites 
missouriensis was described by Bromley in 1951 but was mentioned in an 
earlier publication (Bromley, 1950). A recent morphological description of 
the species and a key to the genus Diogmites in the eastern United States 
are given by Artigas (1966). 


StuDY SITE AND METHODS 


Diogmites missouriensis was studied at two locations on the outskirts of 
Jonesboro, Craighead Co., Arkansas. General observations on predation 


1 This research was supported in part by a grant received from the Faculty Research Com- 
mittee of Towson State University. 


392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


O 
225 \ 
2 \ 
= ° 
=) 200 a 
vs 
Ww 
Oo 175 4 
2 uw 
a 
= SO ee 
= < 
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fo) 
100 
AM P M 
TY Ph) IMI FE 
Fig. 1. Percent feeding and total numbers of Diogmites missouriensis during a 5-day hourly 


census between 28 July and 8 August 1978. 


were taken in weedy fields along Christian Creek in southwestern Jonesboro 
during the summers of 1963 and 1964. More extensive observations on pre- 
dation were taken from July 26 to August 8, 1978, in a 22-acre plot, located 
on the south-side of Jonesboro. The plot was once part of a large cultivated 
field which has been subdivided recently into small plots and zoned for 
commercial development. It is bordered by commercial roads (Jonesboro 
Bypass, Caraway, and Young Roads) and other underdeveloped commercial 
plots. The portion of the plot in which most observations were taken was 
dominated by several herbaceous plants, common to old field succession. 
Most plants ranged from 30-90 cm in height, forming a dense vegetative 
mat. Dominant plants, Digitaria sp., Polygonum sp., Allium vineale L., 
and Stellaria sp., formed large, continuous mats; Erigeron canadensis (L.), 
Ambrosia bidentata Michx., Campsis radicans (L.) Seem., and Xanthium 
spinosum L. formed small isolated clumps. About one-fourth of the 22-acre 
plot contained open woods in which Quercus spp. were abundant. 

This study was conducted under bright sunlit conditions and temperatures 
ranging from 25 to 39°C. All observations began at 0700 hrs and continued 
until 1900 hrs. During 1978, a census was taken of individuals every hour 
during a 5-day period by slowly walking along a designated route of about 
600 m through the study plot. All asilids observed and their behaviors were 
recorded. Prey captured by D. missouriensis were recorded and captured, 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 393 


whenever possible, by netting individuals with prey. Most prey captured 
were pinned, later identified, and then measured from the frons to the tip 
of abdomen for body length. A total of 50 specimens of D. missouriensis 
was collected, sexed, and measured. Observations were also made on pred- 
atory behavior on occasions other than during the census. 


PREDATORY BEHAVIOR 


Diogmites missouriensis occurs among herbaceous vegetation in open, 
sandy, well-drained fields during July and August in northeastern Arkansas 
(Scarbrough, 1972). The asilids were abundant in the study area (Fig. 1), 
with 20 or more flies during most census periods. Like several bee-and-wasp 
killing asilids (Linsley, 1960, 1972), D. missouriensis was concentrated in 
areas of the study site where prey and prey activities were maximized 
around flowering plants of Polygonum sp. and Stellaria sp. The asilids 
apparently conducted all behaviors in open areas of the study site and were 
not seen to move into adjacent wooded areas. 

Diogmites missouriensis usually perched in a foraging position on low 
vegetation (N = 2060 observations, range 1-105 cm in height; 92% below 
60 cm) in full view of its surroundings. Upon landing, the asilids oriented 
their bodies with their heads facing the sun or with their bodies positioned 
at a right angle to the sun’s rays. This behavior was followed by rapid 
vertical and lateral head movements. Intermittently between head move- 
ments, the asilids moved their bodies slightly to the right or left of their 
original position. Head movements followed each body shift. In effect, the 
asilids shifted their bodies 360°, and surveyed the immediate area around a 
perch for prey. If movements of a potential prey were detected, the predator 
directed its head toward the prey and shifted its body weight forward into 
an attack posture. Diogmites angustipennis Loew (Lavigne and Holland, 
1969) displays similar head and body movements on its foraging perch. 
These behaviors apparently enhance the asilids’ ability to detect prey move- 
ments within the immediate area surrounding a perch and, consequently, 
reduce the need for more frequent flights. 

Normal flight patterns were associated with foraging, disturbance, and 
searching behaviors. Most flights were short (« = 210 cm, range 7-1615, 
N = 480) and a few cm (about 2-5) above the vegetation. Disturbed flies 
varied greatly although they usually flew longer distances (¢ = 782 cm, N = 
30) between perches and higher (>6 cm) above the vegetation. In search of 
females with which to mate, males flew slowly with legs outstretched in a 
manner similar to that described for D. angustipennis (Lavigne and Holland, 
1969). These flights were erratic, often combined with hovers, and followed 
the contours of the vegetation. Distances between perches were variable 
but a male frequently traveled 20 or 30 m before perching. 

Observations of individual flies revealed that the frequency of changing 


394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


perches was variable, depending upon the time of day and prey availability. 
Although prey densities were not determined, it can be assumed that feeding 
rates are directly related to prey availability. In early afternoon (1200-1500 
hrs) when feeding rates were high, D. missouriensis changed perches fre- 
quently (N = 20 flies, * = 18/hr/fly, range 9-29/hr). In late afternoon (1630- 
1830 hrs) when feeding rates were low, they changed perches less frequently 
(N = 20 flies, « = 6/hr/fly, range 0-12/hr; P < .05). Flies rarely flew after 
1730 hrs and usually crawled below a leaf or into a plant’s interior where 
they remained overnight. 

Observation of 12 different flies (1200-1300 hrs) revealed that foraging 
behaviors consisted of short darting flights (N = 156, x = 10.2 cm, range 
3.0-47.0). General attack strategies of D. missouriensis consisted of direct 
dart flights from perches or indirect flights in which the asilid flew slowly 
from a perch, hovered, and then darted toward the prey. In both strategies 
D. missouriensis sometimes approached prey by short flights, landing on a 
series of perches. 

The above observations also revealed that D. missouriensis foraged fre- 
quently (N = 156, x = 13/hr/fly) but seldom captured a prey. Only seven 
prey were captured during these observation periods. The asilid behaved 
similarly in late afternoon (1630-1730 hrs) with only two successful flights 
(N = 10 flies, 21 flights, « = 2.1/hr/fly) but foraged less frequently. Com- 
bined data during the study supported these results with 99 or 12% (N = 
832) of the flights successful. 

Foraging success was directly related to the potential prey’s association 
with vegetation and the inability of D. missouriensis to detect and to nav- 
igate around vegetation during an attack. Prey were invariably crawling on 
or flying near vegetation. When the asilid foraged, it (N = 35, 22% of 156 
flights) frequently flew into the vegetation, missing its prey. In most in- 
stances (78%), it landed as soon as the prey disappeared among vegetation. 

Like D. angustipennis (Lavigne and Holland, 1969), D. missouriensis 
captured over 96% of its prey (N = 197) in flight. The remaining 4% were 
captured crawling on vegetation. On each occasion, the asilid grasped the 
prey with one fore tarsus while supporting itself with the remaining 
tarsi. It subsequently grasped the prey with the remaining tarsi before flying 
to a new perch. Diogmites misellus Loew (Bromley, 1946) and D. angus- 
tipennis (Lavigne and Holland, 1969) sometimes capture crawling prey. 

Upon capture, live prey were carried in flight suspended below the asilid’s 
body with all tarsi to a perch. There, the asilids perched below a leaf or 
stem, suspended by their right or left fore leg. Live prey were then manip- 
ulated with the remaining tarsi into a position where the hypopharynx was 
inserted, and they were subsequently immobilized. Prey were often re- 
moved from the asilid’s hypopharynx during feeding and manipulated with 
the free tarsi, and the hypopharynx was inserted at a new location. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 395 


The time spent feeding and the number of manipulations were highly 
variable and were related to prey size. Small halictid bees (N = 24, * = 5.5 
mm, range 4.5—7.5) were fed upon for an average of 15.2 min (N = 20 prey, 
range 7-19 min) and manipulated three times (N = 20 prey, range I-—S). In 
contrast, large asilid prey (N = 25, « = 17.9 mm, range 15.0-—21.3) were fed 
upon for 48.2 min (N = I1, range 40-62 min) and manipulated six times 
(N = 11, range 3-9 times). 

During feeding, D. missouriensis sometimes flew to new perches. They 
removed the prey from their hypopharynx and carried them as described 
previously. Most flights were short (N = 62, % = 4.0 m, range 0.5—9.0), and 
were usually initiated by other insects, strong winds, or myself. Prey were 
invariably manipulated at the new perch before feeding resumed. 

Over 77% of the prey (N = 197) were immobilized by inserting the hy- 
popharynx into the dorsal regions of the victims, e.g., head, cervix, and 
thorax. Lavigne and Holland (1969) reported that D. angustipennis, whose 
diet is also predominantly Hymenoptera, behaves similarly by immobilizing 
its prey in these regions; and they suggested that it enables the asilid to 
avoid the prey’s sting. 

Diogmites missouriensis employed specific strategies to immobilize bee- 
tles, Anisodactylus sanctaecrucis Fab. and Neoclytus scutellaria (Oliver); 
pentatomids, Holcostethus limbolarius (Stal.) and Solubea pugnax (Fab.); 
and large flies, Diogmites missouriensis and D. platypterus Loew. Beetles 
and pentatomid prey were penetrated through the softer posterior end of 
the abdomens. This behavior was apparently in response to ‘‘hard’’ dorsal 
surfaces of these prey. When large dipterous prey (>17 mm) were attacked, 
the pair dropped into the vegetation where the asilids pinned their prey to 
the substrate and, subsequently, inserted the hypopharynx into their heads. 
Although feeding was sometimes completed at this location, prey were usu- 
ally carried to a new location. 

Specimens of D. missouriensis were observed feeding (N = 253) during 
most census periods, the earliest being at 0847 hrs and the latest at 1710 hrs 
(Fig. 1). However, over 83% of the feeding asilids were found between 1030 
and 1500 hrs. The absence or limited feeding by D. missouriensis during 
early or late periods was influenced by at least three factors. One, higher 
rates of feeding occurred when prey were active and concentrated around 
flowering plants. Major prey items (bees, wasps, and flies) were most abun- 
dant on flowering plants between 1100 and 1430 hrs when a greater number 
of predators were observed feeding (Fig. 1). Two, environmental factors, 
such as heavy dew, influenced the onset of predation. On two mornings (6 
and 7 August) when vegetation was ‘‘dripping’’ with water, neither foraging 
flights nor predators with prey were observed until after 1000 hrs when most 
of the vegetation had dried. This is in contrast to other days when dews 
were minimal or absent and vegetation was dry. Foraging flights were ob- 


396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Table 1. Dietary composition and body lengths of prey taken by Diogmites missouriensis 
in Jonesboro, Arkansas during August 1978. 


Prey length (mm) 


Total % Prey 2 NN 
Prey Orders Prey Diet Measured x S.D. Range 
Hymenoptera 122 48.1 49 1243) 2922611 4.1-12.70 
Diptera 57 Dell 35 13.41 + 3.71 6.0-18.75 
Coleoptera 39 SES 19 8:98 £2225 5.6—10.60 
Hemiptera 28 11.1 16 Val6r-= 135 5.0-8.70 
Misc. 7 2.6 4 10.31 + 4.09 6.8-15.00 
253 100.0 123 9.56 + 3.90 4.1-18.75 
2 Predator (N = 25; % = 18.49 + 1.53 S.D.) 
3 Predator (N = 25; % = 17.23 + 1.12 S.D.) 


served as early as 0815 hrs on these days. Presumably wet conditions de- 
layed flight activities of major prey in the study area and resulted in delayed 
predatory activity by D. missouriensis. Three, in early morning (0700-0930 
hrs) males flew slowly around and over the vegetation actively searching for 
females with which to mate. Searching behaviors and matings undoubtedly 
displaced predatory activities of males and interrupted that of females. Oth- 
er studies (Dennis and Lavigne, 1976; Scarbrough and Norden, 1977; Scar- 
brough, 1978a, b; Hespenheide, 1978) have shown that predatory behaviors 
decrease as reproductive behaviors increase. 

At the completion of feeding, most prey (N = 142) were dropped when 
D. missouriensis was in the act of manipulation. A few prey (N = 36) were 
dropped in flight as the asilids moved to new locations, foraged, or when 
they were disturbed. Also, some prey (N = 19) were pushed off the asilid’s 
hypopharynx with the fore tarsi at the feeding site. The latter is the usual 
method by which several asilid species remove prey (Lavigne and Holland, 
1969; Dennis and Lavigne, 1975). 


PREY 


Table 1 shows the dietary composition and body lengths of prey by orders 
taken from feeding D. missouriensis during this study. Hymenoptera formed 
the major prey category with Diptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera following 
in order of importance. The results also show a limited prey selection 
within each of the four major insect orders, with as few as nine genera taken 
from Hymenoptera, nine from Diptera, five from Coleoptera, and four from 
Hemiptera. These results agree with the general statement that most Diog- 
mites spp. (Bromley, 1936) feed primarily on aculeate Hymenoptera. Diog- 
mites misellus feeds on small Hymenoptera and Diptera (Bromley, 1946) 
and sometimes takes honey bees (Bromley, 1936). More recently, D. an- 
gustipennis (Lavigne and Holland, 1969) has been shown to take prey from 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 397 


PREDATOR 


Y 


PURE” YY, b 


0/o 


-0 


°o 
i) 
~ 


10.1— 
2: 

14) Viecom 
20.1— 
2:2 Now 


ReRIEsay Soli eZ5E CU LFASSeS 


Fig. 2. Prey of Diogmites missouriensis arranged according to size classes (mm). 


a limited number of insect orders but selected primarily aculeate Hymenop- 
tera. 

The mean size of prey taken by D. missouriensis was 9.56 mm and ranged 
from 4.1 to 18.75 mm (Table 1). However, an analysis of variance showed 
that mean prey body lengths of the four important orders were significantly 
different (P < .01) with Diptera being the largest prey taken (Scheffe’ 
F-Test; P < .01). No significant difference in mean body lengths was found 
between other comparisons of prey orders. 

The mean predator to prey size for D. missouriensis is 2.04. This indicates 
that the asilids were over two times larger than their prey. Females are 
larger (two-way analysis of variance; F = 7.07, P < .05) than males and 
catch larger prey (N = 88, x = 9.88 + 3.51 mm; F = 10.38, P < .05) than 
do males (N = 35, * = 7.6 + 4.26 mm). Females thus have a smaller mean 
predator to prey size ratio than do males, 1.87 and 2.27, respectively. 

Figure 2 shows prey of D. missouriensis arranged according to size 
classes. Over 90% of the prey were 14 mm or less in length with larger prey 
items consisting of asilids, tachinids, tiphiid wasps, acridid grasshoppers, 
and staphylinid beetles. Males selected a disproportionately larger sample 
of prey (77.7% of diet) in size classes 4.1 to 8.0 mm than females (31.8% of 
diet). Eighty-four percent of the prey captured by females fell within size 
classes 6.1 to 14.0 mm. A small proportion of the prey captured by males 
fell within the larger sizes, indicating that they are capable of capturing 


398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Table 2. Prey of Diogmites missouriensis arranged according to sex of the predator. All 
prey were collected or observed in the 22-acre plot in south Jonesboro, Arkansas, between 
July 2 and August 8, 1978. In some instances specific identification was not possible due to the 
poor condition of the prey, or the prey was not collected. 


Sex of Predator 


Prey Taxa Female Male 
COLEOPTERA 
Carabidae: Selenophorus near planipennis LeC. 4 2 
Anisodactylus sanctaecrucis Fabr. 20 4 
Cerambycidae: Neoclytus scutellaria (Oliver) ] = 
Cleridae: Phyllobaenus sp. | — 
Scarabaeidae: Onthophagus hecate hecate (Panzer) 6 — 
Staphylinidae: Unidentified 1 = 
DIPTERA 
Unidentified 4 — 
Asilidae: Diogmites missouriensis Bromley 7 2 
D. platypterus Loew 5) 1 
Psilocurus birdi birdi Hull — 1 
Callophoridae: Unidentified 4 1 
Syrphidae: Palpada vinetorum (Fabr.) 1 — 
Toxomerus marginatus (Say) 13 3 
Tabanidae: Silvius sp. 1 — 
Tachinidae: Archytas apicifer (Walker) 12 2 
Unidentified 1 oat 
EPHEMEROPTERA 
Neoephemeridae: Unidentified 1 — 
HEMIPTERA 
Corizidae: Unidentified l — 
Lygaeidae: Eremocoris sp. 1 a 
Unidentified 4 2s 
Pentatomidae: Solubea pugnax (Fabr.) 5 1 
Holcostethus limbolarius (Stal.) 10 
HOMOPTERA 
Membracidae: Thelia sp. — 2 
HYMENOPTERA 
Apidae: Apis mellifera L. 15 3 
Braconidae: Unidentified 3 — 
Chrysididae: Holopyga ventralis (Say) 6 — 
Formicidae: Formica sp. 3 _ 
Halictidae: Dialictus versatus (Robertson) 8 38 
Pompilidae: Anoplius illinoensis (Robertson) 13 4 
Priocnemis cornica Say 2 6 
Sphecidae: Astate sp. 1 — 
Tiphiidae: Tiphia sp. 8 3 
T. popilliavora Rohwer 7 1 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 399 


Table 2. Continued. 


Sex of Predator 


Prey Taxa an ene Oo Te 
NEUROPTERA 
Chrysopidae: Chrysopa sp. 1 = 
ORTHOPTERA 
Acrididae: Unidentified nymphs 3 = 


some large prey when the opportunity exists. An analysis of prey orders 
showed that hymenopterous prey taken by males were significantly smaller 
(N= 27,58 = 5.79) = 1.50 mm; F = 6:57, P < :001) than those taken by 
females (N = 27,% = 7.86 + 2.65 mm). Furthermore, males captured most- 
ly halictid bees, whereas females captured a wider range of hymenopterous 
and other prey types (Table 2). No significant differences were found be- 
tween sizes of the remaining prey orders captured by the two sexes. 

Why do females select a wider range of prey than males? Field obser- 
vations showed that males and females fed at the same times during the 
day. Thus, prey taken by females were equally available to males. Females 
probably have significantly greater metabolic requirements than do males 
due to a larger body and the continuous production of eggs. Females then 
can less afford to specialize on specific prey taxa or on prey whose bodies 
can contribute a limited amount of energy. 

Like other asilids (Lavigne and Holland, 1969; Dennis and Lavigne, 1975), 
D. missouriensis became prey for other predaceous arthropods and some- 
times for members of its own species, e.g., cannabalism. Diogmites mis- 
souriensis fell victim to Phidippus clarus Keyserling (Araneida: Saltricidae), 
D. platypterus (Diptera: Asilidae), and D. missouriensis, 1,6, and 10 times, 
respectively. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Confirmation of my identification of Diogmites missouriensis was made 
several years ago by the late Charles H. Martin. T. L. Erwin, United States 
National Museum (Carabidae), and J. M. Kingsolver (Scarabaeidae), J. L. 
Herring (Pentatomidae), S. W. T. Batra (Halictidae), F. C. Thompson (Syr- 
phidae), and A. S. Menke (Pompilidae, Chrysididae), all of the Systematic 
Entomology Laboratory, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA, iden- 
tified the prey. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Artigas, J. N. 1966. The genus Diogmites (Robber flies) in eastern United States. Ohio J. Sci. 
66(4):401-421. 

Bromley, S. W. 1936. The genus Diogmites in United States of America, with descriptions 
of new species (Diptera: Asilidae). J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 44(3):225-237. 


400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


—___. 1946. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera or true flies of 
Connecticut. 3rd fascicle. Asilidae. Bull. Conn. St. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. No. 69, 
48 pp. 

——_. 1950. Ohio robber flies V (Diptera: Asilidae). Ohio J. Sci. 50(5S):229-234. 

————. 1951. Asilid notes (Diptera), with description of thirty-two new species. Am. Mus. 
Novitates, No. 1532:36. 

Dennis, D. S. and R. J. Lavigne. 1975. Comparative behavior of Wyoming robber flies II 
(Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr. No. 30, 68 pp. 

——.. 1976. Ethology of Efferia varipes with comments on species coexistences (Diptera: 
Asilidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 49(1):48-62. 

Hespenheide, H. A. 1978. Prey, predatory and courtship behavior of Nannocyrtopogon neo- 
culatus Wilcox and Martin (Diptera: Asilidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 51(3):449-456. 

Lavigne, R. J. and F. R. Holland. 1969. Comparative behavior of eleven species of Wyoming 
robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Wyo. Agric. Exp. Sta. Monogr. No. 18, 61 pp. 

Linsley, E. G. 1960. Ethology of some bee- and wasp-killing robber flies of south-eastern 

Arizona and western New Mexico (Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Calif. Publ. Entomol. 

16:357-392. 

. 1972. The robber fly Callinicus calcaneus (Loew) as a predator on Andrena omninigra 

Viereck (Diptera: Asilidae; Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 48(2):94—96. 

Scarbrough, A. G. 1972. Records of robber flies from northeastern Arkansas (Diptera: Asi- 
lidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 74(4):375-378. 

—. 1978a. Ethology of Cerotainia albipilosa Curran (Diptera: Asilidae) in Maryland: 

Predatory behavior. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 80(1):113-127. 

1978b. Ethology of Cerotainia albipilosa Curran (Diptera: Asilidae) in Maryland: 

Courtship, mating and oviposition. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 80(2): 179-190. 

Scarbrough, A. G. and Arnold Norden. 1977. Ethology of Cerotainia albipilosa Curran (Dip- 
tera: Asilidae) in Maryland: Diurnal activity rhythm and seasonal distribution. Proc. 
Entomol. Soc. Wash. 79(4):538—554. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 401-423 


REVIEW OF THE CERATOCAPSUS LUTESCENS GROUP, WITH 
DESCRIPTIONS OF SEVEN NEW SPECIES FROM THE 
EASTERN UNITED STATES 
(HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)' 


THOMAS J. HENRY 


The Frost Entomological Museum, Department of Entomology, The 
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (pres- 
ent address: Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agri- 
culture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120). 


Abstract.—The generic boundries of Ceratocapsus are redefined and the 
species belonging to the /utescens group are presented. Of the 23 species 
treated blatchleyi, knighti and pubescens from Georgia, cecilsmithi and hir- 
sutus from Georgia and New Jersey, piceatus from the eastern U.S., and 
wheeleri from North Carolina are described as new. Lectotypes are desig- 
nated for insperatus Blatchley and modestus (Uhler), and a neotype is se- 
lected for advenus Blatchley. Male genitalia of all species and adults of 
pubescens, rubricornis, and vicinus are illustrated, and a key to species is 
provided. 


Reuter (1876) erected the genus Ceratocapsus for the species lutescens 
from Texas and punctulatus from Cuba. Kirkaldy (1906) fixed lutescens as 
the type. Since Reuter’s original proposal, numerous species have been 
described in Ceratocapsus, but several species described by other early 
workers were placed in different genera (e.g., Trichia Reuter, 1876, type 
punctulatus; Dermarata Distant, 1884, type villosa; Melinna Uhler, 1887, 
type modesta) and later transferred to Ceratocapsus. 

The generic boundaries of Ceratocapsus as previously understood have 
been rather broad. After considering the general body form, antennae, struc- 
ture and surface development of the pronotum and the form of the genital 
capsule and genitalia, I have determined that the true Ceratocapsus are 


1 Authorized for publication on 10/16/78 as paper no. 5621 in the Journal series of the 
Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station, University Park, PA 16802. A contribution from 
the Frost Entomological Museum, The Pennsylvania State University (AES Project No. 2070). 


402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


much fewer than the present assignment of 67 species would indicate. At 
least four species groups should have their own generic status. 

This paper is the beginning of a revisional study of the Ceratocapsus. For 
this work, I have examined type-material of nearly all the North American 
species and numerous undetermined specimens from North, Central and 
South America. In this paper, I am redefining the generic limits of Cerato- 
capsus and reviewing the lutescens group, one of 3 distinct species groups 
that I am retaining in the genus. The species treated in this group are, for 
the most part, limited to eastern North America. Of the 23 species pre- 
sented, 7 are described as new, and lectotypes are designated for insperatus 
Blatchley and modestus (Uhler). A neotype is selected for advenus Blatch- 
ley. Male genitalia of all species and adults of pubescens, rubricornis, and 
vicinus are illustrated; and a key to species is provided. 

The following abbreviations are used for institutions cited in this paper: 
AMNH, American Museum of Natural History, New York; PDA, Penn- 
sylvania Deparment of Agriculture, Harrisburg; PSU, Pennsylvania State 
University, University Park; PU, Purdue University, West Lafayette, In- 
diana; TJH, T. J. Henry collection; UG, University of Georgia, Athens 
(including the C. L. Smith collection); USNM, U.S. National Museum of 
Natural History, Washington, D.C. Diameter is abbreviated as diam. 


Ceratocapsus Reuter, 1876:87 


Type-species: Ceratocapsus lutescens Reuter (designated by Kirkaldy, 
1906: 127). 


Description.—Medium-sized mirids, length 3.0-5.8 mm, generally sub- 
parallel to broadly oval; dorsum pallid or testaceous to black; impunctate 
to strongly punctured; pubescence silky or tomentose, simple recumbent, 
long, erect or pilose. Head much broader than long, base nearly straight, 
touching anterior margin of pronotum, base of vertex distinctly carinate, 
eyes granulate (more so in ¢), often pubescent, vertex and front often with 
weak median groove, front sometimes weakly and transversely striated, 
surface smooth to finely granulate. Rostrum reaching mesocoxae to just 
beyond metacoxae. Antennae set into eye emarginations on either side of 
base of tylus; segment I shortest and thickest; II, longest, about 3x segment 
I, gradually enlarged apically, apex often approaching diam of I; II] and IV 
subequal, III always slightly longer; clothed with thickly set recumbent 
setae, sometimes intermixed with or replaced by longer, erect setae. Prono- 
tum trapeziform, base 2 or more width of apex, lateral margin straight, 
base broadly rounded, anterior margin with narrow, but distinct flattened 
collar, calli indistinct, at most weakly raised, surface finely granulate to 
distinctly punctate; mesoscutum narrowly exposed, often not visible from 
dorsal aspect, scutellum subequilateral, length of base only slightly longer 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 403 


than sides. Hemelytra well developed, embolium and radial veins distinct, 
width of cuneus subequal to length, pubescence tomentose (on scutellum, 
clavus, and corium), simple, recumbent or pilose; membrane well developed 
with 2 closed cells, surface often finely pubescent. Claws typically ortho- 
tyline with convergent parempodia. 

Genital opening large; parameres well developed, often spined and 
clothed with long, pilose setae; left paramere usually 3-pronged, basal prong 
usually shortest and straight or curved distally or basally, sometimes api- 
cally bifurcate, middle prong longest, curved up or back towards base, api- 
cal prong bent distad, often twisted, apex acutely produced, truncate or 
broadly flared; right paramere stout, usually simple, gradually bent, usually 
with a basal process, apex and basal process sometimes strongly produced 
forming a C-shaped structure or basal process single or doubled and ex- 
tending back and around stouter base; phallotheca generally elongate with 
the apex acutely produced, truncate or bifurcate. 

Remarks.—The species I have included in the /utescens group are easily 
distinguished from other Ceratocapsus by the impunctate dorsum (some- 
times appearing finely punctured or alutaceous), the finely pubescent mem- 
brane (thickly clothed with simple microsetae which to the eye appear as 
a fine scale-like covering) and the male genitalia. The left paramere is 
3-pronged; the basal prong is usually short and stout, acutely produced or 
bifurcate and often armed with short spines; the middle prong is usually the 
largest and may be curved up or back towards the base; the apical prong is 
generally long and slender, twisted at the middle and apically truncate. The 
right paramere is generally short and stout, with the apex curved and often 
acutely and narrowly produced; the basal process is usually short and blunt, 
but may be spine-like, bifid or broadly truncate (note: figures of the right 
paramere are drawn so that the basal process is most visible). The phal- 
lotheca is slender and acutely produced at the apex; the dorsal subapical 
edge is often finely serrate. 


KEY TO SPECIES OF CERATOCAPSUS LUTESCENS GROUP? 


1. Dorsum clothed with only simple, erect, semierect or pilose setae .. 2 
— Clavus and middle of corium clothed with silky or tomentose pu- 
bescence intermixed with simple, erect, semierect or pilose setae . 15 


> Ceratocapsus mcateei Knight (1927:151) is known only from three females and seems to 
fit into the C. lutescens group; however, I can not be totally certain until males are examined. 
This species is easily separated from all other Ceratocapsus by the brown head, darker brown, 
impunctate pronotum, pale hemelytra, reddish cuneus, the pale testaceous legs with only the 
metafemora red, the short, sparsely set, simple setae on the dorsum, and the length of the 
rostrum which reaches the posterior margin or just beyond the metacoxae. 


404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


2. Dorsum pale testaceous or off white; head scarlet red, antennae, 
at least-in:part,;scarletineds2.crentjdteeei i claneeitee ce ees 3 
— Dorsum brown, dark brown or black, head sometimes paler, but 
never distinctly-rédea ctse2- eet. eae eel eo eee 5 


3. Head and all antennal segments red; setae on hemelytra semierect, 
few, if any pilose setae (Fig. 26); d genitalia (Fig. 12); host: Quer- 


CUSLSDD bse PO IS IO eee rubricornis Knight 
— Head and only apical 4 of antennal segment 2 red; setae on he- 
melytraysemierect orlargely, pilose.-e-ee ee eee eee ee 4 


4. Dorsum very pale, testaceous or off white; hemelytra distinctly and 

uniformly pilose; ¢ genitalia (Fig. 11); host: probably Quercus spp. 
LeNies ageepaale w tb edee Sa aes aeenaetelet. Medial lott scatman. ny ces bifurcus Knight 

— Dorsum more testaceous; hemelytra not distinctly pilose, setae 

shorter, more semierect; 6 genitalia (Fig. 14); host: probably Quer- 


CUS SPP econ cde. Oe AB Se ee lutescens Reuter 
5. Hemelytra and pronotum thickly pubescent, setae sometimes giv- 
ing a woolly appearance; eyes distinctly pubescent (Fig. 27) ....... 6 


— Pronotum nearly glabrous, hemelytra sparsely set with pilose setae 
and/or short, recumbent setae; eyes, at most, with only a few ex- 
tremely: short:sétaeiniiwivndas Ss eee See ce he OE eee 8 

6. Strongly pubescent, setae on eyes subequal to length of setae on 
front and tylus (Fig. 27a); appendages thickly pilose, setae on 2nd 
antennal segment and tibiae longer than diam of segment (Fig. 24), 
tibial spines obscured by pilosity; 6 genitalia (Fig. 3); host: prob- 
ablvaRiniSiSP Oxia: tiie. Rin es dead he pubescens, new species 

— Setae on eyes much shorter than setae on front or tylus; append- 
ages pubescent, but not pilose, setae never longer than diam of 
segments, tibial spines not obscured by pilosity .................. i 

7. Uniform yellow brown, clothed with semierect, golden pubescence; 
antennal segments pale or testaceous; eyes bearing only short setae 
(Fig:.27c); 6 genitalia (Fig. 6); host: Pinus*rigidal eee 

ie trent Pak arsenate irl rhs See lac cecilsmithi, new species 

— Fuscous, clavus and corium more brown, thickly clothed with 
semi-erect and erect, brown pubescence; antennal segments 
brown; eyes with rather long setae (Fig. 27b); 6 genitalia (Fig. 5); 


NOSE CRIMUSLV UR OUNIANG ooo < sictoh shack Sethe ee barbatus Knight 
8. Hemelytra clothed with only short, sparsely set, recumbent setae, 

scutellum occasionally bearing a few pilose setae ................. 9 
— Hemelytra and scutellum clothed with pilose setae, intermixed with 

short;srecumbent: Setaé qin: 1nd, eee eee 12 


9. Length 4.4 mm, width 1.7 mm; yellow brown, some specimens 
approaching black, but with head, base of pronotum and apex of 
scutellum, clavus and base of corium paler; 2nd antennal segment 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 405 


distinctly longer than basal width of pronotum; 6 genitalia (Fig. 1); 
HhostaOmercasvandyV iis: (erence dite ack. oe wate modestus (Uhler) 
Length less than 4.0 mm or general color uniformly dark brown to 
fuscous; 2nd antennal segment subequal to or shorter than basal 
ACORN Ot PROMO UID p7950 nsdaic snd eateape sik eyed Suhliccchs = budieneimeetiene: 5 10 


. Length 4.0-4.4 mm; color very dark brown to nearly black, espe- 


cially on pronotum, cuneus frequently fusco-reddish; length of 2nd 
antennal segment subequal to basal width of pronotum; 6 genitalia 
(hig223) host? Quercus Spp: a sas nein wee ss wheeleri, new species 
Length 3.3—3.7 mm; hemelytra with paler brown or reddish-brown 
areas, especially on clavus; cuneus generally fuscous; length of 2nd 
antennal segment less than basal width of pronotum ............. 11 


. Length 3.4-3.7 mm; hemelytra sparsely clothed with very short, 


recumbent setae; antennae pale or testaceous with 3rd and 4th and 
apical 3rd of 2nd segment reddish; length of Ist segment distinctly 
greater than width of vertex; 6 genitalia (Fig. 8); host: unknown 
RNa SEE Rial Pete tet Coke wecd Men RAS sts teh ot susles blatchleyi, new species 
Length slightly smaller, 3.3 mm; hemelytra rather thickly clothed 
with recumbent and a few semierect setae; antennae testaceous or 
brown; length of Ist segment subequal to width of vertex; ¢ gen- 
italiagiFig.222)> hostunknOwmn.... «2 Givi tes ee =f knighti, new species 


. Large, slender species, length 5.8 mm, width 2.0 mm; hemelytra 


and, sometimes pronotal disc, set with pilose setae; 2nd antennal 
segment fuscous or black, clothed with fine, short, recumbent se- 


tae; d genitalia (Fig. 4); taken on Platanus ......... spinosus Henry 
Smaller species, not over 5.0 mm; genitalia not as in Fig. 4....... 13 
. Antennae yellow, thickly clothed with erect, pale setae; ¢ genitalia 
(Rigs sl'5) 2nOSt: sUMkMOW Misa 7s soo tas ere Xcak sO bets seticornis Knight 
Antennae reddish brown or fuscous, thickly clothed with short, 
RECMMOC MUSE lACURE RewNe ery aie nen cles cane Wii: wc. Ween Sate iagoen ytraetatee 14 


. General color usually brown or chestnut; right paramere slender, 


basal process spinelike, basal prong of left paramere apically 
curved and bent in towards middle prong (Fig. 9); host: unknown 
Sd ay ts i BEN Ae (oA Ae a ee insperatus Blatchley 
General color largely fuscous or black, especially pronotum, scu- 
tellum, cuneus and abdomen; right paramere and basal process 
stoutly produced, basal prong of left paramere straight and erect, 
not leaning towards middle prong (Fig. 2); host: numerous decid- 


uous trees, including Alnus and Quercus ..... piceatus, new species 
= Porsumivelothed wath: pilosessetaceiane 4.06. SRA Sek... RE 16 
Dorsum with only shorter, more recumbent setae................ 19 
~Appendagesidark: brown.or reddish Drown’ 2325205... 46 Ae 17 


Appendages*yelle@wish or pale testaceous. « .. 2.02 62.8 62 ebicew ae 18 


406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


7 


Figs. 1-10. Male genitalia of Ceratocapsus; a, left paramere, lateral view; b, left paramere 
inside lateral view; c, right paramere, lateral view; d, phallotheca, lateral view. 1, modestus. 
2, piceatus. 3, pubescens, 4, spinosus. 5, barbatus. 6, cecilsmithi. 7, advenus. 8, blatchleyi. 
9, insperatus. 10, husseyi. 


17. Pronotum, scutellum and cuneus brown or reddish brown; venter 

reddish brown, 3rd and 4th antennal segments thickened, subequal 

to diam of Ist segment; d genitalia (Fig. 7); host: probably Pinus spp. 
Raniah eee NG hae 20s ok tal Antal ad Boyar, Sore lar ping Doge advenus Blatchley 

— Pronotum, scutellum and cuneus fuscous or black, venter mostly 

fuscous to black; 3rd and 4th antennal segments slender, not equal 

to diam of Ist segment; ¢ genitalia (Fig. 21); host: unknown..... 
iliwaalete iad soe Berl. ayaa ee ewe eee et hirsutus, new species 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 407 


18. Second antennal segment yellowish or testaceous, apex fuscous; 


Gucenitalia,(Figs710): host: Prunusijo2 te sae JAN... husseyi Knight 
— Second antennal segment uniformly yellowish or testaceous; 3 
genitalia.(Fig- 16); taken’ on: Quercus... 225.2002. 5 5: sericus Knight 


19. Length 4.5 mm or more, general color fuscous to black, head often 
paler with a reddish tinge; antennae dark reddish brown to fuscous; 


Gyeenitalial(hipa43); host-"Caryals i908 iene: nigellus Knight 
— Length not over 4.0 mm, color yellowish or reddish brown to or- 
angemed: antennae mostly pale or testaceous.saso08. 45.6 9. Wesiok 20 


20. Dorsum reddish brown, cuneus and apical '2 of corium dark brown 
or fuscous (Fig. 25), venter reddish brown, abdomen fuscous or 
black; membrane pale, apical 12 infuscated; 2nd antennal segment 
uniformly yellowish, segments 3 and 4 reddish; ¢ genitalia (Fig. 


1D) NOS OUCTCUS eB snc. Boe as IS ESR 2 vicinus Knight 
— Dorsum yellowish brown, reddish or orange red; abdomen never 
fuscous, apex of 2nd antennal segment pale, red or fuscous....... 21 


21. Dorsum yellow brown, legs testaceous; 2nd antennal segment tes- 
taceous, apex brown to reddish brown, segments 3 and 4 red to 
reddish brown; ¢ genitalia (Fig. 17); host: Picea and Pinus ..... 

5 SS Cid OCP RTOS Cn a Ree er eee ere ee luteus Knight 
— Dorsum reddish or reddish orange, appendages light yellowish ..... 22 

22. Dorsum bright orange to orange red, length 3.4 mm; apex of 2nd 
antennal segment, apical % of 3rd and all of 4th reddish; ¢ genitalia 
GhipeoltS) + ROStauUNnkMOWM ie 5 ees Rhee wae a doses aurantiacus Henry 

— Dorsum reddish to light brownish red, length 3.1 mm or less; all 
antennal segments, except reddish 4th, uniform light yellow; ¢ 
genitalia (Fig. 20); host: Taxodium distichum ........ taxodii Knight 


Ceratocapsus advenus Blatchley, 1926:823 
Fig. 7 


Ceratocapsus advenus was described from Dunedin, Florida where it was 
taken on branches of a recently felled pine and apparently from a specimen 
from Cresent City, Florida. I have examined single males from Highlands 
Co. at Sebring, VIII-10-1930, C. T. Parsons coll. (AMNH) and the Archbold 
Biological Station, May 1, 1977, B. Stinner coll., at BLT (PDA). 

Neither the specimen from Dunedin or Cresent City could be located in 
the Purdue University collection. Because C. advenus is known from only 
two specimens and they are apparently lost, I am designating the above 
American Museum specimen from Sebring as a NEOTYPE to preserve 

_Blatchley’s concept of this species. 

Blatchley (1926) suggested this species was related to C. nigrocephalus 
_ Knight, but I have studied the type of C. nigrocephalus and have found that 
_ the two species are considerably different, both in general body form and 


| 


408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


male genitalia. Ceratocapsus advenus more closely resembles C. modestus 
or C. insperatus, but can be separated by the combination of tomentose 
and pilose setae and the male genitalia. 


Ceratocapsus aurantiacus Henry, 1978:385 
Fig. 18 


This species is known only from the Archbold Biological Station, High- 
lands Co., Florida where it was taken at light traps, May 3-5, 1967 by S. 
W. Frost (PSU). Ceratocapsus aurantiacus resembles C. taxodii but can 
be separated by the larger size, brighter orange color and male genitalia. 


Ceratocapsus barbatus Knight, 1927:150 
Figs. 5, 27b 


Ceratocapsus barbatus was described from the District of Columbia, 
Maryland, and Virginia and is known to breed on Pinus virginiana. Wheeler 
and Henry (1975) showed that Uhler’s (1887) description of Melinna mo- 
desta was actually of C. barbatus (see discussion under C. modestus). 
Wheeler and Henry (1977) pointed out that several of the specimens from 
pine recorded by Wirtner as Melinna modesta Uhler were actually C. bar- 
batus. 

Ceratocapsus barbatus resembles C. cecilsmithi and C. pubescens but 
is easily separated by the intermediate-type pubescence and coloration and 
the male genitalia. 


Ceratocapsus bifurcus Knight, 1927:144 
Fig. 11 


Ceratocapsus bifurcus is known only from Florida. I have examined nu- 
merous specimens collected at Highlands Co., Archbold Biological Station, 
May 5, 1977, B. Stinner, at light (PDA, TJH). I have studied the Cerato- 
capsus Frost (1964) listed as C. lutescens and find them to be C. bifurcus; 
Blatchley’s (1926) record of C. lutescens from Florida probably also refers 
to C. bifurcus. 

This species is most closely related to C. lutescens and C. rubricornis 
but can be separated from these species by the paler, almost whitish, dor- 
sum, pilose setae on the hemelytra, and by the male genitalia. 


Ceratocapsus blatchleyi Henry, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 8 


Holotype male.—Length 3.36 mm, width 1.40 mm, generally dark brown ~ 
to fuscous with very short recumbent setae. Head: Length 0.40 mm, 
width 0.80 mm, rufotestaceous, tinged with fuscous, front finely granulate, 
weakly and transversely striate; vertex 0.24 mm, dorsal width of eye 0.28 © 
mm. Rostrum: Length 1.34 mm, brown, reaching middle of metacoxae. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 409 


Antennae: Pale or testaceous, 3rd and 4th and apical 3rd of 2nd segment 
reddish; I, length 0.34 mm, II, 1.08 mm; III, 0.54 mm; IV, 0.50 mm. Prono- 
tum: Length 0.68 mm, width at base 1.18 mm, fuscous, lighter brown along 
posterior margin, surface finely granulate; mesoscutum not visible from dor- 
sal aspect, scutellum black, brown at apex, transversely rugose. Hemely- 
tra: Fuscous to black, clavus and basal area of corium more brown to 
reddish brown; membrane smoky translucent to fumate, paler along cuneal 
border. Venter: Shiny, fuscous to black, genital segment more brown, 
ostiolar peritreme reddish brown, abdomen with rather short, semierect 
setae, those on genital segment longer. Legs: Testaceous, coxae tinged 
with red, hind tibiae reddish brown. Genitalia: See Fig. 8. 

Female.—Unknown. 

Types.—Holotype: &, Georgia, Clarke Co., Stonehenge 5/IX/1973, C. 
L. Smith, at light (USNM type no. 75741). Paratype: 3, New Jersey, 
Cape May Co., | mi W of Rio Grande, 11—18/VII/1976, C. L. Smith at black 
light trap (UG). 

Remarks.—Ceratocapsus blatchleyi is similar to a smaller C. modestus 
but is easily separated by the small size, pale red-tinged antennae, and 
distinctive left paramere. It also resembles C. hirsutus and C. knighti in 
general size and color but is easily separated by the short, recumbent setae 
on the dorsum and the long, slender, spined basal prong of the left paramere. 
The paratype from New Jersey closely resembles the Georgia holotype in 
all respects, except for the absence of the stout spine on the dorsal margin 
of the middle prong on the left paramere. 

I have named this species after W. S. Blatchley whose efforts on the 
Heteroptera of Eastern North America (1926) greatly helped students of 
hemipterology. 


Ceratocapsus cecilsmithi Henry, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 6, 27c 


Holotype male.—Length 4.20 mm, width 1.80 mm. Generally uniform 
yellowish brown, head slightly more reddish; clothed with short, recumbent, 
pale pubescence. Head: Length 0.40 mm, width 0.86 mm, rufotestaceous, 
front transversely striated, striae weakly raised, tinged with red; vertex 0.32 
mm; dorsal width of eye 0.28 mm. Rostrum: Length 1.38 mm, reaching 
posterior margin of mesocoxae, testaceous, apical segment fuscous. Anten- 
nae: Testaceous; I, length 0.38 mm, II, 1.24 mm, slender, slightly enlarged 
to apex, clothed with semierect, pale setae; III, 0.58 mm, brown; IV, 0.48 
mm, brown. Pronotum: Length 0.78 mm, width at base 1.44 mm, surface 
shallowly roughened, not distinctly punctured; calli vaguely raised, surface 
more grainy than disc; clothed with semierect, pale pubescence; mesoscu- 
tum visible only at lateral angles (from dorsal aspect); scutellum uniformly 
yellow brown, rugose, clothed with pale, semierect setae. Hemelytra: Uni- 


410 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


form yellow brown, closely set with semierect, pale setae; membrane smoky 
brown, veins indistinct, colored as membrane. Venter: Shiny yellow 
brown, abdomen strongly tinged with red; mesopleura with a glaucous 
bloom; abdomen sparsely set with pale, semierect setae, these longer on 
genital segment. Legs: Yellowish brown or testaceous. Genitalia: See Fig. 
6, similar to C. barbatus in general form but differing in the shorter, curved 
basal prong of the left paramere. 

Allotype female.—Length 4.08 mm, width 1.88 mm. Head: Length 0.38 
mm, width 0.84 mm, vertex 0.38 mm, dorsal width of eye 0.24 mm. Ros- 
trum: Length 1.40 mm, reaching posterior margin of mesocoxae. Anten- 
nae: 1,0.36mm:; II, 1.26mm; III, 0.60 mm;1V,0.48 mm. Pronotum: Length 
0.78 mm, width at base 1.40 mm. | 

The female is very similar to the male in coloration and pubescence, but 
is more broadly formed. 

Types.—Holotype: 3, Georgia, Madison Co., 1 mi NW of Hull, 16/VI/ 
1971, at light, C. L. Smith coll. (USNM type no. 75738). Allotype: 2°, 
same locality as holotype, 23/VI/1971 (USNM). Paratypes: 9 3,5 2°, 
same locality as holotype, 16—23/VI/1971 (UG, USNM, TJH); 1 6, 2 @ 
(reared), New Jersey, Atlantic Co., nr. New Gretna, June 13, 1977, taken 
on Pinus rigida, T. J. Henry and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. coll. (TJH, PDA); 1 
?, Lakehurst, New Jersey, July 4, 1909, C. E. Olsen (AMNH). 

Remarks.—In color, C. cecilsmithi resembles a larger, broader C. luteus 
without tomentose pubescence; in vestiture, it is most similar to C. barbatus 
and C. pubescens but has shorter setae. 

I have dedicated this species to Cecil L. Smith (UG) who has provided 
me with many interesting mirids, including this species and representatives 
of several other new species used in this study. 


Ceratocapsus hirsutus Henry, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 21 


Holotype male.—Length 3.48 mm, width 1.48 mm, dark brown, clothed 
with long, erect setae. Head: Length 0.40 mm, width 0.78 mm, brown, 
undersurface paler, tinged with red, front clothed with several long, erect 
setae; vertex 0.30 mm, dorsal width of eye 0.24 mm. Rostrum: Length 
1.24 mm, reddish brown, apical segment brown, nearly reaching apex of 
metacoxae. Antennae: Brownish, apex of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th segments red- 
dish brown; I, 0.34 mm; II, 1.12 mm; HI, 0.58 mm; IV, 0.50 mm. Prono- 
tum: Length 0.66 mm, width at base 1.20 mm, shiny fuscous to black, 
clothed with pilose brown setae; mesoscutum not visible from dorsal aspect, 
scutellum fuscous, pale apically, transversely rugose. Hemelytra: Dark 
brown, cuneus more fuscous, clothed with very short, tomentose setae, 
especially along margin of scutellum and clavus, intermixed with long, erect, 
brown setae; membrane black or fumate, pale along cuneal border. Ven- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 411 


ter: Shiny, fuscous to dark reddish brown, abdomen clothed with long, 
semierect setae. Legs: Testaceous, tinged with reddish, tibiae darker red- 
dish brown. Genitalia: See Fig. 21. 

Allotype female.—Length 3.60 mm, width 1.56 mm. Head: Length 0.36 
mm, width 0.76 mm, vertex 0.34 mm, dorsal width of eye 0.20 mm. Ros- 
trum: Length 1.28 mm, reaching middle of metacoxae. Antennae: 1, 0.34 
mm; II, 1.14 mm; III, 0.64 mm; IV, broken. Pronotum: Length 0.60 mm, 
width at base 1.20 mm. Very similar to males in color and pubescence. 

Types.—Holotype: 63, Georgia, Oconee Co., Durham Farm, 20/VII/ 
1971, C. L. Smith, at light trap (USNM type no. 75837). Allotype: 9°, 
Georgia, Clarke Co., 5 mi W of Athens, 7—13/VIII/1977, C. L. Smith at 
light (USNM). Paratype: °, Georgia, Clarke Co., Whitehall Forest, 5—10/ 
VII/1975, R. Turnbow, black light trap (UG). 

Remarks.—Ceratocapsus hirsutus can be separated from other Cerato- 
capsus by the dark color, small size, brown to reddish-brown antennae, the 
long pilose setae on the dorsum sparsely intermixed with tomentose pubes- 
cence and by the male genitalia. 


Ceratocapsus husseyi Knight, 1930:196 
Fig. 10 


The single male from Michigan that Knight used to describe husseyi was 
first described as the male (allotype) of C. sericus (Knight, 1923). Knight 
(1941) later reported C. husseyi from Illinois. I have one male from Penn- 
sylvania collected in Cambria Co. on Prunus sp., July 24, 1975 by A. G. 
Wheeler, Jr. and 9 males and | female and nymphs from Butler Co., on a 
plum, Prunus sp., July 13, 1978 by A. G. Wheeler, Jr. (PDA). I also have 
6 specimens from Clinton, Cumberland, and Indiana counties taken in Au- 
gust and September on Pinus sp. and 6 specimens from Patton, Cambria 
Co., taken (by M. Wirtner) July 22 on pine. 

The male genitalia provide the most reliable way to separate C. husseyi 
from C. sericus. The basal prong of the left paramere is short and sharply 
curved in towards the middle prong. Knight suggested that C. husseyi could 
also be separated from C. sericus by the apically infuscated 2nd antennal 
segment; this specific character is also present on all the Pennsylvania spec- 
imens. 


Ceratocapsus insperatus Blatchley, 1928:12 
Fig. 9 
Ceratocapsus insperatus was described from 2 males taken at Dunedin, 
Florida; only one specimen is in the Blatchley collection at Purdue Univer- 
sity. Since Blatchley did not designate a type for insperatus and because 


only a single Blatchley specimen remains, I am designating this single male 
as the LECTOTYPE of insperatus; it is labeled: ‘‘Dunedin, Fla., W.S.B. 


412 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Figs. 11-23. Male genitalia of Ceratocapsus; a, left paramere, lateral view; b, left paramere 
inside lateral view; c, right paramere, lateral view; d, phallotheca, lateral view. 11, bifurcus. 
12, rubricornis. 13, nigellus. 14, lutescens. 15, seticornis. 16, sericus. 17, luteus. 18, auran- 
tiacus. 19, vicinus. 20, taxodii. 21, hirsutus. 22, knighti. 23, wheeleri. 


coll., 3-18-25°’; ‘‘Purdue Blatchley collection’’; ‘‘Lectotype: Ceratocapsus 
insperatus Blatchley, Det. T. J. Henry 1978” (red label). Blatchley (1928) 
noted his Florida record for C. modestus (Blatchley, 1926) refers to this 
species. I have one additional male taken in Highlands Co. at the Archbold | 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 413 


Biological Station, 10 mi south of Lake Placid, March 30, 1969 at U-V 
light by A. G. Wheeler, Jr. (PDA) and 5 males from Madison and Clarke 
counties, Georgia taken from June 1, 1971 to May 3, 1975 at lights by C. L. 
Smith (PDA, TJH, UG). 

Ceratocapsus insperatus resembles C. advenus and C. hirsutus in general 
color and body form but can be separated by the larger size, by the lack of 
tomentose pubescence on the dorsum, and by the male genitalia. Blatchley 
(1928) noted that C. insperatus resembled C. modestus and would run to 
couplet ‘“‘e’’ in his key for group I of Ceratocapsus (Blatchley, 1926:821). 
This species keys out with C. piceatus but can be distinguished by the 
lighter brown color, by the longer, pilose setae on the dorsum, and by the 
male genitalia. 


Ceratocapsus knighti Henry, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 22 


Holotype male.—Length 3.28 mm, width 1.36 mm, general color dark 
brown, appendages paler. Head: Length 0.30 mm, width 0.82 mm, reddish 
brown, vertex 0.30 mm, dorsal width of eye 0.26 mm. Rostrum: Length 
1.20 mm, brownish, Ist segment reddish brown, apical segment fuscous, 
reaching middle of metacoxae. Antennae: Brown, Ist segment paler, 
thickly set with recumbent brown setae; I, length 0.30 mm; II, 0.92 mm; III, 
0.48 mm; IV, 0.40 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.62 mm, width at base 1.14 
mm, shiny, dark brown or fuscous, very finely punctate, sparsely clothed 
with recumbent brown setae; mesoscutum (only lateral angles visible from 
dorsal aspect) and scutellum dark brown, setae short, recumbent. Hem- 
elytra: Dark brown (but lighter than pronotum), embolium and clavus 
sometimes paler, cuneus fuscous; thickly clothed with recumbent brown 
setae, especially on clavus and middle of corium; membrane fumate, trans- 
parent along border of cuneus. Venter: Shiny reddish brown. 
Legs: Testaceous, apex of hind femora and tibiae sometimes tinged with 
red. Genitalia: See Fig. 22. 

Allotype female.—Length 3.40 mm, width 1.52 mm. Head: Length 0.34 
mm, width 0.78 mm, vertex 0.34 mm, dorsal width of eye 0.22 mm. Ros- 
trum: Length 1.20 mm, reaching middle of metacoxae. Antennae: 1, 0.28 
mm; II, 0.92 mm; III, 0.48 mm; IV, 0.40 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.64 mm, 
width at base 1.22 mm. The female is very similar to males in pubescence 
and color and differs mainly in the broader form. 

Types.—Holotype: 3, Georgia, Clarke Co., Stonehenge, 8—14/VIII/ 
1975, C. L. Smith at light (USNM type no. 75838). Allotype: 2, Georgia, 
Oconee Co., Durham Farm, 15/VII/1971, C. L. Smith, at light (USNM). 
Paratypes: 46, Georgia, Clarke Co., Stonehenge, 27—28/VIII/1973, 8-14/ 
VII/1974, 1-7/VIII/1975, C.L.S., at light (PDA, TJH, UG). 


414 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Remarks.—Ceratocapsus knighti can be separated from other Ceratocap- 
sus by its small size, by the dark brown dorsum clothed with recumbent 
brown setae, by the testaceous legs, and by the male genitalia. 

| have named this species in honor of the late H. H. Knight, a man who 
had a remarkable perception of mirid taxonomy and whose many fine con- 
tributions to miridology clearly made him North America’s greatest mirid 
specialist. 


Ceratocapsus lutescens Reuter, 1876:87 
Fig. 14 


Ceratocapsus lutescens was orginally described from Texas. Since then 
it has been recorded from Florida to Kansas and north to New York and 
Wisconsin, but these records may be based on misidentifications of C. bi- 
furcus and C. rubricornis. All the specimens I have examined from the east 
are C. rubricornis and those from Florida are C. bifurcus. 

I have examined the holotypes of C. bifurcus and C. rubricornis and 2 
specimens of C. lutescens from Texas (determined as C. lutescens by 
Knight). Ceratocapsus lutescens can be separated from C. rubricornis by 
the partially (rather than totally) red antennae and from C. bifurcus by the 
short, semierect (rather than pilose) setae on the dorsum. The male genitalia 
are distinct for each species. 


Ceratocapsus luteus Knight, 1923:527 
Fig. 17 


Ceratocapsus luteus was originally described from New York and West 
Virginia and later reported from Ohio (Watson, 1928) and Illinois (Knight, 
1941). This species is common throughout Pennsylvania on both Pinus spp. 
(mostly sylvestris) and Picea spp. (mostly abies). 

Although Knight (1923) suggested C. luteus resembled C. lutescens, it 
now can be more closely associated with C. cecilsmithi. It can be separated 
from both species by the smaller, more slender form, uniform yellow-brown 
color, tomentose pubescence, and distinctive male genitalia. 


Ceratocapsus modestus (Uhler), 1887:69 
Fig. 1 


There has been considerable confusion over the identify of C. modestus. 
Uhler clearly noted that the species he was describing was common on pine 
trees. Blatchley (1926) noticed a problem when he noted that Uhler’s de- 
scription of the pronotum as being ‘“‘coarsely unevenly punctate’’ did not 
agree with specimens Knight had determined as C. modestus. Knight, pos- 
sibly not aware of the C. modestus problem, apparently based his concept 
of C. modestus on the single female in the USNM type collection and not 
on Uhler’s description. Wheeler and Henry (1975) have shown that Uhler’s 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 415 


original description was actually of the species Knight described as C. bar- 
batus. Although Uhler did not make holotype selections, someone (most 
likely Heidemann) selected a specimen from Uhler’s mixed ‘‘type series”’ 
to represent C. modestus. This specimen has served to form the concept 
Knight and subsequent hemipterists have had of C. modestus. Since I could 
not find a better specimen of C. modestus from the Uhler collection and to 
preserve this accepted thinking, I am designating the following specimen as 
the LECTOTYPE. Lectotype female in USNM type collection with labels: 
‘“PR Uhler collection’; Megacoelum modestum Uhler”’; “‘Megacoelum 
modestum Uhler, Det. Uhler’’; ‘“‘Lectotype: Ceratocapsus modestus (Uhl- 
er), 6, USNM type no. 75742’’ (red label). 

Ceratocapsus modestus is known from most of eastern North America 
(see Carvalho, 1958) and breeds mainly on Quercus spp. and Vitis sp. This 
species may be separated from other Ceratocapsus by the lack of pilose or 
tomentose pubescence on the hemelytra, the overall yellowish-brown color 
with the more fuscous pronotum, scutellum and apical portion of the hem- 
elytra, and the male genitalia. 

Knight (1941) mentioned that some specimens bear a few pilose setae on 
the clavus and corium. I have examined several hundred specimens (in- 
cluding freshly reared and collected specimens) and none has this type pu- 
bescence (rarely some may have a few erect, but not long, setae on the 
clavus). However, the dark form of C. modestus that Knight (1923) refers 
to when describing C. nigellus, in most cases is C. piceatus, a species that 
has long, erect setae on the clavus and corium. Knight probably confused 
C. modestus with this dark, pilose species. 


Ceratocapsus nigellus Knight, 1923:528 
Big. 13 


Ceratocapsus nigellus was described from Georgia, Maryland, Minne- 
sota, North Carolina, New Jersey, and New York on Carya sp. and later 
reported from Ohio (Watson, 1928) and Illinois (Knight, 1941). I have also 
examined specimens from Indiana (PU), lowa (TJH), Massachusetts and 
Virginia (AMNH). In Pennsylvania, this species is also occasionally found 
on Quercus spp. The Ceratocapsus sp. listed by Wheeler and Henry 
(1977:155) from Patton, Pa. (July) is C. nigellus. 

This species resembles C. piceatus and darker forms of C. modestus but 
can be separated by the fuscous to black dorsum and paler red-tinged head, 
the thickly set tomentose pubescence, and the male genitalia. 


Ceratocapsus piceatus Henry, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 2 


Holotype male.—Length 4.48 mm, width 1.72 mm. Generally fuscous to 
black; clothed with brown, pilose setae. Head: Length 0.44 mm, width 


416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


0.84 mm: vertex 0.32 mm; dorsal width of eye 0.26 mm; fuscous, nearly 
black, jugum more brownish; middle of front vaguely impressed, base dis- 
tinctly carinate, surface finely granulate. Rostrum: Length 1.52 mm, 
reaching apices of mesocoxae, brown to fuscous. Antennae: I, length 0.50 
mm, testaceous, invaded by fuscous; II, 1.46 mm, dark, reddish brown, 
gradually enlarged to apex, finely clothed with short, recumbent setae; III, 
0.92 mm, reddish brown; IV, 0.60 mm, reddish brown. Pronotum: Length 
0.90 mm, width at base 1.44 mm, black, surface finely granulate; calli barely 
raised, roughened; collar flattened, shiny; lateral margins straight, base 
gently rounded; mesoscutum black, hardly visible from dorsal aspect; scu- 
tellum black, apex brown, transversely rugose. Hemelytra: Fuscous, cu- 
neus black, clavus lighter brown; sparsely set with very short, recumbent | 
brown setae; clavus, inside % of corium and inside margin of paracuneus — 
set with brown, pilose setae; membrane fumate or smoky brown, veins 
similarly colored. Venter: Fuscous to black, abdomen sparsely clothed 
with short, recumbent brown setae, these longer near genital segment; me- 
sopleura with a glaucous sheen. Legs: Dark brown or fuscous, tibiae dark- 
er, metacoxae with a glaucous sheen, sparsely clothed with short, brownish 
setae, apical 4 of protibiae thickly pubescent beneath. Genitalia: See 
Fig. 2. 

Allotype female.—Length 4.56 mm, width 1.80 mm, similar to male in 
color and pubescence. Head: Width 0.84 mm, vertex 0.36 mm, dorsal 
width of eye 0.24 mm. Rostrum: Length 1.64 mm, reaching hind coxae. 
Antennae: 1, length 0.48 mm; II, 1.56 mm; III, 0.70 mm; IV, 0.66 mm. 
Pronotum: Length 0.84 mm, width at base 1.44 mm. 

Types.—Holotype: 63, Pennsylvania, Erie Co., Presque Isle, 27 July 
1978 A. G. Wheeler, Jr. coll., on Alnus rugosa (USNM type no. 75739). 
Allotype: °,same data as holotype (USNM). Paratypes: (sex?), District 
of Columbia, July 21, N. Banks (AMNH); | 6, Georgia, Madison Co., | mi 
NW of Hull, 23/VI/1971, at light, C. L. Smith (UG); 1 °, Massachusetts, 
Wareham, July 20-31, 1898, O’Bangs (AMNH); 6 36, New Jersey, Cape 
May Co., 1 mi W of Rio Grande, 11—18/VII/1976, black light trap, C. L. 
Smith (UG, TJH); 1 2, New York, Ft. Montgomery, Aug. 6, 1923, F. M. 
Schott (det. as modestus by Knight) (AMNH); 1 2, New York, Tompkins 
Co., Ithaca, Cornell Campus, 20 Aug. 1978, A. G. Wheeler, Jr. coll., on 
Gleditsia triacanthos (PDA); 1 3, 2 2, Pennsylvania, Northampton Co., 
Hellertown, Christ Luterhan Cemetery, Aug. 9, 1973, on Liriodendron tu- 
lipifera (PDA); 1 2°, Pennsylvania, Erie Co., I 90 & Rt. 19, 25 July 1978, 
A.G.W. coll., on Populus tremuloides (PDA); 2 3, Pennsylvania, Erie Co., 
Fairview, July 31, 1975, July 26, 1978, H. Wolff, A. G. Wheeler, Jr., on 
Quercus palustris and Betula pendula (PDA). 

Remarks.—Ceratocapsus piceatus has been somewhat of an enigma and, 
in many cases, is what Knight considered the dark variety of C. modestus, 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 417 


but is clearly separated from C. modestus by the presence of pilose setae 
on the hemelytra and to a lesser extent by the male genitalia. This new 
species is very similar to C. insperatus and may be difficult to separate. The 
characters of C. piceatus most useful for distinguishing it from C. insperatus 
are the stoutly formed right paramere (rather than very slender), the erect 
basal prong of the left paramere (rather than curved in towards the middle 
prong and apically curved with a subapical spine), and the nearly black 
color frequently found on the head, pronotum, cuneus, and abdomen (rather 
than dark brown or chestnut coloration). 

I also have material of what may be C. piceatus from Indiana, Michigan, 
and Minnesota; but I hesitate in including them as paratypes because I 
suspect there are several other undescribed species involved in this difficult 
complex of species. More careful collecting of host data and biological ob- 
servations may be needed to fully clarify the relationship of these dark, 
pilose mirids. 


Ceratocapsus pubescens Henry, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 3, 24, 27a 


Holotype male.—Length 5.00 mm, width 2.04 mm. Generally fuscous 
with testaceous appendages; strongly pubescent. Head: Length 0.50 mm, 
width 0.92 mm, dark brown, somewhat lighter than pronotum, base distinct- 
ly carinate, front weakly depressed and roughened; vertex 0.34 mm; dorsal 
width of eye 0.28 mm, reddish. Rostrum: Length 1.68 mm, reaching mid- 
dle of metacoxae, testaceous to brown, basal segment reddish. 
Antennae: Testaceous; thickly clothed with erect, pale setae; segment I, 
length 0.50 mm; II,1.64 mm, gradually thickened to apex, clothed with erect, 
pale setae 1.5—2.0 x diam of segment; III, 0.64 mm, red tinged; IV, 0.56 
mm, red tinged. Pronotum: Length 0.88 mm, width at base 1.56 mm, shiny 
fuscous, basal area more brown, calli weakly raised and roughened, disc 
indistinctly punctured; lateral margins straight, base softly rounded; clothed 
with erect, pale to brownish pubescence, especially around margins; scu- 
tellum dark brown, apex paler, clothed with erect, pale setae, transversely 
rugose. Hemelytra: Dark brown, somewhat lighter brown around apex of 
clavus and adjacent area of corium, cuneus approaching fuscous; thickly 
clothed with erect, pale setae; membrane fumate, veins similarly colored, 
small areole indistinct. Venter: Dark brown to reddish brown; pleura more 
fuscous, sternum and abdomen reddish brown, metapleura with a glaucous 
sheen. Legs: Uniformly testaceous, meso- and metatibiae darker brown, 
especially on basal 2, clothed with pale, pilose setae, tibial spines masked 
by thickly set pilose setae longer than diam of segment. Genitalia: See 
Fig. 3, typical of genus; left paramere, basal prong stout, apex recurved, 
middle prong long, slender, and recurved towards base, distal prong curved 
around and away from base, apex truncate, bent down; right paramere, 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


418 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 419 


elongate, stouter at base, gently curved forward on apical 4%, basal node 
distinct, acutely produced; theca as figured, apex slender, acutely produced. 

Allotype female.—Length 5.33 mm, width 2.33 mm. Head: Length 0.46 
mm, width 0.94 mm, vertex 0.42 mm, dorsal width of eye 0.38 mm. Ros- 
trum: Length 1.76 mm, reaching anterior margin of metacoxae. Anten- 
nae: I, length 0.50 mm; II, 1.76 mm; III, 0.68 mm; IV, 0.60 mm. Prono- 
tum: Length 0.92 mm, width at base 1.68 mm. 

Both the male and female have similar coloration and pubescence, but 
the female is slightly larger and broader. 

Types.—Holotype ¢&, Georgia, Madison Co., 1 mi NW of Hull, 23/VI/ 
1971, at light, C. L. Smith coll. (USNM type no. 75740). Allotype: °&, 
same data as holotype (USNM). Paratypes: 13,4 2, same data as ho- 
lotype (UG, 1 2 TJH); 12 5 same locality as holotype, 17-19/VI/1971 (UG, 
2 6 USNM, 2 6 TJH); 1 3d, Georgia, Clark Co., Stonehenge, 22—29/V11974, 
at light, C. L. Smith coll. (UG). 

Remarks.—Ceratocapsus pubescens is one of our most distinct Cerato- 
capsus. It is most similar to C. barbatus and C. cecilsmithi but differs in 
the more uniform, dark brown color, thickly pubescent dorsum (which gives 
a woolly appearance), eyes (where the setae are subequal to those on the 
front and tylus), antennae and legs (where the setae are distinctly longer 
than the diameter of these segments), and the male genitalia. 


Ceratocapsus rubricornis Knight, 1927:145 
Figs. 12, 26 


Ceratocapsus rubricornis was originally described from Mississippi and 
later recorded from the District of Columbia and Illinois on Tilia americana. 
I have examined numerous specimens from Pennsylvania, taken on Quercus 
spp. and Castanea mollissima, July 18, 1973—Aug. 15, 1974, T. J. Henry 
and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. coll. (PDA). 

The figure of the left paramere by Knight (1941:110) shows the basal prong 
abruptly truncate with a sharply curving apical process. My Pennsylvania 
specimens all have a bifurcate basal prong, not too dissimilar from C. bi- 
furcus. After comparing specimens to Knight’s holotype, it appears that his 
original specimen has the longer, more slender subapical spine broken (Fig. 
12). I studied several dozen males from Pennsylvania and finally found one 
specimen with this process broken in a similar fashion. 

Ceratocapsus rubricornis can be separated from C. bifurcus and C. lu- 


an 


Figs. 24-26. Dorsal habitus of Ceratocapsus. 24, pubescens. 25, vicinus. 26. rubricornis. 
Fig. 27. Dorsal view of eyes of Ceratocapsus.; a, pubescens. b, barbatus. c. cecilsmithi. 


420 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


tescens by the uniformly red antennal segments, the semierect, simple pu- 
bescence on the hemelytra, and the distinctly formed male genitalia. 


Ceratocapsus sericus Knight, 1923:530 
Fig. 16 


This species was originally described from two females taken in New 
Jersey, a male (allotype) taken in Michigan and a third female from New 
York. Knight (1930) later decided the male allotype represented another 
species, C. husseyi; thus, the Michigan record for C. sericus actually refers 
to C. husseyi. I have examined the holotype and three specimens from 
Dauphin and Cambria counties, Pennsylvania taken on Quercus rubra (July 
14—Aug. 21) (PDA). 

Ceratocapsus sericus is very similar to husseyi, but may be easily sepa- 
rated by the uniform yellow second antennal segment (especially useful for 
separating females), the overall darker color and by the male genitalia. 


Ceratocapsus seticornis Knight, 1953:510 
Fig. 15 


Ceratocapsus seticornis was described from a single male taken at Hol- 
comb, Missouri. I have examined the holotype which appears most similar 
to C. piceatus and C. spinosus. It can be separated from both species by 
the polished dorsum, and a combination of the yellow second antennal seg- 
ment clothed with long erect setae, the smaller size, the pilose setae on the 
pronotum and the male genitalia. 


Ceratocapsus spinosus Henry, 1978:383 
Fig. 4 


Ceratocapsus spinosus was described from western Pennsylvania from 
two males taken at light traps. I have seen one additional specimen collected 
in Chester Co., Pa., July 9, 1976 by E. E. Emel on Platanus occidentalis 
(PDA). This is our largest Ceratocapsus, measuring more than 5.8 mm. It 
can be separated from other species on size alone; but the dark color, pilose 
pubescence, and the distinctive male genitalia will aid in identifying this 
species. 


Ceratocapsus vicinus Knight, 1923:529 
Figs. 19525 


This species was originally described from New Jersey and New York 
and later reported from Illinois (Knight, 1941) and Missouri (Froeschner, 
1949). I have examined seven specimens from New Jersey and New York 
(AMNH) and single males taken July 18 at Odenton, Maryland, N. Banks 
(AMNH) and Aug 15, 1974, Millersville, Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania on 
Quercus phellos, T. J. Henry and W. Blosser (PDA). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 421 


Ceratocapsus vicinus keys out most closely to C. luteus but can be sep- 
arated from this and other species by the reddish-brown dorsum (with the 
apical half of the hemelytra and membrane fuscous) and antennal segments, 
the black abdomen, and the male genitalia. 


Ceratocapsus wheeleri Henry, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 23 


Holotype male.—Length 4.00 mm, width 1.60 mm, generally very dark 
brown to black, clothed with short, sparsely set, recumbent setae. 
Head: Width 0.86 mm, fuscous or black, vertex 0.34 mm, dorsal width of 
eye 0.26 mm, eyes reddish. Rostrum: Length 1.58 mm, reaching middle 
of metacoxae, fuscous. Antennae: Brown to fuscous; I, length 0.42 mm, 
brown, set with 3 stout, black setae; II, 1.42 mm, gradually enlarged to 
apex, thickly clothed with recumbent, pale setae (except at base); III, 0.74 
mm: IV, 0.62 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.86 mm, width at base 1.40 mm, 
fuscous to black; (basal area sometimes paler in some specimens), impunc- 
tate, finely granulate, weakly shining, calli weakly raised; mesoscutum fus- 
cous, narrowly visible; scutellum fuscous, transversely rugose, set with 2 
or 3 pilose setae. Hemelytra: Uniformly fuscous (some specimens are dark 
brown, but not quite fuscous and the cuneus is frequently fusco-rufous), 
clothed with sparsely set, very short, recumbent setae; membrane and veins 
fumate to black. Venter: Fuscous to distinctly black, ostiolar peritreme 
opening and metapleura more brown. Legs: Coxae brown; femora brown, 
hind femora darker brown; tibiae brown, hind tibiae somewhat reddish 
brown; tarsi and claws brown. Genitalia: See Fig. 23. 

Allotype female.—Length 4.40 mm, width 1.80 mm, very similar to the 
male in color and pubescence. Head; Width 0.84 mm, vertex 0.40 mm, 
dorsal width of eye 0.22 mm. Rostrum: Length 1.64 mm, reaching base of 
metacoxae. Antennae: I, length 0.50 mm; II, 1.44 mm; III, 0.72 mm; IV, 
0.60 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.90 mm, width at base 1.40 mm. 

Types.—Holotype: ¢&, North Carolina, Mecklenburg Co., Rt. 51, 1 mi 
W of Rt. 16, nr. Matthews, 15 June 1975, A. G. Wheeler, Jr. collector, taken 
on Quercus stellata (USNM type no. 76046). Allotype: 2, same data as 
holotype (USNM). Paratypes: 6, North Carolina, Union Co., Rt. 74, 1.6 
mi N of Monroe, 14 June 1975, A.G.W. coll., taken on Quercus stellata 
(PDA); 2 ¢, 2 2, same data as holotype (PDA); 6 ¢, 5 2, same data as 
holotype, 13-17 June 1978, A.G.W. coll., taken on Quercus alba, and Q. 
stellata (PDA). 

Remarks.—Ceratocapsus wheeleri keys to C. modestus but can be sep- 
arated by its more uniform fuscous coloration and the shorter second an- 
tennal segment which is subequal to the basal width of the pronotum. This 
species is also similar to C. blatchleyi and C. knighti but is easily distin- 


422 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


guished by its larger size, darker color, proportionately longer second an- 
tennal segment, and the male genitalia. 

I am naming this species after Dr. A. G. Wheeler, Jr. who has a phenom- 
enal ability to collect rare or new Miridae, including the species described 
above. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I wish to thank J. L. Herring (Systematic Entomology, Laboratory, Agric. 
Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA), A. V. Provonsha (PU), R. T. Schuh 
(AMNH) and C. L. Smith (UG) for loaning specimens used in this study; 
also I thank R. C. Froeschner (USNM) for allowing me to examine the H. 
H. Knight collection. K. R. Valley (PDA) and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. (PDA) 
made valuable comments for improving the manuscript. I am very grateful 
to K. C. Kim (PSU) for loaning specimens, reviewing the manuscript, and 
endorsing it for publication. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Blatchley, W. S. 1926. Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America. The Nature Publ. 
Co., Indianapolis. 1116 pp. 

————. 1928. Notes on the Heteroptera of eastern North America with descriptions of new 
species, I. J. New York Entomol. Soc. 36:1-23. 

Carvalho, J. C. M. 1958. Catalogue of the Miridae of the world. Part III. Subfamily Ortho- 
tylinae. Mus. Arq. Nac. 47:1-161. 

Distant, W. L. 1880-1884. Biologia Centrali Americana Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Het- 
eroptera. Vol. I. 302 pp. 

Froeschner, R. C. 1949. Contributions to the synopsis of the Hemiptera of Missouri, Pt. IV. 
Hebridae, Mesoveliidae, Cimicidae, Anthocoridae, Cryptostemmatidae, Isometopidae, 
Miridae. Am. Midland Nat. 42:123-188. 

Frost, S. W. 1964. Insects taken in light traps at the Archbold Biological Station, Highlands 
County, Florida. Fla. Entomol. 47:128-161. 

Henry, T. J. 1978. Two new Ceratocapsus Reuter, 1876, from the eastern United States 
(Hemiptera: Miridae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 80(3):383-387. 

Kirkaldy, G. W. 1906. List of the genera of the pagiopodous Hemiptera-Heteroptera, with 
their type species from 1758 to 1904 (and also of the aquatic and semiaquatic trocha- 
lopoda). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 32:117—156. 

Knight, H. H. 1923. Family Miridae (Capsidae). Pp. 422-658. Jn Britton, W. E. (ed.). The 
Hemiptera or sucking insects of Connecticut. Bull. Conn. St. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. 
No. 34, 807 pp. 

—. 1927. Descriptions of fifteen new species of Ceratocapsus (Hemiptera: Miridae). Ohio 

J. Sci. 27:143-154. 

. 1930. New species of Ceratocapsus. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 25:187-198. 

. 1941. The plant bugs, or Miridae, of Illinois. Bull. Ill. State Nat. Hist. Surv. No. 22, 

234 pp. 

—. 1953. New species of Miridae from Missouri (Hemiptera). Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 
27:509-518. 

Reuter, O. M. 1876. Capsinae ex America boreali in Museo Holmiensi asservatae, discriptae 
ab. Ofv. K. Vet. Akad. Férh. 32:59-92. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 423 


Uhler, P. R. 1887. Observations on North American Capsidae, with descriptions of new 
species. No. 3. Entomol. Am. 3:67-72. 

Watson, S. A. 1928. The Miridae of Ohio. Ohio State Univ. Bull. 33, 44 pp. 

Wheeler, A. G., Jr. and T. J. Henry. 1975. Recognition of seven Uhler manuscript names, 
with notes on thirteen other species used by Heidemann (1892) (Hemiptera: Miridae). 
Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 101:355-369. 

—__. 1977. Rev. Modestus Wirtner: biographical sketch and additions and corrections to 
the Miridae in his 1904 list of western Pennsylvania Hemiptera. Great Lakes Entomol. 
10: 145-157. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, p. 423 


NOTE 


Lutzomyia vexator (Coquillett) The Correct Designation for 
Lutzomyia vexatrix of Authors (Diptera: Psychodidae) 


The biting fly described by Coquillett in 1907 as Phlebotomus vexator has 
been referred to in recent literature as Lutzomyia vexatrix (Coquillett) since 
Theodor (1932. Proc. 7th Reunion Soc. Argentina Patol., Regional del 
Norte, Tucuman, 5-7 Oct. 1931:764-786; and 1965. J. Med. Entomol. 2:171- 
197) recognized the subgenus Lutzomyia Franca, 1924 as of generic status. 
In the 1965 paper Theodor made the combination L. vexatrix, but I have 
not been able to consult the 1932 paper, which concerned South American 
species. Eads (1978. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 80:539-542) used L. vex- 
atrix and later, concerned about the incorrect form of the name, requested 
me to comment upon it. Inasmuch as the originally proposed name vexator 
is a noun and therefore not subject to gender concord, it must not be 

changed when transferred to a genus of different gender. It is something 
like changing ‘‘king of the beasts’’ to ‘‘queen of the beasts’’ because Felis 


leo is in a feminine genus. 
| 
_ George C. Steyskal, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. 
| Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA. clo U.S. National Museum of Natural 


_ History, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 424-434 


STUDIES IN THE TIPHIIDAE, XII.! A NEW GENUS OF 
METHOCHINAE WITH NOTES ON THE SUBGENERA OF 
METHOCHA LATREILLE (HYMENOPTERA ACULEATA) 


KARL V. KROMBEIN 


Senior Entomologist, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—A key is presented to the genera and subgenera of Metho- 
chinae. Synonymical notes are included for the subgenera of Methocha 
Latreille, and the new genus Karlissa is described with Methoca (!) rugosa 
Cameron, 1897, as the type-species. Stenomethoca Hamann, 1960, is syn- 
onymized under Methocha subg. Dryinopsis Brues, 1910. 


This contribution is published in advance of a monographic treatment of 
the Ceylonese Tiphiidae to provide part of the higher classification to be 
used in that work. A key is included for differentiation of the genera and 
subgenera of Methochinae, synonymies are included for the various genus- 
group names proposed previously, and the new genus Karlissa is described 
for the unique specimen of Methoca (!) rugosa Cameron. 


KEY TO THE GENERA AND SUBGENERA OF METHOCHINAE? 


1. Females; wingless and antlike in appearance; abdomen 6-segmented; 
antenna 12-segmented:Merhocha’ Latreille: 222259 eee ae 2 

— Males; winged, slender, much larger than females; abdomen 7-seg- 
mented, the last sternum a recurved aculeus; antenna 13-segmented . 4 

2. Scutum, viewed in profile, convex, not depressed below level of 
scutellum; antenna not clavate toward apex; viewed from above the 
front above antennae evenly convex between compound eyes, the 
latter not noticeably enlarged and bulging from sides of head; chiefly 
Holarctic, but with a few Neotropical and Oriental representatives 


1 Part XI of this series was published in Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 78:361—368, 10 figs. 


* Karlissa, new genus, is known only from the male. It is presumed that the unknown female 
will be wingless and antlike as in Methocha. The male of Karlissa is much more coarsely 
sculptured and rugose than Methoca males, and the female may differ similarly from Methocha 
females which are usually quite delicately sculptured. 


| 
| 
! 
} 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 425 


We sos hha sve ster reg odeickauetmieaatiets apes Methocha subg. Methocha Latreille 
— Scutum, viewed in profile, flat; viewed from above the front concave 
between inner margin of compound eye and frontal protuberance 
which is occasionally lacking; compound eyes noticeably enlarged 
ARGEHUISIN GS: (rOMsSIGeStOim Ne AG mins sete toe NP sta id «eine <2 apncayatisvge ens 3 
3. Scutum, viewed in profile, noticeably depressed below level of scu- 
tellum; antenna clavate toward apex; Oriental species ............ 
Fe SEER e DS See cota an ak EA oe Methocha subg. Dryinopsis Brues 
— Scutum, viewed in profile, not depressed below scutellum; antenna 
not clavate; Ethiopian species .... Methocha subg. Andreus Ashmead 
4. Flagellar segments more strongly flattened, shorter, Ist flagellar seg- 
ment as long as wide, the 2nd through 5th each more than 2 as wide 
as long; pronotum elongate, median length of dorsum 0.8 times that 
of scutum; metasternum at apex with pair of ligulate, narrowly sep- 
arated processes, each overlying inner ventral angle of hind coxa; 
posterior surface of propodeum abruptly declivous from dorsal sur- 
face which has a strong transverse carina at apex; genitalia (Fig. 2), 
paramere slender, dorsal and ventral margins tapering gradually to 
apex. Volsella; WithiGigiqs.. 2% ccc ss« <1 Karlissa Krombein, new genus 
— Flagellar segments not so flattened, longer, Ist flagellar segment 1.5 
or more times as long as wide, succeeding segments twice or more 
as long as wide; pronotum shorter, median length of dorsum not 
more than 2 the length of scutum; metasternum not so armed at 
apex, at most with a pair of small tubercles; dorsal surface of pro- 
podeum rounding gradually into posterior surface, not separated 
from it by a strong transverse carina; genitalia (Figs. 3—5), paramere 
stouter, ventral margin rounded out or emarginate in middle; Meth- 
OGIO AUK MC eet fa55 Ae oar aah ays, BYE ote vo [as AR sale ee Saale 5 
5. Mesopleuron with a median ovate, impressed, densely haired area, 
anteriorly and above with submarginal grooves; carina on upper in- 
ner surface of hind coxa expanded into a lamella at base; clypeus 
with a median tuberculate process; ocelli in an obtuse triangle; malar 
space usually well-developed, more or less quadrate; parapsides and 
notauli present, the latter short; genitalia (Fig. 3), ventral margin of 
paramere deeply emarginate in middle, volsella with digitus; chiefly 
Holarctic, but with a few Neotropical and Oriental representatives 
Ree IN SIM, 3 tail chien) gpk Saul Methocha subg. Methocha Latreille 
— Mesopleuron without such an impressed area; ocelli usually ar- 
ranged in an equilateral or acute triangle; malar space usually very 
short, linear, rarely elongate; parapsides present, notauli absent; 
genitalia (Figs. 4-5), ventral margin of paramere rounded out in 
TR CLEC ean esa Nope as Beco RN: huss cv: Ne sarkea'n ines o's nein tie Siaytnson hebens 6 
6. Mesopleuron always with an anterior submarginal groove, occasion- 


426 


0.5mm 


1.0mm 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 427 


ally with a superior groove also; front without a median keel above 
antennal insertions; clypeus with a median process; genitalia (Fig. 
A) volsella’ with«digitus;7Omental Species: o2is22e2 62 ek ald et 
ROPER AE ee fs Pe ek Oe Methocha subg. Dryinopsis Brues 
— Mesopleuron sometimes with an anterior groove, dorsal groove ab- 
sent; front with a short median keel above antennal insertions; clypeus 
without a median process; genitalia (Fig. 5), volsella without digitus; 


Ethiopian Species: .-— . Aaa 3s So. Axe Methocha subg. Andreus Ashmead 
Methocha subgenus Methocha Latreille 
Fig. 3 
Methocha Latreille, 1804:179. Type-species: Mutilla articulata Latreille. 


Monotypic. 

Methoca (') Latreille, 1805:268. Emendation. 

Tengyra Latreille, 1809:115. Type-species: Tengyra Sanvitali Latreille. 
Monotypic. 

Spinolia Costa, 1858:21. Type-species: Spinolia italica Costa. Monotypic 


Most species of the typical subgenus occur in the Holarctic Region, but 
a few occur in the Neotropical and Oriental Regions. 


Methocha subgenus Dryinopsis Brues 
Fig. 4 


Dryinopsis Brues, 1910:16. Type-species: Dryinopsis simplicipes Brues. 
Monotypic. 

[Methocha| subgenus Stenomethoca Hamann, 1960:35. NEW SYNONY- 
MY. Type-species: [Methocha] (Stenomethoca) nigra Hamann. Mono- 
typic. 

Brues originally placed his genus in the Dryinidae. Later, he and Melander 
(1932:500) assigned it to the Methocidae. 

Hamman (1960) published a paper, ““Stenomethoca subgen. nov., nigra 
spec. nov.’’ Nowhere does he assign Stenomethoca to a genus, but several 
species of Methoca (!) are mentioned in the text, so the presumption is that 
he intended it as a subgenus of Methocha. He did not make a type-desig- 
nation, but there is type-fixation inasmuch as nigra Hamann is the sole 
included species. 

It is quite possible that nigra Hamann is a junior synonym of simplicipes 


Co 


Figs. 1, 2. Karlissa rugosa. Fig. 1, frontal view of head, la, clypeus in profile. Fig. 2, 
male genitalia, cardo removed; exterior lateral aspect at left, aedeagus in center, internal lateral 
aspect at right. 


428 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Brues. Hamann’s specimen came from West Kalimantan, Borneo, and 
Brues’ specimen was from British North Borneo. 
All of the known species come from the Oriental Region. 


Methocha subgenus Andreus Ashmead 
Fig. 5 


Andreus Ashmead, 1903:156. Type-species: Andreus abbottii Ashmead. 
Original designation and monotypic. 


Ashmead’s name was not used by subsequent workers (e.g., Turner, Ar- 
nold) who placed all of the African species in Methoca (sic). So far as I can 
judge from the few species available for study and from a perusal of the 
published descriptions and illustrations, all of the Ethiopian species are 
referable to this subgenus. I have seen no specimens of Andreus from out- 
side the Ethiopian Zoological Region. 

Andreus Ashmead is not preoccupied by Andreus Vosmaer (1887:246), 
an evident lapsus for Adreus Gray, 1867. Vosmaer spells it Adreus correctly 
in the index and gives no indication in the text that he is proposing an 
emendation. 


Karlissa* Krombein, NEW GENUS 


A perusal of Cameron’s description and consideration of Turner’s (1908) 
remarks convinced me some years ago that Methocha rugosa Cameron, 
1897, was referable to a group of Oriental and Ethiopian myzinine wasps 
which I described subsequently as Hylomesa, 1968. However, when I first 
studied Cameron’s holotype at Oxford University in 1965, I recognized im- 
mediately that it belonged to the Methochinae, not the Myzininae, and that 
it represented a most unusual new genus. 

Karlissa is known only from the male. It is distinguished from Methocha 
males by the following combination of characters: Flagellar segments more 
strongly flattened, comparatively shorter; pronotum more elongate, much 
of disk with close, transverse rugulae; mesopleuron below with a deeply 
impressed, narrow, longitudinal, densely setose fossa; metasternum at apex 
with a pair of narrowly separated, ligulate processes; and lateral and pos- 
terior surfaces of propodeum abruptly declivous from the dorsal surface 
which is margined posteriorly by a strong carina. 

The following generic diagnosis is based on the holotype of Methocha 
rugosa Cameron. 

Male.—Maxillary palpus 6-segmented, labial palpus 4-segmented; man- 
dible bidentate at apex, the lower tooth longer; clypeus with a median, 


* | take pleasure in naming this genus for my youngest daughter. The gender is feminine. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 429 


0.5mm 


Figs. 3-5. Male genitalia, Methocha spp., cardo removed, exterior lateral aspect at left, 
aedeagus in center, internal lateral aspect at right. Fig. 3, Methocha (Methocha) sp., Sri 
Lanka. Fig. 4, Methocha (Dryinopsis) sp., Sri Lanka. Fig. 5, Methocha (Andreus) mosotuana 
Peringuey, Lesotho. 


430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


compressed nasiform process; antenna probably 13-segmented (missing be- 
yond Sth flagellar segment), the basal flagellar segments short, strongly com- 
pressed, Ist flagellar segment as wide as long, the 2nd through Sth each 
more than 4% as wide as long; eye oval, with fine, short setae, inner margin 
slightly concave above; ocelli 3, not enlarged. 

Pronotum very long, along midline 0.8 times as long as scutum, dorsally 
margined anteriorly by a strong carina, much of the disk transversely ru- 
gose; scutum with parapsides but lacking notauli; mesopleuron margined 
anteriorly and above by a strong carina, on lower third with a deeply im- 
pressed, narrow, longitudinal, densely haired fossa; mesosternum with a 
strong carina before each mid coxa; metasternum at apex with a pair of 
narrowly separated ligulate processes, each overlying the inner ventral angle 
of hind coxa; propodeum with sides and posterior surface abruptly decli- 
vous, dorsal surface with a strong posterior carina. 

Wings badly matted together, but venation apparently as in Methocha. 

Legs slender, but femora and tibiae heavier than in Methocha; formula 
of tibial calcaria 1-2-2, the outer, shorter spur of hind tibia slender, black 
and curved on apical 12; (fore missing), mid and hind tarsal claws cleft, the 
inner ray blunt and larger; hind coxa with dorsal carina along inner margin 
not raised into a lamella. 

Abdomen not petiolate, 2nd through 6th terga and 3rd through 6th sterna 
each with a deep, curved subbasal groove bearing close, longitudinal ru- 
gulae. 

Female.—Unknown. 

Type-species.—Methocha rugosa Cameron, 1897, by present designation 
and by monotypy. 

This peculiar and distinctive genus is still known from only a single male 
reported to have been captured in Ceylon. Its rarity suggests that perhaps 
its behavior and preference for an ecological niche may be much different 
from those exhibited by Methocha, the only other genus in the subfamily. 
Several species of Methocha subg. Methocha Latreille (ichneumonides La- 
treille, bicolor Say and several other species), at least one species of Meth- 
ocha subg. Dryinopsis Brues (violaceipennis Cameron), and at least one 
species of Methocha subg. Andreus Ashmead (andrei Arnold) have been 
reared from Cicindela larvae dwelling in burrows in the soil. The antlike 
Methocha females may be found crawling on the ground or occasionally 
visiting honeydew secretions on foliage near the ground, and the winged 
males are found on foliage or flying low over the ground. I suspect that 
Karlissa may lead an arboreal existence in the forest canopy, that the fe- 
males may parasitize the larvae of arboreal, flightless tiger beetles dwelling 
in pre-existing burrows in branches or twigs, and that the males also usually 
remain in the canopy, visiting arboreal blooms for nectar or honeydew se- 
cretions on foliage. If my presentiment is correct, there would be a striking 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 431 


analogue in another tiphiid subfamily, the Myzininae. The females of some 
of those genera are known to parasitize subterranean beetle larvae, but one 
genus, Hylomesa Krombein, has converted to an arboreal existence and 
parasitizes larvae of Cerambycidae in their burrows in timber. 


Karlissa rugosa (Cameron), NEW COMBINATION 
Figs. 1, 2 


Methoca (!) rugosa Cameron, 1897:52-53, pl. 4, fig. 11 (6; Ceylon).— 
Bingham, 1897:54 (¢; redescription of type). 

Poecilotiphia (?) rugosa (Cameron), Turner, 1908:131 (tentative generic as- 
signment). 

Methocha rugosa Cameron, Krombein, 1968:3 (confirmed as Methochinae). 


This enigmatic species is still known only from the male holotype in the 
Rothney Collection, Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford University. 
The holotype bears only two labels, a small square with a pencilled “11” 
and Cameron’s label *‘Methoca/rugosa/Cam. Type.’’ It seems probable that 
the former label refers to the figure accompanying the original description 
and not to a code indicating the locality. Cameron cites no collector for the 
specimen. However, it may be presumed to have come from Col. Yerbury 
who is credited in the same paper with having collected a number of other 
Ceylonese species described therein. 

Despite the great amount of collecting that has been done in Sri Lanka, 
especially since the mid-1950’s, it has never been found again. One would 
be inclined to question the attribution of the type-locality, were it not for 
the fact that this strange animal has not been captured elsewhere. A possible 
explanation that its rarity may be due to a largely arboreal existence is 
discussed under the generic heading. 

The holotype is in reasonably good condition except that most of the 
flagellar segments are missing (note Cameron’s figure) as well as the terminal 
segment of left fore tarsus, left mid and hind tibiae and tarsi, and the right 
fore tarsus except for the basal segment. Some vestiture, especially upon 
the eyes, has been abraded, probably the result of the specimen having been 
preserved in formalin or some other liquid preservative when collected. It 
was impossible to relax it satisfactorily and I had to remove the seventh 
abdominal sternum and aculeus in order to extract the genitalia for study 
and illustration. The dissected abdominal sterna and remainder of the right 
antenna (removed to reveal punctation of some areas of the front and clyp- 
eus for illustration) are preserved on a card point beneath the specimen; the 
genitalia in glycerine are in a small plastic, rubber-stoppered vial also pinned 
beneath the specimen. 

Male (redescribed from the holotype).—Length 15 mm, forewing 9 mm. 
Black, glossy; mandible, scape, fore trochanter, femur and tibia darker red 


432 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


than palpi, antennal pedicel and Ist 4 flagellar segments which are lighter 
red; Sth flagellar segment infuscated at apex above, suggesting that missing 
section of antenna may be relatively dark at least on upper surface; apex of 
pronotum narrowly reddened as are outer and hind margins of tegula. Fore- 
wing hyaline to basal vein, the apical 2 infuscate. Vestiture on front rela- 
tively dense, subappressed and golden, that on thorax sparse, suberect and 
glittering white; discal vestiture on abdomen sparse, suberect and white 
except apices of segments with a single row of subappressed black setae; 
setae on eyes short, probably dense, but now mostly abraded. 

Head in frontal view with punctation and vestiture as figured (Fig. 1); 
clypeal keel (Fig. la) very compressed, relatively elongate, rounded at apex; 
flagellum compressed, Ist 4 segments relatively shorter and broader than in 
other male methochines; malar space very narrow; ocelli normal in size, 
arranged in a low triangle, the lateral ocellar distance *%4 the postocellar 
distance and '% the ocellocular distance; no groove behind posterior ocelli; 
the vertex and upper temples with relatively scattered punctures; lower 
temples and genae closely punctate; head behind hypostomal area trans- 
versely rugose. 

Pronotum along midline 0.8 times as long as scutum, median length % the 
anterior width, the latter about 0.7 times as wide as width at tegulae, disk 
anteriorly with strong ridge extending onto sides, anterior %4 of disk and 
sides with close transverse rugae which become oblique posteriorly on side, 
posterior % of dorsum smooth with scattered small punctures, the pronotal 
dorsum sloping gradually upward to level of scutum; scutum somewhat 
irregularly, transversely rugose between parapsides which extend entire 
length of scutum, area between parapsides and tegulae pitted; scutellum as 
long as scutum, a median, coarsely pitted triangular area raised above the 
abruptly declivous smooth sides, the short posterior section also abruptly 
declivous and with close, relatively small punctures; postscutellum lying 
below the plane of the scutum-scutellum, anteriorly on median % with a 
narrow, deep depression, posteriorly in middle with small, close pits, lat- 
erally declivous and with a few oblique rugulae; mesopleuron anteriorly and 
above with a strong continuous ridge, upper 4 and posterior “% coarsely 
pitted, more or less longitudinally on upper 74, a deeply impressed, narrow, 
longitudinal, densely haired fossa on median % below the upper pitted area; 
mesosternum slightly concave along midline and with a deep, narrow apical 
fossa, a few short, transverse rugulae anteriorly, punctate and pitted else- 
where, at apex with short, strong transverse carina before each mid coxa; 
metapleuron longitudinally rugulose; metasternum at apex with a pair of 
narrowly separated, short ligulate processes, each overlying the inner ven- 
tral angle of hind coxa; dorsum of propodeum flat, lower than postscutellum, 
a median triangular areola formed by two strong rugulae nearly joined at 
base and diverging toward apex, area within areola with a few irregularly 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 433 


transverse rugulae, horizontal area laterad of areola with coarse rugulae 
forming irregular pits, the horizontal surface posteriorly with a strong, erect 
ruga; lateral surface of propodeum with strong, relatively close, oblique, 
somewhat irregular rugulae; posterior surface of propodeum abruptly de- 
clivous, with about 12 rugulae radiating outwardly from below, the median 
rugula the strongest. 

Declivous anterior area of Ist abdominal tergum smooth, anterior % of 
dorsal surface irregularly, longitudinally rugulose, the remainder smooth 
except for an apical row of small punctures and laterally with larger punc- 
tures becoming more crowded at side; 2nd through 6th terga each with a 
deep, curved, subbasal groove bearing close, short, longitudinal rugulae, 
these terga each with apical row of small punctures, smooth medially and 
laterally with larger punctures becoming denser toward sides; 7th tergum 
rounded and with scattered larger punctures, pygidial area absent; Ist ster- 
num anteriorly with strong transverse ridge from which extends a median 
ridge becoming gradually weaker and ending about %4 the length of segment, 
the surface elsewhere with coarse, close pits becoming more separated to- 
ward apex; 2nd sternum with large, subcontiguous punctures and an apical 
row of close small ones; 3rd through 6th sterna each with a deep, curved, 
subbasal groove, wider than those on terga, and each with close, short, 
longitudinal rugulae, each of these sterna with an apical row of close, small 
punctures, elsewhere with scattered, larger punctures which are denser an- 
teriorly and laterally; 7th sternum with closer larger punctures, slightly 
notched apically in middle; punctate at base and with a lateral carina ex- 
tending 74 the distance to apex; genitalia as figured (Fig. 2). 

Female.—Unknown, but undoubtedly wingless and with an antlike hab- 
itus. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


Christopher O’Toole, Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford Univer- 
sity, England, was so kind as to loan the holotype of Methoca rugosa 
Cameron. 

C. F. Jacot-Guillarmod, Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa, 
sent me representatives of several species of Methocha subg. Andreus Ash- 
mead. 

The illustrations are by George L. Venable, Department of Entomology, 
Smithsonian Institution. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Ashmead, W. H. 1903. Classification of the fossorial, predaceous and parasitic wasps, or the 
superfamily Vespoidea. Subfamily IIl.—Methocinae. Can. Entomol. 35:155—158. 
Bingham, C. T. 1897. Fauna of British India. Hymenoptera (Wasps and Bees). Vol. 1, 579 

pp., 4 pls., 189 text figs. 


434 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Brues, C. T. 1910. Some notes on the geological history of the parasitic Hymenoptera. J. 
N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 18:1-22. 

Brues, C. T. and A. L. Melander. 1932. The classification of insects. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 
Harvard Univ., 73:1—672, 1121 figs. 

Cameron, P. 1897. Hymenoptera Orientalis, or contributions to a knowledge of the Hyme- 
noptera of the Oriental Zoological Region. Part VII. Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. 
Phil. Soc. 42(11): 1-84, pl. 4. 

Costa, A. 1858. Fauna del regno di Napoli. Imenotteri, Scoliidae. Napoli. 39 pp. 

Hamann, H. H. F. 1960. Stenomethoca subgen. nov., nigra sp. nov. (Hymenopt., Methoci- 
dae) von West-Borneo. Idea 13:35—41, 10 figs. 

Krombein, K. V. 1968. Studies in the Tiphiidae, X. Hylomesa, a new genus of myzinine wasp 
parasitic on larvae of longicorn beetles (Hymenoptera). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
124(3644): 1-22, 1 pl. 5 text figs. 

Latreille, P. A. 1804. Jn Nouveau Dictionnaire d’ Histoire Naturelle. Paris. Vol. 24, 238 pp. 

. 1805. Histoire Naturelle, Genérale et particuliere, des Crustacés et des Insectes. Paris. 

Vol. 13, 432 pp, 7 pls. 

. 1809. Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum. Paris. Vol. 4, 397 pp. 

Turner, R. E. 1908. Remarks on the hymenopterous genus Tiphia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 
2:116-131. 

Vosmaer, G. C. J. 1887. Jn Bronn, Die Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-reichs. Vol. 2, 
Spongien (Porifera). 496 pp., 34 pls. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 435-437 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE NESTING BEHAVIOR OF ALYSSON 
CONICUS PROVANCHER (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) 


MARK F. O’BRIEN AND FRANK E. KURCZEWSKI 


Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, College of Environ- 
mental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210. 


Abstract.—Brief observations on the nesting behavior of Alysson conicus 
Provancher are presented. Behavioral comparisons are made with A. mel- 
leus Say, and the only significant difference is the genera of prey. 


Except for A. melleus Say (Hartman, 1905; Rau and Rau, 1918; Evans, 
1966; Kurczewski and Kurczewski, 1971), little is known about the nesting 
behavior of the Nearctic species of Alysson. None of the nine other U.S. 
species has been reported nesting or taken with prey. Possible reasons for 
this dearth of information about the Nearctic Alysson include their small 
size, rather secretive behavior, propensity for nesting in damp shaded soils 
and inconspicuous nest entrances. 

Evans (1966) summarized the nesting behavior of A. melleus as follows: 
(1) Semi-gregarious females which nest in relatively cool, moist, friable 
soils; (2) mostly vertical burrows with off-center entrances surrounded by 
tumuli of small pellets of moist soil; (3) multicellular nests with cells con- 
structed progressively back toward the entrance; (4) immature or adult ci- 
cadellid prey, rarely delphacids, which do not recover from the paralysis; 
(5) prey transport in flight or partly on the ground, the latter method prior 
to nest entry; (6) prey grasped by its beak with the mandibles and carried 
venter-up; (7) direct entry into the open nest without release of the prey 
unless the entrance has been disturbed; and (8) egg laid longitudinally on 
the side of the ventral thorax of one of the uppermost prey in the cell after 
completely provisioning the cell. 

Alysson conicus Provancher occurs from Michigan, Ontario, and New 
Hampshire south to Maryland (Krombein, 1951, 1967). Nothing is known 
about its biology or ecology. 

We observed A. conicus nesting in August 1978 at the Cranberry Lake 
campus of the State University of New York College of Environmental 
Science and Forestry. Females nested in a firm, moist, sandy and gravelly 
road paralleling Sucker Brook and Cranberry Lake. Predominant vegetation 


436 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


surrounding the road was sugar maple (Acer saccharum), American beech 
(Fagus grandifolia), yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis), wild black cherry 
(Prunus serotina), meadowsweet (Spirea latifolia), and various grasses and 
sedges. 

Alysson conicus females were observed nesting in sunlit areas on the 
road. Nesting activity occurred between about 0900-1100 and 1500-1800 
hours on sunny days but more or less continuously on cloudy days. No 
other species of Alysson were found at this site; however, A. melleus and 
A. oppositus Say were collected in a sandpit near Wanakena, New York, 
5 miles away across the lake at 1015 hours during full sunlight. 

Provisioning females of A. conicus transported the leafhoppers in flight 
venter up and head forward, grasping the prey’s beak with the mandibles, 
but they always carried the leafhoppers on the ground in proximity to the 
nest entrance. They took flight upon the slightest movement, landing briefly 
and flying away quickly. 

Because of the small and inconspicuous entrances, nests of A. conicus 
were difficult to locate. We accidentally unearthed one of the nests while 
excavating a.nest of Crabro advena Smith. It contained two small cells at 
depths of 1.5 and 4.2 cm below the surface. One cell contained 7 Empoa 
albicans Walsh (Cicadellidae), the other 5 E. albicans and 2 E. venusta 
(McAtee). The adult leafhoppers were positioned in the cells mostly ventral 
side upward and head inward. In both cells the egg was destroyed during 
excavation of the nest. Several other prey taken from females of Alysson 
conicus proved also to be adults of Empoa albicans a species common in 
the low vegetation paralleling the nesting sites. The leafhoppers in the cells 
appeared to be dead or at least fully paralyzed with no evidence of breathing 
or appendage movement. 


DISCUSSION 


Alysson conicus is similar to A. melleus in its preference for nesting in 
damp sand, and in its nearly continuous activity on cloudy days but divided 
activity during morning and late afternoon on bright, sunny days. The A. 
conicus nest, containing small provisioning cells one more or less above the 
other, may represent the ‘“‘typical’’ Alysson nest. However, the two A. 
conicus cells which we found were separated by 2.7 cm, farther apart than 
any of the reported intranest cells of A. melleus. Alysson melleus and A. 
conicus are alike in their transport of prey in that both species may fly into 
the nesting area but proceed on the ground to the nest entrance. The leaf- 
hopper prey of both species are killed outright or at least fully paralyzed. 
The genus Empoa (Cicadellidae), the only known prey of Alysson conicus, 
has not been reported as prey of A. melleus. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 437 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We thank R. M. Bohart, University of California, Davis and A. S. Menke, 
IIBIII, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. 
Admin., USDA, Washington, D.C., for the identification of Alysson coni- 
cus. We are also grateful to J. P. Kramer, Systematic Entomology Labo- 
ratory, USDA, Washington, D.C., for determination of the prey Cicadelli- 
dae. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Evans, H. E. 1966. The comparative ethology and evolution of the sand wasps. Harvard 
Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. xvi + 526 pp. 

Hartman, C. 1905. Observations on the habits of some solitary wasps of Texas. Bull. Univ. 
Texas 65:1-72. 

Krombein, K. V. 1951. Tribe Gorytini. Jn Muesebeck, C.F.W., et al. Hymenoptera of Amer- 

ica north of Mexico. Synoptic Catalog. U.S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Monogr. 2:986-993. 

. 1967. Superfamily Sphecoidea. Jn Krombein, K. V. and B. D. Burks. Hymenoptera 

of America north of Mexico. Synoptic Catalog. U.S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Monogr. 

2:386—421. 

Kurezewski, F. E. and E. J. Kurczewski. 1971. Host records for some species of Nyssoninae. 
J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 44:334—-337. 

Rau, P. and N. Rau. 1918. Wasp studies afield. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J. xv 
+ 372 pp. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 438-442 


NOTES ON THE ETHOLOGY OF PROCTACANTHUS NEARNO 
(DIPTERA: ASILIDAE) IN MEXICO!” 


ROBERT J. LAVIGNE AND D. STEVE DENNIS 


(RJL) Entomology Section, University of Wyoming, Box 3354, University 
Station, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; (DSD) 5875 E. Weaver Circle, Engle- 
wood, Colorado 80110. 


Abstract.—Proctacanthus nearno Martin was studied in a mesquite sa- 
vannah near Jimenez, Chihuahua, Mexico, where it foraged from the ground 
or vegetation. Prey were captured in flight or as they were landing on the 
ground. The method used by this asilid species in manipulating prey during 
feeding depended upon prey size. Five prey in the orders Diptera, Homop- 
tera and Orthoptera were recovered. Proctacanthus nearno mated in the 
male-over-female position. 


Proctacanthus nearno Martin is a large (about 28 mm long), brownish- 
black robber fly. Males and females are morphologically similar except for 
genitalic structure. The male claspers are sparsely white pollinose, whereas 
the female’s ovipositor is shiny, reddish black, and cylindrical with a distinct 
apical circlet of black spines (Martin, 1962). 

The behavior of this species was observed along a dry stream bed at the 
edge of agricultural land, 7 km north of Jimenez, Chihuahua, Mexico, at an 
altitude of approximately 1,500 m above sea level. The habitat is a southern 
desert grassland (with two dominant grass genera, Bouteloua and Aristida), 
invaded by mesquite (Prosopis). 

Proctacanthus nearno foraged from both ground and vegetation, depend- 
ing upon the temperature of the soil surface. When the temperature of the 
soil surface was less than 32 to 38°C, this species foraged from the ground 
in a flattened position, broadside to the sun. As the temperature of the soil 
surface increased to about 45°C, P. nearno took a more or less flattened 
position, but faced the sun. Once the soil surface temperature exceeded 


' Published with the approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, as 
Journal Article No. JA-994. 

* This research was supported in part by National Science Foundation Research Grant GB- 
29617X2. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 439 


45°C, this species stood up on its tarsi with its body held high above the 
ground or flew to a position on the vegetation about | to 2 m above the 
ground. When on vegetation, P. nearno assumed a position similar to that 
of P. micans Schiner (Dennis and Lavigne, 1975), with its body at a 45° 
angle to the vertical or pressed against the vegetaion. 

When actively engaged in foraging, P. nearno would make several forage 
flights from the same site. Like P. micans, P. nearno is a strong flyer and 
usually made relatively long forage flights of 2 to 6 m. When changing for- 
aging site, specimens generally flew 4 to 7 m to a new location on the ground 
or vegetation. 

Proctacanthus nearno captured most of its prey in flight 2 to 3 m in front 
of and above its foraging site. However, a few prey were captured as they 
were landing on the ground, as reported previously for Efferia varipes 
(Williston) (Dennis and Lavigne, 1976). Some potential prey were released 
shortly after contact was made, presumably because of some undesirable 
characteristics. When prey were not released, P. nearno inserted its hy- 
popharynx into the prey’s thorax during a hover flight before landing to 
feed. Similar behavior during prey capture has been reported for other 
species of Proctacanthus (Baker and Fischer, 1975; Dennis and Lavigne, 
1975): 

As P. nearno fed, the method by which it manipulated prey depended on 
prey size. Small prey, less than 9.0 mm in length, were manipulated with 
all tarsi as the asilid hovered above its feeding site. Larger prey, such as 
Cicadidae (Fig. |) with a total length of 32.0 mm, were manipulated with a 
combination of tarsi as the asilid held onto vegetation with one or two tarsi. 
One female was also observed removing her hypopharynx from her prey 
during flight and reinserting it prior to landing at a new feeding site. This 
aspect of asilid behavior has not been recorded previously. 

Only two complete feedings were observed. A male P. nearno fed on 
Eupeodes volucris Osten Sacken (Syrphidae) for 39 min and a female fed 
on a Cicadidae for 2 hr, 16 min. A second female was observed to feed on 
a male Derotmena haydenii (Thomas) (Acrididae) for 2 hr, 32 min, before 
being lost to observer’s sight as she changed feeding sites. The extreme 
length of feeding times suggests that few prey are taken on a given day. 
Other species of Proctacanthus (Baker and Fischer, 1975; Dennis and La- 
vigne, 1975) have been estimated to feed on 3 to 7 prey per day. 

At the completion of feeding, P. nearno allowed prey to drop off its 
hypopharynx either at the feeding site or in flight shortly after leaving the 
feeding site. 

Five prey were recovered from P. nearno on May 28, 1973; prey size and 
predator sex is indicated in parentheses following the prey identification.— 
DIPTERA, Sarcophagidae: Sarcophaga sp. (6.0 mm, 2); Syrphidae: Eu- 
peodes volucris O. S. (8.9 mm, 6); Tachinidae: Stomatomyia parvipalpis 


440 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 1. Female Proctacanthus nearno feeding on an unidentified cicada. Fig. 2. Mated pair 
of Proctacanthus nearno resting on vegetation. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 44] 


(Wulp) (7.2 mm, 36); HOMOPTERA, Cicadidae: unidentified (32.0 mm, 
3); ORTHOPTERA, Acrididae: Derotmena haydenii (Thomas) (20.0 mm 
2): 

Other species of Proctacanthus feed on a wide variety of prey from the 
orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepi- 
doptera, Neuroptera, Odonata, and Orthoptera (Baker and Fischer, 1975; 
Bouseman and Maier, 1977; Bromley, 1923, 1931, 1934, 1946, 1947, 1949, 
1950; Dennis and Lavigne, 1975; Rogers and Lavigne, 1972). 

Only two mating pairs were observed. We did not observe any courtship 
behavior by either males or females of P. nearno prior to mating. However, 
males probably exhibit searching flights for receptive females as observed 
for P. micans (Dennis and Lavigne, 1975). 

The activity pattern of a male was being observed when he flew into dense 
vegetation, reappeared within a few seconds, and copulated with a female 
in the male-over-female position. It is assumed that this mating was initiated 
while the female was resting on a bush. While in the male-over-female po- 
sition, the male’s abdomen curved around either side of the female’s ab- 
domen and clasped the genitalia from below. The female’s wings were 
spread at about a 45° angle to her body, whereas the male’s wings were 
closed over his dorsum. In this position, the female’s wings passed under 
the male’s fore legs and over his mid legs. The male’s fore tarsi rested upon 
the female’s eyes, and his mid and hind tarsi either clasped the female or 
the vegetation below the female. While in copulo, male P. micans rub the 
females’ eyes with their fore tarsi (Dennis and Lavigne, 1975); however, 
this behavior was not observed for P. nearno. 

Shortly after the initiation of mating the mating pair assumed the tail-to- 
tail position (Fig. 2). However, after 12 min, the pair flew into the air, hit 
some vegetation, and separated. A second mated pair acted similarly, chang- 
ing from the male-over-female position to the tail-to-tail position after less 
than a minute. In this instance, initiation of mating occurred in flight and 
separation occurred 12 min later when the pair, having been disturbed, flew 
and landed on vegetation only to separate immediately. According to Dennis 
and Lavigne (1975), the duration of P. micans’ matings, which are initiated 
both in flight and on vegetation, were shortened when mating pairs straight- 
ened out in the tail-to-tail position. Proctacanthus nearno may function 
similarly, so we question whether the observed matings were complete. The 
observed matings occurred at 5:32 and 5:55 PM, when the air temperature 
at the asilids’ height was approximately 35.5°C (in sunlight) and 31.5°C (in 
shade), respectively. 

Oviposition by female P. nearno was not observed. Like other species 
of Proctacanthus (Bromley, 1946), P. nearno females possess spines on 
their ovipositors and undoubtedly oviposit in the ground, as do females of 
P. micans (Rogers and Lavigne, 1972; Dennis and Lavigne, 1975). 


442 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


R. J. Gagné (Sarcophagidae), A. B. Gurney (Acrididae), C. W. Sabrosky 
(Tachinidae) and F. C. Thompson (Syrphidae) of the Systematic Entomol- 
ogy Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA, % 
U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., 20560, are thanked for the iden- 
tification of the prey in their respective groups. In addition, J. Wilcox, 7551 
Vista Del Sol, Anaheim, California, 92807, is thanked for establishing the 
identity of P. nearno. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Baker, N. T. and R. L. Fischer. 1975. A taxonomic and ecologic study of the Asilidae of 
Michigan. Great Lakes Entomol. 8:31-91. 

Bouseman, J. K. and C. T. Maier. 1977. The robber fly Proctacanthus hinei Bromley (Diptera: 
Asilidae) in Illinois, with records of bumblebees as prey (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). J. 
Kans. Entomol. Soc. 50:357-358. 

Bromley, S. W. 1923. Observations on the feeding habits of robber flies. Part I. Proctacanthus 

rufus Will. and P. brevipennis Wied. Psyche 30:41-45. 

. 1931. A preliminary annotated list of the robber flies of Ohio (Diptera: Asilidae). Ohio 

State Univ. Mus. Bull. 1:1—-19. 

—. 1934. The robber flies of Texas (Diptera, Asilidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 27:74- 
113. 

—. 1946. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera, or true flies of 
Connecticut. Third Fascicle. Asilidae. Bull. Conn. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., No. 69. 

—. 1947. Ohio robber flies. IV. (Diptera: Asilidae). Ohio J. Sci. 47:67-68. 

——. 1949. The Missouri bee-killer, Proctacanthus milbertii Macq. (Asilidae: Diptera). 

Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 44:21-28. 

. 1950. Florida Asilidae (Diptera) with description of one new species. Ann. Entomol. 

Soc. Am. 43:227-239. 

Dennis, D. S. and R. J. Lavigne. 1975. Comparative behavior of Wyoming robber flies II 
(Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Wyom. Agric. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr., No. 30. 

——. 1976. Ethology of Efferia varipes with comments on species coexistence (Diptera: 
Asilidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 49:48-62. 

Martin, C. H. 1962. The mistaken identity of Proctacanthus arno Townsend and a new species 
(Diptera: Asilidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 35:185-188. 

Rogers, L. E. and R. J. Lavigne. 1972. Asilidae of the Pawnee National Grasslands, in north- 
eastern Colorado. Univ. Wyom. Agric. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr., No. 25. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 443-446 


VARIANTS OF HEXAGENIA S.S. SPECIES AFFECTING 
SUBGENERIC DIAGNOSIS (EPHEMEROPTERA: EPHEMERIDAE)!' 


W. P. MCCAFFERTY 


Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 
47907. 


Abstract.—Adult variants of two species of Hexagenia s.s. from eastern 
North America cannot be identified to the correct subgenus with the use of 
present keys. Existent differentiating characters of male genitalia and wing 
venation are qualified by taking into account the described variants and the 
zoogeography of the subgenera. 


Hexagenia Walsh is one of the most common and well known genera of 
Ephemeroptera in North America. These mayflies are extraordinary be- 
cause of their relatively large size along with their propensity for occurring 
in large numbers and mass emergences. Adults are usually identifiable to 
subgenus and species with the use of published keys. 

Spieth (1941) divided the group into two subgenera (Nearctic Hexagenia 
s.s. and Neotropical Pseudeatonica Spieth) based on adult morphological 
differences. The zoogeographic distinctiveness of the subgenera was reaf- 
firmed by McCafferty (1968). Demoulin (1958, 1970) listed Pseudeatonica 
as a subgenus of the African genus Eatonica Navas rather than Hexagenia, 
and Kimmins (1960) accorded full generic status to Psewdeatonica. Subse- 
quent discoveries of the larval stage of Pseudeatonica (McCafferty, 1970) 
and Eatonica (McCafferty, 1971) have clearly shown the latter two classi- 
ficatory moves to be inappropriate and have substantiated Spieth’s original 
concept. Pseudeatonica larvae are essentially symmorphic with those of 
Hexagenia S.s. 

Spieth (1941) distinguished Pseudeatonica adults from those of Hexage- 
nia 8.8. primarily by the former’s possession of three rather than four seg- 
mented male genital forceps. He also indicated that the fore wings of Pseu- 
deatonica had 4-6 A, veinlets while those of Hexagenia s.s. had 8 or 9. 
McCafferty (1970) reported 5—14 veinlets (but usually 8 or more) in Hexa- 
genia s.s. Edmunds et al. (1976) distinguished the subgenera on the basis 


‘ Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station Journal No. 7459. 


44d PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


of the above genitalic differences and indicated that Hexagenia s.s. had 8 
or more A, veinlets while Pseudeatonica had 6 or fewer. 

Examinations of Hexagenia specimens from eastern and central North 
America have revealed that some are not identifiable to subgenus using the 
above characteristics. Since these characteristics form the basis of Spieth’s 
(1941) key to Hexagenia species (first couplet) and the Edmunds et al. (1976) 
key to Hexagenia subgenera and are undoubtedly relied on heavily for 
species identification, and since samples often exist of only one or a few 
specimens, it is important to note the exceptions and delineate the subgenera 
more completely. 

One adult male examined from the United States National Museum 
(Maryland, Worcester Co., Milburn Landing, 29 July 1972, J. & A. Cross) 
proved to be a typical specimen of Hexagenia (Hexagenia) munda Eaton 
in all characters except the forceps segmentation. It possesses only 1 short 
terminal segment (Fig. 2). Originally this was considered to be an aberrant 
individual of little concern. I have since examined H. munda material from 
Wisconsin which show a distinct deterioration of the terminal segmentation 
of the forceps in about one-third of the males and resemble the Maryland 
variant. Both four segmented and three segmented forceps occur within the 
same populations in Wisconsin, and a few individuals are asymmetrical in 
this regard. 

Recently, I have examined another adult male of Hexagenia s.s. retained 
by the Maryland Water Resources Administration and preliminarily identi- 
fied as Pseudeatonica which is also subgenerically problematic. This spec- 
imen (Patapsco R., Hollowfield, Maryland, 24 August 78, G. Harman) 
proved to be Hexagenia atrocaudata McDunnough but possesses genitalia 
(Fig. 4) and A, venation (Fig. 5) more typical of Pseudeatonica, i.e., the 
forceps have | small terminal segment and the fore wings have 4 A, veinlets. 
Further examination of H. atrocaudata specimens (both male and female) 
from throughout the species’ range revealed that the number of veinlets 
extending from A, to the anal margin of the fore wings ranges from 4-8 
although there often an additional | or 2 small incomplete veinlets (not 
attached to A,). The forceps are normally distinctly four segmented. Vari- 
ants of the genital forceps encountered in H. munda and H. atrocaudata 
are shown in Figures 1-4. 

The use of A, veinlet numbers should be abandoned as a subgeneric 
distinguishing character. Segmentation of the genital forceps may continue 
to be regarded as a fundamental subgeneric character but must be qualified 
as a key character due to occasional variants of Hexagenia s.s. Because of 
the limited number of Pseudeatonica adults that I have been able to study, 
I am reluctant to offer additional characters to delimit the subgenera. I have 
not yet seen males or females of Pseudeatonica which possess bicolorous 
(divided ventro-laterally) compound eyes as is the condition present in all 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 445 


iat 


5 


Figs. 1-4. Male forceps. 1, Hexagenia munda, four segmented. 2, H. munda, three seg- 
mented. 3, Typical H. atrocaudata. 4, Atypical H. atrocaudata. Fig. 5. Anal area of fore 
wing, H. atrocaudata. 


Hexagenia s.s. males. Also the compound eyes of Pseudeatonica are slight- 
ly convergent ventrally as seen in facial view, whereas those of Hexagenia 
s.s. tend to be convergent dorsally, especially so in the males. These dif- 
ferences may eventually prove to be consistent. The subgenera are obvious- 
ly very closely related sister groups (McCafferty, 1973). 

The respective geographic ranges of the subgenera are reliably diagnostic 
in most cases. Only Hexagenia s.s. occurs north of Mexico and only Pseu- 
deatonica occurs in South America. The occurrence of Pseudeatonica in 
the U.S. or Canada would be extremely improbable. Eventually the sub- 
genera may be found to overlap in southern Mexico and Central America. 


446 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


For this region both the venational and genitalic characters stated by authors 
previously can be used with confidence since H. atrocaudata and H. munda 
do not occur as far south as Mexico. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


| thank Oliver Flint, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, 
for allowing me to examine burrowing mayflies housed at the U.S.N.M. I 
also thank Philip Lewis, U.S.E.P.A., for providing material for examina- 
tion. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Demoulin, G. 1958. Nouveau schema de classification des archodonates et Ephemeropteres. 

Bull. Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belg. 34:1-19. 

. 1970. Ephemeroptera des faunes ethiopienne et malgache. S. Afr. Anim. Life 14:24— 

170. 

Edmunds, G. F., Jr., S. L. Jensen, and L. Berner. 1976. The mayflies of North and Central 
America. Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 330 pp. 

Kimmins, D. E. 1960. The Ephemeroptera types of species described by A. E. Eaton, R. 
McLachlan, and F. Walker. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Entomol. 9:269-318. 

McCafferty, W. P. 1968. The mayfly genus Hexagenia in Mexico (Ephemeroptera: Ephem- 
eridae) Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 70:358-359. 

——. 1970. Neotropical nymphs of the genus Hexagenia (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae). 
J. Ga. Entomol. Soc. 5:224—228. 

———. 1971. New burrowing mayflies from Africa (Ephemeroptera:Ephemeridae). J. Ento- 
mol. Soc. S. Afr. 34:57-62. 

——. 1973. Systematic and zoogeographic aspects of Asiatic Ephemeridae (Ephemerop- 
tera). Oriental Ins. 7:49-67. 

Spieth, H. T. 1941. Taxonomic studies on the Ephemeroptera. II. The genus Hexagenia. Am. 
Midl. Natural. 26:233-280. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 447-449 


A NEW ANISOPS FROM KENYA (HEMIPTERA: NOTONECTIDAE) 
CHARLES V. REICHART 


Biology Department, Providence College, Providence, Rhode Island 
02918. 


Abstract.—Anisops magnadens, new species, is described from Kiserian, 
Kenya, East Africa. 


Anisops magnadens Reichart, NEW SPECIES 


Size.—Male, 7.8 mm in length, greatest body width 2.0 mm; females, 7.8— 
7.9 mm in length, greatest body width 2.1-2.2 mm. Shape: Subfusiform, 
stout; greatest body width about midway length of body. Color: General 
facies stramineous. Eyes light brown. Hemelytra hyaline. Abdominal venter 
dark brown with keel and segmental margins of connexivum stramineous; 
external margins of connexivum mottled reddish in fresh specimens. 

Male structural characteristics —Viewed from above, outline of head 
rounded with anterior margin almost straight and vertex protruding slightly 
beyond that margin and slightly indented at eye margins, particularly just 
above tylus; greatest width of head barely less than pronotal humeral width, 
and 44 times anterior width of vertex; synthlipsis ’% as wide as anterior 
width of vertex; along median longitudinal axis head approximately same 
length as median longitudinal axis of pronotum. Humeral width of pronotum 
7/; more than longitudinal median length of pronotum; lateral margins slightly 
divergent and approximately 74 median length; posterior margin convex, 
medially emarginate; barely perceptible median carina bordered on each 
side by large shallow depression extending almost *%4 length of pronotum; 
anterior end of carina margined by 2 distinctive small pits; point of pronotum 
inserted between eyes horizontally rugose. Scutellum */s wider than long; 
large shallow depression anteriorly on each side of median; apex slightly 
raised. Facial tubercle moderately swollen. Basal width of labrum wider 
than median length; apex bluntly rounded. Rostral prong (Fig. 3) arises at 
very apex of 3rd rostral segment and more than twice as long as this seg- 
ment; broadly expanded with translucent keel on anterior margin of prong; 
apex bluntly acuminate. Stridulatory comb (Fig. 2) with 10 teeth, 7 of which 
are approximately same length; distally, these teeth followed by 4 padlike 
areas. Chaetotoxy of left front leg shown in Fig. 1. 


448 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Figs. 1-3. Anisops magnadens. 1, Left front leg. 2, Stridulatory comb of tibia. 3, Rostral 
prong. 


Female structural characteristics.—Viewed from above, outline of head 
rounded, with vertex extending slightly beyond; greatest width of head 
slightly more than */ pronotal humeral width and 4% times anterior width 
of vertex; synthlipsis wide, only slightly less than % anterior width of ver- 
tex; along median longitudinal axis head slightly more than median longi- 
tudinal axis head slightly more than median longitudinal length of pronotum. 
Pronotum with humeral width slightly more than median length; lateral mar- 
gins divergent and slightly less than % median length; posterior margin 
convex, medially emarginate. Scutellum 4s wider than long. Tylus slightly 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 449 


inflated, smooth, and broadly triangular. Frons almost parallel. Labrum with 
basal width equal to median length; bluntly rounded. 

Types and type-locality.—One male (holotype) and three females (para- 
types), 26-X-67, from a small, muddy, roadside pool in the vicinity of Kis- 
erian, Kenya (C. V. Reichart # 1735). 

Comparative notes.—Anisops magnadens keys out to couplet 30 (A. varia 
Fieber) in Brooks’ monograph (1951). However, it can be readily distin- 
guished from varia and all other Anisops species by the enormous prong of 
the male which covers the entire rostrum and is more than twice as long as 
the third segment. The stridulatory comb is also distinctly different, with 
ten teeth as compared to approximately 21 in varia; the basal two teeth and 
the distal tooth are shorter than the other seven. Four padlike areas of 
irregular shape follow the distal tooth. A. magnadens also has a striated 
stridulatory ridge similar to A. gracilis Hutchinson. 

Deposition of types.—Holotype male, and one paratype female deposited 
in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, type 
no. 76125. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Brooks, G. T. 1951. A revision of the genus Anisops (Notonectidae, Hemiptera). Kans. Univ. 
Sci. Bull. 34:304-519. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 450-455 


BIOLOGICAL, ANATOMICAL, AND DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES ON 
THE GENUS CALLOPISTROMYIA HENDEL (DIPTERA: OTITIDAE) 


GEORGE C. STEYSKAL 


Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. 
Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—A review of the biology, anatomy of the puparia and adult 
postabdomens, and distribution of the two known species of the genus, 
Callopistromyia annulipes (Macquart) and C. strigula (Loew), is presented. 
The immature stages are spent in the decaying cambium of recently dead 
wood of various trees. A new term, Oviprovector, is introduced for a struc- 
ture in the ovipositor. 


Observation of Callopistromyia annulipes (Macquart) at Lost River State 
Park, Hardy County, West Virginia, on 3 September 1978 in such numbers 
that non-entomologists noticed them prompted the following review of what 
is known about the two species presently considered to belong to the genus. 
Until I (Steyskal, 1975) referred Pterocalla strigula Loew to Callopistro- 
myia, the genus was considered to include only C. annulipes (Macquart). 


Callopistromyia annulipes (Macquart) 


Behavior of the adults.—At Lost River State Park the adults were seen 
everywhere on exposed surfaces, mostly in the sunlight. They were fre- 
quently seen on parked automobiles. No effort to mate was observed, but 
the peculiar display of the wings noted long ago by Banks (1904) was very 
evident and performed by both sexes. Banks also mentioned a statement by 
Harris (1862, p. 620) which apparently refers to this fly. Two cards in the 
files of the U.S. National Museum, written by J. M. Aldrich, are interesting: 
“Sept. 1, 1922. I noticed several specimens strutting with wings up-raised 
like a peacock’s tail, on a bridge on Rock Creek Park. One that I captured 
in the act was a female, the first instance of such display in a female that 
I know of. I succeeded in mounting the specimen to show the posture pretty 
well, but the wings are not touching as they should be. The 2 black costal 
spots blend when the wings are displayed, and are almost central in the 
circle.’’ ‘‘June 22, 1931. Melander and I watched a female strutting on a log 
above Great Falls. He finally captured her. She did as I have indicated in 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 451 


Figs. 1-3. Callopistromyia annulipes. 1, Posterior end of puparium, lateral and posterior 
views. 2, Male postabdomen, posterior view. 3, Apical part of ovipositor, ventral view. Figs. 
4-6. Callopistromyia strigula. 4, Posterior end of puparium, lateral and posterior views. 5, 
Male postabdomen. 6, Apical part of ovipositor, ventral view. 


452 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


the other case, and we watched for some time. Another specimen strutted 
on my shirt-sleeve, and we both saw it, but she got away. Do the males 
strut at all?’ The specimen mounted by Aldrich is still in the Museum 
collections. 

The seasonal distribution of the flies and their attraction to baits are treat- 
ed in 2 papers by Frost (1928, 1929). Some of the flies observed at Lost 
River State Park were females with abdomens distended by eggs. Adults 
have been seen from April to October. It seems likely that there are at least 
two broods during this period. I found two puparia in decaying cambium of 
a dead tree of Acer negundo Linnaeus (boxelder) on Grosse Ile, Michigan, 
on 12 April 1954; adults emerged indoors 6 days later. Malloch (1931) stated 
that the larvae of species of Pseudotephritis “‘live under slightly loose bark 
of trees and occur frequently along with those of Callopistromyia.”’ I (Stey- 
skal, 1951) noted the presence of adults on the bark of trees in Michigan; 
they were abundant on dying trees of Populus deltoides Barr. ex Marsh, 
ovipositing on dead trees of Robinia pseudacacia Linnaeus, and feeding at 
frass of wood borers in live trees of the latter species. 

The puparia of Callopistromyia annulipes mentioned in the preceding 
paragraph, found on Grosse Ile in Acer negundo, may be described as 
follows: 1.5 mm wide by 4.0 mm long; light brown; of cylindrical shape 
usually among acalyptrate Diptera, with head end a little flattened dorso- 
ventrally; venter finely transversely wrinkled; dorsum smooth; segmental 
margins little constricted; posterior end as in Fig. 1; stigmatophores comma 
shaped, with 3 short slits, in shallowly depressed area surrounded by un- 
dulate ridges and a pair of ligulate processes, each about the diameter of a 
stigmatophore laterad of each stigmatophore; anal plates together forming 
a Slightly depressed circular area. 

Male genitalia.—The great similarity of the male postabdomen to those 
of the species of Pseudotephritis figured by Steyskal (1962) confirms the 
close relationship of Callopistromyia to Pseudotephritis and its relatives, 
as expressed by me previously (Steyskal, 1975). The posterior view of the 
epandrium, surstyli, and epiphallus (‘‘median peg’’) shown in Fig. 2, as well 
as other details of the postabdomen not figured, is very similar to the struc- 
tures found in Pseudotephritis corticalis (Loew). 

Female genitalia.—I am aware of no published figure of the ovipositor of 
any otitid of the genera most closely related to Callopistromyia, viz., Pseu- 
dotephritis Johnson and Pseudotephritina Malloch. The apical part of the 
ovipositor of Callopistromyia annulipes is shown in ventral view in Fig. 3. 
A structure which has otherwise been noted only in species of Pareuxesta 
Coquillett (Otitidae Ulidiinae, Galapagos Archipelago; unpublished data) is 
evident in C. annulipes. It is a ridge or process on the ventral surface of 
the dorsal male of the egg passage and is furnished with many apically 
directed spicules. It may be presumed that the structure assists in directing 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 453 


the egg out of the oviduct, and inasmuch as a term for the structure is 
needed it is here designated oviprovector (from Latin ovum + provector). 
The total length of the ovipositor in the narrower sense, exclusive of the 
Ovipositubus and the sheath, is 1.65 mm. 

Distribution.—The species is widespread in the United States but has 
been found in only a few places near the southern border of Canada, as 
listed below. 

CANADA: Ontario (Niagara, Normandale, Ottawa), British Columbia 
(Robson). 

UNITED STATES: Connecticut (Fairfield, Tolland Cos.), District of 
Columbia, Georgia (Harris Co.), Idaho (Gooding, Payette Cos.), Illinois 
(Champaign Co.), Indiana (Tippecanoe Co.), Kansas (Douglas Co.), Ken- 
tucky (Knox Co.), Maine (Hancock Co.), Maryland (Baltimore, Montgom- 
ery, Price George Cos.), Massachusetts (Barnstable, Essex, Plymouth 
Cos.), Michigan (Berrien, Branch, Cass, Grand Traverse, Ingham, Kala- 
mazoo, Livingston, Manistee, Monroe, Muskegon, Oakland, St. Joseph, 
Shiawassee, Wayne Cos.), Mississippi (Lafayette Co.), Montana, New 
Hampshire (Rockingham Co.), New Jersey (Camden, Mercer, Morris Cos.), 
New York (Dutchess, Erie, Nassau, New York, Onondaga, Tompkins, West 
Chester Cos.), North Carolina (Grayson, Haywood, Polk, Swain Cos.), 
Ohio (Athens, Franklin, Muskingum Cos.), Pennsylvania (Adams, Alleghe- 
ny, York Cos.), Rhode Island, Tennessee (Anderson, Roane, Sevier Cos.), 
Utah (Box Elder, Cache, Salt Lake, Weber Cos.), Vermont, Virginia (Fair- 
fax, Tazewell Cos.), Washington (Yakima Co.), West Virginia (Hardy Co.), 
Wisconsin (Dane Co.). 


Callopistromyia strigula (Loew) 


Behavior of the adults.—The wing of C. strigula is much narrower than 
that of C. annulipes; display of the wings of C. strigula would therefore 
produce a much different effect from that given by C. annulipes. No men- 
tion of wing display is to be found in the literature, and I have no notes nor 
can I remember any such behavior in connection with my collections of the 
fly. 

Although the species is taken much less frequently than C. annulipes, 
collection dates extend through approximately the same period—21 April 
to 26 September. I reared adults from puparia found under the bark of a 
dead Acer negundo. The adults emerged indoors on Grosse Ile, Michigan 
on 21 and 22 April, and adults were seen outdoors a few days later. I am 
indebted to J. F. McAlpine for the record of a specimen in the Canadian 
National Collection reared from the same species of tree at Indian Head, 
Saskatchewan on 15 July. Others in the Canadian collection were taken as 
adults at ‘‘bleeding elm’’ and ‘‘wound on Acer negundo.’’ These are the 
only biological notes on this species of which I am aware. 


454 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


The puparia from which I reared the adults on Grosse Ile are very similar 
in general appearance to those of C. annulipes. They are 1.5 mm wide by 
4.2 mm long. The most evident differences are in the posterior end (Fig. 4), 
with larger stigmatophores and longer slits. The configuration of ridges also 
differs, especially a right-angled ridge extending dorsad from the stigmato- 
phores. 

Male genitalia.—Very similar to those of C. annulipes (see Fig. 4). but 
a little larger, with more strongly curved surstyli and larger prensisetae, 3 
pairs of which are stout. 

Female genitalia—Also very similar to those of C. annulipes. The ovi- 
positor (Fig. 6) is somewhat longer (1.70 to 1.80 mm in total length), with 
ventral setulae in the region lateral to the oviprovector much smaller and 
closer together in series. 

Distribution.—The area occupied by C. strigula may be coincident with 
that of Acer negundo. The following collection records are available. 

CANADA: Manitoba (Aweme, Beulah, Winnipeg), Ontario (Ottawa, 
Richmond, Ruthven), Saskatchewan (Delisle, Estevan, Indian Head, Re- 
gina). 

UNITED STATES: Colorado, District of Columbia, Georgia (**Geor- 
gia,’ type), Illinois (Champaign Co.), Kansas (Douglas Co.), Maine (Pe- 
nobscot Co.), Maryland (Montgomery Co.), Mighigan (Lapeer, Wayne 
Cos.), Minnesota (Chisago Co.), Nebraska (Lancaster Co.), New Mexico 
(‘‘Mogollon’’), North Carolina (Swain Co.), North Dakota (Golden Valley 
Co.), South Dakota (Brookings Co.), Tennessee (Shelby Co.), Utah (Davis 
Go): 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I am grateful to Lloyd Knutson, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. Ad- 
min., USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, for furnishing the opportunity to collect 
flies in Hardy County, West Virginia and companionship on that trip. To J. 
F. McAlpine, Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, Ot- 
tawa, I offer thanks for furnishing data on specimens in the Canadian Na- 
tional Collection. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Banks, N. 1904. Curious habit of two ortalid flies. Entomol. News 15:171-172. 

Frost, S. W. 928. Notes on Ortalidae (Dipt.). Entomol. News 39:169-171. 

. 1929. Notes on Pennsylvania Ortalidae (Dipt.). Entomol. News 40:84-87. 

Harris, T. W. 1862 (1863). A treatise on some of the insects injurious to vegetation. Crosby 
and Nichols, Boston. Frontispiece, xi, 640 pp. Reference on p. 620. 

Malloch, J. R. 1931. Flies of the genus Pseudotephritis Johnson (Diptera: Ortalidae). Proc. 
U.S. Natl. Mus. 79 (art. 3):1-6. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 455 


Steyskal, G. C. 1951. The dipterous fauna of tree trunks. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts and 
Letters 35:121-24. 
1962. The North American species of the genera Melieria and Pseudotephritis 
(Diptera, Otitidae). Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts and Letters 47:247-262. 


. 975. The genus Callopistromyia Hendel (Diptera, Otitidae). Entomol. News 85:147- 
148. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 456-459 


ADDITIONS TO KNOWLEDGE OF THE BETHYLID FAUNA OF 
HISPANIOLA (HYMENOPTERA: BETHYLIDAE) 


HOWARD E. EVANS 
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort 
Collins, Colorado 80523. 


Abstract.—Three species of Bethylidae are recorded from Hispaniola (Do- 

minican Republic), two of them new. These are Rhabdepyris muesebecki 
Evans, Anisepyris grisselli, new species, and Nesepyris antilleanus, new 
species. The last represents the first record of that genus from the West 
Indies. 


Several years ago I tabulated the number of species of Bethylidae known 
from various West Indian islands and concluded that many more species 
are to be expected on several of the more poorly-collected islands, including 
especially Hispaniola (Evans, 1970). I report here on three species previ- 
ously unreported from that island, two of them new and one representing 
the first record of its genus, Nesepyris, from the West Indies. 


Rhabdepyris muesebecki Evans 


I described this species from Honduras (Evans, 1965) and have recently 
recorded it as far south as Bolivia and as far north as Missouri and Florida 
(Evans, 1978). I have recently studied a male from DOMINICAN REPUB- 
LIC: 30 km N Cabo Rojo, Prov. Pedernales, 20 June 1976 (E. E. Grissell, 
on Catalpa longisima) [Florida State Coll. Arthropods, Gainesville]. This 
represents only the second record of this genus from the West Indies, R. 
versicolor Evans having been described from St. Croix (Evans, 1970). Both 
belong to the subgenus Rhabdepyris as I have interpreted it. 


Anisepyris grisselli Evans, NEW SPECIES 


Holotype.—? , DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: 30 km N Cabo Rojo, Prov. 
Pedernales, 20 June 1976 (E. E. Grissell, on Catalpa longisima) [Florida 
State Coll. Arthropods, Gainesville]. 

Description of female type.—Length 8.0 mm, fore wing 4.9 mm. Head, 
thorax, and front coxae and femora brilliant metallic green; propodeum 
greenish laterally, bluish dorsally; first 2 abdominal segments black, re- 
mainder of abdomen rufous; mandibles fuscous, ferruginous apically; scape 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 457 


fuscous, with purple reflections; flagellum fuscous above, light brown be- 
low; middle and hind coxae and femora black, all tibiae dark brown, tarsi 
testaceous; wings uniformly tinged with brown. Mandibles broad, with a 
sharp apical tooth and 4 blunt teeth above it, most basal tooth rather small. 
Clypeus broadly subangulate, with a high median keel. Antennal scrobes 
carinate; eyes strongly hairy, vertex slightly concave medially. Width of 
head 1.04 x length of head; width of front 1.3 x eye height. Ocelli in a 
compact triangle at level of eye tops, well below vertex crest, ocello-ocular 
line 1.5 X width of ocellar triangle. Front alutaceous, weakly shining, 
closely covered with small but well defined punctures. Third antennal seg- 
ment 1.3 as long as wide. Pronotal disc alutaceous and punctate like front, 
but punctures absent along a median strip; anterior margin strongly carinate, 
but sides of disc more weakly so, the carinae fading out well before reaching 
posterior margin, latter paralleled across dorsum by a prominent groove. 
Propodeal disc 1.5 as wide as long, 5-carinate, irregularly reticulate be- 
tween carinae; posterior angles foveolate. Mesopleura with upper fovea 
large, fully enclosed, lower fovea not at all defined on upper margin. Middle 
tibiae with only scattered short, weak spines; claws trifid. 

Allotype.—d , DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Boca del Soca, Prov. La Ro- 
mana, 13 June 1976 (E. E. Grissell, dry scrub) [Florida State Coll. Arthro- 
pods, Gainesville]. 

Description of male allotype.—Length 4.8 mm, fore wing 3.4 mm. Head, 
thorax, and propodeum blue green, abdomen black except apical 2 segments 
brownish; mandibles testaceous; antennae dark brown; front coxae black, 
legs otherwise rufotestaceous; wings subhyaline. Mandibles with 5S sharp 
teeth; clypeus as in female; scrobes not carinate; eyes with short hairs. 
Width of head 1.15 x length of head; width of front 1.2 x eye height; ocelli 
slightly enlarged, ocello-ocular line 0.8 x width of ocellar triangle. First 4 
antennal segments in a ratio of 20:4:3:20. Sculpturing of front and pronotum 
much as in female, but lateral pronotal carinae reaching posterior margin. 
Propodeal disc 1.6x as wide as long, sculpturing as in female but posterior 
angles only very obscurely foveolate. Upper margin of lower mesopleural 
fovea broadly incomplete, as in female; claws trifid as in that sex. 

Paratype.—1 d, same data as allotype [U.S. National Museum]. 

Remarks.—The paratype is closely similar to the allotype but slightly 
larger, fore wing 3.7 mm. This is an anomalous species, falling in most 
respects in the aurichalceus group as I have defined it (Evans, 1966). How- 
ever, the tibiae of the female are unusually weakly spinose, the scrobes 
carinate, and the posterior angles of the propodeum foveolate. In these 
respects the female would fit better in the excisus group (also West Indian), 
but the mandibles are not typical of that group. The male also appears 
intermediate between these two groups, having weakly foveolate posterior 
propodeal angles. There are several differences from A. darlingtoni Evans, 


458 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


described from Haiti: The female has quite different mandibles and more 
strongly margined scrobes, the male ecarinate scrobes and different pro- 
podeal sculpturing; both sexes differ with respect to the trifid claws and the 
more intense coloration of the propodeum. 


Nesepyris antilleanus Evans, NEW SPECIES 


Holotype.—?, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (On Verawood log, 20 No- 
vember 1934, Mann, New York, no. 30418 [presumably intercepted at quar- 
antine]) [U.S. National Museum]. 

Description of female type.—Length 1.8 mm, fore wing 1.3 mm. Body 
dark brown, also antennae and legs to tibiae; tarsi light brown; mandibles 
largely testaceous; wings hyaline, veins and stigma light brown. Mandibles 
slender, bidentate; clypeus, in anterior view, with a flattened, triangular 
area, in dorsal view truncate; malar space about 4 as long as width of 
mandibles at their base. Head elongate, widest at eyes and very gradually 
narrowed behind eyes to a straight vertex; width of head 0.77 x length of 
head; eyes large, width of front only 0.9 x eye height; eyes removed from 
vertex crest by very slightly more than their own height. Ocelli in an acute 
triangle, ocello-ocular line 1.4 x width of ocellar triangle. First 4 antennal 
segments in a ratio of 7:3:2:2, segment 3 slightly longer than wide. Front 
and thoracic dorsum evenly alutaceous, moderately shining; propodeal disc 
approximately as long as wide, median carina weakened behind but reaching 
transverse carina, disc smooth and polished posterolaterally. Fore wing es- 
sentially as figured for virginianus by Evans, 1964, Fig. 110. Abdomen shin- 
ing, slightly depressed. 

Remarks.—This species is known only from the type, which will run to 
virginianus Evans in my key to Nesepyris (Evans, 1964) except for the 
relatively larger eyes and narrower front. As compared to that somewhat 
larger species, antilleanus has a complete median propodeal carina, slightly 
longer flagellar segments, and the eye tops closer to the lateral ocelli and to 
the vertex crest. This is the first report of the genus from the West Indies. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


This paper is part of a broad-scale study of the systematics of Bethylidae, 
supported by the National Science Foundation, grant no. DEB75-17142. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Evans, H. E. 1964. A synopsis of the American Bethylidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Bull. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Univ. 132:1-222. 

——.. 1965. A revision of the genus Rhabdepyris in the Americas (Hymenoptera, Bethyli- 
dae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard Univ. 133:69-151. 

——.. 1966. A revision of the genus Anisepyris Kieffer (Hym. Bethylidae). Studia Entomol. 
9:1-120. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 459 


———. 1970. West Indian wasps of the subfamilies Epyrinae and Bethylinae (Hymenoptera: 
Bethylidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 72:340-356. 
————.. 1978. The Bethylidae of America north of Mexico. Mem. Am. Entomol. Inst. 27, 332 


Pp. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 460-464 


IDENTIFICATION OF LARVAE OF TWO EUROPEAN SPECIES OF 
CEUTORHYNCHINAE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) FOUND 
IN CARDUUS MACROCEPHALUS DESFONTAINES (COMPOSITAE) 


D. M. ANDERSON AND P. E. BOLDT 


(DMA) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and 
Educ. Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560; 
(PEB) Sci. and Educ. Admin., International Program Staff, Biological Con- 
trol of Weeds Laboratory-Europe, Via Vincenzo, Monti, 4, 00152 Rome, 
Italy. 


Abstract.—Larvae of Ceutorhynchus trimaculatus Fabricius and of Ceu- 
thorhynchidius horridus (Panzer), both potential biocontrol agents against 
the thistles Carduus macrocephalus Desfontaines and C. thoermeri Wein- 
mann, were difficult to separate on the basis of feeding habits because they 
are found together in the crowns of the rosettes, but now they can be iden- 
tified on the basis of anatomical characters presented in a key and table of 
measurements. The separation of these larvae from those of other weevils 
known to attack these thistles is also discussed. 


Ceuthorhynchidius horridus (Panzer) and Ceutorhynchus trimaculatus 
Fabricius are potential biocontrol agents against Carduus macrocephalus 
Desfontaines and C. thoermeri Weinmann in North America. C. horridus 
has already been released in Virginia (Kok et al., 1975), and C. trimaculatus 
is currently being studied in Europe (Boldt, 1978) and in Virginia (Kok, 
1978), in order to gain approval for its release in the United States. The 
larvae of both species are found together in the crowns of the thistle ro- 
settes, and therefore cannot be identified to species by their location in the 
plants. To study the biology of these weevils and to evaluate their biocontrol 
potential under natural field conditions in Europe, it is necessary to know 
the taxonomic characters by which their larvae can consistently be sepa- 
rated. Therefore, taxonomic comparisons of larvae of the 2 species were 
undertaken, and the resulting key, measurements, and discussion are pre- 
sented in this paper. 


MATERIALS AND METHODS 


Adults of C. trimaculatus and C. horridus were field collected on rosettes 
of C. macrocephalus near Rome, Italy, in November and December, 1976. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 461 


pie x 
S 
/ a” Le : a a5 eG 
wa aN al | (4 NGC 
3 pds: 1 2 4 
prs 
‘ Tien Ny 
a” F 
= Tas | 7 | = 
pds: 1 | | 4 


4 


Figs. 1-2. Heads of larvae, front view. 1, Ceutorhynchus trimaculatus. 2, Ceuthorhynchi- 
dius horridus. Figs. 3-4. Abdominal segment 2 of larvae, dorsal view, flattened by slide- 
mounting. 3, Ceutorhynchus trimaculatus. 4, Ceuthorhynchidius horridus. Abbreviations: Ant, 
antenna; des 1, dorsal epicranial seta 1; des 2, dorsal epicranial seta 2; fs 2, frontal seta 2; pds, 
postdorsal setae; prs, prodorsal setae; Sp, spiracle. 


Females were separated by species and caged for oviposition on bouquets 
or on small thistle plants held in the laboratory. Live eggs, 0-48 hours old, 
and head capsules of larvae preserved in 70% alcohol, were measured at 
50x with an ocular micrometer in a stereoscopic microscope. A few larvae 
of each instar were dissected, macerated in a warm NAOH solution, slide- 


462 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


mounted in glycerine, and examined with a compound microscope at 100- 
400. Undissected specimens were studied with a stereoscopic microscope. 
Illustrations were made from slide-mounted and unmounted mature (3rd 
instar) larvae. The larval terminology used in the key and illustrations fol- 
lows that of Anderson (1947). 

The larvae upon which the key is based are in the National Museum of 
Natural History, Washington, D.C. All of the larvae and eggs from which 
measurements were taken are in the collection of the Biocontrol of Weeds 
Laboratory, USDA, in Rome, Italy. 


MEASUREMENTS 


Measurements of head capsule width indicated the presence of three lar- 
val instars. The egg and head capsule size in mm were as follows: 


Mean + S.D. No. Min. Max. 

Ceutorhynchus trimaculatus 
Eggs: Length 0.66 + 0.04 59 0.58 0.71 
Width 0.36 + 0.02 0.34 0.37 
Ist instar 0.32 + 0.02 36 0.29 0.36 
2nd instar 0.48 + 0.03 35 0.43 0.52 
3rd instar 0.69 + 0.03 41 0.62 0.72 


Ceuthorhynchidius horridus 


Eggs: Length 0.53 + 0.03 44 0.45 0.58 

Width 0.34 + 0.03 0.31 0.41 
Ist instar 0.28 + 0.02 79 0.24 0.32 
2nd instar 0.43 + 0.02 17, 0.40 0.47 
3rd instar 0.66 + 0.03 12 0.62 0.71 


The egg and head capsule widths at each instar of the two species are similar 
although C. trimaculatus specimens average slightly larger than C. horri- 
dus. Head capsule widths for C. horridus are similar but slightly larger than 
measurements by Kok, et al. (1975). 


KEY TO SEPARATE LARVAE OF CEUTORHYNCHUS TRIMACULATUS 
AND CEUTHORHYNCHIDIUS HORRIDUS 


Successful use of this key requires dissection and clearing of the 
specimens and preparation of slide mounts of the heads and skins, so that 
the characters mentioned can be studied with a compound microscope. 


— Dorsal epicranial seta 2 (des 2) of the head long, subequal in length 
to dorsal epicranial seta | (des 1); frontal seta 2 (fs 2) of head short 
but clearly visible (Fig. 1); prodorsal setae (prs) and postdorsal setae 
(pds) 1, 2, and 4 of abdominal segments 1-7 approximately % the 
lengthtof¢postdorsaltseta aiGFigw3) m= 2. SR eee 

hE ADS Et See Ot Ceutorhynchus trimaculatus Fabricius 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 463 


— Dorsal epicranial seta 2 of head very small, appearing absent at low 
magnifications, and much shorter than epicranial seta 1; frontal seta 
2 of head very short, visible only at high magnifications (Fig. 2); 
prodorsal setae and postdorsal setae 1, 2, and 4 of abdominal seg- 
ments 1-7 very short, much less than half the length of postdorsal 
Seta 3) (MIG A) aise sere AS Ceuthorhynchidius horridus (Panzer) 


DISCUSSION 


The foregoing key is intended for use in areas of Europe and North 
America where larvae of the two species treated are known to occur in the 
crowns of musk thistles. Larvae of other curculionid genera may also be 
found attacking various parts of Carduus macrocephalus plants (Boldt and 
Campobasso, 1978), but these larvae are normally not found in the crowns. 
The larvae of Apion and Lixus species are usually found burrowing in the 
stems above the crowns; larvae of Rhinocyllus and Larinus species are 
usually found in flower heads, and those of Cleonus species usually burrow 
in the roots below the crown. In addition to the clue provided by the part 
of a Carduus plant attacked by the larvae, an anatomical character that can 
be used to distinguish larvae of Ceutorhynchus and Ceuthorhynchidius 
species from those of the other genera mentioned is the shape of the acces- 
sory appendage of the antenna. As described by van Emden (1952) in his 
key to larvae of major groups of Curculionidae, the accessory appendage 
of the antenna (or “‘antenna’’ of van Emden) has a semi-globular shape in 
all larval Ceutorhynchinae versus a distinctly more elongate or more com- 
pressed shape in larvae of other groups of weevils. In larvae of C. trima- 
culatus and C. horridus, this character is as shown in Figs. | and 2 (Ant). 
The antennae of larvae of species of Apion, Lixus, Rhinocyllus, Larinus, 
and Cleonus have subconical or spindle-shaped accessory appendages, as 
in figures published by Scherf (1964) of heads of larvae of those genera. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We wish to thank Gaetano Campobasso for technical aid at the Biological 
Control of Weeds Laboratory, SEA, USDA, in Rome. We are also grateful 
for the comments received from Wayne E. Clark, Ronald W. Hodges, John 
M. Kingsolver, and F. Christian Thompson, who reviewed the first draft of 
this paper. All illustrations were prepared by Candy Feller, Systematic 
Entomology Laboratory, SEA, USDA, Washington, D.C. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Anderson, W. H. 1947. A terminology for the anatomical characters useful in the taxonomy 
of weevil larvae. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 49(5):23-132. 

Boldt, P. E. 1978. Habitat of Carduus nutans in Italy and two phytophagous insects. Proc. 
IV Int. Symp. Biol. Control Weeds, pp. 98-100. Gainesville, Florida, Aug. 30-Sept. 2, 
1976. 


464 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Boldt, P. E. and G. Campobasso. 1978. Phytophagous insects on Carduus macrocephalus in 
Italy. Environ. Entomol. 7(6):904—909. 

Emden, F. I. van. 1952. On the taxonomy of Rhynchophora larvae: Adelognatha and Alo- 
phinae (Insecta: Coleoptera). Proc. Zool. Soc. London 122(3):651-795. 

Kok, L. T. 1978. Status of biological control of musk thistle in Virginia, pp. 23-30. In: 
Biological Control of Thistles of the Genus Carduus in the United States. A Progress 
Report. South. Weed Sci. Res. Lab., USDA, Stoneville, Mississippi. 

Kok, L. T., R. H. Ward and C. C. Grills. 1975. Biological Studies of Ceuthorhynchidius 
horridus (Panzer), an introduced weevil for thistle control. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 
68:503—S0S. 

Scherf, H. 1964. Die entwicklungsstadien der mitteleuropaischen Curculioniden (Morphologie, 
Bionomie Okologie). Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. 506: 1-335. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 465-474 


BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF CEYLONESE WASPS, VI.' NOTES 
ON THE SCLEROGIBBIDAE WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO 
NEW SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: CHRYSIDOIDEA) 


KARL V. KROMBEIN 


Senior Entomologist, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—Sclerogibba embiidarum (Kieffer), 1925, from Sri Lanka is 
redescribed, as well as two new species, S$. taprobanana from Sri Lanka 
and S. citipes from Sri Lanka, South India, and Burma. 


Members of the Sclerogibbidae are unique among Chrysidoidea (olim Be- 
thyloidea) in having many more antennal segments than the normal 12 or 13 
and in having nymphs of Embioptera as their hosts. Females (Figs. 1-3) 
cannot be confused with those of any other family of aculeate wasps. The 
many-segmented antennae and enormously expanded fore femora are 
unique. The winged males are also readily recognized, for they have many- 
segmented antennae and the fore femora are enlarged though not so greatly 
as in females. 

The only sclerogibbid described from Ceylon is Mystrocnemis embiida- 
rum Kieffer, 1925, which is currently placed in Sclerogibba Rigg. and Stef.- 
Perez. During my field work in Sri Lanka we collected both sexes of one 
new species and females of a second new species, as well as a female of S. 
embiidarum. 

Richards (1939) placed five genera in the synonymy of Sclerogibba, and 
retained Probethylus Ashmead as the only other valid genus of Sclerogib- 
bidae. Probably some of these genera will have to be resurrected when a 
generic reclassification is based on the numerous and as yet unstudied scler- 
ogibbids collected or reared by E. S. Ross during his field work on Em- 
bioptera. 

Two genera are represented among the Ceylonese species, but I am de- 
scribing all in Sclerogibba because of the uncertain status of Mystrocnemis 
Kieffer. Two species known only from females, S. embiidarum and S. tap- 


! The preceding number in this series is **A Monograph of the Ampulicidae (Hymenoptera: 
Sphecoidea),’’ Smithson. Contrib. Zool. 298, in press. 


466 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


robanana, n. sp., may belong to typical Sclerogibba; both have tarsal claws 
with a tiny erect subbasal tooth, bidentate mandibles, and lack a pair of 
anterolateral pitlike parapsides on the scutum. S. citipes, n. sp., may belong 
to Mystrocnemis Kieffer, a genus placed in synonymy by Richards, but 
until the holotype of M. erythrothorax Kieffer can be relocated or topotypic 
material made available, certain ambiguities in his original description can- 
not be clarified. Both sexes of S. citipes have the tarsal claws cleft apically 
with the inner tooth smaller, females have tridentate mandibles and a pair 
of anterolateral pitlike parapsides, and males have a small discoidal cell, 
making a total of six closed cells in the forewing. The male of S. crassife- 
morata Rigg. and Stef.-Perez, the type-species of Sclerogibba, has simple 
tarsal claws and five closed cells in the forewing, the discoidal cell lacking. 

The holotype of S. embiidarum was reared from a specimen of Oligotoma 
greeniana Enderlein from Colombo, a locality where the annual rainfall is 
100-150 inches. We found a second specimen of S$. embiidarum associated 
with a colony of Aposthonia ceylonica (Enderlein) beneath the loose bark 
of an ehala tree (Cassia nodosa) in Colombo. My two new species were 
collected in several localities in the Dry Zone where the annual rainfall 
ranges from 50 to 75 inches. The two males of S. citipes were collected in 
a Malaise trap, and the females of S. taprobanana and S. citipes were found 
crawling on the ground among leaf litter. Three species of Embioptera were 
collected in a yellow pan trap placed among leaf litter at Palatupana, where 
both female species were collected. The former were Oligotoma humber- 
tiana (Saussure), O. saundersii (Westwood) and Aposthonia ceylonica (En- 
derlein); all of these are potential hosts of the two sclerogibbids. E. S. Ross 
informed me that most species of Embioptera are opportunistic in their 
habitat, breeding among leaf litter in areas of low rainfall and beneath loose 
bark on trees in areas of higher rainfall. It appears that the sclerogibbids 
may be equally adaptable, for we collected the Ceylonese specimens of S. 
citipes among leaf litter in the Dry Zone, and Ross found his Burmese 
specimens of the same species beneath loose bark. 

Considering the cryptic habitats preferred by sclerogibbids, I believe that 
other species still remain to be collected in Sri Lanka, particularly in the 
Wet Zone areas of much higher rainfall. 


Sclerogibba citipes Krombein, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 1-5 
Sclerogibba embiidarum (Kieffer), Richards, 1939:219 (specimens from 


Mangalore, India misidentified) —? Richards, 1958:17 (specimens from 
Madras, India). 


The female of this species is separated at once from those of the other 
two Ceylonese species by having all tarsal claws cleft with the inner tooth 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 467 


smaller. S. citipes also differs in having tridentate rather than bidentate 
mandibles, a pair of anterolateral parapsidal pits on the scutum, a strong 
median groove on the propodeum, and in the different formula of the short, 
stout setae of the tibial apex and first three tarsal segments. 

The sex association in §. citipes is made on the basis of both sexes having 
cleft tarsal claws. The dentition of the tarsal claws appears to be of generic 
significance as noted in the introductory remarks. 

I have seen a male from Bangalore, India (BM) which has cleft teeth on 
the tarsal claws and six closed cells in the forewing as does the male of S. 
citipes. It is very similar to the type-series of S. citipes in body proportions 
and sculpture, but the marginal cell is only 0.9 times as long as the sub- 
marginal rather than 1.2 times as long. 

In Sri Lanka S. citipes occurs in Dry Zone areas of low rainfall (SO-—75 
inches annually) where I found females crawling on the ground among leaf 
litter. Both males were captured in a Malaise trap. Presumptive hosts in Sri 
Lanka may be the embiopterans Oligotoma humbertiana (Saussure), O. 
saundersii (Westwood) and Aposthonia ceylonica (Enderlein), all of which 
were captured in yellow pan traps set in the same leaf litter where females 
of S. citipes occurred at Palatupana. Ross found three females of S. citipes 
in a culture of O. saundersii beneath bark in Rangoon, Burma. 

Eventually §. citipes may be placed in Mystrocnemis Kieffer. The type- 
species, M. erythrothorax Kieffer, was described from Rangoon, Burma, 
but the type cannot be located in the Genoa Museum which houses the 
Magretti collection. Kieffer’s species has a cleft tarsal claw as does S. 
citipes. However, he says that the antenna is 22-segmented and that ocelli 
are lacking. The latter character may be a misinterpretation, but two species 
are known which have only posterior ocelli, so Kieffer may have been 
correct in his statement. It is not possible to decide whether S. citipes and 
M. erythrothorax are congeneric, until the type of the latter can be located 
or topotypic material obtained. The two species are clearly not conspecific 
for Kieffer states that the head of M. erythrothorax is much longer than 
wide, that the eye is as long as the cheek, and that the sides of the propo- 
deum converge posteriorly. 

The specific name is formed from the Latin citatus, and means swift- 
footed. 

Female.—Length 3.2-4.0 mm. Black; the following dull red—palpi, man- 
dible, anterior '4 of head above, scape, flagellum beneath, dorsum of thorax 
except pronotum and propodeum in middle becoming brownish to a variable 
extent, side of pronotum, fore tibia and all tarsi; the following dark brown 
to a variable extent—sides of mesopleuron and propodeum, rest of legs. 
Appressed vestiture on all of body cinereous to brownish, dense, very short, 
and fine; dorsum of head also with longer, dark, more scattered, suberect 
setae; eye with short erect silvery microtrichiae. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON _ 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 469 


Head finely shagreened, rather dull, in dorsal aspect (Fig. 3) with median 
length subequal to greatest width; mandible tridentate; antenna with 23-27 
segments; front with small, shallow median pit anteriorly; eye 3.3—4.1 times 
as long as dorsal width; eyes noticeably longer than cheeks, converging 
posteriorly, lower interocular distance 1|.4—1.5 times least interocular dis- 
tance; postocellar line (POL) 1.3—1.6 times lateral ocellar line (LOL), and 
2.22.6 times ocellocular line (OOL); eyes and posterior ocelli only slightly 
separated from occipital margin. 

Dorsum of thorax (Fig. 1) sculptured similarly to head; pronotum shal- 
lowly concave along midline, sides converging posteriorly, anterior width 
1.2—1.4 times posterior width and 0.7-0.8 times length along midline; scutum 
with a pair of anterolateral pits; propodeal dorsum usually with a well-de- 
veloped groove along midline (weak in two Burmese specimens), sides di- 
verging posteriorly, posterior width 1.3—1.5 times anterior width and 0.9 
times length; inner surface of fore tibia with an oblique row of 7 short stout 
setae running from spur to apex; fore basitarsus with irregular anterior row 
of 13-14 short stout setae, 2nd and 3rd tarsal segments each with 3 such 
setae at apex of segments; tarsal claws cleft, the inner tooth smaller. 

Male.—Length 3.0-3.5 mm. Black; the following light red—palpi, man- 
dible, basal 6 segments of antenna and foreleg; the following light to dark 
brown—remainder of antenna, tegula, mid and hind legs but tarsi very light 
brown. Wings colorless, costal and subcostal veins medium brown, other 
veins colorless. Vestiture short, silvery, moderately dense, mostly decum- 
bent except on dorsum of head where it is suberect; eye with very short, 
erect silvery microtrichiae. 

Head rather dull, finely shagreened; width 1.1 times the length; mandible 
bidentate; antenna 25-27 segmented; eye 4.6 times as long as dorsal width, 
converging posteriorly, the lower interocular distance |.2 times interocular 
distance at posterior ocelli; ocelli in a low triangle, POL 1.7 times both LOL 
and OOL; posterior ocelli separated from occiput by diameter of an ocellus, 
posterior margin of eye separated from occiput by half that distance. 

Thorax shinier and more delicately shagreened than head, especially me- 
sopleuron; pronotum with sides diverging slightly, posterior margin broadly 
arcuate, posterior width 3.7 times median length; scutum with parapsides 
and notaulices complete, converging slightly posteriorly; propodeal dorsum 
rounding gradually into posterior aspect, surface with a strong median ridge 
and delicate rugulosoreticulations of small mesh; lateral aspect of propo- 


— 


Figs. 1-3. Sclerogibba citipes, 2. 1, Dorsal view (terminal antennal segments lacking, 4th 
abdominal segment displaced and Sth and 6th lacking; scutal pits not visible), 23x. 2, Lateral 
view, head, prothorax and fore leg, 69x. 3, Dorsal view, head, 62x. 


470 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Figs. 4-5. Sclerogibba citipes, 3.4, Forewing. 5, Lateral aspect, genitalia. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 471 


deum shagreened and with a strong, oblique polished ridge across middle; 
tarsal claws cleft, the inner tooth shorter; forewing (Fig. 4) with 6 closed 
cells including 1 submarginal and | discoidal, marginal cell 1.2 times as wide 
as submarginal. 

Abdomen shining with relatively scattered, tiny punctures, dorsum flat- 
tened; genitalia in lateral aspect (Fig. 5). 

Types.—Holotype: 2; Sri Lanka, Southern Province, Hambantota Dis- 
trict, Palatupana Tank, 10-20 m, 27-29 September 1977, K. V. Krombein 
and P. B. Karunaratne, USNM Type No. 76075. Allotype: 63, Sri Lanka, 
Eastern Province, Trincomalee District, Trincomalee, China Bay Ridge 
Bungalow, 0-100 ft, in Malaise trap, 16-17 May 1976, K. V. Krombein, P. 
B. and S. Karunaratne, D. W. Balasooriya. Paratypes: 4 2°, same data as 
holotype. | 2, Sri Lanka, Uva Province, Monaragala District, Angunako- 
lapelessa, 100 m, | October 1977, K. V. Krombein. | ¢, same data as 
allotype. 2 2, India, Mysore State, Mangalore, J. C. Bridwell (USNM, BM). 
3 2, Burma, Rangoon, 20 December 1978 (1 2°) and 9 February 1979 (2 
2), E. S. Ross, in culture of Oligotoma saundersii (Westwood) (CAS). A 
pair of paratypes has been deposited in the Colombo Museum; female para- 
types are in (CAS) and (BM). 

One female with the same label data as the holotype is excluded from the 
type-series because it is most likely a teratological specimen. It agrees with 
females of S. citipes in all details except that the posterior margin of the 
first abdominal tergum has a median angular emargination. 


Sclerogibba embiidarum (Kieffer) 


Mystrocnemis embiidarum Kieffer, 1925:236—237 (2; Colombo, Ceylon; 
type stated to be in Deutsch. Ent. Inst., Dahlem). 

Sclerogibba embiidarum (Kieffer), Richards, 1939:219 (2 type only; 2 spec- 
imens Mangalore, India misidentified).—Richards, 1958:17 (Israel 2 mis- 
identified; Madras 2 correctly identified?). 


Females of $. embiidarum and S. taprobanana, differ from those of S. 
citipes, in lacking a pair of anterolateral pits on the scutum, in having the 
tarsal claws with a small erect subbasal tooth, bidentate mandibles, and in 
having fewer short stout setae on the apex of inner surface of the fore tibia 
and first three fore tarsal segments. These two species may be assigned 
incorrectly to Sclerogibba. If the unknown males have the same dentition - 
of the tarsal claws as the females, the two species probably belong to 
another genus. The male of S. crassifemorata, type-species of Sclerogibba, 
has simple tarsal claws. 

Sclerogibba embiidarum differs from S. taprobanana in having a shallow 
median groove on the propodeal dorsum, in having LOL 1.9 times POL 
rather than 1.4, and in having POL 3.3 times OOL rather than 2.2. The 


472 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


yellow color of the unique type is lighter than in any other sclerogibbid I 
have seen. Inasmuch as it is a reared specimen, the pale color may be due 
to its having been killed as a newly emerged teneral individual. A second 
female captured recently in Colombo is darker as detailed below. 

The females from Mangalore, India (Richards, 1939:219) are actually spec- 
imens of S. citipes. A female from Israel (Richards, 1958:17) appears to be 
a new species related more closely to S. taprobanana than to S. embiida- 
rum. 1 have not seen the female from Madras identified as S$. embiidarum 
(Richards, 1958:17) which was reared from a nymph of Pseudembia flava 
Ross. 

Holotype.—? ; Colombo, Ceylon, September 1924; K. Friedrich; parasite 
of Oligotoma greeniana End.; now deposited in Institut fir Pflanzenschutz- 
forschung, Eberswalde, D.D.R. 

Female.—Length 3.5 mm. Black; the following pale yellow—mandible, 
clypeus, antenna, anterior 2 of front becoming somewhat reddened halfway 
to occiput, thorax and legs except for dark spot on mesopleuron, and narrow 
apices of first 3 abdominal terga; the following brownish—posterior 2 of 
head, narrow area anterior to yellow apices of first 3 terga, and apices of 
remaining terga. Vestiture closely appressed to body (due to preservation 
in fluid?), color not determinable; eye with short, erect, silvery micro- 
trichiae. 

Head shagreened, length and width subequal; mandible bidentate; anten- 
na 24-segmented; front with small shallow pit anteriorly; eye 4.2 times as 
long as dorsal width; eyes longer than cheeks, converging posteriorly, lower 
interocular distance 1.5 times least interocular distance; POL 1.9 times 
LOL, and 3.3 times OOL; eyes and posterior ocelli only slightly separated 
from occipital margin. 

Thorax sculptured similarly to head; pronotum slightly concave along 
midline, sides converging posteriorly, anterior width 1.2 times posterior 
width and 0.6 times length along midline; scutum without anterolateral pits; 
propodeal dorsum with a weaker groove along midline than in S. citipes, 
sides diverging posteriorly, posterior width 1.4 times anterior width and 0.9 
times length; inner surface of fore tibia with an oblique row of 7 short stout 
setae running from spur to apex; fore basitarsus with anterior row of 12 
short stout setae, 2nd and 3rd tarsal segments each with 2 such setae at 
apex; tarsal claws with a small erect subbasal tooth. 

Male.—Unknown. 

P. B. Karunaratne collected a second female of S. embiidarum in the 
Museum Garden, Colombo, 27 February 1979, beneath loose bark of an 
ehala tree (Cassia nodosa) in association with a colony of Aposthonia cey- 
lonica (Enderlein). It appears to be smaller but the terminal abdominal seg- 
ments are telescoped. It is much darker than the holotype, but the latter 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 473 


may be a teneral. Otherwise it agrees in all details with the preceding di- 
agnosis except as noted below: 

Black; the following dull red—palpi, mandible, clypeus, antenna, anterior 
4 of front, anterior edge and posterior 2 of pronotum, scutellum, upper 2 
of mesopleuron; the following yellowish—posterior 74 of propodeum and 
coxae; the following light red—mid and hind tibiae and tarsi; all femora and 
fore tibia brown. Appressed vestiture cinereous to light brown, dense, very 
short and fine; dorsum of head also with longer, dark, more scattered sub- 
Erect Selac: 

Head shinier; frontal pit evanescent; lower interocular distance 1.4 times 
least interocular distance; POL 1.7 times LOL and 2.7 times OOL. 

Anterior pronotal width 1.4 times posterior width and 0.8 times length 
along midline; posterior propodeal width 1.3 times anterior width; inner 
surface of fore tibia with a row of 6 short stout setae. 


Sclerogibba taprobanana Krombein, NEW SPECIES 


This species is known from two females. It differs from S$. citipes, and 
S. embiidarum as noted in the discussion under S$. embiidarum. Both spec- 
imens were collected at Palatupana Tank in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka, 
crawling on the ground among leaf litter. 

The specific name is based on Taprobane, the Roman name for ancient 
Lanka. 

Female.—Length 2.8-3.9 mm. Black; the following light red—palpi, man- 
dible, clypeus, antenna, anterior 7/s of head, thorax except dark areas of 
varying extent on mesopleuron and propodeum, legs and very narrowly on 
apices of first 5 abdominal segments. Appressed vestiture dense, short and 
silvery; dorsum of head also with longer, light brown suberect setae; eye 
with more scattered, short, erect silver microtrichiae. 

Head finely shagreened, rather dull, length and width subequal; mandible 
bidentate; antenna with 24 and 27 segments; front with small shallow pit 
anteriorly; eye 3.3—3.5 times as long as dorsal width; eyes converging pos- 
teriorly, lower interocular distance 1.4—1.7 times least interocular distance; 
POL 1.4 times LOL and 2.6—-2.8 times OOL; eyes and posterior ocelli only 
slightly separated from occiput. 

Thorax duller and more strongly shagreened than head; pronotum shal- 
lowly concave along midline, sides converging posteriorly, anterior width 
1.2—1.3 times posterior width and 0.7—0.8 length along midline; scutum with- 
out anterolateral pits; propodeal dorsum flat, without median groove, sides 
diverging posteriorly, posterior width 1.3 times anterior width and 0.6 times 
length; inner surface of fore tibia with an oblique row of 7 short stout setae 
running from spur to apex; fore basitarsus with anterior row of 12 short 


474 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


stout setae, 2nd and 3rd tarsal segments each with 2 such setae at apex; 
tarsal claws with a small suberect subbasal tooth. 

Male.—Unknown. 

Types.—Holotype: 2; Sri Lanka, Hambantota District, Palatupana Tank, 
10-20 m, 27-29 September 1977, K. V. Krombein and P. B. Karunaratne, 
USNM Type No. 76076. Paratype: 1 2, same locality and collectors but 
22 June 1978. The paratype has been deposited in the Colombo Museum. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


C. F. W. Muesebeck, Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution, gen- 
erously took the time to check my findings and to provide sage counsel. 

I am indebted to Joachim Oehlke, Institut fur Pflanzenschutzforschung, 
Eberswalde, D.D.R., for the loan of the holotype of Mystrocnemis embi- 
idarum Kieffer. 

Michael Day, British Museum (Natural History), London (BM), kindly 
made available certain specimens studied by O. W. Richards. 

E. S. Ross, California Academy of Sciences (CAS), San Francisco, iden- 
tified several specimens of Embioptera, lent Burmese specimens of S. ci- 
tipes, and furnished much helpful information. 

Figures 1-3 are by Susann G. Braden, Scanning Electron Microscope 
Laboratory, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (SI). 

Figures 4—5 are by George L. Venable, Department of Entomology (SI). 

Field work in Sri Lanka was funded by SFG-0-6955, *‘Biosystematic Stud- 
ies of the Insects of Ceylon.’’ Travel was funded by grants from the Sec- 
retary’s Fluid Research Funds (SI). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Kieffer, J. J. 1905. Description de Nouveaux Proctotrypides Exotiques. Ann. Soc. Sci. Bru- 
xelles 29:95-142. 

—. 1925. Ein neuer, von Prof. Dr. Friedrichs geziichteter Embiidenparasit. (Bethylid., 
Hym.). Entomol. Mitt. 14:236-237. 

Richards, O. W. 1939. The Bethylidae subfamily Sclerogibbinae (Hymenoptera). Proc. R. 
Entomol. Soc. London (B) 8:211-223. 

——.. 1958. Records of Indian Sclerogibbinae (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Ann. Mag. Nat. 
Hist. (13) 1:7-18. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 475-485 


REVISION OF ACROTOCARUS BANKS 
(ACARI: CANESTRINITDAE) 


F. M. SUMMERS AND R. O. SCHUSTER 


Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 
95616. 


Abstract.—The genus Acrotocarus Banks, 1915, is redefined and its type- 
species, A. mirabilis Banks, is redescribed. Two additional species are 
placed in this genus: A. alutaceus (Turk), new combination, and A. cratae- 
pus, new species. 


The canestriniid genus Acrotocarus Banks, 1915, based on A. mirabilis 
Banks, has been overlooked by later students of these beetle-associated 
mites because the author himself misinterpreted the structure of the holo- 
type male. The diagnostic feature of this genus is given in the original de- 
scription as follows: **. . . body in front with a T-shaped process, the front 
part of which bears a large, bilobed, hyaline membrane.” This interpretation 
of the caudal appendages as mouthparts and the upside down illustration 
probably happened because, on the imperfectly cleared type-specimen, the 
gnathosoma was folded under and hidden by opaque pedal musculature. 

An allied species was subsequently described as Amansia alutacea by 
Turk, 1948. Turk assigned his species to Amansia Oudemans, 1937, as based 
on Dermaleichus chrysomelinus Koch. The present study of Acrotocarus 
mirabilis Banks indicates that Acrotocarus is the first name applied to those 
species with males having wide caudal flaps. We believe Amansia alutacea 
Turk is a congener and therefore assign Amansia alutacea to Acrotocarus. 

The genus Acrotocarus Banks is restructured to include A. mirabilis 
Banks, A. alutaceus (Turk) and one new species. 


Acrotocarus Banks 
Acrotocarus Banks, 1915, 26:152-153. 


Description.—Broad-bodied mites having very weakly sclerotized dorsal 
integument, with | small, inconspicuous prodorsal plate. Generic assign- 
ment based principally on several peculiarities of males. Very distinctive is 
the pair of membranous caudal flaps attached to main body by constricted 
stalk or peduncle. Caudal flaps bear | pair of ultralong, flagelliform setae. 


476 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Elongate anal aperature of males lies very close behind genitalic parts, al- 
most surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped sclerite. Conspicuous anal suckers 
lacking. Inclusive counts of setae and special sensilla on legs I-IV: Tarsi 
|2-7-4-5, tibiae 1-1-1-1, genua 3-3-1-0, femora 1-1-0-0. Tarsi of legs I-IV 
bear | unpaired spurlike ventral seta at their distal ends; all of these setiform 
in females; those on legs III and IV of males may be enlarged and clawlike. 
Four podomeres on leg III of males bear apophyses in form of ridges or 
spines; leg IV conventional in form. Apodemata I not joined at mid-line. 

Type-species.—Acrotocarus mirabilis Banks, by original designation. 

Remarks.—The recognition of the genus and the distinctions between the 
three known species rest essentially on the form of the caudal flaps of males. 
Females of Acrotocarus are apt to be difficult to distinguish from females 
of other genera of the Canestriniidae, but the identity and distribution of 
host beetles may assist with their identification. The canestriniids taken 
from various chrysomelid beetles were specifically identified only when such 
samples or series contained at least one male specimen. 

The modification of the opisthosoma of males complicates the matter of 
homologizing some of the setae with those of other canestriniids. The setae 
on the podosoma and appendages of these mites are designated according 
to terminologies developed by Grandjean (1935) and Zachvatkin (1941) as 
summarized by Hughes (1959). However, the names and abbreviations ap- 
plied to setae on the opisthosoma are improvised, with no certainty as to 
equation with setae of allied forms. 

Measurements of dried and compressed specimens collected from dead 
beetles do not give trustworthy data for comparative purposes. Consequent- 
ly, the few measurements given (micrometers, in parentheses) are for parts 
selected as likely to give reasonably reliable data. 

We are grateful to R. E. White, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, 
IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA, for lending the collec- 
tion of Physonota spp. in the United States National Museum, Washington, 
DACs 


Acrotocarus mirabilis Banks 
Figs. 1; 2 


Acrotocarus mirabilis Banks, 1915, 26:152—153. 


Male.—Dorsal integument irregularly crinkled, with a very small prodor- 
sal plate. Dorsal setae comprise 3 size groups. Four pairs ultralong, smooth, 
too attenuated and coiled to allow acceptable measurements. These are: 
external scapulars (sce), external humerals (he), sacrals (sa) and lateral cau- 
dals (/c). Internal verticals moderately long (55). All other dorsomedian and 
dorsolateral body setae uniformly minute (ca. 8), rigid, blunt-tipped. Only 
2 pairs of minute dorsomedian setae. Minute postanal setae (mpa) situated 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 477 


Fig. 1. Acrotocarus mirabilis, male, dorsal. 


on narrowest portion of caudal peduncle. V-shaped apodeme associated 
with coxa IV bears a laterally-directed, slipper-shaped, hollow arm, its 
closed end pointed outward. Boundary between fleshy basal part of opis- 
thosoma and hyaline caudal flaps comprises (roughly) a transverse line be- 


478 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 2. Acrotocarus mirabilis, female, dorsal. 


tween insertions of lateral caudal setae; basal portion with 20-30 short, 
crescentic elevations on upper surface, elevations oriented longitudinally; 
hyaline lobes rounded behind, without distinctive ornamentation. Lateral 
folds or investiture of genital parts thinly sclerotized, open in front. Four 
pairs anogenital setae: 2 pairs paragenitals, 2 pairs paranals. Anterior par- 
agenitals (45) flagelliform, longer than posterior paragenitals (30). Anterior 


479 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 


Fig. 3. Acrotocarus alutaceus, male, dorsal. 


480 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


paranal setae set much farther apart than posterior pair, setae of both pairs 
acicular, equal in length (25). Ventral caudal setae (28) set close together 
behind narrowest part of caudal peduncle. Length or dimensions of several 
parts: wl 43, w3 66, I 198, PIII 179, PIV 117, d1 8, vi 55, width of caudal 
flaps between lateral caudal setae 251, length of each hyaline flap from 
lateral caudal seta to posterior rim 137. 

Female.—Idiosoma a wide oval, with no peculiar caudal extension. Two 
additional pairs of minute dorsal setae appear in females: d3 and Jp. Minute 
setae mpa set far apart on ventrolateral integument. Two pairs of ultralong 
setae on posterior border of opisthosoma. Ovipore and associated paragyn- 
ial folds placed in mid-ventral section of idiosoma, remote from anus. A 
pair of ventral (sternal) setae situated in front of male genitalia not recog- 
nizable as such in females. Two pairs of paragenital setae, both pairs fla- 
gelliform, setae of posterior pair aligned in a crossrow with genital suckers. 
Four pairs of paranal setae disposed in 2 groups: 2 pairs closer to front end 
of anal slit, 2 pairs closer to rear end of slit. Anal slit flanked by 2 pairs of 
very small ringlike structures each having a peg at its center; anteriormost 
of these structures aligned with second pair of paranal setae. Chaetotaxy of 
appendages not noticeably different from males except @1V very much re- 
duced. Leg III resembles other legs, i.e., not armed with spines or crest- 
like apophyses. Infraterminal setae on tarsi III and IV not enlarged or claw- 
like. Length or dimensions of several parts (n = 1) wl 35, w3 59, I 176, 
blll 172, d1V 16, dl 8, vi S51. 

Distribution. —MEXICO: Pte. de Ixtla, on Physonota alutacea Boheman; 
Veracruz, on Physonota sp.; Las Chiapas, Lago Catemaco, Acayuccan, on 
chrysomelids. GUATEMALA: Cayuga, on Physonota sp.; Secanguin, on 
unidentified host. COSTA RICA: Turrialba, on Physonota alutacea. 

Originally described from Cordoba, Mexico, on chrysomelids (Banks, 
1915). 


Acrotocarus alutaceus (Turk), NEW COMBINATION 
Fig. 3 


Amansia alutacea Turk, 1948, 118:88. 


Male.—General conformation of body closely resembles A. mirabilis; 
unmistakable specific differences relate to tail flaps and genitalia. Caudal 
flaps much smaller than in A. mirabilis, rounded rather than angular at 
insertions of lateral caudal setae; fleshy portion of tailpiece bilobular or 
excavate posteriorly; hyaline lobes ornamented with about 6 concentric 
rows of scalloped ridges. Ventral caudal setae (25) on narrowest portion of 
peduncle whereas minute postanal (mpa) arise higher on tapered part of 
opisthosoma. Deep-lying genital sclerites enclosed within a quadrangular 
investiture, this closed in front, reinforced at each anterior corner. Sternal 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 481 


Fig. 4. Acrotocarus crataepus, male, dorsal. 


setae lie anterior to genitalia by a distance equal to length of these setae. 
Two pairs of paragenital setae, 2 pairs paranal setae. Second paragenital 
setae placed considerably behind posterior genital suckers. Posterior apo- 
deme of leg IV nearly a straight bar having a shallow bubble-like lateral 
outgrowth near its middle. Length or dimensions of several parts: wl 28, w3 
62, hI 164, PIII 148, PIV 98, d1 8, vi 43, width of caudal flaps between 
lateral caudal setae 152, length of each hyaline lobe from lateral caudal seta 
to tip 74. 

Female.—We have not discovered reliable criteria of form or size by 
which the female can be distinguished from that of A. mirabilis. 

Distribution —MEXICO: San Raphael Jicaltepec, on Physonota aluta- 


482 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 5. Acrotocarus crataepus, female, dorsal. 


= 


Fig. 6. A, Anogenital area of male, Acrotocarus mirabilis. B, Dorsal aspect of left tarsus 
I, A. mirabilis, male. C, Anogenital area of A. crataepus, male. D, Anal region of female 
showing 2 pairs of ring-like structures, A. mirabilis. E, Anogenital area of male, A. alutaceus. 
Figures A, C, E drawn to same scale. All index lines represent 0.1 mm. Setae labeled cx3 and 
cx4 are the ventral setae of their respective coxae. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 483 


A ba f 
Wr ak 
1, ease 
ie), D) We ——— 
Ey ee we ;, 


y 


V7 Au 
YO WY 
40 


| ; 
4 o Ate? 
ape dees 
(is, = 
fi cx3 ak / Ve Mie x 


a Sy 
Nee 


484 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


cea. St. Lucrecia, Veracruz, on Platycycla deruta Boheman; Los Chorros, 
on Physonota gigantea Boheman; Veracruz, Tinajas, Matias Romero, on 
chrysomelids. 
First described from Trinidad, on Physonota alutacea (Turk, 1948). 
Three cotypes of Amansia alutacea were loaned to us by Dr. Turk. The 
cotypes were taken from a cassid beetle, Physonota alutacea, St. Augus- 
tine, Trinidad, host plant—Cordia cylindrostachya R. & S. 


Acrotocarus crataepus Summers and Schuster, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 4, 5 


Male.—Dorsal integument plain on podosoma, minutely pebbled on 
opisthosoma. Minute internal scapular setae placed considerably anterior to 
ultralong external scapulars. Three pairs of minute dorsomedian setae. Ven- 
tral humeral seta blunt-tipped, approx. 2x as long as dl. Opisthosoma a 
stubby projection terminating in a pair of caudal flaps but without a nar- 
rowed peduncle; axes of flaps somewhat divergent, flaps separated by a 
shallow median notch, with a granular texture on upper surfaces. Opistho- 
soma bears 4 pairs of setae: 2 pairs of small setae ventrally, 1 pair moder- 
ately long dorsal setae on flaps, | pair ultralong setae deep within median 
notch between flaps. Genital parts compact, intromittent organ inconspic- 
uous. Two pairs of paragenital setae in postgenital position, almost in a 
crossrow, setae of both pairs subequal, very long, flagelliform. Two pairs 
of paranal setae, all subequal, acicular, relatively short (16). Leg IV lacks 
an obvious posterior apodeme. Empodial claw of tarsus III and IV with a 
shallow cuff-like armature below. Length or dimensions of several parts: w 1 
35, w3 66, d1 10, vi 47, width of caudal flaps between dorsal setae on flaps 
78, length of each flap from dorsal setae to posteriormost border 66. 

Female.—Dorsal integument on opisthosoma with minutely pebbled sur- 
face. Three pairs of marginal setae on opisthosoma grouped close to the 2 
pairs of ultralong terminal setae; 2 pairs of these small setae may be ho- 
mologous with the minute setae placed farther forward on body margins of 
A. mirabilis (possible la, lp of acarids). Copulatory pore (vulva) borne at 
the tip of a fingerlike, protrusible lobule not noticed in other congeners. No 
paired ringlike structures beside the anal aperture. 

Types.—Holotype male, one paratype female, locality, data and collector 
unknown, from Physonota dilata Kirsch; both types deposited in the Ento- 
mology Collection, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, 
New York 14853. We are greatly indebted to Dr. B. M. O’Connor for per- 
mission to describe this species. 


KEY TO MALES OF ACROTOCARUS 


1. One pair of ultralong setae within shallow notch between caudal 
flaps, setae of this pair very close together .... crataepus, new species 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 485 


— No ultralong setae within deep cleft separating caudal flaps ......... 2 
2. Membranous investiture of unpaired genital parts open in front 
Is Sowa Se ee A Se arene ee eee ee mirabilis Banks 
— Membranous investiture of unpaired genital parts closed in front, 
each anterior angle with a strong sclerotic brace..... alutaceus (Turk) 


LITERATURE CITED 


Banks, N. 1915. A new genus of Canestriniidae. Entomol. News, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phila. 
XXVI: 152-153. 

Grandjean, F. 1935. Observations sur les Acariens I® série. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (2)7:119- 
126. 

Hughes, T. E. 1959. Mites or the Acari. Athlone Press, London. 1-125 pp. 

Oudemans, A. C. 1937. Kritisch Historisch Overzicht der Acarologie. III, Bd. E, p. 2152. 

Turk, F. A. 1948. Insecticolous acari from Trinidad, B. W. I. Proc. Zool. Soc. London. 
118:82-126. 

Zachvatkin, A. A. 1941. Arachnoiden Acariens, Tyroglyphoides. Faune de 1’U.R.S.S. 6 (1). 
Inst. Zool. Acad. Sci. Moscow. N.S. no. 28. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 486-498 


A KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ECTEMNIUS IN AMERICA NORTH 
OF MEXICO WITH NOTES AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW 
SPECIES (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) 


R. M. BOHART AND L. S. KIMSEY 


Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 
95616. 


Abstract.—The 27 species of Ectemnius known from America north of 
Mexico are keyed and many of the structural characters are figured. Taxo- 
nomic notes on several of the species are presented along with one new 
species, nigellus Bohart from the western U.S. New synonyms are prole- 
tarius, placed under borealis; yosemite placed under sexcinctus, and cor- 
rugatus, pauper, operus and drymocallidus, placed under atriceps. A neo- 
type is established for trifasciatus (Say). 


Ectemnius is the second largest genus in the Crabroninae after Crosso- 
cerus. Some of its approximately 160 species are found in each of the zoo- 
logical regions. In America north of Mexico 27 species are known. Discus- 
sions of the generic characters, subgenera and/or species groups, and 
species synonyms were given by LeClercgq (1954) and Bohart (1976). Mor- 
phological features which when taken together separate Ectemnius from 
related genera are: Low ocellar triangle, well developed verticaulus, trough 
shaped (usually) female pygidial plate, indistinct orbital foveae, evenly 
punctate upper frons, and recurrent vein joining submarginal cell beyond its 
distal third (rare exotic exceptions). In North America the only genera with 
which it might be confused are Crabro, which has the recurrent vein ending 
before the distal third of the submarginal cell; Crossocerus which has the 
ocellar triangle nearly equilateral; and Lestica, in which the orbital foveae 
are distinct and punctation of the upper frons is irregularly coarse. 

Ectemnius species vary considerably in markings, and a number of sub- 
species have been named as a result. The value of such names is question- 
able, even when there is some correlation with geography. Criteria for the 
more definitive varieties are given in the notes following the key. 

For brevity we have used F for flagellomere (F-I, F-I], etc.) and T for 
tergum (T-I, T-II, etc.). Drawings were designed to supplement the key and 
were made by the junior author. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 487 


KEY TO ECTEMNIUS OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO 


iP eidialgolate absemt (males) c7rrete a ers, bv seeps ele a iateys ah eee age. age 2 
— Pygidial plate present and nearly flat (Fig. 54) or incurved and 
troughhikes(Eig<-5) (Females) y= tes eas eraperepara © sce Se wet ee we iors Godse oc 28 


2. Forefemur basoventrally with a sharp ridge, which may be U- 
shaped (Fig. 48-a) or linear (Fig. 34), or a carinate tooth (Figs. 47-a, 
49-a, 50-a); F-III and/or IV somewhat concave and prolonged 
Demet (Riek S) irs recta crews aemtatcsds chris teduse. Rumpahe teat 4) «faite: 4) a kUeceterese wets ney 3 

— Forefemur without a sharp ridge or tooth basoventrally, carinae 
(if any) extending ventrad from dorsal surface; F-III and/or IV 
TMOG SALO TAN OL deystteses cet eh eich s ue esate Was ays ES oN rae ais mcd 11 

3. Terga II-IV without complete pale bands or median transverse 
spots, hindbasitarsus often dark, F-I depressed basoventraily (Fig. 

18) a pronotumewith: 1 or 2otransSVerse Carinae. «2. s.....4..+ leis. che ales eel 4 

— Terga II-IV (or at least one of them) with a complete pale band or 
median transverse spot, hindbasitarsus and F-I various, pronotum 
with | strong transverse carina ending laterally in humeral angle ... 7 

4. Pronotum with a posterior cariniform ridge and an anterior carina 
which ends laterally in humeral angle (as in Fig. 4); spots on T-V 
Wide livESePaAhaceduOMmaAO Semel s. go ya cursus clare Se leidas ah 9 oka eras east) bepels 5 

— Pronotum with | transverse carina which extends across middle of 
dorsal surface and ends laterally back of humeral angle (as in Fig. 
{)-sspotsyon l-V ‘often close-together or coalesced. 7226. < sc. cste - 6 

5. Occipital carina strong, a pitted groove along it in front; mandible 
with subbasal tooth of cutting edge smaller than either apical tooth 
(LEN 1()).7 RIE Ae eee I ne PE ie borealis (Zetterstedt) 

— Occipital carina moderate, a smooth groove (or nearly so) along it 
in front; mandible with subbasal tooth of cutting edge larger than 
either.apicali toothy (Figs tly): Sx Seti a& os ice wns Oe hs. nigellus Bohart 

6. Pronotum projecting strongly laterally and dorsally, corner of trans- 
verse Carina in posterior view nearly forming a right angle (Fig. 2), 
forebasitarsus broadened, flattened and bearing 3 or 4 dentiform 
Setacsventrally (Ch 1g7 743) icr..th wy ees. oi dives (Lepeletier and Brullé) 

— Pronotum moderately prominent, corner of transverse carina in 
posterior view broadly rounded (Fig. 5); forebasitarsus slender and 
without ventral, dentiform setae (Fig. 44) ........ atriceps (Cresson) 

7. Forebasitarsus about 3 times as long as broad (Fig. 40)............ 8 

— Forebasitarsus 4 or more times as long as broad (Fig. 39) ......... 9 

8. Midbasitarsus hardly twice as long as broad (Fig. 45), mid- and 
hindfemora essentially black and yellowish ...... dilectus (Cresson) 

— Midbasitarsus at least twice as long as broad (Fig. 46), mid- and 
hindfemora usually mostly red and yellowish.... rufifemur (Packard) 


488 


10. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


F-I depressed basoventrally (Fig. 15), carinate angle of forefemur 


at about basaltic (Bign49-a)l wees uceecreee oe oe arcuatus (Say) 
F-I not depressed basoventrally (Fig. 12), angle of forefemur at 
about basal 4.(Rigs. 47,50) Rac acres . coe ere ea ee ee 10 


Foretrochanter globular (Fig. 50); usually with terga II-VII and 
several terminal sterna extensively yellow; legs dark red, black, 


and yellow; hindbasitarsus dark ............... centralis (Cameron) 
Foretrochanter lengthened, not globular (Fig. 47) markings var- 
TOUS Sterteese tence oe eae chen rufipes (Lepeletier and Brullé) 
. BIST. simple s(ig. 7)! o< gets cas coer alec eee eee 12 
F-IV (or apparent III) somewhat misshapen and prolonged beneath 
CBI gs 95 703, SIA) 5.8 sale Gre ce eee eth ernie clara tun Lita ee ree ae 15 
. Scutum with distinct longitudinal microridging in posterior 2, inner 
orbital’silvery pubescent marks mamnow 2...) 5. 42s: one eee 13 
Scutum not microridged in posterior 12, inner orbital silvery pu- 
bescent marks almost meeting medially 2 2.2.4.4. 2040 eee 14 


. Forefemur with a sharp, retrorse, ventral spine near middle (Fig. 


36); head dorsally with longitudinal ridging in front of ocelli, trans- 
verse ridging behind compound eyes; F-II depressed basoventrally 


(C1 BN AR 7/) RONEN eas eMedia See A Ree. ee eS Cat maculosus (Gmelin) 

Forefemur unspined; head dorsally without ridging; F-II not de- 

PRESSCCcVEMURA LY 5:65.87 sewer acre rouek dices coer ew RE cephalotes (Olivier) 

Foretrochanter with an angle bearing a pointed brush of hairs (Fig. 

55) osligmosthy, OrallGankage.e jk cure ee decemmaculatus (Say) 

Foretrochanter without an angle or pencil of hairs, S-II yellow with 

a sublateral: dark: SPOtsi52 405 3 chke tasers 43 ot cate eee alpheus Pate 
. F-I (actually I-II fused) with 2 strong ventral projections (Figs. 13, 

14); -ldepressed, basoventrally. ... 2.0m .smias nrc eee eee 16 

F-I-II without ventral projections, F-I not depressed basoventral- 

DNase usu tgah os os, cialiey dS cpSyotic Susans Gonageaslar eh Ae peace eR eo ae eee 18 


. Flagellum with 2 strong ventral projections (Fig. 13) ............ 


EET ee NE EP Me MY AID eo Soe SBE! lapidarius (Panzer) 
Flagellum with 4 strong ventral projections (Fig. 14) ............. 17 


. Most basal flagellar projection with an apical hair tuft ........... 


Sy gt Diya per Ur A ae gt eR INL Reta ili Bena A sexcinctus (Fabricius) 
Most basal flagellar projection without unusual hair ............. 
SSSR ENERO oP Ur a RUM INGE ne EN ruficornis (Zetterstedt) 


. Humeral angle absent, or present and part of transverse carina (Fig. 


6)s,0r essentially SO.(PIG~ 3) ina... ico. ciiok pokemon eee ee ee eee 19 

Humeral angle present but well in front of transverse carina (as in 

1D FU) ge cement te: She Sb id ayer vuuita. Shs.co ys a) Sacgtl cask Rey ee OI 23 
: aumeral angle absentom blunt... ..5.0.0..0eccu. Coe eee 20 


Humeral angle present and sharp, sometimes small .............. 22 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 489 


. T-V yellow banded, T-I coarsely punctate ...... excavatus (W. Fox) 


T-V with well separated yellow spots or all dark, T-I rather finely 
DUNC tales Melass hrs ay are mie Ss cms al sere came Web fiytea es ie, 21 


. T-V with lateral yellow spots, apical margin of median clypeal lobe 


more narrowly rounded (view from beneath, Fig. 22) ........... 
RPOPON Wey Pb Rees, aS) toto mia SSO eet a stirpicola (Packard) 

T-V dark, apical margin of median clypeal lobe more nearly trun- 

cate (view from beneath, Fig. 20) ........ paucimaculatus (Packard) 


. Pronotum with transverse carina ending laterally in a strongly pro- 


jecting humeral angle (Fig. 6), ocellar triangle narrower than ocel- 

focularsdiStamGeiwer, sei5 tae. ek cre SRR a sonorensis (Cameron) 

Pronotum with transverse carina practically joining humeral angle 

which forms part of a short, inwardly directed carina (Fig. 3); ocel- 

lar triangle with breadth about equal to ocellocular distance ..... 
Ee tes TCA VE Baad 8 225 SEARO ORS sha eat, Lime eas od te chee celal satan Pate 


. T-I mostly with coarse, separated punctures, T-V banded ........ 24 


T-I mostly with fine and well spaced punctures, T-V banded or 
MO teaenes seer eee ere eee eat ei sreys Ce eR he diets ee 25 


. Clypeus with median lobe not protruding much, if any, in front of 


a line drawn along free edge of clypeus laterally (Fig. 33)........ 
MPA OATES Uh gen, Sens. nhil) Eesne get 2 scaber (Lepeletier and Brullé) 

Clypeus with median lobe protruding well in front of a line drawn 

along free edge of clypeus laterally (Fig. 30) .. odyneroides (Cresson) 


. Clypeal median lobe protruding about % of clypeal length in front 


of a line drawn across at mandible base (Fig. 31), a complete or 
medially interrupted yellow band usually present on at least one of 
TDEL ES INC, ee S oro, ak eMac 26 
Clypeal median lobe protruding only slightly in front of a line drawn 
across at mandible base (Fig. 32); T-II-IV nearly always with lat- 


eral cllowson iv oryespotss mosbands) | So.4.. 62s. ASS. Uh a. | 
. Midtarsomere II in lateral view with a thornlike distal projection 
which is stronger than on III-IV (Fig. 38) ..... continuus (Fabricius) 
Midtarsomere II in lateral view with a weak projection which is not 
noticeably stronger than on III-IV (Fig. 37)....... trifasciatus (Say) 
. Pronotum strongly raised, unusually broad, humeral angle strongly 
projecting; markings usually yellow .............. spinifer (W. Fox) 
Pronotum moderately raised, humeral angle small; markings ivo- 
[EVA Te Ales Seer th cs Ch Oke TO CREEL COP EREME SATE aE a gente eS besseyae (Rohwer) 


. Clypeus apicomedially produced into a strong truncate or some- 


what excised snout (view from in front and below), flanked by a 
secondary tooth omangled@Figs# 19:929)) e.: cameriaee Sects & 29 
Clypeus beveled, abbreviated, or rounded apicomedially (Figs. 24, 
De A Pe) wR SR RIOR SOSA eT ORE Te CEE Ea ae eee 34 


30. 


31 


34. 


Be 


39: 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


_ F-I about twice as long as II or longer (Fig. 10), humeri rounded 


Off... Se ehedncks, SA I BR SEO, Pe ee 30 
F-I distinctly less than twice as long as II, humeri sharply pointed 

thd Rae TS AGIs Seo RUE MET SOR ae cee es 32 
Clypeus distinctly incised at apex, pygidial plate yellow except dis- 
tally, sterna with considerable yellow ........ sexcinctus (Fabricius) 
Clypeus at most with a slight angled incision, pygidial plate black, 
stemablackcor neatly SOi1. 1.04 oes Bl. eee oe ae ee 31 


Posterior face of propodeum more satiny and less reflective, fine 
transverse microridging close and nearly complete .............. 

EIS ce MAD TS URNA Cet erat syn See el te ie, Sones ruficornis (Zetterstedt) 
Posterior face of propodeum more polished and reflective, micro- 
ridging more coarse, irregular and incomplete .... lapidarius (Panzer) 


. Pronotum with 2 transverse carinae, more anterior one ending lat- 


erally in humeral angle (about as in Fig. 4)..... borealis (Zetterstedt) 
Pronotum with | transverse carina which ends laterally a little in 
backoff humeral anglei@Fig. Nc 2 2. {ee a ae 2 eee ee 33 


. Scape usually all pale in front, mandible usually maculate ....... 


5 Sea eS MP RIe ea eT TCT PL aS ROR Ge be’ dives (Lepeletier and Brullé) 
Scape partly or all dark in front, mandible usually all dark....... 

ER Etea: eee tts d SSAC 3 oe I 203 BOR a cir oy Ree: atriceps (Cresson) 
Scutum with transverse microridging in front (at least anterolater- 
ally) longitudinal microridging, posteriorly 23.5.2. 28222250) err 35 
Scutum! withoutzcomplete:microndges 322 2 ee eee 36 
F-I more than twice as long as broad (Fig. 11), clypeus with a large 
polished bevel (Fig. 27), spots of T-V widely separated ......... 

A Mira Aas AS, esl Ses ahd tie Soha dental ie poe ea maculosus (Gmelin) 
F-I less than twice as long as broad (Fig. 8), clypeus without a 


significant bevel, T-V with a broad pale band ... cephalotes (Olivier) 
. Clypeal apex distinctly beveled (bearing a smooth area on a de- 

flectediplane)A(Figs. 2522265528). SR, Me ee ae ce oes eee ay 

Clypeal apex rather thin, not or only minutely beveled ........... 43 
. Pygidial plate triangular, nearly flat (Fig. 54) .................... 38 


Pygidial plate narrowed well before apex, somewhat depressed and 
Channeledi@hig. MSS) ss OSS BU RU eee 39 


. Scutum closely but moderately and rather evenly punctate, femora 


mostly black and whitish, other markings usually whitish ........ 
Oe INN PI oars Sad, Ricarach SY cubes! Bada RE a eI dilectus (Cresson) 

Scutum coarsely and rather unevenly punctate, femora often ex- 

tensivelyimedGish aty.ce iA. 0eel. At ees See ee rufifemur (Packard) 

Clypeal bevel transverse, midlength about 4 that of clypeus (Fig. 

ZO). BAS SA Set OOS AIOLU, SALAS 7 20 RR SERRA ok nce en ee ee, 40 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 49] 


49. 


Clypeal bevel roughly triangular, midlength about % that of clypeus 
(LENE I) Non ee a ene ae, a Vid orn ot ues ren cePU MPa Re ere ir. 8 oa 41 


. F-I more than twice as long as broad, T-I finely and closely punc- 


tates legsemostlyvblackandsyellow it «285 225.0). 28 arcuatus (Say) 
F-I slightly less than twice as long as broad, T-I moderately and 
closely punctate, legs mostly red and yellow .. sonorensis (Cameron) 


. Area of frons in back of scapes polished and occupying about /% of 


lower frons, small species with all dark mandible and basitarsi; 
terga with widely separated whitish spots ........... nigellus Bohart 
Area of frons in back of scapes almost completely covered with 
pubescence; large species with maculate mandible and basitarsi; 


tenoa banded on with, yellowishespotsiter.c s.e Aaled AGLS lee.. 42 
. Sterna dark, terga black with yellow spots or T-I-II extensively 
ROC MSE Led LNT hei nT te TA le es naa ART 9 8 decemmaculatus (Say) 
Sterna yellow with a round, black, sublateral spot on S-II; terga 
Vellowabanded: te wre: Qe ete CA Oh alpheus Pate 
Eumenraleanelesabsentvordbluntt.,...reees kee ee VO re SE. 44 
Humeral angle present and sharp, sometimes small .............. 46 
. Terga rather unevenly and coarsely punctate, coarsest on I; T-V 
usually banded, or if not, T-I-II] reddish ........ excavatus (W. Fox) 
Terga rather evenly and finely punctate, T-V all dark or laterally 
SOMO eet co. a ERA ER LEBER UI AE ert | ms A hee. 45 


. Clypeus with anterior edge of median lobe with a produced and 


rounded central lobe (Fig. 23), hindbasitarsus yellow, T-V usually 
with large yellow spots or a band .............. stirpicola (Packard) 
Clypeus with anterior edge of median lobe slightly undulate (Fig. 
21), hindbasitarsus usually dark, T-V usually dark or with a tiny 


latenalaSpote ene re ce tee ye eee paucimaculatus (Packard) 
PM IkKCOanse lyepunetater(h 1943) a8 cra atinoe ee Ace centres eeeoeenae 47 

Tel withimedimmatine to fineipunctation ssese 602 oF 49 
. Humeral angle in front of transverse pronotal carina (about as in 

gee) yrs He. Pee Wa eh aOIu ee scaber (Lepeletier and Brullé) 

Humeral angle part of transverse pronotal carina (about as in Fig. 

ONS to Sie otctate Bp chee Bato fe Baa Gye MRSC oR oes aes RC DS ERE 48 


. Last few sterna black, metanotum closely punctate, hindbasitarsus 


yellow, femora mostly redior red and yellow .......:.......<..: 

B Ba REC ORO Sen AR, eh ene rufipes (Lepeletier and Brullé) 
Last few sterna yellow, metanotum mostly polished toward middle, 
hindbasitarsus dark, femora mostly dark ........ centralis (Cameron) 
Clypeal apex obtusely rooflike in edge-on view (Fig. 24), punctures 
of T-I extremely fine and well separated, pronotal lobe distinctly 
PUNCEALC es FANN gietaes ovoeee hr SE cd oe Bins OTs OS SAS 50 


492 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON | 


— Clypeal apex straight or curved in edge-on view, punctures of T-I 
and pronotal lobe: Various. 22%. oi oc. cvie se co cyasiw mice oc loo row neie eee 51 

50. Posterior face of propodeum more smooth, with close and trans- 

verse microridges, many of which extend between scattered punc- 

tures to midline (use magnification of 25—50 times), imparting an 

overail smooth and somewhat silky appearance (Fig. 41) ........ 
SoMa eas PRE Ae REA OEE ee eee continuus (Fabricius) 

— Posterior face of propodeum more rough, partly shiny, with some 

well separated oblique ridges among punctures and reticulation, 
neoticatallusilkys(hig¢#42): ~ Snes Seek, eee trifasciatus (Say) 

51. Pronotal transverse carina practically touching humeral angle lat- 

erally, latter a part of a short inwardly directed carina; pale spots 

of T-III as close together or closer than those on T-II; bands usually 

present on T-I-IV-V, narrowly separated spots on T-II-III...... 
PEGE IR BR RIO TB AE Ie, TE ee satan Pate 

— Pronotal transverse carina plainly behind humeral angle laterally; 
pale spots of T-III, when present, farther apart than those on T-II 52 

52. T-I with medium-sized punctures, pronotal lobe appearing closely 

punctate at 27x magnification; T-III all dark or with a small lateral 


spot, T-II-IV-—V usually banded ............. odyneroides (Cresson) 

— T-I with fine to very fine punctures, pronotal lobe appearing smooth 
at 27x magnification; T-II—-V with lateral spots .................. 53 

53. Pronotum with a sharp humeral angle which projects forward and 
somewhat outward, markings usually yellowish ... spinifer (W. Fox) 

— Pronotum with a small humeral angle, markings whitish or rarely 
palewvellowans fx. Dee A Be eee besseyae (Rohwer) 


Ectemnius atriceps (Cresson) 


The rather ‘‘difficult’” Ectemnius s.s. group contains dives, atriceps, bo- 
realis, and nigellus. In Bohard (1976:424) atriceps from Colorado was con- 
sidered a senior synonym of brunneipes (Packard) from Pennsylvania, and 
foxii Kincaid from Washington state. On the other hand, corrugatus (Pack- 
ard) from western Virginia was considered a senior synonym of pauper 
(Packard) from West Virginia, operus (Rohwer) from New Mexico, and 


— 


Figs. 1-2, 5-6. Pronotum, dorsal; (a) humeral angle, (b) anterior carina (solid line) or 
rounded margin (dotted line), (c) transverse carina (solid line) or cariniform ridge (broken 
line). Figs. 3-4. Pronotum, oblique posterior view. Figs. 7-15. Pedicel of antenna (p) and 
basal flagellomeres, lateral. Figs. 16-17. Mandible, inner lateral view. Fig. 18. Pedicel and 
flagellum of antenna. Figs. 19-23. Clypeal margin, ventral. Fig. 24. Clypeal apex, edge-on 
view. Figs. 25-29. Clypeus to show pubescence and apical bevel, front view. Figs. 30-33. 
Clypeus and mandibles, front view. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 493 


1. dives @ 


4. nigellus Q 


: 7X 


9. sonorensis © 
Us EGET fo} 8. cephalotes 9 
Le ane, 


6. sonorensis co 


12. rufipes 
10. lapidarius 9 11. maculosus pes of 
ea i 15. arcuatus ol 
13. lapidarius ot 14. ruficornis of 
18. nigellus o 19. dives @ Co” paucimaculatus 9 
16. borealis 


Ss 
24. continuus 9 J stirpicola 9 
17. nigellus g 


31. continuus © 32. spinifer 33. scaber 


494 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


drymocallidus (Rohwer) from Colorado. We have examined material from 
various parts of the country and have reached the conclusion that a single 
species accounts for all of the above names (NEW SYNONYMY). There 
are regional differences in maculation, as would be expected, but structural 
characters of the propodeum, pronotum, male legs, and female clypeus, as 
given in the key, all seem to agree. If subspecific names are applied, atriceps 
should refer to specimens with the scape black or nearly so, and tergal 
markings whitish; foxii should be restricted to material with dark scape but 
yellow tergal markings; and corrugatus would refer to specimens with ex- 
tensively yellow scape and yellow tergal markings. Typical atriceps occurs 
from Wyoming to northern New Mexico to California at moderate to high 
altitudes or at lower elevations in mountainous localities. The variety foxii 
occurs in southern Oregon and northern California, and variety corrugatus 
ranges from the Dakotas east to the Atlantic Coast. Geographical boundaries 
of so-called subspecies are by no means clearcut. I have seen several spec- 
imens from Oregon and British Columbia which have scapal markings in- 
termediate between foxii and corrugatus. Conversely, one of three females 
in our collection from Maine has the scapes all dark and would fall into 
foxii. 
Ectemnius borealis (Zetterstedt) 


Crabro borealis Zetterstedt, 1838. Insecta Lapponica, p. 443. 
Crabro proletarius Mickel, 1916. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 42:426. NEW 
SYNONYMY. 


Specimens determined by various European specialists as nigrinus (Her- 
rich-Schaeffer), 1841 (=borealis Zetterstedt, 1838) appear to be identical 
with nearctic material previously called proletarius (Mickel). Ectemnius 
borealis thus occurs widely in the Holarctic Region and most commonly in 
the Boreal Life Zone. We have seen long series from Canada, including 
Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories, and many specimens from 
mostly mountainous localities in the United States. 


Ectemnius decemmaculatus (Say) 


In the typical form (type-locality: Missouri) which occurs in eastern U.S. 
and Mexico, the terga are black with yellow spots. Pate gave the subspecies 
name tequesta to the Floridian variety with T-I-II red. 


Ectemnius excavatus (W. Fox) 


In the typical variety from Florida the body is rather extensively red 
marked and T-III-V of the female may be all black. In most other localities 
east of the 100th meridian T-I and/or II-IV have yellow spots and V is 
banded. For those who wish to recognize this form as a subspecies, the 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 495 


35. decemmaculatus © 


37. trifasciatus OF 


“UMAUS a b 
as Seetaceaee 
= = = na 
7 Z P 


40. dilectus ov 


Tr ee 


47. rufipes 


43. dives S 44. atriceps oi 


48. rufifemur oJ 


Wa , 
49. arcuatus of % 


45. dilectus O& 46. rufifemur co aa 


42. trifasciatus Q 50. centralis & 


51. trifasciatus co 


53. rufipes Q 54. dilectus Q 55. sonorensis fe) 52. continuus ot 


Fig. 34. Foreleg, inner profile. Fig. 35. Foretrochanter and base of forefemur. Fig. 36. 
Foretrochanter and forefemur. Figs. 37-38. Midtarsus. Figs. 39-40. Foretarsus. Figs. 41-42. 
Propodeum, posterior. Figs. 43-44. Forebasitarsus, ventral; from (a) Utah, and (b) Virginia. 
Figs. 45-46. Midbasitarsus, profile. Figs. 47-50. Forefemur, inner profile, (a) basoventral 
tooth. Figs. 50-52. Forefemur, outer view. Fig. 53. Punctation of tergum I, dorsal. Figs. 54— 
55. Pygidial plate. 


496 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


name banksi Rohwer is available. A third and unnamed color form occurring 
in Arizona has the body with extensive ivory markings. 


Ectemnius nigellus Bohart, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 4, 17, 18, 25, 34 


Female holotype.—Length 7 mm. Black with whitish markings as follows: 
pronotal collar except medially, pronotal lobe and spot behind, transverse 
metanotal spot, distal dots on fore- and midfemora, outer stripes on tibiae, 
small lateral spots on terga I and IV, larger but well separated ones on II- 
III, closest on II; wings brown stained. Pubescence pale, mostly inconspic- 
uous. Punctation fine, rather close on upper frons, vertex, and scutum but 
some punctures separated by a puncture diameter or more; scapal basin, 
clypeal bevel, gena ventrally, scutellum medially, tergum I, and pygidial 
plate extensively polished; scutum with weak longitudinal ridging; meso- 
pleural side and scutellum, except medially, closely ridged; propodeal en- 
closure with weak, well separated, and mostly longitudinal ridges; propo- 
deum posteriorly punctate, laterally with fine close ridging. Mandible with 
inner subbasal tooth about as large as largest apical tooth; clypeus weakly 
and broadly projecting medially; bevel broad, relatively large, triangular, 
nearly as long as median clypeal carina (Fig. 25), a weak tooth on margin 
next to bevel; F-I twice as long as pedicel; scapal basin rather sharply 
margined above; occipital carina fine, slightly raised, not pitted in front; 
pronotal collar with a sharp anterior carina ending laterally in an acute 
humeral angle, also a partly cariniform posterior ridge extending laterally 
toward pronotal lobe (Fig. 4-c); pygidial plate incurved laterally, somewhat 
troughlike (about as in Fig. 55). 

Male.—Length 5.5—6.0 mm. Markings as in female except foretarsomeres 
I-II pale, mesopleural spot and those of terga I and IV sometimes absent, 
lateral spot on V sometimes present. Antenna with F-I basoventrally con- 
cave, III prolonged beneath, II and IV somewhat modified (Fig. 18); clypeal 
bevel triangular and covering an area equal to midocellus; mandible with 
large basal tooth (Fig. 17), foreleg (Fig. 34), basitarsus flattened and ven- 
trally with 2 or 3 dentiform setae; sculpture of propodeal enclosure and 
posterior slope more coarsely ridged than in female. 

Types.—Holotype 2 (U. C. Davis), Sagehen Creek, Nevada County, 
California, June 14, 1974(R. M. Bohart). Paratypes, 16 6, 44 2, from Upper 
Sonoran to Boreal Life Zone localities in California from Modoc to San Diego 
counties: nr. Cedarville, Lava Bed National Monument, Johnsville, nr. 
Sierraville, Independence Lake (Sierra Co.), Sagehen Creek (Nevada Co.). 
Tioga Pass and Sonora Pass (Mono Co.), Columbia, Chinese Camp, Angels 
Camp, China Flat, Yosemite, Icehouse Road, and Echo Lake (El Dorado 
Co.), Luther Pass and Winnemucca Lake (Alpine Co.), San Francisco, Sam- 
uel Springs (Napa Co.), Mt. Diablo (Contra Costa Co.), Mt. Bullion (Mar- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 497 


iposa Co.), Coalinga, Pinnacles National Monument, Three Rivers, Mt. Pi- 
nos (Ventura Co.), San Jacinto Mts. (Riverside Co.), Mt. Laguna (San Diego 
Co.). Out-of-state specimens (not paratypes) are from mountainous locali- 
ties in Idaho (Galena Summit, Blaine Co.; Slate Creek Ranger Station, Bear 
Creek Pass), Oregon (Blue Mts., Crater Lake), Utah (Weber Co., Salt Lake 
Co.), and Wyoming (28 mi. sw. Lander). 

Remarks.—Ectemnius nigellus belongs to the dives species group which 
is sometimes called subgenus Ectemnius. Species of this group have the 
following characteristics in both sexes: size small, usually shorter than 10 
mm; abdominal dorsum with lateral spots, occasionally joined posteriorly; 
scapal basin forming a high rectangle which is non-setose and rather dis- 
tinctly margined above; humeri sharp; mandible with a moderate sized to 
small subbasal tooth on cutting edge. Male characters are: clypeus some- 
what projecting medially, forefemur with a cariniform basal angle (Fig. 34- 
a). Female characters are: clypeus sharply truncate (except in nigellus) and 
with a flanking tooth; pygidial plate narrow and troughlike (as in Fig. 55). 
As indicated in the key, nigellus and borealis are similar. Males of both 
have F-III produced ventrally and more strongly than F-IV (Fig. 18), where- 
as in dives and atriceps F-III is hardly produced. The pronotal collar is 
flattened and bears two transverse carinae or cariniform ridges (Fig. 4-b, c). 
The two species are separated by characters given in the key. The short and 
extensively beveled female clypeus of nigellus is particularly characteristic 
(Fig. 25). 


Ectemnius paucimaculatus (Packard) 


We have been puzzled by the similarities between this species and stfir- 
picola. On the whole, paucimaculatus is less extensively yellow marked. 
However, maculation is notoriously variable in Ectemnius and the two 
forms have much the same range in the U.S. east of the 100th meridian. For 
the present we have separated them on the somewhat narrower clypeal 
production in both sexes of stirpicola (Figs. 22, 23) along with some differ- 
ences in abdominal pattern as given in the key. Significant differences in 
nesting were noted by Krombein (1964:75) which suggest that these are 
indeed discrete species. 


Ectemnius rufipes (Lepeletier and Brullé) 


Synonymy of this species with texanus (Cresson) was indicated by Bohart 
(1976:427). The type-locality for rufipes was given as “‘Caroline’’ but the 
type has been lost. A neotype female was established by Bohart (1976:627) 
from Decatur, Alabama. In the typical form from Texas, Oklahoma, Ala- 
bama, northern Florida to the Carolinas T-II, I1V—VI are yellow marked. In 
the more southern Floridian form, which Pate called ais, T-II (rarely also 
I), and IV—-VI are reddish. 


498 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Ectemnius satan Pate 


Typical satan from Arizona and New Mexico (type-locality: McKinley 
Co., New Mexico) has ivory markings. A widespread variety from Califor- 
nia has the maculation deep yellow. 


Ectemnius sexcinctus (Fabricius) 


In Bohart (1976:428) yosemite Pate was listed as a distinct species. It now 
appears that it simply represents the first record of New World material of 
sexcinctus (Fabricius), and yosemite should be added to the long list of 
synonyms under the widespread palearctic species (NEW SYNONYMY). 
Most characteristic is the hair tuft under the basal flagellar projection in the 
male. Females have the clypeal apex incised. Our material is from Lake 
Tahoe and Sonora Pass, California, and Logan, Utah, all collected in August 
to October. 


Ectemnius trifasciatus (Say) 


This species was originally based on a male from Northwest Territories, 
Canada. Since its identity has sometimes been questioned and the type is 
non-existent, we are designating a NEOTYPE male in the Canadian Na- 
tional Collection, Ottawa. It bears the following data: Norman Wells, North- 
west Territories, July 13, 1949 (W. R. M. Mason). E. trifasciatus is fairly 
common and widespread in Canada and its range there includes Newfound- 
land (Codroy) and Labrador (Goose Bay). In United States its distribution 
is essentially northern and boreal. Throughout its range it occurs with con- 
tinuus, a Closely related and more abundant species with holarctic distri- 
bution. Characters of the male midtarsi (Figs. 37, 38) as given in the key 
afford easy separation. Females are much closer, but the more coarsely 
sculptured posterior propodeal area (Fig. 42) and the usually whiter mark- 
ings of trifasciatus will help distinguish them. It should be noted that some 
California females have bright yellow tergal markings. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bohart, R. M. 1976. Genus Ectemnius, pp. 422-428. In: Bohart, R. M. and A. S. Menke, 
Sphecid wasps of the World, a generic revision. University of California Press, Berkeley 
& Los Angeles. 695 pp. 

Krombein, K. V. 1964. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. XVIII. The hibiscus 
wasp, an abundant rarity, and its associates. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 77:73-112. 

Leclercq, J. 1954. Monographie systematique, phylogénétique et zoogéographique des Hy- 
menopteéres Crabroniens. Lejeunia Press, Liege. 371 pp. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 499-504 


A NEW SPECIES OF PARANTHRENE (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE)! 
MICHAEL D. GREENFIELD AND MICHAEL G. KARANDINOS 


Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wiscon- 
sin 53706; (MDG) present address: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, 
P.O. Box 2072, Balboa, Canal Zone; (MGK) present address: Department 
of Ecology, Athens School of Agriculture, Votanikos, Athens, Greece. 


Abstract.—A new clearwing moth species, Paranthrene pellucida, is de- 
scribed. This species is morphologically similar to P. simulans (Grote), from 
which it differs in the degree of scaling on the forewing and breeding season. 
Differences in the chemical structure of their sex pheromones may also 
exist. 


Sex pheromones of two clearwing moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) have 
been isolated, identified, and synthesized (Tumlinson et al., 1974). The com- 
pounds are ZZ- and EZ- isomers of 3,13-octadecadien-1-ol-acetate, hereafter 
referred to as 3,13-ODDA. Recent evidence suggests that these and other 
chemically related compounds are the major components of the sex pher- 
omones of many Nearctic sesiids (Greenfield, 1978; Underhill et al., 1978). 
Because of their attractiveness to the males of many species, the various 
compounds are valuable in probing the ecology and evolution of Sestidae. 
One area in which these compounds are particularly useful is the recognition 
of cryptic species in the family (Duckworth and Eichlin, 1977a; Purrington 
and Nielsen, 1977). In this paper we describe a new sesiid species in the 
genus Paranthrene Hubner, morphologically similar to Paranthrene simu- 
lans (Grote), discovered through field trapping with 3,13-ODDA isomers in 
Wisconsin. 


Paranthrene pellucida Greenfield and Karandinos, 
NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 1 
Male.—Antenna bipectinate-ciliate ventrally, with an apical tuft; slightly 
clavate; black dorsally throughout, brown ventrally at proximal end, be- 


‘ Research supported by the Graduate School, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wiscon- 
sin. 


500 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 1. Paranthrene pellucida, male (left) and Paranthrene simulans, male (right). (Speci- 
mens courtesy of F. F. Purrington, O.A.R.D.C., Wooster, Ohio.) 


coming more orange distally. Proboscis well developed. Labial palpus 
roughened and yellow ventrally, black dorso-exteriorly, segment 3 pointed 
and /2 the length of segment 2. Head with vertex black; front black, with 
yellow laterally; occipital fringe black dorsally, yellow laterally. Thorax 
primarily black dorsally with yellow patches directly anterior to and below 
forewing; tegulae yellow posteriorly and a transverse yellow band poste- 
riorly on mesonotum; collar yellow laterally and dorsally on posterior por- 
tion, black dorsally on anterior portion; metathorax black dorsally with 
yellow patches laterally. Forewing mostly hyaline, except for a brown 
Streak, in center of anterior transparent area, extending proximally from 
discal spot; wing base black; discal spot brown; costal and anal margins 
black dorsally, yellow orange ventrally; veins and fringes brown black. 
Hindwing hyaline, save costal and anal margins, discal spot, fringes, and 
veins brown dorsally, yellow orange ventrally. Legs with prothoracic coxae 
mostly yellow, but with black mesally, femora yellow orange with black 
proximally and rough yellow scales ventrally, tibiae yellow orange with 
rough yellow scales dorsally, tarsi yellow orange; mesothoracic legs with 
coxae black proximally, yellow distally, femora black anteriorly, yellow 
orange mixed with black posteriorly, yellow orange ventrally and dorsally, 
tibiae yellow orange with rough yellow scales dorsally, tibial spurs yellow 
orange, tarsi yellow orange; metathoracic legs with coxae black proximally, 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 501 


yellow distally, femora mostly black, but with yellow ventrally, tibiae yellow 
proximally and with rough yellow scales dorsally, yellow orange distally, 
tibial spurs yellow orange, tarsi yellow orange. Abdomen black and yellow, 
segment | entirely black, venter of segments 2—7 each with anterior 73 black 
and posterior '; yellow, dorsum of segments 2-4 each with anterior '/2 black 
and posterior '2 yellow, dorsum of segment 5 with anterior '5 black and 
posterior 73 yellow, dorsum of segment 6 with anterior % black and posterior 
‘ yellow, dorsum of segment 7 entirely yellow. Genitalia indistinguishable 
from those of P. simulans, figured in Engelhardt (1946). Alar expanse 29 
mm. 

Female.—Antenna simple. Mesonotum lacking transverse yellow band 
posteriorly. Meso- and meta-thoracic legs with femora exhibiting more yel- 
low than male. Maculation otherwise similar to male. Alar expanse 32 mm. 

Host.—In Lake Co., Ohio and in Cromwell, Connecticut, F. F. Purring- 
ton and R. E. B. Moore, respectively, obtained adults from cuttings of 
Quercus palustris in which the larvae had bored. In Wisconsin, all locations 
at which specimens were captured in 3,13-ODDA-baited traps supported 
stands of Quercus velutina, indicating a possible host association with this 
oak species also. 

Distribution.—Wisconsin, Ohio, New York (based on a specimen in the 
NMNH with label data: Bronx Park, N.Y., July 24, 1957), Connecticut. 

Similar species.—Paranthrene simulans is very similar in size and overall 
appearance, but the region of its forewing distad of the discal spot is covered 
with brown scales, except for a hyaline area (window) between M, and Cuy,. 
This degree of suffusion by scales on the forewing is found in the holotype 
of P. simulans and in the holotypes of the forms P. simulans luggeri (Henry 
Edwards, 1891) (Trochilium) and P. simulans palmii (Henry Edwards, 1887) 
(Fatua). Paranthrene pellucida has the entire distal region of the forewing 
hyaline. 

Types.—Holotype: 3, Arena, lowa Co., Wisconsin, VI-26-1977, Coll. 
M. D. Greenfield, deposited in the University of Wisconsin Insect Research 
Collection, Madison, Wisconsin. Paratypes: 14 as follows: 1 2, Cromwell, 
Connecticut, emerged from Quercus palustris VII-18-1977, Coll. R. E. B. 
Moore, 1 6, Mazomanie, Dane Co., Wisconsin, trapped with a 1:9 blend 
of ZZ-:EZ-3,13-ODDA between VI-30-1977 and VII-8-1977, Coll. M. D. 
Greenfield, and | 6, New Carlisle, Lake Co., Ohio, emerged from Quercus 
palustris cutting between VI-14-1977 and VI-21-1977, Coll. F. F. Purrington, 
all deposited in the University of Wisconsin Insect Research Collection, 
Madison, Wisconsin; | ¢, Blue River, Grant Co., Wisconsin, trapped with 
a 2:8 blend of ZZ-: EZ-3,13-ODDA between VI-8-1977 and VI-17-1977, Coll. 
M. D. Greenfield, deposited in the collection of Cornell University, Ithaca, 
New York; | 6, Mazomanie, Dane Co., Wisconsin, trapped with a 2:8 blend 
of ZZ-:EZ-3,13-ODDA between VI-30-1977 and VII-8-1977, Coll. M. D. 


502 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Greenfield, deposited in the Los Angeles County Museum (Natural Histo- 
ry), California; | 6, Mazomanie, Dane Co., Wisconsin, trapped with a 2:8 
blend of ZZ-:EZ-3,13-ODDA between VII-8-1977 and VII-15-1977, Coll. M. 
D. Greenfield, and 1 6, Arena, Iowa Co., Wisconsin, trapped with a 4:6 
blend of ZZ-:EZ-3,13-ODDA between VI-30-1977 and VII-8-1977, Coll. M. 
D. Greenfield, genitalia slide by M. D. Greenfield, both deposited in the 
USNMNH; 3 6, Arena, Iowa Co., Wisconsin, trapped with a 3:7 blend of 
ZZ-:EZ-3,13-ODDA between VI-30-1977 and VII-8-1977, Coll. M. D. 
Greenfield, all deposited in AMNH; 1 6, Arena, Iowa Co., Wisconsin, 
trapped with a 3:7 blend of ZZ-: EZ-3,13-ODDA between VII-8-1977 and VII- 
15-1977, Coll. M. D. Greenfield, and | ¢, Blue River, Grant Co., Wisconsin, 
trapped with a 5:5 blend of ZZ-:EZ-3,13-ODDA between VII-8-1977 and 
VII-15-18977, Coll. M. D. Greenfield, both deposited in the Field Museum, 
Chicago, Illinois; | ¢6, Mazomanie, Dane Co., Wisconsin, trapped with a 
4:6 blend of ZZ-:EZ-3,13-ODDA between VI-30-1977 and VII-8-1977, Coll. 
M. D. Greenfield, and | 6, Mazomanie, Dane Co., Wisconsin, trapped with 
a 3:7 blend of ZZ-: EZ-3,13-ODDA between VI-30-1977 and VII-8-1977, Coll. 
M. D. Greenfield, both deposited in the Snow Entomological Museum, Law- 
rence, Kansas. 

Etymology.—We have named this species pellucida because of its hyaline 
forewings. 


DISCUSSION 


Morphologically similar species are common among insects (Mayr, 1970). 
Behavioral and ecological characters that allow these cryptic species to be 
distinguished from one another include host preference, time of day and 
season for mating, and sex communication signal. In insects using chemical 
sex Communication signals, the chemical structure of the pheromone can be 
used to separate cryptic species. Purrington and Nielsen (1977) report a case 
of cryptic species in the sesiid genus Podosesia in which the two species 
have different, non-overlapping breeding seasons and appear to use different 
pheromones, although their host plants are identical. Another pair of mor- 
phologically similar sesiid moths, Synanthedon fatifera Hodges and Syn- 
anthedon viburni Engelhardt, exhibit an analogous relationship in which 
both species bore in Viburnum sp., yet appear to use different sex phero- 
mones (Greenfield and Karandinos, in press). 

Field trapping in Wisconsin with 3,13-ODDA isomers, singularly and in 
various isomeric combinations, provided data on the temporal activity and 
spatial distribution of the various sesiid species (Greenfield and Karandinos, 
in press). Adults of P. pellucida are active during late June and July in Wis- 
consin, as opposed to the earlier (late May and early June) activity of P. 
simulans. The seasonal activity periods of these species overlap negligibly. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 503 


Paranthrene pellucida males were maximally attracted by a 2:8 blend of 
ZZ-:EZ-3,13-ODDA, whereas P. simulans males exhibited maximum attrac- 
tion to 100% ZZ-3,13-ODDA. The combination of seasonal and pheromonal 
separation reproductively isolates P. pellucida and P. simulans. 

We also studied the diel activity of these two cryptic species and found 
that males of both respond to sex attractant compounds between 17:00 and 
19:00. Both species are biennial, and in Wisconsin adults of both emerge 
only during odd years. Their spatial (habitat) distributions also overlap in 
Wisconsin, although P. pellucida appears to be restricted to xeric oak bar- 
rens supporting stands of Quercus velutina. Paranthrene simulans, known 
to bore in the trunks of several species of Quercus (Engelhardt, 1946), was 
trapped in a wide variety of habitats, including xeric oak barrens, dry-mesic 
oak forests, and wet lowland forests. Our interpretation of these data is that 
P. pellucida and P. simulans have overlapping host preferences. 

Several thousand specimens of P. pellucida and P. simulans from Wis- 
consin were examined and the morphological difference (forewing scaling) 
between them is consistent. No intermediate forms were seen. Our obser- 
vation of the similarity in genitalic structure between P. pellucida and P. 
simulans agrees with the overall genitalic uniformity among species of Par- 
anthrene, noted by Duckworth and Eichlin (1977b). Paranthrene simulans 
tends to display more yellow on the dorsum of the abdomen, but this char- 
acter is inadequate for distinguishing P. pellucida from P. simulans, since 
both species exhibit much color polymorphism. This type of polymorphism 
is found in one of the two cryptic species of Podosesia; and morphologi- 
cally, these latter two species can only be differentiated through characters 
of their immature forms (Purrington and Nielsen, 1977). Further field in- 
vestigations with 3,13-ODDA isomers and related compounds may help re- 
veal a general pattern of speciation in Sesiidae. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We are grateful to Dennis Engel, Clyde S. Gorsuch, and Philip C. Kings- 
ley, University of Wisconsin, Madison, for their field and laboratory assis- 
tance and for providing stimulating discussions during this study and to 
Foster F. Purrington, O.A.R.D.C., Wooster, Ohio, for providing specimens 
of P. pellucida and P. simulans. We also acknowledge W. Donald Duck- 
worth, USNMNH, for allowing us to study specimens in the USNMNH 
collection; Thomas D. Eichlin, California Department of Food and Agri- 
culture, Sacramento, for extending taxonomic advice during this study; 
Frederick H. Rindge, AMNH, for comparing P. pellucida with the holotype 
of P. simulans; and B. Jane Harrington, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 
for critically reviewing this manuscript. 


504 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


LITERATURE CITED 


Duckworth, W. D. and T. D. Eichlin. 1977a. Two new species of clearwing moths (Sesiidae) 

from eastern North America clarified by sex pheromones. J. Lepid. Soc. 31(3):191-196. 

. 1977b. A classification of the Sesiidae of America north of Mexico (Lepidoptera: 

Sesioidea). Occas. Pap. Entomol. Calif. Dept. Food Agric. No. 26, 54 pp. 

Engelhardt, G. P. 1946. The North American clear-wing moths of the family Aegeriidae. Bull. 
U.S. Nat. Mus. 190:1-—222. 

Greenfield, M. D. and M. G. Karandinos. Jn press. Resource partitioning of the set com- 
munication channel in clearwing moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) of Wisconsin. Ecol. 
Monogr. 

Mayr, E. 1970. Populations, Species, and Evolution. Belknap Press, Cambridge, Massachu- 
setts. 453 pp. 

Purrington, F. F. and D. G. Nielsen. 1977. Biology of Podosesia (Lepiodoptera: Sesiidae) with 
description of a new species from North America. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 70(6):906- 
910. 

Tumlinson, J. H., C. E. Yonce, R. E. Doolittle, R. R. Heath, C. R. Gentry, and E. R. Mitchell. 
1974. Sex pheromones and reproductive isolation of the lesser peachtree borer and the 
peachtree borer. Science. 185:614—-616. 

Underhill, E. W., W. Steck, M. D. Chisholm. H. A. Worden, and J. A. G. Howe. 1978. A sex 
attractant for the cottonwood crown borer, Aegeria tibialis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). 
Can. Entomol. 110:495—498. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, p. 505 


NOTE 


Some Notes on Two Species of Stelidine Bees from 
Indiana (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) 


A recent paper by Parker and Bohart (1979. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 
52:138—153) gives the first record of a stelidine from Indiana: Dolichostelis 
louisae (Cockerell). This and two other species are expected because of 
their know distributions (Mitchell. N.C. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 152. 
5D) Pp.): 

As part of a continuing study of the Megachilidae in the Putnam Co. area 
of Indiana (west central part of the state), I have taken two species: Doli- 
chostelis louisae and Stelis (Microstelis) lateralis Cresson. The latter was 
not previously recorded specifically from Indiana. I collected a male on 17 
May 1977 in a malaise trap at Greencastle (Putnam Co.). This specimen is 
#5579 in the DPU collection. 

I have taken five specimens of D. louisae in Putnam Co.: ¢, 14 July 1976 
on Campanula americana (#4378); 2, 13 August 1976 on Vernonia nove- 
boracensis (#4990); 3, 20 June 1977 from a malaise trap (#6262); 2, 25 
August 1977 on Vernonia noveboracensis (#7965); 2, 20 July 1978 on Mel- 
ilotus alba (#9042). All specimens are in the DPU collection. 

These specimens show some interesting variations from the description 
given by Mitchell (1962. Op. cit.) (he called it Stelis costalis costalis Cres- 
son) and in Parker and Bohart (1979. Op. cit.) (who sorted out the name 
confusion). Mitchell describes this species as having numerous yellowish 
markings including those on the vertex, on the meso- and metapleura, and 
a broadly interrupted band on tergum II. The specimens all have modifi- 
cations of these markings as described below. 

None, except 2 #9042, has any yellow on the vertex. Futhermore, 6 
#4378 and 2 #4990 also lack the maculations of the meso- and metapleura. 
The ° #7965 and 36 #6262 also lack the mesopleural blotch but have a 
small reddish metapleural spot. The 2 #7965 also has a small yellow spot 
medially on tergum II. A similar spot occurs on 2 #9042, which has the 
‘‘typical’’ pattern. 

Both Mitchell (1962. Op. cit.) and Parker and Bohart (1979. Op. cit.) 
indicate that the Floridian population (identified as Stelis costalis floridana 
Graenicher by Mitchell) of D. louisae has more extensive colored areas 
than the northern forms. The specimens described here seem to indicate 
that D. louisae may have a color pattern that grades from much maculated 
south to relatively less maculated north. 


Michael D. Johnson, Department of Zoology, DePauw University, Green- 
castle, Indiana 46135. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(3), 1979, pp. 506-507 


NOTE 


Further Spread of the Palearctic Berytinus minor in 
North America (Hemiptera: Berytidae) 


In recent years more attention has been focused on detecting exotic in- 
sects in North America. Improved modes of transportation increase the 
chances of invasions, and it is apparent that quarantine procedures cannot 
entirely prevent foreign species from entering the country. Of the more than 
70 species of Heteroptera in the northeastern United States that are known 
to have a Holarctic distribution, 23 to 36 are believed to represent inad- 
vertent introductions with man’s commerce, probably with ship ballast or 
nursery stock (Slater. 1974. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Conn. 1974:145-213). 
Nearly all these emigrant species of Heteroptera are reported soon after 
their discovery in North America, but if they are innocuous insects, they 
are often forgotten so that any subsequent spread is difficult to trace. 

Berytinus minor (Herrich-Schaeffer) is a Palearctic stilt bug regarded as 
artificially introduced into North America early in this century. (Recently 
I found among unsorted material in the U.S. National Museum collection 
a specimen of B. montivagus (Meyer) intercepted at New York City, March 
10, 1937, on shamrocks from Ireland.) Walley (1935. Can. Entomol. 67: 159— 
160) first reported B. minor in North America based on a specimen collected 
in 1929 from Prince Edward Co., Ontario, Canada. The first United States 
record was that of Harris (1941. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 36: 105-109) 
from Chebogan Co., Michigan. Wheeler (1970. Can. Entomol. 102:876— 
886) summarized the distribution, which at the time included Connecticut, 
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Que- 
bec. This stilt bug offers an opportunity to compare the spread of a ground- 
inhabiting heteropteran with that of ‘‘weed species’? whose capacity for 
rapid dispersal is well known (Slater. Op. cit.). 

The following additional records of B. minor in North America have now 
become available: MAINE: Eagle Lake, 26 July 1966; MICHIGAN: Bay 
Co., 17 July 1958, R. R. Dreisbach. NEW JERSEY: Haddonfield, 18 Oct. 
1970, M. D. Leonard. NEW YORK: Boston, Mar. 1973. G. Gorecki: Corn- 
ing, 15 May, J. Bauer; Dryden, 27 April 1970, D. B. Smith; McLean Re- 
serve, 16 May 1963, J. Williams. PENNSYLVANIA: Bucks Co., Horseshoe 
Bend, Neshaminy Creek NE of Jamison, June 1956, W. Ivie; Bucks Co., 
Jamison, 19 July 1973, beaten from Picea abies, J. F. Stimmel; Dauphin 
Co., Harrisburg, | Sept. 1972, T. J. Henry and 24 Jan. 1973, in duff under 
Andorra juniper, T. J. Henry; Erie Co., North East, 26 May, 4-11 Aug., 
18 Aug., 15-22 Sept. 1972, in pitfall traps, G. L. Jubb, Jr. and E. C. Mas- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 507 


teller; Lebanon Co., nr. Lickdale, 3 May 1978, sweeping winter wheat, A. 
G. Wheeler, Jr.; Mifflin Co., Reedsville, 14 July 1976, M. A. Farrell; Mont- 
gomery Co., Dresher, in duff under Picea pungens, F. Stearns. WEST 
VIRGINIA: Pocahontas Co., Cranberry Visitors Center, 16 Sept. 1978, 
beaten from Picea glauca, A. G. Wheeler, Jr. 

The distribution of B. minor in North America is extended to the south 
by more than 200 miles to include Pennsylvania and West Virginia. This 
berytid lives mainly under mats of white clover and is most frequently taken 
in spring and fall when adults are dispersing from or moving to their over- 
wintering sites. The spread potential of the Berytidae is small when com- 
pared to many other heteropteran families (Leston. 1957. Syst. Zool. 6:41- 
46), so one would not consider B. minor a likely candidate for the nearly 
transcontinental dispersal that has occurred in some of the introduced weed- 
feeding Miridae. The apparent abundance of this species in southern Canada 
along Lake Ontario, in parts of New England, and in the vicinity of Ithaca, 
N.Y. suggests that some natural dispersal has occurred. 

The collection of this berytid at nearly 4,000 ft in the Monongahela Na- 
tional Forest of West Virginia is difficult to account for by natural dispersal. 
A specimen was taken on an ornamental white spruce on the landscaped 
grounds of the Cranberry Visitors Center; the surrounding Cranberry Glades 
botanical area (750 acres) lies in an undisturbed high mountain valley. The 
ground-dwelling habits of B. minor, coupled with its winter collection from 
duff under ornamental conifers, suggest that it has reached the West Virginia 
mountains and spread to other parts of its known range mainly by com- 
merce, most likely with the movement of plant material. 


A. G. Wheeler, Jr., Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department 
of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120. 


MEMBERSHIP LIST OF THE 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 


81(3), 1979, pp. 508-512 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Honorary Members 


Muesebeck, C. F. W., 1920 
(1955), Honorary Presi- 
dent (1970) 

Poos, F. W., 1923 (1966) 

StaGeorge., RevAq 191s 
(1975) 

Campbell, F. L., 1927 (1979) 


Regular and 
(*) Life Members 


Abe, D. F., 1964 
Abercrombie, J., 1975 
Adams, J. R., 1963 
Addington, R. J., 1964 
Adler, V. E., 1961 
Agarwal, A. K., 1977 
Aitken, T. H. G., 1957 
Albuquerque, L. P., 1978 
Alexander, J. L., 1971 
Al-Gboory, I. J., 1979 
AlipZ sles 1978 

Allen, H. W., 1969 
Altman, R. M., 1964 
Anderson, D. M., 1954 
Anderson, L. D., 1944 
Anderson, W. H., 1937 
App, B. A., 1952 
Armstrong, E., 1977 
Arnaud, P. H., 1955 
Arnold, R. A., 1973 
Arnold, S. L., 1975 
Ashlock, P. D., 1958 
Austin, C. E., 1973 
Austin, D. F., 1977 
Autry, H. V., 1961 
Baker, E. W., 1944 
Ball, G. E., 1948 
Barker, Z. A., 1964 
Barnes, J. K., 1979 
Barnett, D. E., 1976 
Barnum, A., 1956 
Barr, A. R., 1951 
Barr, W. F., 1958 
Barrows, E. M., 1976 


(April 5, 1979) 


Barry, C., 1963 
Baumann, R. W., 1973 
Bayes Gea 973 
BealRaS srl 958 
Beaver, O., 1974 
Bechtel, R. C., 1960 
Beck, T. R., 1979 
Becker. E.1G7 19511 
Belkin, J. N., 1944 
Bell, R. T., 1955 
Bellinger, R. G., 1972 
Bender, A. H., 1953 
Bender, E. K., 1960 
Berg CrO 975 
Bergman, P. W., 1966 
Berlin, O. G. W., 1969 
Berner, L., 1949 
Berrys Ras. 1972 
Beyer, W. N., 1977 
Bezark, L., 1974 
*Bickley, W. E., 1949 
Billings, S. C., 1952 
Bissells Tack.. 1941 
Blanchard, A., 1968 


Bodenstein, W. G., 1946 


Bodri, M. S., 1979 
Boese, J. L., 1977 
Boesel, N. W., 1973 
Boettcher, R. A., 1955 
Bohart, R. M., 1944 
Bohnsack, K. K., 1958 
Borchelt, R., 1979 
Bouseman, J. K., 1975 
Brassard, D. W., 1978 
Bram, R. A., 1955 
Braun, B. H., 1969 
Brazzel, J. R., 1969 
Brigham, W. U., 1975 
Brown, F. M., 1975 
Brown, H. P., 1977 
Bryce, G. K., 1977 
Bueno-Soria, J., 1977 
Burditt, A. K., 1965 
Burger, J. F., 1973 
Burks, B. D., 1938 
Burks, K., 1950 


Burnett, J. A., 1975 
Burns, J. M., 1975 
Butler, L., 1966 
Camp, M. J., 1948 
Campbell, J. M., 1966 
Carbonell, C. S., 1946 
*Carlson, R. W., 1970 
Caron, D. M., 1971 
Carrington, J. H., 1943 
Carroll, Je E1977. 
Cartwright, O. L., 1948 
Casdorph, D. G., 1977 
Cave, R., 1977 

Chang, L. W. H., 1976 
Chapin, J. B., 1973 
Charpentier, P. O., 1962 
Chawkat, A. M., 1978 
Chilson, L. M., 1977 
Chittick, H. A., 1946 
Clark, T. M., 1973 
Clark, W. E., 1975 
Clarke, J. F. G., 1936 
Cole, A. E., 1977 
Cole, F. R., 1963 
Collins, M. S., 1977 
Compton, C. C., 1959 
Connell, J. G., 1974 
Cook, D. R., 1952 
Cooper, C. M., 1976 
Cooper, J. F., 1960 
Cooper, K. W., 1955 
Coovert, G. A., 1977 
Copeland, T. P., 1978 
Corkum, L. D., 1979 
Cottrell, J. W., 1976 
Coulson, J. R., 1961 
CovelliCVVa, 197i 
Crabill, R. E., Jr., 1968 
Craig, G. B., 1954 
Crooks, E. E., 1964 
Cross, H. F., 1954 
Cross? Je 1975 
Cunliffe, F., 1948 
Currado, I., 1978 
Curtin, T. J., 1956 
Darsie, R. F., 1949 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 


D’ Ascoli, A., 1967 
Daum, R. J., 1969 
Davidson, J. A., 1957 
Davidson, R. L., 1975 
Davis, D. R., 1961 
Davis. 1e'Ge, 1952 
Davis, M. M., 1979 
Deahl, K. L., 1978 
Deeming, J. C., 1974 
Delgado, H., 1979 
DeLong, D. M., 1936 
Denning, D. G., 1966 
Dennis, S., 1976 
Deyrup, M. A., 1979 
Dicke, F. F., 1933 
Donley, D. E., 1955 
Donnelly, T. W., 1962 
Doria; J: J., 1977 

Dos Passos, C. F., 1947 
Dow, R. P., 1950 
Downing, W. D., 1975 
*Dozier,.H. L., 1952 
Drummond, R. O., 1954 
Duckworth, W. D., 1961 
Duffield, R., 1978 
Dureseau, L., Jr:, 1976 
Duret, J. P., 1969 
Dutky, S. R., 1953 
Eads, R. B., 1963 
Edmiston, J. F., 1975 
Edmunds, G. F., Jr., 1951 
Eikenbury, R. D., 1979 
Elder, A. S., 1973 
Elias, M. K., 1972 
Emerson, K. C., 1952 
Emsley, M. G., 1970 
Enns, W. R., 1960 
Erwin, T. L., 1972 
Evans, H. E., 1948 
Evans, W. G., 1957 
Fairchild, G. B., 1939 
Fales, J. H., 1944 
Faran, M. E., 1977 
Fedde, G., 1962 
Fedde, V. H., 1977 
Fennah, R. G., 1941 
Ferguson, D. C., 1969 
Field, G., 1966 

Field, W. D., 1965 
Fisher, E. M., 1977 
Fisk, F. W., 1968 


Flechtmann, C., 1968 
Flint, O. S., Jr., 1961 
Floore, T. G., 1967 
Fluno, J. A., 1957 
Foerster, W. P., 1977 
Foote, B. A., 1958 
Foote, R. H., 1950 
Forattini, O. P., 1956 
Foster, G. A., 1972 
Foster, J. R., 1953 

ROX, 1.01936 

Fox, R. C., 1968 
Franclemont, J. G., 1947 
Freidberg, A., 1979 
Freytag, P. H., 1979 
Froeschner, R. C., 1961 
Furniss, R. L., 1939 
*Gagne, R. J., 1966 
Gahan, J. B., 1936 
Garrett, W. T., 1963 
Gentner, L. G., 1955 
Gentry, J. W., 1958 
Gerberg, E. J., 1953 
Gerdes, C., 1976 

Gill, G. D., 1958 
Gimpel, W. F., Jr., 1970 
Glick, Jen. 1979 
Godfrey, G. L., 1971 
Gonzalez, R. H., 1974 
Gordh, G., 1975 
Gordon, R. D., 1968 
Gorham, J. R., 1974 
Gotwald, W. H., Jr., 1977 
Grabowski, W. B., 1970 
Grant, C. D., 1948 
Greenbaum, H. N., 1968 
Greenfield, M. D., 1979 
Gregg, R. E., 1945 
*Gressitt, J. L., 1945 
Grissell, E. E., 1979 
Grogan, W. L., Jr., 1974 
*Gurney, A. B., 1936 
Habeck, D. H., 1957 
Hacker, J. D., 1971 
Hagen, K. S., 1949 
Haines, K. A., 1952 
Hambleton, E. J., 1944 
Hamid, A., 1976 
Hamman, R. E., 1968 
Hannemann, H.-J., 1979 
Harbach, R. E., 1972 


509 


Harding, W. C., Jr., 1955 
Hardy, A. R., 1974 
Harman, D. M., 1966 
Harmston, F. C., 1940 
Harper, P. Pe, 1977 
Harrison, B. A., 1976 
Harrison, F. P., 1954 
Hart, E. R., 1972 
Haskins, C. P., 1945 
Hawkins, L. S., Jr., 1970 
Hayes, D. K., 1970 
Hellman, J. L., 1975 
Hendrickson, R. M., 1978 
Henry, |\C.7S4,1975 
Henry, 1. Je 1975 
Heppner, J. B., 1974 
Herman, L. H., Jr., 1965 
Herring, J., 1963 
Hevel, G. F., 1970 
Higgins, H. G., 1948 
Hildreth, S. W., 1977 
Hitchcock, J. C., 1960 
Hodges, R. W., 1960 
Hoffman, C. H., 1945 
Hoffmann, W. E., 1944 
Hoogstraal, H., 1946 
Hopla, C. E., 1961 
Hopper, H. P., 1978 
Horne, J. E., 1971 
Howden, H. F., 1948 
Huang, Y.-M., 1968 
Hubbard, M. D., 1976 
Hull, W. B., 1949 
Hunter, P. E., 1961 
Hurd, P: D., Jr., 1970 
Husband, R. W., 1973 
Ingles, R., 1975 

Irwin, M. E., 1976 
Jackson, D. L., 1966 
Jacot-Guillarmod, C., 1962 
Jakob, W. L., 1977 
Jensen, S. L., 1974 
Johnson, M. D., 1973 
Johnson, P. E., 1976 
Johnson, P. T., 1951 
Jones; Re sHe; 1955 
Joseph, S. R., 1957 
Kaster, C. H., 1979 
Kates, G. L., 1973 
Kennedy, J. H., 1977 
Kethley, J. B., 1974 


510 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Khattat, F. H., 1968 
Kimball, C. P., 1952 
Kimsey, L. S., 1976 
King, E. W., 1949 
Kingsolver, J. M., 1963 
Kissinger, D. G., 1955 
Kitayama, C., 1974 
Kateley. Eads, 1971 
Kittle, P., 1975 

Knight, K. L., 1944 
Knipling, E. F., 1946 
*Knutson, L. V., 1963 
Kormilev, N. A., 1941 
Kosztarab, M., 1978 
Krafsur, E. S., 1968 
Kramer, J. P., 1957 
*Krombein, K. V., 1941 
Kuenzels Nea. 975 
Kurczewski, F. E., 1970 
Lager, T. M., 1976 
Lamb, N. J., 1978 
Lambdin, P. L., 1974 
Lampert, L. L., 1976 
Lanchester, H. P., 1957 
Langford, G. S., 1924 
Lassmann, G. W., 1946 
Lattin, J. D., 1966 
Lavigne, R., 1973 
Lesshafft, J. S., 1975 
Lewis, P. A., 1974 
Lewis, R. E., 1958 
Lewis, S. E., 1974 
Kien. Ce, 1967 

Lin, N., 1978 

Linam, J., 1962 
Linkfield, R. L., 1959 
Lipes, J. E., 1974 
Lipovsky, L. J., 1949 
Ludvik, G. F., 1978 
Loan, C. C., 1969 
Lund, H. O., 1952 
Lyon, R. J., 1961 
Mabry, J. E., 1954 
Magdych, W. P., 1977 
Magner, J. M., 1953 
Maier, C. T., 1976 
Main, A. J., Jr., 1965 
Maldonado-Capriles, J., 1947 
Mallack, J., 1957 
Mallis, A., 1977 
Mangan, R. L., 1974 


Manglitz, G. R., 1956 
Mankins, J. V., 1976 
Mari Mutt, J. A., 1976 
Marsh, P. M., 1960 
Mascarenhas, B., 1978 
Masner, L., 1969 
Mason.ie ee ein 1977, 
Mason, W. R. M., 1970 
Mathis, W. N., 1976 
Matta, J., 1978 
McCabe, T. L.,. 1977 
McCafferty, W. P., 1968 
McComb, C. W., 1956 
McDaniel, B., 1964 
McFadden, M. W., 1956 
McGann, D. R., 1979 
McGuire, J. U., 1954 
McIntyre, T., 1957 
Mead, F. W., 1976 
Medler ees 19577, 
Mendez, E., 1976 
Menke, A. S., 1969 
Merkhofer, R. M., 1976 
Messersmith, D. H., 1965 
Michael, A. S., 1954 
Miller, D. D., 1975 
Miller, D. R., 1969 
Miller, R. M., 1974 
Mockford, E. L., 1955 
Moraes, A. P. A., 1978 
More, T. E., 1950 
Morgon, N. O., 1969 
Morse, J. C., 1976 
Moser, J. C., 1973 
Moulding, J. D., 1979 
Mukhlis, A., 1977 
Mullens, B. A., 1979 
Mullins, A. J., 1974 
Murdoch, W. P., 1966 
Musgrave, C. A., 1974 
Myers, H. I., 1977 
Nakahara, S., 1968 
Nava, S., 1974 

Neff, S. E., 1969 
Negrobov, O. P., 1979 
Nelson, C. H., 1969 
Nelson, G. H., 1949 
Nelson, R. H., 1933 
Neunzig, H. H., 1956 
Newkirk, R. A., 1968 
Nielson, L. T., 1951 


Norton, R. A., 1978 
Novak, R. J., 1974 
Nutting, W. H., 1973 
Oman, P. W., 1930 
Osgood, E. A., 1977 
Palmer, M. K., 1976 
Parker, C. R., 1977 
Parrish, D. W., 1963 
Parsons, M., 1963 
Penny, N. D., 1978 
Perez-H., A. M., 1974 
Perkins, E. M., Jr., 1977 
Perkins, P. D., 1973 
Perry, D. R., 1979 
Peters, T. M., 1979 
Peters, W. L., 1971 
Peterson: Bal 1979 
Peterson, B. V., 1952 
Peyton, E. L., 1968 
Phillips, W. G., 1955 
Pitkin, B. R., 1977 
Polhemus, J. T., 1964 
Porter, B. A., 1921 
Poyner, M. M., 1969 
Pratt, G. K., 1974 
Pratt, H. D., 1943 
Price, Di we. 1971 
Price, RD. 1963 
Pulawski, W. J., 1975 
Pyles, W., 1977 
Rack, G., 1975 
Rainwater, H. I., 1964 
Ramalingam, S., 1970 
Ramos, J. A., 1947 
Ramsay, M. J., 1968 
Raulin, F. W., 1976 
Rawlins, J. E., 1974 
Reed, W. D., 1931 
Reeves, J. A., 1960 
Reichart, C. V., 1946 
Reinert, J. F., 1969 
Richards, L. L., 1978 
Riegel "Gad.. 1952 
Robbins, R. G., 1979 
Roberts, D. R., 1968 
Robinson, H., 1963 
Robinson, W. H, 1976 
Rohwer, C. G., 1964 
Rolston, L. H., 1973 
Roth, L. M., 1944 
Roth, M., 1968 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 3 


Rozen. JG-, Jrz,, 1956 
Ruiter, D., 1976 
Russell, L., 1979 
Russell, L. M., 1930 
Sabrosky, C. W., 1946 
Saffer, B.; 1977 

Sailer, R. I., 1943 
Santana, F. J., 1966 
Savage, H. M., 1975 
Scanlon, J. E., 1952 
Scarbrough, A. G., 1971 
Schmidt, C. H., 1969 
Schroder, R. F. W., 1976 
Schroeder, P. M., 1969 
Seal, W. L., 1971 
Sedman, Y., 1951 
Selander, R. B., 1954 
Shaffer, J. €., 1974 
Shands, W. A., 1940 
Shanks; S. S.,, 1977 
Shapiro, C., 1973 
Shaw, S.-R., 1979 
Shenefelt, R. D., 1946 
Shepard, H. H., 1927 
Sherman, R. W., 1947 
Shewell, G. E., 1949 
Shockley, C. W., 1955 
Sholes, O. D. V., 1979 
Shortino, T. J., 1972 
Simpson, K. W., 1976 
Sirivanaskarn, S., 1969 
Skaptason, J. L., 1979 
Skiles, D. D., 1978 
Skinner, F. E., 1951 
Slater, J. A., 1949 
Sleeper, iE, E-, 1976 
Sluss, T. P., 1970 
Smiley, R. L., 1964 
Smith, C. F., 1967 
Smith. G35 1977 
*Smith, D. R., 1965 
Smith, F. F., 1921 
Snelling, R. R., 1968 
Sobhian, R., 1977 
*Sollers-Riedel, H., 1938 
Sommerman, K. M., 1947 


Southern, S., 1977 
Spaeth, V. A., 1976 
*Spangler, P. J., 1958 
Spencer. @sBeJrswl955 
Spicer, G., 1978 
Spilman, T. J., 1950 
Sprance, H. E., 1977 
Stage, G. I., 1967 
Stainess@ 1... Jn;, 1975 
Stannard, L. J., 1948 
Starcke; Hi, 1955 
Steffan, W. A., 1970 
Stegmaier, C. E., Jr., 1965 
Steiner, W. E., Jr., 1979 
Steinhauer, A. L., 1958 
Steyskal, G. C., 1947 
Stibick, J. N. L., 1966 
Stimmel, J. F., 1979 
Stoetzel, M. B., 1971 
Stolzfus, W. B., 1967 
*Stone, A., 1931 

Stone, Be Ee. 1977 
Surdick, R. F., 1979 
Sutherland, D. W. S., 1973 
Matt. S20, 1979 
Tanner, V. M., 1930 
Thompson, F. C., 1968 
Thompson, J. V., 1953 
Thompson, P. H., 1965 
Thornburg, M. C., 1961 
Threlfall, W., 1977 
Tibbetts, T., 1955 
Timberlake, P. H., 1912 
Todd, E. L., 1953 
Townes, G. F., 1956 
Townes, H. K., 1941 
Townsend, L. H., Jr., 1977 
Traboulsi, R., 1976 
Trager, 15 We. 1962 
Trapido, H., 1948 
Traub, R., 1947 
Triplehorn, C. A., 1972 
Trumble, J., 1979 
Tyson, W. H., 1970 
*Ulrich, H., 1978 
*Utmar, J. A., 1974 


511 


Valley, K., 1976 

Van Wie, L., 1979 
Vasquez, A., 1957 
Villegas, B., 1977 

Vogt, G. B., 1947 
Voshell, J... R.. Jr., 1977 
Walker, H. G., 1941 
Wallenmaier, T. E., 1979 
Wallis, R. C., 1948 
Walton, M., 1937 
Ward, R. A., 1975 
Watrous, L. E., 1977 
Webb, R. E., 1967 
Weber, N. A., 1941 
Weems; Hi. V., Jr., 1953 
Weisman, D. M., 1956 
Wendleton, D. S., 1965 
Werner, F., 1948 
Wheeler, A. G., 1974 
Wheeler, G. C., 1949 
Whitcomb, R. F., 1966 
White, G. B., 1977 
White, R. E., 1966 
White, T. R., 1979 
Whitehead, D. R., 1974 
Whitsel, R. H., 1967 
Whittemore, F. W., 1974 
Wilford, B. H., 1938 
Wilkinson, R. S., 1971 
Williams, H. B., 1977 
Williams, M. L., 1971 
Williams, R. W., 1946 
Wills, W., 1977 

Wilson, A. M., 1978 
Wilson, N., 1957 

Wirth, W. W., 1945 
Wolfe, G. W., 1977 
Wood, F. E., 1968 
Wood, T. K., 1974 
Yonke; TR, 1971 
Young, D. A., Jr., 1950 
Zenner, Polania, I., 1977 
Zimmerman, E. C., 1965 
Zungoli, P. A., 1978 
Zuska, J., 1974 


an 


Emeritus Members 


Gibson, E. H. (1916; 1965) 

Hatch, M. H. (1921; 1975) 

James, M. T. (1942; 1972) 

Knowlton, G. F. (1935; 
1973) 

McGovran, E. R. (1937; 
1973) 


Mason, H. C. (1949; 1973) 

Mitchell, R. T. (1949; 1978) 

Munson, S. C. (1938; 1976) 

Parker, H. L. (before 1918; 
1963) 

Rainwater, C. F. (1954; 
1975) 


12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Richardson, H. H. (1939; 
1976) 

Spilman, R. E. (1950; 1977) 

Swartzwelder, E. B. (1948; 
1974) 

Woke, P. A. (1936; 1976) 


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Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


CONTENTS 


(Continued from front cover) 


KROMBEIN, K. V.—Biosystematic studies of Ceylonese wasps, VI. Notes on the 
Sclerogibbidae with descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoi- 
7c EEN RE RE EC Sroka eC it co AO ORMONDE To On cleo Hence Hdames nn ae nent 


LAVIGNE, R. J. and D. S. DENNIS.—Notes on the ethology of Proctacanthus nearno 
(Diptera: Asilidat) in) Mexico! Gin cr wen ccs sani «beep ce ore ieee nities 


MCCAFFERTY, W. P.—Variants of Hexagenia s.s. species affecting subgeneric diag- 
nosis: (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae)) 2. atau. ass os ace eens oe ome eee 


O'BRIEN, M. F. and F. E. KURCZEWSKI.—Observations on the nesting behavior of 
Alysson conicus Provancher (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) ..................-+e00e- 


REICHART, C. V.—A new Anisops from Kenya (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) ......... 


SCARBROUGH, A. G.—Predatory behavior and prey of Diogmites missouriensis 
Bromley inyArkansas (Diptera: Asilidae)) i212 cco te\s sioseeisnoegeieneticdate seme nner 


STEYSKAL, G. C.—Biological, anatomical, and distributional notes on the genus Cal- 
lopistromyia Hendel (Diptera? Otitidae): -). 5... coe eode 2s a sss eae aren | eee 


SUMMERS, F. M. and R. O. SCHUSTER.—Revision of Acrotocarus Banks (Acari: 
Canes trim ae) ck, < fiscihes 5 os cies arse crates sieve Gia Seen ale oe cad $i citrs cas eaoic essa REAR TO RRR 


WHITE, T. R., P. H. CARLSON, and R. C. FOX.—Emergence patterns of fall and 
winter stoneflies (Plecoptera: Filipalpia) in northwestern South Carolina .......... 


WIRTH W. W. and Y. WADA.—Two new species of the genus Camptopterohelea 
Wirth and Hubert from southeast Asia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) ............... 


_ NOTES: 


- JOHNSON, M. D.—Some notes on two species of stelidine bees from Indiana (Hymen- 
opterat/Megachilidae)) 1s i:25 desssc-clerateccre eis oy scazavsicte siesacens “ost chs) euslo eunvalts, sar bye/avere ares 


STEYSKAL, G. C.—Lutzomyia vexator (Coquillett), the correct designation for Lutzo- 
mytasvexatrix, of authors (Diptera: Psychodidae)\. <2 si: .)..2 sess acco rns eee 


WHEELER, A. G., JR.—Further spread of the Palearctic Berytinus minor in North 
Amerca (Hemiptera: Berytidae).c0i4.. hoes. cure ce cs eecsttar ive Sc meerer ate rene 


MEMBERSHIP EIST OR TEES @ CUBAN ei olisrcteteratscyesietetete sralewerraneneraeae eee aerate 
1 END) RO) aisha CO Bl Dees niche ecinases A PoN eile NORA Mimi aCnicht dn ice oaiO RCs sae. dhiio colle. 


465 


438 
443 


435 
447 


391 
450 
475 
379 


345 


505 


VUL. O11 VL LUDLIN 14D 1 


. 706 ie (ISSN 0013-8797) 


' PROCEEDINGS 


of the 


NTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
ot WASHINGTON 


DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20560 


PUBLISHED. QUARTERLY 


Kat \ besa FAL; 
SAN THSON 
f / : ib 


\ 
CONTENTS *» 


~ i ISK Ly v4 ' . 
BARROWS, E. M.—Polistes wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Show=interferénee com- 


petition with other insects for Kermes scale insect (Homoptera: Kermesidae) se- 
eretvionS:s. : <4): die Gite ta SiS Coa lc Eee aC a oe es rg 570 


CARLSON, R. W.—The correct name for Theroscopus micator of authors (Hymenop- 
FOG a CHMEUMNTTONIGAL Rie ro itt oa oe ore clic) esis. 3 oeieswasuale sa fs mvedeie)s iaseeanes.4\8 aie selene eremenese 588 


CERMELI L., M. and C. F. SMITH—Keys to species of the genus Picturaphis 
(Homoptera: Aphididae) with descriptions of new species ............ 0.00000 e eee 611 


COCHRAN, D. G.—A method for rearing the sand cockroach, Arenivaga ton- 
Kawa (Micky Optena: POLY PMARIGAGC))%, 2 <cser. cs. c-2 cons ccs yeeetc 6 4 ci elas cious Ss consovals oie si at aleurone 580 


FLINT, JR., O. S. and J. BUENO-SORIA—Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XXIV. 
The genus Macronema in Mesoamerica (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)........... 522 


FROESCHNER, R. C.—Heteroptera in an oft-overlooked paper of P. R. Uhler 
ELEM PLLA) pep tetere ae tohe hie vee ee testes cia ie ie feet aekcie arate, Sia ope wie maatolig Oris toasters wo ete abeysteae 653 


GORDH, G. and R. HENDRICKSON, JR.—New species of Diglyphus, a world list of 
the species, taxonomic notes and a key to New World species of Diglyphus and 
Diaulinopsis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)... 5... 2... 0.0.0 eee cape ee oe cee oes aie ore 666 


HAMBLETON, E. J.—Rhizoecus mealybugs of Texas, with description of a new species 
GHOMOpPleras PSCUGOCOCCIGAC) ertess- aie este, te ce, oes os cele oy Srevons, lacie i auenalersi)ais 4/5 21a, Sia) ele lel 650 


HENRY, T. J.—Review of the New World species of Myiomma with descriptions of 
eight new species (Hemiptera: Miridae: Isometopinae) ............0002 eens eens 552 


(Continued on back cover) 


THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
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ORGANIZED MARCH 12, 1884 


OFFICERS FOR 1979 


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PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 513-521 


LARVAE AND PUPAE OF CENTRONOPUS CALCARATUS AND 
CENTRONOPUS SUPPRESSUS (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE), 
WITH AN ESSAY ON WING DEVELOPMENT IN PUPAE 


T. J. SPILMAN 


Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. 
Admin., USDA, % U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, 
D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—The larvae and pupae of Centronopus calcaratus (Fabricius) 
from eastern United States and Canada and C. suppressus (Say) from Mex- 
ico are described and illustrated, and a determination key is provided. Adult 
wing length and pupal wing sheath length are studied and correlated. A 
short pupal wing sheath in a species indicates widespread winglessness in 
adults of the higher taxon. 


The genus Centronopus Solier, a member of the Tenebrionini, contains 
10 species, all found in the Western Hemisphere under bark of logs. I re- 
viewed the species recently (1962:1—19) but, except for a few host records 
of larvae, discussed only adults. Prior to my review the genus was usually 
known by the generic name Scotobates. Until now only the species C. 
calcaratus (Fabricius), from the eastern United States and Canada, was 
known in the larval and pupal stages. St. George (1924:11) included Cen- 
tronopus (=Scotobates) based only on calcaratus, in his key to the North 
American larvae of the Tenebrionini, then called Tenebrioninae; he illus- 
trated (Figs. 45-48) the hypopharyngeal sclerome, the prothoracic and 
mesothoracic legs, and the apex of the abdomen of C. calcaratus. Craighead 
(1950:217) included the genus, based on C. calcaratus, in a key to the larvae 
of the more common wood- and fungus-infesting Tenebrionidae in the east- 
ern United States; he presented (Fig. 45D) a lateral view photograph of the 
larva. Daggy (1947:259) included Centronopus (=Scotobates) calcaratus in 
his key to the pupae of the Tenebrionidae of Indiana, illustrating (Pl. 3, Fig. 
13) a lateral abdominal process. 

The immature stages of another species, Centronopus suppressus (Say), 
have come to light. In the Museum of Comparative Zoology this species 1s 
represented by two larvae, two pupae, and two adults, collected together 
under bark of Pinus sp., 10 miles south of Las Vigas, Veracruz, Mexico, 


514 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


SUPPRESSUS CALCARATUS 


3 YOUNG 
Py WE sess a \ ic LARVA 
pi ey me sces 
. r L i 
Ee 2 
/, ; \ J) a. =k A 
/ : = \ |e = j MATURE 
eal Nz | : ya LARVA 
a Naue — [. / 
\ ROT? on "iy : Se 4 
4 a 


Figs. 1-6. Centronopus suppressus, larva. 1, Apex of abdomen of young larva, dorsal 
view. 2, Same, lateral view. 3, Apex of abdomen of mature larva, dorsal view. 4, Same. 
lateral view. 5, Second and third abdominal segments, lateral view. 6, Same, dorsal view. 
Fig. 7. Centronopus suppressus, pupa, third lateral abdominal process, dorsal view. 

Figs. 8-12. Centronopus calcaratus, larva. 8, Apex of abdomen of young larva, dorsal 
view. 9, Same, lateral view. 10, Apex of abdomen of mature larva, dorsal view. 11, Same. 
lateral view. 12, Second and third abdominal segments, dorsal view. Figs. 13-14. Centronopus 
calcaratus, pupa. 13, Third lateral abdominal process, dorsal view. 14, Same. diagram for 
measurements, W—width, L—length. 


at 10,000 feet, on 15 July 1971, by A. Newton. The adults were determined 
by me: the larvae and pupae were easily determined to belong to Centron- 
opus by using the keys mentioned and were then assumed to be C. SUp- 
pressus because of their association with the adults. (The following Mexican 
localities, from specimens in the Ohio State University Collection, can be 
added to the known distribution of C. suppressus: Puebla: Xometla, | mi 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 Dy)I5) 


E of Chalchicomula, 8000 ft, pineland, base of Orizaba. Veracruz: 11 mi 
NE of Perote, pineland at 7000 ft; 11 mi N of Perote, 8000 ft; 2-3 mi W of 
Acultzingo, 7000 ft: 1 mi N of Fortin, in banana grove; Jalapa. The following 
are in the California Insect Survey Collection at Berkeley: Veracruz: 15 mi 
W of Jalapa, 7600 ft; 8 km SE of Las Vigas, 2200 m, under bark Pinus: 5 
km SW of Las Vigas, 2440 m, ex Quercus stumps; 5 mi SE of Las Vigas, 
7500 ft; 18 km SE of Las Vigas, 2200 m, under bark Quercus.) 

According to my classification of adults (1962), the genus is composed of 
two subgenera, Centronopus (including C. suppressus) and Menechides 
Motschulsky (including C. calcaratus). Until larvae and pupae of additional 
species are described, it is impossible to determine if differences are of 
subgeneric or only of specific rank. At present these characteristics can be 
used only to differentiate species, not to classify. 


KEY TO LARVAE OF CENTRONOPUS 


Anterior abdominal terga with coarse punctures dense on anterior 43 
but sparse or absent on posterior 74 (Fig. 6). Seta present dorso- 
posteriorly to spiracle and dorsal to lateral line on abdominal seg- 
ments |—2 but absent on segments 3-8 (Fig. 5) ..... suppressus (Say) 
Anterior abdominal terga with coarse punctures dense on anterior 74 
(Fig. 12). Seta present dorsoposteriorly to spiracle and dorsal to 
lateral line on abdominal segments 1-8 ........ calcaratus (Fabricius) 


The presence of two large, simple, sharp urogomphi and many coarse 
punctures on the 9th abdominal tergum are characteristic for Centronopus. 
The size of these urogomphi varies both ontogenetically and interspecifically 
in the genus. In both species the urogomphi are relatively slenderer and 
longer in younger instars than in older instars (Figs. 1-4, 8-11). The inter- 
specific differences, given below, are not used in the determination key 
because of ontogenetic variation. 

Larvae of this genus do not have on the thoracic and abdominal terga the 
transverse anterior sulcus that is present on many tenebrionid larvae; this 
sulcus is usually sharply margined anteriorly but not margined posteriorly. 
Nevertheless, the meso- and metathoracic terga and anterior abdominal ter- 
ga have a weak transverse depression; the coarse punctures are usually 
denser in the depression than on the remainder of the tergum. 

Larvae of C. suppressus.—Prothoracic tergum without coarse punctures; 
meso- and metathoracic terga and anterior abdominal terga with coarse 
punctures dense on anterior “3 but sparse or absent on posterior 73 (Fig. 6), 
then coarse punctures becoming denser on posterior 73 on posterior terga 
until quite dense on terga 6-8: tergum 9 with coarse punctures dense on 
base, very sparse between urogomphi, and absent on urogomphi (Figs. I- 
4). Punctures finer and pigmentation surrounding punctures less extensive 


516 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


than in C. calcaratus. Dorsoposteriorly to each spiracle and dorsal to lateral 
line a seta is present on abdominal segments 1-2 but absent on segments 3- 
8 (Fig. 5). Urogomphi (Figs. 1-4) stouter and shorter than in a comparable 
instar in C. calcaratus; each urogomphus with a few transverse wrinkles 
accompanying setiferous punctures. 

Larva of C. calcaratus.—Thoracic and abdominal terga with coarse punc- 
tures dense on anterior 7 (Fig. 12); punctures slightly denser on anterior 4 
on all but prothoracic and 9th abdominal terga; punctures unevenly distrib- 
uted on posterior area, leaving a few bare spots; tergum 9 with coarse 
punctures dense on entire surface and extending onto bases of urogomphi. 
Punctures coarser and pigmentation surrounding punctures more extensive 
than in C. suppressus. Dorsoposteriorly to each spiracle and dorsal to lateral 
line a seta is present on abdominal segments 1-8. Urogomphi (Figs. 8-11) 
slenderer and longer than in a comparable instar in C. suppressus; each 
urogomphus smooth except for punctures. 


KEY TO PUPAE OF CENTRONOPUS 


Lateral abdominal process excurved on medial area of posterior border 
(Fig. 7); processes relatively narrow, for example, width of 3rd pro- 
cess 27% of length: posterior border of pronotum incurved ....... 

FE ae MEE Ne TT ewan Phe eee ce eae SS “pam suppressus (Say) 

Lateral abdominal process incurved on medial area of posterior border 
(Fig. 13): process relatively broad, for example, width of 3rd process 
34% of length: posterior border of pronotum bisinuate ........... 

SRD ae len Mit Sarid seit Ad 2 eh seme eee koh wae calcaratus (Fabricius) 


Measurements of the lateral abdominal processes are made as follows 
(Fig. 14): Width is measured along an imaginary line (W), perpendicular to 
the longitudinal axis of body, from medial end of sclerotized anterior edge 
of process to lateral edge; length is measured along imaginary line (L), 
parallel to longitudinal axis of body, at middle of width (W), from anterior 
edge of process to posterior edge. 

The key is adequate for separation of species; formal descriptions are not 
given. The size, number, and distribution of tubercles on lateral abdominal 
processes (Figs. 7, 13) are variable and should not be used for identification. 

In Centronopus, as in other insects with exarate pupae, many adult char- 
acteristics of shape can be seen on the pupa—I do not mean here the adult 
which can often be seen inside of and through the pupal skin—but small 
details like punctation, setation, color, and even larger features that might 
be distorted by pupal habitus cannot usually be seen on the pupa. In the 
two species under consideration the small specific adult differences cannot 
be seen in the pupae, but two of the four subgeneric differences are appar- 
ent. The adults of Centronopus are grouped into two subgenera by the 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 Sl 


following: Centronopus (with C. suppressus): 1—posterior pronotal border 
incurved, 2—metathoracic wings short and spatulate, hereafter called bra- 
chypterous, 3—metasternum short, 4—elytra narrow at base and humeri 
rounded; Menechides (with C. calcaratus); 1—posterior pronotal border 
bisinuate, 2—metathoracic wings long and broad, hereafter called winged, 
3—metasternum long, 4—elytra broad at base and humeri subangulate. (In- 
cidentally, the last three characteristics could actually be considered as one 
because they usually occur together in brachypterous and wingless Tene- 
brionidae and many other Coleoptera. Though the elytra must be lifted if 
one is to be certain of the presence of wings, a prediction of brachyptery 
or winglessness usually can be made on the basis of length of metasternum 
and width of elytral base.) As to the presence of subgeneric structures in 
these pupae, the first and third can be seen on the pupa, the fourth cannot 
be seen on the pupa because the mesothoracic wing sheaths are quite narrow 
and curved around the side of the body, and the second can be seen in part 
on the pupa. This last mentioned, the condition of the mesothoracic wing 
sheaths of the pupae, is discussed in the following essay. 


WING DEVELOPMENT IN PUPAE 


Beetles with long elytra and long wings have in their pupal stage long 
elytral sheaths and long wing sheaths. The long elytra and wings of the adult 
fill the cavities of the pupal sheaths. That is the condition in the pupa of 
Centronopus (Menechides) calcaratus, a fully winged species. On the other 
hand, in the pupa of Centronopus (Centronopus) suppressus, a brachyp- 
terous species, the wing sheath is long, even though the short spatulate 
adult wing fills only a small part of the wing sheath. It would seem, at first 
glance, that a short pupal wing sheath would have developed. 

In an excellent study on the structure and development of flightless Co- 
leoptera by Smith (1964) and an earlier study on rudimentary wings by 
Waddington (1942) the morphological description of the development of 
various conditions of wings in the Ptinidae helps toward an understanding 
of the wings of Centronopus. From Smith it can be inferred that in the 
Ptinidae the condition of adult wing development [completely formed, re- 
duced (brachypterous), or absent] proceeds in five different ways by the 
development in the larva of the imaginal discs and/or by the development 
in the pupa of the adult wing within the wing sheath. (1) In a fully winged 
species the wing develops from a fully-developed imaginal disc, becomes a 
large wing in a large pupal wing sheath, and develops normally in that 
sheath. (2) In a brachypterous species the wing develops from a large imag- 
inal disc, becomes a large wing in a large pupal wing sheath, and finally 
degenerates to less than full size in the sheath; or (3) in a brachypterous 
species the wing develops from a small imaginal disc, becomes a small wing 


518 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


in a small pupal wing sheath, and degenerates to an even smaller wing in 
the sheath. (4) In a completely wingless species the wing develops from a 
tiny imaginal disc, becomes a tiny wing in a very small pupal wing sheath, 
and degenerates completely in the sheath; or (5) in a wingless species the 
wing is absent in the pupa because of the absence of an imaginal disc in the 
larva and the pupal wing sheath is absent. Undoubtedly the condition of the 
adult wing and pupal wing sheath in Centronopus calcaratus corresponds 
to the first condition described by Smith in the Ptinidae and that of Cen- 
tronopus suppressus to the second condition. 

My observation of pupal wing sheaths of Centronopus and the article by 
Smith led me to wonder about the pupae of other wingless or brachypterous 
tenebrionids. In beetles with fully-developed elytra and wings, the wing 
sheath is as long as the elytral sheath, so I have given the length of the 
pupal wing sheath as compared with the length of the elytral sheath. Mer- 
acantha contracta (Palisot) (Meracanthini) has the pupal wing sheath similar 
in length, shape, and thickness to the elytral sheath; and the adult wing is 
very short and spatulate. Eleodes sp. (Eleodini), Blaps polychresta (For- 
skal) (Blaptini), and Zopherus nodulosus haldemani Horn (Zopherini) have 
pupal wing sheaths approximately two-thirds the length of, narrower than, 
and much thinner than the elytral sheaths; species of Eleodes and the other 
two known species have adult wings that are very short and spatulate. 
Asidopsis sp. (Asidini) has the pupal wing sheath approximately one-third 
the length of, as broad as, and much thinner than the elytral sheath; and 
the adult wing is absent in the genus. To be sure, the sample studied is very 
small for a family the size of the Tenebrionidae; the reason, of course, 1s 
that pupae of beetles are seldom collected and preserved. 

Wing sheaths of pupae of other families of beetles that were examined 
were measured in the same way. The following data represent five types of 
pupal wing sheaths and adult wings: the numbering system is not compa- 
rable to that given in my discussion of Smith's findings. 1—The pupal wing 
Sheath is long, and the adult wing is spatulate (Fig. 16): Curculionidae: 
Trachyphloeus sp. (Otiorhynchinae, Trachyphloeini), Nemocestes sp. 
(Otiorhynchinae, Peritelini), Graphognathus sp. (Brachyderinae, Naupac- 
tini), Epicaerus aurifer Boheman (Brachyderinae, Barynotini), Calomycte- 
rus setarius Roelofs (Eremninae, Cyphicerini), Dyslobus alepidotus Ting 
(Leptopiinae, Leptopiini); Carabidae: Carabus nemoralis Muller (Carabi- 
nae, Carabini). 2—The pupal wing sheath is short, and the adult wing is 
short (Fig. 17): Curculionidae: Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) and O. ovatus 
(L.) (Otiorhynchinae, Otiorhynchini). 3—The pupal wing sheath is short, 
and the adult wing is very short (Fig. 18): Curculionidae: Premnotrypes 
solani Pierce (Septopiinae, Premotrypini). 4—The pupal wing sheath 1s very 
short, and the adult wing is absent (Fig. 19): Curculionidae: Pseuwdocneo- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 519 


——— SS SE eS 
MESOTHORAX ) ») » 
METATHORAX ; ee ») ) s fi } oa ) *) / 
15 16 7 18 ig 20 
_____ PUPAL SKIN wee ADULT IN PUPAL SKIN 


Figs. 15-20. Diagrammatic scheme of pupal wing sheaths of beetles, showing length of 
reso- and metathoracic adult wings and pupal sheaths; mesothoracic wings and sheaths long 
1 all cases; metathoracic wings and sheaths. 15, Adult long, pupa long. 16, Adult short, pupa 
yng. 17, Adult short, pupa short. 18, Adult very short, pupa short. 19, Adult absent, pupa 
ery short. 20, Adult absent, pupa absent. 


hinus bifasciatus Roelofs (Eremninae, Cyphicerini); Salpingidae: Aegialites 
alifornicus (Motsch.) (Aegialitinae). 5—The pupal wing sheath 1s absent, 
ind the adult wing is absent (Fig. 20): Curculionidae: Brachycerus albiden- 
atus Gyll. (Brachycerinae, Brachycerini). Again, the sample 1s small, but 
some speculations on the occurrence of short or absent pupal wing sheaths 
ire possible. In the Ptinidae described by Smith (1964) and in the Tenebrion- 
dae and many of the other groups described by me, the short or absent 
pupal wing sheath occurs in those subfamilies or tribes in which brachyptery 
or winglessness Is very widespread or total, as in the Gibbinae of the Ptin- 
idae and in the Eleodini and Asidini of the Tenebrionidae. On the other 
hand, the long pupal wing sheath and brachyptery occur in those subfamilies 
or tribes in which brachyptery 1s infrequent, such as the Tenebrionini (Cen- 
tronopus) and Meracanthini of the Tenebrionidae and the Carabini of the 
Carabidae. 

Thus, if the adult beetle is brachypterous or wingless, one might predict 
from the length of the pupal wing sheath the approximate frequency of 
brachyptery or winglessness in the group to which the species belongs. 
More succinctly, in the case of wingless adults, a short or absent wing 
sheath indicates widespread winglessness in the higher group, such as tribe 
or subfamily, and a long pupal sheath indicates occasional winglessness. 
Briefly, in a brachypterous or apterous species the length of the pupal wing 
sheath is correlated with the frequency of winglessness within the higher 
taxa. 

How does this phenomenon exhibit itself, if at all, in other kinds of wing- 
lessness? In beetles the tribe Necydalini of the Cerambycidae is a good 
starting point: adults of this tribe, like those of the Staphylinidae, have the 
elytra very short and the wings long. The pupa of Ulochaetes leoninus 


520 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


L.eConte has short elytral sheaths. This is not surprising, for the adult char- 
acteristic of short elytra is found throughout the tribe. 

Intraspecific wing polymorphism was considered; I had only two kinds 
before me. The first concerns the caste system of ants, wherein most species 
have winged adult sexual forms and completely wingless adult workers. 
Pupae of both castes of Camponotus conspicuus (F. Smith) (Formicidae) 
were examined; the sexual form had two pairs of fully developed wing 
sheaths and the worker had absolutely no wing sheaths. This was to be 
expected because this kind of winglessness is widespread in ants. The sec- 
ond type concerns both sexual and temporal wing polymorphism. In the 
caddisfly Dolophilodes distinctus (Walker) (Philopotamidae) females that 
emerge in winter and spring are almost wingless, having both pairs of wings 
very small or atrophied. Females in other parts of the year, like males 
throughout the year, are fully winged. The pupae of winter and spring fe- 
males have both pairs of wing sheaths almost as long as those of fully winged 
forms; inside these wing sheaths can be seen the very small adult wings. 
This condition in the pupa is as expected; temporal adult polymorphism, 
evidentally an exception to the rule, has not greatly altered the pupal wing | 
sheaths. 

One might reason that a species having a brachypterous adult and a pupa | 
with short wing sheaths is more efficient than a species having a brachyp- 
terous adult and a pupa with long wing sheaths. The development of a long 
wing in the pupa and then its subsequent degeneration into a short wing 
seems to be inefficient. The extra energy needed to form the unnecessary 
long wing and long sheath is wasted. It therefore seems obvious that selec- 
tion would favor short pupal wing sheaths in a brachypterous species. If a 
taxon had evolved from the fully winged adult condition to the brachypter- 
ous or wingless condition far in the past, it would have had time to eliminate 
the development-degeneration phase of the adult wing in the pupal stage 
and to eliminate the long pupal sheath. If, on the other hand, a taxon had 
evolved from the fully winged condition to the brachypterous or wingless 
condition rather recently, it would not have had time to eliminate the de- 
velopment-degeneration phase of the adult wing in the pupal stage and 
would retain the long pupal sheath. 

The above is only a preliminary investigation. Many other forms of wing- 
lessness in the Holometabola should be studied. Perhaps such studies could 
indicate whether or not a wingless condition was developed recently or far 
in the past. Other reduced or absent appendages or structures in insects 
should be observed in the pupal stage. The four-footed butterflies (Nym- 
phalidae) come to mind: the prothoracic legs of the adult are much reduced. 
I’m sure many other possible fields of investigation could be suggested by 
other systematists and morphologists. In addition, we need to know the 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 5 


bo 


effect on the pupa of genetic manipulation, such as that done on Drosophila 
and Tribolium. Finally, it follows that an investigation into the genetic con- 
trol of pupal wing sheath and adult wing development is needed; is it gov- 
erned by a single gene working in a simple Mendelian fashion, or how? 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

I thank John F. Lawrence of the Museum of Comparative Zoology for 
allowing me to study specimens of Centronopus suppressus. Many of my 
Washington colleagues have helped with the wing development study, es- 
pecially O. S. Flint, Jr., D. R. Smith, R. E. Warner-Spilman, and most 
especially T. L. Erwin and D. R. Whitehead. D. S. Smith of the University 
of Miami (Florida) and J. T. Doyen of the University of California (Berkeley) 
were very helpful in reading my manuscript. Nevertheless, all errors of fact, 
judgement, or opinion are to be credited me. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Craighead, F. C. 1950. Insect enemies of eastern forests. U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. No. 
657: 1-679. 

Daggy. T. 1947. Notes on the ecology and taxonomy of certain pupae of the family Tene- 
brionidae (Coleoptera). Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 56:253—260. 

St. George, R. A. 1924. Studies on the larvae of North American beetles of the subfamily 
Tenebrioninae with a description of the larva and pupa of Merinus laevis (Olivier). Proc. 
U.S. Natl. Mus. 65:1-22. 

Smith, D. S. 1964. The structure and development of flightless Coleoptera: A light and electron 
microscopic study of the wings, thoracic exoskeleton and rudimentary flight muscula- 
ture. J. Morphol. 114:107-183. 

Spilman, T. J. 1962. The New World genus Centronopus, with new generic synonymy and 
a new species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 88:1-19. 
Waddington, C. H. 1942. The development of rudimentary wings in Prinus tectus Boield. 

(Coleoptera: Family Ptinidae). Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 112, Ser. A: 13-20. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 522-535 


STUDIES OF NEOTROPICAL CADDISFLIES, XXIV. 
THE GENUS MACRONEMA IN MESOAMERICA 
(TRICHOPTERA: HYDROPSY CHIDAE) 


OLIVER S. FLINT, JR. AND JOAQUIN BUENO-SORIA 


(OSF) Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 
D.C. 20560; and (JB) Instituto de Biologia, U.N.A.M., Apartado Postal 70- 
[53y Mexico 20, DAF: 


Abstract.—Five species of Macronema are reported from Mexico and 
Central America. Three, M. burmeisteri Banks, M. chalybeoides Ulmer, 
and M. ulmeri Banks were previously known; but two, M. luteipenne and 
M. variipenne are described as new. Distributions and illustrations of the 
genitalia and wings are given. The Neotropical species of the genus Mac- 
ronema are divided into the Ayalinum and percitans groups. 


The genus Macronema as presently defined is almost worldwide in dis- 
tribution. Only the Holarctic Region of Europe and Asia appears to be 
without any representatives of the genus. Southern Africa, Sundaland, and 
South America, however, appear to be centers of diversity. 

Mexico and Central America do not have either a very large nor diverse 
fauna in comparison to South America, although it is distinctly more diverse 
than is the North American fauna. Up to now five species, of which two 
are herein described as new, have been taken in this area, as compared to 
three in eastern North America, two in the Greater Antilles, and over three 
dozen in South America. Two of the Mesoamerican species, M. u/meri and 
M. burmeisteri, appear to be broadly distributed in northern South America, 
reaching their northernmost limits in southern Central America. The two 
new species, M. variipenne and M. luteipenne, appear to be primarily 
Mesoamerican species, being distributed from Mexico south throughout 
Central America and into northern South America. The fifth species, M. 
chalybeoides, is known only from a single old collection made in Cuerna- 
vaca, Mexico: and thus it may be either narrowly endemic or perhaps follow 
all or part of the pattern of the last two species. 

Adults of the species herein treated only rarely come to lights at night, 
and most of those that do so are females or teneral specimens. They are 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 523 


most frequently found on sunny days, resting on foliage over the stream or 
flying in small groups in the bright sunlight. 
We have neither taken nor seen any larvae from Mesoamerica that are 


assuredly of this genus. We do have a few unassociated larvae of the type 


described by Marlier (1964:122) under the name Centromacronema. How- 
ever, since there is still no firm association between larval and adult stages 
for these larvae, there is always the slight chance that these are in fact 
larvae of species in the percitans group of Macronema. The larvae of M. ul- 
meri were described by Marlier (1964:136) under the name M. siolii. These 
are typical Macronema larvae with a carina around the front of the head. 
Macronema ulmeri, however, belongs to a very distinct section of the genus; 
and the larvae may appear quite different from larvae of the percitans group. 

The material here reported upon is from many collections, abbreviated as 
follows: AMNH—American Museum of Natural History, New York: BM— 
British Museum (Natural History), London; MCZ—Museum of Compara- 
tive Zoology, Cambridge; NMW—Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vien- 
na; UCR—University of California, Riverside; UM—University of Michi- 
gan, Ann Arbor; UNAM—Universidad Nacional Autonomia de Mexico, 
Mexico City; and USNM—National Museum of Natural History, Washing- 
ton; D.C. 


KEY TO SPECIES OF MACRONEMA 


1. Forewing membrane with a strongly contrasting pattern of dark 
DRO Witecmaehny AMS) Os. REN AAS ds jatrers ater al ae ele cca hes ulmert Banks 
— Forewing without a strongly contrasting pattern in membrane, colors 
SEME HAMA CLE ODS CAlES Hwan red bits Bui fay Seri oe ahs eee ails tae o oO Atel Saenger 2 
Forewing unicolorous fuscous; head orange ...... chalybeoides Ulmer 
— Forewing generally with a pattern of marking in apical 42, or, if 
unicolorous, pale golden: head brown or yellow brown with green 
AY AVGl STN STE UPN ES Mae Gotan Soke tee nao Gc Ate Poe ee Se ners rect ree 3 
3. Forewing brown with a transverse whitish band apically.......... 
se ab 08s CLO ee Oy DATE eT Pee eT ERIS Cee er as ae burmeisteri Banks 
— Forewing either almost unicolorous pale golden, or with basal 2 
greenawithaapex. mottledsbrown andsgold: . i: od acjslae. sd dou). Gon oh ee 4 
4. Male aedeagus with apicolateral processes borne from near ventral 
margin and pointed apically; forewing generally with apex strongly 
maculate and contrasting with green base, rarely uniformly golden 
Sereda cue. cele eet OY. ES Vee tena B re I. sweuhes be Ly, varlipenne, new species 
Male aedeagus with apicolateral process borne from near center, 
rounded apically; forewings with apex only indistinctly maculate and 
not contrasting with golden basal region ..... lutcipenne, new species 


ii) 


524 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


The hyalinum Group 


There is a group of species, here called the Ayalinum group, which are 
united by the coloration of the forewings and general form of the male 
genitalia. The coloration of the forewings is due primarily to the strongly 
contrasting pattern in the wing membrane, and this pattern is rather gen- 
erally spread over the entire wings rather than limited to the apical half. The 
male genitalia, of those species whose genitalia are known, tend to be very 
similar, with a two-segmented clasper, elongate, simple, tenth tergum, and 
elongate, simple, apically bulbous aedeagus. 

To this group the following species belong: Macronema arcuatum Erich., 
M. braueri Bks., M. erichsoni Bks., M. hyalinum (Pict.), M. maculatum 
Perty, M. negrense Flint, M. santaeritae Ulm., M. surinamense Flint, M. 
tuberosum Ulm., M. ulmeri Bks., and possibly others too imperfectly 
known to place with certainty. The majority of species in other regions of 
the world (certainly the three from eastern North America) appear to belong 
to this group. 


Macronema ulmeri Banks 
Figs sls 2922 
Macronema hyalinum Pict., var. Ulmer, 1907b:76; 1913:395. Martynov, 
1912:20. 
Macronema ulmeri Banks, 1913:237. Fischer, 1963:199. Flint, 1967:11; 
1974:107; 1978:388. 
Macronema siolii Marler, 1964:136. Flint, 1978:388. 


This is a widespread species throughout southern Central America and 
northern South America. It was recorded by Flint (1978) from Honduras, 
Costa Rica, and Panama without detailed locality, as well as from Colombia, 
Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Surinam, and Brazil. 

The immature stages were described by Marlier (1964) under the name 
M. siolti Marlier. 

Material— HONDURAS, ATLANTIDA: Tela, Dakota Farm, 19 May 1923, 
T. H. Hubbell, | 2 (UM). COSTA RICA: Pedregoso (Prov. unknown), 
Feb., 2100 ft, D. L. Rounds, | 2 (MCZ). PUNTARENAS: Esquinas near 
Golfito, P. & D. Allen, | 2 (MCZ). Limon: Guapiles, 6 July 67, M. J. 
Westfall, 3 d (USNM). PANAMA: Bocas DEL Toro: Rio Changena, 2400 
ft, 16 & 20 Sept. 1961, G. B. Fairchild, 2 6 (MCZ & USNM). CHiRIQUI: 
Volcan de Chiriqui, 25—4000 ft, Champion, 7 6 (BM & MCZ). Coc Le: EI 
Valle, 20 May, G. B. Fairchild, 1 ¢6 (MCZ). CANAL ZONE: Barro Colorado 
Island, 7 Jan. 1929, C. H. Curran, | ¢6 (AMNH); same, but 18 Jan. 1935, 
M. Bates, | 6 (MCZ); same, but 12 Mar. 1967, M. E. Irwin, 636, 22 (UCR 
& USNM); same, but 23 July 1924, N. Banks, | 2 (MCZ). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 525 


Fig. 1. Partial distribution of Macronema ulmeri. 


The percitans Group 


The second major grouping of Neotropical Macronema species 1s hereby 
called the percitans group. In this group the head and thorax dorsally and 
the basal half or two-thirds of the forewing are covered by small emerald 
green scales, which region is usually bounded laterally by a band of silvery- 
white scales. On the forewing the green basal area is bounded outwardly by 
a band of contrasting color with the apex variously mottled. All of this 
coloration is due basically to small scales or hairs, with only a minor con- 
tribution from the underlying membrane. In this group the male genitalia 
are quite varied: but the claspers appear to be undivided, the tenth tergum 
is shorter and often bears lobes and process, as does the apex of the ae- 
deagus. 

To this group belong M. argentilineatum Ulm., M. burmeisteri Bks., M. 
exophthalmum Flint, M. fragile Bks., M. gundlachi Bks., M. hageni Bks., 
M. lachlani Bks., M. matthewsi Flint, M. muelleri Bks., M. pennyi Flint, 
M. percitans Walk., M. pertyi Bks., M. picteli Bks., M. reinburgt Nav., 
and the two new species described herein, M. variipenne and M., luteipenne. 


526 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 2. Maconema ulmeri, male genitalia, lateral. Figs. 3-5. Macronema burmeisteri. 3, 
Male genitalia, lateral. 4, Aedeagus, lateral. 5, Tip of aedeagus, dorsal. Figs. 6-8. Macronema 
chalybeoides. 6, Male genitalia, dorsal. 7, Same, lateral. 8, Tip of aedeagus, ventral. 


M. amazonense Flint, M. bifidum Flint, M. fraternum Bks., and M. pali- 
ferum Flint appear to form a well defined subgroup of the percitans group 
as noted previously (Flint 1978:403). In addition there are a number of other 
species that will probably have to be placed here when they are better 
known. In contrast to the hyalinum group which appears to have represen- 
tatives in other regions of the world, there does not appear to be any certain 
representatives of this group outside of the Neotropical Region. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 527 


@ BURMEISTERI 


| 18 | 


no 105 100 


Fig. 9. Partial distribution of Macronema burmeisteri. 


Macronema burmeisteri Banks 
Figs. 3-5, 9, 23 


Macronema burmeisteri Banks, 1924:452. Fischer, 1963:178. Flint, 1967:9; 
1978:393. 


Macronema burmeisteri is known from Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. How- 
ever, We are identifying these few specimens from Central America as M. 
burmeisteri, albeit with some hesitation. The typical M. burmeisteri from 
the Amazon Basin has more darkly colored forewings with the subterminal 
band a bright golden yellow. These examples have the basal region of the 
forewing shading from paler to darker brown at the pale subterminal band 
which is stramineous in color. However, the pattern of spots along the costal 
margin and the male genitalia apparently are identical in all examples. The 
photo of the wings and drawing of the male genitalia are from the Pana- 
manian male. 

Material—_NICARAGUA, CHONTALES: Puente Quinama, east of Villa 
Somoza, 29 July 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr., 1 2 (USNM). PANAMA, PANAMa~: 
La Chorrera, May 12, August Busck, 1 6, 1 2 (USNM). 


528 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


@VARIIPENNE 


Fig. 10. Distribution of Macronema variipenne. 


Macronema variipenne Flint and Bueno, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 10, 11-15, 24-27 


Macronema fulvum Ulmer, 1905a:80 (in part, example from Chiriqui). 
Macronema percitans Walker: Ulmer, 1907b:74 (in part, examples from 

Chiriqui). 

This species is widespread, but seldom abundant, from northeastern Mex- 
ico, south through Panama, apparently as far as Ecuador. The coloration of 
the species 1s, however, very variable, not only in degree of contrast be- 
tween the markings, but also between sexes. The material from the Canal 
Zone is the palest from Central America. However, the Ecuadorian example 
is totally yellow without pattern and is inseparable by color from M. lutei- 


— 


Figs. 11-15.) Macronema variipenne. 11, Male genitalia, lateral. 12, Same, dorsal. 13, Tip 
of aedeagus, lateral. 14, Same, dorsal. 15, Same, ventral. Figs. 16-20. Macronema lutei- 
penne. 16. Tip of aedeagus, lateral. 17, Same, dorsal. 18, Same, ventral. 19, Male genitalia, 
lateral. 20, Same. dorsal. 


\ 


529 


NUMBER 4 


VOLUME 81], 


530 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


@LUTEIPENNE 
WCHALYBEOIDES 


Fig. 21. Distribution of Macronema luteipenne and M. chalybeoides. 


penne. In general, the color of M. variipenne is darker and with sharper 
contrasts than the color of M. luteipenne. 

The definitive differences between the two species lie in the male geni- 
talia, specifically the aedeagus. In M. variipenne the lateroventral processes 
are borne from the ventral half of the tip and are distinctly pointed. In M. 
luteipenne these lobes are more nearly from the middle of the apex and are 
rounded apically. 

Adult.—Length of forewing, 13-14 mm (male), 11-13 mm (female). Eyes 
of male small, about % width of dorsal interocular distance. Maxillary palpi 
very long, Sth segment longer than basal 4 segments. Head, thorax, and 
abdomen brown, appendages pale brown; with a band of silver scales lat- 


a 


Figs. 22-28. Wings. 22, Macronema ulmeri, Bocas del Toro, Panama. 23, M. burmeistert, 
La Chorrera, Panama. 24, M. variipenne, holotype. 25, M. variipenne, ° topotype. 26, M. 
variipenne, Cerro Azul, Panama. 27, M. variipenne, Latacunga, Ecuador. 28, M. luteipenne, 
Villa Colon, Costa Rica. 


531 


NUMBER 4 


VOLUME 81, 


27 


26 


28 


532 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


erally on head, pronotum, mesonotum, dorsomesally on scape, and in costal 
cell of forewing to stigma: basal 24 of forewing, and central area of head 
and thorax covered with small emerald-green scales, beyond which wing 
bears a narrow transverse white line, bordered outwardly by brown and 
gold mottled with white spots, apical brown area with a central white or 
golden spot of variable size (larger in male than female), with a small cres- 
centic white spot on apical margin. Fifth sternum with an elongate antero- 
lateral boss. Male genitalia: Ninth segment annular, produced posterodor- 
sally. Tenth tergum heavily sclerotized ventrolaterally with a narrow erect 
sclerotized band basad, and a rounded lobe apicad. Clasper terete, apical 
segment not differentiated, in ventral aspect almost semicircular. Aedeagus 
short. with basal 2 at right angles to stem; apex with a rounded spiculate 
lobe posteriorly, developed into a lateroventral process with a distinct ap- 
icodorsal angle, open posteroventrally with a complex of inner sclerites and 
structures. 

Material.—Holotype 6: MEXICO, SAN Luis Potos!, near Huichihuayan 
(Rt. 85, km 399, 25 mi N of Tamazunchale), 7 Aug. 1966, O. S. Flint, Jr. 
USNM Type No. 76174. Paratypes: Same, but 3-4 Aug. 1963, Duckworth 
& Davis, 2 2 (USNM). VERACRUZ: Rio Tacolapan (Rt. 180, km 551), 25- 
26 July 1966, Flint & Ortiz, 1 6, 2 2 (USNM); La Palma (near Sonteco- 
mapan), kos Tuxtlas, S Dec. 1975, C. M.7&'@: S: Flint, Jr--oly 2 (Using 
same, but 19 July 1977, J. Bueno, | d (UNAM); Laguna Escondida (near 
Sontecomapan), Los Tuxtlas, 5 Dec. 1975, °C: M.°& ©: S. Flintale ees 
(USNM). Oaxaca: Uxpanapan, 29 Sept. 1977, J. Bueno, 2 6, 1 2 (UNAM). 
CHIAPAS: Rio Chacamax, Palenque, 6 Dec. 1975, C. M. & O. S. Flint, Jr., 
1 2 (USNM). NICARAGUA, CHONTALES: Puente Quinama, E. Villa So- 
moza, 29 July 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr., 1 2 (USNM). PANAMA, CANAL ZONE: 
Rio Agua Salud, Navy Reserve (Pipeline Road), 30 Mar. 1965, S. S. & W. 
D. Duckworth, 5 ¢, 4 2 (USNM): same, but 8-12 July 1967, Flint & Ortiz, 
26,3 2 (USNM); Barro Colorado Island, 20-23 May 1964, S. S. & W. D. 
Duckworth, 1 2 (USNM). PANAmMa: Cerro Azul, 7 July 1967, Flint & Ortiz, 


4 36,4 2 (USNM). ECUADOR, Cotopaxi: 133 km W Latacunga, 1080 ft, | 


2 July 1975, Langley & Cohen, 1 ¢ (USNM). 


Macronema luteipenne Flint and Bueno, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 16-20, 21, 28 


This species, which is very closely related to the preceding M. variipenne, 
appears to have a range more restricted to southern Central America. It 
seems to be more closely restricted to the Pacific Coast area of deciduous 
scrub forest, whereas M. variipenne is usually taken in wetter evergreen 
forest regions. 

Macronema luteipenne is much paler than the average specimen of M. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 533 


variipenne, although a few examples of the latter are as pale as any M. 
luteipenne. The shape of the apicolateral processes of the aedeagus offers 
the only certain distinction between the two, these being rounded apically 
and borne from near the middle of the tip in M. luteipenne. 

Adult.—Length of forewing, 12-14 mm (male), 10-12 mm (female). Eyes 
of male small, about ’3 width of dorsal interocular distance. Maxillary palpi 
very long, 5th segment longer than 4 basal segments. Head, thorax, and 
abdomen brown, appendages pale brown, with a band of silver scales lat- 
erally on head, pronotum, mesonotum, dorsomesally on scape, and in costal 
cell to stigma; basal 24 of forewing golden brown with scattered emerald- 
green scales, beyond which the wing Is very indistinctly mottled with lighter 
and paler shades of golden brown. Fifth sternum with a small elongate, 
dorsolateral boss. Male genitalia: Ninth segment annular, produced pos- 
terodorsally. Tenth tergum heavily sclerotized ventrolaterally with a narrow 
erect sclerotized band basad, and a rounded lobe apicad. Clasper terete, 
apical segment not differentiated, in ventral aspect almost semicircular. 
Aedeagus short, with basal '2 at right angles to stem: apex produced into 
rounded lateral lobes, spiculate dorsomesally, open posteroventrally with 
a complex of inner sclerites and structures. 

Material.—Holotype 6: PANAMA, CANAL ZONE, Rio Agua Salud, Navy 
Reserve (Pipeline Road), 8-12 July 1967, Flint & Ortiz. USNM Type 
76175. Paratypes: Same data, 4 d (USNM). MEXICO, CHIAPAs: Arriaga, 22 
Aug. 1965, P. J. Spangler, 2 2 (USNM); near Tonala (Rt. 200, km 46), 9 
June 1967, Flint & Ortiz, 1 2 (USNM). COSTA RICA, GUANACASTE: Ba- 
gaces, Rio de las Piedras, 27 July 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr., 13 ¢d (USNM); Las 
Ganasnkio);Corobier: 26.July, 19674 OrS. Flint, Jn:,.5e6 ,.3) 2 (USNM):.10 
mi NW Liberia, 25 July 1965, P. J. Spangler, 1 2 (USNM); 1.5 mi S Po- 
trerillos, 27 July 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr., 1 2 (USNM); Arenal, Quebrada 
Tronadorcita, 24 July 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr.. 4 2 (USNM). PUNTARENAS: 
Pacuare, Rio General, | July 1967, Flint & Ortiz, 6 2 (USNM); Villa Colon, 
t6:mi S Palmar Sur, 3 July 1967, O. S. Flint, Jr., 1 ¢ (USNM); Palmar, P. 
& D. Allen, 1 ¢ (MCZ). Pedregoso (Prov. unknown), 1200 ft, Feb., D. E. 
Rounds, 9 ¢, 2 2 (MCZ). PANAMA, Cuiriqut: Lino, Fassl, | 2 (MCZ). 


Macronema of Unplaced Grouping 


The following species, M. chalybeoides Ulm., is quite unusual in both 
appearance and genitalia. The apparently unmarked dark wings and rather 
peculiar form of the genitalia are quite different from either group proposed 
previously. In the sum of its characteristics it would seem to be closer to 
the Ayalinum group than the percitans group, but it 1s left unplaced at this 
point. 


534 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Macronema chalybeoides Ulmer 
Figs. 6-8, 21 


Macronema chalybeum (Ulmer nec Hagen): Ulmer, 1905b:83; 1907a:164; 
1907b:81; 1913:408. 
Macronema chalybeoides Ulmer, 1951:202, 349. Fischer, 1972:158. 


For a long time this species was identified as Macronema chalybeum 
Hagen from Cuba. However, recent studies have shown that Hagen’s 
species is a true Phylloicus (Ross, 1952; Flint, 1967). Recognizing this fact, 
Ulmer (1951) proposed the name chalybeoidc. for the species of Macro- 
nema from Mexico that he had called M. chalybeum in earlier works. 

The senior author has studied three of the eight reported specimens in the 
type-series of M. chalybeoides, located in the Vienna Museum. The most 
complete specimen is labelled LECTOTYPE, but the designation has not 
been published before. This is a reasonably complete example, lacking fore- 
legs and hindwings, but with an abdomen which is now cleared and here 
illustrated. The descriptions by Ulmer (1905b; 1907b) are good, as are his 
figures of the venation. 

This is a rather puzzling species. In general appearance it looks like a 
species of Centromacronema, but it does not have the enlarged spur apically 
on the foretibia, although it does have a short spine ventrally from the tibia. 
The genitalia,are distinctly different from all other species of New World 
Macronema. ; 

Material.—Lectotype 3: *‘Mexico, Cuernavacca, 1871, Bilimek,” “‘chal- 
ybeum det. Brauer,’ “‘chalybeum det. Ulmer,’ ““Lectotype Macronema 
chalybeoides Ulm. By Flint 1975°° (NMW). Paralectotypes: Same, but lack- 
ing “‘Cuernavacca, 2 without abdomens; the series reportedly contains an 
additional 5 specimens, all in the Vienna Museum. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Banks, N. 1913. Synopses and descriptions of exotic Neuroptera. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 

40:201-242. 

. 1924. Descriptions of new Neuropteroid Insects. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 65:421—455. 

Fischer, F. C. J. 1963. Hydropsychidae, Arctopsychidae. Trichopt. Catalog. I1V: 1-223. 

. 1972. Supplement to Vol. III] and IV. Tricopt. Catalog. XIII:1-172. 

Flint, O. S., Jr. 1967. Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, V. Types of the species described 
by Banks and Hagen. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 123(3619): 1-37. 

——. 1974. Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, XV. The Trichoptera of Surinam. Stud. 
Faun. Surinam & Other Guianas. 14(55): 1-151. 

———. 1978. Studies of Neotropical caddisflies, X XII: Hydropsychidae of the Amazon Basin 
(Trichoptera). Amazoniana. 6:373—421. 

Marlier, G. 1964. Trichopteres de | Amazonie recueillis par le Professeur H. Sioli. Mem. Inst. 
Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg. 76 (2nd ser.): 1-167. 

Martynov, A. B. 1912. On two collections of Trichoptera from Peru. Ann. Mus. Zool. Acad. 
Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg. 17:1—40. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 535 


Ross, H. H. 1952. Lectotypes of Hagen species belonging to certain families of Trichoptera. 
Psyche. 59:31-36. 

Ulmer, G. 190Sa. Zur Kenntnis aussereuropaischer Trichopteren. Stett. Entomol. Zeit. 66:1— 
119. 

——. 1905b. Neue und wenig bekannte ausseuropaische Trichopteren, hauptsachlich aus 
dem Wiener Museum. Ann. Naturhist. Hofmuseums. 21:59-98. 

———., 1907a. Trichopteren. Jn, Wytsman, Genera insectorum, Fasc. 60:1—259. 

———., 1907b. Monographie der Macronematinae. /n, Collections zoologiques du Baron Edm. 
de Selys Longchamps, pt. 2 of Fasc. 6:1-121. 

——. 1913. Verzeichnis der sudamerikanischen Trichopteren mit bemerken uber einzelne 
arten. Deutsch. Entomol. Zeit. (for 1913):383-414. 

———. 1951. Kocherfliegen (Trichopteren) von den Sunda-Inseln (Teil 1). Arch. Hydrobiol. 
19 (suppl.): 1-528. 


EDITOR’S NOTE 


I have been associated with the Proceedings for five years, the last three 
as Editor. | am tempted to give several suggestions to authors, reviewers, 
etc.; but I have decided to refrain from such a self-serving undertaking. I 
will remind contributors that illustrations are kept for one year after they 
are published. The stack of illustrations in my office will be discarded on 
December |, 1979, unless claimed. 

To the staff of the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBII], AR, SEA, 
USDA, my sincere appreciation for your help, support, understanding, and 
tolerance during my tenure as Editor. To the staff of Allen Press, Inc., 
thank you for the help and patience you have shown a novice. To the ESW 
Publication Committees of 1977, 1978, and 1979, thank you for your ideas 
and comments on various manuscripts and editorial matters. To the many 
reviewers who have given unselfishly of their time in order to improve 
the Proceedings, my gratitude. To authors who have submitted manuscripts 
for publication in the Proceedings, | am beholden for copy to fill the issues 
and from many hours of interesting reading on subjects I might not have 
otherwise considered. To those authors who have not agreed with nor ac- 
cepted my decisions and/or actions on their manuscripts, I wish for you 
the possibility of serving as gratis editors, in your spare time. To those 
authors who have written to me to express their appreciation for my help 
with their manuscripts or their delight with the printed product, | am much 
obliged. Last but most important, to the members of the Entomological 
Society of Washington, I will be forever grateful for the opportunity to 
serve the Society. 

Dux femina facti! 


Manya B. Stoetzel 
Editor 
September I1, 1979 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 536-543 


HYDRAMARA ARGENTINA, A DESCRIPTION OF ITS 
LARVA AND A REPORT ON ITS DISTRIBUTION 
(COLEOPTERA: HYDROPHILIDAE) 


PAUL J. SPANGLER 


Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 
20560. 


Abstract.—The larva of the water scavenger beetle, Hydramara argen- 
tina (Knisch), is described, illustrated, and interpolated into the most recent 
key to hydrophilid larvae. The habitat of the adult and larva is noted, dis- 
tribution data are listed, and the known range of the species is depicted on 
a map. 


This species was described as Hydrobius (Hydramara) argentina by 
Knisch (1925) because it had some characters In common with members of 
the genus Hydrobius. However, it differed enough from Hydrobius that 
Knisch created a new subgenus, Hydramara, for it. D’Orchymont (1942) 
raised Hydramara to generic status, which it warrants both on adult and 
larval characters. The genus is presently known only from the single in- 
cluded species, Hydramara argentina. The adult is a large, distinctive hy- 
drobiine hydrophilid which was described from seven specimens from Ar- 
gentina (Mendoza Province; Punta del Agua and Tala). 

Hydramara argentina is now known to occur in the provinces of Cata- 
marca, Cordoba, Mendoza, San Luis, Salta, and Tucuman. The three adults 
and one larva in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian 
Institution were collected in small montane streams by Dr. Oliver S. Flint, 
Jr., in October 1973. He found the specimens incidentally as he turned over 
rocks, driftwood, and similar debris in his search for larvae of Trichoptera. 

Although I have had the larva, which I am confident is that of H. argen- 
tina, for almost six years, I deferred its description hoping that I could 
collect more larvae and confirm the identity by rearing. However, during 
recent fieldwork in southcentral Chile (Osorno Province) I failed to find H. 
argentina in mountain streams where | had hoped to find it. Instead, I was 
delighted to find an adult, larva, and pupa of an undescribed hydrobiine 
genus (Spangler, in press). Because I did not find additional specimens of 
H. argentina, | decided to describe the larva without further delay to help 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 DSi 


Fig. 1. Hydramara argentina, habitus view. 


increase our knowledge of the poorly known larvae of the South American 
hydrophilid genera. Presently, larvae of 24 of the 40 known South American 
genera of hydrophilids remain to be described. 

The larva described below has been identified by the elimination of known 


538 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


10 


Figs. 2-10. Hydramara argentina. 2, Left mandible, dv. 3, Head, dv. 4, Right mandible, 
dv. 5, Labroclypeus, dv. 6, Left maxilla, dv. 7, Stigmatic atrium, dv. 8, Antenna, dv. 9, 
Labium, dv. 10, Labium, vv. (dv = dorsal view: vv = ventral view.) 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 539 


Elgonair.s ws 
Sin eo, 


ge 
IQ 


SINUSOIDAL PROJECTION 


22, 
bE 
ERY Et 


UF 


a 
5 84/~ 


Fig. 11. Hydramara argentina, known distribution. 


larvae of known genera, by its presence in the same biotopes as the adults 
of H. argentina, by the rarity of other hydrophilids in similar lotic habitats 
in Argentina, by the large size of the adults and the larva, and by its larval 
characters which place it near Hydrobius and related hydrobiine hydro- 
philids. 


Larva of Hydramara argentina (Knisch) 
Figs. 1-11 


Body elongate (Fig. 1). Total length, 13.5 mm; width of prothorax 1.3 
mm. Color of integument light creamy yellow. Sclerotized head capsule, 
thoracic and abdominal sclerites, spiracles, legs, abdominal tubercles, and 
spiracular atrium testaceous. Integument covered dorsally with fine, whit- 
ish, branchialike setae: integument of abdominal segments with coarser, 
longer, testaceous setae interspersed among regularly arranged patches of 
short dark asperities. 

Head (Fig. 3) quadrangular; 1.5 mm wide, 1.0 mm from labroclypeus to 
occipital foramen. Frontoclypeal suture feebly indicated. Frontal sutures 
united near base of head forming an epicranial suture. Frons sagittate. Cer- 


540 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


vical sclerites present, slightly trapezoidal. Ventral surface of head glabrous 
except 5 setae laterally at about midlength; | seta laterally near base of 
mandible, and 3 setae at midlength on each side of midline; with 2 deep, 
posterior tentorial pits medially, a short distance behind gula. 

Labroclypeus (Fig. 5) prominent, asymmetrical. With 5 large, medial 
teeth; left tooth shortest and separated more widely from other four. Teeth 
of labroclypeus progressively longer from left to right side of head: each 
tooth separated from the next tooth by a stout yellow seta. Anterolateral 
projections of epistoma as long as shortest (left) tooth; both projections 
rounded anteriorly, each bearing 10 large, stout yellow setae apically. 

Ocular areas each with 6 distinct ocelli arranged in an ellipse; anterior 3 
ocelli slightly larger and closer together; posterior 3 ocelli smaller, ventro- 
lateral one smallest and separated from posterior two. 

Antenna (Fig. 8) moderately short, cylindrical, extending to base of Ist 
segment of maxillary palpus; Ist segment longest, 2 as long as penultimate 
segment; penultimate segment with small apicolateral tubercle and 2 long 
slender apicomedial setae; ultimate segment slender, parallel sided, about 
2 as long as penultimate, bearing a slender distal seta and a minute api- 
colateral appendage. 

Mandible (Figs. 2, 4) symmetrical, prominent, stout, sharply pointed api- 
cally; each with 2 large well-defined medial and | small, basal inner teeth; 
molar area rounded. 

Maxilla (Fig. 6) with stipes stout, elongate, tapering distally, bearing a 
row of 7 stout setae on inner margin and 3 long slender yellow setae laterally 
and 3 more ventrolaterally before midlength. Palpifer segmentlike; with slen- 
der sclerotized appendage on apicomedial angle about 4% as long as palpifer: 
bearing | long apical seta ventrolaterally; appendage of palpifer bearing an 
apical seta. Palpus tapering distally; Ist segment short, slightly more than 
¥2 as long as palpifer; penultimate segment longest, slightly more than 2x 
as long as basal segment, bearing | long slender lateral seta at about apical 
¥3; ultimate segment conical, about % as long as penultimate segment. 

Labium (Figs. 9, 10) extending about to midlength of stipes. Penultimate 
segment of palpus short and broad: ultimate segment 3x as long as penul- 
timate segment. Ligula distinct, short, about 34 as long as basal segment of 
labial palpus, bearing a long basal seta at each lateral corner dorsally. Men- 
tum quadrangular, glabrous dorsally except numerous setae apically on 
membranous area; ventrally glabrous except apicolateral corners each with 
1 long seta. Submentum apically slightly wider than mentum, narrowed 
medially, wide posteriorly, dorsal surface spinose; with numerous long stout 
setae apicolaterally; ventral surface glabrous except long apicolateral setae. 

Gula pentagonal, rounded posteromedially. 

Prothorax with sides nearly straight but diverging posteriorly; postero- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 54] 


lateral angles broadly rounded, with a few short setae; anterolateral angles 
each with a few long setae and a few short setae; sagittal line present. 
Prosternal sclerite large. subrectangular, with no indication of sagittal line. 

Mesothorax wider than prothorax and almost as long (measured on mid- 
line) as prothorax; with 2 very narrow, straplike, anterior sclerites and 2 
large, subtriangular mesotergal sclerites; margins apicolaterally each with 
an elongated spiracular tubercle followed by a setiferous lobe: sagittal line 
present. 

Metathorax slightly wider than and slightly shorter than mesothorax;: an- 
terior metatergal sclerites transverse, larger than posterior sclerites, and 
roughly elliptical; posterior sclerites small and narrow, each sclerite with a 
seta-bearing tubercle at each corner: sagittal line present. 

Legs 4-segmented: procoxae large, separated by about length of a tro- 
chanter; trochanter about as long as femur (viewed ventrally): femur about 
as long as tibiotarsus; tarsal claw single, with two stout robust setae ven- 
trally at basal 3. 

Abdomen of 8 distinct segments, 9th and 10th segments reduced: Ist 
abdominal segment with 2 moderately large anterior sclerites; remaining 
segments also with sclerites but each becoming increasingly smaller; terga 
similar to each other. True segmentation obscured by additional transverse 
folds on segments, segmented folds continued onto sternum. Each segment 
with 4 folds; anterior fold with 3 patches of asperities, 2nd fold with 2 patches 
of asperities, 3rd fold with 4 tubercles each surrounded with minute asperities 
and each with a long seta apically; 4th fold without patches of asperities or 
tubercles. A large spiracular tubercle present laterally between 2nd and 3rd 
folds on abdominal segments 1-7. Epipleurites and hypopleurites promi- 
nently lobed. Eighth tergum represented by superior valve of stigmatic 
atrium (Fig. 7), beneath which lies the 8th pair of abdominal spiracles. Ninth 
tergum trilobed: middle lobe large, with 4 short, stout setae, | seta on each 
side of median line on caudal margin, and | seta on apicolateral angles: 
lateral lobes smaller, about 22 as wide as median lobe, each bearing | dorsal 
and 2 ventral setae on caudal margin. 

The single larva described above came from: ARGENTINA, Salta Prov- 
mcenCanada la Gotera; Rt. 59,.km.23-5;.16—17 Oct. 1973,.0.,S. Flint, Jr, 
deposited in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Insti- 
tution. 

The larva of Hydramara argentina traces to Hydrobius in couplet 29 in 
Bertrand’s (1972:264) generic key to hydrophilid larvae. However, Hydra- 
mara may be distinguished from Hydrobius by interpolating the following 
couplet there. 


29a Ligula long, 2x as long as basal segment of labial palpus............ 


542 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


cur ie eps dhl NE ISAS PR I eee Hydramara Knisch 
Ligula short, about 34 as long as basal segment of labial palpus .......... 
. Saahaelinite, See Sesgeatee an Rags eae ia ee BES i ees Hydrobius Leach 


KNOWN DISTRIBUTION 


The description of the larva of Hydramara argentina above provided this 
opportunity to report the distribution data based on adults, as well as the 
larva, which I have accumulated during the past 10 years. It is obvious from 
the following data that the species is not common in collections. However, 
I believe this reflects a limited amount of collecting within the range of the 
species just as the concentration of records on the map (Fig. 11) in the 
Tucuman area reflects greater collecting activity by the entomological staff 
and visitors to the Instituto Miguel Lillo in Tucuman. The distribution data 
suggest that the species occurs primarily in montane habitats. In several 
instances, on old specimens, provinces only were given on specimen labels. 
In these cases, a question mark was used in the province to indicate a 
province record but without more specific locality indicated. Also, 
d’Orchymont (1942) reported a specimen of Hydramara argentina from 
Paraguay but I consider this record doubtful and, therefore, have not in- 
cluded it on the map. The 13 specimens seen are in the following institutions: 
Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina (IML); Museo de la Plata, La 
Plata, Argentina (MLP); and the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, 
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (USNM). In addition, I have 
included the seven specimens Knisch mentioned when he described this 
taxon but I have not seen his type-material. 

Specimens examined (13)—ARGENTINA: Catamarca: El Rodeo, 18-19 
Oct 1973 ,'O2 S/ Flint; Jn5 1 (USNM): CordobasApr.-1928;, Jy Me Bosquz 
(MLP). Mendoza: Punta del Agua, and Tala, 7 (fide Knisch, 1925). Salta: 
Angastaco, 12 Oct. 1973, O. S. Flint, Jr., 1 (USNM); Cafayate, 1944, K. J. 
Hayward, 3 (IML); Canada la Gotera, Rt. 59, km 23.5, 16-17 Oct. 1973, O. 
S. Flint, Jr., 1 larva (USNM); Depto. Rosario de la Frontera, El Morenillo, 
Mar. 1936, 1 (IML); La Zanja, west of Chicoana, 13 Oct. 1973, O. S. Flint, 
Jr., | (USNM). San Luis: Merlo, 24-27 Jan. 1958, Willink and Tomsic, | 
(IML). Tucuman: Horco Molle, 22 Dec. 1965, L. Strange, 1 (IML); Tipas, 
Jove Bosqe T¢MiEP). 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I extend my thanks to my friend and colleague, Dr. Oliver S. Flint, Jr., 
for his collecting efforts on my behalf and especially for the adults and larva 
of Hydramara argentina which instigated the preparation of this article. 

For financial assistance which contributed to this report, I am very grate- 
ful to the administrators of the Smithsonian Institution’s Fluid Research 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 543 


Fund for support to study types and other specimens in some European 
museums in 1966 and to the Smithsonian Research Foundation for Grant 
SG 063310 in 1969 for fieldwork and study in South American museums. 
Both grants contributed data which are included above. 

I also thank Mr. Michael Druckenbrod, Smithsonian Institution staff art- 
ist, for preparing the line drawings of the larva. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bertrand, H. P. I. 1972. Larves et nymphes des coleopteres aquatiques du globe. 804 pp., 561 
figures. Abbeville, France: F. Paillart. 

Knisch, A. 1925. Coleoptera aus dem tropischen Amerika. Hydrophilidae (Palpicornia). Boll. 
Mus. Zool. Univ. Torino. 39(30): 1-12. (Op.18.) 

d Orchymont, A. 1942. Contribution a letude de la tribu Hydrobiini Bedel, specialement de 
sa sous-tribu Hydrobiae (Palpicornia-Hydrophilidae). Mem. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Bel- 
gique, ser. 2, fasc. 24:1-68. 

Spangler, P. J. In press. A new genus of water beetle from austral South America (Coleoptera: 
Hydrophilidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 544-55] 


NOTES ON THE ETHOLOGY OF EFFERIA ARGYROGASTER 
(DIPTERA: ASILIDAE) IN MEXICO!” 


ROBERT J. LAVIGNE 


Entomology Section, Plant Science Division, Box 3354, University of 
Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071. 


Abstract.—The behaviors exhibited by Efferia argyrogaster (Macquart) 
in Mexico differed very slightly from those exhibited by other species of 
Efferia. Foraging efficiency was poor. Prey manipulation occurred occa- 
sionally while the asilid hovered above the feeding site. The list of recorded 
prey was dominated by Hymenoptera, which is unusual among Efferia 
species. Males exhibited simple undulating search flights for females, which 
resulted in the typical male atop female copulatory position when contact 
was made. Females deposited eggs in available niches in dead dry vegeta- 
tion. 


Efferia argyrogaster (Macquart), which was described in 1846 from spec- 
imens collected in Merida, State of Yucatan, Mexico, by M. Pilate, was 
originally assigned to the genus Erax. The only other reference to this 
species was a subsequent description based on a single male from Tehuan- 
tepec, Mexico, by Hine (1919), who suggested that EF. triton and E. argyro- 
gaster might be the same species. The specimens, upon which this paper is 
based were identified by Dr. Joseph Wilcox, 7551 Vista del Sol, Anaheim, 
California 92805, who is the leading taxonomist on the Efferia of the New 
World. 

Nothing has been reported concerning the behavior of E. argyrogaster. 
The following observations were made during a five day stay (March 24— 
28, 1972) in the vicinity of Santa Cruz de la Solidad, State of Jalisco, Mexico, 
near Chapalla. The population studied was encountered in an abandoned 
rocky field, which had, at some previous time, been plowed and planted to 
maize (Fig. 1). The population appeared to be limited to the immediate area 


' Published with the approval of the Director, Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station, as 
Journal Article JA 993. 

* This paper reports on work supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant 
GB29617X, Comparative Behavior of the Dipteran Family Asilidae. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 545 


Fig. 1. Abandoned field habitat of Efferia argyrogaster, Santa Cruz de la Solidad, Mexico. 


and the total number probably did not exceed 25 individuals. Population 
counts made on two different days provided a male to female sex ratio in 
percent, of about 40:60 on those days. 

As with other species of Efferia, foraging efficiency of EF. argyrogaster 
was poor. Individuals usually made several forage flights before successfully 
ensnaring prey. Prey were collected only from the air; and, in all cases 
where prey capture was observed, prey were already impaled on the asilid’s 
proboscis when it landed. Most forage flights were |.5—3 m in length, how- 
ever a few were shorter, such as when a male took a spider in the act of 
jumping off a rock. Movement discrimination in this species seemed to be 
excellent, as evidenced by asilids turning to face birds flying overhead. 

Once captured, prey were infrequently manipulated during the feeding 
process. The asilid would hover 2—5 cm above the substrate and manipulate 
the prey with all six tarsi. Prey could be manipulated as many as three times 
during a single feeding. This type of manipulation is typical of all Efferia 
which have been studied (Lavigne and Holland, 1969; Lavigne and Dennis, 
1975; Dennis and Lavigne, 1976: Lavigne et al., 1976) and is probably a 
generic trait. 

Most prey were relatively small, were not manipulated, and during feeding 


546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


would remain impaled on the predator's proboscis with no tarsal support. 
During feeding, the prey were commonly ballooned, as described for Efferia 
helenae (Bromley) by Lavigne and Holland (1969). 

Upon completion of feeding, prey were handled in much the same manner 
as that used by Efferia benedicti (Bromley) (Lavigne et al., 1976). In most 
cases, prey were dropped off the proboscis on site, presumably by a move- 
ment of the mouthparts. In one instance, however, the fore tarsi were used 
to accomplish this. On another occasion, a female flew out 2.5 cm from the 
feeding site, hovered, and dropped the prey: while in two other instances, 
asilids dropped the prey en route to new foraging sites. 

In the following prey records, the sex of the predator is indicated in 
parentheses following the prey record. 

Prey taken by Efferia argyrogaster: ARANEIDA: Unidentified, HI-28-72 
(dg). COLEOPTERA, Bruchidae: Stator vachelliae Bottimer, TI-28-72 
(3); Chrysomelidae: Babia tetraspilota LeConte, HI-25-72 (2), II-26-72 
(2), IH-27-72 (1 6, 1 2); Scarabaeidae: Aphodius vittatus Say, II-28-72 
(2). DIPTERA, Bombyliidae: Poecilanthrax arethusa (Osten Sacken), III- 
25-72 (2); Muscidae: Musca domestica L., II-25-72 (2), IfI-27-72 (1 6, 2 
2); Tachinidae: Acroglossa hesperidarum (Williston), HI-28-72 (2); Deo- 
palus hirsutus Townsend, III-25-72 (3). HEMIPTERA, Alydidae: Alydus 
eurinus (Say), II-24-72 (2 2), IHI-27-72 (2); Stachyocnemus apicalis (Dal- 
las), IH{I-25-72 (2), II-27-72 (2 3): Lygaeidae: Ligyrocoris litigiosus (Stal), 
III-26-72 (6); Rhopalidae: Arhyssus lateralis (Say), II-24-72 (3); Niesthrea 
sidae (Fabricius), II-24-72 (2). HOMOPTERA, Cicadellidae: Acinoptera 
sp., II-27-72 (2), undetermined, III-25-72 (6). HYMENOPTERA, Pom- 
pilidae: Ageniella arcuata (Banks), HI-27-72 (2); Ageniella sp., II-25-72 
(2); Cryptocheilus pallidipennis (Banks), II-24-72 (2); Sphecidae: Dryu- 
della caerulea (Cresson), II-28-72 (2); Tachysphex sp., II-27-72 (3): Ves- 
pidae: Polybia occidentalis (Oliver), II-24-72 (¢), II-25-72 (36); II-27-72 
(2 6,4 @), I-28-72 (2 ¢6, 2 2). LEPIDOPTERA, Lycaenidae: Hemiargus 
ceraunus (Fabricius), II-26-72 (2); Lyonetiidae: Bucculatrix sp., I1I]-27-72 
(2); Noctuidae: Lacinipolia sp., HWI-27-72 (¢); Nymphalidae: Phyciodes 
campestris (Behr), II-28-72 (2); Pieridae: Eurema lisa Boisduval and 
LeConte, III-27-72 (6): Eurema nicippe (Cramer), III-28-72 (3); Pyralidae: 
Tetralopha robustella (Zeller), 1-26-72 (3); Scythridae: Scythris sp., UI- 
26-72 (d). 

Like most other Efferia studied (Lavigne and Holland, 1969: Lavigne and 
Dennis, 1975; Dennis and Lavigne, 1976; Lavigne et al., 1976), E. argyro- 
gaster is euryphagic. The prey taken by 21 males and 29 females represent 
seven orders, 21 families, and 26 genera. Of the 50 recorded prey, 34% 
belong to the order Hymenoptera, 18% to the order Hemiptera, 16% to the 
order Lepidoptera, 14% to the order Diptera, 12% to the order Coleoptera, 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 547 


Table 1. Orders of insects preyed upon by Efferia argyrogaster (%) based on sex of the 
predator. 


Predator Coleoptera Diptera Hemiptera Homoptera) Hymenoptera Lepidoptera Araneae 
Male OFS OES 19 4.7 28.6 24 4.7 
Female 13.8 Wied WeE2 325) By/E9 10.4 0 
Mean 12 14 18 4 34 16 2 


4% to the order Homoptera, and 2% to the spiders (Araneae). Unlike for 
other Efferia species, the list of recorded prey is dominated by stinging 
Hymenoptera, which apparently this species of Efferia can overpower due 
to its large size. Thirteen (26%) prey were the vespid, Polybia occidentalis. 

When prey records are separated at the order level on the basis of sex of 
the predator, there seems to be little difference in preference between sexes. 
Females showed a slightly greater preference for Diptera and Hymenoptera, 
whereas males showed a slight preference for Lepidoptera (Table 1). 

The mean predator to prey size ratio for E. argyrogaster is 2.5 (Table 2). 
While females are larger than the males, they tend to catch slightly smaller 
prey than do the males. Females thus have a larger mean predator to prey 
size ratio than do males (i.e., 2.8 and 2.2, respectively). 

Mating behavior in this species is very simple and is not preceded by 
courtship maneuvers in the immediate vicinity of the female. Like other 
Efferia (Lavigne and Holland, 1969; Lavigne and Dennis, 1975; Dennis and 
Lavigne, 1976; Lavigne et al., 1976), males do exhibit an undulating flight 
in search of females, landing intermittently. When another asilid flies by, 
the male flies after it and makes contact. If the contacted individual is a 
male, the pair separate and they fly off in different directions. If the en- 
countered individual is a female, the pair grapple and fall, with copulation 
taking place on the soil surface. The position taken is that of male-over- 
female with the female’s wings spread about 45° and male’s fore tarsi resting 
on the female's eyes (Fig. 2). 

Two matings were observed in their entirety. One was initiated at 10:24 


Table 2. Relation between length of Efferia argyrogaster and that of its prey. 


Predator Prey Mean 
Length (mm) Length (mm) No. of Ratio of 
Prey Predator 
Sex Min Max Mean Min Max Mean Measured to Prey 


Male 17.8 22 3.3 25 2D 
Female 20.8 25.6 22.9 3.3 16.1 8.3 29 2.8 
Mean 17.8 DIN6 3 DiS: 8 2 


548 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


: ee . 


Fig. 2. Mating pair of Efferia argyrogaster. 


AM and lasted 6 minutes; the other was initiated at 11:51% AM and lasted 
72 minutes. Once the mating position was achieved, both pairs flew to dead 
maize stalks where they took up a resting position at a height of about 20 
cm. Temperatures at that height were 26.7°C and 30°C, respectively. Four 
other mated pairs were observed on stalks, ranging in height from 2.5 cm 
to 30 cm. Temperatures at these heights at the times the mated pairs were 
observed were 28.3°C (11:57 AM), 31°C (12:42 PM), 32.2°C (3:04 PM) and 
32222 C (42 lsP RNa): 

Little movement occurs during copulation. Just prior to the completion 
of mating, the male starts to move his hind legs slowly, rubbing them against 
the sides of the basal abdominal segments of the female. While this 1s oc- 
curring, the male initiates an extended audible wing vibration. In one in- 
stance, the buzzing lasted about 10 sec, in another about 45 sec and ina 
third instance, the male buzzed his wings 3 sec, stopped, buzzed 30 sec, 


— 
Fig.3 Female Efferia argyrogaster ovipositing between leaf and stalk of broken grass plant. 


Fig. 4. Eggs of Efferia argyrogaster deposited between leaf and stalk of grass plant. 


~ VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 549 


550 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


stopped, and buzzed the wings about | sec. At the end of the wing buzzing, 
the male released his hold on the female, fell off to the side, released his 
claspers, and flew away. 

As would be expected from the shape of the ovipositor (long, narrow, 
and laterally compressed), E. argyrogaster females deposited eggs in avail- 
able niches in dead, dry vegetation. The commonest site chosen was be- 
tween the leaf sheath and stem of grass plants (Fig. 3). However, some eggs 
were deposited inside a circlet of dried sepals of a forb, between bract and 
stem of a woody plant, and inside a curled dried leaf. In one instance, a 
female utilized a hollowed out seed, inserting the eggs through the opening 
left by an unknown seed predator. Prior to oviposition, females used their 
ovipositors to probe for suitable sites, beginning near the bottom and work- 
ing their way up dead stalks. Most eggs were deposited at heights of 5-18 
cm above the soil. 

Individual ovipositions took from 30 to 90 seconds. Eggs were cemented 
together and their numbers varied from 2-19 per clutch. On one occasion, 
the same female was observed making six egg depositions over a period of 
18 minutes, having previously probed several stalks for 50 minutes. The 
number of eggs deposited at each site was 5, 10, 4, and 22, for a total of 41 
eggs. 

Observed oviposition behavior occurred between 11:45 AM and 2:00 PM, 
with one exception at 3:26 PM. Temperatures at the height of egg deposition 
varied between 31—33°C. 

Efferia argyrogaster eggs are creamy white. They vary in length from 1.0 
to 1.3 mm with an average of 1.2 mm. The average width is 0.4 mm (Fig. 4). 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

I should like to express my appreciation to the following taxonomists of 
the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, for identifying most of the 
varied insects used as prey by this species of asilid: D. C. Ferguson, R. J. 
Gagne, R. D. Gordon, J. L. Herring, J. M. Kingsolver, L. Knutson, J. P. 
Kramer, A. S. Menke, C. W. Sabrosky, R. E. White. Identifications also 
were provided by D. R. Davis of the Department of Entomology, Smith- 
sonian Institution and C. D. Ferris, University of Wyoming. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Dennis, D. S. and R. J. Lavigne. 1976. Ethology of Efferia varipes with comments on species 
coexistence (Diptera: Asilidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 49:48-62. 

Hine, J. S. 1919. Robber flies of the genus Erax. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 12:103—157. 

Lavigne, R. J. and D. S. Dennis. 1975. Ethology of Efferia frewingi (Diptera: Asilidae). Ann. 
Entomol. Soc. Am. 68:992—996. 


Cn 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 5 


‘Lavigne, R. J. and F. R. Holland. 1969. Comparative behavior of eleven species of Wyoming 
robber flies (Diptera: Asilidae). Wyo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr. 18:1-61. 

Lavigne, R. J., L. Rogers, and F. Lavigne. 1976. Ethology of Efferia benedicti (Diptera: 
Asilidae) in Wyoming. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 78:145-153. 

‘Macquart, J. 1846. Dipteres exotiques. Nouveaux ou peu connus. Librairie Encyclopedique 
de Roret, Paris. Pp. 84-85. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 552-569 


REVIEW OF THE NEW WORLD SPECIES OF MYIOMMA WITH 
DESCRIPTIONS OF EIGHT NEW SPECIES 
(HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE: ISOMETOPINAE) 


THOMAS J. HENRY 


Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Har- 
risburg, Pennsylvania 17120. 


Abstract.—The genus Heidemannia Uhler is reaffirmed as a synonym of 
Myiomma Puton. Myiomma cixiiforme (Uhler) is redescribed; and M. bra- 
silianum, ©. capitatum, M. rubrooculatum, M. schuhi, and M. semipallidum 
from Brazil, M. fusiforme and M. mexicanum from Mexico, and M. ornatum 
from Panama are described as new. All adults, except M. fusiforme and M. 
surinamense (Carvalho and Rosas), are illustrated. Male genitalia of M. 
cixiiforme and M. mexicanum are figured, and a key to the New World 
species is provided. 


Recent studies have shown that the Isometopinae are not nearly as rare 
as early investigators once suggested (Wheeler and Henry, 1978). With the 
increasing interest in biology and the recent descriptions of several new 
species (Brailovsky, 1977; Henry, 1977; Henry and Herring, 1979), it is 
apparent that continuing studies are needed if future workers are to suc- 
cessfully identify and study unknown forms. Concern over replacing pes- 
ticides with biological control agents certainly justifies more detailed work 
on these largely scale-feeding predators, especially those found in the south- 
western United States, Mexico, and South America where tree bugs appear 
to be most prolific, but very litthe known. 

Uhler (1891) described the first Nearctic isometopine, Heidemannia cix- 
iiforme, in his paper **Observations on some remarkable forms of Capsidae”’ 
but overlooked the presence of ocelli. Heidemann (1908) clarified the po- 
sition of this unusual mirid by placing it in the Isometopinae and described 
the 5th-instar nymph. After comparing Heidemannia with Myiomma Puton, 
Reuter (1912) synonymized Uhler’s genus under Myiomma. McAtee and 
Malloch (1924) still regarded Heidemannia as a distinct genus and stated: 
*“We are not unmindful of what Reuter said. . .,”’ but they concluded that 
the “‘nearly holoptic condition” of Heidemannia comparred to Puton’s 
(1872) figures of Myiomma fieberi (type of the genus) was evidence enough 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 553 


to retain both genera. Bergroth (1925) abrasively attacked McAtee and Mal- 
loch’s efforts and rather tactlessly pointed out that Heidemannia was an 
obvious synonym of Myiomma. Blatchley (1926) followed Reuter’s opinion 
and redescribed the Nearctic cixiiforme. McAtee and Malloch (1932), ap- 
parently convinced of this synonymy and without further explanation, used 
Myiomma and listed Heidemannia as a junior synonym. However, Eyles 
(1971) in his checklist of the Isometopidae of the World again used Heide- 
mannia. Because of the inconsistent usage of these two names, I feel it is 
important to clarify the status of Heidemannia. 

In this paper, I am considering the Nearctic genus Heidemannia a syn- 
onym of the Palearctic genus Myiomma and am describing five new species 
from Brazil, two from Mexico, and one from Panama. Adults of M. brasi- 
lianum, M. capitatum, M. cixtiforme, M. mexicanum, M. ornatum, M. 
rubrooculatum, M. schuhi, and M. semipallidum are illustrated, male gen- 
italia of M. cixtiforme and M. mexicanum are figured and a key to the New 
World species is provided. 

The following abbreviations are used for institutions cited in this paper: 
AMNH, American Museum of Natural History, New York: BM, British 
Museum (Natural History), London; PDA, Pennsylvania Department of 
Agriculture, Harrisburg; TAM, Texas A&M University, College Station: 

UC, University of Connecticut, Storrs; USNM, U.S. National Museum of 
Natural History, Washington, D.C. 


| Myiomma Puton 
Type-species Myiomma fieberi Puton. 
Heidemannia Uhler, 1891:119. NEW SYNONYMY. 


Paramyiomma Carvalho, 1951:381. 


Description.—Generally oblong-oval mirids, length 1.90—3.00 mm, color 
pale brownish to black. Head much wider than long; eyes covering large 
part of head, distinctly separated to largely contiguous in front; vertex al- 
ways possessing ocelli, sometimes larger in males; front broadly rounded, 
gena widely produced laterally (forming cheeks); antennal bases set below 
eyes at lateral angles (not visible from dorsal aspect). Antennal segment I 
usually shortest, II longest, thickest, cylindrical, generally thicker in males, 
clothed with short recumbent setae in females, clothed with longer more 
erect setae in males, segments III] and IV very slender, subequal in length, 
segment IV somewhat fusiform. Rostrum 4-segmented, generally reaching 
hind coxae or beyond. Pronotum trapezoidal, basal width about 2.5 = length, 
anterior margin with a narrow but distinct collar, lateral margins weakly 
rounded, distinctly and, usually entirely, carinate, frequently flattened and 
weakly reflexed; posterior margin sinuate; surface smooth, finely granulate 
or distinctly punctate, calli only moderately distinct, sometimes separated 


554 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


from disc by a weak impression; mesoscutum broadly exposed, lateral 3 
often raised and flattened, median area usually depressed; scutellum equi- 
lateral, reaching to middle of clavus, transversely rugose to distinctly punc- 
tate, basal 2 frequently raised. Hemelytra entire, generally punctate on 
clavus and corium; embolium wide and flattened, often reflexed, radial vein 
reaching at least to middle of corium, cuneus about long as wide, membrane 
with | closed cell. Hind femora saltatorial. Male genital parameres simple, 
left paramere largest with the base swollen, slender, and curved beyond; 
right paramere short, simple, usually acutely produced. 

Remarks.—The genus Myiomma is somewhat difficult to delimit but gen- 
erally can be separated from other genera by the oval form, the relatively 
large head with a narrow vertex, a wide frons, projecting genae and large 
encompassing eyes that may be nearly contiguous, and the trapezoidal 
pronotum that is flattened and distinctly carinate laterally and about 2.5 
times as wide as long. 


KEY TO THE NEW WORLD SPECIES OF MYIOMMA 


i: Dorsum and legs largely tuscous or black\....-- ie cee ree 2 
— Atmost, head, pronotum, and scutellum fuscous or black, hemelytra 
lighter brown oT with pale areas on clavus, 207 ee > eee 4 


2. Length 2.00 mm or less; only apical “3 of mesofemora fuscous .... 
sg thc eo Ch sack te Aree ar ere rine es Wer at orl sre mexicanum, new species 
= Kength.2-5 mm.or more; femora unitonmly fuscous, sone eee 3 

3. Second antennal segment of female strongly inflated, diameter 0.12 

mm (Fig. 12); male unknown but 2nd segment probably at least as 
thick apex of scutellum=white -.5 3. eee fusiforme, new species 

— Second antennal segment of female slender, diameter 0.06 mm (Fig. 

11); male segment thickened, diameter 0.10 mm (Fig. 10) but not as 

greatly as Fig. 12; apex of scutellum sometimes paler brown, but 
MOMWITLE SVE kr sete ce os Se Gal cee eee cixtiforme (Uhler) 

4. Eyes bright red and spread or flattened over anterior margin of 
pronotum (in males at least) (Figs. 22, 24) 
Se Lee eR Pati Lille ae Sana rubrooculatum, new species 

— Eyes not bright red (although they may be tinged with red) and not 


flattened or spread over anterior margin of pronotum .............. 5 
5. Eyes contiguous or only separated by a width less than the diameter 
ofyan.ocellus en frontal: aspecti(Figs:15, 20), 34 snc see eee 6 


Figs. 1-3. Myiomma brasilianum. 1, Adult female. 2, Head, frontal view. 3, Head and 
prothorax, lateral view. Figs. 4-6, Myiomma capitatum. 4, Adult male. 5, Head, frontal 
view. 6, Head and prothorax, lateral view. 


van 


Va 


NUMBER 4 


VOLUME 81, 


556 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


— Eyes not contiguous in front, width between equal to or much great- 
er than«diameterofanrocellus) a4. 2c eee, ie eee 7 
6. Rostrum nearly reaching genital segment; gena well developed (Fig. 
20); lateral margins and base of pronotum pale, scutellum pale with 
theimediant line: blacks geek nip pee ee eee ee ornatum, new species 
— Rostrum reaching only 3rd or 4th abdominal segment; gena reduced 
(Fig. 5); pronotum and scutellum uniformly black or fuscous...... 
18 lek SEARS SAS s, oC oe 7h cee eee capitatum, new species 
7. Second antennal segment pale at apex; membrane smoky brown or 
ADMIN AES a5, BP Iede eek ears wh SUS eas hcal Gah RL ave Ala ee ee 8 
— Second antennal segment fuscous at apex; membrane clear ......... 9 
8. Hemelytra uniformly dark brown; coxae mostly pale ............. 
EG te eee aL eat et esc brasilianum, new species 
— Hemelytra largely pallid with fuscous on embolium, base of clavus 
and outer margin and apical % of corium; coxae largely fuscous 
A Lea Ga Coenen) HEE A nA ee a A semipallidum, new species 
9. Hemelytra brown, embolium, cuneus, and apical area of corium 
transparent, base of cuneus with ivory white patch; femora fuscous, 
tibiae fuscous except at apex; rostrum reaching only 3rd or 4th ab- 
domunalescoment:ot ast. icscr tivoehti tea eeo ee. eee schuhi, new species 
— Hemelytra pale yellow, inside base of clavus and outer margin of 
embolium darkened, cuneus apparently without an ivory white 
patch; legs pale; rostrum reaching genital segment ............... 
TORE ODES. Oe BoM See BORE EN ES ea) EME yee 2 surinamense (Carvalho and Rosas) 


Myiomma brasilianum Henry, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 1-3 


Holotype female.—Length 2.48 mm, width 1.12 mm, generally black with 
the hemelytra lighter colored, clothed with short, recumbent, golden setae 
(Fig. 1). Head: Width 0.60 mm, vertex 0.12 mm, ocelli 0.08 mm apart, dark 
brown, sides fuscous, frons roughened, eyes brownish, tinged with red 
(Figs. 2-3). Rostrum: Broken, stylets 1.16 mm, reaching 3rd abdominal 
segment. Antennae: I, length 0.06 mm, slightly longer than broad, brown; 
IT, 0.56 mm, fuscous, pale at apex and on basal *%4 of ventral aspect, setae 
short, recumbent; III and IV, broken. Pronotum: Length 0.38 mm, width 
at base 0.96 mm, shiny black with a clear spot near posterior angles, calli 
and disc punctate, lateral margins widely flattened and recurved, basal mar- 
gin sinuate, clothed with recumbent, golden setae; mesoscutum shiny black, 
punctate; scutellum shiny black, apex pale, transversely rugose. Hemelytra: 
Uniformly dull or satiny dark brown, base of embolium and paracuneus 
pale, clothed with recumbent, golden setae; membrane smoky brown or 
fumate, finely pubescent, veins indistinct. Venter: Fuscous to black, pro- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 557 


pleura shiny black with a narrow pale mark across posterior end, punctate, 
anterior lobe of ostiolar plate white, remainder fuscous, abdomen fuscous, 
sparsely set with short, recumbent setae. Legs: Broken, coxae pale, brown- 
ish at bases. 

Holotype.—, Brazil, Goias, Jatai, November 1972, F. H. Oliveira col- 
lector (AMNH). 

Remarks.—Myiomma brasilianum is most similar to M. schuhi but can 
be separated by the larger size (although I only have one female to compare 
to a male of M. schuhi), the pale second antennal segment with the basal 
two-thirds of the dorsal aspect fuscous, the more strongly punctate pro- 
pleura, protruding frons, and the dark membrane. 


Myiomma capitatum Henry, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 4-6 


Holotype male.—Length 2.04 mm, width 0.88 mm, head and pronotum 
black, hemelytra paler, clothed with semierect golden setae (Fig. 4). Head: 
Width across ocelli 0.50 mm, vertex 0.10 mm, ocelli 0.06 mm apart, contig- 
uous with compound eyes; fuscous, eyes large, rounded, touching in front 
and nearly touching at base, covering most of head (Figs. 5-6). Rostrum: 
Partly broken, but glued to point (in part), about 0.94 mm, reaching 3rd or 
4th abdominal segment (based on estimated length), Ist segment testaceous, 
remaining segments darker brown. Antennae: I, length 0.06 mm, testaceous, 
lightly infuscated; II, 0.64 mm, pale or testaceous, apical 4th fuscous, 
clothed with erect pale setae: II] and IV, broken. Pronotum: Length 0.30 
mm, width at base 0.82 mm, shiny fuscous to black with a pale spot at 
posterior angles, clothed with recumbent, golden setae, calli slightly raised, 
smooth, shiny, disc distinctly punctate, lateral margins narrowly flattened 
and weakly recurved; mesoscutum fuscous, depressed at middle; scutellum 
fuscous, pale (color of hemelytra) on apical '3, transversely rugose. Hem- 
elytra: Pale brownish, outer edge of embolium and cuneus pale yellowish 
brown, clothed with semierect, pale to golden setae; membrane translucent, 
smoky brown, finely pubescent, veins barely detectable, greatly reduced. 
Venter: Shiny fuscous, propleura finely punctate with a large pale spot 
posteriorly, ostiolar plate pale on anterior raised lobe, remainder fuscous. 
Legs: Coxae pale testaceous: femora pale or testaceous, fuscous on apical 
44 to 4%, hind femora pale at apex; tibiae fuscous, paler apically: tarsi and 
Claws testaceous. 

Holotype.—<¢, Brazil, Para, 8 km E of Belem, Ananindeua, June 3, 1973, 
R. T. Schuh collector, at light (AMNH). 

Remarks.—This species is most easily distinguished by the large encom- 
passing eyes which cover most of the head and are contiguous in front. The 


558 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Figs. 7-11. Myiomma cixiiforme. 7, Adult male. 8. Head. frontal view. 9, Head and 
prothorax, lateral view. 10, Second antennal segment, male. 11, Second antennal segment, 
female. Fig. 12. Myiomma fusiforme, second antennal segment, female. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 559 


pale femora with the fuscous apical band will also help to separate M. 
capitatum from other species of Myiomma. 


Myiomma cixtiforme (Uhler), NEW COMBINATION 
Figs. 7—11, 27=28 
Heidemannia cixiiforme Uhler, 1891:121 

Adult male.—Length x = 3.02 mm (5), 2.88—-3.20 mm, width 1.28 mm, 
generally black, clothed with recumbent black setae (Fig. 7). Head: Width 
0.50 mm, vertex across ocelli 0.12 mm, dorsal width of eye 0.16 mm, fus- 
cous, vertex and narrow margin around eyes pale or white, frons frequently 
with a central whitish patch, posterior margin of eyes set with several pilose 
setae (Figs. 8-9). Rostrum: Length 1.36 mm, fuscous reaching 3rd abdom- 
inal segment. Antennae: Fuscous, I, length 0.20 mm; II, 0.78 mm, diameter 
at middle 0.10 mm, thickly clothed with erect, black setae (Fig. 10): III, 
0.20 mm; IV, 0.20 mm. Pronotum: Length 0.38 mm, width at base 1.04 mm, 
uniformly black. finely roughened, calli weakly raised; mesoscutum and 
scutellum black, finely granulate, extreme apex of scutellum occasionally 
paler. Hemelytra: Uniformly black, base of cuneus pale or white, clothed 
with semierect black pubescence; membrane fumate to black, with a single 
distinct closed cell. Venter: Fuscous to black, thorax with only a few scat- 
tered setae, abdomen thickly set with suberect pale setae. Legs: Uniformly 
fuscous or black, extreme apex of hind femora and apical 3 of tibiae pale 
yellowish. Genitalia: See Figs. 27-28. 

Adult female.—Length x = 2.82 mm (5), 2.80—2.88 mm, width 1.32 mm, 
very similar to males in color and pubesc: nce and differing mainly by the 
broader form and more slender 2nd antennal segment. Head: Width 0.50 
mm, vertex 0.10 mm, dorsal width of eye 0.20 mm. Rostrum: Length 1.44 
mm, reaching 4th or Sth abdominal segment. Antennae: I, length 0.20 mm; 
II, 0.58 mm, diameter at middle 0.06 mm (Fig. 11): III, 0.24 mm; IV, 0.16 
mm. Pronotum: Length 0.32 mm, width at base 1.04 mm. 

Remarks.—Many authors have argued to retain M. cixiiforme in the genus 
Heidemannia, but I agree with Reuter (1912) and other authors that this 
genus is congeneric with the type of the genus, Myiomma fieberi. Actually 
the question should not be if the genera are distinct: instead, it should be 
how to separate M. cixiiforme and M. fieberi. 

I have a single female of M. fieberi from Hyeres [France] Bell. 21 th., 
Saunders Coll., Brit. Mus. 1910-357 (BM) that has the following measure- 
ments: length 2.64 mm, width 1.24 mm; head width 0.52 mm, vertex 0.12 
mm, dorsal width of eye 0.20 mm: rostrum imbedded in glue, appearing to 
reach just beyond hind coxae; antennal segment I, length 0.22 mm; II, 0.72 
mm; III and IV broken; pronotum length 0.42 mm, width at base 1.10 mm. 
This species differs from M. cixiiforme mainly by the lighter brown color, 


560 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


the pale anterior and posterior marks on the median line of the pronotum, 
the pale apical 3 of the scutellum and the distinctly punctate calli, disc of 
the pronotum and scutellum. 

Myiomma cixiiforme also resembles M. fusiforme and to a lesser extent, 
M. mexicanum. It can be separated from M. fusiforme by the more slender 
2nd antennal segment and from M. mexicanum by the larger size, white- 
marked vertex, and the uniformly fuscous femora (except for the apex of 
the hind femora). 

Wheeler and Henry (1978) described the S5th-instar nymph and showed 
that this species is clearly a predator of obscure scale, Melanaspis obscura 
(Comstock), on Quercus spp. in Pennsylvania. In addition to previous rec- 
ords of this species from Delaware, Washington, D.C., New York, Penn- 
sylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and Quebec, I have examined the follow- 
ing specimens: 2 males, Florida, Putnam Co., III-19-30, D. B. Webb 
collector (USNM): | female, Texas, Brazos Co., Bryan, April 11, 1976, J. D. 
Moody collector (TAM). 


Myiomma fusiforme Henry, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 12 


Holotype female.—Length 2.68 mm, width 1.32 mm, black, clothed with 
recumbent black setae. Head: Width 0.48 mm, vertex across ocelli 0.10 
mm, dorsal width of eye 0.18 mm, fuscous, narrow border around eyes 
white, central area of frons with a white patch, ocelli surrounded by fuscous, 
posterior margin of eyes with a row of 4 or 5, erect, black setae. Rostrum: 
Fuscous, glued to triangle, appearing to reach near base of ovipositor. An- 
tennae: I, length 0.06 mm, fuscous; II, length 0.72 mm, diameter at middle 
0.12 mm, swollen (Fig. 12), black, extreme apex testaceous, clothed with 
rather stout, recumbent, black setae; III, 0.18 mm, brown; IV, 0.16 mm, 
brown. Pronotum: Length 0.34 mm, width at base 1.06 mm, black, rough- 
ened, indistinctly punctate: mesoscutum black; scutellum black, apex white, 
basal 2 raised. Hemelytra: Uniformly black, base of cuneus narrowly white 
or pale; clothed with suberect black setae: membrane fuscous, with a single 
distinct cell. Venter: Fuscous, abdomen clothed with suberect pale setae. 
Legs: Broken, coxae fuscous. 

Holotype.—°2, Mexico, Durango, 11 mi W of El Salto, VI-29-30, 1964, 
Paul J. Spangler collector (USNM Type No. 76050). 

Remarks.—Myiomma fusiforme is very similar to M. cixiiforme and 
would be rather difficult to distinguish if it were not for the strongly inflated 
or fusiform second antennal segment. Also, none of the 30 specimens of M. 
cixiiforme I have before me have the apex of the scutellum distinctly white 
as itis in M. fusiforme. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 561 


Myiomma mexicanum Henry, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 13-15, 29-30 


Holotype female.—Length 1.94 mm, width 0.90 mm, generally fuscous to 
black, clothed with short, erect bristle-like setae (Fig. 13). Head: Width 
0.48 mm, vertex (across ocelli) 0.12 mm, ocelli 0.08 mm apart, fuscous, 
eyes dark reddish brown (Figs. 14, 15). Rostrum: Length 0.90 mm, reaching 
3rd or 4th abdominal segment, fuscous, basal segment more reddish brown. 
Antennae: I, length 0.06 mm, fuscous; II, 0.46 mm, fuscous at base, apex 
and dorsal ’2, ventral aspect pale between fuscous bands; III, 0.22 mm, 
fuscous, pale on basal 42; IV, 0.10 mm, fuscous. Pronotum: Length 0.26 
mm, width at base 0.78 mm, shiny black, transversely roughened across 
disc, posterior angles flattened, lateral angles distinctly carinate, clothed 
with short, semierect, golden setae; mesoscutum black; scutellum convex, 
shiny black, apical 12 pale cream colored. Hemelytra: Generally dull fus- 
cous, clothed with semierect black, bristle-like setae, embolium, cuneus, 
and paracuneus more shiny black, base of embolium and corium pale, basal 
ly of cuneus enamel white: membrane largely brown or fumate, transparent 
around margins. Venter: Shiny reddish brown to black, ostiolar plate pale. 
Legs: Procoxae fuscous, meso- and metacoxae pale: profemora fuscous, 
narrowly pale at base and on anterior apical spot, mesofemora pale, fuscous 
on apical 43, metafemora fuscous, narrowly pale at base, strongly saltatorial: 
tibiae fuscous, pale on apical 43 to 12; tarsi and claws fuscous. 

Allotype male.—Length 2.12 mm, width 0.88 mm. Head: Width 0.50 mm, 
vertex 0.14 mm, ocelli 0.08 mm apart. Rostrum: Length 0.96 mm, reaching 
4th abdominal segment. Antennae: Broken (measurements from paratype 
male, segment I, 0.08 mm; II, 0.50 mm). Pronotum: Length about 0.34 mm, 
width at base 0.08 mm. Genitalia: See Figs. 29, 30. 

Types.—Holotype: 2, Mexico, Oaxaca, 12 mi W Tehuantepec, July 11, 
1971, taken at light, Clark, Murray, Hart, Schaffner collectors (USNM Type 
No. 76047). Allotype: 3, Mexico, Oaxaca, 2.7 mi northwest of El Cameron, 
July 13, 1971, taken at light, Clark, Murray, Hart, Schaffner collectors 
(USNM). Paratypes: 1 2, Mexico, Oaxaca, 32.8 mi northwest of Jalapa de 
Marques, July 13, 1971, Clark, Murray, Hart, Schaffner collectors (TAM); 
23, 1 2, Mexico, Oaxaca, 9 mi W Tehuantepec, June 25, 1965, Burke, 
Meyer, Schaffner collectors (2 TAM, | USNM). 

Remarks.—The male of M. mexicanum is more slender than the female, 
has thicker second antennal segments, is less intensely colored, the pale 
mark on the scutellum is limited to the apex and the mark across the base 
of the cuneus is pale translucent rather than enamel white. 

Myiomma mexicanum, in general, resembles a miniature M. cixiiforme 
or M. fusiforme but can be separated from these species by its smaller size 
and pale-marked legs. 


Figs. 13-15. Myiomma mexicanum. 13, Adult female. 14, Head, frontal view.- 15, Head 
and prothorax, lateral view. Figs. 16-18. Myiomma schuhi. 16, Adult male. 17, Head, frontal 
view. 18, Head and prothorax, lateral view. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 563 


Myiomma ornatum Henry, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 19-21 


Holotype male.—Length 2.12 mm, width ca 0.88 mm, generally dark with 
pale areas, clothed with semierect setae (Fig. 19). Head: Width 0.46 mm, 
- vertex across ocelli 0.14 mm, dorsal width of eye 0.18 mm, black, sides 
brown to reddish brown, eyes red (Figs. 20, 21). Rostrum: Length 1.34 mm, 
testaceous, nearly reaching genital segment. Antennae: I, length 0.08 mm, 
testaceous; II, 0.50 mm, testaceous, thickly clothed with erect pale setae; 
III, 0.16 mm, testaceous; IV, broken. Pronotum: Length 0.16 mm, width 
at base 0.84 mm, shiny black, narrowly yellow along base and lateral mar- 
gins, punctate, more finely on calli, lateral margins weakly rounded, base 
strongly sinuate, clothed with semierect golden setae; mesoscutum punc- 
tate, yellowish orange on flattened plates; scutellum pale, black along me- 
dian line and apex and triangular spots on either side of median, transversely 
rugose, weakly punctate. Hemelytra: Largely black, base of embolium and 
apical *4 of clavus pale, pale areas black punctured, clothed with semierect 
dark to light setae; membrane fuscous. Venter: Black, lateral carinae and 
all marginal areas of propleura pale or yellowish. Legs: Coxae pale brown, 
mesofemora fuscous or brown, pale on dorsal aspect and apical 43 of ventral 
aspect, mesotibiae brownish, darker on apical 2; tarsi and claws brownish 
(front and hind legs broken). 

Holotype.—d, Panama, Las Cumbres, 09°06’N, 79°32'’W, V-11-1974, 
light trap, H. Wolda collector (UC). 

Remarks.—Myiomma ornatum is very easy to separate from other species 
by the pale-bordered pronotum, pale clavus and scutellum, long rostrum, 
and nearly contiguous eyes. 


Myiomma rubrooculatum Henry, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 22—24 


Holotype male.—Length 1.92 mm, width 1.00 mm, generally, brown to 
fuscous, eyes red, clothed with semierect, golden pubescence (Fig. 22). 
Head: Width 0.46 mm, vertex 0.08 mm across ocelli, ocelli about 0.06 mm 
apart, fuscous, eyes red, indented or wrinkled at middle, nearly touching 
on frons, posterior margin overlapping anterior margin of pronotum (giving 
appearance that eyes were melted and poured over head and pronotum) 
(Figs. 23, 24). Rostrum: Length about 0.82 mm, reaching 3rd or 4th abdom- 
inal segment. Antennae: I, length 0.08 mm, dark brown, cylindrical; II, 0.56 
mm, brownish, paler at apex, clothed with erect, brownish setae: III and 
IV broken. Pronotum: Length (from base of eyes) 0.24 mm, width at base 
0.88 mm, shiny black with a pale indistinct spot at posterior angles, uni- 
formly punctate, calli not easily discernible, lateral margins flattened, weak- 
ly recurved, clothed with rather long, erect and semierect, golden setae: 


564 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Figs. 19-21. Myiomma ornatum. 19, Adult male. 20, Head, frontal view. 21, Head and 
prothorax, lateral view. Figs. 22-24. Myiomma rubrooculatum. 22, Adult male. 23, Head, 
frontal view. 24, Head and prothorax, lateral view. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 565 


mesoscutum shiny black, finely punctate, depressed at middle; scutellum 
shiny black, pale brown at apex, depressed at middle of base, finely punc- 
tate, pubescence as on pronotum. Hemelytra: Light brownish with an in- 
dication of a reddish-yellow tinge, clavus, cuneus, and apical area of corium 
darker brown, clothed with long, erect, golden setae; membrane smoky 
translucent, finely pubescent, veins indistinct and brownish. Venter: Shiny 
brown to. fuscous; propleura shiny black, punctate, posterior apex pale; 
anterior lobe of ostiolar plate pale, flattened posterior lobe brown. Legs: 
Broken, coxae brownish, apices paler. 

Holotype.—d, Brazil, Bahia, Encruzilhada, 980 m, Nov. 1974, M. AI- 
varenga collector (AMNH). 

Remarks.—Myiomma rubrooculatum is, perhaps, the most unusual of the 
New World Myiomma species with the globular red eyes that appear melted 
onto the head and pronotum. The general body structure and this peculiar 
formation of the eyes will separate M. rubrooculatum from all other species 
in our fauna. 


Myiomma schuhi Henry, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 16-18 


Holotype male.—Length 2.20 mm, width 0.92 mm, generally fuscous with 
hemelytra paler, clothed with recumbent, golden setae (Fig. 16). Head: 
Width 0.48 mm, vertex 0.10 mm, ocelli 0.06 mm apart, touching compound 
eyes: eyes reddish, vertex fuscous fading to brownish yellow on frons and 
lower portion of head (Figs. 17, 18). Rostrum: Length 0.92 mm, reaching 
4th abdominal segment, Ist segment brownish yellow, remaining segments 
more fuscous. Antennae: I, length 0.06 mm, nearly as broad as long, fus- 
cous: II, 0.62 mm, fuscous, pale on basal 73 of dorsal aspect, clothed with 
long, erect pale setae; III, 0.16 mm, pale, very slender; IV, 0.12 mm, fus- 
cous, slender. Pronotum: Length 0.36 mm, width at base 0.82 mm, shiny 
black with a pale spot at posterior angles, punctate, calli impunctate, lateral 
margins narrowly flattened and recurved, basal margin weakly sinuate, 
clothed with recumbent, golden setae; mesoscutum fuscous, punctate; scu- 
tellum fuscous, pale at apex, punctate, pubescence as on pronotum. Hem- 
elytra: Smoky gray or brown, base of clavus fuscous, embolium and most 
of cuneus clear or translucent, anterior portion of cuneus (paracuneus) 
white; membrane clear to translucent brown, finely pubescent, veins hardly 
detectable. Venter: Fuscous, propleura finely punctate with a pale mark 
posteriorly, ostiolar plate largely yellowish, posterior portion of flattened 
area fuscous, abdomen clothed with recumbent, golden setae. Legs: Coxae 
pale, tinged with brown; femora fuscous, pale at extreme apex and on basal 
14; pro- and mesotibiae pale, fuscous on basal ’3; metatibiae fuscous, pale 
on apical 4; tarsi and claws pale. 


566 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


27 


Figs. 25-26. Myiomma semipallidum. 25, Adult female (with head tilted back into normal 
position). 26, Head and prothorax, lateral view (head as positioned on holotype). Figs. 27-28. 
Myiomma cixiiforme. 27, Left paramere. 28, Right paramere. Figs. 29-30. Myiomma mexi- 
canum. 29, Left paramere. 30, Right paramere. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 567 


Holotype.—¢, Brazil, Para, 8 km E Belem, Ananindeua, June 2, 1973, 
R. T. Schuh collector, at light (AMNH). 

Remarks.—Myiomma schuhi most closely resembles M. brasilianum, but 
can be separated from this and other species by the second antennal segment 
being pale on the dorsal two-thirds and fuscous at the apex, the shiny punc- 
tate pronotum, the translucent brown membrane and the uniquely colored 
legs. 

I am naming this species after my good friend and collector of this species. 
Dr. R. T. Schuh, who has generously loaned me several of the new species 
used in this study. 


Myiomma semipallidum Henry, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 25—26 


Holotype female.—Length 2.24 mm, width about 1.08 mm, generally fus- 
cous with extensive pallid areas on hemelytra, clothed with recumbent gold- 
en setae (Fig. 25). Head: Width 0.54 mm, vertex across ocelli 0.12 mm, 
dorsal width of eye 0.22 mm, black, eyes reddish, basal margin behind eyes 
pale (Fig. 26). Rostrum: Broken. Antennae: I, length 0.08 mm, black; II, 
0.50 mm, fuscous, apex pale, thickly clothed with recumbent golden setae: 
III and IV broken. Pronotum: Length 0.34 mm, width at base 0.92 mm, 
shiny black with a pale spot at posterior angles, lateral angles straight, 
distinctly but narrowly flattened and recurved, basal margin sinuate, disc 
strongly punctate, calli more sparsely punctured, weakly raised, clothed 
with recumbent pale golden setae: mesoscutum black, finely punctate; scu- 
tellum shiny black, apical “3 whitish, transversely rugose, finely punctate, 
clothed with recumbent golden setae. Hemelytra: Largely pallid or pale 
testaceous, base of clavus, embolium, outer margin and apical ’3 of corium 
and apex of cuneus dark brown to fuscous, clothed with recumbent pale to 
golden setae; membrane smoky, veins weakly defined. Venter: Shiny black, 
abdomen more fuscous, propleura shiny black with a posterior white mark, 
finely punctate, raised anterior lobe of ostiolar peritreme plate pale or whit- 
ish, abdomen clothed with recumbent pale setae. Legs: Coxae fuscous, pale 
at apices: profemora fuscous, pale at apices and at extreme bases, protibiae 
fuscous, paler on apical 43, protarsi and claws fuscous, remaining legs bro- 
ken. 

Holotype.—. Brazil, Minas Geraes, Pedra Azul, 900 m, November 1972, 
M. Alvarenga collector (AMNH). 

Remarks.—Myiomma semipallidum is most similar to M. brasilianum, 
M. schuhi, and M. surinamense but is easily distinguished by a combination 
of the fuscous, apically pale second antennal segment, extensive pallid areas 
on the hemelytra, and the fuscous legs (at least prolegs). 


568 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Myiomma surinamense (Carvalho and Rosas) 
Paramyiomma surinamense Carvalho and Rosas, 1962:419 

Carvalho and Rosas (1962) described this species from the coastal plain 
of Surinam, South America from more than 50 specimens taken in light 
traps. The authors characterized this species by the dark head, pronotum 
and scutellum, pale hemelytra and legs, the long rostrum which reaches the 
genital segment, and by the male genitalia. 

This species appears to be very close to M. brasilianum and M. schuhi. 
Since no females are known from M. surinamense, it is difficult to suggest 
its relationship to my M. brasilianum (known only from a single female), 
but it appears that the differently marked second antennal segment and the 
darker dorsum will separate the two species. Myiomma schuhi can be sep- 
arated by the shorter rostrum, the pale mark at the base of the cuneus, and 
the fuscous femora and tibiae. 

Carvalho (1951) erected the genus Paramyiomma on the basis of the 
formation of the eyes and the position of the ocelli for several African and 
Asian species and later included M. surinamense. Smith (1967) concluded 
that these characters were not consistently distinct for all the species in- 
volved and synonymized Carvalho’s genus under Myiomma. However, the 
South American fauna, as with much of the Old World fauna, differs con- 
siderably from the “‘typical’’ Myiomma fieberi of the Palearctic. Slater and 
Schuh (1969) suggested that male and female genitalia may have the greatest 
value for defining genera, although I find these characters at a specific level 
to be limited. A careful study of the genus Myiomma ona world basis will 
be required before a sound evaluation of generic limits and species rela- 
tionships can be made. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I am greatly indebted to J. L. Herring (USDA, SEA), R. T. Schuh 
(AMNH), J. C. Schaffner (TAM), and J. A. Slater (UC) for lending valuable 
material which contained new species and to W. L. Dolling (BM) for lending 
the specimen of M. fieberi for comparison. Also I thank my colleague, A. 
G. Wheeler, Jr. (PDA) for reviewing this manuscript and making helpful 
suggestions. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bergroth, E. 1925. On the “annectant bugs” of Messrs. McAtee and Malloch. Bull. Brooklyn 
Entomol. Soc. 20:159-164. 

Blatchley, W. S. 1926. Heteroptera or true bugs of eastern North America. Nature Publ. Co., 
Indianapolis. 1116 pp. 

Brailovsky, H. A. 1977. Contribucion al estudio de los Hemiptera-Heteroptera de Mexico: 
XI. Una neuva especie de Wetmorea McAtee y Malloch (Isometopidae). An. Inst. Biol. 
Univ. Nal. Auton. Mexico. 47(2):49—52 (1976). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 569 


Carvalho, J. C. M. 1951. New genera and species of Isometopidae in the collection of the 
British Museum of Natural History (Hemiptera). An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 23:381-391. 

Carvalho, J.C. M. and A. F. Rosas. 1962. Ona new species of Paramyiomma Carvalho from 
Surinam. Revista Bras. Biol. 22:419—420. 

Eyles, A. C. 1971. List of Isometopidae (Heteroptera: Cimicoidea). N.Z. J. Sci. 14:940-944. 

Heidemann, O. 1908. Notes on Heidemannia cixiiformis Uhler and other species of Isome- 
topinae. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 9: 126-130. 

Henry, T. J. 1977. Teratodia Bergroth, new synonym of Diphicps Bergroth with descriptions 
of two new species (Heteroptera: Miridae: Isometopinae). Fla. Entomol. 60:201-—210. 

Henry, T. J. and J. L. Herring. 1979. Review of the genus Corticoris McAtee and Malloch 
with descriptions of two new species from Mexico (Hemiptera: Miridae: Isometopinae). 
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 81:82—96. 

McAtee. W. L. and J. R. Malloch. 1924. Some annectant bugs of the superfamily Cimicoideae 

(Heteroptera). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 19:69-83. 

1932. Notes on the genera of Isometopinae (Heteroptera). Stylops. 1:62-76. 

Puton, A. 1872. |Myiomma Fieberi Put.| Pet. Nouv. Entomol. 44:177. 

Reuter, O. M. 1912. Hemipterologische Miscellen. Ofv. F. Vet. Soc. Férh. 54A:1-76. 

Slater, J. A. and T. Schuh. 1969. New species of Isometopinae from South Africa (Hemiptera: 
Miridae). J. Entomol. Soc. South Africa. 22(2):351-366. 

Smith, M. R. 1967. A new genus and twelve new species of Isometopinae (Hemiptera-Iso- 
metopidae) from Ghana. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Nigeria. 1:27—42. 

Uhler, P. R. 1891. Observations on some remarkable forms of Capsidae. Proc. Entomol. Soc. 
Wash. 2:119-123. 

Wheeler, A. G., Jr. and T. J. Henry. 1978. Isometopinae (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Pennsyl- 
vania: Biology and descriptions of fifth instars, with observations of predation on ob- 
scure scale. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 71:607-614. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 570-575 


POLISTES WASPS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) SHOW 
INTERFERENCE COMPETITION WITH OTHER 
INSECTS FOR KERMES SCALE INSECT 
(HOMOPTERA: KERMESIDAE) SECRETIONS 


EDWARD M. BARROWS 


Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 
20057. 


Abstract.—Twenty-one marked Polistes fuscatus (F.) females repelled 
other insects from kermesid scale insects Kermes kingi Cockerell for from 
1 to 4 days. These wasps drove away conspecifics and other insects in at 
least eight other families that attempted to feed on scale secretions. When 
flower nectar became abundant, P. fuscatus and other insects except ants 
abandoned the scales and visited flowers. 


Hymenopterans show different degrees of association with their lepidop- 
teran and homopteran trophobionts (Wilson, 1971). For example, Darwin 
(1859) noted that ants obtain “sweet excretions’ from “‘aphides’’; later 
investigators have found that ant species are either facultative or obligative 
associates with aphids (Auclair, 1963; Way, 1963). Some ants protect their 
aphid herds from parasites and predators (Nault et al., 1976) and exhibit 
interference competition (Case and Gilpin, 1974) in driving away other hon- 
eydew-feeding insects. Wasps also feed on homopteran honeydew as re- 
ported by Jiron and Salas (1975), Salas and Jiron (1977), and Barrows (1978). 
However, there appears to be no literature regarding the vespid wasp Pol- 
istes fuscatus (F.) feeding on “honeydew secretions’ of kermesid scale 
insects Kermes kingi Cockerell; hence, I report my findings concerning this 
subject. These wasps showed long-term (over 24 hr) individual constancy 
to these scales; and like ants, they showed interference competition with 
other insects when chasing them away from the scales. 


MATERIALS AND METHODS 


Field observations were made on the property of the University of Mich- 
igan Biological Station, Cheboygan County, Michigan; the study site is de- 
scribed by Barrows (1978). I observed individual P. fuscatus for periods of 
at least 15 min from one to six times per day between 0600 and 2300 hours 


\ 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 571 


on almost every day from 25 July to 4 August 1977. Wasps were individually 
marked on their scuta with fast-drying enamel paints while they guarded or 
took food from scale insects. Nests of marked wasps could not be found. 
Branchlets of Quercus rubra L. with scales were also individually marked 
with paints. In 1978 from mid-June to mid-August, I did not find P. fuscatus 
on the same saplings where they were found in 1977 nor on hundreds of 
other saplings in the area. In 1978, the saplings that were examined in 1977 
harbored K. kingi that were tended by ants: and K. kingi were somewhat 
common on nearby saplings. Means, standard deviations, and medians are 
given in parentheses after ranges. 


RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 


Wasps visited K. kingi on only a few saplings in a stand of hundreds, 
even though K. kingi were on dozens of saplings. Twenty-one marked wasps 
were seen from | to 5 days (2.8 + 1.30, 3) (Table | and Fig. 1). Wasps were 
constant to particular scale groups for from | to 4 days (2.1 + 1.06, 2) and 
were present both day and night. Wasp-U was seen at scale group-15 on 29 
and 31 July but not on 30 July: however, in the data compilation, she was 
assumed to be at group-15 for 3 successive days. In three cases, two marked 
wasps were at the same scale groups (on branches-4, -12, -14) at different 
times of the same day. Nine wasps were at two or three different scale 
groups during the study period. 

Wasps guarded 17 branchlets with from | to 18 scales (4.8 + 4.40, 3). 
Distances between the closest edges of the most distant scales in each guard- 
ed group were from 0 to 67 mm (18.7 + 23.74, 4). The “‘groups”’ contained 
only one scale, only scales that touched one another, or at least two scales 
that did not touch one another. Defended groups were from 14 to 92 cm 
(54.2 + 25.28, 53) above the ground. Altitudes of scale groups were ap- 
proximated by measuring distances from the ground to the center of the 
highest scale in a group. For a statistical analysis with equal sample sizes, 
I located another 17 branchlets with unguarded scales that were less than 
| m above the ground, and on the same saplings that had wasps or on nearby 
saplings. These branchlets had from | to 7 scales (2.4 + 1.73, 2), and indi- 
viduals or groups of scales were from 14 to 95 cm (58 + 29.32, 59) above 
the ground. Distances between the edges of the most distant scales in each 
unguarded group were from 0 to 80 mm (15.9 + 24.21, 2). There were no 
significant differences between number of scales in guarded and unguarded 
groups (P > 0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test). Furthermore, the data did not 
show even trends toward correlations between duration of wasp constancy 
and number, altitude, or dispersion of scales, so they were not subjected to 
regression analysis. Thus, from these data, it is not evident why wasps 
chose certain scale groups rather than others. Other factors such as secre- 


572 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 1. A female of Polistes fuscatus guarding six Kermes kingi on a branch of Quercus 
rubra. 


tion quality and quantity of the scales should be examined in view of the 
facts that honeydew of coccid scales is known to differ slightly during the 
season, and the frequency of honeydew secretion varies among larval instars 
(Takaki and Kawai, 1966; Kawai and Takaki, 1969). 

Polistes fuscatus showed interference competition with other insects for 
scale secretions. These wasps fought with and warded off many insects that 
landed or crawled near the scales, e.g., Episyron quinquenotatus (Say), 
Evagetes subangulatus (Banks), and other pompilid wasps; Camponotus 
noveboracensis (Fitch), Formica subsericea (Say), and Myrmica brevispi- 
nosa discontinua Weber ants; Vespula, chrysidid, chalcidoid, evaniid, and 
eumenid wasps; calliphorid and other flies: and other P. fuscatus of un- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 573 


Table 1. Locations of individually marked Polistes fuscatus (A—U) on oak branchlets with 
Kermes kingi. UM's refer to unmarked wasps. 


July August 
Branch- No. 

let Kermes 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 | 2 4 
l 8 A A A - - - B UM - - 
2 3 C z Ls z D z 

3 4 E E E = = 

4 l F F G, H, UM G UM = = = = 
5 3 ] I ] = = = ss = = = 
6 3 J J - = UM z a 
7 3 K K F L L IE Ie UM = = 
8 8 M UM G UM A 

) 10 N N N N = = = wf = = 
10 8 O O O O = = = = = f= 
11 18 UM UM = - P = D = we = 
12 | - Q R RO UM UM = = _ 
13 2 ~ R ~ UM UM UM S S UM 
14 2 - T Ta© UM 
15 3 a = = Ls U = U Es a ss 
16 2. ~ a - = O ) 
17 2 - - ~ - O S 


known relationships to scale defenders. Polistes fuscatus may have driven 
away parasites of K. kingi because chalcidoid wasps are parasites of Ker- 
mesidae (D. W. Miller, personal communication). These wasps defended 
the scales by landing near intruders, chasing, trying to bite, or biting them. 
They tended to guard only the spaces that were encompassed by scale 
groups. Two marked P. fuscatus (O, Q) that guarded particular scales for 
at least 1 day previously retained their scales after fights with conspecific 
wasps that vied for the scales. 

On 5 August 1977, and during the following week, I found no P. fuscatus 
at scales. However, most scales that were abandoned by the wasps were 
tended by ants which indicated that the scales were still producing honey- 
dew. Wasp visitation of scales may have been related to a scarcity of floral 
nectar during the unusually hot, dry summer of 1977. During the study 
period, there were very few wildflowers in bloom within 500 m of the study 
site. In late July, many Solidago and Mentha began to bloom, and by early 
August Solidago was frequently visited by P. fuscatus and other hymenop- 
terans that imbibed its nectar. One marked P. fuscatus was found on Sol- 
idago. Wasps may have left the scales because flowers were a higher quality 
resource. It is unclear why P. fuscatus were not seen at scales in 1978; 


574 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


however, extreme summer drought did not prevail in this year, and wild- 
flowers were more common. In this year, P. fuscatus licked aphids on 
Asclepias syriaca L. 

In conclusion, this investigation revealed an apparently previously unre- 
ported type of interference competition involving Polistes wasps and other 
insects that feed on kermesid scale honeydew. Continual or continuous food 
production over many days by scales evidently made it worthwhile for 
wasps to visit and guard them during nectar scarcity. The wasps stood over 
or near scales and repelled conspecifics and other insects. They did not 
appear to waste time and energy in protecting spaces that were larger than 
those that contained particular scales, and they apparently left scales when 
floral nectar became abundant. It is likely that the wasps were opportunistic 
users of the honeydew in 1977 and that they are not usual associates of the 
scales. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I thank George C. Eickwort (Cornell University), Douglass H. Morse 
(University of Maryland), Henry R. Hermann (University of Georgia), 
Douglass R. Miller (USDA, Beltsville, Maryland), and an anonymous re- 
viewer for constructive comments on this study. Henry R. Hermann iden- 
tified Polistes fuscatus; Arnold S. Menke (USDA, Washington, D.C.), pom- 
pilids; David R. Smith (USDA, Washington, D.C.), ants: and Stephen W. 
Bullington (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University), scales. I 
am thankful for the opportunity to work at the University of Michigan Bi- 
ological Station. Julie Johnson helped prepare the manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Auclair, J. L. 1963. Aphid feeding and nutrition. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 8:439-490. 

Barrows, E. M. 1978. Male behavior in Evagetes subangulatus (Hymenoptera:Pompilidae). 
Great Lakes Entomol. 11:77-80. 

Case, T. J. and M. E. Gilpin. 1974. Interference competition and niche theory. Proc. Natl. 
Acad. Sci. USA. 71:3073-3077. 

Darwin, C. R. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation 
of favoured races in the struggle for life. First ed. Murray, London. 502 pp. 

Jiron, L. F. and S. Salas. 1975. Simbiosus entre **cochinillas di cola’* (Coccoidea: Margarodidae) 
y otros insectos. I. Los componentes del sistema simbiotico en la tierra alta de Costa 
Rica. Brenesia. 5:67-71. 

Kawai, S. and Y. Takaki. 1969. Honeydew excretions of Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green 
(Homoptera:Coccidae) and its application to evaluate insecticides. Jap. J. Appl. Ento- 
mol. Zool. 13:150-158. 

Nault, L. R., M. E. Montgomery, and W. S. Bowers. 1976. Ant-aphid association: Role of 
aphid alarm pheromone. Science. 192:1349-135]. 

Salas, S. and L. F. Jiron. 1977. Simbiosis entre cochinillas de cola (Homoptera: Margarodidae) 
y otros insectos. II. Estructura del sistema y significado ecologico. Brenesia. 10/11:57-64. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 575 


Takaki, Y. and S. Kawai. 1966. Season changes of the waxy covering and its components of 
a scale insect, Ceroplastes pseudoceriferus Green. Botyu-Kagaku. 31: 148-153. 

Way, M. J. 1963. Mutualism between ants and honeydew-producing Homoptera. Ann. Rev. 
Entomol. 8:307-344. 

Wilson, E. O. 1971. The insect societies. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. 548 pp. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 576-579 


A NEW SPECIES OF DASYMUTILLA FROM FLORIDA 
(HYMENOPTERA: MUTILLIDAE) 


JUSTIN O. SCHMIDT AND CLARENCE E. MICKEL 


(JOS) Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Geor- 
gia 30602; and (CEM) Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, 
Tucson, Arizona 85721. 


Abstract.—Dasymutilla archboldi, new species, appears to be restricted 
to a small area around Archbold Biological Station, Florida. Geographical 
and biological data pertaining to the species are presented. 


In March of 1976 and 1978 and in October of 1978 numerous female 
specimens of a new species of Dasymutilla were collected in Highlands Co., | 
Florida. We describe the species here. 


Dasymutilla archboldi Schmidt and Mickel, NEW SPECIES 


Female.—Ferruginous except for pair of coalescent yellow spots on pos- 
terior ’2 of 2nd tergum, 3rd through Sth terga mahogany; pubescence of 
head and legs pale golden, that of terga 3-5, and of all sterna pale, glittering; 
eyes extremely prominent; propodeal spiracles narrow, elevated, promi- 
nent; scutellar scale narrow, prominent; anterior 2-4 of disk of 2nd meta- 
somal tergum with brush of short, stiff light ferruginous pubescence; pygid- 
ium strongly longitudinally striate: apices of middle and hind femora 
rounded; length 6.4 mm. 

Head clothed with sparse appressed erect pale golden pubescence; eyes 
very prominently bulging; distance between eye and occipital margin slightly 
greater than 2 greatest length of eye; from above occipital margin very 
shallowly concave; mandible acuminate at apex with minute tooth within at 
point '/s of distance from apex; anterior margin of clypeus very feebly bi- 
dentate, almost straight; anterior 2 of clypeus glabrous, impunctate, sep- 
arated from posterior '2 by transverse sinuate carina, posterior 2 of clypeus 
punctate, clothed with long pale ferruginous pubescence, latter forming 
clypeal fringe; scape with moderate punctures above, clothed with very pale 
pubescence, Ist flagellar segment slightly longer than 2nd, length approxi- 
mately 1.5 width at apex; antennal scrobes not at all carinate; front with 
coarse, shallow confluent punctures; vertex and gena with moderate, sep- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 577 


arated punctures; posterolateral angle of head rounded; head and mesosoma 
same width. 

Mesosoma longer than wide, dorsum and posterior face of propodeum 
clothed with recumbent ferruginous pubescence, and especially anteriorly 
and laterally with long sparse erect pale glittering hairs; dorsum anteriorly 
with large reticulo-foveate punctures, each containing a short hair, spaces 
between punctures becoming asperate posteriorly near scutellar scale; scu- 
tellar scale narrow, prominent, from posterior view its height as great as 
width; pubescence of pleural region pale, glittering; propleura coarsely fo- 
veo-punctate; anterior ’2 of mesopleura smooth, micropunctate, with very 
fine appressed glittering pubescence, posterior ’2 coarsely punctuate; meta- 
pleura coarsely punctured at ventral margin, indistinctly punctured dorsally: 
lateral surfaces of propodeum mostly smooth with few large shallow punc- 
tures, posterior face vertical, rounding dorsally, dorsum asperate, with 
smooth areas between the asperities, posterior face smooth, bare; propodeal 
spiracles distinctly elevated, prominent. 

Metasoma with anterior 2-24 of 2nd tergum clothed with brush of short, 
suff ferruginous pubescence, pubescence of terga 3—5 pale, glittering; Ist 
tergum short, nodose, with coarse punctures subapically, disk glabrous with 
spot of dense pale glittering pubescence, apical fringe very thin, almost 
lacking; 2nd tergum 1.3 as long as wide; punctures of 2nd tergum mod- 
erate, confluent, each containing a short seta, setae becoming longer and 
more erect anteriorly. Pubescence within yellow spots golden; sides of 2nd 
tergum with coarse, more confluent punctures than disk, pubescence within 
longer, pale; apical fringe of 2nd tergum pale, glittering. interrupted medially 
with black pubescence; 3-5 terga with small, close punctures and pale, 
glittering pubescence; pygidium distinct with 7-12 prominent irregular stria- 
tions extending to distal margin; pubescence of all sterna pale and glittering, 
longer than that on terga; Ist sternum possessing a low, weakly bidentate 
carina; 2nd sternum with moderate, separated punctures; sterna 3-5 with 
close, fine punctures; hypogydium with fine, very close punctures. 

Legs ferruginous, tarsi and tibiae slightly darker than femora; pubescence 
of legs, except tarsi, pale, glittering: calcaria dark ferruginous. 

Holotype.—?, Archbold Biological Station, Highlands County, Florida, 
March 24-25, 1978 (Schmidt and Hook), in the Smithsonian Institution, 
USNM Type No. 75944. Paratypes (all females): From type-locality: 11, 
March 15-17, 1976 (Schmidt and Schmidt); 49, March 20, 24-25, 1978 
(Schmidt and Hook): 6, 4 mi W Sebring, Highlands County, Florida, March 
24, 1978 (Schmidt and Hook); 38, October 20-22, 1978 (Schmidt); 1, Lake 
Placid, Highlands County, Florida, April 1, 1954 (Krombein): 1, Lake Plac- 
id, Florida, June 26, 1962 (Krombein); |, Polk County, Florida, March 25, 
1954 (Weems). Paratypes are in the Smithsonian Institution, the American 
Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural His- 


578 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


tory, and collections of the University of Georgia, the University of Florida, 
the University of Minnesota, and Archbold Biological Station. 

In Mickel’s (1936) key to the Dasymutilla, D. archboldi keys to couplet 
70, D. vesta sappho, from which it is easily distinguished by the conspic- 
uously asperated dorsal face of the propodeum, the greatly elevated pro- 
podeal spiracles, the narrower scutellar scale, the more bulging eyes, and 
the brush-like appearance of the pubescence on the second metasomal ter- 
gum. It can be easily separated from D. chattahoochei Bradley by the ab- 
sence of conspicuously carinate posterolateral angles of the head, the nar- 
rower scutellar scale, and the smoother, more glabrous posterior face of the 
propodeum. The taxonomic position of D. archboldi in the genus is uncer- 
tain, though it perhaps belongs in the caneo group (Mickel, 1928). 

Etymology.—We are proud to name this species in honor of Richard 
Archbold who pioneered in natural history exploration and who established 
the biological station where the type was collected. 


DISCUSSION 


Dasymutilla archboldi was by far the dominant species of mutillid wasp 
taken at the type-locality in March of 1976 and 1978 and in October 1978. 
In spite of extensive personal collecting in Florida by the first author and 
careful examination of specimens of D. vesta sappho from the collections 
of the University of Georgia, the Smithsonian Institution, the University of 
Minnesota, the Archbold Biological Station, and the authors’ personal col- 
lections, only one specimen outside of Highlands County, Florida was 
found: that was taken in neighboring Polk County, Florida. To date all 
specimens were collected in early spring or mid-to-late fall. 

All specimens collected by the first author and his fellow collectors were 
taken on very well drained coarse light-colored sand described on the 1962 
General Soil Map of Florida, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station as 
“No. | Soil—excessively drained soil dominated by thick acid sand.’ This 
type of soil is restricted in range mainly to patches in Highlands County 
with one large area in Ocala National Forest, Marion County, Florida. Ex- 
tensive collecting in the latter area in late March to mid-April 1978 in a 
variety of successional habitats yielded 68 females of Mutillidae, including 
19 D. vesta sappho, 19 D. chattahoochei, and none of the new species. 
Thus, D. archboldi appears restricted to the small upland well-drained area 
around Archbold Biological Station, an area it shares with D. v. sappho and 
several other species. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We thank Debbie Schmidt and Allan Hook for helping to collect speci- 
mens at the type-locality, Orvel Schmidt for generously donating his time 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 579 


to collect extensively in Ocala National Forest, and especially to Karl 
Krombein and Roy Snelling for critically reviewing the manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Mickel, C. E. 1928. Biological and taxonomic investigations of the mutillid wasps. U.S. Natl. 
Mus. Bull. 143:1-351. 

———. 1936. New species and records of Nearctic mutillid wasps of the genus Dasymutilla 
(Hymenoptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 29:29-60. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 580-582 


A METHOD FOR REARING THE SAND COCKROACH, ARENIVAGA 
TONKOWA (DICTYOPTERA: POLYPHAGIDAE) 


DONALD G. COCHRAN 


Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Uni- 
versity, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061. 


Abstract.—A simple method is described for the laboratory culture of the 
sand cockroach Arenivaga tonkowa Hebard. By use of this method the 
colony is increasing in size and has successfully passed through three gen- 
erations in the laboratory. 


Insects which have adapted to life in very dry environments represent a 
physiologically and ecologically important group of animals. Cockroaches 
of the genus Arenivaga fall in this category, and have been used in such 
studies (Cochran, 1976; Edney, 1966; 1968; Friauf and Edney, 1969). As 
with any group of animals the ability to establish and maintain a laboratory 
colony of these insects greatly facilitates their use as experimental animals. 
Past experience in my laboratory has shown that attempts to rear one mem- 
ber of this genus (A. investigata Friauf and Edney) by methods used for 
other cockroach species have uniformly resulted in the expiration of the 
colony within a few weeks. The purpose of this paper is to describe a method 
which has been developed for the continuous laboratory culture of A. ton- 
Kowa Hebard. 


MATERIALS AND METHODS 


The cockroaches used in this study were collected from very dry soil 
along the banks of the Guadalupe River north of San Antonio, Texas in July 
of 1977 and 1978. They were transported to the laboratory and placed in 
culture. The original collections numbered about 25 in 1977 and 15 in 1978. | 

The culture method is based upon an observation made at the collection | 
site in 1977. The cockroaches were living in the soil under an abandoned | 
metal drum. This appeared to be a more or less closed system with little 
exposure to light. To simulate these conditions a one gallon cardboard ice 
cream container with closely fitting lid was used as the rearing cage. Into | 
it was placed dry sandy soil to a depth of 3—S cm. The unsterilized soil was i 
previously passed through a #7 USA Standard Testing Sieve in order to | 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 581 


remove extraneous materials. Onto the surface of the soil was placed a 
circular watch glass 5 cm in diameter with its concave side up. This served 
as the receptacle for the watering device and prevented capillary action by 
the soil, which otherwise would have rapidly drained the water reservoir. 

The watering device was a 2 dram shell vial with lip. After filling the vial 
with water, its open end was closed with a piece of wet sponge cut to give 
a tight fit. The sponge was box shaped and measured about 4 « 2.5 x 2.5 
cm. When properly in place, it allowed slow withdrawal of water from the 
vial. The vial was laid flat on the soil surface with the wet sponge end on 
the watch glass. The reservoir was replenished at approximately weekly 
intervals, while the sponge had to be replaced periodically. 

Food was supplied to the cage in the form of commercial dog food. One 
or two pellets were placed on the soil surface well removed from the source 
of water. Rearing was conducted in a room with the temperature controlled 
between 21—26°C at ambient relative humidity. The light intensity in the 
cages was very low except when the lid was removed for servicing. 


RESULTS 

The cockroaches were placed on the surface of the soil and immediately 
began burrowing into it. Within a few seconds they were completely out of 
sight. This appears to be their normal pattern, except for adult males and 
small nymphs which occasionally were found on the surface of the soil at 
times of servicing the cages. Additionally, when the cages were opened for 
servicing the cockroaches sometimes emerged from the soil and began 
climbing the cage walls. This is probably a positive phototropic response to 
a suddenly increased light intensity. Presumably, such a situation would not 
normally occur in the natural habitat. 

Under the rearing conditions described here the colony was stabilized. 
Within a few weeks adults were in evidence, and oothecae were subse- 
quently found in the soil. While detailed life-history studies have not yet 
been conducted, this species went from adult to adult in about 5 months. 
The colony has now passed through 3 generations in the laboratory, and 
currently numbers about 100 individuals. 


DISCUSSION 


The method described here has proven successful for the laboratory cul- 
ture of A. tonkowa. It appears that it should also be adaptable to the culture 
of other members of this genus. Where possible, it would seem desirable to 
use soil collected from the natural habitat. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


I wish to thank Lt. W. H. Candler, Jr. for assistance in the collection of 


582 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


A. tonkowa, Dr. A. B. Gurney for providing species identification, and Dr. 
M. H. Ross for critically reading the manuscript. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Cochran, D. G. 1976. Excreta analysis on additional cockroach species and the house cricket. 
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 53A:79-81. 

Edney, E. B. 1966. Absorption of water vapor from unsaturated air by Arenivaga sp. 

(Polyphagidae, Dictyoptera). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 19:387—408. 

. 1968. The effect of water loss on the haemolymph of Arenivaga sp. and Periplaneta 

americana. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 25:149-158. 

Friauf, J. J. and E. B. Edney. 1969. A new species of Arenivaga from desert sand dunes in 
Southern California. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 71:1-7. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 583-587 


XERANOBIUM LATICEPS (COLEOPTERA: ANOBITDAE) REARED 
FROM HAPLOPAPPUS TENUISECTUS (COMPOSITAE), 
WITH DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA! 


MARTIN HETZ AND FLOYD WERNER 


Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 
85721. 


Abstract.—Adults and larvae of Xeranobium laticeps Fall were removed 
rom roots and root crowns of living Haplopappus tenuisectus (Greene) 
Blake in southern Arizona. Larvae were reared on an artificial diet for con- 
irmation of larva-adult association. The larva is described. 


Burroweed, Haplopappus tenuisectus (Greene) Blake, is an invader of 
depleted range lands and disturbed areas at lower elevations (2000-5500 ft) 
in southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, southwestern Texas, and north- 
ern Mexico. It often is abundant over large areas, sometimes the dominant 
vegetational cover, and is of primary concern to ranchers when it displaces 
grasses in heavily grazed areas. While sampling burroweed for insects in 
Pima and Pinal Counties, southern Arizona, we removed three adults and 
a number of larvae of anobiid beetles from roots and root crowns and took 
two adults from foliage. The beetles proved to be Xeranobium laticeps Fall. 


MATERIALS AND METHODS 


Haplopappus tenuisectus plants were dug from the soil with a 5-lb mat- 
tock. About 40 larvae were removed from the root systems and either placed 
in l-oz plastic cups containing an artificial diet (Shorey and Hale, 1965) for 
rearing or preserved in KAAD (Peterson, 1948) and stored in 95% ethyl 
alcohol. Six larvae have been reared to the adult stage. They are slow in 
developing and may take well over a year to complete their life cycle in 
nature. Some that were incubated at 30°C were still feeding nearly two years 
after the time of their collection, but the artificial diet may lack an important 
‘nutrient, retarding larval growth. 

Nine larvae, representing three general collecting sites, have been dis- 


' University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Publication No. 2939. 


584 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


sected and examined for distinguishing characters. For this examination the } 
epipharynx, maxillae, labium, and antennae were cleared in KOH solution 
and mounted in Hoyer’s medium on microscope slides. 


DISCUSSION 


The biology and larvae of many Anobiidae are known; but, of the genus 
Xeranobium, only the immature of X. macrum Fall has been described 
(Boving, 1954) and associated with a food plant, the composite Spirostachys 
occidentalis Walson. The adults of this rearing were apparently transferred 
to X. californicum White by White (1971). We have removed larvae and 
adults of a second Xeranobium species from the root system of Haplopap- 
pus tenuisectus. Larvae were in living tissue in the root crowns and upper 
portions of the tap roots of both young and healthy and old and declining 
plants (root crown diameters from about 10 mm to 70 mm). They were not 
abundant and caused little damage to their host, because of their small size. 

White (1971), in his revision of the genus Xeranobium, provides one key 
for the separation of males of 23 species and another for nine species of 
definitely known females. Of the eleven Xeranobium adults we reared or 
collected, only three were males and can assuredly be determined to 
species. These, based primarily on genitalia and antennal structure, belong 
to X. laticeps Fall. The females do not fit any description closely enough 
for a reliable identification, mainly due to extreme variation in antennal 
segments 4-8. The form of these segments ranges from serrate to pectinate. 
For example, in one female segment 4 is 0.95 times as wide as long and 
segment eight 1.13: in another segment 4 is 1.38 and segment eight 2.17 
times as wide as long. Although these females cannot be accurately deter- 
mined by the use of an adult key, they must logically be associated with the 
laticeps males because of similarity in characters exhibited by all larvae 
examined and by the fact that all specimens were taken from the same part 
of the same host species in the same area. 

Boving (1927, 1954) and Parkin (1933) have treated several larval Ano- 
biidae in detail, and we have chosen to base the description of the immature 
stage of X. /aticeps on the characters used by these authors, to permit 
comparison. 


DESCRIPTION 


General (Fig. 1).—Larva (presumably full grown) scarabaeiform, up to 12 
mm long, and clothed with long, fine, golden setae, these longer and denser 
on hypopleural folds and not obscuring surface. Color, including head cap- 
sule, near white. Thorax swollen to 1.26 width of abdomen. Abdominal 
segments 1—6 uniform in width, terminal segments slightly wider. Asperities 
present on metathorax and abdominal segments 1-7. All spiracles with ac- 
cessory chambers. These vary markedly in number, size, and positioning, 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 585 


2ven in the 2 spiracles on | segment. In general, they are on the anterior 
margin of the mesothoracic spiracles and on the posterior margin of all 8 
abdominal pairs. 

Head.—Head capsule perpendicular to longitudinal axis of body, broadest 
at 24 below vertex, truncated at epistome, with sides evenly rounded, and 
covered with long, fine, golden setae which become shorter at vertex. Epi- 
stome (Fig. 6) darkly pigmented except in a median area about width of 
labrum, with setae along base of clypeus, and with a tuft of fine, longer 
setae above and mesal to each antenna. Ocelli absent. Antennae (Fig. 4) 
minute, bearing | lightly sclerotized conical appendix and 2 darker basicon- 
ical processes that have 2 minute setae near the base. Labrum emarginate, 
narrower than clypeus, and fringed with fine setae. Epipharynx (Fig. 2) 
covered on apical 4% with long, curved setae directed mesad; those in re- 
maining 23 becoming a row on each side of midline, several deep, and fewer 
and shorter until only a few anteriorly pointed setae are present between 
tips of tormae; lateral marginal setae pointed with remaining setae blunt. 
Midline naked. Tormae darkly sclerotized. Mandibles (Fig. 3) large, dark 
brown to black, with 2 teeth on lower leading edge (anterior margin), and 
2 groups of setae; proximal aboral group of about 15 long, fine setae arranged 
in vertical column, and distal group of about 5 stouter, slightly shorter setae 
set in a large, deep, central pit. Marginal brush absent. Anterior margin 
above teeth smooth, nearly straight, and with a slight bulge before rounding 
off above. Labial palpi 2-segmented, lightly sclerotized, and with no setae 
(Fig. 5). Mentum mostly membranous, rounded trapezoidal, with a band of 
fine setae, its basal margin lightly sclerotized. Submentum membranous, 
with a transverse band of fine setae on apical 2 and a few scattered setae 
on basal 2. Maxillary palpi 3-segmented: basal segment with fine setae 
about apex, 2nd segment with only 2 or 3 very small setae apically. Galea 
with stout, inward curving, sharp-pointed setae and with lower 7% of outer 
edge forming a heavily sclerotized, comma-shaped support. Lacinia shorter 
than and about as wide as galea, densely margined with long, straight, stout 
setae. Stipes straight-sided, slightly longer than cardo, its basal 23 with many 
fine, appressed setae, and apical “3 with longer erect setae that reach to tip 
of palpus. Stipital rods darkly sclerotized, Y-shaped, with | branch extend- 
ing into base of galea. Cardo elongate, about 4 as long as wide, lightly 
sclerotized at base, naked. 

Thorax.—Legs clothed with long, fine setae and ending in a single claw. 
Pleural folds bulging between sulci and meso- and metathorax divided ap- 
proximately in 2 by a sinuate, longitudinal depression. Prothorax with nar- 
row, elliptical, mesothoracic spiracles in pleural fold at its posterior edge, 
and with | notal fold. Mesothorax with | notal fold. Metathorax with a large 
prenotal fold bearing asperities on its anterior face, in 3 rows dorsally and 
scattered below. 


586 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON) 


A\ 
SS 


S sayy, 
\g) NAYS 9 A 
XY} 4s iY] 


pps ee, | | 


dl 
I 


Mini 
wits /) 


5 


Figs. 1-6. Larval Xeranobium. 1, Full grown larva, 8.3. 2, Epipharynx, ventral view, 
116x. 3, Left mandible, anterior view, 71x. 4, Antenna, 790x. 5, Maxillae and labium, 
ventral view, 5.3. 6, Epistome, dorsal view, 36x. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 587 


Abdomen.—Segments 1-7 with broad prenotal folds bearing asperities in 
2 or 3 rows dorsally, scattered below, and segments 1-6 with narrow post- 
notal folds. Asperities on segments I-S in broader bands than those on 
segments 6 or 7. Segment 8 cylindrical, without folds. Terminal segment 
with a crescent of asperities laterally. 

All specimens are being held in the insect collection at the University of 
Arizona, Tucson. 

The most noticeable differences between larvae of Xeranobium laticeps 
and X. californicum lie in the labrum, epipharynx, and spiracles. B6ving’s 
description of californicum states that the labrum is approximately circular, 
that some posterior setae of the epipharynx (between tips of tormae) are 
fan-shaped, others hook-shaped, and that the spiracles lack accessory cham- 
bers. In X. laticeps, the labrum is emarginate, all posterior epipharyngeal 
setae are blunt and similar, and all spiracles have accessory chambers. In 
addition, there is no pigmentation on the epistome of X. californicum, while 
more darkly pigmented areas exist on that of X. laticeps. No mention is 
made of a heavily sclerotized comma-shaped structure in the lateral edge of 
the galea in X. californicum, such as exists in X. laticeps. The mandibles 
are similar in outline but differ in the size and number of setae contained in 
each of the two groups. Xeranobium laticeps is larger, about 12 mm, com- 
pared with 7 mm for X. californicum. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Boving, A. G. 1927. The larva of Nevermannia dorcatomoides Fisher with comments on the 
classification of the Anobiidae according to their larvae (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). Proc. 
Entomol. Soc. Wash. 29(3):51-62. 

———. 1954. Mature larvae of the beetle family Anobiidae. Det. Kongelige Danske Vi- 
denskabernes Selskab, Biologiske Meddelelser, band 22, nr. 2. 298 pp. 

Parkin, E. A. 1933. The larvae of some wood-boring Anobtidae (Coleoptera). Bull. Entomol. 
Res. 24:33-68. 

Peterson, A. 1948. Larvae of insects. Part 1. Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. 
315 pp. 

Shorey, H. H. and R. L. Hale. 1965. Mass-rearing of the larvae of nine noctuid species on 
a simple artificial media. J. Econ. Entomol. 58(3):522-524. 

White, R. E. 1971. A revision of the genus Xeranobium Fall (Coleoptera: Anobiidae). Trans. 
Am. Entomol. Soc. 97:595-634. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 588-590 


THE CORRECT NAME FOR THEROSCOPUS MICATOR OF AUTHORS 
(HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) 


ROBERT W. CARLSON 


Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, AR, SEA, USDA, % U.S. 
National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—Recently, the name Theroscopus rufulus (Gmelin) has been 
incorrectly applied to the species long misidentified as Theroscopus micator 
(Gravenhorst). The correct name for the species in question 1s Theroscopus 
oxyphymus (Gravenhorst). 


From the original description, Carlson (1979:423) determined that the 
name Ichneumon micator Gravenhorst (1807) could not possibly apply to 
Theroscopus micator of authors and presumed that misidentifications of the 
species had evolved from Gravenhorst’s (1829) expanded definition of mu- 
cator. Sawoniewicz (1978) studied the material identified as micator in the 
Gravenhorst collection, selected a lectotype which apparently agrees with 
the original description, and transferred micator to the genus Ac/astus. For 
Theroscopus micator of authors, Sawoniewicz used the name Theroscopus 
rufulus (Gmelin) and suppressed a number of names, including Hemiteles 
oxyphymus Gravenhorst (the holotype of which he studied), as new syn- 
onyms of 7. rufulus. 

Sawoniewicz s usage of the name rufulus is based upon a specimen in the 
Gravenhorst collection which Sawoniewicz implied as having been labeled 
by Gravenhorst as Cryptus rufulus. That specimen agrees with Graven- 
horst’s (1829, v. 2, p. 622) usage of Gmelin’s name (cf. Gravenhorst, 1829, 
v. 3, pp. 1086-1087). Unfortunately, that usage of the name rufulus 1s in- 
correct. 

Gmelin proposed the name Ichneumon rufulus for Synistata species 311 
of Zschach (1788), Zschach having published descriptions of numerous in- 
sects for which he provided no names. Zschach’s Synistata species 366 and 
312 through 316 were treated by Gmelin as varieties of rufulus and were 
designated by Greek letters rather than names, the usage of Greek letters 
for varieties being in the Linnean tradition (see Stearn, 1957:90-94). Be- 
cause the specimens upon which Gmelin’s varieties of rufulus are based do 
not qualify as syntypes of the name rufulus (see Stoll et al., 1964, p. 75, 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 589 


art. 72 [a]), the name is restricted to species 311 of Zschach. The Graven- 
horst-Sawoniewicz usage of the name rufulus is incorrect because it is based 
upon species 316 of Zschach (rufulus var. ¢ of Gmelin) and because it dis- 
agrees in critical respects with Zschach’s description of species 311. Ther- 
oscopus oxyphymus (Gravenhorst) is the correct name for Theroscopus 
micator of authors and Theroscopus rufulus sensu Sawoniewicz. Zschach’s 
description of species 311 disagrees with 7. oxyphymus by indicating that 
the mouth (clypeus and/or mandibles?) is red, that abdominal tergite 3 is red 
(rarely entirely red, but often entirely black, in oxyphymus females), and 
that the legs are red (Zschach’s wording “‘geniculis posticis fuscis’’ with 
respect to his species 316 [not 311] being a major point of agreement between 
316 and oxyphymus). The complete synonymy for 7. oxyphymus is given 
below. 


Theroscopus oxyphymus (Gravenhorst), revised status 


Ichneumon sp. Zschach, 1788:68, no. 316. 2. 

Ichneumon rufulus var. € Gmelin, 1790:2717. 2. 

Cryptus rufulus: Gravenhorst, 1829, v. 2, p. 622; misapplication of name 
Ichneumon rufulus Gmelin to rufulus var. ¢ Gmelin. 

Hemiteles luteiventris Gravenhorst, 1829, v. 2, p. 812. ¢d. NEWSYNONYM. 

Hemiteles oxyphymus Gravenhorst, 1829, v. 2, p. 815. 6. 

Hemiteles micator: Gravenhorst, 1829, v. 2, p. 833: misidentification, in 
part, of Ichneumon micator Gravenhorst, 1807:260. 

Hemiteles ruficoxus Provancher, 1874:331. ¢d, 2. NEW SYNONYM. 

Phygadeuon cornutus Provancher, 1882:334, 356. 2. NEW SYNONYM. 

Hemiteles politus Bridgman, 1883:146. °. 

Phaeogenes recticornis Provancher, 1886:42. d, 2. NEW SYNONYM. 

Aenoplegimorpha phytonomi Viereck, 1912:147. 2. 

Hemiteles (Eriplanus) metacomet Viereck, 1917:340. °. 

Phygadeuon silesiacus Habermehl, 1919:104. 2. NEW SYNONYM (un- 
certain; placed as a synonym of micator by Habermehl, 1926:331). 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
Dr. Arnold S. Menke’s constructive criticism of the manuscript was very 
helpful and is greatly appreciated. I thank Dr. Curtis W. Sabrosky for his 
helpful suggestions, and I am grateful to Dr. D. H. Nicholson (Dept. of 


Botany, Smithsonian Institution) for providing me with the reference dis- 
cussing the Linnean usage of Greek letters for varieties. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bridgman, J. B. 1883. Further additions to Mr. Marshall's catalogue of British Ichneumonidae. 
Trans. Entomol. Soc. London. 31:139-171. 


590 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Carlson, R. W. 1979. Family Ichneumonidae, pp. 315-740. Jn K. V. Krombein, P. D. Hurd, 
D. R. Smith, and B. D. Burks [ed.], Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of 
Mexico. Smithsonian Press, Washington, D.C. 

Gmelin. J. F. 1790. Caroli a Linnée Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, ed. 13, v. 1 
(Regnum animale), pt. 5, pp. 2225-3020. G. E. Beer, Leipzig (=Lipsiae). 

Gravenhorst. J. L. C. 1807. Vergleichende Ubersicht des Linneischen und einige neueren 
zoologischen Systeme, nebst dem eingeschalteten Verzeichnisse der zoologischen 
Sammlung des Verfassers und den Beschreibungen neuer Thierarten, die in derselben 
vorhanden sind. H. Dietrich, Gottingen, xx + 476 pp. 

———.. 1829. Ichneumonologia europaea. L. Voss, Wroctaw (=Vratislaviae), v. 1, Xxxi + 
830 pp.:; v. 2, 989 pp.; v. 3, 1097 pp. 

Habermehl, H. 1919. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der palaearktischen Ichneumonidenfauna. Ztschr. 
Wiss. Insektenbiol. 15:15—22, 104-111. 

———. 1926. Neue und wenig bekannte palaarktischen Ichneumoniden, IV, Nachtrag. Deut. 
Entomol. Ztschr. (for 1926), pp. 321-331. 

Provancher, L. 1874. Les ichneumonides de Quebec avec description de plusiers especes 
nouvelles. Nat. Canad. 6:29-32, 55-63, 78-81, 103-107, 143-151, 173-179, 200-205, 
279-285, 298-301, 331-336. 

——. 1882. Faune canadienne, Hymenopteres, additions et corrections. Nat. Canad. 13: 
(no. 154) 289-311, (no. 155) 321-336, (no. 156) 353-368. 

———. 1886. Family IV. Ichneumonidae, pp. 29-121. Jn L. Provancher, Additions et cor- 
rections au volume II de la faune entomologique du Canada, traitant des Hymenopteres. 
C. Darveau, Quebec, 1885-1889. 

Sawoniewicz, J. 1978. Zur Systematic und Faunistik der Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Ann. 
Zool. (Warsaw). 34:122-137. 

Stearn, W. T. 1957. An introduction to the species plantarum and cognate botanical works 
of Carl Linnaeus, pp. 1-176. Jn C. Linnaeus, Species plantarum, a facsimile of the first 
edition, v. |. Ray Society, London. 

Stoll, N. R. (Chairman), R. Ph. Dollfuss, J. Forest, N. D. Riley, C. W. Sabrosky, C. W. 
Wright, R. V. Melville, Editorial Committee, International Commission on Zoological 
Nomenclature. 1964. International code of zoological nomenclature adopted by the XV 
International Congress of Zoology, ed. 2. International Trust for Zoological Nomencla- 
ture, London, 176 pp. 

Viereck, H. L. 1912. Descriptions of five new genera and twenty-six new species of ichneu- 
mon-flies. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 42:139-153. 

——. 1917 (1916). The Hymenoptera, or wasp-like insects, of Connecticut. Conn. State 
Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 22, 824 pp. 

Zschach, J. J. 1788. Museum N. G. Leskeanum, pars entomologica ad systema entomologiae 
Cl. Fabricii ordinata. I. G. Muller, Leipzig (=Lipsiae), 136 pp. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 591-601 


A KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PATRITIUS STAL WITH THE 
DESCRIPTION OF FOUR NEW SPECIES FROM SOUTH 
AMERICA (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE)! 


JAMES A. SLATER 


Systematic and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 
Connecticut 06268. 


Abstract.—The genus Patritius Stal is characterized. Ten of the eleven 
known species occur in South America, one is found in Cuba. A key to all 
species in included. Four new species are described—P. fuligineus, P. 
ischnodemoides and P. englemani from Brazil and P. breviauris from Peru. 
Notes are included on the status of P. /Jaevus Stal and P. colombianus Slater 
and Wilcox. Dorsal view figures are included for P. englemani, P. fuligi- 
neus, and P. breviauris. 


The members of the genus Patritius Stal are large robust blissine bugs 
characterized by having all femora multispinose, usually elongate scent 
gland auricles, eyes protruding on short lateral head extensions, terete an- 
tennae, straight apical corial margins, and closed fore coxal cavities. The 
pruinosity patterns are variable. 

The systematic position of the genus within the Blissinae and a prelimi- 
nary Cladistic analysis of the species will be included in a forthcoming gen- 
eral analysis of the Blissinae. The present paper provides a key to all of the 
known species and describes four new species from South America. Though 
these species are described from only one or two specimens, they are all 
quite distinct from each other and from any of the described species. Fur- 
ther, their descriptions are important as they include what I believe to be 
the ‘‘most plesiomorphic’’ and ‘‘most apomorphic”™’ species within the ge- 
nus. 

A summary of the history of the genus is given by Slater and Wilcox 
(1966) and is not repeated here. A new key to species is provided to include 
the new species described below. All measurements given are in mm. 

Ten of the eleven known species occur only in South America and the 


1 This work was supported by a grant in aid from the National Science Foundation. 


592 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


other on Cuba. This pattern occurs in other taxa of Heteroptera and prob- 
ably indicates a vicariant event in that part of Cuba may well have been the 
only area in the West Indies that was not submerged sometime during the 
middle Tertiary. 


nN 


KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PATRITIUS 


. Metathoracic scent gland auricle short and lobate, not extending 


dorso-laterally to middle of metapleuron; legs completely light yel- 
LONVACE IG 3) So egesogstons che aye ee asec artnet ceeere ene breviauris, new species 
Metathoracic scent gland auricle elongate extending far dorso-lat- 
erad of middle of metapleuron, or if somewhat shorter then distal 


énds ‘of femora blacks e855 aes Ae ee ae ee ee Z 
Metathoracic scent gland auricle curving posteriorly .............. 3 
Metathoracic scent gland auricle curving anteriorly ............... 6 
. Pronotum with alternating bands of shining and dull pruinose sur- 
fACORTEXCUTES cent «ohn hee tae alternatus Slater and Wilcox 
Pronotum: entirely ‘shining blackyas. ee ee ee ee 4 


Entire scutellum completely shining, non-pruinose (Fig. 1)....... 
BAUS oat ae ais oor 8 Ae Sosy Seah PAGES SA & TA RID ST ORSENIS OE Oe aE new species 
Median carina of scutellum shining, remainder pruinose ........... 5 


. Either antennal segment 2 or 3 considerably longer than any indi- 


vidualslabialsseement 47 sao. ee colombianus Slater and Wilcox 
Either 2nd or 3rd antennal segment subequal to or shorter than any 
individual labial Seementv = «sca. re ee oe cubensis Barber 


. Pronotum posteriorly completely pruinose between humeri ...... 


Su eS a ec ene eeu o Atl may ab Kip 1 Fan! longispadix Slater and Wilcox 
Pronotum posteriorly with extensive shining non-pruinose areas 
present between humeri 


. Pronotum posteriorly with a narrow pruinose area separating elon- 


gate median transverse shining areas from ovoid shining humeral 
ALCAS MY EE TSS ie cee Rede tr es ORO ore eRe oer eee grossus Haglund 
Pronotum posteriorly with a completely shining stripe across hu- 
meri 


. Shining areas on anterior pronotal lobe extending broadly over and 


slightly below lateral margins of pronotum; labial segment 2 con- 
siderably longer thanrsepment. 5. 4. eee fuscovenosus Stal 
Shining areas of anterior pronotal lobe not broadly attaining lateral 
margins, if approaching margins then labial segment 2 shorter than 
SCEmMeIIE SH, S48 le See ae, ee y) 


Fig. 1. Patritius englemani, dorsal view. 


593 


NUMBER 4 


VOLUME 81, 


th ¢ ae 
Mateo : 
a teal 
to 


eae 


594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


9. Labium more elongate extending well between or slightly beyond 


fore coxae, 2nd segment longer than segment 3.......... laevus Stal 
— Labium very short not or scarcely extending posteriorly to fore 
coxae: Sepment Zashortenr thanyseomentss.. 71. 4-1 ee ee 10 


10. All tibiae and femora dark chocolate brown; length of 2nd antennal 
segment greater than or subequal to interocular distance; veins of 
membrane black, strongly contrasting with infuscated dark color- 
ation on membrane surace (Bigs 2)) 22.22. fuligineus, new species 

— All tibiae and femora uniformly pale yellow: interocular space con- 
siderably greater than length of 2nd antennal segment; veins of 
membrane concolorous in infuscated portion of membrane surface 

BE NE SEALE oe a ore ee ischnodemoides, new species 


Patritius englemani Slater, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. | 

Description.—General coloration black to dark castaneous, surface 
strongly polished and shining. Clavus and corium a strongly contrasting 
bright yellow, latter suffused with dark chocolate brown along apical mar- 
gin. Membrane black basally becoming an admixture of yellow and black 
to chocolate brown over most of surface. Tibiae, tarsi, and an obscure ovoid 
spot on humeri castaneous. Labium light yellow. Body with pruinosity lim- 
ited to prosternum anterior to fore coxae where it tapers mesially from 
dorsal margin of underside of head to just before and below anterior ace- 
tabula. 

Head with eyes small, semi-transverse, set on short narrow stalks, vertex 
strongly convex, tylus almost attaining distal end of Ist antennal segment, 
length head .96, width across eyes 1.32, interocular space .80. Pronotum 
broad, transverse impression obsolete mesially, lateral margins sinuately 
arcuate, posterior margin very shallowly concave, anterior lobe nearly 1m- 
punctate, posterior lobe with scattered small punctures but impunctate be- 
tween humerl, length pronotum 1.44, width 2.04. Scutellum with T-shaped 
elevation, length scutellum .80, width .60. Hemelytra with lateral corial 
margins markedly tapering caudad of level of abdominal tergum 2, mem- 
brane reaching only onto anterior portion of terga 7, abdominal connexivum 
broadly exposed for most of length, distance apex clavus—apex corium 1.52, 
distance apex corium-apex abdomen 2.32. Metathoracic scent gland auricle 
slightly curved posteriorly, very similar in appearance to that of P. col- 
ombianus. All femora strongly incrassate and armed below with 2 rows of 
sharp spines, fore femora with a very large spine near distal end of outer 
row. Labium extending between but not beyond mesocoxae Ist segment 
reaching base of head; length labial segments I .60, II .58, HI .68, IV .64. 
Antennae only moderately stout, terete, length antennal segments I .28, I 
60; I -62,.1V l12> Totalleneth 7.20. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 59 


i) 


Holotype.—d . BRAZIL: Mato Grosso 10°25'S, 59°28’ W, 17-22.III.[19]77; 
300 m (D. Engleman). In American Museum of Natural History, New York. 

Remarks.—This species is most closely related to P. colombianus agree- 
ing with the latter in the possession of a completely shining pronotum, a 
similarly shaped scent gland auricle, and markedly projecting semistalked 
eyes. Patritius englemani is readily separable from P. colombianus by vir- 
tue of the completely shining non-pruinose scutellum and relatively much 
longer third labial segment which is longer than either segments two or four, 
whereas in P. colombianus segment three is subequal in length to segments 
two and four. This elongation of the third labial segment will also separate 
P. englemani from P. cubensis. 


Patritius ischnodemoides Slater, NEW SPECIES 


Description.—General coloration a combination of reddish brown, gray, 
and pale testaceous. Head, pronotum, and scutellum largely gray pruinose. 
Tylus, a pair of large subtriangular calli patches well separated mesially and 
not attaining lateral margins, a complete narrow band posteriorly across 
pronotum, and a narrow longitudinal mesal stripe on distal 34 of scutellum 
contrastingly shining. Hemelytra variegated, clavus nearly uniformly dark 
red brown, very narrowly pale along claval suture, corium pale yellow with 
median vein, entire distal 4% of corium, and apical corial margin dark red 
brown: membrane chiefly dark brown with a contrasting irregular yellow 
macula adjacent to apex of each corium. Pleural and ventral surfaces of 
head and prothorax completely pruinose. Meso- and metapleura pruinose 
but mesosternum broadly shining as is posterior lobe of metapleuron. An- 
terior acetabula pruinose, meso- and meta-acetabula shining. Legs and an- 
tennae uniformly bright orange yellow. Abdomen reddish brown, becoming 
paler along connexival margins. Head, pronotum, and scutellum evenly con- 
spicuously punctate, a few scattered inconspicuous semidecumbent seri- 
ceous hairs present. 

Head very slightly declivent, tylus reaching at least to middle of subglo- 
bose Ist antennal segment; eyes set on very slightly produced lateral head 
extensions, vertex moderately convex, length head .64, width .88; interoc- 
ular space .58. Pronotum nearly evenly tapering from humeral area to 
anterior margin, weakly sinuate, posterior margin shallowly concave, trans- 
verse impression shallow but present, length pronotum 1.28, width 1.60. 
Length scutellum .70, width .82. Hemelytra with lateral corial margins very 
slightly sinuate, broadest a short distance posterior to distal end of claval 
commissure, radial vein elevated and shining on proximal 34, membrane 
reaching only to distal end of abdominal tergum 6, connexivum broadly 
exposed laterally, distance apex clavus—apex corium 1.40, distance apex 
corium—apex abdomen 3.0. Metathoracic scent gland auricle elongate, linear, 
slightly enlarged and curving anteriorly at distal end. All femora moderately 


596 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


incrassate, armed below with spines, those on fore femora large and with 
a very prominent spine on inner rank 3 way from distal end. Labium short, 
3rd segment barely attaining base of head, 4th segment extending over an- 
terior portion of prosternum, length labial segments I .30, II .16, III .20, IV 
.24. Antennae terete, 4th segment very elongate, length antennal segments 
I .18, II .44, III .42, IV .86; total length 7.52. 

Holotype.—2. BRAZIL: Pirassununga, Sao Paulo (Schubart). In Museu 
Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 

Remarks.—This is a remarkable species and in general habitus closely 
resembles members of the /schodemus tibialis group, much more so than 
other species of Patritius. It is elongate, slender, not markedly robust, with 
rather short legs and antennae. However, this specimen should be referred 
to the genus Patritius as it has all of the essential generic characters. This 
is particularly true of the metathoracic scent gland auricle which is elongate, 
slender, and curves slightly forward just as it does in a number of other 
species of Patritius. Also the slightly stalked eyes, the very elongate fourth 
antennal segment, and, of course, the multispinose middle and hind femora 
are all characteristic of the genus Patritius. Unfortunately, no males of this 
species are available to ascertain the condition of the sperm reservoir. 


Patritius fuligineus Slater, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 2 


Description.—General coloration dark reddish brown. Head, pronotum, 
and scutellum chiefly gray pruinose. Tylus, a pair of large quadrate calli 
spots confluent mesially but not attaining lateral margins, a large broad 
complete transverse stripe across posterior portion of pronotal area, and 
median longitudinal elevation on posterior 4 of scutellum polished and shin- 
ing. Calli area black, remaining shining areas castaneous to bright reddish 
brown. Hemelytra completely pruinose except for shining proximal “4s of 
radial vein; clavus and corium chiefly testaceous to reddish brown; cubital 
and medial veins darker brown; corial surface becoming suffused with red- 
dish distally and with apical margin darkened for entire length. Membrane 
ground color pale yellow with veins nearly black, a broad reddish-brown 
area present adjacent to apical corial margin marked with a large brown 
macula, present on most of membrane caudad of level of apices of coria, 
these 2 darkened areas on membrane separated by a broad yellow lunate 
vitta near level of apex of corium. Below completely pruinose on head, 
pronotum, and prothorax, meso- and metapleuron also pruinose but meso- 
sternum broadly shining as are all acetabula and posterior lobe of meta- 
pleuron. Abdomen, femora, and tibiae uniformly castaneous, with abdom- 
inal connexivum and tarsi yellow. Antennal segments 1, 2, and 3 dark 
castaneous, segment 4 almost black. Dorsal surface with numerous small 
inconspicuous punctures present. 


Si 


NUMBER 4 


VOLUME 81, 


wr eet eer 


Parritius filigineus, dorsal view. 


Fig. 2. 


598 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Head nondeclivent, eyes not produced laterad on short stalks, tylus reach- 
ing midway to distal end of Ist antennal segment, length head .60, width 
|.03: interocular space .60. Pronotum similar to P. /aevus in shape, strongly 
converging anteriorly; calli swollen, raised above level of rest of pronotum; 
transverse impression complete but shallow, posterior margin deeply con- 
cave, length pronotum 1.58, width 2.05. Length scutellum .95, width 1.03. 
Hemelytra with lateral corial margins straight; distance apex clavus—apex 
corium 2.03, distance apex corium-apex abdomen 2.6; membrane extending 
onto middle of 7th abdominal segment. Metathoracic scent gland auricle 
slender, elongate, moderately directed dorso-anteriorly. All femora strongly 
incrassate and spined below, hind femora particularly strongly incrassate, 
fore femora armed below with 2 rows of spines, middle spine of inner row 
extremely elongate. Labium very short, not or scarcely reaching fore coxae, 
2nd segment remote from base of head, length labial segments I .33, II .20, 
III .25, IV .30. Antennae conventionally elongate, terete, 4th segment nar- 
rowly fusiform, length antennal segments I .28, II .63, HI .65, 1V 1.05; total 
length 8.70. 

Holotype.—dé. BRAZIL: Minas Geraes, Passa Quatro, XII-1972 (F. Oliv- 
eira). In American Museum of Natural History, New York. 

Paratype.—d , same data as for holotype. In J. A. Slater collection. 

Remarks.—There is almost no variation between the holotype and para- 
type specimens. Patritius fuligineus can be readily separated from P. fus- 
covenosus because of the lack of elongate hairs on the dorsal surface of the 
body, the much smaller size, the much shorter labium, and the dark colored 
membrane. In P. fuscovenosus the dorsal surface contains numerous elon- 
gate hairs which are also present on the appendages, the labium extends 
well between the fore coxae, and the membrane is pale yellow with the 
exception of the somewhat infuscated light tan veins and a dark reddish- 
brown area along the apical corial margin. Actually P. fuligineus is much 
more closely related to P. /Jaevus which also occurs in the province of Minas 
Geraes and which has similar shining calli patches (although in P. /aevus 
they are well-separated mesally), a very similar scent gland, similarly 
shaped pronota, eyes, etc. From P. laevus, P. fuligineus may be readily 
separated since P. /acvus has a nearly uniformly pale testaceous hemelytra 
including the membrane, a much longer labium which extends well between 
or slightly beyond the fore coxae, and the tibiae and femora are either pale 
yellow or at most infuscated with castaneous on the distal portions of the 
femora. 


Patritius laevus Stal 


This species as currently understood may be composite or show consid- 
erable geographic variation. I have recently examined three specimens from 
Santa Barbara (Minas Geraes), Brazil taken at 1450 min the Serra do Caraco 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 599 


that have relatively much shorter and distally truncate metathoracic scent 
gland auricles than do other specimens studied. Usually the auricle of P. 
laevus is elongate and curves anteriorly in a long arc. However, there is 
considerable variation in shape. These Santa Barbara specimens also have 
dark caudolateral angles to abdominal connexiva 4, 5, and 6, infuscations 
on the membrane, and more strongly contrasting hemelytral punctures than 
do other specimens. They may represent a distinct species but more material 
will be necessary to determine this. 


Patritius breviauris Slater, NEW SPECIES 
Fig. 3 

Description.—General coloration bright yellow. Head and anterior pro- 
notal lobe except collar strongly contrasting black. Distal portion of tylus 
pale yellow. Head (except tylus), anterior portion of anterior pronotal lobe, 
and a broad band across mesal area of pronotum pruinose. A broad shining 
black stripe across area of calli including lateral margins of pronotum and 
broadly confluent mesally and a pale broad complete shining humeral band. 
Scutellum non-pruinose. Hemelytra chiefly pale yellow to nearly white 
marked with dark chocolate brown on cubital and medial veins. Distal por- 
tion of corium (extending as a diffuse line to level of apex of claval com- 
missure adjacent to pale radial vein) and entire apical margin dark chocolate 
brown. Membrane with ground color yellow but strongly and irregularly 
suffused with dark brown over most of surface, veins chocolate brown. 
Pleural and ventral surfaces chiefly pruinose including anterior acetabula 
but shining on mesosternum, as an anterior stripe on mesopleuron, and all 
of posterior lobe of metapleuron. Abdomen bright reddish brown with con- 
nexivum pale yellow. Legs uniformly pale yellow. First antennal segment 
pale yellow, 2nd segment reddish brown, 3rd and 4th segments dark cas- 
taneous. Clothed with scattered semi-upright hairs especially a long series 
of setae-like hairs present distally along apical corial margin. Head, prono- 
tum, and hemelytra with small inconspicuous punctures present, those on 
scutellum larger. 

Head moderately declivent, tylus extending to distal 3 of rather globular 
Ist antennal segment: eyes produced on short, thick, upturned stalks; 
vertex moderately convex; length head .45, width .95; interocular space 
.63. Pronotum with lateral margins strongly sinuate moderately taper- 
ing anteriorly, lateral margins of anterior lobe somewhat globose, trans- 
verse impression shallow but complete; posterior margin deeply con- 
cave; length pronotum 1.40, width 1.8. Scutellum with a well raised median 
elevation: length scutellum .98, width .90. Hemelytra with lateral corial 
margins straight; radial vein shining, prominently elevated: distance apex 
clavus—apex corium 1.52, distance apex corium-apex abdomen 2.48. Mem- 
brane extending midway over 7th abdominal tergum. Metathoracic scent 


600 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 3. Patritius breviauris, dorsal view. 


gland auricle short, stout, lobate, slightly angled anteriorly but not strongly 
curving. All femora moderately incrassate armed below with sharp spines, 
those on middle and hind femora in a simple row, those on fore femora in 
2 rows of large coarse sometimes bifurcating spines. Labium extending to 
or nearly to posterior margin of fore coxae, 2nd segment exceeding base of 
head; length labial segments I .33, II .30, III .25, IV .33. Antennae robust, 
conventionally terete, 4th segment elongately fusiform: length antennal seg- 
ments I .20,.11 53, I1°.53,.IV.T-0. Total length 7.8: 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 601 


Holotype.—?. PERU: Quincemil, Sept. 1952 (L. E. Pena). In National 
Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.. USNM Type No. 73794. 

Remarks.—This species is not closely related to any of the other members 
of the genus. Unfortunately no males of this species are known. The very 
short subauricular scent gland auricle is quite unlike that found in any other 
member of the genus Patritius and makes the affinities obscure. 


Patritius alternatus Slater and Wilcox 

This species was described by Slater and Wilcox (1966) from a single 
female in the Berlin-Humboldt Museum from Colombia. We (p. 41) com- 
mented on the importance of examining a male to ascertain whether or not 
genal “tusks” were present, this feature being characteristic of the Papuan 
genus Dentisblissus whose members Patritius alternatus resembles in gen- 
eral habitus and in pruinosity pattern. 

Through the kindness of Dr. R. M. Baranowski, I examined a male taken 
August 8, 1978 at Morne Bleu, Trinidad. This male resembles the holotype 
female very closely in color and structure. It lacks genal tusks, and thus I 
presume the pruinosity pattern similarities between this genus and species 
of Dentisblissus are the result of convergent, or perhaps better, parallel 
evolution. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


My sincere appreciation is extended to the following for the loan of ma- 
terial: Dr. R. M. Baranowski (University of Florida, Homestead); Dr. J. C. 
M. Carvalho and Mr. J. Becker (Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro); Dr. 
Dodge Engleman (Coco Solo Hospital, Canal Zone); Dr. R. E. Froeschner 
(National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.) and Dr. R. T. 
Schuh (American Museum of Natural History, New York). 

I am grateful to Mr. Steven Thurston (University of Connecticut, Storrs) 
for preparation of the illustrations. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Slater, J. A. and D. B. Wilcox. 1966. A revision of the genus Partritius (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). 
Occas. Pap. Univ. Conn. (Biol. Sci. Ser.) 1(1):25—42. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 602-610 


ECUADORIAN PARASCATELLA (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) 
WAYNE N. MATHIS 


Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 
20560. 


Abstract.—Two new species of Parascatella Cresson are described from 
Ecuador: P. ecuadorensis (type-locality: Puyili, Cotopaxi, Ecuador); P. 
spangleri (type-locality: Santo Domingo [79.6 km E], Pinchincha, Ecuador). 
These are the first known species of Parascatella from Ecuador and rep- 
resent the northernmost distribution records for the genus. Parascatella 
ecuadorensis is Closely related to P. spinicrus Mathis and Shewell (the 
pilifera group), and P. spangleri is closely related to P. brunnea (the brun- 
nea group). A key and figures of the wing, head, thorax, and male terminalia 
are provided. 


Since publication of the revision of Parascatella Cresson by Mathis and 
Shewell (1978), two additional species have been collected in Ecuador and 
are being described here. This brings the total number of species in the 
genus to 12, although there are undoubtedly many others from the temperate 
regions of South America that remain to be discovered. The species de- 
scribed here are the first Ecuadorian species and represent the northernmost 
distribution records of the genus. Members of the genus were previously 
known to occur in Argentina, Chile, and southern Peru. Extrapolating from 
these data, | would expect to find representatives of Parascatella through- 
out most of the cordilleran system of western South America, where higher 
elevations provide for temperate climates. This area would include most 
of northern Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, and perhaps some of Venezuela. 

Like species occurring farther south, those from Ecuador were collected 
primarily from higher elevations, all above 2500 m and frequently within the 
paramo vegetational zone. Immatures were not collected nor observed, and 
we still do not know anything about the natural history of the species except 
for descriptive notes regarding the general habitats where they were col- 
lected. 

The descriptions of new species follow the same format Mathis and Shew- 
ell (1978) used in their revision. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 603 


I am grateful to L. Michael Druckenbrod for rendering the habitus illus- 
trations, to Hollis B. Williams for preparing the distribution map, to Victor 
Krantz for the wing photographs, to Noreen Connell for typing the manu- 
script, and to Willis W. Wirth for reviewing the manuscript. For the loan 
of specimens from the California Academy of Sciences (CAS) I thank Paul 
H. Arnaud, Jr. 


Parascatella Cresson 


Parascatella Cresson, 1935:357 [type-species: Scatella pilifera Cresson, by 
original designation]. Mathis and Shewell, 1978:1—44 [revision]. 


Diagnosis.—Resembling other genera of the Scatella group of related 
genera but differing by the following combination of character states: 2 pairs 
of larger lateroclinate fronto-orbital bristles; lacking an outstanding pair or 
pairs of distinctly larger upcurved facial bristles, especially toward postero- 
ventral corner of face; 3 pairs of dorsocentral bristles (1 + 2); acrostichal 
setae seriated into 2 rows and usually moderately well developed to scutel- 
lum, often with a slightly larger pair of setae at level of transverse suture; 
supra-alar bristle subequal in length to postalar bristle; aedeagal apodeme 
flattened laterally, generally teardrop-shaped;: surstyli evident at venter of 
epandrium as lobelike setulose processes. 

Discussion.—A more complete description of Parascatella is provided in 
Mathis and Shewell (1978) and need not be repeated here. Likewise, a gen- 
eral discussion of the phylogeny and zoogeography of the genus is included 
in Mathis and Shewell (1978), and I have only tried to incorporate the 
species treated here within the framework established in their revision. 


KEY TO ECUADORIAN SPECIES OF PARASCATELLA 


Face unicolorous, mostly brownish; interfoveal carina, in profile, not 
projecting markedly forward; scutellum with 3 pairs of lateral bris- 
tles: front femur with row of spinelike setae along posteroventral 
surface; wing cell R, with 2 small white spots aligned parallel with 
posterior crossvein; cell R; with | distinct but small white spot 

RE IE AER Reet ieee. a teins Aas ae © ecuadorensis, New species 

Face distinctly bicolored, antennal foveae and area dorsal of interfoveal 
carina silvery white to white, contrasting with dark brown coloration 
on remainder of face; interfoveal carina, in profile, distinctly pro- 
jecting anteriorly; scutellum with 2 pairs of lateral bristles; front 
femur lacking row of closely set setae; wing cell R, with 2 large 
white spots, one more or less aligned with posterior crossvein, the 
other in apical '/s of cell; cell R; with 3 white spots .............- 

spangleri, new species 


604 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Figs. 1-2. Parascatella ecuadorensis. 1, Head, lateral view. 2, Thorax, dorsal view. 


Parascatella ecuadorensis Mathis, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 1-3, 5 


Diagnosis.—Specimens of P. ecuadorensis are similar to those of P. spin- 
icrus Mathis and Shewell, P. pilifera (Cresson), and P. lanicrus, all of which 
have arow of close set, more or less spinelike setae along the posteroventral 
surface of the front femur. Specimens of P. ecuadorensis, however, may 
be distinguished from those of similar congeners by the following combi- 
nation of character states: Face mostly unicolorous; interfoveal carina with 
dorsal crease but not conspicuously projecting anteriorly; dorsalmost post- 
ocular setae and acrostichal setae small, generally inconspicuous; front fe- 
mur with row of spinelike setae along posteroventral margin only; wing of 
both sexes similar, cell R; with 2 small white spots, both aligned with pos- 
terior crossvein; | small white spot apicad of posterior crossvein in cell R;, 
this abutting vein R,,.. | 

Description.—Medium-sized to moderately large shore flies, length 3.46 
to 4.03 mm; head and thorax generally brown, faintly subshiny to shiny 
dorsally; abdomen brownish to slightly greenish gray, mostly pollinose, ap- 
pearing dull. Head (Fig.l): Mesofrons shiny, with brownish black to black 
luster; parafrons pollinose, brown toward vertex, becoming gradually green- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 605 


Figs. 3-4. Wing. 3, Parascatella ecuadorensis. 4, Parascatella spangleri. 


ish brown toward facial suture: fronto-orbits slightly darker colored than 
parafrons, faintly subshiny:; dorsalmost postocular seta small, subequal with 
others; fronto-orbits with 3—4 small setae in addition to 2 pairs of larger 
fronto-orbital bristles. Antenna mostly unicolorous, Ist and 2nd segments 
slightly lighter, brown to greenish brown, appearing dull; 3rd segment 
brownish black to black, becoming rather densely invested with macropu- 
bescent pile apically. Face unicolorous brown, becoming very gradually 
darker and shinier ventrally; interfoveal carina with distinct dorsal crease; 
gena more or less concolorous with face, especially antennal fovea. Thorax 
(Fig. 2): Mesonotum pollinose to subshiny, mostly brown but with blackish 
vittae, these not well differentiated posteriorly; scutellum less pollinose, 
appearing shinier. Notopleuron mostly concolorous with mesonotum; me- 
sopleuron and pteropleuron concolorous, olivaceous brown, faintly sub- 
shiny; sternopleuron grayer and duller; front coxa mostly gray to whitish 
gray. Legs concolorous; femora greenish black with grayish pollinose ves- 
titure, large areas on anterior and dorsal surfaces thinly pollinose, subshiny 


606 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


COLOMBIA 


ECUADOR 


Fig. 5. Distribution map. Dots = Parascatella spangleri, star = Parascatella ecuadoren- 
SIS. 


to shiny; tibiae darker colored than femora; tarsi mostly blackish; front 
femur with row of close set spinelike setae along posteroventral margin. 
Wing (Fig. 3) generally infumated, brownish; costal margin with evenly 
spaced spinelike setae; vein R,,, and R,,, sinuate; pattern of white spots as 
follows: Cell R; with 2 white spots aligned just slightly apicad of posterior 
crossvein, anterior | slightly better developed; cell R, with 2 white spots, 
1 near base of cell, other at about apical 4 of vein R,,,; base of wing mostly 
pale. Abdomen: Mostly grayish with some brownish or greenish-blue col- 
oration; greenish-blue areas slightly subshiny, otherwise mostly pollinose, 
appearing dull; terga 2-4 of male subequal in length, Sth slightly longer than 
combined length of 3rd and 4th terga; terga 1-5 about subequal in females. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 607 


Types.—Holotype 6, allotype 2, and 1 ¢ paratype, labeled: **ECUA- 
DOR: Cotopaxi Pr[ovince] Pujili (34 km. W.) 3650 m. elev. 15 Jan 1978 
WNMathis.”’ The type-series is in the National Museum of Natural History, 
Smithsonian Institution, USNM Type No. 76121. The holotype specimen 
is double mounted (minute nadel) and is in good condition. 

Geographic distribution (Fig. 5).—This species is only known from the 
type-locality as listed previously. 

Natural history.—I collected the species by sweeping through the sparse 
vegetation and over muddy areas along a small waterfall and creek. The 
locality is situated at 3650 m elevation and the surrounding vegetation is 
typical of the paramo zone. 

Etymology.—The specific epithet, ecuadorensis, refers to the country 
where this species occurs. 

Discussion.—This species belongs to the pilifera group, as characterized 
by Mathis and Shewell (1978), and it is similar and probably closely related 
‘to P. spinicrus. 


Parascatella spangleri Mathis, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 4-10 


Diagnosis.—Specimens of P. spangleri most closely resemble those of P. 
brunnea but may be distinguished from the latter or other congeners by the 
following combination of character states: Antennal foveae and face dorsad 
of interfoveal carina white to silvery white: arista tapering gradually to tip, 
with branching rays almost to tip; 2nd and 3rd tarsomeres of front leg of 
male highly modified, explanate (see figures); mesonotum vittate, especially 
anteriorly; wing veins R,,; and M,,, conspicuously sinuate; cell R; with 2 
white spots; cell R; with 3 conspicuous white spots; aedeagal apodeme 
higher, not more than 2 as wide as high. 

Description.—Moderately small shore flies, length 2.21 to 2.62 mm; gray- 
ish brown to blackish brown, mesonotum and mesofrons subshiny, other- 
wise mostly dull: densely pollinose. Head (Figs. 6-7): Mesofrons subshiny 
to shiny, with metallic brassy brown luster; parafrons pollinose, mostly dull 
charcoal brown to brown, becoming lighter, more brownish anteriorly; fron- 
to-orbits slightly less pollinose than parafrons, darker in general; postocular 
setae all small. Antenna mostly unicolorous brownish black to black, 3rd 
segment invested with macropubescent scattered pile; arista tapering grad- 
ually to apex, with branching rays along dorsum nearly to apex. Face dis- 
tinctly bicolored: antennal foveae and dorsum of face dorsad of interfoveal 
carina silvery white to white, conspicuously contrasting with blackish- 
brown color on remainder; becoming slightly more pollinose ventrally; in- 
terfoveal carina distinctly creased dorsally; longest facial setae about equal 
to length of 3rd antennal segment: gena appearing more pollinose and slight- 


608 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Figs. 6-9. Parascatella spangleri. 6, Head, anterior view. 7, Head, lateral view. 8, Tho- 
rax, dorsal view. 9, Front leg of male, anterior view. 


ly lighter in color, grayer and tannish. Thorax (Fig. 8): Generally pollinose, 
dorsum dimly subshiny to distinctly subshiny. Mesonotum with 3 vittate 
markings anteriorly, these becoming weaker posteriorly, many specimens 
with only median | continuing to scutellum; vittae lighter in color, tannish, 
otherwise mesonotum brownish black, becoming shinier posteriorly; scu- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 609 
| 


10 11 


Figs. 10-11. Aedeagal apodeme. 10, Parascatella spangleri. 11, Parascatella brunnea. 


tellum with only 2 larger lateral bristles, but with 3-4 pairs of setae in 
addition; propleuron decidedly lighter in color, yellowish tan to brown: no- 
topleuron more or less concolorous with mesonotum; posterodorsal portion 
of mesonotum and anterior portion of pteropleuron mostly concolorous, 
brown; remaining pleural areas becoming grayer. Legs more or less con- 
colorous; femora mostly grayish black, frequently with some faint greenish 
to olivaceous tinges; tibiae and tarsi mostly black: front tarsi of male mod- 
ified (Fig. 9), 2nd and 3rd tarsomeres with median explanate projections. 
Wing (Fig. 4) shape and pattern of white spots similar in both sexes; with 
evenly spaced, spinelike setae along anterior margin; most veins conspic- 
uously sinuate, particularly around white spots: generally infumated, brown- 
ish; pattern of white spots as follows: Cell R, with 2 spots, | aligned with 
posterior crossvein subrectangular and extending across cell, apical | cir- 
cular and not abutting any veins: cell R; with 3 spots, 2 apicad of posterior 
crossvein and more or less in line with each other, posterior | slightly more 
apicad than anterior spot; discal cell with | spot along posterior margin in 
apical 4 of cell; cell M, with 2 faintly developed spots more or less aligned 
parallel with posterior crossvein. Abdomen: Generally unicolorous, brown- 
ish black, faintly subshiny; terga 2—4 of male more or less subequal in length, 
Sth tergum as long as combined length of terga 2-4; female with terga 1—5 
more or less subequal. Aedeagal apodeme (Fig. 10) relatively high, flattened 
laterally. 

Types.—Holotype d, allotype 2, and 49 paratypes (25 6, 24 °), labelled: 
**ECUADOR: Pinchincha (Province) Santo Domingo (79.6 km. E.) 2545 m. 
elev. 7 Jan 1978 WNMathis.’’ Other paratypes as follows: ECUADOR: 
Chimborazo Province, Alausi, 40 mi S, 20 Feb 1955, E. I. Schlinger and E. 
S. Ross collectors (1 2, CAS); Cotopaxi Province, Latacunga, 16 mi N, 
3000 m elev., 21 Feb 1955, E. I. Schlinger and E. S. Ross collectors (18 
3,7 2; CAS): Pujili, 65.3 km W, 3795 m elev., 15 Jan 1978, W. N. Mathis 
(5 6,2 2; USNM). Napo Province, Papallaca, 4 km W, 18 Jan 1978, W.N. 
Mathis (1 2; USNM). The holotype, allotype, and paratypes from the type- 
locality are in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Insti- 


610 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


tution, USNM Type No. 76122. The holotype specimen is double mounted 
(minute nadel) and is in excellent condition. Paratypes will also be deposited 
in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa; British Museum (Natural His- 
tory), London; and American Museum of Natural History, New York. 

Geographic distribution (Fig. 5).—This species is known to occur only in 
Ecuador, in the three provinces listed previously. Each of these localities 
is in the Andes Mountains above 2500 m elevation. 

Natural history.—I collected the specimens from the type-locality in the 
cloud forest just west of Quito on the road descending from there to Santo 
Domingo. The day was overcast, and there was an occasional sprinkle of 
rain. The specimens were swept from vegetation, mostly grasses, around 
small pools of accumulated water on an old road bed. 

Etymology.—It is my pleasure to name this species after my colleague 
and companion during the collecting trip which resulted in most of the type 
series, Dr. Paul J. Spangler. 

Discussion.—This species is the sister species of P. brunnea and together 
these two species comprise the brunnea group, as characterized in Mathis 
and Shewell (1978:25). Like P. brunnea, specimens of P. spangleri have 
only two lateral scutellar bristles and the surstyli, although quite evident, 
are not as distinctly separated from the ventral margin of the epandrium. In 
addition, the face of members of this group is less setulose. 

Unlike species of the pilifera group, the configuration of the aedeagal 
apodeme seems to be a distinguishing character at the species level in the 
brunnea group. This structure, in males of P. spangleri, is considerably 
higher and appears to be more robust than in males of P. brunnea. 

LITERATURE CITED 
Cresson, E. T., Jr. 1935. Descriptions of new genera and species of the Dipterous family 
Ephydridae. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 61:345—372. 
Mathis, W. N. and G. E. Shewell. 1978. Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), I: 


Revisions of Parascatella Cresson and the triseta group of Scatella Robineau-Desvoidy. 
Smithson. Contr. Zool. 285, 44 pp. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 611-620 


~ KEYS TO SPECIES OF THE GENUS PICTURAPHIS (HOMOPTERA: 
APHIDIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES! 


MARIO CERMELI L. AND CLYDE F. SMITH 


(MCL) Department of Entomology, FUSAGRI, Apdo. Postal 162, Cagua, 
Edo, Aragua, Venezuela; and (CFS) Department of Entomology, North 
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607. 


Abstract.—Picturaphis pojanii, P. venezuelensis, and P. venezuelensis 
meridensis are described as new from Venezuela. Keys are given for the 
apterous and alate viviparae of Picturaphis in South America and Puerto 
Rico. 


The genus Picturaphis was described by Blanchard (1922:44) with P. 
vignaphilus as the type-species. Picturaphis brasiliensis was described by 
Moreira (1925:26), and P. puertoricensis was described by Smith (1970:686). 
Eastop (1968:128) used Picturaphis as a subgenus of Micromyzus. Eastop 
and Hille Ris Lambers (1976:354) used Picturaphis as a subgenus of Micro- 
parsus Patch. We think Picturaphis deserves generic rank. In Microparsus 
the siphunculi are tapering, being distinctly wider at the base than at the 
apex. In Picturaphis the siphunculi are cylindrical or slightly swollen on the 
distal half (see Smith, 1970 for key and discussion of related genera). 

The following abbreviations are used: a.s.—antennal segment; h.t.—hind 
tarsomere: p.t.—processus terminalis; R IV + V—rostral IV + V; t.ch.— 
tarsal chaetotaxy. Collectors initials refer to: MCL—Mario Cermeli L.; 
CKS—Crystle K. Smith; CFS—Clyde F. Smith. 

All measurements are in millimeters, the first measurement is that of the 
holotype. Measurements in parentheses represent the range for five speci- 
mens, unless indicated otherwise. 


Picturaphis pojanii Cermeli and Smith, NEW SPECIES 


Apterous viviparous female.—Color of living specimens: Shiny brown, 
paler toward head and pronotum. Dusky to black on antennae, distal end 
of tibiae, tarsi, and siphunculi. Cauda pale to dusky. 


1 Paper no. 5924 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, 
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607. 


612 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 1. Picturaphis pojanii, aptera. A, Head and a.s. I, Il. B, Tip of abdomen with si- 
phunculi and cauda. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 613 


Color of cleared specimens: Dark on head, a.s. I-II, base of a.s. III, 
distal 2 of a.s. V and VI, hind femora, apices of tibiae, tarsi, siphunculi, 
and post-siphuncular sclerites. Abdomen pale except for post-siphuncular 
sclerites, lateral sclerites on tergum VIII surrounding spiracles and dark bar 
on tergum VIII. 

Morphological characters: Head with well developed frontal tubercles, 
parallel on inner sides, strongly spinulose. Antennae as long or slightly 
longer than body, a.s. I-II strongly spinulose; III] bearing 0-1 secondary 
rhinaria near base, generally shorter than p.t. Rostrum reaching beyond 
coxae III; RIV + V equal to slightly longer than h.t. Il, bearing 6 secondary 
setae. Coxae and femora spinulose. T.ch. 3-3-3. Siphunculi long, approxi- 
mately 3 length of body, slightly swollen, imbricated, with few apical striae. 
Tergum VIII generally with 5 (4-6) setae. Cauda conical to tapering, ap- 
proximately 4 length of siphunculi, bearing 5-6 setae. 

Measurements: Length of body 1.83 (1.63—1.83); width of head 0.42 (0.39- 
0.43); a.s. IIT 0.53 (0.47-0.53), TV 0.35 (0.34-0.37), V 0.37 (0.31-0.37), VI 
0.17 (0.15—0.18); R IV + V length 0.13 (0.13), width .055; hind tibia 1.34 
(1.17-1.38): hind tarsus 0.13 (0.12—0.13): siphunculus 0.61 (0.51—0.63); cau- 
da length 0.16 (0.13—-0.17). 

Alate viviparous female.—Color of living specimens: Dark shiny brown, 
paler toward head. Black on a.s. I, II, distal end of a.s. V, a.s. VI, distal 
end of tibiae, tarsi, and distal end of siphunculi. Pale on remainder of an- 
tennae, legs, and cauda. Wing veins strongly bordered. 

Color of cleared specimens: Dark on head, antennae, thorax, coxae, tro- 
chanters, femora except base, tibiae, tarsi, lateral, intersegmental and post- 
siphuncular sclerites, abdominal terga VII and VIII, siphunculi, and genital 
plate. 

Morphological characters: Head with frontal tubercles well developed, 
parallel sided; spiculose ventrally and caudad, slightly spiculose to smooth 
dorsally. Cephalic setae shorter than .011. Antennae equal to slightly longer 
than body, strongly spiculose on a.s. I-II; a.s. II] usually shorter than p.t. 
Rostrum reaching coxae III. RIV + V as long or longer than h.t. I], bearing 
4-6 secondary setae. Wing veins strongly bordered with black halo, hind 
wings with | oblique vein. Coxae and femora spinulose. Lateral and inter- 
segmental sclerites well developed, lateral tubercles not evident. Ante-si- 
phuncular sclerites reduced to small spots or absent, post-siphuncular scle- 
rites well developed and surrounding more than '2 base of each siphunculus. 
Siphunculi dark, slightly swollen, more imbricated toward tip with a few 
preapical striae. Tergum VIII with sclerotic bar, bearing 4-5 short setae. 
Cauda tapering, bearing S—6 setae. 

Measurements: One specimen. Length of body 2.05; width of head 0.45; 
ASM OL 57 W, Ol45--V0375 VI ds 4.54: RIV + V length 13: hind tibia 
1.45: hind tarsus 0.12; siphunculus 0.57; cauda length 0.15. 


614 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Type-locality.—San Antonio, MI., Venezuela. 

Types.—Holotype: Apterous vivipara on a slide with an alate vivipara 
(from coll. no. 75-93) in U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Wash- 
ington, D.C. Paratypes: In the USNM(NH); British Museum (Natural His- 
tory), London; Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Gainesville; North 
Carolina State University, Raleigh; and the collections of the authors. 

Collections.—On unidentified fern, El] Atravesado, Colonia Tovar, AR., 
28/XII/67, MCL; S. Antonio, MI., 9/XI/74, 23/VIII/75, MCL, 2/XI/75, CKS- 
CFS-MCL (Coll. #75-25, 75-26), 26/X1/75, CKS-CFS-MCL (Coll. #75-93). 

Chief distinguishing characters.—Strongly spiculose head, rostrum, coxae 
and femora in apterae. Long siphunculi, about 0.30 length of body, with 
preapical striae. Wing veins strongly bordered, hind wing with | oblique 
vein. 

Diagnosis.—This species is not a typical Picturaphis (see characters in 
keys): however, it fits with this group of species better than with any other 
species with which we are aquainted. 

Etymology.—This species is named in honor of Giovanni Pojani, who 
owned the property where this aphid was collected. 


Picturaphis venezuelensis Cermeli and Smith, NEW SPECIES 


Apterous viviparous female.—Color of living specimens: Greenish to 
bluish black, pruinose. Black on a.s. I-II, a.s. III at joints, distal / of a.s. 
V,a.s. V-VI, distal 44 of femora and tibiae, and tarsi. Pale on a.s. III, basal 
4 of a.s. IV, coxae, trochanters, basal 34 of femora and tibiae, base of 
siphunculi, and cauda. 

Color of cleared specimens: Black on a.s. I-II, apex of a.s. III, distal 4% 
of a.s. IV, a.s. V—VI, frontal tubercles, around base of antennae, rostrum, 
distal '/s of femora, apices of tibiae, tarsi, distal 2 of siphunculi, cauda, and 
anal plate. Dark on coxae, around spiracles and lateral abdominal tubercles, 
and ante-siphuncular sclerites, terga VII-VIII, and genital plate. 

Morphological characters: Frontal tubercles well developed, diverging, 
rough on inner sides, bearing short, stout setae apically, about .011 long. 
Head with frontal median process prominent, smooth dorsally, spiculated 
toward frontal tubercles and ventrally. Spicules on ventral side arranged as 
a V, the arms starting on frontal tubercles and vertex toward clypeus. Ven- 
tral cephalic setae pointed, about .011 long. Dorsal cephalic setae somewhat 
longer. A.s. I-II spiculose, a.s. I rough on inner side, bearing tiny setae on 
vertex and ventral side, a.s. II] bearing 1, rarely 2, secondary rhinaria at 


— 


Fig. 2. Picturaphis venezuelensis, aptera. A, Head and a.s. I, I]. B, Tip of abdomen with 
siphunculi and cauda. 


| 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 615 


| 


616 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON |) 


base. Rostrum reaching coxae III, R IV + V longer than h.t. II, bearing} 
generally 2 (1-3) secondary setae. Ventral abdominal integument finely 
striated. Lateral abdominal tubercles present on terga I-IV, surrounded by 
variably sized pigmented areas. Intersegmental sclerites seldom present. } 
Ante-siphuncular sclerites variable in size and shape. Tergum VII with pig- 
mented sclerotic bar, often broken medially. Tergum VIII with pigmented 
sclerotic bar, bearing 6-8 setae. Cauda conical, often slightly constricted 
medially, bearing 6—8 setae. 

Measurements: Length of body 2.6 (1.8—2.6); width of head 0.50 (0.43- 
0.50); a.s. HI 0.71 (0.49-0.71), IV 0.60 (0.44-0.60), V 0.55 (0.38-0.55), VI 
0.16 (0.13-0.17) + 0.89 (0.65-0.89); RIV + V length 0.15 (0.15—0.16); hind 
tibiae 2.0 (1.57—2.0); hind tarsi 0.14 (0.12—0.14): siphunculi 0.45 (0.39-0.50); | 
cauda length 0.18 (0.18—-0.27). 

Alate viviparous female.—Color of living specimens: Green to bluish 
black, pale toward head. Black on antennae, eyes, distal ’2 of femora, distal 
V4 of tibiae, tarsi, and distal 24 of siphunculi. Pale on coxae, trochanters, 
basal 2 of femora, basal 74 of tibiae, basal “3 of siphunculi, and cauda. 

Color of cleared specimens: Dark brown to black on antennae, head, 
thorax, distal 43 of femora, apices of tibiae, tarsi, lateral, dorsal, ante- and 
post-siphuncular sclerites, terga VII-VIII, distal 2 of siphunculi, cauda, 
anal and genital plates. 

Morphological characters: Head similar to apterae but spiculose on ven- 
tral side only. Antennae 1.14 length of body, a.s. III bearing 6 (3-8) sec- 
ondary rhinaria. Rostrum reaching coxae II, otherwise as in apterae. Coxae 
and femora spiculose. Ventral and dorsal abdominal setae pointed, not long- 
er than *% basal diameter of a.s. III]. Lateral abdominal sclerites well de- 
veloped, bearing tubercles on terga II-IV. Terga I-III with short transverse 
spinal bars. Ante-siphuncular sclerite semilunar, post-siphuncular sclerite 
well developed. Terga VII-VIII with sclerotic bars. Siphunculi swollen on 
distal 22, pale on basal half, slightly imbricated, generally with 1-2 preapical 
striae. Tergum VIII usually with 7 setae. Cauda finger-like to conical, con- 
stricted medially, bearing 7-8 setae. 

Measurements: Length of body 2.05; width of head 0.46; a.s. III 0.60, IV 
0.55, V 0.48, VI 0.16 + 0.87; R IV + V length 0.15; hind tibiae 1.65; hind 
tarsus 0.13; siphunculus 0.37; cauda length 0.20. 

Type-locality.—La Soledad, BA.. Venezuela. 

Types.—Holotype: Apterous vivipara on a slide at 1 o'clock with 3 other 
apterous vivipara, near La Soledad, BA., Venezuela (from coll. no. 75-46) 
in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Para- 
types: In the USNM(NH); British Museum (Natural History), London; 
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; and the collections of the authors. 

Collections.—Desmodium sp. (Pega-pega), El Consejo, AR., 23/X/73, 
MCL; Colonia Tovar, AR., 5/XI/75, CKS-CFS-MCL (75-38); near La So- 


\WVOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 617 


Hledad, ME., 11/XI/75, CKS-CFS-MCL (75-46); Pueblo Llano, ME., 16/XI/ 
75, CKS-CFS-MCL (75-78). 

| Diagnosis.—This species can be separated from other species of Pictu- 
eaphis by characters given in the keys. 

Etymology.—This species is named for Venezuela. 


Picturaphis venezuelensis meridensis 
Cermeli and Smith, NEW SUBSPECIES 


Apterous viviparous female.—Color of living specimens: Brown to red- 
dish brown, somewhat paler toward head. Black on distal 4 of a.s. V—VI. 
distal 4 of femora and tibiae, tarsi, and distal 2 of siphunculi. Tan on a:s. 
III-IV, base of V, remainder of legs, base of siphunculi, and cauda. 

Color of cleared specimens: Dusky. Dark brown to black on frontal tu- 
bercles, a.s. I-II, a.s. III at joints, distal %4 of a.s. IV, apices of femora and 
tibiae, tarsi, dorsal intersegmental and ante-siphuncular sclerites, distal 
of siphunculi, terga VII—-VIII, cauda, and anal plate. Brown on head, ros- 
trum, and coxae. Pale on remaining segments of antennae and legs. 

Morphological characters: Frontal tubercles well developed, divergent, 
strongly spinulose, bearing short, stout setae about .011 long. Head with 
distinct median frontal process, spiculose ventrally, cephalic setae .011—.022 
long, pointed. Antennae 1.05 length of body, a.s. I rough on inner sides, 
bearing numerous tiny setae on inner and ventral sides, spiculose, a.s. III, 
bearing 1-2 basal secondary rhinaria, antennal setae short, inconspicuous, 
about .011 long. Rostrum reaching coxae III, RIV + V longer than h.t. I, 
bearing 2—4 secondary setae. Coxae finely imbricated, femora spiculose. 
Ventral integument reticulated. Intersegmental sclerites usually present, 
may be faint or absent in teneral specimens. Lateral abdominal tubercles 
present on terga II-IV, surrounded by small pigmented area. Dorsal abdom- 
inal setae short, as on antennae. ventral setae as on head. Ante-siphuncular 
sclerites variable in size and shape. Siphunculi imbricated, swollen on distal 
24, pale at base, about 0.19 length of body. Tergum VII with sclerotic bar, 
generally broken medially, bearing 4—5 setae. Tergum VIII with entire scle- 
rotic bar bearing 6-8 setae. Cauda slightly tapering, bearing 8—10 setae. 

Measurements: Length of body 2.02 (2.0—2.29); width of head 0.46 (0.46— 
0.51); a.s. IIT 0.55 (0.55-0.61), IV 0.49 (0.46-0.54), V 0.40 (0.39-0.44), VI 
0.13 (0.13-0.15) + 0.89 (0.72-0.93): RIV + V length 0.15 (0.14—0.15); hind 
tibia 1.52 (1.52—1.66); hind tarsus 0.13 (0.12—0.14); siphunculus 0.41 (0.41- 
0.45); cauda length 0.22 (0.22—0.26). 

Alate viviparous female.—Color of living specimens: Head yellowish 
brown. Dusky on a.s. I-II, pale at base of III, remainder black. Brown to 
black on thorax. Dark brown abdomen with black lateral sclerites. Tan on 
femora and tibiae except apices, siphunculi except distal 12, and cauda. 
Black on apices of femora and tibiae, and distal 2 of siphuncull, 


618 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTO) 


r 


¢ tage 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 619 


Morphological characters: Head and frontal tubercles as in apterae, but 
‘spicules scarce, confined to frontal tubercles only. Antennae about 1.20 
length of body, a.s. I-II similar to those of apterae, a.s. III bearing 5-8 
secondary rhinaria. Rostrum as in apterae. Abdomen pale except for well 
developed lateral sclerites, bearing lateral tubercles on II-V. Ante-siphun- 
cular sclerites small, post-siphuncular sclerites well developed. Siphunculi 
slightly imbricated, pale at base, swollen on distal 24, with few preapical 
striae. Terga VII-VIII with sclerotic bars, the latter bearing usually 6 setae. 
Cauda conical, slightly constricted medially, about .53 length of siphunculi, 
usually bearing 8 setae. 

Measurements: One specimen. Length of body 2.03: width of head 0.44: 
a.s. III 0.61, [TV 0.53, V 0.47, VI 0.14 + 0.91; R IV + V length 0.14; hind 
tibia 1.67; hind tarsus 0.13; siphunculus 0.40; cauda length 0.20. 

Type-locality.—Pueblo Llano, ME., Venezuela. 

Types.—Holotype: Apterous vivipara, from coll. no. 75-77, with an alate 
vivipara in U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington. D.C. 
Paratypes: Inthe USNM(NH); British Museum (Natural History), London; 
North Carolina State University, Raleigh; and the collections of the authors. 

Collections.—Desmodium adscendens (Guacarillo), Las Piedras, ME., 
12/X1I/75, CKS-CFS-MCL (75-53). Desmodium sericophyllum (Pega-pega), 
Las Piedras, ME., 12/XI/75, CKS-CFS-MCL (75-57). Desmodium spp. 
(Pega-pega), Las Piedras, ME., 12/XI/75, CKS-CFS-MCL (75-56); Pueblo 
Llano, ME., 12/XI/75, CKS-CFS-MCL (75-59); Pueblo Llano, ME., 16/XI/ 
75, CKS-CFS-MCL (75-77, 75-79); S. Antonio, MI., 26/XI/75, CSK-CFS- 
MCL (75-88). 

Diagnosis.—This subspecies can be separated from other species of Pic- 
turaphis by characters given in the key. 

Etymology.—This subspecies is named for Merida, the state in which the 
type-locality occurs. 


Keys To PICcTURAPHIS OF SOUTH AMERICA AND PUERTO RICO 
Apterous Vivipara 
le Abdominal segment H-IV with lateral tubercles. On Fabaceae... 2 
_ Abdominal segment II-IV without lateral tubercles. On fern ..... 
ea depth Lemley Mee Wee MOP AAS LG) GMs a tol pojanii, new species 
P(e (eresiphuncular scleritespresen <2)... 5 leks Seles as oe ee ee ea 3 
~ Presiphuneular sclenite ADSENt . . 2.52.66. sos ce sees ence sense e ee 5 


< 


Fig. 3. Picturaphis venezuelensis meridensis, aptera. A, Head and a.s. I, Il. B, Tip of 
abdomen with siphunculi and cauda. 


620 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


3(2).. RLV. + .V with:4accessony setace.. 2. eae eee 4 
a RIV. 4 V with:2—3saccessonyasctacuae-iae e vignaphila Blanchard 
4(3). Abdomen without elongated lateral intersegmental scleroites: liv- 
ing specimens dull bluish black ........ venezuelensis, New species 
- Abdomen with elongated lateral, intersegmental scleroites; living 
specimens, dull reddishibrown.-. ie. sacra eee See ee ee 
eR a ries am dee venezuelensis meridensis, new subspecies 
. Siphunculi 1.1—1.5 times length of cauda .... brasiliensis (Moreira) 
- Siphunculi 1.7—2.0 times length of cauda ...... puertoricensis Smith 


‘n 
as 

i) 
— 


Alate Vivipara 


i Abdominal segment 2—4 with lateral tubercles. On Fabaceae...... 2 
= Abdominal segment 2—4 without lateral tubercles. On fern...... 

bien dla) a tev Sak Nee eee ceo cue ae nc Ao CaM re oo pojanil, new species 
2); Heightof antennal tubercleson inner side.0)04=0) 055445. eee 3 
— Height of antennal tubercle on inner side 0.07-0.08 .............. 4 
3(2). Siphunculi 1.4-1.6x length of cauda ........ brasiliensis (Moreira) 
- Siphunculi 1.7—2.1x< length of cauda.......... puertoricensis Smith 
4(2). Setae on vertex, immediately above median ocellus, 0.08—0.09, 

blunt to:shightly enlargedvat tip, eae eee eee eee 5 
~ Setae on vertex, immediately above median ocellus, 0.03, blunt 

to fan-shape dis. seca hea ee ene eee vignaphila Blanchard 
5(4). Living, specimens (apterac) dull) bluish black. 2a55-..44-7- eee oe 


Pen, Y CnE ene RCI oder Aer rmee! Mae venezuelensis, New species 
— Living specimens (apterae) dull reddish-brown ................ 
ENTS Se CME TOS venezuelensis meridensis, new subspecies 


LITERATURE CITED 


Blanchard, E. E. 1922. Aphid notes. Part III. Argentine species of the subtribes Pentalonina 
and Aphidina. Physis. 6:43-58. 

Eastop, V. F. 1958. Two new species of Micromyzus van der Goot (Hem., Aphididae) from 
West Africa and a key to sub-genera. Entomol. Mon. Mag. 94:128-130. 

Eastop, V. F. and D. Hille Ris Lambers. 1976. Survey of the World’s Aphids. Dr. W. Junk 
b.v., The Hague. 573 pp. 

Moreira, C. 1925. Pulgoes do Brasil. Min. Agr., Industria & Comm., Instit. Biol. Def. Agr. 
(Rio de Janeiro). 2:1-34. 

Smith, C. F. 1970. Notes on the genus Picturaphis and related genera with a new species of 
Picturaphis from Puerto Rico (Aphididae: Homoptera). J. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico. 
54(4):683-688. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 621-629 


MITES OF THE FAMILY LOHMANNIIDAE (ACARI: 
ORIBATETD FROM TEXAS 


B. McDANIEL, Roy A. NORTON, AND Eric G. BOLEN 


(BMcD) Entomology-Zoology Department, South Dakota State Univer- 
sity, Brookings, South Dakota 57007; (RAN) SUNY College of Environ- 
mental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210: and (EGB) Rob 
and Bessie Welder Wildlife Foundation, Sinton, Texas (present address: 
Dean’s Office, The Graduate School, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, 
Texas 79409). 


Abstract.—Members of the Oribatei family Lohmanniidae were collected 
from the Gulf Coastal region of south Texas and included a new genus 
_ Pseudocryptacarus and two new species, Pseudocryptacarus graminosus 
and Jorpacarus gramineus. The distribution of Lohmannia banksi Norton, 
Metz, and Sharma is extended to include Texas. 


During an investigation on the microarthropod fauna of the Rob and 
Bessie Welder Wildlife Foundation located in the Gulf Coastal region of 
south Texas, members of the Oribatei family Lohmanniidae were collected 
and included two new species, a new genus, and an extension of the known 
distribution of Lohmannia banksi Norton, Metz and Sharma. Descriptions 
are of adults only. 


Pseudocryptacarus McDaniel, Norton, and Bolen, NEW GENUS 


Diagnosis.—Genital plate with transverse suture; preanal plate broad: 5 
adanal setae; anal and adanal plates fused; strong neotrichy over entire 
notogaster. 

Type species.—Pseudocryptacarus graminosus, NeW species. 


Pseudocryptacarus graminosus 
McDaniel, Norton, and Bolen, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 1-2 


Dimensions and color.—Mean total length of 6 specimens 486 yw (range 
485-488 1); mean maximum notogastral width 251 yw (range 250-252 py). 
Color, reddish brown. Shape similar to members of the genus Cryptacarus 
Grandjean, flat and elongated with parallel borders (Fig. 1). Transverse band 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE 


99 


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i 


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Pseudocryptacarus graminosus, dorsal vi 


Fig. 


|} VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 623 


| 


Fig. 2. Pseudocryptacarus graminosus, ventral view, holotype. 


624 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


sb continuous. Rostral (ro), lamellar (/e) and interlamellar (in) setae all with 
long serrations occupying their entire length. Setae /e slightly longer and 
more curved than either ro or in. Anterior (exa) and posterior (exp) exo- 
bothridial setae elongated, serrated, with exp slightly longer than exa. Sen- 
sillus with approximately 20 elongated pectinations on margin, and 6 or 7 
smaller pectinations at apex and opposite margin of elongated pectinations 
(Fig. 1). Sensillus thicker in region of pectinations, narrowing to small stalk 
at its base. 

Notogaster.—With high degree of neotrichy over whole notogaster. No- 
togastral setae of various shapes. 

Ventral region.—With a wide preanal plate and transverse suture on gen- 
ital plate; genital plates divided, each with 6 short medial setae and 4 longer 
lateral setae (Fig. 2). Anal and adanal plates fused; 2 anal and 5 adanal 
setae. Infracapitular setae branched. Apodome I complete, connected to 
apodeme II by a rounded connection. Apodeme III incomplete. Apodome 
IV complete. Epimeral setation (epimeres I-IV) 3-1-3-4. 

Leg setal formulae, trochanter to tarsus (famulus included, solenidia in 
parentheses) as follows: Leg I 0-5-3(2)-4(1)-17(2); Leg II 0-6-3(1)-4(1)-11(2); 
Leg III 2-3-2(1)-2(1)-10; and Leg IV 2-3-2(1)-3(1)-11. Tibial solenidion III 
short, baculiform, not tactile or piliform like other tibial solenidia. 

Types.—Holotype and 2 paratypes collected from San Patricio County 
on the Rob and Bessie Welder Wildlife Refuge 8 mi N Sinton, Texas, off 
Monument Road, November 23, 1977 by Eric G. Bolen and B. McDaniel. 
The slide-mounted holotype will be deposited in the Museum of Compara- 
tive Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Slide mounted paratypes are in 
the collection of Dr. Roy A. Norton, State University of New York, Syr- 
acuse, New York and of the senior author. 

Habitat.—The type-series of P. graminosus was collected in a mesquite 
grassland community. The vegetation, analyzed with a point frame and line 
intercept methods, consists of grasses (35% foliar cover), forbs (10.5% foliar 
cover), and woody species (29% canopy cover). The four species in each 
of these groups with the largest amount of cover were, respectively: Texas 
wintergrass (Stipa leucotricha), curlymesquite (Hilaria belangeri), white tri- 
dens (Tridens albescens) and dropseed (Sporobolus asper), ragweed (Am- 
brosia psilostachya), cone-flower (Ratibida columnaris), wild petunia (Ruel- 
lia sp.), and broomweed (Xanthocephalum texanum), mesquite (Prosopis 
glandulosa), huisache (Acacia farnesiana), lote bush (Condalia obtusifolia), 
and spiny hackberry (Celtis pallida). The soil is Victoria clay, a heavy and 
usually poorly drained blackland soil. Whereas the mesquite grassland is 
the most extensive community on the Welder Refuge, the collection site 
was in a subunit that was formerly overgrazed for many years; the area Is 
now recovering under a less intensive grazing program but still reflects the 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 


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626 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


earlier successional damage to the grassland type (e.g., occurrence of 
broomweed). 

Remarks.—This is the only lohmanniid species known in which a tibial 
solenidion is present on leg IV. Also, it is unusual in having three setae (d, 
l/', v') on tibia IV; other lohmanniids, except Meristacarus porcula Grand- 
jean, lack v’. 


Torpacarus gramineus McDaniel, Norton, and Bolen, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 3—4 


Dimensions and color.—Mean total length of 11 specimens 540 yu (range 
538-542 w), mean maximum notogastral width 230 mw (range 229-231 wp). 
Color, light brown. Dorsal integument completely covered by polygonal 
reticulations except on anterior tectum of the notogaster which is covered 
with punctations (Fig. 3). Transverse band sb of prodorsum interrupts re-— 
ticulation of region between interlamellar (in) setae. Transverse bands ab- 
sent on notogaster. Each polygonal reticulation of both prodorsum and no- 
togaster filled with small circular punctations, similar to those of 7. 
omittens. Lines mt, nt, and pt always absent. Rostral (ro) and lamellar (/e) 
setae barbed their entire length, interlamellar setae with at most 4 barbs (at 
low magnification appears to be smooth). Sensillus with approximately 19 
elongated pectinations on margin, 3—4 smaller pectinations at apex and op- 
posite margin of elongated pectinations. Notogaster setae c,, c., d,, d, and 
e, short, simple; remainder of setae elongate, heavily barbed, similar to ro 
and /e. 

Ventral region with apodeme | complete with ‘‘inverted-Y™’ shaped ster- 
nal extension. Apodemes 2 and 3 incomplete medially; the latter with sternal 
bar extending posteriorly halfway to level of leg IV. Apodeme IV complete. 
Epimeral setation (epimeres I-IV) 3-1-3-4. Genital plate undivided, each 
with 6 short medial setae and 4 longer lateral setae (Fig. 4). Adanal plates 
with 5 setae similar in form to notogastral setae fy. 

Palp and let setation as described by Grandjean (1950) for 7. omittens. 

Types.—Holotype and 10 paratypes collected from San Patricio County, 
Rob and Bessie Welder Wildlife Refuge 8 mi N Sinton, Texas from mesquite 
grassland off Monument Road on the Welder Wildlife Refuge, November 
23, 1977 by Eric G. Bolen and B. McDaniel. Slide-mounted holotype will 
be deposited with the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mas- 
sachusetts. Slide mounted paratypes are in the collection of Dr. Roy A. 
Norton, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York and of the 
senior author. 

Habitat.—The habitat for the holotype and paratypes of 7. gramineus is 
the same as described earlier for Pseudocryptacarus graminosus. 

Remarks.—The absence of the polygonal reticulation on the tectum is 


627 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 


ventral view, holotype. 


Torpacarus gramineus, 


Fig. 4. 


628 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


also found in 7. omittens Grandjean. Lines mt, nt, and pt cannot be distin- 
guished on 7. gramineus as they are shown by Grandjean (1950) for 7. 
omittens. Grandjean (1950) states that the line mt was constant for T. 
omittens but lines nt and pt were variable. In all specimens studied for 7. 
gramineus, neither line mt nor lines nt and pt have been observed. Setae 
c,, d,, are similar in size tc those found on 7. omittens but c,, d,, and f, 
are much shorter than those found on 7. omittens. Setae c, and d, of 7. 
omittens extend beyond the margin of the notogaster and past the base of 
setae c, and d,; in 7. gramineus, c, and d, do not extend beyond the margin 
of the notogaster and do not reach the base of setae c, and d,. Seta f, of 
T. omittens is similar in structure and size to f,. In 7. gramineus f, 
is very small, similar in size to c, and d, rather than large like f, , c, and ds. 

In T. omittens apodeme | according to Grandjean (1950) is complete but 
with an “‘inverted U”’ shaped sternal extension. 

Tropacarus gramineus resembles 7. omittens, but differs in the length of 
setae c,, d,, and f, all of which are shorter than those found on 7. omittens. 
Also the structure of apodeme | of 7. gramineus forms an “‘inverted Y” 
shaped sternal extension; in 7. omittens apodeme | forms an “‘inverted U”’ 
shaped sternal extension. 

Discussion.—The collection of Lohmannia banksi Norton, Metz, and 
Sharma from south Texas extends the known distribution of this species 
from its type-locality of Durham County, North Carolina from a forest floor 
of a 20-year-old loblolly pine stand to the Texas Gulf Coast mesquite-grass- 
land habitat. From the following collections it appears that L. banksi has 
a fairly wide distribution in Texas: San Patricio County on the Rob and 
Bessie Welder Wildlife Refuge from mesquite grassland near a mound of 
harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex barbatus) and from a gulf cordgrass (Spar- 
tina spartinae) community on Aransas clay saline soils; Nueces County near 
Calallen; and Bee County at the junction of Farm Roads 202 and 2441, 
both in ungrazed mesquite grassland communities. The collection dates of 
L. banksi ranged from November 23, 1977 from San Patricio County, De- 
cember 3, 1977 Bee County, December 14, 1977 Nueces County, February 
2, 1978 and April 19, 1978 San Patricio County. All three species, P. gra- 
minosus, T. gramineus, and L. banksi, were sympatric in the mesquite- 
grassland habitat on the Welder Foundation Refuge. 

The collection of a member of the genus Jorpacarus constitutes a new 
record for North America. It was previously known only from central Africa 
and South America. We are indebted to D. Lynn Drawe for use of his 
unpublished vegetational data for the mesquite grasslands of the Welder 
Wildlife Refuge. 

This article was approved for publication by the Director, Agricultural 
Experiment Station, South Dakota State University, Brookings, as Journal 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 629 


Series No. 1600. Contribution No. 235, Rob and Bessie Welder Wildlife 
Foundation, Sinton, Texas. 
LITERATURE CITED 


Grandjean, F. 1950. Etude sur les Lohmanniidae (Oribates, Acariens). Arch. Zool. Exp. Gen. 
87:95-161. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 630-639 


PREDATORY BEHAVIOR AND PREY OF ATOMOSIA 
PUELLA (DIPTERA: ASILIDAE) 


AUBREY G. SCARBROUGH AND BONNIE E. SRAVER 


Department of Biology, Institute of Animal Behavior, Towson State Uni- 
versity, Baltimore, Maryland 21204. 


Abstract.—A field study of the predatory behavior and prey of Atomosia 
puella (Wiedemann) is reported. General predatory behavior is discussed 
and compared with a related species, Cerotainia albipilosa Curran. Prey 
are analyzed and discussed with regard to prey sizes, proportion of major 
taxa in the diet, and the impact of the localized concentration of species 
that influence selectivity. 


Members of the asilid genus Atomosia are primarily found in the Neo- 
tropical Region, although four species are known from the Nearctic and one 
from the Oriental (Hull, 1962). Atomosia puella (Wiedemann), the subject 
of this paper, occurs in the Nearctic Region along the Atlantic seaboard 
from Connecticut to Florida and inland to Ohio and Texas (Bromley, 1946; 
Martin and Wilcox, 1965). This asilid is recognized by a small dark robust 
body, a converging vertex, a strongly and coursely punctate abdomen, and 
genitalia which are concealed in a cuplike 6th tergum (Hull, 1962). It can be 
separated from other species of Atomosia by four scutellar bristles, black 
tibiae, and black-haired apical tarsal segments (Bromley, 1946). This species 
is similar in behavior and appearance to Cerotainia albipilosa Curran (Scar- 
brough, 1978) but can be separated by the convergent vertex (Hull, 1962). 
Both genera belong to the tribe Atomosini (Hull, 1962), and the two species 
sometimes occur together in the same locality (Scarbrough, 1974). This 
study represents the first behavioral report on a species of the genus Afo- 
mosia. A second paper will follow covering the diurnal activity rhythm and 
courtship behavior of A. puella. 


STUDY SITE AND METHODS 


This study was conducted during June and July 1977 and 1978 on a farm 
located near Bonita Avenue, about 3.3 km NW of Owens Mills, Baltimore 
County, Maryland. Individuals of A. puwella were censused 10 times hourly 
between 0700 and 1400 h EST under sunlit conditions along a study route 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 631 


of about 400 m. The route was sufficiently long so that the area was sampled 
only once per hour and allowed the flies sufficient time to resume normal 
activities. During each census flies were recorded as feeding on prey or 
involved in other behaviors. Prey were collected by capturing the feeding 
asilid in a 15 dram snap top plastic vial and releasing it only after the prey 
was dropped. Prey were later identified and measured from the front of the 
head to the tip of the abdomen for body length. Altogether, 64 predators 
were captured, sexed, and measured for length. Observations also were 
made on predation on occasions other than during the censuses. 


PREDATORY BEHAVIOR 


Atomosia puella foraged under bright skies from shaded or sunlit perches 
and at air temperatures above 18°C. The asilid sometimes foraged from 
horizontal substrates but usually selected vertical ones, perching in a head- 
downwards position with its head elevated at an angle of 30—40° to the 
substrate. Most flies (83%, N = 100) perched just above the upper surfaces 
of the vegetation covering the ground and oriented their heads toward an 
open area and a bright sky. This position apparently enhances the flies’ 
ability to detect moving objects as they are backlighted against a bright sky 
(Dennis and Lavigne, 1975; Scarbrough, 1978). 

When perched, A. puella was relatively motionless, showing little or no 
response toward passing prey. Occasional wing flutters and abdominal and/ 
or body elevations were the only movements observed. However, these 
movements are not believed to be in response to passing prey since they 
also occurred when prey were absent. It is more probable that they are 
associated with the predator adjusting its field of vision in search of prey 
and/or a technique used for cooling its body when perched on a hot sub- 
strate. Head movements and pivoting movements, like those described for 
C. albipilosa Curran (Scarbrough, 1978), were not observed. 

General predatory behaviors (e.g., flight patterns, prey capture and im- 
mobilizations, sites of inserting the hypopharynx, and location of feeding 
sites) of A. puella are essentially identical to those described for C. albi- 
pilosa (Scarbrough, 1978). Its behavior differs in that forage flights were 
directed at prey at shorter distances (range 8 cm—1.5 m), with most captures 
occurring within 75 cm (89%, N = 652 captures) of the perch, and a larger 
proportion of flights were successful (29%, N = 2817 flights). 

Cerotainia albipilosa manipulated most prey while hovering near a perch 
(Scarbrough, 1978). In contrast, A. puella usually manipulated prey when 
perched. It disengaged the prey with the front tarsi and re-inserted the 
hypopharynx at a new location. In some instances prey were ‘spun’ while 
they were still impaled on the hypopharynx. The front tarsi were used to 
force the prey into a new position. Large hard bodied prey such as Ponera 


632 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


sp. (>3.5 mm) were sometimes manipulated while the asilid hovered in front 
of its perch. Unless the asilid was disturbed, feeding was completed during 
a single perch; and the prey was removed with a front tarsus before or at 
the time of another forage flight. Most asilid species use both tarsi to dis- 
engage prey. 

The length of individual feedings was correlated with body size and weath- 
er conditions. The average feeding time of all prey was 4.2 min (N = 312) 
but ranged from | to 71 min. Aphids and other small prey (1.5-2.5 mm) with 
bulbous or linear bodies were fed upon for an average of 1.7 min (range 0.7— 
8.5, N = 150) under sunlit skies and air temperatures above 26°C. Larger 
prey such as termites (¢ = 4.81 mm, N = 14) were fed upon for an average 
of 38 min under similar conditions. Feeding rates increased markedly during 
overcast periods. One female fed on an aphid for 26 min, and another fed 
on a reproductive ant (Ponera pennsylvanica Buckley, 5.0 mm) for 71 min. 

Table 1 shows types and sizes of prey taken by A. puella. Species of the 
orders Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera-Homoptera were the most 
important prey items, with Diptera dominant and accounting for over 49% 
of the diet. Most prey belonged to a limited number of subgroups within these 
orders (e.g., Nematocera Diptera, small Apocrita Hymenoptera and the 
Hemiptera-Homoptera families Aphididae, Cicadellidae, and Miridae) and 
accounted for over 70% of the total diet. Eleven specimens of thrips and 
four of Strepsiptera were also included among the prey. Thrips have been 
reported as prey of Holopogon wilcoxi Martin (Hespenheide and Rubke, 
1977), Nannocyrtopogon neoculatus Wilcox and Martin (Hespenheide, 
1978) and C. albipilosa (Scarbrough, 1978). The latter species has also been 
reported to take Strepsiptera. 


PREY SELECTION 


The major prey groups reported for A. pwella are very similar to those 
reported for species of Holopogon (Dennis and Lavigne, 1975; Hespenheide 
and Rubke, 1977), Nannocyrtopogon (Hespenheide, 1978), Cerotainia 
(Scarbrough, 1978), and Asilus and Proctacanthella (Dennis and Lavigne, 
1975). As in the diet of A. puella, dipterous species formed the dominant 
component (37%) of the diet of C. albipilosa (Scarbrough, 1978). In con- 
trast, species of Hemiptera-Homoptera were dominant in the other species 
of asilids, and accounted for over 40% of their diets (Hespenheide, 1978). 

Mean size of all prey was 2.9 mm, with over 89% between | and 4 mm 
(Table 1). Females were significantly larger (P < .001, Student’s ¢-Test) than 
males and took slightly larger prey (¢ = 3.03 22, 2.81 d6¢; P < .05), al- 
though both sexes took prey in all class sizes. Predator-prey ratios for the 
sexes were 2.23 and 2.13 for females and males, respectively. Between prey 
orders, specimens of Isoptera were significantly larger (P < .001; Newman- 
Keuls multiple range test) than all others, while Hymenoptera and Hemip- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 63 


ws) 


Table 1. Prey of Atomosia puella in Maryland. 


Taxa Number Percent Measured Mean! SD Range 

Diptera 769 49. | 742 D735 1.0] 0.64-6.39 
Nematocera 509 66.2 490) 2.19 0.99 0.64-6.01 
Others 260 33.8 254 2.49 1.01] 0.99-6.33 
Hemiptera-Homoptera 424 27 393 2.66 1.05 1.12-5.15 
Aphididae 196 46.2 190 1.82 0.40 1.25—2.75 
Cicadellidae 113 26.7 113 3395 1.01 Balb=625 
Miridae 82 19.3 82 3.61 0.70 2.50-5.00 
Others 33 7.8 33 1.34 1.03 1.12-5.01 
Hymenoptera 197 12.6 186 2.70 0.85 1.36-4.91 
Coleoptera 66 4.2 66 2.44 0.70 1.06—4.51 
Isoptera Tf? 4.6 72 4.81 0.64 3.61-6.06 
Miscellaneous 39 2.4 39 2.45 0.97 1.03=3.53 
Total 1567 100.0 1498 2.90 0.87 0).64-6.39 


: Means compared by Newman-Keuls multiple range test: dd ¥ = 5.98 + 0.35, range 5.42- 
6.55; 22 x = 6.76 + 0.41, range 6.06—7.79. 


tera-Homoptera were significantly larger (P < .001) among the remaining 
prey. Within prey taxa, Nematocera Diptera were smaller (P < .001) than 
other Diptera, whereas both cicadellids and mirids were larger (P < .001) 
than the remaining Hemiptera-Homoptera. 

Other studies (Melin, 1923; Dennis and Lavigne, 1975; Scarbrough, 1978) 
have suggested that cuticular hardness and flight characteristics of prey are 
significant factors influencing selectivity in asilids. This study supports these 
suggestions. Diptera, Hemiptera-Homoptera excluding Cicadellidae, and 
Isoptera (Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar)) have thin or soft cuticle and poor 
flight ability and formed over 68% of the diet. The asilid usually inserted its 
hypopharynx in the dorsum of the thorax of the aforementioned prey. 
Among the remaining prey, the hypopharynx was inserted in specialized 
areas of the body which had soft or thin cuticle: e.g., intersegmental mem- 
branes and compound eyes of Hymenoptera and below the wings on the 
dorsal surface of the abdomen of cicadellids and Coleoptera. In the latter 
prey, the wings had been held in a flight position, which exposes the un- 
derlying soft cuticles, where the hypopharynx was inserted. 

Figure 1 shows mean prey sizes and proportion of prey types per hour 
sampled. The size of prey per sample period was variable, with the smallest 
prey found at 0700 h and the largest at 1200 h. The former was related to 
an abundance of small Diptera (¢ = 2.14, N = 113) in the sample, and the 
latter to a termite (¢ = 4.81, N = 35) swarm which occurred on one day of 
the study. When termites are removed from the 1100, 1200 and 1300 h prey 


634 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Se beats to 
70 
eensenn HOMO-HEMIi PTERA 
Ome HYMENOPTERA 


eam MEST Cas 


Uo Tint ta HRS 


Fig. |. Mean prey size and proportion of prey types taken per hour of the day. Vertical 
lines represent ranges, mid-points represent means, and numbers above each hour represent 
sample sizes. 


samples, means are reduced from 2.95, 3.30 and 2.76 to 2.57, 2.69 and 2.55, 
respectively, and are more consistent with the remaining census periods. 
However, no significant difference (P ~ .1: Newman-Keuls multiple range 
test) was found between mean prey size per hour sampled. 

The proportion of prey types in the diet of A. pwella changed significantly 
(P < .001) during the day (Fig. 1). Dipterous species were dominant (>82%) 
during most of the day, although they decreased significantly (P < .001) 
after 1000 h. The remaining prey formed smaller proportions of the diet 
during most of the day but showed temporary increases (miscellaneous prey, 
P < .001) or gradual increases in mid to late afternoon (Hymenoptera, P > 
.0S5; Hemiptera-Homoptera, P < .001). 

An analysis of major taxa, using a 2 x 7 contingency table to compare 
two 7-hour periods of the day, revealed that only Hymenoptera, cicadellids, 
and mirids showed no significant differences in proportions between the two 
halves of the day (Table 2). Aphids were captured in slightly greater num- 
bers (52.9%; N = 90) in the second half of the day. Both groups of Diptera 
showed significant differences between the two halves of the day, and 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 635 


Table 2. Comparison of major prey taxa during two 7 hour periods (700-1300 vs. 1400- 
2000 h) of the day. 


Sign. 

Prey Total x? Level 

Diptera 742 60.14 001 

Nematocera 553 56.33 001 

Non-nematocera 229 45.4] 001 
Hemiptera-Homoptera 393 20.03 Ol Pe s.001 
Aphididae 170 22.05 Ol =P > 001 

Cicadellidae 120 SNo8)5) N.S. 

Miridae 78 13.34 NZS: 

Hymenoptera 180 14.64 N.S. 

Miscellaneous 180 23.14 .001 


formed 76.4% of the dipterous prey during the first half with the remaining 
during the second half of the day. However, nematocerous species formed 
71.4% of all dipterous prey with 54.0 and 16.6% being captured in the first 
and second halves of the day, respectively. Non-nematoceran Diptera 
formed 20.6 and 8.0% of the dipterous prey during the two halves of the 
day, respectively. 

The appearance of large numbers of specific taxa in the prey sample at 
certain periods of the day can be attributed to differential activity patterns 
of those prey taxa. Restriction of an activity pattern, or some aspect of it, 
in time and space can produce temporary localized concentrations of po- 
tential prey species. Other investigators (Bromley, 1934, 1946, 1949; Lins- 
ley, 1944, 1972; Dennis and Lavigne, 1975; Knutson, 1978; Scarbrough, 
1979) have shown indirectly that when such concentrations exist, some as- 
ilid species will exploit them. 

Although no attempt was made to determine potential prey densities, 
localized concentrations of some prey taxa were evident at certain times; 
e.g., swarms of termites, mating swarms of chironomids and sciarids, feed- 
ing aggregations of nematoceran Diptera and cicadellids, and dispersal 
flights of aphids. Atomosia puella perched near concentrations and preyed 
repeatedly upon them for the duration of the concentration. For example, 
during a termite swarm, the ratio of termites to other prey increased as the 
swarm became larger and decreased as the swarm passed—0 vs. 12, 20 vs. 
2, 34 vs. 2, 13 vs. 5, 3 vs. 8, 0. vs. 18 for termites and other prey from 1000 
to 1500 h, respectively. Similarily, large numbers of major prey taxa ap- 
pearing in the diet of A. puella corresponded to the time and existence of 
localized prey concentrations. 

The following is a list of prey taken by A. puella at the study site. In 
some instances prey are presented only to order or family level since some 


636 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


prey were damaged, lost, or too numerous for identification. Each notation 
of prey refers to a single record unless followed by a number in parentheses. 
Also note that the month and year are recorded only once at the end of a 
series for each prey taxon. All prey are adults except for Araneida. 
ARANEIDA: Unidentified immature 21(3).VI.77, 1.VII.78. ISOPTERA: 
Rhinotermitidae, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) 19.20(70).28.V1.78. PSO- 
COPTERA: Caeciliidae, Caecilius sp. 5.23.V1.77, 26.VI.78; Ectopsocidae, 
Ectopsocus sp. 5.23.24.V1.78; Philotarsidae, Aaronella sp. 23.24.26.27.VI. 
78, 1.VII.78. THYSANOPTERA: Unidentified 22(2).VI.77, 21(2).22(4). 
27.30.V1.78. HEMIPTERA-HOMOPTERA: Anthocoridae, Oris insidiosis 
(Say) 30.VI.77, 25.27.30.VI.78, 1.VII.78; Aphididae, unidentifed 3(5).5(3). 
21(2).22(6).30.V1.77,° V.VIL-T7;, 17(4).19@)-206).21015) 2213): 23GB y25(Gie 
26(15).27(10).28(12).29(2).30(18).VI.78, 1(12).VII.78, Cicadellidae, Acera- 
tagallia sanguinolenta (Prov.) 3.V1.77, 27.V1.78, Agallia constricta Van D. 
22(2).V1.77, 20.29.V1.78, Amblysellus curtisii (Fitch) 30(2).V1.77, 19.28(2). 
VI.78, Aphrodes flavostriatus (Donovan) 24.V1I.77, 21.VI.78, Doratura sty- 
lata (Boh.) 5.27.V1.77, 26.VI.78, Empoasca fabae (Harris) 3(3).VI.77, 19. 
VI.78, E. erigeron DeLong 5(3).26(4).VI.78, Graminella nigri- 
frons (Forbes) 30(2).V1.77, 27.28. V1.78,, Latalus say: (Fitch) 22(2); Vide 
23.V1.78, Laevicephalus sylvestris (Osborn and Ball) 21(3).VI.77, 19(3). 
22(2).24(3): VI.78, Oncopsis verticis (Say) 276): VI.77, 2\(Q:NI-78 seve 
78, Orientus ishidae (Matsumura) 22(2).VI.77, 21.28.V1.78, Osbornellus 
clarus Beamer 22.V1.77, 1.VII.78, Paraphlepsius irroratus (Say) 27.V1.77, 
1. VII.77, 17. VI.78, Planicephalus flavocostatus (Van D.) 23(3). VI.77, 25.27. 
VI.78, 1. VII.78, Polyamia weedi (Van D.), 21.22.V1.77, 1.VII.77, 26.27.VI1. 
78, Scaphoideus immistus (Say) 21(2).V1.77, 25(3).30(4).VI1.78, Scaphyto- 
pius acutus (Say) 22(3).VI.77, 17(2).23(3).VI.78, 1.VII.78, S. frontalis (Van 
D.) 22(2).V1.77, 21.23.24.27(2).30(2).V1.78, Streptanus aemulans (Kirsch.) 
D2Q).VAT7, 21(3).22-V1.78,. 1(2).VIl78, Lyphlocy binae 3G) ay lege 
22.23.26(4).V1.78, Typhlocyba cassiopeia Knull 22(2).V1.77, 23.24.28(2).VI. 
78, T. putmani Knull 24(2).25(2).26.28.30.V1.78, Xestocephalus pulicarius 
Van D. 22.25(2).26.V1.78; Cixiidae, Cixius sp. 1.VII.78; Coccoidea, un- 
identified 21.V1I.78; Delphacidae, Stobaera tricarinata (Say) 25.V1.78, Pis- 
sonotus sp. 27.V1.78, Delphacodes lutuleuta (Van D.) 1.VII.78; Miridae, 
Megalocoleus molliculus (Fallén) 5(2).30.VI.77, 21(2).22(2).23(5).24(3). 
26(3).V1.78, 1(8).VII.78, Plagiognathus sp. 3.21(2).VI.77, 19(4).20(3).25(5). 
26(6).27(4).28(4).29.30(3).VI.78, Reuteroscopus orantus (Reuter) 19(4). 
20.25(4).27(3).28.30(2).V1.78; Psyllidae, unidentified 20.VI.78; Saldidae, 
Saldula sp. 20.24.V1.78, 1.VII.78. COLEOPTERA: Unidentified 3.VI.77, 
17.20.21(3).22(3).23(2).26(2).28.30. VI.78, 1. VII.78; Anobiidae, Petalium sp. 
21.24.V1.78; Anthicidae, Anthicus sp. 5.VI.77; Chrysomelidae, Chaetoc- 
nema sp. 26.28.V1.78; Hydrophilidae, Cercyon sp. 3.27.30.VI.77; Lepto- 
diridae, unidentified 23.VI.78, 1. VII.78; Lyctidae, unidentified 21(2).VI.78; 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 637 


Scolytidae, Hypothenemus spp. 5(3).VI1.77, 19.21(2).22(2).23(9).25.26(2). 
30(2).V1I.78; Staphylinidae, unidentified 30.VI.77, 17.21(2).23.25.27.28(2). 
30. VI.78, 1(2). VII.78. STREPSIPTERA: Stylopidae, Pseudoxenos lugubris 
(Pierce) 22.VI.77, 27.28.V1I.78, 1.VII.78. DIPTERA: Unidentified 30. VI1.77, 
19.20.21(3).27.28(2).VI.78, 1.VII.78; Agromyzidae, Agromyza sp. 27(2). 
28(2).V.78, Cerodonta dorsalis Loew 1.3(8).21(3).30(4).VI.77, 19(2).21(4). 
27(4).28(6).29.30(3).VI.78, 1(2).VII.78, C. (Poemyza) muscina (Meigen) 
22(4).24.27.VI.77, 20(2).25(4).V1.78, Phytomyza sp. 21.V1.77, 19(2).21(2). 
25(2).26.27(2).28(6).29.V1.78; Anthomyiidae, Mumetopia occipitalis Mel. 3. 
VI.77, 19.21.27.V1.78; Anthomyzidae, unidentified 21.27(2).30.VI.78; Asil- 
idae, Apachekolas sp. 26.V1.78; Cecidomylidae, Anarete sp. 21.22.30.VI. 
77, 20.22.23.25.V1.78, Asteromyia sp. 3(17).30(4).VI.77, 14(3).21(5).23(3). 
25(10).27(5).28(3).30(6).VI.78, 1(15).VII.78, Contaria sp. 19.V1.78, Dasi- 
neura sp. 25(4).V1.78, Hyperdiplosis sp. 17.29.V1.78, Lestermia sp. 
1 TO(2)-20.21-25(3)-30:V 1.78, Micromya sp. 22(6).V1:77, 19G).22(3).24(2). 
25(9).26-27().V1:78,, 1(2)-VII.78, Neolasioptera sp. 14.19:21.V1.78, 1). 
WilbeSsePorricondyla sp.24.V1.77, 25@):27@2).Vi.780 ). VIL.78;. Procysti- 
phora sp. 3.V1.77, 24.V1.78, Resseliella sp. 22.V1.77, 27.30.V1.78, Winner- 
tia sp. 21.29.VI.78; Ceratopogonidae, Atrichopogon levis (Coq.) 3.27.VI. 
77, 27(5).V1.78, Culicoides paraensis (Goeldi) 3.V1.77, 19.25.28. VI.78, 1(2). 
VII.78, Dasyhelea sp. 1(2).VII.78, Forcipomyia sp. 1(2).VII.78; Chiro- 
nomidae, Orthocladiinae, unidentified 3(2).VI.77, 19(2).23(3).28.V1I.78, An- 
atopyinia sp. 3.V1.77, 20(2).22(4).30(4). VI.78, Chironomis sp. 14.20.21.25(6). 
27.28(2).V1.78, 1(4). VII.78, Tanytarsus sp. 21.24.26. V1.78, 1. VII.78; Chlo- 
ropidae, Chlorops sp. 21(2).V1I.78, Conioscinella sp. 22.23(4).30.V1.78, 
Goniopsita catalpae (Mall.) 19.22.26.VI.78, Oscinella sp. 21.V1.77, 
PAM APOS (4) NWS, ols), VES, O.. frit (.), 21.Vin78.. O.. carbonariay (i) 
19.27(2).V1.78, 1.VII.78, Siphonella nigripalpis (Mall.) 14.28(3).VI.78, 1. 
VII.78, Taumatomia bistriata (W1k.) 23(5).24(2).V1.78, 1.VII.78, 7. glabra 
(Mg.) 14(2).VI.78, 1(2).VII.78; Chyromyiidae, unidentified 1.VII.78; Doli- 
chopodidae, Chrysotus sp. 17.20(3).22.23(2).25(2).VI.78, Gymnopternus 
debilis Loew 24.VI.77, 27(2).28.29(2).30(2).V1.78, 1(2).VII.78; Drosophili- 
dae, Scaptomyza sp. 27.V1.77, S. pallida (Zett.) 25.V1.78, S. adusta (Lw.) 
30.VI.78, S. wheeleri Hackman 22.26.VI.78; Empididae, Euhybus purpu- 
reus Walker 22.23.VI.78; Ephydridae, Leptopsylopa nigrimana (Will.) 30. 
VI.77, 14.20.23.25(3).VI.78, 1(2).VII.78; Heleomyzidae, unidentified 3.22(4). 
VI.77, 21(3).23.27.28.29.VI.78, 1.VII.78; Lauxanidae, Homoneura phila- 
delphica (Macq.) 21.22(2).28.VI.78, 1.VII.78; Phoridae, unidentified 27.VI. 
78, Asteromyia sp. 27.V1.78, Dorniphora sp. 27.V1.78, Megasilea sp. 3(2). 
52 1.22(4).24(3).30.VI.77,, 19.21(4).22(2).23(2).243).25(2).26(3).27(3).28:30G). 
VI.78, 1(9).VII.78; Phytomyzidae, unidentified 24.VI.77: Pipunculidae, 
Chalarus sp. 22.24.V1.77, 19.26.VI.78, 1.VII.78; Psychodidae, Psychoda 
Sp. 23(5).22(6).2 7-30: VI-77, 21(5).23(4).24(2).25.26(6).27(6)-28G).30G).VI.78, 


638 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


1(6). VII.78; Scatopsidae, Scatopsa sp. 21.22.V1.77, 19.20(3).21(5).24.25(7). 
27(12).28(6). VI.78, 1(8). VI.78, S. fuscipes Meigen 14.21(3).25(17).26.27(10). 
28(27). VI.78, 1(17). VII.78; Sciaridae, Bradysia sp. 3(4).5.21.22(2).27.30(3). 
VI.77,  19(5):20(2).21(09).22(2).24(G3Y.26():27G).28:29:30VI-785" 1(4). Vik. 782 
Sciaria sp. 3(5).5:22.V1-77} VAN)2VEL.77, 19€4)-21.25.26:27@2).28010). VETS. 
Sepsidae, Sepsis sp. 3(3).20.21.24(2).27(2).30.VI.77, S. punctum (Fab.) 
26.28(2).VI.78; Simulidae, unidentified 3(3).5.21.22(2).VI.77, 17.21.26.30. 
VI.78; Spheroceridae, Sphaerocera vaporarium Haliday 21.V1.77; Syrphi- 
dae, Palpadus sp. 30.V1.78: Tephrididae, unidentified 24.V1I.77, 27.30.VI. 
78; Tipulidae, unidentified 11.VI.77, 22.VI.78. LEPIDOPTERA: Gelechi- 
idae, Sitotroga ceratalla (Oliver) 21.22.23.25(3).26.VI.78; Tingidae, Tinea 
sp. 1.VII.77, Homoseta sp. 17.24.V1.78. HYMENOPTERA: Aphidiidae, 
Praon sp. 21.V1.77; Braconidae, Aphaereta sp. 3(2).5.21(3).22.27(2).30. VI. 
77, 19.20.21.23.:24.25.27.28(3).29.30.V1I.78, 1(2).VH.78; A. pallipes (Say} 
3(5)-5-2 16) :22(3) 30: VIET7F 179215) -22(3)223.24:25:26:2702) 28.295 0vVe 
78, 1(2).VII.78, Aspilota spp. 3(2).21.VI1.77, 20.21.30.VI.78, Chorebus sp. 
DUVET, 22(3).26(2) 27. VIEF8, EVILS: “Euphoriella*spp: 272) Nee 
VII.77, 23(2).24(2).26(2).27(2).29(2).30(3).VI.78, 1(4).VII.78, Synaldis sp. 
28.V1.78; Ceraphronidae, Ceraphron sp. 27.V1.77, 22.V1.78, Lygocerus sp. 
21.V1.77, 28(2).VI.78; Cynipidae, Hexacola sp. 21.27(2).28.V1.78; Diapri- 
idae, Trichopria sp. 3.V1.77, 19.21.22. VI.78, 1.VII.78; Encytridae, Oencyr- 
tus spp. 30.VI.77, 1. VII.77, 17.19.21(2).24.26. VI.78; Eulophidae, Aphelinus 
sp. 27.VI.77, 1.VII.77, 19.20.26. V1.78; Eupelmidae, unidentified 21.VI.78; 
Eurytomidae, Eurytoma sp. 21(2).23.24.26.V1.78: Formicidae, Formica sp. 
(winged reproductives) 3(2).30.VI.77, 23.30.VI.78, Ponera pennsylvanica 
Buckley 5(5).27(4).V1.77, 19.21.VI.78; Halictidae, unidentified 20. VI.77, 21. 
VI.78; Perilampidae, Perilampus sp. 27.V1.77, 20.21(3).24.25.29.V1.78: 
Pteromalidae, unidentified 3.22.VI.77, 20.21.29.VI.78: Scelionidae, Gryon 
sp. 27(3).V1.78, Telenomus sp. 26.V1.78, 1(3).VII.78. 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

We express our appreciation to the following taxonomists of the System- 
atic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, for identifying prey of A. puella: D. 
R- Smith, J. L. Herring, J. P. Kramer, A. S. Menke, B. D. Burks, P. M: 
Marsh, R. W. White, D. M. Anderson, R. E. Warner, J. M. Kingsolver, C. 
W. Sabrosky, G. C. Steyskal, F. C. Thompson, L. Knutson, and R. J. 
Gagne. Identifications also were provided by D. R. Davis and P. J. Spangler 
of the Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution; E. E. Mockford, 
Illinois State University: and W. B. Peck, Central Missouri State College. 
Dr. Erik Scully, Department of Biology, Towson State University, provided 
valuable assistance with the statistical analysis and read a preliminary draft 
of the manuscript. Dr. L. Knutson, Chairman, Insect Identification and 
Beneficial Insect Identification Institute, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, ex- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 639 


amined a revised draft of the manuscript. We also thank Dr. E. G. Worthly, 
Environmental Biologist, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Aberdeen, Maryland, 
for use of his farm. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Bromley, S. W. 1934. The robber flies of Texas (Diptera: Asilidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc: Am. 

212742113: 

. 1946. Honeybee predators. J. NY Entomol. Soc. 36:195—199. 

-———. 1949. The Missouri bee-killer Proctacanthus milbertii Macq. (Diptera: Asilidae). Bull. 
Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 44:21—28. 

Dennis, D. S. and R. J. Lavigne. 1975. Comparative behavior of Wyoming robber flies II 
(Diptera: Asilidae). Univ. Wyoming Agric. Exp. Stn. Sci. Monogr., No. 30. 68 pp. 

Hull, F. M. 1962. Robber flies of the world. The genera of the family Asilidae. US Natl. Mus. 
Bull. 224 (Pt. 1). U.S. Govt. Printing Office. 430 pp. 

Hespenheide, H. A. 1978. Prey, predatory and courtship behavior of Nannocyrtopogon ne- 
oculatus Wilcox and Martin (Diptera: Asilidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 51:449-456. 

Hespenheide, H. A. and M. A. Rubke. 1977. Prey, predator behavior, and the daily cycle of 
Holopogon wilcoxi (Diptera: Asilidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 53:277-285. 

Knutson, L. V. 1978. Insects: Diptera (Flies). Jn Honeybee pests, predators, and diseases. 
Ed. Roger A. Morse. Cornell University Press. 124 Roberts Place, Ithaca, New York. 
129-130 pp. 

Linsley, E. 1944. Prey of the robber fly Callinicus calcaneus Loew (Diptera: Asilidae). Pan- 
Pac. Entomol. 20:67—68. 

——. 1972. The robber fly Callinicus calcaneus (Loew) as a predator on Andrena omninigra 
Viereck. (Diptera: Asilidae;: Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Pan-Pac. Entomol. 48:94—96. 

Martin, C. H. and J. Wilcox. 1965. Asilidae. Jn A catalogue of the Diptera of North America 
north of Mexico. USDA Agric. Handbook No. 276:360—-401. 

Melin, D. 1923. Contributions to the knowledge of the biology, metamorphosis and distribution 
of the Swedish asilids in relation to the whole family of asilids. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala. 
8:1-317. 

Scarbrough, A. G. 1974. A faunistic study of Asilidae (Diptera) at three locations in northern 

Baltimore County, Maryland: Incidence, relative abundance and seasonal distribution. 

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 76:385—396. 

. 1978. Ethology of Cerotainia albipilosa Curran (Asilidae: Diptera) in Maryland: Pred- 

atory behavior. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 80:113—-127. 

. 1979. Predatory behavior and prey of Diogmites missouriensis Bromley in Arkansas. 

Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 81:391—400. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 640-644 


A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF ORGILINI (HYMENOPTERA: 
BRACONIDAE) FROM NEW GUINEA 


W.R. M. MASON 


Biosystematics Research Institute, Agriculture Canada Research Branch, 
K. W. Neatby Building, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6. 


Abstract.—Ecnomios papuensis, a new genus and species from New 
Guinea, is described and compared with Orgilus (Braconidae). The new 
genus differs from Orgilus by having a short abdomen and ovipositor, a 
large notched vannal lobe, a ventral ridge on the hind tarsus, very broad 
wings, a petiolate discoidal cell, and an open brachial cell. 


This genus first came to my attention because of its superficial resem- 
blance to Apanteles; but a relationship to Microgastrinae is precluded be- 
cause the new genus has a sclerotized distal radial sector, eight pairs of 
abdominal spiracles, and spiracles on tergite I. 


Ecnomios Mason, NEW GENUS 
Figs. 1-6 


Etymology.—The name is a masculine noun derived from Greek and 
means a marvel. 

Type-species.—Ecnomios papuensis, new species. 

Description.—Antenna long and thin, all flagellomeres but the Ist and the 
last few with a false transverse division caused by the placodes being ar- 
ranged in 2 ranks; apical article acutely pointed. Mandible small, scarcely 
twisted, tapered to a pair of unusually small teeth; palpi 5-3; maxillary long, 
the labial very short. Clypeus broad, apically truncate, surface convex; 
tentorial pits very large; occipital carina strong and complete, joining the 
hypostomal shortly before lower end. Head transverse, temples narrow and 
strongly tapered behind, the head not elongated below. 

Pronotum very strongly roughened medially, the lower margin bearing a 
conspicuous projection about mid-way; posterior lobe of propleuron over- 
lapping lower corner of pronotum. Mesoscutum anteriorly vertical, but flat- 
tened above, none of the lobes protruding; notauli scarcely depressed, but 
conspicuously marked by rugose sculpture and joining in a large rugose area 
posteriorly; sides of scutum margined by a carina; mesopleuron with a long, 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 641 


livetesenonss 
| HacwQly, ~ 
Ny 


Nee 


Figs. 1-6. Ecnomios papuensis. 1, Side. 2, Abdomen, dorsal. 3, Head. 4, Thorax, dor- 
sal. 5, Wings. 6, Head, dorsal. 


642 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


broad transcostate furrow; prepectal carina complete, passing under lower 
corner of pronotum. Metapleuron rugose with an ill-defined lobe on lower 
anterior corner. Propodeum rugose, with a large petiolarea on the apical 
declivity; and a median and a pair of lateral carinae on the anterior hori- 
zontal part. 

Tergum I with a flat, broad, apically widening tergite bearing spiracles 
slightly in front of middle; short dorsolateral carina and laterope present, 
but no dorsope; tergite I sculptured on basal 0.6, remainder of abdomen 
smooth and rather short; terga II and III occupying most of abdomen, di- 
vided by a fine crease; complete laterotergites on terga I and II, an incom- 
pletely separated one on tergum III; very few hairs present on tergite I, 
small lateral patches on II and III and a single sparse apical row on terga 
IV-VI. Spiracles on metasomal segments I-VII. Sternite and tergite of 
metasoma I not fused; sternites II-VI each medially divided; sternite VI 
short. Ovipositor and sheath straight and short, not exceeding apex of ab- 
domen; oOvipositor without a dorsal subapical notch. 

Legs and coxae unremarkable, hind tarsus with a median ventral ridge of 
coalesced hairs; tarsal claws simple; tibial spurs 0.4—0.5 as long as basitarsi. 
Wings very broad, hyaline with strong, but hyaline veins and large deep 
stigma; radius (RS) complete, bent at a 120° angle between Ist and 2nd 
abscissae, the 2 distal elements of (RS) forming a straight line; 2nd inter- 
cubitus absent; brachial cell open: apical parts of cubitus (M) and subdis- 
coideus (Cu) present only as creases in wing membrane; interanal (2A) in- 
dicated by a crease; vannal lobe large and convex, separated by a deep 
incision. 


Ecnomios papuensis Mason, NEW SPECIES 


Female.—Length 3 mm, forewing 3.2 mm, antenna 2.9 mm. 

Description.—Flagellum with 29 articles. Mandible with anterior tooth 
much longer than posterior; mandible rounded in cross-section, swollen 
subbasally. Clypeus fairly densely punctate, aciculate laterally; apical mar- 
gin truncate and depressed, with | or 2 horizontal striae. Remainder of head 
mostly smooth, sparsely and finely punctate. Ocelli separated by about their 
own diameters, the lateral ocellus about 1.5x its own diameter from eye: 
anterior external angle of ocellar triangle near 100° (Figs. 1, 3, 6). 

Posteromedian rugose area of scutum crescentic, concave toward ante- 
rior, lobes smooth and closely, but shallowly punctate; entire scutum dense- 
ly hairy. Scutellar scrobe large, deep and with 6 large transverse costulae; 
disc of scutellum weakly convex, scarcely raised, polished and moderately 
punctate and hairy; apical rim of scutellum polished and wide with lateral 
lunate areas; between them and disc of scutellum transversely costate 
depressions (Figs. 1, 4). 

Tergite I with apical width about equal to length and about 3x basal 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 643 


width. Length of combined terga II and HI about 1.25 their width, a pos- 
teriorly convex transverse suture indicated laterally, the 2 terga about equal- 
ly long. Laterotergites large and quadrangular; posterior edge of lateroter- 
gite II freely moveable and not attached to the partial laterotergite III. 
Apical part of abdomen abruptly tapering, terga mostly telescoped under III 
and only protruding about 2 the length of tergum III; tergites laterally and 
sterna with small patches of hair. Ovipositor sheaths with dull, transversely 
ridged surface, almost glabrous, but 4 or 5 small hairs at extreme apex below 
Brigs. 1)2). 

Hind coxa scarcely more than 2 as long as tergite I, its height and width 
about equal; upper surface with strong oblique ridges basally, concave and 
smooth apically (Fig. 1). 

Color black with smooth parts of scutum, abdominal terga behind first, 
and head above, castaneous; legs, base of antenna, tegula, lower parts of 
head, laterotergites and abdominal sternites, and ovipositor fulvous; hind 
coxa dark brown to black; mandibles except for teeth, and palpi, whitish. 
Wings with milky appearance, trichiae and veins white, membrane hyaline, 
stigma brown. 

Variation.—Propodeal carinae sometimes partly lost or poorly defined 
among rugose sculpture; sculptre of tergite I varying from mostly aciculate 
to mostly rugose-punctate in any combination: clypeal sculpture varying 
from small separate punctures to a vertically undulate, almost rugose sur- 
face. 

Types.—Holotype, 2, New Guinea, Mt. Hagen, 1700 m, Kuk Tea Sta- 
tion, W. Highlands district, 1976, Malaise Trap. C.N.C. No. 15778. Para- 
types, 9 22, same data. 


DISCUSSION 

The genus is anomalous, but I think best placed in Orgilini (discussion by 
Muesebeck, 1970). It most resembles Orgilus, the dominant genus of the 
tribe, sharing with it the following characters: 1, Almost all flagellomeres 
with a false transverse division caused by the placodes being arranged in 
two ranks on each article; 2, mandibles slim and tapering to a pair of rather 
small teeth; 3, lower outer corner of propleuron with a lobe extending dorsad 
and overlapping lower corner of pronotum; 4, prepectal carina complete and 
passing mesad under lower corner of pronotum; 5, tergite I without a pit at 
junction of dorsal and dorso-lateral carinae; 6, first intercubitus and second 
abscissa of radius (2 distal segments of RS) in approximately a straight line; 
7, second intercubitus (2r-m) missing. 

The following apomorphic characters differentiate Ecnomios from Orgi- 
lus: 1, Palpus formula 5-3; 2, middle of lower margin of pronotum with a 
large lobe protruding ventrad:; 3, abdominal terga IV—IX largely telescoped 
and mostly hidden under terga II and III; 4, hind tarsus with a median 


i 


644 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON ~ 


ventral ridge of closely appressed hairs; 5, brachial cell open (Cu 1b lost); 
6, ovipositor without a subapical dorsal notch; 7, ovipositor shorter than 
tergite I. 

Additional characters, probably all plesiomorphic within Orgilini, are use- 
ful to distinguish Ecnomios from other Orgilini: 1, Mandible only slightly 
(30°) twisted: 2, lower margin of pronotum without a notch opposite the 
anterior side of the overlapping propleural lobe; 3, broad convex vannal 
lobe set off by a deep notch; 4, discoidal cell petiolate (proximal end of 
RS + M remote from R); 5, wings broad and short. Additionally Microtypus 
and Stantonia are readily distinguished from Ecnomios by having a second 
intercubitus (2r-m). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Muesebeck, C. F. W. 1970. The Nearctic species of Orgilus Haliday (Hymenoptera: Bracon- 
idae). Smiths. Contrib. Zool. 30:1-104. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 645-649 


NOTES ON SYNONYMIES, RECOMBINATIONS, AND LECTOTYPE 
DESIGNATIONS IN NATHAN BANKS’ SPECIES OF 
NOTHRUS (ACARI: ORIBATED, 


Roy A. NORTON 


State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and 
Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210. 


Abstract.—The disposition of Banks’ oribatid mite taxa presently placed 
‘in Nothrus is modified as follows. Three are recombined: Platynothrus 
-banksi (Banks), Platynothrus carinatus (Banks), and Trimalaconothrus sim- 
plex (Banks). Four are designated junior synonyms: Nothrus bipilis (=N. 
palustris), N. excisus (=Camisia segnis), N. rugulosus (=C. horrida), and 
N. taurinus (=C. spinifer). Lectotypes are designated for N. bipilis, N. 
simplex, and N. truncatus. 


As pointed out in a previous paper (Norton, 1978), most of the oribatid 
mites described by Nathan Banks are in need of reinvestigation. Of the ten 
species assigned to the genus Nothrus only one, N. marinus Banks, is 
adequately known, being the type-species of Hygroribates (Jacot, 1934). 

The following taxonomic judgements are based on examination of Banks’ 
existing original material, all of which is deposited in the Museum of Com- 
parative Zoology (MCZ) at Harvard University. Banks kept most of his 
oribatid material in alcohol and designated types only in the few instances 
when a balsam slide was prepared. All alcoholics referred to in this paper 
are listed as “‘suspected types” in unpublished MCZ listings. In a number 
of instances (probably in the early 1930’s) the oribatologist A. P. Jacot, 
recognizable by his characteristic handwriting, mounted one or more of 
Banks’ original series, labelled them “type” or “‘cotype,”’ and left the re- 
mainder in alcohol with no type designation. 

The older system of setal nomenclature used by Sellnick and Forsslund 
(1955) is employed for ease of comparisons. I thank Dr. H. W. Levi for 
providing access to MCZ specimens. 


Nothrus bipilis Banks, 1895a 


Although no specimens exist with a type-label, a vial in the MCZ contains 
three specimens which are undoubtedly those to which Banks referred in 


646 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


the original description; they are considered by me to be syntypes. The 
labels bear the published data and are in Banks’ handwriting. Since two 
species are represented by the three specimens, I designate the single adult 
(964 yw total length) as LECTOTYPE. The diagnostic “long, curved, simple 
hair’ (seta K1) mentioned in the original description has been lost on each 
side, but the mite is otherwise intact. The two “‘young specimens”’ to which 
Banks refers are both Nothrus tritonymphs, but only the larger (840 ,) 
belongs to the same species as the adult; the diagnostic seta K1 is present. 
This specimen is designated a PARALECTOTYPE. The smaller tritonymph 
(704 w) is a member of another, unidentified Nothrus species. 

After examination of published descriptions of the European species 
Nothrus palustris C. L. Koch, and specimens from England, Poland, and 
Germany, I consider N. bipilis to be a junior subjective synonym of N. 
palustris. The only noted difference involves notogastral seta PN2. In N. 
palustris this seta is 1.5 to 2 times the length of F2 and has uniform breadth 
throughout. The lectotype specimen of N. bipilis and the four specimens in 
my collection (all from Long Island) have seta PN2 equal to F2 in length 
and slightly clavate. On the weight of many similar character states and the 
clear separation of these two taxa from other Nothrus species, the synon- 
ymy seems justified. 


Nothrus carinatus Banks, 1910 


Three specimens with the data of the original description are mounted on 
a single slide deposited in the MCZ. The label, in Banks’ handwriting, des- 
ignates these as “‘type’’; and all can be considered syntypes. The modern 
generic placement is indicated on the label below the original name; but to 
date, recombination has not been mentioned in the literature. 

Platynothrus carinatus (Banks) (NEW COMBINATION) is distinguish- 
able from all other known species by having the combination of short setae 
in the C, D, and E series (barely reaching the insertion of the next posteriad 
seta) and having a lateral notogastral carina (distinctly longer than the medial 
carina) which curves laterally to reach the insertion of seta PN2. The three 
specimens range from 694-723 wy, total length. 


Nothrus furcatus Banks, 1895a 


Six specimens which apparently comprised Banks’ original series are 
housed in the MCZ. A. P. Jacot mounted three of these in balsam and 
labeled them as ‘types’; a note on the label reads **3 out of 6."° These, and 
the remaining alcoholics, can all be considered syntypes. 

This species was renamed Nothrus banksi by Michael (1898) who noted 
the homonymy with N. furcatus C. L. Koch. Under present generic con- 
cepts the species must be recombined to Platynothrus banksi (Michael) 
(NEW COMBINATION). Banks’ (1904) subsequently published figure sat- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 647 


isfactorily represents the characteristic anterior fusion of the medial noto- 
gastral carinae, but his original length measurement of .7 mm is inaccurate; 
the syntypes range from 790-850 uw; and specimens in my collection from 
other areas of central Washington are as large as 920 pw. 


Nothrus excisus Banks, 1895Sa 


Apparently none of Banks’ original specimens presently exist. There is, 
however, a mounted specimen in the MCZ, collected in Nebraska in 1938, 
which is labelled *““Camisia excisus Bks’’ (a combination never used in the 
literature) in Banks’ handwriting. This specimen was examined and found 
to be Camisia segnis (Hermann) sensu Grandjean (1936), a Holarctic species 
characteristically found on trees. 

The length of N. excisus given in the original description (.7 mm) is 
slightly less than the range of C. segnis (750-830 yw) given by Grandjean, 
but Banks’ measurements were crude and often inaccurate. Otherwise, 
Banks’ description is consistent with the latter species; and I designate N. 
excisus a junior subjective synonym of Camisia segnis (Hermann). 


Nothrus rugulosus Banks, 1895a 


A slightly damaged balsam slide, with two specimens of this species, and 
a Vial of three alcoholic specimens, all with the original data, are deposited 
in the MCZ. The slide, labelled by A. P. Jacot, bears a note reading **3 left 
in vial.’ All five of the existing specimens can be considered syntypes. 

Nothrus rugulosus is hereby designated a junior subjective synonym of 
Camisia horrida (Hermann), sensu Grandjean (1936), a Holarctic species 
originally described from Europe. This opinion is based on examination of 
Grandjcan’s and Sellnick and Forsslund’s (1955) redescriptions, as well as 
specimens from Poland. The type-habitat of N. rugulosus (under bark of a 
dead tree) is consistent with the habitats of C. horrida in Europe. The 
species illustrated by Sengbusch (1951) under the name N. rugulosus 1s a 
true Nothrus, and not Banks’ species. 


Nothrus simplex Banks, 1895b 


A single alcoholic vial with Banks’ original labels is present in the MCZ 
collections and holds three specimens, the examination of which indicates 
that Banks confused two species under this name. The single adult (762 py, 
total length) is a Trimalaconothrus species and is missing the left leg I, the 
right leg II, and most notogastral and prodorsal setae. This specimen is 
hereby designated the LECTOTYPE and the name is recombined to 7ri- 
malaconothrus simplex (Banks) (NEW COMBINATION). Based on integ- 
umental structure and general facies, the species is similar to and possibly 
conspecific with 7. glaber (Michael); but because of the damaged type, 
further collection is needed. 


648 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


The other two specimens are clearly nymphs of the family Achipteriidae. 
Banks erroneously considered these, with the “‘corrugated epidermis,” to 
be immatures of the species represented by the adult specimen. 


Nothrus taurinus Banks, 1906 


The single specimen on which the description was based, bearing Banks’ 
original labels, is in alcohol in the MCZ and can be considered the holotype. 
After examination of this specimen I designate N. taurinus a junior subjec- 
tive synonym of Camisia spinifer (C. L. Koch), a common Holarctic 
species. A study by Pearse (1946), for which Banks identified the mites, 
recorded this species under the name Camisia taurinus Banks (sic). 

Banks’ original drawing is misleading, since the body outline included the 
debris adhering to the notogaster. A portion of this debris was removed 
during my investigation, exposing the characteristic setation and tubercu- 
lation of C. spinifer. 


Nothrus terminalis Banks, 1910 


A single balsam-mounted specimen, of about 700 w total length, is 
housed in the MCZ. It is labelled in Banks’ handwriting and designated 
‘“*type.’’ Although the number of specimens Banks examined is not indicated 
in the original description, no others are known to exist; and this specimen 
can be considered the holotype. The original figure (Plate I, Fig. 8) is mis- 
leading; the setae illustrated are more strongly clavate on the holotype. 

At least nine described taxa are involved in what can be loosely consid- 
ered the “biciliatus group’’; that is, species with short, clavate setae K1, 
PN1, and PN2. Monodactyl members include N. terminalis (and its sub- 
species N. t. carolinae Jacot), N. truncatus Banks (including its subspecies 
N.t. robustus Jacot and N. t. silvicus Jacot) and N. monodactylus (Berlese) 
from North America, and N. pulchellus (Berlese) from Italy. Tridactylous 
members include N. biciliatus (C. L. Koch) (sensu Sellnick and Forsslund, 
1955) from Europe and North America, and N. reticulatus Sitnikova from 
western Asia. Although detailed investigations have not yet been made, the 
number of claws in these species may prove to vary within or between 
populations, as Grandjean (1965) noted for N. silvestris Nicolet. As Grand- 
jean has indicated, all Nothrus species seem to be apomictic, exhibiting 
thelytokous parthenogenesis. The validity of taxa in both the “‘bdiciliatus 
group” and the “‘silvestris group’’ should eventually be examined with this 
in mind. 


Nothrus truncatus Banks, 1895a 


Banks confused two species under this name. A. P. Jacot apparently 
noted this when mounting five of Banks’ original specimens in balsam, leav- 
ing four in alcohol. Jacot’s label indicates that he identified three of the 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 649 


mounted specimens as Nothrus silvestris and considered the two others as 
cotypes of N. truncatus. The latter specimens have total lengths of 920 and 
935 w, significantly larger than the N. si/vestris specimens. It is clear from 
the description that Banks thought the smaller individuals to be immatures 
of the larger ones. I have selected a LECTOTYPE from among the alcoholic 
specimens; the remaining alcoholics and two slide-mounted specimens are 
PARALECTOTYPES. 

Nothrus truncatus is the largest of the “*biciliatus group,’ with a robust, 
truncate notogaster and monodactyl tarsi. Banks (1904) illustrated N. trun- 
catus with three claws; but all of his specimens, and others I have collected 
from sphagnum bogs in upstate New York, are monodactyl. He probably 
mistook the proral or unguinal setae for lateral claws. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Banks, N. 189S5a. On the Oribatoidea of the United States. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 22: 
1-16. 

—. 1895b. Some acarians from a sphagnum swamp. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 3:128—130. 

——. 1904. A treatise on the Acarina, or mites. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 28(1382):1-114. 

———. 1906. New Oribatidae from the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 


58:49-500. 
. 1910. New American mites (Arachnoidea, Acarina). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 12: 
DE 128 


Grandjean, F. 1936. Les oribates de Jean Frederic Hermann et de son pere (Arachn. Acar.). 

Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 105:27-110. 

. 1965. Nouvelles observations sur les oribates. Acarologia. 6:353—386. 

Jacot, A. P. 1934. An intertidal moss mite in America. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 42:329-336. 

Michael, A. D. 1898. Oribatidae. Pages 1-93 in Das Tierreich, Vol. 3 (H. Lohmann, ed.). R. 
Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin. 

Norton, R. A. 1978. Notes on Nathan Banks’ species of the mite genus Carabodes (Acari: 
Oribatei). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 80:611-615. 

Pearse, A. S. 1946. Observations on the microfauna of the Duke Forest. Ecol. Monogr. 
16:127-150. 

Sellnick, M. and K.-H. Forsslund. 1955. Die Camisiidae Schwedens (Acar. Oribat.). Ark. 
Zool. 8:473-530. 

Sengbusch, H. G. 1951. Notes on some New York oribatid mites. Zoologica. 36:1 5—162. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 650-652 


RHIZOECUS MEALYBUGS OF TEXAS, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A 
NEW SPECIES (HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) 


EDSON J. HAMBLETON 


Cooperating Scientist, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, Agric. 
Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA, Beltsville, Maryland 20705 (mailing 
address: 5140 Worthington Drive, Washington, D.C. 20016). 


Abstract.—Rhizoecus brevirostris, a new species of mealybug, is de- 
scribed from Texas. Notes are given for six additional members of the ge- 
nus, three of which constitute new state records. 


This paper contains the description of a new rhizoecine mealybug and 
notes on six additional species from the state of Texas. Unless otherwise 
indicated, the mealybugs were collected by R. D. Gordon and D. R. Miller, 
Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, U.S. Department of Agricul- 
ture in May 1976. I am indebted to Dr. Miller for the privilege of studying 
this collection and for the facilities afforded me during these studies. 


Rhizoecus apizacos Hambleton 


Collected on Bouteloua sp. (Gramineae) at Iron Mt. Ranch, 8 mi N Mar- 
athon, Brewster Co., May 12, 1976. Heretofore known only from Tlaxcala 
State, Mexico, this collection is a new record for the United States. 


Rhizoecus bicirculus McKenzie 
Several specimens collected from roots of Jatropha dioica (Euphorbi- 


aceae) at Black Gap Wildlife Management Area, Brewster Co., May 8, 1976. 
Previously described and recorded from several localities in California. 


Rhizoecus brevirostris Hambleton, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 1-8 
Adult female.—Elongate oval, much narrowed anteriorly. Length, 1.74 
mm; width, 0.71 mm. Antennae short, 6-segmented, narrowly separated; 
length of segments in microns: I, 22: I, 142 1M, 15; 1V, 11; V, 10; Vie: 
apical segment almost 2* as long as wide, with 3 rather stout, weakly 
clavate sensory setae, and | spinelike sensory seta near apex; segment V 
with | short, stout sensory seta. Interantennal space equal to length of apical 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 651 


Figs. 1-8. Rhizoecus brevirostris, female. 1, Anal ring, right half. 2, Terminal segments 
of antenna. 3, Rostrum. 4, Hind claw. 5, Tritubular ceroris. 6, Circulus, dorsal. 7, Tubular 
duct, lateral and ventral. 8, Cephalic plate. 


segment. Eyes small, weakly pigmented. Rostrum small, 42 uw long, 28 uw 
wide; rostral loop short, reaching nearly halfway to 2nd coxae. Cephalic 
plate irregularly quadrate, slightly longer than wide, about 33 wu long, with 
several minute body setae. Dorsal ostioles inconspicuous, their rims narrow, 
weakly sclerotized. 

Legs short, moderately stout, length of segments of hind pair in microns: 
Trochanter, 22; femur, 53; tibia, 46; tarsus, 28; claw, 14; claw digitules 
elongate, dilated at tips, extending beyond sharp claws. 

Circulus depressed, width across its base 13 yw, its orifice 11 4 in diameter. 
Anal lobes unsclerotized, each with 3 elongate setae, the longest about 33 
uw long, and several body setae. Anal ring 44 yw in diameter, its setae about 
44 uw long, longer and stouter than anal-lobe setae; outer portion of anal ring 
with 18 oval elongate cells, most with spicules; inner portion of ring with 
10-12 larger, more irregular cells, some not clearly defined. Tritubular ce- 
rores small, 15 occurring dorsally, 3 on head, 5 on thorax, 2 middorsally 
and 2-3 submarginally on each side of abdomen, their ducts about 6 wu long. 
Multilocular disk pores absent. Tubular ducts prominent, short, stout, 5S—6 
uw long, strongly sclerotized, widely distributed over entire body. Trilocular 
pores more abundant along body margins, sparse intersegmentally, near legs 
and mouthparts. Body setae inconspicuous, mostly short, evenly distrib- 
uted. 


652 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


HOLOTYPE FEMALE 


5 mi E Study Butte, Big Bend National Park, Brewster Co., Texas, on 
Gutierrezia sp. (Compositae), May 6, 1976, R. D. Gordon and D. R. Miller. 
In U.S. National Museum. 

Diagnosis.—Rhizoecus brevirostris may be distinguished from its closest 
relatives R. apizacos Hambleton by its clavate sensory setae, stouter, more 
numerous tubular ducts, oval, spiculate anal-ring cells and R. simplex (Ham- 
bleton) by its depressed circulus and fewer than one half the number of 
cerores borne only dorsally. 

Rhizoecus gracilis McKenzie 

Collected from an undetermined grass, Palo Duro, Canyon State Park, 
Randall Co., May 2, 1976; from Atriplex sp. (Chenopodiaceae), 12 mi E 
Alpine, Brewster Co., May 8, 1976; and from Gutierrezia sp. (Compositae), 
13 mi N Sierra Blanca, Hudspeth Co., May 9, 1976. Rhizoecus gracilis was 
previously collected at Dumas, Moore Co. (Hambleton, 1976) by D. R. 
Miller in July 1970. This is one of the most widely distributed species of 
Rhizoecus occurring in the United States. Rhizoecus gracilis, originally 
described from California, is known to occur in 10 U.S. states and Mexico. 


Rhizoecus leucosomus (Cockerell) 


Collected from roots of an undetermined grass, Palo Duro, Canyon State 
Park, Randall Co., May 2, 1976. Reported previously at Corpus Christi, 
Nueces Co., from Sorghum halepense (Gramineae) (Hambleton, 1976) by 
S. Nakahara, August 4, 1971. The preferred hosts of R. leucosomus seem 
to be members of the Gramineae. This mealybug was described from New 
Mexico, and it occurs from California to Virginia. 


Rhizoecus mexicanus (Hambleton) 


This species was taken from undetermined grasses at Black Gap Wildlife 
Management Area, Brewster Co., May 8, 1976, and 50 m: E Sierra Blanca, 
Hudspeth Co., May 9, 1976. Previously reported from an unknown locality 
in Texas (Hambleton, 1976). Rhizoecus mexicanus was described from 
specimens intercepted in San Francisco, California, from an unknown lo- 
cality in Mexico. 


Rhizoecus solani (Hambleton) 


The first record of this species for the United States is a collection from 
Cylindropuntia sp. (Cactaceae) at Langtry, Val Verde Co., May 13, 1976. 
Originally described from Guatemala, R. solani also is known from Mexico. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Hambleton, E. J. 1976. A revision of the New World mealybugs of the genus Rhizoecus. U.S. 
Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1522, 88 pp. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 653-656 


HETEROPTERA IN AN OFT-OVERLOOKED PAPER OF 
P. R. UHLER (HEMIPTERA) 


RICHARD C. FROESCHNER 


Department of Entomology, NHB Stop 127, Smithsonian Institution, 
Washington, D.C. 20560. 


Abstract.—The 12 species of Heteroptera reported in Uhler’s (1869) 
**Notices of the Hemiptera Obtained by the Expedition of Prof. James Orton 
in Ecuador and Brazil’ are listed. The one genus and three species de- 
scribed therein as new are placed taxonomically: Belonomus annulaticornis 
forms a valid genus and species and is here transferred to the tribe Leptos- 
celidini; Lygaeus confraternus 1s a senior synonym of Ochrostomus neo- 
modestus Slater (=Lygaeus modestus Stal, preoccupied), new synonymy, 
and is assigned the new combination Ochrostomus confraternus, Antiteu- 
chus fraternus is a junior synonym of Callostethus guttatopunctatus (Fa- 
bricius), new synonymy. 


Uhler’s (1869) paper entitled “Notices of the Hemiptera Obtained by the 
Expedition of Prof. James Orton in Ecuador and Brazil” reported 12 species 
of Heteroptera and five species of Homoptera. The Heteroptera included 
were Pentatomidae: Antiteuchus fraternus, new species; Edessa cervus 
(Fabricius). Coreidae: Pachylis laticornis (Fabricius); Diactor foliaceus 
(Fabricius); Belonomus annulaticornis, new genus and new species; Hyp- 
selonotus linea (Fabricius). Lygaeidae: Lygaeus confraternus, new species. 
Pyrrhocoridae: Dysdercus ruficeps (Herrich-Schaeffer). Reduviidae: Zelus 
species-? Belostomatidae: Belostoma annulipes Herrich-Schaeffer. Of all 
these specimens, only the two holotypes mentioned below have been found 
in the United States National Museum Heteroptera collection. The frequent 
overlooking of this article probably resulted from its not being picked up in 
the early volumes of the Zoological Record. Discussion of the three species 
described therein as new follows. 

‘“Antiteuchus fraternus’’ Uhler, 1869:321—323. Inexact locality, *“Taken 
near Napo River.’’ Apparently one specimen. No type-material in the U.S. 
National Museum. A junior synonym of Callostethus guttatopunctatus 
(Fabricius), NEW SYNONYMY. 

Uhler’s species combination was not mentioned by Lethierry and Severin 
(1894), by Kirkaldy (1909), nor by Ruckes in his (1961) establishment of the 


Fig. 1. Belonomus annulaticornis, drawn from holotype. 


genus Callostethus for the lone species Edessa guttatopunctatus Fabricius, 
1803, or his 1964 revision of Antiteuchus. Although the type of neither 
species was examined during this study, I feel no hesitancy in proposing the 
above-noted new synonymy because Uhler’s description agrees so closely 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 655 


with specimens of Callostethus guttatopunctatus determined by Ruckes 
who had earlier studied in European Museums and probably saw Fabricius’ 
type. 

“Lygaeus confraternus’’ Uhler, 1869:325-326. Inexact locality, “between 
Napo & Maranon.’’ Apparently one specimen; holotype 2 in U.S. National 
Museum. Uhler’s species now takes the NEW COMBINATION Ochros- 
tomus confraternus (Uhler) and is the senior synonym of the preoccupied 
Lygaeus modestus Stal, 1858:38, for which Slater (1964:157) proposed the 
replacement name Ochrostomus neomodestus; the latter two scientific 
names are thus junior synonyms of O. confraternus (Uhler). My side-by- 
side comparison of the types of Stal (kindly made available from the Riks- 
museum in Stockholm by Dr. P. I. Persson) and of Uhler found the two to 
be conspecific. 

Ashlock (1975:30) redefined the genera of North American Lygaeinae and 
excluded “‘neomodestus’’ from Ochrostomus without giving it a generic 
placement. To avoid a “‘uninomial’’ [without generic assignment] in our 
binomial system and to allow scholars access to all the advantages of Sla- 
ters (1964) catalog, Iam here keeping the generic placement of that catalog. 
Undoubtedly, the species will be assigned to a new genus in the near future. 

‘“Belonomus annulaticornis’’ Uhler, 1869:324—326 (Figure 1). Inexact lo- 
cality, ““-between Napo & Maranon.” Apparently one specimen; holotype 
2 in U.S. National Museum. Uhler included this as the only species in his 
new genus Belonomus. Both the genus and the species appear to be valid. 

The only subsequent report of this species I have found is that of Leth- 
ierry and Severin (1894:258) who followed Uhler’s placement of the genus 
Belonomus in the tribe Anisoscelini. The elongate, nearly porrect head with 
the tylus and juga greatly surpassing the antennal tubercles would allow this 
placement, but the posterior tibiae are “‘simple’’ (as Uhler described them) 
and exhibit no dilation, a fact that would prevent its belonging to the tribe 
Anisoscelini in Stal’s (1867:543—551), Barber's (1939:308—-310) or Schaefer's 
(1965:56-57; 1968:187) keys to the tribes of Coreinae. The other two tribes 
of Coreinae with the elongate nearly porrect head are Chelinideini and Lep- 
toscelidini. The cylindrical antennae and tibiae, rather than triquetreous 
ones, will keep it out of Chelinideini but will allow its placement in the 
Leptoscelidini. In that tribe it can be recognized by the following combi- 
nation of characters: Head without a postocular transverse groove setting 
off a “*neck’’: without a callous behind each eye; mesosternum with a broad, 
shallow but distinct mediolongitudinal groove; and the spiracles located 
about midway between the anterior and posterior margins of each abdominal 
segment (except the last where the spiracles are clearly closer to the anterior 
than to the posterior margin). 


656 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


LITERATURE CITED 


Ashlock, P. D. 1975. Toward a classification of North American Lygaeinae (Hemiptera-Het- 
eroptera: Lygaeidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 48(1):27-32. 

Barber, H. G. 1939. Insects of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands—Hemiptera-Heteroptera 
(excepting the Miridae and Coridixae). New York, Acad. Sci., Scientific Surv., Porto 
Rico and Virgin Islands. 14(3):263-441. 

Fabricius, C. 1803. Systema Rhyngotorum, secundum ordines, genera, species adjectis syn- 
onymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus. Brunsvigae. vi + 314 pp. 

Kirkaldy, G. W. 1909. Cimicidae [= Pentatomidae]. Catalogue Hemiptera, 1:i—xl, 1-392. 

Lethierry, L. and G. Severin. 1892. Catalogue general des Hemiptera. 1:i—x, 1-286. 

. 1894. Catalogue general des Hemiptera. 2:1—277. 

Ruckes, H. 1961. Notes on the Mecistorhinus-Antiteuchus generic complex of Discocephaline 

pentatomids (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 49:147-156. 

. 1964. The genus Antiteuchus Dallas, with descriptions of new species (Heteroptera, 

Pentatomidae, Discocephalinae). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 127(2):47-102. 

Schaefer, C. W. 1965. The morphology and higher classification of the Coreoidea (Hemiptera- 

Heteroptera). Part III. The families Rhopalidae, Alydidae, and Coreidae. Misc. Pub. 

Entomol. Soc. Am. 5(1):1-76. 

1968. The morphology and higher classification of the Coreoidea (Hemiptera-Heter- 
optera). Part IV. The Acanthocephala-group and the position of Stenoscelidea West- 
wood (Coreidae). Univ. Conn. Occas. Pap. Biol. Sci. Ser. 1(3): 153-199. 

Slater, J. A. 1964. A catalogue of the Lygaeidae of the world. 1:i-xvii, 1-778. 

Stal, C. 1858. Bidrag till Rio Janeiro-Traktens Hemipter-fauna. Ofversigt af Kongliga Svenska 
Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar. 2(7):1—84. 

———. 1867. Bidrag till Hemipterernas Systematic. Ofversigt af Kongliga Svenska Veten- 
skaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar. 24(7):491—560. 

Uhler, P. R. 1869. Notices of the Hemiptera obtained by the expedition of Prof. James Orton 
in Ecuador and Brazil. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 12:321-327. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 657-662 


DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF BAT FLEA FROM 
COLOMBIA (SIPHONAPTERA: ISCHNOPSYLLIDAE) 


EUSTORGIO MENDEZ AND THOMAS O. LEMKE 


(EM) Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, P.O. Box 2016, Balboa Heights, Ca- 
nal Zone, Panama; (TOL) Zoology Department, Rutgers University, P.O. 
Box 1059, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854. 


Abstract.—The bat flea, Myodopsylla tropica, is described and illustrated. 
This taxon is the first record of the genus Myodopsylla from Colombia and 
the fourth species known from South America. 


The new species described below represents the first record of the bat 
flea genus Myodopsylla from the Republic of Colombia. The type-material 
was collected by the junior author from a single Myotis oxyotis at an exit 
of the cave, La Cueva del Indio, in Cueva de los Guacharos Natural Na- 
tional Park, Departamento de Huila. This site is surrounded by dense un- 
disturbed rain forest in steep terrain with 3—3.5 m of rainfall annually and 
has a cool climate. In addition to M. oxyotis, the bats Anoura cultrata, A. 
geoffroyi, Vampyrops dorsalis, and Carollia brevicauda were also taken 
inside La Cueva del Indio. 

Myodopsylla species show a preference for bats of the family Vespertil- 
ionidae (Hopkins and Rothschild, 1956; Lewis, 1974), particularly Myotis, 
a genus known for its wide distribution. With the exception of Myodopsylla 
trisellis Jordan, which occurs in Manchuria, the remaining eleven species 
of the genus are American. Myodopsylla borealis was recently described by 
Lewis (1978) from northern United States. The new species of Myodopsylla 
described below is the fourth species described from South America. 


Myodopsylla tropica Mendez and Lemke, NEW SPECIES 
Diagnosis.—This new taxon shares with the Mexican Myodopsylla glo- 
bata Holland (1971), the South American M. setosa Johnson (1956), and 
the Manchurian M. trisellis Jordan (1929) the possession of false combs on 
terga I through III only. The male is clearly distinguished from the last two 
species, and perhaps from all the other taxa of the genus', by its unique 


‘The male of Myodopsylla globata Holland is unknown. 


658 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


genitalia, particularly the almost trapezoidal movable process of the clasper 
and the peculiar lower prong of the dorsal arm of the crochet which ends 
in a sharp, claw-like apex with dorsal spur. The female has hilla of sper- 
matheca more strongly curved cephalad than in the co-indigenous M. se- 
tosa. In the latter species the false comb on terga II and III has a total of 
three or four spines, whereas in the new species consists of about eight 
spines. 

Description of male.—Head (Fig. 1): Resembles others in the genus. 
Fracticipit. Margin of frons shallowly sinuate. Rugulose area conspicuous, 
provided with many micropores and 2 or 3 dermal pits. Clear area with only 
2 upper short bristles. First genal tooth smaller and more delicate than 2nd. 
Preantennal area with several medium size and short bristles. Postantennal 
area with 3 or 4 rows of bristles of different sizes preceded by series of very 
short bristles near antennal fossa. First antennal segment with short bristles 
concentrated mainly on lower dorsal submarginal area. Second antennal 
segment indistinct, bearing 2 ventral bristles. Club subtruncate, with few 
short bristles along dorsal margin. Eye vestigial, not well defined. Ocular 
bristle of moderate length. Genal process moderately extended as a broad 
flap having sinuous ventral margin gradually attenuated distally, ending in 
acute tip. Preoral tube well defined, sinuous. Maxillary lobe truncate. Max- 
illary palp shorter than labial palp, with moderate cover of bristles. Epi- 
pharynx and maxillary lacinia delicate, both exceeding length of labial palp. 

Thorax: Pronotum having scattered bristles besides ctenidium of about 20 
acute spines per side. Proepisternum showing well marked striae. Meso- 
notum with several bristles on upper 42. Mesepimere having 3 prominent 
bristles. Metanotum with about 2 dermal pits and 3 definite rows of bristles, 
dorsal bristles of last row thick and elongate, forming indistinct comb. Meta- 
sternum ventrally produced, showing single long upper bristle, 2 or 3 very 
short inner bristles and 2 minute marginal bristles anteceding anterior ridge. 
Metepimere with several bristles having irregular distribution and different 
length. 

Legs: Procoxa (Fig. 1) with sparsely distributed bristles. Mesocoxa and 
metacoxa having bristles concentrated mainly along anterior margin. Pro- 
femur, mesofemur, and metafemur with posteromarginal row of subequal 
bristles and several non-marginal bristles. Tibiae characterized by conspic- 
uous dorso-marginal series of moderately long and medium size stout bris- 
tles in addition to other marginal and inner bristles. 

Abdomen: First tergum with 3 rows of bristles, most dorsal bristles of last 
row larger and stouter than the rest and inserted close to each other forming 
a comb-like arch. Second and 3rd terga each bearing 2 rows of bristles in 
addition to distinct comb of short, thick, subequal spines. Rest of unmodi- 
fied terga each having 2 rows of various lengths but lacking true combs. 
Each unmodified sternum with simple group of bristles on ventral area. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 659 


3 MENDEZ 
Figs. 1-4. Myodopsylla tropica Méndez and Lemke, n. sp. Male: 1. Head, prothorax and 
procoxa. 2. Distal arm of ninth sternum. 3. Apex of aedeagus. 4. Eighth sternum. 


Modified abdominal segments: Seventh tergum provided with 2 rows of 
bristles before long antesensilium bristle inserted between 2 very short bris- 
tles. Sensilium somewhat elliptical, consisting of about 20 sensory pits. Anal 
lobe represented by a single prominent subangular process densely covered 


660 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


wee 


6 MENDE 2 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 661 


by bristles along dorsal ’2. Apical bristles of this lobe suggesting a distinct 
tuft. Eighth tergum broadly expanded beyond spiracle, covering great por- 
tion of genitalia, with posterior margin serrate, provided with consistent 
bristles distributed on upper 2, mainly on and near dorsal margin. Manubri- 
um of clasper large, broad at base, humped ventrally, with heavily incras- 
sated margins tapering towards barely elevated apex which is subrounded. 
Immovable process of clasper (Fig. 5) somewhat complex, constricted ceph- 
alad, slightly expanded caudad, having a broad flap-like expansion with 
rounded caudal and irregularly sinuated anterior margins. Posterior region 
of clasper with 2 acetabular bristles of about equal length, inserted near 
midpoint of margin, below level of movable process. In addition to acetabu- 
lar bristles there are about 5 non-prominent bristles scattered along anterior 
2 of clasper. Movable process of clasper (Fig. 5) broad, subtrapezoidal, 
having anterior portion larger than posterior. Its chaetotaxy consists of | 
conspicuous caudal bristle preceding a finer marginal bristle of about equal 
length. In addition, 4 very short bristles are distributed in this process. 
Eighth sternum (Fig. 4) broad, showing subrounded apex projected upward, 
sinuous posterior margin and semiangular caudal margin. Ventral division 
of this sternum at midway of margin, just before series of posteromarginal 
bristles. Besides marginal and submarginal bristles there are various others 
spaced on outer surface, as well as a group of them, devoid of spatulate 
tips, clothing the inner surface of distal 42. Apodeme of aedeagus repre- 
sented by sinuous blade having elevated proximal spur. Penis rods curved 
distally but not fully coiled. Apex of aedeagus (Fig. 3) complex, displaying 
following features: Wall of aedeagal pouch protuberant, shallowly convex, 
interrupted by apical process. Armature of inner tube represented by highly 
incrassated depressed plate. Lateral plate of aedeagal apodeme sinuous. 
Crescent sclerite large, broadly rounded anteriorly, reduced posteriorly, 
with angular dorsal sinus. Sclerotic inner tube having slightly curved, at- 
tenuated apex. Lateral lobe displaying reduced sclerotized process. Upper 
prong of dorsal lobe of crochet bifurcated into angular projections. Lower 
prong strongly arched upward with hook-like apex bearing dorsal spur. 

Description of female.—Agrees well with the male except for larger size 
and sexual differences. 

Modified abdominal segments (Fig. 6): Seventh tergum arched caudad, 
reaching beyond abdominal axis, bearing 2 rows of bristles. Antesensilium 
bristle barely extended beyond dorsal anal lobe, inserted between 2 short 
lateral bristles. Anal stylet slightly longer than maximum width, bearing 2 


ya 
Figs. 5-7. Myodopsylla tropica Méndez and Lemke, n. sp. Male: 5. Fixed process and 
movable process of clasper. Female: 6. Modified abdominal segments. 7. Spermatheca. 


662 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


short dorsal bristles and | short ventral bristle. Dorsal anal lobe angular, 
clothed with several dorsal bristles. Ventral anal lobe shorter than dorsal 
anal lobe, bearing few uneven bristles. Seventh sternum with posterior mar- 
gin shallowly sinuous, its chaetotaxy consisting of 12—16 bristles of various 
sizes. Sternum VIII provided with very sinuous caudal margin presenting 
submarginal row of bristles of which the majority are short, subequal. Re- 
maining bristles of sternum VIII arranged in 2 groups, some of which are 
strong, somewhat spinous. Bulga of spermatheca semiglobular, showing 
rounded dorsal margin and barely undulated ventral margin. Hilla strongly 
bent cephalad, with distal portion slightly more swollen than basal part. 
Bursa copulatrix elongated, sinuous, with globular apex. 

Length.—Male, 2.67 mm (2.50-2.86). Female, 2.80 mm (2.35-3.01). 

Type-material.—d holotype, 2 allotype, 2 ¢ and 3 2 paratypes ex @ 
Myotis oxyotis, Coll. No. 348, Cueva del Indio, Parque Natural Nacional 
de la Cueva de los Guacharos, Huila, Colombia, 1900 m, 3 June 1976, Thom- 
as Lemke. Holotype and allotype will be deposited in the U.S. National 
Museum of Natural History, Washington. One male paratype will be de- 
posited in the British Museum, London. The other paratypes will be retained 
in the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory collection. The type-host specimen is 
housed in the Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH No. 58753). 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


We wish to express our appreciation to Dr. Robert E. Lewis for providing 
personal information and literature utilized during the preparation of this 


paper. 
LITERATURE CITED 


Holland, G. P. 1971. New Siphonaptera from southern Mexico. Can. Entomol. 103:95-104. 

Hopkins, G. H. E. and M. Rothschild. 1956. An illustrated catalogue of the Rothschild Col- 
lection of fleas (Siphonaptera) in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II. 
Coptopsyllidae, Vermipsyllidae, Stephanocircidae, Ischnopsyllidae, Hypsophthalmidae, 
and Xiphiopsyllidae. British Museum (Natural History), xi + 445 pp. 

Johnson, P. T. 1956. Myodopsylla setosa and Tiarapsylla bella, new species of fleas from 
Peru. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 62:193-205. 

Jordan, K. 1929. On fleas collected by Dr. H. M. Jettmar in Mongolia and Manchuria in 1927 
and 1928. Novit. Zool. 35:155-164. 

Lewis, R. E. 1974. Notes on the geographical distribution and host preferences in the order 
Siphonaptera. Part 5. Ancistropsyllidae, Chimaeropsyllidae, Ischnopsyllidae, Lepto- 
psyllidae, and Macropsyllidae. J. Med. Entomol. 11:525—540. 

———. 1978. A new species of Myodopsylla Jordan and Rothschild, 1911, from northern 
United States, with a key to the genus (Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae). J. Parasitol. 
64:524-527. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 663-665 


EUPTEROMALUS VIRIDESCENS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE), 
A NEW PARASITE ASSOCIATION FOR PEDIOBIUS FOVEOLATUS 
(HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) 

AND EPILACHNA VARIVESTIS (COLEOPTERA: 
COCCINELLIDAE)' 


PATRICIA A. ZUNGOLI 


Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Mary- 
land 20742. 


Abstract.—A native pteromalid, Eupteromalus viridescens (Walsh) was 
discovered while dissecting dead parasitized larvae (mummies) of the Mex- 
ican bean beetle (MBB), Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, in a study to inves- 
tigate the parasite, Pediobius foveolatus (Crawford). Thirteen hundred 
twenty-nine of the 1757 MBB larvae that were field collected in Queen Anne 
and Wicomico Counties, Maryland, in 1977 and 1978, respectively, were 
parasitized. Nine mummies had E. viridescens associated with them, and 
8 of these were in conjunction with adult P. foveolatus. This is a new host 
association for E. viridescens which appears in this instance to be a hyper- 
parasite. 


A native pteromalid, Eupteromalus viridescens (Walsh) was discovered 
while dissecting dead parasitized larvae (mummies) of the Mexican bean 
beetle (MBB), Epilachna varivestis Mulsant. Six hundred twenty-nine lar- 
vae were field collected on 28 and 30 September 1977 in Queen Anne Coun- 
ty, Maryland; and 1128 larvae were field collected on 11 and 13 July 1978 
in Wicomico County, Maryland. The collections were made from small soy- 
bean and snapbean test plots, 1977 and 1978, respectively, being used to 
investigate the MBB parasite, Pediobius foveolatus (Crawford). The larvae 
were brought to the laboratory on the above dates and held in individual 
containers until parasite emergence. At time of emergence each mummy 
was dissected for observation of parasite remains. Data recorded included 
number and sex ratio of emerged adult parasites, number and sex ratio of 


' Scientific Article No. A2433, Contribution No. 5460 of the Maryland Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. 


664 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


unemerged adult parasites, and stage at which development of pre-adult 
forms ceased. 

Of the 1757 MBB larvae collected at the two sites, 1349 had parasites 
associated with them. Of the 1349 mummies, E. viridescens was determined 
to be present in 9 cases. In one case, no parasites had emerged, but upon 
dissection of the mummy, 4 2 E. viridescens were discovered along with 
8 2 and 1 6 P. foveolatus. In 6 cases both species of parasite emerged 
successfully from the same mummy: 8 @ E. viridescens and 4 Q P. fo- 
veolatus, 2 2° E. viridescens and 9 2 P. foveolatus, 1 9 E. viridescens and 
2 2 P. foveolatus, 1 6 E. viridescens and 6 2. P. foveolatus, 1\G4E- 
viridescens and 8 9 P. foveolatus, and 1 6 E. viridescens and 1 2 P. 
foveolatus. In another case 15 2 E. viridescens emerged and upon dissec- 
tion 2 ° P. foveolatus were found. In the last case 3 ¢ E. viridescens had 
emerged. In all instances dissection yielded parasite pupal remains. Pedio- 
bius foveolatus pupal remains are characteristically dark brown black in 
color. Since light brown pupal remains were found in all mummies associ- 
ated with EF. viridescens, either alone or in conjunction with P. foveolatus 
but never found in mummies associated with P. foveolatus alone, it is likely 
that this is characteristic of E. viridescens. 

Peck (1963) references 44 host records for E. viridescens. One species in 
the order Coleoptera, Hypera postica (Gyll.), is listed, although the majority 
of those mentioned are lepidopterans associated with parasites in the Ich- 
neumonoidea. Pediobius foveolatus, a eulophid, and E. varivestis, a coc- 
cinelid, are not among those given, making this occurrence a new host 
association for E. viridescens. 

In addition to references cited in Peck (1963), others have identified E. 
viridescens as a hyperparasite in association with Bathyplectes curculionis 
(Thompson) and Aypera postica (Puttler, 1966; Pike and Burkhardt, 1974). 
Harcourt (1960) cites E. viridescens as being reared from Plutella maculi- 
pennis (=xylostella) cocoons and attacking the prepupa and pupa of Hor- 
ogenes insularis (Cress.). The existing relationship between this pteromalid 
and Spodoptera frugiperda when parasitized by Apanteles marginiventris 
(Cress.) indicates parasitization of the primary parasite by E. viridescens to 
be as high as 75% (Hofmaster and Greenwood, 1949). Apanteles congre- 
gatus (Say), commonly identified as a primary parasite of Protoparce 
(=Manduca) spp., also claims E. viridescens as a secondary parasite with 
one adult emerging from every host cocoon (Gilmore, 1938). Furthermore, 
of the non-parasitic species listed as hosts for E. viridescens in Peck (1963), 
most are recorded in Peck (1951) as hosts for at least one parasitic species 
found on the former list. Thus in this same vein, it is likely that E. virides- 
cens acts as a hyperparasite in its relationship with P. foveolatus and E. 
Vvarivestis. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 665 


Eupteromalus viridescens was identified to genus by Drs. P. M. Marsh 
and C. F. W. Meusebeck. Dr. E. E. Grissell made the species determination. 
All three scientists are with the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Gilmore, J. U. 1938. Notes on Apanteles congregatus (Say) as a parasite of tobacco horn- 
worms. J. Econ. Entomol. 31:712-715. 

Harcourt, D. G. 1960. Biology of the diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) (Lep- 
idoptera: Plutellidae), in eastern Ontario. II]. Natural enemies. Can. Entomol. 92:419— 
428. 

Hofmaster, R. N. and D. E. Greenwood. 1949. Fall armyworm control on forage and truck 
crops. J. Econ. Entomol. 42:505—506. 

Peck, O. 1951. In Meusebeck, C. F. W., K. V. Krombein, and H. K. Townes [eds.]. Hymenop- 
tera of America north of Mexico. U.S. Government Printing Office. USDA Agri. 
Monograph No. 2. 1420 pp. 

—. 1963. A catalogue of the Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Can. Ento- 
mol. Supple. 30. 1092 pp. 

Pike, K. S. and C. C. Burkhardt. 1974. Hyperparasites of Bathyplectes curculionis in Wyo- 
ming. Environ. Entomol. 3:953—956. 

Puttler, B. 1966. Biological notes on some hyperparasites of Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomp- 
son). J. Econ. Entomol. 59:483—-484. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 666-684 


NEW SPECIES OF DIGLYPHUS, A WORLD LIST OF THE 
SPECIES, TAXONOMIC NOTES AND A KEY TO 
NEW WORLD SPECIES OF DIGLYPHUS AND 
DIAULINOPSIS (HYMENOPTERA: 
EULOPHIDAE) 


GORDON GORDH AND ROBERT HENDRICKSON, JR. 


(GG) Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIHI, Agric. Res., Sci. and 
Educ. Admin., USDA, Washington, D.C. 20560 (present address: Division 
of Biological Control, Department of Entomology, University of California, 
Riverside, California 92521); and (RH) Beneficial Insects Research Labo- 
ratory, Agric. Res., Sci. and Educ. Admin., USDA, Newark, Delaware 
19713: 


Abstract.—This paper shows that the type-species of Diglyphus is Cir- 
rospilus chabrias Walker. Eighteen species of Diglyphus are listed with 
synonymy and zoogeographical distribution given. A key is given to the 
New World species of Diaulinopsis and Diglyphus and, taxonomic notes 
are given for Diglyphus begini, D. carlylei, D. intermedius, D. isaea, D. 
pulchripes, and D. websteri. New records are given for D. insularis (Brazil) 
and D. websteri (Peru). Diglyphus carlylei (Girault) is removed from syn- 
onymy with D. intermedius (Girault). Diglyphus pedicellus, new species, is 
described. The male of D. pulchripes is described, and the female is rede- 
scribed. Hybridization tests between D. isaea and D. intermedius show 
that reproductive isolation is incomplete; D. isaea has been imported into 
the United States and release records are given for 1975 and 1976. 


In connection with research of leaf-miner parasites being performed at 
the Beneficial Insects Research Laboratory and several universities in the 
United States, it has been necessary to taxonomically study the genus Di- 
glyphus Walker. This report stems from that taxonomic research. 

Presumably Diglyphus is cosmopolitan in distribution; but we do not have 
records of it from Africa, India, or Australia. The Palearctic species have 
been cataloged by Boucek and Askew (1968); the Nearctic species have 
been cataloged by Peck (1963). The genus consists of small eulophine wasps 
that develop as primary parasites of leaf-mining Agromyzidae, Lithocolle- 
tidae, and Lyonetiidae. Diglyphus species are of potential value to biological 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 667 


control programs, but their effectiveness has not been fully realized. Some 
biological references include Webster and Parks (1913), Ciampolini (1949; 
1952), Doutt (1957) and Clausen (1940). Additional biological notes are pro- 
vided in this paper under the appropriate species. The agromyzids of eco- 
nomic importance have been treated by Spencer (1973). 

Sexual dimorphism in Diglyphus is limited. Males are smaller than fe- 
males and the marginal fringe of the male forewing is correspondingly long- 
er. The general trend of sexual dimorphism in the Eulophinae (dorsal rami 
on the funicular segments of the male antenna) is not expressed in Diglyph- 
us. The absence of rami, the presence of a two-segmented funicle, parallel, 
longitudinal grooves on the scutellum, and the biology place Diglyphus with 
genera such as Diaulinopsis, Cirrospilus, and Zagrammosoma. 

One interesting feature of the life history of Diglyphus species is the 
construction of meconial pillars by the final instar larva immediately before 
pupation (Fig. 1). This characteristic has been reported in Palearctic species 
of Diglyphus and other eulophid leaf-miner parasites (Viggiani, 1964: How- 
ard, 1882; 1891). Presumably these pillars serve as structural support for the 
leaf mine surrounding the parasite during pupation. 


Genus Diglyphus Walker 
Diglyphus Walker, 1844. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 14:409. 
Type-species—Cirrospilus chabrias Walker, 1838. Monotypic. 
Diaulus Ashmead, 1904. Mem. Carnegie Mus. 1(4):356—357, 372. 
Type-species—Diaulus begini Ashmead. Monotypic. 


Diaulinus Schulz, 1906. Spolia Hymen., p. 146. Unjustified emendation. 
? Solenotomorpha Blanchard, 1940. Bol. Inform. Direc. San. Veg. 3(10):25. 

Type-species—? Solenotomorpha pampeana Blanchard. ? Monotypic. 
Cycloscapus Erd6s and Novicky, 1951. Acta Biol. Acad. Sci. Hungaricae. 

Type-species—Cycloscapus pusztensis Erdos and Novicky. Original des- 
ignation. 

There has been some confusion over the type-species of Diglyphus. Some 
publications carry the type-species as D. poppaea Walker, 1848. This error 
probably stems from the citation of D. poppaea as the type-species by 
Ashmead (1904:372) and listed again in Gahan and Fagan (1923:45). How- 
ever, in an earlier work, Walker (1844) wrote “‘Diglyphus Chabrias, Cir- 
rospilus Chabrias, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 451. Alten, Finmark.”’ This is the 
earliest reference that we can find to this name and from the context of the 
remainder of Walker's article, it appears to be a new combination. Thus, 
Cirrospilus chabrias Walker should be the type-species of Diglyphus by 
monotypy. 


668 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


The name Solenotomorpha pampeana Blanchard was published by Blan- 
chard (1940) in a list of species with a note that it was an important parasite 
of agromyzids. It is presumably a manuscript name because we have not 
been able to find a subsequent taxonomic description, and DeSantis (1967) 
has no other reference to it in his catalog of the Hymenoptera of Argentina. 
DeSantis (1966) indicates that it has been recovered from Liriomyza hui- 
dobrensis (Blanchard), Phytomyza pampeana Blanchard, and other uniden- 
tified agromyzids. 

Girault (1913; 1915) described the genera Diaulomella, Diaulomyia, Di- 
glyphomorphella, Diglyphomorphomyia, Pseudiglyphella, Pseudiglyphus, 
and Pseudiglyphomyia from Australia. We have not seen the type-speci- 
mens of these genera; but based on the brief descriptions given by Girault, 
they appear related to Diglyphus and Diaulinopsis. Some, most, or all of 
Girault’s genera may be junior synonyms of Diglyphus and Diaulinopsis. 


A WorRLD LIsT OF DiGLyPHUS, DISTRIBUTION AND SYNONYMY 


Diglyphus albiscapus Erdos, 1951. (Palearctic) 
. begini (Ashmead), 1904. (Nearctic, Neotropical) 
. carlylei (Girault), 1917. (Nearctic) 
. Chabrias (Walker), 1838. (Palearctic) 
. crassinervis Erdos, 1958. (Palearctic) 
. cupratus Ferriere, 1960. (Cape Verde Island) 
. insularis (Gahan), 1914. (Neotropical) 
. intermedius (Girault), 1916. (Nearctic, Neotropical) 
. isaea (Walker), 1838. (Holarctic) 
Cirrospilus medias Walker, 1838. 
C. lycophron Walker, 1838. 
Diglyphus bisannulatus Foerster, 1861. 
D. clavicornis Walker, 1872. 
D. ornatus Foerster, 1861. 
Entedon gracilis Goureau, 1851. 
10. D. minoeus Walker, 1838. (Palearctic) 
Cirrospilus abron Walker, 1838. 
C. deldon Walker, 1839. 
C. myron Walker, 1838. 
C. similis Walker, 1839. 
Eulophus amelon Walker, 1839. 
11. D. pachyneurus Graham, 1963. (Palearctic) 
12. D. pedicellus, new species. (Neotropical) 
13. D. phytomyzae (Ruschka), 1921. (Palearctic) 
14. D. poppaea Walker, 1848. (Palearctic) 
15. D. pulchripes (Crawford), 1912. (Nearctic) 


SSS yerons Ss 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 669 


16. D. pusztensis (Erdos and Novicky), 1951. (Palearctic) 
D. fulvipes Erdos, 1961. 
D. tibiscanus Erdos, 1958. 

17. D. sabulosus Erdos, 1951. (Palearctic) 

18. D. websteri (Crawford), 1912. (Nearctic, Neotropical) 


A KEY TO THE NEW WORLD SPECIES OF DIGLYPHUS AND DIAULINOPSIS 


In the following key, Diglyphus and Diaulinopsis have been combined 
because they have the same biological and host-preference characteristics 
and the primary morphological character used for their separation (notauli) 
sometimes varies. The males of Diaulinopsis albiscapus (Girault) and Di- 
glyphus carlylei (Girault) are unknown to us. 


[Pei Ale Senses Parte: ner LE eb, Sorts cere | Beeiagoeh comic ath ou rane de ice, 2 
am VAL Sate aint Meet wary ayes Nee OL LEY CR tytn tag ee bob ta has coh Cede e 1] 
2. Notauli always complete, extending parallel towards transscutal 
SUNG Cer BoP asic roeta a Stes oh Lem bance eu Reel aa wae ees Tay Meeae ts Aes ba cat en ope 3 
— Notauli usually incomplete, if complete then shallowly and broadly 
iMpnhessedvanddiversing .aNtemnOnly tec tales aedoeiesiee onl fe. a) ees we 4 


3. Trochanters, femora, and tibiae uniformly pale, nearly white..... 
Ses es es Ale Nontaiase Diaulinopsis albiscapus (Girault) 

— Hind femur with basal 0.75 dusky, fore and middle femora, tibiae 
Palla Me Peewee. edhe. tent onty. ato Arcee. Diaulinopsis callichroma Crawford 

4. Forewing basal cell densely setose (Figs. 6, 8); stigmal vein and 

postmarginal vein subequal in length; entire antennal scape always 
CL ATAK Seep gsersn eth eicv iene f vichear- AOE Pepe REM ee NTO, LG. APES AEG oP 5 

— Forewing basal cell sparsely setose to moderately setose (Figs. 2, 

4,10, 15, 18); stigmal vein shorter or longer than postmarginal vein: 
antennalescapexOntens With spall ©. IMAGKINGS,  <cntssencydasapenccsvognnun aha eycceetes cre 6 

. Basal 0.25-0.35 of hind tibia metallic colored, coloration fading 

Aono middle: 0! S0c0f bind: tibiae R18 67). sesoreAvoccee Wietanerseegansdoflereleet 
Pe Ber pegttles ch te Fed! BSE LDA Ae LES ots Diglyphus intermedius (Girault) 

— Hind tibia predominantly metallic colored, coloration not fading 
GUIS Call VECO) VERA hearse ees sarees Brot dy alee Diglyphus isaea (Walker) 

6. Basal portion of middle and hind tibiae each with a dark ring less 

than 0.20 as long as middle or hind tibiae; antennal scape uni- 
ROI OM NT NONE eo d Been Ren Cae eae en ee ee NES a xd ea yi 

— Dusky coloration on middle and hind tibiae more extensive, each 

dark ring always at least 0.50 as long as middle or hind tibiae; 

antennal scape white or if metallic, then basal cell of forewing mod- 
CHALE IVES CLO SCM Segoe a Woke ehcp shes nc taken tails 1a saan pcb ete pata ty MER Gaeta gels fee 8 

7. Middle and hind tibiae with apical duskiness separated from basal 


tn 


6/U0 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


ring by pale areas oemeracess ieee Diglyphus carlylei (Girault) 
Middle and hind tibiae without apical duskiness ................ 
RN ry rani ary NLA Se Oe SEO Diglyphus begini (Ashmead) 


. Postmarginal vein of forewing at most slightly longer than stigmal 


vein, usually shorter than stigmal vein (Figs. 15, 18) .............. 9 
Postmarginal vein of forewing always distinctly longer than stigmal 
Vein (Figs £4. TOE peta RF cit ata ede: Seen AE fo Ae RI ee aces 10 


. Basal 0.50 of antennal scape white Diglyphus pulchripes (Crawford) 


Antennalsscape whiterexCept. apex svi. one ia ache e epee 
icine taste ye ete Peas Bic aeons Diglyphus pedicellus, new species 


. Antennal scape entirely white; basal 0.50 of fore tibia metallic, 


remainder pale; scutellum concolorous with remainder of me- 
SOSOM Ae ies vos eke aaa ae Diglyphus insularis (Gahan) 
Antennal scape basally white (0.30—0.50); fore tibia predominantly 
metallic; scutellum frequently with bronze reflection ............ 
SMatren ER aS We ate ea ths RAPS ACY EE Diglyphus websteri (Crawford) 


--Antennall scape inflated: (Bigs,.wl2«14)y:1...4eys0 cee 4 ee eer ee 12 
Antennaliscape notumflateds Heise 2 3: ees ee ee ee 13 
. Pedicel not enlarged (Fig. 14); tibiae pale yellow; notauli com- 
plete Hal ierc.daceaieeen tos es eee Diaulinopsis callichroma Crawford 
Pedicel enlarged (Fig. 12); tibiae predominantly dark colored; no- 
tallisincompletevienn. 2 64).6 hel. tee Diglyphus pedicellus, new species 
. Fore and hindwing submarginal and marginal veins enlarged (Figs. 
DOR 2) Wa China caliente. SRO SALTS Diglyphus pulchripes (Crawford) 
Fore and hindwing submarginal (and marginal) veins not enlarged 14 
Basalicellcof forewing densely, SetOse 4. 4.4.5.6. eee eee eee 15 
Basal cell of forewing sparsely or moderately setose ............. 16 
. Marginal fringe of forewing 3 or more times longer than costal cell 
NSE ess ierarerecec tarot sa SEE: Diglyphus intermedius (Girault) 
Marginal fringe of forewing no more than 2 longer than costal cell 
VST Sb eed ac) opeysdseesonsushosshenchsk caudate Diglyphus isaea (Walker) 


. Antennal scape metallic colored; basal colored bands of middle and 


hind tibiae about 0.2 as long as respective tibiae .............. 

ik Sead ort COED eck SEA et ee eo eae ee Me Diglyphus begini (Ashmead) 
Antennal scape with some white coloration; middle and hind tibiae 
with basal colored bands more than 0.2 as long as respective 
CMD TAC hoot esrangersEakeusgt ls leash taastaneashea eon ee eee 17 


. Scape white except apex which is dusky; tibiae at most with basal 


0 Sedankycolonediis ie... nee ee oes ae Diglyphus insularis (Gahan) 
Scape with basal 0.3-0.5 white, remainder dusky; tibiae predomi- 
mantlysdark,coOlomed! (2) snc s.okyescae cok Diglyphus websteri (Crawford) 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 671 


Diglyphus begini (Ashmead) 


Diglyphus begini (Ashmead), 1904. Mem. Carnegie Mus. 1(4):356, 357, 372 
(Figs. 2, 3). 


Type-locality.—? Sherbrooke, Canada. 


This species may be Holarctic in distribution (Bouéek, in /itt.), and Gordh 
has recently identified it from Colombia (new record). It was designated, 
but not described as the type-species of Diaulus by Ashmead (1904) in a 
generic key to the Eulophini. Ashmead indicated that Diaulus was a re- 
placement name for Diglyphis Thomson. Diglyphis has been shown to be 
a junior synonym of Dicladocerus Westwood (Graham, 1959). 

The type-locality of D. begini is conjecture. Crawford (1912) provided a 
description for this species, but did not indicate the type-locality. The 
USNM type-catalog number for this species is 12740 and that entry reads 
‘*Diaulus"*: begini Ashm. Oct. 30, 1 type.’’ On the label of the type-speci- 
men is a tag reading “sh 21-9-96.”"’ The type-specimen of D. begini is pre- 
served on a card point and the head, antennae, and some legs are on a slide 
mount in Canada balsam. The slide is labeled in Girault’s handwriting 
**Diaulinus begini Cwfd. 2 type.’ The point-mounted body has tags that 
read “Sh. 21-9-96,”" “585,” “‘Type No 12740,” and “‘D: begini Ashm.”’ The 
first label is definitely not in the handwriting of Ashmead (C. F. W. Muese- 
beck, personal communication). 

We believe the type-locality of this species is Sherbrooke, Canada be- 
cause Ashmead (1896) described Prionopoda begini based on a single spec- 
imen taken by Abbe Begin at Sherbrooke, Canada. Examination of the type- 
specimen of this ichneumonid reveals that several labels are on the pin. The 
locality label reads “‘Sherbrooke, Can” and the label immediately beneath 
it reads **Aug 6 94.”° The day is questionable because the pin is through the 
day on the label. All of the circumstances outlined above suggest that the 
type-locality of this species is Sherbrooke, Canada. 

Diglyphus begini is numerically the most abundant species of the genus 
in Canada, and in the United States it appears more common in the western 
states. The dark antennal scape, sparsely setose forewing basal cell, and the 
short metallic colored rings on the middle and hind tibiae make this a dis- 
tinctive species. 

Biological notes on this species have been given by Webster and Parks 
(1913), Phillips (1914), Corey (1916), Hills and Taylor (1951), and Doutt 
(1957). The parasite has been reared from several species of agromyzids, 
including Phytomyza atricornis Meigen, P. aquilegiae Hardy, P. albiceps 
Meigen, Paraphytomyza populicola (Walker), Agromyza parvicornis Loew, 
A. scutellata (Fallen), A. frontella (Rondani), and Liriomyza sp. 


672 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


D. intermedius 


SQ SEN = SS 
ae SEew rs) DSSS 
3 
D. begini 


D.insularis 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 673 


Essig (1926) reports that D. begini has been reared from A. scutellata in 
several western states. However, Spencer (1973) indicates that A. scutellata 
is a European species. Thus, it would appear that this host association is 
suspect. 


Diglyphus carlylei (Girault) 


Diglyphus carlylei (Girault), 1917. Des. Hymen. Chalcidoid. Var. Cum Ob- 
serv. 3:6. (Privately printed.) 


Type-locality.—Alameda Co., California. 

Girault (1917) described this species but did not give the number of spec- 
imens in the type-series. Girault (1920) listed the catalog number for the 
specimens as 20862, and the entry reads **Diaulinopsis carlylei gir. Alameda 
Co., Calif. D. W. Coquillett 3 (spec.) (type on) tags + slide.”’ The USNM 
collection holds a slide with two coverslips with a crushed head and antenna 
under one coverslip and an intact antenna (except radicula) and part of a 
leg under the other coverslip. The other two speciemns are apparently miss- 
ing. It should be noted that the date of publication for species in Girault’s 
(1917) publication is | May 1917 for species listed on pages 1-9, and 3 May 
1917 for species listed on page 10. 

Burks (1958) placed D. carlylei in synonymy with D. intermedius. In our 
opinion, the remaining specimen on the point is not D. intermedius because 
the post-marginal vein is more than 1.5 times as long as the stigmal vein, 
the basal cell is not densely setose, and the marginal fringe is about as long 
as the costal cell. Diglyphus carlylei seems more nearly related to D. begini. 
In fact, the only character Gordh has been able to differentiate between 
these species is the duskiness on the middle and hind tibiae and a pale area 
between the duskiness and the basal metallic colored ring on D. carlylei. A 
large series of specimens from California displays this coloration, and these 
are called D. carlylei. It remains to be established whether D. carlylei is a 
distinct species because the tibial character is variable. There are specimens 
in which the duskiness becomes faint and can only be seen by rotating the 
specimen so that the legs are seen in different aspects and varying intensities 
of light. Specimens having this coloration have been recovered from Cali- 
fornia only (Oxnard, Ventura Co.: Terminus Res., Tulare Co.; Scotia, Hum- 
boldt Co.; Pico Cr., San Luis Obispo Co.; and San Diego Co.). Diglyphus 
begini is also found in California, but the specimens never display the dus- 
kiness. It is possible that D. carlylei is a seasonal coloration variant of D. 


— 

Fig. 1. Diglyphus intermedius, exposed pupa with meconial pillars. Figs. 2-3. Diglyphus 
begini, female. 2, Forewing. 3, Hind tibia. Figs. 4-S. Diglyphus insularis, female. 4, Fore- 
wing. 5, Hind tibia. 


674 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


begini. However, we regard these species as distinct for the present because 
we know nothing of the biology of D. carlylei and little about the biology 
of D. begini. Life history studies and hybridization tests should be con- 
ducted on topotypical material of both forms. 

At casual glance there appears to be an additional difference between D. 
carlylei and D. begini. For instance, the basal rings of D. begini appear to 
be paler than those of D. carlylei. However, this appears correlated with 
the age of the specimen. Old specimens lose some of the sharpness of the 
metallic coloration. A long series of specimens of D. carlylei from Oxnard, 
California have the funicular segments contrastingly pale when compared 
to the pedicel and club. This character also appears to vary, and some D. 
begini have the first funicular segment somewhat paler than the other an- 
tennal segments. 

The point mounted specimen in the USNM collection is here designated 
ase ECrOnYPE- 


Diglyphus insularis (Gahan) 


Diglyphus insularis (Gahan), 1914. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 48(2068):165 
(Figs. 4, 5). 


Type-locality.—Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. 

This species was described by Gahan and was based on nine females and 
four males reared from Japanagromyza inaequalis (Malloch). Wolcott 
(1952) reports that it attacks Agromyza pusilla Meigen. Spencer (1973) re- 
ports that in America many species were confused with Agromyza pusilla 
by early workers and this may be the case with Wolcott’s identification. 
One specimen of this species that was taken at Recife, Brazil (new record) 
and identified by Burks now stands in the USNM collection. This species 
is similar to the European D. albiscapus in having a white antennal scape 
and intermediate-length postmarginal vein in the forewing. It can be distin- 
guished from that species by the coloration of the femora and tibiae. 


Diglyphus intermedius (Girault) 


Diglyphus intermedius (Girault), 1916. Can. Entomol. 48(8):265—266 (Figs. 
G; 7): 


Type-locality.—Kingston, Rhode Island. 
Girault described this species from one female collected during 1916 that 
was reared from Phytomyza chrysanthemi Kowarz [=? Phytomyza syngen- 


ZN 
Figs.6-7. Diglyphus intermedius, female. 6, Forewing. 7, Hind tibia. Figs. 8-9. Diglyphus 
isaea, female. 8, Forewing. 9, Hind tibia. Figs. 10-1!. Diglyphus websteri, female. 10, Fore- 


wing. 11, Hind tibia. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 


DAE ore ghee 


Ss Se 
NS 
_——_—" =) SSS 


SS eS 


D. intermedius 


ipijiig PVC CPOE 5 


D. isaea 


EG = 
LEG eee 


EEE 


SER x 
—— WAY SSS RE 


Rak casts 
SSR 


ve) 


D. websteri 


676 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


siae (Hardy)]. The species is widely distributed in North America and has 
been recovered from Puerto Rico (Essig, 1926; Peck, 1951; Burks, 1958; 
1967; unpublished). 

This species is similar to the European species D. isaea, which was im- 
ported into the United States and released in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 
and Delaware for the biological control of various leaf-miners on alfalfa. 
Both species are characterized by a densely setose forewing basal cell and 
the postmarginal and stigmal veins are subequal in length. However, col- 
oration of the hind tibia seems a reliable character for separating the two. 
Metallic coloration of the hind tibia fades beyond the basal one-third of the 
tibia in D. intermedius. In some specimens, the ring will become darker 
along the distal portion of the hind tibia giving the impression of two rings 
separated by a pale ring. Another potentially useful male character is the 
absolute length of the forewing marginal fringe and the distance between 
individual setae that comprise the fringe. 

Color characters seem reliable for separating most species of Diglyphus, 
but apparently there is more color variation in D. intermedius. Tests were 
conducted to determine the influence of temperature on the observed vari- 
ation. Diglyphus intermedius immatures were reared at 24°C. The adult 
stage of these parasites was allowed to oviposit at 24°C, and the F, imma- 
tures developed at 30°C. Few F, progeny emerged, but males that did 
emerge had darker coloration on the hind tibiae when compared with the 
parental generation of males. 

It is important to distinguish between D. isaea and D. intermedius be- 
cause the European species has been imported into the United States for 
the biological control of leaf-miners on alfalfa. If the extent of reproductive 
isolation is insignificant and if the two do not differ in host preference or 
biology, then it seems unlikely that further importation and release of D. 
isaea in North America is justified. Therefore, crossing tests were per- 
formed to determine the extent of reproductive isolation. Crosses between 
D. isaea females and D. intermedius males were negative (i.e., no females 
were produced for six replicates). Crosses between D. isaea males and D. 
intermedius females produced about 10% F, female progeny. Four hybrid 
F, females were crossed with D. intermedius males and all of these crosses 
resulted in F, female progeny. The F, and F, females resembled D. isaea 
females with respect to hind tibial coloration whereas male F, progeny had 
variable hind tibial coloration and two specimens had almost no hind tibial 
coloration. 

These tests suggest that D. intermedius and D. isaea are closely related 
genetically and that reproductive isolation is not yet complete. For the pres- 
ent, it does not seem appropriate to synonymize them because we do not 
have sufficient information concerning their biology. The possibility of hy- 
bridization in the field is likely. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 677 


The problem with D. intermedius may be more complicated than we 
suspect. Burks identified three male specimens taken at Snowville, Utah as 
D. intermedius. The wing characters are similar to D. intermedius except 
that the basal cell immediately posterior to the forward projecting portion 
of the submarginal vein is bare and the basal half of the antennal scape is 
pale. The leg coloration characters are suggestive of D. carlylei. 

Biological notes for D. intermedius are provided by Frost (1924), Mich- 
elbacher et al. (1951; 1952), and more recently by Hendrickson and Barth 
(1978). Although usually solitary, data in the last reference indicate that D. 
intermedius 1s occasionally gregarious. This parasite has been recovered 
from Liriomyza subpusilla Frost, L. sativae Blanchard, L. brassicae (Ri- 
ley), L. trifoliearum Spencer, L. properpusilla Frost, Phytomyza atricornis 
Meigen, P. chrysanthemi Kowarz, and Agromyza frontella (Rondani). 


Diglyphus isaea (Walker) 
Diglyphus isaea (Walker), 1838. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1:386 (Figs. 8, 9). 


Type-locality.—Great Britain. 

We have not seen the type-specimen of D. isaea. Our concept of this 
species is based on laboratory-cultured material received from L. Dureseau 
collected in France on alfalfa infested with Agromyza nana Meigen and A. 
frontella. This species is similar to D. intermedius. See that species for a 
discussion of the relationship between them. 

Details of the biology of D. isaea have been published by Ciampolini 
(1952). The parasite is gregarious and lays 1—4 eggs on the host larva. The 
parasite pupates in the agromyzid’s gallery. Before pupation, the parasite 
larva deposits meconial pellets around its body or uses fecal pellets of the 
host to serve as support in preventing the collapse of the gallery. 

Below are summarized the release data for this species in the United 
States. Releases were not made in 1977. 


1975 
Number Locality Number Locality 
2700 Newark, DE 50 Kemblesville, PA 
2850 Rancocas, NJ 600 Hadley, MA 
950 Oxford, PA 600 Concord, NH 
2000 New London, PA 400 Port Clinton, PA 
2050 Blairstown, NJ 400 Windsor, NJ 
1976 
Number Locality Number Locality 
16,250 Newark, DE 2500 Blairstown, NJ 
18,800 Rancocas, NJ 2000 Kemblesville, PA 


17,950 Oxford, PA 4000 New London, PA 


678 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Diglyphus pedicellus Gordh and Hendrickson, NEW SPECIES 
Figs. 12, 13, 15-17 


Female.—1.29 mm long. Body dark metallic blue green; coxae, trochan- 
ters, basal 0.75 of femora and tibiae deep reddish brown with faint green 
reflections; apical 0.25 of femora and tibiae, basal 3 tarsomeres pale. Basal 
0.75 of antennal scape pale, remainder of antenna fuscous. Compound eyes 
red, wings hyaline. 

Head in frontal aspect ovoid with striate sculpture and moderate vestiture 
of pale, thin, short setae on vertex, medial margin of compound eye, malar 
space, and clypeus; setae on compound eye shorter. Malar space about 
0.6 as tall as compound eye. Toruli at transverse line extending between 
ventral margins of compound eyes and separated by about 3.0 torulus 
width. Antenna (Fig. 13) with a few pale, short setae and longitudinal striae, 
on scape. Pedicel with conspicuous longitudinal striae and moderate vesti- 
ture of long, thin, pale setae; setae along ventral margin at apex short and 
dark; pedicel slightly shorter than Ist funicular segment; funiculars and club 
moderately setose and with rhinaria; Ist funicular slightly longer than 2nd; 
combined length of Ist and 2nd funicular segments slightly less than club 
length. 

Mesosoma subequal in length to metasoma; pronotum with reticulate 
sculpture and sparse vestiture of short pale setae, longer setae along pos- 
terior margin. Notaulices incomplete; mesoscutum sculptured as pronotum 
and with 6 small setae anteriorly, 2 larger setae medially. Metanotum ase- 
tose, polished, with meson broadly V-shaped, elevated from lateron, apex 
touching anteriomedial margin of propodeum. Propodeum smooth, polished; 
area between anteriomedial margin and spiracle forming a broad, shallow 
depression; callus moderately setose with setae long and thin. Forewing 
(Fig. 15) costal cell with a ventral line of setae extending from base to apex 
and a short line of setae along anterior margin at distal 0.15 of cell: basal 
cell nearly asetose, with only a few basal setae on ventral surface: post- 
marginal vein 1.31 x as long as stigmal vein; marginal fringe as long as costal 
cell. Hind tibia coloration as figured (Fig. 16). 

Metasomal terga | and 2 setose laterally, asetose medially: remaining 
terga each with transverse line of setae. Exposed sterna with moderate 
vestiture of pale, long, thin setae. Dorso-apical portion of ovipositor with 
numerous sharp teeth; ovipositor 1.33 as long as hind tibia, 3.70 as long 
as gonostylus. 


— 


Figs. 12-13. Diglyphus pedicellus. 12, Antenna of male. 13, Antenna of female. Fig. 14. 
Diaulinopsis callichroma, antenna of male. Figs. 15-16. Diglyphus pedicellus, female. 15, 
Forewing. 16, Hind tibia. 


679 


NUMBER 4 


VOLUME 81, 


callichroma 


D. 


pedicellus 


D. 


apni te 
- 
ao. 
Carkhaa 
a 


- 
eee 
- ee 


SREY 


16 


D. pedicellus 


680 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Male.—Resembling the female in coloration, habitus, and chaetotaxy. 
Differing in the following characters: Malar space as tall as compound eye. 
Antenna reddish brown with faint metallic green reflection; scape and ped- 
icel inflated (Fig. 12); scape 2.3 longer than tall; medial surface broadly 
and shallowly concave; lateral surface correspondingly convex; medial sur- 
face coarse, asetose; lateral surface with longitudinal striae and setose; ped- 
icel laterally broadened, 2 longer than wide; dorsal surface broadly con- 
vex, ventral surface broadly and shallowly concave such that pedicel and 
scape form a cup when apposed; ventral surface sparsely setose and coarse; 
dorsal surface with short, dark, thick setae and longitudinal striae; pedicel 
0.60 as long as flagellum. Funicular segments subequal in length, combined 
length 0.66 as long as club; Ist funicular segment setose; 2nd funicular 
segment and club setose with rhinaria. 

Forewing (Fig. 17) with stigmal and postmarginal veins subequal in length; 
basal cell slightly more setose than in female; marginal fringe 1.5 longer 
than costal cell. 

Described from 6 females and 11 males. Data labels read *‘on alfalfa 
Montevideo Urug, XII-21-46, H L Parker 1364, Lot 46-16462 (1 2,1 ¢),” 
“No 970-2, X-16-44 Host leaf miner, So. Amer. Paras. Lab. Parker, Lot 
No. 45-1231 (5 22, 1 6),’’ ‘‘on alfalfa, Montevideo Urug, XII-21-46 H L 
Parker 1364 (3 ¢ 6), and ‘‘Vicia faba, Lupinus albus with larv—13; Say- 
ago, Montevideo Urug, XI—-XII-1946, C S Carbonell—1l6 Lot 43-14434 
(6g G)s” 

Holotype female bearing label 970-2 and USNM Type Number 75228. All 
material deposited in the U.S. National Museum. 

Type-locality.—Montevideo, Uruguay. 

The new species is similar to Diglyphus pulchripes and Diaulinopsis cal- 
lichroma. Females of D. pedicellus may be distinguished from females of 
the former species by the coloration of the antennal scape. Males of D. 
pedicellus may be distinguished from males of the latter species by devel- 
opment of the notaulices, enlargement of the pedicel, and extent of color- 
ation on the hind tibia. 

Etymology.—The specific epithet is a Latin noun which means pedicel 
(second antennal segment) and is intended to allude to its enlarged condi- 
tion. 


Diglyphus pulchripes (Crawford) 


Diglyphus pulchripes (Crawford), 1912. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 43(1927): 184 
(Figs. 18-21). 


— 


Fig. 17. Diglyphus pedicellus, forewing of female. Figs. 18-21. Diglyphus pulchripes. 18, 
Forewing of female. 19, Hind tibia of female. 20, Forewing of male. 21, Hind wing of male. 


68 | 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 
EEC gz 


ss Zz 
G Soe 


oo SS Cer ak geal el 

— — Ts a a 

Ne NSS eS Se SS 
SS SSNS ESS 


Ne Se 
a ee NN, = 
Se eS eS 


pelea 
= Se SS Weer NSS 
Se 
SSO 


D. pedicellus 


Cea REL SSS 
WS SNCS RRC SANSA 
WY BAVA 

\ VARAN \ 


hye 


D. pulchripes 


D. pulchripes 


682 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Type-locality.—Algonquin, Illinois. 

Crawford described this species based on the female only. Subsequently, 
the male has been discovered; and it is described here. Discovery of the 
male reveals that D. pulchripes is similar to the Palearctic species D. cras- 
sinervus Erdos. We have not seen the type-specimen of this species, but 
our concept of it is based on the original description and a male and female 
collected by Dr. Z. Boucéek in Italy. Males and females of these species can 
be distinguished on the basis of marginal fringe length, ratio of postmarginal 
and stigmal veins, and coloration of the antennal scape. 

Female.—Conforms well to Crawford’s original description (type-speci- 
men now headless) basal 2 of antennal scape white. Forewing (Fig. 18) 
stigmal vein slightly longer than postmarginal vein, occasionally subequal; 
wing blade asetose behind base of marginal vein, marginal fringe as long as 
costal cell. Base and apical 43 of hind tibia white, remainder metallic blue 
green (Fig. 19). 

Male.—Similar to the female in habitus, sculpture, and chaetotaxy. Fore 
and hindwing venation strikingly enlarged (Figs. 20, 21); maximal length of 
forewing marginal fringe subequal in length to costal cell length. Hindwing 
submarginal vein as long as marginal vein: marginal vein with a line of setae 
directed anteriad; costal cell asetose. 

The males of D. crassinervus and D. pulchripes have enlarged marginal 
venation on the fore and hindwing. However, based on the original descrip- 
tion of D. crassinervus, it is difficult to determine them as synonymous. 
Moreover, such a move may be unjustified because biologically we know 
little about the species. 

This species has been recovered from several species of agromyzids in- 
cluding Liriomyza sp., L. trifoliearum Spencer, Paraphytomyza populicola 
(Walker), Phytomyza aquilegiae Hardy, Agromyza parvicornis Loew, and 
Nemorimyza posticata (Meigen) at several localities in Illinois, Indiana, 
Iowa, and Massachusetts. It has been reared at the Beneficial Insects Re- 
search Laboratory in Newark, Delaware, for release against leaf-miners on 
alfalfa. 

Interestingly, Cole (1931) reports that D. pulchripes has been recovered 
from the stratiomyiid Macrosargus clavis Wiedeman. To our knowledge it 
subsequently has not been reared from this or other species of non-agro- 
myzid Diptera. 

Diglyphus websteri (Crawford) 
Diglyphus websteri (Crawford), 1912. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 43(1927):183, 

184-185 (Figs. 10, 11). 

Type-locality.—? Tempe, Arizona. 

There is some question about the type-locality of this species. In the 
original description, Crawford designated the type-locality as Tempe, Ari- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 683 


zona. The type-series bears the label, “Tempe, Ariz.’ and the USNM type- 
catalog indicates the locality is Tempe, Arizona (but not in the handwriting 
of Crawford). The Webster number is 7286 and could provide corroborating 
evidence, but the card corresponding to that number is not available. More- 
over, in the same publication (p. 183), Crawford described Diaulinopsis 
callichroma and gave the type-locality as Tempe, Arizona, with the Webster 
number 7286. 

The type-specimen of D. websteri was crushed on a slide and mounted 
in Canada balsam by Girault. This species is similar to D. pulchripes but 
may be distinguished from that species based on the characters given in the 
key. 

Diglyphus websteri is distributed throughout the Nearctic, and Gordh has 
recently identified it from Peru (NEW RECORD) on Liriomyza flaveola 
(Fallen). The host list for this parasite is extensive and includes Agromyza 
parvicornis Loew, A. frontella (Rondani), Cerodontha dorsalis (Loew), 
Liriomyza spp., L. trifoliearum Spencer, Phytobia sp. and Phytomyza ob- 
scurella (Zetterstedt). 


LITERATURE CITED 


Ashmead, W. H. 1896. Descriptions of new parasitic Hymenoptera. Trans. Am. Entomol. 
Soc. 23:179-234. 
1904. Classification of the chalcid flies. Mem. Carnegie Mus. 1(4):225—S5S. 

Blanchard. E. E. 1940. Apuntes sobre Encirtidos Argentinos. Ann. Soc. Cl. Argentina, Buenos 
Aires. 130:106—128. 

Boucek, Z. and R. R. Askew. 1968. Palearctic Eulophidae (excl. Tetrastichinae) Hym., Chal- 
cidoidea. Le Francois, Paris, France. 254 pp. 

Burks, B. D. 1958. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. Un: K. V. Krombein et al.). 
Synoptic catalog. First supplement. U.S. Gov. Pr. Off., Washington. 305 pp. 

——. 1967. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. (in: K. V. Krombein et al.). Synoptic 
catalog. Second supplement. U.S. Gov. Pr. Off., Washington. 584 pp. 

Ciampolini, M. 1949. Osservazioni sull’etologia della Pseudonapomyza dianthicola Venturi 
(Diptera, Agromyzidae). Redia. 34:289-301. 

——. 1952. La Pseudonapomyza dianthicola Venturi (Dipt., Agromyzidae) (Note sulla 
morfologia sulla biologia e sui mezzi di lotta). Redia. 37:69-120. 

Clausen, C. P. 1940. Entomophagous insects. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 688 pp. 

Cole, A. C. 1931. Typha insects and their parasites. Entomol. News. 42(2):35-39. 

Corey, E. N. 1916. The columbine leaf-miner. J. Econ. Entomol. 9(4):419-424. 

Crawford, J. C. 1912. Descriptions of new Hymenoptera. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 43(5):163— 
188. 

DeSantis, L. 1966. Tercera lista de Himenopteros parasitos y predatores de los insectos de 
la republica Argentina. Rev. Mus. La Plata (N.S.) Sec. Zool. 9:47-215. 

——. 1967. Adiciones a la fauna Argentina de Encirtidos. I. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). 
Acta. Zool. Lilloana. 23:67—75. 

Doutt, R. E. 1957. Biology of Solenotus begini (Ashmead). J. Econ. Entomol. 50(3):373-374. 

Essig, E. O. 1926. Insects of western North America. MacMillan Co., New York. 1035 pp. 

Frost, S. W. 1924. A study of the leaf-mining Diptera of North America. Mem. Cornell Agric. 
Expt. Sta. 78:3-228. 


684 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Gahan, A. B. and M. M. Fagan. 1923. The type species of the genera of Chalcidoidea or 
chalcid-flies. U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 124. 173 pp. 

Girault, A. A. 1913. Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea—IV. Mem. Queensland Mus. 
2:140-296. i 

—. 1915. Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea—IV. Supplement. Mem. Quecnsland 

Mus. 3:180-299. 

. 1917. Descriptiones Hymenopterorum Chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observation- 

ibus—III. 10 pp. (Privately printed.) 

. 1920. New serphidoid, cynipoid, and chalcidoid Hymenoptera. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 

58(2332): 177-216. 

Graham, M. R. W. deV. 1959. Keys to the British genera and species of Elachertinae, Eu- 
lophinae, Entedontinae and Euderinae (Hym., Chalcidoidea). Trans. Soc. Brit. Entomol. 
13: 169-204. 

Hendrickson, R. M. and S. E. Barth. 1978. Notes on the biology of Diglyphus intermedius 
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasite of the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza fron- 
tella (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 80(2):210-215. 

Hills, O. A. and E. A. Taylor. 1951. Parasitization of dipterous leaf miners in cantaloupes and 
lettuce in the Salt River Valley, Arizona. J. Econ. Entomol. 44(5):759-762. 

Howard, L. O. 1882. On some curious methods of chalcid pupation. Amer. Nat. 16:60-62. 

. 1891. The methods of pupation among the Chalcididae. Insect Life. 4(5—6): 193-196. 

Michelbacher, A. E., W. W. Middlekauf, O. G. Bacon, and L. C. Glover. 1952. Aldrin, 
Dieldrin and Heptachlor to control California melon insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 
45(3):470-475. 

Michelbacher, A. E., W. W. Middlekauf, and L. C. Glover. 1951. Studies with Aldrin and 
Dieldrin against melon insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 44(3):391-393. 

Peck, O. 1951. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. Un: C. F. W. Muesebeck et al.). 

Synoptic catalog. U.S. Dept. Agric. Monog. 2, 1420 pp. U.S. Gov. Pr. Off., Washington. 

. 1963. A catalog of the Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Can. Entomol. 

Suppl. 1092 pp. 

Phillips, W. J. 1914. Corn-leaf blotch miner. J. Agric. Res. 2(1):15-31. 

Spencer, K. A. 1973. Agromyzidae (Diptera) of economic importance. W. Junk, The Hague. 
418 pp. 

Viggiani, G. 1964. La Specializzazione entomoparasitica in alcuni Eulofidi (Hym., Chalcidoi- 
dea). Entomophaga. 9(1):111—118. 

Walker, F. 1844. On the species of Chalcidites inhabiting the Arctic Region. Ann. Mag. Nat. 
Hist. 14(43):407-410. 

Webster, F. M. and T. H. Parks. 1913. The serpentine leafminer. J. Agric. Res. 1:59-87. 

Wolcott, G. N. 1952. The insects of Puerto Rico. Univ. Puerto Rico J. Agric. 32(4):749-975. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 685-693 


A NEW NEOTROPICAL GENUS OF CHOREUTIDAE 
(LEPIDOPTERA: SESIOIDEA) 


JOHN B. HEPPNER 


Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 
20560. 


Abstract.—Zodia, new genus, is described for five Neotropical species of 
Choreutidae including: Zodia plutusana (Walker) (=aeneigutta Felder and 
Rogenhofer, new synonymy), Z. scintillana (Walker), Z. ochripalpis (Mey- 
rick), Z. rutilella (Walker), and Z. chrysosperma (Meyrick). 


Several species included in the heterogeneous ““Simaethis’’ or described 
in Brenthia and Choreutis have been noted (Heppner, 1977) to belong to a 
new genus related to Hemerophila. The following generic description and 
revision of the genus are presented here to make the new genus name avail- 
able for an upcoming publication on the world fauna of the Sesioidea 
(Heppner and Duckworth, in press). 


Zodia Heppner, NEW GENUS 
Type-species: Simaethis plutusana Walker, 1863. 


Description.—Adults small, 4-6 mm forewing length. Head: Labial pal- 
pus upturned, with apical segment slightly shorter than middle segment, 
tapered; basal and middle segments subequal, relatively smooth scaled. 
Maxillary palpus small, 2-segmented. Pilifer large. Haustellum well devel- 
oped, basally scaled. Ocellus large. Vertex relatively smooth scaled, with 
posterior tufts. Antenna moderate, only somewhat longer than '2 forewing 
length; long ventral setae in males, short ventral setae in females. Thorax: 
Forewing (Fig. 2) broad with somewhat acute apex (mere acute in d than 
?); pterostigma very long, 4/,; of costal margin; R,—-R, to costa with R, 
divergent from radius before mid-wing; R,—R,; divergent at end of cell; R, 
to just below apex; M, closer to M, than to M,; chorda absent; CuA, from 
near base of M,; CuA, distant. diverging “3 from end of cell; CuP fold well 
developed from % of wing to wing margin; A, + A, to tornal margin. Hind- 
wing triangular with acute apex and sharply rounded tornal margin; radius 
to apex; M,—M, equally spaced with M, long stalked to CuA,; CuA, distant 
from CuA,; CuP fold well developed near margin; anal field broad; A, + A, 


686 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 1. Zodia plutusana, 2, Amazonas, Brasil (paralectotype of aeneigutta) (NHMV). 


with basal fork, widely separated from A,; A, vestigial. Legs unmodified. 
Abdomen: Male genitalia with uncus absent; anal tube well developed and 
formed with lateral socius-like enfolding; gnathos absent; valva simple, se- 
taceous, sometimes with an apical claw-like hook; valva with large basal 
setal area on costal margin curvature, sometimes also on sacculus; vinculum 
small, usually triangular; saccus absent; anellus as Y-shaped collar; aede- 
agus short, with phallobase and spicules on vesica; cornutus absent. Female 
genitalia with ovipositor short, floricomous with setaceous pads; ostium 
bursae on intersegmental membrane between sternites 7 and 8; ductus bur- 
sae long, membranous, sclerotized near ostium; bursa copulatrix ovate, 
spiculate, with or without small bulbous accessory bursa; signum as large 
row of teeth-like spines or smaller spines. 

Larva and pupa.—Unknown. 

Biology.—Unknown. 

Distribution.—Neotropical, from Costa Rica to the Amazonian areas of 
Brasil and Peru. 

Diagnosis.—Zodia is similar to Hemerophila, especially in wing venation 
and head morphology, but is relatively distinct in genital characters, espe- 
cially the unusual anal tube arrangement of the male. The pterostigma of 
Zodia is very large and appears to be the longest in Choreutidae. 

The genus comprises five species having similar wing maculation and 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 687 


Fig. 2. Zodia plutusana, 3, Costa Rica (USNM), wing venation (slide USNM 77838) 
(scale = 2 mm). 


688 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON) 


1 


Figs. 3-4. Zodia plutusana (Walker), 3 lectotype (BMNH), Amazonas, Brasil (slide BM 
20224). 3, Male genitalia. 4, Aedeagus (enlarged). Fig. 5. Zodia scintillana, 3 lectotype 
(BMNH), Amazonas, Brasil (slide BM 20225) [anal tube split]. Figs. 6-7. Zodia chrysosper- 
ma, 3 lectotype (BMNH), Amazonas, Brasil (slide JFGC 6550). 6, Male genitalia. 7, Aedeagus 
(reduced scale). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 689 


genitalia, as far as is known. Available specimens are few in number except 
for a series recently collected in Costa Rica. Tefe, Brasil, is the type-locality 
of four of the five species in the genus. 

Etymology.—Zodia is Greek for “little animal.” 


Zodia plutusana (Walker), NEW COMBINATION 
Figs. 1-4, 8 


Simaethis plutusana Walker, 1863:453. 
Choreutis aeneigutta Felder and Rogenhofer, 1875:6 (pl. 138, fig. 2), NEW 

SYNONYMY. 

Simaethis plutana Meyrick, 1913:37, emendation. 
Brenthia aeneigutta. Meyrick, 1913:38. 

This species is the largest of the genus and is mainly distinguishable by 
the genitalia, having very few setae on the male valval costal margin, and 
a female signum with small spines. 

Description.—Size 4.5-6.0 mm forewing length. Head: Fuscous with 
some ochreous on posterior corners and metallic green iridescence on frons. 
Labial palpus ochreous with some tan on apex. Antenna fuscous with al- 
ternating white segments. Thorax: Dorsally fuscous with metallic gold iri- 
descent petagia; ventrally metallic green iridescent on mesothorax, less so 
on metathorax. Forelegs pale ochreous and fuscous, other legs mostly fus- 
cous with white bands on tarsal segments. Forewing (Fig. 1) fuscous with 
metallic gold to green iridescent (depending on light angle) spots near base 
and at 3 from base along anal margin; silvery white spots (with some green 
sheen) mostly elongate, from costal margin at 43 and 73 from base, at end 
of cell, near tornal angle, and along tornal margin 22 from base: small white 
spots along distal margin, 4 near apex and | on tornus; fringe dark fuscous; 
venter uniform pale fuscous with distal costal white mark. Hindwing un- 
marked pale fuscous. Fringe bi-colored with base dark fuscous and outer 
layer white. Venter uniform pale fuscous. Abdomen: Fuscous with silvery 
scale row on posterior edge of each segment; venter slightly paler. Male 
genitalia as described for the genus, with the valva (Fig. 3) relatively elon- 
gate and dorsal margin only slightly curved and with few scale setae on the 
margin; no hook on valval apex. Aedeagus as for genus (Fig. 4). Female 
genitalia as described for genus (similar to Z. ochripalpis); apophyses very 
short; ductus bursae very long, somewhat coiled near bursa; no apparent 
accessory bursa; signum a large linear spicule field (Fig. 8) of teeth-like 
spines. 

Type-locality.—Ega |=Tefe], Amazonas, Brasil |[p/utusana |; Amazonas, 
Brasil [aeneigutta |. 

Types.—Lectotype 6 [plutusana]| (BMNH), present designation, labelled 
as follows: LECTOTYPE [round, purple edge]/Type [round, red edge; re- 
versed ]/Ega [round blue label; °°57,20°° on reverse side|/Simaethis plutusana 


690 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Fig. 8. Zodia plutusana, 2 bursa and signum, Costa Rica (USNM) (slide USNM 77714). 
Figs. 9-10. Zodia ochripalpis, 2 holotype (BMNH), Para, Brasil (slide JFGC 6549). 9, Sig- 


num. 10, Bursa and signum. (Photos 9 and 10 courtesy of the British Museum (Natural History) 
and from Clarke, 1969.) 


Wkr. 6 [Durrant label]; TYPE ¢ 1857.20; 9. Simaethis plutusana Wkr. 
1863, 453/LECTOTYPE 6, Simaethis plutusana Wlk., By Heppner °76/ 
B.M. 3; Genitalia Slide; No. 20224. Paralectotype: 1 3, as above but la- 
belled paralectotype (BMNH). 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 691 


Lectotype ¢ [aeneigutta| (BMNH), present designation, labelled as fol- 
lows: LECTOTYPE [round, purple edge]/Type [round, red edge: reversed]/ 
302/Sim., plutosa [sic], V. aff./Novara CXXXVIII, f.2: Choreutis?; aenei- 
gutta; Amaz. 3 n./TYPE [Durrant label]/FELDER’S TYPE [reversed]/ 
LECTOTYPE ¢; Choreutis aeneigutta F. & R.; By Heppner ‘76/B.M. 3: 
Genitalia slide No. 20244. Paralectotypes: 2 2°, same data as lectotype but 
labelled paralectotypes (NHMY). 

Material examined.—Costa Rica: Turrialba, Cartago Prov., 17-21 Feb 
6514 Ge 6 S)s, 27-28 Feb 1965 (lg, 1 2), 13=17 Mar 1965 (2c), S. S. & 
W. D. Duckworth (USNM). Panama: Barro Colorado Is., Canal Zone, 11 
Feb 1929 (1 6), S. W. Frost (USNM). 

The available specimens show a wide distribution in the northern Neo- 
tropical region but present a large gap in distribution records between Pan- 
ama and the Amazon River of Brasil. 


Zodia scintillana (Walker), NEW COMBINATION 
Fig..5 


Simaethis scintillana Walker, 1863:454. 


This species is very similar to the preceding but in the male genitalia has 
a more arched dorsal edge on the valva and a larger setal area. 

Description.—Size 5—6 mm forewing length. Maculation is the same as in 
Z. plutusana. Male genitalia are as in Z. plutusana but the valva is broader, 
with a more arched dorsal margin, with a well-developed setal field on the 
curvature (Fig. 5). Aedeagus as for the genus. Female genitalia unknown. 

Type-locality.—Ega [=Tefé], Amazonas, Brasil. 

Types.—Lectotype ¢ (BMNH), present designation, labelled as follows: 
LECTOTYPE [round, purple edge]/Ega [round, blue label with *°58.6” on 
reverse side|/Simaethis scintillana Wkr.: 28/454; PARATYPE 2/2 |Durrant 
label|/LECTOTYPE 6; Simaethis scintillana W\k.; By Heppner °76/B.M. 
3; Genitalia Slide No. 20225 (head missing). The specimen labelled as 
paratype by Durrant is chosen as lectotype because the other syntype has 
no abdomen. Paralectotype: | 3, same data as lectotype (BMNH) (no ab- 
domen). 

Material examined.—The two syntypes are the only known specimens. 


Zodia ochripalpis (Meyrick), NEW COMBINATION 
Figs. 9-10 

Brenthia ochripalpis Meyrick, 1920:335. 

This species is similar to the preceding two species: but in the female 
genitalia, the signum consists of very large teeth-like spines. 

Description.—Size 4-5 mm forewing length. Maculation the same as in 
Z. plutusana. Male genitalia unknown. Female genitalia (Fig. 10) similar to 
Z. plutusana but with longer apophyses, especially the posterior pair; ac- 


692 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


cessory bursa well developed; signum a linear arrangement of large teeth- 
like spines (Fig. 9). 

Type-locality.—Rio Trombetas, Para, Brasil. 

Type.—Holotype 2? (BMNH), data as above, Sept, H. H. Parish; B. M. 
Genitalia Slide JFGC 6549. 

Material examined.—In addition to the holotype there are two specimens 
from Peru tentatively identified as conspecific. Peru: Jurimaguas [= Yuri- 
maguas], Edo. Loreto, 20 Mar, H. H. Parish (1 6, BMNH; 1 6, USNM 
[no abdomens)). 


Zodia rutilella (Walker), NEW COMBINATION 
Simaethis rutilella Walker, 1863:453. 


The maculation of this species is similar to the preceding species but the 
white spots have a metallic blue iridescence instead of green or gold and 
the dorsal margin white spot is absent. 

Description.—Size 4.5 mm forewing length. Maculation as in Z. plutu- 
sana but the spots of the forewing have blue-metallic iridescence and the 
dorsal margin white spot is absent. Male and female genitalia unknown 
(abdomen missing). 

Type-locality.—Ega [=Tefé], Amazonas, Brasil. 

Type.—Holotype °, data as above, Bates Coll. (BMNH). 

Material examined.—The holotype is unique. 


Zodia chrysosperma (Meyrick), NEW COMBINATION 
Figs. 6-7 


Brenthia chrysosperma Meyrick, 1931:183. 


This species is relatively small. It is similar to the other species but has 
a hook-like spine on the apex of the male valvae. 

Description.—Size 4 mm forewing length. Like Z. plutusana but with a 
metallic green iridescent area at the end of the cell of the forewing. Male 
genitalia as in Z. plutusana but with the dorsal margin relatively straight 
and without a setal field (Fig. 6); apex with a large hook-like spine; aedeagus 
as in Z. plutusana but more elongate (Fig. 7). Female genitalia unknown. 

Type-locality.—Teffe [=Tefe], Amazonas, Brasil. 

Types.—Lectotype ¢ (BMNH) (designated by Clarke, 1969), data as 
above, 19 Dec, H. H. Parish; B.M. Genitalia Slide JFGC 6550. Paralec- 
totype: 1 3d, same data, 20 Jan, H. H. Parish (USNM). 


DISCUSSION 


It is conceivable that Zodia ochripalpis, Z. rutilella, and Z. chrysosperma 
may represent only one species but until more material is available and 
genitalia are examined, this cannot be conclusively determined. The situa- 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 693 


tion in Zodia is typical of innumerable groups of tropical Lepidoptera where 
cryptic species have been named on the basis of one or the other sex, 
making further elucidation of valid names impossible until more collections 
are made. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 


The research for this revision has been supported in part by the National 
Science Foundation during the period the author was at the University of 
Florida (grant DEB 76-12550). The grant allowed a visit to the British Mu- 
seum (Natural History) (BMNH) to study types. Specimens were also ex- 
amined at the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria (NHMYV). The 
manuscript was kindly read by J. F. Gates Clarke and Donald R. Davis. 
Victor Krantz, National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Smithsonian 
Institution, provided photographic assistance. 


LITERATURE CITED 


Clarke, J. F. Gates. 1969. Catalogue of the Meyrick types of Microlepidoptera. Volume VI. 
Glyphipterygidae, Gelechtidae (A—C). Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London. 537 pp. 

Felder, R. and A. F. Rogenhofer. 1875. Lepidoptera. /n Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte 
Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den behilfen des Commodore 
B. von Wullerstorf-Urbair. Zoologischer Theil. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abtheilung. Atlas. 
|Heft 5.] Vienna. 20 pp.; pls. 108-140. 

Heppner, J. B. 1977. A new genus and new assignments in the American Choreutidae (Lep- 
idoptera: Sesioidea). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 79:631—636. 

Heppner, J. B. and W. D. Duckworth. /n press. Classification of the superfamily Sesioidea 
(Lepidoptera: Ditrysia). Smithson. Contr. Zool. 

Meyrick, E. 1913. Carposinidae, Heliodinidae, Glyphipterygidae. /n H. Wagner (ed.), Lepi- 
dopterorum catalogus. Pars 13. W. Junk, Berlin. 53 pp. 

——. 1920. Glyphipterygidae. Exotic Microlepid. 2:325-338. 

1931. Glyphipterygidae. Exotic Microlepid. 4:180-185. 

Walker, F. 1863. List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British 
Museum. Part XXVIII. Tortricites & Tineites. British Mus., London. Pp. 287-561. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 694-696 


OBITUARY 


FRANK LESLIE CAMPBELL 
Honorary Member ESW 
1898-1979 


In the afternoon of July 13, 1979, Frank Leslie Campbell died in George 
Washington University Hospital, near his home, 2475 Virginia Avenue, 
Washington, D.C. 20037. He passed on after a long, useful, and adventurous 
career. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania September 5, 1898. In 
preparation for his original and superior contributions to entomology and 
related sciences, he attended Haverford College and received a degree in 
Chemical Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania. He first became 
interested in entomology while working as a chemist for the Japanese Beetle 
Laboratory in Riverton, New Jersey during the early 1920's and then pur- 
sued graduate studies, receiving a Master of Science degree from Rutgers 
University and a Doctor of Science from Harvard University, both in en- 
tomology. 

After completing graduate studies at Harvard, Dr. Campbell taught en- 
tomology and general physiology (1926-1927) at New York University. In 
1927 he was appointed to a research position in the Bureau of Entomology, 
United States Department of Agriculture, and was located in the Washington 
area. For the next nine years he was a pioneer and leader in basic research 
for the application of exact physical and chemical procedures to obtain a 
better understanding of the structure and behavior of insect pests and their 
susceptibility to toxic substances. An outstanding contribution that resulted 
from research conducted in the laboratory under Dr. Campbell’s direction, 
was the development of the so-called *‘areosol bomb” so widely and effec- 
tively used for the control of mosquitoes and other flying insects. During this 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 2 695 


period there was also developed an improved method for determining lethal 
doses of insecticides for leaf eating insects, and a more reliable system for 
testing quality control of fly sprays. During this period he was a founder of 
the Insecticide Society of Washington (1934). 

From 1936 to 1942 he was a member of the faculty of Ohio State Univer- 
sity, directing the work of graduate students in insect physiology and tox- 
icology and assisted in administering the University’s research foundation 
engaged in military research. At this time he served also as a consultant on 
agricultural chemicals essential for food production for the Office for Ag- 
ricultural War Relations. 

After World War II Dr. Campbell returned to the Washington area to 
accept a position as editor of the Scientific Monthly of the AAAS and con- 
tinued in this capacity for the next five years. His highly regarded column in 
the monthly, “‘The Brownstone Tower’ referred to his office in the Smith- 
sonian Institution Castle Building. 

Prior to retirement in 1964, he served for eleven years as Executive Sec- 
retary of the Biology and Agriculture Division of the National Academy of 
Sciences—National Research Council. While holding that position he made 
many contributions to entomology. 

Dr. Campbell was a regular attendant at meetings of the Entomological 
Society of Washington, serving as President in 1957, and made many out- 
standing contributions. He was made an Honorary Member of the Society in 
1979: 

He served as President of the Washington Academy of Sciences in 1959. 

Following retirement he continued research, primarily in insect morphol- 
ogy at the University of Vienna, Austria, and performed further work in 
New South Wales, Australia. During four summers in the 1970's he was 
visiting professor of entomology at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State 
University, Blacksburg, Virginia. 

Dr. Campbell rendered distinguished service to the Entomological Society 
of America and to the Society's Eastern Branch, and was made Honorary 
Member of ESA in 1969. In 1979 he was elected by ESA as recipient of the 
highest award of the Eastern Branch, *“‘The L. O. Howard Distinguished 
Achievement Award.” 

He was a scholar, an outstanding teacher, and dedicated public servant. 
Many of his former students have made invaluable contributions to en- 
tomology and related biological sciences. For 32 years he took time to keep a 
diary of exceptional quality. His post-retirement research and impressions 
while on a two year trip around the world were ably compiled in a diary type 
summary, ‘Better Late . . . an Entomologist Post-retirement Renovation,’ 
1973, 371 pages, was printed in a limited edition, 16 copies, at Virginia 
Polytechnic Institute and State University. His impressive list of publica- 
tions number more than 85 and cover a span of 56 years. 


696 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Frank had special skills as teacher and research advisor. He developed 
close personal and professional friendships with his former students and 
research associates that continued until his death. In addition to helping 
many American entomologists, he freely gave valuable guidance and support 
to scientists from other countries in the development of their professional 
opportunities in the United States. It is impossible to summarize fully in a 
few words the total impact of Frank Leslie Campbell's life in the service of 
humanity. 

He is survived by his wife, Ina, of Washington, D.C., a son, Drew, of 
Englewood, California, and a daughter, Mrs. Lucile Cooper, of Baton 
Rouge, Louisiana, and seven grandchildren. 


W. Doyle Reed, 4740 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 
20008; and Michael Kosztarab, Department of Entomology, Virginia 
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 696-697 


NOTE 


The Identity of Pelopsis nudiuscula (Acari: Oribatei) 


The monotypic oribatid mite genus Pelopsis was proposed by Hall (1911. 
Pomona Col. J. Entomol. 3:504-510) and considered at that time to be a 
relative of Pelops (now in the family Pelopidae). Probably due to gross 
misinterpretations in the description, which are noted below, neither the 
genus nor its type-species, P. nudiuscula Hall, from Connecticut, have since 
been mentioned in the primary zoological literature. Balogh (1972. The orib- 
atid genera of the world. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest) listed Pelopsis among 
the Pelopidae, but both misspelled the species epithet and gave its distri- 
bution as European, instead of North American. No type-specimen exists, 
but the figure included in the original description sufficiently allows the 
following interpretations. 

I consider P. nudiuscula a junior subjective synonym of Pelops bifur- 
catus, described by Ewing (1909. J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. 17:116—136) from 
Illinois (NEW SYNONYMY). This conclusion is based on the examination 
of a type-specimen of the latter in the USNM collections, several non-type 
specimens from New York, and Woolley’s (1958. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 
77:258-279) redescription of P. bifurcatus. 

Hall (op. cit.) mistook the identity of several structures when describing 
P. nudiuscula. Those characterized as bladelike lamellae, with deeply emar- 
ginate cusps, are actually the large, spatulate, bifurcate interlamellar setae 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 697 


so characteristic of P. bifurcatus; Hall claimed that the interlamellar setae 
were absent. The true lamella are small, narrow, and hidden in dorsal aspect 
by these large setae. The “‘stout, curved, pectinate’’ setae which Hall called 
the rostrals are actually the lamellar setae, which were also claimed to be 
absent. The true rostral setae are inserted ventrad of the tutoria; these are 
the unnamed setae Hall believed were inserted distally on the tutoria (=tec- 
topedium I), which is an error often incurred by not viewing specimens 
laterally. The “‘stylettiform” nature of the chelicerae noted by Hall is ap- 
parently a similar misinterpretation based on observing the laterally com- 
pressed chelate chelicerae only in dorsoventral aspect. Hall also obviously 
mistook the projection of the lateral body wall, as seen in transmitted light, 
for the medial limit of the pteromorphs, which are smaller than drawn. The 
length noted by Hall (.51 mm) is larger than any observed specimen of P. 
bifurcatus (maximum 400 «m) but there are other indications among his 
works that his measurements were somewhat exaggerated. 

The synonymy mentioned above necessitates some generic changes. Pe- 
lops bifurcatus has been designated type-species for two genera: Purape- 
lops, proposed by Jacot (1938. Fla. Entomol. 21:49-57) and its junior 
objective synonym Ewingozetes, proposed by Hammer (1952. Acta Arct. 
4:1-108). Although P. nudiuscula is a junior synonym, the generic name 
Pelopsis has priority and 1s considered a senior subjective synonym of both 
Parapelops and Ewingozetes (NEW SYNONYMY). The valid combination 
for its type-species is Pelopsis bifurcata (Ewing). The immature instars, 
which would assist in familial placement, are unknown; but Balogh’s (op. 
cit.) placement of the species in the Mycobatidae seems appropriate. 

Pelopsis bifurcata is widely distributed in North America, having been 
reported by various authors from Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, New York, 
North Carolina, Tennessee, and the Northwest Territories of Canada. I have 
unpublished records from Texas and coastal Mississippi. Reported habitats 
are mostly coniferous forest litter but it has also been found under a log 
(Ewing, op. cit.) and in beach debris (Hall, op. cit. and unpublished records 
from New York and Mississipp1). 


Roy A. Norton, State University of New York, College of Environmental 
Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, p. 698 


NOTE 


A Survey of Shore Bird Lice from Two Wisconsin Counties 
with a New Host Record for Lunaceps holophaeus 
(Mallophaga: Philopteridae) 


Along with a survey of shore bird helminths, a louse survey was also 
undertaken. One hundred twelve birds were collected by shotgun from Mar- 
athon and Portage counties in Wisconsin during their spring and fall migra- 
tions. Each bird was placed in a separate plastic bag to prevent cross con- 
tamination. Birds were skinned and the skins boiled for approximately 
fifteen minutes in a 10% KOH solution. After cooling, the solution was 
poured through a 60 mesh screen to collect the lice. Specimens were de- 
hydrated in an ethanol series to xylene and then mounted in Permount. 

The following birds were infected as given for each species: Of 15 lesser 
yellowlegs, Totanus flavipes (Gmelin), | with only Actornithophilus totani 
(Schrank), 11 having only Quadraceps falcigerus (Peters), and 3 with both 
species; of 2 greater yellowlegs, Totanus melanoleucus (Gmelin), 1 had 
Actornithophilus paludosus Clay, and the other Quadraceps similis (Gie- 
bel); of 12 pectoral sandpipers, Erolia melanotos (Vieillot), 4 possessed 
Carduiceps zonarius (Nitzsch), 1 harbored Lunaceps holophaeus Carriker 
(NEW HOST RECORD), 3 were parasitized by both L. holophaeus and C. 
zonarius, 1 by Actornithophilus umbrinus (Burmeister) and C. zonarius, 
and 3 with all 3 species; | semipalmated sandpiper, Ereunetes pusillus (Lin- 
naeus), with A. umbrinus, C. zonarius, Lunaceps holophaeus pusillus Car- 
riker and Saemundssonia tringae (O. Fabricius); | western sandpiper, Er- 
eunetes minor Cabania, with C. zonarius; of 6 Wilson’s snipe, Capella 
gallinago (Linnaeus), 4 harbored Rhynonirmus scolopacis (Denny); 4 of 75 
American woodcocks, Philohela minor (Gmelin), harbored Rhynonirmus 
parsonae Clay. 

Lunaceps holophaeus, from the pectoral sandpiper, matches the descrip- 
tion of this species from the ruff, Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus), see 
Timmermann (1954. Ann. Mag. Natl. Hist. Ser. 12, 7:623-637). Emerson 
(1972. Rep. Deseret Test Center, Dugway, Utah. Part 1:1-200) predicted 
that Lunaceps might occur on pectoral sandpipers. 

Voucher specimens of two males and two females of L. holophaeus from 
the pectoral sandpiper are deposited at the USNM, Accession Number 
336493. This research was supported in part by Research Grant 5336 from 
the Wisconsin State University Regents. 


Stephen J. Taft and Sharon A. Schaper, Department of Biology, Uni- 
versity of Wisconsin—-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481. 


PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 
81(4), 1979, pp. 699-703 


SoOcIETY MEETINGS 
856th Regular Meeting—January 4, 1979 


The 856th Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington 
was called to order by President Davis at 8:00 PM on January 4, 1979, in 
the Ecology Theater of the National Museum of Natural History. Twenty- 
three members and 6 guests were present. 

The minutes of the December meeting were read and approved. 

Membership Chairman Utmar read for the first time the names of the 
following new applicants for membership: 


Michael S. Bodri, 578 Kutcher Road, Southampton, Pennsylvania 18966. 

Michael D. Greenfield, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Box 2072, 
Balboa, Canal Zone. 

Warren E. Steiner, Jr., Bird-in-Hand Farm, Wittman, Maryland 21676. 


The principal speaker of the evening was Dr. John R. Gingrich, Depart- 
ment of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, 
D.C. His subject was “*Tsetse Flies as Vectors of Rhodesian Trypanoso- 
miasis.”” 

Notes and Exibitions: William Bickley showed a greeting card from Insect 
Control and Research on which the words MERRY XMAS had been written 
by female Aedes atropalpus using their eggs. 

Theodore Bissell showed a copy of The Literature of Arthropods Asso- 
ciated with Alfalfa. HI. Bibliography of the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum 
(Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae), by A. M. Harper et al., 1978. 

W. B. Hull asked for registration in the Directory of North American 
Entomologists and Acarologists, to be published by the Entomological So- 
ciety of America. 

Following the introduction of visitors and adjournment of the meeting, 
punch and cookies were served. 


T. J. Spilman, Acting Recording Secretary 
857th Regular Meeting—February 1, 1979 


The 857th Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington 
was called to order by Acting-president Spilman at 8:00 PM on February I, 
1979, in the Ecology Theater of the National Museum of Natural History. 
Twenty-eight members and 10 guests were present. 

The minutes of the January meeting were read and approved. 


700 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


Membership Chairman Utmar read for the first time the names of the 
following applicants for membership: 


Scott R. Shaw, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, Col- 
lege Park, Maryland 20742. 

Thomas E. Wallenmaier, 116 Lexington Avenue, Staten Island, New York. 

Eric E. Grissell, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, IIBIHI, USDA, % 
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


Maynard Ramsay reported that he had done some research pertaining to 
Past-presidents’ certificates and requested information from the membership 
regarding the names and whereabouts of living Past-presidents. 

Acting-president Spilman asked for input regarding the 1979 Entomolog- 
ical Society of Washington/Insecticide Society of Washington Banquet. He 
also requested suggestions for the lecturer. 

Ted Bissell mentioned that Professor E. N. Cory, formerly of the Uni- 
versity of Maryland, died last week. Professor Cory became a member of 
the Society in 1911 and was elected an Honorary Member in 1965. Ted 
Bissell also showed a picture of Professor Cory taken in 1909 and passed 
around two of his watercolor paintings. Ted Spilman showed a newspaper 
clipping of Professor Cory. Others also gave reminiscences. An obituary 
will be published in the Proceedings. 

The principal speaker for the evening was Dr. Douglas W. S. Sutherland, 
previous Past-president of the Society whose lecture was entitled: ‘‘Insect 
Names—Past, Present, and Future.’ He gave the history of past Common 
Names Lists, analyzed them, and showed examples. 

Notes and Exhibitions: George Steyskal exhibited a humorous error found 
in a recent copy of Scientific American. He also showed a Bio Quip mos- 
quito-rearing chamber, one half of which can serve as part of a McPhail 
Trap. He showed an article from Scientific American depicting a mosquito- 
rearing chamber designed by Ernest C. Bay. This article may have served 
as the progenitor for the Bio Quip trap. 

Curt Sabrosky reported that Mrs. Melander, wife of the late A. L. Me- 
lander, had recently celebrated her 100th birthday. 

Following the introduction of guests and visitors, the meeting was ad- 
journed. Punch and cookies were served afterwards. 


Hollis B. Williams, Acting Recording Secretary 
858th Regular Meeting—March 1, 1979 


The 858th Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington 
was called to order by Acting-president Spilman at 8:00 PM on March 1, 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 701 


1979, in the Ecology Theater of the National Museum of Natural History. 
Seventeen members and 12 guests were present. 
The minutes of the February meeting were read, corrected, and approved. 
Acting Membership Chairman Spilman read for the first time the name of 
the following applicant for membership: 


Laurine Van Wie, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, I[BIII, USDA, % 
U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


Maynard Ramsay reported that a recent meeting of the Washington Acad- 
emy of Arts and Sciences was very well attended. Dr. Albert Szent-Gyorgi, 
a Nobel Laureate, was the speaker. 

The principal speaker for the evening was Dr. Charles L. Bailey, De- 
partment of Entomology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. Dr. Bai- 
ley spoke on *‘Overwintering Ecology of Culex pipiens L. and St. Louis 
Encephalitis Virus.”’ His talk was illustrated with many Kodachrome slides 
and was followed by a question and answer period. 

Notes and Exhibitions: J. H. Fales reported the collecting in 1978 of two 
hairstreak butterflies, Satyrium edwardsii (Saunders), Edward's Hairstreak 
(23-VI and 30-VI) and Calycopis cercrops (F.), Red-banded Hairstreak (10- 
VI, 8-VIII, and 5-I[X) in Rock Creek Park, Washington, D.C. These are 
probably new records for the District of Columbia. 

Following adjournment, pie and punch were available for refreshments. 


Wayne N. Mathis, Recording Secretary 
859th Regular Meeting—April 5, 1979 


The 859th Regular Meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington 
was called to order by President Davis at 8:00 PM on April 5, 1979, in the 
Ecology Theater of the National Museum of Natural History. Thirty-one 
members and 9 guests were present. 

The minutes of the March meeting were read and approved. 

Membership Chairman Utmar read for the first time the names of the 
following applicants for membership: 


Hector Delgado, Agrobiologicos LTDA, Apartado Aereo 1175, Bucaraman- 
ga, Colombia. 

Amnon Friedberg, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. 

Jayson I. Glick, Department of Zoology-Entomology, Auburn University, 
Auburn, Alabama. 

Bradley A. Mullens, Rt. 1, Sandpiper Lane, Concord, Tennessee. 

T. M. Peters, Department of Entomology, University of Massachusetts, 
Amherst, Massachusetts. 


702 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


President-elect Spilman announced plans for the annual banquet to be 
held Tuesday, June 5, 1979, at the Fort McNair Officers’ Club. 

Arnold Mallis announced that Harry Clench of the Carnegie Museum had 
passed away unexpectedly. Ted Spilman announced the death of William 
N. Sullivan on March 2, 1979. Mr. Sullivan was a coinventor of the aerosol 
bomb used in insect control and was retired from USDA. 

The principal speaker for the evening was Dr. Willis W. Wirth, Systematic 
Entomology Laboratory, IIBIII, USDA, % U.S. National Museum, Wash- 
ington, D.C. Dr. Wirth spoke on **Flies Associated with Hot Springs.’> His 
talk was illustrated with many Kodachrome slides and was followed by a 
question and answer period. 

Notes and exhibitions: Ted Spilman discussed the publication The Jap- 
anese Flowering Cherry Trees of Washington, D.C., by R. M. Jefferson and 
A. E. Fusonie (National Arboretum Contribution No. 4). Entomologists 
played an important role in rejecting and destroying the first gift of 2000 
infested cherry trees in 1910 and in accepting 6000 clean trees in 1912; it is 
a Classic case of quarantine, inspection, and identification in the USDA. 

Helen Sollers-Riedel submitted the following poem: 


Nearly Impossible Things 


I wish that I could find 

A bedbug happy in a tree, 

A mosquito that never would bite me, 
A moth that could croak, 

A beetle that could sigh, 

And a flea that could fly, 

A tick that could smile, 

And an ant without guile. 


Mignon Davis passed around a large lucanid beetle, Chiasognathus sp., 
that was found at Puyehue National Park in Chile while on a collecting trip 
with Don Davis and Louis Pena last February. It had been mounted for a 
future display in the *‘Dynamics of Evolution’’ hall. Ektachrome slides de- 
picted the male’s aggressive stance of directing its formidable mandibles 
high in the air. The massive tibia of the forelegs no doubt are the major 
structures for support (Fig. 1). The toothed mandibles are quite strong, 
being used to grasp other males in battle. Chiasognathus is fairly common 
in the Nothofagus forests of the lake region and is usually found on the 
trunks of trees where it feeds on the sap. The beetles have not been known 
to live in captivity for more than one week. A book from the Schaus col- 
lection, “Insects Abroad” by J. G. Wood (1874) contains an interesting 
account of the beetles’ bizzarre structure. 


VOLUME 81, NUMBER 4 703 


Pu 


Fig. 1. Chiasognathus sp. in aggressive posture. 


John Kingsolver exhibited a Seth Thomas shelf clock that had originally 
belonged t. L. O. Howard. Several other entomologists had subsequently 
used the clock including Mr. Mason, Mrs. Eunice Harveycutter, Miss Grace 
Glance, Dr. William Anderson, Dr. Reese Sailer, and Dr. Richard Foote. 
This historic clock is now keeping time in Dr. Ronald Hodges’ office in 
Beltsville. 

Ron Hodges passed around E. C. Zimmerman’s recently published vol- 
ume on the microlepidoptera of Hawaii (Insects of Hawai, vol. 9, pts. 1 & 
II). Dr. Hodges pointed out several of Zimmerman’s observations concern- 
ing Lepidoptera and lepidopterists. 

President Davis was pleased to note that Ashley Gurney was once again 
with us after being absent due to illness. Manya Stoetzel announced that 
the Entomology Club of the University of Maryland would be meeting April 
PAE OWS: 

Following the introduction of guests, the meeting was adjourned at 9:27 
PM. Punch and cookies were served afterwards. 


Wayne N. Mathis, Recording Secretary 


PROCEEDINGS 
of the 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


Ole 
WASHINGTON 


Volume 81 


OFFICERS FOR THE YEARA979 


President 

President-elect 

Recording Secretary 

Corresponding Secretary 

Treasurer 

Editor 

Custodian 

Program Committee Chairman 
Membership Committee Chairwoman 
Delegate to the Washington Academy of Sciences 
Hospitality Chairwoman 


Published by the Society 
WASHINGTON, D.C. 
1979 


Donald R. Davis 

T. J. Spilman 
Wayne N. Mathis 
Mignon B. Davis 

F. Christian Thompson 
Manya B. Stoetzel 
Sueo Nakahara 
Michael Faran 
Joyce A. Utmar 
Donald R. Davis 
Helen Sollers-Riedel 


PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE BY THE 
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 
MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS 
Cynipid Galls of the Eastern United States, by Lewis H. Weld 


Cynipid Galls of the Southwest, by Lewis H. Weld ___.-------------- 
Borypapers Gurcynipid galls) 4... =f 22) 20 t 2 See i eS aha ee 
Identification of Alaskan Black Fly Larvae, by Kathryn M. Sommerman ______ 


Unusual Scalp Dermatitis in Humans Caused by the Mite Dermatophagoides, 
 yaleom WinaVc ieee eres etme ea Senn) Sa ee 9 LN ee ee ee 


A Short History of the Entomological Society of Washington, by Ashley B. 
(CUTEST) (Wl ca ara a ea nn es Wee SC EMTS 


Pictorial Key to Species of the Genus Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae), by 
GONE C were SUSY SR rset ota verre at Se aS ee at eee 


MEMOIRS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 


No. 1. The North American Bees of the Genus Osmia, by Grace Sandhouse. 
TSO enmempenen neem o ir aie a ea con tne ws Lee NO ee 2 Se owe Soe 


No. 2. A Classification of Larvae and Adults of the Genus Phyllophaga, by 
Adame BOVING rs: 19422. ee ee ee eee 


No. 3. The Nearctic Leafhoppers, a Generic Classification and Check List, by 
PanlpwalsonvOman:» 194902 2 he Jen a 


No. 4. A Manual of the Chiggers, by G. W. Wharton and H. S. Fuller. 
(EEE ST Oe OS ee Ce ae aes ee Oe a 


No. 5. A Classification of the Siphonaptera of South America, by Phyllis T. 
MIGHT CTI Si) tee eS Se) ee oo) 2 ee eee 


No. 6. The Female Tabanidae of Japan, Korea and Manchuria, by Wallace P. 
Murdoch;and Hirosi Takahasi;’ 1969)... 2-..--.2+.-..-_-2__2._.-2.s.-2- 


No. 7. Ant Larvae: Review and Synthesis, by George C. Wheeler and Jeanette 
Witte Glen iloGr es a sane eh eR SS ae et ee 


1.50 


Back issues of the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington are available 
at $15.00 per volume to non-members and $9 per volume to members of the Society. 


Prices quoted are U.S. currency. Dealers are allowed a discount of 10 per cent on all 
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Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. 


CONTENTS 


(Continued from front cover) 
HEPPNER, J. B.—A new Neotropical genus of Choreutidae (Lepidoptera: Sesioidea) . . 


HETZ, M. and F. WERNER—Xeranobium laticeps (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) reared 
from Haplopappus tenuisectus (Compositae), with description of the larva........ 


LAVIGNE, R. J.—Notes on the ethology of Efferia argyrogaster (Diptera: Asilidae) 
TY Up) (=< Ley ay Mt aa in a eee ene intra Aen RC CO eg AS RN NOR gg WE am ee 


MASON, W. R. M.—A new genus and species of Orgilini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 
fromagNew) GuinGa gsc ot eo yea hee teterore oy ow cece cee ela tay c cee ERR rice cle ee ene eee 


MATHIS, W. N.—Ecuadorian Parascatella (Diptera: Ephydridae) ................... 


McDANIEL, B., R. A. NORTON, and E. G. BOLEN—Mites of the family Lohman- 
niudac Acari} Oribatel) fram: MEXAS).< . 3 liye sie su heise enn sip veleeele cae cee en oe OL ee 


MENDEZ, E. and T. O. LEMKE—Description of a new species of bat flea from Colom- 
biay(Siphonaptera:sischnopsyllidae)ar x... 240%. -vismace eto see cement 


NORTON, R. A.—Notes on synonymies, recombinations, and lectotype designations in 
Nathan) Banks’ ‘species of Nothrus. (Acari: Oribatel) 2... .5 2. as canoes eee 


SCARBROUGH, A. G. and B. E. SRAVER—Predatory behavior and prey of Atomosia 
DUGG Diptera ASIIGAe) seis sais cis ofaig aielc Sler vhoie alone id aoe rete s netic GRA piano ot wey oes one ee 


SCHMIDT, J. O. and C. E. MICKEL—A new species of Dasymutilla from Florida 
(Eiymenoptera:: Mutillidae) i. isin sete oo Sa itlic wale Seba eeaid eae Risks aepena nln aye) Semen 


SLATER, J. A.—A key to the species of Patritius Stal with the description of four 
new species from South America (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) ......................-. 


SPANGLER, P. J.—Hydramara argentina, a description of its larva and a report on 
its;aistmibution (Coleoptera: Hy drophilidae) ©... «20-0 ae eee ee ernie oie eee 


SPILMAN, T. J.—Larvae and pupae of Centronopus calcaratus and Centronopus sup- 
ressus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), with an essay on wing development in pupae... 


ZUNGOLI, P. A.—Eupteromalus viridescens (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a new 
parasite association for Pediobius foveolatus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and 


Epiachna yarivestis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) — 2... 2.6.50). ce sane os oe ee eee 663 — 
NOTES ..... PD ae sti a ol Ht Rabin inonee I ike eat eed 696, 698 


OBITUARY: FRANK LESLIE CAMPBELL (By W. D. Reed and M. Kosztarab)... 
SOGIEIY MBB TINGS) 45145 2:2. ccc dasiqece’ oe Salsa sym fe «0rd Suse ats bastard gol oti ereouat eke 2 okey thea 
EXIDITIORES UN OME Es cats Siege diy ahs akete ccakine t cia tae ue bab argteciacd leks, Shayeeck tients ue enero ar aan soe 
TABE BOR CONTENTS! VOLUIMBEIST ) 627.0): he tee iee ee dogma aoe 
INDEX TOUNE W TAMA, VOLUME! 8D 35.2 cteroiinthysis eres asta ciel seep eeusvoeie ara a nee 


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