<
—
FP |
aps.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON
FOR THE YEAR
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE,
LONDON:
MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO,
PATERNOSTER BOW,
LIST
OF THE
COUNCIL AND OFFICERS
'
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
1889.
COUNCIL.
(Elected April 29, 1889.)
Proressor W. H. Frower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President.
Lr.-Gen. Tue Lorp Asinerr, | Dr. Epwarp Haminron, Vice-
C.B
President.
Dr. Joux Anprerson, LL.D., E. W. H. Horpsworrn, Esq.
F.R.S.
Henry A. Brasssy, Esq.
Henry E. Dresser, Esq.
Cuartes Drummonp, Esq., /'rea-
surer.
Str JosepH Fayrer, K.C.S.L,
F.R.S., Vice-President.
Joun P. Gasstor, Esq.
F. Du Cane Gopmay, Esq.,F.R.S.,
Vice-President.
Cor. James A. Grant, C.B., C81,
F.R.S.
Dr. A. C. L. G. Ginrner,
F.R.S., Vice-President. — -
Lr.-Gen. Str H. B. Lumspen,
K.C.S.1.
| Wazrer Morrison, Esq., M.P.
ProressoR ALFRED NeEwrTon,
M.A., F.R.S., Vice-President.
Tae Lorp Arraur RvssExt.
Ospert Satvin, Esq., F.R.S.,
Vice-President.
Howarp Saunpers, Esq., F.L.S.
Paine Lurtey Scrarer, Esq.,
M.A.,Ph.D., F.2.8., Secretary.
Josern Travers Surru, Esq.
PRINCIPAL OFFICERS.
P. L. Serarer, Esq., M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary.
Frank E. Bepparp, Esq., M.A., Prosector. \
Mr. A. D. Barrrerr, Superintendent of the Gardens.
Mr. F. H. Warernovse, Librarian.
Mr.,Jonn Barrow, Accountant.
Mr. W. J. Witxrams, Chief Clerk.
LIST
CONTRIBUTORS,
With References to the several Articles contributed by each.
Page
Batty. Josera S., F.L.S.
Descriptions of new South-American Coleoptera of the
Genus Diabrotica ...... Saal ead wie «ead pas peta 88
BARDELEBEN, Professor Karu.
On the Prepollex and Prehallux, with Observations on
the Carpus of Theriodesmus phylarchus. (Plate XXX.) .. 259
Bates, H. W., F.R.S., F.Z.S., &c.
On new Species of the Coleopterous Family Carabide,
collected by Mr. J. H. Leech in Kashmir and Baltistan.... 210
On new Species of the Coleopterous Families Cicindelide
and Carabide, taken by Mr. Pratt in Chang Yang, near
Ichang on the Yang-tsze, China ...........---.++24e- 216
On new Genera and Species of Coleopterous Insects from
Mount Kinibalu, North Borneo ..............22--++ ++ 383
Bepparp, Frank E., M.A., F.RS.E., F.G.S., F.ZS.,
Prosector to the Society, Lecturer on Biology at
~* Guy’s Hospital.
Note upon the Green Cells in the Integument of 4olosoma
tenehraram. "(Plate Vy Po OT SE Pe Hee 51
iv
Page
On certain Points in the Anatomy of the Accipitres, with
reference to the Affinities of Polyboroides ..........-+++ 77
Some Notes upon the Anatomy of the American Tapir
iirpiras (eCreBtris) aie.s a. eae scseie'svewime xis a seer 252
On the Oligochztous Fauna of New Zealand, with pre-
liminary Descriptions of new Species .........0..+--+4+ 377
Contributions to the Natural History of an Annelid of
Chie Went IEF Olesen coe ret eee eines ~ once stim ee 440
Contributions to the Anatomy of Picarian Birds.—Part I.
On some Points in the Structure of the Hornbills .. ...... 587
On the Anatomy of Burmeister’s Cariama (Chunga bur-
meistert) .....0+. poy SEL in SEDO OO OOEE.D 5 - 594
Bepparp, Frank E., M.A., Prosector to the Society, Lecturer
in Biology at Guy’s Hospital, and Treves, FREDERICK,
F.R.C.S., Surgeon to and Lecturer in Anatomy at the
London Hospital.
On the Anatomy of Rhinoceros sumatrensis.......- er ae |
BeppomgE, Col. R. H.
Descriptions of Land-Shells from the Island of Koror,
Pelew:Group. (Plates Sige OT. es oss open aeemaioe 112
Bett, F. Jerrrey, M.A., Sec.R.M.S., F.Z.S., Professor of
Comparative Anatomy in King’s College, London.
Remarks upon Bipalium kewense ...... 2. .+++00+-08 elie s
Additions to the Echinoderm Fauna of the Bay of Bengal 6
Descriptions of some new or rare Species of Plexaurids.
(Plate TE) Ae 6 Peele sees «nisin ’s Sainie pbs Saee= rem 47
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, specimens of Virgularia
mirabilis, Palinurus vulgaris, and Galathea strigosa ...... 394
Vv
Page
Biaavw, F. E. (of Amsterdam).
Letter from, containing remarks upon the Development of
the Horns of the White-tailed Gnu (Catoblepas gnu) ...... 2
Bourencer, G. A., F.Z.S.
On the Species of Rhacophorus confounded under the name
Of Beimaculatus i200. cscs se cseecs Se er ee 27
On some Specimens of Lizards in the Zoological Museum
gt Etanie (Saale). (rime 0 V.): . .. cs 0a wee ow dibtalstaserein 143
Second Account of the Fishes obtained by Surgeon-Major
A. S. G. Jayakar at Muscat, East Coast of Arabia. (Plates
ew VLEET naa. whew « hain scleieeietaenit end 236
Note on Python curtus. (Plate XLV.) ............4 432
Butter, Sir Water, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S.
On a Species of Crested Penguin (Ludyptes sclateri) from
the Auekland Islands. (Plate TX.) .... 62.0Bicns sedans ss 82
Butter, Artruur G., F.LS., F.Z.S., Assistant-Keeper,
Zoological Department, British Museum (Nat. Hist.)
Description of a new Genus of Fossil Moths belonging to
the Geometrid Family Euschemide. (Plate XXXI.)...... 292
ButLer, GERARD W., B.A.
On the Subdivision of the Body-cavity in Lizards, Croco-
diles, and Birds. (Plates XLVI.-XLIX.) .............. 452
On the Relations of the Fat-bodies of the Sauropsida.
Etter ath aie eX), os 5 ay «i ainainioa coh ois Sata alae ae a 602
CaMBRIDGE, Rey. O. Pickarp, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., &e.
On some new Species and a new Genus of Araneidea.
CRIME es sare aS ob pha lice steed eee sie Bialac teas | OA
On a new Tree Trap-door Spider from Brazil.......... 250
vi
Cooke, Rev. A. H., M.A., F.Z.S.
On the Generic Position of the so-called Physe of
AMSEPALD Csisee ow JPRS sno dtiaae ea) be Shae
Dickson, Dr. E. D., C.M.Z.S. See Scuarer, P. L.
Dresser, Henry E., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some eggs of the
Adriatic Black-headed Gull and the Slender-billed Gull
obtained in Andalusia
Everett, A. H., C.M.ZS.
Remarks on the Zoo-geographical Relationships of the
Island of -Palawan- and some adjacent Islands. (Plate
Fisk, Rev. G. H. R., C.M.Z.S.
Extract from a letter containing remarks upon Bipalium
kewense ......
Frower, Wiiuram Henry, C.B., LL.D. F.RS., F.LS.,
President of the Society.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the skin of the face of a
male African Rhinoceros with a third horn..............
Gapow; Hans, Ph.D., M.A., F.Z.S., Strickland Curator and
Lecturer on the Advanced Morphology of Vertebrata
in the University of Cambridge.
On the Taxonomic Value of the Intestinal Convolutions
an Birds. * (Plate X XAT ee Pes a es ee ee
Gietioi1, Henry H., C.M.ZS.
On a supposed new Genus and Species of Pelagic Gadoid
Fishes from the Mediterranean. (Plate XXXIV.)........
Gopwin-AusteENn, Lieut.-Col. H. H., F.R.S., F.Z.S., &e.
On a Collection of Land-Shells made in Borneo by Mr. A.
Everett, with Descriptions of supposed new Species.—Part I.
Cyclostomacezre. (Plates XXXV.—XXXIX.) ............
Page
. 316
.. 220
448
303
328
332
“vil
Page
Goopwin, A. P.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some rare Paradise-
birds, procured during Sir William Macgregor’s recent
expedition to Mount Owen-Stanley, New Guinea ........
Goruaw, Rev. H. S., F.Z.S., F.E.S.
Descriptions of new Species and of a new Genus of Cole-
optera of the Family Telephoride. (Plate X.) ..........
Descriptions of new Species of the Coleopterous Family
Erotylide. (PlateLXI.)........
Green, J. F., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of a large example of the Common Eel
(Anguilla vulgaris)
Gtwrner, Auperr C. L.G., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.,
Keeper of the Zoological Department, British Museum.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some Fishes from the
WEBEL COASELORSCOUANG: vca)te..0 os. ose e eRe
Notice of two Fishes new to the British Fauna.
(Pla IE Ys )- boos stercay «pm -ciouy- adinwos. Bags dq aeninien
Exhibition of a monnted specimen of Gazella thomsoni ..
On some Fishes from the Kilima-njaro_ district.
CPlateoe PED.) ei toca ets cs c's3 sss 20s 52 een al
Description of a new Antelope from Southern Central
PURGE io cea cea MS cuaPalls. cig, Aeriin. 26 “a ata MONEE cn i. 2
Gurney, JOHN Henry, Jun., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of a Hybrid
RVPAC INE, SEAR NES Sin sage os ai lase Avera che
Howes, G. B., F.Z.S., F.L.S., Assistant Professor of Zoology,
Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines
S. Kensington.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of the
Mammary Region of a female of Myrmecobius fasciatus... .
451
96
» OLS
394
85
viii
Hoye, WiturM E., M.A. (Oxon.), F.R.S.E.
Observations on the Anatomy of a rare Cephalopod
(Gonatus fabricii). (Plates XIII. & XIV.) ............ 117
Page
Jacosy, Martin, F.E.S.
List of the Crioceride, Cryptocephalide, Chrysomelida,
and Galerucide collected in Venezuela by M. Simon, with
Descriptions of the new Species.... 2.0.2.2... cece cececs 263
Kirsy, W. F., F.E.S., Assistant in the Zoological Department,
British Museum.
Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Odonata in
the Collection of the British Museum, chiefly from Africa.. 297
Leecu, J. H., B.A., F.R.G.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.E.S., &e.
On the Lepidoptera of Japan and Corea.—Part III.
Heterocera, Sect. II. Woctues and Deltoides. (Plates
UF) I) AP ae toi wr oh RE RS eg Sot 474
Loner, Sir E. G., Bart., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a mounted skeleton
of a Rocky-Mountain Goat (Haplocerus montanus)........ 99
LypEkkeER, R., B.A., F.Z.S., F.G.S., &c.
On a Skull of the Chelonian Genus Lytoloma. (Plates
iA a ie Eira ar i S p MI R p 60
On an apparently new Species of Hyracodontotherium.... 67
On Associated Remains of a Theriodont Reptile from the
Karoo System of the Cape. (Plates LIV. & LV.)........ 572
Mincutn, Epwarp A., Keble College, Oxford. ©
Note on the Mode of Attachment of the Embryos to
the Oral Arms of Aurelia aurita. (Plates LVII. & LVIII.) 583
MonrtIice.ut, Fr. Say.
Notes on some Entozoa in the Collection of the British
Museums \(Plate eX XIE), vasciw dee tn anieeibe eae ae 321
i
Page
MovysripGe, EADWEARD.
Exhibition of a number of projections with the Oxy-
hydrogen Lantern to show the Locomotion of Animals .... 327
Newron, AutrreD, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., V.P.Z.S., Profes-
sor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the
University of Cambridge.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of the so-
called Penneulaimillat ss eis oiviis SeiVid eee ealde sees | O
On the Breeding of the Seriema (Cariama cristata).
ER ay aay ee aici ns Sin 00, 0G. ~ & 0m ae aie are 25
Newton, E. T., F.G.S., F.Z.S.
A Contribution to the History of Eocene Siluroid Fishes.
Eee Ende watal ales op. *:+ 0 a0 Molva a ete 261
Exhibition of a tibio-tarsus of an extinct bird (Gastornis
klasseni) from the Woolwich Beds of Croydon .......... 220
Ocattsy, J. Dovcuas, F.L.S., Ichthyological Department,
Australian Museum, Sydney.
Notes on some Fishes new to the Australian Fauna .... 151
Parker, W. K., F.R.S., F.Z.S., &ce.
On the Qsteology of Steatornis caripensis, (Plates
RVI). «Malaria casa se cian MUU se atte tenes we eee ee LOL
Parker, W. Newton, Ph.D., F.Z.S., Professor of Biology in
the University College of S. Wales and Monmouthshire.
On the occasional Persistence of the Left Posterior
Cardinal Vein in the Frog, with Remarks on the Homolo-
gies of the Veins in the Dipnoi............ CAO SAS be 145
Rosertson, Davin, and SressineG, Rev. Tuomas R. R., M.A.
Notice of a Memoir containing the descriptions of four
new British Amphipodous Crustaceans.......-.+...0.5 +, 452
Romanes, GrorcGe J., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
On the Mental Faculties of the Bald Chimpanzee ( Anthro-
LORIECEUS CHLUUR)). ote ai haves») 0/0 oehue eee ih ete tine she Mell ane
x
Page
Scrater, Puriie Luriey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to
the Society.
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
December 1888 x... s0.7 ays Bae ea ei ce bce ]
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
sannary 1689 oo os ee. oe os be Br. Bee,
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a living specimen of the
Thick-billed Lark (Rhamphocorys clot-hbeyi) ............ 26
On some new Species and Genera of Birds of the Family
Dendrocolapitide oo... Smee ren, sok. b, obo). ae Pe oO 32
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a series of specimens of
the eggs and chicks of the Hoatzin ( Opisthocomus eristatus). 57
Exhibition. of, and remarks upon, some heads and skins of
a new Antelope obtained by Mr. H. C. V. Hunter, F.Z.S.,
in WNorth-Eaecern AWica we ceo... > Sl ee ee ee 58
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
Heuraary TGS9? "see eeermise eo... o,f t,o s eee eae
Remarks upon the Collections of Fishes made at Constan-
tinople by Dr. E.. D; Dickson, C-M.Z.S., .. ...:-.--¢h<-bEV Bee
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
Mareh 1889... ..%./. bes x eskecdl! & Ve sates). 2 picts bol F agld-- Ue
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a pair of Buprestine
Beetle (Julodis ffinchi), obtained by Mr. B. T. Ffinch near
Raradhn | 2025 <3. 57 Ae eee cereale ee es een 219
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of the Mole-
cricket (Gryllotalpa vulgaris) found at Bagdad, and trans-
mitted by Mrs. -Talbot.- . 578 Peet ay Oye p25 0 eg
Remarks on interesting animals observed during a visit
to the Zoological Gardens of Rotterdam, Amsterdam, and
ASEWORD. 5.20 es i ies enh ede ners- GOERS ape 219
xi
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
1S ee oe een are erin ee ie
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a living specimen of an
albino variety of the Cape Mole-Rat...............+.+---
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a mummy of a Falcon
obtained at Thebes in Egypt..........
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a series of photographs
taken at Antipodes Island............++-- Perot Nee oe
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a Leaf-insect (Phyllium
gelonus) living in the Society’s Insect-house...........-.-
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
My TBR oe ie cia) a oictaia aie tes cde ae wa aie «em ne
List of Birds collected by Mr. Ramage in Dominica, West
Description of Hunter’s Antelope. (Plate XLII.)......
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in June,
July, August, and September, 1889.......-....-
List of Birds collected by Mr. Ramage in St. Lucia, West
VGC ee ee a le Re ene ese re:
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
Ope GS coe ce eee ce vs tee oe on * m hamlpiaiainie aie wieoie
Exhibition of a skin of an albino variety of the Cape Mole-
Rat (Georychus capensis) .. 1... 0000.00 e etree eee teenies
Report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie in
November 1889...... >t
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, an egg of the Crested
Screamer (Chauna chavaria).......-
246
262
262
316
326
372
393
394
447
449°
586
586
Xii
Page
Seesoum, Henry, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a male example of Phas-
tanus chrysomelas purchased in Leadenhall Market........ 247
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a small collection of
Birds from the Bonin Islands, and of a pair of Merula
eelanops from Fatsirio Island (1), 22% 2. 8. oD. ee 586
SHELLEY, Captain G. E., F.Z.S.
On the Birds collected by Mr. H. C. V. Hunter, F.Z.S.,
in Eastern Africa. (Plates XL.& XLI.) .............. 356
Sowersy, G. B., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Descriptions of thirteen new Species of Land-Shells, with
a Note on Bulimus fulminans. (Plate LVI.) .........-.. 577
STEBBING, Rev. THomas R. R., M.A.
Notice of a Memoir on Urothoé, a Genus of Amphipodous
Crustaceans, and on a new allied Genus, proposed to be
Callen POnROUter on Cae 2 ore a ake o.taden ss ee + aie kee 394
Stessinc, Rev. Tuomas R. R., M.A., and Rospertson, Davin.
Notice of a Memoir containing the descriptions of four new
British Amphipodous Crustaceans ...........+...--0.- 452
Stiriine, E. C., M.A., M.D. Cantab., F.R.C.S. Eng., Lec-
turer on Physiology in the University of Adelaide.
Letter from, containing a Description of a new Australian
On some Points in the Anatomy of the Female Organs of
Generation of the Kangaroo, especially in relation to the acts
of Impregnation and Parturition .................. 002s 433
Swinnoe, Col.C., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
On New Indian Lepidoptera, chiefly Heterocera. (Plates
SOEIUES Sa LY.) 20m ey ees eet lenis sine oe wee 396
Taczanowskl, L., C.M.Z,S.
Description d’une nouvelle Locustella de la Corée ...... 620
xiii
Page
TEGETMEIER, WILLIAM BERNHARD, F.Z.S.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of a female
Gold Pheasant in male plumage .... 0... eeee.sseseeees 135
Exhibition of a pair of distorted Horns of the Ibex of
Cashmere (Capra abirica)...". <243 cascade ssaemnsce «» 135
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some specimens illus-
trative of the Variations of Plumage of the Common Par-
CIOS ieiatn tues Semin anes done ss vede san eebpateenimess ste
Tuomas, OupFiEtp, F.Z.S., Natural-History Museum.
Exhibition of a new Species of Muntjac, from Tenasserim,
proposed to be called Cervulus fee ......... gee eats geek sts 85
Description of a new Bornean Monkey belonging to the
Genus Semnopithecus. (Plate XVI.)............. wager Lad
Preliminary Notes on the Characters and Synonymy of
the different Species of Otter ........... are. ae 190
On the Mammals of Mount Kina Balu, North Borneo.
CPE RPV ier este tds os shes occ. a etenehigearinere st 228
Description of a new Genus of Muridee allied to Hydromys.
(Plate Me Mia aia sis so ciccn Sohn eon va rupameeinss sae as,
On a new Mungoose allied to Herpestes albicaudatus.
(Plate LXIT.) ..... ALB 0 ER Re A wae owls pede ae
Tuomson, Artuur, Head-Keeper of the Society’s Menagerie.
Report on the Insect-house for 1888 ............-... 85
Treves, Frepertck, F.R.C.S., Surgeon to and Lecturer in
Anatomy at the London Hospital, and Brpparp,
Frank E., M.A., Prosector to the Society, Lecturer
on Biology at Guy’s Hospital.
On the Anatomy of Rhinoceros sumatrensis............ 7
xiv
Page
Tristram, Rev. Henry Baxer, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., Canon
of Durham.
Remarks upon a specimen of Emberiza cioides, stated to
have been captured at Flamborough, in the collection of
IMT ACOARE . aise Sb sisgen. tialseyapgeeieleu tie ate de® ok 6
Witson, Scort, F.Z.S.
Descriptions of some new Species of Sandwich-Island Birds 445
Woopwarp, A. Smiru, F.G.S., F.Z.S., of the British Museum
(Natural History).
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a maxilla of Saurichthys,
from the Rheetic Formation of Aust Cliff, near Bristol .... 161
Note on Bucklandium diluvii, Konig, a Siluroid Fish from
the London Clay of Sheppey. (Plate XXIT.)........... 208
Remarks upon an extinct Saw-fish (Sclerorhynchus
atavus) and exhibition of a fragment of its rostrum.. ...... 449
Woopwarp, B. B., British Museum (Nat. Hist.).
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a drawing of a Carni-
vOrous Snail, Arone Cay rT is = ots - > seecensses se eede 327
Exhibition of an example of a fossil Shell, Nevitina schmid-
eliana, and remarks upon its peculiar mode of growth .... 327
LIST OF PLATES.
1889.
Plate , Page
I. Eggs of Cariama cristata...........+. AIT op Naitahe 25
BUS PNG WiSOlders yeti. is cin. . « osteslencinse eine <I eeeite toes 34
MU. SSpicules of Plexauxids ..)..). os. 0 elope ene a ee ae 47
yO Peat 6/11/2740 21110 (7 ne er ee ieanaree inte Mrrieeic misiruct oh) 50
V. Molosoma tenebrarum ......... cece eee ccecencceses 51
are Lytoloma crassicostatum ....... cece reece ne ceees 60
VIII. Fig. A. Synodontis punctulaius. Fig. B. Tylognathus
TROVE OTUUS ois 0G aia) a... 6 2 5,0 «50.50 0 sles eh pie «trix wf oiptaee a 70
IX... Fig. 1. Head of Eudyptes sclateri. Fig. 2. Head of
Budyptes pachyrhynchus ...-.e00 sess e eee stad... 82
.. X.. New Species of Telephorid@ .......+++eveeeee waht. 96
ser, | New Land-Shells from Koror...2..2.+eceeceeereens 112
ay \ Anatomy of Gonatus fabricii .........++ seen creees 117
‘XV. Fig. 1. Gymnodaetylus horridus. Fig. 2. Urostrophus
seapubatus: 2. cis cis ce osteo Medes merece 145
XVI. Semnopithecus hoset ..........2000ereerceeeeee cess 159
XVII.
Pre Structure of Steatornis........0cc0seccerscesscrces 161
XX.
XXII. Siluroid Fishes... ... 2.0... 2200 cece ccee sree cceene 201
XXII. Bucklandium diluvit ..........60c cee veneer c ete eeeee 208
XXIII. Map of Palawan and adjacent Islands .............- 220
XXIV. Sciwrus whiteheadt.... 0.0.00 cece ee ee ete e eee nee 228
XXV. Tetruroge guentheri ..... 16-0. e cece renee eine
XXVI. Caranz jayakari 1.0.6.2 .ce ee ee cee cn ee ccee ees 236
XXVIL. Fig. 1. Trigla arabica. Fig. 2. T. polysticta......
XXVIII. Monacanthus melanoproctes ......-.+seeeseereee
XXIX. Xeromys myoides ......0+++seee ce eereeee rer eces 247
XXX. Prepollex and prehallux of Mammals ........--++-- 259
Xvi
Plate Page
XXXI. Lithopsyche and allied Genera .........eecececeece 292
XXXII. Diagrammatic representation of affinities of Birds 303
according to their intestinal convolutions........
ARMANI. « New or rare Butozoa «os vid ik wna daceteek ee 321
XXXIV. Lretmophorus kleinenbergi .......c0cccecscececuess 328
XXX V
xxxv1. |
XXXVII. +New Bornean Land-Shells ..........cccecececececs 332
XXXVIII. |
XXXIx. J
XL. Pachyprora mixta, 3 et Q .ceccsececeucceueucees 56
XLI. Fig. 1. Zosterops perspicillata. Fig. 2. Cinnyris hunteri
XIAL: Donielishuaterig BF. take ois ose dis Mvodenvn 372
XLII.) i . :
XLIV. New Indian Lepidoptera............ aDonor one. = nk 396
ALY... Python Garde. epa sen 2 822. OE 432
XLVI.
XLVII. | 5 ee
XLVI, (Body-cavity in Lizards, &c. ......0000 ee cceceses +. 452
XLIX.
L.
Ae Lepidoptera of Japan and Corea .........seeeeeee4 474
LIIL.
LEV. }? Dheriodant, Mewbteties aden vos sce siviaclss ole week me =: 572
LV. Theriodont Limb-bones ...........ecceeee ees so:
LVI. New Species of Land-Shells ..........0. Nien eee +. big
Sel Adyclia tursiapeennton rn aide os clove cis'c Sie’ slarste's na eee. 583
“a Fat-bodies in Sauropsida Sens Te 602
LXI. New Species’ of Hrotylida@.s5....ccccccces cacsaceces 613
IXIA. (Flerp estes Qu antiseoris « Rien cas «+ apyclaaisoee ees» Soars 622
LIST OF WOODCUTS.
1889.
Page
Horns of young Catoblepas gnu, 11 weeks old. .... 0... cece eens 2
Horns of Catoblepas gnu, 16 months old ...........00 0. eee eee 3
Horns of Catoblepas gnu, 19 months old ........... cece cece eee 3
Horns of Catoblepas gnu, adult female ............00..2sese eevee 4
Hard palate of Rhinoceros swmatrensis ... 2... cece ee cece ences 8
Rhinoceros sumatrensis. Cartilages of nasal diverticulum, partly cut
AWAY LO SHOW ANECHION OF SAC) 6 sion. 0 5 a 2, 0\npnyelalet hiss oh niepvieuacche 11
Fore limb (inner side) of Rhinoceros sumatrensis 6.006... ese eeees 12
Fore limb (anterior surface) of Rhinoceros sumatrensis .........+++ 13
Fore limb (posterior surface) of Rhinoceros swmatrensis............ 15
Hind limb (inner aspect) of Rhinoceros sumatrensis ........0+++4+ 19
Hind limb (front aspect) of Rhinoceros sumatrensis .......-.4.+4+ 20
Hind limb (posterior aspect) of Rhinoceros sumatrensis .......+.++. 21
Hind foot (inner surface) of Rhinoceros sumatrensts ......4.00005- 23
Dissection of side of face of Rhinoceros sumatrensis ..........+55- 24
Upper surface of skulls of Hhacophorus 1.1.60. cece eee e cece eens 28
MIS ACN OT -PICINGUS MUNLEPE rcp pea <0 « «10% «10's, 0, a\e 0.0 0 n/ule/oiel alo (eleleinesh eta ata 58
Hyracodontotherium filholi. Palatal and lateral aspects of the ante-
rior portion of the cranium, nat. SIZ@ 6... eee eee ee eee eee eee 68
Horns of Antilope triangularis 0.0.0.0 cece cc evceccccnccccereees 74
Portion of the tail of Trichys lypurd «01... 2 2c cneccerncvere== 76
Tensores patagii and other muscles of Polyboroides typicus ......+. 7
Tonsores patagii and other muscles of Serpentarius ....+.0+0.0005 80
Transverse section through the funnel of an advanced embryo of
Sepia, and of a young specimen of Taonius ....... 60sec eeeee 129
Central and first lateral Teeth of so-called Phys@, &C. ......4.045. 1389
The venous system of an adult male Frog (Jtana temporaria) ...... 146
Diagram of the chief veins of Protopterus annectens ........0+++++ 148
Head of Sudis jayakart 2... 00c0ccccc cece tener crs nc cesses eeees 241
Structure of Dendricon rastratum .......060 seer encrenceccereree 25]
Czeum and Colie Loop of Tapirus terrestrt8 0... cee ee eee eee ee 254
Upper surface of Brain of Tapirus terrestris... ..4.+++eseeeee ee. 206
Lateral view of Brain of Tapirus terrestris ..... 000. ce cece eeceees 257
Phyllium gelonus,iMm. 2.1.20... cece eee tee tet te ten eeeeee 263
MELO CHETUTSU TUB USSECOIDD 56 =\ ala + ai00 asin) oioleicinieltaleeedNetarstaiateNels\e)s «1. s)*)° 301
Diagrammatic representation of the principal relative positions of the
intestinal loops (in Birds) when seen from the right side...... 805
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1889. b
Page
Hendiof Dacirialisiintersyn, Sectctth crete setele atetarenetohs ists lhettenete rte tote 373
Skull and horns of Dumalis huntert, Gad. .....-..cceecceececees 374
Skull and horns of Damalis huntert, 2 ad. oo... cece eee ee ee eee 375
Female organs of Osphranter erubescenS 6.0.0 .0e ccc eeecceneeeees 435
Female organs of Macropus major .......sececesecerecnceveees 438
Enlarged sketch of parts adjacent to urethral orifice of Osphranter
ERTL {oe SOIT Aa tin Sono be br OURO DS bea pao obne: 439
Ventral aspect of sexually mature Dero ..........0ec cece neues 44]
Chitellariepthelium [of PD erOr sc crtettelcialetevstelotavein)<0 che! «\asste lt ol fel states 442
MPeKmAehees Of sLIELO i; = cla\ <leleteerate eet dtel= oleleeats late cva palate) scaisl ota eraiees 445
Skin of face of Rhinoceros bicornis with third (abnormal) horn.. ... 448
Rostrum of Sclerorhynchus atavus... 10.0. . cece cece cece eee een ia 450
Diagrammatic section of a Lizard and of one of the Telidz, taken
jAabroyeted seni ccel li betersyo 118 CIN 2) Uys ee SRR eeaipe AieOk Perio .« 465
SND (1S VEIT DI CL TICIM) os Se gee eee aa aRbmdeea: < 589
YL OL PCE OS TIN OCOROS eee Megat acl é + <ie/cie"ayai 6) stasis Sinlwieheleinie = 589
Tep-museles of ACEPOS MIPAlenets mince so 0s ase s Weve no esiasccn 591
Patagial muscles of Bucorvus abyssinicus..... 60.000 c ccc cece eee 592
Chunga burmeistert. Skull, under surface. ........-..00.eeeeee ees 596
Cariama cristata. Skull, under surface ............. byes, Aalteene 596
Chunga burmeistert. Ribs, sternum, and pelvis, seen from the side. . 598
Cariama cristata. Tabs, sternum, and pelvis, seen from the side.... 599
Chunga burmeisteri. Pelvis, dorsal view. .............2.e00+e-0s 600
Cariama cristata, Pelvis, dorsal View... ......0.ccccenccccesces 601
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON
FOR THE YEAR
1889.
(PLATES,
a IISA
es
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE.
LONDON:
MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO,
PATERNOSTER ROW.
Pee |
aan
eats a
"Bk
40K 7
MIvaRT
gr hie
‘A
aR:
ATR O »?
¥ we
ee
#0
|
we
aur
ss
Ca
‘
LIST OF, PLATES.
1889.
Plate Page
I. Eggs of Cariama cristata... .....0. 00 cee e eee e eens 25
TY. (New Spiders crete. oo cis elena sin oenne cess ape aes 34
III. Spicules of Plexaurids........ 0.605 sees rere ee trees 47
UV Lichia vadigo! (he sia. eee os «eels so eels 50
V. Afolosoma tenebrarum .....0. cc rece ee ee tence en eees 51
a Lytoloma crassicostatum .....00 00sec scence eeeeee 60
VIII. Fig. A. Synodontis punctulatus. Fig. B. Tylognathus
MONTONUS . wae vibes ee cee oa tees = tloieinielein manny 70
IX. Fig. 1. Head of Eudyptes sclateri. Fig. 2. Head of
Eudyptes pachyrhynchus «1. .see0seeeee sree sees 82
X. New Species of Telephorid@ ......++++eeeerreeeees 96
StL New Land-Shells from Koror.....-.--eeses+0+r00e5 112
ea Anatomy of Gonatus fabricit ......--+++ sees sree 117
XV. Fig. 1. Gymnodactylus horridus. Fig. 2. Urostrophus
SCApUlatus. 6... cece ccceenerscewnntaresceeees 143
XVI. Semnopithecus hoset .......-- 000 e seen erent ee ees 159
OVA:
)
le r Structure of Stentornis sar co2 sc an cemre ule my arene 161
xxJ
MRD Siluroid Bishesics oc. 7s» co ere releiobolsioletwne neo 201
XXII. Bucklandium diluvii ..........+-. 0002+ -> Ei toe 208
XXIII. Map of Palawan and adjacent Islands .....-..--+--- 220
XXIV. Sciurus whiteheadi.... 60... cece eee eee tenes 228
XXV. Tetruroge guentheri .......6.+ eee ree creer ree eeee
XXVI. Caranx jayakari . 1.0... cece cece cee e eee ree ces 236
XXVII. Fig. 1. Trigla arabica. Fig. 2. T. polysticta...... |
XXVIII. Monacanthus melanoproctes’ .....-+-++e0+++20005
XXIX. Xeromys myoides ....--++--e06 veeee tener eeees 247
XXX. Prepollex and prehallux of Mammals .......--.++-- 259
iV
Plate Page
XXXI. Lithopsyche and allied Genera ...........00.eeeuee 292
XXXII. Diagrammatic representation of affinities of Birds 303
according to their intestinal convolutions........
MOXOMMIT. New-orirare’ Entozoam. .scn.'snvcocce oe cee » o2l
XXXIV. Hretmophorus kleinenbergi..........0..00cccueevees 328
XXXV~
XXXVI. [
XXXVII. UNew Bornean Land-Shells .............0cccccecees 332
XXXVIII. |
MXRTX. J
MILs Pachyprora miata, Greta sae. - siees citele hae shee 356
XLI. Fig. 1. Zosteropsperspiciilata. Fig. 2. Cinnyris hunteri
MLE = Damalisiuntenty Or mercer a << e\<iehegcis so eiera ea eye 372
ear New. Indianwliepidopterararins 32: ove +. ss rocislsle ruses 396
XIGV::, . RY thon CUGLUS! vrcnis aeeEEae Viele etal. a Aaeaas arlereys 432
XLVI aes
ees " Bodly-eavity eit. |.) eS 452
xLixy
L.
LI. ia C =
at! epidoptera of Japan and Corea ..........0.ee eee 474
Lu. J
LIV. Theriodont Vertebra) ..s2 se elie cei ce alewa ete ae aere l 572
LV. Theriodont Limb-bones ..............0005 seeees \ >
LVI. New Species of Land-Shells .............ee0eeee0e 577
cvnit Aupelia uri. «aide aes Pe ee ee OES acays onvsrae 583
ae Fat-bodies in Sauropsida .......... cee cece eee es 602
LXI. New Species of Hrotylid@ .............0 ceeeeeea ee 613
XII; - Herpesies grandis cx irrmercianciss slo bes ve tp en oon oo fMODD
PROCEEDINGS
OF TIE
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
January To, 1889.
Prof. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during the month of December 1888 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of December was 74, of which 50 were by
presentation, 2 by birth, 8 by purchase, and 14 on deposit. The
total number of departures during the same period, by death and
removals, was 85.
Among these I may call special attention to the young Chimpanzee
purchased of Mr. Cross of Liverpool, December 6. This is appa-
rently of the same species as the specimen purchased October 24,
1883 (see P. Z.S. 1883, p. 464, and 1885, p. 673, pl. xli.), which is
still living in the Society’s Gardens, and is, so far as can be at pre-
sent ascertained, referable to the Bald-headed Chimpanzee, Anthropo-
pithecus calvus (Du Chaillu) *.
Mr. Bartlett, in his communication to the Society on this subject
(above referred to), has pointed out the distinctions between this
Chimpanzee and the ordinary form (A. troglodytes).
The receipt of a second specimen is of great interest as tending
to confirm the validity of the species. A specimen of the common
Chimpanzee of about the same age being also in the Society’s col-
lection at the present time, it is easy to make a comparison between
the two forms.
1 See on this subject “ The Bald-headed Chimpanzee, ” in ‘Nature,’ vol. xxxix.
p. 254 (Jan. 10th, 1889).
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1889, No. I. ]
2 HEER F. E. BLAAUW ON CATOBLEPAS GNU. ___[ Jan. 15,
The following letter addressed to the Secretary by Heer F. E.
Blaauw, of Amsterdam, relating to the development of the horns of
the White-tailed Gnu (Catoblepas gnu), as observed in several ex-
amples of this Antelope bred in the writer’s menagerie, was read :—
«534 Heerengracht, Amsterdam,
December 1888.
“« Srr,—I am now able to send you the long promised drawings
showing the development of the horns of Catoblepas gnu.
‘<The drawings were taken from a female born July 22nd, 1886.
When the young Gnu is born the forehead is covered with thick
shining hair of a rich chestnut colour, and the places for the horns
are marked by little tufts of hair.
‘When the young animal is five or six days old the horns begin
to show through the tufts. Remarkable is the position of the ears,
which, being made for afterlife, when they are partially covered by he
heavy horns, look very long a Fat forlorn, and give the young animal
quite an idiotic expression. — time the horns grow straight, and
stand nearly vertically on ita bt gradually the points begin to
diverge from each other, whieh divergence is at its greatest develop-
ment at the age of eleven weeks (fig. A). At this age what afierwards
Fig. A.
Horns of young Catoblepas gnu. 11 weeks old.
become the straight points in the adult (a—é, fig. D, p. 4) have
come out entirely, and the parts c—é (fig. D) now begin to make their
appearance, during which process the points assume altogether a
different position. It is worthy of notice that even at this early
period, when the top of the head is as yet quite covered with hair,
the place and form of the horny parts (d and e, fig. D) in the adult
are already visible. This also shows that the points of the horns
begin to grow out of the head considerably lower in position than
where the future bases of the horns will be.
“The part c—d, fig. D, is now developing, the horn is driven for-
wards, downwards, and aeeards at the same time, and at the age
of 16 months looks like fig. B. This goes on until at 19 months
1889. ] HEER F. E. BLAAUW ON CATOBLEPAS GNU.
Fig. B.
Horns of Catoblepas gnu. 16 months old.
Fig. C.
Horns of Catoblepas gnu. 19 months old.
4 HEER F. E. BLAAUW ON CATOBLEPAS GNU. [Jan. 15,
fig C) the frontal or basal parts begin to show, whilst the hairy
intermediate part (a6, fig. C) gets narrower and narrower until at
the age of two years little of it is left. As the animal gets older
this ‘nairy region becomes restricted to a narrow space of from 2 to
4 cm. in width, and is generally narrowest in the males, as in them
the horns acquire their greatest development. Until the age of about
two years the frontal parts (a 4, fig. C) are quite smooth; but after
this time the roughness which the adults present on these parts begins
to appear in the following manner :—At first lougitudinal fissures or
Horns of Catoblepas gnu. Adult female.
cracks begin to show, which are gradually cut through by vertical
fissures, so that little squares are formed. These soon begin to loosen
themselves partially from their bases in such a way that the part
furthest from the centre of the front keeps fast, whilst the opposite
parts get more or less loose and turned up, so that a kind of rough
irregular scales is formed.
“Whilst the straight parts of the horn are growing, the horny
covering or sheath comes off comparatively easily ; and it is manifest
that the interior with its blood-vessels runs quite up to the top of
it. Afterwards the straight points in great part get quite massive
and horny ; and after this there is little danger of their being broken
off, unless by the animal repeatedly rubbing itself against hard
stones &c., as it often does when confined in a narrow space.
1889.] PROF. BELL ON BIPALIUM KEWENSE. 5
“ As a general remark about the Guus, I will add that these animals
are perfectly hardy and stand all the damp, cold, and snow of a Dutch
winter without the slightest difficulty, protected as they are by a
woolly coat which in autumn grows under their ordinary hair. They
are also very precocious, as the females produce offspring before
entering into their third year. Thus, for instance, I have this year
bred a young one from a female aged twenty-two months only, and
she reared it. To lovers of nature nothing is more interesting than
a field with a herd of these animals running and gamboling in the
most frantic manner, on which occasions the ridiculous-looking light-
coloured little calves generally take the lead. Their wonderful
activity and eccentric movements joined to their comparatively
heavily built frame are always fresh sources of surprise, and forcibly
remind one of Harris’s allusion to the Gnu, namely, ‘the most
whimsical of nature’s vagaries.” He could not have expressed
himself better!
“ Yours &e.,
“PF. E. Braauw.”
Professor Newton, V.-P., exhibited a specimen of the so-called
Pennula millsi, remarking :—
“ By the kindness of my friend Mr. Scott B. Wilson I am able
to show you to-night one of the five known specimens of the bird
described by Judge Dole in his ‘List of Birds of the Hawaiian
Islands,’ reprinted from the ‘ Hawaiian Annual’ for 1879 (p. 14),
under the name of Pennula millsi', and believed to be extinct. Mr.
Wilson tells me that all these specimens were obtained some thirty
years ago by the late Mr. Mills, and that no one has since been able
to meet with the species; but knowing the skulking habits of so
many of the smaller Rails and Crakes, as well as the very local dis-
tribution of many of the birds of the Sandwich Islands, I think it
quite possible that the species may still exist, though undoubtedly
it has been frequently sought in vain. As Mr. Sclater has already
pointed out (Ibis, 1880, p. 241), this is doubtless the so-called
‘wingless bird’ of Mr. Pease (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 145); but
I must add that in almost every respect it appears to me to agree
with the ‘Dusky Rail’ of Latham (Synopsis, iii. pt. 1, p. 237),
upon which was founded the Rallus obscurus of Gmelin (Syst. Nat.
i. p- 718)—a bird not since recognized, so far as I can discover.
The identification of the two species, if it can be made, I leave to the
discrimination of Mr. Wilson when he comes to work out the fine
collections he has made in the Hawaiian Kingdom.”
Prof. Bell stated that he had that morning received a letter from
a gentleman at Manchester, in which he was informed that Bipalium
kewense had been observed to eat earthworms. A similar fact had
1 Accidentally misprinted mid/ei.
6 ON THE ECHINODERMS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL. (Jan. 15,
already been put on record by F. Miiller with regard to South-
American forms, but the habit had not yet been observed in B.
kewense. Some experiments had been made by Prof. Bell himself
in this direction, but they had not been successful.
Canon Tristram read an account from Mr. Chase of Birmingham
of a male specimen of Emberiza cioides, Brandt, in his collection,
stated to have been captured at Flamborough in October 1887. He
also exhibited from his own collection a series of specimens of this
Bunting obtained in seven different months of the year in Siberia and
China, and showed that Mr. Chase’s specimen corresponded exactly
with one obtained in October. The occurrence of this bird in our
island was extremely interesting, as it was its first recorded occur-
rence in Europe or even in Western Asia, its range apparently being
limited to Eastern and Central Siberia and China. It had not been
recorded from Japan, Temminck having erroneously identified with
it the Japanese species Eméeriza ciopsis, Bp.
The following papers were read :—
1. Additions to the Echinoderm Fauna of the Bay of
Bengal. By F. Jurrrey Benz, M.A.
[Received December 4, 1888.]
Mr. Edgar Thurston having brought to England some species of
Echinoderms not collected at Tuticorin, and not as yet known from
the Bay of Bengal, and Mr. E. W. Oates having lately presented to
the Trustees of the British Museum a small but well-preserved col-
lection of Echinoderms from the Gulf of Martaban, some of which
are likewise new to the records of the Bay, I think it may
be useful to give their names. This note may suitably appear
in the same volume of the ‘ Proceedings’ as that which includes my
longer list, and I will indicate their systematic position by prefixing
to them a number from my former list.
17a. Sre.uAster. Too young a specimen for specific identifi-
cation ; the record of the genus is new. M. & R.”
17 6. ANTHENEA acuta, Perrier. R.
17¢c. A. peNTAGoNULA, Lamk. Though registered as from
Tuticorin, this species was by mishap omitted from the Bay of
Bengal list.
17 d. GoNIODISCUS GRANULIFERUS, Gray. R.
22 a. OREASTER MAMMILLATUS, Aud. I have some faint
doubts as to the specific identity of this specimen. R.
1 Pp. Z. 8. 1888, p. 387. (Unfortunately the date on which this paper was
read has prevented this,—F. J. B,, Feb. 9, 1889.)
2 The letter M. signifies that the species was collected in the Gulf of Martaban ;
R. at Ramesvaram.
1889.] ON THE ANATOMY OF RHINOCEROS SUMATRENSIS. 7
35 a. OPHIOPEZA CONJUNGENS, Bell. Specimens are known
from the northern parts of Australia and from the “ Indian Ocean ” ;
thanks to Mr. Oates’s gift I am able to give a definite point in the
latter area. M.
38 a. OPHIOGLYPHA KINBERGI, Ljn. This species was col-
lected by the ‘ Challenger,’ both within (Torres Straits) and without
the intertropical area (Port Jackson, Bass Straits). M.
52 d. OpHioTHRix asprpota, M. Tr. The Museum has also
received this species from Kurrachee. R.
The only habitat hitherto given has been East Indies.
84 a. Fipuvarta votva, Ag. R.
89 a. Ecurnopiscus Auritus, Leske. R.
93 a. MARETIA PLANULATA, Lamk. M.
104 a. CucumariA SEMPERI, Bell. Hitherto known only from
Port Denison and Torres Straits. R.
105 a. CoLOCHIRUS QUADRANGULARIS, Jager. Tuticorin.
105 6. Acrinocucumis Typica, Ludw. R.
To the Echinoderms of the Madras coast Mr. Thurston has now
added Ophiactis savigniit, Laganum depressum, and Thyone sacellus.
Mr. Oates has, in addition to the novelties, brought from the Gulf
of Martaban :—Temnopleurus toreumaticus, a young Laganum; Astro-
pecten polyacanthus, and a young Luidia; and Ophiactis savignii.
2. On the Anatomy of Rhinoceros sumatrensis. By Frank
E. Bepparp, M.A., Prosector to the Society, Lecturer
on Biology at Guy’s Hospital, and Freperick Trevss,
F.R.C.S., Surgeon to and Lecturer in Anatomy at the
London Hospital.
[Received January 15, 1889,]
The present paper is the result of a dissection of two individuals
of Rhinoceros sumatrensis, one of which died on April 22, 1885; the
other on the 26th of October of last year. The two individuals
were a pair and were purchased by the Society on the Ist of April
1885. The specimen which died in 1885 was removed, after the
viscera had been studied and thrown away, to the London Hospital ;
we desire to offer our cordial thanks to the Authorities of that Insti-
tution for placing at our disposal a tank in which the limbs of the
8 MESSRS. F. E. BEDDARD AND. F. TREVES ON THE [Jan. 15,
i yy)
ar
ae ie
Hard palate of Rhinoceros sumatrensis,
1889. | ANATOMY OF RHINOCEROS SUMATRENSIS. 9
Rhinoceros were kept for some weeks while the muscles were in
course of dissection.
In performing this task we were greatly assisted by Mr. Tonks,
now Physician at the Free Hospital, Grays Inn Road; for most of
the drawings which illustrate this paper (woodcuts, figs. 3-10) we are
also indebted to that gentleman.
Both the individuals were referred on their arrival at the Gardens
to Rhinoceros sumatrensis; subsequently Mr. Sclater considered
that they were probably examples of his species Rhinoceros lasi-
otis, of which the type is still living in the Gardens. Without
going fully into the question of the distinctness of RA. lasiotis from
Rh. sumatrensis, which cannot be done properly until the death of
the type specimen, it may be remarked that there are uo characters
in the skull which would seem to justify such a distinction. In
making a comparison of the skull of these specimens with Rh.
sumatrensis, particular attention was paid tu a paper by Prof. Flower
in the ‘ Proceedings’* of this Society, in which a skull possibly
identical with Mr. Sclater’s 7th. lasiotis was compared with Rh.
sumatrensis. Assuming that problematical skull to represent 2h.
lasiotis, it is clear that neither of the individuals discussed in the
present paper belong to that species, for in all the points raised by
Prof. Flower these individuals are typical Rh. sumatrensis.
With regard to the visceral anatomy of this species we have not
much to add to the description by Garrod ; and the species does not
differ materially from RA. sondaicus, which we have described some-
what fully in the ‘ Transactions’ (vol. xii.) of this Society.
Garrod deseribes the ridges upon the hard palate of Lh. sumatrensis
but gives no figure of it. ‘The accompanying drawing (fig. 1, p. 8)
has been made for the purpose of a comparison with the hard palate
of Rh. sondaicus, which has been figured by us in our memoir upon
that Rhinoceros.
The cecum and the neighbouring parts of the intestines have been
figured by Garrod ; and as his figure illustrates the principal points
in the anatomy of this region of the gut, we have thought it hardly
worth while to give a further illustration.
In the loop which is formed by the commencement of the colon,
the distal portion is of a narrower calibre, as shown in Garrod’s
figure.
The mesentery which unites the opposite sides of the loop has a
peculiar fold upon it which is illustrated in our figure of Rh.
sondaicus. Inthat Rhinoceros the fold in question (oe. ect. pl. xxxiv.
figs. 1-3) arises near to the caecum and receives a branch from one
of the divisions of the colic artery ; at the opposite extremity of the
colic loop the band divided into two, which were attached to the
surface of the mesentery uniting the parietal sections of the colon ;
at this point the artery borne by the fold also divides and becomes
continuous at two points with the colic artery. It appeared to us
at the time we were investigating the anatomy of Rh. sondaicus
that the azygos artery borne by this fold might serve to supply this
1 P.Z.8. 1878, p. 634.
10 MESSRS. F. E. BEDDARD AND F. TREVES ON THE (Jan. 15,
region of the gut with blood, if the circulation in the main arteries
happened to be occluded.
In the Sumatran Rhinoceros the same fold occurs; but (at least
in one specimen) it was of limited extent compared to the fold in
the Sondaic Rhinoceros ; it commenced at about the same point, but
terminated at the beginning of the smooth portion of the colic loop.
Furthermore this fold appeared to have no artery; or if an artery
was present it must have been very small indeed.
The ileo-czecal fossa figured and described by us in Rhinoceros
sondaicus was present in the Sumatran species ; but, instead of being
large enough to contain the entire fist, it was only of the diameter of
the fore finger; this difference is not at all commensurate with the
difference in size of the individuals of the two species.
Fig. 2 (p. 11) represents the nasal diverticulum of this species; this
organ, which is known to occur in the Horse and in the Tapir, has
not yet been described in the Rhinoceros ; as will be seen from the
figure, it is not widely different from that of the Tapir. Our figure
may be compared with the late H. N. Turner’s figure (P. Z. S. 1850,
p- 104) of the same organ in Tapirus americanus.
On some of the Muscles of the Fore Limb.
Rhomboideus.—A small muscle, 8 inches wide, fleshy. It is in-
serted into the whole length of the vertebral border of the scapula.
Levator anguli scapuli.—A separate one cannot be made out.
Serratus magnus.—An enormous fleshy muscle with very coarse
fibres inserted into the venter of the scapula over a surface 10 in. by
6 in. Insertion comes between rhomboideus and subscapularis.
Subscapularis.—This muscle is aponeurotic on the surface, muscular
beneath. Arises from whole of the venter of scapula beyond serratus
magnus. In contact with supraspinatus above and overlapped
origin of triceps below. Arises from aponeurotic covering of triceps.
Lower border intimately blended with teres major. It is inserted
into the trochanter by a wide tendon. It crossed capsule ; bursa
between it and capsule in communication with the joint.
Latissimus dorsi.—Crossed whole of triceps, then ran parallel with
and underneath teres major. Inserted into front of humerus by a
tendon. This tendon was below the trochanter and to the extensor
side of the biceps, and under the coraco-brachialis; it was common
to the latissimus dorsi and teres major. The great bulk of the
latissimus dorsi ended in an aponeurosis. This blended with the
aponeurosis of the triceps about four inches from the humerus; the
rest passed down and joined the fascia of the forearm over the
ulna.
Teres major (fig. 3).—It lies between subscapularis and latissimus
dorsi. It arose from inferior angle of scapula, from part of its
inferior border, and from aponeurosis at origin of the triceps. Joined
the latissimus dorsi.
Coraco-brachialis.—Arises by a strong tendon from the coracoid
1889.] ANATOMY OF RHINOCEROS SUMATRENSIS. 11
process. Inserted into front of the humerus below the latissimus
dorsi and just above the condyle.
Its tendon of origin gave off an aponeurosis from its outer side ;
Rhinoceros sumatrensts.
Cartilages of nasal diverticulum, partly cut away to show interior of sac.
this ended in an enormous muscular plane. This muscle was sub-
cutaneous ; it was attached to the tip of the trochanter ; it blended
with the supraspinatus, and covered the biceps; part of it passed
back to join the cutaneous part of the latissimus dorsi, and in so
12 MESSRS, F. E. BEDDARD AND F. TREVES ON THE [Jan. 15,
Fig. 3.
Won = RAW Suse.
~Bi.Brach.
Fore limb (inner side) of Rhinoceros sumatrensis.
Bi., biceps; Brach., brachialis anticus; Et. carp. rad., extensor carpi radialis ;
‘l. carp. rad., flexor carpi radialis; Fl. carp. uln., flexor carpi ulnaris;
Fi. pr., flexor profundus digitorum ; FV. subl., flexor sublimis; Jnt., in-
terosseus; S.sc., subscapularis; Zim., teres major; Tri., triceps; Zri.L,
second head of triceps.
1889. ] ANATOMY OF RHINOCEROS SUMATRENSIS. 13
doing covered the muscles of the elbow-joint. The rest joined a
large muscle from the chest.
The muscle lay to its outer side and covered the whole humeral
Fig. 4.
Ext. WY ff) &xt. carp.
Carp, rad. Y
Fore limb (anterior surface) of Rhinoceros sumatrensis.
Ext. carp. rad, br., extensor carpi radialis brevior; §S./., supinator longus ;
Ext.carp. uln., extensor carpi ulnaris; Ext. com. dig., extensor com-
munis digitorum ; xt. carp. rad., extensor carpi radialis.
region, not unlike the human deltoid. Its upper part was inserted
into the external supra-condyloid ridge of the humerus, lying between
the biceps and brachialis anticus.
Biceps.—A fusiform muscle of large size. Arose by single tendon
from coracoid process. The tendon passed underneath the supra-
spinatus, beneath the muscle from the chest, and was inserted into
14 MESSRS. F. E. BEDDARD AND F. TREVES ON THE [Jan. 15,
the radius at its neck, and joined also the deep fascia of the fore-
arm. Biceps tendon of origin two inches wide and one inch
thick.
Supraspinatus.—A huge fleshy muscle, occupying superior border
of scapula; covered biceps tendon; inserted on to external tuberosity ;
it arose from the whole of the supraspinous fossa; it was covered
by a dense aponeurosis, and into this a slender muscle from the neck
was inserted, the origin of which was not discovered.
Infraspinatus—This muscle is larger than the supraspinatus ;
it arises from the whole of the dorsum of the scapula below the
supraspinatus; it covered the triceps and is inserted on to the
external trochanter.
Extensor Museles of Forearm (woodcut, fig. 4, p. 13).
Extensor communis digitorum.—Arises from the extensor condyle
with the other extensors, from the upper part of the ulna and radius,
and from the ulnar border of the radius to halfway down that bone.
It passes down as a fleshy muscle, and forms a flat tendon just above
the distal end of the ulna and divides into three flat expansions, one
for each digit.
Extensor lateralis digitorum.—Arises from the extensor condyle
below the extensor communis, and from the shaft of the ulna.
Passes down through a groove on the end of the ulna, where it
becomes tendinous. The main part of the tendon goes to the first
phalanx of the ulnar digit, and there is a slender flattened expansion
to the middle digit.
Extensor obliquus metacarpi.—This muscle is bipinnate. It arises
by one head from the extensor condyle and from the shaft of the
radius, and by another head from the radius. The heads join just
above the carpus, and passing round to the radial side of the wrist,
the muscle is inserted into the radial metacarpal bone.
Extensor metacarpi.—This arises as a broad fleshy mass from the
extensor condyle and from the radius. Passes underneath the extensor
obliquus as a very broad and thick tendon over a groove in distal end
of radius, to be inserted into the carpal end of the middle meta-
carpal bone.
Supinator longus.—Rises in common with the other muscles, being
the most superior (proximal) one of them, from the extensor condyle.
Passes down as a slender muscle to be inserted into the distal end of
the radius.
Flexor Muscles of Forearm (woodcut, fig. 5, p. 15).
Flexor externis metacarpi.—Rises from the extensor condyle and
from the olecranon. It is a very big and fleshy muscle ; it is inserted
by a small tendon into the pisiform bone.
Flexor obliquus metacarpi.—This muscle arises by two heads: (1)
by a tendon, in common with the flexor internus metacarpi, from the
1889. ] ANATOMY OF RHINOCEROS SUMATRENSIS. 15
flexor condyle, and (2) by a fleshy head partly from the olecranon and
partly from the humerus. Its flat fleshy belly passes down, the main
tendon passing over, and being connected with, a large sesamoid (?)
bone over the distal end of the ulna to be inserted into the pisi-
Figcads
Fl. Subl.
Fore limb (posterior surface) of Rhinoceros sumatrensis.
FI. subl., flexor sublimis; FV. carp. uin., flexor carpi ulnaris; FV. pr., flexor pro-
fundus digitorum ; Znz., interosseus.
form bone; a few fleshy fibres, given off before the muscle becomes
tendinous, are inserted into the radial side of the carpus.
Flexor internus metacarpi.—Arises from the flexor condyle (there
is a bursa half an inch in diameter between the muscle and the
condyle) as a big fleshy mass. Passes down in a groove on the
16 MESSRS. F. E. BEDDARD AND F. TREVES ON THE [Jan. 15,
radius, and, becoming tendinous above the wrist, is inserted into the
proximal end of the radial metacarpal bone.
Flexor sublimis (perforatus).—Arises, in common with the flexor
profundus, from the flexor condyle. Passes down as a large fleshy
muscle ; becomes tendinous at wrist, under annular ligament, and
there divides into three small tendons, expanding into sheath at
bases of phalanges, from inner side of which sheath expansions go
forward to be inserted into the base of the second phalanx.
Flexor profundus (perforans).—TVhis has a similar origin to last
described muscle (flexor sublimis). Becomes a very big tendon, and
dividing over the metacarpus lower than the above, passes through
a thick sheath to the base of the last phalanx.
Palmaris longus.—This is a muscle which is apparently not
described in the Horse, arising by a short thick fleshy belly from the
olecranon ; the fleshy part of the muscle is short and is succeeded
by a wide and thin tendon which passes into flexor profundus at the
wrist.
Interossei.—There are four interossei muscles.
The presence of a palmaris longus, if we are right in thus
identifying the muscle described above under that name, is interesting
for the reason that it does not occur in the Horse, but does in the
Tapir.
The following table shows the resemblances and differences between
the Rhinoceros, Horse, and Tapir in the extensor and flexor muscles
of the arm :—
Horse.
Origin: —(1) Extensor con-
dyle; (2) humerus below
extensor condyle; (3) the
anterior border of external
ligament of articulation of
elbow; (4) superior and
external tuberosity of
radius; (5) external bor-
der of radius.
Rhinoceros.
Ext. comm. digit... Origin:—(1) Extensor con-
dyle; (2) upper part of
ulna and radius ; (3) from
ulnar border of radius to
halfway down that bone.
Insertion upon all 3 digits.
Ext. lat. digit......
Ext. obl. met. ......
Flexor ext. met. ...
Origin :—(1) Extensor con-
dyle; (2) shaft of ulna.
Ins. 1st phalanx of ulnar
digit and (by a slight ten-
don) to middle digit.
Origin by one head from
exterior condyle and shaft
of radius; by 2nd head
from radius. Jns., radial
metacarpal.
Origin from extensor con-
dyle and olecranon. ns.
into pisiform,
Origin. From external tube-
rosity of radius and from
shaft of radius and ulna,
not from humerus.
Origin. Only one head from
external side of radius.
Insertion by 2 tendons: (1)
on to pisiform; (2) outer
metacarpal.
1889. ]
Rhinoceros.
Flex. obl. met. ... Origin by one head from
flexor condyle, by a 2nd
head partly from olecra-
non and partly from
humerus. Jns. (1) by a
tendon upon pisiform ; (2)
by fleshy fibres upon radial
side of carpus.
... Origin from flexor con-
dyle. ns. proximal end
of radial metacarpal.
Flex. perforatus... Origin from flexor condyle.
Ins. bases of 2nd phalanx
of all 3 digits.
Flexor profundus. Origin from flexor condyle.
Ins. bases of last phalanx
of each digit.
Flex. int. met.
Palmaris longus (?) Present.
Ext. met. Origin. Extensor condyle
and radius. Jns. carpal
end of middle metacarpal.
Rhinoceros.
Extensor met. .....:
Ext. comm. digit.
Ext. lat. digit. ...
ANATOMY OF RHINOCEROS SUMATRENSIS. 17
Horse.
Origin. By two heads as in
Rhinoceros. 2nd head
arises only from olecra-
non. Insertion only on to
pisiform.
The same.
The same, allowing for
absence of phalanges of
2nd and 4th digits.
Origin:—(1) From flexor
condyle; (2) olecranon ;
(3) posterior surface of
radius.
Absent.
Origin only from humerus.
Tapir.
Origin only from humerus.
Origin :—(1) Outer condyle ;
(2) head of radius; (38)
from middle of ulna.
Origin from extensor con-
dyle and from ulna and
radius. Jnsertion, outer
digits 3 and 4.
It will be seen from the above tabular comparison of some of the
muscles of the Rhinoceros with the corresponding muscles of the
Horse that there are some differences, particularly in the extensors.
We shall now compare the myology of Rhinoceros with that of
Hyrax; our comparison is not based upon a dissection of Hyrav,
but upon the detailed account of the muscular anatomy of that
animal by Messrs. Murie and Mivart’.
The extensor muscles of the manus in Rhinoceros are, as in the
Horse, only four in number; the corresponding muscles in Hyraw
appear to be as follows :—
Rhinoceros, Horse. Tyraz.
Extensor communis digitorum.
Extensor lateralis digitorum.
Extensor obliquus metacarpt.
Extensor communis digitorum.
Extensor minimi digitt.
Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis.
{ Extensor carpi longior.
EAA Extensor carpi brevior.
1 P.Z.8. 1865, p. 329.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. II. 2
18 MESSRS. F. E. BEDDARD AND F. TREVES ON THE (Jan. 15,
Hyrazx possesses in addition an extensor earpi ulnaris, which is
wanting in the Ungulates.
In Hyraw the extensores primi, secundi internodii, and indicis are
wanting, which is so far a resemblance to the Ungulate in that the
last two of these muscles are present in the Rabbit * and apparently
in Hydromys.
The supinator longus, which we have described in the Rhinoceros,
is absent in the Horse, and according to Meckel, quoted by Messrs.
Murie and Mivart,in many Rodents. Windle’ asserts its absence in
Hydromys, and Huxley in the Rabbit. Its presence in Hyraz is
therefore of particular mterest and also its presence in the Tapir.
Muscles of the Hind Limbs (figs. 6, 7, 8, 9).
Hiiacus.—This muscle is largely tendinous upon the inner side ;
its origin is from the whole of the iliac fossa.
Psoas.—A small muscle dividing into two tendons; both are
mserted into lesser trochanter, curying round femur from before
back.
Psoas parvus.—The upper part of the belly is museular but
soon becomes tendinous; it is continuous with the sartorius (see
fig. 7).
Gracilis.—The gracilis is enormously wide and muscular through-
out ; it arises from pubie arch and is inserted by a large muscular
and tendinous insertion into fascia above the inner side of the knee,
which is continued on to patella and then on to inner side of tibia.
Pectineus is a fleshy, somewhat flat oblong-shaped muscle; it
arises from pubis along pectineal line ; it is inserted on to the femur
as in the Horse.
Adductor longus.—Arises from ramus of pubis, where it is blended
with adductor magnus; its insertion is the same as that of the
gracilis, except that it also is attached to the lower end of the femur ;
it is partly covered by gracilis.
Adductor maguus is a large fleshy muscle with but little tendon ;
its origin is muscular and it is here fused with adductor longus as
already stated ; its insertion is to inner side of shaft and to inner
condyle of femur ; it forms a tendinous arch for artery at junction
of middle and lower third.
The Rectus and two Vasti were fused into a single muscle, the
elements of which were indicated by aponeuroses; the muscle is
inserted on to patella.
Semimembranosus.—This muscle is united to form one muscle
with the semitendinosus ; it is inserted by a flat tendon parallel with
and + inch behind the erest of tibia; this tendon is three inehes
long.
The Peronei muscles are four in number :—
(1) Originates from the outer side of the head of the fibula and
¥ Huxley, ‘ Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ p. 439.
P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 56.
1889. | ANATOMY OF RHINOCEROS SUMATRENSIS. 19
Fig. 6.
Hind limb (inner aspect) of Rhinoceros sumatrensis. ‘The branches of the
aorta and the nerves are not lettered.
Add.l., insertion of adductor longus ; Add.m., adductor magnus; C7r., crurzeus ;
g., gracilis ; J/.Ps., iliacus and psoas ; Pect., pectineus ; F., rectus; Sart.,
sartorius; Z.ant., tibialis anticus; T\v,f., tensor vagins femoris.
the
20) MESSRS. F. E. BEDDARD AND F. TREVES ON THE [Jan, 15,
Fig: 7.
Ext. l. diy,
Hind limb (front aspect) of Rhinoceros sumatrensis.
Eat.l.dig., extensor longus digitorum; Ps.p., psoas parvus (continuous with
sartorius); Ps., psoas; J/., iliacus; Pect., pectineus; Cr., crureus; g.,
gracilis; dAdd./., adductor longus; R., rectus; Sarz., sartorius; T\ant.,
tibialis anticus; Z.v.f., tensor vaginw femoris.
1889. } ANATOMY OF RHINOCEROS SUMATRENSIS. 21
also from the shaft of that bone; it passes down through a groove
to be inserted into the head of outer metatarsal.
(2) The second peroneal has a common origin with the first
Fig. 8.
Hind limb (posterior aspect) of Rhinoceros swmatrensis.
Fi.d., flexor longus digitorum; Gastr., gastrocnemius; P2/., plantaris : PI.fas.,
plantaris fascia; Popl., popliteus; So., soleus; FJ.Z., tendon of flexor longus.
from head of fibula; it is separated below by a ridge of bone; it is
inserted into metatarsal bone of outer toe.
22 MESSRS. F. E. BEDDARD AND F. TREVES ON THE [Jan. 15,
(3) Arises from the shaft of the fibula behind and below the
other peroneal muscles ; it passes down beneath the tendon of second
peroneal and is inserted on to the cuboid bone.
(4) The fourth peroneal is a small muscle arising from the lower
part of the first peroueal ; it is inserted into the tendon of the third
peroneal.
Extensor communis digitorum.—This muscle arises from the upper
part of the tibia; it is a fleshy muscle and passes down through a
well-marked annular ligament ; its tendon divides into three branches;
two very strong ones supply inner and outer toes; the tendon of
middle toe is very slender.
The anterior tibial arises by two muscular bands from the shaft
of the tibia; it is inserted below into the base of the inner meta-
tarsal bone and tarsus.
Extensor brevis digitorum arises from astragalus, and is inserted
mainly into the middle toe together with the /ongus, but forming
much the larger part of the tendon; some fibres go to the inner toe,
none to the outer.
Flexor communis digitorum.—This is a large fleshy muscle and
takes the place of the flewores longus, longus pollicis, and of the
tibialis posticus in Man. It arises from the posterior surface of the
tibia and of the fibula; the origin from the fibula extends as high
wp as a ridge on its head ; it also arises from fascia over popliteal ;
from the tibia it arises only from the outer side of the lower part of
the shaft; the muscle becomes tendinous at the ankle and passes
over a trochlear surface formed partly of cartilage and in connection,
as it appeared, with the calcaneo-cuboid ligament; it communi-
cates by a tendinous slip with the flewor brevis and then divides
into three tendons, each of these passes under a sheath formed by
the flexor brevis, and is inserted at the base of the last phalanx of
rts digit.
The Flexor brevis is entirely tendinous and is really nothing more
than a continuation of the plantaris* ; it divides into three tendons,
each of which forms a sheath for the /ongus to go through, and from
the inner wall of the sheath small tendons are continued forwards to
the base of the second phalanx; the three sheaths seem to be joined
at the side.
The Lumbricales are four in number; three of these are in
connection with Jongus and one seems to arise from the outer
tendon of long and short flexors.
There are Interossei muscles in each space and on both sides.
The Gastrocnemius is a large muscle ; it arises from the femur by
two heads ; it passes down and is attached to os calcis.
The Plantaris is a slender strong muscle; it arises from the outer
condyle of the femur; it passes down under gastrocnemius to os
calcis, where it spreads out and passes over a smooth cartilaginous
surface upon the bone and forms the flewor brevis digitorum.
The Popliteus is a large muscle; it arises from the external
condyle of femur ; it passes obliquely downwards and inwards to be
' Asin most other Mammals.
1889.] ANATOMY OF RHINOCEROS SUMATRENSIS. 23
inserted into tibia; the lower part (about half) was covered by
flexor communis digitorum.
Great importance is attached by Dr. G. E. Dobson’ to the presence
or absence of a connection in the foot between the fewor communis
digitorum and the flexor brevis; we have shown that this connection
exists in Rhinoceros, which therefore forms no exception to the rule
laid down by that anatomist.
Fig. 9.
Hind foot (inner surface) of hineceros sumatrensis.
P.1., peroneus longus; P, peronii; Gas¢r., gastrocnemius; Hat./.dig., extensor
longus digitorum ; Fid., flexor longus digitorum.
These flexor muscles agree very closely with those of the Horse
and of the Tapir; in both these Ungulates and in Eater there is
no separate Tibialis posticus.
The Peronei of the Rhinoceros are, on the other hand, ie more
complicated than in the Horse, where one only has been described.
In Hyrax Murie and Mivart only describe two peroneal muscles.
No reliable taxonomic conclusions can be drawn from the relations
of these muscles, since in Lepus and Hydromys the peroneals are as
complicated as in Rhinoceros.
1 “ Onthe Homologies of the long Flexor Muscles &e.,” Journ. Anat. Phys.
vol. xvii. p. 142.
24 ON THE ANATOMY OF RHINOCEROS SUMATRENSIS. [Jan. 15,
The following is a tabular statement of the condition of certain
muscles in the Rhinoceros and Horse.
Ithinoceros. Horse.
Eat. comm. dig.... Arises from tibia. Arises from between external
condyle and trochea of
femur,
PEPONES igs sti aeas Four separate muscles. Only one muscle.
Anterior tibial ... Origin by two heads from Forms two separate muscles,
tibia. Jns. radial meta- one tendinous arising from
tarsal and tarsal. femur, the other fleshy
from tibia.
Muscles of the Head and Neck (fig. 10).
Fig. 10 illustrates the principal muscles of the head as seen from
the side.
Fig. 10 may be compared with the woodcut (fig. 97) illustrating
Fig. 10.
Lev. lab.s
Dissection of side of face of Rhinoceros sumatrensis.
Pay., parotid gland ; Lev./ab.s., levator labii superioris aleeque nasi; M., mas-
seter; Orb., orbicularis ; P/at., platysma; Zyg., zygomaticus.
the corresponding muscles in the Horse in Chauveau’s book, and
with plate viii. of Murie’s memoir upon the Sumatran Tapir.
The Zygomatic arises from the zygoma just in front of the
anterior edge of the parotid gland; it is inserted near to the margin
of the lower lip at its hinder part close to the angle of the mouth.
This muscle is much more important than in the Hote: where it is
a small superficial slip arising from the surface of the masseter and
inserted at a considerable distance away from the corner of the
P. 2 Segoe Pier
J.G.Keulemans del. et lith Mintern Bros. imp.
EGGS OF CARIAMA CRISTATA.
1389.] PROF. NEWTON ON THE BREEDING OF THE SERIEMA. 25
mouth. In.the Tapir this muscle, although shorter, is more like the
corresponding muscle of the Rhinoceros; it has the same origin
from the bone and is inserted near to the corner of the month,
The Mawillo-nasal seems to be, if anything, rather less developed
in the Rhinoceros than in the Horse: it is not indicated in Murie’s
figure of the Tapir.
The Levator labii superioris aleque nasi is composed of two por-
tions, which are decidedly more distinct from each other than in
the Horse ; the lowermost portion of this muscle, which is attached
to the lower jaw, corresponds to the muscular slip regarded by
Chauveau as homologous with the risorius.
The remaining muscles of the head as shown in fig. 10 call for no
special comment.
3. On the Breeding of the Seriema (Cariama cristata).
By Atrrep Newron, V.-P.
[Received January 15, 1889.]
(Plate I.)
It may perhaps be remembered that as nearly as possible eight
years ago our Foreign Member, Professor Alphonse Milne-Edwards,
entrusted to my care for exhibition to this Society a specimen of the
ege of Cariama cristata which had been laid in the Jardin des
Plantes, and that I then expressed (P. Z. S. 1861, p. 2) the hope
that our own Gardens would, sooner or later, produce a similar
example. That hope has been more than fulfilled, and our Secretary,
in placing in my hands the eggs now before you (Plate I.), has
requested me to make a few observations upon them.
These eggs were laid by a bird presented to the Society on the
12th of August 1884 by Captain Jones, which had paired with a
male bought by the Society on the 23rd of August 1882. Both are
still living in our Gardens. The eggs were laid about the 15th of
May 1887 in arude nest built in a basket placed on one of the
perches of a compartment in the Eastern Aviary, at the height of
about a dozen feet from the ground. I understand that the mother
sat upon them, but that they were found to be broken, aud were
then removed. :
So far as my memory serves me, these eggs present exactly the
same characters as that which was laid in the Jardin des Plantes, and
which was exhibited by me on the occasion just mentioned. They
also resemble in the same way that figured by Thienemann (Fort-
pflanz. der gesammt. Vogel, tab. Ixxu. fig. 14) to which I then
referred ; but Mr. Keulemans’s drawings (Plate I.) are sufficiently
exact to make further description unnecessary.
In May 1888 this same hen Cariama cristata laid two eggs, but
both were destroyed, as is believed, by the parents.
26 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [ Feb. 5,
About the 21st of June 1888 she laid another egg in the same basket,
and this was hatched on the 24th of July. The young bird was seen
by our Secretary and our Superintendent, the latter of whom informs
me that it had much the look of a newly-hatched Heron. Its eyes
were open, and it was clothed with greyish-brown down. On the
next day the keeper (Church) found it had disappeared, it having
been doubtless eaten by one or other of its parents.
Another egg laid by the same bird was hatched on the 7th of
September 1888. Our Superintendent, to guard against a repetition
of the former misfortune, abstained from any inspection of it, but
unhappily to no effect, for on the following day this nestling also
was found by the keeper (Samuel Bartlett) to have vanished, having
doubtless gone the same way as its deceased brother or sister.
February 5, 1889.
Professor Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during the month of January 1889 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of Jannary was 50. Of these 1 was by
birth, 22 by presentation, 17 by purchase, 2 by exchange, and 8 were
received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same
period, by death and removals, was 116.
The most noticeable additions during the month were :—
1. A small collection of birds from Algeria obtained by purchase
from a dealer at Oran on January 10th. Among these are specimens
of Clot-Bey’s Lark (Ramphocorys clot-beyi), the Algerian Shore-
Lark (Otocorys bilopha), and the Rosy Bullfinch (Zrythrospiza
githaginea), all new to the Society’s collection.
2. Two White Ibises, purchased January 18th, and differing from
the White Ibises we have previously had in the Society’s collection
in their larger size and bright red bills, as will be at once manifest
on an examination of the specimens now in the Gardens. ‘They
would appear to belong to the species (or subspecies) designated by
Wagler (Isis, 1829, p. 760) Hudocimus longirostris. On the other
hand, on referring to Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway’s ‘ Water Birds of
North America’ (vol. i. p. 89), it will be seen that their Hudocimus
albus is the larger red-billed bird. This subject therefore requires
fresh investigation, and I commend it to the notice of American
Ornithologists.
Mr. Sclater exhibited a living specimen of the Thick-billed Lark
(Rhamphocorys clot-beyi) out of a flock of five which the Society had
lately received from Algeria, and called attention to its peculiarities.
1889.] ON SOME SPECIES OF THE GENUS RHACOPHORUS. 27
Little had been added to our knowledge of this curious form
since the publication of the notice of it in Dresser’s ‘ Birds of Europe’
(iv. p. 383, pl. 242).
The specimens in the Society’s collection had been purchased from
M. Augéard, Préparateur Naturaliste, 22, Rue des Casernes, Oran,
and were believed to have been captured in the south of the Province
of Oran.
In a recently published number of the ‘ Journal fiir Ornithologie ’
(1888, p. 225) would also be found a notice of specimens of this
Lark having been obtained by Dr. A. Koenig in the Tunisian Sahara
in May 1887.
Dr. Giinther, F.R.S., exhibited and made remarks on some fishes
which had been dredged up by Mr. John Murray off the west coast
of Scotland, and were not previously known to occur in British
waters, viz., Cottus lilljeborgii (Collett), Triglops murrayi, sp. n.,
Gadus esmarkii (Nilss.), Onus reinhardti (Collett), Fierasfer acus
(Briinn.), Scopelus scoticus, sp. n., and Stomias ferox (Rubrdt. ).
The following communications were read :—
1. On the Species of Rhacophorus confounded under the
name of R. maculatus. By G. A. BouLuncrr.
[Received January 15, 1889.]
A recent reinvestigation of the material in the British Museum has
convinced me that several species have been confounded by me, as
well as most of my predecessors in Indian herpetology, under the
name of Rhacophorus (or Polypedates) maculatus. Apart from £.
sexvirgatus, Gravh.* (quadrilineatus, Wem.), which is nothing but
a colour-variety of the eastern form, R. /ewcomystax, Gravh. (rugosus,
D. & B.), two species have been described, upon the value of which
herpetologists have been in doubts, viz. Polyp. eruciger, Blyth, and
P. scutiger, Ptrs., both from Ceylon. The former was separated on
account of its larger size and coloration. Nevill, who has recently
taken up the matter again, distinguishes it from 2. maculatus by its
much larger size, stouter feet, and the uniform colouring of the
hinder part of thighs, which never present any approach to the
white or yellow spotting and marbling observable in R. macuéatus.
Neither the characters pointed out oy Blyth nor those given by
Nevill can serve to distinguish R. cruciger from the continental
R. maculaics, if the latter be taken in the customary comprehensive
sense ; and the total absence of white spotting on the thigh is so far
from being constant that one of the specimens in the British Museum,
1 Hylorana longipes, Fischer, of which the type specimen is now in the
Museum, is another synonym of this variety.
28 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON SOME SPECIES [Feb. 5,
an otherwise typical R. cruciger, 34 millim. long from snout to
vent, from Dr. Kelaart’s collection, has the flanks and the sides of
the thighs spotted with white on a brown ground.
Polypedates biscutiger was established by Peters for specimens
from Rambodde, Ceylon, “agreeing with P. maculatus in size and
appearance, but easily distinguished by bony nuchal prominences,
which are especially distinct in the adult, the smaller tympanum,
Upper surface of skulls of Rhacophorus.
a. R. leucomystax, Dedeeling a’. Ditto, China ; a’. Ditto, Celebes. }. R. ima-
", Dit
culatus, Nilgherries ; to, Bombay ; 4". Ditto, Ceylon. c¢. 2. cruciger,
Ceylon.
All the figures are taken from adult females.
and the colour of the thighs, the hinder side of which bears large
yellow spots on black-marbled ground.” But these being precisely
the characters of the true R. maculatus from India and Ceylon, it is
clear that Peters based his comparison on the other Cevlonese form,
R. cruciger, which he probably regarded as the typical R. maculatus,
P. biscutiger, Ptrs., is therefore a synonym of R. maculatus, Gray.
1889. ] OF THE GENUS RHACOPHORUS. 29
I am nevertheless satisfied that both Blyth and Peters were cor-
rect in distinguishing two species in Ceylon, as were likewise the
authors of the ‘ Erpétologie générale’ in distinguishing the Indian
(Bengal, Pondichery, Malabar) from the Malayan (Java, Philippines)
form, although they made the mistake of applyimg to the former the
name leucomystax, which belongs to the latter, their P. rugosus.
The comparison of fully adult skulls shows very great differences
between the extreme types; and these differences corresponding with
certain external characters, though of a very trivial nature, and with
the habitats, it is difficult not to admit that they deserve recognition
in the system. But if a large series of examples be examined, the
gaps between the various forms are nearly completely bridged over,.
as may be seen from the figures (p. 28), which at the same time
afford an excellent exauiple of derivation of characters and speak
clearly against the systematic value of certain eranial structures to
which Cope stil! attaches undue importance’.
However, | think it best to distinguish as species the three fol-
lowing forms, and I will proceed to give their characters, synonymy,
and distribution.
RwHACOPHORUS LEUCOMYSTAX.
Hyla leucomystax, Gravenh. Delic. Mus. Vratisl. p. 26 (1829).
Hyla sexvirgata, Graveuh. 7. c. p. 28.
Hyla quadrilineata, Wiegm. N. Acta Ac. Leop.—Carol. xvii. 1.
p- 260, pl. xxii. fig. 1 (1835).
Polypedates leucomystar, Tschudi, Class. Batr. p. 75 (1838);
Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 142 (1847).
Polypedates rugosus, Dum. & Bibr. viii. p. 520 (1841).
Polypedatex maculatus, part., Giinth. Cat. Batr. p. 78 (1858),
and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 428 (1864); Stoliezka, Proc. As. Soe.
Beng. 1872, p. 106.
Polypedates quadrilineatus, Giiuth. Ul. ec. pp. 79 & 429; Anders.
Proe. Zool. Soe. 1871, p. 207.
Polypedates maculatus, Auders. /. ¢.
Polypedates megacephalus, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 507.
Rhacophorus maculatus, patt., Bouleng. Cat. Batr. p. 83 (1882).
Hylovana longipes, Fischer, Arch. f. Nat. li. p. 47 (1885).
The largest specimen (from Siam) in the Collection measures
81 millim. from snout to vent.
No connection between the fronto-parietals and the squamosals.
In the Himalayan specimens examined (six from Darjeeling and one
1 Prof. Cope, in a notice of the British Museum Catalogue of Batrachians
(cf. Am. Nat. 1883, p. 181), expresses the hope that, if another edition of the
work is called for, the author will modify it by the adoption of the genera charac-
terized by the degree of ossification of the cranial bones, which would divide
Hyla into four genera, viz. Hyla, Scytopis, Osteocephalus, and Trachycephalus.
Lf these principles were applied to the [hacophori, we should have at least three
genera in the maculatus-group ; just as, on aecount of the presence of a fronto-
parietal fontanelle, Bufo calamita is placed by Cope in a distinct genus away
from B. viridis. Tn fact, he has recently (‘ Origin of the Fittest,’ p. $82) proposed
to restrict the genus Polypedates to the species with rugose skull.
30 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON SOME SPECIES [Feb. 5,
from Sikkim), measuring up to 68 millim. from snout to vent, and
in a single Formosan, 60 millim. long, the skin is perfectly free
from the skull, which shows no trace of rugosities, and the width of
the interorbital space equals or a little exceeds the width of the
upper eyelid. The skull of Chinese specimens, up to 48 millim.,
resembles that of the Himalayan, whilst larger specimens, up to
70 millim., are intermediate between the latter and the Burmese-
Malayan, both as regards the width of the interorbital space and
the rugosities, the skin adhering to the fronto-parietals, but not to
the nasals. In all the other specimens (Rangoon, Tenasserim,
Siam, Camboja, Cochinchina, Singapore, Sumatra, Nias, Borneo,
Java, Philippines, Celebes) the skin adheres to the fronto-parietals in
individuals only 40 millim. long; and in the adult the interorbital
space becomes very broad and concave, once and a half to twice the
width of the upper eyelid, strong angular postorbital processes —
are developed, and the skin adheres not only to the fronto-parietals
but also to the nasals and squamosals, as may be seen at a" in the
figure (p. 28). Here follow some measurements, in millimetres,
of the skulls of specimens from various localities :—
Darjeeling. |S. China. Rangoon.) Manado.) Siam.
Length of skull ............ 19 23 20 DA" oe) Yh85
Width of skull............... 21 24 214 27 | 28
Width of fronto-parietals
an PRONG. ces asses. tones 63 9 84 10 11
Width of fronto-parietals
at postorbital processes. . .| 63 10 94 15 19
Disk of third finger one half to three fifths the diameter of the
eye. In some specimens the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye,
in others the end of the snout, in most between these two points.
This species presents the well-known colour-variety characterized
by longitudinal dark bands on the head and body (var. sexvirguta
s. guadrilineata). But, as already noticed by Anderson on an
Assamese specimen, the passage between this variety and the typical
form exists ; we have such intermediate specimens from Darjeeling
and from Formosa. In spotted examples, a small X- or hourglass-
shaped dark marking, extending to between the eyes, is frequently
present. The hinder side of the thighs is usually brown, with small
whitish spots; but these may be absent, as usually in R. cruciger,
or they may be large and separated by a dark network, as usually in
R. maculatus ; these variations do not correspond with any other that
I can find.
Hab. Southern China and Eastern Himalayas to the Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago.
RHACOPHORUS MACULATUS.
Hyla maculata, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. i. pl. Ixxxii. fig. 1 (1832).
1889. } OF THE GENUS RHACOPHORUS. 31
Biirgeria maculata, Tschudi, Class. Batr. p. 75 (1838).
Polypedates leucomystax, Dum. & Bibr. viii. p. 519 (1841).
Polypedates leucomystax, part., Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeyl.
p- 193 (1852).
Polypedates maculatus, part., Giinth. Cat. Batr. p. 78 (1858),
and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 428 (1864) ; Stoliczka, Proc. As. Soc. Beng.
1872, p. 106.
Polypedates maculatus,’ Blanf. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxix. p. 376
(1870).
Polypedates biscutiger, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 649.
Rhacophorus maculatus, part., Bouleng. Cat. Batr. p. 83 (1882).
The largest specimen (from Malabar) in the Collection measures
73 millim. from snout to veut.
The posterior border of the fronto-parietals is produced on each
side into a process which joins, or is connected by ligament with, the
squamosal. The above figures show the amount of variation in the
development of this parieto-squamosal arch, irrespective, apparently,
of age and locality. The nasals and fronto-parietals are smooth,
except in specimens which have the posterior arch much thickened,
in which case that region is finely sculptured ; but the skin never
adheres to any part of the skull. The fronto-parietals are broadest
in front, and the postorbital processes merely indicated.
Disk of third finger two fifths to one halt the diameter of the eye.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye or between the eye and
the tip of the snout, Interorbita! space once to once and one third
the width of the upper eyelid.
Upper parts variously spotted, never banded; hinder side of
thighs with large yellow spots, usually separated by a purplish-
brown network.
Hab. Indiaand Ceylon. Specimens in the British Museum from
Ganjam, Madras, Bombay, Salem, Malabar, Nilgherries, and Ceylon.
According to Nevill, R. maculatus is found in the hot dry parts
of Ceylon, from Putlam, across the island, and south to Batticaloa ;
it has a peculiar fondness for houses. Thurston (Cat. Batr. S. Ind.
1888) remarks that it is common in Madras at night, adhering to:
walls and windows, and is known among Europeans as the “ chunam
frog,” from the frequency with which it is found on chunam (shell-
lime) walls.
RHACOPHORUS CRUCIGER.
Polypedates leucomystax, part., Kelaart, Prodr. Faun. Zeyl. p. 193
(1852).
Polypedates cruciger, Blyth, in Kelaart, op. cit. App. p. 48 (1852).
Polypedates maculatns, part., Giinth. Cat. Batr. p. 78 (1858) ;
and Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 428 (1864).
Rhacophorus maculatus, part., Bouleng. Cat. Batr. p. 83 (1882).
Rhacophorus cruciger, Nevill, Taprobanian, iil. p. 6 (1888).
The largest female specimen measures 85 millim. from snout to
vent, the largest male only 56.
32 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON SOME NEW SPECIES [Feb. 5,
This species is more constant in cranial characters and in coloration
than its two nearest allies. In general appearance it strongly re-
sembles the likewise Ceylonese R. eques.
A slender bony parieto-squamosal arch. Skin adherent to the
rugose nasals and fronto-parietals ; latter bones broadest in front,
without or with a mere indication of postorbital processes. Inter-
orbital space once to once and a half the width of the upper eyelid.
Digital expansions larger than those in R. maculatus, that of the
third finger measuring one half to two thirds the diameter of the
eye. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the end of the snout or
a little beyond.
No large dorsal spots, but usually a large dark or black-edged
hourglass-shaped marking extending from between the eyes to in
front of the sacrum ; hinder side of thighs brownish, uniform or with
small whitish spots.
Hab. Ceylon. Nevill states that he has examined some hundred
or more, of both sexes, of this frog and of R. maculatus, as found in
Ceylon, without coming across any intermediate forms. R. cruciger
is found in the wet valleys of the hill district around Kandy, but he
has not seen it from any other locality. 2. maculatus has a peculiar
fondness for houses; but R. eruciger, though found amongst plantain-
groves, &ec., seems never to enter houses.
2. On some new Species and Genera of Birds of the Family
Dendrocolaptide. By P. L. Scrarur, M.A., Ph.D.,
F.R.S., Secretary to the Society.
[Received December 19, 1888.]
The following species of the family Dendrocolaptidee, so far as I
can make out, appear to be undescribed. They are based on specimens
in the British Museum, and in my own collection and that of Messrs.
Salvin and Godman.
1. UpUCERTHIA BRIDGESI, Sp. nov.
Above brown, rump more rufous, head more cinereous; long,
narrow superciliaries white; wings blackish, inner primaries and
secondaries rufous at the base and edged externally with rufous;
tail uniform rufous: beneath dirty white, flanks flammulated with
brown; under wing-coverts whitish ; inner margins of wing-feathers
pale rufous: bill black; lower mandible at the base yellowish; feet
blackish. Whole length 7:0 imches, wing 3:1, tail 2°8.
Hab. Bolivia (Bridges).
Mus. Brit.
This species comes nearest to U. montana, having the whole tail
rufous, but the wings and tail are shorter, and the body is much
whiter beneath.
1889.] AND GENERA OF DENDROCOLAPTIDE. 33
2. PHACELLODOMUS RUFIPENNIS, Sp. Nov.
Above reddish earthy brown ; head, rump, wings, and tail brighter,
clear rufous; lores whitish ; wing-end pale blackish: beneath creamy
white; breast slightly washed with rufous, and with bright shaft-
Stripes ; flanks and crissum pale rufous; under wing-coverts dark
rufous ; bill pale brown, under mandible whiter; feet pale brown.
Whole length 8°0 inches, wing 2°7, tail 3-7.
Hab. Bolivia.
Mus. Brit. et P. L. S.
This species has a general resemblance to P. ruder, but is dis-
tinguished by its earthy-brown back and by the breast being suffused
with rufous and marked by very narrow bright shaft-stripes. In
P. ruber the breast is of a pure white.
It should be remarked that, as I have lately ascertained by ex-
amination of the specimens at Paris, the ordinary Phacellodomus
of the Argentine Republic, which I have hitherto followed Burmeister
and others in referring to P. ruber, is not P. ruber, but P. striati-
collis (V Orb. et Lafr.).
3. THRIPOPHAGA FUSCICEPS, Sp. nov.
Above earthy brown ; head paler, somewhat cinereous ; interscapu-
lium washed with rufous ; edgings of wings and whole tail chestnut-
red: beneath yellowish earthy brown, with very narrow brighter
shaft-stripes on the breast; under wing-coverts bright rufous ; bill
yellowish brown ; feet pale brown. Whole length 6:7 inches, wing
°9, tail 3°3.
Hab. Bolivia (Bridges).
Mus. Brit.
The earthy-brown cap at once distinguishes this well-marked
species from its congeners.
4. PHILYDOR CERVICALIS, sp. nov.
Philydor erythrocercus, Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 420 (?).
Above uniform dark olive ; rump and tail chestnut-red: beneath
pale greyish olive; throat white; breast slightly mottled with greyish
olive; under wing-coverts and inner edges of remiges bright cinna-
momeous ; bill greenish grey, with a white blotch on the lower man-
dible; feet plumbeous. Whole length 6°3 inches, wing 3°1, tail 2°8.
Hab. British Guiana.
Mus. P.L.S.
This species seems to me to be decidedly different from P. erythro-
‘cereus, although closely allied. It is distinguished by the want of
any signs of the superciliary stripe and by the slightly mottled
breast. My specimens were obtained at Bartica Grove and at
Camacusa in British Guiana by Mr. Whitely.
5. PicOLAPTES PARVIROSTRIS, Sp. nov.
Above earthy brown; rump, margins of wing-feathers and tail
bright ferruginous; head and neck behind, down to middle of the
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. III. 3
34 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. _ [Feb. 5,
back, spotted with well-marked yellowish shaft-spots, which are short
and triangular on the head, and long and thin on the neck; the shaft-
spots on the head are slightly margined with blackish : beneath earthy
brown, densely spotted with elongated ochraceous shaft-spots, which
are distinctly edged with blackish; flanks and crissum less marked ;
chin and middle of throat pale ochraceous, unspotted ; bill very short,
slightly incurved, pale brown; feet dark. Whole length 8-0, wing
4°0, tail 3-8, bill from gape 0°9.
Hab. S.E. Brazil.
Mus. S.-G.
The single specimen of this species, which was purchased of a
dealer, but is of apparently “Brazilian” make, is not unlike some
examples of P. afinis, but is at once distinguishable by its shortened
and straightened bill.
In revising the Dendrocolaptidee for the 15th volume of the British
Museum Catalogue I have found it necessary to use two new generic
forms. These are :—
(1) Limnopuyes (Aiuvn palus et dbw gigno), for Limnornis
curvirostris, Gould (Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii. p. 81), a form allied to
Limnornis, but differing in its curved bill; and
(2) Hytexerasres (An silva et é£eraoris investigator), for
Dendrocolaptes perroti, Lafr., which is allied to Dendrexetastes, but
differs in its much stronger and stouter bill.
3. On some new Species and a new Genus of Araneidea.
By the Rev. O. P. Camprinen, M.A., F.R.S., &e.
[Received November 30, 1888.]
(Plate IT.)
The Spiders described in the present paper are from the widely
separated localities ef Burmah, South Africa, and Australia. The
principal interest attaching to two of them (from South Africa)
arises from their being represented, at this moment, by examples
living in this Society’s Insect-house. One of these two spiders,
Pachylomerus natalensis, has been there for the last twelve months
along with its fine trapdoor nest. The other, Stegodyphus gregarius,
has only lately been received there, and is also interesting as
being the first, I believe, of this group (reside) whose habits
are known to be gregarious: the nest is of large size, and contains
from 100 to 150 inhabitants of both sexes and various ages. Some
few of these had died on the passage from Durban, and from these
the subjoined description has been prepared. Another of the spiders
described is interesting as being the second known species of Tree
Trapdoor Spiders. The first species was described and figured by
myself several years ago (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. (4) p. 319,
pl. x.) from Uitenhage, South Africa, under the name of Mogg-
ridgea dyeri. Subsequently in 1887 a note was communicated to
‘Mintern Bros. amp.
Pons, 18Ser Fie
NS ate ike a co
NEW SPIDERS.
'
'
|
i
|
|
'
t
1
|
1
1
!
oe
1889.] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 35
this Society by Dr. Giinther (P. Z.S. 1887, p. 40), from the Rev.
Nendick Abraham, of Grahamstown, on what Dr. Giinther supposed
to be the same species as that described from Uitenhage. Wishing,
however, to be assured of this, I wrote to Mr. Abraham asking him
to send me, if he could procure them, examples of the species to
which his note referred. This Mr. A. has very kindly and promptly
done, sending me several nests with the spiders belonging to them.
Among these I have found two examples of Moggridgea dyeri, and
two others of quite a different, though allied species, to which I
have given below the name of MV. abrahami after its very pains-
taking discoverer. One of the spiders described here is remarkable,
not only for its minuteness, being no more than half a line in
length, but for the peculiar character of its cephalothorax, in which
the ordinary indented lines showing the junction of the caput and
thorax are replaced by two deep oblique converging fissures, necessi-
tating, along with other characters, the formation of a new genus in
the family Theridiide for its reception. This specimen has been in
my possession for many years past, but had until lately been over-
looked owing to its having been accidentally concealed among the
hairs on one of the legs of a large spider received in 1864 from the
Swan River.
Other particulars respecting the spiders described below will be
found appended to their scientific description. With that of one of
them I have incorporated a long, but very interesting account of the
nest of the spider Jdiops colletti, which was sent to me from Burmah
by General Collett, through the kindness of Mr. George King, of
the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta. This is, so faras I know, the first
detailed account of the nest of a spider of this group, though I had
myself many years ago found one species of it near Beirit in a
trapdoor nest, which was, however, unfortunately destroyed on the
way home, before any note could be taken of its nature and pecu-
liarities.
Order ARANEIDEA.
Family THERAPHOSID2.
Genus PacuyLomerus, Auss.
PacHYLOMERUS NATALENSIS, sp. n. (Plate II. fig. 1.)
Adult female. Length 1 inch 5 lines, length of cephalothorax 64
lines, breadth at the widest part 6 lines.
Cephalothoraz a little longer than broad, the fore extremity wider
than the posterior, the widest part isacrossthe middle. The caput
is large, rounded and convex above, the occiput sloping in a gradual
curve te the thoracic indentation, which is large, deep, semilunar,
with the convexity of its curve directed backwards, and situated
exactly one third of the length from the hinder extremity of the
cephalothorax. The cephalothorax is smooth, glossy, and of a rich
reddish chocolate-brown colour, rather paler at the hinder extremity
and in the ocular region.
The eyes are rather small and form a transverse phions area, the
3
36 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. _ [Feb. 5,
height of the clypeus being half that of the facial space. The fore
central pair of eyes are separated from each other by 2 diameters’
interval and from the fore laterals by 13 diameters; the latter are
largest of the eight, and (looked at from in front) form a curved row
whose convexity is directed upwards; the hind lateral and hind cen-
tral eye, on each side, are contiguous to each other in a transverse
line, the four forming the ends of a very nearly straight row, rather
longer than anterior row, the hind centrals being the largest. The
centre of the ocular area, and reaching to a little way behind it, is
furnished with strong bristly hairs directed forward.
The degs are short, very strong, 4, 1,3, 2, similar in colour to the
cephalothorax, furnished with hairs, and numerous short strong spines
near the sides of the tarsi and metatarsi of the first and second
pairs ; these spines, however, are very difficult to see, owing to the
density of the hairs on those parts; there is, however, no scopula,
and the superior tarsal claws are (apparently) devoid of denticula-
tions.
The falces are massive and about 5 of the length of the caput.
They are similar in colour to the cephalothorax and densely clothed
with short hairs excepting a large patch near the base in front, and
near their extremities are numerous short tooth-like spines.
The palpi are similar in colour and armature to the anterior
legs.
“The mazille are strong, subcylindrical, with a strong prominent
conical point at the extremity on the inner side; at the base on the
inner side of each maxilla is a short curved row of several dentiform
spines similar to some others at the apex of the labium.
The labium is small, about equal in length and breadth at the
base, which is transversely curved, the convexity of the curve directed
backwards ; the base fits into a corresponding hollow in the sternum
on a kind of inverted subconical base marked in the sternum by a
distinct indentation. It is roundish-pointed at the apex, where
there are five short dentitorm black spines.
The sternum is large, triangular, a little broader at the base or
hinder end than long; the base, however, being rather angulate, and
not rectilinear. It is similar in colour to the thorax, the labium
being of a deeper hue.
The abdomen is short-oval, very convex, of a mouse-colour, clothed
with very short hairs. The spinners are short; the superior pair
strong, and 3-jointed; the inferior pair are much smaller and con-
sist of one joint only. A little way in front of the inferior spinners
are two small transverse slits or openings, doubtless the orifices of
tracheal organs.
Two of these spiders, received from Natal along with their trap-
door nests, lived for some time in the Gardens of this Society ;
one is still living there ; the other died, and its remains, from which
the above description has been made, were sent to me by Mr.
Arthur Thomson along with a rough sketch of the upper part of
the nest, the lid of which (of the cork type) can just be covered
with a penny-piece.
1889.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA, a7
Genus Inrors, Perty.
IpIors COLLETTI, sp.n. (Plate II. fig. 2.)
Adult female. Length 103 lines; length of cephalothorax 43
lines; breadth of cephalothorax, at widest part, 33.
Cephalothorax longer than broad, the fore and hinder extremities
equal in breadth ; thoracic indentation large, deep, curved, the con-
vexity of the curve directed backwards; the occiput is very convex.
The colour of the cephalothorax is pale yellow-brown, clothed with
a few hairs, and two longish, erect, tapering bristles placed trans-
versely just in front of the occipital convexity.
The eyes of the anterior pair are close to the fore margin of the
cephalothorax, rather large, and largest of the eight, oval, placed
obliquely and separated from each other by less than half the longest
diameter ; from between these two eyes spring one or two longish
prominent black bristles. The four central eyes of the posterior
group, which is separated from the anterior pair by nearly about
double its longitudinal diameter, form a square, the foremost eyes
being smallest ; those of the posterior row, which are of about equal
size, form a moderately curved transverse line whose convexity is
directed backwards. The interval between the two central eyes of
this row is distinctly greater than that which separates each from the
lateral eye next to it; this latter interval is as nearly as possible
equal to an eye’s diameter. The ocular area forms (roughly) an
equilateral triangle.
The legs are short, stout, 4, 1, 2,3; those of the third and fourth
pairs considerably stoutest, furnished with hairs and spines; the
latter are of different lengths and strength, many being small and of
a denticulate nature, and are chiefly on each side of the tibize, meta-
tarsi, and tarsi of the two anterior pairs; those on the third pair are
chiefly on the upperside of the genuz, tibize, metatarsi, and tarsi,
while on the fourth pair the spines are few and those mostly be-
neath the metatarsi and tarsi.
The palpi are similar in colour to the legs, and armed as those of
the first and second pairs.
The falces are moderate in length and strength, of a darker hue
than the ‘cephalothorax, and armed with numerous strong short
Spines near the inner side of their fore extremity.
Mazville cylindrical and thickly covered on their anterior sides
with small denticulations or spines.
Labium somewhat quadrangular, broad at the base (broader than
long), narrower at the apex, where there are a few small spinous
denticulations, chiefly in a transverse row close to the margin.
Sternum broadest behind, and longer than broad, incurved at its
fore extremity, similar in colour to the cephalothorax.
Abdomen dull clay-colour, thinly clothed with fine hairs of different
lengths. Spinners 4, those of the superior pair short, 3-jointed, but
very strong; the inferior pair very small and close beneath the base
of the upper ones.
Two adult females of this spider were received from General
38 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. _[Feb. 5,
Collett from near Meiktela, Upper Burmah, through the kindness
of Mr. George King (of the Botanic Gardens at Calcutta). They
are closely allied to Idiops crassus, Sim. (also a Burmese spider) ;
but differ in being of a much paler hue, as well as (apparently) in
the relative disposition of the eyes and armature of the legs; these
in Idiops crassus are said to be armed with spines as in Idiops
syriacus, Cambr., in which the smaller denticulate spines are almost
wholly absent. From Idiops syriacus the present species also
differs in being larger and of a duller hue ; also the denticule on the
mazxillze are confined to their inner side, and there are only two in
a transverse line at the apex of the labium. The eyes also of the
hind central pair in J. syriacus are separated by a comparatively
wider interval than in J. colletti, being double as far apart as each
is from the lateral eye on its side.
Nests of these spiders accompanied them. They are of the cork-
lid type, and present some interesting features. I cannot perhaps
do better than append the very graphic account of them given by
General Collett :—
‘«These spiders are apparently more or less gregarious in their
habitations ; where one is found five or six more will perhaps be
found within the radius of a yard; but a solitary nest is not at all
unusual,
«The soil they inhabit is a stiff argillaceous (?) sand, quite free of
stones, very hard at this time of year, though probably soft and
easy for the spiders to burrow in during the rainy season.
‘The surface of the ground in which the burrows are found is
usually thinly covered with a scanty growth of grass, now dry and
withered. Where the grass is thick the burrows are not so common,
but this is possibly due to the increased difficulty of detecting them.
« All the burrows that I have seen (a hundred or more) are
situated in an open grassy plain, now cleared, but recently covered
with a low scrub jungle, and havinga gentle slope. None have been
found on banks or on steeply sloping ground.
‘*The upper surface of the burrow door is flush with the level of
the ground, except occasionally where the superficial soil appears to
have been washed away by the rain since the nest was made. It is
of precisely the same appearance and colour as the adjacent ground,
and the burrows are therefore extremely difficult of detection.
“‘T have never observed any accumulation of earth near the mouths
of the burrows, though a considerable quantity must have been
excavated in the construction of a hole more than half an inch in
diameter and seven inches deep. Nor have I succeeded in finding
any burrows in course of construction, though empty and disused
burrows with displaced doors are not uncommon. It is possible that
the spiders excavate only during the rainy season, when the soil is
soft. At the present time no rain has fallen for three months past.
“The door, or rather lid, of the burrow is composed of grains of
sand firmly agglutinated together, perhaps with some secretions from
the insect ; its upper surface is exactly similar in general appearance
to the adjacent ground, and is often covered with the dry, black
1889.] REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 39
lichen (?) growth that is common on dry soils at this time of year.
As seen from above, the door is a square, with its two anterior angles
rounded off, the straight side or base forming the hinge-end. But
if the door is opened and viewed from below, it has a circular
appearance, reminding one of a gun-wad, which is due to its white
lining having been worked into a circular form to fit the mouth of
the cylindrical burrow. In cross section the door is conical, like a
plug, with its lower surface convex, like the bottom of a decanter-
stopper. This surface is beautifully worked over with a network
of fine, tough fibres, into which the spider (as I have seen) inserts
its claws to keep the door closed against the entrance of an enemy.
In no other part of the burrow-lining is this network of fibres to be
seen. The door is always made thin at the hinge-end, and thick at
the forward end, the average respective thicknesses being one
sixteenth of an inch and one quarter of an inch; so that its section
is wedge-like. The result of this construction is that the door will
always on release after being opened fall down by its own weight,
fitting with exceeding and surprising accuracy into the mouth of the
burrow. So preponderating is the weight of the door at its forward
end, and so instantaneously does the action of gravity cause it to fall
when released after being held up, that the shutting of the door
closely simulates the action of a spring, and it is very difficult at
first sight to realize that no elastic force exists in the action. Thus,
when a spider sitting at the mouth of its hole, with the door ajar,
vesting on its back, darts down its burrow when startled, the door
seems to snap down with the action of a suddenly released spring ;
but that this is really caused by gravity anyone may convince
himself by cutting the mouth of a burrow out of the ground, and
noticing the action of the door and its hinge when held upside down.
‘The hinge, which is beautifully flexible, is formed by a prolonga-
tion and local thickening of the lining of the burrow, which is also
carried over the lower surface and round the edges of the door.
The part of the lining forming the hinge is thick and tough, and of
the same colour outside as the ground, but there is nothing special
or mechanical in its structure asa hinge. It may be mentioned here
that the lining of the tube is thinned off at the mouth of the
burrow to receive the door, a distinct rim being usually observable
at the commencement of the burrow proper. There are generally a
few withered grass-blades worked into the edge of the door, or into
the edge of the mcuth of the burrow, so as to form a kind of semi-
circular fringe, which often catches a practiced eye and leads to the
detection of the hole. The grass-blades are probably inserted to aid
in assimilating the outside of the burrow to its surroundings, a
purpose in which they certainly fail, so far as the human animal is
concerned. In a few cases I have also noticed grass-blades worked
into the general surface of the door, and at this season, when the
grass is everywhere withered, these certainly aid in its concealment ;
but during the rains, when the adjacent grass is green, one would
think that yellow withered grass-blades on or near the burrow-
mouth would tend to make it conspicuous.
40 REY. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. _[Feb. 5,
«The spiders are occasionally found, even in the daytime, watch-
ing at the mouths of their holes, but they prey on insects, I sus-
pect, chiefly at night. At least a few burrows which I marked
and visited about 10 p.m. had, in nearly every instance, their tenants
sitting at the mouth, with the door more or less open, apparently on
the watch for unwary insects passing by. In one case the door was
elevated about 60°, the others not so much. When disturbed in her
watch the spider slips quickly down the hole, and the door closes
after her. If the door is now attempted to be lifted by the point of
a penknife, the spider will hold it down with very considerable
force, and can be plainly felt struggling to prevent its forcible
opening. If the spider is not at the mouth of her hole, it is easy to
ascertain if she is at home by scratching the outside of the door,
when, if present, she will always rush up the burrow, and try to the
best of her ability to hold down the door. The doors are all con-
structed on the same general plan, but they vary slightly in size and
thickness. The following are the mean dimensions of five doors
taken at random, the measurements, as before, being given in eighths
of an inch and decimal parts thereof:
SC MeRG ED: OF Die OU aoa cit lal of = a - Vo gs uoein Fag 5°12
Thickness of door at the forward end............ 2°04
Transverse diameter of door.................+.. Hen
Diameter of door from hinge to forward end...... 5:14
“ We may thus say that an average door is a square of five eighths
of an inch, and with a thickness at its forward or rounded end of a
quarter of an inch. The thickness at the hinge-end is about one
sixteenth of an inch, rather less if anything.
«The length of the burrow from the mouth to the bottom may be
taken as seven inches. I measured the burrows accurately, the
longest was 72 inches, and the shortest was 67 inches; the mean of
the ten holes was 63 inches. The burrows are cylindrical, and
usually nearly straight, with a slight incline from the vertical towards
the side on which the hinge is placed. They are lined throughout,
the lining being thicker near the mouth and at the bottom, the two
places where, I suppose, the spider usually sits. The diameter of
the burrow remains nearly uniform throughout, at five eighths of an
inch, with a very slight enlargement at the bottom. I have never
found a burrow with an elbow or decided turn in it, or with a
branch. The burrow is always, so far as my experience goes, a
simple and nearly straight hole.”
“Pyawbwe, Upper Burmah,
“January 7, 1888.”
The planting (as it were) of the lids of the nests with lichens,
causing them to resemble most exactly the surrounding surface, is
similar to that observed by the late Mr. Moggridge in respect of the
Nemesias of the Riviera, and is indeed a very remarkable habit ; the
edges of the door are in the case of the present species furnished
also with bits of grass resembling those growing around the nests.
1889.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 4l
The figures of the nest (Plate II. fig. 2, e, f, g) were drawn by
Lieut. Pink, of the Queen’s Regiment.
Genus MoceripnGea, Cambr.
MoGGRIDGEA ABRAHAMI, sp. n. (Plate IL. fig. 3.)
Adult female. Length 63 to 7 lines; length of cephalothorax 24
to 3 lines ; breadth slightly over 14 to slightly over 2 lines.
Cephalothoraz oval, slightly truncate at its hinder extremity, more
broadly truncated at its anterior margin. Thoracic indentation
rather nearer the posterior than the anterior margin, well marked
and deep, semicircular, the convexity of the curve directed forwards,
and its posterior margin rather gibbous. Caput well defined, but not
elevated. The height of the clypeus equals half that of the facial
space. The colour of the cephalothorax is dull yellowish brown.
The eyes (looked at from above and very slightly behind) form two
slightly curved transverse rows, the convexity of the curve directed
forwards; looked at from above and in front the anterior row
might be said to be straight. The fore central pair are separated
from each other by an eye’s interval; the laterals of the same row
are largest of the eight, oval, oblique, and each is separated from
the central eye on its side by rather more than the length of its
longest diameter. The posterior row is shorter than the anterior,
its lateral eyes are each removed from the fore lateral eye next to it
by an eye’s diameter (in one example rather less than a diameter) ;
the hind centrals are each very near, but not quite contiguous, to the
hind lateral on its side, and the two (hind lateral and central) are
placed strongly obliquely and almost in a straight line with the fore-
central on their side.
The /egs are short, strong, 4, 1, 2, 3, though there is but very
slight difference between 1, 2, and 3. They are of a yellowish hue,
the femora and tibize (as also the tarsi and metatarsi of the first and
second pairs) more or less suffused with blackish brown. The tibia,
tarsi, and metatarsi of the first two pairs are armed on each side with
arow of strong spines of different lengths. The superior pair of
tarsal claws are furnished beneath with one or two small denticula-
tions.
The palpi are similar to the legs in colour and armature.
The falces are powerful, but not remarkable in form or strength,
and are similar in colour to the cephalothorax.
The mazille are subcylindric, with only a slight, obtuse, promi-
nent poiut at their inner extremity; their surface on the inner side is
furnished with some small, deep red-brown, spinous denticulations.
The Jabium is short, rather broader than long, its apex rounded
and a little narrower than the base. The surface near the apex is
furnished with denticulations similar to those on the maxillee.
The sternum (with the maxille and labium) is of the same colour
as the legs, and of an equilateral subtriangular form.
The abdomen is large, short-oval, very convex above, clothed with
fine hairs, and of a dark purplish chocolate-brown hue; on the sides
42 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. [Feb. 5,
are two large, somewhat suffused, pale yellowish patches; the under-
side is also paler than the upper; spinners short, superior pair
3-jointed, yellow, tinged with brown, inferior pair small, 1-jointed,
and yellow.
Examples of this spider, with two of its curious trapdoor nests
found in the bark of the “ Kaffir Boom” tree, were kindly sent to me
lately by the Rev. Nendick Abraham. It is nearly allied to, but
quite distinct from, Moggridgea dyeri, Cambr. (Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist., Nov. 1875, p. 317, pl. x.).
Among other differences, it is a larger paler-coloured spider, the
two rows of eyes are much closer together, and the hind lateral eyes
are smaller in proportion to the hind central. The denticulations
on the maxillze and labium are much less strong, and are not found
(as in M. dyert) beneath the bases of the coxa] joints of the first
three pairs of legs. The nest resembles in general that of M. dyeri;
it is, however, even better concealed than those of that species,
there being no abnormal prominence, and often not the slightest
tubular convexity of any kind apparent. In fact I had to search
very minutely for ten minutes, and test every part of the pieces of
bark sent to me with the point of a needle, to find out the lids of the
nests. One of the nests is furnished with a lid at each end; and
from a communication made by Mr. Abraham to Mr. F. Taylor, of
Liverpool, I gather that this is also occasionally the case with the
nests of Muggridgea dyeri. I came to the conclusion, from Mr.
Abraham’s letter to me, that this latter spider was peculiar to the
** Kaffir Boom,” and the present species to the Oak ; but his notes on
the two, sent to Mr. Taylor, lead me to suppose that each is found
on both trees. The skill and perfection with which the minute
lichens are placed upon the tube and its lid, causing them to
resemble most exactly the rest of the bark, is indeed wonderful. Of
the nests I have yet seen that of M. dyeri is less well concealed
than those of I. abrahami.
Examples both of the spiders and nests of M. dyeri were also sent
to me by Mr. Abraham, whose name I have much pleasure in
connecting with the new species.
It is not easy to conjecture the purpose of the lower door. Mr.
Abraham suggests that the lower door is made when the spider is
young and gaining its experience, as a mode of escape from enemies
which might gain access to the upper door. He has found that the -
lower door ‘is not generally (if ever) so perfect as the upper door.”
In the specimens before me, however, I can detect no difference
between the two as regards perfection.
Family Eresipz.
Genus StrGopyruus, Sim.
(Eresus, auctt. in parte.)
STEGODYPHUS GREGARIUS, sp. n. (Plate II. figs. 4, 5.)
Adult female. Length 23-4 lines; length of cephalothorax ina
1889.] REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 43
specimen of 3 lines long, 14 lines; breadth of cephalothorax rather
over | line.
Adult male. Length 1% lines.
The sexes are very dissimilar in appearance. In the female the
cephalothorax is oblong, caput very large, hinder slope abrupt,
upper surface moderately convex; the ocular area occupies at least
one third of the whole length of the cephalothorax, and the height
of the clypeus is scarcely equal to the length of the area of the four
central eyes. ‘lhe colour is yellow-brown, with a broad dark brown
longitudinal band on each side. The whole is clothed with coarsish
grey hairs, showing most conspicuously on the lateral margins, on
the central space between the dark lateral bands, being especially
long and conspicuous at the thoracic junction, and forming some
white lines connecting the eyes and bisecting the area of the four
central ones.
The eyes form a very large quadrangle, whose posterior side is the
shortest and its anterior much the longest. ‘They are small, the
posterior eyes of the central group largest, the rest apparently
nearly equal. Those of the central group are close together at the
fore extremity of the quadrangle, but not contiguous, forming a
small square or trapezoid, whose anterior side is shorter than the
posterior. The interval between the eyes of these two sides respec-
tively is greater than a diameter, while the interval between each
anterior and the posterior eve next to it is less than the diameter of
an anterior eye.
The legs are strong and of moderate length, 1, 4, 2, 3, of a yellow-
brown colour; the femora, as well as the tibize of the first and
second pairs, nearly black ; in some examples the legs have a some-
what annulose appearance. They are almost entirely destitute of
spines, but thickly clothed with hairs, of which many are grey,
giving them a hoary look. ‘The tibize of the first two pairs are rather
stouter than the rest, and the metatarsi of the first pair, in old
females, are of a brightish red hue, those of the second pair less so.
Towards the inner side of the metatarsi of the fourth pair is a
calamistrum running the whole length of the joint, but much
concealed by the other hairs.
Falces strong, of moderate length, vertical, subconical, darker in
colour than the cephalothorax, and clothed with grey hairs, a band
across the base in front being more dense and conspicuously white.
The fangs are bright red-brown, but rather weak.
The maville, labium, and sternum are deep brown, clothed with
grey hairs, and of normal form.
The abdomen is oval, a little broader in some examples behind
than in front ; its general colovr is more or less bright warm yellow-
brown, clothed with grey and other hairs; on the upperside are
three longitudinal, more or less well-defined dark brown stripes, of
which the central one is the narrowest and least conspicuous, and the
lateral ones are often dentated posteriorly. The lateral margins and
sides also are dark black-brown, and on the underside are two
conspicuous reddish-yellow-brown patches, placed transversely and
44 REY. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. [Feb. 5,
clothed with grey hairs. The spinners are short, and in front of
the ordinary ones is a transverse spinning-organ, always found
correlated with the calamistrum on the fourth pair of legs.
The male, besides being very much smaller than the female, has
the cephalothorax of a very deep black-brown hue, with a marginal
stripe on each side and in fronz of white hairs, and a narrow longi-
tudinal stripe of the same kind bisecting the ocular area, and a few
other white hairs near the posterior eyes and on the occiput. The
legs are longer than in the female, especially those of the first pair ;
they are of a bright orange-red colour, the femora and tibize of the
first pair suffused with blackish, the tibize rather enlarged and
thickly clothed with long black hairs; besides other hairs all the
legs are furnished more or less with some white ones on their upper
side. The abdomen is of a deep black-brown hue, with a pale yellow-
brown longitudinal central tapering stripe, clothed with white hairs,
and reaching a transverse bar of the same kind just above the
spinners ; and on the underside are two oblique, elongate pale spots
or patches similarly clothed, and placed transversely near the
spiracular plates. The palpi are short and of a black-brown hue;
the radial joint is shorter than the cubital; this latter joint has a
fore margin of conspicuous white hairs; digital joint rather large,
and its fore extremity drawn out. The palpal organs are simple,
consisting of a roundish basal bulb, with a somewhat twisted paler
process at its anterior side reaching not quite to the end of the
digital jot. The sternum is black, clothed with coarse pale grey
hairs.
A nest of this spider containing numerous live individuals of both
sexes, some adult, some immature, was sent a short time ago by
Col. Bowker, from Durban, to Lord Walsingham, who, kindly acting
on my suggestion, sent the whole to this Society’s Gardens, where,
as I understand from Mr. Arthur Thomson, in whose care they
are placed, the whole family are in a very active and thriving
state. The nest is of considerable size, and filled a box of 2 feet
long by 9 inches wide and 5 deep. Above this nest I hear that the
spiders have now spun lines up to the top of the case in which they
have been placed, as though for the ensnaring of flies, &c. ; but as
their work is entirely nocturnal, no observations have yet been
practicable in respect to this most interesting part of a spider’s
economy. They appear to devour cockroaches and crickets, tearing
them to pieces in concert, and each carrying off his share of the
prey, like a pack of hounds breaking up a fox.
This spider is allied to Stegodyphus acanthophilus, Dufour, of
Southern Europe, Palestine, and Syria, but is smaller, differs greatly
in colour and markings, and is, so far as I am aware, unique in its
gregarious habits. Some of the examples had died during the long
transit from Durban to England, and from these the descriptions
have been made.
1889.] REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. 45
Family THERIDIIDA.
Gen. nov. CHASMOCEPHALON.
Cephalothorax short-oval; caput large and very convex above ;
the ordinary oblique indentations dividing it from the thorax are
greatly exaggerated, forming a deep chasm or cleft on each side.
The posterior extremity of the thorax is broad and strongly indented
or excavated in a curved form, forming a kind of socket into which
the pedicle joining it to the abdomen fits.
Eyes of very unequal size; in three well separated groups occupying
the whole width of the fore part of the caput; the anterior pair
of the central group smallest, the rest nearly equal. The clypeus
considerably exceeds in height half that of the facial space, occupying
about, or even more than, two thirds of it.
Legs slender, moderately long, 1, 4, 2, 3; furnished with hairs and
bristles only.
The maxille are short, curved, inclined towards the labium, and
somewhat pointed at their extremities on the inner side.
Labium short, broad, and round at the apex, which reaches nearly
to the extremities of the maxillz.
Abdomen considerably elevated in front and projecting greatly
over the base of the thorax, with which it is connected by a distinct
pedicle, the abdomen having also a kind of socket or excavation to
receive it. Besides the usual spiracular openings there is a long
transverse one beneath the abdomen just in front of the spinners.
CHASMOCEPHALON NEGLECTUM, sp. n. (Plate II. fig. 6.)
Adult male. Length scarcely over half a line.
The surface of the cephalothorax, which is of aclear bright brownish-
red hue, is granulose; the oblique cephalic indentations are deep
and sharply cut, looking as if they would sever the caput from the
thorax; the other normal (thoracic) grooves are also of somewhat
the same nature, though very much less strong; the posterior end
of the thorax is broad and deeply excavated; the hinder part of
the caput is well rounded, the fore part flatter.
The eyes of the central group form a trapezoid whose anterior side
is much the shortest ; the pair of eyes composing this side are very
minute and contiguous to each other. The posterior pair are oval,
large, contiguous, and of a pearly hue, their diameter equalling more
than double that of the anterior pair; each of these is separated
from the anterior eye opposite to it by an interval only about equal
to the diameter of the latter. The hind lateral eye on each side is
separated from the hind central next to it by about 13 diameters of
the former, and each fore lateral eye, which appears to be rather the
largest of the eight, is contiguous to its hind lateral eye. The lateral
eyes are also pearly, the fore centrals being a little darker.
The Jegs are dull orange-yellow; the hairs longish, but not very
numerous, and there are also a few prominent bristles.
The palpi are unfortunately missing.
Falces moderately strong, rather long, straight, and a little inclined
46 REV. O. P. CAMBRIDGE ON NEW ARANEIDEA. [Feb. 5,
backwards. They are similar to the cephalothorax in colour, and
their surface is slightly granulose.
The colour of the maxille and labium is similar to that of the
falces.
The sternum (which is nearly round) is of a deeper hue than the
cephalothorax, convex and granulose.
The abdomen is rather large, oval, but projects greatly over the
thorax ; the short, but distinct pedicle connecting it with the thorax
entering the abdomen about midway between the most elevated
point and the spinners. The upper surface is shining glabrous, fur-
nished with a very few bristly hairs, of a dull clay-yellow, marked
rather irregularly towards the sides and hinder part with dull
brownish ; the lower portion of the sides and hinder part are rather
darker and strongly rugulose, giving the upper surface very much
the appearance of a shell or carapace, whose edge is margined by
a row of round, small, dull yellowish, somewhat cicatricose spots, of
which there are also two others, more conspicuous or wide apart, in
a transverse line on the hinder part of the carapace. The spinuers
are small, apparently of ordinary structure, and inconspicuous. The
underside is dark brown, and at the fore extremity is a rather large
and somewhat quadrate coriaceous red-brown area, at the posterior
edges of which, at the outer corners, are the ordinary spiracular
openings, though scarcely traceable. Just in front of the spinners,
beneath the abdomen, is a long well-marked transverse fissure, which
is doubtless the entrance to another spiracular organ.
Many years ago (1864) I received a large spider from the Swan
River, and described and figured it, but until a day or two since have
never had occasion again tolook at it. Examining it, however, now
closely, I found on the inner side of one of the folded legs, among
its numerous hairs, the very minute spider (thus till now wholly
overlooked) which forms the type of the present new genus and
species.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IL.
Fig. 1. Pachylomerus natalensis, sp.n.,2 (p. 35).
a, Spider of natural size ; 6, profile, without legs &c. ; c, maxillx,
labium, and portion of sternum ; d, entrance to trap-door nest.
2. Idiops colletti, sp. n., 2 (p. 37).
a, Spider, natural size; 4, profile, without legs &ec.; c, eyes, from
above and behind; d, maxille and labium; e, entrance to nest;
J, ditto, with trap-door raised ; g, section of upper part of nest.
3. Moggridgea abrahami, sp.n., 2 (p. 41).
a, Spider, natural size; 0, profile, without legs &e.; c¢, eyes, from
above and behind; d, portion of bark of “‘ Kaffir Boom” tree, with
nest, showing (1) upper hinged lid, (1') lower ditto, both slightly open.
4, 5. Stegodyphus gregarius, sp.n., ¢ and 9 (p. 42).
a, gd, enlarged; b, 9, ditto; ¢, profile of $; d, ditto of 9 ,showing
long hairs at x; ¢, natural length of g; jf, natural length of 9;
g, eyes, from above and behind.
6. Chasmocephalon neglectum, sp.n. 3 (p. 45).
a, Spider, enlarged; 06, outline of cephalothorax and abdomen;
¢, profile of ditto; d, eyes from in front; ¢, maxilla and labium ;
f, hinder extremity of thorax, showing excavation and insertion of
abdominal pedicle; g, natural length of spider; %, cephalothorax,
showing form of hinder part of thorax.
P. Z.5.1889 PLT.
Berjeau & Highley del. Imp. Camb. Sci. Inst.Co.
SPICULES OF PLEXAURIDS. ¥
1889. ] ON NEW OR RARE SPECIES OF PLEXAURIDS. 47
4. Descriptions of some new or rare Species of Plexaurids.
By F. Jerrrey Bett, M.A., Sec. R.M.S.
[Received January 28, 1889.]
(Plate III.)
Among the Gorgonids in the British Museum there are examples
of some species of the genera Plevaura and Plexaurella which
appear to be still undescribed. As to a number of the described
species, it is often impossible to say with certainty whether or no
one has them before the eyes; Milne-Edwards and Haime, like
Duchassaing and Michelotti, make no use of the characters of
the spicules, though the works of both were published after the
appearance of Valenciennes’s suggestive essay’. Fortunately the
British Musenm is in possession of a series of preparations by
M. Potteau which may be regarded as illustrative of Valenciennes’s
memoir, and by the aid of these it is often possible to add enough to the
otherwise imperfect diagnoses of the earlier describers of these forms.
Of the species now to be described it may be said that they have
all such well-marked characters that it is unlikely that any previous
description of them can have been overlooked. One of them will
always rank with the most splendid members of a group which, as
all know, contains so many remarkable and beautiful forms; another
was long since recognized to be a distinct species by the late Dr. Gray.
1. PLEXAURA PRINCIPALIS. (Plate III. fig. 1.)
An exceedingly fine form; the whole colony a large bushy mass of
a uniformly light-brownish colour. Allied to P. suffruticosa, but
rather less ramose, the terminal branches longer, the branches not
so flexuous and very rarely nodose; calyces not so closely packed.
The specimen under description is 86 cm. high, 1°38 m. iu spread ;
the base is flattened from side to side, and its long axis is at right
angles to the chief plane of spreading ; the greatest length of the axis
is about 90 cm. The primary trunks are flattened, vary in size and
are only seldom swollen; the terminal branches are rounded, and
are often, though not always, about 10 cm. long. The orifices of
the calices are rather small ; they are generally about 1 mm. apart,
but sometimes they are separated by 2 mm., and occasionally they
are a little more distant from one another. Cortex smooth, mode-
rately thick; axis black, not very flexible.
The characters of the cortical spicules may be best made out from
the accompanying figures*; for the purpose of comparison the
spicules of P. suffruticosa are, now for the first time, figured; the
chief points to be noted are that P. imperialis appears to have no
spicules of the so-called ‘ Blattkeule”’ form; the four-rayed spicule
is rare, and is either vestigial or rudimentary in character. The
elongate spicules are longer and more delicate than in P. suffruticosa ;
1 Comptes Rendus, xli. p. 7 e¢ seg. ;
2 All the spicules figured in the accompanying drawings (Plate III.) are
magnified about 180 times.
48 PROF. F. J. BELL ON NEW OR [Feb. 5,
in the latter the “Blattkeule” is of a simple character, and the
four-rayed spicule is more ornate and more abundant than in the
new species.
Hab. Ebon (or Baring) Island, North Pacific; in Coll. B. M.
This magnificent Plexaurid was presented by Captain Lewis J.
Moore ; it was “given,” he says, “by a head chief to Mr. Capella,
and he gave it to me.”
2. PLEXAURA SUFFRUTICOSA. (Plate III. fig. 2.)
Plexaura suffruticosa, Dana, Milne-Edwards & Haime, Corall. i.
p- 154.
The British Museum possesses a good example of this species,
which was obtained at Billiton. It is very bushy, 80 cm. high, with
a greatest spread of 33cm. The cortex, the spicules of which are
now figured, is pretty thick; the axis is black. The distribution of
the calyces is somewhat irregular. The nodosities are numerous
and prominent.
The description of Milne-Edwards and Haime is an excellent
example of a brief diagnosis which renders the determination of a
species very much easier than the long descriptions with which it is
often one’s misfortune to meet.
3. PLEXAURELLA AFFINIS, sp. nov. (Plate III. fig. 3.)
A large species of tall habit, allied to P. dichotoma and P. vermi-
culata, but with about twice as many branches, which are more
slender, and with more delicate spicules.
The specimen under description is about 76 cm. high, the main
trunk is 15 em. long, and about 1 cm. in diameter; it is flattened
at the point of origin of the branches ; of these one which does not
again divide is about 42 cm. long; the next branch divides at some
little distance from its point of origin, and one of the resulting branches
again divides twice. The remaining branch, which divides much
nearer its point of origin gives rise to two branches, each of which
divides three times. The cortex is rather thick, and there are a
few nodosities on it; it is of a whitey-brown colonr, The calices
are scattered, not closely packed, and often of an elongate oval form,
and they may be more than 2 mm. long. The axis is of a brownish
colour. The spicules are very fine and large; their characteristic
forms are shown in Plate III. fig. 3.
Hab. West Indies.
The specimen has been for a long time in the British Museum,
and bears, in Dr. Gray’s handwriting, the label ‘‘ Plewaurella, n.s.”
4. PLEXAURELLA ANGUICULOIDES. (Plate III. fig. 4.)
Plexaura anguiculoides, Gray, MSS.
This species is, no doubt, closely allied to P. anguiculus (Dana),
but I think Dr. Gray was quite justified in regarding it as distinct :
the grounds of separation I take to be the much greater stoutness of
the branches, for Dana especially notes that his species is distinguished
by the delicacy of its branches.
1889.] RARE SPECIES OF PLEXAURIDS. 49
The present species is erect, branching, elegant, not at all closely
bushy ; there is no spreading base, but the trunk is rather wide,
being about 3 cm. in diameter; the branches are flattened at the
points of bifurcation; the secondary trunks give rise to branches,
which do not ordinarily branch more than five times, so that many
of the terminal twigs are as much as 35 em. long; these terminal
twigs are about 5 mm. in diameter. There are a few nodosities.
The cortex is fairly thick, the calyces numerous, irregularly scattered,
rather large pits, so that the general appearance is not unlike that
of P. porosa. Axis brownish, impregnated with calcareous salts,
and the species belongs, therefore, to the genus Plewaurella and not
to Plezaura. The characteristic spiculation is shown in the accom-
panying figure.
Hab. West Indies.
5. PLEXAURELLA VERMICULATA. (Plate III. fig. 5.)
Gorgonia vermiculata, Lamk.
Plexaura vermiculata,Val.; see Milne-Edwards & Haime, Corall. i.
p- 156.
Plexaurella vermiculata, Kolliker, Icon. Histiol. p. 138.
There is not, I think, sufficient reason for distinguishing as the
type of a distinct species a specimen labelled by Dr. Gray as Plexaura
porosa, but which is certainly a Plewaurella, inasmuch as it has
deposit of calcic carbonate in itsaxis. It presents some slight points
of difference from P. vermiculata, as described by Milne-Edwards
and Haime, and there is not an absolute identity of spiculation.
There cannot, I think, be any doubt that there has been a tendency
to neglect the variations possible in these forms, and it is better to
refrain from “ splitting” species.
In the specimen under consideration the calices are nearly as
closely packed as in P. porosa; the terminal branches are often
rather less than 8 mm. in diameter, and the main trunks are from
12 to 16 mm. across, whereas Milne-Edwards gives 8 mm. for the
former and 9 to 10 mm. for the latter; no statement, however, is
made as to the height of the whole mass; in the case of the British
Museum specimen it is rather more than 60 em. and all the tops are
a little broken off.
The cortex, which is thick, is of a lightish brown colour; the axis
is of a light brown colour. ‘The axis is flattened at the angles cf
division, and there appears to be no tendency to the formation of
nodes ; some of the terminal branches are more than 15 em. long.
The spicules are, as the figures show, short, but somewhat irregular
in form.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE ITT.
Spicules of Plecaura and Plexaurella, x 180.
Fig. 1. Plexaura principalis, p. 47.
2. Plexaura suffruticosa, p. 48.
3. Plexaurella affinis, p. 48.
4. Plexaurella anguiculoides, p. 48.
5. Plexaurella vermiculata, p. 49.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. IV. 4
50 ON FISHES NEW TO THE BRITISH FAUNA. [Feb. 5,
5. Notice of two Fishes new to the British Fauna.
By Dr. A. Gtnruer, F.R.S.
[Received February 5, 1889.]
(Plate IV.)
1. On a Hybrid between the Roach (Leuciscus rutilus) and the
Bleak (Alburnus alburnus).
In December of last year I received from Lord Lilford a Cyprinoid
524 inches long which had been caught in the river Nene in
Northamptonshire, close to Lilford, and which he rightly supposed
to be a hybrid between the Roach and the Bleak. So far as I
know, hybridism between these two’ genera has not been observed
hitherto, and occurrences of this form must be also scarce in the
river mentioned, although other hybrids, as between the Bream
and White Bream, between the Bream and Roach, between the
Bream and Rudd, are by no means scarce, and, as Lord Lilford
informs me, are on the increase.
The specimen is singularly intermediate between the two parent
forms, as will appear from the following description :—
‘The body is somewhat elevated, its depth being two sevenths of
the total length, without caudal (rwt.); the abdomen compressed
into a ridge between the ventral fins and the vent, the posterior
scales not crossing to the other side of the ridge (alé.). The head
is small, contained 43 times in the total length, without caudal
(alb.) ; snout short, rather shorter than the eye (rwt.), but with the
lower jaw distinctly projecting (ald.). _Pharyngeal teeth in a
single series (rut., a/b.); gill-rakers very short (rut.). Lateral
line running distinctly below the median line of the tail (a/d.),
formed by 44 scales (rué.). Transverse line 8/5; three series of
scales between the lateral line and the ventrals (rut., alb.).
Dorsal fin 12-rayed, with its origin a little behind the root of the
ventrals, aud terminating in advance of the first anal ray (rwt.).
Anal fin with 16 rays (a/d.). Coloration silvery, but less intense
than in the Bleak; back greenish ; and no reddish tinge on any of the
fins (ald.).
2. On Licuia vapiGo, Risso. (Plate IV.)
Of the pelagic genus Lichia only three species are well known
and sufficiently characterized, and all seem to be confined to the
western parts of the Atlantic. Lichia glauca, the most common, has
appeared in a few instances on the south coast of England, whilst
the species to which I draw attention now is so scarce that Cuvier
knew of two examples only, from the Mediterranean, and that the
British Museum possesses only one specimen, 27 inches long, which
was obtained by the late Rev. R. T. Lowe at Madeira.
On September 17th of last year Captain Macdonald secured
another specimen, 20 inches long, of the present species. It was
taken in a drift of herring-nets off Waternish Point, Isle of Skye, and
‘dun *soag urequryy
OOUGN Ay Vivo ral
YM 2 Tap Wag vwayey
Al Id 68l ©
x
uy)
i
/
a
¢
PeZ. SPLB SSE elave
.
= @
= Ve KO
Wee ewee
=O
\ ee
poe. mere
SN 2) Pa N
a
F Huth, Lith” Edin™
F.E.Beddard del.
#0 [0°S OLNCA oT EINE BSR A RU Me
1889.) MR. ¥F.E. BEDDARD ON ZOLOSOMA TENEBRARUM. ol
as it was unknown to the fishermen, Capt. Macdonald fortunately
preserved it. Through the kindness of Lient.-Colonel W. Gostwyck-
Gard the well-preserved skin found its way to me for identification,
and the following diagnosis of the species is taken from it :—
D.7|3,. A. 2|54.
The shape of the fish is that of a Horse-Mackarel, but it is fuller,
reminding one of a Pilot-fish, which it also resembles in the small size
of its scales. The mouth is rather wide, the maxillary extending to
the hind margin of the eye; both jaws are armed with a series of
rather strong teeth, distantly placed. The dorsal spines are short
and feeble, the anterior dorsal and anal rays forming a distinct lobe.
Caudal deeply forked. Upper parts of a greenish-black hue, lower
parts silvery, these two colours forming, where they meet, deep
indentations by which they are dove-tailed into each other.
By this peculiar coloration the fish can be recognized at a glance.
Like other species of Lichia, it feeds chiefly on fishes of the Herring
family, and the specimen here described was no doubt in pursuit of
its prey at the time of its capture.
6. Note upon the Green Cells-in the Integument of
Afolosoma tenebrarum. By Franx E. Brpparp, M.A.,
F.Z.8.
[Received February 5, 1889.]
(Plate V.)
This Worm has been described by Vejdovsky (‘ Thierische Organ-
ismen der Brunnenwiisser von Prag’ (Prag, 1882), p. 61, and also
‘System und Morphologie der Oligochaeten’ (Prag, 1884), p. 21)' as
new, but it may possibly be identical with Nats aurigena of Richwald
(‘‘ Erster Nachtrag zur Infusorienkunde Russlands,’’ Bull. Soc.
Imp. Nat. Moscou, t. xx. 1847, p. 359). It has appeared lately
in great numbers in a tank at the Society’s Gardens, near to that
which produced a new species, Holosoma headleyi (see my paper
‘© Observations upon an Annelid of the Genus Holosoma,” Proc. Zool.
1 An American naturalist, Mr. F. W. Cragin, has recently described two
species of Zolosoma (* First Contribution to a Knowledge of the Lower Inver-
tebrates of Kansas,” Bull. Washbourn College Lab. 1887, no. 8, p. 31), and as
the periodical is perhaps not generally accessible, I take this opportunity of
calling the attention of systematists to the paper. The first species is named
ZB, stokesi, but 1 cannot discover any characters by which it can be differentiated
from 4. quaternarium or Al. ehrenbergii. The chief points in the description
are as follows :—‘ Body cylindrical .... with eight articulations ornamented
with bright salmon-red nuclei. ... most numerous near extremities; setal
fascicles in four rows... . each fascicle. . . . with four or five unequal simple
bundles.”
The second species, 2. Icidyi, appears to be new and to be a near ally of
ZE. tenebrarum. Tt has “pale olive-green nuclei,” and possesses ‘‘sigmoid spine-
like setee” in a/Z the seta-bundles; in the posterior segments the fascicles are
composed entirely of these sete. In M. tenebrarwm, as stated above, these
set are oly found in the posterior bundles. ‘
4
52 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON ZOLOSOMA TENEBRARUM. [Feb. 5,
Soc. 1888, p. 213). I am also able to take this opportunity of
announcing the occurrence in Ireland of Vejdovsky’s species Zolo-
soma variegatum (‘ Afolosoma variegatum, Prispevek ku poznani
nejnizsich Annulatuv,”’ SB. bihm. Ges. Wiss. 1885), of which some
examples were kindly forwarded to me by Prof. Howes, who had
himself received them from Prof. Hartog, of Cork. A comparison
of 4. tenebrarum with 4. variegatum has convinced me that, as I
stated in my paper, the affinities of 4. headleyi are with the latter
species. In both these forms the epidermic coloured cells are bright
green, while in 4. tenebrarum they range from greenish yellow to
brownish olive. 4. tenebrarum, furthermore, differs from all other
species of the genus in possessing \-shaped setze in the posterior
segments of the body, in addition to the hair sete present in those
segments and elsewhere: the sete are stated by Vejdovsky (loc. cit.)
to be bifid at the free extremity, but I have not been able to see this
in my specimens ; in Vejdovsky’s specimens the epidermic coloured
cells are of a pale yellow, contrasting therefore with the specimens
studied by myself, which I am unwilling, however, to refer to a new
species since they agree in all other particulars with 4. tenebrarum.
This species of 4olosoma is extremely hardy if supplied with
sufficient food. I have a large number of specimens which go on
multiplying rapidly in a small bottle containing duckweed and a thin
layer of vegetable débris at the bottom ; the worms’ have remained
in this small vessel for several months, although there is a tolerably
thick scum of Leptothrix and Bacilli upon the surface.
On the other hand, if deprived of food they soon die; three
specimens placed in a watch-glass containing water from the vessel in
which they lived, but no appreciable quantity of vegetable débris,
died in an hour and a half. The watch-glass was placed on a
window-sill of north aspect. In these particulars A. tenebrarum
contrasts with 2. variegatum. I placed the specimens of the latter
species in a bottle with abundant food ; the water and the duckweed
were obtained from a locality where there were no specimens of
4. tenebrarum; one or two examples of the latter were, however,
introduced by means of a pipette; these multiplied to a great
extent, and I have not been able since to discover a single specimen
of 4. variegatum.
The green-coloured spots of @. tenebrarum are large cells with a
thin peripheral layer of protoplasm containing a nucleus; in the
centre is a large globule of oily appearance impregnated with the
colouring-matter. Vejdovsky has remarked (Joc. cit. p. 65) that
the globule is stained black with osmic acid, thus proving it to be
of an oily nature. I have found that osmic acid produces a dark
brown stain.
The green colouring-matter naturally suggests chlorophyll; and
Zacharias (‘‘ Studien tiber die Fauna des grossen und kleinen Teiches
im Riesengebirge,” Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xli. pp. 499-500) states
that in an olosoma (probably 4. variegatum) he observed the
green bodies dividing, and therefore considers that they may be
parasitic alge. With a view to discovering whether the bodies
1889.] MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON ZOLOSOMA TENEBRARUM. 53
in question were really coloured by chlorophyll, I kept a number of
individuals in the dark for a considerable period (14 days), but
without any change being apparent in the green bodies. This is
not, however, a conclusive argument, since von Graff (‘‘ Zur Kennt-
niss der physivlogischen Function des Chlorophylls im Thierreich,”
Zool. Anzeiger, 1884, p. 520) found that in Hydra kept in complete
darkness for one hundred and nine days ‘there was no alteration
either in the form or in the colour” of the chlorophyll-corpuscles.
Being unable to extract a sufficient quantity of the green pigment
for spectroscopic investigation, I treated the living worm with solu-
tion of iodine (both alcoholic and in iodide of potassium) and
obtained a very remarkable reaction.
The cells containing the green oil-drops are stained of a deep
blue-black colour by iodine; the colour can be seen to gradually
spread over the cell and to be limited to the peripheral protoplasm ;
almost as soon as the colour is developed it rapidly disappears,
leaving the protoplasm stained yellow. I found it impossible to
retain the stain for more than a few moments. If the worm was
first killed by acids, &c., this iodine reaction did not take place ; it
is therefore evidently produced by the living protoplasm only. Al-
though there is a certain resemblauce here to the starch-reaction,
the fact that the blue-black staining could not be produced after the
death of the cells is against such an interpretation. I am inclined
to think that the appearances described are produced by the depo-
sition of elemental iodine, which is rapidly redissolved after the
influence which caused its precipitation is withdrawn by the death
of the cell’.
I should be extremely glad if it could be found that the iodine
reaction was characteristic of starch (or some carbo-hydrate), as I
could then announce the formation of this body in cells coloured
green by a substance that is not chlorophyll (I shall show this
presently); this would be a very strong argument in favour of
Pringsheim’s ‘‘ screen theory.”
When the living worm was treated with various acids, the
colouring-matter was dissolved out, often expelled with violence
from the body; in the latter case the oily vehicle of the colouring-
matter took the form of a fine coiled thread, thicker at one end;
there were all gradations in form between this and an oval; the same
effects were produced by crushing the worm. When the colouring-
1 When a living example of Zolosoma tenebrarum was treated with Stokes’s
fluid, it was killed almost immediately, but no universal change of colour
could be detected in the green bodies; when the worm was subsequently
treated with iodine, the black reaction was produced, which lasted a very
much longer time than when the living worm was submitted to the action
of the same fluid. On treatment with alcohol, the black staining immediately
vanished and the worm was decolorized. This seems to suggest that although
the worm is killed hy the treatment with Stokes’s fluid, the green cells are not
at once killed by that reagent—not so rapidly as they are by solution of iodine ;
and also it seems to prove that the precipitation of the iodine (if I am right
in supposing that this is the nature of the black stain) is a function of the living
cell.
54. MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON ZOLOSOMA TENEBRARUM. [Feb. 5,
matter, after being liberated from the cells containing it, was treated
with an alkali (ammonia and potash were used), it altered its colour
into a fine reddish purple; this could be changed back again into a
yellowish green by treatment with mineral acids. When the coloured
cells were treated by an alkali in situ, their colour changed gradually
to a dirty brown; they never exhibited the fine purple hue shown
when the pigment was expelled from the cell. The pigment was
dissolved by turpentine forming a gamboge-yellow solution, which
soon faded; this could be converted into violet by alkali. These
reactions appear to show that the green pigment in Molosoma
tenebrarum is not chlorophyll.
It resembles, in fact, in the changes of colour produced by
alkalis and acids, certain pigments described by Moseley (“ On the
Colouring-matters of various Animals, and especially of Deep-sea
forms dredged by H.M.S. Challenger,” Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.
vol. xvii. 1877, p. 1) and other observers, and is possibly a member
of that numerous class of pigments which serve a respiratory pur-
pose. It is curious that the colour of the pigment, dirty green
when acid, and purple when alkali, appears to be more like that of
the perivisceral corpuscles of Spatangus purpureus, as described by
Geddes (“Observations sur le fluide périviscéral des Oursins,” '
Arch. de Zool. Exp. t. vii. (1879), p. 483), than any other pigment
of which I can find a description. In neither Bonellein nor Chloro-
cruorin does there appear to be, judging from the papers of Sorby
(“On the Colouring-matter of Bonellia viridis,’ Quart. Journ.
Mier. Sci. vol. xv. 1875, p. 169), Lankester (Journal of Anat. &
Phys. vol. ii. and vol. iv. 1870), and MacMunn (“On the Chro-
matology of the Blood of some Invertebrata,” Quart. Journ, Mier.
Sci. vol. xxv. 1885, p. 469), a change of colour exactly like that
of the green pigment of olosoma; and these are precisely the
pigments which one would be, @ priori, disposed to compare with
that of olosoma, sixce they are Annelid pigments. However, in
the absence of spectroscopic data, it is impossible to make any
comparisons of great value.
Bonellein, which is a green pigment, is converted into violet by
the action of acids; it evidently therefore differs materially from the
pigment of Afolosoma, According to MacMunn (Joe. cit. p. 478),
chlorocruorin, when treated with an alkali after rectified spirit,
became yellowish. I could not obtain this reaction, as the alcohol
decolorized olosoma tenebrarum”.
The pigmented cells of Holosoma are by no means unlike those
of Thysanozoon® (see Lang, “Die Polyclader,” Naples Monographs,
1 This pigment appears to be Hchinochrom (see MacMunn, “ On the Chroma -
tology of the Blood of some Invertebrates,” Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. xxv.
(1885) p. 485.
2 There are other green pigments of course, about which, however, nothing
appears to be known, except that in some cases (¢. g. those of Trocheta, Phyllo-
doce) they yield no absorption-bands.
3 ‘While working at the Plymouth Biological Station in August 1888 I ob-
served a Planarian with large green spots exactly like those of Wolosoma (so
1889.] MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON ZOLOSOMA TENEBRARUM. 55
pl. 9. fig. 9), in many of which the pigment is collected into a
globule lying in the middle of the cell; this globule is, according to
Moseley (“‘ On Stylochus pelagicus, &c.,” Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci.
yol. xvii. 1877, p. 30), of a fatty nature, which is a further point of
similarity to Holosoma.
A resemblance—perhaps of greater importance—is shown to
Ctenodrilus ; this genus consists of three species, in all of which
the integument is dotted over with coloured spots. In Ctenodrilus
monostylos (v. Zeppelin, ‘‘ Ueber den Bau und die Theilungs-
vorginge des Ctenodrilus monostylos,”’ Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xxxix.
p- 617) and in C¢. pardalis (v. Kennel, ‘‘ Ueber Ctenodrilus pardalis,”
Arbeit. Zool. Inst. Wiirzburg, Bd. v. 1882, p. 375) these spots
are dark green. In the third species, Ct. parvulus, Dr. Scharff
(“On Ctenodrilus parvulus,’ Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. xxvii.
1887, p. 592) states that the spots are dark green or violet, and
that the colouring-matter is carried by an oily substance. I am not
quite clear from Dr. Scharff’s paper whether he means to say that
the colour of these spots in Céenodrilus parvulus is violet, or whether
green and violet spots both occur. In any case, the alternation of
green and violet is most suggestive in the light of what has been
already said regarding the change of the green pigment of Holosoma
tenebrarum into violet by an alkali: moreover, Prof. Hartog informs
me that he observed “ claret-coloured ”’ spots as well as green in one
individual of 4. varieyatum; this fact is evidently of importance.
Moseley’s cbservations upon the blue and red colouring-substances
of two land-planarians found at Sydney, N.S.W. (“ On the Colour-
ing-matters,” &c., loc. cit. p. 11), suggest, however, the need for
caution in drawing such an inference; he found that the blue
pigment of one of the worms was converted into red by the action of
acids, and surmised therefore that the red pigment of the other
species would prove to be identical with this pigment; but this
surmise proved to be incorrect.
I have already suggested that the green pigment of Holosoma
tenebrarum may be a respiratory pigment, capable of oxygenation and
deoxygenation ; the peculiar reaction with iodine which has been
referred to may possibly fit in with this hypothesis. I may also
mention that the change in colour of the cells from a bright yellow-
green to a dull olive-brown is very suggestive of a corresponding
taking up and giving off of oxygen, but I have no positive facts to
offer, and the proof is indeed extremely difficult.
The blood of Zolosoma tenebrarum is quite colourless at all times.
The plasma of the blood of Holosoma quaternarium and 4. ehrenbergi
is stated by Vejdovsky (Joc. cit. p. 18) to be colourless ; but he de-
scribes cells with branched processes attached to the walls of the
dorsal vessel in these species and in &. tenebrarum, which contain a
yellow pigment. This may be hemoglobin, but there are no obser-
far as 1 can remember). I made a few notes upon the worm, which I have un-
fortunately lost; I hope, however, to have an opportunity of finding the
Planarian again. It was not Vortex nor Mesostomum nor Convoluta.
56 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON ZOLOSOMA TENEBRARUM. [Feb. 5,
vations known to me upon the presence or absence of this colouring-
matter in the blood of Holosoma. Lankester (“A Contribution to
a Knowledge of the lower Annelids,” Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi.
p- 642) has mentioned that the blood of &. ehrenbergii is pink;
but pink is not a colour which is associated with the presence of
hemoglobin. With regard to the branched yellow cells described
by Vejdovsky in the dorsal vessel of olosoma, I would venture to
suggest that they correspond with the peculiar glandular structure
which occurs in the dorsal vessel of Ctenodrilus and of many other
Annelids*. In this case, the colouring-matter is probably not
hemoglobin’. The absence, therefore, of a special respiratory pig-
ment in 4olosoma renders it more possible that the pigment of the
integumental glands may perform that function.
I imagine, from my observation of the living worm, that the
pigment may also have a protective value. When a number of the
worms are placed in a watch-glass with some of the vegetable débris
upon which they feed, they are seen to hide themselves in this; the
general colour of the worm is a faint brownish, which harmonizes
very well with the colour of the substances upon which they feed
and among which they live. When the worm is magnified these
resemblances are hardly obscured ; the worm is not unlike a slender
stalk of some plant in which there are only fragments here and there
of yellowish chlorophyll. It will be of interest to inquire how far
the pigment of olosuma tenebrarum is related to the red pigment
of 4. quaternarium and Al. ehrenbergii. 1 have applied the
iodine test mentioned above to 2. variegatum, but did not succeed
in getting the black stain; the pigment of this species is of quite
a different shade of green to that of Z. tenebrarum.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
Holosoma tenebrarum.
Fig. 1. An individual, from the ventral surface, with a young bud in course of
formation: pr, ciliated prostomium of the young ; the lateral ciliated
pit is seen at l'; /, ciliated pit of the parent ; s, short sete of posterior
segments.
2. Coloured epidermic cells as seen before the use of reagents : 0, coloured
oil-drop ; ”, nucleus.
2a. Young coloured cell.
3. Coloured epidermic cells after treatment with osmic acid: 7, nucleus;
p; cell-protoplasm forming a thin peripheral layer and rendered
visible by shrinking of coloured oil-drop.
. Coloured epidermice cells after treatment with iodine solution.
. Débris of epidermic cells coloured violet on treatment with an alkali.
- Contents of coloured epidermic cells expelled by acid.
- Coloured epidermiec cell showing shrinking of oil-body after treatment
with osmic acid: 9, oil-globule ; 2, nucleus; p, protoplasm.
8. Seta: a, of ventral bundles of posterior segments; 4, transition between
these and hair setz.
te il tA we dee |
? See J. T. Cunningham, “On some points in the Anatomy of Polycheta,”
Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci. vol. xxviii. p- 251, for an account of what is known of
this organ in the Polycheta ; also Eisig, “ Die Capitelliden,” Naples Monographs,
xy. pp. 691, 692.
* Though possibly a derivative.
“1S oe
1889.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON OPISTHOCOMUS CRISTATUS. 57
February 19, 1889.
Dr. St. George Mivart, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
Mr. Sclater exhibited a series of specimens of the eggs and chicks
of the Hoatzin (Opisthocomus cristatus), obtained by Mr. J. J.
Quelch, of the Museum, Georgetown, Demerara, on the Canjé Creek,
Berbice River, in 1888, and made the following remarks :—
In 1884 Mr. E. M. Brigham, in a paper read before the Chicago
Academy of Sciences (see ‘ Ibis,’ 1885, p. 118), made some extraor-
dinary statements about the condition of the wings in the embryo of
the Hoatzin (Opisthocomus cristatus), as observed by him while
making “ Embryological Studies in the island of Marajo, on the
Lower Amazons.
Mr. Brigham stated that during the latter portion of the period of
incubation, and for several days after hatching, the fore feet, toes,
and claws of this bird had the appearance of feet, and afterwards
evolved into wings ; he consequently called the Opisthocomus a
* quadruped bird.”
When my son went to British Guiana in 1886 I called his special
attention to this subject, and requested bim to get me specimens of
the eggs and young birds of Opisthocomus for examination. Want
of time prevented him from effecting this (see ‘ Ibis,’ 1887, p. 319) ;
and I consequently applied to Mr. Quelch, the curator of the George-
town Museum, to aid me in this matter, and obtained for him from
the Royal Society’s Donation Fund the sum of £5, to enable him to
undertake the necessary expedition.
Mr. Quelch most kindly acceded to my request, and made two ex-
peditions to the Canjé Creek of the Berbice River, in 1888, for the
purpose. When he first went there, in March last year, he found
the birds abundant, but only just beginning to lay (see ‘ Ibis,’ 1888,
p. 378). Mr. Quelch consequently made a second expedition, and
writing from the Berbice Hotel on May 24th of that year, announced
that he had made a pretty complete collection, consisting of twelve
adult birds, a dozen or more of nestlings of different ages, besides
chicks and eggs. ‘his series of specimens reached me safely last
autumn, and has been placed in the hands of our Prosector, Mr. F.
E. Beddard, for examination. Mr. Beddard is now preparing a paper
for ‘The Ibis’ on this interesting subject. In the meanwhile I
exhibit some of Mr. Quelch’s specimens of the young and eggs.
The young, it will be observed, are peculiar for having the fore
limbs well deveioped and the claws on the pollex and index both
present and of large size. According to a paper by. Dr. €.°G.
Young, recently published in the ‘ Notes from the Leyden Museum ’
(vol. x. July 1888, p. 169, pl. 8), they would seem to use these
claws for the purpose of leaving the nest when young and climbing
about the branches of the trees. ‘There is thus some foundation for
Mr. Brigham’s story of the “ quadruped bird.”
hunteri after its discoverer.
58 MR. P, L. SCLATER ON DAMALIS HUNTERI. [Feb. 19,
Mr. Sclater exhibited some heads and skins of Antelopes shot by
Mr. H. C. V. Hunter, F.Z.S., on the north side of the river Tana,
N.E. Africa, and pointed out that they appeared to belong to a new
species of the genus Damalis, which he proposed to call Damalis
Head of Damalis hunteri.
(From a photograph forwarded by Mr. Hunter.)
It was said to be allied to Damalis
senegalensis, but at once distinguishable by the long upstanding tips
of the horns, and the white band across the forehead. Mr. Hunter
1889.] SIR E. G. LODER ON HAPLOCERUS MONTANUS. 59
had stated in a letter addressed to Mr. Sclater that this Antelope,
of which he had sent home specimens of the male, female, and
young male, is only found on the north side of the river Tana. The
Somalis informed Mr. Hunter that it extended along the coast up
to Kismayu. The Gaila name for this Antelope was said to be
‘**Haranta.”” Mr. Sclater hoped to be able to give a full description
of this animal at a subsequent meeting.
Sir E. G. Loder, Bart., F.Z.S., exhibited a mounted skeleton of a
Rocky-Mountain Goat (Haplocerus montanus), and made the fol-
lowing remarks :—
The Goat, a male, was shot by me September 1887 in the Rocky
Mountains, Montana, U.S., long. W. 113° 10', lat. N. 47° 30’,
about 40 miles S.E. of Flat-head Lake.
Although the animal has been known to science for a long time, I
do not know whether there is a complete mounted skeleton in any
museum in the world.
The bones of the skeleton of the Rocky-Mountain Goat are
accurately and minutely described by Sir John Richardson in the
‘Zoology of the Voyage of the Herald,’ published in 1854.
A bad figure of the animal had previously been published by Rich-
ardson in ‘ Fauna Boreali-Americana’ in 1829.
I think it possible that the present skeleton of the Rocky-Moun-
tain Goat is the first that has ever been mounted. Mr. Henry A.
Ward of Rochester, U.S., tells me that he has never had one.
This one will be preserved in my own collection, but I have two
others (both females), one of which I shall present to the Natural
History Museum, Cromwell Road, and the other to the Royal Col-
lege of Surgeons, Lincoln’s Inn Fields.
The chief peculiarity in the skeleton of the Rocky-Mountain Goat
is in the shortness of the metacarpal bone, which is only about 4 inches
long.
Dr. A. Giinther, F.R.S., exhibited a mounted specimen of his
Gazella thomsoni (Aun. N. H. ser. 5, xiv. p. 427), obtained by
Mr. H. C. V. Hunter, F.Z.S., in Masailand, and pointed out. its
differences from Gazella granti.
The following papers were read :—
60 MR. R. LYDEKKER ON THE [Feb. 19,
1. On a Skull of the Chelonian Genus Lytoloma.
By R. Lypexxer, B.A., F.Z.S., F.G.S., &e.
[Received January 28, 1889.]
(Plates VI. & VII.)
In the year 1849 Sir Richard Owen, in his ‘ Monograph of the
Fossil Reptilia of the London Clay,’ Part I. Chelonia, published by
the Palzeontographical Society, described and figured (p. 27, pl. xi.)
the imperfect skull of a large Marine Turtle from the Lower Eocene
London Clay of Harwich, then in the possession of the late Prof.
Thomas Bell, under the name of Chelone crassicostata. That
species, it may be observed, was founded on the evidence of the shell,
and it will be unnecessary on this occasion to enter on the question
as to whether the specific association of the skull and shell is or is
not correct.
In that plate the specimen is figured of two thirds the natural size ;
one view showing the frontal aspect of the cranium, a second the
right side, and the third the inferior aspect of the mandible, which
is retained in its natural position. When the specimen was figured
only the frontal aspect of the skull and the inferior and part of the
lateral surfaces of the mandible were exposed, the whole of the base
and occipital region of the cranium being concealed by the hard
rock of the septarian nodule in which the specimen had been
embedded. Moreover, on the frontal aspect of the cranium nearly
all the outer shell of bone is wanting, the contour being mainly
indicated by a cast of the inner surface of the cranial bones.
In the year 1863 this specimen was purchased, together with the
remainder of Prof. Bell’s collection from the London Clay, by the
British Museum. There it has remained in its original condition
until the beginning of the present year, when, with the permission of
Dr. Woodward, the Keeper of the Geological Department, I put it
into the skilled hands of Mr. R. Hall, assistant mason in that
Department, by whom the skull of Miolania recently described by
Sir Richard Owen in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ was so
skilfully developed. An equally successful result has rewarded
his patience and skill in the present instance, and by carefully
chiselling away the extremely hard matrix from the base of the
specimen, the whole of the palatal and occipital aspects of the
crapium, with the exception of that portion concealed by the
mandible, is revealed in as perfect a condition as in any recent skull.
Indeed, I am unacquainted with any other specimen of reptilian
remains from the London Clay in which the bones are so perfectly
preserved, and have such a sharp and fresh appearance.
Since this skull indicates a genus of Turtles totally distinct from
all existing types, the only cranial evidence of which is presented to
us, so far as English examples are concerned, by the present specimen,
and another skull preserved in the Woodwardian Museum at Cam-
ip.
West Newman& Co. im
E..C.Woodward lth
Lytoloma crassicostatum.
EC Woodward delethth West, Newman &Coimp.
Lytoloma crassicostatum
re
1889. ] CHELONIAN GENUS LYTOLOMA. 61
bridge, and figured by Sir Richard Owen in plate ix. of the
memoir cited, under the name of Chelone planimentum, the descrip-
tion of the newly revealed palatal surface appears worthy of a place
in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings.’ It is not, indeed, that the chief
features of this surface have been hitherto unknown, for they have
been described by M. Louis Dollo, of the Royal Museum of Natural
History of Brussels, upon the evidence of specimens obtained from
the Lower Eocene of Belgium, which are probably specifically
identical either with the present form or with the one described as
Chelone planimentum. Hitherto, however, M. Dollo has given no
figure of the cranium, and I doubt whether any of the Belgian
examples can be as beautifully preserved as the present one.
It has long been seen that the Chelonians from the London Clay
described by Sir Richard Owen under the general term Chelone
included many forms which could only be retained in that genus by
employing that term in a much wider sense than that in which it is
understood by students of recent herpetology. And from the year
1867 onwards a number of generic terms have been proposed for
these and allied Chelonians from other deposits, which has resulted
in an unusually complex synonymy. The chief features of this
synonymy it is necessary to notice in some detail before proceeding to
the consideration of the specimen before us.
In the year 1870, Prof. E. D. Cope, of Philadelphia, published
his well-known “Synopsis of the Extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and
Aves of North America” ’, containing descriptions of the remains of
Eocene Chelonians allied to the present form, which were arranged
under several generic names, of which some had been first published
at earlier dates. The names which it will be necessary to mention
are— Osteopygis, dating from 1868*, which was based on the evidence
of the shell; Zuelastes, dating from the preceding year*, and
founded on the cranium; Lytoloma (1870), based on the evidence
of the mandible; and Puppigerus (1870), which was applied to
several of the Chelonians from the London Clay described by Sir
Richard Owen, Chelone planimentum not, however, being among the
number. In the following year Prof. H. G. Seeley * proposed to
distinguish the last-named species under the generic name of
Glossochelys. Thus matters stood till the year 1886, when
M. Dollo’ described some Chelonian remains from the Lower
Eocene of Belgium, which he regarded as closely allied to Chelone
crassicostata and C. planimentum, and proposed to refer, together
with these and some other species, to a new genus under the name of
Pachyrhynchus. That name, however, as was pointed out in a
joint paper by Mr. G. A. Boulenger and the present writer", was
preoccupied ; and in the following year its author’ proposed to
1 Trans. Amer. Phil. Soe. vol. xiv. pt. i. (1870).
2 Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1868, p. 147.
3 Ibid. 1867, p. 39.
+ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. viii. p. 227 (1871).
5 Bull. Mus. R. Hist. Nat. Belg. vol. iv. p. 150 (1886).
® Geological Magazine, dec. 3, vol. iv. p. 270 (1387).
7 Ibid. vol. iv. p. 895 (1887).
62 MR. R. LYDEKKER ON THE [Feb. 19,
replace it by Erquelinnesia. A year later (1887), M. Dollo’,
having had his attention directed to the circumstance that the name
Glossochelys had been previously applied to one of the forms which
were included in his Hrquelinnesia, and also to the American types
described by Prof. Cope, came to the conclusion that Euclastes,
Lytoloma, some of the forms included in Puppigerus, Glossochelys,
and Erquelinnesia, all belong to one arid the same genus. It was at
the same time considered that the earlier name Osteopygis might
also indicate the same form, but since the skull was unknown its
adoption seemed inadvisable ; and it was accordingly proposed that
the term Luclastes, as being the earliest of those based on the
evidence of the skull, should be the one to be employed in this sense.
Unfortunately, however, this arrangement could not be accepted,
since, as the present writer has pointed out in a communication
recently made to the Geological Society, the name Luclastes is pre-
occupied. Accordingly, in that communication it was suggested,
assuming M. Dollo to be correct in his identification of Lytoloma
with Erquelinnesia=Glossochelys, that the former name, as being
the second earliest of those based on parts of the skull, should be
adopted.
In the same communication it was also pointed out that the so-
called Chelone longiceps, which it seemed incumbent to take as the
type of the genus Puppigerus, was closely allied to the Bracklesham
Middle Eocene species originally described as Chelone trigoniceps,
and that, although the latter differed somewhat in the form of the
mandibular symphysis from typical forms of Lytoloma, yet these
two species must be classed in the latter genus, as had been proposed
by M. Dollo, at the time he employed the name Pachyrhynchus in
the same sense.
Having now cleared up this intricate web of synonymy, attention
may be directed to the features in which Lytoloma differs from
existing Chelonide, and the opinions which have been held as to its
affinities.
In describing the Chelonide of the London Clay, Sir Richard
Owen included in the termi Chelone not only the Edible and the
Hawksbill Turtles, but also the Loggerhead, which is now generally
regarded as entitled to generic distinction, and forms the type of the
genus Thalassochelys, that genus typically differing from Chelone
in the absence of ridges on the palate and mandibular symphysis’, in
the greater relative length of the latter, the lower alveolar walls of the
palate and symphysis, and in the tendency to an earlier obliteration
ef the vacuities in the plastron, as well as in certain other skeletal
features which need not be mentioned here. It should be observed,
however, that all the features in which this genus differs from
Chelone are those of less specialization.
In his original description Sir Richard Owen pointed out that the
specimen under consideration was closely allied in structure to the
skull of the so-called Chelone planimentum. And it was shown that
1 Ibid. vol. y. p. 261 (1888), and Bull. Soc. Géol. Nord, vol. xv. p. 114 (1889).
? These ridges are present in the Mexican Loggerhead.
1889. ] CHELONIAN GENUS LYTOLOMA. 63
the latter differed from all living Turtles in the peculiar flatness
and the great relative width and length of the mandibular symphysis,
of which only the inferior surface was displayed. It was also shown
that the cranium differed in the upward instead of vertical direction
of the orbits, and by the narrower interorbital bar. The palate
being concealed in both skulls, nothing could of course be said
regarding it. In the figure ot Chelone crassicostata it was, however,
indicated that the nasals were separate from the prefrontals ; but an
examination of the specimen shows that there is no possibility of
determining this point; but in C. planimentum they are certainly
united, as in other Cryptodirans.
Subsequently Prof. Seeley, in establishing the genus Glossochelys,
relied not only on the distinctive features pointed out by Sir
Richard Owen, but also on the remarkably large size of the hyoids,
which are preserved in C. planimentum, this feature affording the
grounds on which the generic name was chosen.
Prof. Cope, in the memoir cited, was enabled to give fuller charac-
ters from the evidence of the mandible described as Lytoloma;
while the cranium figured as Huclastes agreed in the characters of
the orbits and adjacent regions with the English specimens.
Important evidence was also adduced as to the nature of the limb-
bones and the shell in this or allied types. Thus the humerus was
shown to differ somewhat from that of existing Turtles, and was said
to approximate to that of Chelydride. In the shell the ossification
was demonstrated to be more complete-than in 7'halassochelys, while
its xiphiplastral elements were relatively wider and united in the
middle line throughout their length. So impressed, indeed, was the
Professor with the distinctive features of the group, that he regarded
them as constituting a distinct family under the name of Pro-
pleuride.
It was reserved, however, for M. Dollo to throw more definite
light on the cranial structure of Lytoloma, and in the memoir of
1886, to which allusion has been already made, he showed that not
only was the oral surface of the palate and mandibular symphysis
devoid of ridges and remarkable for its extreme flatness, but also
that the cranium was at once distinguished from that of all existing
forms by the extremely backward position of the posterior nares,
which were situated in the posterior third, instead of the anterior
half of the cranium. It was stated at the same time that the
nasals are distinct from the preefrontals, but no mention is made
whether this statement rests upon Sir Richard Owen’s figure of
Lytoloma crassicostatum, or as the result of actual observation of
the Belgian specimens.
In this memoir it was concluded that the creation of a separate
family for this group of Turtles was not justified, and that the
Propleuride ot the American palzontologist was not entitled to rank
as more than a subfamily of Chelonide. In the paper published in
1887, and already quoted, M. Dolio comes, however, to the opposite
conclusion, considering that the marked difference of the humerus of
Lytoloma (Huclastes) trom that of Chelone is sufficient to indicate a
64 MR. R. LYDEKKER ON THE (Feb. 19,
family distinction. The present writer, in the communication laid
before the Geological Society to which allusion has been made above,
has, however, pointed out that there is such a complete transition
from Lytoloma to Thalassochelys, that it appears impossible to
justify the family separation of the extinct types.
Turning to the palatal aspect of the specimen, which is figured two
thirds of the natural size in Plate VI., and comparing it with the skull
of Thalassochelys, one of the first points which strikes the observer
is its extreme shortness, the width at the widest part of the tem-
poral arch being exactly equal to the length from the occipital con-
dyle to muzzle; whereas in the Loggerhead the former diameter
is considerably less than the latter, whilst in Chelone the differ-
ence between the two diameters is still greater. Still more notice-
able is the backward position of the posterior nares, which are
situated at a point one third the distance from the condyle to the
puzzle, as indeed is mentioned in M. Dollo’s description of the
Belgian specimens. In that description it is, however, stated that
the boundary of the posterior nares is formed by the development of
palatal plates from the pterygoids. So far, however, as can be seen
from the present specimen, it would appear that this border is really
constituted by the palatines, since on either side there seems to be a
distinct suture separating the bones forming the border of the
posterior nares from the undoubted pterygoids. Looking at the
arrangement of the palatines in the Loggerhead, it would seem much
more natural that these should be prolonged backwards, rather than
that the pterygoids should assume the condition assigned to them
by M. Dollo. In either case the vomer is excluded from the pos-
terior nares, but its position anteriorly is not shown in this specimen.
The pterygoids themselves are comparatively short, and much more
deeply emarginate laterally than in the Loggerhead, in which respect
they agree with those of the genus Argillochelys, which I have
recently proposed ' for the reception of Chelone cuneiceps, Owen, of
the London Clay. The palatal apertures of the temporal fossa are
relatively large, and were probably nearly or quite as wide as long,
in which respect they would also agree with Argillochelys, while
they are not very widely different from Thalassochelys. The VY
formed by the inferior border of the presphenoid is wider and lower
than in the Loggerhead, and more nearly resembles the same part
in Argillochelys.
Turning to the occipital aspect of the skull, as shown in Plate VIL,
it will be seen that the general contour and arrangement of the
individual bones is so essentially the same as in the Loggerhead, as
in the writer’s opinion to be absolutely conclusive that the two
forms should be placed in the same family. The similarity between
the two is especially marked in respect of the quadrate and the bones
surrounding the foramen magnum, and also in the contour of the
channel for the stapes (columella). In Chelone the channel for the
stapes is very deeply seated and short, but it becomes shailower and
longer in Zhalassochelys ; and in the present form it is still less deep,
1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. xlv. pt. 2 (1889).
1889.] CHELONIAN GENUS LYTOLOMA. 65
and appears merely to form the base of the valley formed by the
sloping surfaces of the upper and lower halves of the quadrate.
There is, however, a marked difference between the present form and
Lhalassochelys in the contour of the aperture leading into the laby-
rinth of the ear. Thus in the latter genus this aperture forms a
long slit between the upper and lower bars of the exoccipital and
opisthotic ; whereas in the present form there is only a very slight
notch in the exoccipital, and scarcely any production of the portion
below the notch, so that the contour of the aperture in question is
heart-shaped. A similar condition obtains in Argillochelys. In
the contour of the tympanic ring, as seen from the lateral aspect,
the present form differs from the Loggerhead in the more downward
direction of the quadratic bar of the quadratojugal and in the more
sudden deepening of the anterior wall of the cavity. Here also the
form under consideration agrees with the other extinct genus from
the same deposits.
The flatness of the inferior surface of the mandibular symphysis
is well shown in this specimen; while there is an equally clear
display of the unusual depth of the masseteric fossa, as indicated by
the great prominence of the ridge forming its inferior border. In
his description of the mandible of the type species of Lytoloma,
Prof. Cope lays great stress on this characteristic feature of the
masseteric fossa, as indicative of great biting power.
In conclusion, it appears from the study of the skull that Lytoloma
should be regarded asa specialized modification of a generalized type
of Chelonian, of which the nearest exsisting representative is to be
found in Thalassochelys. Its close relationship in the characters of
the skull with Argillochelys, in which the posterior nares have the
same approximate position as in Thalassochelys, binds all the three
genera into a single group, and indicates that the peculiar position
of the posterior nares in Lytoloma cannot be looked upon as indi-
cating more than a generic difference.
PosTscRIPT.
Since this paper was read I have come across a specimen in the
British Museum (no. R. 918), from the London Clay of Harwich,
which shows the associated cranium and carapace of this form, and
which is therefore of extreme importance, since it enables us to
confirm the reference of the cranium forming the subject of this
communication to the so-called Chelone crassicostata, which, as I
have already mentioned, was founded upon the evidence of the
carapace.
The specimen in question has been long in the Museum, where it
was merely entered as a carapace. Upon close examination I
detected, however, at the anterior extremity what appeared to be a
portion of the skull, and by careful development Mr. Hall has
succeeded in showing the greater portion of the frontal aspect of the
entire skull,
Now this skull, although considerably smaller, agrees in all
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. V. 5
66 ON THE CHELONIAN GENUS LYTOLOMA. [Feb. 19,
respects with the one forming the subject of this memoir, and may
be confidently referred to the same species. The associated cara-
pace agrees with the type carapace of Chelone crassicostata in its
thick ribs and the shortness of the anterior lateral facets of the
neural bones ; and therefore serves to prove that Sir R. Owen was
correct in referring the skull above described to that species.
Further, by comparison of drawings and also of some of the
actual specimens from the Eocene of Belgium, originally described
by M. Dollo under the name of Pachyrhynchus gosseleti, and sub-
sequently made the type of Hrquelinnesia, and finally referred to
Euclastes, I am convinced that the Belgian form is specifically
identical with Lytoloma crassicostatum—a view in which I believe I
am justified in saying M. Dollo himself concurs. The evidence for
this identification is afforded by the similarity in the contour of the
cranium and mandible, and by the form of the neural bones of the
carapace, the carapace of L. planimentum (Owen) being readily
distinguished by the equality in the length of the anterior and
posterior lateral facets of the neurals.
Finally the skuil of no. R. 918 has enabled me to identify with
this species a still younger cranium in the British Museum (no.
38954). This specimen is important as showing that in the young
the posterior nares were situated much more anteriorly than in the
adult; and I find that in the existing Thalassochelys there is a
tendency as age advances for the posterior nares to recede to a
certain extent, and also towards a gradual increase in the length of
the mandibular symphysis.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puate VI.
Palatal aspect of the skull of Lytoloma crassicostatum ; from the Lower
Eocene of Harwich. Two thirds nat. size.
B.O., basioccipital; B.S., basisphenoid; £.0., exoccipital ; Mn., mandibular
symphysis; Ops., opisthotic; Pa/., palatine; Pt., pterygoid; Q.J., quadrato-
jugal; Qu., quadrate; Sup., supra-occipital; 7.F., palatal aperture of tem-
poral fossa; l.a., aperture of labyrinth; m.s., masseteric ridge of mandible;
pt.m., posterior nares.
Puate VII.
Fig. 1. Occipital aspect of the skull figured in Plate VI. gz., slit for insertion
of genio-hyoid and genio-glossal muscles; s¢p., canal for stapes; f.m.,
foramen magnum. Other letters as in Plate VI.
2. Dorsal aspect of the associated humerus.
Both figures two thirds nat. size.
1889.] ON A NEW SPECIES OF HYRACODONTOTHERIUM. 67
2. On an apparently new Species of Hyracodontotherium’.
By R. Lypexxer, B.A., F.Z.S., F.G.S., &e.
[Received January 26, 1889.]
In 1877 Dr. H. Filhol? described and figured the left half of the
palate of a comparatively small Ungulate under the name of Hyraco-
dontotherium*® primevum, the specimen having been obtained from
the Upper Eocene (Lower Oligocene) Phosphorites of Central France.
This specimen showed the typical Eutherian dental formula, the
last two incisors and the third and fourth premolars being, however,
represented only by their alveoli. The chief features connected
with the dentition are, firstly, that the incisors are placed nearly in
the same antero-posterior line, after the fashion of those of a Pig,
and that the first incisor is a comparatively large tooth, much curved,
and with a convex anterior and a flattened posterior surface. This
tooth presents, indeed, a decided resemblance to that of Hyrazx.
‘There is no diastema behind the third incisor, and the canine is a
small trenchant tooth, not unlike the last incisor. The anterior pre-
molars have elongated, subtrenchant crowns, while the alveolus of
the fourth premolar indicates the crown of that tooth to have
been triangular and of simpler structure than the true molars. The
latter are of a lophodont type, recalling those of the Perissodactylate
genus Chalicotherium.
In his description Dr. Filhoi made no attempt to determine the
serial position of this peculiar genus, merely remarking that it ap-
peared to show certain resemblances to Anoplotherium and Hyraw.
In 1886 Dr. M. Schlosser* stated that Hyracodontotherium was
evidently closely allied to the N.-American Eocene genus Mentsco-
therium, and inclined to the opinion that both were allied to Chalico-
therium, although the eutepicondylar foramen in the humerus of
the American genus indicated affinity with the typical Condylarthra
of Prof. Cope. By the latter writer’ Meniscotherium is indeed
made the type of a family of Condylarthra ehaetenaee by its
specialized lophodont dentition.
So far as I am aware the above constitutes the literature of
Hyracodontotherium.
HyracoDONTOTHERIUM FILHOLI, 0. Sp.
During last year the Natural History Museum acquired by purchase
the specimen represented in the accompanying figure (p. 68), which
was obtained from the Phosphorites of Bach, near Lalbenque, Lot,
and evidently belongs to Hyracodontotherium. The specimen com-
prises a considerable part of the left half of the palato-facial region
1 The name was published as Hyracodontherium, which should clearly be
amended as above.
? Ann. Sci. Géol. vol. viii. art. 1, p. 153, pl. xiii. figs. 283, 284.
3 The plate is erroneously lettered Hyracodon.
* Morphol. Jahrb. vol. xii. p. 21.
5 Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr, vol. iv. p. 493 (1884).
5*
68 MR. R. LYDEKKER ON A NEW [Feb. 19,
of the cranium, showing the boundary of the nares, the whole of the
premaxilla (of which the upper extremity is fractured and bent), and
the anterior portion of the maxilla. The true molars are unfor-
tunately wanting, but, with the exception of the third incisor, all the
other teeth are preserved, although the summits of the crowns of
the two remaining incisors are broken off. The position of the third
incisor is indicated by its alveolus, and the suture between the maxilla
and premaxilla clearly shown, both in the lateral and palatal
aspects.
Hyracodontotherium filholi ; from the Phosphorites of Central France. Palatal
and lateral aspects of the anterior portion of the cranium, nat. size.
pmx., premaxilla; mx., maxilla.
On comparison with the figure of H. primevum very striking differ-
ences are exhibited by the present specimen, which indicates a larger
animal. Thus, whereas the canine is nearly similar in the two
specimens, the first incisor of the latter is very much larger, and
the narial aperture is likewise of much greater extent; but whereas
1889.] SPECIES OF HYRACODONTOTHERIUM. 69
in the former the space occupied by the four premolars exceeds that
between the canine and the anterior border of the first incisor by the
whole width of the latter, in the present specimen the first of these
dimensions only slightly exceeds the second. Again, whereas in
the type species the first premolar is not longer (antero-posteriorly)
than the canine, and is much shorter than pm.3, in the present
specimen the length of pm. 2 is much greater than that of the canine,
and its difference from that of pm. 3 Jess than in the type. Further,
there is a larger interval between 1-2 and i.3 in the specimen under
consideration.
These differences are indicated by the following measurements :—
HZ. primevum. H. filholi.
Ant.-post. diam. of i.1 Peeiges eS 0,011
Transverse ,, Sak gle estat m, Sta oS ha. aPaneeene 0,006 0,010
Ant.-post. diam. of canine .............. 0,007 0,008
ss :; PEEL ae ae ae ae Re alt 0,007' 0,0095
3 3 Be cere a sii s create LOGS: 0,010
Length of space occupied by premolars .. 0,030 0,039
Interval between canine and anterior border
EE rar as 0 Ow, 9, wy d's nig 0,035
Length of outer narial border ........ «0.023 0,038
Interval between i. 2andi.3 ..,....... 0,003 0,007
There is of course the possibility of these differences being sexual
rather than specific, in which case the present specimen would be
the male, and the increase in the first incisor would be analogous to
that of the canine in the male Pig. In the absence, however, of any
known instance, except in the case of the Elephant, of such a difference
in the incisors of the two sexes, I am disposed, at least provisionally,
to regard the present specimen as indicating a second species of the
genus, which may be known by the name of H. jilholi.
The present specimen is important as showing that pm. 4 differs
from that of Meniscotherium in having only a single outer lobe.
Whether the resemblance of the anterior portion of the skull of
Hyracodontotherium te Hyrax indicates a genetic relationship between
the two forms, the evidence at present available is insufficient to de-
cide. It is, however, significant that both the Hyracoidea and the
Condylarthra have such a similar type of carpus and tarsus that they
are bracketed together by Prof. Cope in a single group. It may be
added that the presence of an entepicondylar foramen in the humerus
of Meniscotherium is in favour of Cope’s reference of that genus to
the Condylarthra rather than to the Perissodactyla.
Finally, I have to thank Dr. H. Woodward for permission to
bring the specimen forming the subject of this communication under
the notice of the Society.
1 These dimensions are taken from Dr. Filhol’s figure, and differ somewhat
from those given in the text.
70 DR. A. GUNTHER ON FISHES [Feb. 19,
3. On some Fishes from the Kilima-njaro district.
By Dr. A. Gintuer, F.R.S., F.Z.S.
[Received February 1, 1889.]
(Plate VIII.)
The fishes of the systems of the great African rivers flowing
north-, west-, or eastwards are sufficiently well known to allow us to
make a safe inference as to the forms which inhabit the fresh waters
of the centre of the continent. Although many new species or even
new genera may be discovered, it can hardly be expected that they
will add a new distinct feature to what we already know of the
general character of the freshwater fauna of Tropical Africa.
The, difficulties of preserving fishes and of transporting them to
the coast will long continue to be serious obstacles to our detailed
acquaintance with Central-African fishes; and therefore it is all
the more the duty of the naturalist at home to pay due attention to
the specimens, however few in number, which the traveller has been
able to get through the perils of a long and tedious overland journey.
From the fresh waters of Kilima-njaro Dr. G. A. Fischer, who was
sent by the Geographical Society of Hamburg into the Masai-country,
was the first to bring some fishes to Europe. They were described
by Dr. J. G. Fischer in the ‘ Jahrbuch der Hamburger wissen-
schaftlichen Anstalten,’ vol. i. 1884, p. 27, e¢ seqg. Dr. Fischer
seems to have obtained them from the waters flowing westwards from
the western slope of the mountain-range, whilst the two British
travellers mentioned below have collected on the southern and south-
eastern rivers. This may account, at least partly, for the differ-
entiation of the species obtained by those travellers.
Dr. Fischer’s specimens belonged to four species, viz., Chromis
mossambicus, Gthr. (closely allied to the common and widely spread
Chromis niloticus), a species of Clarias which Dr. J. G. Fischer
considers to be the Clarias mossambicus of Peters, and two new
species of Barbels, Barbus pagenstecheri and Barbus neumayeri.
To these four species I can now add four others.
1. The fish first to be described here was discovered by Mr. Henry
C. V. Hunter, F.Z.S., in Lake Chala, the Crater Lake of Kilima-njaro.
Mr. Hunter writes that no other fish was found by him in the lake,
and that the fish does not exist in any of the other fresh waters round
the mountain.
The specimen is a dried skin, 113 inches long, and ina good state of
preservation: it belongs to a form closely allied to Chromis and
Hemichromis, but readily distinguishable from both those genera by
the presence of four anal spines. This new genus may be called
Oreochromis, and the species Oreochromis hunteri.
OREOCHROMIS HUNTERI, sp. nov.
B.5. D.H. A. 54. P2115. L. lat. 35. LL. transv. 5/15.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
‘SONVLNOW SNHIVNDOTAL @ SOIVTNLONAd SIIENOGONAS V
dui soug uzeqUyy : AT 48 Se PSSsor
td 6S6l SZ d
1889.] FROM KILIMA-NJARO. 71
and one third of the total length, without caudal. Snout much
longer than the eye, the preorbital being longer than, and as high
as, the orbit. The teeth in the upper jaw form a broad villiform
band, those of the outer series being a littie stronger then the others.
These stronger teeth, which are thirty-eight in number on each side,
have the crown slightly compressed, some showing a distinct notch
and being brown at the tip. Interorbital space twice as broad as
the orbit, convex. Scales on the cheek rather small, in three series ;
scales cycloid, of moderate size; the lateral line is interrupted below
the end of the spinous dorsal.
Dorsal spines gradually increasing in length ; the sixth ray is the
longest, reaching backwards to the root of the caudal ; pectoral and
ventral fins long, extending to, or nearly to, the anal.
Coloration uniform dusky, but some of the scales on the back seem
to have had a reddish-brown spot at the base.
2. The other species were obtained by F. J. Jackson, Esq., F.Z.S.,
in the river Ruva, in the Arusha country.
SYNODONTIS PUNCTULATUS, sp. noy. (Plate VII. fig. A.)
Debtor Ws | P.A/8., Vos:
Allied to Syndontis serratus and Syndontis guttatus.
The gill-opening extends downwards to before the root of the
pectoral fin. Mandibular teeth shorter than the eye, about 24 in
number, no villiform teeth behind them. Maxillary barbels a little
longer than the head, not fringed; mandibular barbels provided
with filaments, the outer ones shorter than the head. The length
of the head (from the snout to the gill-opening) is one fourth of the
total length (without caudal). Nuchal carapace not much arched,
longer than broad ; its posterior processes do not extend behind
the dorsal spine. Dorsal and pectoral spines subequal in length,
and somewhat shorter than the head; both these spines are
slightly serrated in front. Humeral process twice as long as high,
pointed behind. The distance between the dorsal and adipose fins
is more than the length of the former, but shorter than the head.
Head, body, and adipose fin covered with very numerous and very
small brown dots. ‘The dots become somewhat larger above the
anal fin, on the free portion of the tail, and on the caudal fin, but
none exceed the pupil in size.
‘Two specimens, of which the larger measures 8 inches.
TYLOGNATHUS MONTANUS, sp. nov. (Plate VIII. fig. B.)
D.12. A.8. L. lat. 37. L. transv. 5/6.
Snout very obtuse, rounded, with small tubercles, and with fleshy
continuous lips, covering an inner, sharp, horny, labial edge on the
upper as well as lower jaw. The mouth is crescent-shaped and at
the lower side of the snout. A slender barbel is hidden in a deep
recess at the corner of the mouth, and the upper lip is overhung by
=
72 DR. GUNTHER ON FISHES FROM KILIMA-NJARO. [Feb. 19,
a broad fold pendent from the end of the snout. Eye of moderate
size, somewhat behind the middle of the length of the head, two
ninths of the length of the head, and nearly one half of the broad
and flat interorbital space. There are three longitudinal series of
scales between the lateral line and the root of the ventral fin. Body
rather elongate, its depth being equal to the length of the head and
two ninths of the total length, without caudal. The origin of the
dorsal fin is considerably in advance of that of the ventral ; in fact,
the fin occupies the middle of the distance between the end of the
snout and the root of the caudal. Pectorals inserted at the lower
side of the body, horizontal, but not reaching the ventral; ventrals
long, broad, nine-rayed, extending beyond the vent; caudal fin
deeply forked. Coloration uniform; a small black spot on the
shoulders behind the upper end of the gill-opening.
One specimen, 5 inches long.
Unless one or the other of the Abyssinian fishes described by
Ruppell as Barbus belongs to Tylognathus, this would seem to be
the first African species of this genus which hitherto has been known
to be represented in India and Syria. However, it should be remem-
bered that the separation of this genus from Laéeo is artificial, and
maintained for other reasons (see Catal. Fish. vii. p. 62). Ladeo is
well known to be a type common to both the African and Indian
regions.
BARBUS JACKSONI, sp. nov.
D.10. A.8. L. lat. 37. L. transv. 6/5.
Two pairs of barbels, the posterior rather longer than the anterior
and about as long as the eye. Eye large, longer than the snout and
two sevenths of the length of the head. Interorbital space convex,
much wider than the orbit. The osseous dorsal ray is very strong
and smooth, longer than the head. There are three and a half
series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the ventral
fin. Body compressed, its height being two sevenths of the total
length, without caudal ; head small, two ninths of the same length.
The small mouth is anterior, the upper jaw but slightly overlapping
the lower, lips not thickened. The origin of the dorsal fin is oppo-
site to the root of the ventral, and but little nearer to the end of the
snout than to the root of the caudal; caudal fin forked. Three
round black spots on the side of the body ; the two anterior above,
and the third on, the lateral line ; the first opposite to the seventh,
and the second opposite to the sixteenth scale of the lateral line.
One specimen, 33? inches long.
1889. ] DR. A. GUNTHER ON A NEW ANTELOPE. 73
4. Description of a new Antelope from Southern Central
Africa. By Dr. A. Ginrner, F.R.S., Keeper of the
Zoological Department, British Museum.
[Received February 18, 1889.]
A short time ago Mr. Morton Green, a resident and J.P. in Natal,
brought to the Museum, beside several other interesting horns of
Antelopes, a very singular head of a type of Antelope which evidently
has hitherto escaped observation. Mr. Green stated that he had
never seen the like of it during the thirty years he resided on the
frontiers of Natal, nor could he ascertain from any hunter that he
had seen the Antelope alive. He obtained this specimen many years
ago through a hunter who went trading for him into the Zambezi
region. This man told him that he had bartered it from a native
chief who told him that the animal was extremely scarce. Mr.
Green not being able to obtain any further information in the colony,
has brought it now to England, with the object of seeing it deposited
in a public Museum, where the information as to the mode of its
acquisition would be preserved.
The horns are evidently those of a very old animal; of the skull,
unfortunately, only a portion of the frontal bones is preserved. The
horns are gently curved backwards, showing the slightest indication
of a twist near to the top; they measure thirty-one inches along the
curve, and thirty in a straight line from the base to the tip. The
distance of their ends is twenty-two inches. A transverse section
taken three inches from their base would represent a triangle, the
posterior side of which is slightly longer than the outer one; at this
portion the horn is broader from side to side than from the front
backwards. In about the middle of the length of the horn the
transverse section becomes an isosceles triangle, passing into a
circular shape in the last fourth of the length.
The trihedral shape of the basal half of the horn is produced by
a prominent, but obtuse ridge in front of the horn; this ridge is in
the median line at the base of the horn, runs then a little inside of
the median line for a short distance, and is finally directed towards
the outside of the horn, disappearing altogether in the distal conical
portion. The posterior side of the horn is remarkably flat and broad.
The annulations are distinct only in the basal portion and very
obscure further on, the distal half being smooth. The annuli are
very low, separated from each other by shallow grooves, and provided
with narrow concentric wrinkles on the posterior side of the horn.
The cranial base of the horns is broad and flat, without enlarge-
ment of the bone. The least distance between the bases of the
horns is two and a half inches. The supraciliary foramina are
situated opposite to the middle of each horn, distant from it about
one inch. The distance between these foramina is three inches.
Of the known genera of Antelopes none approach this singular
type more nearly than Zragelaphus. Tragelaphus has, likewise,
74 DR. A. GUNTHER ON ANEW ANTELOPE. [Feb. 19,
horns trihedral in shape at the base; and if we imagined the longi-
tudinal axis of the horns of our specimen twisted outwards, a form
i \
ts]
[Z4
a. Horns of Antilope triangularis.
a. Front view. 0b. Side view. c. Transverse section of the horn, of
the natural size, taken at the place marked x.
of horn would be produced which could not be separated from
Tragelaphus. And there is no doubt that the ancestral form of
Tragelaphus must have resembled, or been identical with, our type.
=
1889.] DR. A. GUNTHER ON A BORNEAN PORCUPINE. 75
But without being acquainted with the cranial, dental, or other
characters, it would seem to me premature to offer an opinion as to
its generie relations, or even to give to it a distinct generic term,
much as the shape of the horns differs from that of all other known
Antelopes. It therefore seems to me to be sufficient to distinguish
it for the present as a species of Antilope in the Cuvierian sense, viz.
as Antilope triangularis.
5. Note on a Bornean Porcupine, Trichys lipura.
By Dr. A. Ginruer, F.R.S., F.Z.8S.
[Received February 18, 1889.]
In the ‘ Proceedings’ of this Society for 1876, p. 739, I described
a small species of Porcupine from the west coast of Borneo under
the name of Trichys lipura.
The genus established for this Porcupine was characterized by
the absence or rudimentary condition of a tail and by the form of
its skull. The former character proves to be spurious, perhaps due
to mutilation, and has to be abandoned ; whilst the latter suffices by
itself to generically separate this Porcupine from Atherura,
Since the publication of that paper the British Museum has received
two other specimens: one, a female, obtained by Mr. C. Hose at
Baram, Sarawak’, again, does not show the trace of a tail ; whilst the
other, of which the skin as well as the skeleton are preserved, and
which was found by Mr. A. Everett near the Batang Kubar River in
Sarawak, possesses a long and slender tail.
Thus, of two specimens examined by Gervais (Voy. Bonite,
Mamm. p. 60), and of three specimens which have come under my
notice, three were tailless, and only two provided with this appendage.
This fact, combined with Mr. Low’s statement that the natives had
assured him that this Porcupine was tailless, seems clearly to prove
that the loss or absence of the tail is of very frequent occurrence ;
and to judge from the condition of the integuments, I am inclined
to believe that the tail is lost shortly after birth, if, indeed, its absence
is not congenital?.
However, the discovery that Zrichys lipura is normally provided
with a tail has induced me to reexamine the literature in order to
ascertain whether tailed specimens of this Porcupine had been noticed
by previous authors. And there is no doubt that Waterhouse (see
Nat. Hist. Mammal. vol. ii. p. 470) had examined four specimens
of it, or, at least, of a closely allied species*, in the Leyden Museum.
1 Mr. Hose says that the native name is ‘‘ Ankis.”
2'T, therefore, see no reason why the specific term “ “pura” should not have
the same claim to being retained as those of Paradisea apoda, Cypselus apus, &e,
3 He says that the specimens in the Leyden Museum are from Siam.
76 DR. A. GUNTHER ON A BORNEAN PORCUPINE. [Feb. 19
He, however, referred them to Atherura fasciculata of Buffon and
Shaw, which is a Porcupine with Jong spines of a different coloration
and with a thick bundle of terminal quills at the end of the tail,
aud, probably, identical with Atherura macrura. Waterhouse
Gescribes distinctly the short spines of our Porcupine and the
peculiar form of the terminal tail-quills; and when he mentions the
rhombic scales of the tail as provided with a median “ridge,” he
clearly describes the appearance of the short hair which starts
from the base of each scale and is closely adpressed to its median
line.
To supplement my first account of Trichys lipura, 1 proceed
now to describe the tail of a full-grown specimen, of which the skin
measures about 15 inches without tail. The tail is long (83 inches)
and slender, longer than one half of the body and head, covered
with spines for about one inch of its basal portion. Nearly in the
whole of its length it is covered with rhombic scales of relatively
large size (fig. a), and arranged regularly in oblique series or rings.
A short fine hair, which is never spinous as in Atherura macrura,
a. Portion of the tail of Trichys lipura, showing the arrangement of
the scutes and hairs. 5, One of the terminal caudal bristles.
starts from the base of each scale and lies closely adpressed to its
median line, giving to the scale the appearance of being keeled (like
the scale of a snake) as mentioned already. Towards the end of the
tail the hairs become longer, and the terminal quills (fig. 6) are much
elongate, 2-3 inches long, and compressed with a shallow groove, like
blades of grass, only much narrower, and form a thin bundle. The
majority are truncate at their extremity and hollow. These quills,
therefore, differ much in shape from those of Atherura, and are,
in fact, a less developed form of the caudal quills of other Porcupines.
They are unfit for producing the rattling or quivering noise which
the more highly specialized forms of Porcupine make under the
influence of fear or anger’.
2 Morphologically as well as physiologically the terminal tuft of quills on
the tail of Porcupines reminds us of the rattle of Rattlemakes.
1889.] ON THE ANATOMY OF POLYBOROIDES. 77
With the evidence now before us there is no longer‘ any reason
to doubt that the skeleton described by Gervais really belongs to
Trichys. He gives as the numbers of vertebree :—D. 16, L. 5, S. 4,
C. 21, whilst I find in our skeleton D. 16, L. 6,8. 3, C. 24. The
caudal vertebral column bears four compressed, hatchet-shaped
chevron-bones between the fourth and eight caudal vertebre. The
eighth vertebra marks the boundary between the proximal and
distal portions of the caudal series, differing much in shape trom the
seventh as well as the ninth, and having the transverse process
dilated into a broad lamina extending along the whole length of the
centrum. The seven vertebre preceding it are provided with
strong and long lamelliform transverse processes, whilst the apo-
physes rapidly disappear from the ninth vertebra backwards,
P.S.—Through the kindness of Dr. Jentink I have been able to
examine one of the specimens described by Waterhouse as Atherura
fasciculata, and find that I was right in supposing that they are
identical with Trichys. I have to add that Dr. Jentink adopts
now Waterhouse’s identification, an opinion which, for reasons stated,
Ido not share. Dr. Jentink also informs me that the specimens
in the Leyden Museum come from Malacca, not from Siam.—
March 11th.
6. On certain Points in the Anatomy of the Accipitres,
with reference to the Affinities of Polyboroides. By
Frank E. Bepparp, M.A., Prosector to the Society.
[Received February 19, 1889.]
I have recently had the opportunity of dissecting a specimen of
Polyboroides which died in the Society’s Gardens ; the specimen was
deposited by Lord Lilford, who expressed a wish that the skin should
go to the British Museum; after the bird was skinned it was still
possible to examine into the arrangement of certain of the muscles
and of other organs, which examination has, in my opinion, thrown
some light upon the affinities of the bird. For this reason I think
it worth while to publish the notes of my dissection, although this
paper is necessarily very far from containing a complete account of the
anatomy of Polyboroides.
I have not attempted to give any description of its osteology,
which has been lately worked out in detail by Prof. Milne-Edwards?,
but in a different species, P. radiatus. This account shows that the
supposed resemblances of Polyboroides to Serpentarius are purely
superficial, and that in reality it comes nearest to the Buzzards. The
position assigned to the genus by Sharpe® (in the subfamily Accipi-
1 Proce. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 712.
* Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, Hist. phys. nat. et polit. de Madagascar:
Oiseaux, tom. i. p. 50.
3 B. M. Catalogue of Birds, vol. i. p. 47.
78 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [Feb. 19,
trinee of the family Falconide), and by G. R. Gray’, is, as Milne-
Edwards acknowledges, in the main justified by the osteological
characters ; Milne-Edwards, however, considers that its peculiarities
necessitate the creation of a separate subfamily for its reception.
This view is accepted by J. H. Gurney’.
The Accipitres have been divided by Prof. Huxley® into three
groups—(1) Cathartidee, (2) Gypaetide, (3) Gypogeranidee—on the
characters of the skeleton. Prof. Garrod’s investigations* emphasized
the naturalness of this grouping; he showed that these three divisions
could be defined by the presence or absence of certain muscles in
the leg.
In ihe Cathartidz the ambiens, semitendinosus and accessory semi-
tendinosus, and femoro-caudal are present, the formula being on
Garrod’s system AXY+.
In the Gypaetidee (termed Falconidze) the muscles present can be
indicated by the formula A+.
In the Gypogeranidz (Serpentarius) the formula is BXY+.
These muscular divergences led Prof. Garrod to remove Serpen-
tarius and the Cathartidze from the Accipitres and to associate them
with other birds. Without following Prof. Garrod in this latter
alteration of existing arrangements, it must certainly be admitted
that his results entirely justify the breaking up of the Accipitres
into the three groups already indicated.
I do not, however, find myself able to agree with Prof. Garrod in
believing that the absence of the semitendinosus muscle is absolutely
distinctive of all the Gypaetidee.
I have found this muscle in Falco subbuteo, where it was rather
feeble and apparently fused at its origin with the semimembranosus,
but it ended in a separate and perfectly distinct tendon and was
present on both legs; in the Merlin (Faico @salon), where it was a
little better developed ; and finally in Circus maurus.
Apart from these exceptions, which do not affect the classification
of the group, the formula of Gypaetide is, as stated by Garrod, A +.
Polyborcides typicus possesses the ambiens and femoro-caudal
alone of the leg-muscles, upon the variations of which Garrod’s
system was based ; it therefore agrees with Accipiter, Circus, &c., and
should be referred to the Gypaetide and not to the Gypogeranidee.
In examining the muscles of the wing I have compared Polybor-
oides with Serpentarius, Cathartes, and with Gypohieraw as a type of
the Falconide.
The tensor patagii brevis’ of each wing is a stoutish muscle which
divides into two tendons, inserted as shown in fig. 1 (p. 79); each
tendon is slight and thin and of equal diameter throughout.
1 Hand-list, i. p- 38.
* “A List of the Diurnal Birds of Prey,’ &c. (London, Van Voorst), p. 18.
8 «On the Classification of Birds,” P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 462.
* “On certain Muscles in the Thigh of Birds, and on their Value in Classifi-
cation,” P. Z.S. 1878, p. 634.
° These muscles were dissected in another specimen.
1889.] ANATOMY OF POLYBOROIDES. 79
I find an identical arrangement of these tendons in Circus maurus,
and they appear to be exactly the same (judging from a MS. sketch
by Forbes) in Spizaetus occipitalis and Aquila imperialis. In
Milvago chimachima and in Haliaetus albicilla and Astur approz-
imans (Forbes, MS.) the tendon is single, but there is a trace of the
second tendon in a short fibrous slip which, arising from near the
Tensores patagii and cther muscles of Polyboroides typicus.
t.p.l, tensor patagii longus; ¢.p.br, tensor patagii brevis; Amc, anconeus; D,
deltoid.
(The dotted parts represent tendons in this and the following figure.)
insertion on to the forearm of the tensor patagii tendon, ends upon
the patagium. This tendinous band may, however, perhaps be
considered as the equivalent of the tendon which in other Accipitres
(v. infra) unites the tendon of the tensor patagii longus with that
of the tensor patagii brevis at the insertion of the latter on to the
forearm.
In Gypohierax* the tensor patagii brevis resembles that of Poly-
boroides except that the outermost of the two tendons near to the
1 Firbringer, Untersuchungen z. Morph. und Syst. d. Vogel, pl. xxii. fig. 9.
80 MR. F, E. BEDDARD ON THE [Feb. 19,
muscles is united by a fibrous band with the tendon of the tensor
patagii longus; so also in Gypaetus barbatus’, which in the attach-
ment of the band resembles Cathartes.
In Serpentarius, in Cathartes*, and in Gypagus papa (Garrod, MS.)
the tendon of the tensur patagii brevis divides into two; the inner
branch (see fig. 2) is very broad and diffuse, while the outer
Tensores patagii and other muscles of Serpentarius.
Bi, biceps; Bi’, accessory biceps. Other lettering as in fig. 1.
is a thin even tendon; the latter at its point of insertion on to the
forearm is connected by a tendinous band with the tendon of the
tensor patagit longus. These three types present, therefore, a dis-
position of the patagial tendons which differs from that found in
Figured by Firbringer, Joc. cit.
? Figured by Nitzsch and copied by Firbringer, oc. cit. pl. xxii. fig. 8.
1889.} ANATOMY OF POLYBOROIDES. 8
the Falconide. Polyboroides is in these particulars near to the
Falconide. Cathartes is described and figured by Firbringer’.
Serpentarius is neither figured nor described in Fiirbringer’s work.
The line of attachment of the deltoid to the humerus and, in
consequence, the size of that muscle vary in the three types of
Accipitres. It is largest in Serpentarius and smallest in Cathartes ;
in the former bird the length of the attachment of the muscle to
the humerus is about half the entire length of the bone. In
Cathartes the proportion is (roughly) as 1:4. Gypohieraz is inter-
mediate but nearer to Serpentarius. Polyboroides agrees with
Gypohierax.
In all Accipitres diurnz the anconeus has an accessory head
arising from the humerus close to the insertion of the datissimus dorst.
But there are some differences of detail.
In Serpentarius (fig. 2) the accessory head of the anconeus forms
a particularly broad flat tendon. The anterior of the two latissimi
dorsi end, as in most birds, in a narrow tendon; this gives off a
branch to the integument just before its insertion.
In Gypohierax the accessory head of the anconeus is very narrow,
but the relations of the /atissimus dorsi to it and to the integument
are precisely as in Serpentarius.
Cathartes is rather different from both these types ; the accessory
head of anconeus is almost completely split into two, the thickness
of the tendon being very unequal in different parts. The latissimus
dorsi tendon splits into two as in Serpentarius and Gypohieraa ;
one tendon passes above and the other below the posterior datissimus
dorsi close to its insertion; the uppermost of these is attached to
the belly of the anconeus.
Polyboroides, as in other myological relations, comes nearest to
Gypohierax, but Iam unable to state whether the branch of the
datissimus dorsi tendon to the integument is present.
It is also worth remarking that while the scapular head of the
anconeus in Cathartes is distinctly double and entirely tendinous—
one tendon arising from the scapula itself, the other from the
supinator muscle—this muscle originates in all the remaining types
(including Polyboroides) from the scapula alone and by a single
head, which is chiefly fleshy though partly tendinous.
The size of the second pectoral muscle offers characters by which
the affinities of Polyboroides can be to some extent determined.
In Cathartes aura the attachment of that muscle reaches nearly to
the end of the carina sterni. In Gypohierar angolensis the muscle
reaches only for a very short distance along the carina sterni; this
is also the case with Serpentarius and Polyboroides.
The proportions between the total length of the carina sterni
and the breadth of the second pectoral muscle where it is attached
close to the base of the carina sterni are indicated in the following
table :—
* Loe. cit. pl. xxii. fig. 7.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. VI. 6
82 SIR W. L, BULLER ON A NEW PENGUIN. [Feb. 19,
Length of attachment
Length of of 2nd pectoral along
carina sterni. the carina.
Cathartes aura.......+++05 82 72
Serpentarius reptilivorus .... 115 40
Gypohierax angolensis ...... 84 34
Polyboroides typicus........ 26 24
The structure of the syrinx is not clearly indicative of the affinities
of PolyLoroides, but I propose to defer for the present the description
of this organ in the Accipitres.
The conclusion to which these facts lead is that Polyborcides is
not even an aberrant type of the Falconidee; its muscular anatomy
lends no support to the view that it should be regarded as the
representative of a special subfamily.
7. On a Species of Crested Penguin (Eudyptes sclateri) from
the Auckland Islands. By Sir Watrer Butter,
K.C.M.G., F.R.S., C.M.Z.8.
[Received February 19, 1889.]
(Plate IX.)
A recent study of the various species of Hudyptes inhabiting New
Zealand and the neighbouring islands has satisfied me that three
very distinct species of Crested Penguin have been hitherto confounded
by ornithologists under the name of Zudyples chrysocome. I have
endeavoured to make this clear in the concluding part of my ‘ Birds
of New Zealand’ (2nd ed. pp. 287-293) ; but I gladly avail myself
. of the Secretary’s invitation to exhibit specimens this evening and to
offer a few observations on the subject.
The common New-Zealand bird, hitherto treated by most authors
as being identical with Zudyptes chrysocome of the Falkland Islands,
is undoubtedly a different species, and I have accordingly restored
toit Mr. Gray’s name of pachyrhynchus. It is distinguishable from
the latter by its thicker bill and by the character of its lateral crests,
which are merely an extension of the golden superciliary streak,
seldom reaching more than an inch beyond the crown, and never
more than two inches. Hudyptes chrysocome, on the other hand,
exhibits on each side of the head an abundant crest of drooping
plumes, from three to five inches in length, besides presenting other
minor differences.
Eudyptes filholi, Hutton, from Campbell Island, does not appear
to be separable from EZ. saltator, Stephens, and this again (as already
pointed out by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin) is certainly referable to
the true Eudyptes chrysocome, Forster, although Mr. Sharpe, in his
Zoology of Kerguelen Island (Phil. Trans. R.S. vol. 168. p. 158),
has kept the two latter forms distinct.
PZ. 0. 1869. Pl
d.Smit del.et lth Mintern Bros:. imp .
PiCwwTEAD Ob BUDYPIES SCLATERY.
2 PACHYRHYNCHUS.
” Go. 97 yr) »
1889.] SIR W. L. BULLER ON A NEW PENGUIN. 83
But. the bird to which I desire to call particular attention this
evening is the Crested Penguin of the Auckland Islands, a species
hitherto supposed to be the same as that inhabiting New Zealand,
an example of which was lately living in the Society’s Gardens at
Regent’s Park.
In April last my attention was directed to this bird by Dr. Sclater,
who sent mea note saying :—‘ The bird just received from the
Auckland Islands seems quite distinct from the New Zealand
species.”
I at once repaired to the Gardens and made as close a survey as I
could of this Penguin as it waddled about within its glass enclosure or
swam in its artificial pool. When it, some time afterwards, died the
skin was courteously forwarded to me by Mr. Bartlett, the Superin-
tendent of the Gardens, for more critical examination. About thesame
time I received from Sir James Hector a Penguin preserved in spirit
(also from the Auckland Islands), which proved to belong to the same
form; and on a careful comparison of these specimens with a good
series of New-Zealand examples in my own collection, I came to
the conclusion that the Auckland-Island bird was a new species,
distinguishable from the former by its larger size, by the peculiar
character of its superciliary streak, and by the different coloration of
its flippers.
It having thus become necessary to select a distinctive name for
this bird, I felt that I could not do better than dedicate it to Dr.
Sclater, who was the real discoverer of this species, and I accordingly
described it, under the name of Eudyptes sclateri, in my ‘ Birds of
New Zealand’ (2nd ed. vol. ii. p. 289).
In this species the superciliary streak of golden yellow, which, as
in Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, develops into a short erectile crest on
each side of the head, instead of commencing in a line with the nos-
trils, as in the latter species, springs from the base of the upper
mandible immediately above the angle of the mouth. The posterior
edge of the flippers, in its middle portion, has a border of white
nearly “25 of an inch in width running off on both sides to a point,
the under surface in its basal and apical portion, with a broad con-
necting band along the anterior edge, being jet-black. The bill is
uniform reddish brown, with a line of white along the base of the lower
mandible, which is more conspicuous in the living bird than in the
dried specimen, being somewhat concealed in the latter by the over-
lapping feathers. The total length is 28 inches ; length of flipper 8;
tail 3-5; bill, along the ridge 2-4, along the edge of lower mandible
2°75; tarsus 1°25.
The synonymy of these three species, according to my views,
is as follows :—
1. Eupypres PAcHYRHYNcHUS. (Plate IX. fig. 2.)
Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, Gray, Voy. Ereb. & Terr., Birds, p. 17
(1844).
Chrysocoma pachyrhynchus, Bonap. C. RB. xliil. p. 775 (1856).
Eudyptes pachyrhyncha, Gray, Hand-l. of B. ii. p. 98 (1871).
84 SIR W. L. BULLER ON A NEW PENGUIN. [ Feb. 19,
Eudyptes chrysocomus, Buller, Birds of New Zealand, Ist edition,
p. 344 (1873).
Ludyptes chrysocoma, Sharpe, App. Voy. Ereb. & Terr. p. 35
(1875).
Eudyptes pachyrhynchus, Buller, Manual Birds of N. Z. p. 100
(1882); Birds of New Zealand, 2nd ed. vol. ii. p. 286 (1858).
2. EupypTes scLaTeri. (Plate IX. fig. 1.)
Eudyptes chrysocome, Sclater, Zool. Soc. Register (1888, nec
Forst.).
Eudyptes sclateri, Buller, Birds of New Zealand, 2nd ed. vol. ii.
p- 289 (1888).
Similis KE. pachvrhyncho, sed major et fascia superciliari a
rictu oris minime a basi narium oriente: alis subtus magis
extense nigricantibus.
3. EvpyPpTES CHRYSOCOME.
Aptenodytes chrysocome, Forst. Comm. Soc. Reg. Gott. iii. p. 133
pl. i. (1781).
Chrysocoma saltator, Stephens, Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 58, pl. 8
(1826).
Catarractes chrysocome, Brandt, Bull. Ac. Pét. ii. p. 314 (1837).
Eudyptes chrysocome, Gould, Birds of Australia, vol. vii. pl. 83
1848).
: Eudyptes nigrivestis, Gould, P. Z.S. 1860, p. 418.
Hudyptes chrysocome, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 390.
Spheniscus chrysocome, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Urinat. p. 6 (1866).
Eudyptes nigriventris, Gray, Hand-l. of B. iii. p. 98 (1871, err.).
Eudyptes saltator, Sharpe, Zoo]. Kerg., Phil. Trans. R. S. vol.
168. p. 158 (1879).
Eudyptes filholi, Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. vol. iii. p. 334
(1879).
Eudyptes chrysocome, Buller, Birds of New Zealand, 2nd ed. vol. ii.
p- 290 (1888)
1889.] MR. A. THOMSON’S REPORT ON THE INSECT-HOUSE. 85
March 5, 1889.
Professor Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during the month of February 1889 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of February was 90, of which 62 were by
presentation, 3 by birth, 16 by purchase, and 9 on deposit. The
total number of departures during the same period, by death and
removals, was 87.
The most noticeable additions during the month were :—
1. A collection of Reptiles from the Cape Colony, presented, as
have been many previous collections, by our Corresponding Member
the Rev. G. H. R. Fisk. Amongst these are seven specimens of
the new Tortoise, Homopus femoralis, lately described by Mr. Bou-
lenger (P. Z. S. 1888, p. 251, pl. xiv.), and two of Homopus signatus,
a species not previously received. ;
2. Four Marbled Polecats (Putorius sarmaticus), obtained in the
vicinity of Quettah, presented by Col. Sir Oliver B. C. St. John,
K.C.S.I1., R.E., F.Z.S., February 8th. d
This well-marked species is rare in most museums and quite new
to the Society’s collection.
3. A fine specimen of Owen’s Apteryx (Apteryx oweni) from the
South Island of New Zealand, presented by Prof. T. Jeffery Parker,
C.M.Z.S., 19th February, 1889.
It is now several years that specimens of the Apteryx have been
deficient to the collection. Weare therefore very glad to receive the
present example from our excellent Correspondent.
Prof. G. B. Howes, F.Z.S., exhibited and made remarks on a spe-
cimen of the mammary region of a female of Myrmecobius fasciatus,
which showed four teats and a small embryo attached to each of them.
The animal had been obtained at Morgans on the N.W. bend of the
Murray River, and forwarded to Prof. Howes by Dr. E. Stirling,
Curator of the Adelaide Museum.
Mr. O. Thomas exhibited a specimen of a new species of Muntjac,
recently discovered in the neighbourhood of Mount Mouleyit, Tenas-
serim, by Signor L. Fea, of the Museo Civico, Genoa, and proposed
to be called Cervulus fee. This Muntjac differed from its nearest
ally C. crinifrons, Sclater’, by its unbushed forehead, shorter tail,
and by the presence of a white stripe down the front of its thighs.
Mr. Arthur Thomson exhibited a series of Insects reared in the
1 P.Z.8 1885, p. 1, pli.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No.
86 MR. A. THOMSON’S REPORT ON THE INSECT-HOUSE. [Mar. 5°
Insect-house in the Society’s Gardens during the past year, and read
the following Report on the subject.
Report on the Insect-house for 1888.
Examples of the following species of insects have been exhibited
in the Insect-house during the past season :—
Silk-producing Bombyces and their Allies.
Indian.
Attacus atlas. Actias selene.
pernyi. Antherea mylitta.
roylei. Cricula trifenestrata.
cynthia.
ricini.
American.
* Attacus hesperus. Samia cecropia.
Actias luna. Dirphia tarquinia.
Telea polyphemus. Hypochera io.
promethea.
African.
Antherea menippe.
Diurnal Lepidoptera.
European.
Papilio machaon, Vanessa polychlorus.
podalirius. levana.
Thais polyxena. Argynnis paphia.
Euchloé cardamines. Limenitis sibylla.
Vanessa anticpa. populi.
10. Melanargia galathea.
atalanta. Apatura iris.
cardut.
American.
Papilio qjaz. Papilio turnus.
asterias. cresphontes.
troilus.
Nocturni.
Smerinthus populi. *Pterogon clarkie.
tilie. * Bombyx calune.
quercus. ‘é rhadama.
Sphine ligustri. *Alaria gaurae.
pinastri. Callimorpha dominula.
* quinquemaculata. Endromis versicolor.
* BPxhibited for the first time.
1889.] MR. A. THOMSON’S REPORT ON THE INSECT-HOUSE. 87
Deilephila euphorbie. Saturnia pyri.
galit. Ennomos angularia.
vespertilio. Pygera bucephala.
Cherocampa elpenor. Clostera anachoreta.
Macroglossa bombyliformis. Eacles imperialis.
Of the Silk-producing Bombyces, one very beautiful species, Atta-
cus hesperus, from Brazil, was exhibited for the first time. The
cocoons from which these insects were produced were deposited in
the Insect-house by the Hon. Walter Rothschild, F.Z.S., on the
29th of June last. The first perfect insect emerged next day, 3
on the Ist, 2 on the 2nd, 1 on the 5th, 1 on the 6th, 3 on the
7th, 1 on the 13th, 1 on the 20th, and 1 on the 23rd of July, and with
one exception were all good specimens. I exhibit the whole series
(13) this evening. It will be observed that seven of these insects
are lighter-coloured than the other six. These agree with the
specimens of A. hesperus in the British Museum. Whether the dark-
coloured ones are of another species, or a dark variety, I have not
been able to make out, but I could not find any in the British Museum
like them.
During the past season we have had an excellent exhibition of the
great Atlas Moth (Attacus atlas) and the Tusseh Silk-Moth (An-
therea mylitta). The last Atlas Moths (2) emerged on the 14th of
November last. For the cocoons, of which a large number were sent,
the Society are indebted to the kind assistance of Messrs. Wood-
Mason and W. L. Sclater, of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
I exhibit this evening a series of Antherea mylitta of both sexes.
This species is well known to be an extremely variable one, but, out
of the many I have seen, I do not remember to have seen one like
the female placed at the top. It has been suggested that it must
be of a distinct species: this, however, can hardly be the case, as the
cocoons (which came from Assam) were certainly all alike, and it was
impossible to pick out the cocoon from which this particular specimen
emerged. As will be seen, the markings round the “eyes” are much
extended towards the thorax.
Amongst the Diurnal Lepidoptera I exhibit two remarkable varieties
of Vanessa antiopa. I have had from time to time a very large
number of these insects in the Insect-house, but this is the first time
1 have obtained any varieties. The first specimen, it will be noticed,
has the marginal blue spots on the fore wings only, and in the second
specimen the blue spots are entirely absent on all four wings.
I am sorry that I cannot report the successful rearing of any larvee
of interest during the past season; the weather was so unfavourable
that I was unable to rear many of the common and hardy species.
The following papers were read :—
7*
88 MR. J. S. BALY ON NEW [Mar. 5,
1. Descriptions of new South-American Coleoptera of the
Genus Diabrotica. By Josuru S. Baty, F.LS.
[Received February 15, 1889.]
Section I.—Fourth joint of antenne equal in length to the
preceding two united.
1. DraBRoTica CONTIGUA, sp. NOV.
Elongata, postice ampliata, convexa, flava, nitida ; pectore, scutello
capiteque nigris, antennis basi et apice flavis ; thorace leviter
trifoveolato, interdum piceo tincto ; elytris sat crebre punctatis,
sulcis longitudinalibus nonnullis leviter impressis, costa sub-
humerali fere ad apicem extensa, utrisque linea suturali, ante
apicem abbreviata, apice paullo ampliata, vitta humerali a basi
Jere ad apicem extensa, maculaque discoidali pone medium nigris.
Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Brazil.
2. DIABROTICA MELANOPYGA, Sp. nov.
Elongata, postice paullo ampliata, convewa, flava, nitida ; pectore,
abdominis apice, tibiis et tarsis posticis necnon capite nigris,
antennis basi et ante apicem flavis ; thorace bifoveolato, scutello,
tibiis tarsisque quatuor anticis piceis ; elytris subcrebre puncta-
tis, utrisque linea suturali, postice attenuata et ante apicem
obsoleta, macula parva apicali vittaque humerali fere ad apicem
extensa, nigris.
Long. 23 lin.
Hab. Brazil.
3. DIABROTICA EXTENSA, sp. nov.
Subelongata, postice ampliata, convexa, flava, nitida ; pectore, oculis,
labro antennisque (his apice exceptis) nigris ; thorace leviter
excavato, utringue obsolete foveolato; elytris subrugulosis, sat
crebre punctatis, obsolete longitudinaliter sulcatis, costa subhume-
rali fere ad apicem extensa, utrisque linea suturali, postice abbre-
viata, vittaque sublaterali super costam humeralem posita, nigris.
Long. 22 lin.
Hab. Brazil.
4, DIABROTICA NITIDICOLLIS, sp. nov.
Subelongato-ovata, postice paullo ampliata, conveza, flava, nitida ;
pectore, scutello capiteque nigris, antennis apice flavis ; thorace
convexo, levi, fulvo-rufo ; elytris leviter sat crebre punctatis,
subrugulosis, costa subhumerali longe pone medium extensa,
utrisque linea suturali fere ad apicem producta, linea humerali
ante apicem abbreviata, maculaque parva discoidali pone
medium posita, nigris.
Var. Elytrorum macula discoidali obsoleta.
Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Brazil.
1889.] COLEOPTERA OF THE GENUS DIABROTICA. 89
5. DIABROTICA CLARKELLA, Sp. nov.
Subelongata, postice paulloampliata, convexa, flava, nitida; pectore
antennisque nigris, his basi et apice fulvis ; thorace excavato,
utrinque foveolato ; elytris crebre punctatis, obsolete rugulosis,
costa subhumerali modice elevata, sulco longitudinali intus
marginata, utrisque basi vittis duabus brevibus (una suturali,
altera humeralt) maculisque duabus pone medium, oblique trans-
versim positis, nigris.
Long. 33-4 lin.
Hab. Brazil.
6. DIABROTICA SCUTELLATA, Sp. nov.
Subelongato-ovata, postice ampliata, convexa, flava, nitida ; oculis
scutelloque nigris, pectore, ore antennisque piceis ; thorace leviter
bifoveolato ; elytris sat crebre punctatis, costa humerali longe
ultra medium extensa, utrisque vitta submarginali super costam
posita, picea, sutura piceo tincta.
Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Brazil.
7. DIABROTICA PICEICORNIS, sp. nov.
Anguste ovata, postice paullo ampliata, convexa, flava, nitida,
plus minusve viridi tincta; antennis pallide piceis, oculis
nigris ; thorace bifoveolato elytrisque pallide prasinis, his
tenuiter subcrebre punctatis, disco exteriore obsolete longitudina-
liter sulcatis, tarsis piceis.
Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Brazil.
8. DIABROTICA VIRIDANS, Sp. nov.
Subelongata, postice paullo ampliata, convexa, prasina, nitida ;
antennis, pectore abdomineque pallide piceis, pedibus flavo-
viridibus, thorace convexo, fere impunctaio; elytris sat crebre
punctatis, disco exteriore sulcis nonnullis longitudinalibus leviter
impressis.
Long. 23 lin.
Hab. Brazil.
9. DIABROTICA GLAUCINA, Sp. nov.
Anguste ovata, postice ampliata, convexa, sordide fulva, nitida ;
labro et antennis piceis aut nigro-piceis, his basi fulvis, ante
apicem flavo-albidis, articulo apicali nigro ; thorace convexo ;
elytris tenuiter subcrebre punctatis, disco exteriore ante medium
plicatis, longitudinaliter sulcatis, utrisque pustulis magnis
quatuor, longitudinaliter positis, fulvis, duabus anticis plerumque
confluentibus.
Long. 5 lin.
Hab. Cayenne.
90 MR. J. S. BALY ON NEW [ Mar. 5,
10. DraBRoTiIca ATROMACULATA, Sp. nov.
Anguste oblongo-ovata, convexa, flava, nitida ; pectore, scutello
capiteque nigris ; antennis flavis, articulis intermediis piceis ;
thorace levi; elytris crebre punctatis, utrisque macula basali
communi, plaga magna humerali, trigonata, intus profunde
emarginata, fasciaque pone medium, utrinque abbreviata, postice
emarginata, nigris.
Long. 23 lin.
Hab. Amazons.
11. Diaprorica 12-stGNaTa, sp. nov.
Anguste ovata, postice paullo ampliata, convexa, sordide fulva,
subnitida ; pectore capiteque nigris, antennis basi et apice labro-
que fulvis; thorace nitido scutelloque rufo-testaceis; elytris
erebre punctatis, utrisque vittulis sex, 2. 2. 2 dispositis, nigris.
Long. 22 lin.
Hab. Brazil.
12. DraBROTICA VAGRANS, Sp. nov.
Anguste ovata, postice ampliata, convexa, nigra, nitida, abdomine
thoraceque flavis ; thorace convezo, levi ; elytris crebre punctatis,
flavis, sutura basi necnon vittis vel vittulis irregularibus nigris.
Long. 23 lin.
Hab. Bolivia.
13. DiaBROTICA ZGROTA, sp. nov.
Oblongo-ovata, postice ampliata, convexa; subtus flava, nitida,
pectore, ano, tibiis tarsisque nigris; supra subnitida, pallide
viridi-flava, scutello capiteque nigris, antennis basi piceis, ante
apicem flavo-albidis ; thorace transversim convexo, levi ;
elytris crebre punctatis, subrugulosis.
Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Ecuador.
14, DIABROTICA EVANESCENS, sp. ov.
Anguste ovata, postice paullo ampliata, convexa, pallide viridi-
flava, abdomine flavo 3 pectore, tibiis, tarsis, scutello capiteque
nigris, antennis basi piceis ; thorace bifoveolato ; elytris subnitidis,
erebre punctatis, sordide flavis, fascia lata prope medium
prasina, sutura basi nigra.
Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Ecuador.
15. DiaBRoTICA CONFRATERNA, sp. Nov.
Oblongo-elongata, postice paullo ampliata, convexa, flava, nitida ;
pectore capiteque nigris, antennis basi piceis, apice sordide
fulvis ; thorace rufo-fulvo, obsolete trifoveolato; elytris sat
crebre punctatis, costa subhumerali vix elevata, utrisque vitta
brevi communi ad basin, una humerali a basi ad longe pone medium
eatensa, maculaque parva inter medium et apicem, nigris.
Long. 23-3 lin.
Hab, Para.
1889.] COLEOPTERA OF THE GENUS DIABROTICA. 91
16. DIABROTICA LIMITATA, Sp. Nov.
Ovata, postice ampliata, convexa, flava, nitida ; pectore, tibiis, tarsis
capiteque nigris ; antennis basi piceis, apice albidis ; thorace flavo-
rufo, disco late excavato, leviter trifoveolato, fovea intermedia
minus distincta, interdum obsoleta; scutello piceo ; elytris sat
erebre punctatis, pallide flavis, utrisque linea suturali et vitta
submarginali, apicem versus abbreviatis, necnon lineis duabus
transversis, una vix ante medium, secunda inter medium et
apicem, plerumque cum vitta submarginali connexis, nigris.
Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Eastern Ecuador.
Section 11.—Third joint of antennze equal in length or nearly so
to the fourth.
17. DIABROTICA TUBERCULATA, Sp. Nov.
Sat late ovata, postice paullo ampliata, convexa, subtus cum
scutello capiteque nigris, antennis apice sordide fulvis ; thorace
elytrisque flavis, illo urcuatim excavato, et utrinque puncto nigro
parvo notato, his tenuiter punctatis, utrisque plagis magnis
duabus, una ad basin, altera pone medium nigris.
Mas. Elytris ante apicem juata suturam tuberculo conico valido
instructis.
Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Eastern Ecuador.
18. DiaBROTICA HEMIXANTBHA, Sp. Nov.
Ovata, postice ampliata, convexa, nigra, nitida ; femoribus basi,
thorace elytrorumque dimidio antico flavis ; thorace leviter trans-
versim sulcato ; elytris distincte punctatis, punctis apicem versus
fere obsoletis.
Var. Pedibus totis nigris.
Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Upper Amazons.
19. DiaBRoTICA INTERRUPTO-LINEATA, Sp. Nov.
Ovata, postice ampliata, conveza, fulvo-flava, nitida; pectore,
scutello, cupitis vertice, ore antennisque nigris, his apice albidis ;
thorace levi; elytris erebre punctatis, flavis, utrisque linea
discoidali, infra basin late interrupta et longe ante apicem
abbreviata, alteraque sublaterali, a basi fere ad apicem extensa,
nigris.
Long. 34 lin.
Hab. Brazil.
20. DIABROTICA NOTATICOLLIS, Sp. Ov.
Anguste ovata, postice ampliata, convexa, flava, nitida ; pectore,
Ffemoribus, dorso, tibiis posticis, tarsis, antennis (basibus exceptis),
92 MR. J. S. BALY ON NEW [Mar. 5
verticis macula, thoracis maculis quatuor, arcuatim dispositis scu-
telloque nigris ; thorace trifoveolato ; elytris sat crebre punctatis,
utrisque macula oblonga fusca infra basin juxta suturam, plagis-
que tribus, prima subrotundata callum humeralem amplectente
duabusque transverso-oblongis, una prope, altera inter medium
et apicem positis, nigris.
Long. 2 lin.
Hab. Brazil.
21. DiABROTICA MELANCHOLICA, sp. nov.
Anguste ovata, postice ampliata, convexa, nigra, nitida, femo-
rum bast antennarumque articulo apicali albidis; thorace
transverso, pone medium bifoveolato, nigro-piceo ; elytris
subrugulosis, sat crebre punetatis, punctis apicem versus Sere
obsoletis, wtrisque limbo externo apice paullo ampliato,
punctoque juxta suturam prope medium, albidis.
Mas. Antennarwm articulis duobus apicalibus compresso-dilatatis.
Long. 2 lin.
Hab. Ecuador.
22. DIABROTICA ZONULA, sp. nov.
Sat late ovata, postice ampliata, modice convexa, nigra, nitida,
antennis extrorsum albidis; thorace flavo-fulvo, obsolete
bifoveolato; elytris minus crebre punctatis, limbo externo,
apice paullo ampliato fasciaque prope medium flavo-fulvis.
Long. 3 lin.
Hab, Ecuador.
23. DiaBROTICA UNIFASCIATA, Sp. nov.
Late ovata, postice ampliata, modice convexa, dorso subdepla-
nata, nigra, nitida ; thorace albido, obsolete bifoveolato ; elytris
tenuiter remote punctatis, limbo externo, apice ampliato fas-
ciaque prope medium albidis.
Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Peru.
Distinguished from the preceding species by the unicolorous antennee
and the nearly impunctate elytra.
24. DiaBROTICA SPILOPTERA, Sp. nov.
Angquste ovata, postice ampliata, convexa, nigra, nitida ; femori-
bus, abdomine (hoc piceo tincto) elytrisque flavis, his minus
crebre punctatis, utrisque plagis tribus, prima infra callum
humeralem trigonata, secunda prope mediwm transversa,
tertiaque pone medium subrotundata, nigris.
Long. 2 lin.
Hab. Brazil.
25. DIABROTICA ALBOMARGINATA, Sp. NOV.
Late oblongo-ovata, postice ampliata, modice convexa, dorso
1889.] COLEOPTERA OF THE GENUS DIABROTICA. 93
subdepressa, nigra, nitida; antennis, basibus exceptis, flavo-
Sulvis; thorace arcuatim impresso, sulco utrinque magis fortiter
impresso; elytris tenuiter punctatis, margine laterali late
albido.
Long. 23 lin.
Hab. Ecuador.
26. D1aBROTICA ALBOCINCTA, sp. nov.
Anguste ovata, postice ampliata, convexa, nigra, nitida, thoracis
lateribus latis, elytrorum limbo externo apice dilatato, fascia-
que angusta vie pone medium albidis ; thorace bifoveolato.
Long. 23 lin.
Hab. Peru.
27. DiABROTICA ALBOPICTA, sp. nov.
Anguste ovata, postice ampliata, convexa, flavo-fulva, nitida ;
tibiis, tarsis, pectore, scutello capiteque mgris; antennis basi
piceo-fulvis, articulis penultimis duobus albidis; thorace
leviter trifoveolato; elytris subrugulosis, rude punctatis,
nigris, utrisque macula infra basin, altera ante apicem fas-
ciaque prope medium, utrinque abbreviata, albidis.
Long. 23 lin.
Hab. Peru.
28. DIABROTICA LIMBATIPENNIS, sp. Nov.
Subelongata, postice vix ampliata, convexa, nigra, nitida, femo-
ribus basi elytrorumque limbo externo flavo-albidis ; thorace
quam longus fere duplo latiore, vix pone medium bifoveolato ;
elytris sat crebre punctatis, punctis apicem versus minus for-
titer impressis.
Long. 2 lin.
Hab. Brazil.
29. DiaBROTICA COGNATA, Sp. NOV.
Late ovata, postice sat valde ampliata, convexa, dorso subde-
pressa, fulva, nitida; pectore, scutello capiteque nagris ;
thorace bifoveolato, fortiter punctato ; elytris subseriato-punc-
tatis, utrisque tricostatis, nigris, limbo externo fulvo ; pedibus
anticis quatuor piceo tinctis.
Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Ecuador.
30. DIABROTICA SIMULANS, Sp. nov.
Late ovata, postice vix ampliata, modice convexa, dorso sub-
depressa, nigra, nitida, thorace capiteque fulvis, antennis
nigris, extrorsum albidis ; thorace transverso, sat profunde
bifoveolato, foveis inter se connexis ; elytris tenuiter subcrebre
punctatis, infra basin non excavatis, limbo externo late fulvo.
Long. 23 lin.
Hab. Amazons.
94
MR. J. S. BALY ON NEW { Mar. 5,
31. Dr1aBRoTICA PERSPICUA, Sp. nov.
Oblongo-ovata, postice paullo ampliata, convexa, flavo-fulva,
nitida ; antennis basi piceis, apice fulvis ; thorace late trans-
versim impresso, suleo utringue magis fortiter excavato ;
elytris crebre punctatis, nigris, limbo externo fasciaque prope
medium flavo-fulvis.
Var. A. Elytrorwm fascia obsoleta.
Long. 23 lin.
Hab. Amazons.
32. DIaBROTICA ALCYONE, Sp. nov.
Late ovata, modice convexa, fulva, nitida ; pedibus (femoribus
apice exceptis) antennisque piceo-nigris, his extrorsum piceis ;
thorace bifoveolato ; elytris tenuiter sed distincte punctatis,
nigris, limbo externo fasciaque prope medium fulvis.
Var. Elytrorum fascia obsoleta.
Long. 33 lin.
Hab. Amazons.
33. D1aBROTICA STALI, sp. nov.
Late ovata, modice convexa, fulvoflava, nitida ; antennis nigris,
apice albidis ; tibtis tarsisque piceo tinctis; thorace obsolete
bifoveolato ; elytris tenuiter punctatis, utrisque infra medium
transversim impressis, nigris, apicibus flavis.
Long. 33 lin.
Hab. Amazons.
34, DIABROTICA SUAVEOLA, sp. nov.
Anguste ovata, postice paullo ampliata, convexa, fulva, nitida ;
tibiis, tarsis, pectore capiteque nigris ; antennis piceo-nigris,
basi fulvo-piceis, ante apicem albidis; thorace arcuatim
sulcato, sulco utrinque fovea magna male definita impresso ;
elytris metallico-viridibus, limbo eaterno, apice late ampliato,
fascia prope medium sutureque dimidio postico flavis.
Long. 27 lin.
Hab. Cayenne.
35. DIABROTICA DISCREPANS, sp. nov.
Oblongo-ovata, postice paullo ampliata, convexa, nigra, nitida,
thorace capiteque sordide rufis; pedibus antennisque flavis,
his apice piceis ; thorace minute sed distincte punctato, sulco
semilunato, medio ramulum fere ad basin emittente, impresso ;
elytris suberebre punctatis, utrisque limbo externo ante
medium, margine apicali, fasciaque prope medium flavis.
Fem. Clypeo quam longus latiore, medio sat fortiter elevato-
vittato.
Long. 2$ lin.
Hab. Ecuador.
1889. ] COLEOPTERA OF THE GENUS DIABROTICA. 95
36. DIABROTICA ZNEIVENTRIS, sp. nov.
Anguste ovata, postice ampliata, convexa, nigro-enea, nitida ;
tibiis, tarsis, scutello capiteque nigris ; antennis basi piceo-
fulvis, articulis externis quatuor, ullimi (apice excepto) pallide
flavis ; thorace trifoveolato femoribusque flavis, his nigro
lineatis ; elytris tenuiter, sat erebre punctatis, viridi-eneis,
utrisque limbo externo, maculis duabus infra basin positis,
fascia curvata vie pone medium, utringue abbreviata, macu-
laque subapicali ad limbum adfixa, flavis.
Long. 5 lin.
Hab. Ecuador.
37. DIABROTICA BIPARTITA, sp. nov.
Oblonga, postice amplata, convexa, flava, nitida ; capite thorace-
que nigris, hoc transversim sulcato, basi anguste spiceo ;
antennis flavis, articulis primo et intermediis nigris ; elytris
postice paullo ampliatis, convexis, infra basin excavatis, sat
erebre punctatis, disco antico, limbo externo excepto, fasciaque
angusta vic pone medium viridi-eneis, spatio inter hance fasciam
et discum anticum elevato.
Mas. Elytris ante apicem juxta suturam vitta brevi elevata
imstructis.
Long. 4 lin.
Hab. Ecuador.
38. DIABROTICA ERYTHROPTERA, SP. NOV.
Ovata, postice ampliata, convexa, nigra, nitida, elytris rubris ;
thorace arcuatim suleato, sulco trifoveolato; elytris crebre
punctatis.
Long. 34 lin.
Hab. Peru.
39. DIABROTICA ALBIDO-VITTATA, Sp. Nov.
Ovata, postice paullo ampliata, convexa, nigro-picea, nitida,
Semoribus basi flavis, capite thoraceque piceo-rufis ; antennis
nigris, articulis octavo nonoque albidis, thorace profunde
bifoveolato; elytris piceo-nigris, subnitidis, elevato-vittatis,
costa tertia a sutura latiore, utrisque limbo eaterno costaque
tertia albidis, apicibus confluentibus.
Long. 3 lin.
Hab. Brazil.
These descriptions are all based upon specimens in my own
collection.
96 REV. H. S. GORHAM ON NEW [Mar. 5,
2. Descriptions of new Species and of a new Genus of
Coleoptera of the Family Telephoride. By the Rev.
H. 8S. Gornam, F.Z.S.
[Received March 5, 1889.]
(Plate X.)
The object of this paper is to contribute something to our know-
ledge of the Malacodermata pertaining to the genus Telephorus and
its near allies from Eastern Asia, with the exception of the Japanese
species, which are already pretty well known and a revision of which
will appear in a separate paper. The material in my hands for the
purpose consists of :—(I.) My own collection from various sources,
which I have been forming for many years. (II.) The collection of
the Imperial Museum at Calcutta, of which the whole of the Mala-
codermata have been placed in my hands for determination ; these
are for the most part old specimens, chiefly from the North-east
Frontier. (III.) A collection made by Mr. A. E. Pratt near Kiu-
kiang for Mr. Leech, and many specimens collected by Mr. Leech
himself in China and Korea. And (IV.) I have to thank M. R.
Oberthiir for examples of a few most interesting species from Thibet
and from Mt. Kodeicanel in Southern India.
With regard to the question of the genera to which Eastern
Telephoride should be referred, I have dissected many of the species
and the result I arrive at is that the majority belong to that section
of Telephorus which has in Europe received the name of Ancis-
tronycha ; but the study of the male genitaliais hardly yet advanced
enough for me to form an opinion as to whether all the species
which are Ancistronyche by the structure of the claws should be
retained in that genus, or whether it would simplify their classifi-
cation to form new genera based upon the other structures of the
male. It must be borne in mind that Malacodermata have been so
little collected, and are frequently only available in such bad condition,
through age, and are so apt to shrivel that the study of the ventral
appendages is attended with much difficulty. Still I have been
able to do something in this way, and hope to present some remarks
with drawings. Telephorus proper is a genus confined to the
Palzearctic and Nearctic Regions of the globe, reaching its highest
development in the Eastern parts of the former district, and among
the species described in this paper are some of the largest and most
brilliant of the whole Family. One new genus is now proposed for
some very abnormal species from India, which have also represen-
tatives in China.
1. TELEPHORUS CHALYBEIPENNIS, sp. nov. (Plate X. fig. 2.)
Castaneo-fulvus, nitidus ; antennis articulis guatuor ultimis tarsis-
gue nigro-fuscis ; elytris chalybeis vel nigris, pernitidis, sub-
tiliter coriaceis.
Long. 18 millim. ¢Q.
PZ 5. 1869 PIU
i
4
Ff
c
atid
| 4
Q
6
] t
| |
|
12
11
ns
Meets
NEW SPECIES OF TELEPHORIDA.
a |) Ct a ea ae re
E Wilson. del Lith &Imp.Camb.Sei.Inst Co.
1889.] COLEOPTERA OF THE FAMILY TELEPHORID. 97
Hab. India, Kullu (Mus. Caleutta), Koa Deyring ; Assam.
Head broad and flat, very smooth and even, minutely punctured,
entirely yellow, apices of the mandibles pitchy ; antennee more than
half as long as the body, thin, and simple, pale luteous, with the
last four joints black. Thorax square, glabrous, yellow, without a
trace of a central channel, the front and sides not reflexed, the base
finely margined. Scutellum and the entire body beneath yellow ;
elytra brilliant steel-blue, closely and very finely punctured at the
shoulders, this sculpture gradually terminating in the fine wrinkles
which cover the surface. The elytra of this species (like those of
T. nepalensis, Gray) seem of a very delicate texture and easily
become shrivelled. Legs yellow with black tarsi.
This insect is narrower than 7. nepalensis and has the tibic
yellow.
2. TELEPHORUS KHASIANUS, sp. nov. (Plate X. fig. 1.)
Flavus ; capitis basi et macula duplici frontali nigro-subviridibus,
prothorace disco nigro ; elytris viridibus creberrime granulatis,
apicibus tenuiter flavis.
Long. 15-16 millim. @&.
Hab. India, Khasia Hills, 2000 feet elevation (Major Godwin-
Austen); Shillong.
Head finely punctured and wrinkled, clypeus yellow, roughened
and irregular, behind the insertion of the antenne greenish and not
very shining, antenne entirely yellow. Thorax wider than long,
yellow excepting the disk, which is broadly black with a greenish
reflexion, sides and base reflexed. Legs yellow, front coxe a little
infuscate in front. Elytra rather dull, but beautiful green, owing
to the fine granulations, narrowed towards their tips, which are
yellow. Body beneath entirely yellow.
Allied to the Japanese 7’. viridipennis, Kiesen. Two specimens
in my own collection ; several examples in the Museum of Calcutta.
/ 3. TELEPHORUS VERSICOLOR, Sp. nov.
Luteus, tibiarum apicibus tarsisque fuscis; elytris violaceo-ceruleis,
tertia parte apicali luters, grosse eribrato-punctatis, basi apice-
que levigalis.
Long. 12 millim.
Hab. India, Khasia Hills, 3000 feet elevation.
Head and thorax luteous yellow; mouth, palpi, and two basal
joints of the antennze (the rest being lost) of the same colour, tips
of the mandibles infuscate. The thorax is nearly square and its
margins gently reflexed, both it and the head are impunctate.
Elytra steel-blue at the base, passing into violet, the base is glabrous
beyond the shoulders, as far as the apical yellow portion coarsely and
cellularly punctate ; a few obsolete cells extend on the yellow apical
part, which is more than a third of their length. Scutellum yellow,
but metallic blue at the base. Legs and underside yellow, apices of
the tibie and the tarsi fuscous.
98 REV. H. S. GORHAM ON NEW [ Mar. 5,
A single specimen, the antenne are lost with the exception of
two joints.
4. TELEPHORUS BRAHMINICUS, sp. nov.
Fulvus ; antennis, palporum articulo ultimo pedibusque nigris, his
basi fulvis ; elytris nigro-ceruleis, subnitidis, granuloso-rugosis.
Long. 12 millim.
Hab. India, Assam.
Head and thorax fulvous, impunctate, finely pubescent ; antennz
entirely black. Thorax rather narrower in front than at the base,
the margins very little reflexed, the disk channelled, and rather
tumid on each side of the ceutre, transversely impressed in front.
Seutellum red. Elytra rather rugulose, not shining except at their
base; underside yellow. Legs black, excepting the cox, the
trochanters, and the inner side of the femora at the bases.
Two specimens in my own collection, one in the Calcutta
Museum.
Oés. In one of these the antennze are lost except the two basal
joints, which are fulvous beneath.
5. TELEPHORUS CRURALIS, Sp. nov.
Fulvus ; antennis (articulis duobus primis exceptis), palporum
apicibus, tibiis tarsisque nigris; elytris plumbeo-ceruleis, sub-
pubescentibus, subtiliter rugulosis.
Long. 12 millim.
Had. India, Dibru.
Head and thorax fulvous, impunctate, sparingly pubescent, the
latter with its sides considerably narrowing from the base, and with
a slight constriction before the front margin; the disk smooth and
shining, not chaunelled but uneven, and almost tubercularly elevated
on each side of the middle; the base finely margined, the sides not
reflexed at all, towards the hind angles with longer thicker pubes-
cence. Scutellum red. Elytra dull leaden blue, almost black ; the
shoulders highly carinate, shining. Body beneath and legs yellow ;
tibize and tarsi black. The hind tibiz slightly bent.
A single specimen in my own collection.
6. TELEPHORUS VIATOR, Sp. nov.
Niger ; capite, prothorace elytrisque luridis, coxis interne et
abdominis segmentis quingue basalibus flavo-marginatis.
Long. 12 miilim.
Hab. India, Khasia Hills, 2000 feet elevation.
Head and thorax fulvous, impunctate, shining ; antenne black,
basal joint yellow beneath ; tips of the mandibles and palpi fuscous.
Thorax narrowed in front from the base, not distinctly channelled,
but tumid on each side of the middle, a little constricted near the
front, the sides (as in 7. cruralis) not reflexed. Scutellum yellow,
infuscate at the base. Elytra dull ochraceous, thickly pubescent,
with scarcely any sculpture. Underside and legs greyish black ; tips
of the coxz and margins of the abdomen yellow.
1889.] COLEOPTERA OF THE FAMILY TELEPHORIDZ. 99
One specimen.
Var.? Body beneath, coxe, trochanters, and base of the thighs
yellow.
Hab. Khasia Hills. One specimen.
I cannot from the single specimens before me determine whether
these are distinct species, the structure appears to be the same in both.
y 7. TELEPHORUS SEMIUSTUS, Sp. nov.
Nigro-subcinereus ; capitis fronte, antennarum ariiculo primo, pro-
thorace femoribusque anticis et intermediis basi flavis ; elytris
sordide lividis, pubescentibus, basi nitidis nigro-plumbeis.
Long. 9-10 millim.
Hab. India: Assam, Sibsaugor (Major Godwin- Austen).
A feebly built, soft-looking species, which will be easily recognized
by its peculiar coloration. The head is black and shining, the front
from the insertion of the antennz, and underside excepting the
cheeks, yellow; the antenne ashy grey, yellowish at the base, the
palpi fuscous. The thorax is suborbiculate, wider than long,
impunctate and shining, the lateral margins and the base gently
reflexed. The elytra appear to be very soft in texture, being
shrivelled in all the specimens ; they are granulosely-subrugose, of a
pale sordid yellow, indeterminately black at the base, the rather
strongly raised shoulders being shining black. The body is ashy
grey, the abdomen nearly black. Legs black, the front coxee and
femora excepting at their tips, and the middle femora at the base
for half the length, and their coxze internally, yellow.
Three specimens in my own collection, and one in the Calcutta
Museum.
8. TELEPHORUS STYGIANUS, Sp. nov.
Ater, nitidus; elytris subrugulosis, sutura margineque laterali
tenuissime albis; abdominis segmentis singulis albo-marginatis.
Long. 73 millim. ¢ 2.
Mas. Segmentis tribus ultimis ventralibus divisis et imbricatis,
prothoracis margine laterali infra medium plicato.
Fem. Segmento sexto ventrali bifossulato et levigato.
Hab. South India (Mus. Calcutta), Mt. Kodeicanel (J. Castets).
The antennz are rather long in the male, being about the length
of the body, those of the female are shorter. The mandibles are
pitchy red. The thorax about as long as wide, none of the angles
distinct, but the margin is raised and a little thickened at the front,
plicate a little below the middle of the side, forming in the male a
narrow notch, below which the margin is bidentate ; but this structure
is not apparent in one of the two specimens of that sex nor in the
female. The apical ventral plates of the male have their two halves
somewhat inclined so as to form a V, and are divided in the middle
much as in the Central-American genus Discodon, Gorh. It is
probable that a new genus will have to be proposed for the present
insect and its allies in the east.
100 REV. H. S. GORHAM ON NEW [Mar. 5,
9. TELEPHORUS SEMIFULVUS, Sp. nov.
Alter, nitidus ; elytris subrugosis, dimidio basali sordide ochraceis ;
prothorace quadrato, medio late fossulato.
Long. € millim.
Hab. South India, Mt. Kodeicanel ( Castets).
The head and thorax are black and shining, the mandibles and
front of the clypeus are obscurely red. The thorax is small, square,
with all the angles distinct ; the elytra are narrow, a little wider than
the thorax, shining, but not smooth, having a subrugose sculpture,
which is roughest on the black apical half. The legs and body
beneath are black, the claws are simple. ‘The antenne are entirely
black, their joints (excepting the short second one) elongate and
subequal in length, and not at all serrate.
One specimen.
Obs. This species has the appearance of a small Rhagonycha, but
is separated by the simple claws.
10. TELEPHORUS MANDUCATUS, sp. nov.
Flavus ; antennis, pedibus (tibiarum femorumque basibus preter-
missis) nigris ; elytris nitidis, nigro-fuscis, basi et marginibus
lateralibus flavis.
Long. 9 millim.
lab. India.
The head, thorax, the entire body beneath, the coxe, trochanters,
base of the femora and basal half of the tibize, as well as the base of
the elytra, with their lateral margins to within about one third of
their length at the apex, are yellow. The thorax is wider than long,
with its surface even and smooth, the margins a little expanded
laterally. The antenne are entirely black, rather stout and com-
pressed, and about two thirds of the length of the body.
This is a distinct species, for the identification of which the cha-
racters above given will, I believe, prove sufficient. I have, however,
only seen one example, sent to me by Mr. A. E. Hudd, of Clifton,
Bristol, without more particular indication of the locality.
11. TELEPHORUS HUDDI, Sp. nov.
Flavus ; antennis (basi excepta) tarsisque nigris, elytrorum quarto
parte apicali indeterminate nigro-fusco.
Long. 11 millim.
Hab. India.
Head, prothorax, and elytra very smooth, the latter slightly
pubescent. Thorax transverse, the sides and front rounded so as to
leave no anterior angles; the base nearly straight, finely margined,
all the margins a little reflexed. Legs rather robust, hinder tibiz
gently curved, tarsi with their basal joint equal to the next three.
Abdomen, body beneath, legs excepting the tarsi entirely clear
ochraceous yellow.
This species is only imperfectly known to me, and cannot be
fully described at present.
1889.] COLEOPTERA OF THE FAMILY TELEPHORIDZ. 101
Communicated to me by Mr. A. E. Hudd, with no other
locality.
_ 12. TELEPHORUS INSULARIS, Sp. Nov. (Plate X. fig. 6.)
Flavus ; capite, antennis (articulo basali excepto) tarsisque nigro-
fuscis ; elytris subviridibus granuloso-coriaceis, fere opacis ;
thorace subquadrato, disco levi haud canaliculato.
Long. 9-11 millim.
Hab. Andaman Islands (coll, Gorham ; Mus. Calcutta).
Head fuscous, nearly black above; gular portion, mouth, and
palpi yellow; antennze about half the length of the body, their first
joint and part of the second yellow. Thorax rather broader than
long, smooth, the entire margin rather reflexed, together with the
scutellum and whole body and legs, excepting the tarsi, yellow ;
elytra rather parallel, not much narrowed, of a beautiful bluish green,
somewhat opaque and roughened in a granular manner, also clothed
with a very short and fine fulvous down. The abdomen is doubly
excised at the apex on each side of the middle, but the sex is un-
certain ; the claws are simple.
wk 13. TELEPHORUS NICOBARINUS, Sp. Ov.
Flavus; capite supra nigro-fusco, antennis corporis fere longitudine
subinfuscatis ; ore, palpis et parte gulari testaceis, elytris ob-
scure cerulis, geniculis tarsisque brunneis.
Long. 9 millim.
Hab. Nicobar Islands (Mus. Calcutta).
Closely allied to 7’. ixsularis, and distinguished from it chiefly on
account of its smaller size and some differences in the coloration,
while at the same time the antenne appear to be longer. The whole
insect is rather more delicately built, and the sculpture of the elytra
is finer. There is a series of specimens in the Calcutta Museum,
and it seems at least to be an insular form of 7’, insularis peculiar to
the Nicobars.
_ 14, TELEPHORUs BIETI, sp. nov. (Plate X. fig. 5.)
Nigro-ceruleus, nitidus; prothorace transversim subquadrato,
flavo, disco late nigro-ceruleo, elytris subrugosis cupreo-violaceis,
antennis pedibusque nigris.
Long. 15-17 millim. <¢ Q.
Hab. Thibet, Tatsienléu (/. Biet).
Head wide, distinctly but finely punctured, the crown with a
longitudinal widely impressed channel, with an oblique fossa on each
side behind the antennze, the mandibles are testaceous excepting at
their tips. Thorax wider than long, the lateral margins rather
widely, the base rather finely, reflexed; the disk shining and glabrous,
channelled in the middle, the channel deep behind, obsolete in front,
the angles rectangular but uot distinct. Elytra much wider than
the thorax, thickly and finely coriaceous, dull except at their base, of
a beautiful purple or coppery-violet colour. Body beneath blue-
black or bronze, the legs black but partaking of the colour of the
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. VIII. 8
102 REV. H. S. GORHAM ON NEW [Mar. 5,
body. Antennz half as long as the body, dull black, the basal
joints blue-black and (in the female) the first two yellow beneath.
Two examples sent me by M. R. Oberthiir with the name attached
which I have adopted.
15. TrLEPHORUS THIBETANUS, Sp. nov.
Niger, parum nitidus; prothorace flavo, disco late nigro nitido ;
elytris nitidis, subtiliter subrugose coriaceis, eneis.
Long. 13-14 millim. ¢ 9.
Mas. Unguiculo exteriore pedis anterioris ad basin lobo parvulo
disciformi.
Fem. Lisdem basi hamato-dentatis.
Hab. Thibet, Tatsienlou (F. Biet).
Similar in form and build to 7. dieti, but smaller and with
shining instead of dull elytra, which are also differently coloured.
The head is more coarsely punctured and is subrugose in front ; the
mandibles are black, as are the antenne, only inclining to be pitchy
at the apices of some of the basal joints. The thorax is more punc-
tured and its surface more uneven than that of 7’. bieti, the front
angles are rounded off; the lateral margins rather widely, the basal
margin narrowly, reflexed. The specimen which I think to be the
male has the elytra narrower and more parallel; the antennz are as
in T. bieti, about half as long as the body.
Two specimens communicated by M. R. Oberthiir.
16. TELEPHORUS OBERTHUERI, Sp. nov.
Niger, parum nitidus; prothorace (macula discoidali excepta),
mesosterno, pedibus (tarsis nigris) antennarum articulo primo,
abdominis limbo laterali et apice flavis ; elytris viridi-ceruleis,
subnitidis, granuloso-subrugosis.
Long. 12 millim.
Hab. Thibet, Tatsienléu (/. Biet).
Head black, mandibles at their base, and beneath except the
cheeks red; crown obsoletely canaliculate, closely and strongly
punctured. Thorax as long as wide, with only a few scattered and
not deep punctures; disk uneven, reddish yellow with a transverse
spot indented in front black, the margins not reflexed, but finely
margined behind, as well as the base, the disk tumid and obsoletely
canaliculate towards the base. Elytra bluish green, two coste on
each are rather distinct, and their surface is rather more coarsely
granulose than in 7. dieti. Legs red, tarsi black. The inner claw
of the anterior pair hamate at their bases.
Two specimens (one is imperfect and the tarsi are missing) from
M. R. Oberthiir.
17. TELEPHORUS IMPERIALIS, sp. nov. (Plate X. fig. 8.)
Nigro-ceruleus, nitidus ; prothorace favo, subquadrato, maculis
duabus nigris, antennis subtus et ad apices ochraceis ; abdomine
nigro, opaco, luteo-limbato ; elytris ceruleis.
Long. 20-23 millim. ¢ 9.
Hab. China, Kiukiang (Praéé).
1889.] COLEOPTERA OF THE FAMILY TELEPHORID. 103
The general colour of this species is steel-blue, the legs being of
the same colour as the body, with the tarsi duller and blacker. The
head is large and very shining, without punctuation, excepting that
the front edge of the clypeus is rugose; the mandibles are yellow
externally at their bases, the palpi are black, the antennze have two
joints at the base shining black, those following are dull, being very
finely pubescent, these are fuscous above; all the joints are
ochraceous beneath, the three before the apical one being almost
entirely ochraceous, and the apical one being black at the tip. The
thorax is rectangular, slightly transverse, yellow, smooth and
shining, with two roundish black spots on the disk placed near
together, but rarely united. In veryjlarge females the front of the
thorax is a very little wider than the base, and the head is then very
large. The elytra are of a deep indigo-blue, dull, being very finely
coriaceous, but a little shining at the base ; their sides are (when
not shrivelled) parallel; the wings blackish.
18. TELEPHORUS NOBILIS, sp. nov. (Plate X. fig. 9.)
Nigro-subviridis, nitidus ; prothorace aurantiaco, maculis duabus
nigris ; antennis fuscis, basi subtus ochraceis, elytris viridibus ad
apicem acuminatis ; abdomine flavo, utrinque nigro-maculato.
Long. 18-20 millim. ¢ 9.
Hab. North China (coll. Gorham) ; Fuchau (Leech).
This species is allied to 7’. imperialis, but is amply distinct. The
head is shining, but is minutely punctured, the mandibles and palpi
yellow, but partly pitchy ; the autennz are paler than in 7’. imperialis,
and the second joint is only smooth above, the apical joint is quite
pale. The thorax in the Fuchau examples (two in number) is of a
fine orange-yellow, in the N. China specimen paler yellow; that of
the female is wider and distinctly transverse ; the two spots as in
T. imperialis. The elytra are very wide at the base, with very
prominent shoulders: at this part and across the base they are
very shining and metallic, beyond the middle they are finely and
closely rugulose but more shining than in 7. imperialis. The scu-
tellum is of the greenish-black colour of the metasternum. The legs
are bluish black with black tarsi. The abdomen is yellow, the first
six segments with a black spot on each side.
There is a specimen in Mr. Leech’s collection from Fuchau which
is not only much smaller (about 15 millim.), but also differs in
having a single discoidal patch on the thorax, and one in my own
collection from North China has a subdivided discoidal patch and
has blue elytra. These specimens bear therefore somewhat the same
relation to 7’. nobilis that T. regalis does to J’. imperialis and may
possibly be distinct.
19. TELEPHORUS REGALIS, Sp. Nov.
Nigro-ceruleus, nitidus; prothorace flavo, subquadrato, disco nigro ;
antennis subtus et ad apices ochraceis; abdomine nigro, opaco,
luteo-limbato ; elytris ceruleis.
Long. 18-22 millim. dQ.
Hab. China, Kiukiang (Pratt).
gt
104 REV. H. S. GORHAM ON NEW [Mar. 5,
This species is very closely allied to 7’. imperialis, and indeed at
first sight only differs from it in having the disk of the thorax with
a black patch of irregular shape, indented in front and at each of its
hinder angles. It will, however, be found, I believe, to be distinct ; it
is rather smaller and narrower, and upon dissection of the male the
genitalia are found to- be dark in colour, and the lateral styles
(sagittze) more widely separated, wider and more hamate. These are
differences which are recondite, and do not properly come within the
scope of the present paper. About half a dozen specimens of this
insect were collected by Mr. Pratt.
~ 20. TELEPHORUS LEECHIANUS, Sp. nov.
Flavus; capite supra ( fronte excepta) nigro-ceruleo ; prothoracis
disco, femorum apicibus geniculisque nigris ; elytris viridibus,
basi micantibus ; scutello nigro.
Long. 17-18 millim. ¢ Q.
Hab. Kiukiang (Pratt).
Head above behind the inserticn of the antenne blue-black,
smooth, with only minute punctures which are furnished with short
hairs ; front of the head, antennee, and palpi yellow, tips of the man-
dibles pitchy. Thorax quadrate, yellow, with a nearly round, not
very large, discoidal black patch. Legs and body beneath entirely
yellow, excepting that about a third of the femora at the knees and
the extreme base of the tibiz are black. The elytra are bright
green, finely granulate, very shining at their bases.
Var.’ Thorax with two almost united black spots ; elytra blue.
Hab. ‘‘ North China” (coll. Gorham).
This is possibly identical with 7. viridipennis, Kiesen., from Japan.
21. TELEPHORUS LEECHIANUS, Var. ZNEIPENNIS.
Major, latior ; elytris eneis, abdomine fusco testaceo-marginato.
Hab. Kiukiang (Pratt). :
This insect, of which I have only seen one specimen, only differs
from T. leechianus in having the elytra brassy, less shining at the
base, the head quite black at the base instead of being blue-black.
~ 22. TELEPHORUS C@LESTIS, sp. nov. (Plate X. fig. 7.)
Badius ; femorum apicibus, tibiis (duabus posterioribus exceptis)
tarsisque nigris ; elytris lete ceruleis, nitidis.
Long. 14-18 millim. ¢ @.
Hab. Kiukiang (Pratt).
Head entirely bright chestnut-yellow, only the tips of the mandibles
pitchy, antennze yellow. Thorax square, that of the male a little
narrower in front than at the base, entirely yellow. Scutellum,
body, and legs yellow, with the exception of the tips of the
femora, the tibize and tarsi of the anterior and intermediate pairs,
and the tips of the tibize and tarsi of the posterior legs, which are
black. Elytra bright azure-blue, finely rugulose, but shining through-
out.
>
1889.] COLEOPTERA OF THE FAMILY TELEPHORID&. 105
Many examples of this, which is one of the most beautiful of the
Telephoridze, were captured by Mr. A. E. Pratt at Kiukiang.
23. TELEPHORUS VIOLACEIPENNIS, Sp. nov.
Badius ; femorum apicibus, tibiis tarsisque nigris; elytris violaceis,
nitidis ; antennis fuscis, articulis duobus basi rufis.
Long. 20 millim. @.
Hab. Kiukiang.
Larger than 7. celestis, and differing from it by the hind tibiz
being entirely black and by the fuscous antennee. The elytra are of
a deep violet; and the whole insect is wider and more robustly built
than 7. celestis, though, as there is only one female example among
the many Telephoridz collected by Mr. Pratt, it is not possible to
give comparative characters. The elytra are rugulose, and almost
punctured externally near the shoulders, internally and towards the
apex they are obsoletely rugose, but shining.
24. TELEPHORUS (ANCISTRONYCHA) PRATTIANUS, sp. NOV.
(Plate X. fig. 3.)
Niger ; capite, prothorace, scutello, femorum (maris posterioribus
exceptis) et antennarum articulo primo rufis, hoc nigro-maculato.
Long. 12-13 millim. ¢ Q.
Mas. Abdomine nigro, femoribus posticis concoloribus.
Fem. Abdomine nigro, femoribus omnibus basi rufis.
Hab. China, Kiukiang (Pratt).
Head and thorax orange-red, shining ; the former excavate between
the eyes, the tips of the mandibles pitchy ; eyes small but prominent ;
antenne long, their basal joint yellow, spotted with fuscous above,
the following joints fuscous, the third shorter than the fourth and
succeeding joints, the apices of the fourth to the eighth joints slightly
produced at the tips internally. The thorax squarish with rounded
front angles, channelled in the middle, and strongly tumid on each
side. Scutellum and bases of the four anterior femora with their
trochanters and cox yellow, as is also the mesosteraum. The
elytra are dull black, granularly rugose and with one or two distinct
nervures. The female has the body beneath yellow, the anterior
claws being also hamate, with a tuft of setee from the hook at their
base.
25. TELEPHORUS (ANCISTRONYCHA) ORIENTALIS, sp. nov.
Luride ochraceus ; antennis (articulis duobus primis exceptis) in-
Suscatis ; prothorace oblongo-subquadrato, disco inequali, nitido,
postice longitudinaliter impresso ; elytris opacis, subrugosis.
Long. 14-16 millim. 9.
Hab. Fuchau (G. Lewis; S. Leech) ; Kiukiang (Pratt).
This is a narrow species, with the legs rather long; it is
entirely ochraceous yellow, with the exception of the antenne (of
which the third to the apical joints are fuscous, but have neverthe-
less their bases yellow), and the fourth bilobed joint of the tarsi,
which is also fuscous. The head is smooth and shining, under a
106 ' REV. H. S. GORHAM ON NEW [ Mar. 5,
strong lens it is very closely and very finely punctured. The thorax
is longer than wide, very shining; the disk is finely but deeply
channelled behind, the channel ending in a wide undefined depression.
The elytra are rough, each with two nervures rather distinct, their
bases (as usual in this section) a little shining.
Specimens of this insect were given me many years ago by Mr.
Lewis, by whom they were captured at Fuchau ; it reminds one of
the European T. dividus.
26. TeLEPHORUS (ANCISTRONYCHA) BARTON], Sp. Nov.
Sordide ochraceus, parum nitidus ; capitis puncto, prothoracis disco
utringue, macula lineari obliqua, antennis, palpis, femoribus
externe, tibtis tarsisque nigris.
Long. 15-16 millim.
Hab. North China (coll. Gorham), Kiukiang (Praté).
This is a more robustly built and wider species than T. orientalis.
The head and thorax are more pubescent and rougher, though
distinct punctures hardly exist, except on the clypeus. The thorax
is fully as wide as long (in large females perhaps a little wider), the
middle of the disk with a short but deep channel, on each side of
which it is widely tumid, the tumid part obliquely marked with
bluish black, the mark reaching close to the reflexed margin.
Scutellum yellow, but surrounded when exposed by darker mark-
ings ; elytra ochraceous, dull and more granulosely rough near their
apices. Legs robust and pubescent, black, but the underside of the
femora, the coxee and trochanters, and occasionally the tips of the
tibiee are yellow. The abdomen is of a more sordid ochraceous
colour with the dorsal surface black, but the apical ventral segment
is clearer yellow. The antennz are black, with the underside of the
two basal joints yellow.
Two or three specimens of this insect were sent me by Mr. S.
Barton and are labelled ““N. China;” about a dozen examples
were collected by Mr. A. E. Pratt at Kiukiang.
27. TELEPHORUS SINENSIS, sp. nov.
Plumbeo-niger ; capitis fronte, prothorace (margine antica late et
macula discoidali haud bene discreta exceptis), femoribus basi,
coxis, trochanteribus et corpore subtus flavis.
Long. 15 millim. ¢ @.
Hab. Fuchau (G. Lewis).
Head fuscous black, with the front and gular parts yellow, tips of
the mandible and palpi black; antennz black, only the basal joint
yellowish at its base, almost as long as the body in both sexes ; eyes
very prominent, almost as in Podabrus, Thorax nearly square, in
the male a very little longer than wide, margins very little reflexed ;
the disk rather strongly tumid on each side of the central channel,
slightly pubescent; yellow, with the front margin rounded and a
little raised, black, this colour following the form of the inserted
head, and with a very undefined central spot. Elytra dull fuscous
black, opaque. Legs fuscous black, the base of the thighs, coxx,
1889.] | COLEOPTERA OF THE FAMILY TELEPHORIDS. 107
trochanters, and body yellow, some of the ventral segments faintly
clouded in the middle. ;
Six specimens captured by Mr. Lewis are in my own collection.
28. TELEPHORUS KIUKIANGANUS, Sp. Noy.
Plumbeo-niger ; prothorace pedibusque rufis, his tibiarum basibus
tarsisque nigro-piceis, illo disco, antennis articulis duobus basal-
ibus, abdominisque apice rufescentibus.
Long. 12 millim. ¢.
Mas? Abdominis segmento septimo ventrali late diviso, utrinque
profunde fossulato.
Hab. China, Kiukiang (4. 2. Pratt).
Var. thorace toto rufo.
The head in this insect is much narrowed behind as in 7’. sinensis,
long but shorter than in that species, and with the basal and some-
times the second joints rufous. The thorax is orbicular, but longer
than wide in some specimens, while equally wide and long in the
variety and in other specimens. The scutellum is fuscous (but
yellow in the variety) ; the elytra are smoky black with a blue tint,
opaque but very finely sculptured, and pubescent. The greater part
of the head is narrowly yellow; the breast and abdomen are ashy
black, but all the segments are margined, and the curiously formed
subapical segment is reddish yellow.
29. TELEPHORUS PURPUREIPENNIS, sp. nov. (Plate X. fig. 4.)
Niger, subnitidus ; pronoto suborbiculari, limbo toto angustius
reflexo, picescente ; elytris purpureis, pube brevi concolore dense
vestitis ; antennis corpore paulo brevioribus, simplicibus.
Long. 14 millim.
Hab. China, Kiukiang (4. EZ. Pratt).
The head is rather small, even with the eyes (which are prominent),
not being so wide as the thorax; the mandibles pitchy ; the cheeks
in front of the antennz with a pale spot. The thorax black, with
the margins neatly raised and paler, the reflexed edge being even
testaceous beneath. The form is orbicular but generally longer than
wide, and with the base rather straight, its disk smooth and shining
and tumid on each side of the middle, leaving a roughly formed
channel ; only the very finest pubescence can be observed under the
strongest lens, and that only towards the sides. Elytra rich dark
purple-red, obsoletely costate.
The thorax in this species is formed as in 7’. kiwkianganus, and will
prevent its being confounded with species of Lycocerus, which in
colour and the clothing and the costation of the elytra it approaches.
Three specimens. The last ventral segment has a broad and
triangular impression, but the sex is uncertain.
30. TELEPHORUS METALLESCENS, Sp. nov.
Flavus ; capite supra ( fronte excepto) prothoracisque macula parva
discoidali nigris, elytris plumbeis vel subviridibus ; antennis
108 REY. H. S. GORHAM ON NEW [Mar. 5,
articulis duobus primis pretermissis, pectore et abdominis
segmentis quinque ventralibus in medio fuscis.
Long. 12-13 millim. ¢ 9.
Hab. China, Kiukiang (Pratt).
The head in this species is broad and not much narrowed behind,
the eyes are prominent, the front and gular part are yellow, the
basal half and cheeks black. There is a deep fossa between the
antenne, the latter are fuscous but yellowish beneath, and two joints
at the base are entirely yellow. Thorax small, square, with an
irregular impression in the centre of the disk. Scutellum blackish
or fuscous, becoming yellowish at its apex. Elytra bronzy green or
leaden, rather shining, subrugose. Legs yellow. Breast fuscous.
Abdomen fuscous on the dorsal side, margined with the yellow
colour of the underside, of which only the middle of each of the first
five segments has an infuscate cloud.
Several specimens of each sex.
31. TELEPHORUS? FLAVICORNIS, Sp. nov.
Flavus ; capite et genis nigris, pectore abdomineque fuscis, elytris
subviolaceis.
Long. 9 millim.
Hab. Fuchau, China.
Front and gular part of the head, autenne, and palpi clear luteous
yellow: the antenne three fourths of the length of the body, the
basal joints from the second to the eighth compressed, and from the
fourth to the eighth having their (inner ?) edge a little produced at
the apex, the eighth itself having this part produced so as to form a
small spur, the three terminal joints simple; all the joints, except
the very short second, elongate. Head wide across the eyes, much
narrowed behind, punctured obsoletely and uneven, the basal part
black. Thorax yellow, once and a half as long as wide, uneven, the
sides deflexed. Elytra dark violaceous, nearly black. Legs yellow,
tarsi long, faintly fuscous at the tips ; claw-joint thin and long, claws
simple.
A single specimen of this curious insect taken by Mr. G. Lewis at
Fuchau, and given to me.
LycocERvs, genus novum.
Corpus Lyciforme, supra breviter pubescens. Antenne ultra
articulum secundum compresse, serrate, articulis sexto ad
undecimum sensim attenuatis. Palpi sicut in Telephoro. Pro-
thorax lateribus haud marginatis vel reflexis. Elytra mollia,
obsolete costata, sqguamose pubescentia. Ungues simplices.
This new genus is very difficult to characterize. The insects for
which I propose the name are true Telephorids, but have very much
the appearance of Lycide, especially of the genus Calochromus.
The head is exserted, but yet seems in close connection with the
thorax. The latter is very different. to that of any Telephorid known
to me, the sides not being margined or expanded, narrowed from the
base (in all the three species known to me), and clothed with a fine
1889.] | COLEOPTERA OF THE FAMILY TELEPHORID. 109
‘adpressed pubescence, which is thickest at the hind angles, these
latter are acute but not projecting. The body beneath does not, so
far as I can at present ascertain, present any difference from that of
other Telephoridz, and is very simple, and I cannot at present find
any indication of the sexual distinction. The Lycoceri are plain, if,
indeed, they may not be termed ugly insects, of a pale brick-red or
smoky-black colour, without any brillianey or pattern to relieve
them, and their integuments are so soft that all the examples I have
yet seen are shrivelled and distorted.
32. LycOCERUS SERRICORNIS, sp. nov. (Plate X. fig. 10.)
Niger ; corpore nitido, supra subsquamoso-pubescens ; capitis vertice,
prothorace (vitta mediana parum distincta pretermissa) elytris-
que rufis ; antennis serratis.
Long. 15-17 millim.
Hab. N.E. India (coll. Gorham); Assam, Sibsaugor (Mus.
Calcutta) ; Burroi Dunseri valley (Major Godwin- Austen).
Crown of the head ochraceous, clothed with golden hair. Antennze
with the basal joint stout, pear-shaped, the thickest end towards the
second joint, which is short and obconic, the third to the sixth joints
a little longer than wide, the fourth and fifth being the widest, the
three terminal joints quite narrow, the apical one almost linear,
lancet-shaped. ‘Thorax with a short and very obsolete central
channel, clothed with golden squamose pubescence, without trace of
punctuation, the base rather wider than the length. Scutellum
smoky black. Elytra dull, sordid brick-red ; humeral callosity well
pronounced; there are four or five obsolete costz or raised
nervures ; the surface is roughened, but neither punctures nor cells,
nor indeed rugosities are present, but a close squamose pubescence of
the colour of the elytra. The body and legs are entirely deep black,
the breast shining and impunctate, the abdomen dull.
33. LyCOCERUS LATERITIUS, sp. nov.
Niger, parum nitidus ; prothorace elytrisque saturate ochraceis ;
capitis vertice obscure rufo, antennis valde serratis.
Long. 13-14 millim.
Hab. India.
Smaller than Z. serricornis, and with the antenne wider and more
distinctly serrate. The head is darker, being only obscurely red
behind the eyes above. It is otherwise similarly pubescent. The
thorax has no dark vitta.
Two examples in my own collection.
34. LycocERUS DECIPIENS, sp. nov.
Niger, parum nitidus, supra parcius pilosus ; capite (epistomate
excepto) prothoraceque rufis, nigro-lineatis, elytris saturate
ochraceis ; antennis filiformibus.
Long. 12 millim.
Hab. N.E. India, Dibru.
The head is red, excepting the front, before the antenne, and a
110 REV. H. S. GORHAM ON NEW [Mar. 5,
distinct linear black spot upon the crown; the eyes are prominent
and are wider than the thorax. The thorax has the sides nearly
parallel, the middle with a narrow deep channel, which is black ; each
side of the disk is widely and obliquely impressed, but the front is
not depressed as in the two preceding species. The antenne are
long, being three quarters of the length of the body, and pubescent,
with long pilose hairs. The two basal joints are blacker than the
rest, but none of the joints are smooth. The scutellum is pitchy
black, red at the sides. The elytra red, with squamose pubescence
and longer hairs than in the preceding species.
Two examples from Dibru, and one from the Naga Hills.
The specimens are apparently males, but I do not think they can
be referred to the species with serrate antenne.
Obs. There is a Calochromus from Dibru almost exactly resem-
bling this species in colour and form.
35. LycocERUS CALIGINOSUS, sp. nov. (Plate X. fig. 11.)
Niger, subnitidus; prothoracis lateribus supra, humeris, elytrorum-
que marginibus postice obscure rufis, genis et mandibulis flavis ;
elytris opacis, fumeo-caliginosis.
Long. 12 millim.
Hab. India (Mus. Calcutta).
Head smoky black, rather shining, the cheeks at the base of the
mandibles and the latter yellow; the antenne flattened and widened
in the middle, but hardly serrate, two joints at the base shining, the
rest smoky black. Thorax with the sides narrowed from the base ;
the disk as in L. serricornis, but rather even, not much depressed in
front, the middle very obsoletely channelled, the black vitta very
distinct and undulate, the side deep blood-red. Elytra smoky black,
the lateral margin (excepting at the base) and the apex reddish, but
this colour here is ill defined, the callus is also red. Underside
black and a little shining.
A very obscure-looking insect, of which nine examples in the
Calcutta Museum are all I have seen. In some of these the red
margin of the elytra is complete.
36. LycocEeRUS MILITARIS, sp. nov. (Plate X. fig. 12.)
Niger ; corpore parum nitido, prothoracis disco inequali, obscure
picescente, elytris rufo-brunneis, antennis serratis.
Long. 10-12 millim. of Q.
Mas. Antennis longioribus, minus ampliatis, unguiculis simplicibus.
Fem. Antennis minus longis, articulis brevioribus latioribus ;
unguiculis anterioribus quatuor primis basi hamatis.
Hab. China, Fuchau (G. Lewis).
Eyes prominent, head black with the exception of the cheeks in
front of the antennz, where there is a pale spot, crown a little
shining, clothed with a pale golden pubescence. Antennze (of the
male) about three quarters of the length of the body, the fourth to
the end joints equal in length, serrate, the fourth to the eighth
widest, those of the female wider and shorter. Thorax greyish
1889.] COLEOPTERA OF THE FAMILY TELEPHORID&. 111
black, the sides a little contracted in front ; the disk deeply sulcate,
tumid behind the middle on each side; the front margin and sides
a little reflexed and often pitchy. Elytra distinctly costate, the
humeral callus distinct and giving rise to one costa, between which
and the suture are three costz, that which is next the callus being
prolonged to near the apex. Their colour is a dull reddish brown,
which is no doubt brighter in life, and is restored by wetting them.
The body beneath is dull black, clothed with short greyish pubes-
cence. The apical segment of the male appears only to differ from
that of the female in being narrow, but cannot be well observed in
dry specimens.
This species bas been known to me since 1863, when Mr. G.
Lewis collected five specimens at Fuchau. The toothing of the
claws of the female suggests affinity with Ancistronycha. I cannot
at present, for want of more and sufficiently fresh specimens, deter-
mine whether the same structure is found in L. serricornis and other
species. If it should prove to be so, it would not warrant the placing
of such abnormal insects in that genus.
37. TELEPHORUS? sp, nov.
A single example of a Telephorus from Fuchau, collected by
Mr. Leech.
38. Homatisvus? sp. nov. ?
A single example from Kiukiang (Pratt) possibly belongs to this
genus: this insect has a strongly fossulate thorax, and costate and
deeply punctured elytra.
39. Srxts, sp. nov. ?
Hab. Fuchau (Leech).
Two examples of a small Silis (6 millim.) with black body and
elytra and red thorax, the sides of which are doubly and deeply
incised, and its disk deeply fossulate. Not in sufficiently good condi-
tion for study, the antenne being lost, &c.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE X,
Fig.1. Telephorus khasianus, p. 97. ~
chalybeipennis, p. 96. ~
prattianus, p. 105.
. —— purpureipennis, p. 107.
bieti, p. 101. F
insularis, p. 101.
—— celestis, p. 104. -
imperialis, p. 102. —
— nobilis, p. 103. 2
10. Lycocerus serricornis, p. 109.
11. caliginosus, p. 110. 4
12. militaris, p. 110,
$0 0 SIS OTR Od bo
112 COL. R. H. BEDDOME ON NEW [ Mar. 5,
3. Descriptions of Land-Shells from the Island of Koror,
Pelew Group. By Col. R. H. Beppome.
[Received February 19, 1889.]
(Plates XI. & XII.)
The following interesting shells were collected for Dr. Hungerford
by Mr. Gibbon, who resides in Koror, or Coror, one of the Pelew
Islands.
1. DipLOMMATINA LUTEA, sp. nov. (Plate XI. figs. 1, 1a.)
Shell sinistral, broad ovate, not rimate, thick, yellowish, irregularly
blotched with black towards the apex: whorls 63-7, gradually in-
creasing downwards, the penultimate being the largest; sculpture a
fine, close, regular oblique striation across all the whorls, last whorl
ascending much on to the penultimate; a slight constriction on the
penultimate, just above the columellar margin: peristome very thick,
3 breadth of shell, dilated at its outer margin; inner lip much ex-
panded, shining, continuous round the apex of the aperture, where it
is faintly striated across: aperture vertical, subquadrate, furnished
with a tooth-like process on the columellar margin, which is lamella-
like, running back into the shell. Length 33 millim.
Hab. Koror.
The peristome of this and the five following species is of very
great thickness in comparison with the size of the shell, much more so
than in any Indian species with which I am acquainted; it might be
misguiding to describe the peristome as double in these species when
the outer margin is dilated, and single when there is no dilatation,
as this dilatation certainly varies in different individuals of the
same species and may be altogether absent, or more or less prominent
in the same species.
I do not see how the subgenus Palaina can be kept up for these
Pacific species of Diplommatina, as they differ more amongst them-
selves than many of them do from Himalayan forms, and the same
may be said of Diancta and Pazillus.
2. DIPLOMMATINA PLATYCHEILUS, sp. nov. (Plate XI. figs. 2,
2a.)
Shell sinistral, ovate, fusiform, thick, inconspicuously rimate, dull
brick-coloured: whorls 63-7: sculpture, the upper 13-2 minute
whorls glabrous or very finely striated, the 3rd and 4th with prominent
coarse, rather thick ribs, the antepenultimate partly furnished with
similar ribbing, and partly with a close fine striation, penultimate
finely striated, the last whorl furnished with a few swollen convex
ribs ; penultimate much the largest and most swollen, with a slight
constriction above the columellar margin; last whorl not ascending
much on to the penultimate: peristome very thick, about 3 breadth
of shell, finely costulate outside, the inner lip continuous: aperture
much broader than high, transversely auriculate, narrowing inwards
a
Gann
ee
on
GB.Sowerby Ith .
NEW LAND SHELLS FROM KOROR.
Hanhart imp.
s
1889.] _ LAND-SHELLS FROM KOROR. 113
to a circular opening from the contraction of the inner shining portion
of the peristome ; no trace of tooth. Length 3 millim.
Hab. Koror.
3. DIePLOMMATINA RUBELLA, sp. nov. (Plate XI. figs. 3, 3 a.)
Shell sinistral, oblong, conical, thick, inconspicuously rimate, red-
dish or reddish white in colour: whorls 64-7 ; sculpture a fine close
striation obliquely across the upper whorls, disappearing or very
faint on the penultimate, coarse and distant on the last whorl, pen-
ultimate the largest and most swollen, last whorl not ascending much
on to the penultimate, with a slight constriction just above the co-
lumellar margin: peristome very thick, about jz breadth of shell,
the outer margin slightly or not at all dilated, striated between the
margins, the inner portion continuous: aperture circular ; no tooth.
Length 3 millim.
Hab. Koror.
4. DIPLOMMATINA AUREA, sp. nov. (Plate XI. figs. 4, 4a.)
Shell dextral, ovate, fusiform, thick, of a yellowish colour, blotched
with black upwards: whorls 73 ; texture smooth, except a few (3 or 4)
coarse ribs across the 3rd and 4th whorls, and some faint striation on
the penultimate, chiefly just above the aperture; penultimate whorl
the largest, constriction very faint; last whorl not ascending much on
to the penultimate: peristome much thickened, about 7 breadth of
shell, not dilated at its outer margin, striated between the margins ;
inner portion of lip continuous: aperture circular; a small incon-
spicuous swelling on the columellar margin where a tooth is present
in other species. Length 4 millim.
Hab. Koror.
5. DipLOMMATINA CRASSILABRIS, sp-nov. (Plate XI. figs. 5, 5a.)
Shell sinistral, tumidly fusiform, not rimate, thick, pale yellowish,
blotched with black: whorls 64, the antepenultimate the largest ;
sculpture a fine close, regular, oblique striation across all the whorls,
a fold generally present on the last whorl at a little distance from
the peristome ; last whorl not ascending much on to the penultimate ;
a rather prominent constriction present on the penultimate above the
columellar margin: peristome very thick, more than 3 breadth of
shell, not dilated at its outer margin, the shining inner portion not
much expanded, continuous round the apex of the aperture in only
a very thin layer across which the striation of the penultimate whorl
is continued: aperture vertical, oblong ; a small tooth on the co-
lumellar margin, below this a semilunate ridge is present, which runs
back into the shell but not quite to the opposite margin. Length
23 millim.
Hab. Koror.
6. DipLOMMATINA ALBATA, sp.nov. (Plate XI. figs. 6.)
Shell sinistral, oblong, not rimate, thin and transparent white,
shining: whorls 643, the antepenultimate and penultimate much
114 COL. R. H. BEDDOME ON NEW [ Mar. 5,
swollen, the latter much the largest; sculpture on the antepenultimate
a distant but rather fine costulation, on the whorl above much closer,
on the penultimate very fine, close, and inconspicuous, on the last
whorl rather distant but fine; last whorl not ascending much on to
the penultimate ; a constriction on the penultimate above the colu-
mellar margin: peristome very thick, about 4 breadth of shell, not
dilated at its outer margin; inner portion of lip not expanded,
shining, yellowish, continuous round apex of aperture, where it is
striated: aperture vertical, circular; no tooth. Length 3 millim.
Hab. Koror.
7. DiPLOMMATINA GIBBONI, sp. nov. (Plate XII. figs.7, 7 a, 76.)
Shell sinistral, gibboso-ovate, not rimate, white or pale yellowish,
with a few dark blotches, rather thin, semitransparent: whorls 7,
penultimate very much the largest and most swollen; sculpture a
fine, close, regular, oblique striation across all the whorls; last whorl
not ascending much on to the penultimate, furnished with an incon-
spicuous blunt fold a little behind the peristome, a slight constriction
on the penultimate whorl, above the columellar margin: peristome
thin, single, not continuous round the apex of aperture (the striations
of the penultimate whorl running right into the orifice), dilated in-
side only at the columellar margin, where it is furnished with a small
papilla-lke tooth, below which there is a lunate lamella-like process
running back into the shell to the opposite wall beyond the peristome ;
aperture subauriculate. Length 23 millim.
Hab. Koror.
8. DipLoMMATINA PATULA, Semper. (Plate XII. figs. 8, 8a.)
Shell sinistral, oblong, conical, slightly rimate, moderately thick,
reddish brown: whorls 63—7; sculpture on the upper whorls a fine
close, oblique striation, rather finer on the penultimate, particularly
on the side above the aperture; on the last whorl coarse, distant,
and lamella-like, except just behind the outer peristome, where it is
finer and close ; last whorl] not ascending much on to the penultimate ;
the constriction on the penultimate indistinct, over centre of aperture :
peristome moderately thick, not 4 breadth of shell, gradually dilated
outwards, the outer margin prominently winged, the interspace
finely costulate; the inner lip continuous and faintly striated above
the aperture : aperture subcircular, no tooth; within shining orange-
coloured. Length 53 millim.
Hab. Koror.
I at first thought this species undescribed, the lamella-like costula-
tions of the last whorl are so unlike those in the figure of Palaina
patula in M. Crosse’s Journal, xiv. p. 349, pl. x. fig. 3(1866); there,
however, being a general resemblance in size, shape, and colour, I sus-
pected some mistake of the artist of Semper’s species, so I sent a speci-
men to M. Crosse, who has kindly compared it with his type specimen
and identified it, the artist having incorrectly represented the last
whorl in his plate. The species appears to becommonin Koror, as many
examples were collected; in some specimens the continuation of the
1889. ] LAND-SHELLS FROM KOROR. 115
inner lip of the peristome round the apex of the aperture is only
represented by a very thin film, so much so that except under a
powerful lens the peristome appears to be interrupted.
9. DreLOMMATINA STRIGATA, var. KORORENSIS. (Plate XII.
figs. 9, 9 a.)
Shell sinistral, ovate, conical, slightly rimate, moderately thick,
bright brown-coloured: whorls 63, the penultimate much the largest ;
sculpture on all the whorls, except the last, a fine, close, oblique
striation, on the last whorl coarse, distant, and lamella-like, the last
whorl not ascending at all on the penultimate; the constriction on
the penultimate indistinct over the right centre of the aperture:
peristome double, only moderately thick, the inner lip continuous,
striated on the portion above the aperture, the outer lip distinctly
winged: aperture vertical, circular, within shining and orange-
coloured ; a small rounded swelling near the base of the columellar
margin is generally (but not always) present. Length 43 millim.
Hab. Koror.
This, M. Crosse informs me, differs from the type in being a
rather thicker shell, the penultimate whorl being more swollen,
the aperture larger, and the lamella-like costulation of the last
whorl more regular and prominent; the artist who drew the type
has, M. Crosse writes, failed to render the costulations of the last
whorl correctly, otherwise the figure fairly represents my specimens.
HuNGERFORDIA (new genus).
This genus differs from Diplommatina in its trochiform shape,
fewer whorls, which are not convex, in the great dilatation of the last
whorl, and in the constriction and operculum being in the last whorl
only half a turn from the aperture. Only one species has been found
(many examples), so that I do not give a generic character apart
from that of the species; other species will probably be discovered
in this group of islands (as yet little explored), which will either
establish it as a good genus, which it appears to be, or connect it
with Diplommatina only as a subgenus.
10. HuNGERFORDIA PELEWENSIS, sp. nov. (Plate XI. figs. 10,
10a, 10, 10 ce.)
Shell sinistral, trochiform, very thin, yellowish green: whorls 53,
not convex, except the last, which is slightly so; penultimate
much the broadest, formed of about 13 oblique, slightly imbricated
plaits, which terminate in small wing-like convex processes extending
beyond the margin ; the apical 14 whorls very small, smooth ; third
and fourth whorls with a fine, very oblique striation, the suture of
the fourth being slightly winged ; last whorl very thin, expanded,
and wing-like, not ascending at all on the penultimate, furnished
with fine oblique striations, a slight constriction about half a turn
from the aperture ; umbilicus generally prominent, sometimes hidden
116 ON NEW LAND-SHELLS FROM KOROR. [Mar. 5,
by the peristome ; aperture very oblique, an oblong tooth-like process
more or less developed near the base of the columellar margin, which
runs parallel with the inner portion of the peristome: peristome thin,
single, completely overlapped by the dilatation of the last whorl, or
sometimes the ‘edge of the whorl forms its outer margin: operculum
thin, horny, concave on the outside, with about six whorls from a
minute central nucleus only drawn up, the last whorl about half a
turn from the mouth. Length 4 millim. ; height 3 millim.
Hab. Koror.
I am indebted to Dr. Hungerford for a very perfect specimen of
Arinia scalatella collected in Zebu. The operculum, which is quite
similar to that of Diplommatina, is situated only a short distance from
the aperture, being clearly visible looking up the orifice ; there is no
sign of a constriction. Arinia appears to me to be a good genus, at
any rate it cannot be placed in the Nicida section of Diplommatina with
the South-Indian and Ceylonese species; the transverse striations,
never present in Nicida, are prominent on the upper whorls, and the
position of the operculum seems to be a marked distinction.
11. Herrx (ENpopontA) KororeEnsis. (Plate XII. figs. 11,
ll a, 114, lle.)
Shell very narrowly umbilicate, thin, somewhat discoid ; spire
depressed ; colour light brown, blotched with a darker shade, trans-
versely decassated with about 23 revolving, prominent, thin, wavy
ribs, otherwise smooth: whorls 5. convex ; peristome thin; aperture
lunar-circular, furnished with 4 narrow lamellz on the parietal wall
and 9 on the opposite exterior wall, all of which run into the shell
parallel with the whorl about 4 millim. Diameter of shell 54-6
millim.; height 4 millim.
Hab. Koror.
A very beautiful species.
12. Hexrx (ENpoponta) Fusco-zonata. (Plate XII. figs. 12,
12a, 126, 12c.)
Shell convex, depressed, thin, pale yellowish brown, transversely
banded with fuscous bars; spire scarcely raised, obtuse: whorls 6,
furnished with rather prominent, close, transverse, oblique striations,
the sutures convex and considerably raised; the last whorl rather
sharply angled at the periphery: umbilicus small but distinct ;
aperture lunate : peristome simple, thin; three elongated lamellze
on the parietal wall, which run some way into the shell, two pro-
minent but rather shorter ones opposite on the outer wall, near
the umbilicus and one or two subobsolete ones just beyond these.
Length of shell 33 millim. ; height 24 millim.
Hab. Koror.
Nearest to H. constricta (Semper), but differs considerably in its-
prominent striation, sharply angled periphery, and raised sutures.
Pog Fd ee
teed
P.Z.8 1889. Plate XIII.
Parker & Coward lith. : West Newman &Co.imp.
Anatomy of Gonatus fabricn.
PZ.5S.1889 Plate XIV.
West, Nevnman& Co.imp.
arker & Coward hth
Pp
Anatomy of Gonatus fabricit.
_
1889. ] ON THE ANATOMY OF GONATUS FABRICII. 117
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puare XI.
Fig. 1, 1a. Diplommatina lutea, p. 112.
2,24. platycheilus, p. 112.
3, 3a. —— rubella, p. 118.
4,44. aurea, p. 118.
5, 5a. crassilabris, p. 115.
6. albata, p. 113.
10,104,106, 10c. Hungerfordia pelewensis, p. 115.
Puate XII.
Fig. i, as 7b. Diplommatina gibboni, p. 114.
8, 8a. patula, p. 114.
9, 9a. strigata, var. kororensis, p. 115.
ll, lla, 114, lle. Helix (Endodonta) kororensis, p. 116.
12) 12a, 126, 12¢. ( ) fusco-zonata, p. 116,
4. Observations on the Anatomy of a rare Cephalopod
(Gonatus fabriciti). By Wittram HE. Hoyir, M.A.
(Oxon.), F.R.S.E. (Communicated by Professor G.
B. Howss, F.L.S., F.Z.S.)
{Received February 27, 1889.]
(Plates XIII. & XIV.)
Convrents.
I. Introduction, p. 117.
II. General Disposition of the Organs, p. 119.
III. The Cartilages, p. 119.
IV. The Pen, p. 121.
V. The Muscles, p. 124.
VI. The Nervous System and Sense-Organs, p. 124.
VII. Digestive Organs, p. 125.
VIII. Circulatory Organs, p. 126.
IX. Respiratory Organs, p. 127.
X. Excretory and Generative Organs, p. 127.
XI. The Funnel-Organ, p. 128.
XII. General Conclusions, p. 131.
XIII, Explanation of the Plates, p. 134.
I. Introduction.
The specimens upon which the following investigation is based
were as follows :—
1. Three immature examples obtained during the ‘ Valorous’ Expe-
dition, varying ia length from 30 to 50 millim.
2. A number of fragments, representing about a dozen individuals,
taken by my friend Mr. Robert Gray, of Peterhead, from the stomachs
of a Bottle-nosed Whale (Hyperoodon rostratus) and a Narwhal.
These were for the most part only arms, from which all the hooks
and suckers had been removed, with the buccal mass included
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. IX. 9
118 MR. W. E. HOYLE ON THE [ Mar. 5,
between their bases. In two cases parts of the trunk were pre-
served, but in no instance was there anything like a complete
specimen. In consequence, I have been unable to give any account
of several organs, and my descriptions of others are lamentably incom-
plete ; but it seemed better on the whole, in view of the rarity of this
species, of its unique external characters, and of our almost entire
ignorance as to its anatomy, to utilize the material at hand and
endeavour to throw light upon the somewhat obscure relationships
of this remarkable form. ;
It is perhaps worth while to mention the order in which the
digestive process seems to attack the various parts of the body. The
cuticle very soon disappears, then the fin becomes detached, and the
posterior end of the pen is dissolved, being probably of a softer
consistency than the shaft. Then most of the hooks and suckers
become detached, and the tentacular clubs lose the greater part of
their armature. The digestive organs and genital glands disappear,
and the gills become disorganized, the circulatory organs persisting
longer. The head with its attached arms then separates from the
body. The nervous tissues are very persistent. The last portions of
the body to remain are the mandibles and the lenses of the eyes,
which often occur in the stomachs of Cetacea in considerabie numbers.
Regarding the external description and history of this Cephalopod
I may refer to my ‘Challenger’ Report’ and to the authorities
therein quoted*. The only published information known to me
regarding its internal anatomy is about half a page in Verrill’s Mono-
graph of the Cephalopods of N.E. America®. Its peculiarities are
such that I have ventured upon the step of creating a new subfamily
for its reception, and it was therefore a matter of special interest to
ascertain that this procedure was justified by the internal structure.
For the convenience of the reader I may be allowed to recapitulate
here the chief peculiarities of the species, as it will be necessary to
refer to them in the subsequent discussion.
1. The Arms have each four series of suckers or hooks, whilst all
the other CEgopsids have only two.
2. The Ventral Arms possess only suckers in all the four series,
whilst the other arms have two series of suckers along the margins
and two series of hooks up the centre.
3. The Tentacles are furnished even from a point low down upon
the stem with regularly disposed longitudinal series of small suckers
and corresponding fixing-cushions.
4. The Connective Apparatus is continued up one side of the club,
where it forms a group of five or six large suckers and fixing-cushions,
whilst the middle of the club itself is occupied by a very short series
of two large and three very small hooks, and the tip of the club is
covered with small suckers.
* Report on the Cephalopoda. ‘Challenger,’ Reports, Zool. vol. xvi.
part xlyi. p. 174 (1886).
2 Especially Steenstrup, Oversigt K. D. Vid. Selsk. Forhandl. 1881.
8 Trans. Connect. Acad. v. p. 393 (1881) ; also Rep. U. 8. Fish Com. for 1879,
Washington, p. 418 (1882).
1889. ] ANATOMY OF GONATUS FABRICII. 119
5. The Gladius is narrow and linear anteriorly, but broader and
lanceolate in the hinder two thirds, whilst it ends posteriorly in a
hollow cup or cone, which has several diaphragms within it, and is
not covered outside and behind by a solid chitinous spine as is the
case with most, perhaps all, Onychoteuthids; at all events no
species hitherto known has such a hollow cone.
6. The Fins extend some distance beyond the hinder end of the
body, and their firm saddle-shaped cartilage slides upon the terminal
portion of the gladius.
7. The Radula has only five rows of teeth, instead of the usual
seven.
II. General Disposition of the Organs.
The mantle-cavity is very extensive, reaching backwards almost to
the end of the caudal extremity ; when it is opened the following
arrangement of parts may be observed (Plate XIII. fig. 5). The
siphon is of the usual form, having a valve, as has already been re-
corded by several observers, although Gray denied its existence.
The two retractor muscles of the siphon (depressores infundibult,
m, m) are seen stretching backwards from its base on either side,
and external to them are the gills (d7.), which are very long and
fixed to the mantle almost as far as their ends. Attached to the
base of the siphon, to the lateral aspect of the head, and to the mantle
in the middle line above is the usual valvular flap formed by the col-
laris muscle, which prevents the egress of the water from the lateral
parts of the mantle-cavity.
The ink-sac (7.s.) lies in the middle line and extends forwards
almost to the anus (a.): in the larger specimen it was quite fragmen-
tary, but appeared to reach further backwards than in the small
ones, in which, moreover, it was somewhat obliquely placed. The
rectum passes over it forwards from right to left, and the anal flaps
(in the small examples) are simple in form, and taper gradually from
the base to the apex. The vena cava (v.c.) lies along the right side
of the digestive gland (“ liver” of most authors).
Through the renal sac may be seen the sacculations on the vena
cava (re.) and the branchial hearts (47.4.) in their usual situation.
The renal openings seem to be minute papillze, situated just in front
of the branchial hearts, as in Onychoteuthis. One of my specimens
showed them, and I was able with some difficulty to make out
their position in a specimen in the British Museum. The apertures
of the oviduct (Plate XIII. fig. 3, od.) are deeper than and external
to the branchial hearts, and the nidamental glands may be seen in the
middle line immediately posterior to the renal organs: the posterior
aorta passes out between their diverging hind extremities.
In the smaller specimens the stomach (s) could be discerned in
the middle line behind the bases of the gills ; the genital gland when
fully developed appears to cover it.
Ill. The Cartilages.
The Cephaiic Cartilage—Two heads of larger specimens were
gt
120 MR. W. E. HOYLE ON THE [ Mar. 5,
preserved: in one the cartilage was sacrificed to the dissection of the
nervous system, and in the other it had already suffered a good deal
of mutilation. I made a sketch of the fragments put together as
carefully as possible, and afterwards compared this with the series of
sections through the head of one of the smaller specimens. The two
figures (Plate XIII. fig. 6) do not therefore represent a drawing of an
actual specimen, but have been put together from these two sources.
The basal portion of the cartilage, situated below and behind the
united pedal and visceral ganglia, consists of an oblong box with a
longitudinal septum down its middle. Each division is produced
backwards as a blunt prominence; these are the receptacles in
which the auditory organs are lodged. Anteriorly the sides of this
box converge and the lower portion of the cartilage comes to consist
of a vertical keel, which splits at its lower margin into two plates
passing outwards and downwards below the eyeballs. These plates
are each perforated near their outer margin by a foramen (osp.), which
serves to transmit the nerve to the osphradium. At the point
where the sloping subocular plate joins the vertical keel is a large
foramen (v.f".), which serves for the passage of the veins from the
eyes into the large vena cava. Another foramen in the middle line
(v,f'.) gives passage to the veins from the central nervous system.
From either side of the box a vertical plate is given off which lies
upon the posterior surface of each eye. The vertical sides of the
box are produced upwards and support a horseshoe-shaped plate,
the concavity of which is directed backwards. The convexity extends
much further forwards than the vertical supporting plates, and arches
over a space in which the cerebral ganglia are situated ; its anterior
extremity is bluntly pointed. There are no basi-brachial cartilages
such as are seen in Sepia, but thereis a thin plate of that material
in the dorsal wall of the vena cava behind the cephalic cartilage and
quite disconnected from it.
The nuchal and siphono-articular cartilages (Plate XIII. fig. 7)
present no special characters worthy of note. The latter are of the
linear kind common to the greater number of Decapoda; they
exhibit a tendency toa slight curve, in the form of /.
Of more interest is the presence of a pair of cartilages in the
ventral wall of the siphon on its outer aspect. These are two thin
plates (Plate XIII. fig. 7) of the form roughly of an isosceles obtuse-
angled triangle, the median border being straight, the outer expanding
to an angle. The sheet of cartilage is thickest near the middle line
and thins out gradually towards the side, losing itself in the sur-
rounding tissues. Their formation had not commenced in the
smaller specimens: compare Plate XIII. fig. 5.
The basi-pterygial cartilages had, however, developed to a con-
siderable extent in these examples. The extremity of the pen lies
in a groove between them.
The pallial cartilages have a much more intimate connection with
the structure of the body-wall than seems to me to have been
hitherto recognized. ‘The nuchal cartilage commences as a thin
plate which lies upon the muscles in the dorsal median line. Its
1889. ] ANATOMY OF GONATUS FABRICII. 121
upper surface is curved so as to fit into the under surface of the
cartilaginous pad which lies below the pen. A little further back
(Plate XIV. fig. 1) two processes are seen, one on each side, passing
downwards into the muscles, which thus take their origin from them.
Still further backwards these processes become longer and pass com-
pletely through the body-wall, separating the muscles, which here
compose it, into quite distinct masses. The outer limb of the collaris
muscle (co”.) springs from the notch between the horizontal plate of
the cartilage and its vertical process, whilst the inner limb (co’.) is
attached to the internal surface of the process. As this last lengthens,
however, the muscular attachment shifts from the inner surface to
the narrow terminal edge of the vertical process.
Three small cartilages which lie below and on either side of the
pen will be considered subsequently.
IV. The Pen.
The larger specimens presented nothing more than fragments of
the stem of the pen, but in the smaller ones transverse sections which
were made through the anterior part of the mantle and two series
of longitudinal sections through its posterior extremity yielded some
information regarding the structure and relations of the pen and
pen-sac ; and therefore since, so far as I am aware, no observations
upon these organs in the Decapoda have hitherto been published,
I propose to devote a few words to their description. A transverse
section made about a millimetre behind the margin of the mantle is
figured on Plate XIV. fig. 1. The pen itself (p.) has the figure of an
arch with everted limbs, which lies on the whole a little nearer the
ventral than the dorsal surface of the mantle. In most instances the
process of cutting has produced cracks in it, which indicate its com-
position of layers parallel to its upper and lower surfaces. It is covered
on both sides by an epithelial layer. In the preparations the con-
traction of the tissues has drawn the lower layer away from the pen,
but there can be no reasonable doubt that during life they were in
apposition. The upper layer of epithelium (e’) consists of very
small flattened cells, shortly oval in section and with nuclei of corre-
sponding form; they contain only a small amount of protoplasm.
The epithelium below the pen (e”), on the other hand, is immensely
thicker, consisting of a single layer of elongated columnar cells. The
protoplasm of these cells stains more deeply in the distal than in
the proximal portion, and is very faintly granular. The nucleus is
situated about one third from the proximal end of the cell, and con-
tains a deeply stained nucleolus at its distal end.
The concavity of the arch is partially occupied by a pad of car-
tilage (s.nw.), which is thickest in the middle line and thins away, at
first suddenly, then more gradually towards the extremities. The
form is such that this cartilage fits exactly into the other one which
is embedded in the muscles in the dorsal median line. This is not
apparent in the figures because these were drawn from different
sections. The two concavities which are due to the eversion of the
limbs of the arch are also filled by pads of cartilage (su.g.) similar
122 MR. W. E. HOYLE ON THE [ Mar. 5,
in histological structure to that just mentioned. The matrix of this
cartilage is perfectly hyaline and does not take up the staining-fluid
(borax carmine), and there is comparatively speaking a considerable
thickness of it between the adjacent cells. In the centre of the
cartilage the cavities are subspherical, but towards the surfaces,
particularly towards that one which is directed to the pen, they show
a tendency to become flattened. The cell-contents appear pale and
structureless, and are slightly retracted from the margin of the cavities
in which they lie. The nucleus is variable in form and is always
pushed quite to one side of the cell, usually towards that side which
is directed tothe pen. In the two lateral pads of cartilage it is larger,
rounder, and more frequently shows traces of cell-division. The
inferior surface of the median cartilage is, of course, covered by the
epithelial lining of the mantle (e.m.), which here becomes veatral
and has very distinct round nuclei.
The structure of the pen-sac undergoes various modifications in its
different parts. At the anterior extremity (fig. 4), for example, its
structure is much simplified. Merely the two layers of epithelium are
to be found, but even here the lower one is much thicker than the
upper owing to the different form of the cells. At this point no trace
of the cartilaginous pads is visible. This preponderating thickness of
the lower epithelium may also be observed in embryos, as is shown
in several of Bobretzky’s* beautiful figures. There can be little doubt
that it indicates that this lower layer is the one which is active in
secreting the pen.
A little further back than the region first described the pen under-
goes a slight change in the form of its transverse section. It not only
becomes thicker, but each limb of the arch gives off a prominence
near its end, towards the middle line, the limb itself being prolonged
outwards to a thin sharp edge. Opposite the prominence the lower
epithelium is thinner than elsewhere, but it thickens out into a
triangular pad between the prominence and the extremity of the
limb of the arch, thus forming a kind of mould upon which the pen
is shaped.
Sull further back, on a level with the stellate ganglia, both layers
of epithelium have the same appearance, the inferior one having
become reduced to a layer of simple pavement epithelium. Tiis
point is posterior to the region of the nuchal cartilages, hence no
cartilage is to be seen below the pen. The two upper cartilages have
also disappeared, and the concavity of the arch is filled with connective
tissue.
The posterior extremity of the pen-sac showed some points worthy
of being recorded. This part of the animal was entirely digested
away in the larger examples, and the observations here recorded
were based upon sections of two of the smaller specimens.
At the posterior extremity of the body both the superior and
inferior tracts of epithelium are extended laterally and their edges
1 Bobretzky, ‘‘Izsliedovaniya o Razyitie Golovonogikh” [Investigations on
the Development of the Cephalopoda], Izvest. Mosk. Univ. xxiv. figs. 34, 58,
62, 85, 87 (1877).
1889.] ANATOMY OF GONATUS FABRICII. 123
unite so that each forms a cone, the inferior layer being internal to
the superior (Plate XIV. figs. 2,3). They are not in contact, but a
narrow space is left between them, which of necessity has the form
of atunnel. Furthermore the internal epithelial cone is truncated,
so that a conical space is left between it and the outer cone. In the
preparations the epithelial surfaces had shrunk away at many points
from the chitinoid material below.
The epithelium lining the pen-sac (e’,e’) is, in this region, thin
and composed of cubical cells, except at a point near the tip of the
pen on the dorsal aspect, where the cells are almost columnar. The
appearance of the sbell itself does not differ from that seen in the
more anterior regions except that it is paler in colour and seemingly
softer in consistency, for it does not crack under the razor. A very
curious tissue, however, fills up the small conical space, which was
described as existing at the extreme tip of the pen-sac (c.p.). Im-
mediately lining the epithelium is a layer of normal pen-substance,
that is to say, not differing from that seen in the adjacent parts.
Within it is the mass of tissue just mentioned (c.p.). It consists of
a matrix which takes up borax carmine very faintly, but still just
sufficiently to mark it off clearly from the chitinoid pen-substance.
It presents a series of striations, which pass over it irregularly in
very various directions, sometimes straight, sometimes curved. Quite
at the posterior extremity an appearance is presented as though the
dorsal limb of the pen had been bent sharply backwards upon itself
(fig. 3). The matrix contains a large number of vacuoles, of spherical
or ovoid form, their long axes, in the latter case, lying parallel with
the striations above mentioned. They vary considerably in size.
Within the matrix, moreover, numerous nuclei are embedded; but
in only one or two instances was I able to make out any cell-substance
connected with them, and in these it had a loose granular appearance.
Two or three examples showed the cell-substance passing off from
the nucleus in the form of radiating threads, such as have been fre-
quently figured in representations of the cartilage of the Cephalopoda;
I was, however, unable in the preparations examined to trace the
processes of the cells into the matrix. Many of the nuclei could be
easily seen to be lying in the vacuoles in the matrix, but many looked
precisely as though they were closely surrounded by the matrix
itself. This was probably erroneous, for with the highest powers
which the preparations would bear the number of cells which couid
be distinctly seen to be surrounded by vacuities was greatly increased.
The conclusion seems to be that we have here to deal with a form
of cartilage, but of a degenerate type. It will be interesting to
assertain whether any material of similar nature occurs in corre-
sponding situations in Ommastrephes and Onychoteuthis.
In the other specimen of which longitudinal sections were made
(fig. 2) the appearance presented was somewhat different. The
matrix had entirely lost its subhyaline as well as its striated look
and was evenly granular throughout. Only a vacuole could be seen
here and there, and the nuclei also had almost disappeared; so that
one might suppose that here the degeneration of the cartilage had
124 MR. W. E. HOYLE ON THE [Mar. 5,
reached a more advanced stage. Another observation, too, indicates
beyond a doubt that the process of pen-formation has proceeded
further in this specimen than in the other. At the base of this cone
the epithelium has been retracted away from it, and on the surface
thus liberated could be seen a film of highly refractive material (sep.).
A similar film is also discernible on the ventral aspect of the base of
this cone, and they both become thinner and disappear as they pass
towards the centre of the base. I think it is safe to conclude that
we have here the incipient formation of the phragmocone which is
known to be present at the posterior extremity of the pen of Gonatus.
The conical mass of degenerate cartilage then serves the purpose of
a mould upon which the septa of the phragmocone are deposited.
Near the middle of the granular mass was a curved band of
apparently denser material than the rest, in the centre of which a
faint line could be traced. Whether this is merely accidental or
whether it indicates the position of an earlier incomplete septum I
have no means of ascertaining.
V. The Muscles.
Regarding the disposition of the muscles not very much is to be said ;
on the whole it resembles the arrangement found in Onychoteuthis
and Hnoploteuthis, but differs from both these in certain respects.
The capsule of the liver, formed by the retractor muscles of the
head, is much less strongly developed than in Onychoteuthis, the lateral
portions being, to all appearance, merely membranous without any
muscular fibres. The retractores capitis mediani arise separately in
their usual situation near the middle line; as they pass forward they
approach each other and fuse together a short distance behind the
point at which the cephalic aorta enters them ; in frout of this they
are again easily separable. In a specimen of Onychoteuthis banksvi
which was examined for the sake of comparison there is a union in
the same place, but less complete.
The retractores capitis laterales are slightly developed and they
seem to be distinctly separated from the median retractors by a
membranous interval in the capsule of the liver.
No muscle is present running from the head to the ventral surface
of the pen-sac, and passing over the commissure between the two
ganglia stellata, such as is described by Brock’ in the case of Eno-
ploteuthis.
The col/aris muscle has the usual disposition and relations.
The adductor infundibuli inferior has pretty much the same
arrangement as in Onythoteuthis. It arises far forwards and some
distance from the veutral line, and is inserted nearly in the middle
line a little distance behind the posterior infundibular nerve.
VI. The Nervous System and Sense-Organs.
The central nervous system (Plate XIII. figs. 1, 2) resembles most
* Brock, “ Versuch einer Phylogenie der dibranchiaten Cephalopoden,” Morph.
Jahrb. vi. p. 198 (1880),
1889.] ANATOMY OF GONATUS FABRICII. 125
nearly that of Ommastrephes, of all those which have hitherto been
described in detail’. The brachial ganglion (67.g.), however, is not
quite so widely separated from the pedo-visceral (p.v.) as in that
genus.
The fusion between the pedaland visceral ganglia is very complete.
Buccal ganglia (6.g.) are situated upon the posterior extremity of
the buccal mass, and are connected as usual both with the cerebral
and brachial ganglia. Furthermore there is present a cerebro-bra-
chial connective.
The Peripheral nerves could scarcely be made out at all owing to
the disintegrated condition of the specimens, but it was easy to see
that the brachial commissure is simple as in all Decapoda.
The Stellate ganglia are large flattened pyriform bodies ; they are
connected by a strong and easily recognized commissure. The pal-
lial nerve (p.n.) divides a little distance before reaching the ganglion,
the main trunk passing directly backwards and reuniting with the
nerve given off from the posterior extremity of the ganglion. This
arrangement resembles in its general features that figured by Brock *
for Ommastrephes and Todarodes, but with certain minute differences.
A number of sections were made of the Hye, but they did not
exnibit any features calling for special notice.
The Osphradium consists of a smail antero-posteriorly directed
ridge, which is placed below and a little behind each eye ; it could
be very clearly followed through a number of sections extending
perhaps over halfa millimetre of the animal’s length. The prepara-
tions did not show any of the histological features characteristic of
the osphradium, but I feel justified in regarding this ridge as such
partly because of its position, and partly because just internal to
each of these ridges there was a foramen in the cephalic cartilage
through which passed a nerve.
The Auditory Organs occupy their usual position.
VII. Digestive Organs.
The Beak is remarkable chiefly for the long curved apex of the
superior mandible. It has been figured by Steenstrup, but unfor-
tunately the plate containing it has not yet been published.
The Radula has been admirably figured by Sars*. It is remark-
able as being the only known Cephalopod radula in which only five
rows of teeth are present. On comparing it with the radulz of
Onychoteuthis * and Enoploteuthis’ it appears that the teeth which
have disappeared are those situated close to the median tooth
(‘‘ Zwischenplatten’’ of Troschel). The median teeth themselves
have a long median denticle, and on either side a short acute den-
ticle, so that they resemble those of Onychoteuthis rather than of
* Compare Pelseneer, ‘‘ Valeur morphol. des bras, &c. .. . des Céph.,” Arch,
de Biol. viii. fig. a.
2 Brock, op. cit. p. 226, pl. xi. fig. 7.
3 * Mollusca regionis arctic: Norvegie,’ pl. xvii. fig. 2 (1878).
4 Troschel, “ Mundtheile d. Ceph.,” Arch. f. Naturg. xix. i. p. 11, pl. i. fig. 6.
5 Brock, op. cit. pl. xii. fig. 10 C.
126 MR. W. E. HOYLE ON TIE [ Mar. 5,
Enoploteuthis. The medio-lateral teeth are shorter and less acute
than in either of these forms.
The Anterior Salivary Glands are present and lie in the form of
two ramified glands packed away in the floor of the mouth. Their
openings are situated one on either side of the median elevation
which forms the floor of the mouth anterior to the radula.
The Posterior Salivary Glands ave in contact with the inferior
surface of the cesophagus, and slightly overlap the cephalic cartilage ;
they form a pyriform mass, the pointed extremity being directed
backwards. The entrance of the duct into the cesophagus was not
made out.
The Gsophagus (Plate XIII. fig. 4, @) is very slightly fusiform just
bebind the central nervous system; but it cannot be said that a
crop is formed unless the expansion were very much greater than in
the examples examined. Another fusiform portion is seen just before
it opens into the stomach.
The Stomach (s) is simple and saccular, more elongated in the larger
specimen than in the smaller. In one of the examples from the
Narwhal’s stomach there was a chitinous lining, which had become
completely detached. It appeared to have formed a coating over
the whole inner surface of the organ, and is much thinner at the
posterior extremity than it isa little way behind the cesophageal
opening. There were, however, no dentiform prominences such as
I hope to describe elsewhere in an account of the genus Taonius.
In the same instance it contained a quantity of fragments of Crus-
taceans, but not one of them was large enough to give any chance of
specific determination.
The Rectum (7) as usual leaves the stomach close to where the
cesophagus enters it, and about the same point is the opening of the
cecum. It presents no noteworthy features.
The Cecum (ce) lies upon the anterior part of the ventral aspect
of the stomach, somewhat towards the right. It is coiled into a
complete spiral and presents a striated appearance which seems to
be due to a series of folds in its lining mucous membrane.
The Digestive Gland (d.g., “ liver”’ of various authors) is large
and ovoid and has the usual relations. The structure usually known
as “pancreas” (pan.) is situated in the angle between it and the
ceecum and cesophagus.
VIII. Circulatory Organs.
The Heart (Plate XIII. fig. 3,v) is broadly pyriform in shape, the
anterior end being somewhat narrower than the posterior ; it is directed
as usual almost antero-posteriorly, the anterior end being turned a
little towards the right. At two opposite points in its largest dia-
meter the heart receives the branchial veins (b7.v), which as usual pass
along the anterior or free side of those organs. There are only two
aortic apertures to the heart, which are situated at its anterior and
posterior extremities (a.ao, p.ao); the former gives off the cephalic
aorta, quite in the ordinary manner. As regards the vessel from
1889.] ANATOMY OF GONATUS FABRICII. 127
the posterior end I regret my inability to give a satisfactory account
of its distribution, and the more so since it would have been interesting
to ascertain how far it agrees with what Brock + has indicated as the
typical arrangement among the CEgopsida. All that I am able to
assert is that this vessel does not branch until a distance of about
2 centim. from the heart; at which point it bifurcates. It seems
probable that these two branches represent the anterior and posterior
aortze of Brock, in which case I have failed to discover the arteria
genitalis ; this, however, is not much to be wondered at considering
the state of preservation of the specimens. There were no aortic
hearts to be seen in any of these vessels.
The Vena Cava (v.c.) bifurcates on a level with the anterior part
of the ventricle; a branch passing to each branchial heart, at
the entrance to which it is joined by a vein passing from behind
forwards over the dorsal surface of the branchial heart (p.v.c.).
A third vein (0.v.), beset like the others with renal sacculi,
passes over the dorsal surface of the left branchial heart and then
turns downwards over the root of the left gill to join the other
vessels entering the left branchial heart ; it probably comes from the
ovary, but it was impossible to make this out with certainty.
The right branchial heart (br.A.”) is somewhat smaller and
more distinctly quadrate in form than the left (d7.4.'). Each of
them bears upon its dorsal anterior margin a small flattened sphe-
roidal pericardial gland (p.g/.).
IX. Respiratory Organs.
The Gills appear, on the whole, to be constructed on the same
type as in Ommastrephes *, as was noticed by Verrill.
X. Exeretory and Generative Organs.
Regarding the Renal Organs nothing more of any importance was
made out than has been noted above (p. 119).
But little can be said regarding the generative organs. The two
larger specimens which I examined were both females, as was shown
by the presence of the oviducts (Plate XIII. fig. 3, od.). There
are two of these, which are gently curved and pass forwards
just external to, and on the dorsal surface of, the reot of each gill.
Their extremities are pointed and the opeuing is a slit on one side of
the tip.
Nidamental glands are present as two flattened sausage-shaped
bodies, with their convexities directed towards each other, in the
middle line. They present the usual lamellar structure.
Regarding the male organs Verrill makes the following state-
ments :—‘‘ The specimen is still immature, and probably only one
year old. The spermary or ‘testicle’ is small (length 15”",
diameters 2™™ and 4™™), flattened, tapering backward, partly
1 Op. cit. p. 247.
? Joubin, “ Struct. et dével. de la Branchie des Céph.,” Arch. Zool. exp. (2)
iii. 1885.
128 MR. W. E. HOYLE ON THE [ Mar. 5,
enclosed by the hooded portion of the pen, and with the anterior
end attached laterally to the posterior end of the czecal lobe of the
stomach. The prostate gland, vesiculze seminales, and spermato-
phore-sac are small; the efferent duct is long and slender, ex-
tending forward over and beyond the base of the left gill.”
XI. The Funnel-Organ.
This apparatus has been the subject of one or two communications
within the last few months, and hence it seemed desirable to make
what contributions to the subject were possible from the material at
hand. Its history may be dismissed in a few words, since Dr. Brock
has recently gone into this matter somewhat fully *. It seems to
have been first observed by Heinrich Miiller?, who observed it ina
large number of species during a sojourn at Messina in 1852. He
describes the macroscopic appearance and gives some account of the
minute structure. It consists of a median and two lateral pads.
“Their surface,” he says, “is made up entirely of spindle-shaped
corpuscles. .... They present great similarity to the nettle-organs
of other animals, but are devoid of a filament... They are deve-
loped in the interior of cells, in which they are often twisted and
coiled in various ways.” No suggestion regarding their function is
here propounded.
Franz Boll*, in his classic ‘‘ Vergleichende Histiologie des Mol-
luskentypus,”’ devotes a page to the consideration of the topic. He
confirms Miiller’s account, and points out in addition that the fusi-
form corpuscles (which he figures) become surrounded by an
excretory vesicle (“ Secretblaschen ”). He compares them with the
rod-like bodies found in the epidermis of the Turbellaria, but makes
no suggestion as to their proper function.
In 1877 Bobretzky *, in his finely illustrated work on the develop-
ment of the Cephalopoda, figured sections of the organ in the embryos
of Loligo, and referred to it as a ‘‘ thickening of the epidermis (? rudi-
ment of the funnel-organ).”
In 1881 Prof. A. E. Verrill’ described a very highly developed
form of this apparatus in the cases of Taonius pavo and T. hyperboreus.
Shortly afterwards I was able to show that a similar structure is
present in all the species of that genus°, and, being at that time
ignorant of the previous accounts of it, proposed to give it the name
of “ Verrill’s Organ.” In the light of our present knowledge it
seems inappropriate to continue the use of this name, and perhaps the
proper course to pursue would be to make use of the name funnel-
organ (“ Trichterorgan”’), which occurs in the pages of the earliest
writers upon it.
1 Nachrichten Gottingen, No. 17, 1888, 5 pp.
2 Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. iv. p. 339 (1853),
8 Arch. mikr. Anat. y. Suppl. p. 97 (1869).
+ Op. cit. figs. 52, 55, 57,74, and especially 83.
“‘Cephalopods of N.E. America, II.,” Trans, Connect. Acad. yv. pp. 413,
432, pl. lv. figs. 2d, 4a.
Loligopsis and other genera,” Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. viii. 1885.
1889.] ANATOMY OF GONATUS FABRICII. 129
The only other recent addition to the literature of the subject is a
short paper by Malcolm Laurie *, which adds little of importance to
our knowledge.
A large number of the transverse sections which I made through
the anterior region of one of the small specimens of Gonatus showed
the funnel-organ. Its state of histologieal preservation was far from
satisfactory ; indeed its extreme sensitiveness to the ordinary reagents
has been remarked by all those who have examined it in the fresh
condition. Since, however, it is unlikely that any one will have the
opportunity in the near future of examining this species in a state of
nature, it seems better to place on record the facts observed, so that
they may serve at all events for comparison.
This organ is mainly due to a great thickening of the epithelium
of three areas in the funnel. One of these is median and lies upon
the large venous sinus which passes down the ventral aspect of the
animal, separated from it merely by a thin membrane, whilst the
other two occupy portions of the two lateral walls of the funnel and
are so situated that when the funnel contracts they become applied
to the median portion of the organ (compare woodcut).
A. Transverse section through the funnel of an advanced embryo of Sepia, to
show the form and disposition of the funnel-organ——B. A similar section
of a young specimen of Taonius. m.p., median pad ; /.p., /.p., lateral pads ;
si., ventral wall of the funnel ; v.c., vena cava.
The cell-boundaries in my sections are very difficult to make out
(Plate XIII. fig. 8); they are most distinct in the lateral portions of the
median pad, and here it is clear that the pad is only one cell thick, its
component elements having become extremely elongated. The nuclei
are situated at various points in the cell, generally somewhere in its
middle third ; they are small and do not stain so deeply as usual. The
distal extremities of the cells are occupied by curious highly refracting
subglobular bodies. No structure whatever could be made out in
these globules, even under a j,-inch oil immersion of Zeiss; they seem
perfectly homogeneous and do not take up the stain. Over the sur-
face of the cells is spread a thin layer apparently of secreted material.
It stains faintly, is dull and turbid and not strongly refractile; its
upper surface is often irregular. It is most distinct a little distance
from the margin.
1 Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxviii. 1888.
130 MR. W. E. HOYLE ON THE [ Mar. 5,
Towards the margins of the pads the peculiarities of the epithelium
gradually disappear. The cells become shorter, their nuclei more
deeply stained, and they pass by insensible degrees into the flattened
pavement epithelium which lines the rest of the siphon. At the
anterior extremity of the organ it is raised up into a free process,
which is completely surrounded by the layer of these highly retractive
bodies.
I have also examined sections of this organ in the case of Taonius
both young and adult, in the embryos of Ommastrephes, Sepia, and
Loligo. In its general features the minute structure of the organ
is the same in all these instances, but it was only in Gonatus that I was
able to discover the highly refracting globules described above. What
the relation of these may be to the fusiform rods described by
Miller and Boll I will not attempt to decide at present, but must
leave any further histological discussion till an opportunity offers
for describing its structure in Taonius and other forms where it is
highly evolved.
I shall, however, venture a suggestion as to the function which it
possibly discharges, because a hypothesis, even though it may
eventually prove to be mistaken, affords a useful guide in subsequent
researches. The theories of a sensory or of a phosphorescent pur-
pose in this organ seem to be sufficiently negatived by its situation
in a closed space through which only effete products from the bod
are discharged. Brock is, 1 think, in error when he states that the
main interest of this organ is that it affords an instance of the occur-
rence in Mollusca of nettle-cells or of bodies allied to them. To my
mind the resemblance to nettle-cells is purely superficial. Miiller,
who noted it, distinctly remarks that they have no filament, and
Boll, as above mentioned, did not think that they were so much like
nettle-cells as like the rod-bearing cells of the Turbellaria—an opinion
which is fully borne out by his figures. The view that the modified
epithelium discharges some secretion seems on the whole the most
feasible, and is supported by the existence of the structureless layer
observed on the surface of the epithelium, which, it may be remarked,
is of considerable thickness in the adult Taonius. The difficulty
hitherto has been to discover the purpose served by this secreted
matter.
I would suggest that possibly this funnel-organ is an apparatus
for the closure of the funnel, that it is, in fact, functionally, though
not morphologically, a valve.
I am led to this conclusion by the following considerations :—
1. The fact that in a very large number of sections which I have
examined the pads are so disposed as to very nearly, if not quite,
occlude the lumen. I need only refer to the two instances figured
in the woodcut as examples.
2. The fact that in those forms in which the organ is most highly
differentiated in the adult the valve is absent, as for example in the
genus T'aonius.
3. In this case the presence of a sticky or viscous secretion would
be of obvious utility in securing the more perfect apposition of the
1889. ] ANATOMY OF GONATUS FABRICII. 131
surfaces of the pads. This idea is supported by the observations
that in some sections the pads could be seen firmly pressed together
with a thin line of structureless material between them. The fusi-
form or rod-like bodies within the cells might be compared with the
structures found in those cells of Cerecaria which secrete the cyst
(cellules 4 batonnet) ’.
The suggestion just made with regard to the function of the funnel-
organ is by no means free from difficulties. Of these the most serious
is that it persists in the adults of those forms which have a well-
developed valve in the siphon. Its discharging one function in
the embryo is not necessarily, however, a bar to its having some
different use in the adult.
The objection that in those embryos in which it is well formed
(Sepia, Loligo) there is a valve in the funnel, may be answered by
the hypothesis that in these small animals the valve is inadequate.
I have seen some sections of Sepia in which the valve would cer-
tainly be quite insufficient to close the lumen of the funnel, unless
this latter were to contract very considerably by its own proper
musculature.
Another weighty argument which may be raised is, that this
seems a circuitous mode of obtaining the end desired, that if a valve
is to be developed it would be best to have it ready for use by the
time the embryo quits the egg. Nothing in the way of proof can be
urged against this, but it may be remarked that natural processes
often seem to us at first sight to be very roundabout in their way of
operation. The whole subject is well worthy the attention of any
observer who has the opportunity of working it out more thoroughly
on fresh material.
XII. General Conclusions.
The information now in our hands for instituting a comparison
between G'onatus and its nearest allies Onychoteuthis and Enoplo-
teuthis may perhaps be most conveniently summed up in the form
of a table. For a number of facts regarding the latter two genera,
which I have not had an opportunity of verifying for myself, I
must acknowledge my indebtedness to the thesis of my friend
Dr. Brock *.
1 Sonsino, “Cellules 4 batonn. de cert. Cercaires,” Arch. ital. Biol. vi. pp.
37-61 (1884); Thomas, “ Life History of the Liver Fluke,” Quart. Journ. Micr.
Sci. xxiii. p. 127, pl. iii. fig. 20 (1883).
2 «Phylogenie d. dibranch. Ceph.,’ Morph. Jahrb. vi. 1880.
132
MR. W. E. HOYLE ON THE
[ Mar. 5,
Gonatus.
1. Arms (except the ventral pair)
with hooks and suckers (4
rows).
2. Tentacular club with hooks and
suckers.
3. Tentacle with connective appa-
ratus along the stem.
4, The fins extend beyond the end
of the body and their carti-
lage slides upon the gladius.
5. Valve in funnel; also funnel-
organ.
6. Siphono-pallial articulation
simple.
7. Siphonal cartilage present.
8. Pen with phragmocone but no
dorsal process.
9. Musculi retractores capitis
mediani fused in middle of
their course.
Retractores mediani distinct
from retractores laterales.
10.
11. Nuchal muscle absent.
. Radula with 5 rows of teeth;
median like those of Onycho-
teuthis.
13. Anterior salivary glands rudi-
mentary.
14, Anal appendages symmetrical
(in young).
15. No accessory hearts on the
arteries.
Oviducts in number two.
16.
17. Oviducts dorsal to gill-roots.
18. Nidamental glands present.
Onychoteuthis.
Arms with suckers (2 rows).
Tentacular club with hooks
and suckers,
Tentacle with connective
apparatus confined to
base of club.
The fins extend beyond the
end of the body proper,
but the pointed dorsal
process of the gladius ex-
tends as far as they do.
Both present.
simple.
absent.
With phragmocone and
dorsal process.
As in Gonatus.
Retractores mediani fused
with retractores laterales.
absent.
7 rows, more complex.
small.
asymmetrical,
Accessory hearts.
two.
Oviducts opening into pouch
dorsal to gill.
present.
Enoploteuthis.
Arms with hooks, or hooks
and suckers (2 rows).
Tentacular club with hooks
and suckers,
As in Onychoteuthis.
The fins do not extend be-
yond the end of the
body.
Both present.
simple.
absent.
Neither phragmocone nor
dorsal process.
Musculi retractores capitis
mediani distinct.
Retractores mediani distinct
from retractores late-
rales.
present.
7 rows, less complex.
rudimentary.
symmetrical.
Accessory hearts.
two.
Asin Gonatus.
absent.
1889.] ANATOMY OF GONATUS FABRICII. 133
From this table we may extract the following sets of resemblances
and differences :—
A. Gonatus resembles both Onychoteuthis and Enoploteuthis in :—
(2) the fact that the club of the tentacle has both hooks and
suckers, though it differs widely in their arrangement ;
(5) the fact that the furnel has a valve and a funnel-organ ;
(6) the simple siphono-pallial articulation ;
(16) the number (though not the disposition) of the oviducts.
B. Gonatus resembles Onychoteuthis and differs from Enoplo-
éeuthis in :—
(4) the extension of the fins beyond the end of the body proper ;
though even here a difference in their relation obtains owing
to the varying form of the pen, which, however, has a phrag-
mocone in both ;
(9) the fusion of the middle portions of the median retractors of
the head ;
(11) the absence of the nuchal muscle ;
(12) the form of the median tooth of the radula ;
(18) the presence of nidamental glands.
C. Gonatus resembles Enoploteuthis and differs from Onycho-
teuthis in :—
(10) the separation between the median and lateral retractors of
the head ;
(13) the rudimentary anterior salivary glands ;
(14) the symmetrical anal appendages ;
(17) the situation of the oviducts dorsal to the roots of the gills.
D. Gonatus differs from both Onychoteuthis and Enoploteuthis
in :—
(1) the arrangement of suckers in 4 rows and in their armature ;
(2) the details of armature of the tentacular club ;
(3) the connective apparatus of the tentacles ;
(4) the exact relation of the end of the body to the fins;
(7) the presence of a siphonal cartilage ;
(8) the form of the pen;
(12) the radula ;
(15) the absence of accessory hearts.
In regard to A the most noticeable fact is that no points of
importance have been elucidated in which Gonatus resembles both
the other forms under consideration except such as are also common
to a much larger number of forms.
The characters grouped under D are, I think, sufficient to justify
the step taken three years ago in making this genus the type of a
new subfamily Gonatide, for there can be no doubt that it is incom-
parably further removed from Onychoteuthis and Enoploteuthis than
they are from each other.
The question which of these two genera it more nearly resembles
is more difficult to settle ; but I should be disposed on the whole to
attribute more weight to the characters which ally it to Onychoteu-
Proc, Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. X. 10
134 ON THE ANATOMY OF GONATUS FABRICII. [Mar. 5,
this. The presence of a phragmocone, the absence of the nuchal
muscle, the form of the median tooth of the radula, and the presence
of nidamental glands are all points of considerable importance,
whilst the size of the anterior salivary glands is merely a matter of
degree, and the form of the anal appendages in the adult Gonatus is
unknown. The fusion of the median retractors in one is, so to
speak, balanced by their separation from the lateral retractors in the
other. The other remaining point, namely the opening of the
oviducts into special cavities in Onychoteuthis, does not seem suffi-
cient in itself to contravene the resemblances on the other side.
Summary.
In addition to the general sketch of the anatomy of an interesting
form, the preceding pages record the existence of several tracts of
cartilage hitherto unobserved in the Cephalopoda, and give details
regarding the structure of the pen-sac and the development of the
pen, as well as new facts regarding the structure of the funnel-organ.
The genus Gonatus is regarded as being somewhat more nearly related
to Onychoteuthis than to Enoploteuthis, but as much further removed
from both than they are fromeach other. The creation of the sub-
family Gonatide is held to be justified.
In conclusion, I have to fulfil the pleasant duty of thanking Mr.
Robert Gray for some of my materials, Professor Huxley for his
kindness in allowing me the use of his workroom, and Professor
G. B. Howes for the friendly interest he has taken in my work and
for numerous acts of kindness during its performance.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATHS.
These letters have\the same signification throughout.
a, Anus. op'. Their stem cut short.
a.ao. Anterior aorta. osp. Foramen for the nerve to the
br. Gills. osphradium.
br.a, Branchial artery. o.v. Vein probably from the ovary.
br.h. Branchial heart. p. Pen.
br h'., br, Branchial hearts. pall.v. Pallial vein.
b.g. Buccal ganglia. pan. ‘ Pancreas.”
br.g. Branchial ganglia. p.ao. Posterior aorta.
br.v. Branchial vein. p.gl. Pericardial gland.
c. Ceecum. p.a. Pallial nerve.
ce. Cerebral ganglia. p.v. Pedo-visceral ganglia,
co.', co". Inner and outer limbs of the p.v.c. Posterior vena cava.
collaris muscle. yr. Rectum.
cp. Plug of cartilage in the hinder ve. Renal sacculi on the veins.
extremity of the pen-sac. ri. Ridge for pallio-siphonal ar-
dg. Digestive gland. | ticulation.
e',e". Epithelium of the pen-sac. | s. Stomach.
em, Epithelium of the mantle. sep. Rudimentary septum of the
g. Articular groove on the | phragmocone,
siphon. s.g. Stellate ganglia.
i.s. Ink-sac. | s.nw. Supra-nuchal cartilage.
a.m. Retractores infundibuli, | su.g. Supra-gladial cartilages.
nu. Nuchal cartilage. v. Ventricle.
od. Oviduet. v.c. Vena cava.
a. Cisophagus. \v.f’., vf". Venous foramina in the
op. Optic ganglia. cephalic cartilage.
1889.] MR. SCLATER ON FISHES FROM CONSTANTINOPLE. 135
Puare XIII.
Fig. 1. The central nervous system and the stellate ganglia, from above: x 2.
2. The same from the side; the stellate and optic ganglia having been
removed,
. The circulatory organs seen from the dorsal surface: nat. size.
4, The digestive tract of one of the small specimens, seen from the side:
x 38.
5. One of the small specimens opened down the ventral middle line to
show the mantle-cavity ; to the right an opening has been made into
the renal sac: X 3.
6. The cephalic cartilage; A from the left side, B from above: nat. size.
7. Ventral view of the funnel of one of the larger specimens, to show the
cartilages in its wall: nat. size.
8. Part of a transverse section of the median pad of the funnel-organ:
X 175; the details added under a higher power.
Puate XIV.
Fig. 1. Transverse section of the pen-sac and dorsal portion of the body of one
of the small specimens: x 175.
2. Somewhat oblique section through the posterior extremity of one of the
smaller specimens: the piece of tissue between the pen and the apex
of the pen-sac has been included, owing to the obliquity of the section :
x 55,
3. Longitudinal section through the posterior extremity of another of the
small specimens: 55.
4, Transyerse section through the anterior extremity of the pen-sac: 175.
March 19, 1889.
Prof. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier, F.Z.S., exhibited and made remarks on a
specimen of a female Gold Pheasant (Taumalea picta) which had
assumed nearly complete male plumage.
Mr. Tegetmeier also exhibited a pair of distorted horns of the
Ibex of Cashmere (Capra sibirica), in which the horns met in front
and crossed each other.
The Secretary laid upon the table a list of the species of Fishes
contained in several collections made at Constantinople by Dr.
E. D. Dickson, C.M.Z.S., and forwarded to the Society.
The list had been prepared by Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.Z.S.,
and contained the names of 66 species; amongst these were two
specimens of a species of Trout from Broussa, which, although re-
sembling Salmo fario, were, according to Dr. Giinther, probably
referable to a distinct species. Further specimens, however, were
required for their accurate determination.
The Council had agreed to deposit these collections in the British
Museum of Natural History in the name of the Society.
The following papers were read :—
10*
136 REY. A. H. COOKE ON THE [ Mar. 19,
1. On the Generic Position of the so-called Physe of Aus-
tralia. By the Rev. A. H. Cooxn, M.A., F.Z.S.
[Received February 25, 1889.]
The freshwater Mollusca of Australia, regarded as a whole, present
only one feature which can be considered at all remarkable, namely
the extraordinary development of the genus Physa. In a valuable
paper “On the Freshwater Shells of Australia” *, Mr. E. A. Smith
enumerates no less than 52 species of this genus. It is true he
admits that some of these are undoubtedly synonymous with others” ;
but even if we were bold enough to reduce the number by half, 26
would still remain a large proportion. This is especially evident when
we recollect that only eight or nine species of Australian Limnea
are known, and only about seven of Planorbis. Professor Tate and
Mr. Brazier, in their ‘Check-list of the Freshwater Shells of
Australia’ *, enumerate 54 species of Physa*, “ more than half [the
number | for the whole world.”
These Australian Physe present, as a group, certain well-marked
characteristics. They are, as a rule, remarkably large, thick shells,
sometimes gibbous, sometimes much acuminated, sometimes sur-
rounded with sharp ridges or keels. The columellar fold is
generally strong, and in many cases there is present a stout epi-
dermis.
It does not appear that the animal of many of these species has
been examined in order to see whether they had anything in com-
mon with Physa besides the possession of a sinistral shell. One
would have thought that the presence or absence of the tongued
mantle, reflected over the shell, would have been noticed whenever
the animal had been examined.
This group of PAysa is not peculiar to Australia, though it finds
its most extensive development there. Shells of exactly the same
facies occur in New Caledonia’ (14 species), Tasmania® (12 species),
New Zealand” (8 species), Tonga Islands®* (2 species), Viti Islands®
(2 species), New Guinea” (3 species). This fact confirms the close
* Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool. xvi. 1883, pp. 255-317.
* I have noted the following as probable:—proteus, Sowb.,=pyramidata,
Sowb., +dispar, Sowb., +pectorosa, Conr., +breviculmen, Sm., +-badia, Ad. and
Ang., +-concinna, Ad. and Ang., +¢exturata, Sowb.: gibbosa, Gld.=producta,
Sm., +eddomei, N.and T., +-fusiformis, N. and T.: reevei, Ad. and Ang.,=ca-
rinata, H. Ad., +-obesa, H. Ad., +¢runcata, H. Ad., +onus henricus, Ad. and
Ang., +-cumingit, H. Ad.
* Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. Wales. vi. 1882, pp. 552-569.
* Including Tasmanian species.
° Various papers in the ‘Journal de Conchyliologie,’
° R. M. Johnston, Proce. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1878, pp. 19-29.
* Tenison-Woods, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. §. Wales, iii. 1879, p. 189.
° Mousson, Journ. de Conch. 3rd ser. xi. 1871, pp. 17, 18.
® Mousson, Journ. de Conch. 3rd ser. x. 1870, pp. 180, 131.
4 eS a a Ann. Mus. Gen. xix. 1883 (two species common to Aus-
tralia).
1889. ] SO-CALLED PHYS OF AUSTRALIA. 137
relationship between these groups of the South Pacific, which is
already indicated by the distribution of Rhytida, Janella, and
Placostylus.
The object of this paper is to show that these so-called ‘ Physe,’
the sole claim of which to the title is that they are sinistral fresh-
water-shells, are not Physe at all, buta group of sinistral Limnzide,
characteristic of the geographical area above indicated, and also of
another part of the world, where their presence is of extreme interest.
This view rests primarily upon an examination of the radula of
some of the species concerned.
As is well known, the radulze of the Physidee and the Limneeide
are essentially different, and tend to remove PAysa much further
away from Limnea than are either Planorbis or Ancylus. Fischer
describes them as follows? :—
LIMNZID&.
Teeth of the radula in hori-
Paysip#.
Radula composed of teeth ob-
liquely arranged ; central tooth
multicuspid; laterals and mar-
ginals pectinate or serriform, and
provided with a special narrow
zontal rows, bi- or tricuspid [cen-
tral tooth bi- or tricuspid, never
multicuspid]; marginal teeth
serriform *.
appendage on the upper and ex-
terior edge.
In the ‘ Journal of Conchology,’ v. 1887, pp. 241-243, I described,
under the name of Limnea physopsis, a new species of these Aus-
tralian ‘ Physe.’ The reasons given for believing the species to be
Limnzidan and not Physidan were based on (1) a consideration of
the radula, and (2) the general facies of the shell. It was suggested,
purely on grounds of general similarity of shell, that two other
Australian species of ‘ Physa,’ viz. P. hainesii, Tryon (=latilabiata,
Sowb.), and P. neweombi, Ad. and Ang., were also Limnzidz.
Since that date several other species of this group of ‘ Physa’
have been examined, and with similar results. It may at once be
asserted that, in spite of the 52 or 54 species enumerated, Physa has
yet to establish its claim to be an inhabitant of Australia. Every
species as yet, which has been examined anatomically, turns out not
to belong to that genus; and I am strongly of opinion that further
investigation of the animals of the species as yet known only by the
shells will afford more evidence of a similar kind.
The note of suspicion has already been sounded more than once
with regard to these Australian Physe. Mr. R. M. Johnston has
noticed a ‘‘ peculiar arrangement ” of the lingual teeth in P. tas-
manica, the medialis of which are 2-cuspid, the laterals 4-, 5-, and 6-
cuspid, the extreme ones having a resemblance to the closed digits
of the hand °.
1 Manuel de Conchyliologie, pp. 503, 510.
* It may be remarked that this description is inadequate, so far as Ancylus
proper is concerned.
3 Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1878, pp. 19-29: he uses the term laterals to
Ne pp
include marginals as well.
138 REV, A. H. COOKE ON THE [ Mar. 19,
Professor Hutton, examining “ Bulimus gibbosa, Gld. (Physa)?,”
notices that the edge of the mantle is simple and not reflected over
the shell; that the radula has 126 rows, with formula 27—1-27;
he goes on to characterize the teeth at length. Bulimus variabilis,
Gray (Physa), is also described as being similar in form of radula,
rows 112, formula 18-1-18; and the belief is expressed that
probably the-other species of Physa described from New Zealand
will all be found to belong to the same genus’.
Professor Tate has expressed a belief that the sinistral spiral
Pond-Snails of Australia have been incorrectly placed in the genus
Physa. He remarks” that in no instance has he found in the species
those distinctions which characterize Physa as separate from Bulinus.
He observes that the mantle-margin is neither expanded nor digitate,
and he catalogues 10 species as Bulinus.
Tapparone-Canefri describes’, as belonging to Physa, the new
section Physastra with the single species Ph. vestita. From his
description of the shell, however (form of Limnea, but sinistral,
thicker than the common type of Physa; surface not shining, but
covered with a somewhat thick epidermis, which easily comes off
when dry), it is plain that he is dealing with a specimen of the group
now under investigation. He figures the specimens, but his examina-
tion of the animal was unfortunately not successful.
The following species of this group have been examined’, and the
results appended have been arrived at :—
General Characteristics.
Radula long, rather broad, consisting of 140-220 rows ; central
tooth not equal in size to first lateral, bicuspid ; cusps rather blunt ;
laterals and marginals together about 30-40 in number; laterals
7-12, tricuspid; cusps not much differing in length ; passage to
marginals gradual ; marginals serrate, often much curved at extreme
edge, where they become very smail and less serrate.
Puysa erpposa, Gld. (figs. 1, 1a).
_ Radula with about 144 rows; cusps of central tooth very blunt ;
laterals 7-8, horizontal. Formula 22—8-1-8-22.
Hab. Australia.
Paysa PRoTEvS, Sowb. (figs. 2, 2 a).
Radula with about 83 rows (specimen probably imperfect), very
similar to gibbosa. Formula 27-8-1-8-27.
Hab. Australia.
1 Trans. N. Z. Inst. xiv. 1881, p. 155. Bulimus must surely be a misprint
for Bulinus, and the formula of B. variabilis is a little suspicious.
2 Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Austr. v. 1882, p. 51.
* «Mauna Malacologica della Nuova Guinea,” Ann. Mus. Stor. Nat. Genova,
xix. 1883.
4 All the specimens have been prepared by and are in the collection of Mr.
H. M. Gwatkin, M.A., of St. John’s College, Cambridge.
1889.} SO-CALLED PHYS OF AUSTRALIA. 139
Ww ake
he la
WwW A
Ta.
x
W A/ VA
40. 10a.
Central and first lateral Teeth of so-called Physe, &e.
Fig. 1. P. gibbosa. Fig. 2. P. proteus. Fig. 3. P. sinuata, Fig. 4. P. tabu-
lata, Vig. 5. P. alicie. Fig. 6. P. multistrigata. Fig. 7. P. physopsis
Fig. 8. P. scalaris. Fig.9. Planorbis corneus. Fig.10. Limnea stagnalis.
140 REY. A. H. COOKE ON THE [Mar. 19,
Puysa stnvuara, Gld. (figs. 3, 3a).
Radula with about 83 rows (specimen probably imperfect) ;
laterals rather more extensive than in the other species; outer cusp
very small. Formula 25—12-1—-12-25.
Hab. Viti Islands.
Prysa TABULATA, Gray (figs. 4, 4 @).
Radula with at least 220 rows; extreme marginals very much
curved. Formula 32—-8—1-8-32.
Hab. New Zealand.
Puysa ALicr#, Reeve (figs. 5, 5 @).
No special features. Formula 25—7—1-—7-25.
Hab. Australia.
Puysa MULTISTRIGATA, Tate (figs. 6, 6 a).
Formula 30—8—1—-8-30.
Hab. Australia.
Puysa puysopsis, Cooke (figs. 7, 7 a).
Radula large, rows about 140; laterals numerous. Formula
30—9-1-9-30.
Hab. Australia.
Puysa scataris, Dkr. (figs. 8, 8 a).
Rows about 140, not so much curved as in the other species ;
passage between laterals and marginals not distinctly marked.
Formula about 25—7—1—7—25.
Hab. Angola.
Several interesting facts follow on this investigation. In the first
place, the teeth of the radule bear a very striking resemblance to
those of the African genus Isidora, Ehrenb. So far as Iam aware, the
radula of Isidora has only once been figured, namely by Jickeli in his
‘Fauna der Land- und Siisswasser-Mollusken Nord-Ost-Afrika’s’*.
The resemblance amounts to identity ; in Isidora the central tooth
is squarish, bicuspid, the laterals tricuspid, the marginals serrate,
just as in these Australian ‘ Physe,’ and the shells present no differ-
ence whatever. Fischer, therefore, is quite right” in regarding the
Australian and African genera as the same, and thus a most remark-
able link is established between the molluscan fauna of Australia
and Africa, a link in the chain of evidence already afforded by the
existence of the carnivorous Land-Shells (Rhytida) in both Conti-
nents, and, amongst the marine Mollusca, by the occurrence of
identical species of such littoral shells as Purpura and possibly of
Littorina.
In the next place, the relation of the group is much closer to
Planorbis than to Limnea. A comparison of the central tooth and
first lateral of Plan. corneus and of Limn. stagnalis (see figs. 9, 10,
1 Nova Acta Ac. Nat. Cur. xxxvii. 1875, Taf. iii. figs. 2-4.
2 Manuel de Conchyl. p. 509.
1889. ] SO-CALLED PHYS OF AUSTRALIA. 141
p. 139) with the same teeth of these Bulini will make this clear.
In Planorbis the central tooth is broad-based, bicuspid, while the
laterals are tricuspid; in Léimnea the central tooth is long and
narrow, unicuspid, while the laterals are bicuspid. A Bulinus, there-
fore, is not so much a sinistral Limnea asa spiral Planorbis. Further
research, as the animals of more species are investigated, may, per-
haps, bring out some points of difference leading to division into
subgenera of the Australian and Austro-Polynesian species. It is
pessible that the somewhat wing-shaped form of the central tooth
in some cases (see figs. 2, 3,5, 7, 8, p. 139), as compared witb its
more regularly square shape in others (see figs. 1 and 4), may indi-
cate a basis of subdivision; but at present there does not seem
sufficient material to work upon.
Finally, as regards nomenclature.
Adanson, in 1757, described and figured* under the name of
Le Bulin or Bulinus a small sinistral freshwater shell from Senegal,
length 12 lines, breadth 3 line. The shell is evidently not adult,
but the description and magnified drawing of the animal, which
shows none of the produced mantle-lobes of a true Physa (indeed,
Adanson fortunately remarks, “le manteau tapisse tout l’intérieur
de la coquille sans sortir au-dela des bords de son ouverture”), are
sufficient to enable us to recognize it as belonging to the genus now
under investigation. Fischer, therefore, is quite right in adopting
Bulinus as the generic name~.
Tsidora (Ehrenb. 1831) is a synonym, see Jickeli, loc. supr. cit.
Fischer, in his ‘ Manuel,’ goes on to enumerate five subgenera,
viz. Pyrgophysa, Plesiophysa, Ameria, Glyptophysa, and Physopsis.
Pyrgophysa was proposed by Crosse* for Ph. mariei, Crosse,
from Nossi-Bé, on the ground of its turreted spire. But this sub-
genus is of little value, as the Australian species present every
variety of stich formation. Crosse’s description of the shell (“ haud
nitens, vestimento opaco induta’’) makes it plain that it belongs to
this genus.
Plesiophysa (Fischer, 1883) includes the remarkable Ph. striata,
d’Orb., from Guadeloupe. This must be the ‘ Physa sp.’ from Point
4 Pitre +, the radula of which is described by Bland and Binney’
as follows :—‘“ Central tooth 5-cusped, central of these the largest ;
laterals 4-cusped, one inner, large, stout ; marginals a reproduction
of the laterals.”’ This description at once removes the species from
1 Sénégal, pp. 5-7, pl. fig. a. ii.
2 Yet he remarks: “Etymologie inconnu.” Adanson, however, l. ¢., seems
to make it fairly clear when he says:——“ Cette dénomination m’a paru lui con-
yenir, parce que l’animal pendant sa vie nage presque continuellement 4 fleur
d’eau, et, quaprés sa mort la coquille flotte comme une petite bulle d’air trans-
arente.”
ae Journ. de Conchyl. 3° sér. xix. 1879, pp. 208-209 ; xx. 1880, pp. 141-142,
l. iv. fig. 5.
Maze (Journ. de Conchyl. 3° sér. xxiii. 1883, pp. 30-31) records Plesiophysa
striata from Point a Pitre.
5 “ Note on a curious form of lingual dentition in Physa,” Ann. Lyc. N. H
N. York, x, 1878, pp. 255-257, pl. xi. figs. 2, 3.
142 ON THE SO-CALLED PHYS OF AUSTRALIA. [ Mar. 19,
Physa. The differences, however, between its dentition and that of
Bulinus are very cousiderable, the central tooth being 5-cusped,
cusps sharp, instead of 2-cusped, cusps blunt, the extreme marginals
being similar in character to the laterals, instead of entirely different,
with no trace of serration. Further, the occurrence of the species
on an island in the Antilles raises a difficulty on the score of distri-
bution, if its close connection with Bulinus be pressed. It seems,
therefore, better on every ground to separate off Plesiophysa, in the
expectation that its congeners will hereafter be found rather on the
South-American than the African continent.
Ameria (H. Ad., 1861) was proposed for Physe with keeled
whorls, e. g. P. alicia, Reeve. The distinction is untenable. Every
gradation of keeling is observable in the Australian Bulini, and
occasionally the same species is indifferently keeled or perfectly
smooth.
Glyptophysa (Crosse, 1872", not 1870; Fischer, ‘ Manuel’) was
meant for similar shells, and must share a similar fate.
Physopsis (Krauss, 1848) has a truncated columella and lustrous
shell. Fischer regards it as a subgenus of Bulinus, but it does not
appear that the animal has ever been investigated. There is nothing,
therefore, to show that it belongs to Bulinus rather than to Physa.
Physastra (Tapp.-Can., 1883) has been dealt with above.
Thus reorganized the genus will read as follows :—
Buuinus, Adans. 1757.
Etymology. Diminutive of bulle, a bubble.
Synonyms, Isidora (Ehrenb., 1831), Diastropha (Gray, 1840),
Ameria (H. Adams, 1861), Glyptophysa (Crosse, 1872), Pyrgophysa
(Crosse, 1879), Physastra (Tap.-Can., 1883).
Animal without the produced and reflected mantle-lobes of
Physa; radula Limneidan, approaching Planorbis rather than Lim-
nea; central tooth bicuspid; cusps rather blunt, base square;
laterals tricuspid ; marginals serrate. Laterals about 6 to 10, mar-
ginals about 25 to 33. Number of rows varying between 140 and
220.
Sheil sinistral, resembling that of Physa, acuminated or gibbous,
smocth or keeled ; texture somewhat thick, covered with a deciduous
epidermis ; columella strong, often reflected ; umbilicus sometimes
very wide and deep.
Distribution. Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, New Guinea, New
Caledonia, Viti and Tonga Islands; Africa, N., N.E., W., and S.;
S. France, Spain, and all countries bordering the Mediterranean’.
? Subgenus Physopsis (Krauss, 1848). Animal unknown; shell
with truncated columella.
Distribution. Natal.
3 1 Journ. de Conchyl. 3° sér. xii. 1872, p. 151; type petiti, Crosse, and alicie,
eeve.
° Tryon (Struct. and Syst. Conch, ili. p. 101) mentions, but I have failed to
trace on what authority, that sinistral Limangas occur in the Sandwich Islands.
His whole arrangement of the present group is destitute of scientific value.
ici
f SR aahee :
PZ. SS Sitar eey
Mintern Bros. imp.
Peter Smit del. et hth.
JS HORRIDUS.
YMNODACTYL
2 UJ ROSTROPBUS SGAPULATUS:
low
le
1889. | ON LIZARDS FROM THE MUSEUM OF HALLE. 143
Puiesiopuysa, Fischer, 1883.
Animal unknown, with the exception of the radula; central tooth
5-eusped; middle cusp the largest; laterals 4-cusped, strong ;
marginals as the laterals.
Shell that of a Physa, fragile.
Distribution. Guadeloupe.
2. On some Specimens of Lizards in the Zoological Museum
of Halle (Saale). By G. A. Bounencer.
[Received March 6, 1889.]
(Plate XV.)
Having, at the request of Dr. O. Taschenberg, examined some
specimens of Lizards belonging to the Museum of Halle, which have
been named or described by Burmeister and Giebel, I beg leave to lay
before the Society the results of my examination, and to append
revised descriptions of two species from the Argentine Republic.
1. GoneyLus MELANOGASTRICUS, Burmeister, Verz. Zool. Mus.
Halle, 1850, p. 79 (nom. nud.), = Chalcides viridanus, Gravenh. The
specimens are therefore not from Brazil, as stated by Burmeister.
I may add, from the examination of fresh specimens of this
Lizard recently brought to me by Mr. E. B. Poulton, who collected
them in Grand Canary Island, that the colour of the lower surface
is a bright yellow, which turns to black after some time in spirit.
2. PLATYDACTYLUS ALBOMACULATUS, Giebel, Zeitschr. ges. Na-
turw. xvii. 186], p. 59, from Banka, =Gecko stentor, Cantor.
3. PLATYDACTYLUS BURMEISTERI, id. ibid., from the same loca-
lity, = G. monarchus, Schleg.
4, PLATYDACTYLUS DEISSNERI, id. ibid. p. 60, from the same
locality, =G. monarchus, Schleg.
References to these three synonyms have been omitted from the
British Museum Catalogue of Lizards.
5. GyMNODACTYLUs HoRRIDUS. (Plate XV. fig. 1.)
Gymnodactylus horridus, Burmeister, Reise La Plata, ii. p. 522.
Head once and a half as long as broad; snout a little longer than
the diameter of the orbit, as long as the distance between the eye
and the ear-opening; forehead plane; ear-opening oval, oblique,
half the diameter of the eye. The adpressed hind limb reaches the
shoulder. Digits slightly depressed at the base, with well-developed
144 ON LIZARDS FROM THE MUSEUM OF HALLE. [Mar. 19,
lamellz. Head covered with large granules anteriorly, posteriorly
with minute granules intermixed with round tubercles; rostral
quadrangular, nearly twice as broad as long, with median cleft
above; nostril pierced between the rostral, the first labial, and
three nasals; eight or nine upper and six lower labials ; mental
trapezoid, followed by three transverse series on enlarged flat granules.
Body covered above with small granules and large trihedral tuber-
cles, which are about as broad as long, and form sixteen longitudinal
series. Abdominal scales large, cycloid, imbricate, smooth, in sixteen
longitudinal series in the middle of the body. No femoral or pra-
anal pores. Tail cylindrical, with rings of large keeled tubercles.
Pale brown above, with seven darker transverse bands separated by
narrow interspaces ; a dark band on each side of the head, from the
nostril, through the eye, to above the ear; tail with five dark-brown
cross bands; lower surfaces white.
millim.
BIKOMMESNOMLOMVENL Behe ee 6c. <c . cerse oe US
Tea Ree ee eee an, oy. ee 1
Waidthrof headtem:, s02-S. enlist ee! ie dO
Bore limbioreeien Saas: a), Logan 19
Hind Jimbm genes Wr. ie AR) AG SUE 27:
ai RHE, es ote) cae owt Ws echt 59
A single male specimen from Mendoza.
Closely allied to G. fasciatus, but differing in the larger granules
on the forehead, the larger ventral scales, and the absence of regular
chin-shields.
6. Urosrropuus scaputatus. (Plate XV. fig. 2.)
Leiosaurus scapulatus, Burmeister, Reise La Plata, ii. p. 522 (3).
Leiosaurus multipunctatus, Burm., ibid. p. 524 (2).
Letosaurus marmoratus, Burm., ibid. p. 524 (young).
Head once and two fifths as long as broad; snout rounded, with
very short canthus rostralis; nostril nearer the end of the snout
than the orbit; tympanum oval, larger than the eye-opening ; upper
head-scales smooth, smallest on the supraorbital region, in two or
three series between the orbits; occipital not enlarged; a series of
enlarged infraorbitals, second largest; eleven upper and as many
lower labials. Gular scales small and granular, enlarged and flat
near the labials and in front of the gular fold. Body subcylindrical ;
scales on upper surface very small, granular, of lower surfaces flat,
slightly imbricate, all smooth. The adpressed hind limb reaches
the ear in the male, the gular fold in the female. ‘Tail as long as or
slightly longer than head and body, not curly, covered with verticils
of small, squarish, smooth scales. Pale olive above, uniform in the
male, black-spotted in the female and young; tail with more or less
distinct darker rings ; lower surfaces whitish, throat of female spotted
with black ; a black vertical bar in front of the shoulder,
1889.] ON THE LEFT CARDINAL VEIN IN THE FROG. 145
a °.
millim. millim.
Votallengthy 4. ey. 2 Je) 228 200
Head? HE a's 4: He Srna GDS 28
Wiadthvot Headi). 2s. 2252. 209920 20
LT Aerie 5 6,70 72
iHoreilimbyiee 4%. bec. o AA 39
PAT GCNINDe cetyacecs sis score cen OO iy
Soy reece c.. chaterst ores cee MLL 100
From the Sierra de Uspallata and the desert west of Catamarea.
Differs from U. torquatus, to which it is closely allied, in the
longer head, shorter digits, and shorter tail.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.
Fig. 1. Gymnodactylus horridus, with enlarged view of chin.
2. Urostrophus scapulatus 2 , with upper view of head.
3. On the occasional Persistence of the Left Posterior
Cardinal Vein in the Frog, with Remarks on the
Homologies of the Veins in the Dipnoi. By W. Nuwron
Parker, Ph.D., F.Z.S., Professor of Biology in the
University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire.
[Received March 8, 1889.]
According to the recent researches of Hochstetter ', the postcaval
vein arises in part independently (‘‘ Leberabschnitt’’), and in part
from that portion of one (Amniota) or of both (Amphibia) posterior
cardinal veins which receive the venz renales revehentes (‘* Urnieren-
abschnitt ’). The part of the cardinals which lies anterior to the
kidneys either disappears, or else gives rise to the azygos (and hemi-
azygos) veins.
In the Salamander, and apparently in most Urodeles, the right
and left azygos are present normally, while in the greater number of
Anura they disappear entirely in the adult. In Bombinator, how-
ever, they persist (Gotte*, Hochstetter), and this is also the case
occasionally in Alytes and Discoglossus*.
Howes has recently described an interesting case of the persistence
of the left azygos in a female of the Common Frog (Rana tempor-
aria) *, the vessel being of large calibre and continuous anteriorly with
1 “Beitriige zur vergl. Anat. u. Entwickelungsgeschichte des Venensystems
der Amphibien und Fische,” Morphol. Jahrbuch, Bd. xiii. 1887-8.‘ Ueber die
Bildung d. hinteren Hohlvene bei den Siiugethieren,” Anat. Anz. ii. Jahrg. 1887.
“ Beitrage zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Venensystems der Amnioten,”
Morphol. Jahrbuch, Bd. xiii. 1887-8.
°* Entwickelungsgeschichte der Unke.
3 G. B. Howes, “On the Azygos Vein in the Anurous Amphibia,” Proc. Zool.
* Soe. 1888, p. 122.
4 Loc. cit.
146 PROF. W. N. PARKER ON THE LEFT PosTertor [ Mar. 19,
the corresponding precaval, while posteriorly it opens into the
posteaval just at the anterior border of the kidneys, sending an
anastomosing branch to the renal portal. Professor Howes informs
me that he has since come across another Frog in which a similar
arrangement occurred, except that the azygos here entered the
subclavian instead of the precaval.
A week or two ago, while examining a number of specimens of
The venous system of an adult male Frog (Rana temporaria), in which the left
posterior cardinal vein persisted, and the postcaval was absent. From
the ventral aspect, x 2.
ed, left cardinal vein; .v, hepatic veins; %, kidney; dv, liver; pr.c, pre-
caval; 7.cd, vessel formed by the union of the posterior part of the two
cardinals, and which normally gives rise to the inter-renal portion of the
posteaval ; 7.p, renal-portal vein; 7.v, revehent renal veins; sp, sper-
matic veins ; s.v, sinus venosus; w7, ureter; v.s, vesicula seminalis.
Rana temporaria during a class demonstration, I found that in one of
them (a male) the embryonic state of the veins was retained to a
still greater extent than in the cases quoted above (see fig.1). A large
vein (cd), having similar relations to that described and figured by
1889.] CARDINAL VEIN IN THE FROG, 147
Howes (except that there was no anastomosis with the renal portal),
could be seen opening into what appeared to be the inter-renal portion
of the postcaval (7.cd). Upon further examination it was found that
there was no posteaval trunk extending from this inter-renal vessel
to the heart, and the apparent azygos was thus the completely per-
sistent left posterior cardinal. The renal portion of the right cardinal
must therefore have fused with its fellow in the usual manner to form
the large median vessel, which ordinarily gives rise to the posterior
part of the postcaval, while its anterior part disappeared, although
the hepatic portion of the postcaval remained undeveloped. The left
cardinal, united with the renal portion of the right, had thus to
serve as the channel for all the blood from the posterior extremities,
&c., except that which entered the liver by the anterior abdominal
vein, which had the usual relations. The hepatic veins (/.v)
opened directly into the sinus venosus. The spermatic vessels
(sp) were very asymmetrical, as were the ovarian vessels in Howes’s
specimen.
Hochstetter states that the hepatic portion of the postcaval
remains undeveloped exceptionally in the Salamander, in which case
either one or the other cardinal becomes correspondingly enlarged.
It is known, too, that in Man the lower portion of the left cardinal
is occasionally present, and that the postcaval sometimes remains
undeveloped, the blood being returned to the heart by a persistent
posterior cardinal, in which case the hepatic veins open independently
into the right auricle’.
It is extremely interesting to find these exceptions to the rule
that all air-breathing animals (Amphibia and Amniota) possess a
postcaval, and they seem to completely support Hochstetter’s views
as to the mode of formation of the postcaval.
The observations described and referred to above have helped me
considerably in the determination of the homology of the two veins in
Protopterus which have usually been described as vene cave pos-
teriores. At the time when my paper “ Zur Anatomie und Physiologie
von Protopterus annectens”’*, giving a preliminary account of the
work on which I am still engaged, was published, 1 had made only a
very cursory eXamination of the veins, and this had led me to the
conclusion that ‘‘das was man bisher bei Dipnoérn als Vene cave
posteriores bezeichnet hat, sind sicherlich keine solchen, sondern
entsprechen den (allerdings einigermassen modificirten) Vene
cardinales posteriores.”’
Owing to the extreme difficulty in following out the venous system
in preserved specimens of Protopterus, I have not even yet completely
satisfied myself as to the exact relations of all the vessels. But
since the above-mentioned paper appeared, I have succeeded in
elucidating some important points which were then by no means
clear.
Dr. Hochstetter has recently been good enough to make several
1 Quain’s Anatomy, 9th ed. vol, i. pp. 514, 518.
2 Berichte der naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg i. B., IV. Band, 3
Heft. See also ‘ Nature,’ vol. xxxix. 1888, p. 9.
148 PROF. W. N. PARKER ON THE LEFT POSTERIOR [ Mar. 19,
valuable suggestions to me by letter on this subject, for he could
not believe that the two so-called “venze cave posteriores”’ were
Fig. 2.
Diagram of the chief veins of Protopterus annectens. From the ventral aspect.
(N.B.—The veins from the body-walls and generative organs are omitted.)
c.v, caudal vein; .v, hepatic veins; &, kidney; /.cd, left cardinal; /7, liver;
pr.c, precaval ; pt.ct, hepatic portion of postcaval; pt.c*, renal portion
of posteayal ; p.v, pelvic vein ; 7.p, renal portal vein; s.cl, subclavian.
really the cardinals. Although my observations on Protopterus
do not point to a paired origin of the posteaval, as indicated by
1889. ] CARDINAL VEIN IN THE FROG. 149
Hochstetter’s discovery concerning the paired connection between
the cardinals and hepatic veins in certain Elasmobranchs, they con-
firm his general views as to the development of the postcaval in
other types.
My statement concerning the two veins in Protopterus which take
their origin in the kidneys and also receive blood from the body-walls
and generative organs was only partially correct: that is, it was
correct so far as the left vessel and the renal portion of the right one
are concerned. There can be little doubt that the vein of the left
side corresponds entirely with the left posterior cardinal of Fishes
(fig. 2, p. 148, lied). It extends along the ventral surface of the
kidney, partially imbedded in the lymphatic tissue which surrounds
that organ, and then passes along the dorsal border of the corre-
sponding gonad, between the latter and the lung, to enter the precaval,
being packed in by lymphatic tissue all along its course.
The vein of the right side (pt.c) is considerably larger than that
of the left (/. cd), and as it passes along the kidney it is connected
with its fellow by three or four transverse anastomoses. A similar
asymmetry of the two cardinals is very common amongst Fishes, and
there seems often to be a tendency for one or the other to become
obliterated, as occurs to a greater or less extent with such remains
of them as may persist amongst the Anura and Amniota.
The liver (/r) of Protopterus abuts closely against the anterior end
of the right kidney (4), aud at this point the right cardinal (pt.c*)
is continuous with a vein (pé.c') which passes forwards imbedded in
the dorsal border of the liver, from which it emerges anteriorly and
turns medianwards so as to extend for a short distance as an indepen-
dent vessel, which perforates the pericardium in the middle line to
enter the sinus venosus. The liver is supported by a net-like
peritoneal fold, which is connected with the mesogastrium and is
continued on to the vein in its independent portion. This ‘* Hohl-
venengekrise ”’ is characterized, according to Hochstetter *, as being
the bearer of the independently developed portion of the post-
caval.
The number and arrangement of the hepatic veins (4.v) is rather
curious. In several specimens examined there were one or two large
ones entering the main vein just before it becomes free from the liver
anteriorly, but besides these there are numerous small vessels all
along the course of the vein through the liver.
These facts seem to prove conclusively that the right vein described
above is a true vena cava inferior, which is made up of the renal
section of the right cardinal and of an independently formed hepatic
portion. In fact, the figure given by Howes (loc. cit.) of the veins
of a Frog in which the left azygos persisted resembles very closely
the state of things in Protopterus, except that the fusion of the renal
section of the two cardinals does not take place, but only a reduction
ef that of the left side, and its connection with what must now be
called the renal portion of the postcaval by transverse anastomoses.
* “Ueber das Gekrése der hinteren Hohlvene,” Anat. Anzeiger, iii. Jahrgang,
1888, p. 965.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XI. 11
150 ON THE LEFT CARDINAL VEIN IN THE FROG. [Mar. 19,
I have not been able to find any trace of a right azygos, that is, of
the remains of the anterior part of the right cardinal.
The renal-portal veins (7.p) are connected with a single caudal
vessel (c.v). They receive a pelvic vein (p.v) on either side as
well as the posterior veins from the body-walls and generative
organs, the anterior ones passing into the left cardinal and post-
caval respectively.
Hyrtl’s account of the venous system in Lepidosiren paradoza*
agrees in many points with the above description, although he
regards the left cardinal as a left vena cava posterior. He, however,
states that the caudal vein is paired, and that there is a paired
azygos running alongside the aorta in addition to the two main veins
which he describes as venz cavee posteriores. It seems unlikely that
such an accurate observer as Hyrtl should have been mistaken in his
observations, and I can only suppose that if the paired ‘ azygos”
is present, it is not a true azygos, but an independently formed vessel,
for there can be little doubt that the left ‘‘ vena cava posterior ”’ is
the left cardinal, as its relations are so similar to those seen in
Protopterus.
A still further modification of the cardinals appears to have taken
place in Ceratodus. Dr. Giinther? states that a single large vena cava
posterior is present, collecting the blood from the trunk, tail, and
abdominal organs, except the lungs and intestine. The position
and relations of this vessel are apparently similar to those of the
posteaval of Protopterus, except that the caudal vein is said to enter
it directly. Unfortunately, Giinther’s figures do not show the entire
course of the vessels described, and it is therefore impossible to judge
of their exact relations. But as a renal-portal system is present (see
pl. xli. fig. 3), and also, as in fig. 2, pl. xli., the ‘‘ caudal vein”’ is
shown to enter the postcaval from the body-walls by an anterior and
posterior factor so far forwards, I cannot help thinking that the vessel
described as the caudal may be simply a large vein from the dorsal
body-walls, and not the true caudal. I may add that in fig. 3,
pl. xli., a median and two lateral veins are shown entering the
renal-portal system, and these, although not described, have very
similar relations to those of the caudal and two pelvic veins of
Protopterus. The hepatic veins are numerous, as in Protopterus.
In enumerating the vessels which open into the posteaval, Dr.
Giinther mentions “a very strong vein from the left testicle, which
corresponds in situation and function to the main trunk, and might
be called a left vena cava posterior ; but the currents of blood in the
two run in opposite directions, that of the right (main) trunk running
towards the head, that of the left towards the tail.” According to
this description, it appears that the anterior part of the left cardinal
has disappeared, and that Giinther’s left vena cava posterior corre-
sponds to its persistent renal portion, which now appears simply as a
factor of the postcaval. If this is the case, we can compare the
condition of the postcaval and cardinals to that found in most Anura,
1 Abhandlungen der bohm. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Prag, 1845.
2 Description of Ceratodus. Phil. Trans. vol. 161 (1871).
1889.] ON FISHES NEW TO THE AUSTRALIAN FAUNA. 151
except that no actual fusion of the renal portions of the two cardinals
takes place. On the other hand, the state of things in Protopterus
more nearly resembles that seen in Howes’s figure’ of the venous
system of a Frog in which the left azygos was retained, as already
mentioned.
A more complete description and detailed figures of the venous
system of Protopterus I reserve until later; I have brought for-
ward the above points in the present connection in order to make
clear my former indefinite statement on the subject, and because they
seem to me to be important with regard to the question of the homo-
logy of the veins throughout the Vertebrata, which is now engaging
much attention. The facts I have mentioned are only some out of
a great number which go to prove that a near connection must have
existed between the ancestors of the Dipnoi and those of the Am-
phibia after they had diverged from a common piscine type, for the
resemblances between the existing forms of both groups are in many
respects exceedingly close. Nevertheless, certain points in the
structure of the Dipnoi, more especially that of their fins, show that
no direct relationship can exist between them and the Amphibia at
the present day.
4. Notes on some Fishes new to the Australian Fauna. By
J. Douvexas Oerzsy, F.L.S. (Communicated by Dr. F.
Day, F.Z.S.)
[Received February 22, 1889.]
The present paper contains detailed descriptions of three species
of fishes uew to the Australian subregion, inclusive of Lord Howe
Island ; these are Anthias cichlops, A. pleurotenia, and Scorpena
cookii, not one of which appears to be well known to naturalists. I
also give notes on a species of Platystethus from the above-mentioned
island, pointing out differences which may prove to be of specific
value; but owing to my limited knowledge of the genus I am loath
to describe it as new; however, I append a synopsis of the known
species for comparison. Finally I give a description, taken from four
specimens, of the life-colours of a species of Cherops, which I take
to be C. ommopterus.
ANTHIAS CICHLOPS, Blk.
Be yee ALO /LGe +) As 3/7. Ve 1/6.\) Pel Ba fOr Ege al: 50;
L. tr. 6/14.
The length of the head equals the height of the body, and is two
ninths of the total length. The diameter of the eye is contained
thrice and two fifths in the length of the head; the snout, which is
very obtuse, is three fourths of the diameter of the eye, while the
interorbital space, which is almost flat, is equal to the same. The
1 Loe. supr. cit.
2 Counting obliquely backwards from the first dorsal spine.
Nig
152 MR. J. D. OGILBY ON FISHES [ Mar. 19,
dorsal profile, from the tip of the snout to the origin of the caudal
fin, formsa graceful and gradual curve, which is more abrupt on the
head than on the body; the ventral profile is flat from the isthmus
to the origin of the anal fin, behind which there is a gentle ascent.
The lower jaw projects slightly beyond the upper when the mouth is
closed. The cleft of the mouth is very oblique ; the maxilla reaches
to beneath the posterior edge of the pupil of the eye; it is exceed-
ingly broad, being no less than three fifths of the diameter of the eye
at its hinder margin, while the breadth of the preorbital bears a
similar proportion to it. The nostril is provided with two openings,
the posterior of which is situated on the anterior margin of the eye,
on a line with the upper edge of the pupil, and is of moderate size
and round, while the anterior, which is placed midway between the
eye and the tip of the snout ona slightly lower level, is oval and very
minute. The opercle is armed with three spines, of which the
middle is much the longest, while the upper is so small as to be
difficult of detection ; the vertical limb of the preopercle is finely
serrated, and three or four of the teeth on the rounded angle are
much larger and stronger than the others; the horizontal limb is
entire. eeth—there are one or two small canines on the front of
each ramus of either jaw, between which are patches of small teeth,
separated by a naked space at the symphysis; behind the canines
are small cardiform teeth in a double row anteriorly, but posteriorly
in a single row, where, in the lower jaw, they are distinctly longer :
the vomerine teeth form a triangular patch, the palatine a narrow
band; the tongue is toothless. ins—the dorsal fin commences
above the base of the middle opercular spine ; the spinous portion is
much lower than the soft, and its baseis about one tenth shorter ;
the spines are slender, and the variation in length is very slight, the
last being the longest, and two and three fourths in the length of the
head ; the intervening membrane is deeply notched, and is without
a filiform appendage ; the soft portion increases gradually in length
to the thirteenth ray, beyond which it descends rather abruptly ; the
longest ray is one half longer than the last spine. The third anal
spine is the longest, but little shorter than the last dorsal, while its
rays are much longer than those of that fin*. The ventral spine is
one third longer than that of the anal, and the second ray, which is
the longest, reaches only to the vent, and is four fifths of the length
of the head. The pectoral fin is elongate and pointed, reaching to
opposite the origin of the anal,'and equal in length to the head.
The caudal fin is deeply forked, with equally developed lobes, none
of the rays of which are elongate ; its length is just one fourth of
the total. Scales—of moderate size, finely ctenoid, and firmly
adherent; the basal half at least of all the fins is scaly, and the
entire head is covered with scales, smaller, especially on the snout,
than those of the body. The Jateral line has a long, gentle curve
parallel to the line of the back. Colowrs—head and anterior half of
the body rose-coloured, with a narrow, pale blue line running from
1 Tn our specimen the fourth and fifth (Bleeker’s longest, vide figure in Atl.
Ichth. t. vii. pl. xi. fig. 1) rays are broken off close to the base.
1889.] NEW TO THE AUSTRALIAN FAUNA. 153
the eye to the base of the ventral fin; remainder of the body and
the fins, with the exception of the spinous dorsal, which is crimson,
golden ; irides purple, with an inner ring of gold.
On carefully comparing this description with that of Dr. Bleeker,
we find that the following important differences occur :—(1) the
arrangement of the teeth in the jaws, which can by no exercise of
ingenuity be stated to be “ dentibus pluriseriatis ;” (2) the absence
of a lateral canine in the lower jaw; (3) the absence of denticulations
on the sub- and interopercles ; (4) the greater number of scales on
both lateral and transverse lines, and especially that between the
former and the origin of the dorsal fin, which Bleeker computes at
two or three, while in our example six are plainly visible; (5) the
deep notching of the interspinous membrane ; (6) the shortness of the
ventral fins and the non-prolongation of the outer ray of each lobe
of the caudal fin a3 shown in Dr. Bleeker’s figure, characters which,
however, may possibly be sexual; and (7) the greater length of the
third anal spine than the second. Regarding the length of the ven-
tral fins, if we turn to the figure in the ‘ Atlas Ichthyologique’ (tome
vil. Pere. tab. xi. fig. 1) we find by measurement that the elongate
second ray reaches exactly to the origin of the anal fin, and not to
the posterior anal rays—‘‘radio secundo producto radios anales
posteriores attingente ’—as stated in the letterpress; on the other
hand, however, we see a vast difference in the height of the first
dorsal spine, which is delineated as but little more than half the
height of the second, and barely two fifths of that of the third,
whereas in our example the variation in length is hardly recognizable.
Notwithstanding, however, the apparent importance of these differ-
ences, we cannot consider it desirable to describe as new a fish which
otherwise agrees so accurately with the original diagnosis, especially
when the coloration, so far as we know, unique in this genus, is
exactly similar in the two known specimens.
Our example measures three and four fifths inches, and is there-
fore about three fifths of an inch smaller than Dr. Bleeker’s type.
It was obtained last April on Lord Howe Island by Mr. E. H.
Saunders, who found it dead, but quite fresh and perfect, on the
beach, and the colours given are those jotted down on the spot by
that gentleman.
ANTHIAS PLEUROTANIA, Blk.
Bivis + D10/17418. AL3/7. V. 1/5. Pols, +. 15.
L. 1. 48-49. L. tr. 6/18.
The length of the head is from four and two thirds to four and
seven eighths the height of the body, three and a half times in the
total length. The diameter of the eye is contained three and three
fourths times in the length of the head; the snout is very obtuse
and measures five sevenths of the diameter of the eye, while the
interorbital space, which is strongly convex, slightly exceeds the
same. The dorsal profile is much more curved than in the preceding
species, but the ventral curve is very much the same; the upper
surface of the head is obliquely straight. The lower jaw projects
154 MR. J. D. OGILBY ON FISHES [Mar. 19,
slightly beyond the upper, and the cleft of the mouth is very oblique;
the maxilla reaches to the posterior fourth of the orbit in one
example, while in the other it only extends to beneath the middle
of the eye; it is very much dilated posteriorly, its greatest breadth
being five sixths of the diameter of the eye, while it is twice as
broad as the preorbital. The nostril is provided with two openings
placed close together, the posterior of which is very much the
larger. The opercle is armed with three spines, of which the
middle is much the longest, and the upper so completely hidden as
to be difficult to find, the vertical limb and angle of the preopercle
are evenly serrated, the horizontal limb beingentire. Teeth—there
are two or three small canines in front of each ramus of the lower
jaw, and one or two much longer and stronger lateral ones, while
between and behind these is a broad band of villiform teeth ; in the
upper jaw there are two canines in front of each ramus, one placed
behind the other, the inner being much the stronger, and there is a
row of stout cardiform teeth outside the villiform band; the vomer
is furnished with a triangular patch, and the palatines with a narrow
band of minute teeth, the tongue being smooth. ins—the dorsal
commences above the middle of the opercle ; the spines are rather
weak ; the first four sevenths of the length of the second, which is
about three fifths of that of the elongated third spine; the remain-
ing ones are subequal in length, and not so high as the rays, some
of which, near the end of the fin, exceed even the third spine; the
base of the spinous is slightly less than that of the soft portion of
the fin, and the interspinal membrane is but little notched and
possesses a short filiform appendage. The third anal spine is the
longest, rather less than one half of the length of the head, while its
anterior rays are produced, so as to be three eighths longer than the
longest dorsal ray, thus causing its outer edge to be deeply concave.
The ventral spine is one fourth longer than the third anal, and the
second ray is greatly prolonged, reaching, when entire, to the end of
the base of the anal fin, and being one and a half times the length
of the head. The pectoral fin is rather pointed, reaches to opposite
the vent, and is equal in length to the head. The caudal fin is
deeply forked, with the outer rays of each lobe filiform, and its
length is three and two fifths in the total. Scales—of moderate
size, finely ctenoid, and firmly adherent; the soft dorsal and anal
fins are set in scaly sheaths, and, along with the other fins, are
covered with smaller scales upon their basal half, and the entire head
is clothed with scales of less size than those of the body. The
lateral line has a gradual curve parallel to the line of the back.
Colours—reddish brown, the fins with a yellowish tinge, especially
on the outer half; a curved silvery (pale blue in life) streak runs
from the cheek to the base of the caudal fin, near and parallel to
the ventral profile, while a second is present, but not so strongly
marked, from behind the base of the pectoral to that of the caudal
fin’.
1 Both these lines have entirely disappeared in my specimens, which have
been two years in spirit.
1889.] NEW TO THE AUSTRALIAN FAUNA. 155
Dr. Bleeker having described his species from a single specimen, a
redescription taken from two perfect examples is interesting; a
comparison of the two diagnoses, however, reveals but slight
differences, such as the larger number of pectoral rays in my
specimens, a slight variation in the comparative measurements, and
fewer scales on the lateral line’. Dr. Bleeker’s type, which came
from Amboyna, was of rather smaller size than those here described,
which measure respectively five and a half and five and two thirds
inches. For the possession of these specimens the Australian
Museum is indebted to the liberality of Lieut. Roche, late of H.M.S.
«Opal,’ who obtained them on the Great Barrier Reef off the north-
eastern coast of Australia.
Scorrzna cooku, Ginth,
B. vii. D. 12/9. A. 3/5. V.1/5. P.6/11% C. 13.
L. 1. 62-65.
The length of the head is from twice and two thirds to twice and
four fifths in the total length, the height of the body from three and
three fifths to four times in thesame. The eye is of moderate size,
and is placed high up on the side of the head ; its diameter is from
two ninths to one fifth of the length of the head, from five sixths to
two thirds of that of the snout, and from five eighths to one half of
a diameter apart. The interorbital space is deeply concave, and is
furnished with a median ridge, which springs from two roots on the
posterior margin of the swelling caused by the intermaxillary
processes, and ends opposite to the anterior third of the eye, from
which point two low lateral ridges run backwards, and bending
towards each other after leaving the interorbital fossa, meet in an
acute angle on the posterior third of the occiput, and are there lost
without terminating in a spine; there is a naked shallow groove
below the eye. The cleft of the mouth is large and but little
oblique, and the lower jaw protrudes slightly beyond the upper ; the
maxilla reaches to the vertical from the hinder margin of the eye,
and even beyond it in large examples. The opercle is armed with
two long and moderately strong spines of equal size: there are five
spines on the preopercle, the uppermost of which is much the
longest and strongest, while the two lower are short and blunt.
The outer edge of the preorbital bears several spinate points which
radiate from a common centre, and is usually provided with two
tentacles; there is also a strong turbinal spine, as well as one
anterior and two posterior spines on the supraorbital ridge, which is
either with or without tentacles, these when present being sometimes
1 The difference in the number of scales between the spinous dorsal and the
lateral line is caused by Dr. Bleeker having counted those beneath the middle
of the fin, while I, adhering to my usual practice, have counted the oblique row
from the base of the anterior spine.
2 In one of my specimens there are ten dorsal and six anal rays, while the
pectoral fins have on one side five branched and twelve simple rays, that on
the other side adhering to the normal number ; this example has also excep-
tionally long orbital tentacles, but differs in nowise else from the other examples.
156 MR. J. D. OGILBY ON FISHES [Mar. 19,
bifid ; there is also an occipital ridge armed with three strong spines,
and a temporal ridge with four, the last of which marks the
commencement of the lateral line, and between these two rows there
is a single small spine posteriorly ; beneath the infraorbital groove
there is a spinate ridge terminating in the upper preopercular spine,
and the clavicle bears a strong compressed spine pointing upwards
and backwards. Yeeth—both jaws are furnished with bands of
villiform teeth, the inner row of which is much enlarged, especially
on the mandible; there is an obtusely angular band of villiform teeth
on the vomer, and a narrow band, reaching as far back as the angle
of the mouth, on the palatines. Fins—the dorsal fin commences
either opposite to or rather in front of the middle of the opercle ; its
spines are acute and moderately strong, the fourth the longest, but
little longer than the third and fifth, and from twice and one third to
twice and four fifths in the length of the head; the dorsal rays are
subequal in height to the spines, while those of the anal are much
longer: the anal fin commences beneath the first dorsal ray and
ends beneath the eighth; its second spine is much stronger and
longer than the third, and is equal to, or not much shorter than, the
longest dorsal spine. The ventral fin is rounded, and reaches to, or
a little beyond, the vent, and is five ninths of the length of the head;
the pectoral fin is rounded, and reaches to beneath the base of the
last dorsal spine; the two upper simple rays are subequal and
longest, from two thirds to four sevenths of the length of the head ;
the caudal fin is slightly rounded, from two ninths to one fifth of
the total length. '
The scales are of small size, and there is an elongate patch of
rather smaller ones extending from between the two lower oper-
cular spines to the tip of the flap’. The Jdateral line bends
abruptly downwards from its origin to beneath the middle of the
spinous dorsal, behind which the curve is very gradual. The
colours are similar to those in the figure given by Dr. Giinther.
In the ‘ Journal des Museum Godeffroy ’ (Bd. ii. p. 78, Taf. 55),
Dr. Giinther describes as new and figures a species of Scorpena,
under the name of S. cookii, from a British Museum example origin-
ally brought from Raoul Island, an outlymg rock in the Pacific
belonging to the Kermadec Group; he mentions, however, that a
fish obtained by Mr. Garrett from the Sandwich Islands is probably
of the same species. During the month of September 1887, Messrs.
Etheridge, Whitelegge, and Thorpe were sent by the Australian
Museum, Sydney, to Lord Howe Island, where they spent three
weeks, and, notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather during
their stay, brought back, among other spoils, a small but valuable
collection of fishes. Amongst these were eight specimens of a Scor-
pena, which was distinguishable at a glance from the common Port
Jackson forms, S. cruenta and S. cardinalis, and which I take to be
Dr. Giinther’s species. Having therefore a good working series
of specimens measuring from eight to over twelve inches in length,
\ Neither this patch of scales nor the anterior curvature of the lateral line is
shown in Dr. Giinther’s otherwise excellent figure.
1889. ] NEW TO THE AUSTRALIAN FAUNA. 157
and in so recent a condition’, I have thought it useful to draw up
the above detailed description of this handsome species, the more so
as its original describer appears to have seen but one specimen, and
I am not aware of its having been noticed since. The species will
probably hereafter be found to occur at Norfolk Island, and on
the northern shores of New Zealand, and perhaps even cn our own
eastern coast. Among the Lord Howe islanders it is known as the
**Sandy Bay Cod,” and being abundant and voracious it is taken in
large numbers by means of hand-lines both from boats and from the
shore for use as food, for which it is greatly esteemed. In this it
must differ much from the Australian forms, which are soft, watery,
and tasteless.
- Mr. Saunders also collected three specimens of a Platystephus at
Lord Howe Island, which differ from Dr. Giinther’s description
(Cat. ii. p. 391) in the following important particulars.
PLATYSTETHUS, Sp. inc.
A. 3/27. L. 1. 52. L. tr. 6/14.
The body is rather deeper, being thrice and three fourths in the
total length; the orbit is much larger, being but thrice and one
fourth in the length of the head, and one fifth longer than the snout ;
the maxillary reaches to the anterior fourth of the eye; the width
of the interorbital space equals the diameter of the orbit. The fifth
dorsal spine is the longest, one fourth of the length of the head ;
the pectorals are rather short, measuring one seventh of the total,
while the ventrals measure one thirteenth” of thesame. The colour
of the upper part of the head and body is deep blue, each scale being
ornamented with a wavy silvery mark; the remainder of the body
and head is silvery ; the dorsal, pectoral, and caudal fins are dusky,
the anal and ventrals grey ; irides brown above, golden below.
Though many of these differences may be due to the larger size
of my specimens, which measure from ten to tweive and a half inches,
it is certainly an anomaly to find the more adult fish possessed of
eyes the comparative measurements of which are so much greater
than those of smaller examples, the reverse being ordinarily the case.
Should the differences enumerated above, and which are constant in
my three specimens, be considered sufficient to entitle the large-eyed
form to specific rank, I would suggest as a suitable name Platyste-
thus guenthert, after the distinguished founder of the genus. In this
case the following simple synopsis of the species may be of interest,
while the generic diagnosis must be modified so far as to read “ first
dorsal continuous, with from eight to thirteen spines.”
1. Platystethus cultratus. D. 8 | 1/24. A. 3/30. L. 1. 60.
Eye moderate, two ninths of the length of the head. Max-
illa reaches to anterior margin of orbit.
2. Platystethus guentheri. D.8| 1/24. A. 3/27. L. 1. 52.
1 The description was drawn up immediately after the return of Messrs.
Etheridge and party.
2 In the measurements given by Dr. Giinther at the end of his description, he
makes the lengths of the pectoral and yentral fins even shorter in comparison
to the total length of the specimen than in my examples.
158 ON FISHES NEW TO THE AUSTRALIAN FAUNA. [Mar. 19,
Eye large, four thirteenths of the length of the head.
Maxilla reaches beyond the anterior margin of the orbit.
3. Platystethus huttonii’. D. 13/36. A.3/32. L.1.90. Eye
moderate, two ninths of the length of the head. Maxilla
not extending to the front margin of the orbit *.
Cua@rops omMopTerts (Rich.).
During the month of June 1888, I obtained in the Sydney
market three adult examples of a Cherops which I believe to be
identical with Sir John Richardson’s C. ommopterus ; but on account
of certain constant differences in the pattern of coloration, I append
a description of the life-colours, all three examples being exactly
similar in this respect. They were of large size, measuring respec-
tively nineteen, twenty, and twenty-four inches, and came from the
Clarence River, New South Wales, this being the first recorded
instance of the occurrence of the species within the colony, and
extending its range southward by many degrees. The only difference,
besides the coloration, between Dr. Giinther’s description and my
specimens is that in the latter there are in two but nine, and in the
third ten scales, in an oblique row beneath the lateral line. The
colours of the fresb fish are as follows :—upper part of head green,
becoming gradually more tinged with blue towards the snout;
cheeks and opercles olive ; mandibular region pale violet ; chin sky-
blue; edge of the maxillary lip with a narrow outer golden and inner
blue stripe ; anterior margin of the preorbital very narrowly edged with
blue ; an oval sky-blue spot in front of the orbit, and extending to
about one third of its diameter. Body olive-brown above the lateral
line, rose-coloured below, most of the scales on the back and caudal
peduncle with a medium-sized, round, blue spot ; a broad dark band
runs from the fifth scale of the lateral line forwards and downwards
in an arcuate shape to the inferior margin of the opercle. Dorsal
fin golden, the spinous portion with a basal, median, and marginal
band of blue, the two outer of which are exchanged on the rays for
wavy, anastomosing lines of the same shade; anal fin grey, with a
broad basal and marginal blue band, bordered on the inner edge by
a narrower golden stripe ; ventrals bluish, the membrane between
the first and second rays golden ; pectorals grey, with two transverse
golden bands in front of the base, and the two outer rays and basal
third of the others blue; caudal brownish, with the outer rays blue,
and the bases of the remainder green. Irides golden and crimson,
with sky-blue marginal spots.
Count Castlenau’s Torresia australis, of which the type is unfor-
tunately missing, is probably the young of Cherops ommopterus.
P.S. (Dec. 22, 1888).—Since writing the above I have received
another large specimen from the same locality, which agrees exactly
in coloration with those here described.
? From Dr. Ginther’s description (Ann. Nat. Hist. [4] xvii. 1876, p. 395) it
appears to me that this fish has quite as good a claim to separate generic rank
as many other Carangoids the right of which has never been questioned.
2 Platystethus abbreviatus, Hector (Trans. N. Zealand Inst. vii. 1875, p. 247,
pl. xi. f. 31 C), is a Cyttus, :
PB Z.5.1869) A Xvi
Hanhart imp
SEMNOPITHECUS HOSEI
1889.] MR. 0. THOMAS ON A NEW BORNEAN MONKEY. 159
5. Description of a new Bornean Monkey belonging to the
Genus Semnopithecus. By Oxtprietp Tuomas, Natural
History Museum.
[Received March 16, 1889.]
(Plate XVI.)
In a small collection of Mammals recently obtained by Mr. Charles
Hose in Baram, on the north-west coast of Borneo, and acquired for
the Natural History Museum, there occur several rare and noteworthy
Mammals. Among these may be mentioned the T'richys recently
referred to by Dr. Giinther’, specimens of Rhinolophus luctus, Temm.,
of Sciuropterus davisoni, Thos., only previously kuown from the
Malay Peninsula, of Semnopithecus chrysomelas, Mill. and Schl.,
and, finally, the subject of the present description.
The specimen is an adult male, and as it occurred along with the
other Semnopithecus, one was at first tempted to suppose that it was
only a very aged individual of the same species, in which certain
parts had become white; but an examination of the skull proves
that it is really quite distinct.
I propose to call it
SEMNOPITHECUS HOSEI, sp. n. (Plate XVI.)
Size and form about as in S. femoralis, S. chrysomelas, and S. 0b-
scurus. Crown with a longitudinal crest starting about half an inch
behind the centre of the forehead ; the longer hairs slope evenly back-
wards, there being no trace of a reversed occipital tuft as there is in
some species. General colour of body hoary grey, a colour made up
by the intermixture of black and white hairs. Crest, centre of crown,
and nape deep glossy black, as also are the long eyebrows, and the
few short hairs scattered about the dark surface of the orbits. All
the rest of the head, the forehead, temples, sides of the crown and
neck, cheeks, lips, nasa] septum, chin (where there is a distinct tuft),
and front of neck pure white, contrasting most markedly with the
glossy black of the central crest, and with the dark grey of the back
and shoulders. Outer sides of limbs like back, darkening terminally
in the hands and feet to deep black. Chest, underside of body, and
inner sides of limbs as far down as the middle of the forearm and of
the lower leg white, continuous with that of the chin and throat.
Tail hoary grey like the back throughout, only rather darker above
than below, owing to the larger proportion of black as compared
with white hairs there present.
Skull light and delicate. Nasal bones long, thin; profile quite
straight and continuous with the line of the forehead, an arrangement
very different from the peculiar aquiline nasal outline of S. chrysomelas.
Nasal opening oval, its breadth about two thirds its height, instead
of three fourths as in the allied species. Bullee low, opaque. Teeth
as usual.
1 Supra, p. 75.
160 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TOTHE MENAGERIE. [Apr. 2,
Dimensions of the type, an adult male, preserved in skin :—
Head and body (c.) 520 millim.; tail 670; hind foot 154; heel
to tip of hallux 123; length of eyebrows 25-28; length of crest-
hairs (c.) 40.
Skull.—Greatest length (gnathion to occiput) 91 millim.; basal
length (basion to gnathion) 61; zygomatic breadth 68 ; nasal open-
ing, height 15:2, breadth 10°0; nasals, length 10, greatest breadth
10; interorbital breadth 8-0; distance from outer edge of one orbit
to that of the other 55:5; height of orbit 23; breadth across face,
including external walls of orbits, 62; intertemporal constriction 46 ;
brain-case, breadth 54, height from basilar suture to bregma (junction
of sagittal and frontal sutures) 47 ; palate, length 30, breadth outside
m’. 30, inside m'. 18°8; combined length of upper premolars and
molars 26, of molars only 17:6.
This handsome new species differs from all known Semnopithect
in the marked contrast in colour presented by its black crest, and
white forehead and cheeks, no other species having a coloration in
any way resembling this. The suspicion already mentioned as to its
being a senile form of S. chrysomelas is effectually dispelled not only
by the cranial differences above described, but by the fact that Mr.
John Whitehead frequently saw the species during his recent expe-
dition to Mount Kina Balu, where he obtained a specimen at an
altitude of 4000 feet. The specimen was unfortunately destroyed,
and its skull only preserved; but when asked as to the characters of
the original owner of the skull, Mr. Whitehead, before seeing Mr.
Hose’s specimen, immediately replied that it wasa grey Monkey
with white all over the sides of the head and throat, and that the
species was fairly common in certain patches of forest on and near
Mount Kina Balu.
Mr. Hose is to be congratulated on his discovery of this fine
Monkey, and I have much pleasure in connecting his name with it.
April 2, 1889.
Prof. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during the month of March 1889 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of March was 64, of which 22 were by
presentation, 2 by birth, 21 by purchase, 2 were received in exchange,
and 17 on deposit. ‘The total number of departures during the same
period, by death and removals, was 100.
The following additions are worthy of special notice :—
1. A specimen of the Manatee (Manatus australis), said to have
been received from the Amazons, and purchased of Mr. Cross of
Liverpool, March 2nd, being the second! example of this Sirenian
obtained alive by the Society.
1 See P.Z.S. 1875, p. 529.
P.Z.S.1889. PL XVIL
vai P “
West Newman imp.
Parker & Coward del.&lith.
Structure of Steatormis.
P.ZS.1889.Plate XVIII.
Parker & Coward del. &lith. West, Newman imp.
Structure of Steatornis.
P. Z.S.1889.PlXIx.
West,Newman imp.
Parker & Coward del klith.
Structure of Steatornis.
PLZ SABES) Bios
Parker & Coward del &lith. West Newman imp.
Structure of Steatornis
1889.] MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. 161
The animal has been placed in one of the warm tanks in the new
Reptile House and appears to be doing well. It is fed principally
upon lettuces.
2. An Oriental Phalanger (Phalanger orientalis), received March
4th, and presented by C. M. Woodford, Esq., of Sydney.
Out of five specimens of this interesting Marsupial kindly trans-
mitted to the Society by Mr. Woodford, by whom they had been
obtained in the Solomon Islands, three survived to reach this
country, but of these two unfortunately died before they reached
the Society’s Gardens.
3. A specimen of Owen’s Apteryx (Apteryx oweni), presented by
Captain C. A. Findlay, of the R.M.S. ‘ Ruapehu,’ on March 5th.
This bird has been placed along with the specimen received on
February 19th, 1889, with which it appears to agree well, so that the
two are probably a pair. watyut
Mr. A. Smith-Woodward, F.Z.S., exhibited and made remarks on
a maxilla of the early Mesozoic Ganoid Fish Saurichthys from the
Rheetic Formation of Aust Cliff near Bristol.
The following papers were read :—
1. On the Osteology of Steatornis caripensis.
By W. K. Parker, F.R.S.
[Received March 7, 1889.]
(Plates XVII.-XX.)
Contents.
Page | Page
I, Introductory Remarks...... 161 | Vi... Theos Wines, tees. deareaeeee 178
TTS Ms oust det cteeiaee cee enneh 165 / VI. The Hip-girdle and Hind
III. The Vertebral Chain and Eta bs) eo5e-bip oe steers 180
EHADSE Mees ee ee sneer tesa ose 7S) * VL Surmtieny eee era 183
IV. The Sternum and Shoulder- Explanation of the Plates 189
gindlo l(t sap tee oat ox 177 |
I. Introductory Remarks.
Steatornis is so distinct from every other known bird that it
should, if it had its rights, be put into a Family by itself, and thus
represent the Steatornithide*, of which it is the only existing
species. Its distribution is also very limited, being only found in
Venezuela and one or two of the neighbouring States.
Nevertheless, this is only one among several of the Neotropical
types of birds that have come very near to extinction, there being
four or five families which possess at most two or three genera, with
very few species.
It is evident that those groups which are most potent in Families,
1 This has already been proposed by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin, Nomencl.
Ay. Neotr. p. 97 (1873).
162 MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. [Apr. 2,
Genera, and Species are the newest and the most specialized ; this is
seen best of allin the Passerine order, the ‘‘ Coracomorphe.’” Onthe
other hand, we have birds that are impoverished up to the very
edge of extinction, such as the ‘‘Ratite ’’—poor, stupid, savage
tribes, that are fast dying out from among the noble and accom-
plished modern birds.
The “Order” to which Steatornis belongs is in great contrast
with the great Passerine group ; the Coccygomorphe are little more
than one fourth as numerous as the Coracomorphe, yet are ten
times as polymorphous.
Among the more than half-myriad of the Singing-birds, using the
term in the broadest sense, a very small percentage of the types is
abnormal; a very few have four notches to their sternum; two or
three genera have their plantar tendons bound across by a special
ligament—are Desmodactyle ; just a few have a tracheal, and a few
have a simple broncho-tracheal syrinx ; whilst two genera, Atrichia
and Menura, have a syrinx that just falls short of the typical per-
fection of that of the highest form—‘“ the Oscines.”’
But all these types are Avgithognathous, and, what is most re-
markable is, that that peculiar anticipation of the Mammalian fore-
palate is only found in one small family outside the Coracomorphe,
namely, the Swifts (Cypselidee).
So that we have one character which does not fail us throughout
the Passerine order; the sternum, the syrinx, and the plantar ten-
dons are variable. One other character, which, however, is shared
by many other birds, is the great abortion, mostly the complete
suppression, of the basipterygoids; these are useful and important
things for the taxonomist, but they fail him in the time of need.
The time of need is when he would make a good clear distinction
between the Coracomorphe and the Coccygomorphe: he is bound
to do this, or to cease to call himself a philosophical ornithologist ;
and yet can it be done?
Here, if anywhere, Professor Huxley’s comprehensive terms come
to be of great value, but of most difficult application. The
difficulty was felt by himself, and he was thus led in his second
paper (P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 294-319) to break up and spoil his excellent
and most natural group of the “ Alectoromorphe,” and a little more
wavering of mind would have made him break up and destroy his
excellent group of the Cuculines—the Coccygomorphe. These,
however, must be kept together at any cost; to enrich that order I
feel willing to give up the importance of the distinctness of the
Swifts, the Humming-birds, and the Parrots.
As for the Picide and Yungide, none but the most fretful and
impatient of the Classifying tribe would have quarrelled with the
present writer for demonstrating the peculiar structure of the palate
in these birds, or for inventing a morphological term for that
palate, namely ‘‘ Saurognathous.”’
As for the value of the condition of this part of the bird’s structure,
I have just stated that it is the safest thing we have in the Coraco-
morphe; but whilst that masterly and invaluable paper on the
1889.] MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. 163
Classification of Birds was being written, I pointed out to Professor
Huxley that even in the Gallinaceous tribes, which are, more than
any other birds, most distinctively ‘‘ Schizognathous,” the larger
Curassows, e. g. Crax globicera, are ‘‘ Desmognathous.”
I have since that time discovered that Dicholophus is directly
Desmognathous'.
If we then bind up together some two dozen families of arboreal
birds of the higher, but not highest kinds, and call them “ Coccy-
gomorphee,” we must use the palatal character for just what it is
worth and no more. If all these troops are to march under the
Huxleyan standard, then we shall have the following palatal cha-
racters in this mixed multitude of birds :—
ScuizoGNnatuism.—Trochilide, Trogonide, Caprimulgide (part.).
AieiTHOGNATHISM.—Cypselide.
DresMoGNnaATHIsM.—(a. Indirect) .—Coliide.
(6. Imperfect direct).—Capitonidee.
(ec. Perfect direct). — Rhamphastide and
many others.
(d. Double).—Bucerotidee (part.), Steator-
nithidee, Podargidee.
SAuROGNATHISM *.—Picide, Yungide.
So, again, with regard to another of the deep morphological cha-
racters, namely, the arrest or development of the ‘ hasipterygoids ”’;
in this character we have the extremest difference, for Steatornis is
almost Struthious in this respect, and Cuculus (amongst others) has
these parts aborted as much as in the Passeres, in which they very
seldom show a trace in the adult.
Another deep and diagnostic character is the peculiar articulation of
the centra of the vertebrae, between the axis and the sacrum’. This,
as a rule, is what is called eylindroidal by Prof. Huxley, and hetero-
ccelous by the American ornithologists. Now it has long been known
that many Water and Wading birds have their thoracic or dorsal ver-
tebree of the archaic type—like those of ancient reptiles, they are
opisthocelous. But I long ago showed that Parrots have the same
structure, combined with an anticipation of the Mammalian centrum,
namely with terminal epiphyses. But more lately I have discovered
that the dorsals of Steatornis are opisthoccelous also. This fact has
softened down my objection to putting the Parrots along with the
other Zygodactyles and their Syndactyle relatives ; they are not more
isolated than the Humming-birds and the Swifts. The manner in
1 In my paper on the Bird’s Skull, Linn. Trans. new series, Zool. vol. i.
p. 129, pl. xxv., I have described the palate of this bird as being imperfectly
desmognathous; the bony union of the “ maxillo-palatine plates” is, however,
perfect in my specimen.
2 Strictly speaking the Aigithognathous and the Saurognathous palates are
merely varieties of the Schizognathous type; that reduces the whole thing to
two main kinds—the Schizognathous and the Desmognathous; the “ Dro-
meognathous” condition is merely a retention in the adult of an early embryonic
stage.
8
3 Proc, Roy. Soc. 1888, pp. 465-482.
164 MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. [Apr. 2,
which the leading modification—the development of the wing—has
carried with it, in its special varieties, the rest of the body, subjecting
everything else to its domination, is well seen in the difference be-
tween Steatornis on the one hand, and the Swifts and Huinming-
birds on the other. The latter are “ Macrochires ;” their manus is of
inordinate length and strength, and the Awmerus is very short and
strong, like that ofa Mole. Butin Steatornis the manus is short, the
humerus long and slender, and the cuditus is extremely long: this bird
is thus an isomorph in this respect of the aquatic ‘‘ Longipennes.”
This great development of the wing, in both cases, has caused a
peculiar modification from that of the shorter-winged arboreal types,
viz. the ordinary Passeres, and such Cuculines as the Woodpecker,
Toucan, and Kingfisher. In all these latter types there is a complete
bridge over the top part of the interosseous space, formed by one of
the intercalary metacarpals—that between the normal 2nd and 3rd;
in the embryo of these types another remnant appears on the ulnar
side of the 3rd, this is a small 4th metacarpal.
Now in birds that habitually flit from tree to tree, having only
wings of moderate size, the remains of the primordial fore paw, not
wanted in the wing, have a better chance of developing to some
extent. Thus the remnant of the intercalary metacarpal fused
with the functional bars is really large in the adults of these
shorter-winged birds. But in Steatornis, the Cypselidze, and the
Trochilidee, the great development of the functional bars has aborted
these archaic, non-functional, parts much more. The same thing
occurs in other families ; in the terrestrial Gallinaceous types the wing
is like that of a Sparrow, a Finch, or Crow. In the Swans,
Geese, Ducks, Gulls, &c., that is in all birds with long and powerful
wings, the intercalary parts are very small, although nearly always
demonstrable in the early young or in the embryo.
The modification of the /egs, and with them of the pelvis, follows
that of the wings and shoulder-girdle ; they are not so much modified
from a primordial condition as the fore limbs; but they have un-
dergone, nevertheless, a marvellous amount of change.
When degeneration of the wings takes place, then the legs be-
come dominant, as in the Ratitee ; that partial descent from a higher
platform is correlated with an arrest of the brain.
A very near relationship of Steatornis to the Goatsuckers (Capri-
mulgide) is rendered somewhat doubtful by the great differences to
be seen in certain parts of its structure; its skull and dorsal ver-
tebree are as unlike as can well be. I suspect that the adaptation
of this type to its nocturnal habits has made it much more like the
Owls and Fern-Owls than can be accounted for on any theory of
descent. If this bird should turn out to be a waif from the ancient
tribes of the Caprimulgidee, and if Podargus and its allies belong to
the same group, then the true Schizognathous Goatsuckers (of the
genus Caprimulgus) must be considered as a culminating family,
in which the whole skull and face has been lightened and refined
to a remarkable degree, to give perfection to these crepuscular
Moth-Hawks. Nitzsch’s term for them, namely “‘Cuculinz noc-
1889.] MR. W. K. PARKER GN STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. 165
turn,” cannot be improved. Why they should now stand midway
between Swifts and Cuckoos must be determined by those who have
the power of reading and interpreting the hard sentences of Nature.
Bearing all these difficulties in mind, we may now look into the
details of the supposed ancestral form of the Goatsucker type.
II. The Skull.
In a large, but evidently rather young, specimen the “‘ rostrum,”
measured in a straight line, is 29 millim. long; the skull 37°5 millim.
In the skull of a smaller, but older, specimen the measurements
are, rostrum 27 millim., skull 35 millim. The bony rostrum
(Plate XVII. fig. 1) in both cases is deflected 8 millim. below the
general palatal plane ; this is seen to a much greater extent when the
horny covering is on. Therefore, there is in this case, still more
than in Corythaiz, and other Cuculines with a decurved beak, a
quasi-Raptorial appearance. _ Indeed, the skull of Steatornis is
very much like that of the Ceylon Owl (Ketupa ceylonensis); a
likeness which is intensified by a similar development of the “ basi-
pterygoids”’ in both cases. I believe that this is mere zsomorphism.
The measurements of the lesser skull are as follows :—
millim
Length of rostrum) 200. 60. eee te 27
Lencth’af skull, proper... 052002 be oe i 35
Width of fronto-nasal hinge................ 11
Width of narrowest part of frontal region’ .... 12°
Width across postorbitals ..............00.. 34
Width across occipital wings...........+.... 31
Width across quadrato-jugal hinges.......... 35
Thus we see that the length and the greatest breadth of the skull,
proper, are equal. This at once stamps the skull with an Owl-like
character, which is intensified by the narrowness of the upper inter-
orbital tract, the large size of the very open orbits (19 millim. long,
16 millim. deep), and the form of the upper beak, or “ rostrum.”
Put side by side with the skull of Ketupa ceylonensis, it seems as
if it must belong to an allied genus, at least; but in the details of
its structure it is soon found to be Cuculine.
The skull of the Ceylon Owl and that of its Strigine congeners, like
that of most Diurnal Rapacious birds, is indirectly Desmognathous.
The skull of Steatornis, however, is doubly Desmognathous (Plate
XVII. fig. 3), and has its alinasals (Plate XVII. figs. 1, 2, al.n.)
ossified in the true Coccygomorphine fashion ; these parts remain
cartilaginous in the Owls*.
1 In the lesser skull this part is a little wider than in the two large specimens,
whilst the surface is gently concave in it, and convex in the larger specimens.
Are these sexual differences ?
2 There is, I believe, but one point in Ornithology in which I am out of
touch with my friend Prof. Alfred Newton. Why he should doubt the near
kinship of the Owls to the Harriers and Hawks I cannot imagine; see his
remarks in the otherwise unassailable and excellent article “‘ Ornithology,”
Encycl. Brit. 9th edit. vol. xviii. p. 471.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XII. 12
166 MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. [Apr. 2,
The culmen of the rostrum in Séeatornis is subacute (Plate
XVII. fig. 2); its dorsal outline forms an almost perfect quadrant,
it is somewhat wavy, and drops suddenly near the hinge, which is
straight across the skull, and is perfect. The nostrils (figs. 1, 2, e.n.)
are in front of the middle of the rostrum, reniform, oblique, and
6 millim. long ; a small alinasal valve, covered by the ossified roof,
forms the “ hilus” of the kidney-shaped opening.
These ossified roof-cartilages (a/.n.) are full of vascular borings,
which give them a different appearance to the nasals and premax-
illaries (n., px.). But the fusion (ankylosis) of these parts is
perfect, and so also is that of the ossified septum nasi, with the
surrounding bones. That wall has in its middle a large pyri-
form fenestra, 4 millim. long and 3 millim. deep, a structure
more frequent in Aquatic and Grallatorial birds than in the higher
Arboreal types. This is one of its aberrant characters ; the inferior
turbinal (right and left) remains unossified. Under the bulging
alinasal tracts there is a gently concave, wide sulcus, which ends in
an open space between the rostrum and the ectoethmoid (pars
plana). At this part of the skull the angles of the maxillaries
(figs. 2, 3, mx.) are 20 millim. apart ; and close here, in the hollow
behind the descending crus of the nasal, the projecting maxillo-
palatine (figs. 1-3, mz.p.) is seen, right and left.
This lateral rostro-cranial space should be largely filled in by
the lacrymal (fig. 1, /.), which is so constantly large with a con-
siderable frontal suture, and a broad supraorbital tract, in the
Cuculines generally. Here, however, in Steatornis, it is very small,
and is ankylosed to the nasal, forming a small projection, 3 millim.
in extent, to the postero-superior edge of the rostrum. This con-
dition of things is very common in such Passeres as possess a small
lacrymal ; in the Corvidee, Laniide, and some others it is pupi-
form and free.
In the Woodpecker (Gecinus viridis), and in that marvellously
aberrant Fowl, Opisthocomus, the same thing is seen; the lacrymal
being very small, and ankylosed to the nasal.
The margin of the rostrum is cultrate, and the dentary edge is
separated by a groove from the palatine face of this region; the
middle is gently ridged, and this ridge passes into the ossified
septum nasi (s.n.), which in its fore half is marked off by a right and
left chink. In its hinder half it is higher than, but ankylosed to,
the maxillo-palatines (mz.p.), which swell downwards, right and left,
and have a notched hinder margin. Between these parts there is
another sharp notch, filled in, in front, by the bony nasal septum.
The outer notches as well as the inner are in front of the maxillary
angles, and the whole posterior palatal margin of the rostrum is
thus strongly serrate.
The maxillo-palatines (fig. 3, ma.p.) are only moderately high and
spongy ; under their thickest part the prepalatine laths ( pa.) pass
forward and are ankylosed to them. The fibrous fore part of the
prepalatines reaches as far forwards as the middle of the septum
nasi; where they escape from under the maxillo-palatines they are
1889.] MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. 167
3 millim. across, and together take up a space of 11 millim.,
measured across. They then narrow into 2°5 millim. and enclose an
oval common “middle palatine foramen”? or open space 9 millim.
long and 6 millim. wide; the fore end of this space is enclosed by the
maxillo-palatines and septum nasi, and is, indeed, the middle notch
just spoken of. This space is enclosed behind by the two palatines,
which meet and form an oblique suture 1°5 millim. in extent.
This second part of the hard palate in this ‘“ doubly Desmogna-
thous”’ bird is 8 millim. across; behind it the palatines narrow
in again, until their lower part is a mere ridge ; but they have curled
round now, and formed the low and short ‘‘ ethmopalatine,” or
ascending processes, which run under the sphenoidal rostrum for a
distance of 6 millim., and are ankylosed together. Behind, the
two coalesced palatines are only 3°3 millim. across, where they articu-
late with the pterygoid. The outer edge of each palatine is sharp, not
limbate ; it is bevelled into an edge from the sub-mesial thickest part.
I have spoken of the prepalatine bars as laths ; the middle and
hinder part is like a shaving, coiled obliquely, so that the edges of
the two bones meet below, in front, and above, in their hind part.
They thus enclose the naso-palatine passages (i.n.), flooring them in
front for a short distance, and then roofing them, behind, for three
times that extent. The concave opening of these passages behind the
short posterior hard palate is elliptical, 9 millim. by 4°5 millim. The
edge of the two bones enclosing this space is limbate, and corresponds
with the inner edge of a grooved palatine bone; here, there is no
groove, but the bone curls upwards at once, to pass into the ascending
plate. This is much more primitive, or simple, than what is seen
in the Trogons, where they do not unite to form a second part of
a hard palate, and have a groove and some angulation of their outer
edge.
Steatornis has two vomers(v.), each 5°5 millim. long and 1 millim.
wide; they are sharp at both ends. The hinder bone has had its
distinctness obliterated by ankylosis; it is probably a ‘ medio-
palatine,” like that seen in Caprimulgus, Owls, &c.; this vome-
rine bone, now, forms merely an upper, partial septum between the
naso-palatine passages. In a membranous tract in front of the
triangular end of the fused vomer there is, at a little distance,
a similar bony tract—an ‘‘antero-median vomer.” The supero-
external edge of each palatine, for an extent of 3-5 millim., is
formed by the “mesopterygoid”’ increment; so that the short
trough, 4 millim. in extent, in which the sphenoidal rostrum (pa.s.)
lies, is formed by three pairs of bones; that rostrum runs free of
this groove for 7°5 millim., its projecting point is 3 millim.
behind the vertical line of the hinge, and of the notched hind edge
of the septum nasi. It is extremely unlike an Owl in this respect,
in which bird the hinge-notch is shallow and of great extent; the
rostrum of the sphenoid ends much further backwards in that bird,
having no projecting spike in front. The hind part of the sphenoidal
rostrum, with its basipterygoid processes (b.pg.), may be described
now, because of the relation of the latter to the pterygoids.
12*
168 MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. [Apr. 2,
In the large specimens the basipterygoids have a facet for their
perfect joint with the pterygoids 4-5 millim. in extent; these two
oblongo-oval condyloid tracts are 8 millim. across in front, and
11 millim. behind ; they are wider proximally than at their articular
face, and project 2 millim. at their hinder notched margin. The
sphenoidal rostrum is 5°5 millim. wide between their fore part, and
2 millim. over the palatine groove.
The pterygoids ( pg.) are 11 millim. long, and measure from 1°5
millim. to 2°5 millim.in breadth. They approxmiate at a few degrees
more than a right angle; in the Trogon, at a few degrees less; this
greater divergence is due to the general extension in breadth of the
hind skull; and the same thing is seen in Owls. The fore part
of the pterygoid is oblique and tridentate, it overlaps the palatine ;
the epipterygoid forms a low triangle; the whole bar is arched
upwards, and the kone is smooth and strong. The facet for the
basipterygoid is in the middle of the shaft, and lies mainly outside
an ascending flange of the bone, so that it works outside the fixed
condyloid facet of the basipterygoid ; it is only two thirds the length
of that fixed facet, and moves beyond it, in front and behind. Thus
the capsular ligament must be loose and elastic, as in the oblique
facets in the mid-region of the neck of Buceros and other Cuculines.
The palatines are set on more suddenly to the ‘‘rostrum,” or
upper beak, than in the Trogon, where, however, they are not
hinged; they are not hinged in Corythaix, but the jugals are.
These latter bones are not hinged in Steatornis( Plate XVII. fig. 3,7)
and are very slender; first depressed, where they begin at the fore part
of the jugal process of the maxillary, and then compressed, where
they approach the quadrate, into which they fit by gomphosis.
The hinder part of this jugal bar is formed by the quadrato-jugal
(qj.). The three elements of this feeble cheek are all ankylosed
into one elastic needle of bone, which, in the middle, is only 6°5
millim. thick. The quadrate (q.) is a well-formed normal bone, in
harmony with the Owl-like breadth of the hind skull; the setting
on of the double hinge, or “ otic process,” is wide and transverse,
the inner head being only about 2°5 millim. behind the outer. In
the large Stria (Ketupa) ceylonensis these “heads” of the otic
process are 12°5 millim. across; in Steatornis 7 millim.; in Cory-
thaiv 5 millim. Relatively to the size of the skull, Steatornis has
its otic process nearly as wide as in the Owl. The quadrate has an
average “ orbital process ;”’ it is oblique and pedate, and its body is
deep and rather square; the cup for the end of the jugal bar is
neat and pedunculate; the knob for the end of the pterygoid is
well-formed ; and the inferior condyle, as usual, is double.
This latter part has a hinder ¢rochlea looking inwards and back-
wards, and an anterior oval, convex condyloid tract which is in a
line with the oblique pterygoid, and Jost reaches its joint, which is
a cup and ball.
The action of a palate like this is somewhat less rapid, and the
parts themselves are much lighter and slenderer, than in many of
the Cuculines, or in the Parrots, generally. This part is rather
1889.] | MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. 169
weak in Steatornis ; in this respect also it resembles the Owls. But
it is evident that they can exert a considerable amount of force in
tearing to pieces the fruits on which they feed; about equal, perhaps,
to that of which an Owl is capable, whose food, however, is not ripe
fruit, but small living vertebrates.
Before finishing my description of the oral apparatus, there are
several things to be mentioned in the upper and hinder parts of the
skull proper; besides the “remnants” of the /arval palatines, or
ossa uncinata.
These latter structures (Plate XVII. figs. 1-3, 0.u.) are attached
to—grow directly out of—the hind wall of the nasal capsule (pars
plana, or ectoethmoid, p.p.). The whole of this wall is an oblique
tract of bone 9 millim. deep and 5 millim. wide ; it is notched deeply
in its fore edge, at the middle; the part above the notch is the ali-
ethmoid ” (al.e.), the back part of the region of the upper turbinals ;
and the lower part, or pars plana, is the back of the middle turbinal
region. ‘here are no special turbinal coils to increase the surface for
the distribution of the Ist, or olfactory nerve; the aliethmoid merely
forms a semicylindrical fold, which runs inwards and forwards from
the notch between the upper and lower regions. The aliethmoid is
confluent above with the frontal roof, and behind it there is a
trilobate fenestra, 6 millim. long and 3 millim. deep. This latter
space is the membranous representative of the outer wall of the cribri-
form plate of a Mammal; the olfactory crus (I.) runs along through
it to the simple nasal labyrinth. In all these things this bird is
normally ornithic. The olfactory crura are separated by the thick
top of the mesethmoidal partition wall (p.e.), the fore edge of which
forms the hinder boundary of the great notch, which gives rise to—
makes possible—the fronto-nasal hinge. The aliethmoid, at its anky-
losis with the frontal roof, is grooved by the ophthalmic, or orbito-
nasal nerve, which runs, outside the olfactory crus, into the nasal
labyrinth, to supply its antero-inferior region, to which the nerve
of smell does not come. On the right side one, on the left two,
small perforations are seen at the root of the pars plana.
Now this ectoethmoid (pars plana) is continuous with the an-
terior crus of the cartilaginous palato-quadrate arch in the Tadpole,
and also in the adult Frog: in the Salmon and other Teleostei, and also
in the Urodeles, this crus articulates with the ectoethmoid. The
fore part of that arch is naturally divisible into three regions,
namely—the ethmo-palatine, pre-palatine, and post-palatine. Here
in Steatornis, and also in Todus, the part called the “os uncinatum ”
—so well known in Musophagidee—is triradiate ; thus it has all the
three regions seen in its homologue in the Ichthyopsida. Of course
it is small, and degenerates into membrane at the end of its rays; but
it is an extremely archaic,—a truly primitive structure, and is built
up amongst the newer, functional parts of the palate. In passing, I
may state my experience of the presence of this almost functionless
remnant. It is well developed in Steatornis, Todus, the Musopha-
gide generally, in Scythrops, where it is very large and perfect, and
in Piaya cayana, where it is a simple vertical needle of bone; is
170 MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. [Apr. 2,
large in the Raptorial Dicholophus, and also in the Procellariide.
In the Laride it is smaller, and in the Alcide (Alca torda, Uria
troile) it is a mere rudiment composed of one or two independent
bony nuclei at the infero-external angle of the pars plana’.
It is worthy of remark that the palato-quadrate arcade of the
Ichthyopsida, although appearing here and there at hap-hazard, as
it were, in the families, shows one part in the birds just mentioned,
and another in the Passerines. In these latter birds I have found no
distinct ‘‘ os uncinatum,” merely a knob or outgrowth of the
pars plana representing that bone. But in all these culminating
types there is a special apparent outgrowth of the palatine bone
at its postero-external angle (see Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ix. pl. ly.
figs. 1,5, 6, and 13, ¢.pa.); this is formed by the independent
ossification of a considerable part of true hyaline cartilage, which is
in reality the reappearance of the horizontal part of the ‘ palato-quad-
rate” bar of the Ichthyopsida. In Steatornis the form of the “ os
uncinatum ” (0.u.) is that of an inverted T: the stem is attached to
the antero-inferior edge of the pars plana, the front ray runs upon
and is attached to the angle of the maxillary, and the hind crus
is attached to the inner edge of its jugal process. In contemplating
these things we are let down, so to speak, not merely to the
Reptilian, but to the larval Amphibian level. The supraorbital
chain of bones, seen in the Tinamous and some other binds, the
sutures in the skulls of those Gallo-struthious birds, and the opis-
thoccelian dorsal vertebrae of many birds, only let us down to the
Reptilian level.
But the “os uncinatum,” the post-palatine, and the remarkable
squamosal of the Ratitee—the true representative of the “ temporo-
mastoid” of the Amphibia—sguamosal and preopercular in one,
these structures show that the ancestors of the bird-kind were once
on the lower Ichthyopsidan level.
They could not, at that time, have been in a feathered stage;
that form of covering cannot be imagined as clothing a kind of
Tadpole; but a kind of Tadpole my have undergone metamor-
phosis into a creature whose clothing was of feathers.
The free edge of the perpendicular ethmoid (p.e.), behind the notch,
has a convex outline above, and a concave outline below; the parasphe-
noidal rostrum (pa.s.) (Plate XVII. figs. 1 and 3) projects forwards
here as a sharp spike ; that grooved beam forms a common basis to
the perpendicular ethmoid in front, and to the basisphenoid behind ;
the presphenoid (p.s.) is tilted up above their junction, as in birds
generally. The orbito-sphenoids (0.s.) are scarcely developed as
distinct alee. The interorbital wall, made up of all these parts, is
completely ossified and is moderately thick. The orbital rim ends
behind in a triangular postorbital process 5 millim. in extent ; it is
over the notch leading to the moderately shallow, concave, temporal
fossa (¢,7.), which is only 5 millim. from its fellow of the opposite
side, and is 10 millim. broad below.
Proc. Roy. Soc. 1888, pp. 394-402.
1889.] MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. 171
There is no zygomatic snag to the squamosal, which at its anterior
corner clamps a very short “sphenotic process” of the alisphenoid.
The bone in front of the squamosal and sphenotic, formed above by
the frontal, and below by the alisphenoid, makes a perfect back-wall to
the orbit, and floor to the tilted cranial cavity ; this is a closed, not a
fenestrate skull, The low, smooth, wide occipital plane (Plate XVIII.
fig. 1) is emarginate above, and slants backwards, so as to form an
obtuse angle with the base. The foramen magnum (f.m.) is pyriform,
with the narrow end above; the condyle (oc.c.) is reniform and
transverse, 2 millim. by 1°3 millim. in size. Where the basitem-
porals (Plate XVII. fig. 3, 6.f.) are fused with the upper outgrowths
of the basisphenoid, to form the openings of the ‘‘ anterior tympanic
recesses,’’ there they are 18 millim. across ; behind they are 13 millim.
wide, and their average width is 3 millim.,.—very narrow as compared
with the great, massive, triangular plate formed by these two bones
in Geese and Fowls. In front they form a projecting lip, and a
narrow tongue of bone grows from the middle of this neat lip under
the common Eustachian vestibule (Zu.) ; the openings into the right
and left tubes are 3 millim. apart. The opening of the tympanic
cavity (ty.c.) is partly protected in front by a pair of distinct tympanic
bones (ty., ty’.), the size of these is very small. The entrance to the
tympanic cavity is very large, but it is greatly overshadowed by the
quadratum in front, and obliquely half-closed by the “ tympanic
wing” of the exoccipital (¢.e0.) behind. That wing, which runs
obliquely forwards, inwards, and downwards, has an f-shaped front
edge, concave above, and rounded below; its back face, the outer
edge of the occipital plane, is plano-convex. This wing is 10 millim.
in extent, and the right and left wings are only 13 millim. apart
along their inner edge. The whole breadth across the occipital
plane, over the top of the tympanic wings, is 31 millim. Laterally
these wing-like outgrowths enclose the hinder basi-cranial territory,
which is margined with passages for the internal carotid arteries
(i.c.), the vagus and glosso-pharyngeal nerves (X.), the hypoglossal
nerves (XII.), and some small veins ; all these passages are norma
in Steatornis. The back of the quadrate is concave above, and then
bulges backwards ; thus the tympanic entrance is, at first, 3 millim.,
and then only 2 millim. wide.
Inside that narrow, oblique, high doorway there is the most con-
fusing multiplicity of passages leading into the outer and inner
chambers of the auditory labyrinth. The middle ear or tympanic
cavity is as complex as in the Crocodile, but after a different fashion ;
whilst the inner ear or membranous labyrinth is enclosed in cavities,
tubular and ventricose, very similar to those of the higher modern
reptiles. Behind and between the crura of the otic process of the
quadrate there is the opening into the “ upper tympanic recess,” and
in front of that double condyle the Eustachian openings; and
behind and more inwards there is a common vestibular opening
leading to the fenestra ovalis and f. rotunda.
All these tympanic openings lie in the mouth of a trumpet-shaped
cavity, formed by the wings of the basisphenoid above, and the
172 MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. ([Apr. 2,
basitemporal plate below; this conical cavity is the “anterior tym-
panic recess.””
All these parts of the ornithic auditory labyrinth are well seen
in Steatornis.
The mandibles (Plate XVII. figs. 1 and 4) form a remarkable
structure, being narrow and pointed in front, and extremely wide and
bowed out at their hinder third. Behind, they curve inwards again,
so that their “ internal angular processes”’ are only 15 millim. apart,
whilst the width across the broad part is 33 millim., the rami being
57 millim. long, and their ankylosed symphysis 5 millim. in extent,
and their oblique hind edge 5 millim. high. Behind, in the coronoid
region, near the hinder part of the dentary, and again at the fork of
that bone, where there is a snag for muscular attachment, the bone
is 7 millim. high. Under the first of these high tracts the outer face
is hollow, but the hind part of each ramus is swollen and pneumatic,
and there is a large foramen for the “‘siphonium,” on the top of the
‘internal angular process.” The sutures are nearly filled in;
there is a large oblique dentary canal under the coronoid process.
The hinder or articular part is wide and triangular; there is a deep
sinuous hollow between the cartilaginous condyloid tracts, the outer
of which is pyriform and convexo-angular, and looks forwards and
inwards, 5 millim. long; whilst the inner condyloid face is a semi-
cylindrical trough, with sharp sides; it looks more inwards than the
outer condyloid facet; this scooped space is 2 millim. wide, 2°5
millim. iong, and 1°5 millim. deep. The perforated internal angular |
process is blunt, turns upwards, and extends 2 millim. inwards from
the condyloid trough. The motions of a jaw so hinged must have
some peculiarity—there is so great an appearance of art in its con-
vexities, concavities, sinuosities, and directions; the result of all this
careful adaptive specialization would seem to be a perfect combi-
nation of elasticity and mobility with strength,—strength sufficient
for the purposes of this frugivorous bird. Notwithstanding the
large size of the socket, the eyeball, like that of Opisthocomus, is
small ; its largest diameter is 16 millim., and that of the sclerotal
ring is 12 millim.; the largest plates are only 2 millim. wide, and there
are 14 of them, as in Gecinus viridis ; but in that bird they are much
more elegantly formed, and 3:5 millim. wide; and they are neatly
turned outwards at the inner edge of the rim; in Steatornis they are
almost flat, just a little concave externally, and are very similar to
those of a Monitor Lizard (Psammosaurus griseus). In another
evening bird not much larger than Steatornis, namely, the Hooting
Owl (Strix aluco), the eyeball is 25 millim. across, and the 15
sclerotals vary from 8 to 12 millim. in width outwards, and are
about 6 millim. in extent at the cuter rim, although much of this is
overlapped in most of them.
The Ayoid arch (Plate XVIII. fig. 2) is normal, but rather feeble.
The tongue is short and sagittiform, and in it the cerato-hyals (c.hy.)
converge and unite in front; they remain unossified ; their length is
12 millim. The basal bar (0.4.4r.) is of the same length; it is
moderately dilated where the posterior cornua (cornua majora, br".)
1889.] MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. 173
articulate with it, and the distal free end is narrow, terete; it is
ossified, proximally, by a separate centre. The posterior cornua
are 31 millim. long; they are feeble, rather straight, and the upper
piece, which is 11 millim. long, has its distal half cartilaginous.
Ill. The Vertebral Chain and Ribs.
The vertebral formula of this bird is as follows :—C. 15, with 3
pairs of ribs, free, on the left, and 4 on the right side; D.4; S. 13,
the first with large free ribs, this and the next two, with arrested
ribs, buttress the pre-ilia; the 13th vertebra not firmly ankylosed
to the 12th; Cd. 7+4 or 5,=Total 43 or 44.
The procelous articular facet of the atlas (Plate XIX. fig. 1, at.)
is somewhat transverse, and this cup is largely notched for the
odontoid process of the axis (Plate XVIII. fig. 3); not perforated
as in most of the high arboreal birds. The atlas has no lateral
passages for the vertebral artery ; its centrum articulates with the
axis by the normal fla¢ facet. The odontoid process of the axis is
large (Plate XVIII. fig. 4); this bone (Plate XIX. fig. 1, aw.) has
thick, blunt upper and lower spines, and oblique ascending snags over
the post-zygapophyses ; a pair of small upper fenestra, and, what is
very rare in birds, well-formed rib-sars (cr".) to enclose the canal for
the vertebral artery ; the articulation of the centra throughout the
rest of this region is cylindroidal. The 3rd cervical (Plate XIX.
fig. 1) has also blunt upper and lower spines, lateral fenestrae, above,
a wide top, and a definite snag over each post-zygapophysis, and a
rudimentary rib, right and left, bounding the canal tor the vertebral
artery ; this part is 3°5 millim. Jong.
The 4th cervical (Plate XIX. fig. 1) has its sides notched, not
fenestrate ; it has both upper and lower spines, somewhat larger
riblets, and spines on the post-zygapophyses.
The 5th cervical is much like the next four or five; but in this
strong chain of bones each succeeding vertebra is larger and stronger
than the one in front of it ; towards the chest they become shorter,
as well as wider. ‘his 5th bone, like the rest up to the 12th, has
large riblets; on the 5th, 6th, and 7th these styles reach back
within 2 millim. of the end of the centrum. None of these vertebree
have the inferior or carotid canal developed, for the inferior face is
wide open and gently concave in front; at the middle they are sub-
carinate, and flat behind, where they broaden out into the apparently
convex, but really concave, hinder facet. The wide canal for the
vertebral artery, right and left, is only complete in the front third of
each vertebra, and only on the 10th, 11th, and 12th is there any
rudiment cf the oblique bar (or flying buttress) so common in the
Coceygomorphe, a growth that partially finishes the lateral bony
wall. I have mentioned that the 3rd has large lateral holes above,
and that the 4th is notched, and not fenestrate. The 5th also is
notched on its outer and upper edge; but the hinder margin of each
notch is developed into an oblique, bony bar, which, running
forwards, inwards, and upwards, forms by union with its fellow a
174 MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. [Apr. 2,
small spine that looks forwards ; this structure is seen, but not so
well, in the 6th and 7th, and then dies out.
The 6th is the longest of the series; it is 13-3 millim. long, and 11
millim. wide, over the pre-zygapophysis. The 9th and 10th have
oval knobs on their post-zygapophyses. The upper spine begins
again on the 12th, on the 14th it is oblong and large like those of
the dorsals, but smaller; in the 15th it is three fourths the size of
those on the dorsals. The last six cervicals have a small inferior
spine ; this is trifid in the 14th, and is dilated into a broad plate in
the last. The 13th has a small, free, Y-shaped rib; in the 14th
the left rib is very slender, but it is 22 millim. long, whilst its right
rib is only 7 millim. long. On the right side the 12th has a Y-
shaped, distinct rib. The last cervical only differs from a dorsal in
having no sternal piece; it has the uncinate process or bone (this
is a distinct element), and is nearly as long in the Ist dorsal. The
posterior part of this 15th vertebra is intermediate in character
between cylindroidal and opisthoccelous. My memory fails me in
endeavouring to think of any other existing bird with more than
three distinct ribs in the cervical region, even on one side; there is
often a want of symmetry in this part of the spine, as well as in
other parts, e.g., atlas, sacrals, &e. This fact—that, at least on
one side, four ribs remain free in the lower part of the neck—
coupled with what I shall now show as to the structure of the dorsal
vertebrze, gives me the right to say that this is a very archaic or
quasi-reptilian type.
The four dorsal vertebree have very long and sharp upper spines,
and the first two have, also, simple lower spines; the dilated plate
seen in the last cervical has died out, and the process itself greatly
elongated, downwards. The front face of the Ist dorsal centrum is
cylindroidal, the rest of the articulations of the dorsals and the last
dorsal with the Ist sacral is opisthocelous. The centra are narrow,
almost Chelonian in this respect, the Ist and 2nd are mere keels.
The posterior cup of each dorsal centrum is well excavated, and
there is, right and left, at its upper part, a pair of semi-oval enlarge-
ments of this facet, that look like an additional pair of zygapophyses ;
hence, on the side view, the outline of the hollow end of each cen-
trum is deeply notched at its upper third. Each of these secondary
facets has its own concavity, so that each centrum fits to the one
behind it by three hollow facets, one large, below, and two small,
above; the articular cartilage is very thick in these vertebree. Thus,
although this mode of articulation is archaic, it is also intensely
specialized by this modification (Plate XVIII. figs. 5, 6).
Up to the present, this is the only Cuculine type, eweept the Psit-
tacide, in which I have found the dorsals to be opisthoccelous. It is
common among Water’ and Wading birds.
The ribs (Plate XIX. fig. 1) are very peculiar; they resemble
those of the Hornbills, but the peculiarity seen in those birds is
exaggerated in this. This is worth considering, as we have just
1 The secondary facets just described are not so distinct in Parrots and
Ployers as in Steatornis, which is equal to Chionis in this respect.
Or
1889.] MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. 17
seen how Bucerine the palate is. This ‘somorphism, however, has
to be taken for what it is worth; it is very limited, and in the great
Cuculine group (Coceygomorphee) we everywhere meet with charac-
ters in one Family that correspond in some degree with those in
another, where everything else is very unlike. This is to be noted in
the contrast seen between the dorsal vertebra of the Bucerotide and
those of Steatornis. In the former they are cylindroidal, and very
broad, widened, and flat below; those of the latter runintoa mere keel.
Also, in the Bucerotide the spines in the dorsals form a feeble saddle-
backed series, having a concave general outline ; in Steatornis they
form a strong straight series, and the interspaces between the spines
are very small. In a New-World Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon) the
hinder dorsal centra make a great approach to those of Steatornis,
without, however, being opisthoccelous.
The peculiarity just referred to in the ribs is their great breadth
above, their narrowness below, and the low position of the uncinate
processes (p.u.). The second pair are the widest ; they are 6 millim.
across for some distance below the tuberculum, and only 3 millim.
near the lower condyle ; the processus uncinatus is only 11°5 millim.
at its base, above that, the condyle is 13 millim. long, and has an
average breadth of 2°5 millim. The Ist sacral has a pair of ribs
which have a sternal piece, imperfect, but 17 millim. long. The Ist
dorsal sternal piece is 14 millim., the last 28 millim. long; they
have an average width of 2 millim. The sacral vertebre and the
whole pelvis (Plate XIX. figs. 2, 3, and Plate XX. fig. 6) are very
much like those of Ceryle aleyon,—the Kingfisher whose dorsals show
a tendency to the opisthoccelous character, and have deep, concave-
sided dorsal centra, with long, basally-dilated, inferior spines. As
in that bird and the Hornbills the sacrum is completely ankylosed
to the iliac bones, even in the young bird of the first year. This
perfect union of the lateral with the median elements of the pelvis
is seen in the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) in young birds of
the first summer, but it is not seen in Coecyzus nor in Saurothera,
even in old birds, so that this character must be a thing dependent
upon conditions, being so variable in nearly related types. The most
remarkable thing of all, however, is this, namely, that whilst these
parts are completely ankylosed in the young Cuckoo, in the hinder
half of the sacrum of an old bird the sutures are quite distinct. This
is a phenomenon of the same nature as the re-segmentation in the
adult of the last sacral of the young bird to increase the number of
the free caudal vertebra, a very common thing in the higher birds’.
The first three sacrals are not yet ankylosed by their centra in
the youngest specimen, and the Ist only is partly distinct in an
1 I cannot leave this part of my description without remarking that this
must be part of some general law with regard to the evolution of the higher
kinds of birds. Intense ossification is the thing we are most familiar with in
the osteology of birds, as compared with other Vertebrata, And yet the birds
that are manifestly most archaic are often most intensely ossified: thus, to take
a single fact, an archaic bird is often, not always, desmognathous, whilst a
more specialized, newer, and nobler bird of the same family will be schizo-
gnathous.
176 MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. [Apr. 2,
adult bird. The 2nd and 3rd have strong fused riblets, 4 millim.
long, and the whole vertebra is 15 millim. across. Here is a sub-
extinct type with three pairs of buttresses, or, in other words, three
pairs of dorso-lumbar vertebree, covered by the pre-ilia; in Chauna
there are eight such vertebre.
The three next have only upper transverse processes (diapophyses) ;
these, and those of the first three are all fused together above, and
also to the ilia. Fenestree appear behind; there are four pairs of
these between the upper transverse processes of the last five vertebrae,
all the rest of the roof is plastered over with thin bone—an ossified
“ aponeurosis.”
The 7th sacral has a small pair of inferior bars or riblets, in my
older specimens, but these are not visible in the younger; but the
make very little difference to the general concavity, right and left of
the fused centra; the 7th vertebra is the lst urosacral. The 7th
urosacral, or last general sacral, is the widest across its transverse
processes, it is 30 millim. wide; the first of that series is only 13
millim. across. The 9th, 10th, and 11th sacrals are carinate, below,
the 12th and 13th recover their width, and these are not quite anky-
losed together, even in the older specimen.
The general concavity right and lett of the ankylosed centra,
which is filled by the emerging nerves and the lobes of the kidneys,
is not closed in behind, as in many birds, by rib-like thickness of
the post-ilia, and special enlargement of the transverse processes of
one or more of the urosacrals.
Here we have the general open or unenclosed condition of the
under surface, behind the “‘ pre-iliac buttresses,” that is seen in the
Toucan aud the Woodpecker, a somewhat common state of things
in birds with a rather short, broad, and gently convex pelvis,
such as many of the Coccygomorphe possess. Unlike this state of
things, we see in Corythaiz and Geocoecyx, as in the Raptores, a
remarkable closing in of these concavities, by the special growth of
post-ilia and the hinder urosacrals.
Behind their middle, the series of the seven caudal vertebre (cd.v.)
gradually shorten their transverse processes, which become wider as
they shorten; the last free joint is 15 millim. across, the Ist is 29
millim., a little less than the width of the last sacral. A rudi-
mentary chevron bone is seen on the 4th, and a large growth
of this kind is present on the 5th, 6th, and 7th. The latter or
compound bone is 24 millim. long, slender, and subfalcate, being
arched somewhat on its sharp dorsal edge. The ventral edge is
thick, but sharpens out behind, where the bone is somewhat lobate,
and from 2°5 millim. becomes 3 millim. across in front ; this bone is
7 millim. deep, it is evidently made up of 5 or 6 rudiments.
Towards the end of the caudal series the procelous joint is
established once more, and in the last of these articulations the joint-
cavity is as complete as in the occipito-atlantal articulation ; this is
a common character in arboreal birds with a large and very mobile
tail.
The sacral and caudal series both measure 48 millim. in length ;
1889.] MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. 177
the 13th sacral is identified as such by its close union (ankylosis)
with the postero-superior angles of the post-ilia; its centrum is
distinct from that of the 12th.
Here, in this manifestly archaic bird we have, as in the Parrot
tribe, a marvellous variety in the articulations and functions of the
vertebral centra.
The atlas is proccelous, and its joint, behind, with the azis,
is flat, with a joint-cavity. The joint-cavity, with a perforated
meniscus and a suspensory ligament, is seen up to the sacrum; but
the cervicals, only, are cylindroidal; the dorsals are opisthoccelous.
Then the sacrals are ankylosed, and behind these come the caudals ;
which, in front, are subconcave on both faces, and are united by
fibro-cartilage without a joint-cavity ; whilst in the hinder part of
the series that cavity reappears in a proccelous joint.
IV. The Sternum and Shoulder-girdle.
The sternum (Plate XVIII. figs. 7, 8) belongs to the same type
as that of Caprimulgus on the one hand, and Buceros on the other,
but is most like that of the latter. Like the pelvis it is short and
broad, and it has only two notches; they are wide and rounded,
and the xiphoids are all three finished behind by a large rounded
plate of cartilage. The whole structure is light and rather feeble,
and the bone is pneumatic. The coracoid grooves nearly meet ; they
form together little more than a right angle; between them there is a
short, blunt, inferior rostrum (r.st.), scooped above and carinate below.
Together, the pre-costal process (pe.p.) and the costal edge form a
high, nearly equilateral triangle; there are four transverse condyles for
the sternal ribs; the first of these only leaves a pre-costal tract 3°5
millim. in extent. The body of the bone is deep and the keel large,
with its fore margin at a right angle with the body; in front, the
keel projects a little at its lower third, where the lesser pectoral muscle
ends behind; it ends 4 millim. in front of the ossified part, and
about 13 millim. from the end of the middle metasternal cartilage
(middle xiphoid). The whole structure, shoulder-girdle and ster-
num, is much like that of the Barn-Owl (Strix flammea), with its
single notch right and left behind, the inner notches being nearly
obsolete; that bird also has similar long scapule and coracoids,
and the furcula are not unlike.
This peculiar isomorphism with the Owl is manifestly adaptive ;
I question if this bird is nearer akin to an Owl than it is to a Cor-
morant.
The structure of the sternum is in great contrast to that of the
Common Goatsucker; in respect of its general finish it is more
archaic. The comparative measurements are as follows :—
Axial Breadth Breadth Length Depth
length. infront. behind. ofkeel. of keel.
millim. millim, millim, willim. millim,
Caprimulgus.. 27 16 25 32 12
Steatornis .. 58 43 52 45 18
The notches in Steatornis measure 9 millim. axially and 15
178 MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. [Apr. 2,
millim. transversely ; the arrest of the keel, behind, is not seen in
Caprimulgus.
The scapule of Steatornis (Plate XVIII. fig. 8, sc.) are 50
millim. long, 5 millim. broad at their widest part, and 3 millim. in
the middle; they are elegantly xiphoid, and have a sharp decurved
point. The coracoids (cr.) are also long; their length is 38 millim.,
the upper, or fifth, 8 millim.; at their largest (epicoracoid) angular
expansion they are 15 millim. across, and only 3°5 millim. in the
middle of the elegant and slightly sigmoid shaft; the clavicular
process (root of precoracoid) is very small.
The furcula ( fr.) is strong and U-shaped; in a straight line from
the apex to their lower junction the rami measure 37 millim. ; their
average growth is 3 millim.; it is very uniform.
There is a small interclavicular knob (i.c/.), 2 millim. high, behind
the junction of the rami.
The aborted “ precoracoid”’ segment of cartilage has added very
little to the apex of each ramus.
The curve of the rami (cl.) is great, and the roundness of the space
where they meet below is perfect; it is a typical U-shaped furcula.
This is one of the most common forms of the furcula, not only in
the great and varied group of the Coceygomorphe, but also in Birds
generally. Outside the Passerines, in the Arboreal groups, this
form is very common, e.g. in Trochilidz, Cypselide, and in Po-
dargus, Eurystomus, and Bucerotide ; whilst Rhamphastos, with its
divided rami, and the Picidze and most of the Alcedinidz, have Pas-
serine apices to their rami, that is they are dilated or bilobate.
V. The Wing.
The extreme slenderness of the bones forming the wing of Stea-
tornis (Plate XX. fig. 1) is in great contrast with what we see in the
Bucerotide, with their dilated and cellular bones.
The relative length, however, of the three regions is very similar
in both, the humerus and the manus being both very short, the eu-
bitus very long.
Thus, although this bird, like the Swifts and Humming-birds, has
its wings twice as large as iis legs, it is not a Macrochire; its hand
is very small.
The following measurements of the region in several long-winged
birds will make this plain; the meaning of these differences will be
self-evident when the mode of flight of each type is considered :—
Humerus. Ulna, Manus.
millim. millim. millim,
Steatornis caripensis.... 72 106 82
Buceros ruficollis ...... 102 147 85
Caprimulgus europeus .. 35 45 50
Cypselus apus ........ 12 18 43
Strix flammea........-. 80 88 75
Larus canus .......... 92 102 102
It will be seen at once that the intensest specialization has
occurred in the Swift, where the humerus is only two thirds the
1889.] MR. Ww. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. 179
length of the ulna, whilst the manus is more than three and a half
times as long as the humerus.
In Steatornis, on the contrary, the humerus (4.) is seven eighths
the length of the manus, whilst the former is only two thirds the
length of the ulna, and the manus less than four fifths.
Caprimulgus is intermediate between these two extremes ; its wing-
regions increase in size in a regular manner (from above down-
wards) ; it is a sub-typical ‘ Macrochire.”
Buceros is the most remarkable in one respect ; its manus is only
four-sevenths the length of its ulna.
In the two good instances of birds with a light buoyant flight, the
White Owl and the White Gull, the greater length of the ulna as
compared with the humerus is similar in both birds; but the
Gull has its ulna and manus of the same length, whereas in the Owl
the latter is only six sevenths the length of the ulna or cubitus.
All these birds have to be considered separately in their various
modifications, and no inference as to their genesis made rashly from
some one or more similarities in their adapted structures.
I might have included Podargus humeralis amongst the birds
whose wings were measured ; but it gives me little help in seeking to
find the affinities of Steatornis. Podargus appears to me to be more
allied to Hurystomus; its sternum and pelvis differ greatly from
those of this Neotropical bird, and its wings are more normal in
the relative length of the three regions. Thus the humerus in
Podargus is 74 millim. long, the ulna 88 millim., and the manus 68
millim.
The relations of Podargus must be sought for in the Australian
Region and the Eastern Notogiea, generally; those of Steatornis in the
Neotropical Region; whilst the true Goatsuckers, or Caprimulgide,
must find their ancestors where they can. I cannot see my way to
“father them” on either Steatornis or Podargus; yet both of
these types may possibly be not unlike the birds that, during time,
have been specialized into the true Goatsuckers.
I can only find a pneumatic foramen in the humerus (A.); that
bone is quite normal; its upper crest for the insertion of the great
pectoral muscle is large, and the dilatation below is hooked inwards,
hollowed out and perforated to let in the air. The distal condyle is
well developed, and there is above it, ou the flexor side, a semi-oval
hollow for the origin of the flexor muscles’.
The long, slender, gently sigmoid radius (r.) and arcuate ulna (u.)
are quite normal; the latter is marked very slightly for the secondary
quills. The radiale and the ulnare are also well developed and per-
fectly normal ; I see no “sesamoids” attached to them. The top of
the manus has the large 2nd distal carpal (d.c.”) over the large
middle metacarpal, the lesser 3rd distal carpal (d.c.*) on the outer
side of the top, and the Ist distal carpal (Plate XX. fig. 2, d.c.1) is
seen as a knob looking towards the Ist metacarpal, but ankylosed to
the 2nd.
1 Mr. Frederic A. Lucas finds an “os humero-capsulare” in this bird (see
Plate XX. fig. 1, 0.h.c.).
180 MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. [Apr. 2,
The three metacarpals (mé.c', mé.c*, mé.c®) form together the usual
main part of the manus; the inte:osseous space is large and
uncovered above. The single phalanx of the Ist digit (dg.') has no
rudiment of a second joint; the distal phalanx of the 2nd (dg.’)
has a small seed-shaped remnant of the ungual phalanx; the penul-
timate or 2nd phalanx of the 2nd digit is slightly longer and also
narrower than the phalanx of the Ist digit. The single phalanx of
the 3rd digit is the least of the three; it shows no signs of a second
joint.
: The oblong proximal phalanx of the 2nd digit has a slight perfo-
ration in its thin dilated distal part.
Above, returning to the head of the manus, I find a considerable
thickening of the projecting shoulder of the Ist metacarpal. Also,
on the extensor face of the 2nd metacarpal (close to the top of the
interosseous space) there is an oval elevation 2 millim. long, due to
the presence in the embryo of an intercalary metacarpal (mt.c.”).
Also, on the flexor face of the 3rd metacarpal, above the interos-
seous space there is a similar but less-marked elevation, which is
possibly due to a rudiment of the 4th digit ; as a cartilage it is very
constant in several families of birds in an early stage.
Large as these wings are, they nevertheless suggest the idea of
feebleness ; they are like the bones of a bed-ridden person, slender,
smooth, and very light; is not this due to the extremely torpid
habits of the bird, which only spends a very limited time in any
active exercise? that exercise being simply eating. The extreme
fatness of this bird favours this view of the case.
VI. The Hip-girdle and Hind Limés.
A few measurements will show the special form of the pelvis in
this type (Plate XIX. figs. 2, 3, and Plate XX. fig. 6); that part
can now be studied as a whole—the hip-bones and sacrum together.
This pelvis may be compared with that of Ceryle aleyon and Ca-
primulgus europeus ; it is most like that of the former, and has a
rudiment of the peculiar spur seen on the side of the pre-ilium in
Kingfishers ; it is very wide.
In Caprimulgus and Podargus the pelvis is narrower.
Length Length Breadth Breadth
of pre- of post- across pre- across tro-
ilium. ilum. ilium. chanters.
millim. millim. millim. millim,
Ceryle: cit Ms 17°5 16°5 16 28°5
Caprimulgus .. 15°5 10°5 10 21°5
Steatornis .... 25 34 30 48
The width across the pubis, below the greatest interpubic breadth,
is, in Ceryle 33 millim., in Caprimulgus 23 millim., and in Stea-
tornis 53 millim.
One thing to be noticed is, that whilst in many Cuculines the
*pre-pubic spike” is absent, e.g. in the Alcedinide and Caprimulgidee
1889.] MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. 181
(Caprimulgus and Chordeiles), there is a rudiment in Steatornis, in
Cuculus canorus, aud in Buceros ruficollis; this part is nearly as
large in Geococcyx affinis as in Apteryx.
In Ceryle alcyon the post-ilium sends backwards a process (its
proper termination) over the ischium, which only measures 1°5
millim.; this spur is very long in Steatornis; it is 10 millim. in
length; the ischium and pubis both project far backwards also as
long ligulate processes, cartilaginous for their greater part. The
pre-ilium (pr.z.) in Steatornis sends forwards a spike in front of the
ear-shaped fore lobe of the bone; this is formed by the junction of
the inner edge of the bone with the diapophysis of the underlying
vertebra—the Ist sacral.
The “sacro-ischiadic ” fenestra (s.7.f.) is oval; it is 8 millim.
long by 4 millim. wide; its broad end is in front. The bony junc-
tion of the post-ilium (pé.i.) and ischium, behind this fenestra, is
1°5 millim. in extent.
The ischium (ise.) runs back quite free from the pubis (pb.) ; it
keeps at a distance from it; its whole length is 38 millim., and its
free projection, next below that of the post-ilium, is 13 millim. long ;
it is 6 millim. wide in front of the fore part.
The pubis is only 2 millim. wide in front and 3 millim. behind ;
its whole length is 47 millim., and the chord of the are formed by
this rib-like bone behind and the pre-ilium in front is 74 millim.
This is a peculiar form of pelvis, so broad, gently convex, and free
from all strong outgrowths ; it is only in birds whose hind limbs are
small and feeble, such as Cypselide, Trochilidz, Alcedinide, and the
like, that such a pelvis is possible. Even among the Cuculines,
whenever the legs are strong, we get a great contrast to this, e.g.
the Musiphagide, and such Cuculidx as Saurothera and Geococcyz.
The Hind Limbs (Plate XIX. figs. 4, 5) of Steatornis are, as I
have said, only half as large as the wings; I here compare them, in
the measurement of the main regions, with those of the Kingfisher
aud Goatsucker :—
evaun. Tia Piss om ditt
nillim. millim. millim, millim.
Ceryle alecyon ...... 29 39 12°5 24
Caprimulgus europeus 21°5 29 14 20
Steatornis caripensis.. 38 48 17°5 37
Here we see that, roughly speaking, the femur (/.) is three
fourths the length of the tibia (¢.) in Ceryle and Steatornis, and a
little more than two thirds in Cuprimulgus.
The tarso-metatarsus (¢.mé.) is little more than half the length
of the 3rd digit in Ceryle, more than two thirds in Caprimulgus, and
considerably less than half in Steatornis.
The relative size of the bones of the leg and foot, on the whole,
in the last of these birds is very similar to what we find in the Cyp-
selide, Caprimulgidze, and Alcedinidze; for in all these families the
hind limb is very feebly developed. This is very marked also in
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XIII. 13
182 MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. [Apr. 2,
Steatornis; and the shape and strength of its leg-bones are in great
contrast to what we see in such Fowl-like Coccygomorphe as the
Musophagide and the Ground-Cuckoos.
The femur (f.) of Steatornis is, perhaps, the straightest to be
seen in the Class; the breadth is 8°3 millim. above and below, and
it narrows to a diameter of 3°5 millim. in the middle of its shaft.
The condyloid ledge for the feeble fibula (fb.) is not well-marked ;
that bone is a little above half the length of the ¢idia, which latter
bone is as straight and primordial as the femur; it would seem as if
these bones had not altered in shape since the middle of incubation.
The breadth of the head of the tibia (¢.) is 9 millim., across its tarsal
base 8 millim., whilst the middle of the shaft is only 3 millim.
The cnemial ridges are very rudimentary, and the ridge outside
for the fibula (fé.) only reaches 15 millim. downwards.
A thin delicate tendon-bridge exists in front of the base of the
tibia below (Plate XX. fig. 4); but there is no special depression
between the astragalar and calcaneal regions of the condyle, for the
intercondyloid knob on the distal tarsal (or head of the shank) is
nearly obsolete (Plate XX. fig. 3). The inner part of the condyle
is formed by the astragalus, and the outer by the os calcis; there
is a rudiment of the intermedium between them; the centrale, or
“naviculare” (nv.), is seen as a cartilaginous, curved wedge behind
the joint. The tarsal outgrowth behind the head of the shank to
form a tendon-canal for the plantar tendons (Plate XX. figs. 3, 5) is
open. This part is closed in, and forms one canal in Ceryle aleyon ;
in the Martin (Chelidon urbica), as in all the Coracomorphe, there
are five canals in the compound mass; in the Swift (Cypselus apus)
there is an unusual thing—a little bridge in front of the distal tarsal ;
but the two ridges behind are not united’.
There is a notable peculiarity in the structure of the inter-tarsal
joint. The condyloid trochlea formed by the astragalus is large and
perfect, and rolls in a well-formed concavity on the inner side of the
great distal tarsal. But the calcaneal part of the double trochlea is
feeble (Plate XX. figs. 3-5) and the outer part of the facet on the
lower tarsal is almost flat’.
The tarso-metatarsus shows the signs of division into three main
metatarsals, both above and below, 2nd to 4th (Plate XIX. figs. 4, 5).
The free distal piece that carries the “ballux” (mt.t'.) is 5° millim.
long.
On the outer side of the head of this small shank the 5th meta-
tarsal (mé.t. 5) can be seen as a club-shaped rudiment, fused with
1 The classification of birds by the palate is very useful as a help to other
methods, everything else being taken into account. Nowhere does it show its
value more than in the Coracomorphx; they are all “ Aigithognathous” ; but
the Agithognathe and the Coracomerphe are not equal groups—the former
is too large for accurate superposition on the latter; the Swifts (Cypselidz) are
Agithognathex, but they are not Coracomorphe.
2 This obliquity reminds one of that in the free astragalus itself in the Mega-
therium, as compared with the same bone in the Horse, the latter having the
condyle in two nearly equal, oblique semicircular elevations, whilst in the
former the two conyexities are extremely unequal.
1889.] MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS, 183
the distal tarsal over the 4th metatarsal; it is 1 millim. across, and
runs downwards 2°5 millim. The whole tarso-metatarsus is less
than half the length of the femur and little more than one third the
length of thetibia. It is much like the same part in the “ Oruitho-
scelida,”’ except for the fusion of its elements. The breadth, below,
across the condyles for the four digits is 11 millim. nearly, two thirds
as much as its whole length, namely 17°5 millim. The condyle for
the Ist is 4 millim. higher up than that for the 3rd digit. The
whole series of metatarsals in the distal part of the shank are
curiously twisted backwards, from without inwards, so that all the
condyles lie nearly on the same oblique plane ; this is a very Cypseline
state of things. The breadth, above, of the small tarso-meta-
tarsal is 6°5 millim., in the middle 4 millim. The condyles are all
grooved, the groove is deepest on that for the 3rd digit.
The length of the digits (Plate XIX. figs. 4, 5, dy. 1-4) is as
follows :—lIst, 17 millim.; 2nd, 30 millim.; 3rd, 36 millim.; and
4th, 33 millim. The proximal phalanges increase in length and
thickness, gently but sensibly, from without inwards, in a very regular
manner. The proximal phalanx is shorter than the penultimate in
the 3rd and 4th digits; the two are equal in the 2nd; in the 4th
the 2nd and 3rd phalanges are not so long together as the 4th or
penultimate ; thisis a rare structure. The claw-joints are strong aud
well-curved.
VII. Summary.
The Guacharo (Steatornis) is not the only Neotropical type that
asks to be put into a separate suborder, such as that which Pro-
fessor Huxley (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 311) has constituted for the
Hoatzin (Opisthocomus cristatus).
If it were allowable, the term “ Heteromorphz ”’ should be kept
for all those birds that cannot be classified: that refuse to be put
into any of our normal groups. We should then have a “ Cave of
Adullam” for all those waifs and strays from the old Avifauna ;
birds that, like the Flamingo, the Palamedea, and the types just
mentioned, cannot be bound up with the other bundles, because the
cords that keep the normal birds into such a neat ornithological order
will not tie when bound round these abnormal forms, even if carried
round them nine times!
When, as in Steatornis, only one species is still living of an
evidently isolated type, the inference is at once made that here, if
anywhere, we have an Archaic kind of bird. I think that I have made
it clear in the foregoing description that this is really the case in
this instance.
There is one difficulty in this kind of research, namely, that in
those types that are evidently Archaic, we meet with some characters
that are seen at once to be the result of the very last or newest
specialization that this type of skeleton has undergone.
Of course Steatornis has had as much time to do this in as any
other bird; but, whilst belonging to a conservative and almost extinct
family—extinct but for it, the Oil-bird has some characters that
13*
184 MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. [Apr. 2,
are only present in birds that have arrived at the highest state of
ornithic modification and perfection.
In the self-same skull we have then, as I have shown, a basis
cranii with large backwardly placed “ basi-pterygoids”’ that are
nearly Struthious ; the only carinate bird that is a rival to Steatornis
in this respect is Pallas’s Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus) (see
Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. pl. xxxvi.).
On the other hand, the ‘‘ethmo-nasal wall”? has been com-
pletely broken through and thus a complete hinge of the face on the
skull has been formed exactly as in the Parrots, where the mobility
of the upper face is at its greatest possible perfection. But the
basis cranii of the Parrots, in harmony with the “ palato-quadrate ”
arcade, is in the highest state of modification; no bird is so far from
the old guasi-reptilian Ratite in this respect as the Parrot.
Yet, as a set-off against this, whilst the Archaic Ratite have all
their pre-sacral vertebrz in the highest ornithie perfection, namely,
cylindroidal, in the Parrots the dorsals are opisthoccelian ; so they are
as we have seen in Steatornis, which also has the rare condition, as
in Hesperornis and the Grebes, of perfect rib-bars on the axis’.
In Wading and Water Birds this state of things is common, e.g.
in the Penguins, Alcine Divers’, Gulls, and Limicole; but the Psit-
tacidze and Steatornis are the only high-class arboreal birds in which
I have found this character of opisthoccelous dorsals.
Here I may remark upon a most puzzling fact with regard to both
old and new kinds of birds, namely, a prolepsis, or anticipation, so
to speak, of Mammalian characters, in certain birds—a similarity or
isomorphism rather, for here ‘‘ genetic affinity” has no place.
The more Archaic the type of any one of the existing Ratite, the
more complex is the nasal labyrinth, quite similar in its complex
“outgrowths” to what we see in amammal. The very dorsal
vertebre that are ancient or opisthoccelian in a Parrot, are also
like the vertebree of a Mammal—they -have thin terminal epiphyses.
In by far the noblest of all birds, the Crows and Songsters, the
form of palate which gives them their morphological name, “ Eigi-
thognathe,” is quite similar to what is seen in the Marsupials and
low Insectivorous Mammals.
In this very bird, Steatornis—as in Podargus, the larger Bucerotide,
and in certain Ducks and Swans—there is a degree of double Desmo-
gnathism quite similar to that which exists in the Marsupialia.
Hence we had better, at present, speak of these things as cases of
isomorphism, or similarity—confessing our ignorance of their
meaning—than rashly to set them down to genetic relationship.
By taking this character or that, and closing the eyes to the other
characters seen in Steatornis, we might find many a relation for it :
it is, nevertheless, a friendless bird, I cannot find a near relation
for it. And this is the more evident if we consider that the forms
that apparently come nearest to it are Eastern and Australian types,
1 In typical Chenomorphe—Geese, Swan, Ducks—the atlas, also, has its
rib-bar complete, and a separately ossified rib.
? Not in the Loons and Grebes.
1889.] MR. WwW. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. 185
such as Hurystomus and Podargus; not the inhabitants of its own
region.
The same thing is to be seen in several other types: Dicholophus, a
Crane-like bird of prey, represents the Ethiopian Secretary-bird ; the
Boatbill (Cancroma), the great Balzeniceps of the Soudan ; and even
the Tinamous, which are so closely related to the Ratitee, look more
towards Apteryx than towards Rhea. These, however, are a few facts
which are mere samples of a very large number, and the organic
types generally that lie beyond ‘* Wallace’s Line”’ in the East, are
to be compared with those that are from beyond the Isthmus of
Panama in the West.
As to the group to which Steatornis belongs, I think that at
present the best thing to do is to drop some of Professor Huxley’s
smaller group-terms, and to retain these for larger gatherings of
birds.
If his ‘‘ Cypselomorphz,” for instance, are allowed to fall back
into the great and most important group of the Coccygomorphe we
shall get over many difficulties and have a suborder comparable to
the Coracomorphe.
These two groups, so constituted as to take in, in the latter, all
the Agithognathe except the Swifts, and the former be made to
hold within one ideal boundary-line all the non-passerine arboreal
** Altrices”’ (except the Pigeons and Raptorial birds), all the “ Tenui-
rostres,”” “‘ Fissirostres,” “‘ Syndactyli,” and ‘* Zygodactyli” of Cu-
vier,—then the likeness or the unlikeness of the two groups will shine
out clearly.
In the Coracomorphe we have 6000 species, that, by their most
amazing uniformity, suggest to the Evolutionist one common parent-
age, and in that group only a small percentage of types is abnormal,
In some characters, both of the skeleton and of the soft parts, there
isan absolute uniformity. 1 know of no case in which the czeca coli
are absent ; and from the Corvide proper to the Pteroptochide,
the most variable part of the skeleton—the manus and pes—the
distal part of both fore and hind limbs, are uniform throughout.
The carpo-metacarpus has, in every skeleton I have seen, a bony
bridge over the proximal part of the interosseous space formed by
ankylosis of an ossified cartilaginous plate, which is in reality an
intercalary metacarpal. Also in none, except the Bank-Swallow,
have I found a developed ungual phalanx to the lst or 2nd digits;
they almost always abort or suppress the 2nd phalanx of the Ist,
and the 3rd phalanx of the 2nd digit.
In the leg, the tarso-metatarsus always, so far as I have seen, has
five tendon-canals behind its head. There is no finished canal here
either in Steatornis or in Cypselus ; in the Common Fow! there is
one passage—a common state of things.
Then, as I have said, in the skull there is always that peculiar
modification of the Schizognathous palate which Professor Huxley
calls the A®githognathous type.
Also, except in rare cases, the basipterygoids are nearly sup-
pressed ; only in a few cases are they seen even as thin prickles, in
186 MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. [Apr. 2,
the adult. In all cases that I have examined there is, in all young
birds, a large remnant of the old larval palato-quadrate cartilage,
the cartilaginous post-palatine ; this is a correlate of the Aigitho-
gnathous fore palate, and is seen in Swifts.
Only in a few, just the small family of the Pteroptochide, has the
sternum four notches on one side; I long ago saw an additional
notch in the Blue-tit (Parus ceruleus) (‘ Shoulder-girdle and Ster-
num,’ pl. xvi. fig. 1).
The “interclavicle”’ is marvellously uniform in the Passerines ; it
nearly dies out in some few Australian forms.
The range of size is considerable, from the Raven to the Nectar-
bird, but far less than in the Coccygomorphe, if the Humming-birds
are taken into that group.
These are a few of the things that show themselves, either
throughout, or nearly throughout, the Coracomorphe. These
birds do break down as to their syrinz; both in the Eastern and
in the Western Nofogza there are forms that fail to be true Oscines.
But these Tracheophonous and Haploophonous types form a very
small percentage of the whole.
Such a syrinz as is seen in the vast majority of this huge assem-
blage of birds is seen nowhere else; nv other bird has an equally
complex and perfect second larynx; the Parrots come nearest to
them in this respect; and outside the Passerines the Parrots aré
the highest and most specialized of all existing birds.
Now if we survey the Coceygomorphe after the ‘‘Cypselomorphe,”
** Celeomorphe,” and “ Psittacomorphe ”’ have been taken in, we
shall, indeed, find a contrast in these two great suborders.
In the first place this “‘ mixed multitude”’ only contains about a
fourth of the number of the uniform Passerines; but they are ten
times as polymorphic.
Taking the characters just mentioned in the Coracomorphe in
order, we find that the céca coli are extremely variable; in the
Aigithognathous Swifts they are suppressed, also in the Rhamphas-
tidze and Picidz ; sometimes they are large, as in the Cuckoo and
Goatsucker.
The manus shows the interosseous bridge perfect, and completely
ankylosed with the 2nd and 3rd digit in Picus, Rhamphastos, and
Alcedo ; in the Swift it is gone, in the Trochilide it is half as large
as in the Passerines, and free on its outer edge.
The pes does not show, in any case that I know of, the five
tendon-canals ; there is a single canal, as a rule, and this may be
open behind,—only covered with membrane.
The palate in this group, instead of being uniform, shows six
different modifications, namely :—
1. Aigithognathous—Cypselide.
2. Saurognathous—Picide.
3. Schizognathous—Trochilide, Trogonide, Caprimulgide
(part).
4. Indirectly Desmognathous—Coliide.
1889.] MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. 187
5. Directly Desmognathous—In the majority of Families.
6. Doubly Desmognathous—Podargus, Steatornis, Bucerotidee
(part).
Of course the first three are varieties of the Schizognathous type,
as the last three are of the Desmognathous.
The basipterygoids vary from complete abortion in the adult,
almost total suppression (in the Swift), to a very high state of deve-
lopment, almost Struthious, in Steatornis. They are large and far
forwards in the Trochilide, and large in the middle region in the
Trogonide.
The endoskeletal post-palatine rudiment is just dying out in
the Caprimulgide, and it is in Caprimulgus ewropeus that I have
found the greatest approach to Ajyithognathism; the large vomer
is formed from a pair of centres, but it is only united to the nasal
floor by ligament ; in the Swift the Higithognathism and the post-
palatines are seen.
The sternum takes on almost every possible modification in the
Coccygomorphe ; it may have an entire hind margin, as in the
Trochilidee and Cypselidz, or one or two pairs of notches.
The interclavicle is almost as large as in the average Passerines,
or even in the Gallinaceee, in Piaya cayana, Geococcyx affinis,
Coccyzus americanus, and Cuculus canorus ; it is present but small
in Saurothera vieilloti; all these are true Cuculide.
In the Picidee and Alcedinide and others the interclavicle is
suppressed ; in the Toucan, some of the Hornbills (e. g. B. albiros-
tris), and in Corythaiz the rami do not unite; they do in many of the
Psittacidee, but the ¢op, only, of each “ramus” remains in some
forms ; the top of the ramus is double, as in the Passerines, in Picus,
Rhamphastos, and Alcedo.
The syrinz is extremely variable in this group, from its lowest
form in the Swift to a very high, but not the highest, in the Parrot.
In some of the Cuculide the trachea is double a long way up, quite
like what is found in the Chelonia (see Beddard, P. Z.S. 1885,
pp. 168-187).
Nevertheless all these varying forms are, in some unknown way,
related, and related most intimately. You cannot cut up the group
without violence ; at their upper margin they interdigitate with the
great Passerine suborder; any supposed near relationship of the
Coccygomorphe to any other type is, I believe, an illusion ; they
show in some cases a resemblance to the Owls, and in others, as in the
Musophagidee, to that most abortive and aberrant Curassow, the
Hoatzin (Opisthocomus) ; but I feel certain that in these cases there
is no true genetic affinity, it is merely adaptational isomorphism ;
or, in plain English, similar modification, in different types of birds,
to the same kind of life.
The peculiarities of structure in Steatornis that are of most interest
are those that are shared by it with ancient and extinct Reptilian
types. Of course I do not forget that the whole of its organism is
in a certain sense Reptilian; but although the bird grows up from
188 MR. W. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. [Apr. 2,
an essentially Reptilian “root,” yet the various parts are marvellously
transformed, and the bird itself has gained a far higher structural
-and physiological level than that of even the highest and most
modern Reptile.
Here, however, in Steatornis, we find the ancient structures built
up within the modern; it is not a perfectly typical bird, but is com-
posite, so to speak, a type made of things new and old.
The Singing-birds, including, of course, the large Crows, have,
more than any other birds, put away the old leaven of the low
Reptilian nature that they started with; yet in them, as I have
shown, the old materials are sometimes built up into, but hidden
by, the transformed, newer parts.
But here, in this bird, the hinder part of the pre-sacral chain of
vertebree has its articulations of the opisthoccelian kind, as in Archaic
Reptiles. Its palate, also, has just the same degree of Desmogna-
thism as the Green Turtle (Chelone viridis); and it has more free
cervical ribs than any other known bird.
Its tarso-metatarsus is but that of an Ornithoscelidan Reptile, just
masked by ankylosis of certain parts; it is in an arrested condition
as compared with that of any Passerine bird.
All birds living, both Ratitee and Carinate, come nearer the
Amphibia than any kind of existing Reptiles in the foundations of
the cranial superstructures ; the ‘“ parasphenoid”’ is very large and
Ichthyopsidian in all these supra-reptilian types.
But the Oil-bird, like a few more of the Carinatee,—Muso-
phagidze, Procellariidee, &c.,—has in its fore palate the triradiate
remnant of the fore part of the Amphibian palato-quadrate ;. it
clearly shows, in the adult, the “ethmo-,” “ pre-,” and “ post-
palatine” bars.
The conclusion to be drawn from facts of this kind is, surely, not
that Birds are to be imagined as arising from the Reptiles, proper—
the cold-blooded ‘ Amniota’’—either by the utilization of sudden
‘* sports,” or by a slow, secular adaptation of Reptilian structures to
the necessities of a flying creature, this flying creature bécoming
hot-blooded, quick-tempered, intelligent, vocal, and loving.
Rather, it seems to me, to point out that the origin of the Bird
must be sought for, by the “‘ scientific imagination,’ among low and
quasi-larval forms, similar to those with which we are acquainted in
the larvee of existing Amphibia and Fishes, and similar to, and near
relations of, other low Chordata, that gave rise to the Reptiles.
The low and simple types from which we may suppose the Mam-
malia to have arisen could not have been so nearly related as those
from which, by the mystery of transformation, the Reptiles and Birds
had their origin.
Although hot-blooded, the lowest kind of Mammals—the Mono-
tremes—are in some parts of their organization on a level with
such Archaic Reptiles as the Ichthyosaurus ({or example in their
shoulder-girdle); yet in the formation of their mouth and middle-
ear they are quite unlike both Reptiles and Birds; and show in a
1889.] MR. Ww. K. PARKER ON STEATORNIS CARIPENSIS. 189
rough and unfinished form the same morphology of these parts as is
found i in our own Skull.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
List of Abbreviations.
The Roman numerals stand for nerves or nerve-foramina.
ac. Acetabulum.
‘ag. Angulare.
al.e, Aliethmoid.
alm. Alinasal.
al.s, Alisphenoid.
al.sp. Aliseptal.
ar. Articulare.
at, Atlas.
a.t.r, Anterior tympanic recess.
az, Axis.
b.hy. Basihyal.
Mz.D.
Ne
N.px.
N.8.
nv.
ob.f.
0C.C.
od.p.
0.h.c.
Maxillo-palatine.
Nasal.
Nasal process of premaxil-
lary.
Neural spine.
Naviculare.
Obturator foramen or fenes-
tra.
Occipital condyle.
Odontoid process.
Os humero-capsulare.
b.h.br. Basi-hyobranchial. 0.8. Obturator space.
b,0. Basioccipital. ou, Os uncinatum.
b.pg. Basipterygoid. p. Parietal.
br. i. 1st branchials (cornua ma- pa. Palatine.
jora). pas. Parasphenoid,
d,s. Basisphenoid. pb, Pubis.
.¢. Basitemporal. p.c. Perpendicular ethmoid.
e. Centrale and centrum. pg. Pterygoid.
cd.v. Caudal vertebra. p-p. Pars plana.
e.f.c. Cranio-facial cleft or hinge. pri, Pre-ilium,
c.hy. Cerato-hyal. pti. Post-ilium.
cl. Clavicle. pr.z. Pre-zygapophysis.
er. Coracoid. p.s. Presphenoid.
c.v. Cervical vertebra. pt.z. Post-zygapophysis.
c.v.a. Canal for vertebral artery. p.u. Processus uncinatus.
d. Dentary. g. Quadratum.
d.c, Distal carpal. gj. Quadrato-jugal.
dg. Digit. rd. Radiale.
d.v. Dorsal vertebra. r. Radius.
ecth, Ectoethmoid. 7.0.s, Rostrum of basisphenoid.
em. External nostril. s.ag. Supra-angulare.
é.0. Exoccipital. se. Scapula.
Eu, Eustachian opening. si.f. Sacro-ischiadic fenestra.
f. Femur. so, Supra-occipital,
fo. Fibula. sp. Splenial.
joe. Fibulare. sg. Squamosal,
J.m. Foramen magnum. s.r. Sacral rib.
fr. Furcula. st. Sternum.
h, Humerus, st.r. Sternal rib.
z.c, Internal carotid artery. s.v. Sacral vertebree.
z.cl. Interclayicle. zt, Tibia.
al. Ilium.
im, Intermedium.
i.o,f. Interorbital fenestra.
ir. Intermedio-radiale.
isc. Ischium.
. Teudon-canal.
. Tympanic wing of exocci-
pital.
f. Temporal fossa.
. Tarso-metatarsus.
j. Jugal. “ty. Tympanic.
L, Lacrymal. ty.c. Tympanic cavity.
Ie. Lacrymal canal. uw. Ulna.
mc.c, Metacarpus. es Ulnare.
m.st. Metasternum. Vomer.
mt.t, Metatarsus. HN Vestibule,
190 MR. 0. THOMAS ON THE [Apr. 2,
Puate XVII,
Size of fig.
Fig. 1. Skull of Steatornis caripensis, adult, side view. 13 diam.
2. Skull, upper view. *F
3. 4, lower view. »
4, Lower jaw, upper view. ”
Prate XVIII,
Fig. 1. Skull, end view. 13 diam.
2. Os hyoides, upper view. ”
3. Atlas, front view. 2 diam,
4. Axis, front view. FP
5. Last dorsal vertebra, front view. “
6i65 3 is hind view. =
7. Shoulder-girdle and sternum, lower view. Nat, size.
8. ” ” ” side view. a
Puate XIX,
Fig. 1. Cervical and dorsal vertebrz and ribs, side view. Nat. size.
la. Last four cervical ribs. -
2. Pelvis and caudal vertebrx, side view. -
3.» ” » upper view. Le
4. Left leg, side view. ”
5. Part of same, front view. 53
Puatr XX.
Fig. 1. Left wing, outer view. Nat. size.
2. Part of same, inner view. =
3. Tarso-metatarsus, top view. 2 diam.
4. Tibia, lower part, front view. +:
5. Ankle-joint, side view. ”
6. Pelvis, lower view. Nat. size.
2. Preliminary Notes on the Characters and Synonymy of
the different Species of Otter. By Oupvrietp THomas,
Natural History Museum.
[Received March 13, 1889.]
One of the most interesting and at the same time most difficult
groups of Mammals is that of the Otters, a group which many
zoologists have tried to work out wholly or in part, but which, owing
to the striking resemblance of the species to one another, to the
difficulties of obtaining large series, and to the variability of the
different forms, has remained to this day in a terrible state of con-
fusion, both as to systematic arrangement and nomenclature.
The present paper does not pretend to be anything like a complete
monograph of the group, but only attempts to clear up such points
in the history of the species as are at present capable of elucidation,
while leaving for future investigation many questions which cannot
be settled for want of still further material.
In connexion with this paper I have to thank sincerely Dr. F. A.
Jentink, of Leyden, Prof. Pouchet and Mons. J. Huet, of Paris,
1889.} DIFFERENT SPECIES OF OTTER. 191
Dr. A. Nehring, of Berlin, Dr. von Lorenz, of Vienna, and Mr.
J. W. Clark, of Cambridge, for assistance either by letter or by loan
of specimens. This assistance has in many cases been of most
material aid in making out the synonymy of the obscurer forms.
Firstly, as to the genera which should be admitted within the
subfamily Lutrine. Putting aside Enhydris as unquestionably
good, and Barangia, Lontra, Nutria, Hydrogale, Lataz, and Lutro-
nectes of Gray’, and Leptonyx of Lesson, as unquestionably bad,
we have only to consider Aonyx, Lesson? (syn. Anahyster, Murray *),
and Pteronura, Gray 4 (syn. Saricovia, Lesson’).
The first of these, Aonyx, was founded on the Cape Clawless Otter ;
its generic characters depending on the lesser development of the
webbing between the toes and on the reduction of the claws. The
latter character also occurs, in a rather less degree, in the Indian
Clawless Otter, which nevertheless, as Mr. Blanford has shown °,
presents no special genetic affinity with the African form, a fact that
quite disproves its generic value in the group. The skull and den-
tition of Aonyr are wholly those of a true Lutra, and therefore I
think it must be certainly amalgamated with that genus, of the
members of which L. barang is apparently most closely allied to it.
The characters of Pteronura, again, appear to be clearly of spe-
cific and not of generic importance. The corded margin to the
tail is only an exaggeration, suitable to so large a species, of the
flattened state of that organ in other Otters; while in the remarkable
narrowness of its frontal region, certainly the most peculiar character
of its skull, this species does not differ from such narrow-fronted
Otters as L. sumatrana or L. maculicollis to a greater extent than
the latter do from the broad-fronted L. capensis, L. felina, and L.
paranensis.
The whole of the living species of Otters, excepting of course the
Sea-Otter, appear therefore to be most correctly placed in one single
genus only. This genus, Lutra, has the widest distribution known
among the non-volant Mammalia, its range extending over the whole
globe with the exceptions of the Australasian Region, of Madagascar,
and of the extreme Arctic and Antarctic poles.
Pending the impossibility of drawing up a natural arrangement,
the species may best be treated geographically.
ORIENTAL OTTERS.
The synonymy of the Oriental Otters is exceedingly confused,
chiefly owing to Sir Stamford Raffles, in his account of the Mammals
of Sumatra, having given native names, without descriptions, to the
two species he found there, which names were afterwards differently
applied by different authors to the three species actually occurring
in that island.
1 P.Z.8. 1865, pp. 123-133.
2 Man. Mamm. p. 157 (1827).
3 P. R. Phys. Soc. Edinb. ii. p. 158 (1860).
4 Charlesw. Mag. N. H. i. p. 580 (1837).
5 N. Tabl. R. A., Mamm. p. 72 (1842).
® Mamm. Brit. Ind. p. 188 (1888).
192 MR. 0. THOMAS ON THE [Apr. 2,
So far as is known at present there are four well-marked species
of Otter occurring in the Oriental Region, and these may be briefly
distinguished as follows :—
A. Muzzle naked. Claws large. Internal lobe of p-* small.
(“L. vulgaris.” *)
B. Muzzle naked. Claws large. Internal lobe of P-* large.
(“L. ellioti.’’)
C. Muzzle hairy. Claws large. Lobe of p-* small. («* L. suma-
trana.’’)
D. Muzzle naked. Claws rudimentary. Size much smaller than
in A, B, and C. (“ Z. leptonyx.’’)
The synonymy of A is happily quite clear, thanks to the labours
of Messrs. Anderson and Blanford. It stands as Lutra vulgaris,
from which I agree with Mr. Blanford in thinking that L. nair,
F. Cuv., and JZ. indica, Gray, are not separable. To its Indian
synonyms should also now be definitely added L. chinensis, Gray,
and, as stated below, L. awrobrunnea, Hodgs., and L. nepalensis,
Gray.
The history of B is much more difficult. Firstly, it is unques-
tionably the true “Simung”’ of Raffles, as evidenced by Rafles’s
own specimen now in the Museum. ‘The “ Barang” of the same
author is really species C; but F. Cuvier, when describing a young
specimen of B, still in the Paris Museum, mistook it for the Barang,
and therefore called it ‘‘ Zutra barang,” a name which must stand
as the first binomial applied to the species. This species B is
therefore L. barang of the continental naturalists, Lesson, Fischer,
and others, who followed Cuvier, but not the L. barang of English
authors, although it should now become so. At the same time it
is the L. simung of Lesson, Horsfield, Gray, and others. Later on,
specimens of the same species received the names of L. monticola
from Hodgson, L. ellioti from Anderson, a name under which Mr.
Blanford has placed the species, and L. macrodus from Gray (see
below).
The range of L. barang extends over the whole Indian Region from
the Indus to Ceylon, and from Nepal to Sumatra. Its occurrence
in Java has never been confirmed, and F. Cuvier was very possibly
mistaken as to the exact locality of the type; indeed, Lesson in
1827 speaks of the species as having been discovered by Diard and
Duvaucel in Sumatra, as though an error in the locality had been
discovered in the interval.
Species C, the Hairy-nosed Otter of the Malayan part of the
region, is the true “ Barang”’ of Raffles, that author’s type having
come into the British Museum from the collection of the late Dr.
Crisp, and is therefore the L. barang of Cantor, Gray, and others, who
followed Raffles’s determination. In 1865 Dr. Gray elevated the
Indian Hairy-nosed Otters to the rank of a genus, and called the
1 The names in brackets are those used in Blanford’s work (Faun. Brit.
Ind., Mamm. pp. 182-187, 1888), the most recent on the subject.
1889.] DIFFERENT SPECIES OF OTTER. 193
present species Barangia sumatrana, from the original locality of
Raffles’s specimen, and thus making the latter individual the type of
the species. This ‘‘ Barangia sumatrana” being, as Dr. Anderson
has pointed out, the first unused binomial name applied to the
species, it must stand as “ LZ. sumatrana, Gray”’’.
Lastly, for species D, the little clawless Otter, a different name to
the well-known “‘L. leptonyx”’ most unfortunately has the priority.
In the ‘Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap’ for
1780° Baron F. v. Wurmb gave a description of an Otter found
near Batavia which he called the “ Grijze Otter,” and to this “Grey
Otter’’ Illiger in 1811 applied the name of Lutra cinerea”*. This
name has never been referred to except incidentally among the
synonyms of Lutra leptonyx, and even then it is usually without
any particulars as to date or place of publication.
The reference of L. cinerea to L. leptonyx is unfortunately correct
without a shadow of doubt, since in his accounts of the ** Grijze
Otter,” Baron v. Wurmb mentions among other things that it has
*‘ronde nagels”’ and is only 1 foot 6 inches long, with a tail 1 foot
in length, two characters that connect it with L. leptonyz alone of
all Otters. Again, Horsfield in his original account of L. leptonyx*
himself quotes v. Wurmb’s “ Grijze Otter” as a synonym, without
knowing that 14 years before a Latin name, L. cinerea, had been
applied to it, which name antedated then and must, I am afraid,
supersede now the better-known “ L, leptonyx.” That the “ Grijze
Otter ” is the same as ZL. leptonyz is also proved by the fact that no
other species of the genus is as yet known to inhabit Java, unless
the very different sharp-clawed L. darang should after all be found
to occur there.
Of the names now looked upon as synonyms of one or other of
‘the above four species, the following require some explanation :—
(1) Lutra aurobrunnea, Hodgs. J. A. 8. B. viii. p. 320 (1839).
(2) Barangia (?) nepalensis, Gray, P.Z.S. 1865, p. 124; Cat.
Carn. B. M. p. 101 (1869).
The type of the first of these descriptions is a distorted and dyed
‘skin, and that of the second an incomplete skull. Both were pre-
sented to the Museum by Mr. B. H. Hodgson along with his
Nepalese collection, and, as suggested both by Anderson and Blanford,
perhaps belong to the same individual.
The skin (LZ. aurobrunnea, Hodgs.) is, I feel sure, that of an
example of L. vulgaris, as is shown, in spite of its distorted muzzle,
by the sharply-defined limit of the hair growing below the nostrils,
where in hairy-nosed Otters (to which the species has been said to
be allied) there is no such exact limit. The feet, again, so far as it
1 It may be noted here that Lutra paleindica, Fale. and Cautl., from the
Siwaliks of N. India, proves, on a direct comparison of the type, to be almost
indistinguishable from L. swmatrana.
2 Vol. ii. p. 285 of the 3rd edition, published 1826,
3 Abh. Ak. Berl. 1811, p. 99 (published 1815),
* Zool. Researches in Java, 1824.
194 MR. O. THOMAS ON THE [Apr. 2,
is possible to make ont anything from them, are far more like those
of L. vulgaris than L. sumatrana. Independently, therefore, of the
skull, I should place ‘* Z. aurobrunnea” as asynonym of L. vulgaris.
The skull (“ Z. nepalensis”) presents an interesting example of
the difficulty of making out the species of Otter from cranial cha-
racters alone, for while both Gray and Blanford have looked upon it
as showing close affinities to the hairy-nosed L. sumatrana, I am
convinced, on the other hand, that it is only the skull of a female
Lutra vulgaris, more or less degenerated by living in captivity.
Thus it shows unequivocal traces of confinement in the peculiarly
roughened and more or less diseased character of the bone, especially
round the bases of the canines. Now the only differences that I can
find between this skull and that of an undoubted L. vulgaris (2)
lie in its rather smaller size and a general weakness in dentition, both
easily explainable on the theory of the animal having been brought
up in captivity.
Should this view be correct, the species (No. 94 of Mr. Blanford’s
work) must be altogether expunged from the list of the Mammals of
British India, as both ZL. awrobrunnea and L. nepalensis will come
under L. vulgaris (No. 92). Nor can its place be taken by the
true hairy-nosed Otter, L. sumatrana, which, so far as is yet known,
does not occur north of Malacca.
The individual identity of the skull of ‘*Z. nepalensis” and the
skin of “LZ. aurobrunnea” is rendered at the same time both more
probable and less important by the independent reference of each to
L. vulgaris. It may also just be noted that the skin is clearly that
of a female.
(3) Lutra macrodus, Gray, P.Z.S. 1865, p. 128; Cat. Carn.
B. M. p. 105 (1869).
This Otter, described by Dr. Gray from two fine skins said to
have come from Brazil, has long been a puzzle to workers on American
Mustelide. The skull proves that it is entirely distinct from any
previously known Brazilian Otter, and I should unhesitatingly re-
cognize it as a valid species, were it not that no difference whatever
can be found, either external or cranial, between it andthe Indian
Lutra barang (species B above). As to the locality of the types,
Dr. Gray expressly states that “M. Parzudaki assured me that he
had received the pair direct from Brazil, from a collector who shot
them ;” but in spite of this assurance I am inclined to believe that
some change of specimens or other mistake occurred, and that they
really came from the Indian Region. Other Brazilian specimens
since received and referred by Dr. Gray to L. macrodus prove, on an
examination of their skulls, to be really quite different from it, so
that the locality for the originals has never been confirmed. Con-
sidering, therefore, these facts, I look upon ‘ L. macrodus” as a
synonym of ZL. barang, at least until any such Otter is found in
South America—a contingency that would-be describers of new
species of Neotropical Otters should be prepared for.
1889.] DIFFERENT SPECIES OF OTTER. 195
(4) Luéra swinhoei, Gray, P. Z.S. 1867, p. 182; Cat. Carn. B. M.
p. 105 (1869).
This species was founded by Dr. Gray on a fragmentary skull
sent by Mr. Robert Swinhoe from China. The locality was origi-
nally given as Formosa, but Mr. Swinhoe afterwards stated that the
Otter was obtained at Gawkang Island, near Amoy, and gave, at the
same time, some observations on its habits.
The typical skull, as suggested by Dr. Anderson, proves, on com-
parison, to be referable to Z. cinerea, which, alone of all Otters, is,
as Dr. Gray says of this skull, “characterized by the small size of
the upper cutting-teeth, the series forming only a width of 42 lines ;
while the series of most other Indian Otters occupy 6 lines, or
sometimes more.”
The following synonymy shows in tabular form the results arrived
at in the preceding paragraphs :—
A. Lurra vuearis, Erxl.
Syn. Mustela lutra, Linn. (1760). Lutra vulgaris, Erxl. (1777).
L. piscatoria, Kerr (1792). L. nair, F. Cuv. (1823), Blyth
(1863), Jerdon (1867), and many others. L. roensis, Ogilb. (1834).
L.nudipes, Melchior (1834). L.indica and L. chinensis, Gray (1837).
L. tarayensis, Hodgs. (1839). JZ. aurobrunnea, Hodgs. (1839).
Lutronectes whiteleyi, Gray (1865). Barangia (?) nepalensis, Gray
(1865). Lutra angustifrons, Lataste (1885).
B. Lutra BARANG, F. Cuv.
Syn. ‘‘Simung,” Raffi. (1822). L. barang, F. Cuv. (1823), Less.
(1827), Fisch. (1829). L. simung, Less. (1827), Horsf. (1851).
L. monticola, Hodgs. (1839), Gray (1846, 1865, 1869), Gerrard
(1862), and many others. ZL. macrodus, Gray (1865). L. ellioti,
Anderson (1873), Blanford (1888).
C. Lurra sumaTRANa, Gray.
Syn. ‘Barang,”” Raffl. (1822). Z. barang, Cantor (1846),
Gerrard (1862). Barangia sumatrana, Gray (1865, 1869). Lutra
sumatrana, Anderson (1878), Blanford (1888).
D. Lurra cinERzEA, IIl.
Syn. “ Grijze Otter,’ Van Wurmb (1780). J. cinerea, Ml.
(1815). L. leptonyx, Horsf. (1824), Fisch. (1829), Blyth (1863),
Jerdon (1867), Anderson (1878), Blanford (1888), and most
authors. L. perspicillata, I. Geoff. (1829). Aonyzx horsfieldi, Gray
(1837). L, indigitata, Hodgs, (1839). onyx sikimensis, Hodgs.
(1855). Aonya leptonyr and indigitata, Gray (1865, 1869). L.
swinhoei, Gray (1867).
1 PZ, 8. 1870, p. 625.
196 MR. O. THOMAS ON THE [Apr. 2,
ETHIOPIAN OTTERS.
The Otters of the African Region present no difficulty whatever as
to their definition. Two species only are known, the large clawless
one of South and West Africa, and the smaller clawed LZ. maculicollis.
Of the three early names for the former species authors have, as
usual, carefully avoided the one that has priority, although constantly
putting it down as a synonym, and have divided their attentions
between ‘‘ L. inunguis” and “ L. lalandit.”’
The following appears to be the proper synonymy of the two
species :—
1. LuTrRA CAPENSIS.
L. capensis, Schinz, Cuy. Thierr. i. p. 214 (1821).
L. inunguis, F. Cuv. Dict. Sci. Nat. xxvii. p. 247 (1823).
Aonyx delalandi, Less. Man. Mamm. p. 157 (1827).
Lutra poensis, Waterh.' P. Z. 8. 1838, p. 60.
Anahyster calabaricus, Murr. P. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb. ii.
p- 158 (1860).
Lutra lenoiri, Rochebr. Vertébr. Nov. Afr. Occ. sér. 3, p. 9,
1888(?). (Privately printed, and probably not really published at al
in the technical sense of the word.)
2. LuTRA MACULICOLLIS.
Iutra maculicollis, Licht. Arch. f. Nat. 1835, i. p. 89, pl. ii. fig. 1
(animal).
Lutra grayi, Verr. apud Gray (never described).
Hydrogale maculicollis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 132.
AMERICAN OTTERS.
It is due to the want of material and other difficulties in connec-
tion with the American, and especially the South-American, Otters,
that the present paper is necessarily only a preliminary account of
the genus, and not acomplete monograph. But I may be permitted
to express a hope that collectors and others having opportunities of
obtaining Otters from the tropical parts of South America will aid in
the future revision of the genus by contributing to our National
Collection any specimens that they may be able to procure.
Although, therefore, I am unable to work out the New-World
Otters completely, the following points at least seem to be fairly
clear, and may be of service to future workers on the subject.
As to the common North-American Otter nothing but a passing
reference is necessary, as its synonymy and characteristics have been
fully worked out and described by Dr. Elliott Coues*. It may be
1 This name probably belongs here, but the typical skin, being without feet
or skull, it is impossible to be quite certain until further specimens are obtained
from the same locality. The same may be said of ‘“ Lutra lenoiri” on account
of the absence, as usual, of all diagnostic characters in what its describer calls
a “ diagnosis.”
2 Fur-bearing Animals, p. 295 (1877).
1889. j DIFFERENT SPECIES OF OTTER. 197
noted, however, that Kerr’, and not Turton, is the earliest authority
for the scientific name Lutra canadensis; also that F. Cuvier’s
“I. canadensis” * appears not to be this species at all, having been
founded on a skull which, although marked ‘“ Loutre du Canada,”
proves, on a personal examination in the Paris Museum, to be really
referable to L. vulgaris. This point is of some importance in rela-
tion to the same author’s description of his ‘* Lutra enudris,” as the
characters of the latter, which he compares to those of “ l’esptce
précédente,” would be quite inexplicable were the latter the true
Canadian Otter (his Lutra latavina).
Of the Neotropical species I may first give the synonymy of the
great Margined-tailed Otter of the rivers of Guiana and Brazil. This
Otter is unquestionably, as suggested by Hensel and Nehring, the
original Lutra brasiliensis of the early authors, a name that Dr.
Gray wrongly applied to one of the smaller species, while he called
the present animal “ Péeronura sambachii.” The claims of this Otter
to generic rank have already been discussed; its specific synonymy
is as follows :—
LUTRA BRASILIENSIS.
Lutra brasiliensis, Zimm. Geogr. Gesch. ii. p. 316 (1780) (also of
Kerr, F. Cuvier, Fischer, Burmeister, Hensel, Nehring, and others,
but not of Gray).
Lutra lupina and paraguaensis*, Schinz, Cuv. Thierr. i. p. 213
(1821).
Pteronura sambachii*, Gray, Charlesw. Mag. N. H.1. p. 580(1837).
Of the other Neotropical Otters, Gray has associated the S. Bra-
zilian “ L. platensis”’ with the Chilian LZ. felina; and Alston” has
placed the Central-American Otter under the same specific name.
The typical skull of Z. platensis and also the specimen collected by
Mr. Salvin at Santana Mixtan in Guatemala and referred to by Mr.
Alston, are both, however, of the type found in Brazil and Guiana,
to be referred to further on, and are markedly distinct from the true
L.felina. The latter species is readily distinguishable from all other
American Otters by its very much smaller size, the basal length of
its skull being only about 80 to 85 millim. as compared to 95 or 100
in the eastern species, by its relatively shorter face, and by its lighter
and more delicate teeth. The iuternal lube of its upper p.’ is only
about one half the size of that of ‘ Z. platensis’ and its allies. The
species also differs from other Otters in being almost exclusively
marine in its habits.
The distribution of L. felina presents some points for consideration.
In the southern hemisphere it extends to the Straits of Magellan,
1 Mustela (Lutra) canadensis, Kerr, Linn. An. K. i. p. 178 (1792).
2 Dict. Sci. Nat. xxvii. p. 242 (1823).
3 Not Mustela (Lutra) paraguensis, Kerr, Linn, An, K. p. 172 (1792), which
is Chironectes minimus.
+ Afterwards spelt “ sandbachii.”
5 Biol. Centr.-Am., Mamm. p. 87 (1880).
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XIV. 14
198 MR. O. THOMAS ON THE (Apr. 2,
where its range meets that of the larger Brazilian Otter’. Thence
northward it is exceedingly common along the coasts of Patagonia
and Chili, where the complex labyrinths of gulfs and channels are
highly favourable to its manner of life. It has been found in Peru,
and in Ecuador it has been recorded from San Lorenzo. In addition,
it has been stated to occur in Central America, in California, and
Kamtschatka. The Central-American locality has already been
disposed of. That of Kamtschatka rests on two skins, now in the
British Museum, received from the French dealer Verreaux in 1856,
and certainly belonging to LZ. felina; their evidence, however, would
no doubt have long ago been rejected, had it not been partially
confirmed by Dr. Gray’s description of a “ Z. californica,” afterwards,
and rightly, attributed to this specirs. The type of L. californica
was obtained and presented to the Museum by Capt. P. P. King;
but not only has the locality never been confirmed, a most significant
fact in so well-known a country, but there is also no mention of
California in that officer’s account of his surveying-voyage. His
other specimens all came from Patagonia, and I suspect that
“ California” was copied by mistake for ‘“‘ Patagonia,’ a word not
unlike it in manuscript. My conclusion, therefore, is that in all
probability the type of “ZL. californica”’ really came from Patagonia ;
that the locality of Verreaux’s ‘‘ Kamtschatkan” specimens is erro-
neous; that Pallas’s ‘‘Viverra aterrima”’* is not this species, as has
been suggested ; and as a result of these conclusions, that L. felina
does not really range northwards beyond Ecuador.
The following is its synonymy :—
LuTRA FELINA.
Mustela felina, Mol. Sagg. Storia Nat. Chili, p. 342 (1782).
Mustela (Lutra) chilensis, Kerr, Linn. An. K. i. p. 172 (1792).
Lutra felina, Shaw, Gen. Zool. i. pt. ii. p. 448 (1800) (and of Gray
and other authors referring to Peruvian, Chilian, and Magellan Otters,
but not of Coues, Alston, and others describing Central-American
specimens).
Lutra chilensis, Benn. P. Z.8. 1832, p. 1.
Lutra californica, Gray, Charlesw. Mag. N. H. i. p. 580 (1837).
Lutra peruviensis, Gerv. Voy. Bonite, i. p. 15, Atl. pl. iii. figs.
4 & 5 (skull) (1841).
Lutra brachydactyla, Wagn. Schr. Siug. Supp. ii. p. 261 (1842).
Nutria felina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 128; Cat. Carn. B. M.
p- 106 (1869).
Turning now to the smaller Otters of Brazil, larger, indeed, than
L. felina, but markedly smaller than L. brasiliensis, we are confronted
with a problem that I am as yet unable to elucidate. The characters
of the nose-pad and the proportions of the skull and teeth appear
? One of the Otter-skins obtained by Dr. Coppinger in the Straits of Ma-
gellan during the voyage of the ‘ Alert,’ and referred by me to L. felina(P. Z. 8.
1881, p. 3), proves, on an examination of its skull, to be really of the same type
as “L. paranensis.” The other specimens mentioned are all really L. felina.
* Zoogr. Ross.-Asiat. i. p. 81 (1811).
1889. ] DIFFERENT SPECIES OF OTTER. 199
to vary so much in these Otters that at present I feel quite unequal
to a decision as to whether there are one, two, three, or four Neotro-
pical species in addition to those already mentioned. Dr. A. Nehring,
in a recent paper’, has boldly tried to settle the question by lumping
all these flat-headed medium-sized Brazilian Otters under one heading,
to which he applies the name of L. latifrons.
To this I am unable to agree, as some of the Guianan specimens
before me appear to be certainly specifically distinct from the South-
Brazilian and from the Central- American specimens, but what names
will have eventually to be applied to the different forms it is at pre-
sent impossible to say. Lutra paranensis, Rengg. (1830), L. platen-
sis, Waterh. (1839), and L. solitaria, Wagn. (1842), appear all to
refer to the same animal; while for Guianan specimens Lutra
enhydris and L. insularis, F. Cuv. (1823), will have to be reckoned
with.
Otters of the naked-nosed flat-headed type, which we may pro-
visionally call Z. paranensis, occur in the Straits of Magellan, where
one was obtained by Dr. Coppinger, in La Plata (Darwin), Paraguay
(Rengger), Rio Grande do Sul (Hensel, Ihering), Sao Paulo (Nat-
terer), and in Central America (Salvin, Sumichrast, and others).
There is also in the Museum a young Otter apparently of this form,
which was said to have come from Mexico; but its determination is
rather doubtful, although it is certainly distinct from L. canadensis.
Still further northwards there seems a possibility that this form
occurs in Alaska* and on the Mackenzie River*; and should this be
the case, Pallas’s ‘ Viverra aterrima” (Schrenck’s Lutra aterrima),
from the far North-east of Siberia, may also prove to be the present
widely-scattered species.
Considering therefore the difficulties of the case, I propose to
postpone the consideration of these forms of Otter to a future
occasion, and hope that in the meanwhile collectors will help
us by obtaining additional material, and also that other authors
will contribute their quotas towards the attainment of a satisfactory
solution of the question.
To sportsmen and naturalists living abroad it may be pointed out
* SB. Nat. Freund. Berl. 1887, p. 23. The new name is given on the ground
that none of the half-dozen older names were given in the broader sense covered
by Dr. Nehring’s name, a plea that no respecter of nomenclature-rules could admit
for one moment. To the few zoologists who could suppose such a proceeding
admissible it may be pointed out that practically every species is originally
described and named on one form only froma single locality, and that it is
only afterwards that its variability and geographical range are properly made
out. Probably Prof. Nehring would protest were some one to find a “‘ Crenomys
minutus” in Chili,and were to re-name it on the ground that the describer had
not included the Chilian form ; and yet this is only what Dr. Nehring has himself
done in trying to supersede Lutra paranensis, Rengg., L. platensis, Waterh.,
L. solitaria, Wagn., and the other names previously given to members of this
group of Otters.
2 Cf. Coues, Fur-bearing Animals, p. 301 (1877).
* A new-born animal, apparently an Otter, collected by Mr. B. R. Ross at
this locality, and now in the British Museum, is certainly not JL. canadensis,
and may be this species.
14*
200 ON THE DIFFERENT SPECIES OF OTTER. [Apr. 2,
that one of the best and most convenient methods of preserving
Otters for scientific purposes is simply by cutting off their heads
and putting these into spirit. By this means the characters of the
nose-pad are preserved, the skull is available for examination if
necessary, and the collector is saved the trouble and expense inci-
dental to skinning or sending home the whole animal. Where this is
done, however, the sex of each individual should be carefully noted,
and marked on a label attached to the head.
Finally it may be of use to give a few of the more diagnostic
cranial measurements of the Otters above recognized, since a com-
parison of the basal length, interorbital breadth, and ‘‘lobe-measure-
ment” will enable students in most cases to recognize the species
from these few dimensions only. The species are here arranged in
order of size, based upon the basal length.
The “ lobe-measurement ” of p.* is the distance in a straight antero-
posterior line from the most anterior point of the tooth to the most
posterior point of the hinder convex edge of its inner lobe. This
measurement includes, it is true, a part of the tooth not belonging
to the inner lobe, but there appears to be no other way of satisfac-
torily estimating the size of the lobe. The “basal length” is of
course from the basion (back of the basioccipital in the median
line) to the gnathion (most anterior point of the premaxillz). The
fairly constant ‘ interorbital’’ must not be confused with the varying
and changeable “‘ intertemporal’ breadth.
Lobe-
Basal Interorbital measurement
length. breadth. of p.*
Lutra brasiliensis, Q ........ 141°5 18-0 1671
Sy, NCMPERRES (1S) ote, cee 129 32°5 13°8
5 Pate Bo Nica 118 26°4 14-0
Se OBLONG S AG. Bets ee esis 118 26°5 127
“A il eS) ica hones Re ocat ig 108°5 20°8 11°8
So LISA ES Pay ek tere ee 114 22°5 8:8
- fal es aa 1048 198 8-4
>. \eumatrana (6) o.. .. - (c.) 112 18-8! 9:2
y 3 Oe Se (c.) 98 15:2 8°5
>, canadensis, d.......... 101°5 24°5 10°1
582 PON OMONSIS 2 serala ce whe tinst wh 97 22-5 9-8
gs gnacultcollisin-S be tke 32 96°2 eae 8-9
ae oo a Be cae A Ae 80°3 20°0 10-0
.s =f LNete santo tds p oe 84:2 21-8 8°6
Syl. CURETEMILO panne paper earicless 82°2 20°5 9-0
so aS OUR ae ae ae (c.) 82-0 18:0 9-5
1 The sex-mark is here, as elsewhere, placed within brackets where the sex
is only presumed from the form or relative size of the skull, and is not known
from external or historical evidence.
* From the type specimen of L. platensis, Waterh.
/
erjeau hth
SILURG
eZ 1S. 1889 SEE SAT.
- pl.vem.
v
De Bi li ais! i ll al ea ee
Li
Bl
> : ae
A ys CE
Fig V0.
Hanhart imp.
FISHES
1889. ] ON SOME EOCENE SILUROID FISHES. 201
3. A Contribution to the History of Eocene Siluroid
Fishes. By E. T. Newton, F.G.S., F.Z.S.
{Received March 14, 1889.]
(Plate XXI.)
The pectoral and dorsal spines of Siluroid fishes from Brackle-
sham, which were referred to the genus Si/urus by Dixon (2'), have
recently been studied by Mr. A. Smith Woodward (12), who has
shown the improbability of these remains belonging to the temperate
genus Silurus and the close relationship existing between them and
the widely distributed tropical genus Arius. In addition to the
spines and pectoral arch, named by Dixon Silurus egertoni, Mr. S.
Woodward has called attention to several other specimens, some
from the Upper Eocene of Barton, preserved with the types in the
British Museum, among which are bones of the skull and notably
some large and characteristic supraoccipitals, one of which he
figures ; these he also refers to Arius egertoni. Some smaller spines
with a double curvature, from Barton, he places in a new species,
Arius (2?) bartonensis.
The Museum of Practical Geology now possesses the greater part of
a skull from the Eocene beds of Barton (Plate XXI. figs. 1, 2, 3), which
confirms in a most satisfactory manner Mr. 8S. Woodward’s reference
of the Eocene Siluroids to the genus Arius. The skull is somewhat
crushed, but the bones are still in position, and by careful manipu-
lation both the upper and under surfaces have been exposed. The
ethmoid, prefrontals, and part of the supraoccipital are wanting,
and on the right side the temporal region is broken, but on the lett
only one of the temporal plates is lost.
All the Lones of the upper surface, which are preserved, are
omamented with rounded granules, and these in nearly all cases
radiate from an ill-defined ceutre towards the margins of the bone.
No distinct sutures can be seen, but the ornamentation being less
strongly marked towards the edges of the bones, the boundaries can
be fairly well made out; the dark lines in the figure indicate these
boundaries, which agree in the main with the positions of the sutures
in the recent specimen with which it has been compared.
The frontals ( fr.) oceupy the anterior part of the specimen; they
are narrow posteriorly and meet each other in the middle line for
about half their length. The median point of the supraoccipital
projects for a short distance between their hinder extremities, An-
teriorly a wide and deep depression occupies the median portion of the
frontals, and at the bottom of this depression a long cleft separates
their inner margins, Each bone is in front divided into two parts,
the outer of them no doubt joined the prefrontal and the inner the
ethmoid, as in the recent Arius.
Behind and on the outer side, each frontal joins a plate (sp.ot.)
* These numbers refer to a list of works given p. 206.
202 MR. E. T. NEWTON ON SOME [Apr. 2,
which is also in relation with the supraoccipital (s.0.) and with a
much smaller bone ( pt.o¢.) which lies behindit. This plate (sp.ot.)
has on its under surface a deep depression, which evidently formed
the attachment for the hyomandibular; the depression is not, how-
ever, quite confined to this plate, but seems to extend for a short
distance on to the smaller bone which lies behind it. These two
bones, therefore, which have combined to support the hyomandibular,
are regarded as the sphenotic (postfrontal) and the pterotic
(squamosal).
The last-named bone comes into relation with the supraoccipital
on the inner side and has behind it two elements, the outer of which
is evidently the post-temporal ( pt.tem.) and the inner one ( pa.) is
either the parietal or epiotic. Another bone which is found behind
these in the recent Arius has evidently been lost in this fossil. The
post-temporal ( pt.tem.) has a peculiar and characteristic structure.
On the upper surface of the skull it presents a flattened tuberculated
plate, which, a comparison with the recent Arius gagorides shows,
is composed of two parts—an anterior, united with the pterotic, and
a hinder one attached to the bone directly on its inner side, the
parietal (or epiotic), and extending as far as the supraoccipital. The
post-temporal must also have been in close relation with the bone
bebind it, which has been lost ; but the smooth surface now exposed
does not indicate a close attachment. The outer extremity of the
post-temporal has a very distinct socket for the upper part of the
supraclavicular, and from below this a strong bar of bone passes down-
wards and inwards quite to the base of the skull, to which it has
been firmly attached. There is a thin plate of bone (x) behind this
bar, which seems to have been separated from it by the crushing of
the skull, that passes backwards and inwards, seemingly to join the
broad thin horizontal plate formed by the transverse processes of
the vertebree ; indeed, it may be that this is a part of the transverse
process, extending forward to join the post-temporal.
The hinder part of the supraoccipital is wanting, but the front
part is preserved and is somewhat shield-shaped, having its margins
on each side indented by a series of curves where it is united with
the frontal, sphenotic, pterotic, and parietal. The hindermost tem-
poral plate, now wanting, was doubtless also in contact with the
supraoccipital.
The base of the skull is much crushed, but it seems quite certain
that the brain-cavity was completely enclosed by bony walls. The
buttress-like supports of the post-temporal bones are striking features
of this region. Just in front of the left buttress may be seen the
remains of an inflated bulla, which lodged one of the large otoliths,
and still further forward there is on each side a depression for the
attachment of the hyomandibular (hm.). In front of this again is
another pair of elongated depressions, evidently the ethmoid attach-
ments for the prefrontals (fig. 2, eth.). The most anterior part of
the base, in its present condition, is formed by a fan-shaped mass,
which is apparently in part the vomer and in part the ethmoid.
Three or four of the anterior vertebra are firmly united to each
1889. ] EOCENE SILUROID FISHES. 203
other, so that the centra appear as one bone closely united to the
basioccipital, and at their point of union with the latter bone there
is a strong downwardly directed process.
The Arius skull most closely resembling this fossil is one in the
British Museum, which Dr. Giinther assures me is almost certainly
Arius gagorides. The correspondence between this and the fossil is
so close as to leave no doubt as to their generic identity, and the
following comparisons refer to this specimen. I have to acknowledge
my indebtedness to Dr. Giinther, who on this, as on many other
occasions, has spared no trouble in order to facilitate my examination
of the specimens under his charge, thereby enabling me to settle the
affinities of this fossil fish in a manner which would not otherwise
have been possible.
The frontals of A. gagorides (fig. 8, fr.) differ from those of the
Barton fossil in having the median cleft extended further backwards,
and their hinder ends are proportionately wider. The latter cha-
racter is in relation to the form of the sphenotics, which are relatively
narrower at their hinder part than is the case in the fossil.
In ordinary bony fishes the post-temporal is connected with the
skull by two processes, one of which is attached to the pterotic
(squamosal) and the other to the epiotic; but the post-temporal of
A. gagorides has in addition to these a third attachment by means
of a long bar extending from its under surface to the base of the
skull (fig. 9), and in addition to this there is a thin plate of bone,
which may be a process of the post-temporal, extending under the
epiotic to the transverse process of the vertebrae. The two upper
processes of the post-temporal are ornamented on their upper
surface with tubercles, and between them and the pterotic an opening
is lett which seems to vary in extent in different specimens. The
bone to which the hinder of these processes is attached appears
from its connections and relations to the auditory region to be the
epiotic; but it may be the parietal. If the latter be the correct
interpretation, then the ossicle behind it may be the epiotic ; and
the hinder process of the post-temporal certainly reaches thus far.
On the other hand, if the parietal be absent and this bone be the
epiotic, then the hinder plate will probably be a supernumerary
temporal plate, wedged in between the wide hinder moiety of the
supraoccipital and the epiotic.
The post-temporal bone cf Arius gagorides has the same structure
and relations as that described in the Barton skull; but the opening
left between its two upper processes is not seen in the fussil. This
feature, however, varies even in the recent species, and in the fossil
the two processes evidently have joined and obliterated the space.
The pterotic and parietal elements are larger than in the fossil, the
last-named bone reaching to the margin of the bony cephalic shield,
while in the fossil it seems probable that the epiotie and post-tem-
poral bones excluded it from the margin. —
The supraoccipital of 4. gagorides is an elongated bone con-
stricted in the middle, the portion in front of the constriction
corresponding with the part preserved in the fossil. In the main
204 MR. E. T. NEWTON ON SOME [Apr. 2,
the indentations of the margin are alike in the two forms, but the
supraoccipital of the fossil is evidently a shorter and wider bone,
and it is uncertain whether it was constricted in the middle or not.
The supraoccipital of A. egertoni is only slightly constricted, and
it may be that the Barton skull, here described, more resembled
that species.
Several of the anterior vertebre of A. gagorides are united to
form one mass, in a manner precisely similar to that which obtains
in the fossil.
The differences above noted show clearly that the recent and
fossil forms are specifically distinct, while at the same time the
resemblances are sufficiently important to prevent a generic separa-
tion; but there is still some additional evidence which supports this
decision in an unexpected manner.
While clearing away the matrix from the right side of the fossil
skull, where it is broken near the back, I was fortunate enough to
find one of the otoliths in place, and this, when extracted, proved to
be of a remarkable form (figs. 3, a, 6, ¢), and quite unlike the otolith
of any fish with which I was acquainted.
When found, this otolith had the more pointed end directed back-
wards and outwards, with the smooth surface upwards; and as it
seemed to be in its natural cavity, for the present this is regarded as
its proper position ; but seeing that the otolith of the opposite side
is not in its place, and that in the dried skull of the recent species
they are loose in the brain-cavity, this may not be correct.
The otolith is proportionately large and thick, its upper surface
(a) is smooth and convex, while its lower surface (4) is rugose and
much more convex. At first sight there appears to be no sulcus
acusticus, but probably it is represented by the sinuous groove on
the lower surface which passes from the hinder pointed end to the
opposite extremity, that is between the two stars in figure 36, The
rugosity of the under surface is due to a number of concentric
striations, or lines of growth, crossed by several radiating ridges
which are stronger on the inner than on the outer portion. One of
the radiating ridges is especially strong, and forms a prominent angle
where it reaches the inner margin, towards the front of the otolith
(fig. 34, x). The pointed extremity is seen to be notched, a slight
groove extending from this both on the upper and lower surfaces
(figs. 3a, 6). From this bifid point a shallow groove extends along
the outer margin, becoming a mere line towards the front ; it is seen
in an upper view (fig. 3 a), and is separated from the smooth upper
surface by a fine but distinct raised line.
A similar otolith to this is figured by Herr E. Koken, from the
Oligocene of Headon Hill, Isle of Wight (6), who, having no clue
to its affinities, called it Otolithus (incerte sedis) crassus.
The close relationship between the recent Arius gagorides and the
Barton fossil skull made it particularly desirable to see whether the
otoliths would show a corresponding resemblance, and Dr. Giinther
very kindly had the otoliths taken out of the skull with which the
above comparisons had been made. One of these otoliths is repre-
1859. ] EOCENE SILUROID FISHES. 205
sented by figure 10, and it will be seen that all the points mentioned
as characteristic of the fossil otolith are repeated in this, and it is
only in outline that there is any real difference. The projection of
the inner margin marked z (fig. 10 6) isin a depression aud does not
form a prominent angle as in the fossil (fig. 36), and the swelling of
the outer margin (y) is, in 4. gagorides, placed further backwards
than in the fossil.
Unfortunately, the otoliths of nearly allied recent species or genera
are not available for comparison, and consequently we know nothing
of their specific differences. In the collection of Fish otoliths pre-
served in the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons
there are a few belonging to Siluroids, but none of them to genera
nearly allied to Arius, and they all differ widely from the otolith of
Arius gagorides.
The series of otoliths from the Upper Eocene of Barton, pre-
served in the British Museum, includes many which agree with
A. gagorides in these main characters which seem to me to be generic,
and these, therefore, I also refer to the genus Arius. Besides differ-
ences of size, which in part no doubt are due to age, these otoliths
present several distinct forms, which I believe will be found to
represent at least three species, in addition to the skull above
described. The largest of these (fig. 4) is a little longer and more
regularly oval than that found in the Barton skull; its lower surface
is also flatter, and its upper surface is raised into an almost conical
boss.
The second form to be noticed (fig. 5) is smaller, flatter, and more
rounded in outline, having the hinder point ouly slightly produced.
The third form (fig. 6) is likewise flat and about the same size as
the one last noticed ; in outline, however, it more resembles that of
A. gagorides, but the swelling of the outer side (y) is not thrown so
much backwards as in that species.
There is still another form of Arius otolith to which I should
like to call attention. Among the fossils brought from Madagascar
by the Rev. R. Baron, and noticed in his paper read before the
Geological Society (Mar. 6, 1889), were some small otoliths (fig. 7)
which he had collected in the village of Ankoala, where they
occurred in some numbers scattered over the surface of the ground.
These otoliths bear such a close resemblance to some of those from
the Eocene beds of Barton, that they not unnaturally led to the
supposition that they also were of Eocene age; but both these
forms are referable to the living genus Arius, which is a widely dis-
tributed tropical form, and it seems very probable, therefore, that
the Ankoala specimens may prove to be of much more recent origin,
and the peculiar conditions under which they were found seem to
point to their belonging to a living species.
We have now to consider the relation which the Barton skull and
the otoliths above described bear to the specimens referred to Arius
egertoni and to A, ? bartonensis ; and before doing so I may say that
I quite agree with Mr. Smith Woodward’s refereace of the cephalic
plates from Brackiesham to the species A. eyertoni; for their
206 MR. E. T. NEWTON ON SOME [Apr. 2,
ornamentation is peculiar and exactly corresponds with that found
on the pectoral plate originally described by Dixon. The tubercles
on all these specimens are sharp, conical, and more or less connected
together by ridges which give a reticulated appearance to the plates
when closely examined. Spines which cannot be distinguished from
those of A. egertoni are found at Barton ; but the skull above de-
scribed differs from A. egertoni in several particulars, although it is
only the supraoccipital bone which is available for comparison.
This bone, so far as it is preserved, hasa different form from that of
A. egertoni, being proportionally wider and with less deeply grooved
mucus-canals. The ornamentation of the bones, likewise, is of
another character ; the tubercles are more numerous, more rounded,
and with little or no indication of the reticular structure between
them ; moyeover, they have a greater tendency to run together in
radiating lines, and to become less distinct towards the margins of
the bones. It will be obvious that this skull cannot be referred to
A, egertoni, and there seems no good grounds for referring it to
A. ? bartonensis, which is a smaller form and not certainly belong-
ing to the genus Arius. On the other hand, there can be no question
as to the otolith found in this skull being specifically identical with
the one figured and described by Herr E. Koken (6) as Otolithus
(¢ncerte sedis) crassus, and this specific name must therefore be
adopted for our specimen, which will benceforth be known as Arius
erassus. Should the spines called A. bartonensis prove eventually
to belong to the same species, the name of A. crassus having priority
will have to be retained, although it may be a less appropriate cog-
nomen. According to Herr Koken this form of otolith has been
found at Headon Hill, Isle of Wight, and also in Oligocene strata
at Lattorf, Cassel, Westeregeln, and Waldbéckelheim, in Germany.
The specimen from the Miocene of Tortonese, referred to by Herr
Koken as possibly belonging to this species, which is figured by
Dr. Sismonda (Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, 1849, ser. 2, vol. x. pl. 2.
fig. 71), does not seem to me to belong to the genus Arius.
It is quite likely that one or other of the three forms of otoliths
from Barton may belong to d. egertoni or A. bartonensis ; but it
is likely to be long before the means of correlating them will be
found, and I have thought it best to distinguish them provisionally
as Arius (otolithus) sp. A (fig. 4), Arius (otolithus) sp. B (fig. 5),
and Arius (otolithus) sp. C (fig. 6).
Should the otolith from Ankoala, Madagascar (fig. 7), prove to
belong to an undescribed species, I would suggest that it be named
after the gentleman who brought it to this country, Arius baroni.
Works that may be consulted on Fossil Siluroid Fishes.
1. Corr, E. D.—The Vertebrata of the Tertiary Formations of the
West. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. vol. iii. Book i. p. 62 (1884).
2. Dixon, F.—Geology and Fossils of Sussex. Ist edit. 1850,
p- 204; 2nd edit. 1878, p. 244.
3. GinruER, A.— Contributions to our Knowledge of the Fish
1889. ] EOCENE SILUROID FISHES. 207
ao
{oa} ah |
10.
13.
14.
Ki
Fauna of the Tertiary Deposits of the Highlands of Padung,
Sumatra.” Geol. Mag. dec. 2, vol. iil. p. 433 (1876).
. Hecxet, J. J.—Beitrige zur Kenntniss der fossilen Fische
Oesterreichs.” Sitzungsb. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1849, p. 19,
and Denkschr. vol. i. p. 213 (1850).
. Kornie, C.—Icones Fossilium Sectiles, pl. viii. fig. 91 (1825).
. Koxen, E—*‘ Ueber Fisch-Otolithen &e.”’ Zeitschr. deutsch.
geol. Gesell. vol. xxxvi. p. 559, pl. xii. fig. 13 (1884).
. Le Hon.—Préliminaires d’un Mémoire sur les Poissons Ter-
tiaires de Belgique, p. 15 (1871). [Notes occurrence only.]
. Lerpy, J.—Contributions to the extinct Vertebrate Fauna of
the Western Territories. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. 1873, p. 193.
. Lypexxer, R.—Siwalic Crocodilia &ce. and Tertiary Fishes.
Palzont. Indica, ser. x. vol. iii. p. 246 (1886).
Marck, W. von pEer.—“‘ Neue Fische und Krebse aus der
Kreide von Westphalien.” Palaontogr. vol. xv. p. 276 (1868) ;
and vol. xxxi. p. 248 (1885).
. Sauvace, H. E., in C. Depéret’s ‘‘ Description Géologique du
Bassin Tertiaire du Roussillon.” Ann. d. Sci. Géol. vol. xvii.
p. 223 (1885).
. Woopwarp, A. Smiru.—“ On some remains of Siluroid Fishes
from British Eocene Formations.’ Geol. Mag. dec. 3, vol. iv.
p- 303 (1887).
Woopwarp, A. Smira.—‘‘ On Bucklandium diluvii, Koenig; a
Siluroid fish from the London Clay of Sheppey.” Brit. Assoc.
Rep. 1888, and Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. il. p. 355
(1888).
ZitrEL, Kart A.—Handbuch der Palaeontologie, vol. ili. p. 360
(1888).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.
All the figures are natural size except numbers 8 and 9, which
are reduced one third.
. Arius crassus, Koken. Skull from the Upper Hocene of Barton, m
the Museum of Practical Geology, upper surface.
. Same specimen, under surface.
. Otolith from right side of same specimen: a, upper surface; 6, lower
surface ; ¢, side view.
. Arius species A. Otolith (left?) from Upper Eocene of Barton, in
the British Museum.
. Arius species B. Otolith (right ?); ditto, ditto.
. Arius species C. Otolith (right ?); ditto, ditto.
. Arius baroni, n. sp. Otolith (right?) from Ankoala, Madagascar, in
the Baron Collection, British Museum.
. Arius gagorides, Cuv. & Val. (living species, from Caleutta). Upper
surface of left half of a skull 84 inches long, two thirds natural size.
Tn the British Museum.
9. Same specimen, lower surface.
0. Otolith (right?) from same specimen, natural size; letters as in
figure 3.
05
—
Ano - Hh
ie)
1
$.0., supraoccipital ; ep.ot., epiotic (?); pa., parietal (?); pé.tem., post tem-
poral; pdt.ot., pterotic; sp.ot., sphenotic; /r., frontal; pr,/r., prefrontal ;
eth.,
ethmoid; ¢7.pr., transyerse process of vertebra; Am., articulation for
hyomandibular.
208 MR. A.S. WOODWARD ON BUCKLANDIUM DILUvII. [Apr. 2,
4. Note on Bucklandium diluvii, Konig, a Siluroid Fish from
the London Clay of Sheppey. By A. Smira Woopwarp,
F.Z.S., F.G.S., of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.).
[Received March 30, 1889.]
(Plate XXII.)
In his well-known ‘Icones Fossilium Sectiles,’ pl. viii. no. 91,
Konig figured a remarkable fossil from the London Clay of the Isle
of Sheppey, which he mentioned in the text as not certainly deter-
minable, but generally regarded by the anatomists who had examined
it as pertaining to some type of Lizard. In 1843 Morris ' recognized
the piscine nature of this fossil and assigned it to the Acantho-
pterygian Ephippus ; while Pictet * afterwards suspected that it m.ght
be identical with the so-called Glyptocephalus of Agassiz, which had
not been described, but was considered to pertain to an early Eocene
type of Scleroderm Teleostean.
The unique specimen in question is preserved in the British
Museum, where it has long been piaced among the fossil fishes of
uncertain position by Mr. William Davies; and in the Reports of
the last meeting of the British Association (p. 679) the present writer
has pointed out that it represents the head and pectoral arch of the
earliest undoubted Siluroid fish hitherto discovered. The original
figures of Kénig, however, do not suffice for the demonstration of its
characters ; and it is the object of the present note briefly to describe
the main points with the aid of the accompanying Plate XXII.
The fossil exhibits the hinder half of the roof of the skull, with
the greater portion of the pectoral arch in position, though slightly
bent backwards; and the mass of anchylosed vertebrze, with the
base of the cranium, is displaced downwards and thrown beneath the
clavicles. All the bones are remarkably strong, and the exposed
surfaces are ornamented with irregularly scattered pointed tubercles ;
but in the extrication from the hardened clayey matrix the precise
form of the inner elements has unfortunately been destroyed.
The head must have been originally at least as deep as broad (Plate
XXII. fig. 1), and the roof exhibits very little flattening, but is strongly
arched from side to side (fig. 2). Posteriorly, the supraoccipital
(so.) prejects in the usual manner, probably to meet a dermal plate
upon the nape; and the posttemporal element (pt.) seems to be
merged with the bones of the postero-lateral angles of the cranium.
The supraoccipital has been partly broken during extrication from the
matrix, but a sharp median ridge is seen to extend throughout its
length, and from this on each side there is a steep slope. The
frontals (fr.) probably meet in front, and the central crest then
disappears. All the cranial bones, however, are indistinguishably
' J. Morris, ‘ Catalogue of British Fossils, p. 193.
2 FB. J. Pictet, ‘ Traité de Paléontologie, 2nd edit., vol. 1. p. 123.
PAS 188d. Pl 2 .
Hanhart imp.
BUCKLANDIUM DILUVIL .
ural WS
1859.] MR. A.S. WOODWARD ON BUCKLANDIUM DILUVII. 209
fused together, and the superficial tubercular ornament is so sparse
and exhibits so indefinite an arrangement, that not even an approxi-
mate determination of the original sutures can be attempted. The
only noteworthy feature is the complete absence of tubercles upon a
narrow longitudinal area (fv.) in the median line commencing some-
what in advance of the supraoccipital, gradually widening in
front, and evidently passing into an elongated frontal fontanelle.
The hinder margin of the cranial roof is not much broken, and so
displays the posterior extent of the supraoccipital ; but the only
portion of the lateral margin is the superior border of the right orbit
(orb.), which is interesting as showing the forward position of the
eye. Seen from beneath, a kind of sudden thickening of the roof-
bones is observed to commence at a short distance behind the orbit,
producing the appearance of a deep fossa anteriorly ; but no precise
information can be obtained as to the characters either of the brain-
case or the otic bones.
The displaced base of the skull and the anchylosed vertebree are
too imperfect for description ; but the basioccipital and parasphe-
noid appear to be narrow (fig. 3, ps.), while the side-walls of the
skull rapidly slope upwards. At the union of the basioccipital with
the anterior vertebrze (ar.) there is a broad downwardly-directed
angular process of bone ; and the furrow along the inferior aspect of
the anchylosed centra (v.) is shallow.
The posttemporal bone (figs. 1, 2, pt.), though firmly fused with
the cranium, is sharply separated by suture from the anterior upper
angle of the clavicle; it is broad throughout its length, gradually
expanding towards its distal articulation. The pectoral arch is best
preserved on the right side, though even here only fragments of the
ornamented dermal plate of the clavicle remain; and the articular
facettes for the spine, equally with the infraclavicular plates, are
mutilated beyond precise recognition. The clavicular element (cl.),
evidently comprising, as usual, the supraclavicle of ordinary Teleos-
teans, is about twice as deep as broad and does not taper, but rather
expands inferiorly. Its lower boundary is arched and seems to have
projected over the base of the pectoral spine; a thin flat plate of bone
extends directly inwards from the lower half of its curved front
margin ; and a more robust bony plate similarly proceeds inwards
from the lower half of the hinder margin and bulges postero-inferiorly
in such a manner as to suggest its being an upward extension of the
infraclavicle (7.cl.).
Such being the characters of the fossil, it obviously resembles the
skull and pectoral arch of recent Siluroids with sufficient closeness
to be placed in that great group of Teleostei. Without a knowledge
of other portions of the fish, however, it is impossible to determine
the precise affinities of Bucklandium in the usual manner. It must
suffice merely to compare the specimen with the skulls of various
recent genera, and thus arrive at an approximate determination.
So far as the writer has been able to observe, the London Clay
genus most closely approaches the living Auchenoglanis of the Nile
and West-African rivers; and a reduced side view of the head, ante-
210 MR. H. W. BATES ON [Apr. 2,
rior vertebree, and pectoral arch of this fish is given for comparison
(Plate XXII. fig. 4).
Notwithstanding the general resemblance, it will be seen that
there are several important differences of detail. In the recent fish
the sutures are persistent, the head is broader and flatter, and the
orbit and frontal fontanelle much smaller. The posttemporal and
pectoral arch are also relatively smaller, and the latter tapers below ;
while the infraclavicle appears to be much less developed.
K6nig’s name of Bucklandium diluvii may thus be retained for the
fossil now described, and, upon present evidence, this Eocene fish
may be most closely associated with an African type. It ought to be
remembered, however, that most of the living allies of Auchenoglanis
are denizens of South America ; and in this connection it is interesting
to note a fact kindly communicated by Mr. Etheridge, that the
molluscan fauna of the London Clay has about as many living
representatives upon the south-east coast of North America as upon
the western coast of Africa.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.
Fig.1. Bucklandium diluvii; side view of an imperfect skull and pectoral
arch, from the London Clay of the Isle of Sheppey. 4, displaced
base of the cranium ; c/., clavicle ; fo., frontal fontanelle ; fr., frontal ;
i.cl., ascending plate of infraclavicle; ord., orbit; pz., posttemporal ;
so., supraocipital.
2. Ditto; upper view of the same specimen. Lettering as above.
3. Ditto; lower view of part of the base of the same specimen. ar.,
articulation of basioccipital with vertebral column; ps., para-
sphenoid, partly overlapping basioccipital; v., anchylosed anterior
vertebrae.
. Auchenoglanis biscutatus ; side view of head, anterior vertebree, and
pectoral arch, much reduced in size.
>
Figs. 1-3 are all of the natural size.
5. On new Species of the Coleopterous Family Caradide,
collected by Mr. J. H. Leech in Kashmir and Balti-
stan. By H. W. Barss, F.R.S.
[Received March 18, 1889.]
CARABUS (IMAIBIUS) BARYSOMUS.
Robustus, elytris convexis usque post medium dilatatis ; niger,
nitidus, capite thoraceque subtilissime coriaceis fere levibus,
hoc transverso, cordato-quadrato, antice lato convexo, basi
depresso, mow ab angulis anticis (rotundatis) valde rotundato,
lateribus paullo post medium sat profunde sinuatis, deinde ad
angulos posticos parallelis (angulis rectis apice obtusis) ; elytris
grossissime subseriatim fossulatis, fossulis in fundo umbilicatis,
hic illic confluentibus ; corpore subtus impunctato.
Long. 35-38 millim. o¢ Q.
Goorais Valley.
1889. ] NEW SPECIES OF CARABIDE. 211
With the form of head and mouth-structure of a typical Carabus,
this species differs from all the subgenera and groups of that genus
in the simple anterior tarsi of the male. The form of head and
thorax and the vertically projecting tooth of the mentum are nearly
the same as in C. kushmirensis (Koll.) and C. boysi (Tatum). The
elevated interstitial parts of the elytra bear here and there traces of
punctured striz. The new subgenus necessary for its reception
may be thus characterized :—
ImMaAiBIUS.
Tarsi antici utroque sexu simplices. Caput post oculos haud
incrassatum. Labrum medio valde depresso-emarginatum.
Mentum dente magno valde elevato et compresso, apice truncato.
Palpi labiales articulo penultimo 5-setoso ; labiales et mawillares
articulo apicali in S late triangulari, in 9° mediocriter
dilatato.
CARABUS DARDIELLUS.
Quoad formam C. obsoleto similis, sed paullo gracilior ; elongatus,
nigro-fuscus, enescens, parum nitidus ; capite (normali oculisque
prominentibus) thoraceque vermiculato-strigosis, hoc transverso
cordato-quadrato, mox ab angulis anticis rotundato-dilatata
paullo post medium viv sinuatim angustato, angulis posticis
paullo productis (apice obtusis) declinatis, margine laterali
paullo reflero, antico medio sinuato ; elytris elongato-ovatis,
postice convexis, striato-punctatis, interstitits angustis, aut con-
vexis aut planis, utrinque fossulis rotundutis ( fundo unigranu-
latis), triplici serie spatiisque inter fossulas oblongo-tuberculatis,
limbo laterali et apicali confertim aspere granulato. Palpi
labiales articulo penultimo 5-setoso. Antenne articulo 4°
apice piloso. Mentum dente magno valde elevato et compresso,
apice truncato. Labrum profunde sinuatum. & . Tarsi antice
articulis 4 dilatatis, plantis spongiosis, 1°-3” latis et arcte con-
junetis, 4° parvo.
Long. 22-24 millim.
Goorais Valley. Many examples.
Resembles C. boysi (Tatum) in the sculpture of the elytra; the
latter, however, is a much larger species, with less ovate elytra, and
differs conspicuously in the subcordate form of the thorax, the sides
of which are deeply sinuated near the projecting and acute hind
angles. C. wallichi (Hope) has a very similarly-formed thorax to
C. boysi, but the sculpture of the elytra differs from that of both
the others in the spaces between the fovew in the “ chain-strie”
being linear and as narrow as the other interstices. I have examined
the type specimens of both in the British Museum collection.
The following is a tolerably well-marked variety, of which there
are several specimens.
Var. GRANULISPARSUS.
A typo differt solum capite thoraceque dense nec profunde
212 MR. H. W. BATES ON [Apr. 2
punctulatis, hoe postice haud sinuatim, subrecte, angustato,
elytrisque undique aspere granulatis, interstitiis striarum tuber-
culisque catenarum crenatis subinterruptis.
NeBriA HIMALAYICA.
Quoad formam N., picicorni similis, sed angustior, magis elongata,
et valde differt colore omnino nigro nitido, tarsis solum pices-
centibus. Llongata, elytris parallelis (humeris quadratis), eapite
post oculos (valde convexos) haud angustato supra transversim
depresso levi; thorace relatwe parvo, transverso, cordato, mox
ab angulis (haud productis) anticis rotundato-dilatato deinde
valde angustato, angulis posticis rectis nec exstantibus ; sulco
anteriore lato profundissimo vage punctato; elytris relative
elongatis acute punctulato-striatis, stria 3° 6-7-punctata,
interstitiis parum convexis ; subtus levi, sternis lateribus haud
profunde punctatis.
Long. 12-15 millim. ¢ Q.
Skardo ; Goorais Valley.
Bemsipium (PeEryPHUS) BRACCULATUM.
B. czruleo (Dej.) quoad formam simillimum, paullo minor,
thorace bast magis constrictum, antennis dimidio basali, tibiis
tarsisque flavo-testaceis, femoribus nigro-fuscis apice flavo-testa-
ceis. Subplanatum, viridi-cyaneum, sulcis frontalibus latis irre-
gulariter impressis ; thorace rotundato-cordato prope basin valde
angustato, fovers basalibus angustis obliquis profundis carinu-
laque juxta angulos acutos posticos, basi parce punctato ; elytris
oblongo-ovatis, versus basin haud angustatis humeris rotundatis,
punctato-striatis (stria septima integra sed parum impressa, tertia
bifoveata), interstitiis planis, versus humeros macula vaga trans-
lucente rufa et margine apicali angustissimo flavo.
Long. 5-53 millim.
Goorais Valley.
Bempipium (PERyPHUS) DARDUM.
Elongatum, mediocriter convexum, thorace relative parvo, rotundato
prope basin subtiliter contracto, angulis posticis rectis absque
carinula, foveaque lata strigulosa ; lete cyaneum, palpis, antennis
pedibusque rufo-testaceis ; foveis frontalibus postice abbreviatis ;
elytris elongatis, apice udringue macula lata indistincta rufes-
cente, punctulato-striatis, stria 7° distincta sed vix impressa.
Long. 7 millim.
Skardo.
CHLENIUS ANCHOMENOIDES.
C. ceruleo (Séev.) provime affinis ; major, nigro-ceneus viv
cerulescens, partibus oris (cum labro) et antennis Sulvo-testaceis,
his articulo tertio toto secundoque macula nigris; capite et
thorace levibus politis, hoe relative angusto subcordato postice
longe sinuatim angustato, angulis posticis exstantibus acutis, basi
1889. ] NEW SPECIES OF CARABIDZ. 213
ruguloso et sparsim punctulato, fovea utrinque oblonga profunda ;
elytris elongatis et latis profunde punctato-striatis, interstitiis
1°-6" late impunctatis politis sed prope strias et apicem inter-
stitiisque 7°—9” toto pluripunctatis et fulvo-pilosis; subtus (ven-
tris segmento apicali lato excepto) levi polito, lateribus dense
punctulatis et pubescentibus. Pedes sat graciles ; tarsis subtus
dense rigide pilosis, articulo quarto acute emarginato.
Long. 17-18 millim. ¢ 9.
Goorais Valley.
In size and form this species resembles the C. noguchii of Japan.
The allied species, C. eeruleus (Stev.), a well-known Caucasian
Carabid, was also taken in considerable numbers by Mr. Leech.
HARPALUS KASHMIRENSIS.
H. rufitarsi (Rambur) similis, at differt thorace postice adhuc
magis angustato vix sinuato. Convexus, niger, politus, elytris in
Q subopacis ; palpis, antennis et tarsis rufis ; capite quam in H.
rufitarsi paullo latiore, levi; thorace mox ab angulis anticis sat
late rotundato, postice longe recte et valde angustato, sed angulis
posticis distinctis, obtusis, fovea basali angusta parce punctata
excepta, levi ; elytris acute et sat-profunde equaliter striatis,
interstitiis supra planis, tertio impunctato, ceteris omnino
levibus, apice utroque sexu minus oblique sinuatis.
Long. 10 millim.
Goorais Valley.
HARrPALUS IDIOTUS.
H. tenebroso (Dej.) haud dissimilis, relative brevior, thorace
postice paullo magis angustato, elytrisque profundius striatis.
Niger, nitidus (elytris in 2 alutaceo-opacis), palpis, antennis
tarsisque rufis ; capite parvo post oculos angustato, levi; thorace
ante medium leviter rotundato-dilatato, postice recte angustato,
angulis posticis obtusis, basi utringue parce grosse punctato,
fovea lata et vage impressa ; elytris quam thorax duplo tantum
longioribus, oblique sat fortiter sinuatis, acute et profunde
striatis, interstitiis, precipue versus apicem, convexis, tertio
unipunctato.
Long. 10 millim.
Goorais Valley ; Skardo.
In colour and sculpture this species greatly resembles H. hashmi-
rensis, but the head is much smaller, the neck narrower, and the
thorax is less narrowed behind, with angles more nearly approaching
a right angle and the base punctured.
MOLOoPs PILIFERUS.
Molops piliferus, Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 718.
The typical form of this species, as described from a large series
of examples taken by Stoliczka at Murree, is remarkable for the
uninterrupted series (from base to apex) of large punctures, bearing
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XV. 15
214 MR. H. W. BATES ON [Apr. 2,
each a long, erect hair, in the seventh elytral stria, and for the strongly
cordate-quadrate thorax and flat elytral interstices. Numerous
individuals perfectly agreeing with the Murree form were taken by
Mr. Leech in the Goorais Valley, but mingled with examples in
which the piliferous punctures are much less numerous, the elytral
interstices convex, and the thorax more quadrate than cordate. The
extreme form departs so much from the type that had there not
been a graduated series of intermediate examples, it might be
considered a distinct species.
Var. M. depilatus. Plerumque minor, nigerrimus, nitidus ; thorace
antice mediocriter rotundato, postice minus sinuatim angustato,
angulis posticis paullo exstantibus, interdum rectis; elytris
profunde striatis, interstittis convexis, 8v0 parum angustato
striaque 7ma postice solum pauciter pilifero-punctata.
Long. 11-13 millim.
Goorais Valley ; Skardo.
PRISTONYCHUS KASHMIRENSIS.
C. cimmerio (Dej.) quoad formam subsimilis. Apterus, niger,
(3 @) sericeo-opacus, capite thoraceque nitidioribus, antennis
basi nigris, palpis tarsisque rufo-piceis ; capite levi postice
angustato, genis elongatis parum prominentibus ; thorace per-
parum cordato ante medium leviter rotundato-ampliato, deinde
usque ad basin subrecte angustato, angulis posticis fere obtusis,
margine postico alte reflewo, supra passim vage transversim
strigoso ; elytris convexis ovatis interdum postice dilatatis, ad
humeros angustis, convexis, acute striatis, striis subtilissime
punctulatis, interstitiis fere planis. Prosternum apice deflecum,
rotundatum. Trochanteres postici obtusi. Tibie omnes recta.
Tarsi supra sparsim setifero-punctati, subtus posteriorum arti-
culo primo parce piloso, unguiculis basi denticulatis ; tarsi antici
3 articulis tribus dilatatis subtus squamulatis.
Long. 16-18 millim. o¢ 2.
Goorais Valley.
The thorax varies much in outline, in extreme cases it is rather
strongly narrowed behind with the sides sinuated and hind angles
slightly projecting and acute.
PRISTODACTYLA LACERANS.
Quoad formam P. leni (Mannh.) similis. Elongatus, nigro-
nitidus ; antennis, palpis, tibiis et tarsis picescenti-rufis ; capite
(cum oculis) anguste ovato levi; thorace subquadrato, antice
usque ultra medium leviter rotundato-dilatato, prope basin medio-
criter sinuato-angustato, angulis posticis rectis subacutis, intra
angulum incrassato, ibique puncto setigero ; foveis latis (interdum
profundis) levibus ; elytris fere parallelis, mediocriter convexis,
apice viv perspicue sinuatis, basi utrinque valde arcuata, acute
striatis, striis subtilissime haud profunde punctulatis, interstitiis
parum convexis, tertio versus apicem unipunctato (interdum im-
punctato). Tarsi subtus longe pilosi, 4 posticis lateraliter suleu-
1889.] NEW SPECIES OF CARABID£. 215
latis, unguibus valde pectinatis; anteriores 3 articulis 3 dilatatis
late cordatis equalibus. Prosternum immarginatum ; episterna
postica brevis. Mentum dente bifido.
Long. 11 millim.
Goorais Valley.
ANCHOMENUS (AGONUM) MESOSTICTUS.
A. pusillo (Schaum) simillimus et affinis, sed differt thorace postice
paullulum rectius angustato angulisque distinctis obtusissimis
Soveaque latiore minus impressa rugulosa et sparse punctata.
Subeneo-niger, nitidus, antennis usque ad basin nigris, tarsis pal-
porumque apice solum rufescentibus ; elytris magis quadratis,
JSortius punctulato-striatis, interstitiis convexiusculis, tertio in
medio grosse punctato. Antenne articulis 1°-3" nudis. Tarsi
omnes dorso canaliculati medioque carinati, articulo quarto
latiusculo cordato.
Long. 8 millim.
Goorais Valley.
CoLPODES MELITTUS.
C ovalicipiti (Bates *) prowvime affinis et similis, sed differt elytris
viridi-eneo nitentibus nec chalybeis; antennis, palpis, tibiis
tarsisque melleo-flavis (interdum sordide fulvis), Caput anguste
ovatum, oculis haud prominentibus colloque transverse depresso ;
thorace plerumque longiore et angustiore quam in C. ovalicipiti,
cordato-ovato, ante medium (rarius prope medium) latiore, deinde
usque ad angulos posticos valde obtusos subrecte angustato ;
elytris breviter oblongo-ovatis, apice haud perspicue sinuatis
acute striatis, interdum punctulatis. Episterna postica paullulum
elongata. Tarsi 4 posteriores dorso bisulculati, 2 anteriores
sulculis obsoletis ; articulo quarto in anticis profunde, in posticis
parum emarginato, longe piloso.
Long. 10 millim.
Goorais Valley.
COLPODES EULABES.
C. melitto quoad formam et colorem similis, sed differt capite
latiore, oculis prominentibus, tarsis lateraliter sulculatis, articulo
quarto bilobato, elytrisque apice sat valde sinuatis. Niger, niti-
dus, elytrisviridi-eneo nitentibus; palpis, antennis, genubus, tibiis,
tarsis et trochanteribus testaceo-rufis ; capite pone oculos multo
citius angustato, collo transversim depresso ; thorace brevi,
transverso, cordato, postice valde angustato, lateribus postice
reflexis angulisque elevatis subrotundatis. LEpisterna postica
sicut in C. melitto paullulum elongata.
Long. 10-11 millim.
Goorais Valley.
1 P, Z.8. 1878, p. 719.
15*
216 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW SPECIES (Apr. 2,
6. On new Species of the Coleopterous Families Cicindelide
and Carabide, taken by Mr. Pratt in Chang Yang, near
Ichang on the Yang-tsze, China. By H. W. Barss,
F.R.S.
[Received March 18, 1889. |
The following descriptions are in continuation of those published
in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings,’ 1888, pp. 380-383. The specimens
form part of the second collection sent home by Mr. Pratt, made
in the richly-wooded hilly district of Chang Yang, at elevations of
from 4000 to 6000 feet above the sea-level.
CoLLYRIS AUREOFUSCA.
C. filiformi (Chaud.) affinis : gracilis, postice gradatim sed paullo
dilatata, supra eneo- vel violaceo-fusca, elytris aurato-fuscis ;
labro antennisque basi enescenti-nigris, his articulis 3°-11" plus
minusve fulvo-testaceis, mediocribus, thoracis basin longitudine
attingentibus ; capite post oculos, 3 rotundato-angustato, 2
convexiore cuboidali, fronte dimidio anteriore medio distincte sed
obtuse carinata ; thorace subconico post medium mediocriter et
gradatim dilatato, ante basin sulcato-constricto, dorso trans-
versim striato; elytris politis, sat minute et discrete (medio
paullulum rugose) punctatis, basi et apice fere levibus, medio
utrinque fasciola parum distincta (interdum obsoleta) rufescent ;
subtus nigro-cyanea, pedibus fulvo-piceis, femoribus posticis
piceis (Q femoribus et tibiis posticis piceis, tarsis fulvis).
Long. 13-16 millim.
This species is most nearly allied to C. formosana (Bates), de-
scribed in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 341, in which the frontal carina
is also somewhat abruptly elevated.
Carasus (CopToOLABRUS) PRINCIPALIS.
Elongatus, elytris (3 Q) valde convexis apiceque longe acute pro-
ductis ; capite postice thoraceque lete rufo-auratis parum nitidis,
elytris obscure smaragdinis upucis, limbo laterali splendide rufo-
aurato ; antennis partibus oris, corpore subtus pedibusque sub-
violaceo-nigris, prosterno cupreo-aurato elytrisque epipleuris
viridi-auratis ; capite postice thoraceque creberrine confluenter
punctulatis, hoc paullo ante medium angulatim dilatato, lateribus
antice leviter rotundatis postice valde sinuatis ; margine laterali
aqualiter reflexo, angulis anticis a collo paullulum remotis,
posticis (cum marge basali contiguo) subrto deflexis; elytris
tuberculis ovatis mediocribus, valde convewis, utringque seriebus
tribus, granulisque rotundis confertis seriebus quatuor, nigris
nitidis ; interstitiis subtilissime alutaceis opacis, irregulariter
minute granulatis ; prosterno sparsissime punctulato.
Long. 33-42 millim. dQ.
Ichang.
1889.] - OF CICINDELIDZ AND CARABIDZ. 217
Of the now numerous species of Coptolabrus this beautiful insect
in sculpture and colours approaches nearest C. elysii (Thoms.).
But it is conspicuously distinguished from that species by the very
convex, ovate and distant, primary tubercles, and the minutely
granulated and opaque depressed parts of the elytra. In the spini-
form apices of the elytra it much resembles C. ewlestis, from which
it differs so greatly in elytral sculpture. The elytra are very convex
and elongate-ovate in both sexes, though broadest in the female.
CaraBus (CoproLaBRUS) PUSTULIFER.
Carabus (Coptolabrus) pustulifer, Lucas, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.
1867, et 1872, p. 293, t. 14. fig. 12.
In the same collection is a single example of a fine colour-variety
of this remarkable species, which is distinguished by the great ele-
vation of the elytral primary tubercles, and the sinuous close rows
of the secondary rows, or granules. The specimen agrees very
closely with the above-cited descriptions as to form and sculpture,
but differs in colours, the head and thorax being dull golden
coppery and the depressed parts of the elytra dark emerald-green, the
typical form, as described by Lucas, being violaceous black.
Carasus (CopToLABRUS) LONGIPENNIS.
Carabus (Coptolabrus) longipennis, Chaudoir, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.
1863, p. 449.
Mr. Pratt has sent home several examples of both sexes of a
species which agrees well with Chaudoir’s description, especially as
regards the peculiar form of the thorax and the sculpture. Chau-
doir’s typical example came from Northern China, and his species
has since been generally identified with C. smaragdinus, Eschscholtz,
from the Amur and Manchuria. Our species is certainly different
from C. smaragdinus, and is more nearly allied to C. elysii, with
which Chaudoir compared his C. longipennis.
CARABUS TIENTEI, var. MINOR.
Carabus tientei, Thoms. Archiv. Entom. i. p. 165.
Mr. Pratt’s examples from Ichang are smaller than those he
previously obtained at Kiukiang, 7. e. 27-30 millim. as compared with
37 millim., and have two instead of three nearly entire elytral
interstices exterior to the third chain-stria. In all other respects
they agree with the type form, in both sexes. The following is
either a variety or an aberration :—
C. 1cHancensis. Differt a var. minore solum elytrorum interstitiis
1° et 3° (inter strias catenatas) interruptis vel in parte obsoletis.
6.
CARABUS PROTENES.
C., tientei affinissimus, sed conspicue differt corpore graciliore
elytrisquein 2 apice haud dentatis. Valde elongatus et angustus,
enescenti-niger, subnitidus ; capite thoraceque fere levibus, hoc
218
ON NEW CICINDELID& AND CARABID&. -[Apr. 2,
elongato, ante medium leviter rotundato-dilatato antice sensim
angustato, subtilissime corrugato fere levi; elytris sicut in
C. tientei acute punctulato-striatis, striisque catenatis utrinque
tribus et interstitiis tribus integris ewxterioribus, apice (¢ 2)
oblique sinuatim truncatis ; corpore subtus levissimo. ¢. Tibie
antice intus simplices ; tarsi articulis 4 subtus spongiosis.
Long. 26-30 millim.
Ichang. A good series of examples.
PRISTODACTYLA AGONOIDES.
Taphrie nivali (Panz.) haud dissimilis, sed thorace minore et
angustiore. Fusco-nigra, nitida, thoracis margine lateral, palpis,
antennis pedibusque rufescentibus ; capite anguste ovato levi ;
thovace parvo anguste ovato sat convero polito, postice magis
quam antice angustato, angulis posticis fere rotundatis, foveis
angustis ; elytris anguste ovatis, apice haud sinuatis, convexis
acute striatis, interstitiis parum convexis, 3° postice unipunctato ;
pedibus minus elongatis, tarsis 4 posterioribus articulis 1° et 2°
extus versus dorsum oblique sulcatis, unguibus dimidio basali
longe pectinatis. Prosternum lateribus tantum marginatum,
apice levi.
Long. 73 millim.
Tchang.
LEBIA PRATTIANA.
L. fuscze (Morawitz) similis, sed multo major et valde differt
thorace antice usque ad collum rotundato-angustato ; L. xantho-
phane (Bates) magis affinis. Oblonga, postice paullo dilatata,
fusco-nigra, polita; partibus oris, antennis pedibusque obscure
rufo-testaceis, femoribus apice plus minusve fuscis ; capite rugoso
et sparsim punctulato ; thorace transverso a medio usque ad collum
rotundato-angustato, angulis anticis nullis, postice vix angustato,
angulis posticis paullulum obtusis, lobo basali brevissimo,
dorso transversim ruguloso, lateribus late explanatis et alte
reflexis ; elytris acute punctulato-striatis, interstitiis conveais,
3° bipunctato, apice flecuoso-truncatis, angulis externis breviter
dentatis. Tursi articulo 4° longe bilobato, unguibus 8° et 9°
pectinatis. Venter versus apicem punctulato-pubescens.
Long. 12 millim.
This species connects the Asiatic group of Zedia, in which the
thorax is wholly rounded anteriorly (without anterior angles) and
the
outer angle of the elytral truncature dentiform, with the
numerous group iv. 8 of Chaudoir’s Monograph of the Lebiides, in
which the elytral interstices are similarly convex, but the outer angle
of the truncature rounded &c. L. prattiana, in fact, resembles
much a large L. caligata (Bates).
LEeBIA XANTHOPHANA.
Lebia xanthophana, Bates, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 382.
Mr. Pratt has sent a numerous series of this species from Ichang,
1889.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON CONTINENTAL MENAGERIES. 219
nearly all of which have the elytra and the greater part of the under
surface black (var. nigrans), which seems to be the prevailing form
of the species ; the pale yellowish form (described as L. wanthophea
from a single example) being therefore a variety.
LEBIA CALLITREMA.
L. comitatee (Bates) ex Japonid proxime affinis et similis. Flavo-
testacea, elytris vitta suturali postice sensim vel subito dilatata,
paullo post scutellum incipienti et ante apicem terminata, nigra,
strigaque abbreviata apud interstitium Svum infuscata ; capite
levi ; thorace mediocriter transverso ab angulis anticis rotun-
dato-ampliato, postice vix perspicue angustato (lateribus levis-
sime sinuatis), angulis posticis rectis, margine laterali late
explanato-reflexo, lobo basali mediocriter elongato, dorso vage
sed distincte strigoso ; elytris profunde striatis interstitiisque
convexis. Tarsi articulo 4° anguste bilobato.
Long. 6 millim.
April 16, 1889.
Dr. A. Giinther, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Secretary exhibited a pair of a fine large Buprestine Beetle of
the genus Julodis (Julodis finchi, Waterh.) (see P. Z. 8. 1885, p. 64),
of which a single specimen had been previously transmitted by Mr.
B. T. Ffinch, C.M.Z.S., in 1884, from Karachi.
These specimens, likewise transmitted to the Society by Mr. Ffinch,
had been obtained in the same locality. The previous specimen
was a female. The male was similar but narrower and smaller. It
was proposed to deposit the specimens, in Mr. Ffinch’s name, in the
British Museum.
The Secretary also exhibited a specimen of an Insect transmitted
by Mrs. Talbot, wife of Major Talbot, Consul General of Bagdad.
Mrs. Taibot wrote that this was a very destructive insect which
abounds at Bagdad, and was called by the native gardeners ‘‘ Harub.”’
It was seldom seen above ground and made long burrows, throwing
up the earth in ridges all over the garden and destroying a considerable
number of young plants.
Mr. C. O. Waterhouse, to whom Mr. Sclater had submitted the
specimen, pronounced it to be the common Mole-cricket of Europe,
Gryllotalpa vulgaris.
Mr. Sclater made some remarks on the animals noticed in the
Zoological Gardens of Rotterdam, Amsterdam, and Antwerp, which
he had recently visited.
In the Rotterdam Gardens, on a row of trees immediately adjoin-
ing the large covered Aviary in which the Night-Herons bred,
220 MR. A. H. EVERETT ON THE ZOO-GEOGRAPHICAL [Apr. 16,
a colony of wild Herons (Ardea cinerea) had lately established
itself, and now numbered 24 pairs.
In Amsterdam Mr. Sclater was much interested to find an adult
male and a young female of the fine Antelope Tragelaphus gratus,
described by him in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ for 1883 (see P. Z. 8.
1883, p. 34, pl. viii.), remarkable for its long extended hoofs.
These animals were namedin Amsterdam Tragelaphus decula, but
were certainly not, in Mr. Sclater’s opinion, Antilope decula of
Riippell (Neue Wirb. i. p. 11, t. iv.). They had been received
from a correspondent on the Lower Congo. Other fine species
represented in the Amsterdam Gardens were Canis jubatus of
Brazil, Pedetes caffer of South Africa, Felis servalina, Ogilby
(cf. Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 495, pl. lxiii.), from the Congo, and
Corythaix livingstoni, G. R. Gray.
Mr. Sclater had also paid a visit to the private garden of Heer
Blauuw, at Westervald, near Hildersum, and inspected with great
pleasure the herd of Gnus (Catoblepas gnu) recently spoken of by
that gentleman in a communication to this Society (supra p. 2), and
the other beautiful specimens in that collection.
Mr. E. T. Newton, F.Z.S., exhibited a tibio-tarsus of the large
extinct bird Gastornis klaasseni from the Woolwich Beds of Croydon.
The specimen had parts preserved in it which were wanting in the
type (described, Trans. vol. xii. p. 143), and consequently the length .
of the bone was now made certain.
The following papers were read :—
1. Remarks on the Zoo-geographical Relationships of the
Island of Palawan and some adjacent Islands. By A. H.
Everett, C.M.Z.S8.
[Received March 15, 1889.|
(Plate XXIII.)
It has been customary heretofore to regard the Island of Palawan,
together with Balabac and the numerous smaller islands which lie
between South Balabac and the Mindoro Straits, as forming a kind
of debatable land, of which the fauna was not sufficiently well known
to allow of its being allocated definitely to the Philippines or to
Borneo and the more typical sub-area of the Indo-Malayan Sub-
Region. But in actual practice these islands have been treated as a
part of the Philippine sub-area by the authors who have written on
the zoology of the latter, though until lately this practice was fol-
lowed simply for reasons of convenience, and not as expressing the
opinion that their natural zoo-geographical relationship lay with that
group rather than with Borneo.
Quite recently, however, Professor J. B. Steere, to whom we are
“Tere seme)
Mama green
o asouekesuy
Ol eo -
ou
Pal UNM POUNLIPUN A BpOU UFAY
QNY SPLUT J9 TLORWAYOI YIYM. FO SILTVIOT
"qaay ua syybroy
+ smoypoy in sburpunog
RES Tea RR ig ST aaa
SeLW YStsug Jo Teg
“SQNVISI LNAOVraV GNV
NVMVIVd
10 dVW V
jars7 iboan spuonnins
CQ GuodGu0dng | ynfd oe
‘pyndny
AniesON
PZ.S 1889. Pl. Xx.
a ey =
Se oy aT ogg'er “tH agsumdes:
Prange? > yumman70 Deanaaw : : unus0g) : warnreg rary & mbundos
eng. “vem
1889.] RELATIONSHIPS OF PALAWAN ISLAND. 221
indebted for our first acquaintance with the fauna of the islands in
question, has given formal expression, in a prominent scientific journal’,
to the view that Palawan and Balabac should be considered as _ con-
stituting, zoologically, a part of the Philippine Archipelago. Prof.
Steere, having proceeded to divide the Philippine “ Province” of
the Indo-Malayan Sub-Region into six ‘ Sub-Provinces,”’ of which
the sixth or Western Sub-Province ‘‘ includes Balabac, Palawan, and
perhaps the Calamianes,” goes on to state that ‘this Sub-Province
has evidently received a large portion of its fauna from North Borneo,
through Balabac, at a comparatively recent date, and since its separa-
tion on the north from the rest of the Philippines, so that these
genera have not flowed over into Mindoro and Luzon. Jn addition
to these apparently late arrivals from Borneo, the Sub--Province
possesses a large number of peculiarly Philippine birds and mammals,
which show it to be an integral part of the province.”’ So that it
would seem from the above extract that, in Prof. Steere’s opinion, the
fundamental characteristics of the fauna of the Palawan group of
islands are Philippine rather than Bornean, although there has been
a comparatively more recent and very considerable invasion of Bornean
forms; and the group is thus for the first time pronounced to be
zoo-geographically, as it is politically, an integral portion of the
Philippine sub-area.
With this view I do not find myself able to concur, and it seems
to me that such evidence as is available on the subject indicates
rather that Palawan and the other islands mentioned by Prof. Steere
have never been directly connected with any part of the Philippines
since the former received their existing population, but that they have
been almost certainly so connected with Borneo, or, more correctly
perhaps, with a south-eastern extension of continental Asia, of which
Borneo formed a part. It appears to me that it was from the Bornean
side that these islands received their original fauna, and that the Phi-
lippine element is the foreign element and the one of comparatively
recent advent. As it is very desirable that the natural relationship of
the Palawan group should be placed on an established footing as soon
as possible, I propose to offer briefly for consideration the grounds
which seem to me to justify the definite inclusion of these islands in
the western sub-area of the Indo-Malayan Sub-Region.
A glance at the accompanying map of the Palawan group (Plate
XXIII.) demonstrates at once that these islands, together with
Cagayan-Sulu and Sibutu (which have been also looked upon as
zoologically Philippine until recently), are all intimately connected
with Northern Borneo by a very shallow submarine bank, the depth
of the sea on which is generally less than 50 fathoms, and nowhere
exceeds 100 fathoms continuously through the straits intervening
between the China and Sulu seas. At the 100-fathom limit the
bed of the ocean abruptly plunges down to depths ascending, in the
Mindoro and Sibutu straits, 500 fathoms, and in the Sulu sea 1900
fathoms, thereby forming a profound gulf, which completely severs
all the islands above mentioned from any connexion with the Philip-
1 ‘Nature,’ Noy. 1888, pp. 37, 38.
222 MR. A. H. EVERETT ON THE ZOO-GEOGRAPHICAL [ Apr. 16,
pines. The significance of such a condition of things in the sub-
marine geography of the area between Borneo and the Philippines is
too well understood to render it necessary to enlarge upon it here;
and if the settlement of the point at issue depended upon considera-
tions of physical geography alone, it would probably be at once
conceded by all that to include the Palawan group as an integral
part of the Philippine sub-area is to draw a purely arbitrary line of
delimitation somewhere through the Balabac straits and to the
westward of Cagayan-Sulu and Sibutu, instead of adopting the
natural boundary which soundings demonstrate to exist already in the
Mindoro and Sibutu straits.
But the geographical evidence for the connexion here advocated,
though valuable in so far as it shows that a very slight elevation of
the sea-bed would suffice now, and may have sufficed in the past, to
join the Palawan group to Borneo, while one of considerable magni-
tude would be required to effect a junction with the Philippines,
is not of convincing weight unless it can be shown that it is con-
firmed by the characteristic features of the Palawan fauna. For if
we were to rely on the argument of physical geography alone, we
should be confronted with the fact that Celebes might just as well
be regarded as having been directly connected in recent geological
time with Borneo, since that island also is apparently linked to the
latter by a broad band of submarine bank, on which the soundings
are everywhere, so far as is ascertained, less than 100 fathoms. And
as this argument might be advanced, and this bank in the Straits of
Macassar is a real difficulty, in view of the extreme dissimilarity
of the faunas on either side of that strait, I may be permitted to
digress for a moment before proceeding to examine the Palawan
fauna, aud to point out that in consequence of local circumstances,
which are absent in the case of Palawan, this apparent evidence of
a recent land-connexion between Borneo and Celebes is susceptible
of being otherwise interpreted. The interpretation has been suggested
by Mr. Wallace, who remarks’: ‘‘ The southern portion of the Straits
of Macassar is full of coral reefs, and a shallow sea of less than
100 fathoms extends from Borneo to within about 40 miles of the
western promontory of Celebes; but farther north there is deep
water close to the shore, and it seems probable that a deep channel
extends quite through the straits, which have no doubt been much
shallowed by the deposits from the great Bornean rivers as well as
by those of Celebes itself. Southward, again, the chain of volcanic
islands from Baly to Timor rise out of a deep ocean, the few soundings
we possess showing depths of from 670 to 1300 fathoms almost
close to their northern shores. We seem justified therefore in
concluding that Celebes is entirely surrounded by a deep sea, which
has, however, become partially filled up by river-deposits, by volcanic
upheaval, or by coral reefs. Such shallow seas, where they exist,
may therefore be due to antiquity and isolation, instead of being
indications of a former union with any of the surrounding islands.”
The rainfall in Borneo is enormous, and the country is largely made
1 «Tsland Life,’ p. 425.
1889.] RELATIONSHIPS OF PALAWAN ISLAND. 223
up of soft decomposable rocks which are readily degraded by denu-
dational agencies; and no one who has watched the larger rivers of
the island incessantly discharging their yellow mud-laden floods
seawards will be disposed to doubt that they must have done much
towards shallowing of the Macassar strait. But this agency cannot
be called in to explain the existence of the shallow bank connecting
Borneo with the Palawan group ; for all the rivers discharging on to
this bank are of quite insignificant size, and therefore it may be
regarded as having formed for some time past a permanent feature
in the local geography, whereas the Macassar bank is a recent feature
still in process of construction. The Palawan bank may have been,
and almost certainly has been, submerged far below its present level ;
but the probability is equal that it has also been elevated into dry
land and a temporary junction formed—perhaps more than once—
with Borneo.
Proceeding now to inquire what light is thrown upon the con-
nexion of Palawan with Borneo on the one side or the Philippines
on the other by the characteristics of the fauna of the Palawan
group, we are met with the difficulty that the only classes of animals
from these islands which are fairly well known are the mammals
and the birds. On the other hand evidence derived from the distri-
butional relationships of these two classes has admittedly a high
value for the purpose in view. The mammals which are known to
exist in the Palawan group are the following :—
1. Macacus cynomolgus ... Common to Philippines and Indo-Malaya proper.
2. Helis minuta ..........2.0.- Indo-Malaya Proper and I. of Negros.
3. Paradoxurus philippensis Common to Philippines and N. Borneo.
4. Arctictis binturong ...... Nepal to Borneo.
5. Herpestes brachyurus ... Malay Peninsnla and Borneo.
6. Mydaus, sp. (?)+ ......... Sumatra, Java, and N. and E. Borneo.
Tf al LTEERIE| CP eee cence Genus abundant in N. Borneo,
8. Tragulus javanicus ...... Indo-Malaya Proper and I. of Balabae.
th Pot SPT Us eenceence ere ceeree Genus common to Philippines and Borneo.
10. Sciwropterus alboniger ... Nepal to Cambodja.
11. Scturus steerti ............ Allied to S. ferrugineus of Assam, Burmah, and
Siam.
WAR MIMES Ds. serves cress secssec Genus common to Philippines and Borneo.
13. Hystrix pumila ..........+. Genus abundant in N. Borneo.
14. Tupaia javanica ......... Indo-Malaya Proper. Abundant in Borneo.
15. SePTUGINED......000002 Indo-Malaya Proper. Abundant in Borneo.
16. Pteropus hypomelanus ... Philippines, Borneo, Celebes, and N. Guinea.
17. Kerivoula hardwickii ... India, Java, Borneo.
VSS Manis pre va l-ksccesa263200 Genus very abundant in N. Borneo.
The above enumeration shows that the Palawan group possesses a
mammalian fauna (exclusive of Bats) comparable in variety of species
and genera with that of the entire Philippine Archipelago. Of the
species composing this fauna only one, the Paradoxure, namely, can
be regarded as a distinctively Philippine species, and even that one
occurs also in Northern Borneo. The remaining mammals, after
putting on one side those which are common to the Philippines and
1 This animal has never been actually obtained, I believe, by any collector,
but it has frequently been described to me by Europeans as well as by natives,
224 MR. A. H. EVERETT ON THE ZOO-GEOGRAPHICAL [Apr. 16,
Borneo, are all identical with or allied to species inhabiting the latter
island or other parts of Indo-Malaya proper. Not one of the few
mammals which are peculiar to the Philippines is known to occur in
the Palawan group. On the other hand the genera Hystriz, Manis,
and Mydaus, which are such as require a continuous land-connexion
to enable them to migrate from one area into another, and which are
all very abundantly represented in Northern Borneo, do occur in
Palawan, while none of them have been recorded as existing in the
Philippines. So that a study of the relationships of the mammals
of the Palawan group seems to show that this portion of the fauna
was derived from Borneo and western Indo-Malaya and not from
the Philippines ; and not only so, but that continuous connexion by
land with Borneo must have existed so as to enable some of the
genera which we find in Palawan to have reached that island. It
may be argued that bad such continuity of land-surface existed within
the lifetime of the present fauna, the mammals of Palawan could
not fail to be far more numerous than is known to be the case. But
the actual junction may have been of too brief duration to allow of
the migration of a large number of species; or, as is far more
probable, the mammals were at one time sufficiently numerous, and
they have since been almost extinguished by a general submergence
of the Palawan group. There is reason to believe that the Island
of Borneo has undergone in comparatively recent times a submer-
gence to a depth of probably not less than 1000 feet, from which
it is now recovering; and since Palawan appears to be partaking in
the present elevatory movement, it is reasonable to conjecture that
it partook also in a less or greater degree of the preceding subsidence,
in which case the group must have been reduced to a chain of steep
islets affording no scope for the continued existence of a varied
mammalian fauna.
Passing now to the birds, we find that the total number of species
authentically recorded from the Palawan group amounts to 161',
which may be tabulated as follows.
Taste I.—Showing the Palawan Species which are common to
Borneo or other parts of western Indo-Malaya and to the
Philippines, together with the Species which are of wide general
distribution or are migrants from Continental Asia.
1. Phylloscopus borealis 11. Musicapa griseisticta.
2. Acrocephalus orientalis. 12. Hypothymis occipitalis.
3. Monticola solitaria. 13. Culicicapa ceylonensis.
4. Cisticola cisticola. 14. Hirundo gutturalis.
5. Motacilla flava. 15. javanica.
6. Anthus maculatus. 16. Sturnia violacea.
7. —— gustavi. 17. Artamus leucorhynchus.
8. Pericrocotus cinereus. 18. Cheetura gigantea.
9. Lalage terat. 19. Collocalia fuciphaga.
10. Hemichelidon sibirica. 20. Eurystomus orientalis.
1 T exclude Parus elegans, because the accuracy of the Palawan locality is
very doubtful, and Turnix raynaldi, which Mr. Ogilvie-Grant assures me is
identical with 7. nigrescens.
1889.]
21.
22.
RELATIONSHIPS OF PALAWAN ISLAND. 225
Taste I. (continued).
Alcedo bengalensis.
Haleyon chloris.
. Cuculus canorus.
. Hierococcyx strenuus.
. Cacomantis merulinus.
. Circus spilonotus (7).
. Astur trivirgatus.
. Butastur indicus.
. Haliaetus leucogaster.
. Pernis ptilonorhynchus.
. Faleo communis.
Severus,
. Pandion haliaetus.
. Fregata minor.
. Ardea sumatrana.
. Herodias intermedia.
. Bubulcus coromandus.
. Butorides javanica.
. Gorsachius melanolophus.
. Chalcophaps indica.
. Calcenas nicobarica.
. Carpophaga zenea.
bicolor.
. Treron vernans.
. Ptilopus melanocephalus.
. Megapodius cumingi.
. Gallus bankiva.
. Excalfactoria chinensis.
. Rallina fasciata.
. Erythra pheenicura.
. Gidicnemus magnirostris.
. Glareola orientalis.
53. Charadrius fulvus.
. Squatarola helvetica.
. Eudromias vereda.
. Agialitis geoffroyi.
mongolica.
. —— dubia,
cantiana.
peroni.
. Strepsilas interpres.
. Gallinago megala.
. Limicola platyrhyncha,
. Tringa subminuta.
ruficollis.
. Tringoides hypoleucus.
. Totanus calidris.
brevipes.
glareola.
. Terekia cinerea.
. Numenius lineatus.
variegatus.
. Sterna bergii.
melanauchen.
5, Anous stolidus.
Tasxe II.—Showing the Palawan Species which are identical with
or allied to Species inhabiting the Philippines, Sanghir, Celebes,
&c., but which are not found in Borneo or western Indo-Malaya,
except as migrants or stragglers. I
lawan group are distinguished by the prefix of a dagger.
. Oriolus palawanensis.
. Parus amabilis.
. Lanius luzoniensis.
. Chibia palawanensis.
. Rhipidura nigritorquis.
. Zeocephus cyanescens.
. Culicicapa panayensis.
. Siphia lemprieri (S. ramsay7).
. Akthopyga shelleyi.
. Cinnyris sperata.
aurora.
. Myzanthe pygmza.
. Oxycerca everetti.
. Calornis panayensis.
. Corone philippina.
. Pitta atricapilla.
Ute
18.
219.
+20.
21.
22.
23.
124.
25
29
Species peculiar to the Pa-
Pitta erythrogastra (P. propin-
qua).
Collocalia troglodytes.
Caprimulgus manillensis.
Chrysocolaptes erythrocephalus.
Pelargopsis gouldi.
Eudynamis mindanensis.
Cacatua hematuropygia.
Prioniturus cyaniceps.
Tanygnathus luzoniensis.
26. Scops everetti (S. fuliginosa).
27.
28.
Spizaetus philippensis.
Turtur dussumieri.
Macropygia tenuirostris.
30. Ptilopus lechlancheri.
3l.
Turnix nigrescens.
226 MR. A. H. EVERETT ON THE ZOO-GroGRAPHICAL [Apr. 16,
TaBLe III.—Showing the Palawan Species which are identical with
or allied to Species inhabiting Borneo or western Indo-Malaya,
but which are not found in the Philippines except as migrants
or stragglers. Species peculiar to the Palawan group are dis-
tinguished by the prefix of a dagger.
t1. Cittocincla nigra. +29. Eulabes palawanensis.
2. Orthotomus ruficeps. +30. Corone pusilla.
+3. Mixornis woodi. 31. Batrachostomus cornutus.
t4. Turdinus rufifrons. 32. Caprimulgus macrurus.
t5. Ptilocichla falcata. 39. Mulleripicus pulverulentus.
+6. Anuropsis cinereiceps. 134. Thriponax hargitti.
+7. Tole striaticeps. 135. Tiga everetti. ’
8. Micropus melanocephalus. 36. Alcedo asiatica.
+9. Criniger frater. 37. Ceyx rufidorsa.
110. palawanensis. 38. Halcyon coromanda.
t11. Pyenonotus cinereifrons. 39. pileata.
12. Adgithina viridis. 140. Anthracoceros lemprieri.
113. Chloropsis palawanensis. 41. Cuculus sonnerati.
t14. Irena tweeddalii. 42, Surniculus lugubris.
15. Oriolus xanthonotus. 45. Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus.
16. Dendrophila frontalis. 44, Hudynamis malayana.
t17. Hyloterpe whiteheadi. $45, Dryococcyx harringtoni.
18. Buchanga leucophza (?). 46. Centrococcyx javanensis,
19. Artamides sumatrensis. 47. eurycercus.
20. Pericrocotus igneus. 48. Ninox scutulata.
21. Cryptolopha montis. 149. Syrnium whiteheadi.
22. Siphia banyumas. 50. Spizaetus limnaetus.
$23 erithacus. 51. Spilornis bacha.
24. Chalcostethia insignis, +52. Baza leucopias.
25. Anthreptes malaccensis. 55. Turtur tigrina.
+26. Arachnothera dilutior. 54. Treron nasica.
+27. Prionochilus johanne. 155. Polyplectron napoleonis '.
28. Munia atricapilla.
A consideration of the foregoing tables reveals the facts: (1) that
the only two genera of birds which are confined to the Palawan
group, namely Dryococeyx and Ptilocichla, are allied to genera
belonging to the typical Indo-Malayan and not to the Philippine
sub-area; (2) that the preponderance of the species belonging to
the former sub-area over those belonging to the latter is as 55 to
31; and (3) that whereas of the 31 Philippine species only 9 have
varied and become distinct forms confined to the Palawan group,
no fewer than 24 of the 55 Bornean and western Indo-Malayan
species have thus varied, the variation being also, as a general rule,
more profound in character than is the case with the Philippine
species. From these facts it is apparent that not only has a larger
proportion of the existing bird-population entered the Palawan group
from the Bornean side than has invaded it from the Philippines,
but also that the western element represents the fundamental ornis,
since it exhibits a markedly higher degree of differentiation, which
is nearly certainly indicative of its greater antiquity and longer
isolation.
Thus the results obtained by an analysis of the avifauna of Pala-
wan, so far as it is known, reinforce those already arrived at by our
1 Said to occur also in Luzon, but this locality is probably erroneous.
1889. ] RELATIONSHIPS OF PALAWAN ISLAND. 227
inquiry into the physical geography of the group and the relationship
of the mammalian fauna ; and they appear to me to be, when taken
together, of sufficient weight to justify the inclusion of these islands
definitely as an integral portion of the Bornean group in the
western sub-area of Indo-Malaya, and this notwithstanding the
probability that future research may show that in some classes of
animals the Philippine element preponderates, and that many of
the small low islets immediately confronting the Philippines on the
easteru margin of the Bornean bank, such as the Cuyos, no longer
retain any trace of their original western element.
If the origin of the Palawan fauna here suggested be the true
one, then the highlands which are still wholly unexplored, and which
attain to an elevation of between 6000 and 7000 feet, will probably
be found to exhibit a yet more marked predominance of Bornean
forms than is presented by the low country.
The islands of Cagayan-Sulu and Sibutu, which have been treated,
like Palawan, as belonging to the Philippines, should be regarded
similarly as natural component portions of the Bornean group.
They are both situated on the edge of the fringing submarine
bank of north-eastern Borneo. The first named has been visited
by Dr. Guillemard, who obtained a small collection of the birds,
comprising 15 species, and who pointed out’ that, judging from
the position of the island and the character of its avifauna, it should
be regarded as related to the Bornean instead of, as heretofore, to the
Philippine group. The only peculiar species obtained was Mixornis
cayayanensis, a representative form of MZ. borneensis. The Island
of Sibutu has never been visited by a naturalist, and although of
small extent it is of interest in view of its close proximity to the
southern extremity of the Philippine Archipelago. Dr. Guillemard,
again, was the first to show~ that this island should probably be
considered as an outlying portion of Borneo; and as his remarks
contain all the information about it, I cannot do better than quote
them, premising that the Tawi-Tawi Islands, of which, in political
geography, Sibutu is one, form the south-western extension of the
Sulu Archipelago, which is admittedly Philippine in the character
of itsfauna. Dr. Guillemard says :—“ West of Tawi-Tawi the level
of the sea-bottom completely changes, depths of 100 fathoms or
more being obtained close in-shore, while in the fairway of the
Strait (the Sibutu Passage) Captain Chimmo was unable to get
bottom at 500 fathoms. The distance across the Strait is about
18 miles, and the surveys hitherto made seem to show an equally
precipitous slope of the eastern banks of Sibutu Island. We are at
present without exact information as to the soundings between
Sibutu and Borneo, one point of which, Tanjong Labian, is distant
only 20 miles; but as many islets, reefs, and sand-cays are known
to intervene, it is almost certain that they are not of any great
depth. This Sibutu Passage thus seems to be the natural delimita-
tion of the Philippine Archipelago, and though of the only two
species (of birds) obtained, or said to have been obtained, from
1 P.Z.S. 1885, p. 418. 2 P.Z.8. 1885, p. 250.
228 MR. O. THOMAS ON THE [Apr. 16,
Sibutu I., Oriolus chinensis and Sareops calvus, the latter at least
is purely Philippine, I cannot help thinking that a more extended
knowledge of its avifauna would probably show a preponderance of
western rather than eastern species. ”
In concluding this sketch of the grounds upon which I am induced
to consider Palawan and the other islands above mentioned as com-
ponent parts, from a zoo-geographical point of view, of the Bornean
group, I may mention that I hope to be able to obtain a small
collection from the mountains of Palawan before long, and also one
from Sibutu.
2. On the Mammals of Mount Kina Balu, North Borneo.
By Otprietp Txomas, Natural History Museum.
[Received April 2, 1889.]
(Plate XXIV.)
The Mammals described in the present paper formed part of the
large zoological collections made during 1887 and 1888 on the great
mountain Kina Balu in North Borneo by Mr. John Whitehead,
a gentleman who, although primarily an ornithologist, yet wisely
collected whatever Mammals he was able to obtain in that most
interesting and as yet unknown part of the island.
The species of which specimens were obtained number 21. Of
these 6 were new to science, and 5 more werenew to Borneo, thus in-
creasing the known Mammal fauna of the island by no Jess than 11.
The large number of new species is a most remarkable fact, and one
that shows how far we still are from anything like a complete
knowledge of the smaller Mammalia and their distribution ; and this
is especially the case with the Rodents, to which, as usual in such
cases, the majority of the new forms belong.
Until more is known of the mammals inhabiting the other
mountains of Borneo, it is not possible to draw any general geo-
graphical deductions from the present collection ; but it may be noted
that, of the additions to the Bornean fauna, one species was pre-
viously only known from the Himalayan region, where also is found
the nearest ally of one of the new species, two are Sumatran, one is
Javan, and one occurs in Celebes.
1, Semnopiruecus HoseI, Thos. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 159, pl. xvi.
a. Skull, 4000 feet.
The only other locality known for this species is Baram, on the
coast at the junction of Brunei and Sarawak, where the type specimen
was obtained by Mr. Charles Hose. The present skull is that
mentioned in the original description (supra, p. 159).
J. Smit del.et hth.
SCIURUS
WHITEHEAD1.
Mintern Bros.
imp.
1889.] MAMMALS OF KINA BALU. 229
2. CyNOPTERUS ECAUDATUS, Temm.
a. 3000 feet. 29/3/88.
Previously only known from Sumatra. This species may be
readily distinguished from the somewhat similar C. /ucasi, Dobs.’*,
by its rather smaller size, by not possessing any trace of a tail, and by
the attachment of its wing-membrane to the distal third of the first
phalanx of the hallux instead of to its base.
3. TUPAIA FERRUGINEA, Rafll.
a-b, 3000 feet. 3/87.
. 8000 feet. 5/2/88.
HyLomys svILLus porsauis, Thos. Aun. Mag. N. H. (6)
- 407 (1888).
3. 8000 feet. 2/88. Type of var.
3. 8000 feet. 9/2/88.
3000 feet. 21/3/88.
Essential characters as in the typical variety, but with a more or
less distinct black line running from between the eyes down the neck
to the middle of the back.
Dimensions:—Head and body (c.) 116 millim.; tail 16; hind
foot 25.
Since all the five or six specimens of Hylomys obtained on Kina
Balu show a black dorsal line, sometimes, it is true, faint and in-
distinct, but always present, I believe this to be a valid geographical
race, characteristic at least of Mount Kina Balu, if not of the whole
of Borneo, whence, up to the present, no other specimens have been
obtained. It should be stated, however, that Dr. F. A. Jentink, of
the Leyden Museum, where the type of H. sutllus is preserved,
believes it to be not worthy of separation from that animal; but as
he is inclined to give, in certain other allied groups, rather less im-
portance to the presence or absence of a dorsal streak than appears
to me correct, I do not as yet feel disposed definitely to withdraw
the merely varietal name already given to the Kina Balu Hylomys.
The true Hylomys suillushas been recorded from Burma, the
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Java.
iy)
PES Ses
5. CHIMARROGALE HIMALAYICA, Gray.
a. Ad. sk.
The occurrence of this fine Water-Shrew on Mount Kina Balu
is a most interesting fact, and affords a remarkable instance of the
relation that the fauna of the mountainous regions of the Malay
islands bears to that of the Himalayas. The species has previously
only been recorded from Sikhim, Assam, and the Katchin Hills in
the North of Burma. The Bornean specimen is rather smaller than
the type, its hind foot measuring only 20 millim. in length as against
22°5, but is otherwise identical; this difference in size is very
probably only sexual.
1 Ann. Mag. N. H. (5) vi. p. 163 (1880).
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XVI. 16
230 MR. O. THOMAS ON THE [Apr. 16,
6. CrocipurA (CRocIDURA), sp. inc.
a-c. 1000 feet. 1887 and 1888.
In the present state of our knowledge I am unable to name these
Shrews with certainty. They are allied to, but markedly larger
than, C. fuliginosa, Blyth.
. Preromys niTIDUs, Desm.
. Very young. 3000 feet. 4/88.
7
a
8. ScruRUS BICOLOR EPHIPPIUM, Temm.
a. 2. 3000 feet. 14/3/88.
9
. Scrurus PREVOSTII, Desm.
a, b. 1000 feet. March, 1887.
c,d. 1000 feet. 1888.
a, b, and ¢ are of the grey-backed form of this species, and d of
the black form, “ S. pluto, Gray.”
10. Sciurus sentTinK1, Thos. Ann. Mag. N. H. (5) xx. p. 129
(1887).
a. 9. 3000 feet. 14/2/87. Type.
6. 3000 feet. 14/2/87.
Native name “ Tigae.”
Size about equal to that of S. tenuis, Horsf. General colour of
upper surface yellowish grey, strongly suffused with orange on the
head and along the centre of the back. Hairs dark slaty grey for
four fifths of their length, their tips yellow or orange. Face grey,
but with a white rim round each eye. Ears extremely short, rounded,
their edges white or pale yellow, and standing out in marked contrast
against a patch of wholly black hairs situated just behind them
on the sides of the neck. Hairs of chin, chest, and belly slaty grey
basally, dall yellowish white distally ; line of demarcation on sides
quite gradual. Limbs coloured as in S. tenuis ; hind soles hairy for
their proximal 8 millim. Tail slender, the hairs being comparatively
short, only about 10 or 12 millim. in length ; these hairs are broadly
ringed with orange basally, and have a black subterminal and a
white terminal band.
Incisors dark yellow above and below ; premolars ; molars rather
smaller and lighter than those of S. tenuis.
Dimensions of specimen a, a female, preserved in skin :—
Head and body 140 millim. ; tail, without hairs 103, with hairs
136; hind foot 32°5; ear, above crown 4°0.
Skull: tip of nasals to bregma 25; greatest breadth 20; length
of nasals 9°5 ; interorbital breadth 11°8 ; palate, length 16°6 ; length
of upper tooth series 674. .
This species is most nearly allied to S. tenuis, Horsf., which ranges
from the Malay Peninsula to Borneo, and of which there are a large
number of examples in the Natural History Museum. It differs,
however, in its much paler orange-washed back, shorter and more
1889. ] MAMMALS OF KINA BALU. 231
prominently white-rimmed ears, the dark patches behind the latter,
and in its less bushy tail. It is also worthy of note that although
8. ¢enuis, throughout its range, is singularly uniform in coloration,
yet, if anything, the Bornean specimens of it are darker in
colour, and are therefore still less like S. jentinki than are those
from the Malay Peninsula, a fact which shows that the two species
have no tendency to grade into one another.
I have named this species in honour of my friend Dr. F. A.
Jentink, Director of the Leyden Museum, to whose labours we are
indebted for much of our knowledge of the mammals inhabiting the
East-Indian Archipelago.
Mr. Whitehead informs me that S. jentinki ranges on Mount
Kina Balu from about 3000 to 8000 feet altitude.
11. Scturus nortatus, Bodd. Elench. Anim. p. 119 (1785).
S. badjing, Kerr, Linn. An. K. p. 262 (1792).
S. plantani, Ljung. K. Vet.-Ak. Handl. xxii. p. 99 (1801).
‘a, 6. ad. Q andimm. 3000 feet. 28/3/88.
This common species, the Plantain Squirrel of Pennant, is repre-
sented by two specimens of the blue-bellied type, without any trace
of red or yellow on their undersides.
At the cost of another change of name, I am glad to be able now
to supersede the barbarous term “ S. badjing,” which I was guilty
of resuscitating on account of its priority over the commonly used
“8. plantani.”’ An examination of Boddaert’s rare work proves,
however, that the Plantain Squirrel had already received a Latin name
there, and one also that is fortunately both classical and appropriate.
12. Scrurus wHireneapi, Thos. Ann. Mag. N. H. (5) xx.
p. 127 (1887). (Plate XXIV.) ©
a. 3000 feet. 24/2/87. Type.
b. 3000 feet. 28/2/87.
ce. 6, in spirit.
Native name “ Mantok.”
Size very small, only slightly larger than that of S. ewilis, Miill.
Ears narrow, pointed, their tips provided with beautiful black and
white pencils of hair, so long as to reach, when laid backwards,
almost to the withers; the ears themselves edged with black, and
with a marked white spot on the head behind them. Colour other-
wise uniformly finely grizzled olive-grey all over, exactly as in
S. exilis and S. concinnus. Claws both before and behind long,
very sharp and much curved, so as to enable the animal to hang on
to almost, or quite, vertical surfaces. Palms with five large pads.
Soles with four subequal digital pads, and a small circular posterior
pad; back of sole hairy for about 9 or 10 millim.
Skull very peculiarly shaped, with a short and broad cranial, and
a disproportionally long and powerful facial portion, the distance
from the tip of the nasals to a point between the anterior edges of
the orbits 12°8 millim., as compared to 11°3 in S. ewilis, and 11
16*
232 MR. O. THOMAS ON THE [Apr. 16,
millim. in §. melanotis, the latter an animal with the cranial part of
the skull as large as, if not larger than, that of S. whiteheadi.
Teeth :—incisors narrow, strongly convex in front, orange above,
nearly white below ; premolars 4, the anterior upper minute, circular
in section.
Dimensions of specimen ¢, an adult male in spirit :—Head and
body 84 millim. ; tail, without hairs 67, with hairs 98 ; hind foot
25°7; ear, without hairs 10-0, with hairs 26; head 29-3; tip of
muzzle to eye 18, to ear 24; forearm and hand 36:5; heel to front
of last foot-pad 12°3; hairy part of sole in centre line 9°4.
This very beautiful little Squirrel is perhaps the most attractive
of all the new Kina Balu mammals. It belongs to a group of pigmy
squirrels, consisting of 8. ewilis, S. melanotis, and a species only
recently described by myself, namely S. concinnus ; the latter species
comes from the Philippines, but the other two, like S. whiteheadt,
both occur in Borneo, which possesses therefore three of the four
members of the group. Of these species, S. whiteheadi is evidently
most nearly allied to S. evilis, but it is readily distinguishable from
that, as from all the others, by its beautiful elongated ear-tufts,
which, in proportion to its size, are probably longer than those of
any other known Squirrel, not even excepting Lheithrosciurus
macrotis.
Mr. Whitehead informs me that this little Squirrel may often be
seen on the upper slopes of Kina Balu running up and down the
trunks of the trees, and appareutly gnawing at their bark. Its
position in the figure (Plate XXIV.) is copied from a sketch made by
Mr. Whitehead from the living animal.
13. Mus INFRALUTEUS, Thos. Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) ii. p. 409
(1888).
a. 3000 feet. 22/3/88. Type.
Size large. Fur coarse and harsh, but not spinous. General
colour dark greyish brown, the tips of the shorter hairs with a silvery
lustre. The longer straighter hairs numerous, not markedly length-
ened on the rump, uniformly black. Under surface a dirty yellowish
brown, the tips of the straighter hairs dull orange, their base and the
whole of the under-fur slaty grey. Ears small and rounded, naked.
Hands and feet brown; last hind foot-pad elongate. Tail rather
shorter than the head and body, thiuly haired, dark brown above
and below ; rings of scales averaging about 8 or 9 to the centimetre.
Skull stout and heavily built. Supraorbital edges strongly ridged.
Anterior edge of outer wall of infraorbital foramen evenly convex
forwards. Palatine foramen about equal in length to the two anterior
molars together, not reaching backwards to the front of m’.
Teeth powerful ; incisors broad, dark yellow in front above and
below.
Dimensions :—Head and body (c.) 285 millim. ; tail (extreme tip
wanting) 235; hind foot 51; heel to front of last foot-pad 26;
length of the same pad 9°3.
1889.] MAMMALS OF KINA BALU. 233
Skull: tip of nasals to lambda 51; nasals, length 21°8, breadth
6°5 ; interorbital breadth 8-8; infraorbital foramen, length of
outer wall 7 ; palate, length 32; diastema 167; anterior palatine
foramen 8°4; combined breadth of upper incisors 4°6; length of
upper molar series 10°7.
This fine Rat has a certain similarity to the Indian Bandicoot Rats
(Nesokia), resembling them both in general external appearance
and in the stout and heavy build of the skull and teeth. No species
hitherto described can be mistaken for it, as all the Oriental Rats
which have external or cranial proportions at all similar are distin-
guished either by having elongated rump-bristles or parti-coloured
white-tipped tails.
The single specimen obtained was found lying dead in the forest.
14, Mus rattus, L.
a, b. 8000 feet. 4 and 5/2/88.
c, d. 3000 feet. 1/4/88.
The two specimens from an altitude of 8000 feet have their fur
long and soft, while in those from 3000 it is short and harsh, so
that it seems difficult to believe that both the forms can be referable
to the same species.
15. Mus sapanus*, Thos. Ann. Mag. N. H. (5) xx. p. 269
(1887).
a. 1000 feet. 3/87. Type.
b. (2) juv. 3000 feet. 21/3/88.
Fur short and fine, mixed with slender spines along the centre of
the back. General colour rufous, mixed with brown along the top
of the head and back, brighter and clearer on the cheeks and sides,
the general tone very similar to that of M. jerdoni. Whole of
underside pure creamy white, sharply defined from the rufous of the
sides. Outsides of limbs like sides, but rather greyer, inner sides
white ; lower leg and ankles greyish brown all round. Hands and
feet brown along the middle of their upper surfaces, their edges
white, the contrast especially strongly marked on the feet, where a
broad band of deep blackish brown passes along the centre, edged on
each side with pure white. Sole-pads large, smooth, and prominent,
the last one about three times as long as broad. Fifth hind toe,
without claw, reaching to the end of the first phalanx of the fourth.
Ears rounded, rather short, laid forward they barely reach to the
posterior canthus of the eyes. Tail enormously long, evenly finely
haired, the scales, which are large, averaging from seven to nine to
the centimetre, uniformly dark brown above and below throughout,
but the hairs black for the proximal two thirds above only, elsewhere
pure white. Mamme 2-2=8.
Dimensions of the type, an adult male, preserved as a skin :—
Head and body 280 millim. ; tail340; hind foot 43°5 ; ear, above
1 From Saba, the district of North Borneo in which Mount Kina Balu is
situated. :
234 MR. 0. THOMAS ON THE [Apr. 16,
head 18, breadth 18; heel to front of last foot-pad 23; length of
last foot-pad 7:0.
Skull: tip of nasals to centre of fronto-parietal suture (‘‘ bregma ”’)
36 millim.; nasals, length 21, greatest breadth 6:0; interorbital
breadth 7:7 ; outer wall of infraorbital foramen, length 4°7 ; paiate,
length 26:5; length of palatal foramen 7-9; diastema 13:6; length
of upper molar series 9°4.
Dimensions of a fine female in spirit, preserved in the Museo
Civico, Genoa :—Head and body 230; tail 393; hind foot 49; ear
20; heel to front of last foot-pad 25 ; length of last foot-pad 8°8.
This spirit-specimen was obtained by Signor Beccari at Sungei
Bulu, W. Sumatra, thus affording another instance of the relationship
between the mountain-faunas of Sumatra and Borneo. Its examin-
ation, which I owe to the kindness of my friend the Marquis of
Doria, has enabled me to add certain particulars, only observable in
spirit-specimens, to the original description of this species.
Mus sabanus belongs to a well-marked group of Rats which contains
Mus jerdoni, Bly., M. niveiventer, Hodgs., M. coxingi, Swinh., M. ed-
wardsi, Thos., M. heliwaldi, Jent. os M. aeola, Thos., and others.
These species are, however, all very much smaller than it is, with one
exception, M. edwardsi, which is as much larger, and not one of
them has a tail of anything like the extraordinary length of that of
Mus sabanus.
One species, indeed, also a native of Borneo, has a certain super-
ficial resemblance to the present one, although belonging to quite a
different group of Rats. This is WZ. muelleri, Jent., of about the same
size, and with a nearly equally long tail; but it may be readily
distinguished by its coarse Mus decumanus-like fur, yellowish instead
of rufous coloration, the less sharply defined white underside, and
by the quite uniformly brown-haired feet and tail.
16. Mus Leprurus, Jent.
a. Ad.
6b. Imm. 3000 feet. 24/3/88.
Described by Dr. Jentink from Javan examples now in the Leyden
Museum.
17. Mus auticoxa, Thos. Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) ii. p. 408
(1888).
a,b. & 2. 8600 feet. 24/2/88. 2. Type.
Fur mixed with flexible spines both above and below. General
colour above a peculiar bluish grey, not speckled or grizzled, darker
along ‘the median line. Dorsal hairs and spines creamy white
basally, gradually darkening to grey terminally. Underside pale
yellowish white, the hairs and spines uniformly of this colour to
their bases ; the line of demarcation on the sides not very sharply
defined. Hands and feet white, the hairs short and fine, fifth hind
toe (without claw) reaching nearly to the end of the first phalanx
of the fourth. Tail finely ringed, the rings averaging about 10 or
1889. ] MAMMALS OF KINA BALU. 235
11 to the centimetre ; short-haired, sharply bicolor from base to tip,
brown above, yellowish white below.
Dimensions, 2 :—Head and body (probably stretched), 177 m ily.
tail 162; hind foot 32; heel to front of last foot-pad 16.
Skull: tip of nasals to lambda (junction of sagittal and lambdoid
sutures) 34; nasals, length 15; interorbital breadth 774 ; palate,
length 19; length of anterior palatine foramina 6; upper molar
series 5°58,
This species is most nearly allied to the Nepalese M. niveiventer,
Hodgs., but may be distinguished by its unspeckled back, by the
more gradual passage of the upper into the lower colour, and by its
larger size.
So far as its collector has observed, Mus alticola is confined to the
higher parts of Mount Kina Balu.
18. Mus mussCHENBROECKI, Jent.
a, 6. 1000 feet. 3/87.
c,d.¢ Q. 3000 feet. 18 and 20/3/88.
It is of considerable interest to find this species, previously only
known from Celebes, in Borneo, on a different side of the line
separating the Oriental from the Australian regions. Its occurrence
here suggests that other members of the Oriental element in the
peculiar Celebean fauna may also prove to have survived on the tops
of the Bornean mountains.
19. Mus epuirrium, Jent.
a, b. ad. and juv. 1000 feet. 3/87.
It appears rather doubtful whether this species is really distinct
from Mus concolor, Bly., found in Burma and the Malay Peninsula;
but for the present I do not feel justified in definitely uniting the
two forms, and the Kina Balu individual clearly belongs rather to
the Sumatran ‘ ephippium’ than to its northern ally.
20. CHrROPODOMYS GLIROIDES, Bly.
a. 1000 feet. 1/88.
This specimen is immature, but would not apparently have ever
reached the dimensions of the two individuals obtained by Mr.
Wallace at Sadong, and now in the British Museum. However, it
exactly matches some of those collected by Signor L. Fea in Burma
and Tenasserim, and is evidently specifically identical withthem. In
the general account now in course of publication of the collection
made by that gentleman‘ some further details as to the character
and synonymy of this beautiful little species will be found.
91. TRICHYS GUENTHERI, nom. nov.
Trichys lipura, Giinth. P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 739.
a. juv. 3000 feet. 3/4/88.
This specimen is the fourth example of the interesting genus
1 Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) v. 1889.
236 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON [Apr. 16,
Trichys that has come to England, although there have been examples
of it for many years in the Leyden Museum. The first one, a tailless
individual, was described by Dr. Giinther as “ Trichys lipura,”
under the circumstances detailed in his paper of the present year
(supra, p. 75). Since, however, I differ from him as to the
admissibility of the name ‘ lipura’ for a species which normally has
a long tail, I propose now to rename the species accordingly.
No better name can be found for it than of its original describer,
whose judgment in forming a new genus for it is fully confirmed by
an independent examination of its cranial characters, even after the
downfall of the peculiarity supposed, and not unnaturally, to belong
to it of not possessing any trace of a tail.
As to the alleged applicability of Shaw’s name “ Hystrix fascicu-
lata”? to this Porcupine, I can only express my entire agreement
with Dr. Giinther’s opinion (/. c.) that that name should stand as
a synonym of Atherura macrura, L.
The Kina Balu specimen, although only half-grown, shows all the
characteristics of the genus, and is distinguishable at the first glance
from Atherura by its short spines and narrow parallel-sided caudal
bristles.
3. Second Account of the Fishes obtained by Surgeon-
Major A. 8. G. Jayakar at Muscat, East Coast of
Arabia’. By G. A. BouLenceEr.
[Received April 11, 1889.]
(Plates XXV.-XXVIIL.)
At the close of last year the Natural History Museum received a
second collection of Fishes from its generous correspondent at Muscat,
Surgeon-Major A. 8. G. Jayakar; this was shortly followed by a
third, received a few days ago. Other examples of a number of the
rare or new species enumerated in my preceding list having been
sent again, I have, in some cases, been able to supplement my former
descriptions ; but all the species enumerated hereafter, and to which
numbers are attached, are new to the fauna of Muscat. Eight
of the known species are altogether new to the Indian Ocean, viz. :—
Erythrichthys schlegeli, Pomatomus telescopium, Chetodon modes-
tus, Echeneis clypeata, Trigla capensis, Chilomycterus echinatus,
LEchinorhinus spinosus, and Rhinobatus schlegeli. Five species are
considered to be new. The Sharks and Rays, which were hardly re-
presented at all in the first collection, have now reached us in numbers,
and, from the size and beauty of most of the skins, will, to say
nothing of the great zoo-geographical interest that attaches to many
of them, form a welcome addition to the Fish-Gallery of the Mu-
seum, where Mr. Jayakar’s previous donations of large Sea-Perches,
Scombroids, Sphyreenas, and Sword-fishes already have a conspicuous
. Cf. P.Z.8. 1887, pp. 653-667.
‘duit
AXX
- soaq U9 FL Ii
‘THEHINGANS ASOUVULTI
UT TSP ynug aaqay
Mice Geel S i vet
. imp.
Mintern Bros
R.Mintern del.et lith.
CARANX JAYAKARI
RAGES See Ee
eMerr ber?”
‘dm ‘soig usrequyq
MALOMARSLIHOkel WMSNINSIE
AF OMENS WATERS, WU
“UNL EP Ws sVyea
HAXX Id 6881 SZ d
SHLIOUdONVIAZN SNHINVOVNOW
‘dun soig useyuNy, “WT Pp wus sje
TWAKX Id 6881 SZ d
1889.] FISHES FROM MUSCAT. 237
place. Thanks to the exertions of Mr. Jayakar, the number of
species of. Fishes recorded from Muscat now known amounts to 256.
ACANTHOPTERYGII.
PERCID.
1. Serpganus LaTiFascratus, Schleg.
9. SERRANUS DIACANTHUS, C. & V.
3. SERRANUS SALMONOIDES, Lacép.
4. SERRANUS COROMANDELICUS, Day.
11 3 ~ 18-19
DY Ag) B27. L. Jat. 145-150. © La trae
Canines moderate ; two rows of teeth on the sides of the lower
jaw, those of the inner row largest. Length of the head thrice and
three fifths or thrice and two thirds in the total; forehead very
convex, with a depression between the nostrils ; diameter of the eye
six or six and a half times in the length of the head; maxillary
reaching posteriorly to the vertical of the posterior third of the eye ;
preeoperculum finely serrated posteriorly, the denticulations stronger
at the angle, which is rounded and not produced; upper border
of opercle slightly sinuous ; median opercular spine nearer the lower
than the upper, lower much further back than the latter. Depth of
the body about four times and a half in the total length. Third and
fourth dorsal spines longest, a little longer than the longest branched
rays, which are about once and a half as long as the posterior spines.
Pectorals reaching to below the sixth or seventh dorsal spine.
Caudalis truncate, when spread out with perfectly straight posterior
border. Dark purplish brown on the upper surfaces and fins, paler
brown inferiorly ; body and dorsal fin with scattered subcircular
‘whitish spots of various sizes.
A single dry specimen, 21 inches long, isin Mr. Jayakar’s collec-
tion ; another, 26 inches long, stuffed, hikewise from Muscat, formed
part of the collection of the late East-India Museum transferred
to the British Museum in 1880. Except in the rather smaller
scales, these specimens agree well with one of the types, a half skin
from Madras, presented by Mr. Francis Day.
5. SERRANUS JAYAKARI, Sp. n.
D. say AS P.17. L, lat. 140-150. L. tr. 2
* 16-17" * 40-45"
Canine teeth small ; teeth on the sides of the lower jaw mostly in
four rows. Length of head thrice and one fourth to thrice and one
third in the total; forehead convex; diameter of the eye six anda
half or seven times in the length of the head; maxillary reaching
to below the centre of the posterior border of the eye; preeopercu-
lum finely serrated posteriorly, the denticulations slightly stronger
at the angle, which is obtuse and not produced; upper border of
opercle slightly sinuous ; median opercular spine nearer the lower
238 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON [Apr. 16,
than the upper, lower much further back than the latter, which is
extremely indistinct. Depth of the body about four times in the
total length. Third and fourth dorsal spines longest, nearly as long
as the longest branched rays, which are about twice as long as the
posterior spines. Pectorals reaching to below the seventh or eighth
dorsal spine. Caudalis slightly emarginate. Uniform brown,
lighter inferiorly.
Three skins, 28 to 29 inches long.
6. SERRANUS ROGAA, Forsk.
7. SERRANUS SONNERATI, C. & V.
8. ANTHIAS FORMOSUS, Sp. D.
wap ALS. Dalat. 31. Ls. 45. L, tr gaa
Length of the head twice and two thirds in the total (without
caudal); snout shorter than the diameter of the eye, which is one
fourth the length of the head; maxillary extending to below the
centre of the eye; preeoperculum with finely denticulated posterior
border and two or three spines at the angle; two opercular spines,
lower longest ; a small suprascapular spine. The depth of the body
equals the length of the head. Third dorsal spine, third, fourth, and
fifth branched dorsal rays, and second branched anal ray produced
into filaments, that of the third dorsal ray being the longest, the ray
measuring half the length of head and body (without caudal) ;
third anal spine longest. Ventrals extending to the anal. Caudal
deeply forked. Bronzy olive, here and there with blotches of ma-
genta-red: fins, and three wavy longitudinal bands on each side, pale
rosy ; ventrals,in one specimen, tipped with blackish ; base of dorsal
bronzy-olive, like the back.
Total length 74 inches.
Two specimens.
Nearest ally: the Japanese A. margaritaceus, Hilg.
9. Arpocon TaniaAtTus, C. & V.
10. Pomaromus TELESCOPIUM, Risso.
The occurrence of this Mediterranean and Atlantic deep-sea fish
at Muscat is of great interest.
11. SynaGRis 1IsACANTHUS, Blkr.
12. ERYTHRICHTHYS SCHLEGELI, Gthr.
D.8-9|1|q. Ag L165. Ltr. 5.
10"
A series of minute teeth in each jaw. Length of head thrice and
one third or thrice and a half in the total ; the diameter of the eye
equals the length of the snout, and one fourth the length of the head ;
the maxillary extends to below the anterior third of the eye, and its
greatest width equals three fourths or four fifths the diameter of
latter ; borders of the preeoperculum forming a right angle.
' Counted below the sixth dorsal spine.
1889. ] FISHES FROM MUSCAT. 239
This species does not appear to have been recorded since its
description, by Schlegel, in the ‘Fauna Japonica.’ Two skins, 21
inches long, were obtained by Mr. Jayakar.
SQUAMIPINNES.
13. Cuxropon mopEsTUus, Schleg.
Another Japanese species, new to the Indian Ocean.
MuLLID2.
14. UpeNEUS PLEUROTANIA, Playf.
CiRRHITIDE.
15. CirRHITICHTHYS MACULATUS, Lacép.
ScorPHNID.
16. TETRAROGE GUENTHERI, sp. n. (Plate XXV.)
13 3
De a Ae Ee
Vomer and palatines toothed. Length of the head two fifths of
the total (without caudal); diameter of the eye nearly one fourth the
length of the head. No barbels; maxillary extending to below the
anterior third of the eye, and slightly beyond the posterior preor-
bital spine, which is not quite so strong as the preeopercular ; two
strong wavy frontal ridges; interorbital space narrower than the
orbit. Scales minute. Dorsal commencing above the centre of the
eye, without netch ; first spine shortest, measuring half the diameter
of the eye, second and third longest, half the length of the head ;
the longest branched dorsal rays once and a half the length of the
last dorsal spines; third anal spine longest, as long as the fifth
dorsal. Pectorals nearly as long as the head, extending beyond the
ventrals, which reach the anal, Caudal free from dorsal. Head
and. body reddish brown, fins blackish, everywhere with closely set
round pale spots.
Total length 83 inches.
A single specimen.
17. PreRois ANTENNATA, Bl.
18. CHORISMODACTYLUS MULTIBARBIS, Rich.
Kurtip&.
19. Pempueris mocucca, C. & V.
TRICHIURID&.
20. TricH1urRUS HAUMELA, Forsk.
ACRONURID&.
21. Naseus BReEvrirostrRis, C. & V.
240 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON [Apr. 16,
CARANGIDE.
22. CaARANX TRACHURUS, Lacép.
23. CaRaNx AFFINIS, Riipp.
24. CARANX MALABARICUs, BI. Schn.
25. CARANX LEPTOLEPIS, C. & V.
26. CARANX CILIARIS, Bl.
27. SERIOLA DUMERILII, Risso.
28. Naucrates puctor, L.
ScomBRIDz.
29. PELAMYS ORIENTALIS, Schleg.
30. CyBiuM LINEOLATUM, C. & V.
31. ECHENEIS CLYPEATA, Gthr.
This species was known from the Cape of Good Hope. £. lophio-
ides, Guich., which is perhaps identical, is from Bourbon.
32. ECHENEIS NAUCRATES, L.
Suctorial disk with 24 lamine.
Corrip2.
33. TricLa CAPENsis, C. & V.
34. DACTYLOPTERUS ORIENTALIS, C. & V.
BLEeNNIIDE.
35, SALARIAS UNICOLOR, Riipp.
36. SALARIAS LINEATUS, C. & V.
SPHYRENID&.
37. SPHYRZNA AGAM, Riipp.
38. SPHYRANA ACUTIPINNIs, Day.
LAasrip#.
39. SrETHOJULIS INTERRUPTA, Blkr,
40. PLatyGLossus MARGINATUS, Riipp.
4]. Juuis tunaris, L.
42. PsEUDOSCARUS GHOBBAN, Forsk.
43. PsruDOSCARUS TROSCHELH, Blkr.
44, PsruposcaRrus CYANoGNATHUS, Blkr.
1889. ] FISHES FROM MUSCAT. 241
ANACANTHINI.
OPHIDIID2.
45. BRoTULA MULTIBARBATA, Schleg.
B, ensiformis, Gthr., and B. maculata, Day, do not seem to me
to differ specifically from B. multibarbata.
PHYSOSTOMI.
ScopeLip#.
46. SupiIs JAYAKARI, sp. n.
A single specimen, 6 inches long, of the deep-sea genus Sudis
forms part of Mr. Jayakar’s third collection. Although in too poor
a condition to allow of a detailed description, especially with regard
to the fin-rays, it is yet sufficiently distinct from the previously
described species, S. hyalina, Bp., from the Mediterranean, and
S. ringens, Jord. & Gilb., from the coast of California, to justify
the establishment of a new name.
Head of Sudis jayakari, enlarged.
The mouth does not extend to below the eye, and its length is
twice and one third in that of the head. About 70 minute teeth in
each maxillary ; four, posterior largest, in each preemaxillary. Man-
dible with 12 teeth on each side, two of which are minute; the
anteriormost and the three posterior of the inner row very large and
fang-like. Six large, fang-like, palatine teeth on each side. Dorsal
halfway between the head and the caudal, a short distance behind
the ventrals, which are halfway between the mouth and the caudal
fin.
Dat M2307 (Es 63:
Total length (without caudal) 150 millim.; length of head 37;
depth of body 10; diameter of the eye 7; preorbital length of the
head 17; postorbital length of the head 13.
SCOMBRESOCID&.
47. BELONE MELANOsSTIGMA, C. & V.
48. BELONE APPENDICULATA, Klunz.
242 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON [Apr. 16,
Mura&nip&.
49. MuraNEsox CINEREUS, Forsk.
50. OpHICHTHYS CIRRHOCHILUS, Blkr.
51. OpHICHTHYS CANCRIVORUS, Rich.
52. Mur@NA TESSELLATA, Rich.
PLECTOGNATHI.
SCLERODERMI.
53. BALISTES ERYTHRODON, Gthr.
54. MonacantTuus mMoNocEROs, L.
55. MONACANTHUS MELANOPROCTES, sp.n. (Plate XXVIII.)
D. 32-34. A. 32-34.
Skin rough, villose ; no caudal spines. Depth of body twice and
a half to twice and three fourths in the total length. Snout long,
with straight or slightly concave upper profile. Pectoral fin below
the posterior border of the eye. Dorsal spines above the centre of
the eye, strong, as long as the distance between the nostril and the
mouth ; armed behind with a double series of small barbs, pointing
outwards and downwards, and in front with a double series of small
tubercles. Soft dorsal and anal fins low. Caudal rounded. Ven-
tral spine small, armed with spikes. Pale reddish brown; cheeks
and sides of body lineolated with blackish, the lines oblique on the
cheeks, and straight from the gill-opening to the caudal; a broad
blackish band from the dorsal spine to below the anterior third of
the soft dorsal fin, and two others on each side of the back, broader
than the interspace between them; dorsal and anal fin uniform pale
reddish ; vent in a blackish spot.
Total length 8 inches.
Several specimens.
GYMNODONTES.
56. TETRODON MARGARITATUS, Riipp.
57. TETRODON VALENTINI, Blkr.
58. Diopon nystrRix, L.
59. CHILOMYCTERUS ORBICULARIS, Bl.
60. CHILOMYCTERUS ECHINATUS, Gron.
CHONDROPTERYGII.
CaRCHARIID&.
61. CaRCHARIAS ACUTIDENS, Riipp.
A male, measuring 8 feet 5 inches.
1889.] FISHES FROM MUSCaT.
62. CARCHARIAS BREVIPINNA, M. & H.
63. CARCHARIAS HEMIODON, M. & H.
An adult female measures 8 feet 4 inches.
64. CARCHARIAS GANGETICUS, M. & H.
An adult female measures 9 feet.
65. CARCHARIAS MELANOPTERUS, Q. & G.
66. CARCHARIAS MENISORRAH, M. & H.
67. CARCHARIAS MURRAY], Gthr.
= teeth in the outer row.
68. GALEOCERDO TIGRINUs, M. & H.
69. ZyGHNA MALLEUS, Risso.
70. Musre.Lus MANAZO, Blkr.
LAMNID&.
71. LaMNa SPALLANZANUI, Bp.
Adult female, 10 feet long.
72. Lamna euauca, M. & H.
73. ODONTASPIS AMERICANUS, Mitch.
74. ALOPECIAS vuLPEs, Gm.
ScyLLub&.
75. STEGOSTOMA TIGRINUM, Gm.
SPINACID.
76. ECHINORHINUS SPINOSUS, Gm.
PRISTID&.
77. Pristis pectinatvus, Lath.
A specimen 16 feet long, with 34 pairs of rostral teeth.
RHINOBATID.
78. RHYNCHOBATUS DJEDDENSIS, Forsk.
79. RuINoBATUS HALAVI, Forsk.
80. RHINOBATUS SCHLEGELI, M. & H.
ToRPEDINIDA.
81. TorPEDO MARMORATA, Risso.
TRYGONID.
82. UrogyMnus AsPerRRimus, BI. Schn.
244 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON [Apr. 16,
MYyLioBaTIDz&.
83. AETOBATIS NARINARI, Euphr.
84. DicrRoBATIS EREGOODOO, Cant.
9 feet in diameter.
Notes are here appended on some of the fishes described by me
as new in my first account, which have been regarded by Mr. Day’
as synonyms of previously known species.
SERRANUS PREOPERCULARIS.
Six more specimens, adult (up to 28 inches long) and half-grown
skins, and half-grown in spirit, having been sent by Mr. Jayakar,
I have carefully compared them with the types and with S. morrhua,
of which we have now in the Museum five dry specimens, presented
by Mr. Jayakar, and two in spirit, from the Red Sea, presented by
Dr. Klunzinger. Although very closely allied to S. morrhua, S.
preopercularis is a perfectly valid species, constant in its coloration.
The third dorsal spine at least equals the distance between the
upper extremity of the border of the preeoperculum and the extremity
of the median opercular spine in S. morrhua; it is considerably
shorter in S. preopercularis, which, in this respect, agrees with
S. latifasciatus. The latter species differs from both in the lower
opercular spine being placed much further back than the upper,
and in having only 12 to 14 branched dorsal rays’. Excellent
figures of half-grown §. morrhua have been given by Steindachner *
under the name of S. bdrunneus ; but I cannot admit this fish to be
the Epinephelus brunneus of Bloch.
SERRANUS GIBBOSUS.
A second specimen, in spirit, has been received. It agrees in
every respect with the type. Apart from the coloration, the shorter
body distinguishes S. gibbosus from S. striolatus. I cannot under-
stand how its specific distinction from S. aléivelis can be questioned,
even for a moment.
APOGON MAXIMUS.
Three more specimens having been sent, I have reinvestigated the
character of this beautiful species, which is perfectly distinct from
A. bifasciatus. There are constantly 9 branched rays in the anal,
instead of 8 as in A. bifasciatus; the second dorsal spine is more
than half the length of the third, instead of less than half; the
posterior upper border of the maxillary is not overlapped by the
suborbital, which tapers below the centre of the eye, whilst in A.
bifasciatus the suborbital is wider and overlaps the maxillary
throughout. The coloration is very different ; and the large size
(10 inches) also serves to distinguish 4. maximus from A. bifasciatus,
which does not exceed a length of 43 inches.
1 P.Z.S. 1888, p. 258, and Append. Fish. Ind. (1888).
2 The type specimen of S. morrhua, which I have examined in the Paris
Museum, has 14 soft rays. Another specimen, likewise from Mauritius, has
15 rays.
2 Giasaslnchoise u. Déderlein, ‘‘ Fische Japans,” Denkschr. Ak. Wein, xlvii.
p. 22, pl. v. figs. 1, 2 (1888).
Sr
1889. ] FISHES FROM MUSCAT. 24
DIAGRAMMA JAYAKARI.
Having received a second specimen, a skin 22 inches long, from
Muscat, agreeing in colour with the specimen so named by me, but
with D. $2, I provisionally accept Mr. Day’s opinion that D. jaya-
kari is a colour-variety of D. griseum. According to Mr. Jayakar’s
notes the body, when fresh, is of a pale white colour, with yellow
spots. Length of the longest spine ‘seven eighths’’ the depth of
the body, in my diagnosis, is a lapsus for ‘‘ two sevenths.”’
APHAREUS RUTILANS, C. & V.
My notes on this fish were, by an oversight, taken from a specimen
of Pagellus affinis, although the true A. rutilans was actually
included in Mr. Jayakar’s first collection.
PAGRUS RUBER.
On examination of a large series of specimens, 1 now consider this
supposed new species to be identical with P. spinifer, as suggested
by Mr. Day.
CaARANX JAYAKARI. (Plate XXVI.)
Mr. Day makes this a synonym of ©. nigrescens. I have never
seen an example of the latter, but if the figure in the ‘ Fishes of
India’ is to be relied upon, the two appear to be distinct. It is to
be remarked that Mr. Day describes his C. nigrescens as having the
‘‘fins nearly black, especially the dorsal,’ whilst the specimens of
C. jayakari before me, now three in number, have the fins devoid
of black pigment. In C. jayakari the anterior rays of the anal
measure nearly three fourths the length of the base of the same fin.
The type specimen is figured on the Pilate.
UMBRINA STRIATA.
On comparison of the type with the figure of U. sinuata, Day, a
species founded upon quite young specimens, I find the following
differences, which do not seem to be ascribable to age :—The origin
of the spinous dorsal ‘alls in advance of the base of the pectoral in
U. sinuata, above the axil in U. striata ; in the latter species there are
not nine sinuous dark bands on the body, while in U. sinuata there
are as many as there are series of scales ;_ besides the direction of these
bands is not the same in the two fishes—since, for instance, the band
originating above the base of the pectoral extends to the 8th and
9th ravs of the soft dorsal in U. sinuata, to the 16th and 17th in
U. striata.
TRIGLA ARABICA. (Plate XXVII.)
This species has been considered identical with 7’. polysticta by
Mr. Day, who states, I know not on what authority, that the ‘* bony
plate along the base of the dorsal fin” is wider in small than in
large examples. This view is clearly erroneous, from the fact that
the dermo-ossifications in question are absolutely more developed in
T. arabica than in the larger 7’. polysticta, as may be seen by the figure
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XVII. 17
246 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [May 7,
(Plate XXVII.). The orbit of 7. arabica is proportionally smaller than
that of the larger 7. polysticta ; and another conspicuous difference is
to be found in the distance between the two dorsal fins, which is two
fifths the length of the base of the spinous dorsal m T’. polysticta, and
nearly one fourth in T. arabica. ‘Three specimens of the latter species
are now in the Museum. The type is figured on the Plate.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prats XXV.
Tetraroge guentheri, p. 239. 4.
PiarE XXVI.
Caranx jayakari, p. 245. 4.
Puate XXVII.
Fig.l. Trigla arabica, p. 245. 3.
la. orsal scutes.
2. polysticta. Dorsal scutes,
Puate XXVIII.
Monacanthus melanoproctes, p. 242.
May 7, 1889.
Prof. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions made to
the Menagerie during the month of April 1889 :—
The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the
month of April were 93 in number. Of these 40 were acquired by
presentation, 27 by purchase, 10 on deposit, and 16 by birth. The
total number of departures during the same period, by death and
removals, was 88.
The most noticeable additions during the month were :—
1. A young male Sinaitic Ibex (Capra sinaitica) from Mount Sinai,
presented by Sir James Anderson, April lst. This is the second
specimen of this fine Ibex as yet received by the Society. The
former specimen, received December 30, 1884, is now quite adult.
It is unfortunate that the present specimen is also of the male sex.
2. A young male specimen of the Lesser Koodoo (Sérepsiceros
imberbis) from East Africa, presented by George S. Mackenzie, Esy.,
April 18th. We have still living in the Gardens the adult male of
this beautiful species, received April 7, 1886. It is again unfortunate
that the newly received animal is of the male sex ; but as the species
occurs in the territory of the new British East- African Company, we
may well expect to receive further specimens.
1889.] FISHES FROM MUSCAT. 245
DiaGRAMMA JAYAKARI.
Having received a second specimen, a skin 22 inches long, from
Muscat, agreeing in colour with the specimen so named by me, but
with D. 32, I provisionally accept Mr. Day’s opinion that D. jay2-
kari is a colour-variety of D. griseum. According to Mr. Jayakar’s
notes the body, when fresh, is of a pale white colour, with yellow
spots. Length of the longest spine “ seven eighths”’ the depth of
the body, in my diagnosis, is a lapsus for ‘‘ two sevenths.”’
Apuareus RuUTILANS, C. & V.
My notes on this fish were, by an oversight, taken from a specimen
of Pagellus affinis, although the true A. rutilans was actually
included in Mr. Jayakar’s first collection.
PaGRUS RUBER.
On examination of a large series of specimens, 1 now consider this
supposed new species to be identical with P. spinifer, as suggested
by Mr. Day.
CARANX JAYAKARI. (Plate XXVI.)
Mr. Day makes this a synonym of C. nigrescens. I have never
seen an example of the latter, but if the figure in the ‘ Fishes of
India’ is to be relied upon, the two appear to be distinct. It is to
be remarked that Mr. Day describes his C. nigrescens as having the
“fins nearly black, especially the dorsal,’ whilst the specimens of
C. jayakari before me, now three in number, have the fins devoid
of black pigment. In C. jayakari the anterior rays of the anal
measure nearly three fourths the length of the base of the same fin.
The type specimen is figured on the Pilate.
UMBRINA STRIATA.
On comparison of the type with the figure of U. sinuata, Day, a
species founded upon quite young specimens, I find the following
differences, which do not seem to be ascribable to age :—The origin
of the spinous dorsal falls in advance of the base of the pectoral in
U. sinuata, above the axil in U. striata; in the latter species there are
not nine sinuous dark bands on the body, while in U. sinuata there
are as many as there are series of scales ; besides the direction of these
bands is not the same in the two fishes—since, for instance, the band
originating above the base of the pectoral extends to the 8th and
9th rays of the soft dorsal in U. sinuata, to the 16th and 17th in
U. striata.
TRIGLA ARABICA. (Plate XXVII.)
This species has been considered identical with 7’. polysticta by
Mr. Day, who states, I know not on what authority, that the ‘* bony
plate along the base of the dorsal fin” is wider in small than in
large examples. This view is clearly erroneous, from the fact that
the dermo-ossifications in question are absolutely more developed in
T. arabica than in the larger 7’. polysticta, as may be seen by the figure
(Plate XXVII.). The orbit of 7. arabica is proportionally smaller than
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No J 17
GY peSea™
1% Fas
<3
246 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. [May 7,
that of the larger 7’. polysticta ; and another conspicuous difference is
to be found in the distance between the two dorsal fins, which is two
fifths the length of the base of the spinous dorsal in 7’. polysticta, and
nearly one fourth in T. arabica. ‘Three specimens of the latter species
are now in the Museum. The type is figured on the Plate.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puate XXV.
Tetraroge guentheri, p. 239. 4.
PriaTe XXVI.
Caranzx jayakari, p. 245.
Prats XXVII.
Fig.1. Trigla arabica, p. 245. 3. Fig. 2. Trigla polysticta. Dorsal
la. Dorsal scutes. | scutes,
Prats XXVIII.
Monacanthus melanoproctes, p. 242.
rm
May 7, 1889.
Prof. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions made to
the Menagerie during the month of April 1889 :—
The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the
month of April were 93 in number. Of these 40 were acquired by
presentation, 27 by purchase, 10 on deposit, and 16 by birth. The
total number of departures during the same period, by death and
removals, was 88.
The most noticeable additions during the month were :—
1. A young male Sinaitic Ibex (Cepra sinaitica) from Mount Sinai,
presented by Sir James Anderson, April Ist. This is the second
specimen of this fine Ibex as yet received by the Society. The
former specimen, received December 30, 1884, is now quite adult.
It is unfortunate that the present specimen is also of the male sex.
2. A young male specimen of the Lesser Koodoo (Sérepsiceros
imberbis) from East Africa, presented by George S. Mackenzie, Esq.,
April 18th. We have still living in the Gardens the adult male of
this beautiful s; ecies, received April 7, 1886. It is again unfortunate
that the newly received animal is of the male sex ; but as the species
occurs in the territory of the new British East- African Company, we
may well expect to receive further specimens.
Mr. Sclater exhibited and made remarks on a living specimen of
an albino variety of the Cape Mole-rat (Georychus capensis), lately
presented to the Menagerie by the Rev. George H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.
Mr. Fisk wrote that he had had the specimen in question in captivity
two or three months, kept in a box half full of earth and fed princi-
pally on potatoes. The ordinary colour of this animal was a uniform
grey ; the present specimen, however, was of anearly pure white with
P. Z.5.1889. Pl XXIX.
a)
a a ae
Maud Horman Fisher.del et .lith Imp. Camb. Sei. Inst.Co,
XEROMYS MYOIDES
1889.] MR. 0. THOMAS ON A NEW GENUS OF MURID. 247
black eyes. Mr. Fisk said there are also three white specimens of
this animal in the Capetown Museum.
A letter was read from Dr. E. C. Stirling, of Adelaide, containing
a copy of his description of a new Australian Mammal (which had
already appeared in nearly the same form in ‘ Nature,’ vol. xxxviii.
p- 583), as read before the Royal Society of South Australia, Sept. 4th,
1888, and published in that Society’s ‘Transactions.’ Dr. Stirling
was now engaged in finishing a complete description of this very
peculiar and interesting burrowing animal, which somewhat resembled
a Cape Mole (Chrysochloris) in general external appearance, and
expected to be able to communicate it to this Society when ready.
Mr. Seebohm exhibited the skin of a male example of Phasianus
- chrysomelas which had been purchased in the flesh (along with a
female) in Leadenhall Market, where several others were also sold,
and was stated to have been sent over in a frozen state from the
Trans-Caspian provinces of Russia.
The following papers were read :—
1. Description of a new Genus of Muridz allied to Hydromys.
By Ouprie.p Tuomas, Natural History Museum.
[Received March 26, 1889.]
(Plate X XIX.)
One of the most singular and at the same time most isolated genera
of Muride is Hydromys, of which the only species is the well-known
Australian Water-rat. Alone of the family, and, with one exception’,
alone of the Rodentia, this remarkable animal has only two molars
on each side of each jaw, and the structure of these molars is at the
same time quite different from that found in any other known Rat.
Externally Hydromys has taken on characters suitable for a purely
aquatic life, standing, so far as regards external specialization for
swimming, in an intermediate position between Potamogale and Nec-
tomys”, less specialized than the former and more so than the latter.
The skull of Hydromys differs from other Muride in many
characters, and especially in the structure of the infraorbital foramen,
which is hardly murine in the ordinary sense at all, as it is of about
the same breadth above and below, and its external wall has not the
anteriorly projecting plate found in the great majority of the Rats
and Mice (see Plate XXIX. fig. 7).
Altogether Hydromys has occupied a peculiarly isolated position
in the family, no other genus showing any approach towards it, and
there is therefore a proportionate amount of interest in the discovery
of a new form allied to it. ‘The proof of alliance lies wholly in the
1 Heterocephalus phillipsi, see P. Z.8. 1885, p. 847.
” Peters, Abh. Ak. Berl. 1860, p. 152. Regarded as a subgenus of Holochilus,
Thomas, P. Z. 8. 1882, p. 101. 2
Vi
248 MR. 0. THOMAS ON A NEW GENUS OF MURID&. [May 7,
dentition, as both the cranial and external characters of the new
genus are those of ordinary Muridz. The new form, by its structure,
is obviously a land- and not a water-animal, and on this account,
in contradistinction to its aquatic ally Hydromys, I propose to call it
XeERomys', g. n.
External form murine. Tip of muzzle as in Jfws, not as in
Hydromys. Toes unwebbed. Tail scaly, very finely haired. Skull
as in Mus, except that the supraorbital edges are rounded. Teeth
both in number and structure as in Hydromys.
XEROMYS MYOIDES, Sp. n.
External appearance exactly like that of an ordinary Mus. Size
about twice that of Mus musculus. Ears short (as compared to most
members of Mus), rounded, laid forward they only reach to within
about 3 or 4 millim. of the posterior canthus of the eye; their anterior
edge without the little supplementary flap founda in Hydromys.
Fur very short, uniform in length. Whiskers as in Mus, fewer and
slenderer than in Hydromys. General colour above dark slaty grey,
below white, the line of demarcation not sharply defined. Lars
grey. Arms and legs like back; hands and feet very thinly haired,
almost naked terminally, white. Palms and soles (Plate XXIX.
fig. 9) naked, the former with five and the latter with six pads, the
last hind pad elongate. Pollex with a short broad nail, all the other
digits with claws; fifth digit on each foot, without claw, reaching
just to the base of the fourth. Tail about the length of the body
without the head, slender, scaly, the scales rather irregularly disposed,
very small, averaging about 20 to 22 to the centimetre, the whole
tail very thinly covered with fine white hairs; its substance pale
flesh-colour above and below. Palate-ridges exactly asin Hydromys,
i. e. three predental, the third notched in its centre, three interrupted
interdental ridges, and one posterior uninterrupted (see Plate XXIX.
fig. 5). Mamme 0—2=4, as in Hydromys.
Skull (Plate XXIX. figs. 1-4), in its general form, not unlike that
of asmall Rat, say of the common N. Australian Uromys cervinipes,
Gould. Nasals reaching much further forwards than in Hydromys,
but not so far as in Mus, just falling short of the level of the front
of the premaxillee. Interorbital region smoothly convex, the supra-
orbital edges rounded, not ridged or beaded. Interparietal very
broad transversely, and narrow antero-posteriorly. Infraorbital
foramen typically murine in character, the outer wall broad and
slightly projecting forwards (fig. 6). Anterior palatine foramina
short, not eqnalling the combined length of the two upper molars.
Bulle small, inflated, transparent.
Teeth.— Upper incisors long, less curved than in Mus, and recalling
in their general appearance those of the Voles. Their front surfaces
smooth, ungrooved, orange in colour. Molars (Plate XXIX. fig. 10)
as in Hydromys chrysogaster, except that the lateral ends of the
lobes are shorter and rounder, and that the inner wall of the second
1 Enpds, dry; 1 Enpa, the dry land.
1889.] MR. 0. THOMAS ON A NEW GENUS OF MURIDZ. 249
lobe of m.1 is slightly folded inwards at its centre. Lower incisors
very long, their front surface white. Lower molars (fig. 4) as in
Hydromys, but the walls of the large anterior lobe of m.1 are notched,
so as to give a rather more cuspidate character to the tooth.
Dimensions of the type, an adult female in spirit :—
Head and body 111 millim.; tail 85; hind foot 23-2; ear 10x
10°5 ; head 33; forearm and hand 29; heel to front of last foot-pad
10°8 ; leagth of last foot-pad 2°6.
Skull.—Basal length 26; greatest breadth 15; nasals, length 8:9,
breadth 3:3; interorbital breadth 5:0; interparietal, length 3:1,
breadth 9-2; infraorbital foramen, length of outer wall 28, distance
from outer corner of ove foramen to that of the other 7-6; palate,
length 16, breadth outside m.* 5°5, inside m.' 2:1; diastema 9;
length of palatine foramina 3:9; length of m.’ 2°8, of m.° 1:5; of
the two together in situ 4:1.
Hab. Port Mackay, Queensland (Godeffroy Museum).
The above given being the combination of characters presented by
the new form, we may turn to the interesting questions as to the phylo-
geny of Hydromys naturally raised by its discovery. Had the origin
of Hydromys been formulated apart from Xeromys, it would most
assuredly have been somewhat as follows :—The ancestor of Hydromys
would have been said to have been an ordinary Murine with three
molars, which took to an aquatic life as Mus fuscipes, Microtus
amphibius, and others have done, and that then, afterwards, as the
external characters became modified for swimming, and as some
water-loving substance was more and more exclusively used as food,
the teeth became modified in the remarkable manner characteristic
of the genus. This natural speculation, apparently quite sound in
itself, is abruptly overthrown by the discovery of Xeromys ; for that
animal, without having developed the aquatic habits and characters
of Hydromys, has already attained to the same specialized dental
peculiarities. That Xeromys is the almost unmodified descendant
of one of the more recent direct ancestors of Zydromys is almost
unquestionable, as it does not possess a single peculiar character of its
own, every one of its points being present either in its relatives the true
Rats and Mice, or in what we may fairly call its offspring, ydromys.
The true course of the evolution of Hydromys appears therefore to
have been this. There would have been living in Australia, perhaps
comparatively recently, one or more species of a terrestrial genus
possessing a Murine exterior and skull, and Hydromyine dentition,
palate-ridges, and mamme (i.e. Xeromys as now defined). Some
members of this genus taking to an aquatic life, such of their
characters as had any direct relation to the power of swimming
would have become modified, these being size, form of head, and
therefore of skull, structure of muzzle (for cleaving the water and
keeping it out of the mouth), great whisker development, closeness
and glossiness of fur, extra folds on ear-conch, webbing of toes,
suppression of sole-pads, and hairiness and increase in size and
strength of tail. On the other hand, the number and structure of
the teeth, and even such slight and presumably easily modified
250 REV. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE ON A [May 7,
characters as the form of the palate-ridges and the number of the
mamme, have remained quite unaffected during all the changes that
the rest of the animal has undergone.
A parallel case, but one in which the differences between the two
are by no means so strongly marked, is that of the rare Floridan
Neofiber’, in its relationship to the common and widely-spread
North-American Fiber.
But the question next arises as to which of the Murines Xeromys
itself is most allied; but here the very high specialization of its
teeth presents the same difficulty as inthe case of Hydromys, so that
in this respect the discovery of Yeromys hardly helps us at all. The
slight differences between the teeth of the two genera prove that the
almost continuous walls round the lobes of the molars of Hydromys
were formerly cusps, as in other Murines; but although this leads
directly towards Mus, it leads equally directly towards nearly all the
other members of the family. In fact one cannot say with absolute
certainty that the teeth are more nearly allied to those of Mus than
to those of Uromys, Hapalotis, Gerbillus, or even Cricetus itself ;
and we must therefore be content to wait in the hope that more of
the missing links, either fossil or recent, may yet turn up, and that
then a more enlightened study of larger material may tend to eluc -
date this most interesting question. In any case we must be thankful
that by the preservation of the apparently common-looking little
Xeromys myoides, so important an advance in our knowledge of
the ancestry of Hydromys has been made practicable.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.
Figs. 1-4. Skull of Xeromys myoitdes.
5. Palate-ridges of ditto.
6, Anterior zygoma-root of ditto.
7. Anterior zygoma-root of Hydromys chrysogaster.
8, 9. Ear and right hind faot of Yeromys myoides.
10-12. Left upper and lower molars of ditto.
2. On a new Tree Trap-door Spider from Brazil.
By the Rev. O. P. Camarines, M.A,, F.R.S., C.M.Z.8., &e.
{Received April 10, 1889.]
Class ARACHNIDA.
Order ARANEIDEA.
Fam. THERAPHOSIDA,
Gen. nov. DenprIcon.
DENDRICON RASTRATUM, Sp. 0.
This genus is evidently nearly allied to Moggridgea, Cambr., but
the presence on the falces of a strong rake-like group of spines near
the base of the fang, and a difference in the form of the maxillz and
labium, lead me to conclude that it is certainly distinct from that
' See True, P. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 170 (1884).
1889. ] NEW TREE TRAP-DOOR SPIDER. 251
genus. The Jadium is longer than broad, somewhat narrower at the
apex than at the base; the apex is rather rounded, and there are
Structure of Dendricon rastratum.
Fig. 1. Labium and portion of sternum, enlarged.
2. Portion of one of the falces, enlarged.
3. Portion of one of the maxillz, enlarged.
4. Leg of Ist or 2nd pair, enlarged.
5. Nest in bark, natural size.
numerous small denticulations on the upper half. The mawille are
also covered with similar denticulations.
252 MR. F. E, BEDDARD ON TAPIRUS TERRESTRIS. [May 7,
The falces are massive, with some sharp teeth opposed to the
strong, curved fang, and a compact group of spines at their extre-
mity, in front, on the upperside near the articulation of the fang.
The legs are short, very strong, and armed with spines on the
tibic and metatarsi of the two anterior pairs. The colour of the
above parts is yellow-brown to rich reddish brown.
The nest. consists of a short tube, covered with minute fragments
of bark and lichens, and almost concealed in the interstices of the
bark of a tree; at the upper end is a nearly circular, hinged wafer-
lid, similarly concealed by lichens and bits of bark.
Two specimens of this nest, and the Spiders in them, were very
recently forwarded to me by post by Mr. Frederick Tayler, of
Rainhill, Lancashire ; but unfortunately the Spiders and the bark in
which the nests were placed were completely crushed and almost
comminuted in the postal transit, so that no part of the Spiders
could be distinguished excepting the fragments from which the
figures annexed were drawn. These fragments, however, show that
the Spider is nearly allied to Moggridgea, Cambr., but distinct. I
have therefore thought that a new genus might be based upon them,
and that thus the attention of collectors being drawn to the fact of
there being a Tree Trap-door Spider inhabiting Brazil, more examples
might be obtained, and further details of the Spider’s size, form, and
position of the eyes ascertained. The only hitherto known Trap-
door Spiders inhabiting trees have been found in South Africa.
The Spiders and nests now described were received by Mr. Tayler
from Mr. Dukinfield Jones, C.E., by whom they were found in the
Organ Mountains, Brazil.
3. Some Notes upon the Anatomy of the American Tapir
(Tapirus terrestris). By Franx E. Brpparp, M.A.,
Prosector to the Society.
[Received May 6, 1889.]
Having dissected two specimens of the American Tapir, I have
been able to supplement in some particulars the accouuts given by
Owen (6), Yarrell (9), Eudes-Deslongchamps (3), Mayer (11), and
Turner (8) of the anatomy of this animal. My notes principally refer
toa young Tapir which died in the Society’s Gardens on February 13th
of the present year, haying lived in the Gardens for only two months.
The animal measured 41 inches from the tip of the snout to the
root of the tail (the measurement being taken along the curves of the
back). The height at the shoulder was 22 inches.
The animal showed the white bands which characterize the
young.
Alimentary Tract.
The hard palate was furnished with 15 ridges and one incomplete
ridge on either side which showed an alternate arrangement, the
1889.] MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON TAPIRUS TERRESTRIS. 253
apex of each ridge lying between two ridges of the opposite side ; in
front of the molars these ridges are directed forwards, posteriorly
they are directed backwards; on the right side the half ridge
formed the fourth of the series, on the left side the fifteenth.
The ¢ongue has numerous fungiform papille, and, as Parker (10)
states of the Indian Tapir, these papillz are most numerous anteriorly
and posteriorly; a median space was entirely destitute of these
papilla, which, however, occurred along the sides of the tongue in
this region just as abundantly. There was a distinct Mayer’s organ,
and on a level with the anterior margin of this a transverse row of
four circumvallate papillz.
On opening the abdominal cavity the greater part was seen to be
occupied by the cecum and two segments of the colon; the coils of
the small intestine were pushed away to the left side. Owen de-
scribes ar. identical arrangement in his specimen; it may therefore be
probably regarded as typical.
The stomach measured 21 inches round the greater curvature, it
was 8 inches in length; the shape agreed with the figure given by
Eudes-Deslongchamps, and with Parker’s figure (10, woodcut fig. 1)
of the stomach of the Indian Tapir, but the two orifices (cesophageal
and duodenal) were more closely approximated owing to the tension
caused by the gastrohepatic ligament. The cesophageal epithelium
was found to be prolonged some way into the interior of the stomach,
and was recognizable by its dense white, corrugated appearance ; it
extends for a distance of about 24 inches on one side and 14 inches
on the other side of the cesophageal opening—not so far as in the
Rhinoceros and Horse or in the American Tapir as described by
Owen (6); the interior of the stomach appeared to be, in fact, much
like that of the Indian Tapir. The stomach was twisted as in Eudes-
Deslongchamps’s figure.
The biliary orifice was about 2 inches from the pylorus; the
pancreatic opening opposite to it and about 1 inch from the py-
lorus.
The walls of the stomach at the duodenal orifice were very thick
and furnished with several circularly arranged folds ; the commence-
ment of the duodenum was well marked.
The small intestine measured 27 feet in length. I could not dis-
cover any valvule conniventes, only irregular folds which extended
through many feet of the intestine ; their folds were in some parts so
complex as to produce a honeycombed appearance.
The cecum and the commencement of the large intestine are illus-
trated in the accompanying drawing (woodcut fig. 1). This viscus
has been already illustrated in Eudes-Deslongchamps’s memoir, but
the figure given by him is small and in some respects incomplete.
The general appearance of the ceecum and the colic loop is very similar
to that of the Horse (Chauveau (2); fig. 177, p. 432) and the Rhino-
ceros (Beddard and Treves (1), pl. xxxiv.). The small intestine is
attached to the cecum, as in the other Perissodactyles, by a large
anangious fold (fig. 1, 6, p. 254) extending along the small intestine
for the distance of about 1 foot. Where the vein and artery perforate
254 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON TAPIRUS TERRESIRIS. [May 70s
Fig. 1.
Cxcum and Colie Loop of Tapirus terrestris.
e,excum; L.I, colic loop; d, blood-vessel running in peritoneal fold ; a, b. ‘i
various folds of peritoneum; m, mesentery supporting cecum and sma
intestine ; s¢, small intestine.
1889. | MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON TAPIRUS TERRESTRIS. 255
the intestinal mesentery on their way to and from the caecum a small
mesenteric fold (fig. J, @) was attached for a short distance to the
cecum. The cecum is thrown into sacculations by four fibrous
bands running from end to end of the cecum and at approximately
equal distances from each other; of these the band to which the
ileo-ceecal mesentery is attached is the least conspicuously developed.
This is rather remarkable, for in the Rhinoceros (2h. sondaicus) the
band which lies on the opposite side of the ceecum has disappeared,
and in the Horse is fused a considerable way before the end of the
czcum with one of the lateral bands’.
At its commencement the colon was enormously enlarged and
intimately bound to the czecum by fibrous bands as in the Rhino-
ceros.
The looped arrangement of the colon is identical with that of the
Horse and Rhinoceros; the distal narrow portion was not so dis-
tinctly marked as in Rhinoceros, but this apparent difference may be
really due to inflation.
Asin Rh. sondaicus each loop of the colon was furnished with
a considerable artery (fig. 1, d@) and vein attached by a fold of mesen-
tery to the surface of the colon; the blood-vessels and the folds were
continuous at the extremity of the loop.
The American Tapir furthermore resembles the Rhinoceros in the
presence of a small free fold (fig. 1, e) which arises from the surface
of the membrane uniting the two halves of the colic loop. As will
be seen by a comparison of the accompanying drawing with the
figures of the Rhinoceros’s ceecum published by Mr. Treves and
myself (pl. xxxiv.), this fold appears to be on the opposite side.
The omentum was large and bore some fat; it was fixed to the
transverse colon and to the kidney.
The spleen measured 134 inches in length and 3 inches greatest
breadth ; it had a conspicuous notch on one side near to the broad
end.
The liver is more like Murie’s figure (4, plate iv. fig. 7) of the liver
of T. indicus than Parker’s (10, woodcut fig. 2, p. 770). It hasa
well-developed Spigelian and caudate lobe. The right central lobe
is larger than the left. There is of course no gall-bladder.
The heart possesses a well-developed moderator band formed of
four limbs, of which three are attached to the free wall of the right
ventricle and one to the septal wall. According to Parker (10) this
structure does not occur in the Indian Tapir. As in that species, the
subclavian and carotid arteries all arise from a single innominate
trunk.
The lungs agreed perfectly well with Parker’s description of the
lungs in the Indian species. I noticed on the right side an epar-
terial bronchus.
The generative organs I did not dissect; the penis is well illus-
trated in Eudes-Deslongchamps’s figures.
1 Parker only describes three bands in 7. indicus ; the one that has vanished
appears to be the one that is feebly developed in the American Tapir.
PP P iM
256 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON TAPIRUS TERRESTRIS. [May 7,
The following visceral characters appear to distinguish the Ameri-
can from the Indian Tapir :—
(1) Absence of well-marked valvulz conniventes, or at any rate
their less development (Owen).
(2) Presence of a moderator band in the heart.
(3) Shape of glans penis.
(4) A more elongated czecum sacculated by four bands.
Brain.
The accompanying drawings (woodcuts figs. 2, 3) illustrate the
principal characteristics of the cerebral hemispheres and of the cere-
bellum. The brain of Tapirus terrestris has been already figured
by Eudes-Deslongchamps (8), Mayer (11), and Dareste (12); the
Fig. 2.
Upper surface of Brain of Tapirus terrestris.
second figure, that of Mayer, is also copied in Krueg’s work upon
the cerebral convolution of Ungulates (5). I believe, however, that
my figures, which were carefully drawn by Mr. Smit from the pre-
1889.] MR. F.E. BEDDARD ON TAPIRUS TERRESTRIS. 257
served brain, are somewhat clearer; in any case the individual
variations are well known to be very great; hence it is necessary to
examine a large number of brains before the arrangements of the
sulci which characterize a particular species or genus can be
detected.
At the time that Krueg’s important memoir upon the Ungulate
brain was published (1879), there were but few figures of the Perisso-
dactyle section of that group; besides the Horse only the Indian
Bre. ot
Lateral view of Brain of Tapirus terrestris.
The cross (++) is placed upon the same convolution as that in fig. 2.
Rhinoceros and the American Tapir were at all known. At the
present time we have also figures of the brains of Rhinoceros sondaicus
(Beddard and Treves [1], pl. xxxvii.), Ceratorhinus sumatrensis
(Garrod [7], pl. lxx.), Tapirus indicus (W. N. Parker [10], pl. lviii.),
besides the additional figures of Tapirus terrestris which are given
in this paper. It seems therefore to be now more permissible to
compare the American Tapir with its allies than when Krueg wrote.
258 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON TAPIRUS TERRESTRIS. [May 7,
There seems to be no doubt that the cerebral convolutions are
simpler in Zapirus than in the other types; on the other hand, it is
well known that the brains of smaller animals are more simple in their
convolutions than those of their larger allies. This generalization,
however, hardly applies to the Perissodactyla; Ceratorhinus suma-
trensis, as Garrod has pointed out, has a more complex and folded
cerebrum than the larger RA. unicornis; the brain of Rh. sondaicus
is if anything rather more complex than that of Rh. unicornis, though
here, again, the contrary might have been expected. The brain of
the Horse is at least as complicated in the cerebral folds as that of
Rhinoceros. It may therefore be that the comparatively simple
brain of the Tapir is an indication of a low position among the
Perissodactyla, which is of course favoured by other considerations.
List oF MEMOIRS REFERRED TO.
1. Bepparp, F. E., and Treves, F.—On the Anatomy of the
Sondaic Rhinoceros. Trans. Zool. Soe. vol. xii. pt. vi. (1887),
pp- 183-198, pls. xxxili.—xxxvil.
2. Cuauveau et ArLtoinc.—Traité d’Anatomie comparée des
Animaux domestiques, 2™° éd.
3. Evprs-DesLongcuamps.—Remarques Anatomiques sur le
Tapir d’Amérique. Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie, t. vill.
(1844).
4. Murir, J.—Onthe Malayan Tapir, Rhinocherus sumatranus.
Journ. Anat. and Phys. vol. vi. (1872), pp. 131-169,
pls. viil.—x.
5. Kruec.—Ueber die Furchung der Grosshirnrinde der Ungu-
laten. Zeitschr. f. wissensch. Zool. Bd. xxxi. (1878), pp.
297-341, Taf. xx.—xxiil.
6. Owen, Sir R.—Notes on the Anatomy of the American Tapir.
P. Z.8. 1830-31, pp. 161-164.
7. Garrop, A. H.—On the Brain of the Sumatran Rhinoceros
(Ceratorhinus sumatrensis). Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. x. pp.
411-413, pl. Ixx.
8. Turner, H. N.—Contributions to the Anatomy of the Tapir.
P. Z. 8. 1850, pp. 102-106.
9. YARRELL, W.—Observations on the Tapir of America. Zool.
Journ. iv. (1829), pp. 210-213.
10. Parker, W. N.—On some points in the Anatomy of the
Indian Tapir (Tapirus indicus). P.Z.S. 1882, pp. 768-777,
pls. lvii., lix.
11. Maver, C.—Beitriige zur Anatomie des Elephanten und der
iibrigen Pachydermen. Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. Bd. xxi.
(1847), pp. 1-88, Taf. i.—ix.
12. Daresrre, C.—Troisitme Mémoire sur les Convolutions du
Cerveau chez les Mammiféres. Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 4, t. itt.
(1855), pp. 65-111, pls. il, il.
P.Z.S 1889. P1.XXX.
G.M Woodward dal. etlith West, Newman imp.
Pree pollex & pre hallux of Mammals.
1889.] ON PREPOLLEX AND PREHALLUX. 259
4, On the Prepollex and Prehallux, with Observations on the
Carpus of Theriodesmus phylarchus. By Prof. Karu
Barpetesen (Jena). (Communicated by Prof. G. B.
Howes, F.Z.S., F.L.8.)
[Received April 30, 1889.]
(Plate XXX.)
In 1885 I gave the name “rudiments of prapollex and pre-
hallux ” to those bones on the inner side of the carpus and tarsus of
the Mammalia which were hitherto either quite unknown, or had
been but briefly described as radial and tibial ‘sesamoids.”” 1 have
found these bones in all orders of Mammals which have five functional
digits. The “rudiment of the przepollex”’ (shortly called “ prae-
pollex’’) is present in’ Marsupials, Edentata, Rodents, Insectivora,
Carnivora, and Monkeys. ‘The preepollex is situated on the trape-
zium in Insectivora and Lemurs; between the scaphoid and the
first metacarpal in Rodents and Carnivora ; between the scaphoid
and the trapezium in Monkeys. The prehallux articulates with the
first cuneiforme in Marsupials, Insectivora, and some’ Carnivora ;
with the same bone, or with the navicular, in Edentata and Rodents ;
with both bones in other Carnivora; between the first cuneiform
and the first metacarpal in Monkeys. The rudiments of the pree-
pollex and prehallux are small, rounded, or elongated ossicles, often
strikingly similar to a metacarpal or phalangeal bone. As almost
all Mammals have also a supernumerary bone (formerly considered
as a “‘sesamoid”’) on the oufer side of tie hand (pisiforme) and of
the foot (tuberositas calcanei), I conclude (regarding these super-
numerary elements as vestiges of reduced digits) that there are, in
addition to the ordinarily recognized five digits, the rudiments of a
sixth (internal) and of a seventh (external) digit, in both the hand
and foot of Mammals. js
I have also found a supernumerary cartilage on the tibial border of
the tarsus in the human embryo of the second month ; and Kehrer,
a pupil of Wiedersheim, has shown (Berichte d. naturf. Gesellsch.
zu Freiburg, Bd. i. Heft 4, 1886) that the Urodela have also
rudiments of seven digits in embryonic stages. Consequently I was
led to state, at the meeting of the German Naturalists and Physicians
in Berlin (1886), that we must modify our former views on the
pentadactyly of the higher vertebrates, inasmuch as we have ground
for regarding certain cases of hyperdactyly (polydactyly), which are
not unfrequently found in Mammals (more especially in the best-
known Mammal, Man), as instances of atavism rather than of
abnormality.
Until this month I have neither had the time nor the requisite
material for a more detailed inquiry into this important subject,
nor had I seen the large collections of London and of North
America. My intention to come to London has been on several
260 PROF. KARL BARDELEBEN ON [May 7,
occasions frustrated. In the meantime, many observations agreeing
with my own have been recorded by other authors; and there has
been a strong attack made upon my views by Prof. Gegenbaur
(Morphol. Jahrbuch, vol. xiv. p. 394, 1888).
This attack, emanating from one of the most celebrated com-
parative anatomists of the day, impelled me to renew my investiga-
tions on the subject and, for this purpose, to study the collections
preserved in the British Museum, where I have found both a very
large amount of material and have met with the greatest kindness in
helping me to use it. Of those to whom I am particularly indebted,
I may mention Prof. Flower, Dr. Giinther, Dr. Woodward, Mr.
Boulenger, Mr. Lydekker, and especially Mr. Oldfield Thomas, who
allowed me to work in his room, and who gave me much assistance
in my examination of the Museum specimens.
These recent observations have fully corroborated my previous
conclusions on the subject. Although it is not possible for me
just now to communicate all the results I have obtained in London,
I may nevertheless give a short account of some of the more
interesting facts which I have established.
In some Mammals (for example, in Pedetes capensis) the pre-
pollex consists of two bones (Plate XXX. fig. 2), of which, in a
specimen in the British Museum, the proximal (Pp.p.)is 13 millim.
long, and the distal (Pp.d.) 7 millim. And, above all, this rudiment
of a digit bears, in this animal, a genuine nail’; whereas many true
digits, such as the halluxes of Marsupials, are without nails. The
preepollex of Pedetes is very large, and the nail is a true one, singu-
larly like that of the human thumb and similarly longitudinally
striate (Plate XXX. fig. 1).
In Bathyergus maritimus (Plate XXX. fig. 3) the preepollex and
the postminimus are both very well developed. The latter consists of
two bones, of which the proximal (pi.p.) is the true pisiform and
measures 5 millim. in length, while the distal (pi.d.) is 7°5 millim.
in length. We must therefore in the future distinguish a proximal
from a distal ‘ pisiform ;”” and I regard the former as, in all proba-
bility, the carpal, and the latter as the metacarpal segnient of the
postminimus.
If, with the carpus or tarsus cf an animal with five digits, there
articulate one or two supernumerary bones having the form and
relationships of those ordinarily representing a reduced pollex or
hallux, we have good reason for regarding the same as rudiments of
adigit. It is most difficult, however, to say wherein a digit consists.
How many bones must it contain? Is the mammalian thumb
invariably a complete digit, or is it only a rudiment? If it is a
digit, the preepollex and przehallux are digits too, at least in the
cases of Pedetes, Talpa, and many others. Everybody who has
1 Mr. Oldfield Thomas, to whom I had shown the two bones in the pre-
pollex, examined for me the skins of this animal which are preserved in the
collection, and found the nail in question. Prof. Howes has since informed
me that a similar, but less specialized, cornification overlies the immense pre-
hallux of Cercolabes (CU. nove-hispanie).
1889. ] PREPOLLEX AND PREHALLUX, 261
studied these matters, and has compared the different degrees of
reduction in the mammalian hand and foot, will admit that not only
the reduction from five to four, three, two, and even one digit is
Seay but equally the reduction from seven to six, and from six
to five.
I have also found in many Reptiles the rudiment of a przpollex
and a prehallux, although most of these animals are much dif-
ferentiated. We shall probably never find either in Mammals or in
Reptiles (Ichthyosaurus excepted) seven equally developed digits ;
but nobody will deny that a great many forms are lost for ever, and
that we have little chance of finding complete fossil remains of
digits in animals whose hands and feet were wholly or partly carti-
laginous, as is the case with most Amphibia.
I have also found the prepollex in an animal the position of
which among the Vertebrata is very doubtful; I refer to the Meso-
zoic Theriodesmus phylarchus of Seeley (Phil. Trans. vol. 179,
B, 1883, p. 141). There is preserved in the British Museum a
natural mould of the bones of the right forearm and hand of this
animal, together with other fragments of its skeleton. Prof. Seeley’s
description appears to me to be inexact, and I cannot agree either
with his views or with his restoration of the carpus. He considers
that there are three centralia. His first centrale is, as my recon-
struction shows (cf. Plate XXX. figs. 4 & 5), the lunar; his third
centrale, on the border of the scaphoid (‘‘ scapho-lunar”’ of Seeley)
and the trapezium, is the proximal bone of the prepollex ; and his
second centrale appears to me to consist not of one bone, but of two,
i.e. two centralia. The first’ centrale has the same position as in all
Mammals in which it is a distinct bone; he second is placed as in
the carpus of Centetes (in which it is not quite distinct),—and as in
the tarsus of Cryptoprocta ferox (Madagascar ; Leyden Museum),
in which I have found a distinct bone (triangulare tarsi). A small
ossicle (small, perhaps, only in the plane in which the stone has been
cleft) lies on the border of the trapezium; it has been omitted by
Prof. Seeley in his diagrams (J. ¢. pp. 147 and 150), and is in reality
the distal bone of the przepollex (Pp.d.).
Figure 4, which I have had redrawn from the original specimen,
also shows some other interesting points. The unciform (u.) bears
a condyle for articulation of the fourth, and a fossa for that of the
fifth metacarpal bone. Between the first and second, and also the
second and third phalanges of the third finger, and between the
first and second phalanx of the fourth finger (the end of which
cannot be clearly made out), there are intermediate pieces of bone
which are probably epiphyses. In the other fingers these inter-
mediate bones are coalesced with the phalanges in the same manner
as the epiphyses of other Mammals. If these intermediate bones are
epiphyses, the phalanges of the third and fourth fingers of this
animal would appear to bear epiphyses at both ends—a condition
rarely seen among Mammals.
1 J enumerate the centralia from the radial or tibial border, as is customarily
done in dealing with the digits and the metacarpal and metatarsal bones.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XVIII. 18
262 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON A LEAF-INSECT. [May 21,
The radius and the ulna of Theriodesmus are of a simple generalized
type, in some points resembling those of Reptiles ; but the olecranon
has more or less mammalian characters.
So far as this specimen carries us, Theriodesmus cannot be said to -
belong to any known order of Mammals, but it is also not a Reptile
in the modern sense of the word. This animal shows, in its forearm,
its caudal vertebre, and its centralia, such very low (although mam-
malian-like) characters, that it ought to be placed between the
Reptiles and Mammals. If not the “ Promammal” of Haeckel, it
may perhaps have been a near relative of some such transitional form,
whose existence and characters may be thus postulated on retro-
spection.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.
Prepollex and Prehallux of Mammals.
Figs. 1, 4, 5, nat. size. Figs. 2 & 3, slightly enlarged.
. Right manus of Pedetes capensis, palmar surface.
. The supporting skeleton of the same.
. The supporting skeleton of the corresponding manus of Bathyergus
maritimus.
. Right manus of Theriodesmus phylarchus, Seeley.
. Restoration of the carpus of the same.
Fig.
of tobe
Reference letters.
ce}.,ce.”, centralia. cu., cuneiforme. ep., epiphysis. Jw.,lunare. mg., magnum.
pi., pisiform (postminimus). pé.d., distal bone of pisiform. p7.p., proximal
bone of pisiform. Pp., preepollex. Pp.d., distal bone of priepollex. Pp.p.,
proximal bone of prepollex. J?., radius. Sc., scaphoid. ¢d., trapezoid. ti.,
trapezium. w., unciform. JU., ulna. I, I, III, 1V, V, metacarpals. 1, 2, 3,
phalanges.
May 21, 1889.
Prof. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
Mr. Sclater exhibited and made remarks on the mummy of a
Falcon which had been obtained at Thebes in Kgypt by Mr. Arthur
J. Scott, F.Z.S., last winter. It was believed to be that of a Kestrel
(Tinnunculus alaudarius).
Mr. Sclater exhibited and made remarks ona series of photo-
graphs, taken at Antipodes Island, south of New Zealand, by Messrs.
Dougall, of Invercargill, New Zealand, and representing groups of
the marine birds (Penguins, Cormorants, and Albatroses), and of
the Sea-lions, which frequent that island for breeding-purposes.
Mr. Sclater exhibited a drawing of a Leaf-insect living in the
Society’s Insect-house, and probably referable to a not quite adult
stage of Phyllium gelonus, Gray. ‘This specimen has been received
1889.] | ON COLEOPTERA COLLECTED IN VENEZUELA. 263
Phyllium gelonus, imm.
from the Seychelles and presented to the Society by Lord Walsing-
ham, F.R.S.
The following papers were read :-—
1. List of the Crioceride, Cryptocephalide, Chrysomelide,
and Galerucide collected in Venezuela by M. Simon,
with Descriptions of the new Species. By Martin
Jacosy, F.E.S.
[Received April 24, 1889.]
A collection of Phytophagous Coleoptera from Venezuela has been
kindly submitted to me by Mons. Eug. Simon, of Paris, for exami-
nation, and, as far as 1 am able, I herewith give the results, although
a good many small species have been left undetermined for want of
18*
264 MR. M. JACOBY ON COLEOPTERA [May 21,
material, as descriptions from single specimens (unless particularly
distinguished in one way or other) are not desirable, taking into
consideration the variability of the Phytophaga.
Perhaps it is not out of place here to caution future collectors of
these insects against the practice of gumming them on small pieces
of cardboard, since it is in most cases necessary to examine the
undersides of the specimens. These suffer greatly during relaxation,
and are in many instances almost impossible to clean so that the
small spines and structures of the legs and antennze shall be made
plainly visible. The specimens should in all cases be sent home in
sawdust and left to be mounted in one way or other after they have
been examined.
I add here the localities in which M. Simon obtained the speci-
mens :—
La Guaira (level of the sea), October 1887.
Caracas (elevation of 922 metres), October till January 1888.
Colonia Tovar, Province Guzman Blanco, mountains of 1900
metres at an average.
Hacienda de Corosal, near Caracas, February 17th—21st.
Puerto Cabello (level of the sea), February 27th-29th and March.
San Esteban, hot forest near Puerto Cabello, March Ist—26th.
Valencia, March 29th till April 6th.
The collection, although not large, contains a good many appa-
rently undescribed species ; those which are known are for the most
part also found in Colombia and other parts of South America ;
very few collections have to my knowledge been sent from Vene-
zuela, which offers no doubt a rich field to the Entomologist.
LEMA PATRUELIS, 0. sp.
Head, the antenne (the three apical joints excepted), the breast,
and the four anterior legs black ; thorax fulvous, impunctate ; elytra
flavous, a transverse band at the base and another below the middle
black ; posterior femora flavous.
Length 3 lines.
Head black, impunctate, eyes deeply notched ; antennze extending
to half the length of the elytra, black, the apex of the ninth and
the two apical joints entirely fulvous ; thorax slightly broader than
long, dark fulvous, the sides deeply constricted, the basal suleation
distinct, the surface entirely impunctate ; scutellum black: elytra
scarcely perceptibly depressed below the base, the anterior portion
distinctly, the posterior one very finely punctured, the interstices flat,
the lateral margin raised; the disk flavous, interrupted by a broad
bluish-black band at the base, extending to the sides, having its
posterior edge sinuate, and by another transverse band placed near
the apex, not quite extending to the extreme margin ; this band has
its upper margin convex near the sides but narrowed towards the
suture, and its lower margin slightly concave: the breast and the
four anterior legs (a flavous spot at the underside of the femora
excepted) black; abdomen and the posterior femora fulvous, the
extreme apex of the latter and the tibize and tarsi black.
1889. | COLLECTED IN VENEZUELA. 265
San Esteban. A single specimen.
Allied to L. ducalis, Lac., L. buckleyi, Baly, and many others, but
differing from all in the system of coloration.
LEMA SIMONT, 0. sp.
Fulvous ; antenne (the first joint excepted), the apex of the tibize,
and tarsi black ; thorax with three piceous spots, punctured on the
disk ; elytra strongly punctured anteriorly only, the ninth row entire ;
abdomen stained with piceous.
Length 22 lines.
Head constricted behind the eyes, the latter very prominent, deeply
notched ; the vertex impunctate, the lateral grooves very deep; palpi
thickened, piceous ; antennze not extending to half the length of the
elytra, black, the basal joint fulvous, the second very short, the
third slightly shorter than the fourth joint ; thorax not longer than
broad, not very deeply constricted at the sides; the basal sulcation
shallow and only visible when viewed sideways, the surface with a
double row of fine punctures down the middle, the sides anteriorly,
and a longitudinal stripe at the middle, piceous ; scutellum piceous,
with a basal fovea; elytra without any basal depression, strongly
punctured at the base, the punctures gradually diminishing posteriorly
and scarcely visible at the apex, the interstices very slightly convex
at the latter place and at the sides, also impressed here and there
with a few fine punctures ; underside and legs fulvous, the extreme
apex of the tibiee, the tarsi, and the middle of the abdominal segments
piceous.
San Esteban. A single specimen.
Allied to Z. nupta, Lac., and several others belonging to that
division, but differing in the colour of the antennee, that of the thorax,
and in the immaculate elytra.
Lema EqQuestris, Lac.
A single specimen obtained at San Esteban agrees almost entirely
with the Mexican forms.
Lema CALCEATA, Lac.
I refer somewhat doubtfully the three specimens from San Esteban
to this species, with the description of which they agree in the main
points; the antennz may, however, be called rather robust, and the
elytra, which show an oblique depression at the base (of which
Lacordaire says nothing), are not finely but very deeply punctured,
and the interstices here and there transversely raised ; everything
else agrees with the author’s description, and as there are already
several very closely allied species contained in Lacordaire’s 32nd
group, I have preferred not to describe the present insect as another
addition to it.
LEMA DUBIA, Lac.
From San Esteban and Puerto Cabello.
266 MR. M. JACOBY ON COLEOPTERA [May 21,
LEMA SAGITTIFERA, Lac.
From Corosal.
Lema orsiGnyt, Lac., or L. porsauis, Lac.
Specimens from Caracas may be referred to either of these species,
one of which is probably a variety of the other.
MEGASCELIS HERBACEA, Lac.
San Esteban.
Mreascetis vitrara, Fabr.
Corosal.
MEGASCELIS SUTURALIS, Lac.
San Esteban.
MEGASCELIS AMABILIS, var., Lac.
Colonia Tovar.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS ATOMAROIDES, Suffr.
Colonia Tovar. A single specimen.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS OBFUSCATUS, Suffr.
Colonia Tovar. A single specimen.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS DECORUS, Suffr.
A single specimen from Colonia Tovar.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS ANCEPS, Suffr.
La Guaira and Caracas.
This species has been described by Suffrian as inhabiting Cuba as
well as Caracas. The specimens obtained by M. Simon agree very
nearly with the author’s description, which gives the ground-colour
of the elytra as brown, interrupted by three transverse yellow bands ;
in the Venezuelan specimens the yellow colour predominates, and
is divided by a narrow transverse brown band before and a similar
band below the middle; these bands are irregularly indented and
connected by the brown punctured. strize, which separate the yellow
ground-colour. I have not seen a typical specimen of C. anceps,
but I have not much doubt about the present insects being identical
with it, being probably subject to variation in regard to the yellow
or brown colour.
CRYPTOCEPHALUS AURATUS, Fabr.
Seven specimens from Corosal and Colonia Tovar.
Monacuus Preccator, Suffr.
Corosal and Colonia Tovar.
PACHYBRACHYS RETICULATUS, Fabr.
Caracas. A single specimen.
1889. ] COLLECTED IN VENEZUELA. 267
DoryprHora PUNCTATISSIMA, Stal.
A single specimen from San Esteban.
DoryruHora PuRA, Stal.
San Esteban and Colonia Tovar.
DoryrHora MACULATA, Oliv.
San Esteban.
DoryPHORA BLANDA, Stal.
San Esteban.
DoryPHORA SIMONI, 0. sp.
Obscure brownish eeneous; thorax strongly transverse, the sides
with a few punctures only ; elytra flavous, very finely subgeminate,
punctato-striate ; the margins, a deeply dentate transverse band at
the base (including a flayous spot), another band at the middle,
and two elongate spots near the apex, piceous.
Length 43 lines.
Of very rounded, strongly convex, and posteriorly deflexed shape ;
head, thorax, and the underside brownish, with greenish zeneous re-
flections, the head finely punctured ; the labrum fulvous; antennz
greenish black, the first joint fulvous, the third very elongate, the
following very short, the terminal five joints gradually widened ;
thorax at least three times broader than long, the sides very strongly
rounded and widened before the middle, the surface entirely
impunctate, with the exception of a few deep punctures at the sides,
the latter also with a round fovea; scutellum impunctate, brownish :
elytra widened towards the middle, the anterior portion strongly
convex, the posterior greatly and rather suddenly deflexed; the
disk very finely punctured, the punctures irregularly arranged here
and there in double rows, flavous; the bands not extending to the
lateral but to the sutural margin, the basal one consisting of four
connected elongate spots, joined at the middle to the base so as to
enclose a round spot of the ground-colour near the scutellum ; the
second band placed at the middle, also composed of four confluent
spots, two other elongate spots near the apex, and a short streak
attached to the suture near the apex, as well as all the margins
uarrowly, brownish piceous ; the mesosternal process strong, straight,
and moderately long.
San Esteban; a single specimen.
DoryPuHorRA FASCIATA, Stal.
A specimen from San Esteban.
PROSICELA CHEVROLATH, Baly.
San Esteban and Colonia Tovar.
CaLLIGRAPHA PERCHERONI, Stal.
San Esteban and Colonia Tovar.
268 MR. M. JACOBY ON COLEOPTERA [May 21,
DrsMOGRAMMA DECORATA, 0. sp.
Obscure fulyous ; terminal joints of the antenne black; thorax
remotely punctured; elytra regularly punctate-striate, flavous; a
sutural band, divided anteriorly, the posterior part of the lateral
margin, and two elongate markings before and below the middle,
connected by a narrow stripe, brownish zeneous.
Length 3 lines.
Head with some fine punctures, fulvous, slightly stained with
eneous; antenne short, the five terminal joints widened, black, the
others fulvous; thorax nearly three times as broad as long, the sides
straight, the anterior and posterior margin nearly parallel; the disk
rather strongly and irregularly punctured near the middle and at the
sides, leaving a narrow central impunctate space, fulvous, with a
slight metallic greenish tint; elytra flavous, with a narrow longi-
tudinal sutural band of brownish-zeneous colour extending to the
second row of punctures, and divided in front at each side of the
‘suture into a short branch which does not extend to the base; a
subquadrate large spot is placed directly below the base and con-
nected at its inner margin by a narrow stripe with another sub-
triangular spot placed near the apex; the posterior portion of the
lateral margin is likewise brownish; below obscure fulvous, the
legs paler; claws simple; the prosternum longitudinally raised
between the anterior coxee.
San Esteban. A single specimen.
The elytra have the third and fourth rows of punctures interrupted
before the apex, the fifth, sixth, and seventh rows slightly longer;
the spots are of a greenish-zeneous colour.
PLAGIODERA ORNATA, DN. Sp.
Pale fulvous ; the terminal joints of the antennze, the knees, and
the tarsi black; thorax with a narrow central black line and two
basal spots ; scutellum black; elytra semiregularly punctured, tes-
taceous, the suture and six spots on each elytron (1, 2, 2,1) metallic
reen.
Length 2—23 lines.
Head impunctate, depressed between the eyes; antennze black,
the basal five joints fulvous ; thorax three times broader than long,
the sides straight at the base, slightly rounded in front; the disk
impunctate, with a narrow central black line from the base to the
apex, the basal margin with two black spots; elytra testaceous, the
punctures placed in irregular rows, a broader space in front of the
lateral margin depressed, darker fulvous, and bounded by a row of .
deeper punctures, the suture narrowly metallic green, this colour
widened at the apex into a rounded spot; six other green spots
placed as follows—a small one on the humeral callus, two larger
ones placed transversely before and two others below the middle, and
a single spot at the apex ; below and the legs fulvous, the knees and
tarsi black.
San Esteban.
Of this handsome species two specimens were obtained.
1389.] COLLECTED 1N VENEZUELA. 269
HERMZOPHAGA SIMONI, 0. Sp.
Piceous ; the antennze (the terminal joints excepted), thorax, and
legs flavous; elytra greenish eeneous, finely and semiregularly
punctured.
Length ?-1 line.
Head piceous, impunctate, the vertex with a metallic zeneous tint,
the space between the eyes more or less flavous; the tubercles
obsolete, very narrowly transverse; labrum black ; antennz closely
approached, extending beyond the base of the elytra, flavous, the
four terminal joints black, the basal joint narrowly elongate, second
short and thickened, the following two joints scarcely longer but
more elongate ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides straight,
the anterior angles obliquely angulate, the posterior margin produced
at the middle into a rounded lobe, the surface with a deep transverse
groove near the base, slightly sinuate in shape and bounded laterally
by a short longitudinal depression, beyond which the groove is ex-
tended at a little distance along the sides; the disk entirely impunctate,
flavous; scutellum small, black; elytra convex, widened towards
the middle, the base with a very shallow obsolete depression, metallic
greenish or zeneous with a slight flavous tint, the punctuation fine
and close, more distinct at the base than towards the apex and ar-
ranged in somewhat regular rows near the base; legs flavous; pos-
terior femora strongly incrassate; tibiee armed with a very minute
spine ; the first joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the following
two joints together; claws appendiculate.
Caracas.
HERMZOPHAGA SUBCOSTATA, 0. sp.
Metallic dark blue ; the three basal joints of the antennee flavous ;
thorax transverse, entirely impunctate ; elytra strongly and deeply
semipunctate-striate, the sides with one or two more or less distinct
longitudinal costze.
Length 13-14 line.
Head broad, impunctate ; eyes very large ; the frontal elevations
distinctly raised, rather short and trigonate, the carina very short
and obscure; labrum piceous; palpi fulvous; antennz half the
length of the body, black, the lower three joints fulvous, the basal one
stained with metallic blue above, the third joint quite as long as the
fourth ; thorax strongly transverse, more than twice as broad as long,
the sides nearly straight, the anterior angles oblique, slightly thick-
ened; the disk slightly swollen in front, with a very deep and sinuate
transverse groove near the base, bounded at the sides by another
perpendicular groove, beyond which the basal groove extends to a
slighter degree upwards along the sides, the surface entirely impunc-
tate; elytra convex, with strongly impressed and closely placed rows
of punctures, the sides with a short acute ridge commencing at the
shoulder and extending below the middle, this ridge much more
strongly marked in the female.
Caracas.
I think that this species is distinct from its many closely allied
270 MR. M. JACOBY ON COLEOPTERA [May 21,
congeners, partly described under the generic name Diphaulaca, on
account of the strongly punctured elytra and their lateral costa.
HrrRMZOPHAGA HAROLDI, 0. sp.
Metallic green; antennze (the basal joints excepted) and tarsi
black ; thorax broader than long, impunctate; elytra strongly
punctate-striate.
Length 14 line.
Head impunctate, the frontal elevations very distinct and of longi-
tudinal shape; the carina short and acute; antennze extending to
rather more than half the length of body, the lower three joints
fulvous, the first stained with black above, the third slightly longer
and much thinner than the second, the others black ; thorax about
one half broader than long, the sides nearly straight, the angles
acute, the transverse basal groove very deep and curved at the middle,
bounded by an equally deep lateral longitudinal groove, rest of the
surface very shining and impunctate : elytra convex and very slightly
widened posteriorly, the shoulders prominent, the base rather swollen ;
the disk strongly and rather regularly and closely punctate-striate,
the punctures more strongly impressed at the sides, where the inter-
stices are also rather swollen ; the punctuation distinct to the apex.
From Tolonia Tovar, Caracas (5 specimens).
HH. haroldi, although closely allied to several species described by
von Harold under the generic name of Diphaulaca in his ‘ Coleopterol.
Hefte,’ seems to differ principally in the strongly punctured elytra in
connexion with the transversely-shaped thorax. I am in possession
of most of the types of the author, all of which differ in this respect.
HERMZOPHAGA NITIDICOLLIS, Ni. Sp.
Below piceous; above metallic greenish zeneous ; the basal joints
of the antennze and the tarsi obscure fulvous; thorax impunctate ;
elytra finely and closely semipunctate-striate.
Length 1 line.
Head impunctate ; eyes very large; frontal elevations strongly
raised, the carina long and very narrow; anterior margin of the
clypeus swollen, perfectly straight ; antennze nearly as long as the
body in the male, shorter in the female, piceous, the three basal
joints obscure flavous, the third scarcely longer than the second but
thinner: thorax about one half broader than long, the sides straight,
the anterior angles oblique, forming a small tooth before the middle,
the posterior margin with its median lobe slightly produced and
rounded; the surface with a deep and strongly sinuate transverse
gooove near the base, bounded laterally by a not very distinct longi-
tudinal groove, but continued beyond this in a more feeble degree
along the sides of the thorax; the disk entirely impunctate and very
shining ; elytra convex, with a scarcely visible depression below the
base, finely but very closely and semiregularly punctured ; anterior
tibize with a small spine.
Caracas.
Differing from H. nitidissima, Baly, in the dark greenish zneous
1889.] COLLECTED IN VENEZUELA. 271
colour, the shape of the thorax, and the close and distinct elytral
punctuation.
Hartica (GRAPTODERA) TRANSVERSICOLLIS, 0. Sp.
Black ; antennze and legs fulvous, above metallic green ; thorax
transverse, the basal groove obsolete ; elytra very finely and closely
punctured.
Length 1 line.
Head broader than long, very minutely granulate, impunctate, the
frontal tubercles obsolete ; antennze robust, fulvous, half the length
of the body, the second joint thickened, the following ones nearly of
equal length but thinner ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides
rounded, the angles obtuse, the surface scarcely. perceptibly punctured,
with a narrow transverse very obsolete groove near the base ; seutellum
black ; elytra very finely and closely but more distinctly punctured
than the thorax ; legs entirely fulvous.
Colonia Tovar.
This very small species may be known principally by the more
than usual transversely-shaped thorax, in connexion with the fulvous
antennze and legs and the obsolete transverse thoracic groove, which
is almost invisible at the sides. On account of these characters, the
Venezuelan species has scarcely the general appearance of a true
Haltica or Graptodera ; I see, however, no reason to separate it from
that genus.
Hatrica puicatu.A, Erichs.
San Esteban.
HALTIcA AMETHYSTINA, Oliv.
San Esteban and Colonia Tovar.
Lacrina Acris, Harold.
Colonia Tovar.
Lactica BrrasciaTa, Jacoby.
San Esteban and Caracas.
Lactica BoGcorana, Harold.
Colonia Tovar.
Lactica crrria, Harold.
San Esteban.
LacrTica SCUTELLARIS, Oliv.
San Esteban and Caracas.
Lacrica picuroa ’, Harold.
San Esteban.
Disonycua TRIFASCIATA, Clark.
San Esteban.
272 MR. M. JACOBY ON COLEOPTERA [May 21,
DisonycHA AuSsTRIACA, Schauf.
San Esteban.
DisonyCHA GLABRATA, Fabr.
La Guaira and San Esteban.
DisoNYCHA LEVIPENNIS, 0. sp.
Testaceous; the antenne, apex of the tibiw, and the tarsi black ;
thorax impunctate; elytra purplish blue, impunctate.
Length 2 lines.
Head impunctate, testaceous, with a single deep fovea near the
inner margin of the eyes; the frontal elevations absent ; the clypeus
broad and but little raised; anteunze short and robust, entirely black,
the first joint testaceous below, the fourth longer than the third, this
latter distinctly longer than the second joint; thorax transverse,
nearly three times broader than long, pale testaceous, entirely im-
punctate, with an obscure transverse depression near the base, the
posterior angles oblique ; scutellum much broader than long, piceous ;
elytra entirely impunctate, purplish blue; underside and legs testa-
ceous; the tibiee (their base excepted) and tarsi black.
Caracas. A single specimen.
D. levipennis seems allied to D. eximia, Harold, from which it differs
in the colour of the antennz and in the presence of a thoracic groove.
D. steinheili is another closely allied species, but has the vertex of
the head zeneous and the basal joints of the antenne pale. The elytra
in D. levipennis, although impunctate, are unevenly rugose, but it is
possible that in the specimen obtained this is abnormal or accidental.
SysSTENA S-LITTERA, Linn.
Caracas.
EpirRiIx FULVICORNIS, 0. sp.
Black ; thorax and legs, the posterior femora excepted, flavous ;
thorax very strongly punctured ; elytra with the base swollen, deeply
punctate-striate.
Length 3 line.
Head piceous, impunctate ; the frontal tubercles forming narrow
oblique ridges ; antennz flavous, the third and fourth joints equal ;
thorax nearly twice as broad as long, rather convex, the sides nearly
straight, the anterior angles oblique, the surface deeply and rather
closely punctured, with a slight bronze tint, the median lobe strongly
produced and rounded ; the sulcation not very deep, except at the
sides, slightly sinuate, the space below it more remotely punctured:
elytra with the basal portion strongly raised, the latter bounded
below by a transverse groove, the punctured rows deep and regular,
visible to the apex; the interstices costate at the sides, clothed
sparingly with a few hairs.
San Esteban and Caracas.
E. fulvicornis seems to differ from its rather numerous congeners
1889. ] COLLECTED IN VENEZUELA. 273
by the strongly punctured thorax in connexion with the raised basal
portion of the elytra and the flavous antennze and legs.
Epirrix VENEZUELENSIS, Nl. Sp.
Elytra flavous ;° thorax transversely subquadrate, the basal sulcation
deep and finely punctured; elytra with the basal portion slightly
raised, distinctly punctate-striate, the punctures distinct to the apex.
Length 1 line.
Head impunctate, the frontal elevations rather obsolete, elongate ;
antennz more than half the length of the body, entirely flavous,
the terminal joints gradually thickened; thorax about one half
broader than long, the sides straight, slightly narrowed towards the
base, the basal margin moderately produced at the middle ; tne disk
not visibly punctured, except below the basal sulcation, which latter
runs parallel with the posterior margin ; elytra with the basal portion
slightly raised, the punctures very distinct to the apex, each puncture
surrounded by a piceous ring.
Colonia Tovar ; two specimens.
E. venezuelensis seems closely allied to EF. flavicola, Har., from
Colombia, but that species is described as having an entirely smooth
thorax and the elytra without raised basal portion and their punctua-
tion invisible below the middle ; both species agree, however, in the
entirely flavous colour.
Epirrix HIRTULA, Harold.
Epirrix OPACIcoLLis, Har.
Both species from Colonia Tovar.
Epirrix FLAVEOLA, Har.
From Valencia.
HoMmoruHyta VARIABILIS, Jac.
Caracas.
Homopuyta apusta, Har.
San Esteban and Colenia Tovar.
SANGARIA HAROLDI, 0. sp.
Elongate, black; head, thorax, and legs fulvous; thorax finely
punctured ; elytra metallic dark green, closely punctate-striate.
Length 14 line.
Head extremely minutely punctured, the frontal elevations united
at the base; the carina short and acutely raised; eyes large; palpi
piceous ; antennee two thirds the length of the body, black, the
second joint short, the third distinctly longer ; thorax quite one half
broader than long, the margins nearly straight, the angles thickened,
the posterior ones oblique, the surface very minutely punctured, with
a transverse narrow groove close to the posterior margin; scutellum
black ; elytra narrowly elongate, the base distinctly raised, strongly
and closely punctate-striate, the punctures gradually diminishing
274 MR. M. JACOBY ON COLEOPTERA {May 21,
posteriorly, the interstices slightly convex ; underside black; legs
fulvous, the posterior tibiz sometimes piceous ; anterior coxal
cavities closed.
From Corozal.
Although I have not much doubt that I am rightly referring the
present insect to von Harold’s genus, there are differences to be
found which are rather important from a structural point of view ;
thus in S. haroldi the antenne have the third joint nearly twice as
long as the preceding, instead of these joints being both extremely
short; the posterior femora also do not extend beyond the abdomen
as in the type, and the posterior tibize are distinctly channelled near
the apex; as, however, all other characters, including the thoracic
groove placed closely to the margin, the closed cavities and other
details, agree well with the description of that author, the above-
mentioned differences are doubtless more specific than generic. From
S. haagi, 8. haroldi is well distinguished by the transversely shaped,
not quadrate, thorax and the black underside.
CREPIDODERA CASTANEA, 0. Sp.
Dark brown; antenne and legs flavous; thorax subquadrate,
strongly punctured ; elytra regularly punctate-striate, the interstices
costate at the sides.
Var. above paler brown.
Length 3-1 line.
Head impunctate, the frontal tubercles small but distinct, the
lower part of the face rather deflexed and flattened, nearly smooth ;
palpi flavous ; antennz slender, nearly two thirds the length of the
body, entirely flavous, all the joints with the exception of the second
of nearly equal length ; thorax one half broader than long, the sides
concave, the angles acute, the surface rather convex, with a not very
deep transverse sulcation near the base, which is not bounded
laterally by a longitudinal groove, but extends upwards a short
distance along the sides, the disk strongly punctured ; elytra convex,
pointed at the apex, the basal portion distinctly raised, regularly
and rather strongly punctate-striate, of a uniformly dark brown colour
like the head and thorax ; legs entirely flavous ; the first joint of the
posterior tarsi as long as the three following joints together ; anterior
coxal cavities closed.
San Esteban.
This very small species seems to be allied to C. pleuralis, Har.,
from Bogota as regards the non-limited thoracic groove; the shape
of the thorax and the dark uniform brown colour of the upper surface
will help to distinguish C. castanea from its allies.
CacoscELIs (?) SEMIFULVA, 0. sp.
Reddish fulvous; the antenne, the apex of the femora, and the
tibize and tarsi black; thorax impunctate; elytra metallic blue,
extremely closely and finely punctured.
Length 2 lines.
Head impunctate, transversely grooved between the eyes; the
1889. } COLLECTED IN VENEZUELA. 275
frontal elevations distinct; the clypeus broadly triangular; the
palpi more or less piceous ; antennze extending below the middle of
the elytra, black (the basal two joints sometimes obscure fulvous),
the fourth joint distinctly longer than the third ; thorax subquadrate,
the sides widened before the middle, rather suddenly narrowed in
front, the anterior angles slightly produced outwards, the surface
impunctate, shining, reddish fulvous with a very obsolete transverse
depression near the basal margin, the latter straight; scutellum
fulvous ; elytra somewhat depressed along the base at the suture,
metallic dark blue, very closely and finely punctured; the breast
and legs fulvous ; the abdomen, the apex of the femora, and the
tibize and tarsi black ; posterior femora but very moderately dilated,
the tibiee with a small spine, the first joint of the posterior tarsi
longer than the three following joints together ; claws appendiculate ;
anterior coxal cavities open.
San Esteban.
It is difficult to point out the exact place of this insect, which I
have only provisionally placed in Cacoscelis; it is probably the
representative of a new genus, should other species with similar
structural characters be found; the thorax is nearly quadrate, not
transverse as in Cacoscelis; all the tibize are marked with a small
spine, and the metatarsus of the posterior legs is also much longer
than in the typical forms of the genus; the posterior femora are
but moderately dilated and the general shape of the insect is
narrowly elongate; the long first joint of the posterior tarsi
separates the species from those composing the genus Haltica
(Graptodera).
APHTHONA REGULATA, 0. sp.
Oblong, dark violaceous blue ; the basal joints of the antennze and
the anterior legs more or less fulvous; thorax impunctate; elytra
regularly punctate-striate.
Length 1 line.
Head impunctate; the frontal elevations transverse, distinct ;
carina acute and long; antenne not extending to half the length of
the elytra, black, the four basal joints fulvous, the second and third
joints equal; thorax about one half broader than long, the sides
nearly straight, the anterior angles oblique, forming a tooth before
the middle, the surface impunctate ; elytra rather closely, finely, and
regularly punctate-striate ; below piceous; posterior femora bluish ;
tibize and tarsi more or less fulvous.
Caracas.
The leaden-blue colour and the regularly punctate-striate elytra
separate A, regulata from its allies.
Homoru@tTa £QUINOCTIALIS, Linn.
San Esteban, Caracas, Corozal, and Colonia Tovar.
HoMopuG@ta VARIABILIS, Jac.
San Esteban and Colonia Tovar.
276 MR. M. JACOBY ON COLEOPTERA [May 21,
CEDIONYCHIS GRAPHICA, N. sp.
Testaceous; eyes large; thorax impunctate; elytra minutely
punctured, each with two spots at the base, a transverse band before
and two spots below the middle, black.
Var. Thorax fulvous, with some obscure piceous spots; elytra
darker.
Length 23-3 lines.
Head with a few fine punctures, testaceous or obscure piceous ;
eyes very large, the intermediate space only half the width of their
diameter ; clypeus strongly deflexed, nearly black ; antenne entirely
flavous, the third and fourth joints equal, the following ones shorter ;
thorax more than twice as broad as long, the sides with a broad flat-
tened margin, nearly straight, narrowed in front, the anterior angles
not much produced, the surface impunctate, fulvous, with an obscure
transverse depression near the base ; elytra very minutely punctured,
testaceous, with two black spots placed across the extreme basal
margin of somewhat triangular shape and connected anteriorly, a
narrow transverse anteriorly concave band is placed before the
middle, not extending to either margin, and two other small black
spots, forming a nearly connected similar band, concave at its
lower margin, are situated at some distance from the apex; the
underside and legs are entirely testaceous.
Caracas aud Colonia Tovar.
This species seems to be subject to discoloration, as in some
specimens the elytra are of an obscure fuscous colour, the antenne
being similarly darkened ; these darker specimens have several blackish
spots placed across the disk of the thorax, which in the type are
entirely absent.
(EpIONYCHIS HUMERALIS, Fabr.
San Esteban.
(pionycuis pipvs, Illig.
A variety from Caracas.
(EpIONYCHIS HONDURENSIS, Jac.
A specimen from San Esteban, which shows no difference from
those from British Honduras contained in my collection.
CEDIONYCHIS PROXIMA, Jac.
Two specimens from San Esteban.
ASPH&RA ABBREVIATA, Oliv.
San Esteban.
ASPHRA ALBIDA, Schauf.
Caracas.
ASPHARA LuNATA, Fabr. (inclusa, Baly).
San Esteban.
1889.] COLLECTED IN VENEZUELA. 277
Mowoptatvus (?) OBLITERATUS, N. Sp.
Dark or paler fulvous, glabrous and impubescent ; palpi filiform ;
thorax transverse, scarcely visibly grooved, finely punctured ; elytra
distinctly punctate anteriorly, almost impunctate below the middle,
the sides with a short longitudinal costa.
Length 13-2 lines.
Head rather strongly punctured at the vertex, the frontal tubercles
divided by a deep longitudinal groove, the carina sharply raised and
long, dividing the clypeus; palpi not incrassate; antenne not
extending to half the length of the elytra, fulvous, the terminal
joints darker and gradually thickened, the third joint slightly longer
than the following joints ; thorax transverse, about one half broader
than long, the sides slightly narrowed at the base and very obtusely
angulate before the middle, the anterior angles obliquely produced
outwards, the surface rather flattened, with a very obsolete transverse
depression near the base, very finely and rather remotely punctured ;
elytra only distinctly punctured at the anterior portion, the rest of the
punctures nearly obliterated, the sides with a narrow but well-
defined longitudinal ridge from the shoulder to near the middle, but
varying in length; tibize with two spurs; claws appendiculate.
San Esteban.
This species seems to possess most of the structural characters
peculiar to Monoplatus, but differs in the very obsolete transverse
thoracic groove, this in itself is, however, of no great importance,
since the same groove in the genus Lactica and other genera is
occasionally found to be similarly reduced ; in the filiform palpi and
the impubescent upper surface it agrees with Monoplatus. As regards
the double tibial spurs, it should be understood that these are quite
distinct in character and seem to me not to have been recognized as
such by Clark; in many instances where this author speaks of two
teeth or spurs, the inner one is simply the pointed projection of the
tibize, while the other corresponds with the usual spine found in
nearly all Halticidse; this spine is generally much larger and placed
more at the middle of the apex of the tibia. MV. obliteratus agrees in
colour with M. fulvus, Baly, but differs quite in the structure and
shape of the thorax ; the female is larger, of darker colour, and the
thorax and elytra are much more strongly punctured.
Omorortvus CARINATUS, 0. Sp.
Dark fuscous, spotted with fulvous and white ; head with a short
ridge at the vertex ; antennze fulvous, joints 5-6 and 9-11 fuscous ;
thorax with two anterior tubercles; elytra with strongly raised
interstices, the disk spotted with fulvous, and three transverse rows
of small white spots.
Length 2 lines.
Head covered with fulvous pubescence, the middle of the vertex
with a short but distinct longitudinal ridge; antenne thickened
at the terminal joint, the fifth and sixth and the three apical joints
fuscous, the others fulvous ; thorax distinctly broader than long,
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XIX. 19
278 MR. M. JACOBY ON COLEOPTERA [May 21,
closely covered with dark and partly fulvous pubescence, obscuring
the punctuation, the sides nearly straight, the anterior angles sub-
tuberculiform, each furnished with a single hair, the surface with a
transverse distinct depression near the base and two strongly raised
tubercles near the anterior margin; scutellum triangular, closely
pubescent ; elytra finely punctate-striate, transversely depressed
below the base, the interstices longitudinally costate, those at the
base and the second subsutural costa at the middle more strongly
raised than the others, the surface closely covered with dark fuscous
or greyish pubescence, the sutural margia and a narrow space at the
middle of the disk brighter fulvous or yellowish ; each elytron with
three transverse rows of irregularly placed small white spots, the first
row placed near the middle, the second below the latter, and the
third near the apex.
San Esteban, near Puerto Cabello and La Guaira.
O. carinatus, although very closely allied to O. bituberculatus,
O. fuscatus, Clark, and O. albomaculatus, Jac., seems to differ suffi-
ciently from either species to justify its separation. It differs from
the two first named species in the short but distinct longitudinal
ridge of the head and in the different colour of the elytra. O. albo-
maculatus is a smaller insect, the head has no ridge, and the elytra
are of a more uniform coloration, but have the same small white spots
placed similarly ; the thorax is, however, less transverse. The colour
of the present insect is subject to great variation, some specimens
being nearly black, others greyish white or dark fulvous and variously
spotted; the more brightly coloured sutural margin and a narrow
elongate space on the middle of the disk seem, however, to be
constant in all specimens; the anterior legs are generally fulvous,
the others darker and spotted.
Hypo.ampsis FRAGILIS, Clark.
Caracas.
PHYSIMERUS SIMONI, 0. Sp.
Dark brown or fuscous, clothed with bright flavous pubescence ;
antennze with the 7th and 8th joints fuscous; elytra with the basal
portion raised, irregularly variegated with flavous or greyish pubes-
cence and some obscure transverse darker markings.
Length 13-12 line.
Head dark brown, the vertex finely rugose, clothed at the sides
with golden-yellow pubescence ; eyes large; palpi cylindrical, scarcely
thickened ; antennz slender, two thirds the length of the elytra,
dark fulvous, the base of each joint often darker, the seventh and
eighth entirely dark, the third and the two following joints slender
and equal, the following ones gradually shortened ; thorax nearly
quadrate, narrowed at the base, the sides straight at the latter place,
rounded and widened before the middle, the anterior angles slightly
tuberculiform, the surface depressed at the posterior portion, giving
the middle part a transversely raised appearance when viewed side-
ways, clothed with short golden-yellow pubescence, principally at the
1889. ] COLLECTED IN VENEZUELA. 279
sides, the middle of the disk darker, sometimes in shape of two longi-
tudinal bands ; elytra distinctly broader than the thorax, the basal
portion raised, the punctured strize fine, obscured by short pubescence
which forms longitudinal short stripes interrupted by darker spaces
below the base, before and below the middle, the interstices slightly
convex; underside dark, legs lighter fulvous; posterior claws
piceous.
Caracas, Colonia Tovar, and San Esteban.
The present species of Physimerus shows very little difference to
distinguish it from several other closely allied forms, yet seems to me
to be distinct from the hitherto described species, the nearest allied
one of which seems to be P. variegatus, Harold, from Colombia; in
this species, however, the eighth interspace of the elytra is described
as more strongly raised and as specially characteristic of that insect.
In P. simoni there is no trace of any stronger convex interspace, and
the punctures are not deeply but finely impressed ; the pubescence
varies from golden yellow to grey, and is intermixed with single
longer stiff hairs, as is frequently the case in other species of the genus ;
the darker places or spots of the elytra are to be found below the
basal raised portion, at the middle and below the latter, where a kind
of zigzag obsolete transverse band is formed; all these spots are in
some specimens scarcely visible.
EuPHENGES (?) SUBCOSTATUS, N. sp.
Fulvous, glabrous above; thorax very finely punctured; elytra
black, finely punctate-striate, the punctuation obsolete below the
middle, the sides with an acute short ridge from the shoulder to the
middle.
Var. The lateral margin of the elytra more or less narrowly
fulvous.
Length 14-2 lines.
Head rather deeply punctured near the eyes; palpi scarcely
widened ; antenne fulvous, the terminal joints strongly incrassate ;
the third joint slightly longer than the following ones ; thorax about
one half broader than long, glabrous, the sides subangulate before
the middle, the surface with a few scarcely visible and irregularly
placed punctures, fulvous; scutellum fulvous; elytra with a shallow
depression below the base, impubescent, the punctures rather deep
at the anterior half, gradually finer and nearly disappearing towards
the apex; underside and legs pale fulvous; tibia armed with a
single spur at the apex ; claws appendiculate.
San Esteban.
The incrassate antennz, glabrous upper surface, and the sub-
angulate thorax seem to place this species in HLuphenges, the fili-
form palpi preventing the incorporation in Allochroma, which other-
wise seems closely allied. Huphenges seems, moreover, a very doubtful
genus and contains two species with filiform and incrassate antennee
respectively. In the present insect a distinct acute ridge runs from
the shoulders to the middle of the elytra; these have in some
specimens the sutural and lateral margins narrowly fulvous.
19*
280 MR. M. JACOBY ON COLEOPTERA [May 21,
SPARNUS MINUTUS, 0. sp.
Ovate, convex, glabrous; piceous or black; the base of the
antenne and the anterior legs pale testaceous; head and thorax
distinctly punctured ; elytra obsoletely punctate-striate, the interstices
longitudinally costate.
Length ? line.
Head not longer than broad, with some irregularly placed punctures,
piceous or sometimes dark fulvous; eyes large; penultimate joint
of the palpi but moderately thickened, the apical one acutely pointed ;
antennee rather widely separated, extending to the base of the elytra,
the second joint strongly thickened and very short, the third scarcely
longer and much thinner, the following joints transverse, moniliform,
gradually and strongly thickened ; the colour variable, the three or
four basal and sometimes the apical joint pale testaceous, at other
times nearly black; thorax strongly transverse, nearly three times
broader than long, the sides nearly straight, the posterior margin
rounded, the anterior angles obliquely rounded, the sides distinctly
narrower than the middle, the surface with a few fine and irregularly
placed punctures ; elytra strongly ovate and convex, acutely pointed
at the apex, glabrous and shining, nearly black, the punctured strize
rather indistinct except at the base and at the sides, the interstices
longitudinally convex, the posterior femora very strongly swollen, their
tibize slightly curved and longitudinally channelled, armed with a
single distinct spine at the apex, the first joint of the posterior tarsi
as long as the following three joints together; the swollen claw-joint
appendiculate.
From San Esteban and Caracas.
This very small but interesting species probably forms the repre-
tative of a new genus closely allied to Cyrton or Sparnus on account
of its glabrous upper surface, the thickened antenne, and transversely
shaped thorax, but seems to differ in the more filiform palpi and
the exceptionally distantly placed antenne. In spite of these differ-
ences I prefer to place the insect in Sparaus until similarly
structured forms are found, the number of genera already existing
in the group of @dipodes not making it desirable to increase them
without sufficient and substantial structural characters being present.
It will not be difficult to recognize S. minutus on account of the very
seen et ovate, posteriorly poited shape, and the glabrous upper
surface.
DIABROTICA SIMONI, 0. Sp.
Pale green, the head, scutellum, breast, and the tibiee and tarsi
black ; antennz: fulvous, the second and third joints short; elytra
subrugose, a sutural narrow short stripe black, the base and two
obscure spots at and below the middle flavous.
Fem. Thorax with four piceous elongate spots; humeral callus
fulvous.
Var. Elytra without flavous marks, bright green, shining.
Length 23 lines.
Head with a deep fovea, black, shining ; antenne nearly as long
1889. ] COLLECTED IN VENEZUELA. 281
as the body, entirely dark fulvous, the second and third joints short,
equal, the fourth joint longer than the two preceding united ; thorax
quadrate, slightly narrowed at the base, smooth, shining, green, the
disk bifoveolate ; scutellum black ; elytra closely and finely rugosely
punctured, the base, the extreme lateral margin, and the suture
narrowly pale flavous, the anterior portion of the suture below the
scutellum with a short black stripe ; at and below the middle a very
obscure flavous transverse spot is seen which in the variety is absent ;
the abdomen and the femora pale green, the tibize, tarsi, and the
breast black.
Colonia Tovar.
The two sexes of this species were taken in copuld ; the female,
which is slightly larger than the male, has four more or less distinct
piceous spots placed transversely on the thorax; the shoulders have
also a reddish-fulvous spot. The entirely fulvous antennz and the
differently marked elytra separate D. simoni from D. mutabilis,
D. gemmingeri, Baly, and other allied species, the smaller size and
the want of the black lateral vitta of the elytra, as well as the green
abdomen, from D. virginella, Baly.
DIABROTICA FULVOFASCIATA, Nl. Sp.
Pale flavous ; head, antennz, and thorax obscure fulvous ; elytra
pale greenish, with an obscure fulvous longitudinal band, finely and
closely punctured.
Male. Autennee very strongly thickened and widened at the inter-
mediate joints.
Length 23 lines.
Head pale fulvous, the, vertex with a fovea; labrum piceovs ;
antennze extending to about half the length of the elytra, dark
fulvous, the second and third joints very short and equal, the fifth
to the ninth joints greatly dilated and thickened, the terminal one
narrowly cylindrical with a short appendage ; thorax scarcely one
half broader than long, narrowed at the base, obscure fulvous, the
lateral margins narrowly greenish, the surface impunctate with two
obscure longitudinal depressions ; scutellum piceous; elytra closely
punctured, with an obsolete, longitudinal depression at the sides and
faint traces of longitudinal costz, pale greenish, the middle of the
disk occupied by an obscure pale fulvous band from the base to the
apex; femora pale greenish, the rest of the underside and legs
flavous.
Caracas.
The single male specimen contained in this collection agrees
nearly in coloration with D. porracea, Har., and several other allied
species, but is distinguished by the strongly dilated antennz and the
paler general colour ; the former character is also found in D. muta-
bilis, Baly, but this species differs totally in colour.
DIABROTICA ESTEBANENSIS, 0. Sp.
Black ; the basal and the two penultimate joints of the antenne,
as well as the femora below, flavous; head and thorax fulvous, the
282 MR. M. JACOBY ON COLEOPTERA [May 21,
latter bifoveolate ; elytra metallic green, rugosely punctured, the
lateral and apical margin flavous.
Male. Elytra with an elongate tubercle near the apex.
Length 23 lines.
Male. Head impunctate, entirely fulvous, with a small fovea
between the antennz ; the clypeus transversely subquadrate, spar-
ingly pubescent, labrum and palpi flavous; antenne two thirds the
length of the body, black (the two penultimate joints in the female
flavous), the basal joint flavous below, the third more than double the
length of the second; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides but
slightly rounded before the middle, the surface impunctate, fulvous,
shining, with a deep fovea at each side; scutellum flavous; elytra
dark metallic green, the disk transversely wrinkled and rugose, with
some narrow longitudinal costz and a strongly raised longitudinal
tubercle near the apex, the lateral margin narrowly, the apical one
more broadly, flavous ; underside and the upper edge of the femora
and tibiz as well as the tarsi entirely black.
San Esteban.
Allied to D. ambitiosa, Erichs., D. puncticollis, Baly, and several
other species, but differing from all in the metallic elytra and the
different system of coloration, especially in the black underside.
DiABROTICA VARICORNIS, 0. Sp.
Fulvous ; intermediate joints of the antenne black ; thorax bi-
foveolate ; elytra finely punctured, a ring-shaped mark at the base
and another semilunate one near the apex as well as the breast
black.
Length 3 lines.
Head impunctate, fulvous; labrum black; antenne elongate,
extending to two thirds of the length of the elytra, fulvous, the
fourth and the following five joints fuscous or black, the second
joint short, the third slightly longer ; thorax impunctate, nearly as
long as broad, the surface with two deep foveze; scutellum fulvous ;
elytra finely and closely punctured, the base of each with a regular
black ring-shaped mark, another semilunate similar mark, open at
its posterior portion, placed near the apex.
San Esteban.
Closely allied to D. inequalis, D. haroldi, Baly, and D. biannu-
laris, but differing from all these species in the fulvous head and
legs ; from D. delineata, Jac., a still more closely allied species, the
present insect may be separated by the much longer antennz, which
have their joints (with the exception of the second and third) much
more elongate and also differently coloured, and by the elytral
broader markings which in D. delineata are very thin and fine.
DIABROTICA OBSCURO-MACULATA, N. Sp.
Subdepressed, obscure testaceous ; antennze long, the third joint
elongate ; thorax finely punctured, transversely depressed ; elytra
closely punctured, the interstices subrugose, the suture anteriorly,
1889. ] COLLECTED IN VENEZUELA. 283
a rounded spot before and another below the middle, obscure
piceous.
Var. The anterior elytral spot absent.
Length 2-23 lines.
Head obscure testaceous, the vertex impunctate, the lower part
vertical, the clypeus with a central ridge ; labrum black; antennze
more than two thirds the length of the body, testaceous, the basal
three joints piceous, the third joint distinctly longer than the second
but shorter than the fourth joint; thorax one half broader than
long, narrowed towards the base, the disk flat, with a transverse
depression near the base, finely punctured and somewhat rugose or
finely wrinkled ; scutellum piceous ; elytra flattened, slightly widened
posteriorly, the sides with a longitudinal ridge commencing at the
shoulder and extending below the middle, the surface finely and
closely punctured and rugose, a small rounded spot near the base
and a larger one below the middle as well as the suture anteriorly,
piceous ; underside and legs testaceous, the tibize and tarsi sometimes
piceous.
Colonia Tovar.
The long antenne, finely rugose thorax and elytra, in connexion
with their pattern are the principal characteristic distinctions of this
species ; although there is only one typical and three specimens
representing the variety before me, I think that the former probably
represents the normally coloured form.
D1IABROTICA NIGRODORSATA, Nl. Sp.
Flavous ; the head, scutellum, and the sides of the breast black ;
thorax fulvous, bifoveolate ; elytra closely punctured, black, narrowly
margined with flavous.
Male. Head deeply excavated below the antenne.
Length 2—23 lines.
Head black, impunctate ; antenne two thirds the length of the
body, pale flavous, the apical four joints piceous, third joint elongate,
as long as the fourth; thorax about one half broader than long, fulvous,
stained with piceous, the disk impunctate, with two deep fovee ;
scutellum black ; elytra closely and strongly punctured, black, the pos-
terior portion of the sutural, the lateral and basal margin narrowly
and the apical one more broadly flavous ; legs and abdomen flavous.
Colonia Tovar.
The female has a simple, not excavated head; in both sexes the
basal flavous margin is irregularly notched at its posterior edge.
DIABROTICA BOLIVIANA, Harold.
San Esteban. Three specimens.
DraBrotica Rosusta, Baly.
A single specimen from San Esteban.
DIABROTICA SERRATICORNIS, Baly.
A single specimen from San Esteban.
284 MR. M. JACOBY ON COLEOPTERA [May 21,
DIABROTICA SIMPLICIPENNIS, 0. Sp.
Ovate, dilated posteriorly, black ; thorax transverse, testaceous ;
elytra very minutely punctured, testaceous.
Length 2 lines.
Head black, impressed with a fovea at the middle of the vertex,
the clypeus sparingly clothed with whitish hairs ; antennz two thirds
the length of the body, black, the third and fourth joints elongate ;
thorax twice as broad as long, impunctate, impressed with a rather
deep fovea at each side; scutellum black; elytra rather strongly
dilated posteriorly, extremely finely punctured ; underside and legs
black.
Corozal and Colonia Tovar.
Allied to D. robusta, Baly, but differing in the black head and
underside and in the entirely testaceous elytra ; from D. dilatata,
Jac., the present species differs in the testaceous not black thorax.
DIABROTICA ATOMARIA, 0. Sp.
Fulvous ; the head and the breast black ; second and third joints
of the antennze very short; thorax finely punctured, non-foveolate ;
elytra flavous, closely punctured, a triangular spot on the shoulders,
another at the middle, and two spots near the apex, black.
Length 2 lines.
Head impunctate, black, shining, with a fovea between the an-
tenn ; the frontal elevations small but very distinct ; clypeus with
a central ridge ; antenne about half the length of the body, entirely
fulvous, the second and third joints very small and equal, the fourth
as long as the three preceding joints together; thorax about one
half broader than long, the sides straight at the base, rather sud-
denly rounded before the middle, the surface without depressions,
very finely and irregularly punctured, fulvous, shining ; scutellum
black ; elytra slightly widened posteriorly, very closely and rather
strongly punctured, flavous, the suture below the scutellum, a tri-
angular spot on the shoulder, a rounded spot at the middle, and
two smaller spots placed transversely near the apex, black ; legs
fulvous; breast black.
Caracas. Two specimens.
Allied to D. spilota, Baly, and several other species, but differing
in the position and shape of the elytral spots and their stronger
punctuation ; of the spots the middle one is placed close to the
lateral margins and the two apical spots are nearly joined, forming a
semicrescent.
DIABROTICA BIMACULATA, Baly.
San Esteban.
DIABROTICA NIGROSTRIATA, Baly.
San Esteban.
Drasrotica optiva, Erichs.
Two specimens from Caracas which I refer to this species (having
1889. ] COLLECTED IN VENEZUELA. 285
also been examined by Mr. Baly) are of pale flavous colour and differ
in several particulars from Erichson’s description: in one specimen
the labrum is piceous ; the antenne in both are darker than the
colour of the head, their second and third joints are small and equal ;
the thorax is bifoveolate ; the elytra may be described as very finely
rugose with more or less distinct longitudinal costz, especially
strongly marked at the sides ; the base, a transverse spot at the middle,
and another below the latter are pale fulvous, scarcely visible in one of
the specimens ; the underside and legs are pale flavous, with the outer
margin of the tibize and the tarsi darker. It is possible that these
Venezuelan specimens are distinct from, although closely allied to,
Erichson’s species, or that they are but local varieties.
DIABROTICA CLyPEATA, Baly.
Colonia Tovar. Two specimens.
D1ABROTICA SEPARATA, Baly.
A single specimen from Caracas.
NEOBROTICA INCONSTANS, 0. Sp.
Obscure fulvous ; the head, basal joints of the antennze, breast,
and the tibia and tarsi, black ; thorax with a deep transverse groove ;
elytra finely punctured, each with an elongate subangular black mark
at the shoulder and an obscure piceous spot below the middle.
Var. Elytra immaculate.
Length 5 lines.
Head broader than long, impunctate, black (the extreme vertex
sometimes testaceous), with a distinct fovea between the eyes; the
frontal elevations not defined ; antennze more than half the length
of the body, black, the three apical joints (the apex of the terminal
joint excepted) pale flavous, the first joint very long and slender,
the second very short, the following elongate and nearly equal ;
thorax twice as broad as long, the sides rounded and widened before
the middle; the disk deeply transversely grooved, impunctate, with the
exception of some very fine punctures near the anterior angles ;
seutellum impunetate ; elytra finely and closely punctured, the in-
terstices in the male slightly rugose, pale fulvous, the shoulders with
a short, narrow, elongate and angulate black mark, the lower angle
of which turns inwards, and a round piceous obscure spot below the
middle; breast and the tibice and tarsi black ; claws appendiculate.
Colonia Tovar.
NV. inconstans rather closely resembles N. pallescens, Jac., from
Honduras, but differs in the want of the longitudinal sulcations of
the elytra and in the presence of the elytral black markings. The
species is probably subject to a good deal of variation, and in the
variety the left elytron is pale green and the right one fulvous,
neither of them having any markings.
NEOBROTICA DIMIDIATICORNIS, Ui. sp.
Pale testaceous, the vertex and the intermediate joints of the
286 MR. M, JACOBY ON COLEOPTERA [May 21,
antenne piceous ; thorax deeply transversely sulcate ; elytra finely
punctured, an angulate mark at the base and another semilunate
spot near the apex obscure dark fulvous.
Var. The elytral markings replaced by spots or streaks (1, 2, 2).
Length 2-3 lines.
Head impunctate, with a deep fovea between the antennz, dark
fulvous, the vertex more or less piceous ; antennz half the length
of the body, the fifth to the eighth joints piceous, the others fulvous ;
thorax scarcely one half broader than long, the sides straight at the
base, the surface impunctate, with a deep transverse somewhat sinuate
suleation ; elytra finely punctured, scarcely shining, with traces of
longitudinal grooves, obscure testaceous, the base with an angular
piceous mark, extending to one third the length of the elytra, a
semicrescent similar-coloured mark is placed below the middle ; legs
and underside fulvous.
Caracas and San Esteban.
JV. dimidiaticornis resembles greatly several other species of the
same genus in colour and the design of the elytra, but is principally
distinguished by the dark intermediate joints of the antenne and the
rather less transversely shaped thorax: in the variety the elytra
have a small spot placed on the shoulder, two before the middle
placed transversely, and two others below the latter ; these spots are
sometimes partly connected and indicate the pattern in the specimen
which I have taken for the type. The appendiculate claws and deeply
sulcate thorax will prevent the species for being mistaken for a
Diabrotica.
NEOBROTICA VARIABILIS, Jac.
Var. Antenne entirely fulyous.
From Corozal.
The two specimens contained in this collection agree in every way
with the Mexican form described by myself in the ‘ Biologia Centrali-
Americana,’ except in the colour of the anteunz, which are fulvous
as well as the legs. As the species seems, however, to vary in these
respects, I think that the Venezuelan insects are but another local
form of the type. Neobrotica is at once distinguished from Diabrotica
by the transverse sulcation of the thorax, the longer first joint of
the posterior tarsi, and the appendiculate claws.
Neosrotica (sub DiaBrorica) OBERTHURI, Baly.
Corozal.
Ca@LOMERA CAYANENSIS, Fabr.
From San Esteban.
MALACORHINUS UNDECIMPUNCTATUS, N. Sp.
Obscure testaceous ; the apical joints of the antennze fuscous ;
thorax extremely finely punctured ; elytra very.closely and more dis-
tinctly punctured, with eleven black spots (2, 3, 4, 2).
Length 2 lines.
Head impunctate, deeply transversely grooved between the eyes ;
1889. ] COLLECTED IN VENEZUELA. 287
the frontal elevations strongly raised, narrowly transverse ; clypeus
triangular ; terminal joint of the palpi acutely pointed ; antennze
black, the basal four joints fulvous ; thorax transverse, about one
half broader than long, strongly narrowed at the base, the angles
not produced, the surface with an obsolete oblique depression at each
side, very minutely punctured when seen under a strong lens: elytra
widened towards the middle, extremely closely punctured, the punc-
tnation consisting of small and still smaller punctures; each elytron
with the following black spots—one on each shoulder, three placed
transversely across the middle (the centre spot on the sutural margin),
four slightly larger spots below the middle forming a semicircle, and
one at the extreme apex of each elytron.
Colonia Tovar.
This species forms another addition to those constituting the
genus Malacorhinus described by myself in the ‘ Biologia Centrali-
Americana,’ from all of which it differs in the number and position
of the elytral spots: the thorax in all is posteriorly narrowed, the
tibize have a minute spine (sometimes almost invisible), the first joint
of the posterior tarsi is as long as the following joints together, the
claws are appendiculate, and the anterior coxal cavities are open. In
general appearance the species of this genus resemble those of the
genus Diabrotica, and seem to inhabit principally Central America.
LocHM2XA TROPICA, nN. sp.
Broadly ovate, black; above dark fuscous ; head and thorax
finely rugose ; elytra with the sutural and lateral margin and two
narrow longitudinal costz testaceous.
Length 23 lines.
Head finely rugose, the sides of the vertex and the clypeus tes-
taceous ; labrum black, shining ; antennz about half the length of the
body, black, the third joint the longest ; thorax short and transverse,
narrowed at the middle, the angles tuberculate, the sides rounded
at the middle, the surface transversely depressed, finely rugose,
fuscous, the anterior and posterior margins paler ; scutellum truncate
at its apex, nearly black, finely rugose; elytra broader than
the thorax, widened below the middle, rather convex, fuscous; the
narrowly raised sutural and lateral margins, and two equally narrow
longitudinal coste at the middle of the disk and not quite extending
to the apex, testaceous, the interstices everywhere finely rugose and
wrinkled ; legs black, unarmed; claws bifid; the anterior coxal
cavities open.
Colonia Tovar.
This species has entirely the appearance of an Adimonia, but the
open coxal cavities would place the insect in Weise’s genus Lochmea.
SCHEMATIZA FUNEREA, 0D. sp.
Elongate, parallel, black; the terminal joints of the antennz
fulvous ; the entire upper surface finely rugose, opaque; elytra with
faint traces of lighter bands at the sides.
288 MR. M. JACOBY ON COLEOPTERA [May 21,
Length 24-3 lines.
Of rather flattened shape, entirely black ; the head with a longi-
tudinal central ridge, finely rugose, the clypeus and the base of the
antennee fulvous or testaceous ; antennz scarcely half the length of
the body, black, the three (in one specimen the last joint only) apical
joints fulvous, the third the longest, the intermediate joints slightly
flattened and widened, closely pubescent: thorax transverse, rather
more than twice as broad as long, the sides straight, more or less
sinuate or concave at the middle, causing one or two obscure angles,
the posterior margins straight ; the surface very obsoletely trans-
versely depressed near the base and more broadly at the sides, entirely
finely rugose, opaque, the sides furnished with some very minute
fulvous hairs; scutellum broad, its apex truncate; elytra very
slightly widened posteriorly, the apex rounded, the entire surface
finely rugose, black, opaque, with more or less distinct light reflections
in the shape of narrow longitudinal bands at the sides ; underside and
legs black, the coxze obscure fulvous ; tibiz unarmed, the first jomt of
the posterior tarsi scarcely longer than the second; claws bifid ;
anterior coxal cavities open.
San Esteban.
SCHEMATIZA VENEZUELENSIS, 0. Sp.
Black ; the lower part of the face and the apical three joints of
the antennz fulvous; above fuscous or black, finely rugose, the
sides of the thorax broadly, and a narrow lateral stripe of the elytra
obscure flavous.
Length 3 lines.
Head finely rugose at the vertex, the portion below the eyes and
the clypevs fulvous; labrum and jaws black, shining ; antennze
rather more than half the length of the body, black, the two or three
terminal joints fulvous or testaceous, the third joint very long, longer
than the two preceding joints together, the intermediate ones
slightly dilated and pubescent ; thorax more than twice as broad as
long, the sides rounded, the angles with a small tubercle, the surface
depressed at the sides, without other grooves, finely rugose, black,
the sides broadly pale flavous, the flavous portion narrowed at the
base ; elytra finely rugose, the apex rounded, the lateral margin
from the base to the apex narrowly flavous ; underside and legs
black, the base of the femora flavous.
From San Esteban and Colonia Tovar.
In this species the third joint of the antenne is very long and
slender, differing in that respect from all the other species of the
genus with which I am acquainted, the dilatation of the intermediate
joints is also but feebly indicated ; but as I cannot find any other
different structural characters I have provisionally placed this insect
in Schematiza.
ScHEMATIZA UNISTRIATA, Nl. Sp.
Obscure fuscous, sericeous ; the lower part of the face and thorax
pale greyish, the disk of the latter fuscous ; elytra fuscous, the
1889.] COLLECTED IN VENEZUELA. 289
sutural and lateral margin, a spot at the apex, and a narrow lateral
longitudinal stripe greyish white.
Length 2 lines.
Head somewhat broader than long, the vertex fuscous, finely
rugose and pubescent, the lower part pale greyish ; antennz only ex-
tending to the base of the elytra, black, the third joint the longest,
the intermediate ones slightly but distinctly widened ; thorax trans-
verse, short, the sides strongly rounded at the middle, the surface
transversely depressed, the depression more distinct at the sides, the
middle of the disk with a short longitudinal groove, the surface very
finely rugose and pubescent, of a pale greyish colour with the middle
of the disk more or less fuscous ; scutellum not longer than broad ;
elytra narrowly parallel, sculptured and pubescent like the thorax,
obscure fuscous, with the sutural and lateral margins very narrowly
grey, a similar coloured round spot placed at the apex and an obscure
narrow longitudinal stripe (sometimes extending to the base, but
always abbreviated posteriorly) at the sides; legs pale testaceous, the
femora with a more or less distinct dark spot, and the apex of the
tibice and tarsi fuscous; underside piceous or nearly black.
La Guaira.
S. unistriata closely resembles S. apicalis, Clark, but seems to
differ in the paier colour of the thorax and that of the legs and in the
similar coloured elytral stripe at the sides ; the insect may possibly
be a local variety of Clark’s species.
LUPERUS MARGINATUS, L. Sp.
Testaceous ; the upper portion of the head and the antennze and
abdomen black ; thorax black, the sides narrowly flavous; elytra
finely punctured, black, the lateral margins flavous.
Length 1} line.
Head broader than long, black, the lower half testaceous ; the
vertex impunctate, deeply transversely grooved between the antennee ;
the frontal elevations transverse; the clypeus thickened ; antennze
two thirds the length of the body, slender, black, the lower three
joints testaceous below, the third joint twice as long as the second
but shorter than the fourth joint; thorax nearly twice as broad as
long, narrowed at the base, the sides rounded before the middle, the
surface very finely and rather closely punctured, black, very narrowly
margined with testaceous at the sides ; elytra finely and very closely
punctured and wrinkled, black, the lateral and apical margins
flavous, more broadly so than that of the thorax ; abdomen black ;
legs and breast flavous ; the tibiz with a minute spine, the first joint
of the posterior tarsi rather longer than the three following joints
together ; claws appendiculate.
Colonia Tovar. Three specimens.
LUPERODES INORNATUS, 0. sp-
Obscure testaceous ; antenne fuscous; head with one, thorax
with four or five piceous spots; elytra very finely and closely punc-
tured ; the extreme sutural and lateral margins piceous.
290 MR. M. JACOBY ON COLEOPTERA [May 21,
Length 13-2 lines.
Head very finely punctured at the vertex, with a transverse groove
between the eyes, the frontal tubercles broadly trigonete; the
clypeus triangularly raised ; antennze more than half the length of
the body in the male, shorter in the female, fuscous, the base of
each joint pale, the two or three basal joints sometimes entirely
testaceous, the second and third joints nearly equal ; thorax one
half broader than long, the lateral and the posterior margin strongly
rounded, the surface very minutely punctured with an obsolete
transverse depression at each side, the latter obscurely stained with
fuscous, the middle with two or three smaller spots placed triangu-
larly ; scutellum piceous ; elytra scarcely more strongly punctured
than the thorax, obscure testaceous, the extreme sutural and lateral
margins piceous ; below and the legs testaceous, the apex of the
posterior tibize and the tarsi more or less fuscous ; tibize with a
long spine ; the metatarsus of the posterior legs as long as half the
tibiee ; anterior coxal cavities open.
Colonia Tovar and Caracas.
GALERUCELLA ORNATA, N. sp.
Pale greyish or fuscous, finely and closely pubescent ; thorax with
a central and two lateral depressions ; elytra with three longitudinal
more or less interrupted stripes and two apical spots fuscous.
Var. Much paler, the stripes divided into spots.
Length 13-2 Jines.
Rather variable in colour, of narrowly elongate shape, the head with
a distinct longitudinal central impressed groove, closely pubescent ;
clypeus strongly transverse and swollen, pale fulvous or testaceous,
shining ; penultimate joint of the palpi widened, apical one short
and conical ; antenne scarcely extending to half the length of the
elytra, fuscous or nearly black, in some specimens testaceous with
the apex of each joint darker, the second joint short, the third the
longest, the following joints gradually diminishing in length, the
intermediate ones slightly widened ; thorax twice as broad as long,
the sides rounded at the middle, then rather suddenly constricted at
the apex, the angles in shape of a small tubercle, the anterior margin
straight, the posterior one slightly sinuate at the middle ; the surface
with a deep depression at each side and a more shallow one near the
anterior margin, finely and closely covered with yellowish pu-
bescence ; scutellum not longer than broad: elytra elongate, with a
rather deep longitudinal lateral depression below the middle, closely
covered with pale fuscous pubescence, sometimes with a slight ful-
vous tint ; a sublateral and subsutural longitudinal stripe, the former
interrupted below the middle, the latter extending nearly to the apex,
three elongate spots between these stripes, a spot near the apical
margin, and the apex of the suture, paler or darker fuscous ; tibize
unarmed ; the first joint of the posterior tarsi nearly as long as the
three following joints ; claws bifid, the inner division rather short ;
anterior coxal cavities open.
Caracas, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello.
1889. | COLLECTED IN VENEZUELA. 291
The stripes of the elytra are often widened at their ends and often
only indicated by spots.
GALERUCELLA OBSCUROFASCIATA, D. Sp.
Obscure pale greenish, opaque; antennee fuscous; head and
thorax finely granulate; elytra finely pubescent, finely grauulate-
punctate, with two longitudinal pale narrow bands joined at the
apex.
Length 14~2 lines.
Head broader than long, finely granulate, longitudinally grooved
at the middle, greenish ; antennze short and robust, the third joint
the longest, the following joints of nearly equal length, the base of
each joint pale ; thorax twice as broad as long, the sides rounded,
the posterior margin sinuate at the middle, the surface with a shallow
lateral and central longitudinal depression, coloured and sculptured
like the head, clothed with extremely short hairs ; scutellum broad,
its apex truncate ; elytra extremely closely and finely punctured, the
green colour interrapted by two narrow longitudinal pale bands,
united at a little distance from the apex, the lateral margin also
pale, clothed like the rest of the surface with short whitish pubes-
cence ; legs pale greenish testaceous.
Hab. Colonia Tovar.
Closely ailied to G. alternata, Jac. (Biolog. Centr.-Amer.), but
narrower and more parallel, the elytra more distinctly granulate and
their design different in colour and pattern.
GALERUCELLA FUSCOMACULATA, 0. Sp.
Piceous, finely pubescent ; above obscure testaceous, clothed with
yellowish hairs; thorax with depressions at the sides and on the
disk, finely punctured ; elytra more distinctly punctured, obscurely
spotted with fuscous at the base, the middle, and near the apex ;
legs pale.
Length 14 line.
Head with a deep longitudinal groove at the vertex, the latter
finely pubescent and punctured ; the clypeus smooth, transverse, and
thickened; antenne short, distinctly thickened at the terminal
joints, fuscous, the third joint the longest, the basal ones obscure
fulvous ; thorax scarcely twice as broad as long, the sides scarcely
rounded, the posterior angles oblique, the disk obscure fuscous or
piceous, clothed with short yellow pubescence, finely punctured,
broadly impressed at the sides and near the anterior and posterior
margin at the middle; scutellum pubescent, its apex truncate:
elytra more strongly and very closely punctured, clothed with
yellowish pubescence, the basal portion, a small spot near the suture
at the middle, and a larger spot near the apex, obscure fuscous ; at
the middle of the base an elongate raised space is placed, a similar
one is seen near the apex, the space in front of it is on the contrary
depressed, and several other shallow depressions are situated near the
lateral margin.
San Esteban, Caracas.
292 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON A NEW FOSSIL MOTH. [May 21,
The elytra, when seen without a lens, have a mottled appearance,
and the darker portions or spots are of more or less intensity in the
different specimens ; the underside is always very dark.
MaALaAcosoMa OLIVACEUM, Fabr.
Corozal.
MaLaAcosoMA ENCAUSTICUM, Germ.
Colonia Tovar and San Esteban.
2. Description of a new Genus of Fossil Moths belonging to
the Geometrid Family Euschemide. By Arruur G.
Bourtur, F.L.S., F.Z.S., Assistant-Keeper, Zoological
Department, British Museum (Nat. Hist.).
[Received May 18, 1889.]
(Plate XX XI.)
I have to thank Mr. Robert Etheridge for showing me, and Dr,
Henry Woodward for giving me permission to describe, an exceed-
ingly interesting Moth from the Eocene Freshwater Limestone of
Gurnet Bay, Isle of Wight ; collected by Mr. E. J. A’Court Smith.
This is one of the insects found in the Tertiary Nodules on the beach.
In his paper published in 1879 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxv. pp. 342-3), andentitled “On the Occurrence of Branchi-
pus (or Chirocephalus) in a Fossil State, associated with Hospheroma
and with numerous Insect-remains, in the Eocene Freshwater (Bem-
bridge) Limestone of Gurnet Bay, Isle of Wight,’ Dr. Woodward
says :—
‘i To Mr. E. J. A’Court Smith is due the credit of the discovery
of a thin but very richly fossiliferous band in this series of deposits
at Thorness and Gurnet Bays, near Cowes, which has largly increased
the interest of these beds, especially by a very important addition to
the known terrestrial forms of life belonging to the Eocene period.
“ The section is as follows :—
“General Section at Thorness and Gurnet Bays.
Thickness.
Surface soil. ft. in.
I. Grey Clays with occasional bones of Hmys or Trionya ......... 10 0
II. Lighter (Yellow) Clays with broken shells ...............:.20220++ 2 0
III. Limnea Limestone with Planorbis and bones of Hmys, also
hard concretions (Hard limestone bed) .........2..0200.00e0e0ee es 3.0
IV. Variegated fossiliferous Clays ........ssesserseeeeneeetereerecce eens 8 0
V. Upper Limestone beds with Zimnea and small oblong Oyster
(OSLER VRE) Mireete sete te ootee seen caste wanes. cdesscandeesese names 3 0
VI. Band of loose shells with Ostree and Sharks’ teeth ............ 0 6
VII. Blue Clays with Cyrend ........sccssecsscssccsecsscncccnecceceoreecees 3.0
VIII. Fossil Plant- and Insect-bed .......cc.0.ce:ceseesserecseeeeeeeereeteee 1 0
Base of cliff. —-
P.Z.5.1889. Plate XXXL.
J.W-Frohawk del. et ith West,Newman chromo.
Lithopsyche and allied Genera.
1889. ] MR. A.G BUTLER ON A NEW FOSSIL MOTH. 293
In the list of Insect-remains determined by the late Mr. Frederick
Smith of the Zoological Department, two Lepidopterous insects, re-
ferred to a species of Lithosia, are recorded.
The fossil now to be described is especially interesting on account
of its unusually perfect condition, which not only enables one to
trace without difficulty the main features of its structure, but gives
a very good idea of its pattern and colouring when living.
A study both of fossil and recent Lepidoptera leads one to the
conclusion that the Butterflies and Moths of the past were by no
means so highly coloured as those of the present day; that in the
earlier ages of the world the large family Nymphalide was repre-
sented by brown and black species, the Pierinze by species wholly
white, or white bordered with black; the Hesperiidee and most, if
not all, of the Moths by brown, black, and white forms. Even at
the present day these three types of colouring are far in excess of
more brilliant hues, and the fact of dull coloration being, as a rule,
more abundantly found in female than male Lepidoptera, even in the
more brightly coloured genera, tends to prove that sexual selection
has been the principal agent in beautifying the species now existing.
The Lepidopteron found by Mr. A’Court Smith belongs to the
Euschemide, a family of Geometrid Moths allied to the Zerenidee
(popularly called Magpie moths) and containing some of the most
brilliantly coloured of all known Heterocerous Lepidoptera; it,
however, does not belong to the brilliant section of the family, but
to a small group of genera for the most part black and white to the
present day, though some of them have acquired yellow markings.
Assuming that the Euschemidz originally consisted of black and
white insects, yellow would naturally be the first departure, on
account of its being contained in the largest proportion in white *
and it would follow that in this family yellow markings would be
most likely to preponderate at the present time, as, in fact, they do,
whilst the black portions of the wing when modified show a violet
or, in the more highly specialized forms, a bright blue shot tint.
Mr. A’Court Smith’s discovery belongs to a group of three or
four genera which to this day retain their original neutral tints of
black and white, and which therefore are in all probability the oldest
existing representatives of the family Euschemide ; these genera are
Calospila, Simena, Mniocera, and Craspedosis ; other genera pro-
bably remain to be discovered.
It is a significant fact, as evidencing the permanence of Lepido-
pterous forms, that, although at the present time we have numerous
brilliantly coloured species and even genera, the primitive forms still
have their representatives in nearly allied genera, the colours of which
remain dull and the patterns but little modified. This is most easily
seen in the best preserved and more recent fossils, such as Neorinopis
represented by the black and white Neorina, Mylothrites by the brown
forms of Precis, the so-called Pontia freyeri by the females of the
S.-American P. suasa, and Thanaites by Thanaos ; the affinities of
1 White light contains a proportion of about 7%; yellow.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XX. 20
294 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON A NEW Fosst MoTH. [May 2],
Thaites appear to me to be somewhat doubtful, Mr. Scudder’s figure,
if a facsimile of the criginal, might with less ingenuity be modified
into a form of Casfnia than into a Parnassius or Thais.
As it is probable that the colouring of flowers began to develop
prior to that of the insects which frequented them, it seems not un-
likely that the appreciation of colour shown by Lepidoptera was
gained by associating certain tints with their favourite flowers, and
once acquired became unconsciously a consideration in the selection
of mates: thus we find that in the Arctic regions, where bright
flowers do not form a feature of the landscape, the Lepidoptera are
duil-coloured, their sense of colour being naturally dormant’.
LITHOPSYCHE, gen. nov.
Nearest to Calospila and Cruspedosis ; resembling Craspedosis
extenuata of ‘Timor most nearly in the size and form of the pri-
maries, and Huschema minervaria of Burma in the form of all the
wings, though differing much in colouring; but in the pattern of
these wings much more like the less nearly related Presos mariana ;
venation, so far as it can be followed, closely resembling that of
Calospila leucomela ; the secondaries differing in form, the abdo-
minal margin being longer, as in the males of Huschema proba and
other allied greyish-blue species; the abdomen extends to about
four fifths of the length of the secondaries and terminates in a small
tuft-like fringe as in females of Euschema ; the thorax is represented
by a deep impression showing the divisions distinctly.
LirHopsyCHE ANTIQUA, sp. n. (Plate XXXI. figs. 3, 6.)
Apparently originally black and white, the black having changed
to a brown-umber, as in a faded example of Calospila picaria in the
Musenm; primaries with a white spot in the cell as in Bracca
bajularia (Plate XXXI. fig. 1); a macular white oblique band just
beyond the middle, probably represented by the abbreviated band of
Calospila posthumaria, the less oblique and complete band of
Craspedosis ernestina, and the broader antemedian band of Presos ;
three spots placed obliquely about halfway between this band and
the apex and two nearer to the outer margin on the median inter-
spaces, as in Presos mariana (Plate XXXI. fig. 4), also a bifid spot
sull nearer to the outer margin on the interno-median interspace ;
the secondaries, which are tor the greater part concealed by the
primaries, show the lower portion of a narrow white postmedian
band, sinuated internally and possibly macular as in Calospila post-
humaria.
Gurnet Bay, Isle of Wight (Mr. £. J. A’ Court Smith).
The type specimen is in the Geological collection of the Natural
History Museum.
Of the genera immediately allied to Lithopsyche, the Museum
collection contains examples of the following species :-—
' I do not mean to say that there are no bright-coloured Arctic flowers; but
they are not such as, from their size and abundance, would arrest the attention
of any but a trained mind.
1889.] MR. A. G. BUTLER ON A NEW FOSSIL MOTH. 295
Caospiia, H.-Sch. (Plate XXXI. fig. 5.)
Black, spotted and banded with white; head sometimes orange.
1. Catosprna Pp sraumarta, H.-Sch.= Cadyanda lugens, Walk.
Brazil.
2. CaLosprza picarta, Walk.= Lagyra picaria, Walk.
Java.
3. CALOSPILA LEUCOMELA, Walk.=Celerena? leucomela, Walk.
Philippines.
Simena, Walk.
Blackish or slaty grey, the primaries with or without a white
band ; head and collar orange.
1. Stmena Luctirera, Walk.
Central America.
2. SIMENA NIGRICANS, Walk.
Brazil.
Craspeposis, Butl. (Plate XXXL. fig. 2.)
Black, banded and spotted with white ; the abdomen more or less
ochreous.
1. CRASPEDOSIS ERNESTINA, Cram.=Celerena sobria, Walk.
Amboina and Ceram.
2. Craspeposis (undetermined species).
Aru.
3. CRASPEDOSIS EXTENUATaA, Walk.=Celerena extenuata, Walk.
Timor.
Mniocera, Butl.
Black, spotted and sometimes banded with white ; the abdomen
banded with ochreous.
1. Mntocera cinera, Walk.=Celerena cincta, Walk.
Timor.
2. MNIOCERA CINERESCENS, Butl.
New Ireland.
Of these genera the species from the Malayan and Moluccan
islands are much nearer to Lithopsyche than those of the New World,
the latter being probably of more recent origin ; of the allied genera
with partly ochreous or orange secondaries, viz. Bracca and Presos
from Australia, the latter still retains almost the same pattern on
its primaries. If, therefore, any form more closely related to
20%
296 MR. A. G. BUTLER ON A NEW FOSSIL MoTH. [May 21,
Lithopsyche than Calospila leucomela still exists, it is probably to be
found in one of the islands between Java and Australia.
I have already stated my belief that the Nymphalide, and in fact
most Lepidoptera, were originally black and brown, but the Pierinze
and, I might add, probably the Geometrites were white, or white
with black bodies. It is perhaps worth while to show some reason for
this belief beyond those already given.
Assuming that the Nymphalidee were for the most part originally
black, or black and brown forms, there should be a far greater pro-
portion of violet, blue, crimson, and reddish orange in this family
than in a group such as the Pierine, presumably developed from forms
which were originally either wholly or for the greater part white :
the aberrant types also would, I think, be more likely to revert to
melanism in the Nymphalidee and other dark groups, and albinism
in the Pieridze '.
In the Eupleeine, one of the larger subfamilies of the Nymphalide,
a considerable proportion of the species are black or dark brown, many
of them suffused with violet or blue, and in the more highly coloured
forms with patches of blue in the centre of the wings. On the other
hand, there are not a few genera in which white, pale yellow, or
green are the predominant colours, and these may have been modified
from forms originally either white or black, most of these genera
showing extreme types of colouring in some of their species.
In the Pierinz there are hardly any genera in which white species
do not still exist and forms with white females are abundant; it is
also a significant fact that Ganoris rape (probably introduced into
the United States about 1856-7) suddenly developed the yellow
form G. novanglig. Indeed the change from white to yellow seems
so easy that one can almost be certain that the latter has been
derived from the former and is the result of a more vigorous con-
stitution *.
In the Geometrites also it is not unusual to find white and bright
yellow species in one genus, and occasionally individuals of the
same species differ in a similar way—Syllewxis lucida from Chili is
either shining lemon-yellow or silvery white.
Now I think, if it be admitted that the earliest types of
Geometrites were black with white markings or vice versdé and that
the white was gradually modified into yellow and the black into
blue, one can conclude that Milionia, the most highly ornate genus
of the Geometrites, was one of the last developed, or at any rate has
passed through more stages of development than any of its allies.
Assuming that it has been produced from such a form as Lithopsyche,
the white bands have first become clear yellow as in Bociraza, then
saffron as in Bordeta quedriplagiata, orange as in Milionia zonea,
partly crimson as in M, snelieni, or wholly crimson as in M. guentheri;
1 We obtained a singular albino of Hebomoia glaucippe from Dr. Lidderdale’s
Darjiling series ; in this specimen all the black markings are replaced by white.
2 Some years since I found a wild white primrose, which I planted in my
garden and hoped to multiply, but it yielded no seed and division of the root
destroyed it entirely.
1489. ] MR. W. F. KIRBY ON NEW ODONATA. 297
the black of the wings has become first blue-black, then brightly
shot with bluish purple, and finally streaked at the base with metallic
blue and green. Then, again, if the white of the secondaries was
first modified into yellow and orange as in Bracca and Presos (in
which the primaries are still black and white), one can see how the
bands on the primaries of Milionia drucei and M. snelleni, if derived
from such a source, may have remained orange after those of the
secondaries had become vivid crimson.
It has been said that colour is of no value as a guide in classifi-
cation, but I am not at all sure that, if the natural order of its
development were strictly looked to, it would not be of assistance in
guiding one to a judicious arrangement of allied genera.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI.
Fig. 1. Bracca bajularia, p. 294.
2. Craspedosis extenuata, p. 295.
3. Lithopsyche antigua, from the typical specimen, p, 294.
Fore wing of Pr@sos mariana, p- 204.
Calospila leucomela, p. 295.
6. Restoration of Lithopsyche. p. 294.
ae
3. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Odonata in
the Collection of the British Museum, chiefly from
Africa. By W. F. Kirpy, F.E.S., Assistant in the
Zoological Department, British Museum, Natural
History, S. Kensington,
[Received April 26, 1889.]
On looking through the collection of Odonata in the British Mu-
seum lately, I found examples of some very interesting species which
appear to be undescribed, and which form the subject of the present
paper. Among these, the most important is Tatocnemis malgassica,
a species representing in Madagascar two remarkable Eastern genera,
Priocnoenemis and Idiocnemis, hitherto ouly known from the Philip-
pines and New Guinea respectively.
The following is a list of the genera and species which I propose to
describe :—
OponatTa.
LIBELLULID &.
LIBELLULINE.
Orthetrwi CAMAPENSE, TL. 8. «2.1. seeeecseceerveennsnes Cameroons.
LBERTIQMANEA TEZIA, Di. B. osseecseccansenccesteces! cvvws Madagascar.
JESHNIDAS,
Gomrnine.
Pseudogomphus (1. g.) Wsignis, N. 8. ...s6reereenees Cameroons.
JESHNINE.
ANAT SEFTALUG, IAS), “Sores ckcas over tec ccascent erat eee Chili.
298 MR. W. F. KIRBY ON NEW ODONATA. [May 21,
AGRIONID.®.
CALOPTERYGINA.
Saphocpilchelliz, W-83 i Pe-950.od-- wlsea eee anie dase Cameroons.
AGRIONIN®.
Tatocnemis (g. n.) malgassicd, N. 8........06...c0ee ee Madagasear.
EW OLOSACCD GT ACUTE: TIS SVE REWS Sin. MO. Sod ae Menado, Celebes.
DER Os UAC MA e; .. cecteree Bets. sr iebac beat. 9 Sarawak, Borneo.
ORTHETRUM CAMARENSE.
Exp. al. 22 millim.; long. corp. 49 millim.
Male. Black, vertex metallic blue ; abdomen inflated at base, with
the third segment pulveruient blue. Wings brownish hyaline: fore
wings with 19 antenodal and 14 postnodal cross-nervures; the 3
first postnodals not continuous; triangle traversed by one or two
cross-nervures ; one supratriangular nervure; 3 cells in the sub-
triangular space; three rows of post-triangular cells, increasing,
conimencing on one side with four. Hind wings with 14 antenodal
and 13-14 postnodal cross-nervures, the base tinged with smoky
yellow, the membranule dark smoky brown, and a basal stripe of the
same colour in the second costal space as far as the third cross-
nervure, and another in the lower basal cell, shorter, and not ex-
tending to the base of the triangle, which is traversed, though there
are no supra-triangular neivures on tie hind wings. Tips of all
the wings slightly clouded with brown beyond the pterostigma ;
appendages of 2nd segment large; anal appendages black, about as
long as the last two segments (the lower one as long as the others)
and of the ordinary form. Pterostigma dark brown, covering 3 or
4 cells.
Hab. Cameroons.
Allied to O. albistyla, Selys, from which the darker wings and
black appendages will abundantly distinguish it.
ABTHRIAMANTA REZIA.
Long. corp. 27 millim.; exp. al. 50 millim.; long. pter. 2
millim.
Male. Size, shape, and neuration of the Indian 2. brevipennis,
Ramb., except that the sectors of the arculus rise from a short but
distinct stalk. The left fore wing has two cross-nervures instead of
one in the lower basal cell, and the triangle of the right fore wing is
traversed, and that of the left free.
Body reddish above (probably bright red when living), pectus and
pleura inclining to green, legs black, femora greenish beneath. Ab-
domen with the second and third segments carinated; the dorsal
carina black on the fourth and following segments. Anal appendages
as long as the 8th segment ; lower appendage very broad, spatulate.
Wings hyaline; pterostigma olive, between black nervures; hind
wings strongly and fore wings slightly tinged with yellow at the
base ; a dark streak in the lower basal cell, commencing beyond the
base, and filling up about two fifths of the length of the cell.
Hab. Madagascar.
1889. ] MR. W. F. KIRBY ON NEW ODONATA. 249
Genus PseuDOGOMPUHUSs.
Male. Eyes contiguous, frontal tubercle slightly bifid; labium
cleft. Wings long and rather pointed, triangles rather small, free,
those on the hind wings rather longer than those on the fore wings :
fore wings with 6-8 cross-nervares in the lower basal cell, and four
supratriangular nervures: hind wings with 2 or 3 supratriangular
nervures, and 5 in the lower basal cell; membranule rather large ;
inner margin concave between this and the anal angle. Abdomen
with the appendages of the second segment large, upper anal
appendages about as long as the lower, which is broad and trun-
cated ; at their base rises a strong vertical conical spine, pointed at
the apex.
Probably allied to Cordulegaster, but very distinct from any
described genus.
PsEUDOGOMPHUS INSIGNIS.
Expl. al. 94 millim. ; long. corp. 83 millim.
Male. Dark brown, tinged with reddish, especially on the face
and pleura ; vertex punctured, shining with green and violet ; thorax
green above and on the sides in certain lights; third segment of
the abdomen yellow.
Wings yellowish hyaline, darkest at the edges ; pterostigma black,
covering rather less than 3 cells ; fore wings with 16-18 antenodal
and 10-12 postuodal nervures; triangles and subtriangular space
free.
Hab, Cameroons.
ANAX STRIATUS.
Exp. al. 105 millim.; lat. al. ant. 12 millim.; lat. al. post. 17
millim. ; long. pter. 3 millim.; long. corp. 75 millim.
Testaceous yellow; head with the front raised, rugosely-punc-
tate, and marked with a blackish spot on the summit ; the region of
the ocelli, the lower edge of the nasus, and all the mouth-parts
reddish brown, more or less varied with yellow at the sutures. On
the thorax the septa are very strongly ridged, and are marked with
black in front and within; there are also four black spots on the
depressions of the pleura; legs reddish. Abdomen with the first and
second segments much swollen, the hinder half of the second seg-
ment with black markings diverging on each side of the carina; the
following segments with two blackish spots at the base, two smaller
ones beyond the middle, and an irregular blackish stripe crossing
the carina before the extremity; the incisions are also marked with
black in the middle; on the 7th and 8th segments these marks
become more suffused and irregular, and are not continued further.
Wings very broad, clear hyaline, the space between the costal and
subcostal nervures filled up with smoky yellow, very dark at the
base, and ceasing, like the costal nervure, at the nodus; the lower
basal cell is also stained with yellow as far as the lower triangle ;
pterostigma brown, very short. Fore wings with 20-21 antenodal
300 MR. W. F. KIRBY ON NEW ODONATA. [May 21],
and 15 postnodal nervures; triangle about three times as long as
broad, consisting of 4 cells, followed by 5 or 6 cells, and then by 2
increasing ; 2supratriangular nervures ; 3 cross-nervures in the sub-
triangular cell; lower triangle free (which corresponds to the sub-
triangular space in Libelluline). Hind wings with 15 antenodal
and postnodal nervures; triangle about twice as long as broad, con-
sisting of 4 cells, followed by 4 or 5 cells, and then by 3 increasing ;
2 supratriangular nervures ; 4 cross-nervures in the lower basal cell ;
lower triangle transverse.
Chili (Zdmonds).
The specimen appears to be a male, but the abdominal append-
ages are too much damaged for description. It is the first draw
described from Chili, and is remarkable for the very short ptero-
stigma, which separates it from all the other species of the genus
with which I am acquainted.
SAPHO PULCHELLA.
Exp. al. 64-70 millim.
Male. Bronzy black above, head spotted with tawny, the ocelli
being placed in the middle of four tawny spots; thorax with the
lateral lobes almost entirely surrounded with tawny, the pleura
striped with the same colour, and the under surface somewhat pru-
inose; legs black, femora testaceous, marked with a black line.
Abdomen with a tawny spot on the sides, at the base of the first five
segments, and a tawny lateral stripe on the sides of the first seg-
ment, continued more narrowly on the second and third, where it is
coppery. Wings bright orange-tawny or coppery, iridescent, paler at
the base ; stigma brown, enclosed by black lines, about four times
as long as broad, the lower side projecting basally in a point;
neuration very close ; antenodal nervures upwards of 40, and post-
nodal nervures numbering 50 or 60.
Female. Body similarly coloured, but wings brownish hyaline,
with a fiery copper iridescence in certain lights, and a narrow milk-
white band on both wings, not quite extending to the costa or inner
margin, and curved on the hind wings, placed considerably beyond
the nodus. On the abdomen, the tawny spots at the base of the
segments and the tawny lateral line are continued on all the five
segments which remain.
Hab. Cameroons,
Size and shape of S. longistigma, Selys, a specimen of which was
received in the same collection, but with the abdomen rather shorter
and stouter.
Genus TaTocNneEMIS.
Male. Wings long and narrow, petiolated to the level of the
arculus, with three concayities on the hind margin, between the
subcostal radius and the lower sector of the arculus; fore wings
with 24-28 and hind wings with 20-21 postnodal nervures ;
pterostigma broad, lozenge-shaped, covering 14 or 2 cells. The
median sector rises at or a little beyond the nodus, the subnodal
1889. ] MR. W. F. KIRBY ON NEW ODONATA. 301
sector from the second postnodal cross-nervure on the fore wings
(exceptionally from the first or third), and from the first on the
hind wings ; the nodal sector rises at the 9th to the !3th cross-
nervure (usually from the 10th) on the fore wings, and between the
6th and 8th on the hind wings; and the ultranodal sector rises
from two to four (usually two) cross-nervures further. The first
postcostal nervule is placed very little beyond the first antenodal
cross-nervure. The arculus is angulated, and placed distinctly
beyond the level of the second antenodal cross-nervure. The
trapezium is about twice as long as broad ; its basal side is shorter
than its outer, which is oblique, and its upper side is shorter than
Tutocnemis malgassica.
a. Insect, natural size.
b. Extremity of abdomen, showing appendages, magnified 73 times.
its lower; there are from two to four cells (usually two) between
the trapezium and the first transverse cross-nervure from above ;
the lower sector of the trapezium rises on a level with the middle
of the trapezium, and runs to the hind margin beyond the level of
the origin of the ultranodal sector. Nodus placed at about one
fourth of the length of the wing.
Abdomen long and slender, first joint very short, second about 23
times as long as broad, 3rd 4 times longer than the second, the rest
gradually shortening to the 7th ; 8th about half as long as the 7th;
9th and 10th each about half as long as the preceding ; upper anal
appendages as long as the 9th segment, arched, with a large semi-
circular protuberance beneath ; lower appendages very short.
Legs slender, not dilated, with long slender spines.
A very remarkable genus, most nearly allied to Priocnocnemis,
Selys (=Hypocnemis, Selys, olim), from the Philippines, and
Idiocnemis, Selys, from New Guinea, the only genera of Odonata
known with emarginate wings. It differs abundantly from both
302 MR, W. F. KIRBY ON NEW ODONATA. [May 21,
in the extremely petiolated wings, the large pterostigma, and the
different points of origin of the sectors
=>
TATOCNEMIS MALGAssica. (Wovdcut, p. 301.)
Exp. al. 72 millim.; long. corp. 50 millim.
Male. Head black above, pale reddish beneath ; ocelli, the base of
the labrum, two spots within the eye, “and the occiput tawny or
reddish ; thorax black above and on the sides, yellowish beneath ;
middle of prothorax dull reddish above; mesothorax with two
oblique tawny shoulder-stripes, connected by an oblique line at the
base of the wings ; legs red, yellow at base of femora, knees blackish :
abdomen bright red, the first joint with some blackish markings on
the sides above ; wings yellowish hyaline, with black nervures, ptero-
stigma tawny.
‘Hab. Betsileo, Madagascar (Rev. Deans Cowan).
PROTOSTICTA GRACILIS.
Exp. al. 62 millim.; long. corp. 51 millim.
Male. Head black ; lett above - yellow ; thorax bronzy black on
the sides, green in the middle above, in some lights, an oblique yellow
stripe below the fore wings; the under Se. especially behind,
and the legs yellow, the ios with long slender hairs; joan
long and plewden thickened towards the ‘extremity, bronzed above,
the Jast three segments pale (probably blue or green in life) ; under
surface with a long yellow spot at the base of the first 7 segments.
Wings hyaline, with black nervures ; pterostigma large, twice as
long as broad, covering two cells, oblong, but the inner and upper
angle truncated, making the upper side “shorter than the lower; a
double row of cells beyond the pterostigma. Fore wings with 21-
22, and hind wings with 18 pestnodal cells. Median and subnodal
sectors rising just before and after the nodal cross-nervure respec-
tively ; the nodal sector rising 5 or 6 cells beyond, and the ultra-
nodal one or two cells further. Trapezium regular, about twice as
long as broad, its upper sector extending to the level of the origin of
the nodal sector ; ; its lower sector absent. Two basal postcostal
nervures, the first halfway between the base and the first antenodal
cross-nervnre, the second just before the level of the second ante-
nodal cross-nervure. Two cells between the trapezium and the first
descending nervure.
Upper anal appendages as long as the 9th segment, incurved, the
lower ones shorter, but their exact structure not visible.
Hab. Menado, Celebes (Wallace).
The generic characters differ a little from those assigned to
Protosticta simplicinervis, Selys (also trom Celebes), which is not
before me, and I have therefore included them in the description.
LESTES WALLACEI.
Exp. al. 55 millim.; long. pter. 24 millim.; long. corp. 46
millim.
Female. Head buff, a bronzed spot, shading into green between
P.Z.S.1889 Pl. XXX]
O PASSETCS 5
rs Picide.
A Capitonide »
' thamphasttae \
VANTICELOUS/ cozerze ;
\, Bucerotide ‘| ‘ | 30 C CELO U 5
\. Upupide mA Trogon die ;
SE =
— — --
~-=--"
— =
Cypselide
Trochilide
Coracide
Ce aprimulgide
Musophagide
Cuculidee
ee) \ /
<! es tah aie re ett Opesthocomus
Limecolee ~-----____ rigs : 1 ee BLE,
De: ic mre LL, Ao Oe ; Feat
; wot | 7 ~~--Lurnices oe
pro ‘ / * oS \ ;
\ mee ‘ ‘ if \ ' ;
\ Laide: Serer: \ fLsttlafet
\ i \ Galline :
\ /. \ \
\ 7a |
x soa hag |
‘ /
b . catnartcae \ PLAGIOC(ELOUS ;
~ ; be ean ‘
a ere ay eo Herodii at Pe
Pygenagex Steganopodes ena see
Spheniscide Tubinares esr =<
.
\
‘
\
a :
‘
.
Diagramatic representation of affinities of Birds
according to their intestinal convolutions.
H. Gadow, del. Lith.& Imp. Camb. Sci. Inst
1889.] ON THE INTESTINAL CONVOLUTIONS IN BIRDS. 303
the ocelli, a black spot on each side of the frontal ocellus, a black
stripe before it, and a short stripe bordering the inner orbits; the
upper mouth-parts are also almost entirely black. ‘Thorax buff,
transversely striated, with a broad green stripe on each side of the
dorsal carina, and a narrower bronzed shoulder-stripe, showing green
in certain lights, beneath. Legs buff, clothed with long fine black
bristles ; femora with a black line beneath; tarsi black. Abdomen
buff, bronzed above, except at the sutures. Wings hyaline, slightly
clouded at the tips; fore wings with 14 and hind wings with 15
postnodal cross-nervures ; pterostigma large, covering 3 or 33 cells.
Hab, Sarawak, Borneo ( Wallace).
Appears to be allied to ZL. viridula, Ramb., but much larger.
4. On the Taxonomic Value of the Intestinal Convolutions
in Birds. By Hans Gapvow, Ph.D., M.A., Strickland
Curator and Lecturer on the Advanced Morphology of
Vertebrata in the University of Cambridge.
[Received May I, 1889.]
(Plate XXXII.)
In 1879 I published, in the ‘ Jenaische Zeitschrift’ *, two lengthy
articles on the digestive system of birds, and I laid particular stress
upon the convolutions of the small intestine, 7. e. upon the mode in
which this part of the alimentary canal is stowed away in the
abdominal cavity.
Accounts of these convolutious are exceedingly meagre, and
this is all the more surprising as Cuvier long ago drew attention to
the remarkable diversity which prevails in the arrangement of the
intestinal folds. However, there are only a few dozen birds de-
scribed in his ‘ Legons d’ Anatomie Comparée,’ no generalizing con-
clusions are drawn, and with few exceptions (MacGillivray) this
part of descriptive ornithotomy has slept ever since.
My former researches were based upon the examination of about
200 different birds, an ample material, but not large enough to warrant
all the taxonomic conclusions which I then drew, especially as these
were marred by the fetters of certain antiquated traditions, now
fortunately superseded.
In preparing the account of the alimentary canal of birds for
Bronn’s ‘ Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs,’ I have recently
had occasion once more to take up this question on a much broader
basis and in a more elaborate way. I therefore take the oppor-
tunity to lay before the Society a condensed account of the taxonomic
value of the intestinai convolutions in birds.
1 “Versuch einer vergleichenden Anatomie des Verdauungssystemes der
Voegel,” Jenaische Zeitschrift fiir Naturwissenschaft, xiii. pp. 92-117, 339-403,
pls. iv.—xi. & xvi.
304 DR. H. GADOW ON THE INTESTINAL [May 21,
For much of the material, which comprises now far more than
300 species, belonging to nearly every principal family, including
many of the rarest forms (such as Crypturi, Turnices, Pedionomus,
Ocydromus, Opisthocomus, Rhinochetus, Podica, Trogon, Oolius,
Podargus, Manucodia, Pitta, &c.), I am indebted to this Society,
to its present Prosector, to Professor Newton, to the Museum
of Cambridge, to that of the Royal College of Surgeons, the
Natural History Museum at South Kensington, and last, not least,
to my friend Professor Fuerbringer. Gifts from private hands,
from ornithological friends, are remarkable for their scarcity ; those
from Mr. Harvie Brown and from Sir Walter Buller were therefore
all the more welcome.
The intestinal canal, from the pylorus to the cloaca, is attached
to the mesentery. This connects the folds or loops of the intestine
with each other in various ways. In a typical loop we distinguish
between a descending branch and an ascending branch ; both meet at
the distal end or apex of the loop, and this of course forms its turn-
ing point. The starting point is the pylorus, the goal the cloaca.
Each loop is either closed or open. It is closed when both the de-
scending and the ascending branches are throughout the length of
the loop closely bound together by an extension of the mesentery
and its vessels. Of these vessels, as a rule, each principal loop
receives one bigger branch from the middle mesenteric artery. A
loop is open when its two branches are not closely connected by
mesentery and vessels; the mesentery is wider, and the two branches
of the loop can receive another loop or intestinal fold between them,
the latter then resting upon the mesentery of the former open loop.
The duodenum is always a typically closed loop. Its first or
descending branch lies to the right of the second or ascending
branch ; both invariably enclose the pancreas.
A loop which runs in the same way as the duodenum may be
termed right-handed ; those loops which run in the opposite way are
then /eft-handed, i. e. their ascending branch lies to the right, or
ventral, of the ascending, or dorsal, branch. Again, if the intestine
forms a number of (mostly closed) loops, which run parallel with
each other in the long axis of the body, we term this arrangement
orthoceelous, or straight-gutted.
If, on the other hand, some of the loops form a spiral, we dis-
tinguish this formation as eyelocelous.
Of the orthoccelous type the following modifications deserve
especial remark with reference to the second and third loops; the
first, or duodenal, loop is invariably right-handed, and therefore
needs no further comment.
I. Lsocelous.—Vhe 2nd and 3rd, and, if present, also the 4th loop
are all closed and left-handed. The 2nd is most dorsally situated,
the 3rd to the right of it, the 4th to the right of the latter, between
it and the duodenum. The ascending branch of one loop runs side
by side with the descending branch of the next following one.
II. Anticelous.—The 2nd and 3rd loops are closed and sharply
attenuating ; the 2nd is left-, the 3rd is right-handed ; the 2nd lies
1889. ] CONVOLUTIONS IN BIRDS. 305
dorsally, consequently its ascending branch runs side by side with
that of the 3rd.
III. Playiocelous—The 2nd loop always, often more loops,
are doubled up or turned over with the apices like a horseshoe,
giving the loop, which is generally open, an irregular or convoluted
appearance.
IV. Pericelous.—The 2ud loop is left-handed, open, and encloses
the 3rd, which is generally straight and closed. This formation is
of especial interest, because it leads quite gradually to the
V. Cyclocelous formation by the conversion of the second and third
loops into one left-handed spiral. Such a conversion of the second
ae}
mm
Seem nee
oan os
S.
on ---*
NK ennaes,
N.
Ra Secor eae
te,
Fa
Pa
aay
Nin!
Ske
Diagrammatic representation of the principal relative positions of the
intestinal loops when seen from the right side.
a. Isoceelous. b, Anticcelous. ce. Anti-Periccelous. d. Iso-Periccelous.
e. Cyclocelous. f,g. Plagioccelous. h. Telogyrous.
The descending branches of the loops are marked by black lines, the ascend-
ing or returning branches are dotted.
The first and third loops in fig. 6 are “ right-handed,” the second is “ left-
handed ;” in fig. ¢ the second is “‘left-,” the third “ right-handed,” &e.
and third loops into a spiral has taken place in the Limicolz, Laridz,
and Columbe. Each of these families possesses some genera in
which the spiral is still represented by long, oval, concentric turns,
and even some genera which still exhibit the periccelous type with the
two loops in question still separate, distinct, and more or less straight.
Not every spiral, however, is formed by the concentration of two
306 DR. H. GADOW ON THE INTESTINAL [May 21,
loops. In many instances a spiral is produced by one loop being
curled upon itself, its apex then forming the centre of the spiral.
On to the apex is attached the diverticulum cecum vitelli; this
shows that this spiral is produced by the primitive fold uf the em-
bryonic mid-gut.
Such is the case in all the Passeres, and since there are only three
folds formed by the whole gut, the spiral represents the middle or
second fold; hence this arrangement may be distinguished as meso-
gyrous. The number of turns in such a spiral depends directly
upon the length of the intestine ; whilst in the short-gutted Sylvize
the spiral is just indicated, there are in the Sparrow (with an
intestinal length of 21 centim.) 13 direct and 1 retrograde turns, and
in Pinicola enucleator (which possesses an intestine of 99 centim. in
length) there are many direct turns.
It is clear that with an original number of only four loops, the
conversion of the two middle ones into one spiral will cause such
birds as certain Limicolee, Laridz, and Columbe likewise to assume
the mesogyrous feature; but the position of the diverticle on the
original third loop, nie the relations of these birds, like, e. g.,
Charadrius and Sterna, show that this mesogyrous formation has
been brought about in a way different from that of the Passeres.
Lastly, “the distal portion of any loop originally straight may
become coiled up into a spiral, whilst the rest of the loop remains
straight. This feature may be termed telogyrous. With the duo-
denum this is very rare, it then invariably forms a right-handed
spiral, e. g., in Buceros, Ciconia, Milvus ; the duodenum is more
irregularly twisted in certain Pelargi and Accipitres. The ends of
the second, third, and fourth loops are never coiled up into a regular
spiral, but rather form irregularly coiled up masses, in many
Pelargi, Accipitres, and in the Psittaci.
We see, then, that the cycloccelous (meso- or telogyrous) feature
by itself cannot be taken as a character which indicates the affinity
of the larger groups or orders of birds, unless we take the mode of
development of these concentric conyolutions into consideration.
In fact the cycloccelous formation is the highest mode of stowing
away in the smallest compass that portion of the gut which had to
be increased in length, the relative length of the mid-gut being”
dependent upon the nature and composition of the food. ‘In strictly
orthoccelous birds the increased length of the gut causes the for-
mation of secondary folds anywhere between the previously existing
loops, whereby frequently a very irregular arrangement of all the
convolutions is caused. A similiar process has produced the plagio-
celous teature (fig. f, p. 305), which was probably derived from an
orthoccelous basis.
The highest and perhaps newest mode of stowing away an
increased amount of intestinal length is that in which one of the
folds already existing is lengthened and, owing to its interstitial
growth, turns into a spiral ; in this way the other loops will undergo
the least possible disturbance.
I do not think it necessary to give here a loug and detailed
1859. | €ONVOLUTIONS IN BIRDS. 307
enumeration and description of the intestinal convolutions as they
occur in the numerous orders and families of birds, because this will
be dene elsewhere.
The Table (pp. 308, 309) contains, ina condensed form, an account
of the principal modifications of the intestinal folds, and the diagram
(Plate XXXII.) shows the affinities, or, to speak more cautiously, the
convergent similarities, of all the principal families, as they are
suggested merely by a study of their intestinal arrangements. he
birds will be discussed only from this point of view in order to test,
and to draw attention to, the taxonomic value of those characters
which are exhibited by the modes in which the mid-gut is stowed away
in the abdominal eavity.
Many of these simuarities are perhaps merely coincidences, and
in this case can have no taxonomic significance ; but if these simi-
larities coincide with those of several other organic characters, they
are entitled to a higher rank as indicating not convergence but
common descent of those birds in which they persistently occur.
There seems to be a sort of belief prevailing that the intestinal
convolutions are very variable and unreliable in the same species,
that they are a matter of accident ; but, on the contrary, I have found
them constant to an astonishing exteat, not only in the same species
but in many large families. Of course secondary shortening and
widening of the gut (owing to the assumption of frugivorous habits)
may reduce the number of loops, and may render the original
arrangement quite untraceable, as in, e. g., Carpophaga, Rhamphastus,
Sianucodia. When a bird has acquired strictiy piscivorous habits,
the gut is considerably lengthened and narrowed, and may, just as in
Pandion and in Haliaetus, render the old formation quite unrecog-
nizable. These are, however, exceptions, which are not numerous ;
as a rule the lengthening of the pre-existing loops and the additional
intercalation of new ones does not disturb the typical formation, but
rather throws interesting lights upon the liues of new departure along
which certain birds have become developed, e. g., the Alcedinidee
from a Coraciine stock, now modified through the acquisition of
carnivorous and piscivorous habits.
In the following Table the order adopted is one of mere con-
venience, without necessarily indicating near relationship. The
second column contains the number of principal loops; this can
best be ascertained by spreading the intestine out on the table with-
out tearing the mesenteric connections. The next three columns
refer to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th principal loops: 7 means that the loop
in question is a right-handed one, like the duodenum; / that it is
retrograde, or left-handed ; o signifies that the loop is open; cl that
it is closed. The last column indicates in a few words the type of
formation.
The diagram (Plate XXXII.) requires some explanation. All
the birds of which the names are written inside the inner of the
two concentric circles are on the whole orthoccelous, whilst those
placed between the two concentric circles are eycloccelous ; of the
latter, the underlined families are telogyrous, the others mesogyrous.
308
DR. H. GADOW ON THE INTESTINAL
[May 21,
The four smaller excentric circles contain the plagio-, peri-, anti-,
and isoccelous modifications of the orthoccelous type.
Consequently the Passeres are mesogyrous, with besides anticce-
lous formation.
All the Columbez are periccelous ; some, or rather
the majority, with a mesogyrous spiral.
The names are placed in
‘such a way as to show that similarity or relationship which is indi-
cated by the intestinal arrangement.
Apteryl ......
Crypturi ...
Rasores ......
Turnices......
Pterocles......
Rallide ......
Aleide ..:...
Wold BP i Se, | ed ee eee ee
eee teee eens
tena etenees
Colymbus
seeteeterees
principal
Number of
loops.
Loops.
II Ii.
Ce) lo Several transverse open
loops besides the duo-
denum.
r, 0 1,0 Besides the duodenum with
two short loops.
r, 0 lo Besides the duodenum with
one large, open loop, which
begins to form two secon-
dary ones.
r l Besides the duodenum the
mid-gut and the colon
form each one enormous
convolution of many folds.
Ol LO Second and third loop with
terminal twist ; both with
the last placed trans-
versely.
7, cl | lo Orthoccelous.
r,cl | lo Plagiocelous.
l,cl | r,0 Plagioccelous.
tcl |Z, el | 0, cl | Isocelous.
l,0 l,cl | r,cl,o Periceelous.
lo r,el | r,el,o Periccelous.
Spijral Mesozyrous, cycloccelous,
RES r, cl Periccelous.
Spijral Mesogyrous.
Z,0 r, ol Pericclous.
Spiral Mesogyrous.
l, 0 r,cl | l,cl | Amphicclous ;_ the last
3 loops closed, straight,
and left-handed.
l, 0 r,o |, cl | Many orthoccelous, closed
loops; some of them with
numerous irregular con-
volutions.
le rel | 1, el All orthoccelous, closed
[ier eer Wiloro and alternating.
1,cl | r,el | l, cd | Orthocelous, alternating
closed lips; duodenum
often turned far round to
the left.
l,cl | r. cl | 1, el | Orthoccelous, closed, alter-
nating.
|
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XXI.
1889.] CONVOLUTIONS IN BIRDS 309
TABLE (continued).
pies
o 8.
Boe on Loops.
oop P
z, TE i ELE Lie
(\4to7| Z,cl | 7, cl | 0, et | Orthoccelous, closed, alter-
| nating. (Puffinus, Dio-
Tabinarés ..2..:..Js<. 4 medea, Ossifraga.)
|| 38 Spilral 1, cl_| Mesogyrous; last loop telo-
\ yrous. (Procellaria.)
((\nts rorl|/ Z,cl | 1st, 2nd, 8rd often telo-
eae closed. cre
: 3 Spilral 7, cl is rubra; or one of the
GAT EU ns dp pe oases { r middle loops forms a long
| left-handed spiral. (Pla-
\ talea, Phenicopterus.)
6 bel | et el Orthoccelous, the first three
often telogyrous; often
| with numerous secondary
Bt oe folds.
Sa ee err 5 Spijral al Mesogyrous. All the Ac-
| cipitres and Cathartes
with irregular kinks above
the rectum.
Cathartes’ |... Jescdcsececss 6 1, 0 2nd pericelous. (Rest un-
certain.)
Lamellirostres ......... 5or6| Zo |r,o | Z,e | 2nd plagioccelous or peri-
celous ; the others ortho-
celous, the last three
closed.
Opisthocomus.........++- 4 r,cl | l,cl | l,e¢ | Orthocelous; 3rd with
slight plagioccelous indi-
cation.
Cuéulidse 7 2 5/50:.. 010200. 4 r,cl | l,cl | 1, el | Orthoccelous, apices of mid-
dle loops often turned up,
or the second plagio-
ceelous.
Musophagide ......... 3 ... |0,c2 | 2,0 | Isoccelous.
Woliidss 32. --.e-c. sees 3 U,cl | Lio : Tsoccelous.
Iroconidees.o<.2-2s2c2 3 Le | Gyre Tsoccelous.
Bucerotide ...........: 4 l,el | 7, el | 2,0 | Anti-orthoccelous.
Upupidee is0:..086...5. 3 .. |7,el | 1,0 | Orthocelous; 2nd loop of
Bucerotide not deye-
loped.
GIA) eset tec sosabeacs 4 1,cl |r, el | 1,0 | Anti-orthoccelous.
Rhamphastide ......... 3 a r,cl | 1,0 | Orthocclous; 2nd loop of
Picidz not developed.
/.\ eras Cra Gs bes See 4 i,cl | 4, 40 |i, cl, o | Isoccelous; 2nd loop forms
a left-handed spiral.
Coraciiformes ......... 4 l,cl | 0,30 | 40 | Isoccelous.
SGRISes eset testes ee. oo 4 a) 1,0 0 Isoccelous with plagioccelous
indications.
Caprimulgidz 3 Z,cl \l, el or Tsoecelous.
x0
Cypselide ............... 3 Heh Wolk Tsoccelous.
Mrocdltlicasess sees ose. 3 tcl | 0, ef Tsoccelous, orthoccelous.
Dasseresic.-cest-cetestcene 3 i,cl | t,o Mesogyrous, anticcelous.
21
310 DR. H. GADOW ON THE INTESTINAL [May 21,
The Ratite are a very heterogeneous group, because of the great
diversity in the length and arrangement of the main gut and in the
development of the ceca. In none of these birds has it come to the
development of closed and well-defined loops of the mid-gut (with
the exception of the duodenum). In this respect they represent
the lowest type amongst the recent birds; to connect them with the
Reptiles would, however, be a far-fetched and futile attempt. Their
connections with recent Carinate are distant. Nearest of them to the
latter comes Aptery« through more’ defined loops, and the Crypturi
seem to represent the link. The Gallinze stand more distant. All the
Ratite agree with each other in having the second loop right-
handed, and the third left-handed ; this is a feature which occurs again
only in the Crypturi, Gallinze, Opisthocomus, and in the Cuculide.
The Galline form a well-defined group ; lowest among them stand
the Neotropical Wood-fowls, and it is through them that they lead
towards the Crypturi. The Galline have also an unmistakable
resemblance to Opisthocomus and thence to the Cuculide.
The Turnices, to which belongs undoubtedly FPedionomus, are
traceable to a Ralline or low Gralline stock, with assumed plagio-
ceelous characters of the second loop.
The periccelous assemblage is large. It is typically represented
by the Gralle, of which the Limicole and the Rallide form the
principal groups. However, the configuration of their intestinal
folds as well as numerous other characters separate these two groups
sufficiently to give them equivalent rank.
The Rallide, to which belong the Alectorides, are connected with
the Turnices, more distantly with the Crypturi, and still more so with
Apteryx. Dicholophus is in all points a Gruine form, like Psophia,
and cannot be separated from them. hinochetus contains Ralline,
Limicoline, and Ibis-like features ; the only bird which it resembles
somewhat closely in its very peculiar intestinal convolutions is Podica.
The Limicole agree with the Laride, and also with the Columbe,
in all essential points. Each of these three groups contains a number
of forms which lead in an unbroken series from the typically peri-
ceelous birds with four alternating loops to the typically mesogyrous
birds. Most Columbe and Laride are mesogyrous; Sterna and
its allies represent periccelous or lower forms. Neither granivorous,
nor insectivorous, nor piscivorous habits have exerted any appreciable
influence upon their intestinal convolutions, although of course the
stomach and the ceca are affected. The presence of the crop of the
Columb is repeated in the granivorous limicoline genera Adtagis and
Thinocorys.
It is interesting to note that Limosa and Numenius are both low
Limicolz, and that Numenius approaches in various ways the Ibises,
whence of course a continuous line can be traced into Platalea and
Phenicopterus on the one hand and into the Pelargi proper on the
other.
Rather different from the Limicole are the Pteroclide. They
have four loops, which are all closed, left-handed, 7. e. isocceleus,
and straight; the second and fourth loops have their apices turned
1889.] CONVOLUTIONS IN BIRDS. 311
back, and especially the terminal end of the second resembles some-
what a plagioccelous formation. The Pteroclidze have consequently
various points iu common with several rather diverse groups; they agree
with the Rallidee in having the 2nd and 3rd loops left-handed, but
differ from them and from the Limicole in having all the loops closed.
They differ from the Rallide and agree with the Columb and lower
Limicolze in the number of loops. All this tends to indicate that
the Pteroclidee have branched off from the common Gralline stock
before the separation of the latter into Limicolze and Rallidz had
taken effect, and before either typical Columbze or Gallinze were
developed. That they have, in the diagram, to be placed in the
isoccelous circle—which really belongs to totally different birds—
shows also that they have made an early and special departure.
The Alcide are periccelous and strictly orthoccelous ; they agree
with the Laro-Limicolz in the configuration of their first three loops,
but they differ from them in the number of loops, which is at least
six, the last three of which are left-handed. The Alcidee seem to have
started from some low Limicoline forms and to have branched off
early into astrictly orthoccelous direction. They are, in this respect,
further removed from the Laridee (least so from the Terns), and
render the term Gavize somewhat vague. They approach the Pygo-
podes (Colymbidz and Podicipitide).
The Colymbidee show unmistakable affinities with what may be
called generalized or low Gralline forms; their five loops are closed,
orthoccelous, and alternating. The Podicipitidee differ somewhat
from the Colymbidze, and besides possessing some special pecu-
liarities, approach the Grallze more closely than do the Colymbidee ;
at the same time in the possession of a pyloric dilatation they have a
feature in common with certain Fulicarize and with the Steganopodes
and Herodii. A peculiar resemblance also exists between Podiceps
and Podica in the widely open and irregularly shaped last intestinal
loop. All this assigns a lower position to the Podicipitidee than to
the Colymbidz, and gives them unequal! rank, although the validity
of the name Pygopodes can be maintained. They connect the large
Gralline group with the following congregation, of which the Herodu,
Steganopodes, Tubinares, and Spheniscide are all divergent types.
A very close connection exists between the Herodii and the Stegano-
podes, and this is supported by numerous other characters. The
Tubinares are in more than one respect the most specialized outcome
of this great collective order, and reach in the typically mesogyrous
Procellariine their highest development; whilst Puffinus and
Dicmedea are more generalized, and Ossifraga takes up a somewhat
intermediate position. There are, in this respect, striking resem-
blances, of uncertain value however, with the Laro-Limicole ; and
thus we arrive at the same conclusion as Fuerbringer, who assigns to
the Tubinares a position somewhat intermediate between but rather
distant from the Laro-Limicole and Steganopodes.
The Spheniscide are now a very specialized group. They possess
undeniable characters in common with the Pygopodes, Stegano-
podes, and Tubinares; they are on the whole orthoccelons, but the
21*
312 DR. H. GADOW ON THE INTESTINAL [May 21,
extreme length of their gut thrown into numerousstraight and oblique,
or quite irregular, convolutions renders comparison very difficult.
They have probably branched off very early from the main ortho-
ceelous stock in the Antarctic region, and thus have had time to
assume, through intense specialization, those pseudoprimitive cha-
racters in their whole organization which now separate the few
surviving forms from the rest of the birds.
The Lamellirostres, to which belongs Palamedea as a probably
very old member, are all orthoccelous, and combine peri- and plagio-
ccelous characters in their second loop. The five or six principal
loops are alternating ; the last four are closed and straight. As
typically orthoccelous, aquatic birds, and as Preecoces, they agree of
course with the Pygopodes, and the root of the stock of the
Lamellirostres has to be looked for in this direction alone; they
form, however, such a homogeneous, principally herbivorous, group,
that they claim subordinal rank for themselves.
The Pelargi, containing the Hemiglottides (Ibis and Platalea),
Pheenicopterus, and the Ciconia, are rather diverging forms, which
can be characterized as possessing four very long and mostly closed
loops (with occasional secondary loops intercalated), of which the
first three or some of them have a tendency to coil their apical ends
up into a more or less irregular spiral; this leads sometimes to an
almost mesogyrous formation.
The Hemiglottides approach nearest to the Limicole, although
their points of resemblance with Nuwmenius may possibly be cases of
convergence only. Very closely allied to, in fact inseparable from,
the Hemiglottides, and connecting them with Tantalus, and thus
with the Ciconiz proper, is Phenicopterus; there is not one single
feature in the whole of the digestive system in which this bird
differs from the Pelargi and resembles the Lamellirostres, except
in the presence of small but functional ceca, which are nearly lost in
the Pelargi. But these ceca stand in direct relation to the food of
the Flamingoes, which consists of the conferve in the mud of the
lagoons. The zoophagous Pelargi have lost them, the phyto-
phagous Flamingoes have preserved them.
The Ciconiinz proper, represented by Ciconia, and connected with
the former genera by Tantalus, are essentially telogyrous; their
second loop is right-handed, and accompanies the duodenum ; this
is a rare feature, but considering that it occurs again only in the
Gallinaceous group, and in some of their further allies, it must have
been acquired independently by the Storks. It is of taxonomic
value for the diagnosis of the subfamilies of the Pelargi.
The Pelargi are often classed with the Herodii, but these two
families differ from each other in almost every point of primary
importance. Since, however, each of them possesses various points
in common with the Steganopodes, whilst they differ from each other
in these same points, we have to conclude that the Pelargi, Herodii,
and Steganopodes are three equivalent groups, which are distantly
allied to each other, the relations between the two latter being
closer than those of either with the Pelargi.
1889. ] CONVOLUTIONS IN BIRDS. 313
There remain, lastly, some unexpected resemblances between the
Pelargi and the Diurnal Birds of Prey; the chief connection is formed
by the telogyrous character, the mode in which additional loops of
the lengthened gut are stowed away, and the tendency to convert
some or one of the principal loops into regular spirals. Amongst
the Accipitres, the Old-World Vultures especially exhibit striking
Ciconiine similarities. As regards the Cathartidee, I have to deplore
want of material. One badly preserved specimen of Cathartes
atratus differed greatly from the Accipitres in several particulars ;
one of the points being the widely open and periccelous second loop,
a feature occasionally met with in the Hemiglottides.
Whatever may be the value of these resemblances between the
Pelargi and Raptores, they are the only points by which the Raptores
can be connected with the rest of the Carinate ; therefore the view
of Garrod to let both form part of his order Ciconiiformes, which
is adopted by such an authority as Fuerbringer, becomes strengthened.
It is advisable to treat the Cathartidee and Accipitres (7. e. the rest
of the Raptores diurni, Serpentarius not having been examined) as
equivalent groups, and to combine them under the one name Rap-
tores.
The Psittaci are distinctly telogyrous; all their five principal
loops are closed and alternating ; this, with the presence of a crop,
and the absence of functional cxeca, are features which occur again
together only in the Accipitres. The absolutely vegetable food of
the Parrots would sufficiently account for the differences which exist
between them and the entirely zoophagous Accipitres. However,
this indication of a possible relationship between the Birds of Prey
and Parrots is as little binding or satisfactory as other suggestions
based upon other organic systems. Parrots are Psittaci, and semi-
psittacine forms, either recent or extinct, are unknown.
All the remaining Birds, viz. Garrod’s Piciformes, Passeriformes,
and Cypseliformes (with the addition of the Striges, Musophagide,
and Cuculide, and after the exclusion of the Psittaci), have collec-
tively been called Coracornithes by Fuerbringer. This I consider a
great step in advance. They represent together the higher birds in
opposition to those of lower organization, which, from a very broad
point of view, can be divided into two equivalent sets : 1, those chiefly
terrestrial (all the Plagio- and Periccelous birds, corresponding
roughly with Fuerbringer’s Alectorornithes + Charadriornithes) ; and
2, those chiefly aquatic (all the typically orthoccelous birds=Fuer-
bringer’s Pelargornithes). It is of course self-evident that such a
division of the Aves into three great sets can be maintained only on
the broadest phylogenetic basis, taking into account solely the fact
that their organization gravitates towards three centres. Naturally,
there can be nothing surprising in it that birds, which from all their
principal points of organization point to one centre, have, owing to
change of habits, secondarily assumed characters which are primitive
in, and typical of, another centre. Examples of such convergence are
the Laridze, Accipitres, Pelargi, Striges, and possibly the Psittaci.
Concerning the “Coracornithes,” it would be very difficult to
314 DR. H. GADOW ON THE INTESTINAL [May 2i,
point out in a few words what are the points which connect them
with each other; but still, in spite of many important diversities,
there is something in the organization of the whole of their alimen-
tary system which tells the experienced eye that the majority of
them are allied together, and differ from the rest of the birds.
However, this sounds vague, and is not an exact mode of discussing
the affinities of the birds in question.
The lowest Coracornithes are the Coceyges; this name is intended to
comprise the Cuculidze and the Musophagide. The Cuculide possess
four intestinal loops, of which the second and first are right-handed.
The loops are on the whole orthoccelous, but the apices of the two
middle ones are often turned up, or the second loop is plagioccelons.
Moreover, they possess fully-developed ceeca. In all these respects
they resemble to a great extent the Gallinze; and this hint is con-
siderably strengthened by Opisthocomus, which is, barring special
features, exactly intermediate between the Cuculide and the Galline.
This is a conclusion which Huxley, Fuerbringer, and others have
arrived at on independent grounds. The Musophagide (Corythaix
only examined) possess but tkree loops, of which only the first is
right-handed. So far as the other two are concerned, they are
isoccelous birds, and agree in this point with the bulk of the Corac-
ornithes. The decreased number of loops of Corythaia# is the
result of the shortening of the gut, a feature always connected with
frugivorous habits. I consider that the second loop of the Cucu-
lide has been suppressed in the Musophagide, and that conse-
quently their last two loops correspond with the third and fourth of
the Cuculide. The isoccelous feature of the Musophagide is
therefore reduced to a secondarily acquired one, and to a case of
convergence towards the typically isoccelous birds. The Coecyges
are therefore, like Opisthocomus, birds which have sprung from the
Gallinaceous stock, and have followed lines of development which
are directed towards the Coracornithes, and which in the Muso-
phagide have attained their highest features.
The Picide, Capitonide, and Rhamphastide are very close allies,
and form the Pici. They differ, like the Epopes (Bucerotide and
Upupide) from all the other Coracornithes in the alternating posi-
tiou of their four loops, which, in the frugivorous Rhamphastide,
and in the likewise extremely short-gutted genus Upupa, are reduced
to three by the suppression of the original second loop. Xantholema,
one of the Capitonide, has this second loop still indicated. The
total absence of czeca in all these birds is a coincidence, whilst there
are no obvious characters, besides the anticcelous convoluticns, which
point to a close relationship between the Pici and the Epopes.
There remains the large congregation which is, in the diagram,
included in the isoccelous circle. Of these the Coraciide stand
nearest to the hypothetical ancestral or central stock, because they are
the most generalized set, from which all the others can be derived.
In one direction started from or out of the Coraciide the Alcedinide,
which have reached a truly mesogyrous formation. Their lengthened
gut,.in conformity with their partly piscivorous habits, forms a left-
1889. ] CONVOLUTIONS IN BIRDS. 315
handed spiral in its second loop, whilst the fourth loop is long, and
in the more piscivorous members widely open and irregularly placed.
The affinity between the Coraciide and the Alcedinide in opposition
to other groups may be expressed by the term Halcyones ; the frequent
occurrence oi blue non-metallic colour in these birds favours the
acceptance of such a term.
The Striges verge towards the plagioccelous type, but all their
affinities rest with the Coraciide and Caprimulgide combined.
These three families possess long czeca; the Alcedinide, Cypselide,
and Trochilidze have lost them, the first of these because of their
piscivorous and cancrivorous habits.
The Caprimulgide, Cypselide, and Trochilide agree very much
with each other. They are, however, all of equivalent rank. They
all have only three intestinal loops, which are short, in agreement with
their principally insectivorous habits. The Trochilidz differ in the
possession of acrop. The Cypselide and Caprimulgide are somewhat
more closely related to each other, and the latter (including Podargus)
turn towards the Owls. ‘The Cypselidee are sometimes supposed to
be somewhat nearly allied to the Passeres. Their alimentary system
does not altogether favour such a view; but perhaps the ancestors
of Colius once filled this gap, leaving their sole recent descendant
now in a solitary position.
The Trogonide stand on a lower level than the Cypselide,
Trochilidz, and Coliidze, on the same level as the Caprimulgidz and
Coraciidze, and connect them all with each other. How much of
this is mere coincidence, I am unable to decide, owing to want of
material. The Trogons still possess well-developed ceca like the
Coraciidze, Caprimulgide, and Striges, whilst all the other Corac-
ornithes inside the isoccelous circle have lost them, or have only
functionless remnants of them.
We cannot divide the whole host of Coracornithes into Meno- and
Lipotyphla, because the loss of the czeca does not indicate relation-
ship, and has been produced independently by the absence or scarcity
of cellulose or chitinous substances in the food taken.
The Passeres ave a very uniform group, equivalent to the Halcy-
ones, Pici, Striges, &c. Their roots he in the anticcelous assemblage,
nearer to the right than to the left in the diagram. They all possess
only three loops, without indications of more; the second and third
are left-handed; the second becomes a left-handed spiral, the turns
of which depend upon the length of the gut; the third loop is
always open, and invariably encloses the duodenum between its
descending and ascending branches, the latter branch being situated
on the ventral and left side of the descending branch of the duo-
denum. This arrangement is invariably the same, even in the
Mesomyodians, and in such otherwise aberrant forms as Rupicola and
Pitta. ‘There is a special line which leads from the Laniine forms
through the Austrocoraces (Gymnorhina, Graucalus, Strepera, Para-
diseidz, &c.) into the Coraces proper, which latter have produced
some special modifications of the intestinal convolutions, and may
be looked upon as the last and highest blossom of the Avian tree.
316 DR. G. J. ROMANES ON THE MENTAL [June 4,
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII.
Diagrammatic representation of affinities of Birds according to their intestinal
convolutions.
All the names between the two concentric rings refer to Birds which are
cycloccelous.
All the birds within the inner concentric circle are orthoccelous.
Underlined names refer to telogyrous formation.
Relationship is indicated by the excentric circles and by dotted connecting
lines,
June 4, 1889.
Osbert Salvin, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during the month of May 1889 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of May were 172 in number. Of these 121
were acquired by presentation, 6 by exchange, 9 by deposit, 21 by
purchase, and 15 by birth. The total number of departures during
the same period, by death and removals, was 124.
Amongst these I may call attention to an albino variety of the
Cape Mole-Rat (Georychus capensis), presented to the Menagerie,
May Ist, by the Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. The ordinary colour
of this Rodent is a uniform grey; the present specimen, however, is
nearly pure white with black eyes. It lives entirely under the earth
like a Mole, and is an interesting animal, though hardly suitable for
public exhibition.
Mr. H. E. Dresser exhibited and made remarks on some eggs of
the Adriatic Black-headed Gull (Larus melanocephalus) and of the
Slender-billed Gull (Larus gelastes), which had lately been obtained
at their nesting-places in the marshes of Andalusia by Col. Hanbury
Barclay, F.Z.S., and himself.
The following papers were read :—
1. On the Mental Faculties of the Bald Chimpanzee
(Anthropopithecus calvus). By Grorcz J. Romangs,
F.R.S., F.Z.S.
[Received June 4, 1889.]
The female Chimpanzee, which has now been in the Society’s
menagerie for nearly six years *, has attracted general notice, not only
on account of her peculiar zoological characters, but perhaps still
more on account of her high intelligence. This is conspicuously
displayed by the remarkable degree in which she is able to under-
stand the meaning of spoken language—a degree which is fully equal
to that presented by an infant a few months before emerging from
1 Cf, Bartlett, P. Z, 8. 1885, p. 673, pl. xli.
1889. ] FACULTIES OF THE BALD CHIMPANZEE. 317
infancy, and therefore higher than that which is presented by any
brute, so far at least as I have met with any evidence to show.
Nevertheless, the only attempts that she makes by way of vocal
response are three peculiar grunting noises—one indicative of assent
or affirmation, another (very closely resembling the first) of dissent
or negation, and the third (quite different from the other two) of
thanks or recognition of favours. In disposition she is somewhat
capricious, though on the whole good-humoured, fond of her keepers,
and apparently never tired of a kind of bantering play which off and
on they keep up with her continually. By vocalizing in a peculiar
monotone (imitative of the beginning of her own “ song”), they are
usually able to excite her into the performance of a remarkable
series of actions. First she shoots out her lips into the well-known
tubular forms (depicted in Darwin’s ‘ Expression of the Emotions,’
p. 141), while at the same time she sings a strange howling note,
interrupted at regular intervals: these, however, rapidly become
shorter and shorter, while the vocalization becomes louder and louder,
winding up to a climax of shrieks and yells, sometimes accompanied
with a drumming of the hind feet and a vigorous shaking of the
network which constitutes her cage. The whole performance ends
with a few grunts.
A year or two ago it occurred to me that I might try some psycho-
logical experiments on the intelligence of this animal. The circum-
stances in which she is placed, however, did not prove favourable
for anything like systematic instruction. Being constantly exposed
to the gaze of a number of people coming and going, and having
her attention easily distracted by them, the ape was practically
available for purposes of tuition only during the early hours of the
morning, before the menagerie is open to the public; and, as a rule,
I did not find it convenient to attend at that time. Therefore, the
results which I am about to describe do not in my opinion represent
what might fairly have been expected under more favourable condi-
tions ; if the Chimpanzee could have been kept as a domestic pet
for a few months (as I kept a Cebus kindly lent me for the pur-
poses of psychological observation by this Society), there can be
no doubt that many much more interesting results might have been
obtained. Nevertheless, it appears to me that even those which
thus far have been obtained are worthy of being placed on record ;
and although some of them have already been published a few
months ago in my work on ‘ Mental Evolution in Man,’ since that
time some further progress has been made; and therefore in the
present paper I will state together all the facts which have been
hitherto observed.
Having enlisted the intelligent cooperation of the keepers, I re-
quested them to ask the ape repeatedly for one straw, two straws, or
three straws. These she was to pick up and hand out from among
the litter in her cage. No constant order was to be observed in
making these requests, but whenever she handed a number not
asked for, her offer was to be refused, while if she gave the proper
number her offer was to be accepted, and she was to receive a piece
318 DR. G. J. ROMANES ON THE MENTAL [June 4,
of fruit as payment. In this way the ape was eventually taught to
associate these three numbers with their names. Lastly, if two
straws or three straws were demanded, she was taught to hold one
straw or two straws in her mouth until she had picked up the
remaining straw, and then to hand the two straws or the three straws
together. This prevented any possible error arising from her
interpretation of vocal tones—an error which might well have arisen
if each straw had been asked for separately.
As soon as the animal understood what was required, and had
learnt to associate these three numbers with their names, she never
failed to give the number of straws asked for. Her education was
then extended in a similar manner from three to four, and from
four to five straws. Here, for reasons to be presently stated, I allowed
her education to terminate. But more recently one of the keepers
has endeavoured to advance her instruction as faras ten. ‘The result,
however, is what might have been anticipated. Although she very
rarely makes any mistake in handing out one, two, three, four, or five
straws, according to the number asked for, and although she is
usually accurate in handing out as many as six or seven, when the
numbers eight, nine, or ten are named, the result becomes more and
more uncertain, so as to be suggestive of guesswork. It is evident,
however, that she understands the words seven, eight, nine, and ten
to betoken numbers higher than those below them; and if she is
asked for any of these numbers (i. e., above six), she always gives some
number that is above six and not more than ten; but there is no
such constant accuracy displayed in handing out the exact number
named as is the case below six. On the whole, then, while there is
no doubt that this animal can accurately compute any number of
straws up to five, beyond five the accuracy of her computation
becomes progressively diminished.
It is to be noticed that the ape exhibits some idea of multiplica-
tion ; for she very frequently (especially when dealing with numbers
above five) doubles over a long straw so as to make it present two
ends, and thus to appear as two straws. Any of the comparatively
rare errors which she now makes in dealing with numbers below
six are almost invariably due to her thus endeavouring to duplicate
her straws. In this connexion it is to be remembered that, owing
to the method above described (whereby the ape is required to place
each straw separately in her mouth until the sum asked for is com-
pleted), when any high number is demanded, a considerable tax is
imposed upon her patience; and as her movements are deliberate
while her store of patience is but small, it is evident to all observers
that the doubling of the straws is intended to save trouble by getting
the sum completed with greater rapidity than is possible when every
straw is picked up separately. Of course we do not recognize these
doubled straws as equivalent to two straws, and therefore the persis-
tency with which she endeavours to palm them off as such is the
more noteworthy as evidence of her idea of multiplication. More-
over, I am disposed to think that the uncertainty which attends her
dealing with the numbers six and seven is more largely due to her
1889.] FACULTIES OF THE BALD CHIMPANZEE, 319
losing patience than to her losing count; although after seven I
believe that her computation of the numbers themselves becomes
vague, or merged in a merely general idea of many. It may also be
stated that while picking up the straws and placing them in her
mouth she looks only at the straws themselves, and not at the
person who asks for them: therefore she is certainly not actuated
in her responses by interpreting facial expression, unconscious ges-
ture, &c., as is no doubt the case with many dogs which, on this
account, are sometimes accredited by their owners with powers of
“thought reading.’ It is needless to add that, after asking for
the number of straws required, we remain silent till the ape has
handed them out.
It is not necessary—indeed it would be unreasonable—to suppose
that in this process of “counting” the ape employs any system of
notation. We know from our own experience that there is counting
and counting—. e., distinguishing between low numbers by directly
appreciating the difference between two quantities of sensuous per-
ception, and distinguishing between numbers of any amount by
marking each perception with a separate sign. The extent to which
the former kind of computation can be carried in the case of man
has been made the subject of a careful research by Prof. Preyer of
Jena (Sitzungsb. d. Gesell. f. Med. u. Naturwiss. 1881). His experi-
ments consisted in ascertaining the number of objects (such as dots
on a piece of paper) which admit of being simultaneously estimated
with accuracy, and it was found that the number admits of being
largely increased by practice, until, in the case of some persons, it
may rise to more than twenty. But, of course, in the case of a
brute it is not to be expected that such a high degree of proficiency
even in this non-notative kind of “counting” should be attainable.
The utmost that could here be expected is that a brute should
exhibit some such level of ability as is presented by a young child,
or by those savages whose powers of accurate computation do not
appear to extend further than numbers which we write as units}.
It was in view of such considerations that I did not attempt to carry
the education of this ape beyond the number five; and the result
which has attended subsequent endeavours to teach her numbers as
high as ten is, as previously remarked, exactly what one might have
anticipated. It may here be added that in the only records with
which I am acquainted of animals exhibiting any powers of numerical
computation, these powers have not extended beyond the number
five. ‘Thus, for instance, in his well-known account of these powers
as presented by rooks, Leroy says:—‘To deceive this suspicious
bird the plan was hit upon of sending two men into the watch-house,
one of whom passed out while the other remained [to shoot the bird
on returning to her nest]; but the rook counted and kept her dis-
tance. Next day three went, and again she perceived that only two
returned. In fine, it was found necessary to send five or six men to
the watch-house in order to throw out her calculations” *. Again,
* See, for example, Galton, ‘ Tropical South Africa,’ p. 213.
2 © Letters,” &c.
320 MENTAL FACULTIES OF THE BALD CHIMPANZEE. [June 4,
Houzeau tells us that mules used in tramways at New Orleans have
to make five journeys from one end of the route to the other before
they are released, and that they make four of these journeys without
showing any expectation of being released, but begin to bray towards
the end of the fifth’. Lastly, the keeper of the Sea-Lions now
in the menagerie has recently taught one of these animals to ‘* count ”
as far as five. His method is to throw pieces of fish in regular
succession, which the animal catches one by one. He throws them
in series of fives, and, before the commencement of any series, he
tells the seal to miss the first, the second, the third, the fourth, or the
fifth, as the on-lookers may dictate: the Sea-Lion thereupon makes
no attempt to catch the member of the series thus verbally indicated.
It is only a day or two ago, however, that I witnessed this perform-
ance, and as yet I am not satisfied that the Sea-Lion really “ counts,”
because it appears to me probable that the keeper may unintentionally
make some slight differeuce in his manner of throwing the piece
of fish which he expects the Sea-Lion to miss, and that it is really
this slight difference in the manner of throwing which the seal per-
ceives and acts upon. Therefore, I intend to get an arrangement
fitted up whereby the pieces of fish shall be thrown mechanically.
But, whatever the result of this experiment may be, I think
there can now no longer be any question that it lies within the capa-
city of animal intelligence to ‘‘ count ” correctly (in the sense already
explained) as far as five, and even to show a well-marked apprecia-
tion—although progressively a more and more uncertain one—of
numbers lying between five and ten.
The only other direction in which I have thus far subjected the
Chimpanzee to psychological experiment has been in that of attempting
to teach her the names of colours. It appeared to me that if I could
once succeed in getting her thoroughly well to know the names of
black, white, red, green, or blue, a possible basis might have been
laid for many further experiments wherein these five colours could
have been used as signs of artificially associated ideas. The result,
however, of attempting to teach her the names of colours bas been
so uniformly negative, that I am disposed to think the animal must be
colour-blind. It is perhaps desirable to state the facts which have
led me to entertain this their most probable interpretation.
The method adopted in these experiments was to obtain from the
importers of oriental matting a number of brightly and uniformly
coloured pieces of straw—each piece being either white, black, red,
green, or blue. Offered the straws two by two of different colours
on each occasion, the ape was invited to select the straw of the
colour named from the one whose colour was not named, and, of
course, on choosing correctly was rewarded with a piece of fruit.
In this way she quickly learnt to distinguish between the white
straws and the straws of any other colour; but she never could be
taught to go further. Now the distinction between the white
straws and the straws of any other colour is a distinction which can
be drawn by an eye that is colour-blind; and from the fact that
1 Fac. Ment. des Anim. tom. ii. p. 207.
P.Z.S.1889. Pl. XXXII.
Monticelli. del Imp. Camb. Sci. Inst Co.
Berjeau & Highley del.
NEW OR RARE ENTOZOA. :
1889. ] ON ENTOZOA IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 321
the ape is always able to perceive this distinction (she will search
long and patiently for a straw of any colour when told that it occurs
somewhere in the general litter of white straws constituting her bed,
and eventually pick it out), while she cannot be taught to distin-
guish any of the others, I conclude that her failure in this respect is
not due to any want of intelligence, but to some deficiency in her
powers of colour-perception.
9. Notes on some Entozoa in the Collection of the British
Museum. By Fr. Sav. Monricent’. .
[Received May 18, 1889.]
(Plate XX XIII.)
Thanks to the courtesy of Dr. A. Giinther I have been able to
examine the helminthological collection of the British Museum (N.H.),
and to study closely the typical specimens of von Siebold and Baird
which are contained therein. On the present occasion I shall merely
make some remarks upon a few of the more interesting new species
or such as are not well known. Othervobservations I hope to embody
n a larger forthcoming paper.
TREMATODA.
1. AMPHISTOMUM TRUNCATUM, Rud. Ent. Syst. pp. 91 et 389.
I have found many specimens of this species taken from the
intestine of a Phoca vitulina. My observations enable me to
complete the description as follows :—Body elliptical, compressed or
cylindrical, according to the state of preservation, with posterior
extremity obtusely truncated and covered by fine spines, which in
the anterior third are large, become gradually smaller in the middle
third, and invisible in the posterior third.
Posterior sucker large, rounded, very prominent; pharynx of
moderate size; cesophagus short ; intestinal czecalong. The genital
antrum placed in the anterior part of the body and surrounded by
an elevated edge; it resembles a sucker; testes large and occupying
the posterior part of the body ; ovarium small, and uterus not much
extended. Vitellaria disposed laterally and limited to the middle
part of the body ; vagina opening dorsally.
2. DisroMUM VELIPORUM, Creplin, in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1842,
p- 336, tab. ix.
There are in the collection specimens of this species found in the
stomach (a) of an Acanthias (vulgaris?) presented by Dr. Chapman,
((3) of a Scymnus, sp., from Madeira, (vy) of a Torpedo fairchildi from
Dunedin (New Zealand), presented by the Otago University Museum;
and in the body-cavity of a Raja nasuta from Dunedin (New Zealand).
The Acanthias, Torpedo fairchildi, and Raya nasuta are new hosts
1 Communicated by Dr. A. Ginther, V.P.Z.8.
322 SIGNOR F. S. MONTICELLI ON [June 4,
for this Distomum, which up to now has been found in the stomach
only.
D. microcephalum, Baird (Cat. Ent. Brit. Mus. p. 98, pl. ii. fig. 2),
from the stomach of Acanthias vulgaris, is, [ think, based on small
specimens of D. veliporum.
3. DisromuM MICROPORUM, sp.n. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 1.)
Body elongated, pyriform, of a yellow colour, finely plicated
transversely, with a small caudal appendage; in front very narrow
aud cylindrical, behind gradually enlarged and swollen; posterior
extremity obtusely lanceolate. Anterior sucker large, circular, sub-
terminal, situated entirely on the ventral surface ; posterior sucker
smaller than the anterior, circular, placed at the commencement of
the posterior enlargement of the body. The small genital antrum is
placed almost immediately behind the anterior sucker. Penis of
moderate size, enlarged at the base. Excretory system opening at
the extremity of body subdorsally. Lengths of the specimens 20-
32 millim.
The six specimens of this new species were taken by Dr. Giinther
from a Plagyodus ferox trom Madeira. Trematoda have not been
previously observed in the Plagyodontina.
4. Disromum aicas, Nardo, Mem. sopra alcune nuove e rare
specie di Entozoi, in Heusinger’s Zeitsch. f. org. Physik, 1827, p. 68.
(Plate XXXIII. figs. 2, 3.)
I give a figure of this rare species, which, so far as I know, has not
yet been figured. The only specimen existing in the collection was
taken from the stomach of an Ausonia cuviert which was found on
the British coast.
5. Disromum HALOosAuRI, Jeffrey Bell, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(5) xix. pp. 116-117. (Plate XXXIIT. figs. 4, 5.)
Mr. Bell has described this species, found in the enlarged ends of
the ureters of a Halosaurus macrochir dredged off Cape St. Vincent.
I give a figure of this interesting species, and I add some remarks to
Bell’s description.
Anterior sucker small, globose, situated ventrally, presenting in
front a pointed elevation, which, observed in a microscopical pre-
paration, seems to be pierced by a cavity (see fig. 5). Posterior
sucker as large or hardly larger than the anterior, circular, enlarged,
prominent. Pharynx enclosed in the anterior sucker ; cesophagus
slender ; intestinal ceeca not very long. ‘Testes in irregular outline ;
ovarium before the testes; uterus much extended through the
body ; genital antrum placed immediately before the posterior sucker.
Entozoa have not been before discovered in Halosaurus.
6. DipyMozoon SERRANI, sp. n. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 6.)
This new species was found on the gills of a Serranus fimbriatus
from Madeira; the same undescribed species I have frequently found
attached to the gills of the Serranus gigas of the Gulf of Naples.
1889. ] ENTOZOA IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 323
At present I give only a figure of this new species to ensure its
recognition. The detailed description, with anatomical remarks,
will be given in a forthcoming paper. The lengths of the cysts
of this new species are 6-10 millim.
Didymozoon serrani is the first species of this genus found ina
fish of the family Percidze, the other known species inhabiting fishes
of the families Scombridz and Sphyrzenide.
CESTODA.
7. GyROcoTYLE RuGosA, Diesing, Syst. Helm. vol. i. p. 480.
A specimen taken from the intestine of a Callorhynchus antarc-
ticus from Dunedin (New Zealand). This very strange Cestode has
hitherto been found only in Mactra edulis.
8. BoTHRIOCEPHALUS MACROBOTHRIUM, Sp.n. (Plate XXXIII.
figs. 7, 8, 9.)
Head small, with the terminal cupula flattened; bothria lateral,
small, prominent, with thick margin ; neck very short, subcylindrical ;
body flattened. Anterior segments very small, hardly to be dis-
tinguished, becoming gradually more distinct towards the end of the
body. The last segments not different in form from the preceding,
but a little larger. Genital orifices lateral and in the anterior part of
the segments.
Length of the specimens 16—20 centim.
The specimens were taken from the stomach of a Trachypterus,
sp. inc., from Mauritius, presented by L. Bouton, Esq.
9. BoTHRIOCEPHALUS PLATYCEPHALUS, sp.n. (Plate XXXIII.
fig. 10.)
Head pointed, triangular, pyramidal, anteriorly truncated, without
distinct terminal cupula. Bothria large, much flattened, with in-
distinct fossette; neck very short, quadrangular; body flattened.
Anterior segments small, the succeeding gradually larger ; posterior
margin arcuate ; genital orifices lateral. Lengths of specimens 115—
190 millim.
The host of this new species is Beryx decadactyla of Madeira,
from which Entozoa have not been previously described.
10. BorHriocEPHALUS TETRAPTERUS, von Siebold, in Lehrbuch
d. vergl. Anat. d. wirb. Thiere, Berlin, 1848, pp. 120, 148; 147, in
notes. (Plate XXXIII. fig. 11.)
I complete Siebold’s description of this species, which inhabits
Phoca vitulina :—Head cordiform. Bothria lateral, enlarged, with
margins expanded, so as to resemble four wings. Anterior segments
trapezoidal, distinctly campanulate; the following rectangular, not
campanulate, the later decidedly quadrate. I have not observed
the incomplete transverse division of the segments described by
Siebuld. The male and female generative organs are double in
each segment, with two distinct genital orifices, very small, situated
324 SIGNOR F. S. MONTICELLI ON [June 4,
in the anterior third of the proglottis; exceptionally they are single,
with a single genital orifice.
_ Length of complete specimen existing in the collection 55 millim.
11. TETRABOTHRIUM MACROCEPHALUM, Rudolphi, Ent. Hist.
pt. ili. p. 61.
Tenia sulciceps, described and figured by Baird (P. Z.S. 1859,
p. 111, pl. lvi. figs. 1, la, 14) from the intestine of Diomedea
exulans, is only a specimen of this species of Rudolphi, which had
not previously been found in Diomedea.
Again, the Tenia diomedea, n. sp. (7), described recently by Linstow
(‘ Challenger’ Report, Entozoa, p. 13) from Diomedea brachyura,
is a specimen of Tetrabothrium macrocephalum, and probably the
Tetrabothrium torulosum described by the same author from Dio-
medea brachyura is only a synonym of the same worm.
12. PHYLLOBOTHRIUM CRISPATISSIMUM, sp. n. (Plate XX XIII.
fig. 12.)
Very closely allied to P. lactuca and P. tridaz, from which it
may be easily distinguished by the larger head, the smaller bothria
(which are extremely plicated with very small accessory suckers), by
the broad and short neck, and by the very small size of the segments
of the body, only gradually enlarged near the extremity of the body ;
the last segments are rectangular ; genital orifices marginal.
Lengths of the specimens 140-190 millim. Unfortunately the
host of this new species is unknown.
PELICHNIBOTHRIUM, gen. nov.
Head with a large pyramidal haustellum, anteriorly truncated and
provided with a well-developed terminal sucker; bothria four, en-
larged, like a basin, completely adherent to the head, each with an
accessory sucker, scrobiculiform, and disposed in couples on each side
of the head. The bothria of each couple are very near together.
13. PELICHNIBOTHRIUM SPECIOSUM, sp. n. (Plate XXXIII.
figs. 13, 14.)
There are many specimens taken from Alepidosaurus ferox, from
Madeira. I was unable to discover true segments of the body or
the generative organs.
14. Tania FALCIFoRMISs, Baird, Cat. Entoz. Brit. Mus. p. 116;
P. Z.S. 1853, p. 24, pl. xxx. fig. 3. (Plate XX XIII. fig. 17.)
Baird described the rostellum of this Tenia as unarmed, but with
a mark of doubt. I have cbserved that the rostellum, elongated,
conical, and anteriorly subrounded, is armed with eight very slender
and long hooks of a very characteristic form ; the neck is indistinct ;
the genital orifices are marginal.
15. Tanta catva, Baird, Cat. Ent. p. 83; P.Z.S. 1853, p. 24,
pl. xxxi. figs. 1, la. (Plate XX XIII. figs. 18, 19.)
There are in the collection numerous specimens of this species -
1889. | ENTOZOA IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 325
found in the intestine of Lagopus scoticus. The small rounded head
hardly distinct from the long neck, provided with four circular and
large suckers, has the rostellum armed with a small crown of very
numerous and minute hooks (Baird said the rostellum was unarmed).
The genital orifices are marginal, on one side. The ova are small,
ovoidal ; contents a very small embryo, occupying about the fiftieth
part of the total contents of the ova.
16. THNIA MAGELLANICA, sp.n. (Plate XXXIII. figs. 15, 16.)
I propose this name for a species of Tenia collected in Magellan
Straits by Dr. Cunningham. This species, of a brown colour, 20-28
millim. in length, is thus characterized:—Head subclavate, ros-
tellum not apparent; suckers large, as wide as the head; neck deli-
cate, of moderate length. Anterior part of the body thin, posterior
gradually enlarged ; anterior segments small, following rectangular,
the last trapezoidal. Genital orifices lateral, very small, and not easy
to recognize.
17. Tanta BIFARIA, von Siebold, MSS. ? (Baird, Cat. Ent. p. 79).
This interesting species has been, so far I know, not yet described.
It is characterized as follows :—Head small, triangular, with a conical,
pointed, unarmed rostellum and a very small sucker; neck short.
Anterior segments small, narrow, gradually enlarged and rectan-
gular, last segments subquadrate. The generative organs are dupli-
cated in each segment, with the genital orifices, which are lateral and
prominent, on either side. The penis-sheath is large; the penis of
moderate size, armed with fine spines.
Lengths of the specimens taken from the intestine of Myroca
leucophthalma 39-90 millim.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII.
. Distomum microporum, sp. u., nat. size, p. 322.
gigas, nat. size, p. 322.
—— ——, posterior sucker, X 3, p. 322.
— halosauri, x 3, p. 322.
, anterior part of the body; from a microscopical preparation,
Fig.
. 322,
; Ddymosial serrant, sp. n., nat. size: attached to the gills of Serranus
Jimbriatus, p. 322.
. Bothriocephalus macrobothrium, sp. n., head, x 6, lateral view, p. 323.
, head, x 6, anterior view, p. 323.
, last segments, X 3, p. 323.
10. —— platycephalus, sp. u., head, magnified, p. 323.
‘ tetrapterus, head, magnified, p. 323.
12. Phyllobothrium crispatissimum, sp. u., head, magnified, p. 324,
13. Pelichnibothrium speciosum, g. et sp. u., head, x 6, p. 324.
14. —— » head from a microscopical preparation, p. 324.
15. Tenia magellanica, sp. n., head, magnified, p. 325.
OOM D owt
16. —— , last segments, p. 325.
17. —— falciformis, a hook, magnified, p. 324.
18. —— calva, ova, much magnified, p. 324.
19. —— , a hook, much magnified, p. 324.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XXII. 22
326 ON BIRDS COLLECTED IN DOMINICA, [June 4,
3. List of Birds collected by Mr. Ramage in Dominica,
West Indies. By P. L. Scuarer, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.,
Secretary to the Society.
[Received May 13, 1889.]
I lay on the table a set of the birds collected, in 1887 and 1888,
in the island of Dominica, West Indies, by Mr. George A. Ramage,
the Naturalist employed by the joint Committee of the Royal Society
and British Association for the investigation of the Fauna and Flora
of the Lesser Antilles.
The specimens are 116 in number, and belong to the following 30
species :—
*1, Mimocichla ardesiaca (Vieil/.). 16. Blacicus brunneicapillus, Lawr.
2. Myiadestes dominicanus, Stejn. 17, Tyrannus rostratus, Sel.
3. Margarops montanus ( Vieill.). 18. Eulampis jugularis (Zinn.).
4. Cinclocerthia.ruficauda, Gould. 19. Eulampis holosericeus (Zinm.).
d. Thryothorus rufescens, Lawr. 20. Thalurania wagleri (Zess.).
6. Dendreca melanoptera, Sharpe. 21. Orthorhynchus exilis (Gm.).
7. Dendreeca plumbea, Lawr. 22. Coccyzus minor ( Gi.).
8. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). 23. Chrysotis bouqueti ( Wag/.).
9. Vireosylvia calidris (Linn.). 24. Chrysotis augusta, Vigors.
10. Certhiola dominicana, Taylor. 25. Buteo pennsylvanicus (Wils.).
11. Saltator guadelupensis, Lafr. 26. Tinnunculus caribbearum (G7.).
12. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.). 27. Zenaida martinicana, Bp.
13. Phonipara bicolor (Linz.). 28. Chamzpelia passerina (Linn.).
14. Elainea martinica (Linn.). 29. Butorides virescens (Zinn.).
15. Myiarchus tyrannulus (Miller). x80. Nyctiardea violacea (Linn.).
The most complete list of the birds of Dominica is that published by
Mr. G. N. Lawrence in 1878*. It contains the names (or synonyms
of the names) of all the above-mentioned species except two, namely
Mimocichla ardesiaca and Nyctiardea violacea. As regards the
latter of these, the species is of wide distribution, and is known to
occur in others of the Lesser Antilles *; there is no reason therefore
to remark on its being found also in Dominica. But Mimocichla is,
I believe, quite a novelty in the Avifauna of the Caribbean group
of islands. This genus contains four species, and has hitherto been
supposed to be restricted to the Greater Antilles, M. rubripes and
M. schistacea being its representatives in Cuba, M. plumbea in the
Bahamas, and M. ardesiaca in San Domingo and Porto Rico. As
might have been expected, the Dominican Dimocichla belongs to
the Porto Rican form. It is, in fact, so nearly similar that I do not
see sufficient grounds for making it specifically distinct. The only
difference apparent is the much greater whiteness of the belly in the
Dominican specimens, whence those who adopt trinomials would, no
doubt, call it Mimocichla ardesiaca albiventris. Mr. Ramage has
sent home two male examples of this bird, which were both procured
at “ Batalie, dry region to leeward,” in March 1889.
1 “Catalogue of the Birds of Dominica from collections made for the Smith-
sonian Institution by Fred. A. Ober,” Proc. U. 8. N. M. 1878, p. 48.
? See Cory, Birds of the West Indies (1880), p. 249.
1889.] MR. E. MUYBRIDGE ON ANIMAL LOCOMOTION. 327
The known species of birds of the island of Dominica are about
60 in number, of which about 35 are Passeres, Picarize, and Psittaci.
Of these five appear to be absolutely restricted to the island :—
Blacicus brunneicapillus. Chrysotis augusta.
Thalurania wagleri. bouquett.
Chetura dominica.
Besides these there are two peculiar subspecies, namely Mimocichla
ardesiaca albiventris and Margarops montanus rufus. The great
feature in the Dominican Ornis is the sole possession of two species
of a peculiar group of large Parrots of the genus Chrysotis which is
restricted to the Lesser Antilles, namely C. augusta and C. bouquet.
Of the other two known members of this group, St. Vincent has one
(C. guildingi) and Santa Lucia one (C. versicolor). There ought to
be a representative of this group also in Martinique, but it is not
yet known tous. It is perhaps extinct. Besides the species and
subspecies restricted solely to Dominica, this island has many other
peculiar forms in common with its near neighbours of the Lesser
Antilles. These will be found enumerated in Mr. Lawrence’s
instructive index and analysis of the birds contained in Mr. Ober’s
collections (Proc. U. S. N. Mus. 1878, p. 486), and in Cory’s
‘Birds of the West Indies.’
June 18, 1889.
Prof. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Secretary exhibited, on behalf of Mr. J. F. Green, F.Z.S., a
very fine example of the Common Eel (Anguilla vulgaris) obtained
from a pond at Lee, Kent, as mentioned in ‘The Field’ of August
25th, 1888. eS
_ Mr. B. B. Woodward exhibited and made remarks upon a draw-
ing of rope caffra, a carnivorous Snail from the Cape Colony, taken
from an example lately living in this country.
Mr. B. B. Woodward also exhibited an example of a fossil shell
from the Eocene of the Paris Basin, Neritina schmideliana, and a
section showing its peculiar mode of growth.
Mr. Eadweard Muybridge exhibited a number of projections with
the Oxy-hydrogen Lantern. These had been selected from his ela-
borate work on Animal Locomotion now being prepared for publication
under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania, and illustrated
successive phases of motion, such as occur during a single stride of
the walk, amble, trot, gallop, &c., of Horses, Dogs, Elephants, and
other animals, both wild and domestic, and of birds while flying.
22*
328 PROF. H. H. GIGLIOLI ON ANEW GADOID- [June 18,
These projections had been taken by an automatic electro-pho-
tographic apparatus with a regulated and exactly equal period of
time between the phases, which are photographed synchronously
from two or more points of view. With this apparatus thirty-six
illustrations had been made of a horse while jumping a hurdle ; each
of twelve phases illustrating the complete action having been simul-
taneously photographed from the side, front, and rear. Twenty-four
consecutive phases of the wing of a bird while flying had also been
photographed, the time-intervals of each successive phase being
recorded by an electro-chronograph.
The following papers were read :—
1. On a supposed new Genus and Species of Pelagic Gadoid
Fishes from the Mediterranean. By Henry H. Gic-
Lioti, C.M.Z.S.
[Received May 25, 1889.]
(Plate XXXIV.)
ERETMOPHORUS’, gen. nov.
2
Body moderately elongate, tapering in older specimens towards
the tail; covered with small adherent cycloid scales marked with
concentric lines, and not extending to the head and abdomen, which
are naked. Abdomen prolonged in a great cone, much more developed
in the older specimens ; at its extremity, nearly opposite to the
small first dorsal fin, is the anal aperture and behind this a small
conical papilla. A separate caudal, lanceolate in the younger specimen,
subtruncate in the older one; two dorsals and one anal fin; the
second dorsal and anal largely and equally developed. Pectorals
lobate ; ventrals jugular, singularly developed, with five rays, three
of which, and more especially the third and fourth, are greatly
elongated and furnished at the end with a beautiful lanceolate paddle-
like blade. Vertex of head and nape with small hyaline cylindrical
warts. Teeth very small, few and inconspicuous, on premaxillee and
end of mandible. Branchiostegals seven. No barbel.
ERETMOPHORUS KLEINENBERGI, sp. nov. (Plate XXXIV.)
T.DY Ayelie doe mae doe ee 20. DP. 22. 2 Views Soceive
Brs. vii.
Body compressed, tapering towards the tail, but less so in the
younger specimen, in which the huge and singular abdominal cone
is also less developed. The height of the body behind the abdominal
cone is contained between 53 and 6 times in the total length exclusive
of the caudal fin. The Jateral line extends nearly in a straight
line from the branchial cleft to the end of the root of the tail; it is
merely marked as a furrow with indistinct pits along its course; in
1 ’Eperpos (remus), oar; popds (ferens), carrier.
‘TOYUaEGNANIaTHY SNUYOHdMONLAEs
‘dun -soug us0quU1yy
WT 8 PP mug “p
or,
LHS
OY
SAG 7
hee.
~
r
y
hm
WX Id eesl 6-7 a
1889. ] FISH FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN. 329
the larger specimen at its cephalic end two slight furrows run
parallel with it above and beneath. The head is moderate, rather
large, its length is contained about 5 times in the total exclusive of
the caudal fin; the snout is short, nearly equal to the transverse
diameter of the eye, its anterior contour is rounded ; there is aslight
median gibbosity in front over the mouth. This is moderate, its
aperture hardly reaching the vertical from the anterior margin of
the eye. Nostrils in front and a little above the eye, the posterior
aperture largest and oval. Eye moderate; behind it, extending
towards the nape and downwards along the preoperculum, are two
series of conspicuous pores. The space between the eyes is nearly flat
and rather broader. than the diameter of the eye; behind, the nape
rises convex, presenting a median furrow in front of the first dorsal
in the older specimen. On the nape, in the larger specimen, are a
number of very distinct hyaline cylindrical warts, just like those of
Bellottia except in shape ; the latter have been described by Professor
Emery ‘ and are nearly hemispherical. In Hretmophorus they begin
just behind the interocular space and appear to form a double series ;
in the older specimen I counted eight, but a few more extend towards
the head of the lateral line ; they are evidently sense-organs allied
to those of the lateral line. In concluding I must state that these
warts are not to be seen on the two younger specimens, in which
they appear to be represented by pores, more numerous and more
distinct than in the older and larger specimen.
The gill-openings are rather wide, the branchiostegal membranes
are largely developed, with robust rays ; the opercular bones are
smooth and very thin; the branchial cavities contain four complete
arches. The specimens are so very fragile that I did not dare to
pursue my investigations further.
The jins are those of an Anacanthine fish, but I could not see
any transverse articulations in the first ray of the first dorsal; they
are not very distinct on the other median fins except on the caudal,
the only fin with slightly bifid rays; in the other fins the rays are
simple ; at the base of the long dorsal and anal fins the projecting
heads of the interspinous bones give rise to a serrated appearance.
The first dorsal is small, but quite detached from the second one in
the two larger specimens, it rises just above the insertion of the pec-
torals; its second ray is the longest and equals in height the
commencement of the second dorsal fin. This is greatly developed
and maintains a nearly equal line throughout, but as the body tapers
towards the tail the fin increases in height in equal ratio. In size,
shape, and development the anal is the exact counterpart of the second
dorsal fin. The caudal fin is quite distinct, its contour is lanceolate in
the smaller specimen, nearly oval in the older one, subtruncate with
rounded edges in the oldest or biggest specimen. The pectorals are
distinctly lobate, which character is more marked in the smaller
specimens ; they are of moderate size aud broadly oval in contour.
The ventrals certainly give the most striking feature to this singular
1 ©. Emery, “Contribuzioni all’ Ittiologia,” in Mittheil. a. d. Zool. Station
zu Neapel, vi. p. 157, tav. 10. ff. 18, 19. Naples, 1885.
330 PROF. H. H. GIGLIOLI ON ANEW GADOID- [June 18,
fish ; they are inserted below and in front of the pectorals, at the base
and on each side of the great abdominal cone. They are of great size,
and the very robust rays, five in number, are all elongated and
considerably exceed the intervening membrane, which only unites
their basal portions ; the internal and external rays are considerably
less developed than the three median ones, the internal one is the
shortest ; both are simple and without any trace of terminal dilata-
tions. The three median rays all terminate in a large beautiful
lanceolate leaf-like blade, through which, however, the ray continues
to the pointed extremity ; they are all prolonged far beyond the two
first mentioned rays, but the outer one is considerably shorter than
the other two, it is smooth and its terminal blade is smaller The
third and fourth rays, counting from the outer one, are subequal, and
bent backwards extend very nearly to the root of the tail; at about
the basal third of their length they both present a singular angular
dilatation, which looks like a thickened articulation, but which is
merely, so far as I can make out, a membranous dilatation. The
great lanceolate terminal blades are very large, being little less than
one fourth of the total length of the ray which supports them ; their
edges are sinuous and they terminate in a fine point. Judging from
their length, strength, and development, these ventral paddles must be
most efficient for swimming ; I know of no other fish possessing any-
thing like them, and have therefore thought proper to derive from
so peculiar a character the generic name which I have proposed for
this singular fish.
The next remarkable feature of my Hretmophorus is the huge
abdominal cone, the base of which occupies the entire space between
the insertions of the ventrals and that of the anal fin. This cone
appears to develop with age, and it is certainly larger and more
prominent in my oldest and biggest specimen, equalling in height
that of the body just behind the pectorals, where it is greatest.
This abdominal cone is quite smooth; its skin, devoid of scales, is
silvery. I have not ventured to open it in any of the three
specimens yet discovered, for fear of damaging to a certainty these
rare and very delicate creatures ; but the supposition that it contains
most of the alimentary canal cannot be far from the truth; at its
apex, which becomes cylindrical, is an aperture, evidently the vent,
and behind this a slender conical papilla on which I could not
distinguish anything like an opening.
The scales cover the whole body except the head and abdominal
cone, which are, as J have said before, naked. They are small, very
adherent, cycloid, and marked with concentric lines. I have figured
a few magnified (Plate XXXIV. fig. 1), to give an exact idea of their
characters ; they are very similar to those of Hypsirhynchus hepaticus,
Facciolé. A thin pellucid epidermal layer covers them.
Only three specimens of Hretmophorus kleinenbergi have, so far
as I know, yet been captured and preserved; they were caught alive
with a hand-net along with other pelagic animals on the surface at the
mouth of the harbour of Messina, as the current was flowing in. I
owe them to the kindness of my friend Professor Nicolaus Kleinen-
1889.] FISH FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN. 331
berg, director of the Zoological Institute of the Messina University,
to whom I owe many other ichthyological rarities ; and as a mark of
my gratitude and esteem I have thought proper to give his name to
so singular a species, which is evidently as yet undescribed. These
specimens are now in the Central Collection of Italian Vertebrata in
the Royal Zoological Museum at Florence. As they present differences
in size and in other respects, I shall proceed to describe them
briefly.
My smallest specimen (Plate XXXIV. fig. 2) measures 283 milli-
metres in total length ; it was caught on the 10th of May, 1887. Itis
evidently much younger than the other two ; the two dorsals are yet
united and the larval median fin extends as a crest to the head; the
caudal is, however, quite distinct and remarkable for its lanceolate
form. The abdominal cone is comparatively smaller than in the two
older specimens, and a membrane unites its hinder portion to the
anal fin. The lobe of the pectorals is very distinct, and the rays look
thickened at their distal ends. The ventrals have the characteristic
form and development. The colour of the body is yellowish white
(in alcohol); eight very distinct broad black bands cross the body
transversely, being slightly oblique : the first occupies the base of the
abdominal cone, the last the root of the tail; the 4th, 5th, 6th, and
7th are continued as a black blotch on the base of the anal fin; the
ventral paddles are tipped and edged with black, the ray is, however,
white ; otherwise the fins are colourless. Looking witha lens, these
black bands and blotches result in an accumulation of dark points or
chromatophores ; this is the case also in the other specimens.
The second specimen, according to size and age, measures 68 milli-
metres in total length ; it is figured slightly enlarged (Plate XXXIV.
fig. 3). It was captured alive near the surface in the harbour of Messina
on the 2nd of June, 1888. It bears considerable resemblance to the
first specimen described, but has lost some of the larval characters
above noted ; all the median fins are well distinct, the caudal has an
oval contour; but the abdominal cone, covered with a slightly
silvery skin, shows still a posterior membranous fringe which
partially unites it with the anal fin. The pores on the head and
nape are very distinct. In colour this specimen is also very similar
to the first one ; the black transverse bands are very well marked,
but they are slightly fainter and the first one does not extend to the
abdominal cone, which is well developed. Ten very distinct black
blotches extend along the base of the anal fin and three along the
caudal end of the second dorsal; three additional blotches are on
the back between the 3rd and 4th, 5th and 6th, and 6th and 7th
transverse bands.
The third specimen has the aspect of anadult. It was caught also
near the surface at the entrance to the harbour of Messina at the end
of April 1884. It measures 78 millimetres in total length; head 16
millimetres ; from nape to apex of abdominal cone 27 millimetres ;
height of body immediately behind the abdominal cone 12 millimetres.
I have figured it once and a half the natural size (Plate XXXIV.
fig. 4). It differs especially in colour from the two younger and
332 LIEUT.-COL. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON [June 18,
smaller specimens; the transverse dark bands on the body and
blotches along the median fins are faintly marked. The paddles of
the ventral fins are tipped with blackish brown, and were edged with
violet in the fresh specimen ; the general colour of which was a faint
pink, with yellowish tinge along the basal half of the dorsal and anal
fins. The abdominal cone is bright silvery ; it has no trace of a hind
marginal membrane. The caudal is subtruncate; and, lastly, the
cylindrical hyaline warts on the nape are very prominent and distinct.
I believe that Hretmophorus belongs to the Gap1p# and approaches
that section to which Haloporphyrus and Physiculus belong. I am,
however, inclined to think that its nearest ally may be the strange
pelagic Gadoid described a few years ago (‘ Naturalista Siciliano,’ iii.
pl. 2) by my friend Dr. L. Facciola, from a single specimen got also at
Messina, and named Hypsirhynchus hepaticus, Facc. Later two more
specimens were got at Naples, and I have one. Hypsirhynchus,
which deserves to be more fully described, has much the size and
shape of EHretmophorus, but there is no abdominal cone and the
ventrals have seven rays, some of which are slightly prolonged and end
ina rounded head ; but no fish that I know of possesses anything like
the beautiful lanceolate ventral paddle-like blades of Hretmophorus.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV.
Fig. 1. Enlarged scales of Hretmophorus kleinenbergi.
2. Younger specimen, natural size.
3. Nearly adult specimen, slightly enlarged.
4. Oldest or adult specimen, once and a half natural size.
2. On a Collection of Land-Shells made in Borneo by Mr.
A. Everett, with Descriptions of supposed new Species.
By Lieut.-Col. H. H. Gopwin-Austen, F.R.S., F.Z.S.,
&c.—Part I. Cyclostomace.
[Received June 1, 1889.]
(Plates XXXV.—XXXIX.)
INTRODUCTION.
This truly fine collection was brought home in 1888 by Mr. A.
Everett, and he very kindly let me see it, and handed it over to me
for the identification of the species. In this work, which has been
delayed from various causes, I have been assisted very materially by
Dr. R. Hungerford, who had a. better and previous knowledge of
the shells from that part of the world, and. had in his collection
examples of a good many Bornean species obtained from Sir James
Low, Mr. Boxall, and other sources. Mr. Edgar Smith has also
given me much aid in looking over and comparing these shells with
those in the British Museum collection, and to both my sincere thanks
* P.Z.S.1889. PL. XXXVv.
Maclure & C° ith.
NEW BORNEAN. LANDSHELLS.
a ee ee ee ee
P.Z.S.1889.PL XXXVIL.
——————
jpn ag Ps
oe
oe ot eee
NEW BORNEAN LANDSHELLS.
win-Austen, del. -— Maclure & C9, lith.
Sw
P.Z.S.1889. PL. XXxvill.
oer +
NEW BORNEAN LANDSHELLS
ten, del. Maclure & C9, lith.
PrZ.s. 8690.2 Loree
NEW BORNEAN LANDSHELLS.
Maclure & C®, th.
1889.] LAND-SHELLS FROM BORNEO. 333
are due. The excellent catalogue (with plates) of Bornean shells
compiled by Signor A. Issel in 1874 from the collections brought
together by Signor G. Doria and Signor O. Beccari has been of great
use and forms the basis of my work. I include in this paper all the
species not seen by me, but there enumerated, with the names printed
in italics, so as to bring the record up to date. I have also included
all the species mentioved as from Borneo in Tenison-Woods’s “ Malay-
sian Land and Freshwater Mollusca” (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales,
ser. 2, vol. ii. pp. 1003-1095)—an imperfect list as regards Borneo.
Some years ago I had placed in my hands by Mr. Jobn Evans all
the shells obtained by Mr. Everett when he was exploring the lime-
stone caves in Borneo; these shells were all much weathered and in
a very unsatisfactory state to name and describe, and it was desirable
that a better knowledge of the living forms of Borneo should be first
obtained before doing so. The specimens thus dug out of the floors of
these caverns are now referred to in this paper.
Mr. Everett at my request preserved a good number of his land-
shells in spirit, and 1 am thus enabled to describe the anatomy of
some of the Zonatide that I have had time to examine, which
are of much interest. The greatest credit is due to Mr. Everett for
adding so largely to our knowledge of the Molluscan Fauna of Borneo,
for his labours have furnished us in this first part alone with no less
than 34 new species, besides a very large number of other shells
obtained by previous naturalists and collectors, some of which were
rare and little known. Mr. Everett is returning to Borneo, and with
this excellent commencement and foundation for future exploration
will no doubt add many more to the novel and extremely interesting
set of shells he has already discovered there.
He has written me the following short description of the country,
which gives an idea of its physical features. The accounts of the
same district in the Journals of Rajah Sir James Brooke also indicate
that it is a sort of paradise for land-shells, where numberless new
species are yet to be found with proper search at the proper season,
and when the hill-ranges are thoroughly explored.
“The ‘plain ’ at Labuan is simply an open grassy space bordering
on Victoria Harbour and representing the original clearing of the
settlement. It is composed partly of sea-sand and partly of old
mangrove-mud and is intersected by ditches, which are often quite
dry in the fine season, and in the rainy season are alternately filled
with rain-water and with brackish or even purely salt-water according
to the state of the tides. The-plain seems to have been originally
swampy and covered with mangroves and white Casuarines on the
sandy portions. The Busan Hills are situated perhaps a dozen miles
from the sea as the crow flies, between Tegora and Kuching in Sarawak.
They attain an elevation of about 500 feet, and are covered with old
forest and the usual lower undergrowth, except where the scarps are
too steep to admit of the lodgment of soil or of decaying vegetation.
The rock is compact limestone, the surface of which is much fretted
by the action of the rains, and where not exposed to direct sunlight
is usually covered to a greater or less degree with a variety of mosses.
334 LIEUT.-COL. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON {June 18,
There is everywhere on the ground and filling the hollows among the
rocks a mass of decaying forest leaves. The Niah Hills are exactly
similar in general character, but they are from 1000 to 1500 ft. in
height. No shells have been collected anywhere in Borneo above
500 ft., except those lately obtained by Mr. Whitehead on Kina Balu
and a few collected by Mr. Boxall on Molu, at any rate in N.W.
Borneo. I may mention that Belidah and the Sinianan River are
both close to Busan.”
Owing to the number of species in this collection which have to be
identified, and to the number that I have had to figure, I have thought
it best, as my leisure time is limited, to submit my account of it to
the Society in two parts. The first of these contains the Cyclosto-
macez, the second will include the Helicacea (amongst which are
a number of very fine new species) and the freshwater and brackish
water forms.
CyciorHorus, Montf.
1. CycLOPHORUS BORNEENSIs, Metcalfe.
Cyclostoma borneensis, Metcalfe, P. Z.S. 1851, p. 71; Mart. u.
Chem. Conch.-Cab. ed. ii. p. 362, pl. xlvii. figs. 1-3 ; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. pl. xii. fig. 50 (1861); von Martens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien,
Die Landschnecken, p. 136, pl. iii. figs. 5, 6 (1867).
Cyclostoma subinvolvulus, Eydoux et Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool.
ii. p. 534, pl. xxx. figs. 22-24.
Hab. Niah Hills, Trusan, Labuan (A. Zverett).
2. CYCLOPHORUS NIAHENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XXXV. figs. 1, la,
15.)
Shell dextral, depressedly turbinate, widely umbilicated, subangu-
late ; sculpture, the 24 apical whorls are finely costulate, the anterior
portion is longitudinally striate; colour dark ruddy brown, with a
few rather close zigzag spots on upper surface, longitudinally striate
below, a pale band on the periphery; spire moderately high ; apex
blunt ; suture excavated; whorls 4, the last having a well-marked
subangulate ridge running with the suture, producing a canal-like
depression ; aperture circular, subvertical ; peristome pale-coloured,
double, thickened, the inner continued forward for 5 millim.;
columellar margin rounded.
Size: maj. diam. 44:0, alt. axis 15°5 millim.
Hab. Niah Hills.
3. CyCLOPHORUS TENEBRICOsUS, Adams & Reeve.
Cyclostoma tenebricosus, Adams and Reeve, Zool. Voy. Samarang,
Moll. p. 57, pl. xiv. fig. 6 (1850) ; Mart. u. Chem. Conch.-Cab. ed. ii.
p- 250, pl. xxxiii. figs. 12, 13.
Leptopoma tenebricosum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. vii. fig. 44 (1862).
\0°4. CycLopHoRUS COCHRANEI, n. sp.
Shell turbinate, solid, keeled, narrowly umbilicated, the umbilicus
very nearly concealed by the columellar margin ; sculpture a smooth
Deu
1889.] LAND-SHELLS FROM BORNEO. 335
surface with ordinary lines of growth ; colour a pale ochre ground,
mottled somewhat sparsely with dark liver-brown, below the keel
with stronger zigzag blotchings; spire conoid, rather high; apex
subacute; suture shallow ; whorls 5, the last flattened on the side ;
aperture circular, suboblique ; peristome continuous, simple, slightly
reflected, sinuate below the columellar margin and with a slight
thickening there.
Size: maj. diam. 41, min. 32°5; alt. axis 18°0 millim.
Hab. Busan and Niah Hills (A. Everett).
There are three specimens in the collection, one being from the
Niah Hills.
I have named this fine species after Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas
Cochrane, who commanded the combined squadron in the Bornean
waters in 1846, which captured Bruné and destroyed that piratical
stronghold.
4a. CYCLOPHORUS COCHRANEI, var. OCHRACEUS. 4% /49°3
In this variety from the Busan Hills the only difference observable
in the form of the shell is its deeper suture. It has no markings of
any kind, the whole surface being of a dark straw or ochre colour.
There are two specimens, and as they are from the same hills I do
not think they can be separated from the species above described.
1953
9°5. CYCLOPHORUS TALBOTI, li. sp.
Shell turbinate, subangulate ; umbilicated, but umbilicus nearly
hidden by the reflection of the columellar margin of the aperture;
colour rich madder-brown, paler around the umbilicus, in one speci-
men a dark band below the periphery, speckled with white and with
a regular series of pale whitish ochre spots following the sature, a
line of similar smaller spots on the keel; spire conic ; apex subacute ;
suture moderately impressed ; whorls 5, convex ; aperture circular,
oblique ; peristome solid, simple, slightly reflected, very sharply so
on the columellar margin.
Size: maj. diam. 40, min. 22°5; alt. axis 17-0; «diam. body-
whorl 23°25 millim.
Hab. Busan Hills (A. Everett).
This species is allied to C. borneensis, but is not so openly um-
bilicated or so sharply keeled, and the apical whorls increase in size
more rapidly ; the coloration is much darker and more attractive.
I have named it after Captain Talbot, who commanded H.M.S.
‘Vixen,’ and in 1845 defeated and took the stronghold of Sheriff
Osman in the Mulludu river.
a 6. CYCLOPHORUS PHLEGETHON, 0. Sp.
Shell depressedly turbinate, subangulate on periphery, openly and
widely umbilicated ; sculpture a smooth surface ; colour a rich dark
madder-brown, crossed by fine zigzag continuous pale lines; spire
low ; apex blunt and rounded; suture impressed ; whorls 4, at apex
closely wound, and increasing rapidly after 23 have been formed ;
aperture circular, suboblique; peristome simple, slightly reflected.
y
a Te
336 LIEUT.-COL. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON [June 18,
Size: maj. diam. 39, min. 20; alt. axis 13°5; body-whorl alt.
18°25 millim.
Hab. Molu Hills (Mr. Hose ; coll. Hungerford).
Only one specimen. This is the most distinct species as compared
with C. borneensis that I have yet had to describe. I have named it
after the H.E.I. Co.’s steamer, which was with the fleet under Rear-
Admiral Sir T. Cochrane.
Leprtroroma, Blanf.
7. LEPTOPOMA BICOLOR, Pfr.
Cyclostoma bicolor, Pfr. P.Z.S. 1852, p. 145, pl. xiii. fig. 9 ;
Mart. u. Chem. Conch.-Cab. ed. ii. p. 374, pl. xlviii. figs.
25-27.
Leptopoma bicolor, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. ii. fig. 13 (1862).
Hab. Unknown. In British Museum. Borneo according to Pfeiffer.
8. Lepropoma Low], Pfr.
Leptopoma lowi, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1853, p. 70; Reeve, Conch. Icon.
pl. vil. fig. 38.
Hab. Dahat Island (Hvereté) ; Labuan (Low).
8a, Leptopoma signatum, Pfr.
Cyclostoma (Leptopoma) signatum, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1856, p. 338.
Leptopoma signatum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. vii. fig. 40.
Hab. Borneo? (Pfr.).
In British Museum collection.
9. LEPTOFOMA SERICATUM, Pir.
Cyclostoma (Leptopoma) sericatum, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1851, p. 244.
Leptopoma sericatum, Reeve, Conch. Icon, pl. v. fig. 26.
Hab. Usukan Island, Niah Hills, Sarawak, Busan Hills, Low
Island, Tiga and Karamon Island (Everett).
As Issel points out, the varieties of this species are numerous ; he
gives five, but I observe a certain constancy in those from different
localities.
In the collection before me there are 96 from Tiga Island, 84 of
which are quite white, with numerous fine very pale grey bands,
var. E of Issel; in 12 the shell has a general pale brown appearance,
from the bands being darker and crossed by transverse lines of the
same colour, near var. B of Issel.
From Karamon Island there are 3 specimens similar to var. B.
From the Niah Hills 76 specimens are sent; in all, more or less,
the banding is conspicuously marked, and in 68 the bands are narrow
and regular, var. B; 3 are like var. D of Issel (Moll. Born. pl. vi.
fig. 12), with one broad band on the periphery ; while 5 are violet-
brown, the spiral ribbing strong, near var. A of Issel.
From Sarawak proper, 8 specimens present a violet tinge, are
Das
4
iO. TH.
y
& fet .
fi Cha .
Kean
We 4
1889.]} LAND-SHELLS FROM BORNEO. 337
plain, the banding obsolete, and one is ornamented with a single
dark narrow band on the periphery.
Another box from Sarawak contains 13 specimens; 2 are large, of
the violet-tinted variety, the rest are small in size; 8 have a greenish
tint and finely banded olivaceous, 2 are quite white with violet apex,
1 has a single very broad dark band.
From the Busan Hills 7 are similar to those from Sarawak, last
mentioned, greenish tinted.
Four came from Usukan; 2 are like var. B from Tiga Island, but
smaller ; 2 are exactly like var. C of Issel (pl. vi. fig. 10).
From Low Island, Mantanani group, the form differs most, having
no raised spiral ribbing, rather large in size, delicate, thin, pale,
transparent shells ; var. E of Issel.
9a. LEPTOPOMA WALLACEI, Pfr.
Compared with the example in the British Museum.
This banded species occurs in Dr. Hungerford’s collection. It is
only a variety of Z. sericatum, with a broad band above the periphery ;
other shells may be picked out with the band below it.
10. LEprorpoMA uNnDATUM, Metcalfe.
Cyclostoma undatum, Metcalfe, P. Z.S. 1851, p. 71.
Leptopoma undatum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. iv. fig. 21 (1862).
Hab. Sarawak (Everett).
Leptopoma bourguignati, Issel.
Leptopoma bourguignati, Issel, Moll. Born. Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genova, p. 428, pl. vi. figs. 7, 8 (1874).
Hab. Sarawak, 2 examples (Doria and Beccari).
Leptopoma subconicum, Pfr.
Leptopoma subconicum, Bock, P. Z. S. 188], p. 634.
Hab. Mindai (Cari Bock).
Leptopoma massena, Less.
Leptopoma massena, Bock, P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 634.
Hab. Mindai (Carl Bock).
{ko Leptopoma duplicatum, Pfr.
dete .
Leptopoma duplicatum, Bock, P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 634.
Hab. Borneo (Carl Bock).
Leptopoma whiteheadi, K. A. Smith.
Leptopoma whiteheadi, K. A. Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 5, vol. xx. p. 133 (1887).
Hab. Northern Borneo (Whitehead).
338 LIEUT.-COL. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON [June 18,
Lacocuetuvus, Blanf.
Although the notch at the sutural margin of the peristome is
very small and less apparent than in the typical Indian species, yet
it is there, and in all characters agrees with the genus Lagocheilus
as described by W. T. Blanford.
(vem, 11. Lacocuerxus prpo, n. sp. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 5.)
Shell turbinate, rather thin, umbilicated narrowly; sculpture
covered with a stony epidermis, smooth, with a distinct rib on the
periphery, extending on to the penultimate whorl; colour amber-
brown; spire high, sides flat; apex poimted; suture impressed ;
whorls 6, moderately convex, the last subangulate, and angulate
below round the umbilicus; aperture circular, subvertical ; peri-
stome double, with a slight sutural notch, the outer lip slightly
expanded and reflected at right angles.
Size: maj. diam. 10°0; alt. axis 7:0; diam. apert. 5°5 millim.
Operculum not preserved in the only two specimens before me.
Hab. Niah Hills (4. Everett).
I have named this shell after H.M.S. ‘Dido,’ the officers and
crew of which, on the first occupation of Sarawak by Rajah Brooke,
did good service in the suppression of the pirates who then infested
those waters.
fh 12. LacocHEILus KEPPELI, n. sp. (Plate XX XIX. fig. 4.)
Shell globosely turbinate, rather solid, translucent, closely umbili-
cated ; sculpture a thick epidermis set with very fine short hairs,
5 or 6 delicate longitudinal lirate ribs, crossed by regular diagonal
raised strize; colour dull ochraceous ochre, apex dark; spire high,
sides flat; apex fine; suture moderately impressed; whorls 53,
rounded ; aperture circular, nearly vertical ; peristome double, inner
continues simple, with a very minute notch showing within the
aperture; columellar margin rounded, the outer lip slightly re-
flected.
Size: maj. diam. 8°25, min. 6°75; alt. axis 6-0 millim.
Operculum thin, flat, transparent, spiral of about 8 turns.
Hab. Niah Hills (A. Everett).
This shell is named after Captain the Honourable Henry Keppel,
of the ‘Dido,’ whose name occurs often in the early history of
Sarawak and that part of Borneo.
‘f
19°°13. LAGOCHEILUS MUNDYANUS, n. sp. (Plate XXXIX. figs. 6,
6 a, 66.)
Shell dextral, moderately solid, conical, closely umbilicated ;
sculpture very minute transverse striee, with at distant intervals a
fine costulate rib, very conspicuous in the very young shells,
becoming obliterated with age; four fine spiral liree ornament the
last whorl, with one below the periphery, very minute short hairs
are given off from the points of intersection of the lirate bands and
the transverse rib, but these are lost as the shell grows older;
colour pale olivaceous, crossed by transverse bands of dark liver-
1889. ] LAND-SHELLS FROM BORNEO. 339
brown ; spire conic; apex rather sharp; suture impressed ; whorls 5,
sides convex ; aperture circular, milling white within ; peristome in-
distinctly double, the outer lip slightly expanded, with a very small
notch at the sutural margin; colamellar margin rounded.
rem
Size: maj. diam. 3°20; alt. axis 4:0 millim,
Operculum flat, thin, horny, transparent, multispiral.
Hab. Busan Hills (4. Evereté).
Craspeporropis, Blanf.
14. CrasPpEDOTROPIS BARBATUS, Pfr.
Cyclostoma (Leptopoma) barbatum, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1855, p. 104.
Leptopoma barbatum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. vil. fig. 42 (i862).
Hab. Niah Hills, Sarawak (4. Lverett).
This is very close to C. metcalfi, Issel.
Craspedotropis bellulus, v. Martens.
Cyclophorus bellulus, v. Martens, Monatsber. d. Berlin. Akad.
1865, p. 52; Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, Die Landschnecken, p. 104)
pl. ii. fig. 18 (1867).
Hab. Near Bengkajang, Pandon Mountain.
Craspedotropis metcalfi, Issel.
Cyclophorus metcalfei, Issel, Moll. Born. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova,
vi. p. 432, pl. vi. figs. 4-6 (1874).
[yn Craspedotropis confluens, Pfr.
Cyclophorus confluens, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 140; Reeve, Conch.
Icon. pl. xv. fig. 69 (1861).
Prrerocyctos, Benson.
‘én. 15. Prerocycios Lowianvs, Pfr.
Pterocyclos lowianus, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1863, p. 526.
In Dr. Hungerford’s collection. Very similar to P¢. tenuilabiatus.
This species has never been figured.
fy, 16. Prerocycios TENUILABIATUS. (Plate XXXV. figs. 4, 4a.)
Cyclostoma tenuilabiatum, Metcalfe, P. Z.S. 1851, p. 71.
Pterocyclos tenuilabiatus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. i. fig. 5 (1863).
Pterocyclos anomalus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. v. fig. 27 (1863).
The type is in the British Museum.
17. PreRocycLOs SUMATRANUS, v. Martens.
Pterocyclos sumatranus, v. Martens, Monatsber. Berlin. Akad.
1864, p. 115; Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, Die Landschnecken, p. 115,
pl. i. fig. 5 (1867).
Pterocyclos endedaleus, Crosse, Journ. de Conch. 1869, p. 187,
et 1871, p. 67, pl. 1. fig. 2.
fir. 18. Prerocycios LaBuANENsIs, Pfr.
Pierocyclos labuanensis, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 525.
This species does not appear to have ever been figured.
[wer
340 LIEUT.-COL. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON [June 18,
19. PrerocycLos MINDAIENSIS, Bock.
Pterocyclos mindaiensis, Bock, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 634.
Near P. loweanus, Pfr., but larger.
20. PreROCYCLOs NIAHENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XXXV. figs. 3, 3a.)
Shell dextral, discoid, very widely, perspectively umbilicated ;
sculpture a thick epidermis, crossed by stony lines of growth ; colour
umber-brown, with narrow zigzag markings crossing the whorls at
regular intervals; apex not raised above the succeeding whorls ;
suture shallow; whorls 5, subangulate at the periphery, with a
raised rib upon it, two similar less defined ribs above and three on
the underside ; aperture circular, very oblique; peristome double,
inner continues simple, the outer much expanded and reflected, par-
ticularly on the upper margin, where it forms one strong sutural fold,
which a very slight further development would convert into a tube,
it then falls over in front forming a frontal lappet, with sinuate
edge.
Sine: maj. diam. 27°75, min. 23°0; alt. axis 5°5 ; body-whorl
11°5 millim.
Operculum dark brown, multispiral, with coarse raised edges in
front, deeply concave below.
Hab. Niah Hills (A. Everett).
This species is very like P. cucullus at first sight, but its keeled
and ribbed whorls and the very different form of the winged expansion
of the peristome separate it.
A shell very similar occurs in the Molu Hills. It differs in three
particulars, viz. in the form of the wing, being less developed into the
tubular form ; in the apical whorls being depressed below the succeed-
ing whorls; in the coloration being of a darker tint with broader
zigzag blotchings. This I distinguish as var. depressus. This
shell was first found by Mr. Boxall and given to Dr. Hungerford,
who presented a specimen to the British Museum, which I have seen.
21. PreRocycLos CUCULLUS, n. sp. (Plate XXXV. figs. 2, 2 a.)
Shell dextral, flatly discoid, very amply and perspectively umbili-
cated ; sculpture a thick epidermis with fine lines of growth ; colour
pale sienna, with broad flame-like zigzag markings crossing the
whorls transversely ; apex perfectly flat; suture impressed; whorls
nearly 5, rounded, rather rapidly increasing; aperture oblique,
circular ; peristome double, the inner continuous, simple, the outer
sharply reflected and increasing in breadth on the outer margin, and
the upper, where it droops over into a cowl-like shape, having one
single depression or fold.
Size: maj. diam. 26°0, min. 22°0; alt. axis 5°5; diam. ap.
8°5 millim.
Operculum very dark brown, multispiral, with raised edges.
Hab. Niah Hills.
Pterocyclos eudedalus, Crosse, Journ. Conch. xvii. 1869, p. 187.
Hab. Borneo.
1839.] LAND-SHELLS FROM BORNEO. 341
Pterocyclos planorbulus, Lam. Encyel. Méth. pl. 461. fig. 3.
Hab. Borneo?
OpisrHoporus, Benson.
22. OpisrHOPORUS BICILIATUS, Mousson.
Pterocyclos biciliatus, Mousson, Moll. v. Java, p. 49, pl. xx.
fig. 9; Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. iv. fig. 17 (1863).
Cyclostoma taylorianum, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1851, p. 7;
Mart. u. Chemn. Conch.-Cab. ed. ii. p. 288, pl. xxxviii. figs. 27-29.
Cyclostoma (Pterocyclos) charbonnieri, Récluz, Journ. de Conch.
1851, p. 214, pl. v. figs. 12, 13.
Cyclostomus spiniferum, Morelet, Journ. de Conch. 1861, p. 77.
Opisthoporus latistrigus, v. Martens.
Cyclotus latistrigus, v. Martens, Monatsber. d. Berlin. Acad. 1864,
p- L1G.
Opisthoporus euryomphalus, v. Martens (not Pfr.), Preuss. Exp.
Ost-Asien, Die Landschnecken, p. 111, pl. 1. fig. 6 (1867).
23. OpisTHOPORUS EURYOMPHALUS, Pfr.
Cyclostoma (Opisthoporus) euryomphalus, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1856,
D3 /s
Pterocyclos euryomphalus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. v. fig. 29
(1863).
Compared with type in Cuming Coll., Brit. Mus.
Opisthoporus pertusus’?, Morelet.
Cyclostoma pertusum, Morelet, Journ. de Conch. ix. p. 177
(1861).
Cyclostoma spiniferum, Morelet, Journ. de Conch, ix. p. 177
(1861).
24. OpisrHOPORUS PTEROCYCLOIDES, Pfr. (Plate XXXV. figs.
5, 5a, 5b.)
Cyclostoma pterocycloides, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 300.
Ptergyclos anomalus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. v. fig. 27 (1863). —
Var. quite plain.
Hab. Niah Hills (A. Everett).
25. OpPISTHOPORUS BIROSTRIS, Pfr.
Cyclostoma birostre, Pfr. P. Z. S. 1854, p- 300.
This species is in Dr. Hungerford’s collection: it does not appear
to have been figured anywhere.
Opisthoporus rostellatus, Pfr.
Cyclostomus rostellatum, Pfr. Zeitschr. f. Malak. 1851, p. 8;
Mart. u. Chemn. Conch.-Cab. p. 289, pl. xxxviii. figs. 30-34.
Pterocyclos rostellatus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. v. fig. 25 (1863).
In Brit. Mus.
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1889, No. XXIII. 23
am
ite =
/ "0 is
dae 1 Oy Gf
4
La ‘
fem.
(fun.
342 LIEUT.-COL. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON {June 18,
Rarostoma, Benson.
26. RHIOsTOMA CAVERN&, n. sp. (Plate XXXVI. figs. 1, la.)
Shell dextral, discoid, rather solid, very widely and perspectively
umbilicated ; sculpture smooth, with fine transverse lines of growth ;
colour pale umber-brown ;_ spire just raised above last whorl: apex
flat; suture well impressed ; whorls 4, well rounded, the last sepa-
rated from the others for a distance of 4 millim., the sutural tube lying
about midway, rather nearer to the aperture, it is short and recurved ;
aperture circular, oblique; peristome double, inner simple, continuous,
the outer expanded on tbe exterior margin and into a very slight
wing at the sutural side.
Size: maj. diam. 15:0, min. 10°5; alt. axis 3°25; diam. body-
whorl 6:0 millim.
Operculum multispiral, shelly in front and slightly convex, double,
horny, polished, multispiral at inner side.
Hab. Sarawak proper.
The first specimens sent home by Mr. Everett were four in number,
obtained when making excavations in certain caves in the limestone
formation, and marked Cave A. The specific name is only given in
allusion to this work, not that the species habitually lives in such
places. These are somewhat larger than the one described and
figured, being in major diam. 19 millim., minor diam. 14 millim.
27. RHIOSTOMA GWENDOLENZ, n. sp. (Plate XXXVI. figs. 2,
2a.)
Shell dextral, globosely discoid, solid, openly umbilicated; sculpture
a thick finely striate epidermis; colour dark umber-brown, with
transverse bands of a darker colour, towards the apex zigzag bars
are seen where this epidermis has come off ; spire low; apex papilli-
form ; suture well impressed ; sutural tube 2 millim. in length, taper-
ing and directed forward; whorls 4}, rounded, the last separated
from. the other whorls from the base of sutural tube; aperture
circular ; peristome double, the inner lip thin and continuous, the
outer expanded and reflected on the outer margin.
Size: maj. diam. 15°25, min. 11°75; alt. axis 5-0; diam. body-
whorl 7°5 millim.
Operculum thin, flat, smooth, multispiral, and shelly in front,
smooth and horny behind, with a central circular hole.
Hab. Niah Hills (A. Everett).
Only one specimen in the collection, which is quite distinct from
all other species of this genus from Borneo in its more closely round
and globose form.
28. RuIosTOMA HUNGERFORDI, 0. sp.
Shell discoid, umbilicated ; colour rich dark madder-brown, crossed
with broad regular V-shaped markings for 4 whorls, where the varix
of an old aperture is seen; in front of this the markings are less
developed ; spire perfectly flat ; apex papillate, scarcely raised above
the succeeding whorls ; suture well impressed, the tube small, adhering
1889. ] LAND-SHELLS FROM BORNEO. 343
to the penultimate whole, curved downward and pointed; whorls 4,
rounded, the last leaving the penultimate at the sutural tube 7 millim.
from the aperture; peristome double, the outer thin and much
expanded at right angles to the whorl.
Size: maj. diam. 23°0, min. 16°80; alt. axis 4°0; body-whorl
alt. 9°5 millim.
Hab. Borneo (coll. Hungerford).
This shell is in Dr. Hungerford’s collection and was sent to him
from the Molu Hills by Mr. Boxall.
Da
&%,_ 29. Rerosroma IRIs, n. sp.
Shell depressedly turbinate, openly and perspectively umbilicated ;
colour deep ochre, with regular zigzag bands of ruddy brown crossing
the whorls; spire just raised above the last whorl; apex blunt ;
suture well impressed; whorls 4, rounded, the last separated from
the penultimate for about 5 millim. from the aperture, where the
sutural tube rises, this is short, horizontal, and directed forwards ;
aperture oblique; peristome double, continuous, inner simple, outer
expanded at right angles to the body-whorl, more particularly on
the outer margin, and increasing to a crinkled expansion or wing on
the upper margin and directly in front of the sutural tube, this wing
terminates abruptly on the columellar side.
Size: maj. diam. 18°25, min. 14°0; alt. axis 5-75 millim.
Operculum with a smooth central spot, multispiral, shelly, flatly
concave.
Hab. Borneo (coll. Hungerford).
The exact locality where this shell was collected is not known to
me, but it is distinct from all the other species with which I am
acquaiuted.
CycLotus, Swains.
Dr. Ed. v. Martens, after separating the American forms under
Troschel’s genus Aperostoma, divides this genus (as represented in
India and the Malay Archipelago) into four very distinct groups,
based on the shell characters. The differences that exist are not
sufficient to found new subgenera, and I follow his grouping now
because it is certainly an aid to the identification of the species.
Ist Group. Cycloti pterocycloider.
Shell of depressed form, widely umbilicate, with the peristome
reflected, forming a more or less well-developed wing above.
(ym 145° 30. CycLorus BOXALLI, ». sp. (Plate XXXVI. figs. 4, 4 a.)
Shell dextral, discoid, very openly and perspectively umbilicated ;
sculpture a thick epidermis with fine lines of growth; colour rich
dark madder-brown ; spire papillate ; apex slightly raised above the
last whorl; suture deeply impressed ; whorls 5, well rounded, regu-
larly increasing ; aperture oblique, circular ; peristome double, inner
very thin, simple, continuous on columellar margin with the outer
lip, this last gradually expanding and reflected on the = and outer
23
i,
314 LIEUT.-COL. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON [June 18,
margin at right angles to the bodv-whorl, and at last forming a flat
bread wing, with a shallow fold near the suture.
Size: maj. diam. 28°75, min. 21°25; alt. axis 6°5 millim.
Operculum shelly in front, multispiral, having the appearance of
a strand of rope coiled on itself, thin, flat, and horny on the inner
side.
Hah. Molu Hills (R. Hungerford).
31. CycLoTUS TRUSANENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XXXVI. figs. 5, 5a.)
Shell discoid, very widely umbilicated ; all the whorls showing ;
sculpture a thick epidermis, with lines of growth ; colour dark umber-
brown, with a few small splashings of cchre; spire flatly depressed ;
apex scarcely rising above the last whorl; suture impressed ; whorls
5, rounded, the last slightly descending ; aperture circular, oblique ;
peristome double, inner simple, continuous, the outer slightly reflected,
gradually expanding towards the margin, forming at the suture a
small wing, which is attached to the penultimate whorl.
Size (of shell drawn): mej. diam. 18°5, min. 15:0; alt. axis 4°5;
diam. aperture 7°80 millim.
Size (largest in collection): maj. diam. 22°5, min. 1775; alt. axis 5-0;
diam. aperture 9-0 millim.
Operculum shelly in front, flatly concave, with a small central
circular depression, horny at back, surface flat.
Hab. Trusan Island (A. Everett).
This shell without its operculum might on a casual examination
be referred to Péerocyclos tenuilabiatus, Metcalfe; but it may be
distinguished from this latter by its closer umbilication and by the
last whorl not descending so rapidly. It is remarkable to find two
shells so very similar, and yet showing so wide a difference in the
form of the operculum.
Pierocyclos tenuvilabiatus is quite plain in coloration, while Cyclotus
trusanensis shows bands of pale zigzag markings.
2nd Group. Cycloti marmorati.
Shell more or less turbinate, narrowly umbilicate, smooth, with
marbled or fine zigzag markings.
Cyclotus amboinensis, Pfr.
Cyclophorus amboinensis, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1852, p. 144.
Cyclotus amboinensis, von Martens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien,
p- 121, pl. ti. figs. 4, 5.
Hab. Borneo. In Cuming collection, Brit. Mus.
This locality is doubtful ; von Martens gives it from the Moluccas
only, Amboina, Burn, &e.
3rd Group. Cycloti suturales.
Turbinate shells, openly umbilicate, plain in coloration, the last
whorl slightly separated from the antepenultimate. Peristome
simple, not reflected at all.
c~w
1889. ] LAND-SHELLS FROM BORNEO. 345
Cyclotus ptychoraphe, v. Martens.
Cyclotus ptychoraphe, v. Martens, Monatsber. d. Berlin. Akad.
1864, p. 117; Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, Die Landschnecken, p. 125,
pl. ii. fig. 11 (1867).
Hab. Singkawang, Borneo; rare (v. Martens).
32. CycLorus Linitus, n. sp. (Plate XXXVI. fig. 3.)
Shell globosely turbinate, rather openly umbilicated ; sculpture
the first two apical whorls show distinct liration, 14 on the whorl, it
thence is suddenly smooth and transversely striated ; spire conic ;
apex papillate; suture deep; whorls 4, very rounded; aperture
circular, subvertical ; peristome simple, not thickened.
Size: maj. diam. 7°25; alt. axis 3°5 millim.
Operculum shelly in front, multispiral.
Hab. Busan Hills (A. Everett).
There are a large number of specimens in the collection, all
covered with a black substance completely concealing the form of
the shell ; a state so often seen in certain species of A/yceus, and as I
have observed in those that have a burrowing habit. In this Cyclotus
the shells are more completely coated than usual. The drawing is
from one cleaned after a soaking in warm water.
4th Group. Cye/oti liratuli.
Shell turbinate, with high spire, with spiral ribbing; aperture
simple, not reflected.
33. CyCLOTUS TRILIRATUS.
Cyclostoma triliratum, Mart. u. Chem. Conch.-Cab. ed. ii. p. 363,
pl. xlvii. figs. 8-10.
Cyclophorus triliratus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. xix. fig. 96 (1861).
Cyclostoma quadrifilosum, Benson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2,
x. p. 270 (1852).
In Dr. Hungerford’s collection. ,
Cyclotus angulatus, v. Martens.
Cyclotus angulatus, v. Martens, Jahrb. d. deutsch. Malakozool.
Gesell. 1874, p. 56.
Jerponia, Blanf.
34. JeRDONIA? BORNEENSIS, 0. sp. (Plate XXXVI. figs. 6, 6 a.)
Shell dextral, pyramidal, turreted, strongly lirate, openly umbili-
eated; sculpture 5 strong longitudinal ribs on the whorl, the two
below and the three above separated by a wider interval ; two strong
closely placed longitudiual ribs run with the angulate margin of the
umbilicus, and one fine rib within it; colour pale greenish horny ;
spire high ; apex rather pointed; suture angulately open; whorls 6,
angularly convex ; aperture oval, oblique, not double ; peris‘ome
simple, with a marked sinuation or shallow notch on the lower
margin ; columellar margin rounded and slightly thickened.
Size: maj. diam. 2°7; alt. axis 2°3 millim.
{wwe
346 LIEUT.-COL. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON [June J8,
Operculum horny, multispiral, black-brown, with a pale centre,
with a central minute hollow showing dark upon it, like the bull’s eye
of a target.
Hab. Busan Hills (A. Everett).
I place this species in the genus Jerdonia with doubt, the oper-
culum of the S. Indian shell J. trochlea being of a decidedly cal-
careous nature ; but unless the animal differs in other respects, it is
not desirable to create a new genus only on the single character of
the operculuin.
ALycé£us, Gray.
Alyceus hochstetteri, Pir.
Alyceus hochstetteri, Pir. Malak. Blitt. vii. p. 215, pl. in. fig. 14
(1860).
35. ALYC&US SPIRACELLUM, Adams & Reeve. (Plate XXXVII.
figs. 6, 6 a.)
Cyclostoma spiracellum, Adams & Reeve, Zool. Voy. Samarang,
Moll. p. 56, pl. xiv. fig. 1 (1860).
This figure is not sufficiently good for the identification of the
species, and I have therefore given an enlarged drawing taken from
a typical specimen in the British Museum.
36. ALyczZUS GALBANUS, n. sp. (Plate XX XVII. figs. 1, 1 a.)
Shell dextral, pyramidal, closely umbilicated, the last whorl slightly
constricted and swelling again towards the aperture ; sculpture very
fine irregular transverse striation, a few stronger costulate strize near
the sutural tube, smooth in front of this ; colour pale yellowish sap-
green, dark on the apex; spire high, conic; apex sharp; suture
moderately impressed ; sutural tube only 0°7 millim. in length, blunt;
whorls 6, rather flat-sided; aperture circular; peristome double,
the outer much expanded on the upper outer margin and forming a
sharp nick on the columellar side; columellar margin rounded.
Size: maj. diam. 6°0; alt. axis 4°75 millim.
Hab. Niah Hills (A. Everett). °
There are not many specimens of this pretty shell in the collection.
37. Atycmus GLososus, H. Adams. (Plate XXXVII. figs. 3,
3 a.)
Alycaus globosus, H. Adams, P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 794.
Hab. Busan, near Sarawak.
Shell dextral, globosely pyramidal, narrowly umbilicated ; sculp-
ture very fine regular costulation, quite smooth from sutural tube to
the aperture ; colour on apex pale orange, the rest very pale white
with a slight green tinge ; spire conical, somewhat depressed ; apex
blunt ; suture well impressed ; the sutural tube short and club-like ;
whorls 4, sides‘very convex, the last but very slightly constricted ;
aperture circular; peristome double, the outer lip much expanded
on the columellar margin, covering the umbilicus.
Size: maj. diam. 3-0; alt. axis 2°90 muillim,
Hab, Sarawak proper and Busan Hills.
1889. | LAND-SHELLS FROM BORNEO. 347
This is the Bornean representative of the Indian Alyceus gra-
phicus and A. otiphorus; there is a large series in the collection.
I am informed by Mr. Edgar Smith that although the British
Museum purchased all the types in Mr. Henry Adams’s collection,
this shell was not among them, and that the type is probably lost.
-. 38. ALycamus HOsEI, n. sp. (Plate XXXVII. fig. 2.)
Shell dextral, tubinately pyramidal, narrowly umbilicated ; sculp-
ture very fine close regular costulation, slightly better defined at the
sutural tube, quite smooth thence to the aperture; colour very pale
with a slight tint of sea-green; spire high; apex pointed; suture
well impressed, the sutural tube fine and short ; whorls 54, sides
convex, the last with a slight contraction in front of the sutural
tube; aperture circular; peristome sharply edged, the outer lip
being much expanded and rising on the last whole but one and
contracting again on the inner margin; columellar margin circular.
Size: maj. diam. 5°75; alt. axis 6°25 millim.
Hab. Busan Hills (A. Everett).
lv 39. ALYCHUS EVERETTI, n. sp. (Plate XXXVII. figs. 5, 5a.)
Shell dextral, not depressedly tubinate, widely umbilicated ; seulp-
ture quite smooth above, close costulation at sutural tube, gradually
decreasing to a few distant very minute stric, fine close costula-
ticn within the umbilicus; colour whitish, apex pinkish brown ;
spire subconic ; apex papillate; suture deep, the sutural tube 1°5
millim. in length, well developed ; whorls 4, sides convex, the last
slightly constricted near sutural tube, then swelling and descending
towards the aperture; aperture oblique ovate, angulate above at inner
upper margin of the peristome ; peristome double, the outer expanded
slightly and to its greatest extent on lower inner margin; columellar
margin rounded.
Size: maj. diam. 5:0; alt. axis 2°.) millim.
Hab. Niah Hills (A. Everett).
Only one specimen of this species was found.
ow 40. Atycaus specus, n. sp. (Plate XXXVII. figs. 4, 4 a.)
Shell dextral, globosely conical, narrowly umbilicated ; sculpture
fine rather distant ribbing, stronger at sutural tube and more distant
anterior to it ; colour bleached ; spire conic; sides flat; apex blunt ;
suture impressed, the sutural tube moderately long, stout ; whorls 4,
rounded ; aperture circular, angulate above near suture; peristome
double, outer expanded ; columellar margin rounded.
Size: maj. diam. 3°25; alt. axis 1:75 millim.
fab. In limestone caves at Jambusan (A. Everett).
I found four examples of this small species when looking over the
cave-earth sent home by Mr. Everett; it has not yet been found
living, but is doubtless abundant in suitable localities.
348 LIEUT.-COL. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON [June 12,
DirLomMATINA, Benson.
41. DipLomMaATINA ConciINNA, H. Adams.
Diplommatina concinna, H. Adams, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 13, pl. iii.
fig. 22.
This figure, though small, is, from the very peculiar and distinct
form of the shell, sutticient for its identification, and I have therefore
not given an enlarged drawing.
42. DipLOMMATINA RUBICUNDA, v. Martens.
Paxillus rubicundus, v. Martens, Monatsber. d. Berlin. Akad.
1864, p. 119; Preuss. Exp. Ost-Asien, Die Landschnecken, p. 164,
pl. iv. fig. 17 (1867).
Ha6. Benkajang and Singkawang.
43. Diptommatina apversa, H. & A. Ad. (Plate XXXVIII.
fig. 3.)
Paxillus adversus, H. & A. Adams, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 2, vil. p. 63 (1851).
No figure having ever been given of this species, I now give one
from a specimen received from Mr. Henry Adams some years ago
and in my collection.
44, DipLomMATINA BECCARII, Issel.
Paxillus beecarii, Issel, Moll. Born. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, vi.
p- 441, pl. vi. figs. 20-22 (1874).
45. DirLomMaTINA ISSELI, n. sp. (Plate XXXVIII. figs.
D, Da.)
Shell sinistral, elongately fusiform, slightly rimate; sculpture
very fine spiral liration, crossed by well-defined regular somewhat
close costulation ; colour sienna-brown ; spire high, tapering rapidly ;
apex fine; suture well impressed ; whorls 8, sides convex, the last
the largest, not ascending, constriction (fig. 5a) on side $ a whorl
behind aperture, where position of operculum may be seen ; aperture
very oblique, oval; peristome double, not thickened, reflected
shghtly, with a thin callous on the last whorl; columellar margin
with a blunt rounded tooth.
Size: maj. diam. 29; alt. axis 4:0 millim.
Hab. Sarawak proper and Busan Hills (4. Everett).
The species occurred also among the shells trom the cave
deposits.
‘This is a very peculiar form, and much more worthy of subgeneric
distinction than Paazllus, which is only a reversed Diplommatina.
46. DipLOMMATINA BUSANENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XXXVII. fig. 4.)
Shell sinistral, ovately fusiform, somewhat short; sculpture fine
longitudinal striation, crossed by distant regular well-marked constula-
tion; colour orange-brown, dark madder-brown on apex ; spire
turreted ; apex pointed ; suture deep; whorls 6, sides very convex,
1889. | LAND-SHELLS FROM BORNEO. 349
penultimate ample, the antepenultimate the largest ; aperture ovate,
subvertical; peristome double, continuous, rounded on the outer
margin, angular on the columellar side; columellar margin oblique
outwards, tooth small and blunt.
Size: maj. diam. 2°0; alt. axis 3-4 millim.
Hab. Busan Hills(d. Everett).
Only two specimens found in the collection. It belongs to the
group of sinistral Diplommatina ( Palaina).
47. DieLoMMATINA NIAHENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XXXVIII. figs.
6, 6a.)
Shell dextral, ovate, fusiform, solidly built; sculpture smooth,
with fine costulation on the 4 apical whorls, but showing fine,
distant and indistinct on the penultimate and body-whorl; colour
dark amber, very ruddy at the apex; spire attenuate, sides flat ;
apex sharp; suture well marked; whorls 8, rapidly increasing
after the fifth, antepenultimate the largest, the last rising near the
aperture on the penultimate whorl, the constriction being on this
last just behind the aperture on right side; aperture large and
broadly ovate, perpendicular ; peristome double, much thickened
and developed, sharply angulate below and at the upper outer margin,
which is sinuate as viewed from the right side; columellar tooth
very large and strong, the margin perpendicular.
Size: maj. diam. 2°7; alt. axis 4°4 millim.
Hab. Niah Hills (A. Everett).
This is a very beautiful species of this genus and of a very remark-
able form, altogether different from any with which | am acquainted.
48. DipLoMMaTINA sPINOSA, n. Sp. (Plate XXXVIII. fig. 1.)
Shell dextral, elongately turreted; sculpture worn off; colour
completely faded; spire high, attenuate; apex pointed; suture
moderate ; whorls 9, the penultimate and antepenultimate equal, last
ascending, rounded above, slightly angulate below, where in the per-
fect shell numerous spines were developed, the circular bases showing
where they once projected; aperture broadly ovate, suboblique ;
peristome double; outer lip rises halfway up the penultimate whorl,
covering it in front ; columellar margin straight, with well-developed
blunt tooth.
Size: maj. diam. 2°9; alt. axis 60; diam. ap. 274 millim.
Hab. Cave exploration A (a. Everett).
This species has not yet been found living, and when it has it
will be an interesting discovery, more particularly to see what the
form of its spine is; but, judging from what we now know of those
that ornament Opisthostoma grandi-spinosum, they are probably
similar and curved and trough-like; the perfect shell must be a
lovely form.
49. DipLOMMATINA RUBRA, un. sp. (Plate XXXVIII. fig. 7.)
Shell sinistral, rimate, fusiform, elongate, turreted; sculpture
minute, close, slightly raised transverse costulation; colour rich
1
‘
350 LIEUT.-COL. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON [June 18,
ruddy amber ; spire high, sides slightly convex ; apex jointed ; suture
moderately impressed ; whorls 7, sides flat on apical, convex below,
the last rising on the penultimate, antepenultimate the largest ;
aperture broadly oval, suboblique; peristome double, the outer thin
and expanded ; columellar tooth small.
Size: maj. diam. 3°3; alt. axis 6-4 millim.
Hab. Niah Uills (A. Hverett).
Five specimens occurred in the collection. This is a finely
developed species and one of the largest from Borneo.
OristHosToma, Blyth.
50. OpIsTHOSTOMA GRANDI-SPINOSUM, n. sp. (Plate XXXVIII.
figs. 2, 2a.)
Shell dextral, depressedly pyramida!, thin, glassy, transparent ;
sculpture smooth, with lines of growth; the periphery, the upper
whorls, and the extended free portion of the last whorl are set with
curved, white, glassy spines, the largest nearest to the aperture;
each spine rises from a fine transverse rib, above and below the
whorl, these nearly meeting, a gutter-like fold is produced which
rises at right angles with the whorl; colour pale amber or sienna-
brown, with a golden lustre; spire moderately high, conic, sides
convex; apex rather sharp; suture impressed; whorls 5 to the
constriction, whence it leaves the adjacent whorl, and turns sharply
at right angles upwards in a diagonal direction to the apex of the
shell, lying closely to the spire, reaching the apex it takes another
sharp turn to the aperture, which thus rises high above and clear of
the apex; aperture widely circular, trumpet-shaped;_peristome
continuous, thin, simple.
Size: maj. diam. 2°4; alt. axis 1°9; length of longest spine
1 millim.
Hab. Niah Hills (A. Everett).
This is certainly the most beautiful form of a very beautiful and
minute genus of land-shells, the finest thing that has been discovered
for along time. It is almost impossible to describe the delicate
structure of the spines that cover it, rising from the golden-coloured
whorls.
51. OpisTHOSTOMA DECRESPIGNYI, H. Adams.
Plectostoma decrespignyi, H. Adams, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 3, xv. p. 177 (1865); Issel, Moll. Born. Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genova, vi. p. 439, pl. vi. figs. 13, 15 (1874).
Rapwauuus, Pfeiff.
52. RAPHAULUS BOMBYCINUS, Pfr.
Anaulus bombycinus, Ptr. P. Z.S8. 1855, p. 105, pl. xxxii. fig. 10,
male; id. Novit. Conch. i. pl. xvii. figs. 12, 13; H. & A. Adams,
Gen. Moll. ii. p. 286, pl. Ixxsiil. tig. 3 (1858).
Hab. Limestone caves (A. Everett).
1889. ] LAND-SHELLS FROM BORNEO. 351
53. RAPHAULUS PFEIFFER], Issel.
Raphaulus pfeifferi, Issel, Moll. Born. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, vi.
p- 443, pl. vii. figs. 4-6 (1874).
Hab. In cave-earth (A. Everett).
Que specimen only.
Purina, Vign.
54. Pupina poRIiz, n. sp. (Plate XXXIX. figs. 2, 2a, 2 0.)
Shell ovately globose, solid, glassy ; sculpture microscopic trans-
verse striz; colour pearly white; spire moderately high, sides
rounded ; ‘apex very blunt; suture linear; whorls 43, flatly convex ;
aperture circular, vertical; peristome solid, sinuate on upper outer
uargin, when viewed from the side, with a slot at the suture; the
columellar margin broad, cut off from the peristome by a well-marked
sinus.
Size: maj. diam. 2°7 ; alt. axis 4°3 millim.
Hab. Busan Hills (A. Averett).
Only one specimen of this very distiict species was found.
It is noticeable tor its small size aud white colour. I have named it
atter Signor Doria.
55. PuPINA HOSEI, n. sp. (Plate XX XIX. figs. 1, 1 a.)
Shell globosely oval, solid, glassy, transparent ; sculpture a slight
indication of transverse striation under the glassy surface; colour
burnt-sienna ; spire moderately high; apex blunt; suture ver
shallow ; whorls 53, sides rather flat; the last somewhat swollen;
aperture circular, perpendicular ; peristome indistinctly double, very
thickened, as well as the colnmellar margin, this is double, cut off
from the peristome by a deep notch; another deep notch near
sutural margin.
Size: maj. diam. 3:0; alt. axis 6°9 millim.
Hab. Busan Hills (A. Everett).
The collection only contains four specimens of this species, but
all in good preservation. It also occurred in the cave explorations
made by Mr. Everett.
56. PuprIna EVANSI, n. sp. (Plate XXXIX. figs. 3, 3a.)
Shell globosely oval, polished, solid; sculpture very minute,
transverse, distant striatiou, probably more marked in the living
state; colour quite faded, a slight tinge of brown remaining, so that
it was probabiy of a bright polished brown; spire high, sides
convex ; apex blunt; suture very shallow; whorls 4, sides convex ;
aperture circular, perpendicular ; peristome thickened, discontinuous,
not sinuate on margin, a very narrow slot at the columellar margin,
another near suture.
Size: maj. diam. 4°2; alt. axis 6°6 millim.
Hub. Krom deposit in Cave A (A. Everett).
Ouly two specimens were found by me in the cave-earth; it is
quite distinct from the two other Pupinas discovered by Mr. Everett.
352 LIEUT.-COL. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON [June 18,
I have much pleasure in naming it after Mr. John Evans, who did
so much to promote the exploration of the Bornean caverns.
PupIneLia, Gray.
Pupinella borneensis, Pfr.
Pupinella borneensis, Pfr. P. Z.S.1861, p. 389, pl. xxxvii. fig. 1.
Mecatomastoma, Guilding.
Megalomastoma doria, Issel.
Megalomastoma doria, Issel, Moll. Born. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova,
vi. p. 430, pl. vi. figs. 18, 19 (1874).
Hab. Sarawak (Doria and Beccari). Five examples.
57. MEGALOMASTOMA ANOSTOMA, Benson.
Cyclostoma anostoma, Benson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, x.
p- 269 (1852).
Megaiomastoma anostoma, Issel, Moll. Born. Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genova, vi. p. 429, pl. vi. figs. 16, 17 (1874).
Cyclostoma sectilabrum, Mart. u. Chemn. Conch.-Cab. ed. ii.
p- 377, pl. xlvii. figs. 11, 12.
Cyclostoma leferi, Morelet, Journ. de Conch. 1861, p. 176.
Megalomastoma lowei, Sowerby, Thesaur. Conch. iti. pl. celxiii.
fig. 1.
Hab. Trusan and Niah Hills (£verett).
He nicina, Lamarck.
58. HELICINA USUKANENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 7.)
Shell dextral, lenticular, solid, convex below; sculpture nearly
smooth, fiue lines of growth, crossed by irregular diagonal striation ;
colour pale ruddy madder-brown, pale straw-colour below and on
periphery, an indistinct band seen inside the aperture; spire de-
pressedly pyramidal, sides flatly convex ; apex blunt; suture linear;
whorls 4, regularly increasing, sides very flat, the last bluntly cari-
nate, with an obsolete band below; aperture acute, white, shghtly
reflected; columellar margin short, thickened, the callous short and
semicircular.
Size: maj. diam. 7°10; alt. axis 3°75 millim.
Hab. Usukan Island, Borneo (A. Everett).
This species approaches very near to H. martensi in form of the
columellar margin, but differs in colour and the form of the carinate
periphery, as also in its flatter-sided spire.
Helicina borneensis, vy. Martens.
Helicina borneensis, v. Martens, Monatsber. d. Berlin. Akad.
1864, p.120; Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. xxx. fig. 267 (1873).
Hab. Singkawang (v. Martens).
Helicina crossei, Semper.
Hab. Palawan. In Brit. Mus.
1889.] LAND-SHELLS FROM BORNEO. 353
Helicina martensi, Issel.
Helicina citrina? (Pfr.), var., v. Martens, Malak. Blatt. 1873,
p- 161.
Helicina martensi, Issel, Moll. Born. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova,
vi. p. 444, pl. vi. figs. 23-25 (1874).
Georissa, Blanf.
Nyy 1967 59. GEoRISSA HOSEI, n. sp. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 11.)
Bhy 1953
ny i7s?
Shell elongately conoid, rather solid, imperforate ; sculpture ill-
defined spiral liration; colour ruddy ochraceous; spire high; apex
blunt; suture impressed; whorls 4, sides flat, angulate-above and
below on the periphery, the median side of each whorl being parallel
with the axis of the shell, more rounded on the last whorl; aperture
oval, oblique ; peristome simple, somewhat thickened above; colu-
mellar margin straight.
Size: maj. diam. 1°5; alt. axis 1:9 millim.
Hab. Borneo (C. Hose, 1829). In Brit. Mus. collection.
The square form of the second whorl is peculiar, and distinguishes
it from the other Bornean species. Only two specimens are in the
collection. The exact locality I have not yet ascertained ; it
occurred among a small collection of shells sent to the British Mu-
seum by Mr. Hose in May 1889, which Mr. Edgar Smith has kindly
let me figure and describe.
60. GrorIssa WILLIAMSI, 0. sp. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 10.)
Shell elongately ovate, solid; sculpture indistinct spiral liration,
showing strongest on the apical whorl; colour ruddy ochraceous ;
spire high; apex blunt, smooth; suture well impressed; whorls 43,
convex, the last very ample; aperture oval, oblique; peristome
simple, sharp-edged ; columellar margin straight,
Size: maj. diam. 1°7; alt. axis 2°30 millim.
Hab. Borneo (C. Hose). In Brit. Mus. collection.
Only one example occurred among four specimens of Georisse
sent by Mr. Hose to the British Museum, one being G. niahensis,
and two others of a new species and very distinct form, which I have
named G. hoset. I have named this species after Dr. Williams, who
served with Rajah Brooke on the first occupation of the country.
61. GEorRIssA NIAHENSIS, n. sp. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 8.)
Shell elongately conoid, solid, imperforate; sculpture a very in-
distinct, ill-defined spiral liration, about 20 on the penultimate whorl,
upon a rough surface crossed by transverse lines of growth; colour
ruddy ochre; spire high; apex pointed, finely papillate, minutely
lirate; suture impressed ; whorls 43, convex; aperture oval,
oblique; peristome simple, acute below; columellar margin
straight.
Size: maj. diam. 2°3 ; alt. axis 3°6 millim.
Hab. Niah Hills (A. Everett).
354 LIEUT.-COL. H. H. GODWIN-AUSTEN ON [June 18,
This is a large species of this genus, and its sculpture is a notice-
able character, from the lirate ribbing being so wanting in the sharp
definition it generally presents in other species.
62. GEORISSA HUNGERFORDI, n. sp. (Plate XXXIX. fig. 9.)
Shell globosely conical, solid, imperforate ; sculpture spirally lirate,
about 15 ribs on the last whorl, all sharply defined, but becoming
ill-defined towards the apex, which is quite smooth ; spire conical ;
apex papillate; suture well impressed; whorls 4, very convex;
aperture semi-ovate, subvertical; peristome simple, outer margin
rounded, straight on the columellar side.
Size: maj. diam. 1°2; alt. axis 1°38 millim.
Hab. Borneo (Sir H. Low). In collection of Dr. Hungerford.
TRUNCATELLA, Risso.
63. TRUNCATELLA MARGINATA, Kiister.
Truncatella marginata, Mart. u. Chemn. Conch.-Cab. ed. ii. pl. ii.
figs. 24-26 (1855).
64. TRUNCATELLA AURANTIA, Gould.
Truncatella aurantia, Gould, Exped. Shells, p. 39.
Hab. Maugsi, near Borneo.
Hyprocena, Parreyss.
65. Hydrocena cornea, Pfr.
Hydrocena cornea, Pfr. P. Z.S. 1854, p. 306.
Not Assiminea (Optediceros) cornea, Leith, Journ. Bombay Br.
R. As. Soe. v. p. 145 (1853).
OmPuHatotropsis, Pfr.
66. Omphalotropsis glabrata, Ptr.
Hydrocena (Omphalotropsis) glabrata, Pfr. P. Z. 8S. 1854, p. 308.
Hab. Borneo (Pfr.).
67. Omphalotropsis radiata, Pfr.
Hydrocena (Omphalotropsis) radiata, Pfr. P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 308.
Hab. Borneo (Pfr.).
68. Omphalotropsis carinata, Lea.
Assiminea carinata, Lea, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philad. vii. p. 111
(1857); Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, p. 447, pl. vii. figs. 7-9.
Hab. Siam (Zea); Borneo (Geale, coll. Mousson).
Subgenus Opreptceros, Blanford.
69. Omphalotropsis paladilhi, Issel.
Omphalotropsis paladilhi, Issel, Moll. Born. Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genova, vi. p. 448, pl. vii. figs. 10-12 (1874).
Hab. Sarawak (Doria and Beceari).
1889.] LAND-SHELLS FROM BORNEO. 355
70. OMPHALOTROPSIS BANKAENSIS, Mousson.
Hab. Borneo. In collection of Dr. Hungerford.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puate XXXV.
Figs. 1, la, 16. Cyclophorus niahensis, n. sp., nat, size, p. 334.
2, 2a. Pterocycios cucullus, n. sp., X 2°5 and 1:65, p. 340.
3, o@ niahensis, n. sp., X 2°5, p. 340.
4, 4a. tenuilabiatus, X 2°5 and 1-65, p. 339.
5, 5a, 5b. Opisthoporus pterocycloides, x 25 and 1°65, p. 341.
Piarze XXXVI.
Figs. 1, la. Rhiostoma caverne, n. sp., X 2°5, p. 342.
2, 2a. gwendolene, n. sp., X 2:5, p. 342.
3. Cyclotus linitus, n. sp., X 4, p. 345.
4, boxalli, n. sp., nat. size, p. 343.
4a. , aperture, X 2°5, p. 343.
5, 5a. trusanensis, Nn. sp., X 2°5, p. 344.
6, Ga. Jerdonia? borneensis, n. sp., p. 045.
Puats XXXVI.
Figs. 1, la. Alyceus galbanus, n. sp., X 4, p. 846.
2,
‘ hosei, n. sp., X 4, p. 347.
3, 3a. globosus, H. Adams, < 7 and 12, p. 346.
4, 4a. specus, n. sp., X 7, p. 347.
5, 5a. everetti, h. sp.. X 4, p. 847.
6, 6a. —— spiracellum, Adams and Reeve, x "7, p. 346.
Pratn XXXVIII.
Figs. 1. Diplommatina spinosa, n. sp., X 7, p. 849.
2, 2a. Opisthostoma grandi-spinosum, n. sp., X 12, p. 350.
3. Diplommatina adversa, x 7, p. 348.
4, busanensis, n. sp., X 7, p. 348.
5, 5a. asset, n. sp., X 7, p. 348.
6, 6a. niahensis, n. sp., X 7, p. 849.
Te rubra, D. sp., X 7, p. 349.
Prats XXXIX.
Figs. 1, la. Pupina hosei, nv. sp., X 4, p. 351.
2, 20. dorig, n. sp., X 7, p. 351.
2a. —— ——,n.sp., X 4, p. 351.
3, 3a, ——- evansi, n. sp., p. 351.
4. Lagocheilus keppeli, n. sp., X 2°5, p. 338.
Ds dido, n. sp., X 2°5, p. 338.
6, 6a. mundyanus, Nn. sp., X 4; aperture, X 7, p. 338.
60. , operculum, x 12, p. 338.
7. Helicina usukanensis, n. sp., X 7, p. 352.
8. Georissa niahensis, nu. sp., X 7, p. 353.
hungerfordi, n. sp., X 12, p. 854.
10. —— williamsi, n. sp., x 12, p. 353.
11. —— hosei, n. sp., X 12, p. 353.
356 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON [June 18,
3. On the Birds collected by Mr. H. C. V. Hunter, F.Z.S.,
in Eastern Africa. By Captain G. EH. Sueniey, F.Z.S.
[Received June 6, 1889.]
(Plates XL. & XLI.)
Mr. Hunter, vee a sporting-tour in Eastern Africa, ascended
the slopes of Kilimanjaro mountain and made a fine collection of birds
in that district during the months of June, July, and August of last
ear.
3 This collection he has presented to the British Museum, where,
through the kindness of Dr. Giinther, I have been enabled to examine
the contents. It consists of examples of 95 species, of which I have
described seven as new :—Pachyprora mixta, Xenocichla nigriceps,
Xenocichla placida, Alcippe kilimensis, Cisticola hunteri, Cinnyris
hunteri, and Zosterops perspicillata.
Besides these, amongst many other rarities the British Museum
acquires the second known specimens of Hapaloderma vittatum and
Pinarochroa hypospodia, and adds to its stores examples of Tarsiger
orientalis, Nectarinia melanogastra, and of the fully adult male of
Pholidauges fischeri, of which the female only was known.
1. Buso LacTevs.
Bubo lacteus (Temm.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. ii. p. 33 (1875) ;
Fisch. & Rchw. J. f. O. 1879, p. 340; Bohm, J. f. O. 1882, p. 207 ;
Schal. J. f. O. 1883, p. 345; Fisch. J. f. O. 1885, p. 122; Hartl.
Zool. Jabrb. i. p. 307 (1887).
Useri river, August.
2. CAMPOTHERA NUBICA.
Picus nubicus, Gm., Shelley, P. Z.S. 1881, p.593; Bohm, J. f. O.
1883, p. 168.
Campothera nubica, Hargitt, Ibis, 1883, p. 451; Fisch. J. f. O.
1885, p. 126; Rehw. J. f. O. 1887, p. 90; Matsch, ¢. c. p. 150;
Shelley, P. Z.S. 1888, p. 41; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 296.
Useri river, July.
3. INDICATOR MAJOR.
Indicator mejor, Steph., Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 711; id. in
Dawson Rowley’s Orn. Miscell. i. p. 264: Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 237 ;
Bohm, J. f. O. 1885, p. 57 ; Fisch. t. ec. p. 124 ; Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii.
p- 3l1l.
3. Teita, August 29.
4. PoGONORHYNCHUS MELANOPTERUS.
Pogonorhynchus melanopterus (Peters), Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881,
p- 592; Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, ve 370; id. J. f. O. 1885,
p- 125 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 291.
Teita, June.
Ps Zoo elooue seit ke
JG. Keulemans delet lith Mintern Bros. inp
PACHYPRORA MIXTA,c'Er 2.
lL.
. imp.
Mintern Bros
delet Lith
0)
is
ct
5
0
|
by
1889. ] BIRDS FROM EASTERN AFRICA. 357
5. PoGONORHYNCHUS STIGMATOTHORAX.
Tricholema stigmatothorax, Cab. J. f .O. 1878, p. 240; Fisch.
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 371 ; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 125.
3. Useri river, July 3.
6. BaRBATULA LEUCOTIS.
Megalema leucotis (Sundev.), Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884,
p- 371; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 125.
Barbatula leucotis (Sundev.), Marshall, Monogr. Cap. p. 131,
pl. 52 (1871); Shelley, P. Z.S. 1885, p. 223.
Kilimanjaro.
7. BARBATULA AFFINIS.
Barbatula affinis, Rehw. Orn. Centralbl. 1879, p. 114; Rchw.
J. f. 0. 1879, p. 314; Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 371;
id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 124; Rehw. J. f. O. 1887, p. 59.
3. Teita, August. Useri river, July.
8. TRACHYPHONUS ERYTHROCEPHALUS.
Trachyphonus erythrocephalus, Cab. J. f. O. 1878, pp. 218, 240,
pl. 2. figs. 1, 2; Hartl. Ibis, 1886, p. 111; Shelley, Ibis, 1888,
p. 291.
Taveta. Also seen on Kilimanjaro.
9. TRACHYPHONUS BOEHMI.
Trachyphonus arnaudi, Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 240.
Trachyphonus squamiceps (nec Heugl.), Fisch. & Rehw. J. f. O.
1879, p. 342.
Trachyphonus margaritatus (nec Riipp.), Schal. J. f. O. 1883,
p. 346.
Trachyphonus boehmi, Fisch. & Rehw. J. f.O. 1884, p. 179;
Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 371 ; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 125;
Hartl. Ibis, 1886, p. 109.
9. Ndara in Teita, August 25.
S Q. Useri river, July 3.
10. CeERYLE MAXIMA.
Ceryle maxima (Pall.), Sharpe, Monogr. Alced. p. 67, pl. 20
(1869); Bohm, J. f. O. 1885, p. 47; Fisch. ¢. c. p. 126; Matsch.
J. f. O. 1887, p. 151; Schal. ¢. c. p. 236; Shelley, Ibis, 1888,
p- 291.
Taveta.
11. HALCYON CHELICUTENSIS.
Halcyon chelicutensis (Stanley), Shelley, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 567;
Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 172; Fisch. J. f. O. 1885, p. 126; Rehw.
J. f. O. 1887, p. 60; Matsch. ¢. c p. 151; Shelley, Ibis, 1888,
p- 297.
Q. Useri river, on side of Kilimanjaro, July 6.
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1889, No. XXIV. 24
358 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON [June 18,
12. InRIsOR CYANOMELAS.
Rhinopomastes cyanomelas (Vieill.), Shelley, P. Z.S. 1881,
p- 570; Schal. J. f. O. 1883, p. 351.
Irrisor cyanomelas, Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 190; Fisch. J. f. O.
1885, p. 127; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 297.
3 2. Duruma, August 29.
13. IRRISOR MINOR.
Promerops minor, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 25 (1845).
Epimachus minor, Riipp. t.c. pl. 8.
Taveta.
14. MELITTOPHAGUS CYANOSTICTUS.
Melittophagus pusillus, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 569 ; Tristr. Ibis,
1889, p. 225.
Merops pusillus, Gurney, Ibis, 1882, p. 72.
Merops cyanostictus, Cab., Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 175; 1885,
E47.
‘i Melittophagus cyanostictus, Fisch. J. f. O. 1885, p. 127; Cab.
.c. p. 340; Rehw. J. f. O. 1887, p. 61; Matsch. tc. p. 151;
Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 296.
¢ ad. et juv. Ndara in Teita.
15. CoRAcCIAS CAUDATA.
Coracias caudata, Linn., Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 566; Bohm,
J. f. O. 1883, p.173; Schal. ¢.c. p. 348; Bohm, J. f. O. 1885,
p-57; Matsch. J. f. O. 1887, p. 152; Schal. ¢. c. p. 236; Tristr.
Ibis, 1889, p. 225.
3 2. Useri river, July 1.
16. TuRACUS HARTLAUBI.
Corythaix hartlaubi, Fisch. & Rehw. J. f.O. 1884, p. 52; Fisch.
J. f. O. 1885, p. 123; Schal. J. f. O. 1886, p. 39; Rehw. J. f. O.
1887, p. 57.
Turacus hartlaubi, Shelley, P. Z.S. 1884, p. 224.
3 2. Kilimanjaro, 6000 ft., August 6.
17. GALLIREX CHLOROCHLAMYS.
Gallirex chlorochlamys, Shelley, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 590; Fisch.
J. f. O. 1885, p. 123; Schal. J. f. O. 1886, p. 52.
Corythaix porphyreolophus, Bohm, J. f. O. 1882, p. 208.
dg. Duruma, August 29.
18. Coxius LEUCOTIS.
Colius leucotis, Riipp., Shelley, P.Z.S. 1881, p. 590, 1885,
p. 224; Fisch. J. f. O. 1885, p. 125; Rehw. J. f. O. 1887, p. 57;
Matsch. ¢. ¢. pp. 140, 149, 159.
do. Ndara in Teita, August 25.
3. Kilimanjaro, August 8.
1889.] BIRDS FROM EASTERN AFRICA. 359
19. HAPALODERMA VITTATUM.
Hapaloderma vittatum, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 306.
Forest on Kilimanjaro, 6000 ft. Also seen in Kahé forest.
20. CypsELUS MELBA.
Cypselus melba (Linn.), Dresser, B. Eur. iv. p. 603, pl. 269.
Q. Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., August 4.
21. CypsELUS HORUS.
Cypselus horus, Hartl. & Finsch ; Salvadori, [bis, 1881, p. 541.
Cypselus sharpii, Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 228, pl. 6.
fig. 1 (1876) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 688.
Q. Useririver, July 18.
On comparing this specimen with C. caffer and C. affinis, I find it
to differ strongly in having the throat whiter and the tail inter-
mediate in length.
22, PSsALIDOPROCNE PETITI.
Psalidoprocne petiti, Sharpe & Bouvier, Buil. Soc. Zool. France,
i. p. 38, pl. 2.
3. Taveta, August 15.
I have compared this specimen with seven others from Landana
and it agrees perfectly. P. antinorii is probably identical, as the
colour of the under wing-coverts varies.
23. CAMPOPHAGA NIGRA.
Campophaga nigra, Vieill.; Shelley, P. Z.S. 1881, p.578; Bonm,
J. f. O. 1883, p. 181; Schal. ¢. c. p. 354; Fisch. Zeitschr. ges.
Orn. 1884, p. 356; id. J. f. O. 1884, p. 128; Bohm, J. f.O. 1885,
p- 44.
3 2. Taveta, August 18.
3. Teita, August 25.
24. PacHyPRORA MIXTA, n. sp. (Plate XL-)
Adult male. Very similar to P. molitor, from which it differs in
having scarcely a trace of white on the sides of the forehead; one
or two of the feathers above the ear-coverts are mottled with whitish ;
the white nuchal spot very slightly marked; posterior half of the
scapulars uniform grey like the crown and back; lower back and
upper tail-coverts also uniform grey, with no black and white mottling ;
the wing, which is very similarly marked to that of P. molifor, has
the white portion more contracted ; tail black, with triangular white
tips to all the feathers; the external web of the outer feather is
black, only edged with white, while in P. molitor the white crosses
the web. Beneath, throat, lower breast, and under tail-coverts white,
with a broad pectoral band and the thighs black as in P. molttor ;
under surface of the wings whiter than in P. molitor, the under
wing-coverts being white with the exception of the outer half of the
smaller and median series, which are black. Bill black, legs slightly
24*
360 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON [June 18,
browner. Total length 4 inches, culmen 0°5, wing 2°2, tail 1°6,
tarsus 0°7.
Adult female. Differs greatly from P. molitor, and much re-
sembles P. capensis in the colouring of the upper parts. Forehead,
crown, and back of the neck grey; lores and sides of the head
black, separated from the grey forehead and crown by a partially
defined white stripe; mantle olive-shaded brown as in P. capensis ;
lower back partially mottled with white; wings dark brown, the
least series washed with the same colour as the mantle; some of the
median and greater coverts fawn-colour, forming a patch on the
wing ; margins of quills pale, passing into fawn-colour on the inner
secondaries ; tail black, the feathers edged with white and with white
augular tips ; the white on the outer tail-feather never extends across
the outer web, as it always does in P. molitor and P. capensis.
Underparts and sides of the neck white, strongly washed with
fawn-colour, mostly towards the base of the feathers of the throat
and sides of the chest ; under surface of the quills dusky, with white
inner margins ; under wing-coverts white, with the outer half of the
least and median series ashy shaded black. Bill black ; legs browner.
Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 274, tail 1°5, tarsus 0°7.
Kilimanjaro, ¢ 2, 7000 ft., 6000 ft., August.
I have no hesitation in referring these two specimens to the same
species ; their tails exactly agree and present a character by which
they may with certainty be separated from both P. molitor and P.
capensis, of both of which species they unite certain characteristics.
25. MuscicAPA CH RULESCENS.
Muscicapa cerulescens, Hartl., Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus.iv. p- 154
(1879).
Teita, August 26.
This specimen differs from six others with which I have compared
it, in having the greater series of wing-coverts distinctly edged with
white and broadly tipped with that colour, and the pale edyes of the
quills decidedly broader and whiter. Total length 4°95 inches, cul-
men 0°5, wing 2°9, tail 2°55, tarsus 0°6.
I prefer to regard the slight characters above enumerated as
rather a sign of immaturity than of specific value.
6: CRYPTOLOPHA UMBROVIRENS.
Cryptolopha umbrovirens (Riipp.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iv.
p- 401, pl. 12. fig. 2.
Kilimanjaro, 6000 ft., August 8.
27. TERPSIPHONE CRISTATA.
Terpsiphone cristata (Gm.), Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 577;
id. Ibis, 1888, p. 299.
Terpsiphone ferreti, Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 170; Schal. ¢. e.
p- 353; Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 353; id. J. f. O. 1885,
p- 129; Rehw. J. f. O. 1887, p. 63.
1889. ] BIRDS FROM EASTERN AFRICA. 361
Terpsiphone melanogastra, Béhm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 179; Matsch.
J. f. O. 1887, p. 153.
do. Teita, August 8.
28. TARSIGER ORIENTALIS.
Tarsiger orientalis, Fisch. & Rehw. J. f. O. 1884, p. 57; Fisch.
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 306; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 142.
3. Kilimanjaro, 6000 ft., August.
29. EUROCEPHALUS RUEPPELLI.
Eurocephalus rueppelli, Bp.; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 280
(1877); Shelley, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 307; Schal. J. f. O. 1883, p. 357 ;
Fisch. Zeitsch. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 350; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 130;
Rehw. J. f.O. 1887, p. 65; Tristr. Ibis, 1889, p. 226.
Eurocephalus anguitimens (nec Smith), Shelley, P. Z. 8. 1881,
p- 582; Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 185.
Useri river.
30. PRioNOPS TALACOMA.
Prionops talacoma, Smith; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 32
Béhm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 184; Schal. ¢.c.p. 355; Fisch. J. f.
1885, p. 130.
Taveta.
We
O.
_81. TELEPHONUS SENEGALENSIS.
Telephonus erythropterus, Shelley, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 579; Bohm,
J. f. O. 1883, p. 186; Schal. ¢. c. p. 354; Fisch. J. f. O. 1885,
p- 130; Matsch. J. f. O. 1887, p. 153 ; Schal. ¢. ec. p. 238.
Telephonus senegalensis (Linn.), Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii.
p- 124 (1883).
3. Teita, August 26. 9. Plains of Taveta, August 13.
¥ 32. Dryoscopus FUNEBRIS.
Dryoscopus funebris, Hartl., Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii.
p- 133; Rehw. J. f. O. 1887, p. 63.
Rhynchastatus funebris, Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 182; Schal. ¢. c.
p- 356; Bohm, J. f. O. 1885, p. 44; Fisch. ¢.¢. p. 130.
©. Useri river, June.
33. Dryoscopus £THIOPICUS.
Dryoscopus ethiopicus (Gm.), Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii.
p- 139; Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 349; id. J. f. O. 1885,
p. 129; Matsch. J. f. O. 1887, p. 153; Schal. ¢. ¢. p. 239; Hartl.
Zool. Jahrb. ii. p. 320.
3. Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., August 6.
34. Dryoscopus CUBLA.
Dryoscopus cubla (Shaw), Shelley, P.Z.S. 1881, p. 580; Gadow,
Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 148; Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 181; Schal.
362 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON [June 18,
tc. p. 355; Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 349; id. J. f. O.
1885, p. 129; Shelley, P. Z.S. 1885, p. 225; Rchw. J. f.O. 1887,
p. 63; Matsch. ¢. c.p. 153; Schal.¢. ¢. p. 239; Shelley, Ibis, 1888,
p. 292.
3. Teita, June. 9. Useri river, July 14.
35. LANIARIUS SULFUREIPECTUS.
Laniarius sulfureipectus (Less.), Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 580;
Gadow, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 159; Rehw. J. f. O. 1887, p. 63 ;
Matsch. ¢. c. p. 153; Shelley, P. Z.S. 1888, p. 25; id. Ibis, 1888,
p. 301.
Cilorophoneus sulfureipectus, Bohm, J. f.O. 1883, p. 184; Fisch.
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 349; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 130.
3. Taveta, August 18.
36. LANIUS CAUDATUS.
Lanius caudatus,Cab.; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 579 ; Gadow, Cat.
B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 254; Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 187; Fisch.
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 344; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 225; id.
Ibis, 1888, p. 301.
Fiscus caudatus, Schal. J. f. O. 1883, p. 357 ; Fisch. J. f. O. 1885,
p- 131.
Juv. Useri river.
37. XENOCICHLA NIGRICEPS, 0. sp.
Adult male. General colour above yellowish olive, passing into
dusky grey on the back of the neck and nape, and then into brown-
ish black on the crown and forehead ; eyes surrounded by a broadish
band of ashy-white feathers ; cheeks and ear-coverts dusky grey
with paler centres ; wing-coverts yellowish olive like the back ; quills
brown, strongly washed with yellowish olive on the outer webs; tail
olive-brown washed with yellow, slightly browner than the back ;
chin, throat, and front half of the breast ashy grey ; abdomen, flanks,
and under tail-coverts rather bright olive-yellow ; centre of the breast
slightly washed with yellow ; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale
yellow, barely shaded with olive; under surface of the quills
dusky black, their inner margins broadly edged with whitish yellow.
Bill black ; legs slaty grey. Total length 6-7 inches, culmen 0°65,
wing 3:7, tail 3°3, tarsus 1:0.
Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male. Total length
7 inches, culmen 0°6, wing 3°5, tail 3°4, tarsus 0°9.
3 . Kilimanjaro, 6000 ft., August.
Compared with X. tephrolema, this species has the bill rather
shorter and the culmen slightly more curved; it resembles that
species in size, colouring of the back, wings, and tail, and like it has
the head and neck grey; but the crown in the present species is
much darker, being nearly black. In X. tephrolema the pale grey
of the throat is of less extent, and the crop, entire body, and under
tail-coverts are deep yellow shaded with olive.
1889.] BIRDS FROM EASTERN AFRICA. 363
38. XENOCICHLA PLACIDA, N. sp.
General colour above olive-brown, with a slight rufous shade
on the crown and lower back; upper tail-coverts and tail rufous ;
wings dark brown, washed with rufous on the edges of all the feathers,
the edges of the primaries being slightly paler and yellower ; feathers
in front of the eyes, lores and cheeks ashy ; wing-coverts brown, all
with pale buff ill-defined shaft-stripes ; feathers surrounding the eye
buff; chin, throat, and under surface of the body buff, washed with
pale ashy olive across the crop and down the sides of the body;
axillaries and under wing-coverts yellowish white; quills dark brown,
with pale rufous-buff inner edges to the feathers, broadest towards
their base. Upper mandible dark brown, with a pale cutting-edge ;
lower mandible paler and yellowish ; legs slaty brown, claws pale
brown. ‘Total length 6:5 inches, culmen 0°6, wing 3, tail 3°2,
tarsus 0-9.
Kilimanjaro, 6000 ft., August.
This species is nearly allied to X. albigularis, Sharpe, from Fantee,
but is larger, has the bill shorter and the culmen more curved ;
the crown and back uniform, of a rather more rufous shade and not
washed with grey on the crown; the wings more rufous, not edged
with olive; tail similar. The underparts differ in the throat not
being so white and the breast not being so strongly washed with
bright yellow ; the under surface of the wings much the same in both.
39. PycNONOTUS LAYARDI.
Pyenonotus layardi, Gurney, Shelley, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 576; Schal.
J. f. O. 1883, p. 360; Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 341; id.
J. f. O. 1885, p. 137; Shelley, P. Z.S. 1885, p. 256; Rehw. J. f. O.
1887, p. 75.
do. Teita, June.
40. TurDUS TEPHRONOTUS.
Turdus tephronotus, Cab., Shelley, P. Z.8. 1881, p. 574 ; Fisch.
J. f. O. 1885, p. 141; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 299.
Q. Useri river, July 1.
Al. CossyPHA CAFFRA.
Cossypha caffra (Linn.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. viii. p. 39
(1883).
3. Kilimanjaro, August 5.
42. BRADYORNIS ATER.
Bradyornis ater, Sundev., Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 314
(1877).
3. Useri river, July.
98. PRATINCOLA AXILLARIS.
Pratincola axillaris, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 556 ; 1885, p. 226.
3 @. Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., August.
364 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON {June 18,
. 44. PINAROCHROA HYPOSPODIA.
* Pinarochroa hypospodia, Shelley, P. Z.S. 1885, p. 226, pl. 13.
Kilimanjaro, 10,000—12,000 ft.
45, ALCIPPE KILIMENSIS, nN. sp.
Upper half of the head and back of the neck leaden grey, gradually
passing into paler grey on the throat and front of the breast ; back
and scapulars uniform yellowish brown; wings dark brown, all the
feathers broadly edged with the same shade as the back ; tail-feathers
dark brown, partially edged with yellowish brown; centre of the
breast white, washed on the sides with grey and then passing into
yellowish brown, of a paler shade than the back, on the sides of the
body ; under tail-coverts ashy white, slightly tinted with pale yellow-
ish brown; under surface of the quills slate-colour, with white
Inner margins to the feathers ; under wing-coverts white. Bill brown,
paler towards the base of the lower mandible; legs brown. Total
length 5:2 inches, culmen 0°55, wing 2:7, tail 2°6, tarsus 0°85.
Kilimanjaro, 6000 ft., August.
I have placed this bird in the genus Alcippe, a genus new to
Africa, as its affinities appear to be with A. cinerea, Blyth, from
Malayana, rather than with any other species known tome. Com-
pared with that bird, it differs mostly in its rather larger bill, its
entirely grey head and neck, and in the total absence of rufous shade
on the wings and tail.
46. BRADYPTERUS BARRATTI.
Bradypterus barratti, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. vii. p. 115
(1883).
Kilimanjaro.
7. CisTICOLA HUNTERI, 0. sp.
Similar to C. subruficapilla, but a larger bird and much more
dingily coloured, distinguished by the almost entire absence of rufous
on the quills, and absolute absence of rufous on the tail.
Upper parts dusky brown, with large blackish centres to the
feathers ; edges of the feathers of the crown and wing slightly more
tufous ; tail-feathers with pale ends and a broad black subterminal
bar, very distinct beneath. Underparts whitish ash, slightly paler
and buffer on the chin, upper throat, and centre of the breast; thighs
rufous-brown; under surface of the wings dusky black, with the
coverts and inner edges of the quills ashy white. Bill black ; legs
brown. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0°5, wing 2:5, tail 3:1,
tarsus 1.
Kilimanjaro.
48. NECTARINIA MELANOGASTRA.
Nectarinia melanogastra, Fisch. & Rchw. J. f.O. 1884, p. 181;
Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 337; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 14.
3. Ndara.
Three specimens, collected on August 25th. All are in about half
moult.
1889.] BIRDS FROM EASTERN AFRICA. 365
A9. NecrTaRINIA KILIMENSIS.
Nectarinia kilimensis, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 555; 1885,
p-. 227.
3. Kilimanjaro, August.
40. NECTARINIA REICHENOWI.
Drepanorhynchus reichenowi, Fisch. J. f.O. 1884, p. 56; id.
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 338; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 13
Nectarinia reichenowi, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 556, pl.
p- 227.
3 2. Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., August.
451. CINNYRIS MICRORHYNCHUS.
Cinnyris microrhynchus, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p.570; Schal.
J. f. O. 1883, p. 360; Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p- 339 ; id.
J. f.0. 1885, p. 139.
3. Teita. August.
52. CINNYRIS AFFINIS.
Cinnyris affinis, Riipp., Shelley, Monogr. Nect. p. 239, pl. 74.
fig. 2; id. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 228.
3 2. Kilimanjaro, August.
53. CINNYRIS MEDIOCRIS.
Cinnyris mediocris, Shelley, P. Z.S. 1885, p. 228.
2. Kilimanjaro, 5000-6000 ft. ¢ juv. Useri river, July 9.
54. CINNYRIS HUNTERI, n.sp. (Plate XLI. fig. 2.)
Adult male. General plumage velvety black ; forehead and front
with three quarters of the crown metallic green, the hinder feathers
of which are glossed with violet ; occiput, nape, back, and scapulars
velvet-black, with the rump and upper tail-coverts metallic violet ;
wings and tail very dark bronze-brown, with a metallic violet patch
on the front of the wing, formed by the whole of the least series of
wing-coverts; sides of the head and the underparts velvet-black ;
a metallic green moustache from beneath the gape; lower half of
the throat and the crop glossy red like sealing-wax, with a few
metallic violet bands, most numerous towards the upper throat, where
they somewhat form a marginal band between the black upper and
red lower throat ; the red feathers on the crop have a narrow yellow
band between their red ends and black bases; under wing-coverts
velvet-black ; quills and tail as above; bill and legs black. Total
length 5°6 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 2°85, tail 2°1, tarsus 0:7.
The females as well as the young males are almost indistinguishable
from skins in corresponding plumage of C. gutturalis.
From all the other scarlet-throated Sun-birds, the present species
is distinguished by the metallic patch on the wing-coverts and lower
back.
3 Q. Useri river, July.
366 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON [June 18,
55. CINNYRIS KIRKI.
Cinnyris kirki, Shelley, P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 571; Fisch. Zeitschr.
ges. Orn. 1884, p. 339; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 139; Shelley, P. Z. S.
1885, p. 228; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 300.
Nectarinia kalckreuthi, Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 194.
Cinnyris kalckreuthi, Schal. J. f. O. 1883, p. 359.
3. Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., August.
56. ANTHREPTES LONGUEMARII.
Anthreptes longuemarii, Shelley, Monogr. Nect. p. 335, pl. 108;
Schal. J. f, O. 1883, p. 360; Shelley, P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 39.
Anthreptes orientalis, Hartl. J. f. Q. 1880, p. 213; Fisch. Zeitschr.
ges. Orn. 1884, p. 339.
Nectarinia longuemarii, Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 194; Schal.
J. f. O. 1887, p. 248.
Anthothreptes orientalis, Fisch. J. f. O. 1885, p. 138; Rehw.
Dia O88 7, p.,
Anthothreptes longuemarii, Matsch. J. f. O. 1887, p. 155.
3 2. Useri river, August.
57. ANTHOTHREPTES HYPODILA.
Anthodieta hypodila(Jard.), Shelley, Monogr. Nect. p.345, pl.111.
figs. 1, 2.
Anthodieta zambesiana, Shelley, t. c. p. 343, pl. 111. fig. 3;
Schal. J. f. O. 1883, p. 360; Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 359 ;
id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 138.
Anthreptes zambesiana, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 571.
Nectarinia collaris, Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 192; 1885, p. 46;
Schal. J. f. O. 1887, p. 242.
Anthodieta collaris, Matsch. J. f. O. 1887, p. 155.
Anthreptes hypodila, Shelley, P. Z.S. 1888, p. 39.
3 9. Taveta, August.
58. ZOSTEROPS PERSPICILLATA, n. sp. (Plate XLI. fig. 1.)
Adult female. General plumage above bright olive-yellow ; a slight
rufous shade on the sides of the forehead ; eye surrounded by a
very broad band of silky-white feathers 0°15 inch wide; wings
and tail slaty black; wing-coverts olive-yellow like the back ;
primary-coverts and quills with broad olive-yellow outer edges, slightly
paler and yellower on the primaries ; tail uniform, with no pale edges
to the feathers; throat and under surface of the body bright
yellow, passing into olive-yellow on the sides of the neck and body ;
under wing-coverts white, partially washed with yellow; quills slaty
black, with partial white inner margins, Bill black ; legs slaty grey,
nails brown. Total length 4:4 inches, culmen 0°45, wing 2°55, tail
2:1, tarsus 0°75.
Adult male. Similar in plumage. Total length 4:2 inches,
culmen 0°45, wing 2°5, tail 2, tarsus 0°75.
The specific characters of this species may be summed up as
follows :—the white patch of feathers surrounding the eye very broad,
1389.] BIRDS FROM EASTERN AFRICA. 367
as broad as the diameter of the eye; an entire absence of black on
the sides of the head, and no yellow on the forehead, which is uniform
with the mantle, only with a rufous tinge on its sides.
3 2. Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., August.
59. SERINUS STRIOLATUS.
Poliospiza striolatus, Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 321.
Crithagra striolatus, Fisch. J. f. O. 1885, p. 136.
Serinus striolatus (Riipp.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 363
(1888).
3. Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., August 9.
60. CHRYSOMITRIS CITRINELLOIDES.
Chrysomitris citrinelloides (Riipp.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii.
p. 229.
Kilimanjaro.
61. EMBERIZA FLAVIVENTRIS.
Emberiza flaviventris (Bonn. et Vieill.), Bohm, J. f. O. 1883,
p- 202; Schal. ¢. c. p. 364; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xii. p. 499.
do. Useri river.
62. SPERMESTES CUCULLATUS.
Spermestes cucullatus, Swains.; Shelley, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 587;
Bohm, J. f.O. 1883, p. 200; Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884,
p- 323; id. 1885, p. 136; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 309.
3. Ndara in Teita, August 25.
63. EsTRELDA QUARTINIA.
Estrelda quartinia, Bp.; Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 331.
3- Kilimanjaro, Angust 6.
64. VIDUA HYPOCHERINA.
Vidua splendens, Rehw., Shelley, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 587; Fisch.
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 325; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 135.
Vidua hypocherina, Verr., Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 340; id. Ibis,
1888, p. 302.
Plains south of Kilimanjaro.
65. VIDUA FISCHERI.
Linura fischeri, Rehw. J. f. O. 1882, p. 350, pl. 2. fig. 1; Fisch.
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 325; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 135.
Vidua fischeri, Shelley, Ibis, 1886, p. 342; 1888, p. 292.
Plains south of Kilimanjaro.
66. PLocEUS AUREOFLAVUS.
Hyphantornis aureoflavus, Shelley, P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 584; Schal.
J. f. O. 1883, p. 362; Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 330.
Ploceus aureofiavus, Smith, Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 26.
do. Taveta.
368 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON [June 18,
67. TEXTOR DINEMELLI.
Textor dinemelli, Horsf., Cab. J. f.O. 1878, p. 233; Shelley,
P. Z.S.1882, p. 307; Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 196; Schal. ¢. ce. p. 361;
Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 333; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 132;
Shelley, Ibis, 1887, p. 44.
Useri river.
68. OrIOLUS NOTATUS.
Oriolus notatus, Peters; Shelley, P.Z.S. 1881, p. 576; Fisch.
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 334 ; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 132; Shelley,
P. Z.S. 1885, p. 229.
Taveta,
69. ORIOLUS BRACHYRHYNCHUS.
Oriolus brachyrhynchus, Swains., Shelley, P.Z.S. 1881, p. 576.
Q. Teita, July 24.
70. LAMPROCOLIUS SYCOBIUS.
Lamprocolius sycobius, Peters, Shelley, P. Z. 8S. 1881, p. 583;
Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 197; Schal. ¢. c. p. 361; Fisch. J. f. O.
1885, p. 132; Rehw. J. f. O. 1887, p. 66.
do. Duruma, August 29.
71. PHOLIDAUGES FISCHERI.
Notauges fischeri, Rchw. J. f. O. 1884, p. 54; Fisch. Zeitschr.
ges. Orn. 1884, p. 335, pl. 20. fig. 1; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 132;
Rehw. J. f. O. 1887, p. 66.
3. Kilimanjaro, 6000 ft., in forest.
This specimen differs considerably from the type; but I do not
hesitate to refer it to the same species, as an adult male in full
plumage.
Entire head, neck, back, scapulars, and least series of wing-coverts
glossy violet shaded blue-black ; remainder of the wings and the tail
black glossed with dark green, with no violet shade. Beneath, the
purple-black of the head and neck extends from the chin over the
front half and centre of the chest; remainder of the breast and
under tail-coverts creamy white, with the flanks, axillaries, and under
surface of the wings black. Bill and legs black. Total length
6°3 inches, culmen 0°5, wing 3°85, tail 2°8, tarsus 0°9.
72. CoRVULTUR ALBICOLLIS.
Corvultur albicollis;(Lath.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 24
(1877) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 229 ; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 294.
Archicorax albicollis, Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 195; Fisch.
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 336; id. J. f.O. 1885, p. 131; Rehw.
J. f. O. 1887, p. 65; Matsch. ¢. c. p. 153.
Coraz albicollis, Schal. J. f. O. 1887, p. 240.
Kilimanjaro. Seen as high as 15,000 ft.
1889. ] BIRDS FROM EASTERN AFRICA. 369
73. TRERON WAKEFIELDI.
Treron wakefieldi, Sharpe, Shelley, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 595; id.
Ibis, 1883, p. 269; Schal. J. f. O. 1883, p. 242; Fisch. J. f. O.
1885, p. 118; Shelley, P. Z.S. 1885, p. 249; id. Ibis, 1888,
p- 303.
Treron nudirostris, Bohm, J. f. O. 1883, p. 199.
é. Duruma, August 29.
74, COLUMBA GUINEENSIS.
Columba guineensis, Bohm, J. f. O. 1882, p. 199; Shelley, Ibis,
1883, p. 278; Schal. J. f. O. 1883, p. 343; Fisch. J. f. O. 1885,
p- 119; Rehw. J. f. O. 1887, p. 51.
3. Swamp on east side of Kilimanjaro, June 24.
75. TURTUR LUGENS.
Turtur lugens (Riipp.), Shelley, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 596; 1882,
p- 310; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 302; Fisch. J. f. O. 1885, p. 119;
Hartl. Zool. Jahrb. ii. p. 330 (1887).
Turtur sp.?, Schal. J. f. O. 1885, p. 54; Matsch. J. f. O. 1887,
p- 157.
3d. Taveta, July 30.
76. TURTUR SEMITORQUATUS.
Turtur semitorquatus (Riipp.), Shelley, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 596;
Bohm, J. f. O. 1882, p. 198; Sheiley, Ibis, 1883, p. 303; Fisch.
J. f. O. 1885, p. 118; Rehw. J. f. O. 1887, p. 51; Shelley, P. Z.S.
1888, p. 45 ; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 303.
3. Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., August 9.
77. CHALCOPELIA AFRA.
Chalcopelia afra (Linn.), Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 597; Bohm,
J. f. O. 1882, ».197; Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 323; Schal. J. f. O.
1883, p. 342; Fisch. J. f. O. 1885, p. 119; Rehw. J. f. O. 1887,
p- 51; Matsch. ¢. c. p. 147; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 303.
Chalcopelia chalcospilos, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 596.
Forests of Taveta.
This specimen has the metallic patch on the wing green.
78. TYMPANISTRIA TYMPANISTRIA.
Tympanistria tympanistria (Temm.), Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 326 ;
id. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 230.
Peristera tympanistria, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 597; Fisch.
J. f. O. 1885, p. 119; Rechw. J. f. O. 1887, p. 51; Matsch. ¢. e.
p- 147.
3. Taveta.
79. PrEROCLES DECORATUS.
Pterocles decoratus, Cabanis, J. f. O. 1868, p. 413.
Useri river, June.
370 CAPT. G. E. SHELLEY ON [June 18,
80. PrEROCLES EXUSTUS.
Pterocles exustus, Temm.; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884,
p- 379.
Useri river, June.
81. PreROCLES GUTTURALIS.
Pterocles gutturalis, Smith; Fischer, /. c.
Useri river, June.
82. PreRNISTES HUMBOLTI.
Pternistes nudicollis (nec Gm.), Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 597 ;
Fisch. J. f. O. 1885, p. 121.
Francolinus (Pternistes) leucopareus, Fisch. & Rehw. J. f. O.
1884, p. 263.
Pternistes leucopareus, Fisch. J. f. O. 1885, p. 121.
Tana River, 50 miles from the mouth, September.
83. PrERNISTES INFUSCATUS.
Francolinus infuscatus, Cab., v. d. Decken’s Reis. iii. p. 44, pl. 14
(1869); Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 244; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 310.
Pternistes infuscatus, Fisch. J. f. O. 1885, p. 120.
Useri river, July 9.
84. FRANCOLINUS ALTUMI.
Francolinus altumi, Fisch. & Rchw. J. f. O. 1884, p. 179, pl. 2;
Fisch. J. f. O. 1885, p. 120; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 230; Rehw.
J. f. O. 1887, p- 51; Matsch. ¢. c. p. 139.
Francolinus (Scleroptera) hildebrandtii, Cab. J. f. O. 1878,
pp. 206, 243, pl. 4. fig. 2.
Francolinus (Scleroptera) schuetti, Cab. J. f.O. 1880, p. 351;
1881, pl. 2.
Francolinus hildebrandti, Fisch. J. f. O. 1885, p. 120.
Francolinus schuetti, Shelley, P. Z. 8. 1885, p. 230; Fisch. J. f.
O. 1885, p. 120.
do. Useririver. 2. Kilimanjaro, August.
85. FRANCOLINUS GRANTI.
Francolinus granti, Hartl., Shelley, P. Z.S. 1881, p. 597; Fisch.
J. f. O. 1885, p. 119; Rehw. J. f. O. 1887, p.52; Shelley, P.Z.S.
1888, p. 48; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 303.
Francolinus ochreogaster, Hartl. J. f. O. 1882, p. 327.
dQ. Useri river, July.
The two specimens, labelled male and female, are perfectly similar
in plumage.
86. FRANCOLINUS CoauI.
Francolinus coqui, Smith, Bohm, J. f. O. 1582, p. 194; Schal.
J. f. O. 1883, p. 341; Matsch. J. f. O. 1887, p. 147.
Scleroptera subtorquata, Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 243.
3 2. Duruma, August.
1889.] BIRDS FROM EASTERN AFRICA. 371
87. NuMIDA VULTURINA.
Acryllium vulturina (Hardwicke), Elliot, Monogr. Phas. ii. pl. 38
(1872); Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 244.
Numida vulturina, Fisch. & Rehw. J. f. O. 1880, p. 140.
o 2. Useri river, July 1. Particularly common in thin thorny
bush on the Tana and Duruna.
88. NuMIDA PUCHERANI.
Numida pucherani, Hartl., Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p.597; Fisch.
J. f. O. 1885, p. 119; Rehw. J. f. O. 1887, p. 51.
In thick forest by streams at the foot of Kilimanjaro ; also noticed
on the banks of the Tana in forest.
89. PLECTROPTERUS GAMBENSIS.
Plectropterus gambensis (Linn.), Bohm, J. f. O. 1882, p. 182 ;
Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 393; Bohm, J. f. O. 1885,
p- 38; Fisch. ¢. c. p. 115; Rehw. J. f. O. 1887, p. 46; Matsch.
t. c. p. 144.
Swamp near Tareba.
90. PacILONITTA ERYTHRORHYNCHA.
Pecilonitta erythrorhyncha, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. pl. 104
(1845); Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 307.
Anas erythrorhynchus, Shelley, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 310; Fisch.
Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 394; Bohm, J. f. O. 1885, p. 62.
Querquedula erythrorhyncha, Fisch. J. f. O. 1885, p. 115;
Matsch. J. f. O. 1887, pp. 136, 144.
. Kilimanjaro, east side, June 24.
91. SARCIDIORNIS AFRICANUS.
Sarcidiornis africanus (Penn.), Shelley, P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 601.
2. Kilimanjaro, swamp on east side, June 24.
92. EupPIDOTIS MACULIPENNIS.
Lissotis maculipennis, Cab. v. d. Decken’s Reis. ili. p. 45, pl. 15
(1869).
Otis maculipennis, Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 388; id.
J. f. O. 1885, p. 116.
é. Useri river, in bush, July 17.
93. CEDICNEMUS CAPENSIS.
(Edienemus capensis, Licht., Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884,
p- 389; id. J. f.O. 1885, p. 116; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr.
p- 81 (1888).
Swamp on east side of Kilimanjaro.
94. CuRSORIUS CINCTUS.
Hemerodromus cinctus, Heugl. Ibis, 1863, p. 31, pl. 1.
Cursorius cinctus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 972 (1870);
372 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON HUNTER’S ANTELOPE. [June 18,
Fisch. & Rchw. J. f. O. 1879, p. 337; Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn.
1884, p. 390; id. J.f. O. 1885, p. 115; Rchw. J. f. O. 1887,
p- 46; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 245.
g. Useri river, July 18.
95. VANELLUS SPECIOSUS.
Hoplopterus speciosus, Fisch. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. 391;
id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 116; Rehw. J. f.O. 1887, p. 47; Matsch.
é. c. p. 138.
Vanellus speciosus (Licht.), Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr.p.221.
3 . Kilimanjaro, swamps on the east side, June 24,
4, Description of Hunter’s Antelope. By P. L. Sctarer,
M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society.
[Received June 18, 1889.]
(Plate XLII.)
At the meeting of this Society held on the 12th of February last
I exhibited specimens of a very fine new Antelope, recently discovered
by Mr. H. C. V. Hunter, F.Z.S., in Eastern Africa, and proposed to
name it after its discoverer Damalis hunteri’. I have now had
time to make a closer examination of Mr. Hunter’s specimens and to
complete my description of this interesting species, of which I
exhibit a water-colour sketch, kindly prepared for us by Mr. Wolf
from one of the skins (Plate XLII.).
As will be at once manifest from an inspection of the drawing
and the specimens themselves, Hunter’s Antelope belongs to the
genus Damalis, if this be kept separate from Alcelaphus, being allied
in most points of structure to the Korrigum or Senegal Hartebeest
(Damalis senegalensis). But it has the frontal part of the skull
slightly more elongated than in D. senegalensis, and in this respect
shows a divergence towards the genus <Alcelaphus. It may be
characterized as follows :—
DaMatis HUNTERI. (Plate XLII.)
Fusco-castaneus unicolor, in dorso paulo saturatior: linea inter
oculos, in medio fronte ascendente, alba; oculorum ambitu et
auribus intus, necnon cauda et gastr@o medio albis: artubus
intus pallidioribus : cornubus nigris, rotundatis, fortiter annel-
latis, extrorsum et retrorsum curvatis, deinde linea fere paralleli
exsurgentibus ; apicibus levigatis vix convergentibus. Alt. tota
ad humeros circa 48:0, long. corp. 48°0, caude 15°0, aurium 6:0,
1 See P. Z.S. 1889, p. 58; and ‘ Field,’ March 23, 1889 (vol. Ixxiii. p. 422).
‘$‘THALNAH SIIVNVG '
. = YI I [ap pug “Pp
dum - soug waequiy
eX Tel BGO STS 7 val
2 xe
Las ve
gS eh iat:
Pi
b
1889.] MR. P. L. SCLATER ON HUNTER’S ANTELOPE. 373
cranii superioris 13°5, cornuum a fronte linea directa 21 poll.
Angl. et dec. Fem. mari similis, sed paulo minor et cornubus
valde tenuioribus.
Hab. Africam orientalem, in ripis fl. Tana.
Fig. A.
y
Head of Damalis hunteri (from a photograph).
Mr. Hunter has placed at my disposal the following series of
specimens of this Antelope :—
(1) Skull and horns of adult male (fig. B, p. 374), marked “H.
88.”
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1889, No. XXV. 25
374 MR. P. L, SCLATER ON HUNTER’S ANTELOPE. [June 18,
These horns are remarkable for their size and strength. They
measure about 24 inches in length along the curve, and abont 202
inches in a straight line from the base to the point. Their circum-
Fig. B.
Skull and horns of Damalis hunteri, 3 ad.
ference at the base is about 8 inches. As will be seen by the figure
(B, p. 374), they are very strongly ringed from the base for about two
thirds of their length. ‘These rings are most developed on the front
1889.] MR. P. L, SCLATER ON HUNTER’S ANTELOPE. 375
and sides, and are almost obsolete behind. In the terminal half the
annellations become more distant from each other and only apparent
Fig. C.
Skull and horns of Damalis hunieri, 2 ad.
in front, and finally vanish in the smooth and pointed ends. Rising
from the frontal bones the horns curve at first slightly frontwards
25*
376 MR. P. L, SCLATER ON HUNTER’S ANTELOPE. [June 18,
and outwards. About 4 inches above the base they turn backwards
and outwards for about 7 inches, thence they rise up in a nearly
straight line with the front of the skull, and terminate in long smooth
tips, which towards their extremities approach one another very
slightly.
The length of the skull of this specimen from the occipital foramen
to the end of the palatal bones is about 15 inches, that of the frontal
surface along the middle line 134 inches, that of the molar series
3°7 inches; the extreme breadth of the skull at the orbits is 5°7
inches.
(2) Skull and horns of adult female (fig. C, p. 375), marked “ H.
84 ey ‘
This specimen is in fact a miniature of that of the male, though
there are some noticeable differences. As a whole the horns are
proportionately longer, much more slender, and less strongly built.
The smooth apical portions are nearly straight, aud are rather
divergent than convergent at the tips.
The length of these horns along the frontal ridge is about 20 inches;
the distance from the base to the point in a straight line 183 inches,
and the girth at the base about 5°3 inches. The length of the skull
from the occiput to the end of the palate is 13} inches, not much
less than that of the male, but the skull is proportionately narrower,
being only 5:2 in the extreme breadth of the orbits.
The skin of this specimen accompanies the skull and horns,
and is that from which Mr. Wolf has prepared his sketch (Plate
XLIL.). The diagnosis above given has been also taken from this
specimen.
(3) Skull and horns of a young male, marked “ H. 73.”
These are not materially different from those of the adult, except in
their rather smaller dimensions, but the tips are more convergent at
their extremities.
(4and 5) Two skins—one marked “‘H. 90,” the other unlabelled,
concerning which I have not yet been able to ascertain particulars.
But examination of them does not show any material differences in
colour or structure.
Mr. Hunter’s notes upon this Antelope are as follows :—
“We first met with this Antelope about 150 miles up the Tana
River. It is only found for certain on the north bank of the river.
It frequents the grassy plains principally, but I have also often seen
it in thin thorny bush. It is generally met with in herds of from 15
to 25 individuals.
«At the time of the year when I came across them (October and
November) I saw several young ones in the herds. The banks of |
the Tana River are fringed with a thin belt of forest, then the ground
rises slightly and one sees extensive plains dotted here and there with
large patches of bush, composed principally of Euphorbias and Aloes.
The Lesser Koodoo (Strepsiceros imberbis) lives principally in these
patches and feeds outside of them in the early mornings and evenings.
When I first saw the new Antelope I was stalking two examples of Ga-
zella walleri,and though I saw the Hunter’s Antelope in the distance I
1889.] ON THE OLIGOCHATOUS FAUNA OF NEW ZEALAND. 377
mistook them for Impdlas, which, however, are not found on the Tana
on either bank.
*«It was only when I fired at the Gazelles, and the Hunter’s Ante-
lopes (a pair of young males) ran away, that I noticed that they were
something new tome. They ran with rather a heavy gallop like a
Hartebeest. I then hada very long track after them, and managed
to kill the young male which I first sent you.
**We did not come across these Antelopes again for some days, but
then met with them in large numbers and got several specimens.
They seemed to me to have more vitality than any other Antelope
I have ever killed. This species certainly does not extend down to
the coast, but we saw them as far as the furthest point we reached
(about 250 miles) up the river, at a place called Mussa. Their Galla
name is ‘ Herola, not ‘Haranta,’ as given in your original de-
scription (supra, p. 59).”
5. On the Oligochztous Fauna of New Zealand, with pre-
liminary Descriptions of new Species. By Frank E.
Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S.E., Prosector to the Society.
[Received June 12, 1889.]
The only papers dealing with the Oligochzta of New Zealand are
by Baird (4), Dr. Hutton (8), Mr. W. W. Smith (15), and myself
(1, 2,3). The papers of Dr. Hutton contain short descriptions of
Earthworms, accompanied by a few figures illustrating the form of
the prostomium and the distribution of the sete. The species are
all referred to the genera Luméricus and Megascolex; but it is
quite clear from Dr. Hutton’s statement as to their characters that a
considerable number of species are wrongly identified with Lumbricus,
and that they belong to other genera, especially to Acanthodrilus.
This is the case with Lumbricus uliginosus, which is possibly
identical with either Acanthodrilus nove zelandie, A. dissimilis, or
A. rosé. Lumbricus campestris may perhaps be my Neodrilus mono-
cystis; it is stated by Captain Hutton to possess “male genital
openings on the ninth segment. Vulvze on the two last segments of the
clitellum.”’ The “ male genital openings ” are clearly the spermathecal
pores, while the “‘ vulvze” are no doubt the atrial pores. Inasmuch as
Captain Hutton describes the atrial pores of Lumbricus uliginosus as
occupying the last three segments of the clitellum, it seems possible
that the presence of only two pairs of apertures in L. campestris may
mean the atrial pores of the xviith segment and the male pores of seg-
ment xviii.,which I have recorded as characterizing Neodrilus. The
systematic position of Zumbricus levis is hard to understand from the
description given in Captain Hutton’s paper.
Lumbricus annulatus is, as Captain Hutton states, not far removed
from Allolobophora fetida. Having examined specimens from New
Zealand of a species which I cannot distinguish from A. fetida, I am
inclined to think that there is no necessity to recognize A. annulata
378 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE {June 18,
as distinct. The statement that the latter form differs from its Euro-
pean ally in the presence of the male pores on segment xvi. (instead
of xv.) requires careful verification.
The two species of Megascolex recorded by Hutton, although
evidently differing from each other, are not sufficiently described to
permit of their being recognized.
In a later paper (9), Captain Hutton gives a brief epitome of
Perrier’s memoir upon the Classification of Earthworms (13), and in
a footnote states that his Lwmbricus uliginosus is probably an Acan-
thodrilus, and that L. levis and L. campestris are probably referable
to the genus Digaster. This paper was unknown to me when I
published my earlier paper upon New-Zealand Earthworms (1).
Genus ACANTHODRILUS, Perrier’.
Mandane, Kinberg, Ofvers. K. Vetensk.-Akad. 1866, p. 97.
Acanthodrilus, Perrier, Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. viii. (1872), p. 85.
Earthworms with 8 sete, arranged either in pairs or the individual
setee implanted at some distance. Clitellum occupying more or
fewer of segments xiii—xix. Prostomium well developed. Vasa
deferentia separate up to their point of opening on xviii. ; two pairs
of tubular atria (=prostates, auctorum) opening independently of
vasa deferentia on to segments xvii. and xix. Penial setze rarely absent
(in A. multiporus). Oviducal pores paired upon segment xiv. Testes
in x. and xi. Ovaries in xii. Spermathece two (rarely 3, in A.
communis) pairs in viii. and ix., always furnished with diverticula.
1. ACANTHODRILUS MULTIPORUS, F. E. B.
Acanthodrilus multiporus, F, E. Beddard, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 813.
2. ACANTHODRILUS NOV ZELANDIA, F. E. B.
Acanthodrilus nove zelandia, F. E. Beddard, ibid. p. 813.
3. ACANTHODRILUS DissimMiuis, F. E. B.
Acanthodrilus dissimilis, F. E. Beddard, ibid. p. $13.
4. ACANTHODRILUS ANNECTENS, F. E. B.
Acanthodrilus annectens, F. E. Beddard, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.
vol. xxix. p. 102.
5. ACANTHODRILUS ANTARCTICUS, 0. Sp.
Prostomium not completely dividing the buccal segment.
Sete disposed in 8 longitudinal rows; 1 & 2 are closer together
than 3 & 4.
Dorsal pores present in all segments after the vith.
Clitellum extends over segments xiii—xvii.
1 Rosa (14), on the grounds of priority, has reinstated Kinberg’s name for
this genus, inasmuch as Perrier has shown that Mandaneand Acanthodrilus are
synonymous. But Vaillant (16) has recently pointed out that Kinberg himself
has used the generic name Mandane twice over ; it was first used for a genus
of marine Annelids. Under these circumstances | retain Perrier’s name Acan-
thodrilus.
1889. ] OLIGOCHZLOUS FAUNA OF NEW ZEALAND. 379
Dorsal blood-vessel completely double.
Alimentary tract. The gizzard occupies segments vi. & vil.
Calciferous glands appear as a dilatation of the walls of the cesopha-
gus in segments xiv. & xv.
Intersegmental septa dividing segments vii.-xii. specially thickened.
Seminal sacs in segments ix., X., Xi., xli.; those of the last two
segments are racemose in appearance.
Nephridia diffuse, with numerous external pores.
Spermatheca furnished with a variable number of small diver-
ticula.
6. ACANTHODRILUS ROSA, N. sp.
Prostomium completely dividing the buccal segment.
Sete strictly paired, the pairs, at least in the posterior region of the
body, being equidistant.
Clitellum extending over segments xiv.—xix.
Dorsal pores present in the posterior segments of body.
Dorsal blood-vessel double, but the two tubes unite at the point
where they perforate the septa.
Intersegmental septa not specially thickened in the anterior
segments.
Nephridia one pair to each segment, alternating in position, some-
times opening by dorsal, sometimes by ventral pair of sete.
Spermathece with a long muscular diverticulum, bearing at its
extremity a cluster of small pouches.
Genus Dre1nopriuus, F. E. B.
Deinodrilus, F. E. Beddard, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. xxix.
p- 105.
Earthworms with 12 sete in each segment, arranged at approxi-
mately equidistant intervals. Prostomium not completely dividing
buccal lobe. Clitellum occupies 3 segments (xiv.—xvi.) as in Pericheta.
Nephridia diffuse, opening on to exterior by numerous pores in each
segment. Reproductive organs as in Acanthodrilus, i.e. two pairs of
tubular atria opening on to segments xvii. and xix. Vasa deferentia
open on segment xviii. Dorsal blood-vessel completely doable.
7. DEINODRILUS BENHAM], F. E. B.
Deinodrilus benhami, ¥. EF. Beddard, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.
vol. xxix. p. 105.
Genus Pericuzra, Schmarda.
Pericheta, Schmarda, Neue wirbellose Thiere, Bd. ii. p. 13.
Megascolexz, Horst, Notes from Leyd. Mus. vol. v. p. 182.
Pericheta, Perrier, Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. viii. p. 96.
As the arrangement of the species of this very large genus is under-
going revision, I abstain from attempting a generic definition. The
species described below perhaps merits generic separation, as it differs
from most other species in such important points as the possession of
tubular atria and paired nephridia.
380 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [June 18,
8. PERICHETA INTERMEDIA, 0D. sp.
The prostomium does not divide the buccal segment.
The sete form anearly complete ring round each segment, failing for
a short space in the mid-dorsal and mid-ventral lines.
Dorsal pores absent.
Clitellum ?
Alimentary tract. The gizzard lies in segment v.; it is small and
inconspicuous. ‘The calciferous glands present the appearance of
dilatations of the cesophagus in segments x. and xi.
Nephridia are a series of paired tubes, opening by laterally placed
orifices.
Sperm-sacs in segments ix., X., Xi., xil.
Vasa deferentia open on to segments x. and xi.
The atrium is tubular as in Acanthodrilus ; it is not furnished with
a sac of penial setee ; the vas deferens of each side appears to open in
common with it.
Intersegmental septa separating segments viii.xv. very greatly
thickened.
Receptacula ovorum are conspicuous on the anterior septum of
segment xiv.
Spermathece four pairs in segments v.—viii.; each is furnished with
a minute diverticulum lying to the inner side.
9. PERICHEZTA ANTARCTICA (Baird).
Magascolex (Pericheta) antarctica, Baird, Journ. Linn. Soe.
vol. xi. p. 96.
P. antarctica, Beddard, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. vol. xiv. p. 175.
Genus Neopriuvs, F. E. B.
Neodrilus, F. E. Beddard, P. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. xiv. p. 157.
Closely resembling Acanthodrilus, but differing in the presence of
only a single pair of tubular atria in segment xvii. and a single pair of
spermathecze in viii. Each spermatheca is furnished with a very large
diverticulum lying in the anterior segment. Nephridia paired and
alternate in position.
10. Nropritus monocystis, F. E. B.
N. monocystis, F. E. Beddard, P. R. Soc. Edinb. vol. xiv. p. 157.
RHODODRILUS, nov. gen.
Setze in 8 series. Clitellum occupying segments xiv.—xvii.; atria
tubular ; penial setee present; vasa deferentia opening on to the
exterior on the same segment (xvii.), but independently of atria ;
gizzard present.
This genus comes near to Cryptodrilus and Megascolides, and
possibly includes some species described by Fletcher (5) under these
two genera. In the former genus I place those species with lobate
atria like those of Pericheta; Megascolides includes species which
have ¢ubular atria, no penial sete, and a clitellum extending as far as
segment xx. or further.
1889. ] OLIGOCH£ZTOUS FAUNA OF NEW ZEALAND. 381
11. RHopoDRILUS MINUTUS, 0. Sp.
A small species one inch in length.
Prostomium extending over a portion of peristomial ring, but not
(?) completely dividing it.
Dorsal pores present after clitellum.
Dorsal blood-vessel single.
Alimentary tract. The gizzard occupies segment v.; there are
no calciferous glands.
Intersegmental septa separating segments vi.—xii. specially thick-
ened.
Sperm-sacs in segments xi., xii. racemose.
Nephridia paired, opening in front of third sete.
Spermathece four pairs in segments vi.—ix. ; each sac with a single
diverticulum longer than spermatheca and dilated at its extremity.
Genus Tusirex, Lamarck.
Tubifex, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vertebres, t. ill. p. 228.
12. TusireEx RIvuLoRUM, Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans
Vertébres, t. ill. p. 228.
Genus Limnoprivvs, Claparéde.
Limnodrilus, Claparéde, Mém. Soc. Phys. Genéve, t. xvi.
13. Limnopritus, sp. inc.
A species of Limnodrilus appears to occur very abundantly in
New Zealand ; but as none of the specimens which I have examined
were sexually mature, and as I have not had an opportunity of
studying the living worm, I do not feel able to identify the species.
Genus Pureoryctrs, Hoffmeister.
Phreoryctes, Hoffmeister, Die bis jetzt bekannten Arten aus der
Familie der Regenwiirmer, p. 40.
14. PureorycTes smirui, F. E. B.
Phreoryctes smithii, F. E. Beddard, Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 6, vol. i. p. 389.
Besides the above-named species, I have received examples of
Lumbricus and Allolobophora which I have not yet worked out.
Dr. Benham informs me that he has received specimens of a
Eudrilus from New Zealand.
The list of New-Zealand Earthworms which is published in the
present paper is principally based upon the examination of two large
collections, which were kindly made for me by Mr. W. W. Smith
in the neighbourhood of Ashburton, and of one collection which
Prof. T. J. Parker, F.R.S., was so good as to forward me from Dune-
din. As the same species occurred abundantly in all these collections,
I suppese that the list which I am now able to present to the Society
contains a fair sample of the earthworm fauna of the country.
I wish therefore to point out, of course with due reserve, the con-
382 THE OLIGOCH£TOUS FAUNA OF NEW ZEALAND. [June 18,
clusions as to the distribution of the group to which my results
appear to point.
(1) The oligochzetous fauna of New Zealand differs markedly from
that of Australia ; the characteristic genera, consisting of numerous
species, are Megascolides, Pericheta, and Cryptodrilus (Fletcher, 5).
The characteristic New-Zealand form is evidently Acanthodrilus, of
which only one species has as yet been found in Australia. Pericheta,
of which a large number of species occur in Australia, is not an
abundant form in New Zealand. Rhododrilus and Neodrilus may
be peculiar genera. Deinodrilus has not been met with elsewhere.
(2) The fauna of New Zealand presents a marked agreement with
that of Kerguelen (Lankester, 10), Marion Island, Patagonia (Rosa,14),
the Falkland Islands (Beddard, MS.), and South Georgia (Michaelsen,
11); in all these places the only genus known being Acanthodrilus.
With regard to the terrestrial Oligochzeta, therefore, it seems per-
missible to speak of an ‘‘ Antarctic fauna.”
List or MEMOIRS REFERRED TO.
Bepparp, F. E.—On the Specific Characters and Structure of
certain New-Zealand Earthworms. P. Z.S. 1885, p. 810.
Bepparp, F. E.—On the Structure of three new Species of
Earthworms &ce. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. xxix. p. 101.
. Bepparp, F. E.—Observations on new or little-known Earth-
worms. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. vol. xiv. p. 156.
Barrp, W.—Description of some new Species of Annelida &c.
Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. xi. p. 94.
Fietcuer, J. J.—Notes on Australian Earthworms. Proc.
Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 1886-87-88. _
Kinsere, J. G.—Annulata Nova. Ofvers. K. Vetensk.-Akad.
Forh. t. xxiii. (1866), p. 97.
Horst, R.—New Species of the Genus Megascolex, Templeton
(Pericheta, Schmarda), in the collection of the Leyden
Museum. Notes from the Leyden Museum, vol. v. p. 182.
Hutton, F. W.—On the New-Zealand Earthworms in the
Otago Museum. Trans. N. Z. Inst. vol. ix. p. 350.
. Hurron, F. W.—Synopsis of the Genera of Earthworms. New
Zealand Journ. Sci. vol. i. p. 586.
10. Lanxester, E. Ray.—Terrestrial Annelids. Phil. Trans.
vol. elxviil.
11. Micuaretsen, W.—Oligocheten des Naturhistorischen Mu-
seums in Hamburg. Jahrb. Hamb. wiss. Anstalt, vi. p. 1.
12. Micnaretsen, W.—Oligocheten von Sud-Georgien. Ibid. v.
pr abe
13. Perrtrer, E.—Recherches pour servir 4 histoire des Lombri-
ciens terrestres. Nouv. Arch. Mus. t. viii. (1872), p. 1.
14. Rosa, D.—I lombrichi della spedizione antarctica &c. Ann.
Mus. Civ. Genov. ser. 2, vol. vii. (1889).
15. Smira, W. W.—Notes on New-Zealand Karthworms. Trans.
N. Z. Inst. vol. xix. (1886), p. 123.
16. Varzuant, L. Histoire Naturelle des Annélés marins et d’eau
douce: Lombriciens &c. Suite a Buffon, t. iii. pt. i.
8) ia 2 a oe
so ©
1889.] ON NEW COLEOPTEROUS INSECTS FROM KINIBALU. 383
6. On new Genera and Species of Coleopterous Insects
from Mount Kinibalu, North Borneo. By H. W. Bartess,
F.R.S., F.Z.8.
[Received June 18, 1889.]
The following descriptions contain the results of the examination of
a portion only of the collection of Coleoptera made by Mr. J. White-
head during his recent visit to Kinibalu, undertaken, as is well
known, chiefly for the purpose of investigating the ornithology of
the district. The Coleoptera comprise an unusual proportion of new
and remarkable forms. The whole series has passed into the rich
collection of Mr. Alexander Fry.
Fam. CicInDELIDZ.
THERATES WHITEHEADI.
Th. spectabili (Schaum) similis et affinis, sed differt, inter alia,
oculorum pedunculis fere verticalibus fronteque angustiore.
E majoribus, nigro-viridis, elytris viridioribus : thorace angusto,
lateribus medio minime rotundatis : elytris apice longe spinosis,
spinis divaricatis et oblique elevatis, margine eateriore versus
spinam continuo nec emarginato, angulo suturali distincto etsi
rotundato, deinde margine usque ad spine basin minus obliquo :
dorso sicut in Th. spectabili multituberoso, vittula humeral
calloque obliquo discoidali albo-testaceis : pedibus nigris, coxis
femoribusque basi et subtus albo-testaceis: abdominis margine
et apice rufo-testacets. Labrum margine antice § 8-, 2 6-den-
ticulatum. Long. 16 millim.
This beautiful species differs from Th. spectabilis (Schaum) and
princeps (Bates) in the more vertically elevated peduncles of the
eyes, which position perceptibly narrows and deepens the forehead
between them. It also differs in the outline of the apical margin
of the elytra, the suture forming a distinct though rounded angle,
whence to the base of the spine the apical margin is not continuous
with the spine, as it is very nearly in the two other species. The
inequalities of the surface are the same in all—the common basal
elevation being quadrate and plane above, tuberculated on its mar-
gins, and the disk having a rounded tubercle before and an oblique
elongated callus behind the middle.
Mr. Whitehead obtained also examples of the following species of
Cicindelidze :—Cicindela crespignyi (Bates, since redescribed as C.
borneeana, Dokhtouroff) in a distinct colour variety,the broad orange-
coloured belt and stripe of the type-form (from near Labuan) being
replaced by white; the rare Heptadonta tricondyloides (Gestro) ;
Therates punctipennis (Bates), many examples, all alike in the uni-
form pale colour of the elytra, but still little more than a colour
variety of 7. schaumi (Chaud.) ; and Tricondyla beccarti (Gestro).
384 MR. H.W. BATES ON NEW COLEOPTEROUS [June 18
Fam. CaraBID&.
Ooves (Simovus) BORNEENSIS.
O. eneo (Laferté) proxime affinis, sed differt corpore angustiore
supra multo minus polito, preterea colore violaceo vel viridi-cya-
neoete. Anguste elongato-oblongus; palpis, antennis tarsisque
(vel pedibus totis) picescenti-rufis: thorace post medium latiore,
antice valde angustato, supra levi, puncto setifero ad angulum
posticum: elytris tenuiter sed acute crenulato-striatis, margine
ante apicem sat fortiter sinuato, interstitiis planis, 3” longe
post medium unipunctato: subtus niger, nitidus. Long. 15-16
millim. 3.
Two examples. Found also in South-eastern Borneo. The genus
Simous was separated from Oodes by Chaudoir chiefly on account of
the extremely short six-punctate labrum and the setiferous puncture
close to the hind angles of the thorax. It forms a perfectly natural
group, of which five species are now known, peculiar to Indo-China
and the neighbouring islands.
CoOLPODES FRYI.
Species magna elongataque C. parallelo (Chaud.) afinis. Valde
elongatus relative angustus, elytris lateribus parum rotundatis ;
nigro-ceneus, elytris letius cuprascenti-eneis : capite pone oculos
gradatim recte angustato, collo supra transversim depresso: thorace
subquadrato, capite paullo angustiore, lateribus paullo ante medium
leviter rotundatis versus basin sinuatis, angulis posticis obtusis,
margine dnguste explanato-reflexo : elytris simpliciter acute
striatis, interstitiis usque ad apicem planis, 3” punctis magnis
tribus, versus apicem oblique sinuatis, juxta suturam breviter
sinuato-truncatis et utrinque bidentatis: tarsis robustis, subtus
dense pilosis, 4 posterioribus supra valde bisulcatis medioque cari-
natis, articulo 4” extus lobato. Palpi, antenne et pedes rufes-
centi-pice.. Long. 17 millim. 9.
One (female) example. The species belongs to the numerous group
of the genus distributed through South-eastern Asia and its islands,
in which the metathoracic epimera are long and narrow, the fourth
joint of tbe hinder tarsi strongly unilobular, and the sutural apex of
the elytra briefly truncated and more or less spined or toothed.
EUPLYNES AURO-CINCTUS.
Breviter oblongus, subdepressus, piceo-niger, politus ; elytris splendide
viridi-eneis, lateribus late auratis ; antennis (scapo obscuriore),
mandibulis et palpis apice tarsisque rufescentibus: capite brevi
mox pone oculos magnos subito angustato, supra planato levi,
suleis frontalibus flecuosis postice versus oculos curvatis : thorace
lato et brevt, angulis anticis rotundatis, posticis fere rectis, late-
ribus medio rotundatis postice usque ad angulum leviter sinuatis,
margine basali utrinque ad angulum ascendenti, foveis basalibus
latis sat profundis punctulatis : elytris humeris valde rotundatis,
apice sinuatis, versus suturam conjunctim obtuse rotundatis, acute
punctulato-striatis, interstitiis planis, striis 3°-7" versus basin
1889.] INSECTS FROM MOUNT KINIBALU. 385
valde curvatis, ibique interstitio 5° fovea magna oblonga. Tarsi
subtus dense pilosi, articulo 4° (sicut in Euplyni) longe bilobato.
Long. 8 millim.
This interesting species has also been met with in Sumatra by
Dr. Beccari.
DINoPELMA, nov. gen.
Genus anomalum, facie Platyni vel Colpodis sed tarsis sicut in
Hexagonia ; subfam. Ctenodactyline referendum. Caput sub-
ovatum, post oculos rectilineatim oblique angustatum, foveis fron-
talibus mazximis fundo inequalibus, collo sat angusto supra
transverse depresso; mandibula elongata sat recta robusta;
maxille (2); mentum medio late obtuse dentatum, lobis lutis
extus et apice rotundatis; ligula cornea, untice lata integra
bisetosa, paraglossis tenuibus liberis ; palpi (desunt) ; labrum recte
truncatum. Antenne mediocres, articulis 3°-10" subequalibus,
1°-3” et 4" basi glabris. Thorax capite multo latior, quadratus,
angulis anticis obtusissimis posticis rectis, luteribus explanato-
reflexis, ante medium perparum rotundatis et postice leviter
sinuatis. Elytra thorace plusquam duplo latiora, oblongo-
ovata, basi utrinque emarginata, humeris acutis et mox pone
humeros rotundato-dilatatis deinde margine sat explanato,
prope apicem valde emarginato, ibique epipleuris margine infe-
riore sicut in Pterostichinee, Ctenodactylinze e¢ Hexagoniinze
interrupto. Tibie pluricarinate. Tursi breves, maxime dila-
tati, subtus dense breviter pilosi, articulo 1" magno triangulart
angulis rotundatis, 2” breviore, paullo latiore angulis acutis,
3” multo angustiore, brevissimo, 4" iterum latiore, triangulari
haud bilobato. Ungues simplices. Metathoracis episterna
elongata, angusta.
DINOPELMA PLANTIGRADUM.
Nigrum politissimum, elytris viz enescentibus ; capite levi, episto-
mate 4-foveato; thorace impunctato, foveis basalibus prope
angulos posticos latis sat profundis, sulculo abbreviato intra
marginem lateralem; elytris paullo convewis, striis ucutis et
crenulatis utringue novem equaliter distantibus et impressis,
interstitiis planis, 3° tripunctato, striola scutellari mediocriter
elongata. Long. 12 millim.
One example, apparently a female. The form of the tarsi, and
especially the dilated and entire fourth joint, resembles still more
closely that of the genus Calophena; and in spite of the latter
belonging to the Zruncatipennes division of the Carabidz, there
may be a real affinity between the two genera.
Fam. CErToNnimD2.
PRIGENIA VIRIDIAURATA.
2. Quoad formam P. vollenhoveni (Mohn.) simillima, differt
colore supra et subtus viridi-aurato, tibiis tarsisque igneo-cupreis :
sat nitida, supra glabra, capite grossissime crebre punctato, vertice
386 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW COLEOPTEROUS [June 18,
profunde concavo, fronte carina lata obtusa antice declive et postice
verticaliler truncata : thorace punctis umbilicatis annuliformibus
medio distantibus, lateribus densis et subconfluentibus, linea dor-
sali areaque basali impunctatis : scutello subtilissime striguloso-
punctulato: elytris planatis, paullo subtilius quam thorace
annulato-punctatis, lateribus post medium apiceque dense strigu-
losis : pygidium strigis concentricis densissime impressum, erecte
fulvo-pilosum: corpore subtus pedibusque (lateribus densius)
fulvo-pilosis. Long. 26 millim.
Although the female only is in the collection and of that a single
example, the differences in colour and sculpture from the same sex
in P. vollenhoveni seem to indicate a distinct species and to justify
its description as such.
Mycreristres (THEODOSIA) TELIFER.
Elongato-oblongus, aurescenti-viridis, elytris planattis flavescentibus.
3. Caput et thorax passim densissime confluenter punctulata sub-
opaca, hoc dorso subnitens punctulis subdiscretis ; scutello et elytris,
pygidio, corpore subtus et pedibus subtilissime dense punctulatis,
sericeo-nitentibus : capite cornu sat brevi curvato, apice profunde
bifido parum dilatato, frontis margine supra antennarum basin
angulatim producto; thorace dorso oblique valde elevato et in
cornu porrectum elongatum robustum apice emarginatum (sub-
bifidum) producto ; cornu dimidio apicali fronteque igneo-cupreis :
pedibus anticis, precipue tarsis, valde elongatis, tibiis extus
acute et breviter bidentatis (apicali incluso), tarsis glabris.
Q. Caput densissime ruguloso-punctatum, clypeo sparsim grosse
punctato, margine ante oculum indentato deinde antice ficxuoso,
clypeo angustato apice bidentato: thorace disco sparsim grosse
umbilicato-punctato inter puncta subtilissime punctulato, late-
ribus densissime rugoso-punctato: scutello punctis nonnullis
grossis: elytris punctis umbilicatis, versus basin seriatis, versus
latera et postice densius vel confusis: pygidio concentricaliter
dense strigoso : tibiis anticis tridentatis. Long. 20-28 millim.
According to the practice of recent systematists a new genus should
be instituted for this species on account of the peculiar shape of the
horns in the male; but the abrupt modifications in these features
presented in the known species allied to Mycteristes seem to show
that they form specifie and not generic characters, just as they do
in such genera as Onthophagus, Phaneus, and Copris. Of the
numerous genera proposed, the present species approaches nearest to
Theodosia, Thoms.
CorYPHOCERA BORNEENSIS, Wall. Tr. Ent. Soc. (3) iv. p. 528,
Ae Ms a Se)
One (male) example, which I refer to this species on account of its
perfect agreement, in form and colour, with Wallace’s description and
figure. From the armature of the head of the male the species belongs
undoubtedly to the genus Coryphocera and not to Diceros, as Mohnike
supposed would be found to be the case when the male was known.
1889. ] INSECTS FROM MOUNT KINIBALU. 387
XENOLOBA, nov. gen.
Genus inter subfam. Gymnetine et Macronotinz collocandum.
Corpus postice gradatim angustatum, supra deplanatum, velutino-
opacum. Clypeus antice sensim dilatatus, apice medio anguste
sinuato angulisque late rotundatis ; fronte medio obtuse carinata.
Antenne clava valde elongata. Palpi elongati, gracillimi.
Thorax trapezoideus, sed ad basin elytris multo angustior mar-
gineque laterali ante basin breviter sinuato: supra cequalis
disco postice vix lineatim impresso, lobo basali magno postice
vir angustato apiceque late rotundato. Scutellum mediocre, apice
acutum. Elytra sicut in Macronotis ad humeros dilatata deinde
usque ad apicem angustata abdominisque latera haud tegentia.
Processus sternalis sat elongaius, paullo oblique dependens, sub-
compressus, apice superiore paulo acuto. Tibia antice acute
tridentate, postice extus leves apice longe bispinose.
The very beautiful Cetonid which constitutes this genus connects
in some measure the two large groups Gymnetine and Macronotine.
The thorax is nearly evenly convex, and its posterior lobe and its
relations to the scutellum are not widely different from the same in
the genus Desicasta.
XENOLOBA SPECIOSA.
Saturate viridis, sericeo-opaca, elytris fulvis plaga magna communi
trilobata (utrinque albo trimaculata) fere nigra: capite antice
flavo-metallico glabro grosse punctato, postice viridi-velutino,
vittis duabus flavo-tomentosis : thorace sparse setifero-punctato
immarginato, sed lateribus antice intra marginem depressiusculis
et flavo-tomentosis : elytris utrinque haud profunde bisulcatis,
sulcis interiore tri- exteriore subtiliter bi-striatis striaque simili
suturali, alteris 2-3 propinquis, versus apicem. Pygidium longe
erecte pilosum, nigrum, opacum, utrinque macula magna ochracea.
Pedes fulvo-testacei, eneo-tincti. Subtus viridi-velutina, erecte
fulvo-pilosa, abdomine utrinque fasciis 4, metasterno fasciis 2,
episternis anterivribus et maculis variis, ochraceis. Long. 18
millim.
Two examples.
CHaLcoTHEA (PLECTRONE) AURIPES, Westw. Tr. Ent. Soc. 1874,
p- 474, t. vii. fig. 2 (9); Ritsema, Midden-Sumatra, Col. t. 1. figs. 6,
64’, 6c’, 6d’, Ge’ (2).
3. A femina differt solum tibiis anticis angustis extus inermibus,
intermediis intus medio incurvatis, posticis intus usque post
medium dilatatis, ibique subito angustatis et lobo acutissimo
unciformi armatis ; ventro medio depresso, apice impunctato.
The female only was known to Westwood and Ritsema. Our
examples agree exactly with the characters given by the latter to
distinguish the species from C. virens, which was also apparently
known only in the female. I find the inner spur of the hind tibia
in the male only a little obtuse at the apex, not obtusely truncated as
figured by Ritsema.
388 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW COLEOPTEROUS- [June 18,
CuaLcoTHEa (PLECTRONE) VIRIDIPES.
P. auripedi quoad formam simillima. Supra cum antennis et
palpis saturate viridis submetallica, subtus pedibusque subeneo-
viridis : clypeo profunde fisso, capite utrinque marginato et
punctato: thorace lateribus punctatis et marginatis ante medium
perparum angulatis deinde usque ad angulos posticos acutis fere
rectis, medio cum scutello et elytrorum sutura late depresso:
elytris prope marginem et apicem punctulatis sub callo apicali
strigulosis. Processus mesosternalis equilaterali-triangularis.
3d. Tibie antice graciles,extus inermes ; postice intus longe ante
medium lobum elongatum tenuem apice triangulariter spathu-
latum emittentes. Ventris segmentum apicale apice medio emar-
ginatum. Pygidium transversim striatulum, apice converum et
medio sulcatum.
©. Tibie antice late, tridentate ; postice inermes, calcari inte-
riore elongato apice emarginato. Ventris segmentum apicale
semicirculare, toto transversim striolatum. Pygidium striatum,
apice parum convexum, equale. Long. 34 millim.
This species is similar in colour to Clerota brama (Gestro), to
which I should have been inclined to refer it, if the mesosternal process
had not been so different in form. In C. brama it is prolonged (as
figured in ‘ Midden-Sumatra,’ iv. 6, pl. ii. fig. 54) into an acute point ;
in C. viridipes it forms a rather short subequilateral triangle. The
hind legs and tarsi, judging from the figure, are also much shorter
in C. drama than in C. viridipes.
CHALCOTHEA (PLECTRONE) SPATHULIFERA.
Precedentibus differt thorace scutello basique elytrorum parum
depressis his post medium planis: supra saturate cnescenti-
viridis, antennis et palpis castaneo-cupreis clava obscura, corpore
subtus femoribusque cupreo-auratis, tibiis, tarsis clypeoque apice
igneo-cupreis ; supra toto sat dense punctata, elytris basi sparsius
et seriatim, lateribus et apice confluenter et rugose, punctatis,
interstitiis subtilissime punctatis. Oculi magni et prominentes, °
capite ante oculos angusto antice dilatato, clypeo triangulariter
emarginato lobisque minus acuminatis, toto crebre punctato
earinisque submarginalibus angustis. Thorax angustior longe
ante medium subangulato, deinde postice margine usque ad an-
gulos posticos acutos valde sinuato: scutello levi: elytris disco
ulrinque vic convexis. Subtus et pedes sat dense punctata,
medio fere levis. Pygidium dense transversim rugulatum.
Processus mesosternalis mediocris, apice obtuse acuminatus.
3. Tibie antice extus inermes, intermedia intus valde sinuate
apiceque dilatate, postice intus longe ante medium lobo longis-
simo tenui apice spathuliformi (ovato) armatis: venter disperse
punctulatus parum depressus, segmento apicali apice valde et late
sinuato. Pygidium apice breviter bilobatum.
Q. Tibie antice tridentate, intermedia recte calcaribus acutis,
postice recte calcari interiore elongato, apice emarginato.
1889. ] INSECTS FROM MOUNT KINIBALU. 389
Pygidium apice planum. Ventris segmentum apicale apice
obtuse rotundatum, strigosum. Long. 32 millim.
CuaLcorHEA arrinis, Vollenh. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ent. Ver. i.
p. 23, t. 1. fiz. 2(¢).
Mr. Whitehead obtained female examples only, in which the
mesosternal process is extremely short and far from semicircular as
described hy Vollenhoven. I have, however, seen another example
(2), from Borneo (probably Sarawak), differing in no other respect
from these two than in the mesosternal process being nearly semi-
circular. The sides of the thorax are immarginate.
CHALCOTHEA POMACEA.
2. C. resplendenti guoad formam similis, paullo robustior, toto
pomaceo-viridis subargenteo-relucens, subtus medio tantum sub-
flavescens, tarsis chalybeis ; supra medio fere a collo usque apicem
latius et profundius quam in C. resplendente concava ; supra et
subtus /evissima, capite thoracisque lateribus parce punctatis,
elytrisque prope marginem et apicem plagis duabus strigosis, callo
humerali valde convexo nigro, callo apicali parum elevato : capite
elongato, angusto, antice parum dilatato, apice triangulariter fisso:
thorace elongato et angusto, ante medium perparum et haud angu-
latim dilatato, postice minus oblique sinuato-dilatato, angulis
posticis perparum extus productis, margine laterali integro.
Processus mesosternalis brevis, rotundato-subacuminatus vel semi-
ovatus. Ventris segmentum apicale apice medio obtuse rotund-
atum, strigulatum et setifero-punctatum. Tibie postice calcari
interiore apice oblique truncato. Long. 30 millim.
A single female example. May possibly be found to belong to
the section Plectrone when the male is known. The margined sides
of the thorax would bring it, like the following, within the definition
of Ritsema’s genus Pseudochalcothea, which appears to be synonymous
with Plectrone, all the species of which that I have seen have the
thorax similarly margined.
CHALCOTHEA PLANIUSCULA.
2 . Dilutius pomaceo-viridis, submetallico-nitens, capite viridi-eneo,
antennis palpisque rufis, tibiis et tarsis fulvis lete aureo- vel
cupreo-metallicis : capite ante oculos sat brevi, quadrato, apice
minus angulatim profunde emarginato, passim punctato ; thorace,
scutello et elytris medio late et parum profunde depressis, his
longe ante dpicem fere planis ; thorace anguste trapezoidali, angulis
posticis parum productis, lateribus paullulum flexuosis fere rectis,
sulco marginali prafundo passim minutissime dense punctulato,
punctis paullo majoribus consperso, lobo basali minus producto,
scutelloque elongato. elytris lateribus et apice sat dense punctatis,
disco utrinque convexo levi. Pygidium dense transversim striatum.
Processus mesosternalis brevissimus, antice rotundatus. Subtus
medio levis, lateribus et pedibus disperse punctalis. Ventris
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1889, No. XXVI. 26
390 MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW COLEOPTEROUS [June 18,
segmentum apicale strigulosum, apice rotundatum. Tibie postice
calcari interiore apice emarginato-truncato. Long. 30 millim.
A single (female) example.
GLYPTOTHEA, nov. gen.
A gen. Chaleothea differt clypeo apice verticaliter reflevo integro.
Oblongus ; thorace postice, scutello elytrisque medio profunde
depressis, his disco posteriore lateribusque plurisulcatis: tibie
4 postice calcaribus longitudine valde inequalibus. Antennarum
elava ceteris articulis conjunctis dimidio longior. Processus
mesosternalis brevis, apice rotundatus. <.
GLYPTOTHEA WHITEHEADI.
3. Supra obscure viridescenti-fulva, elytrorum lateribus obscure
viridi-eneis, capite et tibiis viridi-eneis, tarsis chalybeis, corpore
subtus femoribusque splendide auratis, antennis castaneis scapo
viridi-eneo : capite grosse sparsim punctato, ante oculos oblongo,
lateribus elevatis obtusis: thorace anguste trapezoidali, longe
ante medium paullulum angulato-dilatato, deinde usque ad basin
parum ampliato, lateribus leviter sinuatis, angulis posticis paul-
lulum productis subacutis, lateribus ante dilutationem deflexis
immarginatis, post dilatationem marginatis, lobo basali mediocriter
producio, supra passim discrete punctato: scutello elongato,
lateribus postice sinualis : elytris utrinque disco convexo, versus
basin levi post medium in costas duas leves diviso, costaque 3'*
levi submarginali, interstitiis depressis punctato- vel ruguloso-
striatis : pygidio convexo, dense et profunde transversim striato,
medio postice sulcuto. Subtus fere levis, seymento apicali apice
late sinuato. Tibie antice extus inermes, 4 postice apice valde
inequaliter bidentate, calcaribus longitudine inequalibus, posti-
carum caleari interiore elongatissimo unciformi. Long. 19 millim.
A single (male) example.
T2ZNIODERA DITISSIMA.
In hoe genere magna et robusta ; supra nigra, opaca, capite vittis
duabus latis, thorace utrinque vitta lata laterali postice angustata
et ante basin terminata; scapulis, scutello (et margine elyirorum
contiguo) elytrisque guttulis lineolisque transversis, ochraceo-
tomentosis, disco elytrorum utrinque macula elongata alteraque
humerali purpureo-sanguineis ; subtus ochraceo-tomentosa (ventre
pallidiore) et pilosa, medio anguste nigro-enea, polita, abdomin-
isque segmentis dorsalibus ad marginem singulis macula magna
sericeo-nigra; pygidic nigro, macula mediana ochraceo-tomentosa.
Clypeus grosse punctatus, glaber, apice sat profunde emarginatus.
Thorax sicut in T. egregia, postice lateribus parallelis angulisque
posticis paullo obtusis, lobo mediano mediocriler producto late
rotundato, dorso equali disperse curvatim striguloso, lateribus
tomentosis undulato-strigulosis. Scutellum elongato-triangulare.
Elytra medio late depressa, in depressione postice striis 5 undu-
latis, disco utrinque longitudinaliter elevato obtuse unicarinato,
1859.] INSECTS FROM MOUNT KINIBALU. 391
limbo transversim rugulato. Pedes nigro-nitidi, femoribus antivis
ochraceis, tibiis 4 posticis ewtus medig unispinosis. Processus
mesosternalis tuberculiformis.
3! Tibie antice acute tridentate ; intermedie recte, apice extus
unispinose ; postice apice extus sat longe laminato-producte,
lamine apice recurvato dilatato angulisque dentatis, calcari
interiore curvato et late ensiformi. Long. 20 millim.
Two examples of the same sex, apparently males.
LONGICORNIA.
KINIBALUA, nov. gen.
3. Gen. Dorycerze (White) et Ommatomeno (Higgins) proxime
affinis. Corpus mediocriter elongatum, subtiliter sericeo-pube-
scens. Oculi maximi, supra fere contigui (linea impressa solum
separati), subtus approximati. Mandibule sicut in Dorycera,
sed apice subito curvate ; palpi articulo apicali cylindroido, obtuse
truncato. Antenne corpori longitudine subequales, scapo cur-
vato-clavato, articulis 3°—9" (ceteris desunt) valde compressis,
angulis apicalibus acutis intus productis, subtus planis opacis,
supra intus paullo dilatatis ibique late haud profunde sulcatis,
_ subtiliter porosis, opacis. Thorax latissimus et brevissimus,
utrinque valde tridentatus, dentibus 2 anterioribus basi conjunctis,
2” retrorsum curvato. Llytra lateribus paullulum rotundatis.
Tibie sat tenues, compresse, apice extus acute producte. Pro-
sternum apice parum productum, conicum. Metusterni episterna
postice haud angustata.
The only Malayan genus of Prionidz of the subgroup to which
the present species belongs is Lmphiesmenus (Lansberge),founded on a
Sumatran species, and differing from Kinibalua essentially in the
structure of the antenne, which in our genus closely resembles that
of the West-African genera Dorycera and Ommatomenus. In these
latter, however, the scape is quite different in form, being very short,
thick, quadrate (subglobular in Dorycera), as in Acanthophorus,
whilst that of our new genus is more elongate and curved. In this
respect it resembles the South Chinese genus Cnethocerus, belonging
to the same subgroup.
KINIBALUA MEGALOPS.
Cinnamomeo-fusca, supra dense breviter fulvo-pubescens, pectore
densius et longius vulpino-rufo piloso ; thorace supra inequali :
elytris subtiliter erebre punctulaiis, lateribus longitudinaliter
parum distincte sulcatis, apice late rotundatis, angulo suturali
breviter dentiformi: ventro glabro, polito. Long. 30 millim. 3.
A single (male) example.
ZONOPTERUS MAGNIFICUS.
Nigro-velutinus, elytris fascia lata flava, antennis articulis 4°—
11” ef 3° apice aurantiaco-flavis, abdomine chalybeo-nigro, seq-
mentis 1°-4" apice fascia pubescenti argentea ornatis, coxis
392
MR. H. W. BATES ON NEW COLEOPTEROUS- [June 18,
metasternoque apice argenteo-maculatis. Antenne dimidio
corporis fere equales : thorax antice et postice constrictus,
medio transversim quadratus et convecus : elytra basi thorace
fere duplo latiora, postice gradatim leviter angustata, costis
utringue tenuissimis et parum elevatis duabus, fascia flava
nuda sed opaca vage rugosa: tibie postice subrecte, com-
presse, gradatim leviter dilatate. Long. 37 millim. 2°.
A single example.
GAURESTHES, nov. gen.
Gen. Helymeo(Thoms.)affinis. Corpus elongatum, elytris supra
subplanatis, post medium paullo dehiscentibus. Caput antice
sat elongatum, mandibule elongate, recte ; maxille exserte.
Antenne (3°) dimidio corporis paullo longiore, ante apicem
gradatim incrassate, articulis 8°-11" iterum angustatis, scapo
curvato articulo 3° valde elongato. Thorax breviter sub-
cylindricus, lateribus utrinque tuberculo lato conico. Elytra
thorace dimidio latiora elongata fere parallela, apice latissime
rotundata, supra utrinque tenuiter bicostulata. Femora clavata,
postica elongata (elytrorum apicem perparum longiora) ; tibie
postice post medium paullulum curvate compresse, mediocriter
dilatate ; tarsi articulo basali duobus sequentibus conjunctis
subequali. Scutellum apice acutum, prolongatum.
Among the few genera of Callichromine with clavate and petiolated
femora this new form approaches the African and Arabian Helymeus
much nearer than the Malayan Ipothalia. It differs from Helymeus
in the three apical jomts of the antenne being gradually narrower
with the terminal one obtusely acuminated, in the long straight
mandibles, and in the different form and punctuation of the thorax.
GAURESTHES RUFIPES.
Nigro-violaceus, subnitidus, cum plagis opacis, pedibus (tiliis
posticis cyaneo-violaceis exceptis) rufis: thorace disco antico
basique medio impunctato polito, cetera superficie creberrime
subtiliter scabrosa et nigro-opaca, lateribus argenteo-sericeis :
scutello subtiliter scabroso viridescente opaco, linea medio
polita: elytris subtilissime punctulato-scabrosis, opacis, sicut
velutinis, humeris fasciaque lata ante-mediana sparsius punc-
tato-scabrosis, subnitidis : subtus chalybeus, argenteo-sericeus.
Long. 28 millim. 3?
One example only.
EusyNTHETA, nov. gen.
Gen. Achthophore certe affinis, sed valde differt antennis brevibus,
robustis, articulis 4°-11" brevissimis. Breviter oblongo-ovata.
Frons trapezoidalis, oculis nullo modo prominentibus. Tuberes
antennifert approximati, paullulum divergentes nec armatt.
Antenne (Q°) robusti, capite cum thorace paullo longiores,
subtus sparsim breviter ciliate ; scapo elongato-conico, cicatrice
1889. | INSECTS FROM MOUNT KINIBALU. 393
lata scabrosa incompleta, articulo 3° quam scapo dimidio bre-
viore, 4° adhuc breviore, ceteris brevissimis. Thorax post
medium tuberculo acuto armatus. LElytra thorace fere duplo
latiora, absque cristis, apice rotundata. Mesosternum pro-
ductum, conicum. Tibie intermedia extus oblique sulcate.
Ungues parum divaricati.
The incompleteness of the ridge limiting the cicatrice of the scape
(it is, in fact, very short) would remove this genus from the group
to which Achthophora belongs, but in all its other characters it agrees
with the group. The claws in three species of Achthophora which
I have examined are as feebly divaricated as in the new genus.
EUsYNTHETA BREVICORNIS.
Supra fuligineo-nigra, vertice vittis duabus latis, thorace linevs
duabus dorsalibus, scutello, elytris fascia lata mediana et macula
magna apicali, cinereo-albo tomentosis: antennis articulis
nonnullis basi, fronte genisque, corpore subtus et pedibus
cinereis. Thorax grosse ruguloso-punctatus. Elytra basi
late grosse et aspere, versus apicem sparsim grosse, punctata.
Long. 16-20 millim.
Three examples—two in Mr. Fry’s collection.
November 5, 1889.
Prof, Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following reports on the additions made
to the Society’s Menagerie during the months of June, July, August,
and September, 1889 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of June was 100, of which 18 were by birth,
53 by presentation, 19 by purchase, 3 by exchange, and 7 were
received on deposit. The total number of departures during the
same period by death and removals was 111.
Amongst these is a fine male specimen of the Cocoa-nut Land-
Crab of the East Indies (Birgus latro), presented by Commander
Alfred Carpenter, R.N., and received June 14th.
This Crab, which has been placed in the Insect-house, feeds well
on vegetable-marrow and other fruits. It is the first specimen received
of this interesting species’.
The registered additions to the Society's Menagerie during the
month of July were 152 in number ; of these 55 were acquired by
presentation, 39 by purchase, 4 by exchange, 42 by birth, and 12
were received on deposit. The total number of departures during
the same period by death and removals was 117.
Among these special attention may be called to the following :—
1. A Short Python (Python curtus), from Malacca, presented
July 2nd by Mrs. Bertha M. L. Bonsor ; new to the Collection.
1 See notice in the ‘ Field’ of July 18th, 1889 (vol. lxxiy. p. 45).
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XXVII. 27
394 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON BIRDS [Nov. 5,
2. A Prétre’s Amazon (Chrysotis pretrii), purchased July 23rd ;
also new to the Collection.
The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the
month of August were 117; of these 63 were acquired by presen-
tation, 6 by purchase, 6 by birth, 1 by exchange, and 41 were
received on deposit. The total number of departures during the
same period by death and removals was 96.
The registered additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the
month of September were 84; of these 34 were acquired by presen-
tation, 22 by purchase, 4 by exchange, 10 were bred in the Gardens,
and 14 were received on deposit. The total number of departures
during the same period by death and removals was 78.
Prof. F. Jeffrey Bell, F.Z.S., exhibited and made remarks on two
specimens of Virgularia mirabilis, dredged up by the Hon. A. E.
Gathorne Hardy, M.P., in Loch Craigrush ; also two young living
specimens of Palinurus vulgaris, received from Mr. Spencer of
Guernsey, and a fresh specimen of Galathea strigosa, also received
from Mr. Spencer. The mode of stridulating of the Palinurus was
observable in the specimens.
Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun., F.Z.S., exhibited a specimen of a hybrid
Wagtail, between Motacilla melanope and M. lugubris, one of three
bred some years ago in Mr. T. J. Monk’s aviary at Lewes in Sussex
(being the same as those mentioned in the ‘ Zoologist’ for 1885,
p- 24), and made some remarks on the probability of various
Wastails, closely allied, interbreeding in a wild state.
Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier, F.Z.S., exhibited and made remarks on
some specimens illustrative of variations in the plumage of the
Common Partridge (Perdix cinerea).
A communication was read from the Rev. Thomas R. R. Stebbing
on Urothoé, a genus of Amphipodous Crustaceans, and on a new
allied genus, proposed to be called Urothoides, of which Urothoé
lachneessa, Stebbing, was the type.
This Memoir will be printed in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’
The following papers were read :—
1. List of Birds collected by Mr. Ramage in St. Lucia,
West Indies. By P. L. Scratzer, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.,
Secretary to the Society.
[Received July 25, 1889.]
The series of birds collected in St. Lucia by Mr. George A.
Ramage, the naturalist employed by the joint Committee of the
Royal Society and the British Association for the investigation of
1889.]
FROM ST. LUCIA, WEST INDIES.
395
the fauna and flora of the Lesser Antilles, consists of 96 specimens,
which I refer to the following species ':—
1. Cichlherminia sanctz-lucix, Sci. 16. Quiscalus inflexirostris, Sw.
2. Margarops densirostris (Vieid/.). 17. Elainea martinica (Linn.).
3. montanus (La/fr.). 18. Contopus latirostris (Verr.).
4. Rhamphocinelus __ brachyurus 19. Myiarchus tyrannulus (Bodd.).
( Vievll.). 20. Hulampis jugularis (Linz.).
5. Cinclocerthia macrorhyncha, Se/.| 21. holosericeus (Linn.).
6. Myiadestes sanctee-lucixe, Ste7n. 22, Bellona eristata (Lin7.).
7. Thryothorus mesoleucus, Sel. 23. Crotophaga ani (Linn.).
8. Dendreca delicata, Sharpe. 24. Coecyzus minor (Gm.).
9. Leucopeza semperi, Sel. 25. Buteo pennsylvanicus (Wils.).
10. Setophaga ruticilla (Zinn.). 26. Falco caribbxarum, Gin.
11. Certhiola martinicana, Reichenb. | 27. Columba corensis, G7.
12. Euphonia flavifrons (Sparrm.). 28. Chamezpelia passerina (Linn.).
#13. Loxigilla noctis (Linn.). 29. Geotrygon montana (Linn.).
14. Phonipara bicolor (Linn.). 30. Nyctiardea violacea (Linn.).
15. Icterus laudabilis, Sed,
The birds of St. Lucia are principally known from the collections
and researches of our Corresponding Member the Rev. J. E. Semper,
as recorded in our ‘ Proceedings’*. Mr. Ramage’s collection makes
no additions to the list, but supplies an acceptable contribution to
the series of West-Indian specimens in the National Collection,
where they will be deposited.
The species at present known as absolutely restricted to St. Lucia
seem to be nine in number. These are :—
Cichlherminia sancte-lucie, Scl.
Cinclocerthia macrorhyncha, Scl.
Myjiadestes sancte-luciea, Stejn.
Thryothorus mesoleucus, Sel.
Dendreca delicata, Sharpe.
Leucopeza semperi, Scl.
Icterus laudabilis, Sel.
Contopus latirostris (Verr.).
Chrysotis versicolor (Miill.).
Mr. Allen (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl. v. p. 166) has also separated
the Lowigilla noctis of St. Lucia as a subspecies (sclatert), but the
characters relied on do not seem to be constant.
Fresh comparisons should also be made of Cichlherminia sancte-
lucie, Myiadestes sancte-lucie, and Dendreca delicata with
specimens from the adjoining islands, as the three species have not
yet been very definitely characterized.
1 For a list of Mr. Ramage’s collection from Dominica, see supra, p. 326.
2 See P. Z. S. 1871, p. 263, 1872, p. 647, and 1876, p. 14.
396 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [Nov. 5,
2. On New Indian Lepidoptera, chiefly Heterocera.
By Col. C. Swinuoz, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
[Received July 23, 1889.]
(Plates XLIII. & XLIV.)
At the request of the Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
Mr. E. GC. Cotes and I have made a catalogue of the Moths of India,
which has been lately published.
As I have had to do the work of classification, it has been my
good fortune to have had the examination of the collections of the
Indian Museum, Calcutta, and of the Phayre Museum, Rangoon,
entrusted to me, as also of private collections from many parts of the
Indian Region, which Mr. Hampson, Mr. Wise, Major Yerbury, and
others have very kindly placed at my disposal.
In comparing these with my own large collection of moths I have
found many new and unrecorded species, some of which I now
describe. Along with these are characterized a few new butterflies,
the manuscript descriptions of which have been ready for some time,
waiting an opportunity for publication.
I have, as usual, presented types of all the species herein de-
scribed to the British Museum.
RHOPALOCERA.
NyYMPHALID2.
SATYRINZE.
YprHIMA JOCULARIA, 0. Sp.
Male and female. Above and below as in Y. Auebneri, but the hind
wing above has a suffused submarginal whitish band attenuated at
both ends, making this species a link between Y. huebnert and
Y. ceylonica, which has the lower half of the hind wing above pure
white.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 144, 2 1;%5 inch.
Hab. Mahableshwar, April and May 1887. Thirty-one examples
taken.
NYMPHALINE.
CyNTHIA SALOMA, 0. Sp.
Male. Dull ochreous, basal area and marginal border darker,
densely irrorated with reddish grey with a greenish tinge ; markings
as in C. asela, but the coloration is altogether different, and the
band between the medial line and the outer border is much paler
than either in C. erota or in C. asela, giving it the appearance of a
dull pale whitish greyish-ochreous band, which gradually darkens on
the lower half of the hind wing and becomes suffused into the
darker colour of the marginal border.
P.Z.S.1889. Plate XLIL,
F.C.Moore deletlith. West, Newman imp.
New Indian Lepidoptera.
P. Z.5.1889.Plate XLIV
F.C Moore delet lith. 4 West Newman imp.
New Indian Lepidoptera.
1 ae
1889.] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 397
Underside as in C. asela, but paler; coloration duller and less
reddish, and without the small brown patch at the hinder angle.
Female. Dark greenish grey, outer border dark chocolate-grey :
fore wings with the cell-markings as in C. erota female; a central
brown line followed by a broad white band divided by the veins, and
which is narrowest on the hinder margin, where the outer half of
the band is greenish, and it expands upwards to the costa to within
half an inch of the apex, a suffused black spot on the lower radial
interspace, a dentated black line running through the band near its
outer margin ; a white subapical spot, and two very slight, siuous,
black, submarginal lines, very nearly straight and not together as is
usual in C. erota and C. asela.
Hind wing with a central faint brown line in continuation of the
one on the fore wing, followed by a broad band, also in continuation
of the band on the fore wing; but this band, instead of being white,
is greenish grey, only slightly paler than the coloration ot the basal
half, and is quite as opaque as the rest of the wing, instead of being
semihyaline as is the case in the allied species; there are also the
two usual discal ocelli and two submarginal black lines.
Underside as in C. erota female, but the band on the hind wing
instead of being white is greyish ochreous, and very slightly paler
than the coloration of the outer border.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 374, 2 4,4, inches.
Hab. Nilgiri Hills, two pairs, received from Mr. Hampson; North
Kanara, two pairs, received from Mr. Wise; also recorded from
Wynaad and Travancore in Marshall and de Nicéville’s ‘ Butterflies
of India,’ vol. ii. p. 43.
LYCZNIDZ4.
CuHRYSOPHANUS SUSANUS, 0. Sp.
Allied to C. phewnicurus, Lederer.
Above smoky brown, with the copper colour showing through:
fore wings paler than the hind wings, and of a more copper hue,
both wings darker towards the base ; the few markings in the wings
above caused by the markings below showing through the wing;
fore wings with three spots in the cell in a line, one being at each
end and one in the middle ; costal margin and hinder margin deeper
brown, and a band of the same colour on the outer margin.
Hind wing with a faint submarginal band of reddish, clearer
towards the anal angle; tail as in C. phleas, but long and produced
like a hair streak.
Head white, with a brown centre; collar white; eyes and body
brown ; antennze brown, with white bands.
Underside coloured and marked somewhat as in C. pavana, all
the spots and lines black surrounded with whitish: fore wing pale
copper-yellow, fading to whitish at the base, three spots in a line in
the cell, one in the interspace below, just underneath the centre cell-
spot; marginal line black, a submarginal macular band with a
thinner macular line between, but not reaching the hinder margin,
398 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [Nov. 5,
and a discal corresponding row of spots smaller than the sub-
marginal row.
Hind wing coloured and marked almost exactly as in C. pavana;
two spots at the end of the cell, and five rows of spots and macular
lines on the wing, subbasal row consisting of two spots, antemedial
row of four spots almost in a line, passing just inside the two spots
at the end of the cell; a curved row of discal spots, a submarginal
macular line, a band of white between these rows, another macular
line close to the border line, which is also black, with a red band
between.
Expanse of wings | inch.
Hab. Gunduk, Beloochistan (June 1885). One pair.
PAPILIONIDE.
PIERIN&.
Hvuruina NAMA, var. ANDAMANA, n, subsp.
Smaller than typical H. nama ; the male is similarly coloured and
marked above: below, in each of the six specimens before me, the
cell in the hind wings is not clear pale yellow as in typical H. nama,
more than two thirds of it from the base being filled up with the
greenish coloration of the rest of the wing ; the pale yellowish streak
which usually runs from the base right through the cell near to the
outer margin in this subspecies merely consists of a large patch
occupying the outer third of the cell and a small space beyond.
The female, however, is entirely unlike the female of typical
H. nama; it nearly resembles its male, but the apical band on the
fore wings above and below is much deeper ; the marginal band on
the hind wing above is also broader ard darker, and the costal
border and basal portion of both wings are broadly irrorated with
blackish-brown atoms.
Hind wing below as in the male.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 2735, 2 275,-27% inches.
Hab. Andaman Islands. 8 6, 2°, received from Mr. de Nicé-
ville.
This is, of course, merely a curious local form of H. nama, but as
I have never seen it from any other locality I think it is worth
recording.
APPIAS HIPPOIDES, var. EPICGNA, 0. subsp.
Male. Similar to the male of A. hippoides, but the Llack bands on
both wings above and below are much narrower. The female, how-
ever, is altogether different, being white above like its male; fore
wing with a broad, even, black, costal border, extending downwards
nearly halfway into the cell; the base suffused with black, and
filling nearly the basal half of the cell, and the marginal bands of
both wings resembling in form the marginal bands of the male, but
uniformly black and quite double the breadth: underside also as
1889. ] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 399
in the male, but the yellow of the hind wing,is more ochreous, and
the ochreous subapical spot of the fore wings is wanting.
: 94 ae
Expanse of wings, ¢ 274, 2 148;-27% inches.
Hab. Maldah, Bengal. 1d, 29, received from Mr. Irvine.
This is a very curious local variety of A. hippoides.
IXIAS NOLA, 0. sp.
Male. White tinged with pale saffron-yellow ; base of both wings
and costa of fore wings to the apical patch irrorated with blue-
grey ; apical patch bright orange, divided by the veins into seven
pieces; the outer and inner bands black ; the outer band dentated
inwardly on the veins, and extending down the outer margin to the
submedian vein; the inner band as usual very variable, in some
specimens it is broad-and equal, but always more or less diffuse, the
square knob at the end of the cell being only distinguishable by a
slight elbow into the orange space, in other specimens the inner band
is represented by a costal patch and the square knob hardly con-
nected together, and the commencement of a band from near the
hinder angles, like the usual inner band of a female Ixias; and
between these two kinds there are many intermediates.
Hind wings with a macular border decreasing from the apex : this
is also very variable—in some there is hardly any band at all, merely
a black marginal line at the apex with marginal dots on each vein;
in others there is a deep black band halfway down the margin, and
large marginal spots on the veins, decreasing in size to the anal
angle, and many intermediates.
Below: fore wings coloured as above; the entire surface of the
apical patch pale orange; the outer band slightly showing through
and more or less irrorated ; the inner band represented by a promi-
nent black square spot at the end of the cell, and a submarginal
whorl of black spots, which in some specimens have white centres ;
hind wings much darker saffron-coloured, more or less covered with
brown strigze, with an indistinct brown costal spot, a brown cell-spot
with a white centre, and a discal whorl of five or six indistinct white
spots, margined with brown; the markings vary much in density im
different specimens.
Female. Coloured and marked like the male; the orange patch is,
however, narrow and not so bright; the inner band disconnected
and with three submarginal spots in it, the border on the hind wing
is similar, and so is the general coloration above and below; the
markings below are also similar, but darker and more prominent.
Expanse of wings 15°,—2 inches.
Hab. Mahableshwar (April and May, 1887). Found in great
numbers: I took several hundreds of specimens, many being females.
The-species is not nearly allied to any of this genus that I am ac-
quainted with, and is very distinct.
One or two of the broad-banded varieties measure as much as 2;%,
inches across the wings in both sexes.
400 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [Nov. 5,
HETEROCERA.
BOMBYCES.
SyYNTOMID4.
SYNTOMIS WIMBERLEY], n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 11.)
Blackish brown ; spots and markings golden yellow, not gilded ;
fore wing with a small spot subbasal, two large spots medial, the
lower one the larger, and two discal, the largest of all; hind wing
golden yellow, with a deep costal and marginal band, the latter
attenuated to the hinder angle ; front of head, sides of eyes, collar,
spots on fore and hind part of thorax, segmental bands of abdomen,
all golden yellow; underside, wings as above, legs marked with
golden yellow, and the segmental bands of the abdomen completely
encircling it.
Expanse of wings 1,2; inch.
Hab. Andaman Islands. One perfect specimen, received from
Mr. Wimberley.
Most nearly allied to S. pfeifferi from Sumatra, differs in the
pattern of the yellow spots on both wings; the fore wing having
a single spot only before the apex, while the lower outer spot on the
posterior margin is narrow and elongated obliquely outwards; on
the hind wing the yellow spot extends through the cell, and is also
deeply indented from its outer edge to the median vein.
NorTIopreRA PROPERTA, 0. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 6.)
Deep black ; antennz long, two thirds of the length of the fore
wings ; shaft glistening, pectinated from the base to the tips in both
sexes, but three times broader in the male than in the female ; fore
wings with two bands of white hyaline streaks—first medial, con-
sisting of five, the other discal, consisting of four, the lowest one
broadest and more rounded.
Hind wings with a long suffused semihyaline whitish subcostal
streak from the base to near the apex, a central short median streak
also from tbe base, and two or three other faint, scarcely visible
streaks adjacent, and two discal hyaline spots close together, the lower
one much the larger ; thorax and abdomen deep black, with a bluish
sheen with bright gilded golden-yellow bands ; but in three perfect
examples before me, two males and one female, all taken in the same
month, at the same place, these bands all differ ; one male has a
broad collar, a large spot in the centre of the thorax, and the two
penultimate segments of the abdomen all bright golden, gilded yel-
low, with this colour running up some distance on each side; the
female has the thorax-spot absent, and the other male has the
thorax-spot and collar both absent, but in all other respects they
are identical.
Underside deep black ; wings as above ; proboscis yellow.
Expanse of wings 1%; inch.
Hab. Rangoon. 2 ¢ and 1 @, received from Mr. Noble.
The allied NV. dolosa, Walker, differs on the fore wing in having
1889. ] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 401
three superposed medial and two pairs of similar short discal spots ;
the hind wing has a single ill-defined spot.
AGARISTID&.
EUseMIA ACCURATA, 0. Sp.
Above black, second joint of palpi white, head with two white
longitudinal stripes, thorax with three, tip of abdomen orange-yellow ;
fore wings with a white subbasal dot, a small white antemedial spot,
a large irregular bottle-shaped white central band extending from
near the costa to centre of internomedian area, and another white
band postmedial, broader, extending from near costa to second
median branch, straight on its inner side, angled and curved on the
vein, and going slightly below it at its outer corner, and excavated
on its outer side, all four white marks equidistant from each other ;
fringe brown, interlined, white at the apex.
Hind wings with one large round central white spot ; fringe brown,
with the outer half pure white.
Wings below same as above ; face, thorax, and legs orange; tarsi
black ; abdomen with apex and two large patches on last two
segments orange-coloured.
Expanse of wings 2,4; inches.
Hab. Moulmein, June 1888. One example of this distinct species
in poor condition was received from Mr. Noble.
This species belongs to the section of the genus of which Z. ba-
salis, Walker, and £. peshwa, Moore, are typical, and has similarly
disposed spots on the fore wings, but of a different shape: the hind
wing also has a similar medial spot, but the accompanying bright
yellow basal area is absent.
CHALCOSIID4.
PoMPELON YALENTULA, 0. Sp.
Wings dark brownish black, unmarked ; fore wing with the costal
and apical borders glistening blue.
Hind wing with the costal and outer borders pale brownish white,
deepened to the anal angle, and with a glistening blue apical patch.
Below brown ; fore wings with the discoidal veins blue, and a large
orange-red spot inside the end of the cell ; hind wings with a broad
whitish border; antennze black. Body above black, below crimson,
with black spots on each side of the thorax and abdomen; legs
black.
Expanse of wings 3,!; inches.
Hab. Burmah. One specimen received from Mr. Noble.
A larger species than P. marginata, and distinguishable from it by
the brownish-white outer border to the hind wings.
NYCTHEMERIDG.
PreROTHYSANUS NOBLEI, 0. sp. (Plate XLIV. fig. 3.)
Male and female. Wings white, pattern of the markings arranged
402 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [Nov. 5,
as in P. Jaticilia, but instead of being black with white bands, it is
white with black bands and is very much smaller; in the fore wings
the white spot near the base of the hinder margin and the white
spot near the hinder angle are enlarged, and occupy the greater
portion of the lower half of the wing ; the white space near the base,
in some specimens, running upwards to and joining the white patch
at the end of the cell, leaving a blackish-brown costal, almost
straight, and a medial transverse sinuous central band; the long
white subapical spot or streak in P. Jaticilia is also represented in
this insect by a broad subapical white band, which in some speci-
mens curves inwards, and in one it curves outwards and joins the
fifth submarginal spot, counting from the apex.
Hind wing as in P. laticilia, but all the black bands and spots
much smaller; the black spot attached to the centre of the medial
band hindwards is wanting; and, in one specimen, the outwardly
dentated black discal band is represented by a curved series of black
spots; both wings with a marginal series of pink spots, as in
P. atratus, but they are round and not angular as in that species, and
form a complete band on both wings ; thorax blackish brown ; head,
collar, and abdomen orange, abdomen with a dorsal band of black spots.
Body below and legs blackish brown, abdomen with two rows of
pale yellow spots ; pattern of wings below same as above.
Expanse of wings 2,2, inches.
Hab. Prome (Burmah). Four examples received from Mr. Noble ;
they differ somewhat from each other, but were all taken at Prome
in May 1887, and are evidently all of one variable species.
LiTHOSIID2.
HypsiIn&.
MiIGopLASTIS HAMPSONI, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 2.)
Male and female. Antenne, head, thorax, and wings violaceous
fawn-colour.
Hind wings of the male yellowish, head with a central black dot
hindwards, thorax with a row of four black spots in front, a row of
three in the centre, and two middle spots hindwards, all surrounded
with yellow ; fore wings with two basal black spots, and both wings
with the veins paler, and with a broad pale median band, slightly
paler than the colour of the wing, but quite distinct, touching neither
costa nor hinder margin on the fore wings, and diffused, indistinct,
attenuated downwards on the hind wing; the band looks just as if
so much colour had been rubbed off the wing ; cilia of both wings
grey ; abdomen above and below yellow, with a row of black spots
down the centre and on each side.
Underside: wings as above ; antennze blackish towards the base ;
palpi black ; body and legs same colour as the wings.
The male differs from the female in having the hind wings exca-
vated hindwards, forming an acute point at the anal angle, and in
having these wings suffused with yellow.
Expanse of wings 2;'; inches.
1889. ] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 403
Hab. Nilgiri Hills, northern slopes 3500 feet, June 1888. ‘Two
female specimens received from Mr. Hampson, and a pair from Mr.
Lindsay.
Distinguishable from the only other known species of this genus,
M. ceylonica, by the pointed anal angle of the hind wings and by the
uniform colouring of the front and hind wings in the female, whereas
in the female of 1. ceylonica the hind wings are entirely yellow.
LITHOSIIN.
CossA RUMA, 0. Sp.
Fore wings violet-brown, with a broad marginal band of paler
colour, a suffused yellowish space at the base of the wing, extending
to nearly the middle of the hinder margin and occupying more than
the lower half, and a large pale yellow streak in the centre of the
costa; the coloration of the fore wings varies somewhat in different
specimens, the yellowish basal space being sometimes absorbed into
the ground-colour of the wing, and in some specimens the yellow
costal streak is reduced to a large spot.
Hind wings pale greyish ochreous-yellow unmarked.
Wings below of the same colour, but slightly darker; fore wings
with the central space violet-brown. Front of head, palpi, body
below, and legs ochreous; antennze and body above violet-brown ;
abdomen palest, and in some specimens suffused with ochreous.
Expanse of wings 13 inch.
Hab. Mahableshwar (May 1887). Nilgiri Hills, 6700 feet (June
1887).
I have a number of examples taken by myself at Mahableshwar,
and eight received from the Nilgiri Hills from Mr. Hampson.
This is a larger insect than C. dasigera, the type of the genus,
and is distinguishable from it by the fore wing having the inner pale
area traversed by an outwardly oblique violet-brown fascia which
extends from the base of the costa, whereas in C. basigera the pale
basal area extends uninterrupted to the middle of the costa.
ARCTIDA.
PANGORA RUBELLIANA, ND. Sp.
Allied to P. distorta, Moore.
Fore wings dull slate-colour, markings pure white, a large crown-
shaped patch running into the wing from the base, with two well-
separated black spots in a line on its lower part, a large distorted
central band, excavated on the costa, on the hinder margin of the
wing and on both sides in its centre; a black spot above the outside
central excavation, and a small black point above the excavation on
the hinder margin; four large spots on the outer margin, one divided
by the vein just below the apex; a smaller longitudinal spot just
below and not touching the margin, another in the centre, also not
touching the margin, and a much smaller spot on the margin just
below.
Hind wings deep bright red, a bifid slate-coloured spot at the end
404 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [ Nov. 5,
of the cell in the male, with a streak below of the same colour, but
in the female there is only one small spot at the end of the cell and
another small spot below, in place of the streak, also a broad dull
slate-coloured marginal band, outwardly deeply excavated, making
it appear as if composed of three patches, so much so in the female
as to make the band submarginal and macular.
Wings below same as above, except that the red of the hind wings
and white of the fore wings is pale pink, the marginal spots on the
fore wings being pure white. Antenne slate-colour; head and thorax
pure white, markings slate-colour, a small spot on the centre of the
head, two on the collar and on the thorax, one on each division, and
a band in the centre; abdomen deep bright red, extending far
beyond the wings, with a complete dorsal row of dark slate-coloured
spots; body below whitish, legs slate-colour, striped with pink above.
Expanse of wings 2 inches.
Hab. North Kanara, June 1887. One pair received from Mr.
Wise.
Distinguishable from P. distorta (the habitat of which is the N.W.
Himalayas) by the markings on the fore wing being pinkish white
and broader, whereas in P. distorta they are yellowish white, the
transverse discal band being half its width, the hind wing in the
latter species being also differently marked.
ALOA SARA, 0. sp.
Allied to A. lactinea, Cramer, and similarly coloured and marked ;
it is, however, a smaller insect, the crimson band on the costa of the
fore wing is finer, and the prominent crimson bard on the collar is
altogether absent; the colour of the upper part of the abdomen
is also orange-red, as in A. moorei, Butler, and not ochreous as in
A, lactinea, Cram.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 1;4;, 2 145; inch.
' Hab. Karachi, August 1885, July and August 1886. Many
examples taken.
A smaller insect than either A. lactinea or A. sanguinolenta,
neither of which occur at Karachi.
ALOA INSOLATA, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 15.)
Allied to A. lactinea. Head, thorax, and wings pure white, costa
of fore wings crimson ; a black spot at the end of the cell, another
below it, near the hinder margin, sometimes one near the hinder
margin, one third from the base, and sometimes a subapical point,
and sometimes a fine black subapical streak ; hind wings with a
black spot at the end of the cell, and otherwise unmarked, a black
spot on each side of the thorax; antennz black; abdomen above
ochreous, with black short bands, little better than dorsal spots.
Below : wings as above ; body white ; femora crimson ; tibize black
above, ochreous below; tarsi black.
Expanse of wings 1;%; inch.
ae Thyetmeyo, Sept. 1887. Two males received from Mr.
oble.
1889. ] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 405
A much smaller insect than A. Jactinea, and differs from it in the
absence of the scarlet front and thoracic band and in wanting the
marginal black spots which are so prominent on the hind wing of
that species.
SpILARCTIA UMMERA, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 1.)
Female. Dull ochreous; head, thorax, and fore wings ochreous
fawn-colour, thorax with a black spot in front ; fore wings above with
a black spot at the base, but without any other markings; hind
wings dull ochreous yellow, a black spot just above the end of the
cell, and two black submarginal spots near the anal angle; abdomen
ochreous, with a dorsal row of black spots, a black spot also on
middle of thorax.
Wings on the underside same colour as the hind wings above, fore
wings with a black subcostal spot above the end of the cell; hind
wings with the three black spots as above, and with a very faint
pale black subapical spot. Body below white; antenne black ;
face and pectus ochreous, the latter with some black markings.
Palpi with first and last joint black, second joint ochreous; fore
legs ochreous, hind legs white.
Tibize and tarsi above blackish.
Expanse of wings 17%; inch.
Hab. Bassein, Burmah, Oct. 1887. One perfect specimen re-
ceived from Mr. Noble. Nearest to the Javan JS. punctata, but
smaller in size; similarly coloured, but with a basal black spot on
the fore wing and a spot on the middle of the thorax, these spots
being absent in S. punctata.
TINOLIUS HYPSANA, ND. Sp.
Male, Fore wings dirty straw-colour, with pale yellowish buff-
coloured spots placed exactly as in T. eburneigutta.
Hind wings and wings below pale yellowish buff-colour, unmarked ;
antennz pale yellow, pectinations grey ; head, body, and legs chrome-
yellow, thorax with some black spots, abdomen with a black band
on each segment except the basal one; legs with large lunular black
spots above.
Expanse of wings 2,8, inches.
This insect has the appearance of an ordinary yellow Hypsa.
Hab. Sikkim. Three specimens purchased from Mr. Paul
Mowis.
LIPARID2.
SomeNnA ABJECTA, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 13.)
Allied to S. scintillans.
Male and female of a pale dirty yellowish-buff colour, top of head
whitish, abdomen brown, anal tuft ochreous; fore wings suffused
with pale reddish brown and covered with black atoms; an ante-
medial and a postmedial, very indistinct, pale, transverse, thin band,
406 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [Nov. 5,
which curve outwardly, and are only apparent on some specimens.
Underside pale greyish white tinged with flesh-colour, unmarked.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 1 inch, 2 1;%,—144; inch.
Hab. Jurruk, Kotree, Sonda, Tatta, Karachi, all in Lower Sind;
many examples taken in April 1886.
A desert insect taken in sandy scrub, and very much the colour of
dirty sand. It may be distinguished from all other described species
of Somena by the fore wing being covered with black atoms, and
by the absence of the marginal yellow spots.
LyMANTRIA VIOLA, 0. sp.
Male. Antenne, palpi, head, thorax, and fore wings grey; ab-
domen and hind wings rosy ; palpi below and at the tips, a line on
the inner side of the eye, and a thin line in front of the collar rosy ;
the grey on the thorax of a purer and paler colour than that of the
fore wings, and spotted with blackish brown ; abdomen with a dorsal
row of black spots; fore wings covered with transverse, sinuous,
blackish-brown bands, more or less macular on the basal half of the
wing, the prominent medial (sinuous) and submarginal (dentated)
bands of the female distinguishable in the male, and also a row of
marginal brown spots.
Hind wing with a greyish-brown spot at end of cell and sub-
marginal band of same colour, which does not reach the hinder
angle; also indistinct spots on the margin between the veins.
Underside pale rosy grey, a grey spot at end of each cell; body
rosy, a row of brown spots on each side of abdomen; femora rosy,
tibiee with brown and rosy bands.
Female with wing-markings much like 9 L. grandis; antennz
black, palpi and thin line in front of collar bright crimson, lines on
inside of eyes ochreous; head, thorax, and fore wing white; abdomen
and hind wing rosy, two central rosy spots behind collar, some
blackish-brown spots on the centre of thorax ; fore wings with the
bands as in Z. grandis, but thinner and paler, of a pale reddish-
brown colour, two or three spots at the base, a subbasal outwardly
curved band, a spot on the costa, another below it, and a mark near
hinder margin representing the antemedial band; medial band nearly
upright, sinuous, very narrow, curving outside the lunular mark,
which fills up the end of the cell and bifurcates on the costa; sub-
marginal band of disconnected spear-shaped marks, very minute
marginal spots between the veins, marginal line rosy.
Hind wing with a lunular greyish-brown mark at end of cell, a
submarginal band as in male, minute marginal spots between the
veins, and dark rosy outer margin.
Underside paler, with the markings showing through ; body white,
sides rosy ; abdomen rosy, with two or three small brown spots on
the sides; femora crimson ; tibize white in centre, black at the joints ;
tarsi crimson, with black bands and black claws.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 1,9) inch, 2 3,3,-3,5; inches.
Hab. Thanna district, near Bombay ; two males and many females,
taken by me in November 1888, in the Wangni Forest.
1889.] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 407
A handsome local species, much smaller than the Himalayan L.
grandis in both sexes, somewhat similar in the female, but very dif-
ferent in the male, the fore wing and thorax of the latter sex being
dark grey, with prominent brown markings.
NoTopoONTID2&.
BirETA NANA, D. sp.
Allied to B. longivitta, Walker, and B. xanthophila.
Male and female. Fore wings pale, dull ochreous, costal and
hinder margins darker, a longitudinal ochreous-brown central stripe
from the base to less than one third from the outer margin, curving
slightly upwards at the end towards the apex, anda discal and a
submarginal curved row of brown dots.
Hind wings smoky brown, with dull ochreous border aud fringe ;
antennee with the shaft brown; plumes pale ochreous grey; palpi
brown at the tips; head ochreous brown; thorax paler, with a
brownish middle stripe ; abdomen above greyish brown.
Below: wings pale yellowish, with thin centres, suffused with smoky
brown, and this suffusion covers most of the body below; the legs
are also marked with the same colour, the tibiz of some specimens
being entirely brown.
Expanse of wings 13 inch.
Hab. North Kanara, June 1887. Two specimens received from
Mr. Wise, Nilgiri Hills, four specimens received from Mr. Hampson.
One third less in size than B. longivitta, and distinguishable from
it by the absence of the obliquely transverse denticulated lines on
the fore wing.
PHINECA CANITIES, D. sp.
Male and female. Greyish white irrorated with grey, shaft of the
antennze white; fore wings with a broad antemedial, outwardly
curved band, composed of two brown lines, with the space inside
dark grey, the band being transected by two brown lines, one near
the costa and the other just below the middle ; also a discal row of
black marks on the veins; marginal line grey. Hind wings rather
paler than fore wings, unmarked, marginal line grey; cilia of both
wings greyish white, with grey patches at the end of the veins;
veins on both wings rather prominent. Head and thorax paler
grey than the abdomen.
Underside paler than upperside; hind wings whitish, veins and
cilia as above, a small whitish costal space one fourth from the apex
of fore wings; hind wings with a central, outwardly curved, pale
grey band; body and legs pale grey.
Expanse of wings 1—1,2, inch.
Hab. North Kanara, June 1887. 4 6,1 @, received from
Mr. Wise.
This insect is most nearly allied to P. basistriga, Walk., Catal.
Lep. Het. B.M. vii. p. 1747; the type specimen of which is in the
British Museum Collection, but without locality.
408 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [ Nov. 5,
LIMACODID&.
THOSEA RARA, 0. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 9.)
Of a uniform clear slaty-grey colour, underside slightly the
darker, head pale yellowish grey ; fore wings covered with black
atoms, and with a broad blackish discal band from the costa before
the apex to the hinder margin one third from the hinder angle,
edged with whitish on its inner side; a paler shade on the outside
of the band, and the veins near the margin also whitish, making a
broad macular marginal band.
Hind wings, wings below, body, and legs unmarked.
Expanse of wings 13 inch.
” Hab. Thyetmeyo, October 1887. One fine example received
from Mr. Noble.
Allied to 7. lesa, but differs from it in the fore wing having a
broad blackish discal band with a pale inner border, this band in
T’. lesa being very slender, incurved, and without any pale border.
PaRaSA FuMoSA, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 12.)
Palpi black, pale chrome-yellow beneath, shaft of antenne black,
pectinations reddish brown, head and thorax green; sides, hinder
part of thorax, and abdomen above dark fuliginous black; sides of
abdomen chrome-yellow; wings fuliginous black, but much paler
than the colour of the abdomen ; central portion of hind wings pale
yellowish ; veins of both wings black, rather prominently so; costal
line of fore wings and fringe black, latter interlined at its base with
a whitish line.
Underside: wings same as above, slightly paler; face, pectus, and
body black, the chrome-yellow on the sides of the abdomen covering
most of the under portions, but this does not occur in all the speci-
mens; legs black, with a reddish tinge.
Expanse of wings 1,%; inch.
Had. Nilgiri Hills. Three specimens received from Mr. Hamp-
son.
An abnormally coloured species of the P. lepida group, unlike
any previously described.
CANIA PULLIGONIS, n. sp. (Plate XLILI. figs. 7, 8.)
Male. Fore wings dark violet-brown covered with brown atoms,
outer and hinder borders and base yellowish, an indistinct yellowish
suffused spot at the end of the cell, and two brown lines from the
hinder margin—the first medial, the second at one third from the
hinder angle, meeting at the costa, very near to, but just before the
apex ; the first line nearly straight, the second curved outwardly,
corresponding to the margin, and is in point of fact submarginal ;
antennee pale greyish brown; head, body, hind wings above and
below, and legs yellowish, of the same colour as the border of the
fore wings; fore wings below blackish brown, with the veins and
outer and hinder margins broadly yellowish.
Female. Fore wings reddish brown, with two yellow lines crossing
the wing from the hinder margin and meeting at the apex, as in
1889. ] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 409
the male, with the veins darker coloured, and without the yellow
borders to the wing; hind wings and entire surface of both wings
below pale reddish yellow, unmarked, the veins on the hind wings
above rather prominent ; antennze, body above and below, and legs
reddish brown; thorax with a pale suffused band in front, and
abdomen with pale segmental bands.
Expanse of wing, ¢ 1 inch, 2 1;4,-14%; inch.
Hab. North Kanara, June 1887. One male and two females
received from Mr. Wise.
From C. bilinea, Walker, this species may be distinguished by
the dark brown colour of the fore wings, and the two dark trans-
verse lines in the male, these two lines in the female being of a pale
colour.
Mrresa crispa,n.sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 4.)
General colour of a uniform reddish chestnut-brown; antenne,
abdomen, hind wings, and underside paler; head and fore part of
the thorax bright orange-yellow; fore wings shining, embossed with
numerous crimped markings across the wings, and in some lights
with some silvery speckles, which at the apex are collected together
into a small patch ; an indistinct straight band of darker colour from
centre of hinder margin to costa close to the apex, the band in
some lights having a pale centre, making it look like two thick lines
close together.
Hind wings with the discoidal cell, the costal space above, and
the anal border whitish.
Underside unmarked ; legs chestnut-brown, fore legs with white
markings, with a large white spot on the inner side in the female, a
long white stripe on the tibia above, and several white bands on the
tarsus above.
Expanse of wings 3 inch.
Hab. Darjeeling. One good example, which has been unnamed
in my collection for years.
This insect may be distinguished from all other described species
of the genus by the peculiar transverse rows of short raised strigze
on the fore wing.
MIRESA PROPEXA, ND. sp.
Ochreous brown, covered with blackish-brown atoms; fore wings
with two dark brown bands—first discal, composed of two patches of
atoms, one touching the hinder margin in the centre, inclining out-
wardly, and adjoining the other patch which is in front of the cell ;
second band submarginal, extending from the apex to the hinder
angle ; the hind wings are unmarked and are darker than the fore
wings, as also are the antennz, body, and legs; wings below paler
than above, with some dark suffusions here and there. This insect
varies somewhat in coloration, some specimens being much paler
than others, and on these the outer band on the fore wings is more
complete.
Expanse of wings 1 inch. :
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1889, No. XXVIII. 28
410 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [Nov. 5,
Hab. Sattara, June 1884; Poon, June and July 1887. Many
examples taken.
From other described species this may be distinguished by the two
peculiar black bands on the fore wing, the inner band being wavy
and the outer band erect.
NOCTUES.
ACONTIID24.
ACONTIA KARACHIENSIS, 0. sp.
Male. Antenne grey, body above and below pure white; fore
wings white, costa with some grey markings, a greyish-brown line
which goes upwards from centre of hinder margin, then abruptly
bends to the apex, and has an excavation downwards where the reni-
form should be; this line has two black marks on each side of the
excavation, and from it to the margin the wing is coloured dark
grey; a marginal macular black line, and very broad grey fringe,
with central and subapical white patches ; hind wings white, with a
slight grey marginal line, a slight greyish tinge on the border, and
a grey interline in the white fringe.
Below : wings white and shining, with grey patches on the fringe
of the fore wings ; legs white, tarsi with grey bands.
Female. Differs from the male in having grey suffusions on the
thorax and a grey abdomen; fore wings iron-grey, with the white
showing through here and there, a white diffuse subcostal band ex-
tending from base to tips; hind wings greyish white, with the
border a little darker, white patches in cilia same as in male.
Expanse of wings ¢ ;%; inch, Q 1 inch.
Hab. Karachi, June and July 1885-6. 5 ¢ and 10 Q taken.
Allied to A. costalis. Differs iu the mottled grey fore wing,
this wing in the male having the basal area, as well as the costal
border, clear of markings.
APAMEID2.
APAMEA MINIMA, 0. Sp.
Antennz and palpi brown; head, thorax, and fore wings grey,
with a yellowish flesh-coloured tint ; head and thorax speckled with
brown ; fore wings suffused with greyish brown, transverse brown
lines, subbasal and antemedian, both with a brown short longitudinal
streak running outwardly from their centres; the subbasal line in-
distinct, with the streak very short and also rather indistinct ; a
discal vblique lunular brown line, the space from this to the margin
paler than the rest of the wing; a submarginal, short, diffuse, brown
lunular line with pale outer border from the hinder margin, stopping
at one third from the apex, and a marginal line of black discon-
nected lunules ; fringe brown, with pale patches ; costa with brown
marks; orbicular represented by a white dot ; reniform also white,
large, somewhat resembling the capital letter H.
Hind wings nearly white, with a yellowish flesh-coloured tinge, and
1889. ] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 4ll
a very indistinct grey mark at the end of the cell; marginal line
brown, fringe the same colour as the wing ; abdomen greyish brown.
Underside: wings same colour as faa hind wings above; fore
wings suffused with brown on the costal and apical portions ; hind
wings also slightly suffused with pale brownish on the costal
portion, with an indistinct grey mark at the end of the cell; body
and legs grey ; tarsi wrth yellowish bands.
Expanse of wings 5°, inch.
Hab. Hydrabad and Kipra, Lower Sind. Four examples taken.
Unlike any previously described species.
NocrTuip2.
SPGLOTIS SINCERA, 0. Sp.
Male and female. Antenne brownish; palpi pale sandy grey,
black at the sides ; top of head whitish; body and fore wings of a
bright sandy fawn-colour ; the divisions of the collar, tegule, &c. on
the thorax are very prominent; the male is smaller than the female,
and the whole of the thorax is more whitish, whereas in the female
the whitish is only on the top of the head, otherwise they are
identical ; fore wings very minutely irrorated with brownish-grey
atoms, orbicular and reniform minute, greyish, claviform larger,
ringed with grey, but all very indistinct; three transverse very
indistinct greyish sinuous lines, first subbasal, hardly visible, second
and third more distinct ; antemedial and postmedial well separated ;
fringe interlined.
Hind wings whitish, sandy grey on the outer borders.
Underside: wings much the same shade of colour as they are
above, shining, the fore wing has a discal mark and some indistinct
streaks towards the outer border, otherwise they are unmarked ;
body and legs pale pncy ‘wis colour.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 1,4, 2 1,3; inch.
Hab. Solun (Simla). One pair in excellent condition from the
late Captain Reed’s collection.
From the allied S. fraterna this species differs in the much
browner colour of the fore wings, the ante- and postmedial sinuous
lines being much less defined, the outer line being disposed nearer to
the end of the cell than in S. fraterna ; the spot at end of the cell is
also less defined and has no white border to it.
OcHROPLEURA IGNOTA, 0. sp.
Palpi, antenne, thorax, and fore wings oot palpi
grey in front and at the tips; top of head grey, collar dull ochreous,
abdomen dull ochreous grey; fore wings with the colour paling
slightly towards the outer margin, with a broad grey stripe on the
costa from the base along two thirds of its length, touching the
upper portions of the orbicular and reniform marks, which are
formed of prominent grey ringlets; the orbicular round, the reni-
form oblong, excavated on the outside, almost ear-shaped ; the rest
of the costal border to the apex marked with five or six yellow
28*
412 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [Nov. 5,
points ; a discal outwardly curved slightly sinuous line, of the same
colour as the wing, but slightly darker; fringe pale reddish choco-
late, interlined.
Hind wings white tinged with flesh-colour, with a flesh-coloured
marginal line and an interline in the fringe.
Underside: wings shining ; fore wings and the upper third of
the hind wings pale reddish chocolate-brown, remainder of the hind
wings pale whitish flesh-colour ; fore wings with the inner part dark
brown, and with a discal curved line on both wings, formed of elon-
gated spots on the veins, a brown dot at the end of the cell in the
hind wings; body and legs pale chocolate-brown.
Expanse of wings 1,3; inch.
Hab. Ceylon. One perfect example received from Mr. Fairlie.
Most nearly allied to O. costalis, from Darjeeling, but differs in its
darker-coloured fore wing, in the oval shape of the orbicular spot,
and in the absence of the black streaks intervening between the
orbicular and reniform marks.
GRAPHIPHORA VIARIA, n. sp. = Cee cea var. WEL.
Male and female. Brownish fawn-coloured, tinged with olive-
brown on the fore wings, head, and thorax. Antenne of the male
with greyish-brown pectinations; collar and tegule slightly paler
than the rest of the thorax and with pale edges; fore wings with
the orbicular large, nearly round, margined with brown, indistinct ;
reniform also large, pale yellowish, ear-shaped; costa with brown
marks, some very indistinct transverse markings on the basal half of
the wing; a postmedian, indistinct, brownish band, with a rather
acute angle running outwards into the reniform; a discal row of
elongated brown dots, with yellowish-white minute centres ; a sub-
marginal sinuous yellowish-white line, marginal lunules brown,
fringe long, same general colour as the wing, but strongly interlined,
first with a yellowish-white line, then with a distinct brown line;
abdomen and hind wings greyish brown, costal portion of hind wings
pale-coloured, a brown mark at the end of the cell; fringe as in the
fore wings.
Underside paler, shining ; hind wing with cell-mark as above, both
wings with traces of a discal line; legs brown, middle and hind
legs with spurs, and tarsi marked with white.
Expanse of wings 1,4; inch.
Hab. Umballa, March. Two pairs from late Captain Reed’s
collection.
This species has the pattern of markings on the fore wing as in
G. fasciata, but less defined; the outer denticulated line and the
pale wavy submarginal line are both nearer the margin.
ORTHOSIIDS.
ELYDNA DIURNA, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 10.)
Ochreous fawn-colour, fore wings speckled with red atoms, reni-
form mark represented by a brown ringlet, with a brown point in its
1889. | INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 413
centre ; four slightly sinuous brown lines across the wings ; an ante-
medial, which is oblique, and touches the hinder border near the
postmedial line; a postmedial and a discal rather near each other,
nearly upright, the former slightly curved outwards, and a brown
marginal line, the colour of the wing between this and the discal
being darker than the rest of the wing, as is also the fringe, forming
a broad marginal band.
Hind wings paler, and whitish towards the base ; antennze and
body above ochreous fawn-colour, abdomen paler.
Below : wings, body, and legs whitish fawn-colour.
Expanse of wings 1,4; inch.
Hab, North Kanara. One example received from Mr. Wise.
From the allied £. transversa this species differs on the fore wing
in the nearly erect position of the two outer lines, which in Z. trans-
versa are both angled outward beyond the end of the cell.
CATEPHIDS.
ANOPHIA MOSARA, 0. sp.
Palpi and collar greyish white, tips of palpi brownish, antennze and
body purplish grey ; abdomen whitish at the sides, and with grey seg-
mental bands; fore wings purplish fawn-colour, orbicular, in the
form of a largish obliquely placed black ringlet; reniform large,
excavated outwardly, and marked in the excavation with white, also
a claviform ringlet, two outwardly oblique recurved, slightly dentated
blackish lines, one before and the other beyond the middle, the
Space between darker than the rest of the wing; fringe pale pinkish,
interrupted with brown; hind wings white, with a broad pale
purplish fawn-coloured band; fringe white tipped with grey.
Underside whitish, with broad grey bands to both wings, and
with a lunular mark at the end of the cell of the fore wings; body
and legs grey, tarsi with brown bands.
Expanse of wings 1,5; inch.
Hab. Southern Sind, Hydrabad, and Tatta; one specimen at each
place, taken in April 1887. Kihim, Alibagh district, near Bombay ;
one specimen, taken in April 1888.
From other described species of Anophia this may be distin-
guished by its comparatively narrower wings. The markings on the
fore wing are similar in pattern to those in A. olivascens, but the
hind wing has a uniformly narrower marginal band.
POLYDESMID4.
PANDESMA JUBRA, n. sp. (Plate XLIV. fig. 4.)
Like a very large P. quenavadi, but differently coloured, very
much larger and quite distinct. Antenne, body, and fore wings
steel-grey, irrorated with black atoms; top of head, front of palpi,
and segmental bands on abdomen whitish, top and sides of the first
joint of the palpi black. Fore wings above, with basal, antemedial, -
medial, and postmedial, sinuous, dark lines, the last three rather
414 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [Nov. 5,
close together ; and a broad blackish discal band, sinuous inwardly,
suffused outwardly towards the outer margin, and including a
sinuous whitish line, a black spot in the centre of the antemedial
line ; orbicular represented by a black dot, reniform by a suffused
large blackish spot, outer margin with black points, fringe steel-
grey.
Hind wings white, a broad black outer border, attenuated hind-
wards, and without the usual anal whitish streak in the band:
abdominal border suffused with grey, marginal line brown, marginal
points black, fringe pure white.
Underside greyish white; tarsi brown, with whitish bands; wings
nearly white, with a broad blackish marginal band on each wing,
diffused outwardly to greyish on fore wings, and to pure white on
hind wings ; fringe and marginal points as above.
Expanse of wings 2,2, inches.
Hab. Rangoon, June 1888. One pair of this fine species
received from Mr. Noble.
This is a larger insect than P. quenavadi, the wings being com-
paratively longer; the fore wing has similarly disposed markings,
but these are more widely separated. The hind wing is less qua-
drate in form, the outer margin more rounded, and the marginal
black band is broader at its upper end.
OPHIUSIDA.
OPHIUSA TRIANGULATA, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 5.)
Blackish brown, bands and lines white ; fore wings with a central
erect band slightly contracted in its centre, and irrorated with black
atoms ; from the lower extremity of this band on the hinder mar-
gin a thick line runs straight to the centre of the outer margin
(but does not touch it), and is angled from thence straight to the
costal margin, near to but a little apart from the central band, thus
forming a complete and very prominent triangle; there is also a
fine sinuous submarginal line from the hinder margin to the apex
touching the elbow of the triangle ; the submarginal space is paler
coloured, and many of the veins are streaked with white, especially
so near the outer margin ; marginal festoon and points black ; cilia
grey, interlined.
Hind wings with a white fascia slightly before the middle, a thin
white streak at the anal angle, and a thin white border; marginal
line black ; cilia grey.
Underside pale dirty greyish brown, with indistinct antemedial,
medial, and postmedial grey bands, a submarginal sinuous pale line ;
outer margin thinly pale greyish ; marginal festoon and points black ;
cilia grey.
Expanse of wings 1,8, inch.
Hab. Karachi, July 1886. One perfect example taken.
Nearly allied to Ophiusa mirabilis, Romanoff, Mém. Lép. ii. pl. 4.
fig. 5 (1885), from Transcaucasia.
1889. ] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 415
PSEUDO-DELTOIDES.
FociLLipD2&.
THYRIDOSPILA VIRGATA, 0. Sp.
Male and female of a uniform violet-brown above ; fore wings of a
deep black, an angular black patch on the costa near the apex, a
blackish sinuous transverse line at one fourth from the base; a
broad black band in the centre, which is inwardly distinctly defined
and outwardly diffuse, terminating in a faint outwardly curved sin-
uous line; marginal line brown; cilia brown, whitish at the base.
Hind wing with an antememedial blackish stripe, corresponding
to the inner edge of the medial band of fore wing, a discal blackish
stripe of the same nature with a short blackish shade immediately
below it near the abdominal border; marginal line and cilia as in
fore wings.
Underside of a uniform pale brown, a faint spot at the end of each
cell, and three faint outwardly curved lines across both wings, ante-
medial, medial, and postmedial, and close together.
Expanse of wings 1,4; inch.
Hab. Solun (Simla), June. One pair in good condition from the
late Capt. Reed’s collection.
Smaller than T. spheriphora: wings not angular on the outer mar-
gin; pattern of markings similar, the precostal patch on the fore
wing prominent; the orbicular mark absent.
PLATYDID2.
Eprsparis sora, Moore, MS.
Body and wings above of a uniform rosy brown, irrorated with
minute white atoms, very thickly so in some parts, giving the wing
the appearance of being smeared with whitish, more especially
towards the base and angles of both wings; fore wings with the
costa broadly and irregularly ochreous, marked on the costal edge
with white and brown; orbicular represented by a dot, reniform by
a pure white streak, inside of which is a yellow angular mark ; lines
brown, faintly edged outwardly with white, first at one third from
the base, dentated outwardly with two teeth, two zigzag sinuous
lines rather close together beyond the middle, and a straight discal
line from the hinder angle to the costa near the apex.
Hind wing with only the double line, the outer one of which has
two or three acute dentations opposite the produced angle of the
margin ; cilia on both wings dark brown, prominent.
Underside paler, white irrorations denser, making the outside of
fore wings and nearly all the hind wings whitish ; fore wings with the
black orbicular and white reniform very distinct, the discal line also
distinct but slightly sinuous, and inside this is another sinuous
almost straight line.
Hind wing with a discocellular lunular mark and with the double
discal curved sinuous line, the outer one of the two being regularly
416 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [ Nov. 5,
lunular and not dentated ; legs whitish with black spots above ; fore
legs brown, with white sides and white unmarked tarsi.
Expanse of wings 2;); inches.
Hab. Assam. One example.
Nearest to E. eaprimens. Wings more acutely angulated on their
outer margins and of an entirely different colour ; markings similarly
disposed but without whitish edging.
DELTOIDES.
HyYPENID2.
HyprENA HERBIGRADA, N. Sp.
Brown, very variable ; fore wings slightly darker than the hind
wings ; fore wings with the orbicular and reniform in some specimens
represented by pale dots, in some by black diffused marks, and in some
they are not visible ; a submarginal black sinuous line and a post-
medial outwardly curved sinuous black line, from the centre of the
hinder margin to the costa near the apex, and a submarginal row of
black points ; in some specimens the postmedial line is duplex ;
these lines are sometimes very distinct, sometimes some of them are
absent, in one or two specimens there is hardly a trace of any of
them, and in two specimens the space between the subbasal and
postmedial lines are deep black, and the rest of the wing pale pinkish
brown, but all the markings visible are of exactly the same construc-
tion, and all the specimens are undoubtedly of one variable species.
Hind wings unmarked.
Underside same colour as above, but slightly paler and without
any markings.
Expanse of wings 1 inch.
Hab. Mahableshwar, May 1887, in great numbers in the short
grass on the hill-sides.
Somewhat allied to H. obaceralis, but wings broader and shorter,
the postmedial lines sinuous and recurved.
HyPENA RADICALIS, 0. sp.
Belongs to the H. longipennis group; fore wings long narrow, simi-
larly shaped. Male blackish brown, fore wings with orbicular and
reniform represented by black spots hardly visible ; an indistinct
discal outwardly curved row of black dots marked with grey on their
outer sides, a marginal line of black lunules and a greyish-white
streak at the apex.
Hind wings slightly paler and with a marginal black line.
Underside pale blackish brown, unmarked except with a few
yellowish-grey marks on the costa of the fore wings near the apex.
Female greyish brown tinged with pinkish, with a broad yellowish-
grey costal band on the fore wings, which thickens beyond the middle,
and has a whitish-grey streak at the apex, other markings same as
in the male but more distinct ; there is sometimes a whitish mark
above the reniform spot, and in some specimens the costal border of
the hind wings below is pale yellowish grey.
Expanse of wings 13 inch.
1889.] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 417
Hab. Nilgiri Hilis, 6700 feet, July and August 1887. Nine males
and six females received from Mr. Hampson.
From the allied H. longipennis this species differs in its shorter
fore wings, which are darker in colour, uniform in tint, and do not
show any of the speckled appearance of that species.
RuHYNCHINA EREMIALIS, Nh. Sp.
Male and female of a uniform dirty sandy greyish-buff colour ;
palpi thickly speckled with minute brown and black atoms; shaft of
the antennze very minutely marked with whitish, ciliated in the
male, hairs whitish, simple in the female; head and thorax thickly
and minutely irrorated with white, in some specimens more so than
in others ; fore wings with a faint grey mark at the end of the cell,
and a faint grey streak from just behind the centre of the hinder
margin to the apex, more apparent in the female than in the male ;
costa with some white marks towards the apex, costal line slightly
darker than the rest of the wing, marginal lunular line to both wings
brown, with minute whitish dots on the veins only sometimes visible ;
fringe broad, whitish, marked with grey patches, and the whole sur-
face of both wings indistinctly marked with whitish and greyish
longitudinal streaks, which are only apparent under the glass.
Underside paler, shining, with the longitudinal streaks more
apparent, otherwise unmarked.
This is a purely desert moth taken in sandy scrub, and has so
much the appearance of the sand in which it is found as to be invi-
sible to the naked eye when settled.
Expanse of wings 5%; inch.
Hab. Hydrabad, Kotree, Jerruck, Baraji, Tatta, all in Lower
Sind. Taken in February, March, and April, 1886.
Distinguished from all other described Indian species of this genus
by its uniform greyish-buff colour.
HERMINIID24.
AGINNA LEVICULA, n.sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 14.)
Male and female of a uniform brownish fawn-colour ; fore wings
irrorated with brown atoms, a brown mark at the end of the cell and
three transverse indistinct brown lines—first antemedial sinuous,
slightly curving outwards; second and third postmedial and discal
dentated outwards, rather close together, and widely separated from
the first ; second also outwardly curved; third nearly upright, with
faint yellowish dots on the points of the dentations, also a marginal
row of small black lunules.
Hind wings slightly paler, more especially so towards the costa,
otherwise unmarked.
Underside of a uniform pale brownish fawn-colour, a brown mark
at the end of the cell in both wings, and two outer brownish lines
edged outwardly with pale yellowish grey across both wings, more
distinct on the hind wings; legs with brown streaks on the sides.
Expanse of wings 1,8; inch.
418 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [Nov. 5,
Hab. Solun (Simla), September. Three examples from the late
Captain Reed’s collection.
From A. robustalis this species differs in having the outer line
on the fore wing denticulated, and the outer line on the hind wing
barely visible above, but well defined on the underside.
PYRALES.
PYRALIDZ.
STEMMATOPHORA FOLIATA, n. sp. (Plate XLIV. fig. 5.)
Antenne, palpi, head, and collar ochreous grey ; body and wings
brownish fawn-colour, tinged with pale ochreous and irrorated with
slaty grey atoms ; fore wings much darker than the hind wings, hind
wings “paler towards the base ; fore wings with a brown spot at the
end of the cell, and both wings. crossed ‘by two wavy brown lines—
first from costa one third ae base, and the other from costa one
third from apex, both meeting in a rounded form close to the
abdominal margin of the hind wings at its centre, the outer line
edged outwardly with pale ochreous grey, the inner line only faintly
visible in the hind wings ; cilia ochreous grey interlined with brown.
Underside pale bronzy grey irrorated with grey atoms; wings
shining ; veins prominent, spot at the end of cell in fore wings and
outer line of both wings prominent.
Expanse of wings 1,3; inch.
Hab. Nilgiri Hills, 6700 feet, June 1887. Four examples from
Mr. Hampson.
Allied to S. vibicalis, Lederer, of Ceylon, the type specimen of
which has been compared with the present species. S. vibicalis is
a smaller insect and more robust, with somewhat differently shaped
transverse lines.
PYRALIS DULCICULALIS, n. sp.
Body and wings of a pale uniform reddish colour, one example
is tinged with greenish ; abdomen with four or five lower segmental
brown bands ; fore wings with the costal line spotted with black and
yellow; a black spot at the end of the cell, and two nearly upright
slightly sinuous white lines—first antemedial inwardly bordered with
brown, the second discal extending from the hinder angle to the
costa less than one third from the apex, and outwardly bordered
with brown, and the space between the lines is paler than the rest
of the wing. Hind wings slightly darker than the fore wings, whitish
towards the costa, a white outwardly curved line just beyond the
middle, bordered with brown on both sides and which stops on the
whitish costal space, and has a large brown spot where it touches
the hinder margin.
Underside paler, shining, ne obscure ; legs reddish, fore legs
with black and das bands above.
Expanse of wings 55, inch.
Hab. Mahableshwar, May 1887. Three examples.
Nearest to P. platymitris, Butler, from which it differs in its uni-
1889. ] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 419
form reddish colour, P. platymitris being dark brown with pale cen-
tral bands. In P. dulciculalis the band on the fore wing is broader
and of nearly the same reddish tint as the base and outer border.
ZONORA, nov. gen.
Male and female. Fore wings long, narrow, exterior margin convex,
slightly oblique, posterior margin oblique towards the base ; palpi of
the male long, depressed, twice the breadth of the head, thick at the
base and curving to a very fine point at the tip, of the female very
short, also depressed, pointed at the tip and not so long as the
breadth of the head ; antennz of the male bipectinated, of the female
simple but rather thick, basal joint of male straight and of uniform
width; cell of fore wing in male extending two thirds the length,
first subbasal branch starting at about one fourth before end of cell,
second close to the end, third trifid, sixth contiguous to base of
third, discocellular not visible ; lower median at nearly one fourth
before end of cell, submedian slightly recurved ; hind wing rather
broad, exterior margin and anal angle rounded ; cell more than half
the length ; costal and subcostal running close together to end of
cell, subcostal two-branched ; discocellular bent acutely inward,
radial from near lower end; lower median from nearly one third
before end of cell ; submedian and two internal veins wide apart.
Allied to the genus Hypotia.
ZONORA OPIPARALIS, n. sp. (Plate XLIV. fig. 11.)
Male and female. Top of head and front of thorax white; thorax
and fore wings reddish brown, with a pale greenish bronzy tinge, a
white stripe on each side of the thorax; palpi and antenne grey;
fore wings with a subcostal white stripe, a white streak at the apex ;
five large white spots, one at the middle of the base bending
down on to the hinder margin, the second diamond-shaped, in the
centre of the wing before the middle, the third long, ovate and
medial just below the subcostal stripe, the fourth curved upwards
exactly below the third and close to the hinder margin, and the
fifth long, ovate, and just above and in front of the fourth, with its
outer end touching a white submarginal line of spear-shaped marks ;
fringe brown, with white marks. Hind wings greyish white, with a
submarginal central dentate brownish line, and with the marginal
border brownish, the brown colour at the apex and central portion
running into the white fringe of the wing.
Underside greyish white, with the markings on the upper portions
of the fore wings showing through the wing.
Abdomen grey, with one or two white segmental bands at the
base ; body and legs below grey, without markings.
Expanse of wings, ¢1, 9 15%; inch.
Hab. Lower Sind. Hydrabad, 1 ¢, April 1886 ; Juda, 12, Feb-
ruary 1886; and Kipra, 12, February 1886.
Allied to Z. concatenalis, from Syria, which has somewhat simi-
larly disposed, but differently shaped, markings on the fore wings.
420 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [Nov. 5,
BorTrypip2.
NosorHoRA LYMPHATALIS, n. sp. (Plate XLIV. fig. 7.)
Top of the head yellow; antennze, body, and wings of a uniform
chocolate-brown ; fore wings with a large angular space in the middle
yellow, bordered by a dark brown line, the apex of the angle extend-
ing downwards to the submedian vein ; a brown line closing the cell
within the yellow patch, and a yellow subcostal round spot halfway
between the triangular patch and the apex of the wing. Hind wing
with a large central lobate semihyaline white patch, also bordered
by a dark brown line; this patch is ear-shaped outwardly, straight
on its inner side, with a streak extending some way downwards, fringe
of both wings interlined with whitish.
Underside paler ; wings marked as above ; pectus and legs white,
legs marked with brown at the joints.
Expanse of wings 1,1, inch.
Hab. Sibsaghor. Three examples received from the Indian
Museum.
Differs from N. chironalis in the medial costal patch on the fore
wing being very large and triangular in shape, and in the hind wing
having a constricted white central spot.
ASOPIDS&.
DANAGA PULLATALIS, 0. sp.
Body and wings above dark brown; top of the head and collar
yellowish ; thorax with a yellow band behind ; abdomen with a yellow
band on second segment ; wings with a pale yellow band one third
from the base, which is broader and more diffuse on the hind wings ;
fore wings with a large, subcostal, almost square, pale yellow spot just
before the middle, and a smaller angular pale yellow costal spot one
third before the apex, and another yellow spot on the outer margin
near the hinder angle. Hind wings with the costa broadly whitish.
Underside paler, markings as above.
Expanse of wings {5 inch. -
Hab. Andaman Islands. Six examples received from Indian
Museum.
From D. concisalis, Walker, this species differs in the fore wing in
having a prominent quadrate spot on the middle of the costa, a
triangular spot before the apex, and a less defined transverse sub-
basal band, which latter also extends across the base of the hind wing.
SPILOMELID&.
NAUSINOE EUROALIS, n. sp. (Plate XLIV. fig. 12.)
Body and wings violet-grey ; abdomen extending one third below
the hind wings, with white segmental bands; fore wings with five
equidistant bands of pure white, long, latitudinal, curved spots bor-
dered with brown—first basal, second subbasal, third antemedial,
composed of one long spot, each running downwards from near the
costa, fourth and fifth diseal and subapical composed of two long
1889. ] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 42]
spots each from below the costa; the second spot of the fourth line
runs upwards from the hinder margin near the angle; the second
spot of the fifth line adjoins the long spot above it.
Hind wings with nearly the basal half white and semihyaline, with
a violet-grey band across the middle of the cell; the division between
the white and violet-grey portions of the wing is formed by a sinuous
brown line, and there is in the violet-grey portion a discal irregular
band of four long, white, curved spots of the same shape and kind as
the spots on the fore wings.
Underside much paler, with the markings as above.
Expanse of wings 1,%5 inch.
Hab. Sibsaghar, six examples received from the Indian Museum.
Sikhim, two examples received from Mr. Irvine.
Differs from JV. neptis in the dark violet-grey colour of the
wings (which in JV. neptis are yellow) and in all the markings being
narrower.
SYNCLERA NEMORALIs, n. sp. (Plate XLIV. fig. 6.)
Pale yellow, irrorated with chocolate atoms ; back of the head and
thorax with some chocolate marks ; abdomen silvery, with greyish
segmental bands, anal tuft and band and spots on both wings choco-
late-red ; fore wings with a costal subbasal spot, and another on the
hinder margin about one eighth from the base; a subbasal band
between these spots ; an antemedial band which is continued through
the hind wings to the abdominal margin one third from the anal
angle, and is curved outwardly on the fore wings, and is near}
straight on the hind wings; an upright slightly curved discal band
also on the fore wings, which runs from the costa near the apex to
the hinder angle, and runs from thence inwards in two curves, and
joins the antemcdial line on the hinder margin; there is also a lunu-
lar line at the end of the cell, a marginal band on both wings, which
is continued a little round the apex of fore wings: at the centre of
the margin of the hind wings is a spot from which a band runs
up to the centre of the antemedial band in that wing, and another
band runs up from the same spot in two zigzags to the costa of the
wing at one third from the apex; cilia in both wings pale yellow,
intersected by a clearly defined chocolate-coloured line.
Underside paler, with the bands showing through.
Expanse of wings ;°; inch.
Hab. Solun (Simla). One example of this very pretty species,
taken by Captain Reed, has been in my collection for years.
A smaller insect than S. multilinealis, with well-defined, transverse
markings, and without the intermediate parallel denticulated lines.
HypDROCAMPID2&.
HyDROCAMPA SIMPLALIS, 0. sp.
White, irrorated with ochreous grey ; autenne, palpi, head, and
thorax ochreous ; abdomen greyish white, with ochreous bands.
Wings with greyish ochreous lines and marks; fore wings with a
422 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [Nov. 5,
dot within the cell, a lunule at the end of it, an intermedial band or
thick line, slightly oblique, not touching the costa, a medial band,
which bends outwardly at its centre and then runs up to the costa
at one third from the apex, a submarginal band and a double mar-
ginal line so close together as to leave the white between like sub-
marginal spots; costal line ochreous, fringe ochreous with white
marks. Hind wings with a dot at the end of the cell, a discal re-
curved band, a submarginal band, and marginal double line similar
to those in the fore wings; fringe also similar to that in the fore wings.
Underside with the wings as on upperside; body and legs
ochreous grey, unmarked.
Expanse of wings {5 inch.
Hab. Lower Sind. One specimen taken at Karachi, October
1885, and five at Hyderabad in April 1886.
Distinguishable from other described Indian species of Hydro-
campa by the well-defined ochreous lines, which are continuous on
both wings.
SICULID.
RHODONEURA ALBATALIS, n. sp. (Plate XLIV. figs. 1, 2.)
Male and female. Antenne brown; head, thorax, abdomen, and
wings pure silky white, costal line of fore wings with pale reddish-
brown marks, and the whole surface of both wings covered with pale
reddish-brown transverse reticulations, the reticulations being more
sparse on the inner portion of the hind wings; one male specimen
from North Kanara has a very small deep black mark at the apex
of fore wings.
Underside same as above; legs white, with brown stripes ; tarsi
brown, with white bands.
Expanse of wings, g 154, 2 14 inch.
Hab. Poona, 1 3g, July 1887; North Kanara, 1 ¢, June 1886,
from Mr. Wise; Raipur (C. P.), 1 2 from Mr. Betham.
Somewhat allied to R. strigatula, Felder. The fore wings are
longer and narrower, the markings on both wings being more slender
and like fine lacework disposed uniformly over the wings.
CRAMBIDA2.
SURATTHA EREMIALIS, N. sp.
Male and female of a dirty sandy grey colour ; hind wings whitish
towards the base, costa, and hinder margin; abdomen with grey
segmental bands, very long, extending for more than half its length
beyond the hind wings; fore wings with an indistinct diffuse grey
stripe from base through the cell, bending abruptly upwards to the
costa at less than one third before the apex, the curve being marked
with darker grey in places, and a grey shade just before the bend
runs down to the hinder margin, about one third before the hinder
angle, the upward and downward stripes forming a recurved discal
band edged with whitish on its outer side.
Underside with body and legs pale grey, unmarked ;_ wings whitish,
each wing with a brownish patch in the disk.
Expanse of wings 1,3; inch.
1889. ] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 423
Hab. Karachi, Jimpir, Tatta. Two pairs taken in April 1885-6.
A larger insect than S. albirenalis, Walker, and greyer in colour,
with but a single, transverse, ill-defined, discal, denticulated band.
GEOMETRES.
EuscHEMID4.
MrInIoniA LUCULENTA, n. sp. (Plate XLIII. fig. 3.)
Deep black ; wings with some bright blue streaks near the base,
with a bright orange-crimson medial band across both wings; on
the fore wing the band inclines from the costa before the middle to
the hinder margin beyond the middle, is nearly straight in its central
portion on the outer side, but bends abruptly on to both margins,
and is curved on its inner side; on the hind wing the band is
slightly narrower, is slightly sinuous, and extends from the abdominal
margin, one third from the anal angle, to the end of the cell, where
it is elbowed outwardly, and there is a small crimson spot between
the end of the band and the costa.
Below same as above ; antenne, head, body above and below, and
legs black.
Expanse of wings 2,4, inches.
Hab. Andaman Islands. One example in the Indian Museum.
Allied to M. butleri, Druce, P. Z.S. 1882, p. 781, pl. Ixi. fig. 4,
from Sumatra, but differs in the band on the fore wing being broader
and not dentate at the end of the cell; the band on the hind wing is
narrow and disposed across the middle of the wing.
ENNOMID2.
CROCALLIS BILINEARIA, 0. Sp.
Allied to Crocallis angularia, Moore.
Male and female. Yellowish fawn-colour, thickly irrorated with
minute, ill-defined, blackish atoms, which are more or less confluent,
and form short, transverse, indistinct strigee ; a blackish spot with a
white centre at the end of the cell in both wings; a postmedial,
brownish, indistinct line, outwardly edged with white, across both
wings, recurved in fore wings, slightly sinuous in hind wing, and
an antemedial, brownish, outwardly curved line across fore wing ;
this line is not nearly so distinct as the other, and is obsolete in some
specimens ; a very indistinct, antemedial, erect, diffused line on the
fore wing. Hind wings paler than fore wings; marginal line reddish
brown, fringe white ; scollops on fore wing (which are less in the
male than in the female) formed as in C. angularia.
Underside paler, colour uniform, markings as above.
Expanse of wings 2,°; inches.
Hab. Kassaoli; one specimen from the late Capt. Reed’s col-
lection. Kulu; two specimens from the Indian Museum.
Near to C. angularia, but differs from it in its colour and in the
much less prominent transverse lines, of which the antemedial line
on the fore wing is erect, straight, and somewhat outwardly oblique,
this line in C. anguluria being outwardly curved and angulated on
424 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [Nov. 5,
the median vein. In C. angularia the dots on the fore wings are
very prominent, much larger, are ochreous brown, and do not form
strigze.
Spica, nov. gen.
Wings long, rather broad; costa much arched at the base, apex
acute, exterior margin round, slightly oblique, hinder margin arched
before the middle, cell open, extending three fifths the length, costal
vein running parallel with and close to the subcostal vein ; first and
second subcostal branches emitted together before end of cell, third
from end bifid ; upper radial and third subcostal from the same root,
and not joined to the Ist and 2nd subcostals; lower radials discon-
nected, 2nd and 3rd median branches from end of median vein ;
lst median branch at one third from end of median vein, submedian
vein slightly curved.
Hind wings about three fourths the length of fore wings, apex
not acute, exterior margin roundly oblique, abdominal margin also
round, cell open, about half the length of the wing, no costal vein,
subcostal curved upwards from end of cell (which is very broad) and
ends just below the apex, throwing a branch below at one third from
end of cell and a second from end of cell; radial vein and third and
second median branches are emitted together at the end of cell from
the median vein, the radial vein curving up suddenly from the root ;
first median branch and submedian vein as usual, internal vein
absent ; body and abdomen stout, latter extending to end of hind
wings ; head and thorax in front with long hairs ; palpi stout, fringed
with long hairs to the tips, slightly ascending, but do not reach to
the vertex ; antennz simple, thicker in the male, slightly ciliated ;
legs stout, middle and hind spurs long and stoutish.
This genus is allied to Colotois, Felder (Reise d. Nov. pl. 123.
fiz. 28).
SPICA LUTEOLA, n. sp. (Plate XLIV. fig. 10.)
Male and female. Antenne, palpi, head, body, and fore wings
dull golden yellow, irrorated with reddish atoms; fore wings with
the veins reddish, and with three equidistant, transverse, outwardly
oblique, reddish lines—antemedial, medial, and postmedial ; the first
deeply angled outwardly where the first median branch is emitted
from the median vein, the second almost straight, the third curved
in its upper portion on to the costa; a reddish streak at the apex,
faint indications of a subbasal line and a marginal sinuous line.
Hind wings pale yellow, unmarked.
Underside of a uniform pale yellowish colour, shining, with the
whole of the inner portion of the fore wings clouded with brown, and
crossed by some indistinct brownish bands; body and legs below
darker yellow.
Expanse of wings 1,4, inch.
Hab. Sikhim. One male received from Mr. Elwes, and two
females purchased from Mr. Paul Mowis.
In general outline this insect is distinguishable from Colotois
kumetaria (Feld. Reise d. Nov. pl. 123. fig. 28) by its longer wings,
1889.] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 425
the fore wing not being angulated on its outer margin; the fore wing
in Colotois kumetaria is decidedly triangular, with the outer margin
angulated in the middle. The hind wing in the latter insect is also
shorter and broader.
OxyYDID&.
OMIZA MILIARIA, 0. Sp.
Male. Head, body, and wings dark green, sparsely irrorated with
black ; an antemedial outwardly-curved blackish band at one third
from the base on the fore wings, and a straight blackish baud from
the apex of the fore wings (where it is forked on to the costa) to
the abdominal border of the hind wings at one third from the angle,
and the fore wings with a blackish cell-spot and a blackish sub-
marginal central patch, but this is obsolete in some specimens.
Hind wings with the costal space whitish ; antenne with the
underside of the shaft white, upperside and plume pale green;
abdomen with a blackish subbasal band, and on one very pure green
specimen there are two blackish bands below the centre.
Underside pale green suffused with yellowish ; markings and bands
on fore wings as above, but very distinct, and the irrorations more
dense at the base of the wings; hind wings without the band, and
with the costal portion strongly irrorated, and on the apex of the
fore wings, in the place of the fork on the upperside, there is a
white patch: body ochreous; legs green above, ochreous beneath ;
cilia dark brown.
Female. Head, body, and wings plum-colour, paling to reddish
violet in some specimens; antennze pale greenish grey. Below the
coloration is much paler and of a burnt-sienna colour, especially so
on the hind wings. Markings above and below as in the male, but
on the wings above, in consequence of their dark coloration, the
markings are hardly visible ; the band across both wings has a broad
shade on its outer side, and there is a similar shade on the outer
margin of the fore wings; there is also a discal spot on the hind
wings below, and the legs are plum-coloured above and pale burnt-
sienna below, like the body and the general coloration of the wings.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 158, 2 2,5 inches.
Hab. Nilgiri Hills. Five pairs, in excellent condition, received
from Mr. Hampson, in whose collection are some specimens of dif-
ferent tints of colour, varying from chrome-yellow to drab and brick-
red in the males.
Distinguishable from its ally O. pachiaria by the shorter and
comparatively broader wings, the decidedly acute falcation of the
fore wing, and the difference of colour in the two sexes; on the
underside also the colour of this insect is quite different from that of
O. pachiaria.
AMPHIDASID4.
BuZuURRA VARIANARIA, 0. sp.
Male and female. Body aud wings white, thickly covered all over
with speckles and patches of grey, purple-brown, and ochreous; the
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XXIX. 29
426 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [Nov. 5,
male is so thickly covered as to almost hide the white ground-colour,
and to leave no distinguishing bands above or below; the female
has a subbasal, medial, and a submarginal band across both wings,
formed of patches and speckles closer together than in the other
parts of the wings, the submarginal band being prominently den-
tated in the Mhow example, especially towards the apex of the fore
wings; head and hinder part of thorax and tip of the abdomen
ochreous; antenne of the male greyish ochreous, of the female
brown, with ochreous-grey bands.
Underside much paler, with a brown spot at the end of each cell
in both sexes, the submarginal band prominent in the female; front
of head brown, face and pectus ochreous: body and legs of male
greyish ochreous, unmarked; of the female greyish ochreous, with
brown marks on abdomen, in one specimen forming regular seg-
mental bands, and in all the specimens with brown bands on the
legs and with brown tarsi.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 2-24, Q 3,%; inches.
Hab. Mhow, June 1882, one pair; Poona, September 1833, one
3; North Kanara, one ¢, June 1886, one 2, August 1886, received
from Mr. Wise.
From B. multipunctaria, Walker, this species differs in its extremely
dark colour, the wings being densely mottled, especially those of the
male, and in the ill-defined transverse dentated bands, traceable here
and there only by irregular-shaped ochraceous patches ; these bands
in the female are well defined and are more or less densely bordered
by black scales.
BoaRMIID24.
NARAPA BRETA, 0. Sp.
Male and female. Grey, tinged with pale pinkish, the entire surface
of the body and wings thickly irrorated with brown and black
atoms; fore wings with an outwardly-curved, slightly sinuous ante-
medial black line, which thickens on the costa, another black zigzag
line, commencing at the middle of the hinder margin, recurved and
ending on the costa, about one third from the apex, marked with
black on the angles, and thickening downwards on the lower part,
above which and between the two lines are some deep black marks,
forming a sort of black medial interrupted band; a zigzag submar-
ginal whitish line, marked on the inner side with black; marginal
festoon black, marginal black points and some black marks against
the outer margin of the wing, especially towards the apex. Hind
wings with a black band before the middle, in connexion with the
medial black band of the fore wing; a central, outwardly-curved zigzag
black line, and a submarginal whitish, indistinct, sinuous line and
marginal festoon and points as on fore wings; fringe of both wings
with brown markings opposite the angles of the festoon.
Underside pale pinkish grey, thinly irrorated with brown, with a
brownish spot at the end of each cell, the central lines showing
through the wings, and a diffused discal blackish band on both
wings, which forms a large patch near apex of fore wings; legs
pinkish grey; fore tibia with black bands.
Expanse of wings 1,%; inch.
1889. ] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 427
Hab. Nilgiri Hills, 6700 feet, June, July, August, and September
1887 ; sixteen specimens from Mr. Hampson. Poona, November
1887 ; one specimen.
Most nearly allied to the Ceylonese N. adamata, Felder, Reise d.
Nov. pl. 136. fig. 5, but differs on the fore wing in the greater width
between the antemedial and postmedial lines, the antemedial line
being single (not double as in NV. adamata); the postmedial line is
less sinuous, and its lower end more inwardly oblique; on the hind
wings the discal line is acutely sinuous.
FIDONID2.
PHYLETIS BOREALIS, n. sp. (Plate XLIV. fig. 8.)
Antenne grey, shaft pale reddish brown ; abdomen grey; thorax
and fore wings reddish fawn-colour, a pale reddish-brown dot at the
end of the cell, a broad straight pale reddish-brown discal band, with
irregular borders, a marginal line, and an indistinct shadowy sub-
marginal pale band ; costal line and hinder margin thinly brownish,
fringe reddish brown.
Hind wings pale reddish grey, a pale reddish-brown dot at end
of cell, and a broad, discal, outwardly curved band, corresponding to
the band on fore wings, composed of two diffuse pale reddish-brown
lines, with the space between them slightly darker than the general
coloration of the wing.
Underside pale reddish grey, with the markings showing through,
and with the interior portion of fore wings suffused with reddish
brown.
Expanse of wings 1,4; inch.
Hab. Kulu. Two specimens received from Mr. Elwes, from Pangi,
and one specimen from Col. Marshall. The Pangi specimen is a little
redder than the Kulu specimen, but is otherwise identical.
This species is nearest to P. meonaria, Guénée, but differs on the
fore wing in the transverse discal oblique band being broader, its
broadest part being the upper end, and in its outer border being
sinuous ; whereas in P. meonaria this band is obsolescent at its upper
end, its outer border is even and has a distinct red inner border.
Both wings have a well-defined spot at end of the cell (not present
in P. meonaria).
EPIFIDONIA ABSONA, 0. sp.
Male. Of a uniform dark reddish purple; wings with the red
coloration showing in places; fore wings with a precostally angu-
lated postmedial duplex black line and a diffused antemedial line,
two pale greyish patches on the costa before the angle of the line,
a pure white dot below the first patch and three white spots below
the second patch, two of them large, one below the other, the third
very small and on the inner side.
Hind wings with a large subapical space on the costa red.
Underside ochreous red, striated with brown, some brown patches
on the outer portions of the wings and also in their centre; hinder
Zo"
428 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [ Nov. 5,
margins of fore wings whitish, and with the white subcostal marks
as on the upperside.
Expanse of wings 13 inch.
Hab. Sikhim. One specimen purchased from Mr. Paul Méwis,
and one received from Mr. Irvine.
From Z. signata, Butler, this differs in its extremely dark colour,
broader wings, the outer margin of both fore and hind wings being
even, not sinuous asin #. signata. On the fore wing the antemedial
diffuse black line is inwardly oblique, this line in HZ. signata being
erect and excurved; there is no duplex medial transverse line,
which is conspicuous in &, signata.
MacaRID&.
GUBARIA SUBALBATARIA, 0. Sp.
Maile. Palpi and antennze dull ochreous ; head, thorax, and general
colour of both wings chocolate-grey ; head between antennee ochreous
yellow, as also is the abdomen, which has a chocolate-grey dorsal
stripe, broad at the base, and tapering to and terminating at about
one third from the apex; all the grey portions are powdered with
white ; in reality the ground-coloration is white, but the chocolate-
grey irrorations are so dense as only to leave the ground-colour show-
ing through in places; there is a very broad medial oblique white
band right across both wings, and this band is also thickly covered
with grey irrorations, making it look dirty greyish white; the band
does not quite touch the costa of the fore wings, it has an inner sin-
uous grey, and a straight outer darker line, this line being sometimes
inwardly margined with pure white ; a brown lunule at the end of cell
in fore wings, a broad one at end of cell in hind wings, a costal sub-
apical angular dark patch on fore wings and one (sometimes two)
dark distal streaks outside the band on the hind wings; marginal
line brown; fringe ochreous grey, interlined.
Underside : body and legs ochreous, unmarked ; wings with a broad
band as above, but pure white, space inside the band being also white,
marked with brownish and ochreous striations, the space outside the
band dark chocolate-brown, with a whitish subapical spot on fore
wings, and a whitish marginal patch on hind wings towards anal
angle, but this patch is wanting in some specimens.
The female differs from the male in being of dark olivaceous-grey
colour; the palpi, body below, legs, and abdomen above and at the
sides are white instead of ochreous, there being merely some ochreous
colour in the centre of the abdomen below; the antennee are grey
speckled with white, the central broad stripe across the wings above
is duller, the outer margin diffuse, the straight line being wanting;
in the wings below the outer third is nearly black and unmarked,
except for the subapical white spot on the fore wings, the inner two
thirds is pure white, irrorated with purplish brown, more thickly so
near the base inside the band, which is indicated by a blackish sin-
uous line.
Expanse of wings 135 inch.
1889. ] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 429
Hab. Nilgiri Hills, 3600 feet, October 1887, 1 2, 2 o, received
from Mr. Hampson and Mr. Lindsay ; North Kanara, one 2, received
from Mr. Wise.
Nearest to G, zanthonora, but recognizable by the entirely different
colour in both sexes; the oblique discal band crossing both the wings
is broader, and in the male almost of the same colour as the base
and outer border. This band also, in the female, is ill defined and
nearly of the same colour as the other parts.
LARENTID4.
CIDARIA MULTIFARIA, n. sp. (Plate XLIV. fig. 9.)
Body and fore wings pale olive-brown, tinged with pinkish ; collar
and tegule black, with white borders, some black marks on the
thorax, and a dorsal row of blackish short stripes on the abdomen ;
fore wings with several deep black bands, some of which are composed
of spots, every separate black mark being completely ringed with a
pinkish-white line as follows:—two black dots at the base, four, a
little larger, alongside, the costal one largest ; then follow two more
bands of black spots, with a smaller one between, and five spots, the
costal one the largest, then a very broad median band, which expands
upwards, and divides on the median vein, splitting into two branches
up to the costa, having two small black spots on the costa between
them ; this band is followed by a subapical band of three separate
spots, which are transversely long, the costal one much the largest
aud deeply excavated on its outer side, also an apical triangular spot,
and a small dot below it; the subapical band is continued to the
hinder margin, in the form of a brown sinuous line, where it termin-
ates with two more black spots ; the spaces between the black bands
are shaded with sinuous brown lines; the median vein is white and
prominent, cutting through the bands from the base to near the
outer margin of the central band; the hinder margin of the wing is
rey.
‘ Hind wings grey, with an outwardly curved sinuous darker post-
medial line, and a faint submarginal whitish similar line; marginal
line on both wings brownish, and the fringe greyish yellow, interlined
and patched with brown.
Underside of a uniform pale olive-brown ; a brown dot at end of
each cell; a discal, outwardly curved, dentated, brown line, outwardly
bordered with grey, across both wings, a brown mark edged with
grey below it, near anal angle ; margiual line and fringe as above.
Expanse of wings 155, inch.
Hab, Darjeeling. One perfect example of this very handsome
species, purchased from Mr. Paul Mowis.
Allied to C. cervinaria, but differs on the fore wing in the black
transverse medial band being broader (this band being formed of
three distinct portions, the two upper divided from the lower by a
distinct pale line extending along that part of the median vein) and
in the outer narrow irregular band being disposed nearer the margin.
430 COL. C. SWINHOE ON NEW [Nov. 5,
EvupiTHECIA INFESTATA, 0. Sp.
Fore wings very long, outer border rounded, slightly oblique, costa
and hinder margin almost straight ; abdomen rather stout, long, ex-
tending one third beyond the hind wings ; general coloration ciner-
eous grey, marginal line in both wings brown, fringe varied and
interlined with whitish ; fore wings with a prominent brown spot at the
end of the cell, and both wings with an indistinct submarginal
lunular whitish line, but in most of the specimens this is obsolete ;
hind wings paler tewards the costa, with some brown marks near the
anal border towards the angle.
Underside paler, with a brown spot at the end of each cell, and a
discal submarginal faint line on each wing, and some brown marks
on the costa of the fore wings near the apex; tibia with brown
bands.
Expanse of wings 5%; inch.
Hab. Mbow, October; Poona and Khandalla, October; Nilgiri
Hills, 6800 feet, June to September : numerous specimens.
Somewhat allied to the European £. minuta, but slightly larger
and with less defined markings.
ZERENIDE.
ABRAXAS LUTEOLARIA, DL. Sp.
Ochreous yellow, markings black: fore wings, costa with black
dots and marks, the entire wing irrorated with black atoms ; three sub-
basal costal marks like the commencement of bands, and two complete
bands—one antemedial but very near the middle, the other discal ;
the first bent towards the costa, the other nearly straight and
inclining outwards ; a black rib within both bands on each vein ; fringe
interlined with black, giving the wing the appearance of a black
marginal line.
Hind wings much paler whitish on the basal half, the irrorations
more sparse, and with two bands corresponding to the two complete
bands of the fore wings—the first incomplete, and on one specimen
hardly visible ; the other band composed of a streak on the hinder
margin, and a spot on each vein, forming a band corresponding with
the shape of the outer margin: head and body of the same yellow
colour as the fore wings; head and thorax with some black dots ;
abdomen with a dorsal row of black spots and some on the sides.
Below the wings are of a pale uniform dull yellow, irrorated and
marked as above ; body ochreous; antennz aud legs black.
Expanse of wings 2 inches.
Hab. Nilgiri. Hills. One pair, in perfect condition, received from
Mr. Hampson.
Nearest to the Darjeeling A. irrorataria (P. Z.S. 1867, p. 652),
which is a yellowish species with black irrorations on the fore wings.
A. luteolaria differs in the fore wing being more densely irrorated,
and in the male having a well-formed medial and postmedial black-
ish band, and also a maculated band on the hind wing, these bands
being less defined in the female.
1889.] INDIAN LEPIDOPTERA. 431
ABRAXAS POLIARIA, 0. Sp.
Male and female. Wings cinereous brown; both sexes sparsely
irrorated with orauge-yellow ; an ill-defined dusky spot at end of the
cell in the fore wing, and a less defined transverse discal and a medial
narrow shade on both wings ; the discal shade on the fore wing being
slightly recurved, the medial straight, and those on the hind wing,
when apparent, incurved ; body deep yellow, spotted with slaty black ;
antenne in male thick, setaceous, slender in female; antennz and
legs slaty black.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 14, 2 14 inch.
Hab. Nilgiri Hills, 6700 feet. Four pairs received from Mr.
Hampson.
Nearest to A. ditritaria, Walker, the wings of which, in both
sexes, are both densely covered with bluish-grey strigze, these strigze
being more or less confluent on the fore wing, and in the male en-
tirely covering that wing: the outer shady line on the fore wing hasa
blackish point on each vein. The antennze of the male of A. ditri-
taria are slender and minutely ciliated on both sides. In A. poliaria
the antennz of the male are thicker and somewhat flattened.
ABRAXAS OSTRINA, 0. Sp.
Male. Antenne, head, body above and below, and legs and wings
above and below of a uniform dark violaceous greyish black; fore
wings above with a yellowish basal spot, two antemedial and two sub-
apical costal yellow marks like short inward streaks, and a similar
whitish mark in the middle of the abdominal margin of the hind
wings, with a corresponding spot on the costa, and a point between
like the indication of a medial line. Underside same as above, but in
one of the examples some of the spots above and below are absent ;
head and thorax marked with bright ochreous, abdomen with similarly
coloured bands ; below, there is one ochreous spot in the centre of the
abdomen, and some ochreous tufts at the base of the legs.
The female differs from the male in being somewhat paler and
having the pale yellowish-white costal marks larger, and in having
a broad disjointed white band containing one or two black spots
across the centre of the hind wings; underside same as upperside.
Expanse of wings 1-6,—1,35 inch.
Hab. Nilgiri Hills. Three perfect specimens received from Mr.
Hampson. ;
Distinguishable from all other described Indian species by its in-
tensely dark colour and peculiarly disposed markings.
ABRAXAS TODARA, n. sp. (Plate XLIV. figs. 13, 14.)
Male and female. Yellowish white; head and body yellow, spotted
with black ; legs yellowish beneath and purple-brown above ; antennze
black ; fore wings sparsely speckled with dark purple-brown and
with five large equidistant patches on the costal border, the latter,
excepting the basal patch, are more or less confluent, with a trans-
versely disposed irregular-shaped medial and discal patch; cilia
432 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON PYTHON CuRTUS. [Nov. 5,
alternated with purple-brown ; hind wing whiter than the fore wing,
speckled with grey-brown, and having a greyish-brown subbasal and
a discal narrow fascia, both of which are more or less broken and
dentated, cilial spots, and a spot at end of all.
Expanse of wings, ¢ 18, 2 1¢ inch.
Hab. Nilgiris. Four pairs in Mr. Moore’s collection and one male
received by me from Mr. Lindsay.
Nearest to A. fasciatia, Guérin, Deless. Voy. pl. 26, but differs in
its smaller size and in being more numerously speckled on both wings,
also in the irregular-shaped patches on the fore wing.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Pruate XLITI.
. Spilarctia wummera, 2. un. sp., p. 405.
. Migoplastes hampsoni, G, u. sp., p. 402.
. Milionia luculenta, n. sp., p. 425.
. Miresa crispa, n. sp., p. 409.
. Ophiusa triangulata, n. sp., p. 414.
. Notioptera properta, 3, nu. sp., p. 400.3
. Cania pulligonis, 3, un. sp., p. 408.
, 2, n. sp., p. 408.
. Thosea rara, n. sp., p. 408.
10. Elydna diurna, n. sp., p. 412.
11. Syntomis wimberleyi, n. sp., p. 400.
12. Parasa fumosa, n. sp., p. 408.
13. Somena abjecta, 9, n. sp., p. 405.
14. Aginna levieula, 3, n. sp., p. 417.
15. Aloa insoluta, n. sp., p. 404.
Fig.
CO CONT. S? St HE CD DO
Prate XLIV.
Rhodoneura albatalis, , 2. sp., p. 422.
—— ——, 9,n. sp., p. 422.
Pterothysanus noblet, §,n. sp., p. 401.
. Pandesmajubra, 2,0. sp., p. 415.
. Stemmatophora foliata, n.sp., p. 418.
Synclera nemoralis, n.sp., p. 421.
. Nosophora lymphatalis, nu. sp., p. 420.
. Phyletis borealis, n. sp., p. £27.
. Cidaria multifaria, n. sp., p. 429.
. Spica luteola, 3 ,n. sp., p. +24.
. Zonora opiparalis, S, nu. sp., p. 419.
. Nausinoé euroalis, n. sp., p. 420.
. Abraxas todara, G, n.sp., p. 431.
, P,u.sp., p. 431.
Fig.
EON MOD MAD Oboe
3. Note on Python curtus. By G. A. BouLencer.
[Received September 13, 1889.]
(Plate XLV.)
It is surprising that a large and fine Snake inhabiting a compara-
tively well-explored district should have so long escaped detection,
as is the case with Python curtus, of which a specimen from
Malacca (figured on Plate XLV.) is now exhibited in the Society’s
Dp ae S990 “Sl MTs
+ _ YY aVvwY i 4 4\i4
Peter Smit del.et lith. Mintern Bros. imp
PYTHON CIjEEUS
1889.] ON THE ANATOMY OF THE KANGAROO. 433
Reptile-house'; and that it should simultaneously turn up from
several distinct localities is yet more remarkable. Described by
Hubrecht, in 1879, from Sumatra, it was recorded two years later
from Singapore by Blanford; and I find that the Python described
in 1881 by Steindachner as P. breitensteini, from Borneo, of which a
young specimen, noticed by the late J. G. Fischer, is now in the
British Museum, is probably nothing but a synonym of P. curtus.
It is true that Steindachner mentions seven pitted upper labials,
whereas there are only two in P. curtus ; but it is very probable that
the author, in his MS., made use of the figure 2, which was taken
for a 7 by the printer, and that the discrepaucy is merely due to
such an error. If, on re-examination, Steindachner’s typical speci-
men should prove to have only the first two labials pitted, it may be
safely held to be identical with P. curtus, the synonymy of which
would then be as follows :—
1879. Python curtus, Hubrecht, Notes Leyden Mus. i. p. 244
(between Padang and Indrapura, Sumatra).
1881. Python curtus, Blanford, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 222 (Singapore).
1881. Python breitensteini, Steindachner, SB. Ak. Wien, Ixxxii.
p- 267 (Teweh, Borneo).
1884, Aspidoboa curta, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) viii. p. 143
(Sumatra).
1885. Python breitensteini, Fischer, Arch. f. Nat. li. p. 68, pl. v.
fig. 5 (N.E. Borneo).
The genus Aspidoboa was founded by Sauvage on the assumed
absence of preemaxillary teeth ; but as these teeth are present in the
young specimen before me, I can see no reason, in spite of the
somewhat aberrant physiognomy, for placing Python curtus in a
Separate genus. z
4, On some Points in the Anatomy of the Female Organs of
Generation of the Kangaroo, especially in relation to
the acts of Impregnation and Parturition. By E. C.
Struc, M.A., M.D. Cantab., F.R.C.S. Eng., Lecturer
on Physiology in the University of Adelaide.
[Received August 28, 1889.]
Without claiming to be acquainted at first hand with much of
the literature of the subject, I am aware that there has been much
discussion concerning the sexual apparatus of the Macropodidze.
The present notes are a contribution to that part of the discussion
that has centred round the questions whether or not an opening
between the central median canal and the urogenital passages is of
constant occurrence ; and in the second place whether the embryo in
the process of extrusion passes through the central canal or through
one or other of the lateral passages.
1 Presented by Mrs. Bonsor (see above, p. 293).
434 DR. E. C. STIRLING ON THE [Nov. 5,
The literature bearing on these and other allied points has been
concisely summarized by Messrs. Lister and Fletcher in the ‘ Pro-
ceedings’ of this Society for 1881, p. 977. These authors also
there record a condition of patency of the aforesaid opening in
some species in which its existence had not been previously noted.
I observe that while ‘no one as yet seems to have had the good
fortune to find an embryo in any part. of the vaginze,’’ Messrs. Lister
and Fletcher nevertheless come to the following conclusion, which I
quote:—‘‘ In the very early condition of the Macropodide the
median canal is closed.” Again they say :—
*<In some genera, viz. Macropus,Halmaturus, Petrogale ( Dorcopsis
and Dendrolagus?), an opening is formed in the median canal to give
passage tothe young. This may take place in early life (Halmaturus),
or not till young are about to be produced (Maeropus). In the
species Macropus major, however, this opening may or may not
exist, and the young may be transmitted either through the median
or the lateral canal.”
For one species of Kangaroo, at least, this question of the route
taken by the embryo may be considered settled, for 1 have been for-
tunate enough to obtain a specimen of the female organs of Osphranter
erubescens, Scl., which contain the embryo in course of transit along
the passages.
The organs in question, having been extracted by unskilled hands,
were somewhat mutilated in the process, and further the operator,
a cook in the camp of rabbiters, being a man of some intelligence and
himself curious on the subject of marsupial parturition, had commenced
an examination on his own account. These circumstances answer
for the fact that the specimen is not anatomically complete, the
lower part of the right lateral canal, a small part of the lower extremity
of the left, and almost the whole of the urogenital passage having
been cut away or left behind in the process of extraction. In the
partial examination to which the specimen had been subjected before
it came into my hands, the median canal had also been partially
slit up from the front; and in view of existing incisions I found it
convenient to continue the dissection from this side instead of from the
posterior (dorsal) aspect, by which the parts can be more satisfactorily
displayed. Fortunately the essential parts and their relations to
one another had not been disturbed, and the following is a brief de-
scription of the specimen, represented in the accompanying drawing
(fig. 1, p. 435) of about four fifths of the natural size.
The embryo, closely enveloped in a thin amnion, was 11, 6,
and 5 mm. in the long, antero-posterior, and lateral diameters re-
spectively ; its anterior extremities distinctly five-partite, and the
posterior distinctly three-partite and smaller than the anterior. The
eyes just discernible as dark rings. It was suspended by a cord,
which was extremely attenuated for some little distance from its
point of attachment, though on unravelling this it was found to be
distinctly membranous even at its thinnest part. The exact method
of attachment of the cord to the body of the embryo cannot be
stated with exactitude in this specimen, owing to the laceration which
1889.] ANATOMY OF THE KANGAROO. 435
lov
nm al
G(“™YNG
NG
Female organs of Osphranter erubescens (¢ natural size). As explained in the
text, nearly the whole of the urogenital passage has been cut away, but the
drawing shows the median canal, m.c, completely laid open along the ven-
tral median line and the cut edges pulled apart by the threads a,, a,
Emerging from the right os uteri, 7.0, is the umbilical cord, w.c, which
‘is seen to pass along the median canal, m.c, and to emerge from this by an
opening, X. To the attenuated extremity of this cord is attached the
embryo, E. Other references :—r.wt, /.wt, right and left uterus, the former
considerably enlarged and partially laid open ; /.ov, left ovary; 61, bladder ;
7.l.c, llc, right and left lateral canals; 6, c, bristles passed through their
cut ends; d, bristle passing into urethra similarly cut across just before
its termination in the urogenital passage ; 7.0, /.0, right and lett os uteri ;
rur, lur, vignt and left ureters.
The openings from the lateral canals into the median are concealed
from view, but were to be found just above the internal extremities of the
lines 7.0, 7.0. Bulgings appear at the commencement of each lateral canal,
erossed in the sketch by the same lines, 7.0 and /.0, but there was nothing
inside to account for the swellings.
436 DR. E. C. STIRLING ON THE [Nov. 5,
had taken place before the specimen came to hand, to which laceration,
in fact, the above-mentioned attenuation of the cord was due; but
there were distinct traces of a torn membrane similar to that consti-
tuting the cord attached to the edge of the umbilical aperture. A
small coil of intestine protruded at the umbilicus, and no trace of
allantois was visible external to the body.
Following the course of the cord to its attachment, it is seen to
pass through a well-defined orifice of about 2-3 mm. in diameter,
which opened into the median canal. The edges of this opening
were longitudinally corrugated. In this median canal the cord be-
came thicker, and was visibly composed of a semitranslucent tubular
membrane much crumpled longitudinally ; in its walls ran three
considerable vessels. Indications of similar vessels could be traced
back into the shrivelled and attenuated portion of the cord next to
the embryo; but, owing to the small size of the part of the vascular
system of the embryo they communicated with, they could be hardly
distinguished.
This tubular cord continued though the median canal, which showed
on the internal surface of its posterior (dorsal) wall a well-marked
median raphe, rising in its lower part into a ridge of such prominence
as to mark off two distinct channels ; and proceeding from this median
ridge were conspicuous transverse and oblique striz, giving the surface
a partly striated, partly reticulated appearance. The cord lay in the
right hand of these divisions. The os of each uterus opened into
the median canal through a prominent nipple-like projection only
slightly larger than that on the left side, though the body of the
organ on the right side was several times larger than its fellow.
Traced through the os into the cavity of the right uterus the cord
expanded into a thick and much plicated membrane, the folds of
which dipped deeply down into corresponding sulci of the uterine
lining. The two structures, however, were easily separable, there being
apparently no vascular or other organic connection between them.
Not being able to satisfy myself as to the exact nature of the
connection between the cord and the embryo in the above specimen,
on account of its small size and partly torn condition, I referred
to a larger specimen of an embryo, probably of Macropus major,
which I happened to possess. From the absence of a record con-
cerning it, I am unable to be positively sure either of the species to
which it belonged or of the conditions under which it was found, but
for various reasons I have little doubt but that it was a uterine
embryo belonging to the aforesaid species. This was 25 mm. long,
exclusive of tail, and closely enveloped in a transparent amnion which
was reflected from the cord to about an inch which still remained
attached.
The substance of the cord itself was formed ofa close, tough mem-
brane closely adherent to the edge of the umbilical aperture, and it
concealed a small protruding loop of intestine. In its walls ran three
vessels, the connections of which with the foetal vascular system I
need not repeat here, as I found them to be exactly as described by
Sir Richard Owen in his ‘ Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 719.
-
1889.] ANATOMY OF THE KANGAROO. 437
The allantois was represented by a shrivelled cord-like structure ter-
minating ina blunt club-like extremity, lying alongside the other
constituents of the cord and easily separable from them. This
allantois was continuous with the fundus of the bladder, from which
it extended 8 mm.
Along with the question of the route outwards of the embryo has
been discussed also the route inwards of the seminal fluid, whether,
in fact, this goes by the lateral canal or by the median canal when
this is open. I am able to throw some light on this point (at least
for Macropus major) by the receipt recently of a specimen of the
female organs of an adult of this species shot immediately after an
observed act of coitus.
In this specimen, which is represented in the drawing (fig. 2, p. 438)
about one half of the natural size, the lateral canals were enormously
distended by what proved to be six and a quarter ounces (by weight)
of a viscid tenacious mucus-like substance containing abundant sper-
matozoa. The median canal was also distended to a size which would,
in its upper part, more than contain two good-sized thumbs, and which
contained some of the same kind of mucus-like material as that in ©
the central canals, the mass in each being continuous. In its lower
third the median canal narrowed down to a size that would scarcely
admit a pencil.
The opening between the median and each lateral canal was very
large and patent, admitting a large thumb easily. Both anterior
(ventral) and posterior (dorsal) walls of the median canal were no
thicker than stout parchment, and the internal surface of the former
showed a distinct median raphe, which, as iu the preceding specimen,
rose into such a well-marked ridge in the lower part as to divide the
passage into two similar well-marked channels, The same striated
and reticulated appearance of its walls in the lower part also existed.
Between the median canal and the urogenital passage there was a
well-defined but small passage that would barely admit an ordinary
steel knitting-needle. Seven mm. below this aperture, on the an-
terior (ventral) wall of the urogenital passage, was the orifice of the
uretha (u, figs. 2 & 3); and between these two openings extended a
laterally compressed keel-like projection (vide figs. 2 & 3,f), 5 mm.
in height, thin at its free edge, springing from a base (6 mm. long
and 3 mm. wide) from the posterior (dorsal) surface of the urethra.
In fact the arethra might be described as piercing longitudinally the
base of this projection. Both the urethral orifices and this keel-like
ridge occupied a narrow ellipsoidal and depressed area marked off by
a well-marked (9, fig. 3) ridge of corresponding outline.
Situated in the middle line, exactly midway between the orifice of
the urethra and the joint outlet of the combined urogenital and
rectal canals, was a flat tongue-like process (Y, fig. 2), compressed
dorso-ventrally and pointing inferiorly towards the outlet of the
passage. This covered up a cul-de-sac, which extended upwards
under it for5—6 mm., and with a similar width. On the posterior
dorsal surface of this tongue-like flap was another smaller cul-de-sac,
leading upwards also for about 3 mm., and with about the same
438
DR. E. E. STIRLING ON THE [Nov. 5,
Fig. 2.
tle,
xO.
N.g-c-
Female organs of Macropus major (3 natural size).
The organs have been laid open by a dorsal median incision. The two lateral
canals, /./.c, r.d.c, are seen enormously distended in their upper parts. The
upper part of the median canal, m.c, is also much distended. The large
openings between this and the lateral canals are not seen; /.0 points to
the os of the left uterus, 7.0 to the right os; r.ov, /.ov, right and left
ovaries. The threads, @,, @,, pull asunder the walls of the lower part of
the median canal, in which can be seen the ridge spoken of in the text, X,
opening between the median canal and the urogenital passage, w.g.c; %,
orifice of urethra, into which a bristle is passed and just above this is the
keel-like process, f, described in the text and represented on a larger scale
in fig. 3; Y, points to the larger and smaller culs-de-sac described in the
text; 7,, 7,, the two lateral halves of the rectum completely cut across
longitudinally in laying open the median canal from behind; 4, ¢c, bristles
passed inte the openings of the right and left lateral canals into the
urogenital passage,
1889. ] ANATOMY OF THE KANGAROO. 439
width. No apertures of any kind could be detected opening into
either of these culs-de-sac or any structure rudimentary, or otherwise,
in connection with them. No trace ofa bifid arrangement. Structures
similar to this and the preceding I have neither met with nor seen
described, and I leave their nature and relations for further description
and investigation, this being foreign to my present purpose.
The conspicuous longitudinal ridges in the ventral wall of the uro-
genital canal described by Mr. Fletcher (Proceedings of the Linnean
Society of New South Wales, vol. vi. 1881), whose description I
have frequently been able to confirm, were not in this case very well
marked; still, two ill-defined folds of mucous membrane were
Enlarged sketch of parts adjacent to urethral orifice of Osphrante
erubescens, Sel.
m.c, Median canal; X, opening between this and the urogenital passage; w,
orifice of urethra ; f, keel-like process extending between uw and X; g, ridge
marking off the ellipsoidal space in which w and f are situated ; 2, openings
of ducts of Bartholin,
recognizable in the positions indicated by him; other ridges existed
still less well marked and of irregular arrangement.
In the above description I have made no attempt to treat in any
way exhaustively the subject of the anatomy and the homologies of
the female generative organs, and there is much even in these two
specimens which seems to require further examination and explanation.
There seems also to exist a considerable amount of variation in the
disposition and relations of the various parts even in closely allied
species. I present these very important notes particularly with the
view of throwing light upon the questions as to which passages are
traversed by the seminal fluid and the embryo respectively. So
440 MR. F. £. BEDDARD ON THE [Nov. 5,
far as these points are concerned, it seems clear that in Macropusmajor
the semen passes inwards by the lateral canals, even when the opening
into the median canal exists, and in Osphranter erubescens that the
embryo passes out by the median canal; but in view of the differ-
ences of structure and relations of the different parts that have been
observed in different genera and species, it is not yet safe to siy that
these statements constitute a rule for the whole of the Macropodide.
5. Contributions to the Natural History of an Annelid of the
Genus Dero. By Franx E. Bepparp, M.A., F.Z.S.
[Received September 25, 1889.]
I have had the opportunity lately of observing the sexual form of
a species of Dero, which I identify with D. perriert. A large
number of these Annelids made their appearance in some water
containing Chara which I received from Messrs. Bolton of Birming-
ham; at the end of August all, or nearly all, were sexually mature.
As there appears to be no account of the reproductive organs of this
worm extant, I think it worth while to publish the present notes.
Except as regards the sexual organs, they are for the most part
confirmatory of Perrier.
The worms reached a length of about half an inch; they were
extremely active in their habits, wriggling about very much after
the fashion of a free-living Nematode; the colour appeared to the
naked eye of a dark violet posteriorly ; in front the development of
the clitellum and of the sexual products produced an opaque yellowish-
white appearance. The eggs could be distinctly seen and counted
with an ordinary hand-lens ; they lie behind the clitellum; I
observed the number to be almost constantly three. I have made
no observations upon the tube, which, according to Perrier (“ Histoire
naturelle du Dero obtusa,’ Arch. Zool. éxp. t. i. (1872) p. 65) and
Bousfield (‘‘ The Natural History of the Genus Dero,” Journ. Linn.
Soc. vol. xx. (1887) p. 91) are fabricated by the worms. The fact
that they make for themselves an habitation of this kind distinguishes
the genus Dero from Nais, to which all recent writers concur in
regarding Dero as closely related.
The new facts which are brought forward in the present communi-
cation strongly support that view of the affinities of the worm, which
may indeed now be regarded as fully established.
The general anatomy of the worm has been described chiefly
by d’Udekem (‘‘ Nouvelle Classification des Annélides sétigéres
abranches,” Bull. Acad. Roy. Belge, t. xxii. pt. 2, p. 549 et seq.),
Perrier (loc. cit.), and Bousfield (loc. cit). Stole (‘ Dero digitata,
O. F. Miller, Anatomicka a histologicka studie,” SB. bohm. Gesells.
1885, p. 65), in a paper overlooked by Bousfield and omitted from
an otherwise tolerably complete list of papers dealing witb Dero,
has contributed details of importance, being apparently the first to
have made use of the section method. I refrain from attempting
1889. ] NATURAL HISTORY OF DERO. 441
a complete list of literature referring to this genus, for the reason
that Bousfield has gone into the matter somewhat fully.
Concurrently with the development of the sexual organs, certain
of the lower aquatic Oligochzeta have been stated to show other
peculiarities, so that there is a kind of dimorphism among the
individuals. The sexual individuals of Devo, in common with other
Oligochzeta, show no traces of multiplication by budding ; connected
with this is a regularity in the arrangement of the seta-bundles at the
4
aes
s
ee
ee,
Ventral aspect of sexually mature Dero.
cp., spermathecal pores; J, male pores.
distal extremity of the body. In the asexual form, on the contrary,
the continual growth of the posterior groups of setz appears to
produce an irregularity in the disposition of the seta-bundles ; the
termination of these, for example, in D. perrieri (Bousfield) (see
Proc, Zoo. Soc.—1889, No. XXX. 30
442 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [Nov. 5,
Perrier, loc. cit. pl. i. fig. 1) is not clearly defined. In the sexual
individuals studied by myself the last segment was only furnished
with the ventral bundles of setee. ‘This character may possibly
prove to be of specific value.
It is of some importance to note that budding and sexual repro-
duction do not take place concurrently in Dero, since d’Udekem has
asserted that they do in some allied forms.
Among the specimens of Dero which 1 examined were a few
individuals which agreed in every particular with the others except
for the entire absence of all traces of the branchial apparatus. There
was, moreover, no appearance of any injury to this part of the body,
and the segments ended off in a perfectly regular fashion. I do not
believe that these individuals were a species of Nais or any other
Clitellar epithelium of Dero.
a. Showing granules in cells of developing clitellum ; 0. Fully mature cells,
surface view ; c. Fully mature cells showing crenated margin, surface view ;
d. Section showing granular coagulum which accumulates between epi-
thelium and cuticle.
described allied genus, but I hope to be able to reinvestigate the
point if I succeed in keeping the brood of Dero alive.
I now pass to the description of the generative organs.
Clitellum.—This modified region of the epidermis was very con-
spicuous in fully mature individuals by its somewhat greater opacity.
Its anterior limits are as nearly as possible bounded by the apertures
of the spermathecz (see fig. 1), posteriorly it extends beyond the
5th seta-bundles ; the clitellum therefore occupies three segments,
1889. ] NATURAL HISTORY OF DERO. 443
Nos. 5, 6, 7. The cells which compose the epidermis of the clitellum
are much taller than those which constitute the epidermis else-
where; they are columnar in form and loaded with granules to
such an extent that the nucleus (in individuals stained with picro-
carmine) was altogether invisible. In a surface-view of a fully
developed clitellum the cells often appeared to project as shown in
fig. 26; the cells of the clitellum are at first only occupied by a
few highly refractive granules, the cell-outline being very indistinct
(fig. 2a). In longitudinal sections of the clitellum (fig. 2d) the un-
stained cuticle could be easily seen ; very frequently the cuticle was
separated from the outer extremities of the clitellar cells by a space
containing an amorphous substance, which in individuals coloured
by picrocarmine solution was stained deep pink. I regard this
substance as the product of the activity of the clitellar cells, destined
probably for the formation of the cocoon; its accumulation between
the cuticle and the epidermal cells seems to be remarkable, even if
the secretion has been caused by the stimulation of the glandular
cells by the preservative reagent.
Spermathece.—There is a single pair of these organs situated in
Spermatheca of Dero in longitudinal section. sp, spermatozoa.
the 5th segment. The apertures to the exterior are placed on the
boundary-line between this segment and the 4th, just in front of the
ventral setze. These setze were constantly two in number to each
bundle ; I did not observe any variation in this respect in a number
of individuals. The number of setee in the ventral bundles of the
three segments anterior to the fifth I found to vary slightly, although
usually three. Except as regards their apparently fixed number,
the setee lying behind the apertures of the spermathece were in no
way different from those of other segments ; as in the asexual form,
the dorsal setze of segment 5 and of those preceding it are entirely
absent.
The spermathece were in every case distended with spermatozoa.
The structure is illustrated in fig. 3, which represents a longitudinal
section ; the narrow duct of the pouch is lined with an epithelium
of tall cells, elsewhere the cells of the lining epithelium are much
smaller.
All the specimens were so fully mature that it was no longer
possible to recognize the position of the tes¢es and of the ovaries.
30*
444 ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF DERO. [Nov. 5,
On the other hand, the sperm-sac and egg-sac were filled with the
sexual products.
The sperm-sac is a single unpaired structure extending through
segments 6-8 ; it was filled with spermatozoa and furnished, as is
usual in the Naidomorpha (see Vejdovsky, ‘ System und Morphologie
der Oligochaeten,’ Taf. iv. fig. 2, v.s; and Stolé in SB, béhm. Ak.
1887, p. 143), with a pair of rhythmically contractile vascular trunks.
The median unpaired egg-sac lies behind the sperm-sac, occupying
segments 8-10; it contained 2-4 large ova with abundant yolk-
spherules. The diameter of the largest ova was fully that of the
body-cavity.
The atria open on to the ventral surface of the body in a line
with the openings of the spermathecze (woodcut, fig. 1, ¢, p. 441).
It has been already mentioned that there are no setze developed in
the neighbourhood of these orifices; the 6th segment, which carries
the atrial pores, possesses only the dorsal pairs of sete. The
apertures of the atria are larger than those of the spermathecz, and
rather more conspicuous, for the reason that they are surrounded by
an area upon which there are no glandular cells. The atria are
lined by a columnar epithelium, but I could observe no layer of large
cells covering these organs externally and forming the structure
which has been sometimes termed prostate. No doubt a fine layer
of peritoneal cells is present; but this layer was not conspicuously
developed as it is, for example, in Stylaria (Vejdovsky, op. cit. pl. iv.
fig. 10).
The vasa deferentia appear to run forwards, and to open by a
funnel into the 5th segment.
It is clear therefore from the brief and, in some respects, incom-
plete account which I am able to give here of the reproductive
organs of Dero, that this genus agrees in all essentials with other
Naidomorpha. There is no longer any room for doubt that it has
been correctly referred to this family. ‘The three other genera in
which the sexual organs have been described are Nais, Ophidonais,
and Stylaria. In all of these genital set are found upon the 6th
segment. Dero differs in the absence of these structures. The
form of the atrium is more like that of Mais than Stylaria ; it tapers
off gradually into the vas deferens, while in Sty/aria there is an
abrupt line of demarcation between atrium and vas deferens.
1889.] MR. WILSON ON NEW SPECIES OF HAWAIIAN BIRDS. 445
6. Descriptions of some new Species of Sandwich-Island
Birds. By Scorr Witson.
[Received November 2, 1889.]
CHRYSOMITRIDOPS ', gen. nov.
Bill moderate, conical and sharp at the tip, with culmen nearly
straight and tomia slightly curved ; nasal membrane very small and
nearly covered with feathers. Wing moderate: first primary
wanting ; third and fourth nearly equal, and rather longer than the
second and fifth; secondaries slightly mucronate at the tip. Tail
moderate, forked, and rectrices acuminate. Feet slender, claws much
curved.
CHRYSOMITRIDOPS C4HRULEIROSTRIS, Sp. nl.
Male. Bill light prussian blue, darker on maxilla. Lores black,
meeting below the chin and in front, where the black passes into
olive and is succeeded by an ill-defined coronal patch of gamboge-
yellow, gradually shading into yellowish-olive, which extends over the
whole surface of the sides of the head, neck and mantle, back, and
rump, but is rather brighter on the last ; lower surface gamboge-
yellow, brightest on the throat, and shading into olive on the flanks.
‘ Wing-lining primrose-yellow, passing into white. Wing and tail-
quills blackish brown, margined outwardly by olive and the former
inwardly by greyish white, while the middle pair of the latter have
most of the inner web dusky olive; irides dark hazel; feet bluish
black.
Obs. The bill is certainly stouter than that of Lowops, but less
powerful and straighter than that of Oreomyza, and recalls, as does
the general appearance of the bird, that of Chrysomitris.
At present it seems doubtful whether this generic form should be
assigned to the Finches or to the Honey-eaters; the slightly covered
nostrils indicate the latter, but the mucronate tips of the secondary
quills and, above all, the Siskin-like song seem to show a Fringilline
affinity.
Dimensions. Total length 43 inches, wing 23, tail 2, culmen -4,
tarsus °75.
Hab. Kauai.
Loxops FLAMMEA, sp. n.
Male. Front and sides of the head pure scarlet; top of the head
and back brownish scarlet, brightening into nearly pure scarlet on
the rump; chin, throat, and lower surface generally pure scarlet, but
paler in hue, brightening, however, on the flanks ; rectrices blackish
brown edged with brownish scarlet ; wing-lining pale scarlet. Bill
and legs light pinkish brown.
Female. Top of the head hair-brown, but each feather brownish
scarlet at the base, and the shaft of those towards the back of the
1 Chrysomitridis faciem habens.
446 ON NEW SPECIES OF HAWAIIAN BIRDS. [Nov. 5,
head grey ; back hair-brown tinged with red, rump distinctly russet,
and the upper tail-coverts brownish scarlet; remiges and rectrices
blackish brown edged with brownish scarlet, as also are the upper
wing-coverts. Beneath, dull white tinged with pale scarlet ; sides of
the body reddish brown, and wing-lining white tinged with scarlet.
Dimensions. Total length 5 inches, wing from carpal joint 23,
culmen °5, tarsus °75, tail 2.
Hab. Molokai.
Obs. Differs from L. coccinea not only in its much larger size, but
in the intense purity of its scarlet, which replaces the scarlet-orange
of L. coccinea.
HIMATIONE MONTANA, Sp. n.
Male. Forehead, sides of the face, and throat deep lemon-yellow,
shading into a lighter tint of yellow on the breast and abdomen, the
lower part of which is white ; under tail-coverts deep lemon-yellow ;
upper parts, with the exception of the rump, which is yellow, are
dull greenish yellow ; primaries, of which the second is much shorter
than the fourth and fifth, which are equal, ashy brown, edged with
dull yellow ; wing-lining white, tinged with clear yellow ; tail-quills
ashy brown edged with dull yellow. Bil/ light pinkish. Feed slender,
of the same colour as the bill.
Female. Similar in general colour to the male, but the underparts
are of a very light shade of lemon-yellow instead of the deep yellow
of the male.
Dimensions. Total length 4 inches, wing from carpal joint 2°25,
culmen ‘35, tarsus ‘70, tail 2°75.
Hab. Lanai.
Obs. The bill in curve approaches nearest to Oreomyza and in
size to Himatione parva, Stejn.
HIMATIONE STEJNEGERI, Sp. n.
? H. chloris, Steyneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 96 (nec
Cabanis, Mus. Hein. i. p. 99).
Closely resembling H. chloris, but having the bill higher at the
base, more decurved, and with the maxilla perceptibly exceeding the
mandible in length.
This species differs from the true H. chloris, of which I have been
able to examine a specimen in the Museum of the University of
Cambridge, marked by Prof. Cabanis as agreeing with his type.
Dr. Stejneger, it will be observed, did not feel certain as to the
identity of the form from Kawai and that from Oahu, whence came
Prof. Cabanis’s examples, and where I obtained others agreeing with
them,
Hab. Kauai.
Obs. The representative forms of Himatione chloris, Cab., from
the Islands of Lanai and Molokai, are (easily) distinguishable from
each other and also from Professor Cabanis’s type, which was obtained
from the island of Oahu.
The following characters of the forms of this species from the
three islands will serve to distinguish them :—
1889.] THESECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TOTHE MENAGERIE. 447
H. chloris (Oahu).—A trace only of a yellow mark from the bill
to the eye. Upper parts of a dark greyish buff tinged with a faint
shade of olive. Underparts whitish buff tinged with yellow. Bill
and legs dark brown.
H. chloris (Lanai).—A distinct yellow mark from the base of the
bill to the eye. Upper parts light greyish buff, distinctly tinged
with olive. Beneath on the breast and throat light lemon-yellow,
shading into buff on the flanks. Bill and legs lighter brown. The
bill is more slender.
H. chloris (Molokai).— A distinct yellow mark from the bill to eye,
as in the Lanai form. Upper parts darker than in the Lanai form,
but not so dark as in the type from Oahu. Underparts yellow, but
not so bright as in the Lanai form. Bill and legs considerably
stouter than in the preceding form.
November 19, 1889.
Prof. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following reports on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during the month of October 1889 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of October was 90. Of these 1 was by
birth, 50 by presentation, 12 by purchase, 7 by exchange, and 20 were
received on deposit. The total number of departures during the same
period, by death and removals, was 76.
Amongst the additions I may call special attention to the arrival of —
the young male Gaur ( Bibos gaurus) from Pahang’, one of the native
States in the Malay Peninsula, presented to the Society by Sir Cecil
C. Smith, K.C.M.G., the Governor of the Straits Settlements.
We are greatly indebted to Mr. W. Davison, F.Z.S., for the
valuable assistance he has rendered us in shipping this animal to
Europe; also to the Peninsula and Oriental Co. for their liberal
grant of a free passage of the first example of the Gaur that has
reached Europe alive; and to Capt. Horne, of the steam-ship
‘Rohilla,’ for the kind care and attention he has devoted to the
animal during the passage home. Mr. Davison has supplied me
with the following information respecting this specimen :—
“TI am shipping the young bull ‘ Sladang’ (Bibos gaurus) by the
P. and O. S. § Rohilla,’ leaving here to-morrow morning for London.
The animal is in splendid condition and comparatively tame—that is,
he takes food readily from hand, and allows one to scratch his
forehead. He was caught five months ago. There is not a question
I think now about there being two distinct species of this form in the
Malay Peninsula. The one now sent is about a two-year old, a bull,
black, forehead grey, and stockings of all four feet dirty white. It
is the ‘Sladang’ of the Malays, the so-called Bison of India
1 See ‘The Field’ newspaper, June 1st, 1889, p. 767, for an account of the
hunting and capture of a herd of these animals in Pahang.
448 PROF. FLOWER ON RHINOCEROs BIcoRNis. [ Nov. 19,
(Gaveus gaurus). The other is the ‘Sapio’ of the Malays. It is
black ; but has the belly, the inner sides of both fore and hind legs,
and stockings chestnut ; the grey patch on the forehead is rusty, and
the insides of the ears are strongly tinged with chestnut. I have
seen an old bull, standing over 18 hands, with massive horns, coloured
thus ; and the other day Dr. E. A. Travers shot, in Jelebu, a young
bull almost exactly the size of the Sladang now sent, and it was
coloured exactly like the large bull. The quite young of this form
are said to be entirely chestnut, and the cows to have the chestnut
of the stockings, belly, and inner sides of the legs darker and richer
coloured than in the bulls. There is, I think, no doubt upon the
subject ; the Malays, who are not likely to make a mistake in such
a matter, recognize two species.”
Prof. Flower exhibited the skin of the face of a male African
Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros bicornis), shot by Sir John C. Willoughby,
Bart., on the eastern side of the base of Kilimanjaro mountain. In
addition to the two normal horns, it presented a third, of irregular
form, placed in the median line on the lower part of the forehead.
Prof. Flower made the following remarks on this specimen :—
“« The anterior horn is 133 inches long, measured along its curved
anterior surface, or 12 inches measured in a straight line from the
side of the base to the apex, and is 20 inches in circumference at
Skin of face of Rhinoceros bicornis with third (abnormal) horn.
the base. The apex is considerably worn and polished. The base
of the second horn is, as usual, in contact with the first, and it is
2 inches shorter, measuring 1() inches along the side from base to apex.
It is more upright and compressed than the anterior horn. There is
an interval of 4 inches between the hinder edge of the base of this
and the front of the third horn. This supplementary horn is 53 inches
in height and 173 in circumference at the base, which has an
irregular, unsymmetrical, somewhat triangular form. It is composed
of the same fibrous structure as the normal horns, but of a coarser
character, and showing a tendency to split up into columnar masses,
1889.] ON SCLERORHYNCAUS ATAVUS. 419
as well as to fray off at the sides. Its surface also shows many
irregular transverse linear depressions. The apex is broad, obtuse,
and fissured, and has been subjected to a certain amount of attrition.
A fissure extending almost to the base separates a distinct columnar
piece from the anterior and left corner of the principal mass.
Although its general structure is obviously that of true horn, it
appears to bear the same relation to those in front of it that a nail
growing from a diseased or injured matrix does to a normal healthy
nail.
“As the horn of the Rhinoceros is only a greatly modified portion
of the animal’s skin, specialized for its particular function by the
immense development of the papillee of the derm and the exaggerated
growth of the epidermic covering, it is not surprising that under
some abnormal circumstances, perhaps some local irritation of the
skin, a horn should be developed on some other partof the surface from
that on which they are usually found. Such an occurrence, however,
appears to be rare, and I cannot recall one on record—unlegss the
well-known figure by Albrecht Diirer, copied in so many of the old
books on Natural History, of an Indian Rhinoceros with a second
born placed between the shoulders, is founded upon fact. The
present specimen is certainly interesting as illustrating the method
by which such structures as the horn of the Rhinoceros may have
been originally developed.
“A sketch of the animal is given in Sir John C. Willoughby’s lately
published work on ‘ East Africa and its Big Game: The Narrative
of a Sporting Trip from Zanzibar to the Borders of the Masai.’ ”
The Secretary exhibited a skin of an albino variety of the Cape
Mole-Rat (Georychus capensis), forwarded to the Society by the
Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S., of Capetown, and read the following
extracts from a letter received from Mr. Fisk on the subject :—
“I send a skin, prepared for mounting, of a White Mole-Rat, a
male. It was given to me alive by Mr. Hiddingh, who so kindly gave
me the one which I sent to you some time ago. This one lived for
about a week after capture and fed freely, giving no signs of pain ;
but, after death, I found that it had been too much hurt by the
trap to recover the injury. I put it into the hands of a taxidermist
to be properly prepared, thinking that you might like to set it up
and place it near the cage of the living animal, so that visitors
might gain an idea of the peculiarities of the creature.”
Mr. A. Smith Woodward, F.Z.S., exhibited a fragment of the
rostrum of an extinct Saw-fish, Selerorhynchus atavus, kindly for-
warded to him for exawination by Prof. Albert Gaudry, and made
the following remarks :—
‘The specimen is shown, of the natural size, in the accompanying
drawing (p. 450), and, like the type in the British Museum, was
obtained from the Upper Cretaceous series of Mount Lebanon. It
doubtless pertains to a smaller individual than the last-named fossil,
and is interesting as showing the extreme slenderness of the rostrum
450 ON SCLERORHYNCHUS ATAVUS. [Nov. 19,
The broad median cartilage is distinct, very robust, displaying the
numerous well-calcified tesserae; and on either side of this the
narrow area is comparatively thin, though exhibiting small tesserz
that are more suggestive of cartilage-calcifications than of shagreen-
granules. The anterior extremity of the type specimen (Catal. Foss.
Fishes B, M. pt. i. pl. iii. fig. 1) shows a single pair of broad
Rostrum of Sclerorhynchus aavus.
lateral cartilages occupying the entire width of the snout outside the
median rostral cartilage; and it seems probable that a similar
arrangement exists in the new specimen now exhibited. A few rostral
teeth occur, of the form already described in the British Museum
Catalogue.
«A third head and rostrum of Sclerorhynchus has lately been
detected, mingled with remains of Teleostean fishes, upon a small
slab from Mt. Lebanon in the British Museum (no. 53663). Though
very imperfectly preserved, this fossil confirms the observations
made upon the previous specimens, and also makes knowmr the form
aud proportions of the teeth in the mouth. These teeth are remark-
ably similar to those of a Lebanon fish of which the hinder portion
1889.] MR. A. P. GOODWIN ON SOME PARADISE-BIRDS. 451
of the head and the trunk are described under the name of Squatina
crassidens (Catal. Foss. Fishes B. M. pt. i. p. 69, pl. il.); they are
broad and acuminate, compressed antero-posteriorly, and fixed upon
a depressed base; the crown is marked by large vertical wrinkles,
and its median portion is produced downwards anteriorly over the
root. In its dentition, Sclerorhynchus thus approaches the living
Pristiophorus more closely than Pristis, though differing from both
these types in the striation of the dental crown. The arrangement
of the rostral cartilages, however, is sufficient justification for still
retaining the extinct Cretaceous genus in its provisional position
among the Pristidze, of which it is the least specialized type hitherto
discovered.”
Mr. A. P. Goodwin laid on the table examples of some rare
Paradise-birds procured during Sir William Macgregor’s recent
expedition to Mount Owen-Stanley, New Guinea; also several
photographs, comprising views of Mount Owen-Stanley, of a native
bridge, and of the bowers of some species of Bower-birds met with
on this occasion.
Mr. Goodwin made the following remarks :—‘‘The most note-
worthy of these birds is a pair of Hpimachus macleayane, lately
described by Dr. E. P. Ramsay, Curator of the Australian Museum,
Sydney, in the ‘ Proceedings’ of the Linnean Society of New South
Wales, ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 239. The type specimen was obtained
some two years previously by one of Sir William’s party in the
Maroka district. This Hpimachus inhabits the mountain-regions
of this district at an altitude of from 6000 to 9000 feet ; above that
no Paradise-birds were found by the party, save one Bower-bird
which I will mention hereafter.
“The call of 2. macleayane is a shrill double-note, similar to the
sound produced by striking a pair of clappers together.
“The next bird isa female of Astrarchia stephanie, which was
originally discovered in the same locality. Not having been so
fortunate as to see this bird alive, I am able to give you but little
information about it; but it is somewhat remarkable that no speci-
mens were obtained after the party had been in camp two days,
nor was there any adult male seen by any of the party.
«Among the photographs taken on this occasion are :—A view of
Mount Owen-Stanley, taken from Mount Musgrave, at a distance
estimated at eight miles ; also one of a tribe of the natives who live
in the mountains; and one of a native bridge, 195 feet long, which
spans the Vanappa River. I also call your attention to two
interesting views of Bower-birds’ bowers. One of these belongs to
Amblyornis subalaris ; and the other, found at a higher altitude, up
to 10,000 feet, is of a species which I propose te call Amblyornis
musgravii. Several specimens of this bird were obtained. It is
similar to, but larger than, 4. subalaris, which was procured on-
Mount Belford at an altitude of 4000 feet.”
452 MR. G. W. BUTLER ON THE SUBDIVISION OF [Nov. 19,
A communication was read from the Rev. Thomas R. R. Stebbing
and Mr. David Robertson containing the descriptions of four new
British Amphipodous Crustaceans. These were named Sophrosyne
robertsoni, Syrrhoé fimbriata, Podoceropsis palmatus, and Podocerus
cumbrensis. Of these, Sophrosyne robertsoni belonged to a genus
first observed at Kerguelen Island.
This paper-will be printed entire in the Society’s ‘ Transactions.’
The following papers were read :—
1. On the Subdivision of the Body-cavity in Lizards, Croco-
diles, and Birds. By Gurrarp W. Burizr, B.A.
(Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howzs, F.Z.S., F.L.S.)
[Received November 14, 1889.]
(Plates XLVI.—XLIX.)
ConrTENnts. Page
TL. Introductory .........ccceccneceneceeeceececcecceecsetenceces ee seeeecsaseeates 452
TI. On the Subdivision of the Body-cavity in the adult Fowl ............ 453
TI. On the Development and Homelogies of the various Septa in the
Body-cavity of the Chick.........::2..cc.-sssessseccneneceneceeranvsecoanes 455
(a) On the Development of the Air-sacs in relation to the parts of
the Avis) Wis nHOT Qecimepecsessscesse.fsdacsecaeeos cect snce+aesa=ers 456
(6) Certain previous opinions with regard to the Avian Diaphragm. 458
(c) On the Development of the Pulmohepatic Ligaments and
Recesses .......- Se PERLE ae Re reetohise « itasjantacinn s Uhiny spiaie-secehinastecusies 460
(d) On the Homology of the Avian and Mammalian Diaphragms... 461
(e) On the Development of the two parts of the Post-hepatic Septum
Of the Wind. 23.25. sanceceeeeee see see oa peice bette ettdaciia ck Uelestecenceeis v8 463
IV. On the Body-eavity of the Lacertilia and of the Teiidx in particular. 464
(a) The Lacertilia gemerally...........--.sseceeceeesueessesssenereereneten ees 464
(b) The Teiider .........ccceccscececererncecenenneeserieceseeseesateeeeaeeseeens 466
V. On the Body-cavity of the Crocodilia ...........::eeeeesseeecseeeeeteeees A467
Wile (Comulusione), ee sctac sees ere een Pee eeseccses art oseneer se Sepdate- neater 470
VII. List of Memoirs and Papers referred to, and Postscript..............- 471
VIII. Explanation of the Plates ..........-.:sesssseeeeseeeeeceeeeeeeeeeneeneneenes 472
I. Inrropvuctory.
There are embodied in this and another communication on the
“ Relations of the Fat-bodies of the Sauropsida”’ (see below, p. 602),
the results of some months’ work, carried on in the Biological Labo-
ratory of the Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines,
at the instigation of my teacher, Prof. G. B. Howes. To him my
best thanks are due for most of the material employed, and still
more for the time and trouble which he has always been ready to
devote to furnishing me with suggestions and advice. For lesser
gifts of specimens I have to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr. A.
Giinther, F.R.S., to Mr. G. A. Boulenger, to Prof. Wiedersheim
of Freiburg, and to my fellow-student, Mr. E. W. L. Holt. Mr.
Boulenger has, moreover, on various occasions kindly furnished me
with welcome information.
P.Z.9.1889.Plate XLVI.
GW Buller adnat del.
MP. Parker lith. West,Newman imp.
Subdivision of body-cavity. lizards ete.
P.Z.S 1889. Plate XLVI.
G.WBuiler del.
Fe aa del
Subdivision of body-cavity. Lizards etc.
ties
Pes
ay
ok Fa
we es a Pa
G.W.Butler del. ad nat West, Newman
M.Parker ‘Sat ae a
Subdivision of body-cavity. lizards ete.
-_ 2.
~ aa ee Ae ey
| GW.Butler del
3 Seam saree ee i : : West,Newman chr.
Subdivision of body-cavity: lizards etc.
1889. | THE BODY-CAVITY IN LIZARDS, ETC. 453
Nothing appears to be known of the development of the subdivisions
of the body-cavity in the Crocodile, and to treat the subject of this
paper satisfactorily the writer should have a familiar and personal
acquaintance with not only that, but with the whole corresponding
course of development, in Mammal, Bird, and Lizard, so far as
the partial or complete septa in the body-cavity are concerned.
I have followed the development in the chick down to the twelfth
day by means of complete series of consecutive sections taken in
different planes, and particularly during the latter half of this period ;
but I cannot pretend to an equal acquaintance with the development
in Mammalia, and in common, as [ believe, with other observers, I
have not been able, in the case of the Lizards, to compare the develop-
ment in Varanide or Teiide with that in Lacertide.
Nevertheless it may be well at the present stage to make known
in a preliminary paper certain observed facts, and to indicate certain
homologies which they suggest.
I append a list of the more noticeable of the papers bearing on
this subject to which I have referred; but, while acknowledging
indebtedness to the authors of the same, I do not attempt a résumé
of their contents ; but, except in those cases where reference is made to
any of them, confine myself to sketching the facts from my own
observation, and to stating the conclusions to which they appear to
point.
Certain subjects, such as the later stages in the development of
the Avian diaphragm, and the formation of the air-sacs, as from
the sixth to the twelfth day of incubation in the Fowl, and the rela-
tions and homologies of the various ligaments and septa about the
liver-lobes in Birds and Reptiles, do not seem previously to have
received full attention.
The consideration of these and of certain other points seems to
show that the complication of the membranes in the adult Bird and
Crocodile can, to a greater extent than might be imagined, be analyzed
and expressed in terms of structures found in other Reptiles, where
the arrangement is simpler.
II. ON THE SUBDIVISION OF THE BopDy-CAVITY
IN THE ADULT FowL.
On carefully cutting away the sternum and ventral body-wall of a
Duck or Fowl, we see that the liver-lobes for the most part lie in two
sacs entirely shut off from the rest of the body-cavity (ef. Plates
XLVIII. and XLIX. figs. 29 and 44-47, hh’; 1, 1'). These sacs
are bounded ventrally by the sternum, externally by the vertical
portion of the ‘‘ oblique septum ” of Huxley (s.0d.), mesially by the
median ventral ligament (m) and posteriorly by the “ omentum”
(3), which passes anteriorly into the hinder portion of a transverse
septum () ventral to the abdominal air-sacs*. Not much, however,
1 Huxley appears to me to have included this transverse septum (y) in his
“ oblique septum,” while Perrault appears to have described the two elements /3
and y (just referred to separately, by reason of their arising quite separately in
the embryo) as the “diaphragme transversal.” Sappey (1, p. 35) says, speaking of
454 MR. G. W. BUTLER ON THE SUBDIVISION OF [Noy. 19,
of this latter septum enters into the dorsal wall of the sacs in ques-
tion, for the anterior portion of this wall is formed by the liver-lobes
(A, h') themselves, and by the ligaments (a, a) which pass from the
liver to the more vertical portions of the ‘‘ oblique septum.” The
lines of attachment of these ligaments to the oblique septum follow
approximately the ventro-external margins of the lungs, where this
latter membrane is apposed tothem. The ligaments referred to may
be called the pulmohepatic ligaments (a, a). I now call special
attention to them because in the sequel I use them as a landmark
in comparing the different types.
On cutting through the pulmohepatic ligament there is exposed,
on the right side, another entirely closed sac (Plate XLIX. figs. 44,
45, 46, 2), bounded externally by the more vertical portion of the
‘‘oblique septum,” dorsally by the septum (y) above referred to,
and in part by the more horizontal portion of the “ oblique septum.”
The right liver-lobe (A, figs. 44 & 46) is attached to the dorsal wall
of this sac from the point where the vena cava inferior, enters it,
backwards, and the sac is thus partially subdivided into two.
In the Duck, the corresponding sac of the left side appears to be
quite closed; but it really communicates with the post-hepatic or
intestinal portion of the body-cavity by a small aperture, which is
merely closed by the left ‘‘ abdominal”’ air-sac flapping against it.
In the Fowl, however, the continuity of this sac with the intestinal
cavity is plain, its hinder end being freely open.
These two sacs in the Bird, which are partly bounded by the
pulmohepatic ligaments ventro-laterally, I will call the pulmohepatic
recesses, and their homologies will be referred to later (p. 466,
§ III.c). For a capital description of the avian diaphragm reference
may be made to Sappey (1, pp. 21-26), also to the ‘ Comparative Phy-
siology ’ of Milne- Edwards (vol. ii. p. 401) and to Huxley (4). All
three accounts accord perfectly. Milne-Edwards’s, in fact, differs
little from Sappey’s, even in nomenclature. Huxley introduces
a few new terms, such as pulmonary aponeurosis (for the plan
transversal or diaphragme pulmonaire of Sappey, the diaphragmite
aniérieure of Milne-Edwards), and oblique septum (for the plan
oblique or diaphragme thoraco-abdominal of Sappey, diaphragmite
postérieure of Milne-Edwards). I here use Huxley’s terms for these
two parts of the diaphragm. I assume that the general relations
of these two membranes and their air-sacs, which he and Sappey
have so clearly described, require no explanation on my part.
Sappey makes it very clear that he regards the two membranes
the abdominal air-sacs, “ En bas et en avant ils s'appuient sur une cloison fibreuse
qui divise chez tous les oiseaux la cavité abdominale en deux cavités plus petites,
lune antérieure, qui représente l’abdomen et qui loge le foie, l’autre postérieure,
qui représente le bassin et qui loge l’estomac et les intestines; cette cloison
fibreuse extrémement remarquable dans l’autriche ot elle a été décrite par
Perrault sous le nom de diaphragme transversal, s'‘insére 4 toute la circonference
des os du bassin, et soutient l'estomac ainsi que le tube intestinal.”
It will be noted that the two sacs Iam describing form only the ventral
portion of the anterior cavity of which Sappey here speaks.
1889. ] THE BODY-CAVITY IN LIZARDS, ETC. 455
referred to, between which lie the two pairs of air-sacs that he calls
reservoirs diaphragmatiques or moyens (intermediate air-sacs of
Huxley), as constituting a single diaphragm; and Milne-Edwards
says (Joc. cit.), “l'appareil diaphragmatique des oiseaux se compose
de deux portions ou diaphragmites.” This unity of the whole
apparatus, which is very apparent when the development is followed
(ef. § III.), cannot, I think, be too clearly kept in view, especially
when homologies are being discussed.
In this paper I refer to all from the anterior or dorsal face of the
pulmonary aponeurosis to the peritoneum covering the posterior or
ventral face of the oblique septum, as the dvian diaphragm, in con-
tradistinction to the Mammalian diaphragm, with which, in agree-
ment with Huxley’s verdict, it is argued in the sequel it has little,
if any, true homology.
With regard to the term “ oblique septum” of Huxley. As he
speaks (p. 562) of the four post-bronchial air-sacs of either side as
being shut off by the ‘ oblique septum” in a similar kind of way, I
presume that he includes under this term the septum (y in the
Plates) dorsal to the liver, above referred to, At all events in using
this term, I refer merely to that septum which in the Fowl is (cf.
p- 458), so to speak, blown away from the other part of the Avian dia-
phragm by the growth of the intermediate, or diaphragmatic, air-sacs.
I would call this septum (vy), which on either side forms the
dorsal wall of the pulmohepatic recess, and into which a large part
of the abdominal air-sac projects’, the oblique abdominal septum.
It is true that the more lateral parts of this septum, in that they
take their final form in connexion with the abdominal air-sac, might
so far be held to resemble the ‘oblique septum” proper, in its
relation to the diaphragmatic air-sac ; but this would not apply to the
more median parts of the septum (y), and the nature of the two things
is really very different. That which I have termed the oblique abdo-
minal septum does really separate one part of the body-cavity from
another, as described bySappey(footuote, p. 454 above), and is covered
on both sides by peritoneum ; but the “ oblique septum ”’ is only part
of a celomic septum, the other part being the pulmonary apo-
neurosis.
The oblique abdominal septum we might perhaps regard as a
backward continuation of the whole avian diaphragm with the abdo-
minal air-sacs between its dorsal and ventral laminz, just as the
intermediate or diaphragmatic air-sacs lie between the two lamin of
the latter.
III. On tae DeveLorpmMentT AND HOMOLOGIES OF THE
VARIOUS SEPTA IN THE Bopy-CAVITY OF THE CHICK.
We may now turn to consider the development of the septa in
the body-cavity of the Fowl, to which reference has been made in
the preceding section.
1 Sappey (see footnote, p. 454) says that these air-sacs rest on (s’appuient
sur) the septum in question ; but it is more correct to say that they project into
it, in the end, as it were, blowing away a dorsal lamina from the rest.
456 MR. G. W. BUTLER ON THE SUBDIVISION OF [Noy. 19,
No attempt will be made to go over the work that has been done
on the earlier stages of the chick down to the 6th day of incubation,
but rather to consider the light thrown on the adult condition by
the subsequent stages of development’.
The changes going on, for the most part synchronously, in the
chick between the sixth and twelfth days may be grouped, so far
as the subdivision of the body-cavity is concerned, under the
following heads * :—
(A) The completion of the avian diaphragm and the develop-
ment of the ‘‘ diaphragmatic’ and “ abdominal ” air-saes
(s.a', s.a", and s.a'"’).
(B) The development of the oblique abdominal septum (vy),
partly in connexion with the growth of the ‘abdominal
air-sacs.”
(C) The lateral extension of the ventral ligament of the stomach
and hinder part of the liver (avian ‘‘ omentum,’ 3), so
that meeting the pulmohepatic ligaments (a) and the
oblique abdominal septum (vy), it on the one hand helps in
the closing of the ventral liver-sacs (1, 1), and on the
other in the formation of a post-hepatic septum (B+ +)
( diaphragme transversal ” of Perrault), which is, however,
not complete on the left side.
(D) The assumption of their final form and relations by the
pulmohepatic recesses (2, 2') and ligaments (a, a).
III. (a). On the Development of the Air-sacs in relation to the
parts of the Avian Diaphragm.
On the 8th day, while the passages between the pleural and
peritoneal cavities are widely open, the abdominal air-sac first
1 The following remarks, however, may be added with regard to the
sbutting-off of the pericardium. The works referred to at the end of this paper,
and others, seem to show that the shutting-off of the anterior portion of the
pericardial and pleural cavities from each other arises in a similar way
in Mammals and Birds, in connexion with the ducts of Cuvier; while, on the
other hand, such similarity cannot be claimed for the two classes in the matter
of the closing-off of the posterior part of the pericardium from the rest of
the body-cavity. In birds the closing-in of the pericardium posteriorly and
postero-dorsally takes place, it appears, comparatively late; and finally in the
adult we have the pericardium bulging into the peritoneal cavity, with little
besides the peritoneum covering its postero-dorsal surface. In connexion with
this subject, reference may be made to the recent paper by Strahl and Carius
(9), where it is stated that in Mammals the part of the body-cavity which,
later, forms the pericardial and pleural cavities arises distinct from the rest in
the region of the “ proamnion,” and that it becomes secondarily connected
with the posterior part of the ccelome (a subsequent separation of course taking
place). ‘These observers assert, as a further noteworthy distinction between that
portion of the ceelome which in Mammals forms the pleural and pericardial
cavities, and the corresponding part in Birds, the fact that in the former it is
closed laterally, or on what is, when folding round of the sides takes place,
the ventral side, whereas in the latter it is not so closed, but passes off’ into
the extraembryonic ceelome. Thus from the first the thoracic cavity would seem
to be much better marked off in the case of Mammals than in that of Birds.
2 The references in brackets are to the parts so indicated in the various
figures on the Plates.
1889. ] THE BODY-CAVITY IN LIZARDS, ETC. 457
becomes observable as a bronchial cavity at the outer postero-dorsal
corner of the lung. It lies in the mesoblastic tissue, which later
develops into the avian diaphragm (‘‘ pulmonary aponeurosis ” +
‘oblique septum”), but which at this date cannot be distinctly
marked off from the mesoblast of the lung itself.
During the first half of the 9th day (see Plate VIII. fig. 8) the
abdominal air-sacs (s.a'"’) have the appearance of oval cavities within
somewhat conical outgrowths of the diaphragmatic mesoblast (d.a).
At the beginning of the 10th day, when the separation of the
pleural and peritoneal cavities is about completed*, the abdominal
air-sacs project to a considerable extent posteriorly into the peritoneal
cavity (¢f.:figs. 11, 12, and 20, s.a’”’), while more anteriorly (cf. left
side of fig. 11 and figs. 21 and 22) they lie within the oblique ab-
dominal septum (y, y), which assumes its final form only in connexion
with them.
At the beginning of the 12th day (cf. figs. 14, 15, 27, and 28)
we find that the abdominal air-sacs not only have increased in size
and extended more into the septum referred to, separating its two
layers of peritoneum, but that they have begun to, as it were, strip
off the peritoneal covering of the body-wall by extending behind it ;
and this process goes on till in the adult (cf. fig. 47) comparatively
little of the peritoneal lining of the intestinal portion of the ccelome
remains applied to the body-wall.
The first beginnings of the “anterior-’’ and “ posterior-inter-
mediate” air-sacs are not quite so easy to trace. The former is
conspicuous in the latter half of the 8th day, and both can be made
out on the 9th. (The anterior intermediate sacs are shown in fig. 9,
s.a’.)
At the beginning of the 10th day when, as stated above, the
avian diaphragm forms a complete partition, one can, in stained
sections, distinguish two layers (which do not, however, exactly corre-
spond to the two diaphragmatic septa of the adult) (¢f. figs. 11, 12,
and 24). Inthe region of the ribs the muscles (ml) of the future
pulmonary aponeurosis, or ‘‘ costopulmonary muscles ” of Huxley, are
indicated, and from this region a darkly staining layer extends
inwards to the middle line passing dorsal to the cesophagus (¢/.
fig. 24, ap.p). This darkly staining layer together with the above
mentioned developing muscles indicates the “pulmonary aponeu-
’
1 It must be remembered that the dates in the case of the development of the
chick are not absolute indices. As is well known, the rate of development
under artificial incubation may differ considerably from that under a hen, and
also in the ease of different eggs artificially incubated. I have seen the peri-
toneal not closed off completely from the pleural cavities in a chick said to
haye been artificially incubated for 11 days; and this agrees with Uskow’s ob-
servations (5, p. 205). He remarks that a connexion between the pleural and
peritoneal cavities exists on the 12thday. Yet, in the specimen naturally in-
cubated, 9 days 1 hour (beginning of the 10th day), of which longitudinal
horizontal sections are shown in figs. 11-15, no such connexion was to be made
out in a continuous series of sections. So far as the stages illustrating the
development of the air-sacs go (8th-12th days), I have taken as my standard a
series of naturally incubated embryos.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XXXI, 31
458 MR..G. W. BUTLER ON THE SUBDIVISION OF [Nov. 19,
rosis,’’ while the ‘‘intermediate”’ or ‘‘ diaphragmatic” air-sacs lie
posterior to this in a layer of tissue which, at this stage, forms the
thicker element of the avian diaphragm.
At the beginning of the 12th day (cf. Plates XLVI., XLVII.
figs. 14 and 15) we find that these air-sacs have increased in propor-
tional size. Compare, for instance, the relative extent of the anterior
diaphragmatic sacs (s.a’) in figs. 12 and 15, which are taken
through an approximately corresponding region of embryos of the
10th and 12th day respectively.
As these air-sacs develop, they, so to speak, split the layer of the
diaphragm in which they lie, part going, with the darkly staining
layer and tissue in front, to form the ‘ pulmonary aponeurosis,”’
and part, that lies postero-ventrally to the air-sacs, forming the
‘‘oblique septum.”’ In the end the two air-sacs referred to come
into contact, and any membranous diaphragmatic tissue that may
lie between the apposed walls is quite insignificant.
The avian diaphragm is thus seen to be completed as a single
structure, and its separation into its two lamine is a secondary
detail arising in connexion with the development of the two pairs of
intermediate or diaphragmatic air-sacs, which first penetrate it at a
time when no distinct line can be drawn between the tissue that
goes to form it and that of the developing lung itself.
III. (6). Certain previous Opinions with regard to the
Avian Diaphragm.
With regard to the question of the homology, if any, between the
Mammalian and Avian diaphragms, Sappey, whose most excellent
monograph on the respiratory apparatus of the adult bird (1) was
published in 1847, expresses his opinion as follows (p. 21) :—‘‘ Dans
les oiseaux Je diaphragme comprend deux plans qui se confondent
a leur point de départ, mais s’isolent bient6t pour suivre l'un une
direction transversal, l'autre une direction oblique.” ...... ‘Le
premier a pour analogue dans Phomme et les mammiféres toute la
partie de ce muscle qui s’ins¢re 4 la face interne des cétes ; le second
représente les piliers du diaphragme ;”’ and he gives his reasons for
regarding the attachment of the paired partly muscular fibrous tracts
in the anterior dorsal region of the oblique septum as homologous
with those of the pillars of the diaphragm to the lumbar vertebree.
The presence or absence and the distribution of muscle-fibre seems
to have considerable weight with him and others in dealing with
questions of homology’; and with this the questions of nerve-distri-
bution must be also considered.
With reeard to this latter, Sappey says (1, pp. 25 and 26) that
(what Huxle:) afterwards called) the “pulmonary aponeurosis”’ is
supplied from the intercostal nerves, and suggests that this mode of
supply is similar to that by the phrenic nerve, both being by branches
1 The question is apt to present itself, however, is muscle-fibre of great
importance in such a case? Might we not have a septum homologous to the
mammalian diaphragm without any muscle developed in it at all, simply con-
sisting, so to speak, of the pleural and peritoneal membranes back to back ?
1889. ] THE BODY-CAVITY IN LIZARDS, ETC. 459
from spinal nerves; while the nerves that supply the muscle in the
antero-dorsal region of the “oblique septum ”’ seem comparable to
parts of the sympathetic of Mammals, in which group the diaphragm
is partly supplied from the solar plexus *.
Uskow (5, p. 214), in giving a résumé of the different types of
diaphragm, says that the condition in Man is like that in the Rabbit,
except that a part of the diaphragm is fused with the pericardium ;
and that the diaphragm of the Fowl is the same as that in Man, but
the diaphragm has no muscle, and its ventral portion is entirely
fused with the substance of the pericardinm.
I do not, however, think, in the light of the clear description he
gives elsewhere of the important differences between the mammal
and bird, in the regions of the diaphragm (see below p. 462), that
such remarks are necessarily to be taken as implying a belief in an
approximate morphological homology.
Huxley, on the other hand (4, p. 567), says ‘neither in Apteryx
nor in any other bird has either of these [pulmonary aponeurosis
and oblique septum] the slightest real resemblance to a Mam-
malian diaphragm. For, as has been seen, the heart lies altogether
behind both, and the muscular digitations of the pulmonary
aponeurosis are supplied by the intercostal nerves, the phrenic being
absent. ‘The vertical and oblique septa” really answer to the fibrous
tissue of the posterior and middle mediastinum in Mammals. In
this, as in all other cases, the meaning of ornithic peculiarities of
structure is to be sought, not in Mammals but in Reptiles.” And
he goes on to mention certain avian characteristics which are
elsewhere only represented in Reptiles, and to compare the Crocodile
with the Bird.
Huxley’s verdict on the question of the diaphragm, as thus
tersely stated, failed to remove the suspicion that while the more
central part of the avian diaphragm doubtless corresponded to
mediastinal tissue, a considerable portion thereof, more lateral in
position, might be homologous with the diaphragm of Mammals.
And it was only after reading Ravn’s paper (9), in which, pp. 139-
147, he goes at some length into the development of what His
1 A rather similar line of reasoning occurred to the writer independently.
For instance, in investigating the nature of the nerve-supply, the question at
once presented itself—Where is one to look for the homologue of the phrenic
nerve? What is the phrenic nerve? In Mammals it appears as a specialized
trunk (supplying a specialized muscle), composed of factors from a rather in-
definite number of spinal neryes of the cervical region. But seeing that there
is this indefiniteness, and that the division into regions (thoracic, cervical, &e.,
&e.) of the vertebral column in Birds and Mammals is so very different, a
definite answer was not reached. I was rather inclined, however, to regard as
possibly to be reckoned in the same series with the phrenic nerve, those neryes
which are connected with the spinal nerves in the thoracic region (of the Duck)
rather after the manner of the sympathetic, and which, I presume, are the
nerves referred to by Sappey, in his second category, as supplying fibres to the
‘oblique septum.” In spirit-specimens, however, I did not detect any nerve-
fibres passing from them to that structure.
2 It will be noticed that he does not refer to the pulmonary aponeurosis
with the oblique septum as homologous with the mediastinal tissues.
31*
460 MR. G. W. BUTLER.ON THE SUBDIVISION OF [Nov. 19,
named the ‘‘recessus superior sacci omenti” in Mammalia, whose
homologues in the Bird are much more conspicuous, that it occurred
to me that these recesses and their bounding walls might serve as
landmarks, and enable us more definitely to contrast the diaphrag-
matic structures in the two classes (cf. infra).
III. (c). On the Development of the Pulmohepatic Ligaments and
Recesses.
In this connexion it will be convenient to consider the develop-
mental changes in the chick classed under head (D) on p. 456.
Referring to figures 1-4 (of which | and 2 are transverse sections
of a 6th-day chick, 3 of an embryo of Lacerta vivipara, 4 of an
embryo mammal’), we see running down the centre ot the sections
the median vertical sheet of tissue (m) which in all the types under
consideration forms a complete vertical septum in the thoracic and
anterior abdominal regions. On either side of it are set the lungs
and the two halves of the liver, while the alimentary canal runs in
its midst.
It will further be noted that in all three cases the right liver-lobe
is attached to the lung of its own side by a vertical ligament
(a), which closes on the outside a space (2). The latter is blind
anteriorly and opens into the general peritoneal cavity behind.
In fig. 1, which is a section anterior to fig. 2, we see that in the
chick there is, on the left side also, a corresponding ligament (a)
and included recess (2'), while in the case of the Mammal and (in
this instance) of the Lizard there is no such ligament traceable on
the left side, and therefore no recess, properly speaking, though 2' in
figs. 3 and 4 marks where it should be. Now the recess on the
right side (2) is the ‘‘recessus superior sacci omenti”’ of His, as
quoted by Ravn (9, p. 141), and the ligaments (a) are those which
in the Bird can be clearly traced developing into the pulmohepatic
ligaments ; while the recesses, with the addition on the right side of
all that remains of the omental sac proper, develop into the
pulmohepatic recesses.
According to Ravn (op. cté. figs. 15, 16, and text) this ‘‘ recess”
on the right side is continuous with the main omental sac as late as
about the 15th day in the Rabbit, but by the 17th day (p. 146) it
has become constricted off from the latter cavity and persists as a
separate closed peritoneal sac, which comes to wrap round the
oesophagus.
By a reference to the Plates, the development, in the chick, of
these pulmohepatic recesses and ligaments may be followed. Figs.
1 and 2 are transverse sections of the 6th day (and the relations are
much the same even on the 4th day). Figs. 5, 6, 7 may be
called transverso-longitudinal sections (¢/f. fig. 25) of a 7th day
embryo. Of these fig. 6 shows the foramen of Winslow (f. WV.)
leading from the main peritoneal cavity into the sac (2) of the right
side, part of which corresponds to the omental sac of Mammals,
1 See also figs, 6-9, 11, 12, 14-18 of Ravn’s paper (9).
1889.] THE BODY-CAVITY IN LIZARDS, ETC. 461
Figs. 8, 9, and 10 show this right-hand sac at the beginning of the
9th day, and we see (fig. 10, f. W.) that the foramen of Winslow is
still open. But on the 9th day this foramen becomes closed (that
is, I could find no aperture in a complete series of sections of a chick
of 9 days 1 hour incubation), and moreover that part of the recess
which surrounds the gizzard, as opposed to the cesophagus, becomes
obliterated ' (compare fig. 12, 2, with fig. 10, 2),
This space (2), which can be followed through the sections of the
12th day (ef. figs. 14-17 and 26-28) and seen in those of the adult
fowl (figs. 44-46), corresponds, as stated, to rather more than the
‘*recessus superior sacci omenti” of Mammals, since its posterior
part represents a portion of the omental sac. For this reason,
and because there is a similar space on the left side (where there is
no omental sac to have a recess), and because these spaces are in fact
no mere diverticula of the omental sac, but have a distinct origin, I
have spoken of them as the pulmohepatic recesses (ef. ante, p. 454).
This name expresses their relation to the liver and respiratory
organs, aud to the pulmohepatic ligaments which form part of their
outer wall.
In the fowl the foramen of Winslow up to the 9th day, when it
closes, has precisely the same relations as in Mammals, being
bounded by the inferior vena cava antero-dorsally, and the duodeno-
hepatic omentum, or ventral mesentery that bears the bile-ducts
and portal vein, postero-ventrally.
With regard to the corresponding recess on the left side (2' in
the figures previously referred to), a reference to the figures shows
that it is from the first in much freer communication with the rest
of the peritoneal cavity than that on the right, and the alimentary
canal, instead of (as in the case of the other recess) bending round
to form, together with the median vertical membrane that supports
it (m, figs. 9, 12, 14, 15), a posterior or omental wall, appears
rather on the contrary to hinder the development of its outer wall
by leaning over on the left side between the lung and liver.
III. (d). On the Homology of the Avian and Mammalian
Diaphragms.
On considering the relations of the recesses and ligaments (2, 2',
a, a) in the two above-named groups, we see that the whole of the
Mammalian diaphragm lies laterally or centrifugally to the attach-
ments (a, a) of the liver to the mediastinal tissues in front of it, while
the avian diaphragm lies practically entirely within or centripetally
to these attachments. So that the condition in birds is expressed by
saying that the middle mediastinal tissue of the two sides, instead of
coming to wrap round the pericardium, diverges posteriorly and
ventrally to become attached to the lateral body-walls*.
1 Apparently by constriction off from the rest and the adhesion of its walls.
2 We may, for illustration, compare the middle mediastinal tissue of birds in
its relation to the pericardium to a coat which, instead of being buttoned
across the chest (the pericardium), is extended like a wing on either side by
laying hold of the front bottom corners.
462 MR. G. W. BUTLER ON THE SUBDIVISION OF [Nov. 19,
According to this view, the ‘‘avian diaphragm” corresponds, as
Huxley says of the oblique septum, to the middle mediastinum of
Mammals. The pulmohepatic recesses form a pair of spacious sacs
(instead of a single minute one), and the liver is attached to the
mediastinal tissue by the pulmohepatic ligaments quite laterally
(instead of merely round the cesophagus) along a line on either side
very close to that of the attachment of the avian diaphragm itself to
the body-wall.
When following the completion of the partition between the
pleural and peritoneal cavities of the bird, one observes a ridge
which is connected with the Miillerian duct extending inwards from
the body-wall to meet the outwardly extending mediastinal tissue.
This is at once suggestive of the membrane bearing the Miillerian
duct, or its continuation, which in the Amphibia and Lacertilia
extends obliquely forwards along the lateral body-wall and ends
near the ventral line of division between the lungs and liver. But
although the avian diaphragm does become attached to the
body-wall along the line of attachment of the embryonic Miillerian
duct, the fold in connexion with the latter takes, if any, but a
comparatively insignificant part in the closing-off of the pleural
from the peritoneal cavity.
Uskow (5, p. 204") expressing himself in terms of “ Massa trans-
versa” * and “ Massa longitudinalis” *, calls attention to just the
points of contrast between Birds and Mammals that have been
referred to above, viz. the lateral attachment of the liver, the out-
ward diverging postero-ventrally of the mediastinal tissue, with the
consequent dorsal as well as lateral projection of the lungs. He notes
that the liver projects freely into forwardly extending portions of
the peritoneal cavity (pulimohepatic recesses); and he finally states
the fundamental difference between the central portion of the
diaphragm of the chick of 7 days and the rabbit of 14 days to lie in
the fact that in the former it goes with the lungs and in the latter
with the liver. But, as remarked above, he goes on rather to
compare than contrast the two types of diaphragm, saying (p. 209,
when describing a comparatively late stage) so far the rabbit and
1 “Nicht so bei Huhn. Hier hiangt die Massa longitudinalis mit der trans-
yersa nicht im medianen Bezirke, sondern nur rechts und links zusammen mit
je einem Schenkel...... Sie gleicht also einer medianen Leiste, welche
caudalwarts sich in 2 schenkel spaltet; diese fassen einen Kopfwarts vorgescho-
benen zipfel der Peritoneal héhle zwischen sich. In diesem zipfel liegt die
dorsal flache der Leber frei...... Nimmt man noch hinzu, das die Lungen
in der so beschrankten paarigen Hohle der Pleura nicht nur an den Sagittal
rand der massa longitudinalis, sondern vornehmlich auch an die Dorsalilache
der beiden seitlichen Schenkel der Letzteren befestigt sind, so ergibt sich das
es nicht leicht ist in den eben erwahnten Bildungen das Mittelstiick des
dorsalen diaphragmas des Kaninchens wieder zu finden. .....
“Der ganze unterschied zwischen der Entwickelung des Huhns und des
Kaninchens kann demgemiiss fiir diese Periode so formulirt werden: Beim
Kaninchen legt sich das mittelstiick des dorsalen Diaphragmas lings den
Dorsalflache der Leber, beim Huhn lings der Ventralfliche der Lungen an,”
2 Defined /. ¢. p. 171.
° Defined 7. ¢. p. 172.
1889. ] THE BODY-CAVITY IN LIZARDS, ETC. 463
the chick are fairly similar, and (p. 214) giving the résumé from
which a quotation has already been made (p. 459).
III. (e). On the Development of the two Parts of the Post-
hepatic Septum of the Bird.
We have now to refer to the developmental changes grouped
under heads B & C (p. 456).
First, with regard to the development of the “ oblique abdominal
septum.”
Ravn (op. cit, p. 140) calls by the name of ‘‘ vena-cava-falte” or
‘* plica venze cavee ” the ridge that occurs in Mammals as a backward
continuation of the embryonic lung-substance, because through it
the vena cava inferior passes on its way from the kidneys to the liver
and heart. But it will be seen on reference to the Plates, figs. 5 & 6,
which together with fig. 7 show three sections of a chick of 7th day’,
that there is a horizontal ridge of the same nature on the left side
also (y, y), where of course there is no vena cava inferior.
Later stages in the development of this septum are shown in the
series of transverse sections of embryo of 10th day (figs. 20, 21,
22, y, y), and in the transverse sections of 12th day (figs. 27 & 28,
YY):
it will be seen that the growth of the abdominal air-sacs has
considerable influence on the development of this septum, into which
they extend from its outer anterior border. We may say in fact
that though a starting-point is supplied by the ridge (7) which is
visible as a backward continuation of the pulmonary mesoblast in
the earliest stages, it is only when the abdominal air-sacs have
attained some degree of development (as at about the time of the
completion of the avian diaphragm, 9th to 10th days), that a true
septum reaching from the lateral walls to the median vertical
mesentery (cf. fig. 22, y, y) is apparent and begins to extend
posteriorly and obliquely ventralwards.
This oblique abdominal septum, or anterior and dorsal portion of
the post-hepatic septum, is shown in its adult relations in figures 45
and 46, y, y (transverse sections).
The ventral part of the latter is formed by the laterally extended
ventral ligament of the gizzard and hinder part of liver, which goes
by the names of gastrohepatic ligament and the great omentum.
We see this membrane in the longitudinal-vertical section of 10th
day (taken to the right of the middle line, wherefore the gizzard
does not appear) (fig. 18, ) extending from the ventral body-wall
to the posterior side of the liver. It is shown also in figs. 13, 17,
19, 20, 26, 27, 28, and also in 29, G, 3. Further, I would call
attention to fig. 16, which is a longitudinal-horizontal section through
the more dorsal part of the gall-bladder (6.g) and the antero-ventral
corner of the lung (pul.) of a chick of the 12th day. On the right
1 Owing to the curvature of the embryo at that date, these are partly horizontal-
longitudinal and partly transverse. They are very similar to figures 581 and
582 in Duyal’s Atlas; but the latter fail to show the presence of the ridge y
on the left side.
464 MR. G. W. BUTLER ON THE SUBDIVISION OF [Noy. 19,
side there is still a communication (*) between the hepatic and
post-hepatic parts of the abdominal cavity ; and comparing this with
figs. 15 & 17, which represent sections respectively dorsal and ventral
to the section in fig. 16, it will be seen that the more dorsal part of
the post-hepatie septum is composed of the oblique abdominal septum
(y), while the more ventral part consists of the lateral “ omental”
extension (3). On the left side the ventral and dorsal components
of the post-hepatic septum never meet, and there is always in the
fowl a free communication between the ‘ pulmohepatic recess” of
this side and the general intestinal cavity. In the duck this is
reduced to the condition of a small aperture (cf. supra, p. 454).
With regard to the origin of this post-hepatic septum, it would
seem that the ventral portion (3) is, so to speak, started by the
vitelline veins which cause considerable inward projections of the
lateral body-wallsin which they run. With the closing-in of the
body-wall in the region of the umbilicus, the vessel of the left side
which alone continues as the allantoic vein (or in the adult as an
anterior abdominal vein carrying blood from the fat-laden omentum)
comes to assume a more central course, but the ventro-lateral attach-
ment of the membrane which supported these vessels persists.
The dorsal component (y) of the post-hepatic septum, on the
other hand, is due to the extension laterally and posteriorly, by the
growth of the abdominal air-sacs, of the ridge that forms a backward
continuation of the pulmonary tissue of either side. And it is thus
that I believe that in those Sauropsida which have no similar arrange-
ment of air-sacs the post-hepatic septum, which may be present
(Crocodiles and Teiidze), is the homologue of the ventral component
of this septum in the bird—the dorsal part being merely repre-
sented by the membranous fold, which in many Lizards extends for
a considerable distance behind the lungs.
IV. On tHe Bopy-cavity oF THE LACERTILIA AND OF THE
TEIIDA IN PARTICULAR.
(a) The Lacertilia generally.
Turning now to the Lacertilia and recurring to the question of
the ventral attachment of the lungs. The /eft lung seems to have,
as a rule, its ventral border but slightly if at all attached, but there
is sometimes a short ligament connecting this with the liver or tissue
in front of that organ.
The right lung, on the other hand, seems as a rule (ef. p. 465,
fig. A) to have its whole ventral border attached to the dorsal
wall of the right liver-lobe, or—seeing that dorsally it is attached
to the middle line by another ligament—it may sometimes be rather
described as set on the outer side of a membrane passing between
the right liver-lobe and the dorsal part of the median mesentery.
The spaces thus enclosed between the lung and its ligaments on the
outside, and the cesophagus and its ligaments in the middle line, are
homologous with the pulmohepatiec recesses of birds above described
1889.] THE BODY-CAVITY IN LIZARDS, ETC. 465
(cf. Plates XLVI.-XLIX. figs. 1-4 and woodcut A, p. 465), and
the membranes between the lung and liver are the pulmohepatie
ligaments.
The ligaments of the right side and consequently the corresponding
recess is fully developed in the following genera :—
Lacerta (viridis, muralis). Uromastyz.
Iguana (tuberculata). Chameleon.
Gerrhosaurus (flavigularis). Sphenodon.
Goniocephalus (sophie). Trachidosaurus.
In the last-named genus the posterior end of the lung is attached
by a separate membrane to the ligament between the liver and dorsal
wall.
The Teiidz are the only family in which I have met with the
condition in which the lung of each side is suspended freely by its
more dorsal ligament, with a consequent absence of pulmohepatic
recess.
This condition is visible in the following, which are the only
representatives of the family that I have examined :—
Tupinambis (teguivin) (Tejus teguexim, Gray).
rr, (nigropunctatus).
Ameiva (surinamensis).
Callopistes (maculatus).
The two types of lung-suspension referred to may be thus diagram-
matically represented *:—
Fig. A. Diagrammatic section of one of the lizards included in the first list
given above, taken through the lungs and liver.
Fig. B. A similar section of one of the Teiide, mentioned in the second list.
a, pulmohepatie ligament; ws, esophagus; 4, h', right and left liver-lobes ;
m, median thoracic septum ; pz/, lung.
A second set of attachments of the liver frequently met with are
ventral ligaments that run outwards from the pericardium, or the
1 Jt may be noted that two similar types occur among the Amphibia.
Thus, in the Salamander all the membranous attachments of the lungs and
liver seem to be precisely similar to those in the common Lacertilian type
(e.g. Lacerta). But in the Frog the two lungs hang freely suspended on either
side, as in the Teiide,
466 MR. G. W. BUTLER ON THE SUBDIVISION OF [Nov. 19,
median ventral ligament behind it, and take a more or less oblique
course across the liver. Sometimes there is more than one such on
a side.
I would call these the oblique ligaments of the liver.
These ligaments, when present, appear, in certain cases, to be
continuous with the membranes that bear the forward continuations
of the Miillerian ducts (oviducts), and are specially noticeable in
the case of the Chameleon, where they form broad sheets of mem-
brane constituting a kind of ventral diaphragm *.
The oblique ligaments can be traced in Lacerta, Uromastyz,
Ameiva, Chameleon, and others, but their number, distribution, and
degree of development is different in different forms; and I call
attention to them chiefly on account of the light they may throw
on the nature of certain membranes in the Crocodiles. There are in
these animals (cf. p. 469) certain well-defined ventral ligaments of
the liver, which completely mark off the more median portion of
each lobe from its antero-lateral corner, and seem to correspond to
these inconspicuous ligaments in the Lacertilia, but not truly to
anything in Birds. ,
I am inclined to regard such oblique ligaments as complementary
to the pulmo-hepatic ligaments; that is, to consider that they serve
to unite the liver to the body-wall in those forms in which the tissue
corresponding to the avian diaphragm, to which the last-mentioned
ligaments are attached, does not itself become attached to the body-
wall,
The more or less marked folds of peritoneum, which carry the
forward continuations of the Miillerian ducts, seem (cf. p. 462) to
mark the line along which an avian diaphragm might be expected
to arise; and they probably exercise one of the functions of a
diaphragm, in rendering a certain protection to the lungs; but I
would not advocate any closer homology between these membranes
and the diaphragms of either Birds or Mammals.
The relation of the lungs to the body-cavity in the Monitors is
referred to in my paper on the “ Fat-bodies,” to be subsequently
read, and I have nothing further to add here.
(6) The Teiide.
The condition in Tupinambis teguivin (Tejus teguexim, Gray) is
very interesting.
We have here (¢f. Plate XLVIII. figs. 31-34) a post-hepatic
septum (/3), apparently homologous with the ventral (or so-called
* omental’) portion of the post-hepatic septum in birds (the ventral
side of which is shown in fig. 29, 6), and perhaps to the greater
part of the post-hepatic septum in Crocodiles (figs. 40-43, 6).
This well-marked post-hepatic septum at first strikes the observer
1 Such oblique ligaments do in their adult relations rather suggest part of
the embryonic mammalian diaphragm. They attach the liver to the body-wall
posteriorly and ventrally to the attachment of the liver to the lungs or media-
stinum (compare with this Plate XLVI. fig. 4, dph.).
1889.] THE BODY-CAVITY IN LIZARDS, ETC. 467
as being very peculiar; but it is Jed up to in other genera of the
Teiide. Thus, in Ameiva and Callopistes the median ventral liga-
ment is, as it were, expanded laterally behind the liver, or it may be
said to give off at right angles on either side a membrane which
dorsaily becomes attached to the hinder part of the liver.
In Ameiva and Callopistes, however, the transverse vertical septum
thus formed is not continuous with the lateral walls, and there is a
free passage on either side. But in Tupinambis (see Plate XLVIII.
fig. 32, which is a view of the septum from behind, ventral side
uppermost) the subdivision of the body-cavity is much more com-
plete. On the right side there is only a very small aperture of
communication (0) between the pulmohepatic and intestinal cavities.
This is situated on the dorsal side external to the inferior vena cava
and the attenuated extremity of the right liver-lobe, which is repre-
sented as visible through the septum. On the left side there is a
larger, but still comparatively small, aperture (0') also dorsally
situated.
Figs. 33 & 34 give side views, ventral side uppermost, of this
post-hepatic septum (3), and the organs contained in the pulmohepatic
cavity in front of it. The whole lateral body-wall next the observer
is supposed to be removed. In fig- 31, on the right side (left of
observer), only the ventral part of this septum is displayed, the more
dorsal part lying concealed beneath this, together with the extremity
of the right liver-lobe.
This post-hepatic septum I have throughout indicated by the same
letter (3) as the more ventral, or omental, part of the post-hepatic
septum of birds, in accord with my opinion that they are homologous ;
since the position of the foramen of either side seems to make it clear
that there is no component growing in from the dorsal side corre-
sponding to the oblique abdominal septum of the bird. This is just
what we should expect, there being no development of abdorninal
air-sacs.
The difference between the adult condition of these Teiide and
that of the other type of Lizard would seem to imply that the vena
cava inferior of the former, instead of developing, as in Lacerta,
Gallus, and Lepus, in tissue continuous with the posterior part of the
pulmohepatic ligament, has arisen in a lateral transverse outgrowth
of the dorsal part of the longitudinal median septum or mesentery,
in fact in a membrane situated altogether posterior to the place
where the pulmohepatic recess would lie if present.
The need of some such transverse membrane, in the absence of the
pulmohepatic ligament, to carry the vena cava inferior to the liver,
accounts for the dorsal portion of the post-hepatic septum in the
Teude.
To the relations of the lungs in the Teiidz I have already referred
(p. 465).
V. Ox tHe Bopy-cavity oF THE CROCODILIA.
Turning now to the Crocodiles. In the absence of any data as to
the development of the septa in these animals (such as we possess in
468 MR. G. W. BUTLER ON THE SUBDIVISION OF [Nov. 19,
the case of Birds and Mammals), I give for what it may be worth
the following interpretation, based mainly on the study of very young
specimens either recently hatched or still within the egg. I have
examined but one well-preserved adult specimen (of the Alligator
type), and some eight or more small animals, four of which were
unhatched, three of them not having yet cut their teeth, and being
possessed of the horny egg-breaker on the snout.
Young animals such as these are, I think, best for making out
the relations, as not only is it easy to cut longitudiual and transverse
sections of them, but in the adult the true relations of the
membranes tend to become obscured by adhesions or other adaptive
changes, and the only drawback is the caution necessitated by the
delicacy of their membranes.
That which first strikes the observer with regard to the body-
cavity of a Crocodile, is the subdivision of the Pleuro-peritoneal
cavity into Pulmohepatic and Intestinal portions by a post-hepatic
septum’; secondly, the facts mentioned by Huxley (4, p. 568), that
the gizzard is firmly connected with the body-wall, so that it appears
to be itself shut off from the intestinal cavity ; and that the liver
projects into a number of different sacs *.
In these three points the Crocodiles at first sight approach the
Birds rather than other Sauropsida. It appears to me, however,
that the Crocodiles, in the matter of the subdivision of their body-
cavity, are distinctly reptilian rather than avian; and that the only
satisfactory way of comparing the two types, in the absence of the
much needed embryological data (cf. supra, p. 453), is to analyze
the complex condition of each into its component elements, and to
compare these in the light of our knowledge of the simpler Saurop-
sida (Lacertilia), and of the development of the bird.
Fig. 35 represents one of the young Crocodiles referred to
reduced one half, the lines indicating the approximate planes of the
sections sketched in the corresponding figures, which are on a scale
three times as large *.
Fig. 42 is intended to show the cut edges of the pleuro-peritoneal
membrane, as they would appear on the removal of the ventral body-
* Hunter in ‘Essays and Observations on Natural History......’ (edited by
Owen), vol. ii. pp. 356 & 337, gives a careful account of the relations and
attachments of the liver in theadult Crocodile. He emphasizes the fact that the
liver is shut off from the abdominal cavity, and says that it itself makes a kind of
diaphragm. He adds, however, that on account of the well-marked character
a the membranous lamella belsind it, we may “consider the liver as in the
thorax.”
2 Cf. Owen, P. Z.8. 1831, pp. 137 and 169. I was not aware, until after the
present paper was in type, that this author had described some of the anato-
mical features herein discussed. .
* The longitudinal sectionsin question, figs. 39, 40, & 41, are drawn from the
ventral side, as are also figs, 42 & 43, and also fig. 29 of the duck, and 31 of
Tupinambis. All these differ from the horizontal sections of the developing
bird, which are drawn from the dorsal side. This difference being once noted,
I hope that there will be no difficulty in making any comparisons that may be
desired. The transverse sections of the Crocodile, figs. 36, 37, & 38, agree with
those of the developing bird, and also with figs. 45 & 47 of the adult, and 82 of
Tupinambis, in being drawn from behind.
1889. ] THE BODY-CAVITY IN LIZARDS, ETC. 469
wall, without damage to the delicate septa and ligaments attached to
and passing into it.
There appears to be a septum or “diaphragm ”’ behind the lungs,
d.a°, d.a° ; but this only extends for a short distance inwards from the
ventral body-wall, as is seen by comparing the figures 40 and 42,
which represent the condition in the ventral region, with figures 41
and 43, which are sections through the more dorsal part. There is,
in fact, a continuous pulmohepatic space 4, 4°, 4, 4°, on either side
closed posteriorly by the post-hepatic septum (figs. 40, 42, and 43,
3, 2, and fig. 41 5+ y &£). Iwould compare the imperfect partition
(d.a°, d.a°, figs. 40 & 42) to the ventral portion of the avian
diaphragm. The septum behind the liver appears to me to be homo-
logous with the post-hepatic septum of Yupinambis, or with the
ventral or omental part of the post-hepatic septum of the bird. And
perhaps the most dorsal part near the postero-dorsal extremity of the
lung and liver may represent the dorsal element (oblique abdominal
septum of the bird).
But besides these lateral pulmo-hepatic cavities, there are,
anterior to the post-hepatic septum, two smaller sacs on either side
in the region of the liver, which must now be described.
In fig. 42 we see on either side of the median ventral ligament
(m) a closed peritoneal sac (1, 1’) containing a portion of the liver-lobe
of its side. These sacs I would roughly compare to the large ventral
liver sacs in the bird (figs. 29 et var. 1, 1'). However, the lateral
boundaries (/.00, /.0b) of these spaces in the Crocodile do not seem to
correspond exactly to any membranes in the bird, but to the oblique
ligaments of the liver described above (p. 466) in the Lacertilia,
as apparently complementary to the pulmohepatic ligaments which
are represented in all three groups. The relations of these spaces
(1, 1’) and ligaments (/.0d, /.0b) are further illustrated in the trans-
verse sections (figs. 37 & 38) and in the longitudinal section (fig. 39).
The second pair of cavities in the region of the liver are specially
worthy of consideration. These are the cavities 2 & 2’ on the right
and left sides respectively in the longitudinal sections (figs. 40 & 43,
& 41 right side) and in the transverse sections (figs. 37 & 38).
I regard them as comparable to the pulmohepatic recesses of the
bird. That on the left side seems to be entirely closed, and since it
lies between the liver and the alimentary canal it is not bounded
antero-dorsally by the lung and mediastinal tissue, and it can only
be compared with the posterior and more median portion of the
corresponding recess in the bird.
The space on the right side, however, much resembies the corre-
sponding space in the bird or lizard in its relations to the liver and
lung; it is bounded on the outside by the pulmohepatic ligament (figs.
37, 40, 41, 43, a), which, as in the lizard or bird, passes postero-
dorsally into the membranous tract (y, fig. 38) that is continuous
with the posterior extremity of the pulmonary and mediastinal tissue
(oblique abdominal septum of bird).
On the right side I found, in some of the young specimens
examined, a passage between the pulmohepatic recess and the
470 MR. G. W. BUTLER ON THE SUBDIVISION OF [Nov. 19,
general intestinal (or post-hepatic) cavity. In fig. 43 (which
represents the dorsal half of the trunk-region of one of ‘these small
animals that had been cut horizontally), (z) indicates a blunt
wire or ‘‘ seeker’ passed through this channel of communication
from the post-hepatic cavity (3) to the pulmohepatic recess (2).
The posterior aperture (7.W") may be sometimes easily detected.
It is the position of this channel that is specially noteworthy.
The opening into the post-hepatic cavity is not a proper foramen of
Winslow, as is the case in the bird up to the ninth day. It lies
dorso-externally to the dorsal attachment of the fatty so-called
* spleen,” and has the same relation to the vena cava inferior, while
in the case of the foramen of Winslow the relations to the latter are
the reverse of this. On the other hand, the aperture here resembles,
in its relation to the vena cava inferior, the dextral foramen in the
post-hepatic septum of Zupinambis (cf. p. 467, & figs. 31, 32, &
34, 0), though in the case of this Lizard, owing to the absence of
pulmohepatic ligaments, there is no corresponding recess for it to
lead into (ef. woodcut B, p. 465).
The omental sac proper (if, as is probable, one is originally
formed) would appear to have become obliterated in connexion with
the tight matting together of the coils of the alimentary canal in the
region of the stomach and duodenum.
I regret that I have failed to make out exactly what it is that
Huxley (4, p. 568) suggests may, in the Crocodile, represent the
oblique septum of birds. But if the homologies advocated in this
paper be correct, the oblique septum, together with the pulmonary
aponeurosis, should be represented by the tissue covering the postero-
mesial face of the lungs ventrally, and on the right side forming the
antero-dorsal wall of the pulmohepatic recess.
VI. Concuusions.
1. The avian diaphragm is a single structure completed as such
(in the chick) about the tenth day of incubation and only subse-
quently divided into two parts by the growth of the “ diaphragmatic ”
or *‘ intermediate” air-sacs.
2. The facts described would appear to give support and defini-
tion to the view that the main part of the avian diaphragm is not
homologous with the diaphragm of mammals, but with tissue, which
in the latter group is called mediastinal.
3. The post-hepatic septum of the bird is composed of two parts.
One, developing backwards and ventralwards from the posterior border
of the lung in connexion with the growth of the abdominal air-sacs,
seems to be quite rudimentary in other types which have not a like
disposition of air-sacs. The other, spreading on either side dorsally
and forwardly to meet the former, appears to be homologous with the
greater part or the whole of the post-hepatic system of the Crocodilia,
and of the Yeiide among Lizards.
4. So far as the subdivision of the body-cavity is concerned, the
Crocodiles seem comparable to the Lizards rather than to the Birds,
1889.] THE BODY-CAVITY IN LIZARDS, ETC. 471
They can, however, be compared with the latter by reason of the
fact that the Birds can themselves be compared with the Lizards.
The Lizards would seem, so to speak, to form the nearest approach
to a“‘ greatest common measure” for the Birds and Crocodiles at
present available, in the absence of much wanted embryological data
with regard to the latter.
5. The family of the Teiide is noteworthy from the development,
at any rate among some of its members, of a more or less complete
post-hepatic septum, and for the absence of the usual attachment
between the lung and liver-lobe of the right side.
VII. List or princrpat Memoirs AND Papers REFERRED TO.
1. Sappey.—Recherches sur l’appareil respiratoire des Oiseaux.
1847.
2. Caprat.—Du développement de la portion céphalothoracique de
Pembryon. Journal de l’Anatomie et de la Physiologie, vel.
xiv. 1878, pp. 630-674.
3. His.—Mittheilungen zur Embryologie der Siugethiere u. der
Menschen.” Archiv fiir Anat. u. Phys. 1881, Anat. Abth.
4. Huxtry.—On the Respiratory Organs of Apteryzx [comparing
with Duck]. P. Z. S. 1882,pp. 560-559.
5. Usxow.—Ueber die Entwickelung des Zwerchfells des Pericard.
u. d. Coeloms. Archiv fiir mikr. Anat. 1883, pp. 143-219.
6. Lockwoop.—The early development of the Diaphragm,
Pericardium, and Great Veins. Phil. Trans. 1888, pp. 365—
384.
7. Lockwoov.—Abstract of Lectures on the development of the
Organs of Circulation and Respiration, including the Pericar-
dium, Diaphragm, and Great Veins. Brit. Med. Journal, April
7, 1888.
8. Duvau.—Atlas d’Embryologie. Paris, 1888.
9. Ravn.—Ueber die Bildung der Scheidewand zwischen Brust
und Bauchhohle in Saiugethierembryonen. Archiv fiir Anat.
u. Phys. 1889, Anat. Abth. pp. 123-154.
10. Srranxi und Carrus—Entwickelungsgescnichte des Herzens
u. der Korperhéhlen. Archiv fiir. Anat. u. Phys. 1889, Anat.
Abth. pp. 231-248.
Postscript.
While these pages were passing through the press my attention
was, by Prof. Howes, directed to a paper by Ravn (Archiv fiir Anat-
omie und Physiologie, Anat. Abth. 1889, p. 412), published after the
sending in of my own.
This is one of a series of papers by that author on the develop-
ment of the diaphragm and adjoining organs. In it the various
membranes and septa that are visible in the body-cavity of the adult
male Lacerta viridis are carefully described with the aid of figures.
He calls attention to certain membranous tissue posterior to the
heart which he would regard as representing part of the more
472 MR. G. W. BUTLER ON THE SUBDIVISION OF [Nov. 19,
ventral portion of the Mammalian diaphragm. Doubtless the re-
sults of the systematic research he is undertaking will be of the
greatest interest, but it is only necessary for me here to refer to cer-
tain points in his nomenclature.
Ravn calls the membrane passing between the lung and the liver-
lobe of the right side (the pulmohepatic ligament of this paper) the
ligamentum pulmonale accessorium.
If we consider Lacerta alone, Ravn’s term seems certainly, as a rule,
the more applicable of the two ; for on the left side, as well as on the
right, there is a ventral ligament, which, however, passes from the
lung not to the liver but to the ventral body-wall. Ravn, however,
mentions that in one specimen he traced a connexion between the
lung and liyer by means of this ligament ; and, as he says, the usual
condition in Lacerta is probably due to the tardier development of
the left liver-lobe in the embryo. In the adult of many lizards (e. g.
Sphenodon, Trachydosaurus, Uromastyx) the ligament on the left side
is either not at all or but slightly developed and does not extend as
far back as the anterior margin of the left liver-lobe. And on the
other hand, in Amphisbena, where the left ligament is well developed,
it connects the lung and liver.
I think that the more definite term which I have employed is justi-
fied, especially when we consider the homologous but moresymmetrical
parts in birds, where it is the liver-lobes and not the lungs that are
kept in place by these ligaments; moreover, the corresponding term
pulmohepatic recesses serves well to describe those portions of the
peritoneal cavity which are enclosed laterally by these ligaments.
The membranes which I have called oblique ligaments of the liver,
Ravn calls the ligamentum suspensorium hepatis accessorium (dextrum
and sinistrum respectively). Ravn’s term has the advantage of
greater definiteness, but it is long. I may repeat that the develop-
ment of these ligaments in different types of Lizard varies both as to
size and number, for there may be more than one on a side. This
seems to indicate that they have only a general morphological value.
They are either (as Ravn calls them) accessory suspensory ligaments,
or (as I have said above) ligaments complementary to the pulmohepatic
attachments of the liver, in those forms where the latter are not,
as they are in the bird, calculated to give sufficient support to that
organ ventro-laterally.
November 23, 1889. G. W. B.
VIII. EXPLANATION OF PLATES XLVI-XLIX.
a.al, vight allantoic artery.
a.al’, left allantoic artery.
al, alimentary canal.
als, allantois.
ao, dorsal aorta.
ap.p, pulmonary aponeurosis.
6.9, gall-bladder.
c, heart.
ce’, wall of heart.
cl, clavicle.
1889.] THE BODY-CAVITY IN LIZARDS, ETC. 473
cor, coracoid,
c.W, Wolfian body.
d.a, avian diaphragm.
d.a°, representative of avian diaphragm.
d.C, duct of Cuvier.
d.M, Miillerian duct.
d.M’, ligament of duct.
dph, mammalian diaphragm.
t.W, foramen of Winslow.
f.W’, false foramen of Winslow.
g, genital gland.
h, h', right and left lobes of liver.
Lob, oblique ligament of liver.
m, median thoracic septum and abdominal mesentery and
ligaments that support the alimentary canal.
ml, muscle in avian diaphragm.
o, o’, right and left aperture in post-hepatic septum.
oes, esophagus.
ov, ovary.
pa, pancreas.
pe, pericardium,
pro, proventriculus.
pul, lung.
re, kidney.
s.a, s.a’, 8,0’, s,a’”’, interclavicular, anterior diaphragmatic, posterior diaphrag-
matic, and abdominal air-sacs of bird.
s.ob, oblique septum,
spl, spleen.
spl’, fatty “spleen ” (?).
z, testis.
v.a, left allantoic, or anterior abdominal vein.
v.¢.8, Vena cava superior.
v.c.i, vena caya inferior.
v.om, v.om', right and left omphalo-mesenteric vein.
v.w, line of attachment of 8 to ventral body-wall.
z, seeker passed through false foramen of Winslow.
1, 1’, right and left ventral liver-sacs.
2, 2’, right and left pulmohepatic recesses.
38, peritoneal cavity.
4, pleural cavity.
4°, pulmo-hepatic portion of body-cavity.
a, pulmohepatic ligament.
B, ventral or “omental” portion of post-hepatic septwm (ventral
ligament of stomach and posterior part of liver),
y, oblique abdominal septum (antero-dorsal portion of post-
hepatic septum).
x, T, see text.
Figs. 1-28 are selected from complete series of sections cut with a rocking-
microtome. Figs. 36-41 and 43-47 are drawings of thicker hand-
made sections.
Figs. 1, 2. Two transverse sections of chick-embryo of 6th day in the region of
the lungs and heart.
Fig. 3. Transverse section of embryo of Lacerta through same region.
Fig. 4. Transverse section of embryo mammal.
Figs. 5, 6, 7. Three transyerso-horizontal sections of the chick of the 7th day
drawn (enlarged) in fig. 25. Fig. 5 is nearest the shoulder; fig. 7
nearest the head and tail (all x 20).
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XXXII. 32
474 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
Figs. 8, 9, 10. Three longitudinal horizontal sections of chick at beginning of
9th day of incubation, starting from the more dorsal region, seen from
yentral side (all x 9).
Figs. 11, 12, 13. Three longitudinal horizontal sections of chick at beginning of
10th day, starting from the more dorsal region, seen from ventral side
(all x 6).
Figs. 14, 15, 16, 17. Four longitudinal horizontal sections of chick-embryo at
beginning of 12th day, starting from more dorsal region, seen from
ventral side (all x 4).
Fig. 18. Longitudinal vertical section of chick about the beginning of 10th day
(x 4).
Figs. 19-24. Transverse sections of embryo-chick at about beginning of 10th day
(seen from behind), starting from the umbilical region and running
forwards (all x 6).
Fig. 25. Outline of embryo of which figs. 5, 6,7 show sections taken parallel to
the straight lines (enlarged).
Figs. 26-28. Transverse sections of chick about beginning of 12th day (sketched
from behind). The sections running forwards. (Sections at this stage
through the lung-region much resembled figs. 25 & 24 all x 6.)
Fig. 29. Shows the various cavities in the trunk-region of the Duck, exposed by
removing the ventral body-wall (reduced).
Fig. 80. Shows the animal (nat. size) from which the sections shown in fig. 11,
12, 13 were cut and the direction of cutting them, as well as the
originals of figs. 14-17.
Figs. 31-34. Sketches of dissections of Twpinambis teguixin described in the text
(4 nat. size).
Fig. 35. Sketch of young Crocodile (unhatched) (x 4), each line indicates the
approximate position of the section whose figure has the corresponding
number.
Figs, 36-38. Transverse sections of young unhatched Crocodile (seen from be-
hind) (x 13).
Figs. 89-41. Longitudinal horizontal sections of young unhatched Crocodile,
seen from ventral side (x 14).
Fig. 42. To show the cavities and septa displayed on removing the ventral
body-wall of young Crocodile, seen from ventral side (x 13).
Fig. 43. Longitudinal horizontal section of young Crocodile, seen from ventral
side, to show the communication between the right pulmohepatic recess
and the post- hepatic part of the peritoneal cavity (x 13).
Figs. 44-47. Transverse sections of adult fowl ; 44 and 46 sketched from in front,
45 and 47 from behind (reduced).
2. On the Lepidoptera of Japan and Corea.—Part III.’
Heterocera, Sect. II. Noctues and Deltoides. By J. H.
Leecu, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &e.
[Received August 10, 1889.]
(Plates L.—LIII.)
1, ACRONYCTA CUSPIS.
Noctua psi, Hiibn. Noct. fig. 504.
Acronycta cuspis, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. p.32 ; Guen. Noct.i. p. 43.
Var. Acronycta leucocuspis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) 1.
p- 78 (1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xliv. fig. 2 (1879).
Two examples, coll. Pryer. I took a specimen at Gensan in
July.
1 For Part I. see P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 398; Part II. P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 580.
P P.Z.5.1889.Plate L.
F.W.Frobawkjlith adnat West ,Newman,imp.
Lepidoptera of Japan & Corea,
4.0 .1889. Plate LI.
West ,Nevmnan, imp.
FW. Frohawk,lith, adnat.
Lepidoptera of Japan & Coréa.
P.2Z5.1889.Plate LIT
West, Newman imp.
FLW. FProhawk lthadnat.
Lepidoptera of Japan & Corea
West Newman mup,
at.
ithadn
FW.Frohawk
tera of Japan & Corea.
op
=
epid
+
1
1889.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 475
Rather larger and darker in colour than most of my specimens
from Europe.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Oiwake (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech) ;
North China ; Europe.
2. ACRONYCTA TRIDENS.
Noctua tridens, Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 67; Esp. Schmett. iv.
pl. 115. figs. 5-8.
Acronycta tridens, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. 26; Guen. Noct. i.
. 43.
‘ Acronycta increta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 78
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xliv. fig. 3 (1879).
Several specimens coll. Pryer, labelled A. increta. I took examples
at Gensan. In his Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Japan Pryer says
of the larva of this insect, we very like A. ¢ridens, which also probably
occurs here.”
The largest example in my series from Japan measures 50 millim,
in expanse.
Yokohama (Pryer and Manley); Gensan (Leech); Europe.
3. ACRONYCTA PSI.
Phal.-Noctua psi, Linn. x. p. 514.
Noctua psi, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 115. figs. 1-4.
Acronycta psi, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. 30; Guen. Noet. i. p. 43.
Four examples taken by myself at Gensan in June, and Fushiki in
July. There were no specimens in Mr. Pryer’s collection.
Gensan, Fushiki (Zeech) ; Europe.
4. ACRONYCTA DIGNA.
Thalpophila digna, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 176.
Acronycta micnaél, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. x. p. 18, pl. ii. fig. 13
(1884).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I have received this species from my native collector, who took
three examples at Gensan in July.
Except that the secondaries of some examples are tinged with yel-
low, this species has no character in common with Thalpophila cythe-
rea, the insect with which Mr. Butler compares his digna ; further
it does not agree with the characters of the genus Thalpophila, Hiibn.,
as diagnosed by Walker (Cat. Lep. Het. ix. p. 214), especially as
regards the antennz, which in digna are simple in both sexes.
“Ranges from 40 millim. to 52 millim. in expanse.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer); Corea, Sidemi (Jankowski).
5. ACRONYCTA HERCULEA.
Acronycta herculea, Feld. Reis. Nov. eix. fig. 2.
Acronycta luteicoma, Grote, var. elongata, Oberth. Etud d’ Ent.
x. p. 20, pl. ii. fig. 3 (1884.)
Four examples, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer) ; Sidemi (Jankowski).
3ou*
476 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
6. ACRONYCTA MAJOR.
Acronycta major, Brem. Buil. de l’Acad. 1861, t. iiti.; Lep. Ost-
Sib. p. 48, pl. v. fig. 7 (1864).
Triena anedina, But]. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 19.
I took this species at Hakodate and there were specimens in Pryer’s
collection, one of which, from the Kuriles, is a pale form with but few
markings. In his Catalogue Pryer gives a brief description of this
variety and proposed for it the name of snowi.
Tokio (Fenton); Yokohama (Pryer and Manley); Hakodate
(Leech) ; Kuriles (Snow); Amur.
7. ACRONYCTA BRUMOSA.
Acronycta brumosa, Guen. Noct. i. p. 52 (1852).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
This is a variable species, some of the examples being dark ; others
are identical with typical drwmosa, whilst one or two specimens are
much paler.
Yokohama (Pryer and Manley); Gensan (Nat. Coll.); North
America, Virginia.
8. ACRONYCTA LIGUSTRI.
Noctua ligustri, Fabry. Mant. 172; Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 119. figs.
2-4; Hiibn. Noct. pl. 5. fig. 21.
Acronycta ligustri, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. p. 20; Guen. Noct. i.
p. ol.
One example, coll. Pryer.
Oiwake (Pryer) ; Europe.
9. ACRONYCTA CONSANGUIS.
Acronycta consanguis, But]. Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 358
1879).
é ee specimens, coll. Pryer. I have also received the species
from Mr. Manley of Yokohama, and my native collector obtained it
at Hakodate in June 1887. Closely allied to A. menyanthidis from
Europe.
Yokohama (Pryer and Manley); Hakodate, Tokio.
10. ACRONYCTA FRUINOSA.
Acronycta pruinosa, Guen. Noct. i. p. 53 (1852).
Polia soluta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xxxiii. p. 723 (1865).
Plataplecta soluta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist (5)1i. p. 195
(1878).
Plataplecta pruinosa, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. iii. p. 5, pl. 144. fig. 3
(1884).
* A fine series, coll. Pryer.
This species very closely resembles auricoma of Europe, but the
orbicular is larger and whiter.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer); Silhet, Java, Ceylon.
a i
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 47
11. ACRONYCTA ALNI.
Phal.-Noctua alni, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. p. 845.
Noctua alni, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 116. figs. 4-6 ; Hiibn. Noct. pl.i.
fig. 3.
Acronycta alni, Treit. Schmett. vy. 1. 16; Guen. Noct. i. p. 51.
One very typical example, coll. Pryer.
Yesso(Pryer) ; Europe.
12. ACRONYCTA LEPORINA.
Phal.-Noctua leporina, Linn, Syst. Nat. x. p. 511.
Noctua leporina, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 91. figs. 1-5; Hiibn.
Noct. pl. 3. fig. 15.
Acronycta leporina, Treit. Schmett. v. 1; Guen. Noct. i. p. 46.
Two examples, coll. Pryer.
Oiwake (Pryer) ; Hudson’s Bay ; Europe.
13, ACRONYCTA SUBORNATA, sp.n. (Plate L. fig. 6.)
Primaries dark grey, clouded with blackish and mottled with
white, double serrated basal and denticulate inner lines black with
an abbreviated white band between them, the outer line is double,
denticulated and curved, interspace whitish; reniform outlined in
black with a central black curved line, orbicular white, outlined in
black with a black centre ; a short black longitudinal streak from
the base and an indistinct dagger-mark at inner angle; fringes
mottled grey, spotted with black at the base: secondaries fuscous
grey ; central spot, transverse line, and broad outer border blackish ;
fringes chequered black and white. Under surface of primaries
fuliginous grey ; costa whitish, spotted with black, central spot and
transverse line black: secondaries silvery white, clouded with dark
grey along the costal and marginal areas; a black costal spot unites
with the central one forming a short transverse bar; central trans-
verse denticulate line black; fringes whitish dashed with black.
Head and thorax grey ; patagia dark grey edged with black.
Expanse 48 millim.
Four specimens. Two, coll. Pryer, one taken by my native col-
lector at Gensan in July and one from Yokohama.
14. PHARETRA RUMICIS.
Phal.-Noctua rumicis, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 516.
Noctua rumicis, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 117. figs. 8, 9; Hibn.
Noct. 9.
Acronycta rumicis, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. 38; Guen. Noct. i.
p- 93.
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at several places in Japan and at Gensan in July
and August, 1886. I have also received the species from my
native collector, who took it at Nikko and Gensan.
Japanese specimens of P. rumicis are, as a rule, rather darker
than those from Europe.
478 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
Yokohama (Pryer and Leech); Shimonoseki, Tsuruga, Tokio,
Hakodate, Nagahama, Gensan (Leech); Kiukiang and Chang Yang
(Pratt).
15, PHARETRA LONGA.
Acronycta longa, Guen. Noct. i. p. 54 (1852).
Var. Acronycta lutea, Brem. Beitr. zur Fauna des Nérdl. China’s,
p- 17; Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 48, tab. iv. fig. 7 (1864).
Pharetra leucoptera, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 595.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer. I took examples at Gensan in
July, and Hakodate in August.
The colour of secondaries ranges from whitish in the type to
bright yellow, var. lutea.
Oiwake (Pryer) ; Yokohama, Gensan (Leech); Amur, N. China ;
West Canada, N. America.
16. HyBoma DivIsA.
Hyboma divisa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 409.
One example, coll. Pryer.
I took a specimen at Nagahama in July, and have since received
it from Mr. Manley of Yokohama, and also from my native col-
lector, who took examples at Nikko.
Yokohama (Pryer and Manley); Nagahama (Leech) ; Nikko.
17. HyBOMA STRIGOSA.
Noctua strigosa, Fabr. Mant. ii. 142.
Noctua favillacea, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 127. fig.4; Hiibn. Noct.
L. i. fig. 2.
‘ nee strigosa, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. 200.
Acronycta strigosa, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. 23; Guen. Noct. 1.
p- ol.
Several examples, coll. Pryer.
I took a specimen at Gensan in July, and another at Hakodate
in August.
Ranges in expanse from 32 millim. to 39 millim., and seems to be
uniformly larger than European examples.
Yesso, Oiwake (Pryer); Hakodate, Gensan (Leech) ; Europe.
18. PLATAPLECTA SUBVIRIDIS.
Plataplecta subviridis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5)i. p. 195
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxi. fig. 3 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took the species in Satsuma in May.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Satsuma (Leech); Chekiang.
19. GERBATHA ANGUSTA.
Gerbatha angusta, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 24, pl. xlvii.
fig. 2 (1879).
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
1889.]} LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 479
In one rather pale example the lines are very faintly defined.
The specimens vary from 30 millim. to 40 millim. in expanse.
Yokohama (Pryer).
20. GERBATHA YPSILON.
Gerbatha ypsilon, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 24, pl. xlvii.
fig. 1 (1879).
One example, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Pryer).
21. GeRBATHA GRANITALIS.
Gerbatha granitalis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 194.
Three specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took one example at Gensan in July.
Tokio (Fenton); Yokohama (Pryer); Gensan (Leech).
22. BRYOPHILA ALG.
Noctua alge, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 614 (1775).
Var. Microphysa stictica, Méu. Bull. de Acad. Pétersb. xvii.
p- 315 (1859).
I took two examples at Fushiki in July, and there were several
specimens in Pryer’s collection.
Yokohama (Pryer); Fushiki (Leach) ; Lenkoran ; Europe.
23. SELEPA MANLEYI, sp. n. (Plate LII. fig. 1.)
Primaries shining violet-grey, basal and costal areas tinged with
greenish, discal area broadly suffused with dark grey; basal line
pale, inner and outer lines black, the former is curved and indented,
the latter simply curved and followed on costa by a blackish cloud
bordered with whitish above inner margin ; submarginal line broad,
blackish, not extending to costa; the orbicular is punctiform and
the reniform is represented by three dots forming a triangle:
secondaries fuscous grey, darker towards outer margin. Under
surface grey ; primaries clouded with fuscous, two transverse central
lines and submarginal band darker; secondaries with a central spot
and two transverse lines dark grey, a black oblique dash near base
of inner margin.
Expanse, ¢ 25 millim., 9 31 millim. Five specimens received
from Mr. Manley of Yokohama.
Var. cLARA. The discal area is not suffused with dark grey, the
transverse lines are strongly defined and double, the interspaces are
white.
One specimen coll. Pryer and one Yokohama.
24. Moma orRIoNn.
Noctua orion, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 108. figs. 4-7 ; Hiibn. Noct.
pl. 5. fig. 22.
Diphtera orion, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. 50; Guen. Noct. i. p. 36.
Moma orion, Herr.-Schaff. Eur. Schmett. ii. 176. 2.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
480 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
I took this species at Gensan.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech).
25. Moma conrvusa, sp. n. (Plate L. fig. 5.)
3. Primaries violet-grey, discal area clouded with darker ; two
short white basal lines; the central area traversed by two black-
edged white transverse lines, which are intersected by a white streak
from the base; this latter is branched and, together with the trans-
verse line, forms a somewhat intricate network; submarginal line
blackish, wavy, and sharply angulated below the costa; a white
spot at inner angle: secondaries pale whitish brown, central trans-
verse line and marginal border darker ; fringes paler. Under surface
of primaries fuscous, paler along inner margin, central lunule whitish,
transverse line dark ; secondaries whitish, with blackish central spot
and fuscous transverse line.
Expanse 36 millim.
One example, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama? (Pryer).
26. Moma NIVEOLA.
Abrostola niveola, Motsch. Coll. Staud.
Moma tapyx, Staud. in litt.
I took one example at Gensan in July.
27. PANDESMA VIRENS.
Pandesma virens, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 192.
A few specimens, coll. Pryer. I also received one specimen from
Mr. Andrews, who took it at Hakodate, and my native collector
took one example at the same place in June or July.
Yesso (Pryer); Hakodate (Andrews and Nat. Coll.).
28. DipHTERA GEMMIFERA.
Plusia gemmifera, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xii. p. 934 (1857).
Anarta gemmifera, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 63.
Diphtera letevirens, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. x. p. 17, pl. il. fig. 6
(1884).
Three specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama? (Pryer); Sidemi (Jankowski) ; Nilgiri Hills.
29. MyTHIMNA GRANDIS.
Mythimna grandis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 79
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxviii. fig. 7 (1878).
Var. Mythimna divergens, Butl. Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i.
p- 79 (1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxviii. fig. 8 (1878).
An extensive series, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Gensan in July.
This appears to be a very variable species. Some of the specimens
agree with the type of M. grandis, others are identical with MZ. diver-
gens, whilst others, again, resemble M. grandis in one character and
1889.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 481
M. divergens in another. For instance, a specimen, which as far as
regards the relation of inner and outer stripes is of the divergens
form, has the outer stripe regularly denticulated. Another example
with most of the typical characters has the reniform quite as large
as any specimen of M. divergens.
The inner stripe is ill defined in some specimens, and in others it
is entirely eliminated, whilst the outer stripe may or may not be
denticulated ; further, the outer stripe is, in three examples, only
faintly indicated and in two others is quite absent. The colour and
markings of secondaries are subject to much modification on both
surfaces.
Expanse 48 millim. to 60 millim.
Hakodate (Whitely) ; Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake
(Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech).
30. MyTHIMNA TURCA.
Phal.-Noctua turca, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. p. 847.
Noctua turea, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 122. figs. 5, 6; Hiibn. Noct.
fig. 218.
Mythimna turca, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. 181.
Leucania turca, Guen. Noct. i. p.73.
Mythimna limbata, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 173.
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Gensan in July.
The primaries vary in colour from chestnut-brown through
ochreous brown to ochreous grey; the transverse lines, usually dis-
tinct, are sometimes only faintly visible, and in one specimen from
Gensan almost entirely obliterated. In this last example the median
nerve and branches are whitish.
Expanse 40 millim. to 56 millim.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer); Tokio (Penton); Gensan, Hakodate
(Leech); Kiukiang (Pratt); Europe.
31. MyrHIMNA RUFIPENNIS.
Mythimna rufipennis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1. p. 79
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxviii. fig. 6 (1878).
Leucania inanis, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 70, pl. iii. fig. 4
(1880).
A very fine series, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Jonas and Manley) ; Oiwake (Pryer); Askold.
32. MyTHIMNA PLACIDA.
Mythimna placida, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 79
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxviii. fig. 15 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
My native collector took examples of this species at Ningpo in
July.
Tokio (Jonas) ; Yokohama (Pryer); Ningpo (Nat. Coll.) ; Kiu-
kiang (Pratt).
482 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
33. LEUCANIA FLAVOSTIGMA.
Xanthia flavostigma, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 52, pl. v. fig. 11
(1864).
Leucania singularis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 80
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxviii. fig. 11.
Aleta formosana, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 675.
Var. rnorNATA. (Plate L. fig. 7.)
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I have received this species from Mr. Manley of Yokohama, and
my native collector obtained it at Hakodate in July. I took speci-
mens at Gensan in July.
Two specimens, coll. Pryer (no. 697), differ from the type in the
almost total absence of the usual markings, and the fringes are
strongly tinged with pink. I have named this form var. inornata.
Yokohama (Pryer and Manley); Tokio (Jonas) ; Hakodate (Nat.
Coll.) ; Gensan (Leech) ; Kiukiang (Pratt); Formosa, Amur.
34. LEUCANIA DECISISSIMA.
Leucania decisissima, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. ii. p. 624
(1865).
pos rufistrigosa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 337.
Leucania salebrosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 80
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxviii. fig. 10 (1878).
One example, coll. Pryer.
Agrees with Chinese specimens, of which I have four from
Kiukiang.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Kiukiang (Pratt); Tokio; Dar-
jeeling, Umballa.
35. LEUCANIA EXTRANEA.
Leucania extranea, Guen. Noct. i. p. 77.
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama Pryer) ; Kiukiang (Pratt); Europe, North and South
America, Africa, N. India, New Zealand.
36. LEUCANIA LOREYI.
Leucania loreyi, Dup. Hist. Nat. Lép. Fr. iv. 81, pl. 105. fig. 7
(1827); Guen. Noct. i. p. 84.
Leucania caricis, Treit. Schmett. Eur. x. 2. 91 (1835).
Five examples, coll. Pryer.
I have received this species from Mr. Manley of Yokohama.
Yokohama (Pryer and Manley); Europe, Brazil, Java.
37. LEUCANIA NIGRILINEA, sp. n, (Plate L. fig. 8.)
Primaries pale ochreous brown, radiated with pinkish between the
subcostal and median nerves and clouded with blackish on the
external margin below apex; a black longitudinal streak from the
base to centre of wing continues after an interval as a blackish shade
1889.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 483
to external margin; orbicular stigma represented by a black dot,
another black dot precedes the reniform, which is only indicated by a
white spot; a pale viclet-grey shade below reniform extending towards
external margin; a series of black spots arranged irregularly in two
parallel transverse lines traverses the disk of the wing: secondaries
pale grey-brown, darker towards external margin. Under surface pale
silky grey, with a fuscous discal suffusion on primaries.
Expanse 35 millim.
One specimen, coll. Pryer, from Loochoo. Two d and 3 Q
examples received from Yokohama.
In some examples the transverse series of black spots is not
present.
38. LEUCANIA RADIATA.
Leucania radiata, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 48 (1864); Oberth.
Etud. d’Ent. v. pl. iii. fig. 5 (1881).
Leucania abdominalis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 338.
Four examples, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer); Amur, Askold, Dharmsala, and
Khandalla.
39. LEUCANIA ZEZ.
Leucania zee, Dup. Hist. Nat. Lép. Fr. vii. 1. p. 363, pl. 122.
fig. 4; Guen. Noct. i. p. 77.
I took a specimen at Nemoro in August, and my native collector
obtained one at Hakodate in June or July.
Nemoro (Leech); Hakodate (Nat. Coll.) ; Europe.
40. LrucaNIA IMPURA.
Noctua impura, Hibn. Noct. fig. 396.
Leucania impura, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. 294; Guen. Noct. i. p. 92.
One example, coll. Pryer.
Oiwake (Pryer); Europe.
4]. LeucaniA INNOCENS.
Nonargia innocens, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 173.
Three specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Pryer).
42, LEUCANIA CONIGERA.
Noctua conigera, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. 177; Hiibn. Noct. fig. 222.
Noctua floccida, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 123. fig. 5.
Mythimna conigera, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. 190.
Leucania conigera, Boisd. Ind. Méth. 131. 1044; Guen. Noct. i.
p. 72.
Three specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took one example at Nemoro in August.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Nemoro (Leech) ; Europe.
484 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
43. NONAGRIA TURPIS.
Nonagria turpis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 359
(1879).
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
I took one Q example at Nagasaki in May.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Nagasaki (Leech).
44. NONAGRIA SPARGANII.
Noctua sparganii, Esp. Schmett. pl. 148. figs. 2, 3; Hiibn.
Eur. Schmett. Noct. i. figs. 549, 550.
Nonagria sparganii, Treit. Schmett. Eur. ii. p. 323 ; Guen. Noct.
i. p- 108.
One specimen, coll. Pryer.
Japan (Pryer) ; Europe.
45. NEPHELODES DATANIDIA.
Nephelodes datanidia, Butl. Cist. Ent. iti. p. 132 (1885).
Two examples, coll. Pryer (no. 711).
Yokohama? (Pryer).
46. Hypr@&CIA NICTITANS.
Noctua nictitans, Esp. Schmett. pl. 126. fig. 5; Borkh. Eur.
Schmett. iv. 463.
Noctua chrysographa, Hubn. Noct. fig. 221.
Phalena auricula, Donovan, Brit. Ins. xii. pl. 397. fig. 3.
Noctua auricula, Haw. Lep. Brit. p. 240.
Hydrecia nictitans, Guen. Noct. i. p. 126.
Var. Noctua erythrostigma, Haw. lL. c.
Gortyna nictitans, var. lucens, Freyer, v. p. 143 (1845); Herr.-
Schaff. Eur. Schmett. ii. p. 219, pl. 57. figs. 285-288.
A long and variable series, including specimens from Pryer’s
collection and others, taken by myself at Gensan in July and
Hakodate in August. Sixteen of the twenty-eight specimens are of
the erythrostigma form. Var. lucens is also represented.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer); Gensan, Hakodate (Leech) ;
Europe, N. America.
47. HypR&XCIA PETASITIS,
Hydrecia petasitis, Doubl. Zool. v. p. 1915 (1847) ; Guen. Noct.
i. p. 128.
Noctua vindelicia, Frey. Neu. Beitr. Schmett. vi. p. 82, pl. 531,
fig. 3 (1849).
Hydrecia vindelicia, Herr.-Schaff. Eur. Schmett. 521-523 ;
Guen. Noct. i. p. 127.
One example, coll. Pryer.
I took several specimens at Hakodate and Nemoro in August.
H. immanis, Guen., from New York, is probably referable to this
species.
Yokohama (Pryer); Hakodate, Nemoro (Leech) ; Europe.
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 485
48. GorTyNA EDENTATA, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 9.)
Q . Primaries ochreous brown ; inner line oblique, brown, bordered
externally with paler; a darker transverse central shade followed by
a pale-bordered red-brown line ; submarginal line pale, undulating,
preceded on the costa by a dark cloud; the stigmata are outlined
with pale colour, but ill defined: secondaries pale ochreous, the
inner half suffused with fuscous; central spot and curved transverse
line fuscous; a thin brownish line at base of fringes. Under surface
pale shining ochreous brown, all the wings traversed by a brown
transverse line, fringes of primaries darker.
Expanse 38-42 millim.
One 2 example, coll. Pryer, without exact locality.
I took a specimen at Oiwake in October 1886.
Allied to G. emarginata, Butl., but at once distinguished by its
different colour and curvature of outer line of primaries. The outer
margins are something similar in contour to those of G. emarginata,
but they are not toothed.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Oiwake (Leech).
49. OcuRIA OCHRACEA.
Noctua ochracea, Hiibn. Beitr. i. pl. 2. M (1786).
Noctua flavago, Esp. Schmett. pl. 112. figs. 2-4 (1788) ; Hiibn.
Noct. figs. 186, 187.
Ochria flavago, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. 233, 2338.
Gortyna flavago, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. p. 335; Guen. Noct. i.
. 122.
a Var. Ochria fortis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 83
(1878); Ul. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxviii. fig. 9 (1878).
A few examples, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Hakodate in August and Oiwake in September.
Most of the Japanese specimens (O. fortis, Butl.) have the
secondaries darker than typical O. ochracea, but they do not other-
wise differ from European examples of this species in any important
particular.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake (Pryer and Leech) ;
Hakodate (Leech); Europe.
50. HeLoTROPHA LEUCOSTIGMA.
Noctua leucostigma, Hiibn. Noct. fig. 375.
Var. Noctua fibrosa, Hiibn. Noct. fig. 385 ; (Apamea) Guen. Noct.
Lp. 2102
Apamea leucostigma, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. p. 331; Guen. J. ¢.
Hydrecia leucostigma, Steph. Cat. Brit. Lep. p. 86.
Cerastis levis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 181.
One unnamed example, coll. Pryer.
I took a long series at Gensan in June 1886, and my native col-
lector obtained a few at Hakodate in June or July of the following year.
Both forms of the species are well represented, and there are modi-
fications of each ; one of Jeucostigma form is the Cerastis levis, Butl.
486 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
Yokohama (Pryer); Hakodate (Vat. Coll.) ; Gensan (Leech) ;
Europe.
51. HELIOPHOBUS DISSECTUS.
Heliophobus dissectus, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. ii. p. 656
(1865).
Neuria dissecta, Moore, Lep. Ceylon, iii. p. 22, pl. 146. fig. 7 (1884).
I took one example of this species at Nikko in September.
Nikko (Leech) ; Ceylon, Bengal.
52. AXYLIA PUTRIS.
Phal.- Noctua putris, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 315.
Noctua putris, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 138. figs. 4, 5.
Noctua lignosa, Hiibn. Noct. fig. 245.
Aylina putris, Treit. Schmett. Eur. v. 3. p. 29.
Axylia putris, Guen. Noct. i. p. 134.
Two specimens, coll. Pryer.
My native collector took examples of this species at Hakodate in
June or July.
Tokio, Hakodate, Foochau ; Europe.
53. MaMmEsTRA CUNEATA, sp. n. (Plate L. fig. 12.)
6. Primaries dark brown with a reddish-violet tinge more pro-
nounced towards the outer margin; basal line abbreviated, wavy ;
the much-indented inner aud elbowed and angulated outer transverse
lines approximate before reaching the inner margin; submarginal
line pale, edged internally with darker and preceded by two cuneiform
black dashes, the larger opposite the lower end and the smaller
opposite the upper end of reniform; this last, together with the
orbicular, are slightly paler than ground-colour ; a series of dark
contiguous lunules on outer margin: secondaries fuscous brown,
paler towards base and inner margin, central transverse line paler.
Under surface pale fuscous brown ; central spot and transverse line
on all the wings blackish, the latter followed by a broad fuscous band.
Expanse 38 millim.
One ¢ example, coll. Pryer, without exact locality.
Yokohama? (Pryer).
54. MAMESTRA ADVENA.
Mamestra advena, Fabr., var. adjuncta, Staud. Stett. ent. Zeit.
1888.
Five specimens, coll. Pryer.
A specimen in National Collection, labelled Alysia grisea, Butl.,
from Japan, is probably referable to this species, but the example
is in such poor condition that it is not possible to come to any
satisfactory conclusion ou this point.
Oiwake, Yokohama? (Pryer) ; Chang Yang (Pratt); Amurland.
55. MAMESTRA BRASSICH.
Phal.-Noctua brassice, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 516.
1889.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 487
Noctua brassice, Esp.iv. pl. 159. figs. 1-6; Hiibn. Noct. fig. 85.
Mamestra brassice, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. 150; Guen. Noct. i.
p- 198.
This species appears to be generally distributed throughout Japan,
occurring from August to October.
Japan; West Canada ; Europe.
56. MAMESTRA ALIENA.
Noctua aliena, Hiibn. fig. 441.
Hadena aliena, Guen. ii. p. 100.
One specimen, coll. Pryer.
Oiwake (Pryer) ; Europe.
57. MAMESTRA PERSICARIA.
Phal.-Noctua persicaria, Linn. Faun. Suec. 319.
Noctua persicarie, Esp. Schmett. iy. pl. 129. figs. 1-3; Hiibn.
Noct. fig. 64.
Mamestra persicaria, Treit. Schmett. v. 2, 156 ; Guen. Noct. i.
p- 199.
Mamestra persicarie, var. unicolor, Staud. Cat. p. 91.
Two examples, coll. Pryer, one of which has the reniform stigma
filled up with the black ground-colour. This is var. unicolor.
Oiwake (Pryer) ; Europe.
58. XYLOPHASIA INCOGNITA.
Aylophasia incognita, Butl. Cist. Ent. iii. p. 132 (1885).
The type specimen in National Collection at South Kensington is
so poor in condition that it is not possible to say what it may have
been, but’ Mr. Butler compares his X. incognita with X. lithozxylea
and adds, “ In coloration this species corresponds more nearly with
the Chilian X. cauquenensis than with X. lithory/ea, but in pattern
it scarcely differs from the latter.”
Yesso (Pryer).
59. XYLOPHASIA SCOLOPACINA.
Noctua scolopacina, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 130. fig. 1 ; Htbn. Noct.
fig. 460.
“Xylina scolopacina, Treit. Schmett. v. 3. 33.
Xylophasia scolopacina, Dup. vii. 113. 3; Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent.,
Haust. ii. p. 178; Guen. Noct. i. p. 145.
A few examples, coll. Pryer.
My native collector took specimens at Hakodate in June and July.
Oiwake (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Wat. Coll.) ; Europe.
60. XYLOPHASIA FUNEREA.
Hadena funerea, Hein. Schmett. Deutschl. i. 828 (1859).
Xylophasia sodalis, Butl. Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1. p. 83
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pl. xxix. fig. 2 (1878).
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
488 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
I have no example of H. funerea from Europe ; but Dr. Staudinger
has identified as that species my Japanese specimens, which are
identical with X. sodalis, Butl. There are two forms of this species,
one of which resembles typical X. rurea from Europe, but is without
any pale markings on inner margin ; the other is the funerea of Hein.,
and is analogous to the var. alopecurus, Esp. (=combusta, Dup.), of
A. rurea.
Oiwake (Pryer) ; Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Tokio, Kiukiang.
61. XYLOPHASIA COMMIXTA.
Xylophasia commivta, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1886, p. 174.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
One of the two specimens under the name of Y. flavostigma in the
National Collection is from Yokohama and appears referable to the
X. commixta of Butler.
Tokio (Fenton) ; Yokohama (Jonas).
62. XYLOPHASIA SCITULA.
Xylophasia scitula, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 359
(1879).
Two examples, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Pryer).
63. XyLopHastia TycHOONA, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 3.)
3. Primaries purplish brown, mottled with pale ochreous brown
on the base and along costa ; the black indented inner and elbowed
wavy outer line approximate above inner margin, and are united by
a black longitudinal bar; submarginal line pale, angulated below
costa and again at middle; reniform and orbicular stigmata pale
brown, faintly cutlined in darker, the former followed by a large pale
ochreous-brown patch; there are three pale ochreous-brown dots on
costa between outer and submarginal lines: secondaries pale brown
suffused with darker; fringes grey-brown, tipped with whitish and
preceded by a dark brown line. Under surface fuscous brown,
central area and outer margin paler, central line dark but not well
defined: secondaries pale brown, central spot and line darker, a
broad antemarginal fuscous band interrupted near anal angle.
Expanse 31 millim.
One, coll. Pryer, without locality.
64. DiprERYGIA PINASTRI.
Phal.-Noctua scabriuscula, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 516 (1758);
Clerck, Icon. pl. 1. fig. 8.
Phal.-Noctua pinastri, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 315.
Noctua pinastri, Hiibn. Noct. fig. 246.
Aylina pinastri, Treit. Schmett. v. 3. 58.
Dipterygia pinastri, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. 1. p. 168;
Guen. Noct. i. p. 146.
Hadena caliginosa, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xv. p. 1729.
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
1889. | LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 489
My native collector obtained examples of this species at Hakodate
in June and July. Japanese specimens are darker than European.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer); Yokohama (Nat. Coll.) ; N. China.
65. DipreryGIA JAPONICA, sp. n. (Plate L. fig. 9.)
Closely allied to D. scabriuscula, but the stigmata and transverse
lines are hardly traceable, and the “ bird’s-wing ” mark is white and
different in form. The dark line which outlines the white wing-like
mark in this species rises vertically from near the middle of inner mar-
gin, and then curving sharply outwards continues an undulating course
to the middle of outer margin. The fringes are dark, streaked with
white from apex to middle, and white chequered with brownish to
inner angle. Secondaries grey-brown tinged with fuscous. Under
surface of primaries fuscous browa, with a pale shining discal spot
and some white scales in the fringes towards inner angle ; secondaries
shining grey-brown, with a dark central spot. Thorax and abdomen
slender.
One ¢ example, coll. Pryer (no. 714).
66. APAMEA GEMINA.
Noctua gemina, Hiibn. Noct. fig. 482.
Hadena gemina, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. 345.
Apamea gemina, Guen. Noct. i. p. 208.
Noctua anceps, Dup. Hist. Nat. Lép. Fr. vii. pl. 107. fig. 5.
Var. Noctua remissa, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. p. 346.
Noctua submissa, Treit. 1. c.
Five specimens, coll. Pryer (no. 725, Xylophasia?, sp.).
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Europe.
67. APAMEA BASILINEA.
Noctua basilinea, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. 183; Esp. Schmett. iv.
pl. 166. fig. 1; Hiibn. Noct. fig. 427.
Apamea basilinea, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. 110; Guen. Noct. i. p. 206.
Four specimens, coll. Pryer.
In Japanese specimens of this species the space between transverse
and central lines on primaries is darker than the rest of the wing,
and in this respect they are like some examples I have from Germany.
Yokohama (Pryer).
68. APAMEA CONCILIATA.
Apamea conciliata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 84
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxix. fig. 3 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer).
69. APAMEA REPETITA.
Apamea repetita, Butl. Cist. Ent. iii. p. 133 (1885).
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer).
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1889, No. XXXIII. 33
490 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
70. APAMEA ASKOLDIS.
Hadena (Apamea) askoldis, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 72, pl. iil.
fig. 13 (1880).
Apamea nivalis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 177.
One example, coll. Pryer.
In A, askoldis, Oberth., the ground-colour is greyish and the
patch from costa a brighter brown than the same character in
A, nivalis, Butl. At the same time the disposition of the lines and
other markings is identical in both insects; therefore I have con-
sidered them forms of one species. I should remark that the
markings are similar in character to those of Ophiogramma from
Europe.
Tokio (Fenton); Yokohama? (Pryer); Askold.
71. APAMEA LIMBATA.
Apamea limbata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 360
(1879).
Five specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Pryer).
72. POLYDESMA VULGARIS.
Polydesma vulgaris, Butl. Trans. Ent.-Soc. 1886, p. 135.
Six specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Tokio (Maries); Chekiang (W. B. Pryer).
73. GLOTTULA SQUALIDA, sp. n. (Plate LIT. fig. 3.)
Primaries shining blackish brown, traversed by two black lines, the
first, commencing in a patch on costa, is oblique and angulated at
the middle, the second is curved and denticulate ; stigmata black : °
secondaries dark brown. Under surface dark brown, silky ; central
spot and line on each wing, but the latter is not very distinct.
Expanse, ¢ 36 millim., 2 31 millim.
Three examples, coll. Pryer.
Oiwake (Pryer).
74. GLOTTULA SORDIDA.
Glotiula sordida, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soe. 1881, p. 174.
Gerbatha pseudodyops, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xiii.
p. 274 (1884).
A long and most variable series, coll. Pryer.
I took this species at Hakodate in August 1886, and my native
collector at Gensan in August 1887.
Yokohama, Yesso (Pryer).
75. SPHLOTIS NITENS.
Spelotis nitens, Butl. Am. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 164
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxix. fig. 8 (1878).
Nenia muscosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, (5) i. p. 290
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlvi. fig. 9 (1879).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
1889.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 491
I took examples at Gensan in July, and my native collector at
Hakodate in the same month. I have also received it from Nikko.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Hakodate, Nikko (Nat. Coll.) ;
Gensan (Leech).
76. RApHIA FASCIATA.
Raphia fasciata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 193
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxi. fig. 5 (1878).
? Hadena parietum, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. v. pl. iii. fig. 15 (1881)
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took examples of this species at Gensan in June and July,
and my native collector obtained it there in August.
Yokohama (Jonas); Oiwake (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech).
77. MIANA SEGREGATA.
Miana segregata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 85
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxix. fig. 5 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
Mr. Andrews obtained specimens at Hakodate, and I took a few
at Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake (Pryer); Hakodate
(Andrews) ; Gensan (Leech); Tokio, Shanghai.
78. MIANA VULNERATA.
Miana vulnerata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 84
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxix. fig. 4 (1878).
A nice series, coll. Pryer.
I took this species at Gensan in June, and Fushiki in July.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Fushiki, Gensan (Leech).
79. MIANA SUBFASCIATA.
Gerbatha subfasciata, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 193.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took a few examples at Hakodate in August 1886, and my
native collector obtained several specimens there in July 1887.
Tokio (Fenton) ; Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Leech).
80. MIANA FALSA.
Miana falsa, Butl. Cist. Ent. iii. p. 132 (1885).
Two examples, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama ? (Pryer).
81. MAMESTRA BIGUTTATA.
Mamestra biguttata, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxix. i.
p- 194 (1866).
I took specimens at Nagasaki in June, Fushiki and Tsurugain July,
and my native collector obtained the species at Gensan in August.
Tokio (Fenton); Fushiki, Nagasaki, Tsuruga, Gensan (beets
Nat. Coll.).
33*
492 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
82. PERIGEA ARGYROSTICTA.
Perigea ° argyrosticta, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 177.
Tokio (Fenton).
83. PERIGEA GALAXIA.
Perigea galaxia, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 159.
One example, coll. Pryer.
Japan (Pryer); Dharmsala?
84. PERIGEA GEMELLA, sp.n. (Plate LIII. fig. 12.)
Primaries dark rusty brown with stramineous markings; first
transverse line, represented by a costal spot and some scattered
dots across the wing, immediately precedes the well-defined orbicular
stigma; the conspicuous reniform spot is preceded by two irregular-
shaped dashes on costa, and followed by a transverse series of closely
contiguous oblong spots, interrupted by a thin transverse line of the
ground-colour ; beyond is another irregular-shaped blotch on the
costa, and a short dash before apex; fringes dark: secondaries grey-
brown, with a darker central transverse line edged externally with
paler; fringes sprinkled with fuscous. Under surface of primaries
fuscous radiated with paler ; all the wings have a dark central trans-
verse line edged externally with paler; secondaries whitish grey,
clouded along costa and on outer margin with fuscous.
Expanse 26 millim.
Five specimens, including both sexes, taken by my native collector
at Gensan in August and September. I have also received three
examples from Mr. Manley of Yokohama.
In two Gensan specimens the upper spots of the central series are
confluent and connected with reniform stigma.
85. PeRIGEA CENTRALIS.
Perigea centralis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xi. p. 734 (1857).
Celena serva, Walk. 1. c. xv. p. 1689 (1858).
Perigea serva, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 159.
Q. Perigea illecta, Walk. 1. c. xxxii. p. 684 (1865).
The female specimen of this species, to which Walker gave the
name of illecta, was from Japan, and Butler considers that this
insect is referable to P. dolorosa, Walk.
Japan; N. India; Ceylon ; Andaman Islands.
86. ILATTIA CEPHUSALIS.
Llattia cephusalis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xvi. p. 209 (1858).
Amyna cephusalis, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 617.
Miana inornata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. ii. p. 677 (1865).
Perigea leucospila, Walk. 1. c. p. 683.
I took specimens at Gensan in July 1886, and my‘native collector
obtained a long and variable series there in August 1887.
Gensan (Leech); India, China.
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 493
87. ILATTIA STELLATA.
Amyna stellata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 162
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxix. fig. 6.
Mesotrosta stigmatula, Snell. Tijds. v. Ent. xxiii. p. 55.
A nice series, coll. Pryer.
I took one example at Nagasaki in May, and one was obtained at
Hakone in August.
Tr Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Hakone, Nagasaki (Leech) ;
okio.
88. ILATTIA APICALIS.
Ilattia apicalis, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk. ii. p. 112 (1882).
One example taken by my native collector at Gensan, August 1887.
Gensan (Nat. Ooll.); Sikkim.
89. CARADRINA MORPHEUS.
Phal.-Noctua morpheus, Hufn. Berl. Mag. iii. p. 302.
Noctua sepii, Hiibn. Noct. pl. 34. fig. 161.
Caradrina morpheus, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. 249.
I took one specimen at Gensan in June.
Gensan (Leech) ; Europe, Ural.
90. CARADRINA LENTA.
Caradrina lenta, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. 257; Guen. Noct. i.
p. 243.
A series, coll. Pryer.
Japan (Pryer); Europe, Altai.
91. Dapica PALPALIS.
Radinavia palpalis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 161
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxix. fig. 7 (1878).
Dadica lineosa, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 349.
Caradrina albosignata, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 73, pl. iv.
fig. 1 (1880).
Caradrina albosignata, var. ceca, Oberth. 1. ¢.
I took this species in Satsuma in May, and at Nagahama and
Gensanin July. My native collector took specimens at Hakodate in
June and July.
A very variable species ; my series from Japan and Corea embraces
examples agreeing with all the named forms.
Yokohama (Jonas); Satsuma, Nagahama, Gensan (Leech) ;
Hakodate (Nat. Coll.) ; Askold, Punjaub.
92. LAPHYGMA EXIGUA.
Noctua exigua, Hiibn. Noct. fig. 362.
Caradrina exigua, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. 254,
Laphygma exigua, Guen. Noct. i. p. 158.
One specimen, coll. Pryer.
Japan (Pryer); Europe.
494 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
93. SCEDOPLA REGALIS.
Scedopla regalis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 201
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlvi. fig. 5 (1879).
Four specimens, received from Mr. Manley of Yokohama.
Yokohama (Jonas and Manley) ; Tokio.
94, CLOANTHA POLYODON.
Phalena polyodon, Clerck, Icones, pl. ii. fig. 3 (1759).
Phal.-Noctua perspicillaris, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 317 (1761).
Noctua perspicillaris, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 134. fig. 3; Hiibn.
Noet. fig. 249.
Xylina perspicillaris, Treit. Schmett. v. 3. 69.
Cloantha perspicillaris, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 113.
Cloantha intermedia, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 53, pl. v. fig. 13
(1864).
Auchmis sikkimensis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 49, pl. 6.
fig. 15.
A long series, coll. Pryer.
I took examples of this species in Satsuma in May, at Tsuruga,
Fushiki, and Gensan in July, Hakodate in August, and my native
collector took some at Ningpo in June.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Satsuma, Tsuruga, Fushiki, Gensan (Leech) ;
Kiukiang (Pratt) ; Ningpo, Darjeeling, Amur, Europe.
95. OCHROPLEURA STUPENDA.
Ochropleura stupenda, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i.
p- 166 (1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxx. fig. 3 (1878).
Noctua stupens, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 75, pl. vii. fig. 7
(1880).
Several fine examples, coll. Pryer.
Varies in colour; some of the specimens agree well with figure of
NV. stupens, Oberth.
Yokohama (Jonas and Manley); Yoshino, Oiwake (Pryer) ;
Gensan (Wat. Coll.).
96. OcHROPLEURA TRIANGULARIS.
Ochropleura triangularis, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 56.
Six specimens, coll. Pryer.
I have received two examples from Mr. Manley of Yokohama.
This species is only separable from O. musiva, Hiibn., by the dark
secondaries. Dr. Staudinger censiders O. triangularis to be very
near stentzi, Led.
97. OCHROPLEURA PLECTA.
Phal.-Noctua plecta, Linn. Faun. Suee. p. 321.
Noctua plecta, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 143. figs. 4, 5 ; Hiibn. Noct.
fig. 117; Treit. Schmett. v. p. 248; Guen. Noct. i. p. 326.
Ochropleura plecta, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. 223. 2233 ; Walk. Cat.
Lep. Het. x. p. 406.
A male example, coll. Pryer.
1889. | LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 495
I took two specimens at Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech); Europe, N. America.
98. Noctua TaRDA, sp.n. (Plate L. fig. 4.)
Q. Primaries purplish brown; a double black basal line, enclosing
a paler space, extends only to the submedian nerve, this is followed
by a small quadrate black spot on the costa; double inner line black,
wavy, and enclosing a pale space, the lower portion clouded inter-
nally with blackish; outer line black, also double and enclosing a
pale space ; before the indistinct pale submarginal line is a blackish
streak on the costa, clouded internally with blackish; reniform and
orbicular outlined in pale ochreous-brown, with pinkish-brown
centres bordered with dark brown, the interspace occupied by a
blackish quadrate spot: secondaries grey-brown, darker towards
the margins, central spot dark grey-brown. Under surface fuscous
grey; primaries streaked with purplish brown on the costa and brassy
reflections on inner margins; secondaries pinkish brown, paler
towards abdominal margin; a broad black central line on all the
wings, and a central spot on secondaries.
Expanse 40 millim.
One example taken by myself at Hakodate, August 1886.
99. Nocrua BAJA.
Noctua baja, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 175.
Teniocampa tabida, Butl. Ann. & Mag Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 166
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxx. fig. 5.
The specimen in the National Museum under the name of
T.. tabida, Butl., is most certainly a form of Noctua baja.
Yokohama (Jonas).
100. Nocrva avcur.
Noctua augur, Fabr. Sp. Ins. ii. p. 223; Hiibn. Noct. p. 148.
Graphiphora augur, Steph. Il. ii. p. 131; Walk. Cat. Lep. Het.
ii. p. 387.
I took a specimen of each sex at Oiwake in October.
Oiwake (Leech) ; Europe; N. America.
101. Noctua DILATATA.
Mesogona dilatata, But]. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 364
(1879).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I have received one rather dark specimen from Mr. Manley.
This species is closely allied to VV. umbrosa from Europe.
Yokohama (Pryer and Manley).
102. GRAPHIPHORA LEPIDA.
Graphiphora lepida, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 362
(1879).
Six specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama? (Pryer).
496 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
103. GRAPHIPHORA C-NIGRUM.
Phai.-Noctua c-nigrum, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 516; Faun. Suec.
36; Clerck, Icones, pl. i. fig. 3.
Noctua gothica, var. singularis, Esp. Schmett. iii. pl. 76. fig. 3.
Noctua c-nigrum, Hiibn. Noct. fig. 111; Treit. Schmett. v. 237;
Guen. Noct. i. p. 328.
Megasema c-nigrum, Hibn. Verz. Schmett. 223. 2231.
Graphiphora c-nigrum, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 136.
This is No. 782 of Pryer’s Catalogue, and there were several speci-
mens in his collection.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer) ; Gensan (Nat. Coll.) ; Europe ;
N. America.
104. GRAPHIPHORA TRIANGULUM.
Noctua triangulum, Hufn. Berl. Mag. iii. p. 306; Treit. Schmett.
v. 1. 240; Guen. Noct. i. p. 329.
Noctua sigma, Knoch, Beitr. Ins. iii. pl. 4. fig. 7; Esp. Schmett.
iv. pl. 186. figs. 1—4.
Megasema triangulum, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. 222. 2227.
Graphiphora triangulum, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. ii. p. 133.
Var. Ochropleura plumbata, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 180.
One 2 specimen, coll. Pryer.
It is certainly larger, but in all other respects O. plumbata, Butl.,
agrees exactly with some Gensan specimens of O. triangulum in my
collection.
Yokohama, Yoshino (Pryer) ; Tokio (Fenton).
105. GRAPHIPHORA DITRAPEZIUM.
Noctua ditrapezium, Bork. Schmett. iv. p. 515 (1792); Hiibn.
Noct. fig. 472; Treit. Schmett. Suppl. x. p. 36; Guen. Noct. i.
p- 329.
Noctua tristigma, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. 243.
Graphiphora ditrapezium, Steph. Cat. Brit. Lep. p. 71.
My native collector took an example at Hakodate in June or
July.
Hakodate (Nat. Coll.) ; Europe.
105. GRAPHIPHORA LUBENTIA.
Graphiphora lubentia, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv.
p- 362 (1879).
Eight examples, coll. Pryer, and one taken by myself at Hakodate
in August.
Probably a form of G. ditrapezium.
Tokio (Fenton); Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer); Hakodate (Leech).
107. GRAPHIPHORA EXUSTA.
Graphiphora exusta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 164
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxix. fig. 11 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 497
My native collector took this species at Hakodate in July, and I
have a male example taken by Mr. Eastlake at Hakone.
A very variable species. Two specimens have the basal two
thirds of primaries yellowish grey ; others have a triangular or quad-
rate black spot before the orbicular and a square black patch
between the stigmata. Both forms are connected by intermediates
with the type form.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Hakone (Eastlake); Hakodate
(Nat. Coll.) ; Askold; Amur.
108. GRaPHIPHORA BRUNNEA.
Noctua brunnea, Fabr. Mant. 168; Hiibn. Noct. fig. 121; Treit.
Schmett. vi. p. 219; Guen. Noct. i. 330.
Graphiphora brunnea, Steph. Ill. Haust. ii. p. 131.
One example without locality in Pryer’s collection with G. erusta.
Although not quite identical with any specimen in my European
series of G. brunnea there is no doubt that this example is referable
to that species. As, however, it runs very close to some of the forms
of G. exusta the probability of this last not being specifically distinct
from G. brunnea is suggested.
Japan (Pryer); Europe; Ural; Altai.
109. GRAPHIPHORA DAHLII.
Noctua dahlii, Hiibu. Noct. figs. 465, 466; Treit. Schmett. v. 1.
222; Guen. Noct. i. p. 332.
Graphiphora dahlii, Steph. Til. Brit. Ent., Haust. ii. p. 134.
Var. Graphiphora canescens, But. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5)
i. p. 165 (1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxx. fig. 1 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took this species at Oiwake in October.
Very variable in size, colour, and definition of markings. Some of
the specimens in my Japanese series agree with G. canescens, Butl.,
others are quite typical, and others again connect these two forms.
There are also examples which come very close to G. brunnea, and I
may remark that two similar specimens, also from Japan, are
incorporated with G. érunnea in the National Collection, whilst two
other Japanese specimens in the series of G. swbdolens, Butl., in the
same collection are simply G. dahlii and do not agree with the
Dharmsala specimens in same series.
Tokio (Fenton) ; Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Oiwake (Pryer
and Leech).
110. GRAPHIPHORA DESCRIPTA.
Noctua descripta, Brem. Bull. Acad. Sci. Pétersb. iii. p. 576;
Lep. Ost-Sib. pl. iv. fig. 11.
Graphiphora rubicilia, Moore, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 55.
A nice series, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Hakodate in August, Nikko in September,
and Oiwake in October.
498 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
Yokohama (Pryer); Oiwake, Nikko, Hakodate (Leech) ; Dar-
jeeling ; Amur.
111. GRAPHIPHORA ILLOBA.
Agrotis illoba, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 162 (1878);
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xliv. fig. 7 (1879).
Graphiphora pacifica, Butl. A. M. N. H. (5) i. p. 165 (1878);
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxx. fig. 2 (1878).
An extensive and variable series, coll. Pryer.
I took this species at Yokohama in October.
The difference between G. illoba and G. pacifica, Butl., is one of
colour only.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake (Pryer); Kiukiang
(Pratt).
112. GRAPHIPHORA DEPARCA.
Mythimna deparca, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 358
(1879).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took two males at Oiwake in October.
Except that the ¢ of this species has pectinated antennez it is
hardly separable from G. festiva. Mr. Butler says it is allied to
Mythimna placida, but in this I cannot concur.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Oiwake (Leech).
113. CHERSOTIS QUADRISIGNA.
Agrotis quadrisigna, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881. p. 350.
Chersotis quadrisigna, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 617.
I received one specimen from Mr. Manley of Yokohama.
Yokohama (Manley); N. India.
114. HeERMONASSA CECILIA.
Hermonassa cecilia, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 164
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xliv. fig. 9 (1879).
Opigena arenosa, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 179.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer, among which are examples varying
in the direction of O. arenosa, Butl., which is certainly a pale form
of O. cecilia. I took a specimen at Nikko in September 1886
which agrees exactly with the type of O. arenosa in the National
Collection at South Kensington.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Tokio (Fenton) ; Yesso (Pryer) ;
Hakodate, Nikko (Leech) ; Kiukiang (Prat).
115. HapaiaA PRECOX.
Phal.-Noctua precoz, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 517, xii. 854.
Noctua precox, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 89. figs. 4—7.
Noctua preceps, Hiibn. Noct. pl. 15. fig. 70.
1889.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 499
Hapalia precow, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. 220. 2204 ; Walk. Cat.
Lep. Het. x. p. 358.
Agrotis precox, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. 60; Guen. Noct. i. p. 296.
Eight specimens, coll. Pryer, showing the usual variation in
colour.
Oiwake, Yokohama, Yesso (Pryer) ; Europe.
116. AGROTIS DEPRAVATA.
Agrotis depravata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 360
(1879).
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
I took a @ specimen at Nagasaki in May, anda ¢ at Gensan in
July 1886.
My native collector obtained a ¢ example at Gensan in August
1887.
Tokio (Fenton); Yokohama (Pryer); Gensan, Nagasaki (Leech).
117. AGROTIS TOKIONIS.
Agrotis tokionis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 178.
Agrotis fucosa, Butl. |. c. p. 179.
I took two examples at Oiwake in October.
This species is larger than A. corticea, but is certainly more
nearly related to it than to A, saucia, A, suffusa, or A. sege-
tum. Mr. Pryer appears to have confounded A. tohionis with A.
segetum, var. ingrata, Butl., as there was a fine series of specimens
in his collection under the latter name.
Tokio (Fenton); Yokohama (Pryer and Manley) ; Oiwake,
Yahyuskiro (Pryer).
118. AGROTIS SUFFUSA.
Noctua suffusa, Hiibu. Noct. fig. 134.
Agrotis suffusa, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. 152; Guen. Noct. i.
p- 268.
I took specimens of this species at Gensan only, but there was a
fine series in Mr. Pryer’s collection. Some variation is exhibited,
though not to the same extent as is often seen in a good series of
A, suffusa from Europe.
Yokohama (Pryer); Gensan (Leech) ; Tokio, Kiukiang (Pratt) ;
Australia, Africa, Europe.
119. AGROTIS SEGETUM.
Noctua segetum, Schifferm. Wien. Verz. p. 81, pl. i. figs. 3, a, 6;
Hiibn. Noct. fig. 147.
Noctua segetis, Hiibn. Noct. fig. 146.
Noctua fucosa, Esp. Schmett. ii. pl. 64. fig. 4.
Agrotis segetum, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. 155; Guen. Noct. i.
. 274.
i Agrotis aversa, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. ii. p. 345.
500 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
Agrotis ingrata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 162
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxix. fig. 9 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took this species at Nagasaki in May, Sakata in August, Nikko
in September, and Oiwake in October, and Mr. Smith at Hakone in
August.
Yokohama (Pryer and Manley) ; Gifu (Pryer); Oiwake, Nikko,
Nagasaki, Sakata (Leech) ; Hakone (Smith) ; India, Europe.
120. AcrRoris tnrormis, sp. n. (Plate L. fig. 1.)
d. Primaries pale violet-grey suffused with brownish, basal third
tinged with tawny ; abbreviated basal line dark edged externally with
whitish, inner line pale edged externally with darker ; outer line
dark, serrated, curved, edged with paler; orbicular outlined and
more or less filled up with black ; reniform large, black, and clearly
defined ; claviform black, well developed: secondaries pearly, with
a black lunule and narrow marginal border. Under surface of pri-
maries fuliginous with a darker central transverse line ; secondaries
pearly white, fuscous on costa, central line indicated by some black
oblong dots on nervures.
2. In this sex the orbicular is more elongated and the secondaries
are suffused with fuscous on the outer margin.
Var. CONFLUENS.
The reniform and orbicular united, forming a large, somewhat
triangular, blotch.
Expanse 44 millim.
Six specimens, coll. Pryer.
My native collector obtained four examples at Hakodate in June
or July.
Allied to A. exclamationis.
Yokohama’, Yesso (Pryer); Hakodate (Nat. Coll.).
121. AGRoTIS OBSCURA.
Noctua obscura, Brahm, Insektenkal. i. p. 191 (1790).
Noctua bigramma, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 150. fig. 2.
Noctua ravida, Hiibn. Noct. fig. 126 (post 1800).
Agrotis ravida, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. 207 ; Guen. Noct. i. p. 300.
Graphiphora crassa, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. ii. p. 130
(1827).
Graphiphora valida, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. iii. p- 711
1865).
: Graphiphora caliginea, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i.
p- 165 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took examples of this species at Gensan in July and at Oiwake
in October. My native collector secured a long and variable series
at Hakodate in July. Several specimens agree with Walker’s G.
valida and G. caliginea, Butl. Others are exactly identical with
the typical European A. ravida, whilst others again are not quite like
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 501
either, and might be considered distinct only that there are still
other forms which connect them with 4. ravida and A. valida, and
these last are also connected by intermediates.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Nat. Coll.) ; Oiwake, Gensan
(Leech) ; Shanghai, Tokio, Chiuzenji. Europe; N. America.
122. AGROTIS BREMERI.
Agrotis bremeri, Ersch. Hore Soc. Ent. Ross. (Russian ed.) iv.
p- 152 (1870).
Agrotis speciosa, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 50, pl. iv. fig. 10.
One specimen, coll. Pryer.
Yesso (Pryer) ; Amur.
123. AGROTIS LUCENS.
Spelotis lucens, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 179.
I have no example of this species, but examination of the type
specimen in Nat. Collection leads me to suppose that it is a near
relation of Agrotis senna, and is altogether out of place in the genus
Spelotis.
Tokio (Fenton).
124, AGROTIS SQUALIDA.
Spelotis squalida, Boisd. Ind. Méth. 107. 800.
Agrotis lycarum, Herr.-Schaff. Schmett. ii. pl. 22. figs. 122-124
(1846).
Agrotis squalida; Guen. Noct. i. 300 (1852).
Three examples, coll. Pryer.
I took one specimen at Hakodate in August.
Hakodate (Leech) ; Yokohama? (Pryer) ; Ural, Amur, Altai.
125. AGRoTIs uNDoSA, sp. n. (Plate L. fig. 3.)
Primaries violet-grey, traversed by a number of faint wavy lines ;
central third darker, inclining to black towards costa and limited by
slightly indented inner and undulated outer lines; the inner portion
of basal third is crossed by several rather darker lines; the dark
submarginal line commences in a black quadrate spot on costa ;
stigmata indistinctly outlined ; fringes preceded by a blackish line:
secondaries blackish, paler towards base, central lunule blackish ;
fringes yellowish. Under surface fuscous, central and submarginal
line of primaries darker, central area of secondaries with a black spot
and transverse line. Head and thorax silvery grey, collar blackish.
Expanse 38 millim.
One @ specimen, coll. Pryer.
I took a ¢ example at Nikko in September, and another at
Oiwake in October 1886.
Yokohama? (Pryer) ; Nikko, Oiwake (Leech).
126. PoLyPpHZNIS PULCHERRIMA.
Epilecta pulcherrima, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 54, pl. vi.
fig. 3.
502 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Noy. 19,
Polyphenis pulcherrima, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. x. pl. ii. fig. 11
(1884).
Two specimens, taken by my native collector at Gensan in July.
Gensan (Nat. Coll.) ; Sidemi.
127. TRIPHZNOPSIS LUCILLA.
Triphenopsis lucilla, But]. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 163
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxiii. fig. 1 (1878).
Three examples, coll. Pryer.
Evidently a variable species, as although all are specifically iden-
tical each specimen is of a different form.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer).
128. TRIPHANOPSIS CINERESCENS.
Triphenopsis cinerescens, Butl. Cist. Ent. iii. p. 133 (1885).
Two specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took an example of this species at Hakodate in August.
Fujisan (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Leech).
129. TRIPHEZNOPSIS EFFLORESCENS.
Triphenopsis efflorescens, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv.
p- 361 (1879).
Triphena jankowskii, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. x. p. 20, pl. ii. fig 10
(1884).
Four specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer); Sidemi (Jankowski).
130. EpILecTA SEMIHERBIDA.
Triphena semiherbida, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xi. p. 743 (1857).
Epilecta decorata, Butl. Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 361
(1879).
A nice series, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer).
131. AGRIOPIS vIRIDIS, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 6.)
Verdigris-green with black markings; a short longitudinal basal
streak branched at its outer extremity, and a spot above on the
costa; inner line commencing as a spot on the costa runs obliquely
inwards to median nerve, then outwards, terminating in a gentle
curve on the inner margin, this line is bordered outwardly with
white and some black dots beyond the curved portion; outer line
much angulated and indented, edged internally with white and some
black spots followed by a conspicuous dash on the costa, there are
two other black spots on the costa between the lines, and a
cuneiform mark at inner angle; stigmata partially outlined with
black, and a streak of the same colour connects the orbicular with the
reniform: secondaries fuscous grey, darker posteriorly, central and
outer marginal lines pale grey; fringes pale grey, preceded by a
series of black lunules on outer margin. Under surface of all the
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 503
wings grey-brown, clouded with fuscous ; discal lines darker, bordered
outwardly with paler.
Antennze of the ¢ strongly pectinated, 9 slightly serrated.
Expanse, ¢ 45 millim., 9 50 millim.
Allied to A. aprilina, but it is a broader-winged insect and there
is a considerable difference in the structure of the antenne.
Four examples, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama ?
132. MIsELIA EXTENSA.
( Belosticta extensa, Butl, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 357
1879).
Miselia cinerea, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 184.
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
This insect is very like an exaggerated form of the European
M. oxyacanthe, in which the primaries have become elongated.
Yokohama (Pryer).
133. Mtseuia FUNESTA, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 7.)
Primaries blackish grey, mottled and clouded with paler and
darker, and with some whitish spots on the costa; the transverse
lines are indistinct, but there are traces of a short one at the base; a
series of blackish dots and streaks edged with whitish represent the
outer line, this curves gently inwards from the costa to opposite the
lower end of reniform, from which point it takes an oblique course
to the inner margin, and intersects a black longitudinal bar above
inner angle; submarginal line white, edged on both sides with
black ; a series of blackish-grey oblong spots, followed and separated
by white dots between submarginal line and outer margin; fringes
grey, intersected by a blackish line: secondaries whitish, fuscous
at outer margin, traversed by two central bands. Under surface of
primaries fuscous, central spot and inner margin paler; four whitish
spots on costa towards apex; fringes dark grey, paler at base:
secondaries shining whitish, some darker scales over costal area ;
fringes grey, intersected by a blackish line. Head blackish grey,
spotted with white, thorax black, collar edged above with white ;
patagia tipped with white, abdomen grey.
Expanse 57 millim.
Two specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama? (Pryer).
134. PHLOGOPHORA BEATRIX.
Phlogophora beatriz, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 193
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xliv. fig. 12 (1879).
Phlogophora pallens, Oberth. Diag. Lep. Ask. p. 14 (1879);
Etud. d’Ent. v. pl. iii. fig. 3 (1880).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
Hakodate (Whitely, Andrews); Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer) ;
Yesso, Askold.
504 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
135. LAMPROSTICTA BELLA.
Lamprosticta bella, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 183.
Two examples, coll. Pryer.
Tokio (Fenton) ; Yesso (Pryer).
136. LampRosTICTA VENUSTA, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 5.)
Primaries pale whitish green; reniform and orbicular of the
ground-colour, spotted and surrounded with black; a short black
basal streak ; submarginal line represented by a short dash on costa,
another towards middle, and an arrow-shaped mark at inner angle ;
costa, outer and inner margins spotted with black: secondaries
greyish brown, with a fuscous central line and spot, and a broad
band on outer margin ; fringes chequered with dark grey and white.
Under surface of primaries fuscous; costa and outer margins whitish
green, spotted with black ; secondaries whitish with black central
line and spot, outer margin clouded with fuscous towards costa.
Thorax green, variegated with black; abdomen blackish grey, seg-
mental divisions paler.
Expanse 41 millim.
One 9 example, coll. Pryer, without exact locality, but poner
from Yokohama.
137. EvUPLEXIA ALBOVITTATA.
Euplewia albovittata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 57, pl. vi.
fig. 16; Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) v. p. 225 (1880).
One example, coll. Pryer (no. 827).
I took a specimen at Gensan in June.
Nikko (Pryer); Hakodate (Andrews); Gensan (Leech) ; Dar-
jeeling, Bengal, Nilgiri Hills, Sikkim, Thundiani.
138. EUPLEXIA LUCIPARA.
Phal-Noctua lucipara, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 518; Faun. Suec.
318.
Noctua lucipara, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 154. figs. 1-4; Hiibn.
Noct. fig. 55.
Phlogophora lucipara, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. 377.
Euplexia lucipara, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 1; Guen.
Noct. i. p. 68.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took this species at Sendai in September, and my native collector
met with it at Hakodate in June or July.
Yokohama, Oiwake, Yesso (Pryer); Sendai (Leech); Hakodate
(Nat. Coll.); Tokio; Europe, New York.
139. EUPLEXIA JAPONICA, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 4.)
Primaries dark chocolate-brown, with a slight violet tinge; the
area between the pale curved inner and serrated elbowed outer lines
darker, and divided by a still darker longitudinal shade-like bar
which encloses the claviform stigma; reniform indistinctly outlined,
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 505
the outer fourth whitish ; four pale dots on costa towards apex, the
fourth at commencement of pale wavy but indistinct submarginal
line: secondaries dark brown, traversed by a darker transverse
central line; fringes paler at the base and preceded by a blackish
line. Under surface ochreous brown suffused with fuscous; dark
central spot and pale submarginal line cn all the wings.
Expanse, ¢ 35 millim., 2 37 millim.
Seven specimens, coll. Pryer.
Allied to 2. lucipara from Europe.
140. GonoPpTERA LIBATRIX.
Phal.-Bombyx libatriz, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 537; Faun. Suec.
p- 304.
Bombyz libatrix, Esp. Schmett. iii. pl. 69. fig. 4.
Noctua libatriz, Hiibn. Noct. pl. 93. fig. 436.
Calpe libatrix, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. 172.
Calyptra libatriv, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 50.
Gonoptera libatrix, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 405.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer. I took fine examples at Gensan
in July.
Yokohama, Oiwake, Gifu (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech); Amur,
Europe, N. America.
141. CosMopHILA XANTHINDYMA.
Cosmophila xanthindyma, Boisd. Faune Ent. Madag., Lép. p. 94,
pl. xiii. fig. 7 (1834); Guen. Noct. ii. p. 396 (1852); Moore, Lep.
Ceyl. iii. p. 84, pl. 155. figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6 (1884).
Cirroedia variolosa, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xi. p. 750 (1857).
Cirroedia edentata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xi. p. 750 (1857).
Var. Cosmophila indica, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 396 (1852).
A nice series, coll. Pryer (no. 707).
This appears to be a very variable species. Inthe Japanese series
before me there are forms between the type and var. indica, Guen.
Yokohama (Pryer); N. India, Ceylon, Moreton Bay, Tasmania,
Sierra Leone, Congo, Madagascar, Mauritius, Isle of Bourbon,
Java, Malabar.
142. GoniTis INVOLUTA.
Gonitis involuta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xiii. p. 1003 (1857).
Gonitis basalis, Walk. /. c. p. 1004.
Tiridata colligata, Walk. J. ec. Suppl. iii. p. 870 (1865).
I received one example of this Indian species from Mr. Manley,
who captured it at Yokohama.
Yokohama (Manley); N. India, Ceylon.
143. GoNITIS FRACTIFERA.
Gonitis fractifera, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xiii. p. 998 (1857).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
My native collector took examples at Gensan in September.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XXXIV. 34
506 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
Yokohama (Pryer); Gensan (Nat. Coll.) ; Kiukiang (Pratt) ;
S. Domingo, Honduras, Venezuela.
144, GoNITIS COMBINANS.
Gonitis combinans, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xiii. p. 1001. no. 7
(1859).
Gonitis albitibia, Walk. 1. ce. no. 8.
Gonitis privata, Walk. C. L. H. Suppl. ili. p. 863 (1865).
Gonitis commoda, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 203
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxii. fig. 3 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took the species at Nagasaki in June, and Fushiki in July.
An exceedingly variable series, embracing examples of all the
above-named forms.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Fushiki, Nagasaki (Leech) ;
Loochoo (Pryer) ; Tokio, Shanghai, Ceylon.
145. GoniTIS PRYERI, sp. n. (Plate LII. fig. 8.)
@. Pale brown; primaries sparingly sprinkled with darker
brown, and traversed by two dark lines, the outer edged externally
and the inner internally with paler; a short dark apical streak ;
orbicular represented by a minute white dot, reuiform ill-defined :
secondaries with faint indications of two transverse lines. Under
surface pale whitish brown ; primaries with a dark central transverse
line and apical streak ; secondaries with an indistinct dark central
line.
Expanse 45 millim.
One 2 example, coll. Pryer.
There is an example of this species from Dharmsala in the
National Museum at South Kensington.
146. Gonitis pisTiNcTA, sp. nu. (Plate LII. fig. 7.)
Primaries bright green, slightly orange along costal margin ;
discal spot minute, blackish, a pale dark-bordered oblique line
traverses the outer third of wing; submarginal line wavy, slightly
darker than ground-colour ; fringes brownish: secondaries bright
cupreous brown; fringes pale grey-brown. Under surface of
primaries shining cupreous brown, paler towards inner margin;
secondaries pinkish brown, with faint blackish let line and dot.
Expanse 43 millim.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took one example at Nagahama, and two at eincaak in July.
147. DicHONIA PROTEA.
Noctua protea, Borkh. iv. p.386; Esp. Schmett. iv. pl.j150. fig. 6 ;
Hiibn. Noct. fig. 406.
Dichonia protea, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 217. n. 2173.
Hadena protea, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. p. 362; Guen. Noct. ii.
p. 89.
1889.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 507
Hadena seladonia, Steph. Ul. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 23.
Var. Dichonia intermissa, But]. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1886, p. 134.
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
Some examples agree well with D. intermissa, Butl.; these and
the other specimens are most certainly referable to D. protea.
Yokohama (Pryer); Europe.
148. BerRH#=A JAPONICA, sp. n. (Plate L. fig. 11.)
Primaries pale olive-green, nervures violet-grey; abbreviated
basal line whitish, bidentate, and edged externally with black ;
inner line whitish, shaded externally with blackish ; outer line
whitish, edged and clouded internally with black ; these transverse
lines limit a central violet-brown fascia, clouded with darker and
tinged here and there with olive-green, and approximate just above
the inner margin, where they, as also an oblique blackish dash from
the inner margin between the basal and inner lines, are intersected
by the violet submedian nerve; outer margin broadly violet-grey,
dashed with olive-grey at apex, the internal edge defined by a
serrated and angulated pale line; reniform olive-green, black
at its lower end, its exterior edge outlined with whitish, and
followed by a blackish shade; orbicular olive-green, centre blackish,
outlined with paler and edged with blackish ; fringes spotted with
pale brown, and preceded by a series of black lunules, edged inter-
nally with olive-green: secondaries fuscous brown, central spot
blackish ; fringes pale brown, intersected by a darker line. Under
surface of primaries fuscous brown; pale annulated central spot and
darker transverse line, the former preceded by a short oblique dark
costal spot: secondaries with a black central spot and dark crenate
transverse line.
Expanse 46 millim.
Allied to B. olivacea, Moore.
Five specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took one example at Oiwake in October.
Yokohama? (Pryer) ; Oiwake (Leech).
149. Eurols VIRENS.
Eurois virens, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 194
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlv. fig. 5 (1879); Oberth.
Etud. d’Ent. x. pl. ii. fig. 12.
Two specimens, col]. Pryer.
I took one example at Gensan in July.
Hakodate (Whitely); Gensan (Leech); Sidemi (Jankeowshi) ;
N.W. Himalayas.
150. Eurois PRASINA.
Noctua prasina, Fabr. Mant. p. 169 (1787).
Noctua egregia, Esp. Schmett. pl. 119. fig. 7.
Eurois herbida, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 218. n. 2175.
34*
508 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
Polia herbida, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. p. 56; Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent.,
Haust. iii. p. 30, pl. 27. fig. 3.
Aplecta herbida, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 75.
One example, coll. Pryer.
Yesso (Pryer) ; Europe, N. America.
151. Evrois occurs.
Phal.-Noctua occulta, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 514; Clerck, Icon.
pl. i. fig. 6.
Noctua occulta, Hiibn. Noct. fig. 79.
Eurois occulta, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 218. n. 2180.
Polia occulta, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. p. 52.
Aplecta occulta, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 76.
One specimen taken by my native collector at Gensan in August.
Gensan (Nat. Coll.) ; Europe, Canada.
152. EvrRois NEBULOSA.
Noctua nebulosa, Hufn. Berl. Mag. iii. p. 418.
Noctua plebeja, Hiibn. Noct. fig. 78.
Noctua bimaculosa, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 132. figs. 1, 2.
Lurois nebulosa, Hibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 218. n. 2184.
Polia nebulosa, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. p. 48.
Aplecta nebulosa, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 77.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
Oiwake (Pryer); Europe.
153. HADENA AURIPLENA.
Eurois? auriplena, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xi. p. 557 (1857).
One example, coll. Pryer.
Oiwake (Pryer); Darjeeling, Ceylon.
154. HapeNa Lucia.
Hadena lucia, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 195 (1878) ;
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlv. fig. 2 (1879).
Hadena kosakka, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 80, pl. vii. fig. 4
(1880).
Hadena tokiensis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 186.
I took this species at Gensan in July, and my native collector at
Hakodate.
Hakodate (Whitely) ; Tokio (Fenton); Hakodate (Nat. Coll.) ;
Gensan (Leech) ; Askold.
155. HapENA JANKOWSKII.
Hadena jankowskii, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 79, pl. iii. fig. 11
(1880).
I took three examples of this species at Gensan in July.
Gensan (Leech) ; Askold, Amur.
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 509
156. Hapena unica, sp.n. (Plate LI. fig. 12.)
Primaries pale brown, mottled and clouded with darker, discal
area faintly suffused with violet; basal line represented by a black
spot on costa, and a double transverse streak between the subcostal
and submedian nerves ; inner and outer transverse lines blackish,
the former preceded and the latter followed by fainter lines; sub-
marginal line whitish, angulated below the’costa and shaded with
greyish brown; a series of triangular dark spots precede the grey-
brown fringes; reniform outlined with blackish, broadly on the
external and lower margins, and filled in with ground-colour except
towards internal edge, where there is a greyish-brown transverse
shade ; orbicular large, but indistinctly outlined ; claviform short,
outlined in black: secondaries pale brown, exterior border darker.
Under surface whitish ; primaries clouded with fuscous, central line
blackish, a series of -shaped marks edged with whitish on outer
margin; secondaries sprinkled on the margins with fuscous scales,
central spot and line blackish.
Expanse 39 millim.
One example, coll. Pryer, without exact locality.
Yokohama? (Pryer).
157. HapEeNa sTOLIDA, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 2.)
3. Primaries pale brown, basal area dusted, discal area suffused
and clouded with darker; inner line pale, indented and edged exter-
nally with dark brown; outer line wavy and angulated above
inner margin, dark brown edged internally with paler; submarginal
line pale brown, indented and twice angulated at the middle ;
stigmata pale brown, outlined in darker, the reniform with a blackish
cloud on its outer edge; orbicular with a dark central spot:
secondaries pale grey-brown, darker towards outer margin; central
lunule and neuration darker. Under surface fuscous brown, margins
paler, costa tinged with reddish towards apex, central line blackish :
secondaries whitish, sprinkled with brownish scales, and tinged with
reddish on costa; outer margin clouded with fuscous, central spot
black. Head pale brown, mottled with darker ; thorax dark brown ;
collar pale brown, edged above with darker.
Expanse 36 millim.
One specimen in Pryer’s collection without exact locality.
158. HapENA SATURA.
Noctua porphyrea, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 145. fig. 5 (1789).
Noctua satura, Hiibn. Noct. pl. 16. fig. 75 (1880).
Hadena satura, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. p. 333; Guen. Noct. ii.
p. 84.
A very fine and extensive series, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Pryer).
510 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
159. TRACHEA ATRIPLICIS.
Phal.-Noctua atriplicis, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p.517.
Noctua atriplicis, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 163. figs. 1-3; Hiibn.
Noct. fig. 83.
Trachea atriplicis, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 219. n. 2203; Treit.
Schmett. v. 2. p. 66.
Hadena atriplicis, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 99.
Polia atriplicis, Herr.-Schiiff. Schmett. ii. p. 263.
Hadena gnoma, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 195
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxi. fig. 7 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took this species at Gensan in June, and my native collector at
Nikko.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake, Gifu (Pryer); Gensan
(Leech) ; Nikko (Nat. Coll.).
160. APLECTOIDES NITIDA.
Aplectoides nitida, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 194
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlv. fig. 1 (1879).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I have received one example from Mr. Manley, of Yokohama.
Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer, Manley).
161. APLECTOIDES CALIGINEA.
Aplectoides caliginea, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 185.
Three specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took a nice series at sugar in July at Gensan.
Tokio (Fenton) ; Yokohama? (Pryer); Gensan (Leech).
162. PRODENIA LITTORALIS.
Hadena littoralis, Boisd. Faun. Ent. Mad. et Maur. p. 91, pl. 13.
fig. 8 (1834).
Neuria retina, Herr.-Schaff. Schmett. ii. tab. xxix. figs. 144, 145
(1846).
Prodenia retina, Guen. Noct. i. p. 163.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama ? (Pryer) ; Crete, Asia Minor, Madagascar, Mauritius,
Madeira, Congo, N. India, Nepaul, N. China.
163. XYLOMEGES BELLA.
Xylomeges bella, Butl. Trans, Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 175.
A nice series, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Pryer).
164. PANoLIS PINIPERDA.
Phalena piniperda, Panz. et Kob, Baumtr. Nadelw. p. 51. pl. 1.
figs. 1-12 (1786).
Noctua piniperda, Loschge, Naturf. xx. p. 9 (1787); Esp.
Schmett. iv. pl. 125. figs. 1-6.
Bombyx spreta, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. 124 (1787).
Noctua flammea, Hiibn. Noct. fig. 476.
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. all
Panolis fammea, Wiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 214. n. 2134.
Trachea priniperda, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. p. 76; Guen. Noct. i.
p- 340.
Panolis piniperda, Steph. Cat. Brit. Lep. p. 74.
Three specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama, Gifu (Pryer) ; Europe.
165, Evpstt1a TRIPUNCTATA.
Eupsilia tripunctata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 168
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxx. fig. 9 (1878).
Five specimens coll. Pryer, and I have received two from Mr.
Manley.
Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer, Manley).
166. EvupstLia STRIGIFERA.
Eupsilia strigifera, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 363
(1879).
One example, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Pryer).
167. SEMIOPHORA PALLESCENS.
Semiophora pallescens, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 166
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxx. fig. 4 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
Mr. Pryer appears to have considered S. pallescens, Butl., a form
of S. gothica; but as there is an undoubted form of S. gothica
occurring in Japan, and as there seem to be no intermediates known
which would serve to connect that form with S. pallescens, the latter
must stand.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer).
168. SeEMIOPHORA GOTHICA.
Phal-Noctua gothica, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 515; Clerck, Icon.
1. i. fig. 1.
Noctua gothica, Esp. Schmett. iii. pl. 76. figs. 1, 2 ; Treit. Schmett.
v. 1. p. 233.
Noctua num-atrum, Uiibn. Noct. fig. 112.
Teniocampa gothica, Guen. Noct. i. p. 347.
Semiophora gothica, Steph. Ill. Brit. Eat., Haust. il. p. 138.
Two specimens, coll. Pryer.
Neither are quite typical examples of S. gothica, but that from
Gifu is nearer the type than is the other, which unfortunately is not
localized. This last approaches the gothicina form.
Yokohama?, Gifu (Pryer); Europe.
169. THNIOCAMPA CARNIPENNIS.
Teniocampa carnipennis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i.
p. 167 (1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxx. fig. 6 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer. I have also received examples
from Mr, Manley.
512 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
All the markings are subject to slight modification but the =-
shaped mark referred to by Mr. Butler in his description of this
species varies considerably: thus in two examples the extremities
alone remain distinct and these are connected by a very fine dark
line ; in another specimen the mark is replaced by a large quadrate
black spot, and ina fourth the bar is contracted in the middle so that
it forms two triangles whose apices are contiguous.
Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer, Manley).
170. T&NIOCAMPA MUNDA.
Noctua munda, Esp. Schmett. iii. pl. 52. figs. 5, 6; (Jota) Hiibn.
Noct. fig. 166.
Orthosia munda, Hibn. Verz. Schmett. p- 229. n. 2293; Treit.
Schmett. v. 2. p. 208.
Teniocampa munda, Guen. Noct. i. p. 356.
Teniocampa munda, var. immaculata, Staud. Cat. p. 114 (1871).
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
The majority of the specimens are larger than European 7’. munda.
The series includes one example of the var. immaculata.
Yokohama (Pryer, Manley) ; Yesso (Pryer).
171. T#NIOCAMPA GRACILIS.
Noctua gracilis, Fabr. Mant. Ins. p. 148; Hiibn. Noct. pl. 35.
fig. 168.
Orthosia gracilis, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. p. 217.
Teniocampa gracilis, Guen. Noct.i. p. 355.
Teniocampa ella, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 167
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxx. tig. 7 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
There appears to be a pale form and a dark form in Japan as in
Europe, but the palest Japanese specimen I have is not quite so light
as some of my European examples; whilst, on the other hand, I have
not yet seen a specimen from Europe as dark as the darkest Japanese
example in Pryer’s series of 7. gracilis. Butler’s figure of T. ella
represents a specimen which as regards tone of colour is intermediate
between the two just adverted to.
Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer); Europe.
172. T&NIOCAMPA INSTABILIS.
Noctua instabilis, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 151. fig. 3; Hiibn. Noct.
pl. 35. fig. 165.
Teniocampa instabilis, Guen. Noct. i. p. 350.
Var. Teniocampa evanida, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv.
p. 362 (1879).
Five specimens, coll. Pryer.
Four of these Japanese examples are larger than any European
specimen I have seen of 7’. instabilis, but the fifth is of the normal
size. In colour all the five specimens are pale, but I have an example
1889.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 513
from Britain which agrees very well with them in this respect. I can
only regard T. evanida, Butl., as an exaggerated form of 7’. enstabilis.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Europe.
173. T#NIOCAMPA STABILIS.
Noctua stabilis, View. Tab. Verz. ii. p. 14 (1789) ; Hiibn. Noct.
fig. 171.
Teniocampa stabilis, Guen. Noct.i. p. 354.
Several examples, coll. Pryer, under the name of T. gracilis (no.
787).
Yokohama (Manley, Pryer); Yesso (Pryer).
174. T#NIOCAMPA AURORIZ.
Tenoicampe auroria, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 76, pl. iii. fig. 6
(1880).
One specimen in Pryer’s collection, and one taken by my native
collector at Hakodate in June or July.
175. T&NIOCAMPA ODIOSA.
Agrotis odiosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 162(1878) ;
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xliv. fig. 8 (1879).
Yokohama (Jonas).
176. OrTHOSIA SUSPECTA.
Noctua suspecta, Hiibn. Eur. Schmett. Noct. fig. 633.
Orthosia suspecta, Guen. Noct. i. p. 360.
Noctua congener, Freyer, Neuere Beitr. Schmetterl. iii. pl. 209.
figs. 2, 3.
" Noctua iners, Germ. Faun. Ins. Eur. xvi. pl. 24.
One example, coll. Pryer.
Japan (Pryer); Europe.
177. OrrHosta FAUSTA, sp. n. (Plate L. fig. 2.)
Primaries ochreous or brown, clouded with darker towards outer
margin; a black spot on median nerve near the base; inner and outer
lines represented by black spots ; submarginal line pale, angulated
below costa; fringes preceded by a row of black spots; reniform
outlined in pale and filled up with blackish, below this is a dark shade
to the inner margin ; orbicular outlined in paler but very indistinct :
secondaries fuscous brown ; fringes paler. Underside fuscous brown,
apical area tinged with pink, central spot and line darker but
shadowy; secondaries brown tinged with pink, a distinct black
costal spot, transverse central line formed of black dots.
Expanse 40 millim.
Six specimens coll. Pryer (Yesso) (Pryer); Yokohama (Manley).
The above description is taken from a male specimen in which
the markings are well defined, but the characters referred to vary in
intensity.
514 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
178. OrTHOSIA LIZETTA.
Orthosia lizetta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 167
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxx. fig. 8 (1878).
A nice series, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer).
179. CERASTIS FRAGARIE.
Bombyx fragarie, Esp. Schmett. Bomb. pl. 86. fig. 3.
Noctua domiduca, Borkh. Eur. Schmett. iv. p. 44.
Cerastis serotina, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. p. 418; Guen. Noct. i.
p- 385.
Several fine specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Pryer, Manley); Europe.
180. CERASTIS VACCINII.
Phal.-Noctua vaecinii, Linn. Faun. Suec.
Noctua vaccinii, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 161. figs. 1, 4, 6; Hiibn.
Noct. p. 177; var. mixta, Staud. Cat. p. 118.
Noctua spadicea, Hiibn. Noct. fig. 179; (vaccinii), Esp. J. e.
fig. 2.
SCerustia vaccinit, Treit. Schmett. v. p. 401 ; Guen. Noct. i. p. 379.
Dasycampa ardescens, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 364
(1874).
A fine and extensive series, coll. Pryer.
D. ardescens, Butl., is a large C. vaccinii of the type form, and
there are also specimens of the same exaggerated size which agree
with the var. mivta of Staudinger.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Europe.
181. CEeRASTIS EVELINA.
Dasycampa evelina, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 363
(1879).
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Pryer).
182. CERASTIS ALBIPUNCTA, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 10.)
3. Primaries pale sandy brown; with the exception of an indi-
stinct darker submarginal line, there are no indications of transverse
markings ; the reniform is represented by a white spot at its lower
end, but the other portions of this stigma are not clearly defined ;
a series of small blackish lunules on outer margin: secondaries
fuscous brown; fringes pale reddish brown. Under surface pale
ochreous brown, the discal area of primaries suffused with fuscous
and crossed by a darker central line; secondaries have a darker
central spot and transverse line. Head and thorax colour of pri-
maries ; abdomen grey-brown above, ochreous brown beneath. An-
tenne pectinated.
Expanse 42 millim.
One example, coll. Pryer, but no exact locality is given.
Yokohama ? (Pryer).
1889.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 515
183. CALYMNIA CAMPTOSIGMA.
Heliothis camptosigma, Mén. Bull. de Y Acad. t. xvii. p. 219;
Schr. Reis. Amur. tab. vy. fig. 1 2, fig. 2 var.
Cosmia distincta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 192
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxi. fig. 2 (1878); Oberth. Htud.
d’Ent. vi. pl. ix. fig. 7 (1881).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer. My native collector took the
species at Hakodate in July. A very variable species, both as re-
gards colour and the definition of markings on primaries; the
secondaries also may be entirely fuscous, or yellowish with a broad
fuscous hind marginal band. My series from Japan and one from
the Amur contain similar forms.
Tokio (Fenton); Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Hakodate (Vat.
Coll.) ; Kony-Tchéou (Largeteaw) ; Amur.
184. CALYMNIA AFFINIS.
Phal.-Noctua affinis, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. p. 848.
Noctua affinis, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 134. fig. 1; Hiibn. Noct.
pl. 42. fig. 201.
Calymnia affinis, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 235. n. 2351.
Cosmia affinis, Treit. Schmett. v. p. 389; Guen. Noct. ii. p. 11.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took one example at Oiwake in October 1886.
Yesso (Pryer) ; Oiwake (Pryer, Leech).
185. CALYMNIA ACHATINA.
Cosmia achatina, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 365
(1879).
Several specimens in Mr. Pryer’s collection; two of these from
Nikko were separated from the rest, and are referable to the No. 816
of his Catalogue. Except that they are darker in colour, I cannot
see a difference between these Nikko specimens and those from
Yokohama.
Nikko, Yokohama (Pryer).
186. CALYMNIA PYRALINA.
Noctua pyralina, View. Tab. Verz. p. 87; Hiibn. Noct. fig. 203.
Noctua corusca, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 135. figs. 4, 5.
Eustegnia pyralina, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 336. n. 2353.
Cosmia pyralina, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. 2392; Guen. Noct. ii.
10.
Three typical specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yesso, Oiwake (Pryer); Europe.
187. CALYMNIA TRAPEZINA.
Phal.-Noctua trapezina, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 510.
Noctua trapezina, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 87. figs. 2, 3; Hiibn.
Noct. fig. 200.
516 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
Calymnia trapezina, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 235. n. 2350.
Cosmia trapezina, Treit. Schmett. v. p. 383; Guen. Noct. ii. p. 9.
Mesogona exigua, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 182.
A number of specimens, coll. Pryer.
M. exigua, Butl., is not even a striking aberration of C. trapezina,
and no one acquainted with the variation of the species would
attempt to separate Japanese examples from C. trapezina.
Yesso, Oiwake (Pryer); Tokio (Fenton); Europe.
188. CALYMNIA RESTITUTA.
Cosmia restituta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. x. p. 490 (1856).
One example, coll. Pryer (no. 812).
Yesso (Pryer); Nepaul.
189. CALYMNIA PRYERI, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 11.)
3. Primaries olivaceous brown ; two pale transverse lines traverse
the disk of the wing and approach each other on the inner margin,
interspace darker; there are indications of pale stigmata, but these
are very indistinct ; fringes brown, with pinkish tinge: secondaries
pale brown, central spot and border of outer margin darker. Under
surface pale brown, with a pinkish tinge; primaries with a fuscous
central spot and a broad transverse band traversing the wing parallel
with outer margin; secondaries with a fuscous central spot and
faintly defined transverse line, terminating in a cloud at anal angle.
Expanse 40 millim.
Two specimens, coll. Pryer.
Oiwake (Pryer).
190. IpImMoRPHA RETUSA.
Phal.-Noctua retusa, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 321; Syst. Nat. xii.
. 858.
ss Noctua retusa, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 178. fig. 1; Hiibn. Noct.
fig. 214.
” Ipimorpha retusa, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 238. n. 2364.
Cymatophora retusa, Treit. Schmett. v. i. 80.
Noctua gracilis, Haw. Lep. Brit. p. 251.
Plastemis retusa, Boisd. Ind. Méth. p. 93. 706.
Tethea retusa, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 3.
Cosmia curvata, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1885, p. 131.
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
This insect is most certainly referable to I. retusa. Japanese
specimens agree exactly with Austrian and S. Russian specimens in
my collection.
Fukushima (Lewis) ; Yokohama, Yesso, Nikko (Pryer) ; Europe.
191. OrorINA CROCEAGO.
Noctua croceago, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 159 ; Hiibn. Noct. pl. 40.
fig. 189.
"Noctua fulvago, Hiibn. Beitr, pl.i. fig. F; Esp. Schmett. pl. 176.
figs. 3, 4.
1889.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 517
Hoporina croceago, Boisd. Ind. Méth. p. 147; Guen. Noct. i.
. 389.
‘ Hoporina sericea, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 168
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxx. fig. 10 (1878).
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
I received one example from Mr. Manley, of Yokohama.
Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer, Manley); Europe.
192. XANTHIA FULVAGO.
Phal.-Noctua fulvago, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 312.
Noctua cerago, Fabr. Mant. p. 159; Hiibn. Noct. figs. 190, 444.
Citria cerago, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 234. 2345.
Xanthia cerago, Treit. Schmett. v. 2.370; Guen. Noct. i. p. 393.
Two specimens, coll. Pryer.
One example is very typical, the other has a broad pinkish-brown
transverse band before, and a narrower one of the same colour fol-
lowing the pale outer line.
Oiwake (Pryer) ; Europe.
193. XANTHIA FLAVAGO.
Noctua flavago, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 160 (1787); Ent. Syst. iii.
2. 76.
Noctua silago, Hibn. Noct. fig. 191.
Citria silago, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 234. 2346.
Xanthia silago, Treit. Schmett. v. 2. p. 367; Boisd. Ind. Méth.
p- 146. 1181; Guen. Noct. i. p. 394.
One example, coll. Pryer.
I took a specimen at Nikko in September.
Yokohama (Pryer); Nikko (Leech); Europe.
194. BRACHYXANTHIA PECULIARIS.
Brachyxanthia peculiaris, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i.
p- 169 (1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxx. fig. 11 (1878).
Hakodate (Whitely) ; Yokohama (Jonas) ; Tokio.
195. DasycAMPA RUBIGINEA.
Noctua rubiginea, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 142; Hiibn. Noct. pl. 38.
fig. 183.
Noctua tigerina, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 123. fig. 4.
Dasycampa rubiginea, Guen. Noct. i. p. 387.
Var. Dasycampa fornax, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i.
p- 168 (1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xliv. fig. 11 (1879).
? = Oporina castaneo-fasciata, Motsch. Etud. Entom. 1860, p. 34.
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Tokio (Fenton); Yesso (Pryer).
196. DIANTH@CIA COMPTA.
Noctua compta, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 169; Hiibn. Noct. fig. 53 ;
(comta) Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 119. fig. 6.
518 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Noy. 19,
Miselia compta, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. p. 389.
Dianthecia compta, Boisd. Ind. Méth. p. 125. 989 ; Guen, Noct.
i. p. 25.
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
Oiwake (Pryer) ; Tokio, Hakodate; Europe.
197. DIANTH@CIA CUCUBALI.
Noctua cucubali, Fuessl. Neues Mag. ii. 2, p. 218 (1784) ; Esp.
Schmett. iv. pl. 173. fig. 6; Hitibn. Noct. fig. 56.
Dianthecia cucubali, Boisd. Ind. Méth. p. 125. 996; Guen. Noct.
i. p. 28.
Three examples, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Tsuruga in July, and my native collector at
Hakodate in June or July.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer); Tsnruga (Leech) ; Hakodate (Wat.
Coll.) ; Europe.
198. Epra CLARIPENNIS.
Epia claripennis, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1886, p. 134.
One unnamed example, coll. Pryer (no. 824).
The specimen in National Collection at South Kensington is not
in good condition.
Nikko (Pryer).
199. HyBL2Aa PUERA.
Phalena-Noctua puera, Cram. Pap. Exot. pl. 103. figs. D, E
(1777).
Noctua saga, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 137 (1787).
Hyblea saga, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ili. 2. p. 128 (1794).
Noctua unxia, Hiibn. Noct. fig. 513.
Enchesia unxia, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 221. 2217.
Hyblea puera, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 390.
Hyblea fortissima, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 191.
One example in the National Collection from Japan. I have spe-
cimens from Loochoo and Chang Yang.
Tokio (Fenton) ; N. India, Nepaul, China, South Africa, Hon-
ducas, Larnaca, &c.
200. XANTHODES TRANSVERSA.
Xanthodes transversa, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 211 (1852).
Xanthodes intersepta, Guen. l.¢, p. 212.
‘anthodes migrator, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xii. p. 779 (1857).
A few specimens, coll. Pryer, from Loochoo.
I took one example at Hakone in August, and my native collector
obtained one at Gensan in September.
Hakone (Leech); Gensan (Nat. Coll.); Loochoo (Pryer); Java,
Silhet, Central and North India, Australia, Malta.
1889.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 519
201. MesoGona CONTRACTA.
Mesogona contracta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 169
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxi. fig. 1 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Jonas, Manley, Pryer).
202. MrsoGona DIVERGENS.
Mesogona divergens, Butl. Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist (5) iv. p. 364
(1879).
A nice series, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer).
203. MesoGoNna QUADRILINEA, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 1.)
Q. Pale cinnamon-brown, with an abbreviated basal and three
transverse central reddish-brown parallel lines; submarginal line
waved, pale, and shaded with darker: secondaries rather darker
than primaries. Under surface fuscous brown, tinged with reddish
brown on costa and outer margins of primaries and the costal half
of secondaries ; a dark central transverse line on each wing and a
small dark discal spot on secondaries,
Expanse 47 millim.
Two specimens, coll. Pryer, without exact locality, but probably
from Yokohama.
204. GortTyYNA ACUMINATA.
Gortyna acuminata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 83
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxix. fig. 1.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took one example at Nikko in September, and I have received
two specimens from Mr. Manley.
Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer, Manley); Nikko (Leech).
205. HeLiorHis ARMIGERA.
Noctua armigera, Hiibn. Noct. fig. 370.
Heliothis armigera, Treit. Schmett. v. 3. p. 230 ; Guen. Noct. ii.
p- 181.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
My native collector took this species at Gensan in July.
Fujisan, Yokohama (Pryer); Gensan (Nat. Coll.); Fushiki;
Europe, Moreton Bay, New Zealand, Rio Janeiro, Port Natal, Congo,
Sidney, Venezuela, Georgia, Australia, Jamaica, Mexico, N. India,
Ceylon, Cape.
206. HELIOTHIS SUCCINEA.
Heliothis succinea, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p- 362.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer. My native collector took the
species at Gensan in July, and I have recieved it from Chang Yang
and Ichang.
Japan (Pryer); Gensan (Nat. Coll.) ; N. China, N. India.
520 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
207. HELIOTHIS DIPSACEUS.
Phal.- Noctua dipsacea, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. p. 856.
Noctua dipsacea, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 172. figs. 1-3; Hiibn.
Noct. fig. 311.
Heliothis dipsacea, Treit. Schmett. v. 3. p. 220; Guen. Noct. ii.
Bot:
Heliothis adaucta, Butl. Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 199
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pt. iii. pl. xlv. fig. 4 (1879).
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took this species at Gensan in June and July.
Hakodate (Whitely); Yesso (Pryer); Yokohama (Jonas and
Pryer); Gensan (Leech); Europe.
208. HELIOTHIS FURVENS.
Heliothis furvens, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 186.
One example, coll. Pryer.
Tokio (Fenton) ; Yokohama? (Pryer).
209. HeLIoTuis scUTOSUS.
Noctua scutusa, Schiff. Wien. Verz. p. 89; Esp. Schmett. iv.
pl. 108. figs. 1, 2; Hiibn. Noct. fig. 309.
Heliothis scutosa, Treit. Schmett. v. 3. p. 224; Guen. Noct. ii.
p- 182.
Not represented, coll. Pryer. My native collector took two speci-
mens at Gensan in July and August.
Gensan (Nat. Coll.) ; Europe, Ukraine.
210. CHARICLEA UMBRA.
Noctua umbra, Hufn. Berl. Mag. iii. p. 294 (1767); Rottenburg,
Naturf. ix. p. 115.
Noctua marginata, Fabr. Syst. Ent. p. 610 (1775).
Noctua rutilago, Hibn. Noct. fig. 185.
Noctua umbrago, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 187. figs. 7, 8.
Noctua conspicua, Borkh. Eur. Schmett. iv. p. 50.
Heliothis marginata, Treit. Schmett. vy. 3. p. 232; Guen. Noct.
ii. p. 178.
Chariclea umbra, Staud. Catal. Lep. Eur. p. 130.
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
My native collector took an example at Gensan in July.
Oiwake, Fujisan (Pryer) ; Gensan (Nat. Coll.) ; Europe.
211. PHYLLOPHILA OBLITERATA.
Anthophila obliterata, Ramb. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ii. p. 27, pl. 2.
fig. 17 (1833).
” Anthophila wimmerti, Treit. Suppl. x. p. 148 (1835); Boisd.
Ind. Méth. 174. 1391.
Phyllophila wimmerii, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 254.
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 521
Phyllophila cretacea, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 28, pl. xlvii.
fig. 11 (1879).
There were specimens in Pryer’s collection, and I took two ex-
amples at Gensan in July.
The Japanese specimens agree very well with A. obliterata, Ramb.,
which Guenée considers to be a variety of A. wimmerii, Treit. ; but as
it has two years’ priority, Rambur’s name must stand for the species.
Yokohama ? (Pryer); Gensan (Leech) ; Europe.
212. PROTHYMIA VIRIDARIA.
Phalena viridaria, Clerck, Icon. pl. 9. fig. 12 (1759).
Noctua enea, Hiibn. Noct. figs. 350, 654.
Prothymia enea, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 282. n. 2765.
Phytometra enea, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 121; Guen.
Noct. iii. p. 298.
Anthophila cenea, Treit. Schmett. v. 3. p. 274; Dup. Lép. Fr.
vii. pl. 123. fig. 5.
Yokohama ? (Pryer) ; Europe.
213. ANTHOPHILA PARADISEA.
Anthophila paradisea, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5). i.
p- 199 (1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxi. fig. 4 (1878).
A good series, coll. Pryer.
Tokio, Nikko (Pryer).
214. ANTHOPHILA HEMIRHODA.
Micra hemirhoda, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. iii. p. 799 (1865).
Anthophila roseifascia, Walk. l.c. p. 803.
Anthophila hemorrhoida, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 61.
Thalpochares adulans, Feld. Reise Noy. pl. 108. fig. xi.
One specimen, coll. Pryer (n. 877, Anthophila? sp.).
Nikko (Pryer) ; Bengal, Java, Ceylon.
215. ANTHOPHILA SEMIFURPUREA.
Anthophila semipurpurea, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. iii. p. 803
(1865).
Rhedaria amata, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 72, pl. lvii.
fig. 11 (1879).
One example, coll. Pryer.
I took examples of this species at Nagasaki in June and at Gensan
in July. I have also received specimens from Mr. Manley.
Yokohama (Manley and Pryer); Nagasaki, Gensan (Leech).
216. ANTHOPHILA HEBESCENS.
Anthophila hebescens, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 366
(1879).
Six examples, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Pryer).
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XXXV. 35
522 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
217. PoAPHILA MOLLIS.
Poaphila mollis, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 28, pl. xlvii.
fig. 10 (1879).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer (unnamed).
Japan (Pryer); Yokohama (Jonas and Manley).
218. HyprReELIA UNCA.
Phal.-Tortrix uncula, Clerck, Icon. pl. iii. fig. 7 (1759).
Phal.-Tortriz unca, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 342 (1761).
Phelana unca, Schifferm. Wien. Verz. p. 91 (1776).
Noctua unca, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 164. fig. 7; Hibn. Noct.
fig. 293.
Erastria unca, Treit. Schmett. v. 3. p. 253.
Hydrelia unca, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 235.
One specimen, coll. Pryer.
I took two examples at Hakodate in August.
Oiwake (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Leech) ; Europe.
219. LEOCYMA ATRATA.
Chasmina atrata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xi. p. 274
(1884).
A nice series, coll. Pryer.
Yesso (Pryer).
220. LrocyMA ALBONITENS.
Acontia albonitens, Brem. Bull. Acad. Sci. Pét. iii. p. 581 (1861).
Leocyma albonitens, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 55, pl. v. fig. 15
(1864).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took examples of this species at Gensan in July, and Hakodate
in August. The Gensan specimens are rather larger than those
from Japan.
Oiwake, Yesso (Pryer) ; Hakodate, Gensan (Leech) ; Amur.
221. LeocyMA NERVOSA.
Leocyma nervosa, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 187.
One example, coll. Pryer.
I took a specimen at Nagahama in July, and my native collector
obtained one at Hakodate in June or July.
Tokio (Fenton); Yokohama? (Pryer); Nagahama (Leech) ;
Hakodate (Nat. Coll.).
222. LeocyMA NIGRILINEA, sp. n. (Plate LI. fig. 8.)
Q. Silvery white; primaries traversed by a curved central blackish
line; a series of blackish dots on outer margin; fringes grey-brown:
secondaries with a broad grey-brown band on outer margin, but not
extending to anal angle; fringes white, preceded by a blackish line.
Under surface of primaries fuscous brown, except on the inner margin,
which is broadly silvery ; costa and some longitudinal streaks whitish
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 523
secondaries silvery white, with a dark central transverse and marginal
line.
Expanse 31 millim.
One example, coll. Pryer, taken at Kioto.
223. AnTHaCIA ? SIGILLATA.
Anthecia? sigillata, Mén. Bull. de Acad. xvii. p. 219 ; Schr.
Am. Reis. p. 60, pl. v. fig. 3 (1859).
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
My native collector took specimens at Hakodate in June and July,
and I took some there in August.
Oiwake (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Leech) ; Amurland.
224. ACONTIA BIPLAGIATA.
Acontia biplaga, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xii. p. 795 (1857).
Acontia biplagiata, Walk. I. c. Suppl. iii. p. 781 (1865) ; Butl.
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 19, pl. xlv. fig. 7 (1879).
Not represented in coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Fusan in June, Tsuruga and Shimonoseki in
July, and my native collector obtained some at Ningpo in June,
at Gensan in July, and at Nikko.
Tsuruga, Fusan, Shimonoseki (Leech) ; Nikko, Ningpo, Gensan
(Nat. Coll.) ; N. China (Fortune) ; Nankow Pass (Swinhoe).
225. ACONTIA NOLOIDES.
Acontia noloides, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 366
(1879).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama, Yesso (Pryer) ; Ningpo.
226. ACONTIA SIGNIFERA.
Acontia signifera, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xii. p. 793.
Acontia subfixa, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. v. p. 1964.
A nice series, coll. Pryer.
I took examples of this species at Nagasaki in June, and my native
collector at Gensan in September.
Yokohama (Manley and Pryer) ; Nagasaki (Leach) ; Gensan (Nat.
Coll.) ; Tokio, N. India, Shanghai, Ceylon, Natal.
227. ACONTIA VIALIs.
Acontia vialis, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk. ii. p. 135 (1882).
Five fine examples, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama, Yesso (Pryer) ; Darjeeling, Nilgiri Hills, Dharmsala.
228. ACONTIA AREFACTA.
Acontia arefacéa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 366
(1879).
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
1 took specimens at Foochau in April, in Satsuma in May, and at
35*
524 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
Nagasaki in June. My native collector met with examples at
Ningpo in June.
Yokohama (Pryer); Satsuma, Nagasaki, Foochau (Leech) ;
Ningpo (Nat. Coll.) ; Chekiang.
229. ACONTIA BICOLORA.
Acontia bicolora, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 133. n. 178.
Three specimens, coll. Prver.
I took specimens at Nagasaki and Satsuma in May, and my native
collector at Ningpo in June and July, Gensan in August.
Japanese specimens of both sexes agree exactly with the types,
which were from Kiukiang in China.
Yokohama? (Pryer); Nagasaki and Satsuma (Leech) ; Ningpo,
Gensan (Wat. Coll.) ; Kiukiang (Pratt) ; Chekiang.
230. ACONTIA PULCHELLA, sp.n. (Plate LIII. fig. 10.)
3. White; primaries blackish, submarginal band and two costal
patches sprinkled with silvery scales, the first spot has somethiag of
the character of an abbreviated fascia, and the second is quadrate
and oblique; the internal edge of marginal band, which does not
reach the costa, is indented at the middle and curved towards inner
margin ; its externnl edge is defined in whitish and indented below
apex and again before inner margin; the outer margin and fringes
dark chocolate-brown ; between second costal mark and apex are
some grey-brown spots: secondaries clouded with brownish towards
outer margin, especially on costal half. Under surface of primaries
fuscous brown, inner margin whitish ; secondaries white, tinged with
brownish on costa.
Expanse 19 millim.
One specimen, coll. Pryer (Cat. no. 89).
Ohoyama (Pryer).
231. ERASTRIA FLAVIPUNCTA, sp. un. (Plate LIII. fig. 3.)
3. Primaries violet-grey clouded with darker grey, basal patch
pale dusky brown, limited by a slender darker line, before the middle
of inner margin is a dark-grey irregular-shaped blotch outlined with
blackish, above this is a band of pale reddish grey, and beyond a
rusty brown band, the exterior edge of which is bounded by a dark
line followed by a whitish one; a pale yellow oval spot is placed
in the brown band at the upper exterior edge of the grey blotch, and
beyond the band are some black dots and a small rusty-brown cloud,
the former indicating a transverse elbowed line: secondaries pale
grey-brown, central spot blackish. Under surface pale brown,
margins of primaries clouded with fuscous, central spot and line of
secondaries blackish. Head and thorax violet-grey ; abdomen pale
brown.
Expanse 24 millim.
One specimen, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Pryer).
1889.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 525
232. ERASTRIA FLAVICOLLIs, sp.n. (Plate LIII. fig. 4.)
Q. Primaries violet-grey, a black longitudinal streak from middle
of base; the elongated white reniform stigma has a dark grey
spot at its lower end and is preceded and followed by a yellowish
suffusion, which in turn is bordered with blackish; apical third
clouded with blackish ; submarginal line only traceable as a pale
streak on costa before apex: secondaries pale fuscous grey. Under
surface of primaries fuscous, paler on the costa towards apex ; central
spot large, whitish ; some indistinct traces of darker transverse lines :
secondaries whitish grey, darker on costa; central line and spot
blackish.
Expanse 28 millim.
One example, coll. Pryer.
Oiwake (Pryer).
233. ERASTRIA COSTIMACULA,
Erastria costimacula, Oberth. Etud. d’ Ent. v. p. 83, pl. iv. fig. 4
(1880).
Six specimens, coll. Pryer.
Japan (Pryer); Askold.
234. ERASTRIA SENEX.
Erastria senex, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 189.
Several examples, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Nagasaki in June.
Tokio (Fenton); Nagasaki (Leech); Yokohama (Pryer).
235. ERASTRIA AFRICANA.
Erastria africana, Feld. R. N. eviii. fig. 6.
Erastria nemorum, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 82, pl. iv. fig. 2
(1880).
A good series, coll. Pryer.
I took a number of specimens at Gensan in June.
Yokohama? (Pryer); Gensan (Leech) ; Askold, N. India.
236. ERASTRIA CANDIDULA.
Noctua candidula, Borkh. Eur. Schmett. iv. p. 196; Hiibn. Noct.
pl. 60. fig. 295.
Erastria candidula, Treit. Schmett. vy. p. 263; Guen. Noct. ii.
p. 228.
A few specimens, coll. Pryer (no. 874).
I took several examples at Gensan in July, and my native col-
lector obtained some at Hakodate in June or July.
The dark markings are more distinctly defined than in European
specimens.
Gensan (Leech) ; Hakodate (Wat. Coll.) ; Yesso (Pryer) ; Tokio.
526 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
237. ERASTRIA FENTONI.
Erastria fentoni, Butl. Trans. Evt. Soc. 1881, p. 190.
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
I took a few specimens at Gensan in July.
Tokio (Fenton); Oiwake, Yokohama (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech).
238. ERASTRIA FASCIANA.
Phal.-Tortrix fasciana, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 342 (1761) ; Syst.
Nat. xii. p. 375.
Noctua fuscula, Borkh. Eur. Schmett. iv. p. 192; Hubn. Noct.
pl. 60. fig. 297.
Noctua polygramma, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 146. fig. 7.
Erastria fuscula, Treit. Schmett. v. 3. p. 257; Guen. Noct.
ii. pl. 229.
Bryophila guenei, Fallon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1864, p. 27, pl. 1.
fig. 3.
° anc stygia, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 199
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlvi. fig. 2 (1879).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took examples at Fushiki and Gensan in June and July, and
my native collector at Ningpo in July.
Varies in colour from grey-brown to fuscous brown, and the white
markings are very inconstant in character; the white fascia on outer
margin is more particularly subject to considerable modification. In
some examples this is only represented by a short thin white edging
to the second discal transverse line.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Oiwake (Pryer) ; Fushiki, Gen-
san (Leech) ; Europe.
239. ERASTRIA OLIVACEA, sp.n. (Plate LIII. fig. 1.)
Primaries olive-grey, basal line blackish, angulated just below
costa ; outer line curved and angulated, blackish, commencing in a
white spot on costa; submarginal line white, with an interrupted
edging of the ground-colour ; external margin white, black at apex ;
reniform white, indistinctly outlined, with a median olive-grey suf-
fusion ; orbicular and a round spot below separated by the median
nerve, whitish, the centre of each more or less filled up with olive-grey;
fringes white, spotted with olive-grey : secondaries fuscous grey.
Under surface of primaries fuscous, paler from middle of costa to
apex ; a small patch of black scales on costa and beyond a short
pale oblique streak edged internally with blackish ; fringes whitish,
intersected jby an interrupted blackish line and tipped with black :
secondaries whitish, thickly sprinkled with brownish scales along
costa and on outer margin, central spot and line blackish.
Expanse, ¢ 25 millim., 2 21 millim.
Allied to £. fasciana.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took examples at Gensan in July 1886.
Oiwake (Pryer); Gensan (Leech); Chang Yang (Pratt).
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 527
240. ERASTRIA BRUNNEA, sp. n. (Plate LIII. fig. 2.)
Primaries pale reddish brown ; orbicular whitish, centred with
brown and surmounted by a whitish cloud on the costa, below is an
indistinct annulated whitish spot ; reniform outlined with whitish
and filled in with reddish brown, followed by a curved and slightly
angulated whitish line, which commences in a white blotch on the
costa and is edged with dark brownish ; between the stigmata is a
dark brown shade extending to the costa ; submarginal line whitish,
angulated near the costa, and indented above the inner margin with
three short longitudinal dashes from the middle of its inner edge ;
fringes grey-brown, intersected by a brown line and preceded by a
series of brownish linear spots on external margin: secondaries pale
fuscous. Under surface of primaries brown, cupreous brown on
margins; central line darker, but only clearly defined on the
costa; fringes grey, intersected by a darker line and tipped with
brownish: secondaries whitish brown, darker and tinged with
cupreous on costa and external margin, central line and spot blackish.
Expanse 24 millim.
Five specimens, coll. Pryer, without exact locality (Cat. no. 892).
Allied to £. olivacea.
Yokohama ? (Pryer).
241, ERASTRIA ROSACEA, sp.n. (Plate LIIL. fig. 9.)
Primaries olive-brown; inner indented line and small patch at
base pinkish, followed by a large square patch of the same colour on
costa, in the lower portion of which is a black colon-like spot, and
below this an olive-brown centred pinkish spot ; reniform pinkish,
with an olive-brown line towards its inner edge; outer line dark,
wavy and indented, bordered on both sides with pinkish ; submarginal
line pinkish ; a row of blackish linear spots precedes the pinkish
fringes, these last are intersected by a grey-brown line: secondaries
fuscous, fringes paler with a dark central line. Under surface fuscous,
margins of primaries and basal half of secondaries paler, the latter
with a black central spot.
Expanse, ¢ 22 millim., 2 25 millim.
Two examples of each sex, coll. Pryer.
Allied to 2. fasciana.
Oiwake (Pryer).
242. ERasTRIA ATRATA.
Erastria atrata, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 188.
Erastria sidemiata, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. x. p. 25, pl. ui. fig. 6
(1884).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
Tokio (Fenton) ; Oiwake, Yokohama (Pryer); Amur.
243. ERASTRIA SQUALIDA, sp. n. (Plate LIT. fig. 9.)
Q. Primaries pale brown with a faint purplish suffusion, inner
line runs obliquely from the costa to middle of wing, where it curves
inwards and upwards and then turning abruptly descends obliquely
528 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
to the inner margin; following this line is a dark elongated quadrate
blotch, edged narrowly with black, and its lower end terminating in
a short black bar, a similar bar les beyend and near the costa, and
following this is a curved and indented pale line ; before the apex are
two short black streaks; submarginal line pale, but not distinctly
defined; reniform paler, indistinct, below this is a dark shade to
inner margin: secondaries grey-brown. Under surface pale brown,
primaries suffused with darker, central line dark, edged externally
with paler; secondaries have a dark, central spot and crenate trans-
verse line.
Expanse 30 millim.
3, Nagasaki, June (Leech); Ningpo, June, do 2 (Nat. Coll.).
The female specimen, being in better condition than either of the
mates, has been described ; but there does not appear to be any differ-
ence in the character of markings in the sexes.
244, ERASTRIA SECURIFERA.
Erastria securifera, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soe. vii. p. 58.
One example, coll. Pryer.
Japan (Pryer) ; Borneo.
245. AGROPHILA TRABEALIS.
Pyralis trabealis, Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 40 (1763).
Phal.-Pyralis sulphuralis, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. p. 881 (1766).
Noctua trabeata, Scriba, Beitr. pl. 10. fig. 8.
Noctua sulphurea, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 164, fig. 6; Hiibn. Noct.
pl. 60. fig. 291.
Lirastria sulphurea, Treit. Schmett. v. 251; (sulphuralis) Steph.
Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. iii. p. 117.
Agrophila sulphuralis, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 206.
A nice series, coll. Pryer.
My native collector took specimens at Hakodate in June or July,
and at Gensan in September.
Varies in the amount of black on primaries.
Oiwake, Yesso (Pryer); Hakodate, Gensan (Nat. Coll.) ; Europe.
246. ACANTHOLIPES METALLIGERA.
Acantholipes metalligera, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 190.
Tokio (Fenton).
247. MreTHORASA THWAITESII.
Methorasa thwaitesii, Moore, Lep. Ceyl. ii. p. 61, pl. 151. fig. 2
(1884).
_ One specimen, coll. Pryer, without locality (no. 894).
Japan (Pryer); Ceylon.
248. OZARBA PUNCTIGERA.
Ozarba punctigera, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. ii. p. 685 (1865).
Several examples, coll. Pryer.
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 529
I took specimens in Satsuma in May, Mr. Andrews at Hakodate
in August, and my native collector at Gensan also in August.
Yokohama (Pryer); Satsuma (Leech); Hakodate (Andrews) ;
Gensan (Nat. Coll.); China; Moreton Bay, Australia.
249. ORXZSIA EMARGINATA.
Noctua emarginata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iil. 2. 240.
Oresia emarginata, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 363 (1852).
Oresia alliciens, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xii. p. 945. no. 6 (1857).
Oresia tentans, Walk. l. c. no. 7.
Five examples, coll. Pryer.
My native collector took examples commonly at Gensan in
August. An extensive range of variation is exhibited ; some of the
specimens agree with O. alliciens, Walk., others with O. tentans,
Walk., but both are connected by intermediates with O. emarginata.
Nikko (Pryer); North India, Ceylon, Coromandel Coast.
250. CALPE LATA.
Calpe lata, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 21.
One example, coll. Pryer.
I took a specimen of this fine species at Gensan and another at
Fashiki in July.
Tokio (Fenton) ; Asamayama (Pryer) ; Gensan, Fushiki (Leech).
251. CALPE CAPUCINA.
Bombyx capucina, Esp. Schmett. iii. pl. 81. figs. 1-3 (1789).
Bombyz thalictri, Borkh. Eur. Schmett. iii. p. 425 (1790); Hiibn.
Bomb. pl. 6. fig. 25.
Calpe thalictri, Ochs. Schmett. iv. p. 78; Treit. Schmett. v. 2.
169; Guen. Noct. ii. p. 374.
Calpe sodalis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 203 (1878) ;
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxii. fig. 2 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took this species at Gensan in June and July, Nagahama in
July, and Hakodate in August.
Japanese and Corean specimens cannot be separated from European
examples of. C. capucina.
Hakodate (Whitely and Leech); Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer) ;
Nagahama, Gensan (Leech).
252. CALPE EXCAVATA.
Calpe excavata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p- 202
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. xxxii. fig. 1 (1878).
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
I took an example at Gensan in July.
In his Catalogue Mr. Pryer says of the larva of this species that
it ‘spins a cocoon interwoven with strips of fibre on the stems of
trees.”
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Oiwake (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech) ;
Tokio, Chekiang, Kiukiang.
530 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [ Nov. 19,
253. PLUSIA EXCELSA.
Plusia excelsa, Kretschmar, Berl. ent. Zeit. 1862, p. 135, pl. i.
fig. 5.
Plusia metabractea, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 190.
A specimen which I took at Nemoro in August agrees exactly
both with P. eacelsa, Kretschmar, and P. metabractea, Bul. It is
very like P. 6ractea, and is possibly only a form of that species.
Tokio (Fenton) ; Nemvro (Leech); Russia, Ural, Altai.
254. PLusiIaA AGRAMMA.
Plusia agramma, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 327 (1852).
Six specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yckohama? (Pryer); Ceylon, Java.
235. PLUSIA LEONINA.
Plusia leonina, Oberth. Etud. d’ Ent. x. p. 26, pl. iii. fig. 11 (1884).
Plusia humeralis, Buti. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1886, p. 135.
Three examples, coll. Pryer.
Sidemi (Jankowski); Yesso (Pryer).
256. PLusia CHRYSON.
Noctua chryson, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 141. fig. 2 (1789).
Noctua orichalcea, Hiibn. Noct. pl. 57. fig. 278.
Plusia orichalcea, Treit. Schmett. v. 173; Guen. Noct. ii. p. 334.
Four examples, coll. Pryer, and one taken by my native collector
at Gensan. In the Geusan specimen the gold spot is only well
defined within the submarginal line.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer); Gensan (Nat. Coll.) ; Europe.
257. PLUSIA CHRYSITIS.
Phal.-Noctua chrysitis, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 513.
Noctua chrysitis, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 109. fig. 5; Hitibn. Noct.
pl. 56. fig. 272, pl. 145. figs. 662, 663.
Plusia chrysitis, Treit. Schmett. v. 169; Guen. Noct. ii. p. 335.
Var. Plusia nadga, Oberth. Etud. d’Entom. v. p. 84, pl. iii.
fig. 10 (1880).
Three examples, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Gensan in June and Hakodate in August.
Although it would seem to be the ouly form occurring there, the
variety of P. chrysitis to which Oberthiir has given the name of nadeja
is not peculiar to Japan, Corea, or Isle of Askold. I have such
specimens in my European series of the species, and it is not an un-
common thing to find even British examples in which the central
dark fascia of primaries is more or less completely divided into two
portions.
Yokohama, Nikko (Pryer) ; Hakodate, Gensan (Leech) ; Isle of
Askold ; Europe.
1889.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 531
258. PLusIA ZOSIMA.
Plusia zosima, Hiibn. Schmett. Noct. fig. 651; Guen. Noct. ii.
p. 334.
Three specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Pryer); Ural, Europe.
259. PLusIA CHRYSITINA.
Phalena chrysitina, Martyn, Psyche, pl. 21 (1797).
Noctua aurifera, Hibn. Noct. pl. 98. fig. 463.
Plusia aurifera, Treit. Schinett. iii. 168; Guen. Noet. il. p. 335.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
1 took a ¢ example at Satsuma in May and another at Tsuraga
in July.
Yokohama (Pryer); Tsuruga, Satsuma (Leech) ; N. India, Senegal,
Madagascar, Bourbon, Mauritius, Java, St. Helena, Teneriffe, S.
Europe.
260. PLuSIA FESTUCE.
Phal.-Noctua festuce, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 513.
Noctua festuce, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 113. fig. 6; Hibn. Noct.
pl. 57. fig. 277.
Plusia festuce, Treit. Schmett. v. 165; Guen. Noct. il. p. 337.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took two examples at Tsuruga and two at Fushikiin July; these
are unusually small and agree with three of Pryer’s specimens from
Oiwake.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer) ; Tsuruga, Fushiki (Leech); Europe,
N. America.
261. PLusta SIGNATA.
Noctua signata, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. p. 234.
Plusia signata, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 345.
Five specimens, coll. Pryer.
Probably a form of P. chalcitis from Europe.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Loochoo, Java, N. India.
262. PLUusIA VERTICILLATA.
Plusia verticillata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xii. p. 923 (1857).
A few examples, coll. Pryer.
I took examples in Satsuma in May, at Fushiki and Gensan in
July.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Satsuma, Fushiki, Gensan (Leech); N. India,
China, Australia, Ceylon.
263. PLUSIA C-AUREUM.
Phalena c-aureum, Knoch, Beitr. i. p. 7, pl. i. fig: 2(1781).
Noctua concha, Fabr. Mant. 161 (1787); Hiibn. Noct. pl. 59.
fig. 287, pl. 97. fig. 458.
Plusia concha, Treit. Schmett. v. 161.
532 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
Plusia mikadina, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 202
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlvi. fig. 7.
I took an example at Fushiki in July, and there was one specimen
in Pryer’s collection labelled No. 899, Oiwake ; all are referable to
P. c-aureum and are identical with P. mikadina, Butl.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer) ; Fushiki (Leech).
264. PLUsIA ALBOSTRIATA.
Plusia albostriata, Brem. & Grey, Beitr. zur Schmett.-Fauna
des Nordl. p. 18. China’s, 1853.
Several examples, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Gensan and received specimens from Ningpo
in July.
The only differences that I can find between this insect and P.
gutta are perhaps rather of a varietal than specific value. Thus the
silver V-like mark is of a heavier character in P. albostriata than in
P. gutta, and the last-named insect lacks the short linear silver
mark at the end of discal cell, which appears to be the distinguishing
character of P. albostriata.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer); Gensan, Ningpo (Leech); N. China.
265. Puusta Gurta.
Noctua circumflexa, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. iii. figs. 5, 6; Hiibn.
Noct. pl. 58. fig. 285 (non Linn.).
Plusia gutta, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 346.
Several examples, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Gensan in July, and Hakodate in August.
Yokohama, Yesso (Pryer); Hakodate, Gensan (Leech).
266. PLUSIA TYPINOTA.
Plusia typinota, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 201
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxi. fig. 10 (1878).
Appears to be a poor example of P. gamma.
Yokohama (Jonas).
267. Piusta JEssica.
Plusia jessica, But]. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 201 (1878)
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlvi. fig. 6 (1879).
Plusia serena, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 368 (1879).
A fine series of each form, coll. Pryer.
After carefully comparing the types in the National Collection
with my own specimens, I am of opinion that P. serena, Butl., is
only a slight modification of P. jessica.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Tokio (Fenton).
268. PLusIA NIGRISIGNA.
Plusia nigrisigna, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xii. p. 928 (1857).
Six specimens of this species in Pryer’s collection under the name
of P. gamma, which it certainly closely resembles, but is nevertheless
a good species.
Yokohama (Pryer); N. India.
1889. | LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 533
269. PLUsIA ORNATISSIMA.
Plusia ornatissima, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xv. p. 1786 (1858).
Plusia locuples, Oberth. Etud. d’ Ent. v. p. 85, pl. ix. fig. 3 (1880).
Three examples, coll. Pryer (nos. 909 & 914).
I have received from my native collector one specimen taken at
Hakodate in June or July.
Yokohama, Nikko (Pryer); Hakodate (Nat. Coll.) ; Askold,
N. India.
270. PLUSIA RUTILIFRONS.
Plusia rutilifrons, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xv. p. 1785 (1858).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
Varies considerably in depth of colour.
Yokohama (Pryer); Hakodate, Nikko (Nat. Coll.) ; N. China.
271. PLUSIA PYROPIA.
Plusia pyropia, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 267
(1878).
Four specimens, coll. Pryer.
My native collector took one example at Gensan in July.
Oiwake (Pryer) ; Gensan (Nat. Coll.)
272. PLUSIA PURISSIMA.
Plusia purissima, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 202
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxi. fig. 11 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took an example at Nagasaki in May and one at Gensan in
July.
Tokio (Fenton) ; Yokohama (Pryer); Nagasaki, Gensan (Leech).
273. PLUSIA OCHRATA.
Plusia ochrata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. iii. p. 839 (1865).
One example coll. Pryer, and one from my native collector, who
took it at Gensan.
Yokohama (Pryer); Gensan (Nat. Coll.); Ceylon.
274. PLUSIA NI.
Noctua ni, Hiibn. Noct. pl. 58. fig. 284.
Plusia ni, Treit. Schmett. v. p. 189; Guen. Noct. ii. p. 349.
One example, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama? (Pryer) ; Europe, New York.
275. PLusiA CHEIRANTHI.
Plusia cheiranthi, Tausch. Mém. Mosc. 1809, p. 322, t. ii. fig. 6.
Plusia eugenia, Eversm. Bull. Nat. Mose. 1841, i. p. 32, t. 3.
fig. 3,4; Guen. Noct. ii. p. 329.
Var. Plusidia abrostoloides, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 28,
pl. xlvii. fig. 5 (1879).
Two examples, coll. Pryer.
Oiwake (Pryer); Europe, South Ural, Amur.
534 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
276. DrEvVA SPLENDIDA.
Deva splendida, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 203
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlvi. fig. 8 (1879).
Seven specimens, coll. Pryer.
Hakodate (Whitely) ; Yesso, Nikko (Pryer).
2,7. DIASTEMA VIRGO.
Plusia virgo, Treit. Schmett. x. 2. p. 130; Herr.-Schiff. Schmett.
Eur. ii. pl. 49. figs. 248, 249.
Diastema virgo, Guen. Noct. p. 317.
? Plucodes spencei, Boisd. Ind. Méth. p. 129: Guen. Noct. ii.
p. 316.
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took examples at Gensan in June and July, and these are
darker than the Japanese specimens.
Yokohama, Yesso (Pryer); Gensan (Leech).
278. PLACODES AMETHYSTINA.
Noctua amethystina, Hiibn. Noct. figs. 597, 598.
Plusia amethystina, Treit. Schmett. v. 3. p. 136.
Placodes amethystina, Boisd. Ind. Méth. p. 129. 1036; Guen.
Noct. p. 316.
I took examples at Hakodate and Gensan in June and July.
Hakodate, Gensan (Leech); Tokio; Europe.
279. HABROSTOLA TRANSFIXA.
Abrostola transfixa, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xii. p. 884 (1857).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took an example at Gensan in July, and my native collector took
one at Hakodate.
The whitish oblique streak of primaries is subject to some variation,
being in some specimens well defined, whilst in others it is incon-
spicuous. Walker’s type is from Natal.
Yokohama (Pryer); Gensan (Leech); Hakodate; Ichang; Natal.
280. HABROSTOLA TRIPLASIA.
Phal.-Noctua triplasia, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 517.
Noctua triplasia, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 169. figs. 1-3; Hiibn. Noct.
fig. 626.
Abrostola triplasia, Treit. Schmett. v. 3. 138; Guen. Noct. ii.
p- 323.
Four specimens, coll. Pryer.
As this species is only separable from H. asclepiades in the larva
stage, and as I have only seen the perfect insect from Japan, I
am unable to say positively that the specimens determined as
H. triplasia are really referable to that species.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer); Europe.
1889. } LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 535
281. HABROSTOLA URENTIS.
Abrostola urentis, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 322 (1852); Walk. Cat.
Lep. Het. xii. p. 882 (1857).
Inguridia abrostolina, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv.
p- 304.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took one example in Satsuma in May.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer) ; Satsuma (Leech); N. America.
282. LEeEPTINA GRATA.
Leptina grata, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 172.
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
I took one example at Gensan in July.
Tokio (Fenton) ; Oiwake (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech).
283. MIcARDIA ARGENTATA.
Micardia argentata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 31
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxviii. fig. 3 (1878).
Two specimens, coll. Pryer.
I have received several specimens of this species from Mr. Manley,
and my native collector met with it at Nikko and Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Jonas, Manley, and Pryer); Gensan (Naé. Coll.)
284. MicarDIA PULCHRA.
Micardia pulchra, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 81
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pl. xxviii. fig. 4 (1878).
I received three examples from Mr. Manley, and my native col-
lector took two specimens at Gensan in July.
Note.—Mr. Pryer says in his ‘Catalogue,’ p. 84: “ Mr. Butler
places Micardia argentata and M. pulehra among the Leucaniide.
They are both Pyrales.”
Yokohama (Jonas and Manley); Gensan (Nat. Coll.)
285. PLUSIODONTA AURIPICTA.
Plusiodonta auripicta, Moore, Deser. Ind. Lep. Atk. ii. p. 150
(1882).
Four examples, coll. Pryer.
Loochoo (Pryer) ; Sikkim; Cherrapunji.
286. PLATYDIA CASTA.
Platydia casta, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 54, pl. xxxviii.
fig. 1 (1878).
I took specimens at Ningpo in April, Fushiki and Gensan in
July. My native collector met with it at Gensan in August, and I
have received specimens from Mr. Manley of Yokohama.
This insect is probably a form of P. compressipalpis, Guen.
Yokohama (Jonas); Fushiki, Ningpo, Gensan (Leech).
536 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
287. PENICILLARIA GUYRA.
Eurhipia guyra, Feld. Reis. Nov. pl. ex. fig. 23.
Several examples, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Ningpo in April and Mr. Andrews at Hako-
date in July.
Oiwake (Pryer) ; Ningpo (Leech) ; Hakodate (Andrews) ; Nikko,
Tokio, Kiukiang.
288. PENICILLARIA COSTALIS.
Penicillaria costalis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 367
(1879).
One example, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama ? (Pryer).
289. CALLOPISTRIA PURPUREOFASCIATA.
Noctua purpureofasciata, Piller, Iter per Poseg. t. 6. 2 (1783).
Noctua logopus, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 125. fig. 7 (1788).
Noctua formosa, Borkh. Eur. Schmett. iv. p. 362 (1792).
Noctua pteridia, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 2. 90 (1794).
Pyralis formosissimalis, Hiibn. Pyral. pl. 17. fig. iii. (1789 ?).
Callopistria pteridis, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett.
Eriopus pteridis, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. p. 366; Guen. Noct. ii.
. 293.
e Callopistria obscura, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 200
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlvi. fig. 3 (1879).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer (no. 862).
I took examples in Satsuma in May and at Nagasaki and Fusan
in June; my native collector met with some at Gensan and Nikko in
August, and at Ningpo in June.
Hakodate (Whitely); Yokohama (Pryer); Nagasaki, Fusan,
Satsuma (Leech); Gensan and Ningpo (Nat. Coll.) ; Kiukiang
(Pratt) ; Europe.
290. CaLLOPISTRIA EXOTICA.
Eriopus exotica, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 194 (1852).
Callopistria duplicans, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xii. p. 866 (1857).
There were some specimens in Mr. Pryer’s collection, but these
were unnamed.
I took examples of this species, which is a most variable one, in
Satsuma in May, and my native collector obtained specimens at
Ningpo and Gensan in August.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Satsuma (Leech); Gensan and Ningpo (Nat.
Coll.) ; Kiukiang (Pratt) ; N. India, Java.
291. CALLoPisTRIA ZTHIOPS.
Callopistria ethiops, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 206
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlvi. fig. 4 (1879).
One example, coll. Pryer.
My collector took examples at Gensan in August, and Mr. Smith
at Hakone in the same month.
1889. | LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 537
Nikko (Pryer); Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer); Hakone (Smith) ;
Gensan (Vat. Coll.).
292. CALLOPISTRIA REPLETA.
Callopistria repleta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xii. p. 865 (1857).
Two specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took one example at Gensan in June.
Yokohama? (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech) ; N. India.
293. CALLOPISTRIA RIVULARIS.
Callopistria rivularis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xii. p. 867 (1857).
Three specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama? (Pryer) ; N. India.
294. XYLINA INGRICA.
Xylina ingrica, Herr.-Schiff. Eur. Schmett. ii. p. 305, pl. 99,
fig. 507 (1850); Guen. Noct. ii. p. 118 (1852).
Var. Agrotis ustulata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5)i. p. 162;
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxix. fig. 10 (1878).
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
A. ustulata, Butl., is certainly a form of X. ingrica, H.-S., and
both are probably referable to X. furcifera, Hufn.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Europe.
295. XYLINA ORNITHOPUS.
Noctua ornitopus, Rott. Naturf, ix. p. 124 (1776).
Noctua rhizolitha, Fabr. Mant. p. 182 (1787); Esp. Schmett. iv.
pl. 121. fig. 6; Hiibn. Noct. fig. 242.
Xylina rhizolitha, Treit. Schmett. v. 3. 21; Guen. Noct. ii.
. 119.
: Xylina pruinosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 197
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxi. fig. 6.
A number of specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer, and Leech); Europe.
296. Xyzina saxua, sp. n. (Plate L. fig. 10.)
Primaries pale grey; the nervures are dashed with black, and
there is a black streak at inner angle; three oblique black costal
dashes precede small brownish clouds, there are two other larger
brownish clouds, one of which is on middle of inner margin, and the
other above the streak at inner angle; a small triangular brownish
patch on middle of outer margin is preceded by a short black longi-
tudinal dash: secondaries brown. Under surface brown tinged
with pink, central dark spot and faint transverse line on each wing.
Thorax grey; patagia edged with black; abdomen darker than
secondaries, and tinged with reddish. —
Expanse 41 millim.
One example, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama? (Pryer).
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1889, No. XXXVI. 36
538 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
297. LITHOPHANE SAGA.
Lithophane saga, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 198
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlv. fig. 9 (1879).
Six specimens, coll. Pryer. Mr. Manley sent me one example
from Yokohama.
Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer, Manley).
298. Prapa MULTIPLICANS, Walk. (Plate LII. fig. 6.)
Var. JAPONICA, Var. 0.
Primaries greenish grey, suffused over the inner half of the wing
with purplish brown ; a black spot at the base on subcostal nervure ;
several pale transverse lines traverse the wing, the inner and outer of
these are bordered with black; reniform and orbicular outlined in
black, the former with a black central lunule ; beyond the outer line
is a series of white dots, each placed on a nervule and followed by a
blue-black interrupted streak, its lower portion edged externally with
orange, and the upper portion bordered by purplish-brown dots; a
series of black dots on upper half of outer margin: secondaries
fuscous; central and submarginal lines darker, the latter is only
distinct towards anal angle, where it is edged externally with orange.
Under surface ashy grey; primaries have a broad central trans-
verse fuscous shade intersected by a darker transverse line, lunule
surrounded with paler; central spot of secondaries is black, and
enclosed in a yellowish ring; central line and a broad band fuscous,
the latter limited by black spots, and edged externally with yellowish,
a series of black lunules on outer margin.
Expanse 42 millim.
One ¢ example, coll. Pryer.
I took a Q specimen at Sendai in September 1886.
Yesso (Pryer) ; Sendai (Leech).
299. CUCULLIA FRATERNA.
Cucullia fraterna, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1. p. 198
(1879); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlv. fig. 10 (1879).
Three specimens, coll. Pryer.
Hakodate (Whitely); Yokohama (Pryer).
300. CuCULLIA ASTERIS.
Noctua asteris, Schifferm. Wien. Verz. p. 312; Esp. Schmett. iv.
pl. 154. figs. 2,3; Hiibn. Noct. fig. 260.
Cucullia asteris, Treit. Schmett. v. 3. 118; Guen. Noct. ii.
p. 133.
Two specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama? (Pryer).
301. CucULLIA PERFORATA.
Cucullia perforata, Brem. Bull. de Acad. 1861, t. iii.; Lep.
Ost-Sib. p. 54, pl. v. fig. 14 (1864); Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. x.
pl. iit. fig. 1 (1884).
One example, coll. Pryer.
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 539
I took a specimen at Hakodate in August; this is smaller and
darker than Pryer’s, which was taken in Yesso. My native collector
obtained one example at Gensan in July.
Yesso (Pryer); Hakodate (Leech); Gensan (Nat. Coll.) ; Sidemi
(Jankowski) ; Ussuri (Maack).
302. CALOCAMPA FORMOSA.
Calocampa formosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1. p. 196
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxi. fig. 9 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Pryer, Jonas, and Manley); Tokio.
303. CALOCAMPA EXOLETA.
Phal.-Noctua exoleta, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 515; Faun. Suec.
p-. 315.
Noctua exoleta, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 138. figs. 1, 2; Hiibn. Noct.
pl. 50. fig. 244.
Xylina exoleta, Treit. Schmett. v. 3. 7.
Calocampa exoleta, Steph. Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust. ii. p. 173; Guen.
Noct. ii. p. 116.
Var. Calocampa fumosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) 1. p. 196
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxi. fig. 8 (1878).
Several examples, coll. Pryer.
The thorax and base of primaries are rather darker in colour, but
Japanese specimens do not otherwise differ from European C. exoleta.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Europe.
304. AMPHIPYRA PYRAMIDEA.
Phal.-Noctua pyramidea, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 518.
Noctua pyramidea, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 171. figs. 1-3; Hiibn.
Noct. fig. 36.
Amphipyra pyramidea, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. 285; Guen. Noct.
‘ii. p. 213.
Pee monolitha, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 414 (1852).
Amphipyra magna, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. iii. p. 868 (1865).
Amphipyra surnia, Feld. Reis. Nov. pl. exii. fig. 17.
Amphipyra pyramidea, var. obscura, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 85.
A nice series, coll Pryer.
I took specimens at Gensan and several places in Japan in July,
August, and October.
In the series before me, which is an extensive and most varied
one, there are typical examples of 4. pyramidea and forms agreeing
with both 4. monolitha and A. magna aud other forms which link
these together. There is also one example of Oberthiir’s var.
obscura.
Yokohama (Pryer, Manley, Leech); Oiwake (Pryer, Leech);
Tsuruga, Hakodate, Fushiki, Nemoro, Nagasaki, Gensan (Leech) ;
Hakone (Smith); Kiukiang (Pratt); Tokio, Askold; N. India;
urope.
36*
540 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
305. AMPHIPYRA SCHRENKII.
Amphipyra schrenkii, Mén. Bull. de l’Acad. xvii. p. 249; Schr.
Reise Amur. ii. Lep. p. 61, pl. v. fig. 4.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer (unnamed).
I took this species at Hakodate in August.
Oiwake, Yesso (Pryer); Hakodate (Leech) ; Amur.
306. AMPHIPYRA PERFLUA,
Noctua perflua, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 179; Hiibn. Noet. fig. 35.
Noctua pyramidina, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 192. fig. 2.
Amphipyra perflua, Ochs. Eur. Schmett. iv. p. 70; Treit. Schmett.
v. 1. 289; Guen. Noct. ii. p. 414.
Var. Amphipyra erebina, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i.
p- 257 (1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlvi. fig. 12 (1879).
Var. Amphipyra jankowskii, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. x. p. 27, pl. ii.
fig. 8 (1884).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
A. erebina, Butl., is a small form of Ad. perflua, and A. jankowshii
has the central third of the primaries darker than in the type. I
took the erebina form at Fushiki, Nagahama, and Gensan in July
1884, and my native collector one of the jankowskit form at Gensan
in July 1887.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Hakodate (Whitely); Fushiki,
Nagahama, Gensan (Leech); Tokio; Sidemi (Janskowshi) ; Europe.
307. AMPHIPYRA TRIPARTITA.
Amphipyra tripartita, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 288
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxii. fig. 4 (1878).
One example, coll. Pryer.
I took two specimens at Oiwake in October.
Yoshino (Pryer) ; Yokohama (Jonas) ; Oiwake (Leech); Ichang.
308. AMPHIPYRA CORVINA.
Amphipyra corvina, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxix. p. 194
(1866).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took this species at Nagahama and Gensan in July, and at
Hakodate in August. It was a perfect pest at sugared tree-trunks
and appeared to be the commonest Moth in Japan.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer) ; Hakodate, Nagahama, Gensan
(Leech); Kiukiang (Pratt); Amur.
309. AMPHIPYRA LIVIDA.
Noctua livida, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 138 (1787); Hiibn. Noct.
fig. 38.
Noctua scotophila, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 170. fig. 3.
Amphipyra livida, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. 281; Guen. Noct. ii.
p- 415.
I took one specimen at Nemoro in August.
Nemoro (Leech); Amur; Europe.
1889. | LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 541
310. PERINZENIA LIGNOSA,
Perinenia lignosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 289
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxii. fig. 7 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took one specimen at Yokohama in October.
Yokohama (Pryer, Manley, Jonas, and Leech); Gifu (Pryer).
311. DINUMMA BIPUNCTATA.
Dinumma bipunctata, Motsch. Etud. d’Ent. 1860, p. 32.
Amphipyra largeteaui, Oberth. Etud. d’ Ent. x. p. 28, pl. ii. fig. 7
(1884).
Several specimens, col]. Pryer.
I took examples of this species at most places visited in Japan
during June and July 1886.
Yokohama (Pryer and Manley) ; Nagahama, Shimonoseki, Naga-
saki, Tsuruga, Fushiki, Gensan (Leech) ; Kouy-Tchéou (Largeteau) ;
Chekiang ; Tokio.
312. AUTOPHILA DILUCIDA.
Noctua dilucida, Hiibn. Noct. pl. 82. fig. 383, pl. 121. fig 558.
Autophila dilucida, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 274. n. 2702; Walk.
Cat. Lep. Het. xii. p. 1026.
Agrotis dilucida, Treit. Schmett. v. 1. 198.
Spintherops dilucida, Boisd. Icones, pl. 80. fig. 5; Ind. Meth.
p- 98. 742; Guen. Noct. ii. p. 423.
Appopestes inconspicua, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1889, p. 191.
Two examples, coll. Pryer.
Mr. Butler says of his A. inconspicua: ‘ Most like A. phantasma,
but not much larger than Autophila dilucida of Europe .... The
specimen received from Mr. Pryer is rather darker than those from
Tokio, and has blackish spots on the discocellular below.”
Except that the coloration is a shade darker, my Japanese exam-
ples are exactly identical with A. dilucida.
Tokio (Fenton) ; Yokohama (Pryer) ; Europe.
313. ORTHOGONIA SERA.
Orthogonia sera, Feld. Wien. ent. Mon. vi. p. 38.
Orthogonia crispina, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 288
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxii. fig. 6 (1878). -
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
Varies considerably in tone of colour and definition of markings.
Occurs abundantly at sugared trees from July to October.
Yokohama (Pryer, Jonas); Oiwake, Shimonoseki, Gensan (Leech);
Yesso (Pryer); Kiukiang (Pratt); Tokio, Ningpo, Chekiang.
314. MorMo MUSCIVIRENS.
Mormo museivirens, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 289
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxii. fig. 5 (1878).
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
542 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
I took specimens at Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Nikko, Tsuruga; Kiukiang
(Pratt).
315. Na&NIA CONTAMINATA.
Graphiphora contaminata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. iii. p. 710
(1865).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Gensan in June, and have received others from
Kivkiang, China.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech) ; Kiukiang (Pratt).
316. ELIOCHRG@A SENEX.
Dandaca senex, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 82 (1878) ;
Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xliv. fig. 6 (1879).
Dandaca ? megei, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. vi. p. 20, pl. ix. fig. 6
(1881).
A fine and extensive series, coll. Pryer.
This species varies greatly in tone of colour and intensity of
markings.
I took specimens in Satsuma in May, at Nagahama in July, and
my native collector obtained others at Gensan in August.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Satsuma, Nagahama (Leech) :
Gensan (Nat. Coll.) ; Kuy-Tchéou (Largeteau).
317. SypNa PICTA.
Sypna picta, Butl. Cist. Ent. ii. p. 244 (1877); Ill. Typ. Lep.
Het. ii. pl. xxxiii. fig. 2 (1878).
Sypna achatina, Butl. l. c. p. 245; Ul. Typ. Lep. Het. in.
pl. xlvi. fig. 7 (1879).
Sypna fumosana, But!. 1. c.; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iit. pl. xxx.
fig. 3 (1878).
Sypna fuliginosa, Butl. 1. c.; Ul. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlvii.
fig. 8 (1879).
Sypna moorei, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 209.
A fine and variable series, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens in Satsuma in May, and at Gensan and
Shimonoseki in July, and Hakodate in August. The series in
Mr. Pryer’s collection comprises examples of all the forms named by
Mr. Butler, others connecting these named forms, and others again
which are as distinct from both of those forms as from the type.
Hakodate (Whitely); Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Nikko
(Maries) ; Tokio (Fenton); Oiwake (Pryer); Satsuma, Shimon-
oseki, Gensan (Leech) ; Shillong, Assam.
318. SypNA ASTRIGERA.
Sypna astrigera, Butl. Cist. Ent. iti. p. 135 (1885).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 543
I took an example at Nagasaki in June, and one at Shimonoseki
in July.
Nikko, Chiuzenji (Lewis); Nagasaki, Shimonoseki (Leech);
Yokohama? (Pryer).
319. SypNA HERCULES.
Gisira hercules, But]. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 579.
One example, coll. Pryer.
I took a specimen at Hakodate in August.
Mr. Butler has placed this undoubted Sypna among the Hypenide.
320. EryGia APICALIs.
Erygia apicalis, Guen. Noct. iii. p. 50 (1852).
Calicula exempta, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xv. p. 1808 (1858).
Calicula squamiplena, Walk. 1. c.
Dianthecia geometroides, Walk. /. c. Suppl. iii. p. 722 (1865).
Six specimens, coll. Pryer.
My native collector took one example at Gensan in August.
Japan ?(Pryer); Gensan (Nat. Coll.); India, Moreton Bay,
Swan River.
321. ToxOCAMPA MAXIMA,
Toxocampa maxima, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. pl. v. fig. 17 (1864).
Toxocampa enormis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 290
(1878); Ll. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxii. fig. 9 (1878).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Shimonoseki and Geusan in July.
Varies in colour from ochreous grey to violet-grey.
Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer, and Manley); Oiwake (Pryer
Shimonoseki, Gensan (Leech) ; Nikko, Tokio, Amurland.
322. ToxocAMPA VULCANEA.
Toxocampa vulcanea, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 192.
One example, coll. Pryer.
Tokio (Fenton); Asamayama (Pryer).
323. ToOXOCAMPA RECTA.
Toxocampa recta, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 98, pl. viii. fig. 9
(1864).
Toxocampa lilacina, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 289
(1879); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pl. xxxii. fig. 8 (1878).
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Fushiki and Nagahama in July, Sendai and
Nikko in September, and at Yokohama in October. My native
collector obtained others at Gensan in August.
Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer, and Leech); Oiwake (Pryer); Sendai,
Nikko, Fushiki, Nagahama (Leech) ; Gensan (Nat. Colt.) ; Kiukiang
(Pratt); Tokio, Amur.
544 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
324. ToxoOCAMPA LIMOSA.
Ophiusa limosa, Treit. Schmett. v. 3. 298.
Noctua limosa, Frey. Neue Beitr. iii. pl. 233.
Toxocampa limosa, Guen. Noct. ii. p. 428.
Four specimens, coll. Pryer.
Oiwake (Pryer); Amur, Europe.
325. OPHIDERES FULLONICA.
Phal.-Noctua fullonica, Linn, Syst. Nat. xii. p. 812 (1767); Clerck,
Icon. pl. 48 (1759).
Phalena pomona, Cram. Pap. Exot. i. pl. 77. fig. C (1776).
' Noctua dioscoree, Fabr. Sp. Ins. ii. p. 212 (1781).
Ophideres fullonica, Guen. Noct. wi. p. 111.
Othreis fullonica, Moore, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 64, pl. 12.
figs. 1, 1a, pl. 13. figs. 1, la.
I have four specimens of this species; one of these is of the dark
form, and was taken at Gensan by Mr. Smith; a pale specimen I
took myself at Gensan in July ; and two others, also dark, were taken
by Mr. Pratt at Kiukiang.
Gensan (Smith, Leech) ; Kiukiang (Pratt) ; India.
326. OPHIDERES TYRANNUS.
Ophideres tyrannus, Guen. Noct. iii. p. 110.
Adris tyrannus, Moore, Trans. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 69, pl. 13.
fig. 5.
Several fine examples, coll. Pryer.
The amount of green in the brown coloration of primaries is a
variable quantity.
Oiwake (Pryer); Hakodate (Andrews); Kivkiang (Pratt) ;
Shanghai, Sikkim, Kulu, Simla, Bombay.
327. NycTiIrpao CREPUSCULABRIS.
Phal.-Attacus erepuscularis, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. p. 811; Clerek,
Icon. pl. 53. figs. 1, 2.
Phalena crepuscularis, Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. pp. 98, 99, pl. clix.
fie AjiG giplielzdig. ASO
Nyctipao ephesphoris, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 272. n. 2765; Guen.
Noct. iii. p. 183.
Nyctipao crepuscularis, Guén. Noct. iii. p. 182.
Nyctipao letitia, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 291
(1878).
A few examples, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens in Satsuma and at Nagasaki in May, Tsuruga
and Fushiki in July.
Hakodate (Whitely); Yokohama, Loochoo (Pryer) ; Satsuma,
Nagasaki, Tsuruga, Fushiki (Leech); China, Bengal, N. India,
Sumatra, Madagascar, Java, Amboina, America.
1889.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 545
328. SprRAMA MARTHA.
Spirama martha, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 292
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxiv. fig. 3 (1878).
Spirama egrota, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, Dp. 197.
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took some at Nagasaki in June.
Tokio (Fenton); Yokohama (Jonas, Manley, Pryer); Nagasaki
(Leech) ; Kiukiang (Pratt); Nikko.
329. SprraAMA RETORTA.
Phal.-Noctua retorta, Clerck, Icon. pl. 64. figs. 2, 3 (1759);
Cram. Pap. Exot. ii. p. 29, pl. exvi. fig.O, 3 (1777); Cram. 1. e.
iii. p. 146, pl. celxxiv. fiz. A, 2 (1780).
Noctua spiralis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 2 (1793).
Spirama suffumosa, Guen. Noct. iii. p. 195 (1852).
Spirama japonica, Guen. I. ec.
Spirama retorta, Guen. l. c. p. 196.
Spirama simplicior, Butl. Trans. Eut. Soc. 1881, p- 198.
Spirama inequalis, But], Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xi. p. 116
(1883).
Spirama jinchuena, Butl. 1. ¢. p. 115.
Spirama funestris, Butl.
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
This species is common all over Japan, Corea, and N. China, and
there appears to be a succession of broods. It does not seem
possible to break up the series I have from various localities into
species. This series is composed of individuals selected from a
large number of specimens. All the forms described by Butler and
Guenée as distinct species are represented, and these are so well-
linked together by intermediate modifications that there is no clear
line of demarcation to be drawn between them. I am therefore
obliged to consider all the specimens referable to one exceedingly
variable species.
Tokio (Fenton); Nikko (Maries); Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer) ;
Tsuruga, Nagasaki, Fushiki, Nagahama, Satsuma (Leech); Kiu-
kiang (Pratt); Corea, Chekiang, Java, Coromandel coast.
330. CALLIODES RECTIFASCIATA.
Spirama rectifasciata, Mén. Cat. Mus. Petr. pl. xvii. fig. 6.
Spirama interlineata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) i. p. 291
(1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxiv. fig. 2 (1878).
I took specimens at Nagasaki and Shimonoseki in June, at
Tsuruga and Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Jonas and Manley); Nagasaki, Shimonoseki,
Tsuruga, Gensan (Leech).
331. Hypopyra VESPERTILIO.
Noctua vespertilio, Fabr. Mant. Ins. ii. p. 136.
546 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
Hypopyra vespertilio, Guen. Noct. iii. p. 199.
Hypopyra dulcina, Feld.
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens in Satsuma and at Shimonoseki, Nagahama,
and Tsuruga in July.
Yokohama (Pryer, Manley); Satsuma, Shimonoseki, Nagahama,
Tsuruga (Leech) ; Silhet, Java.
332. OPHIUSA FALCATA.
Ophiusa falcata, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk. ii. p. 171, pl. vi.
fig. 14 (1882).
One unnamed specimen, coll. Pryer.
My native collector took a ¢ example at Ningpo in June 1886,
and a Q specimen at Gensan in June or July 1887.
All three are identical with Kiukiang specimens.
Japan (Pryer); Gensan, Ningpo (Nat. Coll.) ; Kiukiang (Pratt) ;
N. India.
333. OPHIUSA ALGIRA.
Phal.-Noctua algira, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. p. 836 (1767).
Phal.-Noctua achatina, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. p. 145, pl. 273.
fig. KE (1780).
Noctua algira, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 87. fig. 1 (1788 ?).J
Noctua stuposa, Fabr. Ent. Syst. iii. 2. p. 42. 112 (1793).
Noctua triangularis, Hiibn. Noct. pl. 66. fig. 323.
Ophiusa algira, Treit. Schmnett. v. 3.308 ; Guen. Noct. iii. p. 270.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
In this species the width of central white or pale grey fascia, the
outline of dark fascia beyond, and the spot at apex are all subject to
modification. Some of the specimens are not separable from
European O. algira, others agree with O. stuposa, Fabr.
Yokohama, Loochoo (Pryer) ; Gensan (Nat. Coll.).
334. OPHIUSA ALGIRA, var. CURVATA, V.n. (Plate LIII. fig. 8.)
Differs from the type in the outline of basal patch and central
fascia; the former has a deep indentation below the costa and then
descends straight to the inner margin, while the latter has a clear
curved exterior margin. The ground-colour of primaries is more
deeply suffused with violet.
Three specimens, one of which is from Loochoo, coll. Pryer, and
the others were taken by my native collector at Gensan in August
1887.
Although showing some points of difference, I cannot at present
regard this insect as specifically distinct from O. algira.
335. OPHIUSA ARCTOTENIA.
Ophiusa arctotenia, Guen. Noct. ili. p. 272 (1852).
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
I took examples in Satsuma in May, and at Gensan in July.
Varies in size, tone of ground-colour, and width of white fascia ; this
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 547
last is in one specimen from Gensan very narrow and quite uniform
from costa to inner margin.
Yokohama, Loochoo (Pryer); Satsuma, Gensan (Leech); Kiukiang
(Pratt) ; Nikko, Silhet, Punjaub.
336. OPHIUSA ARCUATA.
Ophiusa arcuata, Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 609.
? Ophiusa joviana, Guen. Noct. iii. p. 269 (1852).
I took one example at Gensan in July.
Gensan (Leech).
337. OPHIUSA DULCIS.
Ophiusa dulcis, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 293
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxiv. fig. 5.
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took a specimen at Fusan in June, and my native collector
obtained examples at Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Oiwake (Pryer); Fusan (Leech) ;
Gensan (Nat. Coll.).
338. CHRYSORITHRUM AMATUM.
Catocala amata, Brem. Beitr. zur Fauna des Nordl. China’s,
p- 19; Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 60 (1864).
Chrysorithrum fuscum, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 198.
Chrysorithrum rufescens, Butl. 1. ¢.
A nice series, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Gensan, where it swarmed at sugared tree-
trunks in July. ;
A most variable species as regards colour of primaries, which
range from olive-brown (var. fuscum) through violet-grey (the
type) to a pale pinkish brown (var. rufescens). The markings also
vary in intensity and in tone of colour, and the width of yellow
band on secondaries is subject to considerable aberration.
Yokohama (Jonas); Tokio (Fenton); Nikko, Fujisan (Pryer) ;
Gensan (Leech) ; Hakodate (Nat. Coll.) ; Kiukiang (Pratt) ;
Amur.
339. CHRYSORITHRUM MAXIMOWICZI.
Bolina maximowiczi, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 58, pl. iv. fig. 12
(1864).
Chrysorithrum sericeum, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i.
p. 292 (1878) ; Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxiv. fig. 4 (1878).
Three specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Jonas); Oiwake, Fujisan (Pryer).
340. LacERA PROCELLOSA.
Lacera procellosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 368
(1879).
Seven specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Pryer and Manley); Nikko (Pryer).
548 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
341. ERCHEIA UMBROSA.
Lircheia umbrosa, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 194.
Four examples, coll. Pryer (no. 936, ? gen. ? sp.).
Tokio (Fenton) ; Nikko, Gifu (Pryer).
342. CocyTODES MODESTA.
- Catocala modesta, Van der Hoeven, Lep. Nouv. pl. vii. figs. 8 a, 6.
Cocytodes immodesta, Guen. Noct. iii. p. 42 (1852).
Arcte senica, Feld. Reise Nov. Lep. pl. 113. fig. 2.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
The larva is said to resemble a brightly coloured centipede
(Pryer, Cat. p. 103).
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Kiukiang (Pratt); Ceylon, Silhet, Sikkim,
Nilgiri Hills, Solun, Java, Sumatra.
343. LAGOPTERA ELEGANS.
Ophiusa elegans, Hoeven, Lep. Nouv. pl. v. figs. 6 a, 6.
Lagoptera multicolor, Guen. Noct. iii. p. 226 (1852).
Lagoptera elegans, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xiv. p. 1352 (1858).
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Fushiki and Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Pryer); Fushiki, Gensan (Leech); Kiukiang (Pratt);
Java, Himalaya.
344. CATOCALA NIVEA.
Catocala nivea, Butl. Cist. Ent. ii. p. 241 (1877); Ill. Typ. Lep.
Het. ii. pl. xxxiii. fig. 4 (1878).
A good series in Pryer’s collection.
I found the species very abundant at Nikko in September.
This insect is a conspicuous object as it rests on trunks of Crip-
tomeria, whereas its colour and ornamentation would render it
almost unnoticed if it rested on the young oaks, which are common
in the localities where it occurs.
Oiwake, Utsunomiya (Pryer); Yokohama (Jonas) ; Hakodate,
Nikko, Yokohama (Leech); Ichang (Pratt) ; Thundiani.
345. CATOCALA LARA.
Catocala lara, Brem. Bull. de Acad. 1861, t. iii.; Lep. Ost-Sib.
pl. v. fig. 13.
A nice series, coll. Pryer.
Yesso (Pryer) ; Tokio; E. Siberia, Askold.
346. CarocaLa rntTacTa, sp.n. (Plate LITI. fig. 7.)
Primaries pale grey, clouded with darker ; basal line represented
by a triangular black spot on costa; the basal third, which is some-
what darker than other part of wing, is limited by a dark brown
oblique band extending to the middle of wing, from whence a dark
angulated line descends vertically to the inner margin ; outer line
serrated and elbowed below costa, it has a long inward projection at
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 549
the middle, and a sharp angulation before inner margin; reniform
placed in a dark brown triangle from costa; outer third dark grey,
intersected by a brownish wavy submarginal line, bordered internally
with pale grey: secondaries pale buff suffused with ashy black ;
abdominal margin, central transverse band, and outer border blackish,
a patch of pale buff at outer angle. Under surface pale buff, outer
border of primaries black, as also are the central band and a broad
streak from its inner extremity to the base; secondaries have narrow,
blackish, central and marginal bands.
Expanse 68 millim.
Allied to C. dula.
One specimen taken by myself at Nagahama in July 1886.
347. CATOCALA ACTA.
Catocala actea, Feld. Reise Nov. pl. exii. fig. 22.
Several examples, coll. Pryer.
Common in mainland of Japan from July to October.
Tokio, Nikko, Fushiki, Yokohama (Leech) ; Ichang, Kiukiang.
348. CATOCALA SANCTA.
Catocala sancta, Butl. Cist. Ent. iii. p. 134 (1885).
Two specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yesso (Pryer).
349. CATOCALA DISSIMILIS.
Catocala dissimilis, Brem. Bull. de Acad. 1861, t. iii. ; Lep.
Ost-Sib. t. iv. fig. 15 (1864).
Several examples, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens commonly at Hakodate in August.
Yesso (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Leech); E. Siberia, Ichang.
350. CATOCALA NUPTA.
Phal.-Noctua nupta, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. p. 841.
Noctua nupta, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 97. fig. 1, 2; Htibn. Noct.
pl. 69. fig. 300.
Catocala nupta, Treit. Schmett. v. 337; Guen. Noct. iii. p. 85.
One example, coll. Pryer.
This species is recorded by Oberthiir from N. China and Isle of
Askold, under the name of C. nupta var. obscurata.
Yesso (Pryer); N. China, Askold ; Europe.
351. CATOCALA DULA.
Catocala dula, Brem. Bull. de l’Acad. 1861, t. iii. ; Lep. Ost-Sib.
t. iv. fig. 14 (1864).
Several examples, cull. Pryer.
I took a number of specimens of this species at Hakodate in
August, and Sendai in September.
Yesso, Kurile Islands (Pryer); Hakodate, Sendai (Leech) ;
E. Siberia.
550 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
352. CATOCALA ELECTA.
Noctua electa, Borkh. Eur. Schmett. iv. p. 26 (1792); Hiibn.
Noct. fig. 331.
Catocala electa, Treit. Schmett. v. p. 355; Guen. Noct. iii p. 87.
Catocala zalmunna, Butl. Cist. Ent. iii. p. 241 (1877); Ill. Typ.
Lep. Het. iii. pl. xlvii. fig. 3 (1879).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took examples at Gensan in July, Hakodate in August, and
Sendai in September.
In size Japanese specimens range from 75 millim. to 86 millim. in
expanse, giving an average of 80 millim., whilst European specimens
in my collection vary from 70 millim. to 82 millim., average 77 millim.
The colour of primaries varies from silvery grey through ochreous
grey to dark grey (Gensan examples), and there is some modification
in the width of the band of secondaries ;_ but altogether there is really
nothing to separate C. zalmunna, Butl., from the European C. electa.
Yokohama (Jonas) ; Oiwake, Yesso (Pryer); Hakodate, Gensan
(Leech); Nikko, Tokio, Saporo.
353. CATOCALA VOLCANICA.
Catocala voleanica, Butl. Cist. Ent. ii. p. 244 (1877) ; Ill. Typ.
Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxiii. fig. 10 (1878).
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Fushiki in July, and Hakodate in September,
Oiwake, Yokohama (Pryer) ; Fushiki, Hakodate (Leech) ; Kiu-
kiang.
354. CATOCALA MIRIFICA.
Catocala mirifica, Butl. Cist. Ent. ii. p. 243 (1877); Ill. Typ.
Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxiii. fig. 7.
A fine series, coll. Pryer, and I received four examples from
Mr. Manley.
Yokohama (Jonas, Pryer, and Manley).
355. CATOCALA BELLA.
Catocala bella, But). Cist. Ent. ii. p. 242 (1877); ll. Typ. Lep.
Het. iii. pl. xlvi. fig. 10 (1879).
Catocala serenides, Stand. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1888.
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Jonas) ; Chiuzenji.
356. CaTOCALA JONASII.
Catocala jonasit, Butl. Cist. Ent. ii. p. 242 (1877); Ill. Typ.
Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxiii. fig. 6.
A nice series, coll. Pryer.
I took examples:at Fushiki and Tsuruga in July, and Nikko in
September.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Fushiki, Tsuruga, Nikko (Leech).
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 551
357. CATOCALA OMPHALE.
Catocala omphale, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 195.
Four specimens, coll. Pryer.
Tokio (Fenton) ; Yesso (Pryer).
358. CATOCALA HYMENEA.
Noctua hymenea, Schiff. S. V. p. 91; Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 106.
fig. 1; Hiibn. Noct. pl. 73. fig. 340.
Noctua posthuma, Hiibn. Noct. pl. 113. figs. 526, 527.
Catocala hymenea, Treit. Schmett. v. p. 373 ; Guen. Nocet. i.
p- 105.
I took two examples at Gensan in July.
Gensan (Leech) ; South and East Europe.
359. CATOCALA PUELLA, sp. n. (Plate LIII. fig. 5.)
Primaries greyish brown ; a black abbreviated basal line and in-
dented inner line; the outer line is also black ; this last starts from
the costa in an oblique direction towards outer margin, then curves
inwards and upwards to the median nerve, which it traverses for a
short distance, then descends to the inner margin making one sharp
angle in its course; a dark wavy submarginal line and a series of
dark marginal lunules; stigmata indistinct: secondaries pale yel-
lowish orange, with broad blackish outer margin and a dash of the
ground-colour at outer angle; central band interrupted before the
costa. Under surface pale yellowish orange; blackish central line
and outer border to all the wings ; the outer angle of secondaries is
tipped with orange. Abdomen grey, tinged with tawny beneath.
Expanse 50 millim.
One example taken by myself at Gensan in July 1886.
360. CATOCALA ESTHER.
Catocala esther, Butl. Cist. Ent. ii. p. 243 (1877); Ill. Typ. Lep.
Het. ii. pl. xxxiii. fig. 9 (1878).
Several examples, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at various localities in Japan and at Gensan in
the Corea in July.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Shimonoseki, Tsuruga, Naga-
hama, Gensan (Leech); Tokio, Chekiang, Kiukiang.
361. CaATOCALA ELLA.
Catocala ella, Butl. Cist. Ent. ii. p. 242 (1887); Ill. Typ. Lep.
Het. ii. pl. xxxiii. fig. 5 (1878).
A fine series, coll. Pryer.
I took a fine series at Hakodate in August.
The black bands of secondaries are subject to considerable variation;
in some examples almost the entire wing is suffused with black.
Yokohama (Jonas, Manley, and Pryer); Yesso (Pryer) ; Hako-
date (Leech).
552 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
362. CATOCALA SEPARANS, sp.n. (Plate LIII. fig. 6.)
Allied to C. duplicata, but the black outer line is more strongly
angulated and produced below the costa, and the tooth-like projection
above the inner margin is of greater length. There is also a con-
spicuous white spot outlined in black below the reniform. On the
secondaries the central black transverse band is curved instead of
angulated, and is interrupted before reaching the external margin ;
the black marginal border is scalloped on its internal edge. An-
tenne two thirds the length of primaries.
Expanse 57 millim.
I took a specimen at Nagahama and one at Fusbiki in July.
363. CATOCALA DUPLICATA.
Catocala duplicata, Butl. Cist. Ent. i. p. 135 (1885).
One example, coll. Pryer, without exact locality.
364. CaTOCALA PREGNAX.
Oatocala pregnax, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xii. p. 1213 (1857
Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. pl. xlvi. fig. 11 (1879).
I took two examples at Gensan in July.
North China (Fortune) ; Gensan (Leech).
365. CATOCALA CONNEXA.
Catocala conneza, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 196. no. 84.
Catocala nubila, Butl. 7. c. no. 85.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took examples commonly at Hakodate in August and a few
Sendai in September. The specimens vary in coloration of
primaries from pale silvery grey, through ochreous grey with well-
defined transverse lines and markings, to an almost unicolorous dark
ashy grey. In one ochreous-grey example from Hakodate the space
between the central transverse lines is filled up with blackish forming
a broad fascia.
Tokio (Fenton) ; Oiwake (Pryer); Hakodate, Sendai (Leech).
366. CaATOCALA PARANYMPHA.
Phal.-Noctua paranympha, Linn. Syst. Nat. xu. p. 842.
Catocala xarippe, Butl. Cist. Ent. ii. p. 243 (1877); Ill. Typ.
Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxiii. fig. 8.
Several examples, coll. Pryer, unnamed.
I took specimens at Tsuruga, Nagahama, Sendai, Yokohama, and
Gensan. Japanese specimens are larger than examples from Europe,
but do not differ in any other particular.
Hakodate (Whitely).
367. REMIGIA ARCHESIA.
Phal.-Noctua archesia, Cram. Pap. Exot. iii. p. 145, pl. cclxxiii.
figs. F, G.
1889. | LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. - 553
Phal.-Noctua virbia, Cram. l. c. p. 146, fig. H.
Remigia archesia, Guen. Noct. p. 318.
A nice series, coll. Pryer.
I took examples at Foochau in April, and Mr. Smith met with
it at Hakone in August. My native collector also obtained it at
Ningpo in June and Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Foochau (Leech); Hakone (Smith); Ningpo,
Gensan (Nat. Coll.); Punjaub, N. India, Ceylon, Java, Sierra
Leone, N. China.
368. REMIGIA ANNETTA.
Remigia annetta, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 293
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxiv. fig. 7.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took examples at Ningpo in April in Satsuma, and at Nagasaki
in May, and at Tsuruga, Fushiki, and Gensaa in July.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer) ; Hakodate (Whitely) ; Satsuma,
Nagasaki, Tsuruga, Fushiki, Gensan, Ningpo (Leech) ; Formosa,
N. India.
369. REMIGIA NIGRISIGNA, sp. n. “(Plate LII. fig. 5.)
Primaries greyish brown, faintly tinged with pinkish; basal line
represented by a spot on costa and one below it; inner line dark
brown, preceded by a black spot above inner margin; central line
wavy and indistinct ; outer line curves from costa and skirting the
indented external edge of a dark patch following the reniform con-
tinues a wavy course to the lst median nervule, when it curves inwards
and upwards to the 2nd median, then recurves to a point further
inwards on the Ist median; from thence it descends in a graceful
sweep to the inner margin; submarginal pale, denticulated, shaded
on each side with darker: secondaries grey-brown, central trans-
verse line and marginal border darker, the latter intersected by a
line of the ground-colour. Under surface grey ; basal half of pri-
maries suffused with fuscous ; central line, spot, and a broad border
on outer margin fuscous, the latter intersected by a transverse band
of ground-colour.
Expanse 40 millim.
One specimen taken by myself in Satsuma, May 1886.
There is an unnamed example of this species from Formosa in
coll. Moore.
370. AZAZIA USSURIENSIS.
Remigia ussuriensis, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 61, pl. v. fig. 19
(1864).
Azazia unduligera, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 293
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxiv. fig. 8 (1878).
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
Mr. Pryer in his ‘ Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Japan,’ p. 103,
says :—‘‘ Azazia unduligera I believe to be a Pyralis.”
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XX XVII. 37
554 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
I took examples at Nagasaki in June ; at Shimonoseki, Fushiki,
Tsuruga in July, and at Hakodate and Hakone in August.
Yokohama (Pryer and Jonas); Nagasaki, Shimonoseki, Fushiki,
Tsuruga, Hakodate, Hakone (Leech); Tokio, Ussuri.
371. EucLipia GLYPHICA.
Phal.-Noctua glyphica, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 510; Faun. Suec.
p. 1161.
Noctua glyphica, Esp. Schmett. iv. pl. 89. fig. 2; Hiibn. Noct.
fig. 347.
Euclidia glyphica, Treit. Schmett. v. 3. 390; Guen. Noct. iii.
p. 293.
Euclidia consors, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 293
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxiv. fig. 6 (1878).
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Jones); Oiwake, Yesso (Pryer).
372. PELAMIA ELECTARIA.
Doryodes electaria, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 84, pl. vii. fig. 12.
Pelamia electaria, Staud. Cat. Lep. Eur. p. 135.
Five specimens, coll. Pryer.
Yesso, Oiwake, Amur.
373. ZETHES MUSCULUS.
Zethes musculus, Mén. Bull. Acad. Pét. iii. p. 110.
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took examples at Gensan in July.
Yokohama, Oiwake (Pryer) ; Gensan (Leech) ; Amur.
374. PsIMADA CINERACEA.
Psimada cineracea, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 27, pl. xlvii.
fig. 4 (1879).
A few specimens among Mr. Pryer’s duplicate Deltoids.
Yokohama (Jones).
375. TROTOSEMA SORDIDUM.
Lrotosema sordidum, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv.
p- 449 (1879).
Yokohama (Pryer).
376. PLatysA NUBIFERALIS.
Platya nubiferalis, Leech, Entom. xxii. p. 64, pl. ii. fig. 8 (1889).
I took specimens in Satsuma and at Nagasaki in June.
Satsuma, Nagasaki (Leech) ; Kiukiang (Pratt).
377. CAPNODES CREMATA.
Capnodes eremata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i. p. 295
(1878); Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. pl. xxxiv. fig. 10 (1878).
I took specimens at Gensan in July and Hakodate in August.
Yokohama (Jonas); Hakodate, Gensan (Leech).
1889.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 555
378. CAPNODES CINEREA.
Capnodes cinerea, Butl.
One example taken by my native collector at Hakodate in June
or July 1887.
Hakodate (Nat. Coll.).
379. CAPNODES GENSANALIs.
Capnodes gensanalis, Leech, Entom. xxii. p. 63, pl. il. fig. 9
(1889).
One specimen taken by myself at Gensan in July 1886.
Gensan (Leech).
380. CAPNODES CURVIPALPIS.
Capnodes curvipalpis, Butl. Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 369
(1879).
I took examples at Tsuruga and Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Pryer).
381. BirHIASA NOTIGERA.
Bithiasa notigera, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 369
(1879).
Yokohama (Pryer).
382. MEsTLETA LUTEFASCIALIS.
Mestleta lutefascialis, Leech, Entom. xxii. p. 65, pl. ii. fig. 15
(1889).
I took a male specimen in Satsuma, May 1886.
Satsuma (Leech).
383. Mapopa SALICALIs.
Pyralis salicalis, Fabr. Syst. Ent. iii. 369 ; Hiibn. Pyral. fig. 3.
Madopa salicalis, Steph. Cat. Brit. Ins. ii. p. 159; Guen. Delt.
. 22.
‘ Calobochyla salicalis, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 344; Steph. Ill.
Brit. Ent., Haust. iv. p. 18.
Amblygoes cinerea, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 69, pl. lviii.
fig. 1 (1879).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took this species in Satsuma in May, at Hakodate in August,
and at Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Satsuma, Hakodate, Gensan
(Leech) ; Europe.
384. Mapopa FLAVOMACULA. ‘
Madopa fiavomacula, Oberth. Etud. d’Ent. v. p. 87, pl. iv. fig. 5
(1880).
I took examples at Ningpo in April, in Satsuma in May, at Naga-
saki and Gensan in June.
Satsuma, Nagasaki, Gensan, Ningpo (Leech); Askold, Amur.
one
556 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
385. DIcHROMIA CLARIPENNIS.
Dichromia claripennis, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 54, pl.
xxxviii. fig. 2 (1878).
One example, coll. Pryer.
I took a specimen at Ningpo in April, and one at Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Jonas, ? Pryer); Ningpo, Gensan (Leech).
386. DicHROMIA AMICA.
Dichromia amica, Butl. 1. c. p. 55, fig. 3.
I obtained specimens at Nagasaki in May, Hakodate in June,
hee in July, and my native collector took the species at Gensan
in ;
Sous (Jonas); Hakodate (Whitely and Leech) ; Nagasaki,
Fushiki (Leech) ; Gensan (Wat. Coll.).
387. HypENA RHOMBALIs.
Hypena rhombalis, Guen. Delt. p. 33 (1854).
I took specimens at Hakodate in August and at Ningpo in April.
Hakodate, Ningpo (Leech) ; Central India.
388. HyprNna FONTIS.
Hypena fontis, Thunb. Mus. Nat. p. 72, fig. 5 (1788).
Crambus crassalis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. p. 222 (1794).
Pyralis achatalis, Hiibn. Pyral. pl. 2. fig. 12, pl. 27. fig. 172.
Pyralis terriculalis, Hiibn. l. c. pl. 25. fig. 163.
Bomolochra crassalis, Treit. Schmett. vii. p. 24; Guen. Delt. p. 33.
Hypena gilla, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 60, pl. lvi. fig. 1
(1879).
A fine series taken by myself in Satsuma in May and at Gensan
in June.
389. HypEna SQUuALIDA.
Hypena squalida, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 60, pl. lvi. fig. 2
(1879).
Probably a form of Bomolochra fontis.
Yokohama (Jonas).
390. HypEeNa ELLA.
Hypenca ella, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 55, pl. xxxviii. fig. 5
(1878).
I took specimens at Nagasaki in May.
Yokohama (Jonas); Nagasaki (Leech).
391. Hypena INDICATALIs.
Hypena indicatalis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xvi. p. 61 (1858).
I took specimens in Satsuma and at Nagasaki in May, and my
native collector obtained the species at Gensan in July.
Nagasaki, Satsuma (Leech) ; Gensan (Wat. Coll.); Loochoo (coll.
Pryer); Sarawak, Borneo.
1889.] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 557
392. HyPENA RIVULIGERA.
Aypena rivuligera, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 579.
* Allied to Indian H. lacessalis, Walk.”
Tokio (Fenton).
393. HypENa SATSUMALIS.
Hypena satsumalis, Leech, Entom. xxii. p. 62, pl. ii. fig. 13 (1889).
I took five specimens in Satsuma, May 1886.
Satsuma (Leech).
394. HypEna STIGIANA.
Hypena stigiana, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii, p. 55, pl. xxxviii.
fig. 6 (1878).
Three examples, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Nagasaki in May, Hakodate, June, July, and
August, and my native collector met with this species at Gensan
in July.
- Yokohama (Jonas) ; Hakodate, Nagasaki (Leech) ; Gensan (Nat.
oll.).
395. HypeNA BELINDA.
Hypena belinda, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 61, pl. lvi. fig. 3
(1879).
Four specimens, coll. Pryer.
I obtained examples at Fushiki in July, Nikko in September,
and Oiwake in October, whilst my native collector took it at Nagasaki
in June, and Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Jonas) ; Fushiki, Nikko, Oiwake (Leech); Nagasaki
and Gensan (Nat. Coll.).
396. HypeNA ALBOPUNCTALIs, sp. n. (Plate LII. fig. 10.)
3. Primaries olive-brown with a purple tinge, strongest towards
apex ; central fourth dark olive-brown, bounded on its inner edge by
a darker angulated and indented line, its external edge limited by a
violet-grey bordered dark bisinuate line ; submarginal line indicated
by an irregular series of black white-edged dots, larger towards the
costa, outer marginal line formed of black triangular dots placed at
the extremities of the nervules; a pear-shaped white discal spot
narrowly edged with blackish and a few dark dashes on the costa
beyond the exterior line: secondaries fuscous brown, central spot
darker. Under surface pale grey-brown; primaries clouded with
ochreous on costal and outer margins; central line darker, visible
on the costa only, where it is bordered externally with pale brown,
beyond and nearer the apex is a round black spot; secondaries,
central line black, two transverse fuscous lines, marginal line black
and interrupted except at anal angle, where it is entire and distinct.
Expanse 34 millim.
One specimen taken by my native collector at Gensan in July
1886.
558 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
In structure this species agrees well with H. mandatalis, Walk., from
Ceylon, but it differs therefrom in colour and marking, the white
discal spot being a very conspicuous feature. From H. stigiana,
Butl., which it resembles superficially, it is easily separable by the
very different palpi.
397. Hyprna OBESALIS.
Pyralis crassalis, Hiibn. Pyral. pl. 2. fig. 8.
Hypena obesalis, Treit. Schmett. vii. 27; Guen. Delt. p. 28.
Hypena tripunctalis, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 62, pl. v. fig. 20
(1864).
A long and most variable series. The specimens were taken
by myself in Satsuma in May and Gensan in June.
Satsuma, Gensan (Leech).
398. HypEeNna ROSTRALIS.
Pyralis rostralis, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. p. 533; Faun. Suec, p. 350.
Pyralis rostralis, Hiibn. Pyral. fig. 10, 191, 394.
Hypena rostralis, Treit. Schmett. vii. 29 ; Steph. Ill. Haust. iv.
p-12; Guen. Delt. p. 31.
I took one example of this species at Hakodate in August.
Hakodate (Leech); Europe.
399. HypeNnA KENGKALIS.
Hypena kengkalis, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 63, pl. v. fig. 21 (1864).
Several, coll. Pryer.
I took examples at Nagasaki in June, Hakodate in August, and
at Oiwake in October.
* Yokohama ? (Pryer); Nagasaki, Hakodate, Oiwake (Leech) ;
mur.
400. Hypena stmiLatis, sp.n. (Plate LII. fig. 2.)
3. Primaries greyish, sparingly sprinkled with blackish scales,
traversed from near apex to middle of inner margin by a brownish
line, which is edged externally with paler; the area within this line
is tinged with ochreous, and that beyond the line with violet;
orbicular stigma white, punctiform, with a few black scales on its
internal edge; reniform linear, pale with a black dot at eagh ex-
tremity; dark but indistinct basal line runs obliquely from costa
to below orbicular, where it turns sharply inwards and downwards to
inner margin ; submarginal line, composed of black dots, starts from
apex and terminates in two large spots on the inner margin; fringes
brown: secondaries pale brown, central spot darker; fringes pale
at the base and preceded by a dark brown line. Under surface pale
fuscous brown, central spot on primaries darker.
Expanse 38 millim.
I took three male specimens at Oiwake in October 1886, and my
native collector obtained one example of the same sex at Nikko in
September of the same year,
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 559
Closely allied to H. kengkalis, Brem., but the orbicular is white,
the reniform ill defined, and the transverse line commences at the apex
in H. similalis.
401. Hypena VIGENS.
Hypena vigens, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 55, pl. xxxviil.
fig. 4 (1878).
Hypena incurvata, Moore, Descr. Ind. Lep. Atk. ii. p. 189 (1882).
Several examples, coll. Pryer, without exact locality.
A variable species allied to H. abductalis.
Yokohama (Jonas ?, Pryer); Khasi Hills.
402. HypENA COLUMBARIS.
Hypena columbaris, But). Ul. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 55, pl. XXXVIil.
fig. 7 (1878).
I took specimens at Fusan in June, and Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Jonas); Fusan, Gensan (Leech).
403. HyPENA MINNA.
Hypena minna, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 59, pl. lv. fig.
12 (1879).
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
My native collector took this species at Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Jonas); Gensan (Nat. Coll.) ; Loochoo (Pryer) ;
Ichang (Pratt).
404. HypeNA TATORHINA.
Hypena tatorhina, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. i. p. 60, pl. lv.
fig. 13 (1879).
Yokohama (Jonas) ; Hakodate (Whitely) ; Kulu.
Mr. Butler says, “ Closely allied to H. proboscidalis.”
405. HypENA SUBCYANEA.
Hypena subcyanea, Butl. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1880, p. 681.
Hypena subviolacea, Butl.
Some specimens, coll. Pryer.
My native collector met with examples at Gensan in July, and
I took others at Foochau in April.
Yokohama? (Pryer); Gensan (Nat. Coll.) ; Foochau (Leech) ;
Formosa.
406. HyrENA RUSTICALIS.
Hypena rusticalis, Leech, Entom. xxi. p. 63, pl. i. fig. 12
(1889).
One male specimen taken by myself at Hakodate, August
1886.
Hakodate (Leech).
560 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
407. Hyprena CoREALIS.
Hypena corealis, Leech, Entom, xxii. p. 62, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1889).
Two specimens taken by myself at Gensan in July 1886.
Gensan (Leech).
408. Nax1A COREANA, sp. un. (Plate LII. fig. 11.)
@. Primaries brownish grey tinged with violet, basal third dark
chocolate-brown ; outer line angulated, blackish, edged below the
costa with grey ; submarginal line pale grey, indistinct, followed by
two apical blackish spots, secondaries blackish brown, with two
darker pale-edged transverse lines; fringes paler at the tips. Under
surface fuliginous brown; primaries with two darker pale-edged
transverse bands; secondaries with a dark central line and an indis-
tinct pale-edged submargiual line. Fringes of all the wings pale.
Expanse 32 millim.
Three specimens taken by myself at Gensan in June and July
1886.
409. GIsIRA SIGNATA.
Gisira signata, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 61, pl. lvi. fig. 4
(1879).
I took examples at Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Jonas) ; Gensan (Leech).
410. Hormisa CRAMBOIDES.
Hormisa cramboides, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 62, pl. lvi.
fig. 6 (1879).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
My native collector obtained specimens at Nagasaki in June.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer).
411. Hormisa MorRosa.
Hormisa morosa, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iii. p. 446.
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took examples at Shimonoseki in July and at Hakone in
August. My native collector obtained some at Nagasaki in June.
Yokohama (Jonas); Shimonoseki, Hakone (Leech); Nagasaki
(Nat. Coll.).
412. HorMISA CALAMINA.
Hormisa calamina, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iii. p. 446.
One example, coll. Pryer.
I took a specimen at Nagasaki in June.
Yokohama? (Pryer) ; Nagasaki (Leech).
413. RivuLA SUBROSEA.
Rivula subrosea, But]. Trans. Ent. Soc, 1881, p. 580.
Tokio (Fenton).
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 561
414. RivuLA SERICEALIS.
Pyralis sericealis, Scop. Ent. Carn. p. 242 (1763); Hiibn. Pyral.
fig. 56; Treit. Schmett. vii. 125.
Rivula sericealis, Dup. Lép. p. 145, pl. 219. figs. 4, 5; Guen.
Delt. p. 48.
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took this species at Nagasaki in May and Gensan in June.
Nagasaki, Gensan (Leech); Ichang and Chang Yang (Pratt) ;
Europe.
415. GaBALA ARGENTATA.
Gabala argentata, Butl. Ul. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 56, pl. xxxix.
fig. 3 (1878.)
Several, coll. Pryer.
I obtained examples in Satsuma in May, at Nagasaki in May
and June, and at Fushikiin July. My native collector took some
at Gensan in August.
Yokohama (Jonas) ; Satsuma, Nagasaki, Fushiki (Leech) ; Gensan
(Nat. Coll.).
416. PrEcHYPOGON BARBALIS.
Phal.-Geometra barbalis, Clerck, Icones, v. fig. 3 (1759) ; Linn.
Faun, Suec. p. 350 (1761).
Pyralis pectitalis, Hiibn. Pyral. pl. 19. fig. 122.
Paracolax barbalis, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 344. n. 3295.
Herminia barbalis, Treit. Schmett. vii. 5; Guen. Delt. p. 56.
Pechipogon barbalis, Steph. Ill. Brit. Haust. iv. 15.
Two specimens taken by my native collector at Hakodate in June
or July.
Hakodate (Nat. Coll.) ; Europe.
417. ZANCLOGNATHA GRISEALIS.
Pyralis grisealis, Hiibn. Pyral. fig. 4.
Herminia grisealis, Treit. Schmett. vii. 9; Dup. Lép. viii. p. 23,
pl. 211. fig. 4; Guen. Delt. p. 59.
Phalena nemoralis, Fabr. Ent. Syst. p. 642.
Parocolax grisealis, Hiibn. Verz. Schmett. p. 244. n. 3297.
Paracolax nemoralis, Steph. Ill. Brit. Haust. p. 16.
My native collector took one example at Hakodate in July.
Hakodate (Nat. Coll.) ; Europe.
418. ZANCLOGNATHA TRILINEALIS.
Herminia trilinealis, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 64, pl. v. fig. 2(1864).
Several examples, coll. Pryer.
Specimens were taken by myself in Satsuma in May and at
Nagasaki in June.
Satsuma, Nagasaki (Leech); Amur.
562 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
419. ZANCLOGNATHA TARSICRINALIS.
Herminia tarsicrinalis, Knoch, Beitr. ii. p. 75, pl. iv. figs. 1-12 ;
Treit. Schmett. vii. 13; Guen. Delt. p. 57.
Herminia arenosa, Butl. ll. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 56, pl. xxviii.
fig. 8 (1878).
Several, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Nagasaki in May and Gensan in June. My
native collector obtained others at Hakodate in June or July.
Yokohama (Jonas) ; Nagasaki, Gensan (Leech) ; Hakodate (Nat.
Coll.).
420. ZANCLOGNATHA FUMOSA.
Herminia fumosa, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 62, pl. lvi.
fig. 8 (1879).
Zanclognatha assimilis, Staud. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1888.
Several examples, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens in Satsuma in May and at Nagasaki in June.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Satsuma, Nagasaki (Leech) ;
Wladiwostok.
421. ZANCLOGNATHA TARSIPENNALIS.
Herminia tarsipennalis, Treit. Schmett. x. 35; Guen. Delt. p. 58.
Pyralis tarsicrinalis, Hiibn. Pyral. fig. 5.
I took specimens in Satsuma in May, at Nagasaki and Fusan in
June, and at Gensan in July.
Satsuma, Nagasaki, Fusan, Gensan (Leech); Amur; Europe.
422. ZANCLOGNATHA LINEALIS.
Zanclognatha linealis, Leech, Entom. xxii. p. 63, pl. ii. fig. 4 (1889).
I took a male specimen in Satsuma and a female example at
Nagasaki, May 1886.
Satsuma, Nagasaki (Leech).
423. ZANCLOGNATHA STRAMENTACEALIS.
Herminia stramentacealis, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 64 (stramen-
talis), pl. v. fig. 22 (1864).
Amur, Yokohama? (Pryer).
424, HERMINIA DERIVALIS.
Pyralis derivalis, Hiibn. Pvral. pl. 3. fig. 19.
Herminia derivalis, Treit. Schmett. vii. 7; Dup. Lép. viii. pl. 211.
fig. 5; Guen. Delt. p. 55.
A few, coll. Pryer.
I took several specimens at Gensan in June, and my native collector
met with this species at Hakodate in June or July.
Yokohama? (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Nat. Coll.) ; Gensan (Leech) ;
Chang Yang (Pratt) ; Europe.
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 563
425. HERMINIA NINGPOALIS.
Herminia ningpoalis, Leech, Entom. xxii. p. 64, pl. ii. fig. 7 (1889).
Five specimens taken in the Snowy Valley near Ningpo by my
native collector, July 1886.
Ningpo (Nat. Coll.) ; Chang Yang (Pratt).
426. HerminiA FASCIALIS.
Herminia fascialis, Leech, Entom. xxii. p. 64, pl. ii. fig. 3 (1889).
My native collector took one male specimen at Hakodate, July
1887.
Hakodate (Nat. Coll.).
427. HERMINIA ALBOMACULALIS.
Herminia albomaculalis, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 65, pl. v. fig. 24
(1864).
I took examples at Gensan in June and July, and my native
collector took others at Ningpo in the last-named month.
Gensan (Leech) ; Ningpo (Nat. Coll.); Ussuri.
428. HerRMINIA DOLOSA.
Herminia dolosa, Butl. Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iii. p. 447.
I took specimens at Fushiki in July.
Fushiki (Leech).
429. HerMINIA GRISELDA.
Herminia griselda, Buti. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 63, pl. lvi. fig. 9
(1879).
Four specimens, coll. Pryer.
Taken by myself at Hakone in August and by my native collector
at Gensan in June.
Yokohama (Jonas) ; Hakone (Leech) ; Gensan (Nat. Coll.).
430. HeRMINIA HELVA.
Herminia helva, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) ii. p. 447.
Several examples, coll. Pryer.
I obtained specimens in Satsuma and at Nagasakiin May, and my
native collector took some at Hakodate in June or July.
Satsuma, Nagasaki (Leech); Hakodate (Nat. Coll.).
431. HeRMINIA PRYERI.
Herminia pryeri, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 63, pl. lvi. fig. 11
(1879).
A specimen, coll. Pryer.
I took one example of this species in Satsuma in May.
Yokohama (Jonas, ? Pryer); Satsuma (Leech).
564 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
432. HerRMINIA FENTONI.
Herminia fentoni, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 63, pl. lvi. fig. 12
(1879).
I took examples at Fusan in June and at Nagahama, Tsuruga;
and Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Jonas) ; Fusan, Nagahama, Tsuruga, Gensan (Leech).
433. HERMINIA INNOCENS.
Herminia innocens, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 63, pl. lvi.
fig. 10 (1879).
A few examples, coll. Pryer.
My native collector took specimens at Gensan, July 1888. I
obtained specimens at Ningpo in April 1886, and my native collector
took examples at the same place in June and July of that year
Yokohama (Jonas); Gensan (Nat. Coll.); Ningpo (Leech) ;
Ichang (Pratt).
434. SIMPLICIA RECTALIS.
Herminia rectalis, Eversm. Bull. Mos. 1842, iii. p. 558; Herr.-
Schiff. fig. 606.
Herminia sicca, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 62, pl. lvi. fig. 7
1879).
: Simplicia rectalis, Guen. Delt. p. 52.
A few examples, coll. Pryer.
1 took specimens at Nagasaki in June and Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Jonas and Manley); Nagasaki, Gensan (Leech) ;
Kiukiang (Pratt).
435. EpESSENA HAMADA.
Renodes hamada, Feld. Reis. Nov. pl. cxix. fig. 23.
A nice series, coll. Pryer.
I have received examples from Mr. Manley, and in May 1886 I
took specimens in Satsuma.
Yokohama (Pryer and Manley); Satsuma (May); Ichang
(Pratt).
436. CIDARIPLURA GLADIATA.
Cidariplura gladiata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 365
(1879).
I took specimens at Fushiki in July.
Yokohama (Pryer); Fushiki (Leech); Ichang (Pratt).
437. BLEPTINA INCULTALIS, sp. n. (Plate LIII. fig. 11.)
Q. Pale brown, suffused with darker; inner line of primaries
black, indented and slightly curved; exterior line black, elbowed
and curved, preceded by a faint fuscous central shade ; submarginal
line angulated, broad, blackish, edged externally with whitish; reni-
form linear, black: secondaries traversed by two black lines, both
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 565
edged with paler towards abdominal margin; a black line on the
outer margin before the pale-brown dark-spotted fringes. Under
surface of primaries pale fuscous brown, with a black central spot,
serrated slightly curved line, and a blackish transverse submar-
ginal shade; secondaries whitish brown, central spots and two
transverse lines black. A black spot on last segment of abdomen
above.
Expanse 23 millim.
I took one female example of this species at Fushikiin July 1886.
438. BLEPTINA SPACOALIS.
Bleptina spacoalis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xix. p. 872 (1859).
Three specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took examples at Tsuruga in July and Hakodate in August,
and my native collector took others at Gensan and Ningpo in July.
Tsuruga, Hakodate (Leech); Gensan, Ningpo.
439. BLEPTINA METISALIS.
Bocana metisalis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xvi. p. 183 (1858).
Bleptina dimissalis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. Suppl. iv. p. 1162
(1865); Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 580.
Tokio (Fenton) ; Swan River, Moreton Bay.
440. BLEPTINA PETRINA.
Bleptina petrina, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iu. p. 64, pl. lvi. fig. 13
(1879).
Yokohama (Jonas).
441. BLEPTINA ZGROTA.
Bleptina egrota, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iti. p. 65, pl. lvii. fig. 1
(1879).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took examples at Nagasaki in June, and my native collector
at Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Jonas); Nagasaki (Leech); Gensan (Nat. Coll.).
442, BLEPTINA LIGNEA.
Bleptina lignea, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 64, pl. lvi. fig. 14
(1879).
I took two specimens at Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Jonas); Gensan (Leech).
443. HyDRILLODES LENTALIS.
Hydrillodes lentalis, Guen. Delt. p. 66 (1854).
Bleptina morosa, Butl. Il. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 64, pl. vi. fig. 15
(1879).
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took this species at several places in Japan from May to Sep-
566 MR. J. HW. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
tember, and my native collector met with it at Gensan in June and
July.
Yokohama (Jonas); Nagasaki, Fushiki, Tsuruga, Nikko (Leech) ;
Hakodate, Gensan (Nat. Coll.) ; Chang Yang (Pratt) ; N. India.
444, EpizeuxXIA MACULIFERA.
Epizeuxia maculifera, Butl.
One example, coll. Pryer.
I took a specimen at Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Pryer); Gensan (Leech).
445, ILyRGIS ECHEPHUREALIS.
Ilyrgis echephurealis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xix. p. 880 (1859).
I took three specimens at Nagasaki in May.
Nagasaki (Leech) ; Ceylon.
446. BERTULA RAPTATALIS.
Bertula raptatalis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xvi. p. 164 (1858).
I took two specimens in Satsuma in May 1886, and my native
collector obtained several at Gensan in July 1887.
Satsuma (Leech); Gensan (Vat. Coll.) ; Ceylon.
447. BocaNa TRISTIS.
Bocana tristis, Butl. Ul. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 65, pl. lvii. fig. 2
(1879).
Several examples, coll. Pryer.
My native collector took a specimen at Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Gensan (Nat. Coll.) ; Ichang
(Pratt).
448. BocaNa NIPHONA.
Bocana niphona, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ii. p. 56, pl. xxxviii.
fig. 9 (1878).
Yokohama (Jonas).
449. BocaNa INCONGRUENS.
Bocana incongruens, Butl. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 448.
Nodaria? amurensis, Staud. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1888.
One example, coll. Pryer.
I took a specimen at Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Pryer); Gensan (Leech) ; Amurland.
450. MrsopLecrra LILACINA.
Mesoplecira lilacina, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 65, pl. lvii.
fig. 5 (1879).
One specimen, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Jonas) ; Dharmsala, Chekiang.
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 567
451. SARACA TRIMANTESALIS.
Egnasia trimantesalis, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. xvi. p. 220 (1858).
I took specimens in Satsuma and at Nagasaki in May, and my
native collector met with others at Gensan in July.
Satsuma, Nagasaki (Leech) ; Gensan (Nat. Coll.) ; Ichang
(Pratt); Silhet.
452. SARACA INDENTALIS, n. sp. (Plate LII. fig. 4.)
Q. Pale brown, varied with darker brown; first transverse line
of primaries black, with an inward angulation below the costa; second
line black obtusely angulated, preceded by a chestnut-brown band
edged internally with dark brown, beyond there is a large whitish
triangular spot on the costa, edged outwardly with chocolate-brown
and followed by another whitish blotch at apex, below the whitish
triangle the second line is bordered externally with blackish grey ;
submarginal line blackish, wavy and edged with whitish ; orbicular
punctiform black, reniform indistinetly outlined with blackish.
Secondaries: black central spot and two transverse lines edged with
grey, a series of black spots represent the submarginal line ; fringes
brown, tipped with paler except at the angles, where they are blackish.
Under surface of primaries fulvous brown, whitish along the costa
and apical portion of outer border ; two dark transverse lines, the
outer followed by a dark grey shade; discal spots white with a dark
grey dot at each extremity: secondaries fulvous brown, traversed by
two dark lines, the outer followed by a dark grey band; discal spot
white with a black spot at each end, connected by a fine blackish
line, submarginal line dark and wavy ; fringes brown intersected by
a darker line, and tipped with paler except at the angles.
Expanse 30 millim.
I took three specimens in Satsuma in May, three at Nagasaki in
June, and one at Gensan in July. My native collector took one at
Ningpo in June, and I have received one from Hakodate, also taken
in June by a native.
The sexes do not differ in colour or markings, but the 2 specimen
figured and described has been selected for its fine condition.
453. SARACA FLAVOMACULA.
Pangrapta flavomacula, Staud. Stett. ent. Zeit. i888.
I took this species at Ningpo in April, at Gensan in June, and
Tsuruga in July.
Tsuruga, Gensan, Ningpo (Leech) ; Chang Yang (Pratt); Amur-
land.
454. SARACA TEXTILIS, n. sp. (Plate LII. fig. 12.)
Whitish, sprinkled on the discal area with brownish scales; inner
line of primaries brown, curved, slightly serrated, and interrupted by
the pale-centred brown-outlined orbicular ; reniform pale, indistinctly
outlined with brownish, enclosing a darker curved transverse line ;
outer line duplicated, enclosed space thickly sprinkled with brown
568 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
scales, forming a dark band, angulated at the middle, from whence
a dark brown bar is projected through to the pale brown fringes;
submarginal line whitish, bordered externally with brownish ; fringes
preceded by a dark brown line. Secondaries: inner and outer lines
brown, the enclosed area containing a large whitish spot, in the centre
of which is a curved transverse line; submarginal line broad, serrated
and edged with brown; fringes pale brown darker at base and tips.
Under surface whitish ; markings as above, but the line on primaries
not double.
Expanse 30 millim.
Allied to Pangrapta flavomacula, Staud., but whiter in colour.
I took two female examples of this species, one at Gensan in July
and the other at Foochau in April 1886. My native collector took
a male example at Ningpo in June of the same year.
455. SaRACA VASAVA.
Egnasia vasava, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 582.
Pangrapta incisa, Staud. Stett. ent. Zeit. 1888.
My native collector took an example at Hakodate in June.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Hakodate (Wat. Coll.); Chang Yang (Pratt) ;
Raddefskaia and Wladiwostok (Christoph).
456. SARACA COSTINOTATA.
Saraca costinotata, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 581.
One specimen, coll. Pryer.
I took examples at Nagasaki in June.
Yokohama (Pryer) ; Nagasaki (Leech).
457. SARACA SUBVIOLACEA.
Saraca subviolacea, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 581.
I took specimens at Satsuma and Nagasaki in May, and my native
collector obtained others at Gensan in July.
Yokohama (Pryer); Satsuma, Nagasaki (Leech); Gensan (Wat.
Coll.).
458. HARMATELIA BIFIDALIS.
Harmatelia bifidalis, Leech, Entom. xxii. p. 64, pl. ii. fig. 11 (1889).
Two specimens taken by myself at Hakodate, August 1886,
Hakodate (Leech).
459. EGNASIA POLYBAPTA.
Egnasia polybapta, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 66, pl. lvii.
fig. 7 (1879).
One example, coll. Pryer.
I took examples in Satsuma and at Nagasaki in May and at Gensan
in July. I have also received specimens from Mr. Manley.
Yokohama (Jonas and Manley) ; Satsuma, Nagsaki, Gensan (Leech).
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA. 569
460. EGNASIA PUSILLA.
Egnasia pusilla, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. ili. p. 67, pl. lvi.
fig. 9 (1879).
Four examples, coll. Pryer.
I took three specimens at Fushiki in July.
Yokohama (Jonas); Fushiki (Leech).
461. EGNasiA PULCHERRIMA.
Egnasia pulcherrima, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 67, pl. lvii.
fig. 8 (1879).
Several specimens, coll. Pryer.
I obtained this species at Nagasaki and Gensan in June.
Yokohama (Jonas) ; Nagasaki and Gensan (Leech).
462. EGNASIA EREBINA.
Egnasia erebina, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 450
(1879).
Yokohama (Pryer).
463. EGnasiA PORPHYREA,
Egnasia porphyrea, Butl. Ul. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 66, pl. lvii.
fig. 6 (1879).
One example, coll. Pryer.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer).
464, EGNASIA FALLAX.
Egnasia fallax, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 450.
One example, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Nagasaki in May and at Foochau in April.
Nagasaki, Foochau (Leech) ; Yokohama? (Pryer).
465. EGNASIA OPALINA.
Egnasia opalina, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv. p. 451.
Three examples, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Nagasaki in June, and Mr. Andrews obtained
the species at Hakodate.
Hakodate (dadrews); Yokohama? (Pryer); Nagasaki (Leech).
466. EGNaAsiIA SIMPLEX.
Egnasia simplez, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 66, pl. lvii. fig. 5
(1879).
I took specimens in Satsuma in May, at Nagasaki in June, and
Tsuruga in July.
Yokohama (Jonas) ; Satsuma, Nagasaki, Tsuruga (Leech); Ichang
(Pratt).
467. OLYBAMA JAPONICA.
Olybama japonica, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 583.
Tokio (Fenton).
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1889, No. XX XVIII. 38
570 MR. J. H. LEECH ON THE [Nov. 19,
468. MrranpDA INCONSPICUA.
Meranda inconspicua, Butl. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1881, p. 583.
I have received one specimen frow Mr. Manley, and I took the
species at Nagasaki in May and Ningpo in April; my native collector
also took specimens at the latter place in June.
Yokohama (Manley and Pryer); Nagasaki, Ningpo (Leech).
469. MreraANnDA TRISTALIS.
Meranda tristalis, Leech, Entom. xxii. p. 65, pl. ii. fig. (1889).
One male specimen taken by myself in Satsuma, May 1886.
Satsuma (Leech).
470. CELEOPSYCHE NITENS.
Celeopsyche nitens, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 68, pl. lvii.
fig. 10 (1879).
Yokohama (Jonas) ; Shanghai, Tokio, Chekiang.
471. MarMmorINA OBSCURATA.
Marmorina obscurata, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 68, pl. lvii.
fig. 11 (1879).
I took specimens in Satsuma and at Nagasaki in May; my
native collector obtained others at Hakodate in June.
Hakodate ( Whitely) ; Satsuma, Nagasaki (Leech).
472. MARMORINA AMPHIDECTA.
Marmorina amphidecta, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 69,
pl. lvii. fig. 12 (1879).
Three examples, coll. Pryer.
I took specimens at Tsuruga and Nagahama in July, and Mr. Smith
at Hakone in August.
Yokohama (Jonas) ; Tsuruga, Nagahama (Leech), Hakone (Smith).
473. AMBLYGOES ALBINOTATA.
Amblygoes albinotata, Butl. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) iv.
p- 449 (1879).
Yokohama (Pryer).
474. MARAMATHA STRAMINEA.
Maramatha straminea, Butl. Ill. Typ. Lep. Het. iii. p. 70,
pl. lviii. fig. 2 (1879).
A few specimens, coll. Pryer.
I took examples of this species at Gensan in June.
Yokohama (Jonas and Pryer); Gensan (Leech).
(51
“I
—
1889. ] LEPIDOPTERA OF JAPAN AND COREA.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prats L.
1. Agrotis informis, sp. n., p. 500.
2. Orthosia fausta, sp. n., p. 513.
3. Agrotis undosa, sp. n., p. 501.
4+. Noctua tarda, sp. n., p. 495.
5. Moma confusa, sp. n., p. 480.
6. Acronycta subornata, sp. n., p. 477.
7. Leucania flavostiyma, Butl., var. mornata, var. n., p- 482.
8. —— nigrilinea, sp. n., p. 482.
9. Dipterygia japonica, sp. n., p. 489.
10. Xylina saxea, sp. n., p. 537.
11. Berrhea japonica, sp. n., p. 507.
12. Mamestra cuneata, sp. n., p. 486.
Prater LI.
1. Mesogona quadrilinea, sp. n., p. 519.
2. Hadena stolida, sp. n., p. 509.
3. Xylophasia tychoona, sp. n., p. 488.
4, Euplexia japonica, sp. n., p. 504.
5. Lamprosticta venusta, sp. n., p. 504.
6. Agriopis viridis, sp. n., p. 502.
7, Miselia funesta, sp. n., p. 503.
8. Leocyma nigrilinea, sp. u., p. 522.
9, Gortyna edentata, sp. n., p. 485.
10. Cerastis albipuncta, sp. n., p. 514.
1l. Calymnia pryeri, sp. n., p. 516.
12. Hadena unica, sp. n., p. 509.
Puate LII.
1. Selepa manleyi, sp. n., p. 479.
2. Hypena similalis, sp. n., p. 558.
3. Glottula squalida, sp. n., p.490.
4. Saraca indentalis, sp. n., p. 567.
5. Remigia nigrisigna, sp. n.,p. 558.
6. Piada multiplicans, var. japonica, var. n., p. 538.
7. Gonités distincta, sp. u., p. 506.
pryeri, sp. n., p. 506.
9. Erastria squalida, sp. n., p. 527.
10. Hypena albopunctalis, sp. n., p. 557.
11. Naxia coreana, sp. u., p. 560.
12. Saraca textilis, sp. n., p. 567.
Puare LIT.
. Erastria olivacea, sp. n., p. 526.
brunnea, sp. n., p. 527.
—— flavipuncta, sp. n., p. 524.
fiavicollis, sp. u., p. 525.
Catocala puella, sp. u., p. 551.
—- separans, sp. n., p. 952.
— intacta, sp. n., p. 548. ;
. Ophiusa algira, var. curvata, var. 0., p. 546,
. Erastria rosacea, sp. n., p. 527.
. Acontia pulchella, sp. n., p. 524.
. Bleptina incultalis, sp. n., p. 564.
. Perigea gemella, sp. n., p. 492.
ee
i)
Poppa emote
e
eH
to
38*
572 MR. R. LYDEKKER ON REMAINS [Nov. 19,
3. On Associated Remains of a Theriodont Reptile from the
Karoo System of the Cape. By R. Lyprxxer, B.A.,
F.G.S., F.Z.8.
[Received September 19, 1889.]
(Plates LIV. & LV.)
The remains of Anomodont Reptiles from the great Karoo system
of the Cape Colony are so rarely found in associated sets that every
instance of such association is of especial interest and importance, and
I accordingly bring to the notice of the Society a series of associated,
although imperfect, bones, presented in 1884 to the British Museum
by Mr. C. 8. Orpen, of Smithfield in the Orange Free State.
These specimens (Brit. Mus. No. R. 533) were obtained from the
Karoo system of the Rouxville District, Orange Free State, and
probably from the Beaufort stage, although I cannot be certain on
the latter point. The bones retain portions of a brick-red ferruginous
matrix, which is frequently very closely adherent to them, and with
the colour of which they are much impregnated. This matrix so
closely resembles that in which the reptilian bones are found in the
Maleri stage of the Gondwana system of Central India, that if the
specimens had been shown to me without any clue to their locality
I should have said that they were probably of Indian origin. The
majority of the fossilsin the British Museum from the Beaufort beds
are of a blackish or brownish-grey colour ; but according to Prof.
A. H. Green red beds are of common occurrence on this horizon.
The fossils in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons from
the overlying Stormberg beds, catalogued by Sir R. Owen under
the name of Massospondylus, exhibit a similar red matrix.
The series of specimens comprises a number of more or less
imperfect vertebree from the dorsal and caudal regions, and. several
imperfect bones of the limbs and limb-girdies. Unfortunately,
however, there is no trace of a tooth or any portions of the skuli,—
a circumstance which is the more to be regretted, since the South-
African representatives of the Theriodont suborder of the Anomodonts
(to which suborder these specimens belong) have been mainly founded
upon the evidence of the skulls and teeth. The specimens I select
for description are certain of the vertebra and an imperfect scapula
and humerus.
Of the vertebree two somewhat imperfect dorsals, cemented together
by matrix, are represented from the right side in Plate LIV. fig. 1,
ona scale of two thirds the natural size. These specimens, although
somewhat flattened by pressure, exhibit the entire contour of the
centrum and neural spine, and also show the peculiar characters of
the transverse processes and the position of the zygapophyses. The
two latter features are, however, exhibited still more clearly by the
imperfect arch of a dorsal represented in fig. 2 of the same Plate.
The centra of the dorsal vertebrz are of considerable length, and
West, Newman imp.
Theriodont Vertehre.
E.C.Woodward hthadnat.
‘SeU0g-qmuIy JUopotdey],
furt UeUIMOEN'IS9/\ Bates Seda pet A SHO Ft
Bo ATePICESEL SZ 4
1889. ] OF A THERIODONT REPTILE. 573°
somewhat compressed from side to side; and the neural spines are
likewise flattened, and of moderate length and height. Their
terminal faces are but slightly cupped, and show a notochordal
canal penetrating towards the middle of the vertebra. The transverse
processes (t.p) are of moderate length, and directed backwardly as
well as outwardly. These transverse processes are strengthened by
three plate-like buttresses arising from the sides of the arch, and re-
calling the structure observed in the dorsal vertebra of Megalosaurus.
A trace of a rib-facet is observable on the anterior border of the
centra of these vertebree, which probably indicates that they belong
to the earlier part of the series. The hzemal aspect has a sharp
carina. Intercentra were totally wanting in this part of the spinal
column. The total height of these vertebree is 6°7 inches, the
vertical diameter of the centrum being 2:4 inches.
Somewhat larger trunk-vertebrze probably belong to the lumbar
region, an imperfect specimen being represented from the anterior
aspect in fig. 3 of the same Plate. In this specimen the centrum is
very much shorter than in the dorsals, but the hemal carina is still
sharper. In the caudals, of which there are three in apposition, the
centrum again lengthens, and the hzemal carina becomes less sharp.
Chevrons were certainly present, but whether intercentra occurred
in this region cannot be satisfactorily determined.
The apparently notochordal character of these vertebree indicates
that this series of specimens does not belong to the Dieynodout sub-
order of the Anomodonts. Notochordal vertebra are met with both
in the Pariasaurian and Theriodont subdivisions of that order; but
since the associated humerus to be immediately noticed accords with
that of the Theriodonts and is quite different from the type
_ apparently referable to the Pariasauria', there seems every reason
for regarding these specimens as referable to the Theriodontia.
Turning to the bones of the appendicular skeleton, we have first
to consider the scapula, of which the proximal portion of that of the
right side is preserved. This specimen is represented from the dorsal
aspect in Plate LV. fig. 1, on ascale of one third, with a restoration of
the missing half from the scapula described by Sir R. Owen as Platy-
podosaurus. ‘The proximal portion of this bone agrees so closely in
general characters with the latter specimen, as figured by its describer
(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvi. pl. xvii. fig. 1), that there is no
necessity for a detailed description. It will beseen that the process
marked a in the figure corresponds with that marked / in Owen’s
plate, while the one here marked 6 represents e of the latter.
In regard, however, to the homology of these two processes with
those of other Dicynodont scapulze, it is necessary to make a few
remarks, since some confusion has arisen between the two. In
his ‘ Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa, Sir R. Owen
figured, in plate Ixx. fig. 1, the ventral aspect of the right scapula
of a species of Dicynodon, with a portion of the precoracoid attached
1 Described by Prof. Seeley (Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. xliv. p. 142, 1888) as
Propappus. The writer will take a later opportunity of giving his reasons for
this reference.
974 MR. R. LYDEKKER ON REMAINS [Nov. 19
to a process on the preaxial border, which he identifies with the
acromial process of the Monotreme scapula, and marks by the letter
e. This process is separated by a deep notch from the glenoidal
region of the bone; and above this process there is a long and deep
emargination of the preaxial border (4 of the figure), superiorly to
which the distal extremity of the bone is expanded. Now from the
absence of any other process between that marked e and the distal
expansion of the bone, as well as from the general similarity in the
position of the process in question, I am inclined to consider that
its identification with the acromial process of the Monotreme scapula
is in all probability correct. If this be so, the pectoral girdle of the
Anomodonts will differ from that of the Monotremes in that the
precoracoid—which I regard as the representative of the so-called
epicoracoid of the latter—extended upwards to join the acromion.
In plate Ixix. figs. 5, 6, of his ‘Catalogue,’ Sir R. Owen figured
a portion of the right side of a smaller pectoral girdle, which I have
reason to believe belongs to the genus Ptychosiagum* ( Ptychognathus).
Now in this specimen the scapula gives off a preaxial process for
articulation with the precoracoid, which is clearly homologous with
the one termed acromial in the preceding specimen, and is so lettered
by Sir R. Owen. This acromial process differs, however, from that
of Dicynodon in that it is separated only by a groove on the ventral
aspect of the bone from the glenoidal region. Above this acromial
process there is a shallow notch, on the dorsal side of which there
occurs a projection which is shown by other specimens to be the
distal extremity of the supraglenoidal portion of the preaxial border
of the bone. The relations of these two processes are well shown in
the right scapula of Ptychosiagum orientale represented in Plate LV.
fig. 2, where it is quite clear that the upper or supra-acromial
process 6 corresponds to 4 of Owen’s figure. In redescribing the
Owenian specimen in the ‘ Phil. Trans.’ for 1888, p. 492, fig. 1,
Professor Seeley correlates the process 46 with the acromion, not
mentioning, however, what he would regard as the acromion in
the scapula of Dicynodon, where, as we have seen, there is no process
in the same position as 4, or giving any reasons for his rejection of
the determination of Sir R. Owen. Now it will be quite evident
from the comparison of figs. 1 and 2 of Plate LV. that the processes
marked a and 6 are homologous with one another, and consequently
that a represents the one identified with the acromion in Dicynodon.
In describing, however, the scapula of Platypodosaurus (Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvi. pl. xvii. fig. 1) Sir R. Owen wrongly
identified the supra-acromial process (e of his figure) with the
acromial of Dicynodon, regarding the true representative of the
latter (f of his figure) as a portion of the gienoidal region ; whereas
it will be evident from a comparison of Oweu’s figure with Plate LV.
that his e corresponds with 6 and his f with a of the latter, which
we have shown to be the acromial of Dicynodon.
If, therefore, the process in the scapula of Dicynodon with which
the precoracoid articulates is rightly identified with the acromial of
1 T have proposed this name in place of Ptychognathus, which is preoccupied.
1889.] OF A THERIODONT REPTILE. 575
the Monotremes, it is evident that the process marked ain Plate LV.
also represents the same. Further it is manifest that the process 5
is the distal extremity of part of the preaxial border of the scapula,
which has become twisted from the line of the acromion towards the
dorsal aspect, this being most marked in Ptychosiagum (fig. 2).
This dorsal torsion of the preaxial border of the scapula is a very
remarkable feature, and appears to support Professor Flower’s view
that the preaxial border of the Monotreme scapula represents the
spine of the scapula of the higher Mammals. Thus in the scapula
of Ptychosiagum the body of the bone has become to a great extent
three-sided, and the surface on the inner side of the preaxial border
would well represent the prescapular fossa of the higher mammals,
the portion on the outer side of the same the postscapular fossa,
and the somewhat rounded posterior surface (left side of figure) the
subscapular fossa. If, as seems most probable, we really have in
this type of scapula an indication how the reptilian scapula of the
Monotremes was modified into that of the higher mammals, and
the acromion is rightly identified, we shall further have to assume
that the acromial process also subsequently received a dorsal torsion,
so as to resume its original position at the distal extremity of the
preaxial border, now converted into the spine.
After this long digression it will suffice to add that the scapula of
the form under consideration corresponds very closely to that
described as Platypodosaurus.
The humerus is represented by the somewhat imperfect distal
half of that of the left side, a restored figure of which is given in
Plate LV. fig. 3, on a scale of one third. This specimen shows the
entepicondylar foramen underlying a bar situated in the usual position
on the palmar aspect of the shaft. The radial condyle is large and
well preserved, and above this there is the supinator flange on the
preaxial border which serves to distinguish the humerus of the
Theriodonts from that of the Dicynodonts. Unfortunately, however,
this flange is imperfect, so that it cannot be determined whether
there was an ectepicondylar foramen.
Compared with the Anomodont humeri in the British Museum
this specimen agrees very closely, both in size and contour, with the
cast of the corresponding portion of a left humerus from the Permian
of Russia described under the name of Brithopus’. The Russian
specimen (Plate LV. fig. 4) has been a good deal damaged, and its
radial condyle has been broken away ; but allowing for this imperfec-
tion the general resemblance between the two specimens is very close.
Trusting to this resemblance in the distal extremities of the two
humeri the proximal extremity of the African bone has been restored,
partly from a Russian specimen doubtless referable to Brithopus?, and
partly from the large African humerus figured in pl. xii. of Owen’s
‘Catalogue,’ as Pariasaurus, but which more probably belongs to
Tapinocephalus. The present specimen appears to be distinguished
1 For synonymy, see Owen, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxii. p. 352
et seq.
qY
2 Vide Owen, loc. cit.
576 ON REMAINS OF A THERIODONT REPTILE. [Nov. 19,
from the humerus of Brithopus in that the postaxial aperture of
the entepicondylar foramen is situated on the palmar instead of the
postaxial border of the bone; but this is due to the imperfection of
the latter border in the type of Brithopus.
Having now described those of the associated series of bones which
appear best worthy of notice, it remains to consider whether they can
be referred to any form hitherto described. In cases like the present
where, from the want of homologous portions of the skeleton, there
is no decisive evidence as to whether specimens can be referred to a
previously described form, by far the easiest and simplest course is
to make their owner the type of a new genus. As a rule, however,
this very easy course turns out to be an erroneous one, and it is
therefore not the one which I propose to follow on this occasion.
If, as seems to be the case, the humerus tepresented in plate XIX.
fig. 1, of Owen’s ‘ Catalogue,’ is rightly referred to Cynodraco major
—the largest of the typical Theriodontia—it is quite clear, from the
larger size and different contour of the humerus, that the present
series of specimens cannot be referred to that restricted group, which
may be conveniently designated as the Galesauride. Moreover,
although we have no decisive evidence of the nature of the vertebree
in the Galesauride, yet there are some reasons for considering that
these were not of the notochordal type of the present form. Again,
it is quite clear that these specimens indicate a Theriodont which is
generically distinct from the large types described under the names
of T'apinocephalus, Titanosuchus, and Pariasaurus, the vertebrae and
humeri which appear to be referable to the two former genera being
greatly larger and differing in contour from those of the present
series.
Recently, indeed, Professor Seeley’ has described and figured a
large imperfect tooth from the Karoo system of the Cape preserved
in the British Museum (No. 49425) under the name of Glaridodon ;
but there is nothing by which this specimen can be generically
distinguished from the teeth of Titanosuchus*, so that Glaridodon
may be a synonym of that genus.
There is not sufficient evidence to show that the form under con-
sideration does not belong to the Permian Brithopus, and I there-
fore refrain from giving it a new name. Additional evidence of its
affinity to that form is afforded by the vertebre figured in Eichwald’s
‘ Lethza Rossica,’ pl. lix. figs. 1, 2, and described as Deuterosaurus.
These vertebrze are smaller than those of our series, but appear to be
of the same general type, showing similar long transverse pro-
cesses, a sharp hzemal carina to the centra, and the shortening of
the latter in the lumbar region. These vertebree, judging from the
present series, are too small to have belonged to the same individual
as the type of Brithopus, but may indicate a smaller example of the
same genus. So far, indeed, as I can see, there is no reason why
1 Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. xliy. p. 135 (1888). In the absence of any specific
name the genus is invalid.
° The tooth described as Glaridodon has been recently cut in order to
exhibit a section of the root.
a15
rN
oe an
YD
a
HE LES
Hanharb
me
1889.] MR. SOWERBY ON NEW SPECIES OF LAND-SHELLS. 577
Deuterosaurus should not be identical with Brithopus, in which
event the latter name should stand. If the skull referred to Deute-
rosaurus indicate an animal of the same size as the type of Brithopus,
it would be evident that the incisor teeth were of larger size in
proportion to the limb-bones than in T%tanosuchus.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Prater LIV.
Associated vertebrxe of a Theriodont from the Karoo system
of the Cape Colony, # nat. size.
Fig. 1. Right lateral aspect of two dorsal vertebree.
2. Reversed view of the left side of an imperfect neural arch of a dorsal
vertebra.
3. Anterior aspect of an imperfect lumbar vertebra.
pr.z, prezygapophysis ; pt.z, postzygapophysis; ¢.p, transverse process ;
rv, facet for capitulum of rib.
Priate LY.
Fig. 1, Dorsal aspect of the restored right scapula of a Theriodont from the
Karoo system of the Cape. 4. @, acromial process; ), supra-acromial
process; g/, glenoidal surface.
2. Dorsal aspect of the imperfect right sean of Ptychosiagum
orientale from the Panchet beds of the Gondwana system of India.
1, Letters as in fig. 1.
3. Palmar aspect of the restored left humerus belonging to the same
individual as the scapula represented in fig. 1. 4. ent.f, entepi-
condylar foramen; 7.c, radial condyle.
4, Palmar aspect of the distal portion of the left humerus of Brithopus
priscus, from the Permian of Russia. 3. ect.f, ectepicondylar
foramen ; other letters as in fig. 3.
4. Descriptions of thirteen new Species of Land-Shells, with
a Note on Bulimus fulminans. By G. B. Sowsrsy,
Paris. F.A.8.
[Received October 3, 1889.]
(Plate LVI.)
1. Hexrx (GeoTRocnus) HORDERI, n.sp. (Plate LVI. fig. 1.)
H. testa anguste perforata, elata, conica, solidiuscula, oblique
sublilissime striata, citrina ; spira elata, apice acuta ; anfractus
6, convewiusculi, ultimus leviter inflatus, ad peripheriam obsolete
angulatus, basi convexus; apertura lata, obliqua; peristoma
late expansum et reflecum, columellari intus tubercula parva
dentiformi munito, extus dilatato, complanato.
Alt. 35, maj. diam. 30 mill.
Hab. Nova Guinea.
A fine yellow trochiform species presenting a character quite
unusual in the “‘ Geotrochus”’ section, namely, a tooth-like nodule
on the inside of the columellar lip.
578 MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW [ Nov. 19,
2. Hexrx (Corasta) wooprorpt, n. sp. (Plate LVI. fig. 6.)
H. testa imperforata, subconica, tenuis, pellucida, lutescente alba,
irregulariter malleata, oblique striata ; spira breviter conica,
obtusiuscula ; anfractus 4, rapide accrescentes, converiusculi,
ultimus inflatus, ad peripheriam acute carinatus, linea carinali
opaca alba; apertura ampla, obliqua; peristoma tenuiter
reflecum, rubrum.
Alt. 15, diam. 19 mill.
Hab. Guadalcanar, Inss. Salomonis.
A pretty, delicate, transparent shell, allied to H. dactifora, but
of a lighter substance and sinaller size, characterized by a somewhat
prominent white keel and a thin pink lip. Specimens of this species
were collected by Mr. Woodford in the above-mentioned locality, and
presented to the National Museum.
3. TROCHOMORPHA GODETI, n. sp. (Plate LVI. fig. 10.)
T. testa late et profunde umbilicata, depressa, tenuiuscula, oblique
striata, fulvo-cornea, fasciis castaneis angustis 2, ad peripheriam
ornata; spira levissime elevata ; sutura impressa, carinata ;
anfractus 53, convewiusculi, ultimus non descendens, haud
carinatus ; umbilicus 4 diametri equans; apertura obliqua,
subovalis ; peristoma paulo reflexum.
Diam. 19, alt. 9 mill.
Hab. Guadalcanar, luss. Salomonis (Woodford).
4. BuLIMUS SUPERSTRIATUS, n. sp. (Plate LVI. fig. 9.)
B. testa imperforata, ovato-conica, solidiuscula, nitida, longi-
tudinaliter rugata, spiraliter striata, castanea, nigro-fusco
obscure flammulata et maculata; spira conica, apice acutius-
cula; anfractus 5, convexiusculi, ad suturam crenulati, ultimus
spiram superans, striis numerosis spiralibus incisis, basin versus
evanidis sculptus ; apertura ovalis, intus c@ruleo-purpurea ;
peristoma vix incrassatum, luteum.
Long. 54, diam. 29 mill.
Hab. Yquitos, Peruviz.
Resembling B. taylorianus (Reeve), but spirally sculptured, thus
presenting a character quite unusual in the genus and unknown
among the species of this group.
5. BuLimus SALTERI, n. sp. (Plate LVI. fig. 4.)
B. testa imperforata, ovato-oblonga, solidiuscula, longitudinaliter
irregulariter striata, rugose malleata, fulva, hic illic nigro-
fusco sparsim radiata, maculis fuscis irregularibus conspersa ;
spira elongata, apice obtusa, sutura irregulariter subcrenulata ;
anfractus 6, convexiusculi, supremi minute granulosi, ultimus
spiram superans, oblongus, leviter inflatus; apertura ovato-
oblonga, intus dilute purpurascens, fusco-purpureo late limbata ;
peristoma viv incrassatum, haud reflecum, columella rectiuscula,
Long. 70, maj. diam. 33° mill.
1889. ] SPECIES OF LAND-SHELLS. 579
Var. y. Haud malleata, fusco sparsim radiata, sed non maculata ;
striis conspicuis, rugosis.
Long. 86, maj. diam. 44 mill.
Hab. Catamarca, Andes Peruviz.
The typical shell has a peculiarly malleated surface, and the
indentations are rendered conspicuous by the brown markings. The
variety, wanting these characters, presents so different an appearance
that it might be taken for a distinct species. There is, however, but
little difference in the form, the colouring of the mouth is the same,
the brown rays also are similar in colour and disposition. The
longitudinal strize are closer and more regular, taking the place of
the irregular indentations characteristic of the typical form.
The two shells form part of the collection of Mr. S. J. Da Costa,
and there is a specimen of each variety in the National Collection at
South Kensington.
6. ACHATINA BARRIANA, n. sp. (Plate LVI. fig. 2.)
A. testa ovato-conica, tenuis, cornea, maculis parvis fuscis ad
suturam et ad peripheriam teniata, maculis parvis albidis hic
illic floceata ; spira conica, apice obtusa ; anfr. 6, converiuscult,
supremi leves, sequentes confertissime lirati, liris rugosis,
ultimus spiram superans, inflatus ; apertura ampla, vix obliqua ;
peristoma simplex, tenue ; columella leviter inflera, oblique
truncata.
Long. 43, diam. 23 ; apert. longa 24, lata 14 mill.
Hab. Calabar, Africa?
A light shell of elegant form, sculptured with very fine close
corrugated ridges. The body-whor! is sprinkled with small white
flake-like spots.
I have only seen two specimens of this species ; they were found
in company with Perideris auripigmentum, and are probably from
the same locality.
7. ACHATINA SMITHI, n. sp. (Plate LVI. fig. 3.)
A. testa ovato-turrita, tenuis, pellucida, cornea, nitida, strigis
longitudinalibus numerosis undulatis pallidis picta; spira
elatiuscula, turrita, apice obtusa ; anfractus 6, convezi, spiraliter
minutissime sed densissime striati, sutura impressa, haud crenu-
lata; anfr. ultimus spiram paulo superans, leviter influtus ;
apertura verticalis, sinuato-ovalis ; peristoma simplex; colu-
mella recta, oblique truncata.
Long. 30, diam. 15; apert. longa 14, lata 7 mill.
Hab. Calabar, Africa?
A delicate pellucid species; a true Achutina, but approaching in
form and texture some of the species of Glandina. The longitudinal
streaks are faint, but numerous and pretty regular; the spiral striz
seen through a lens are exceedingly fine and close.
Of this species I have only seen a single specimen ; its habitat is
uncertain, but it is probably from the same locality as 4. barriana.
580 MR. G. B. SOWERBY ON NEW [Nov. 19,
8. ACHATINA LINTER#, n. sp. (Plate LVI. fig. 11.)
A. testa ovata, tenuis, nitens, alba, epidermide fulva induta, maculis
conspicuis fuscis unifasciatim dispositis supra medium picta ;
spira conica, apice obtusa; sutura impressa, subcrenulata ;
anfractus 7, canvexiusculi, grano-plicati ; anfr. ultimus inflatus,
supra obsolete grano-plicatus, deinde levigatus ; apertura verti-
calis, subovata, fauce albida ceruleo limbata; columella fere
recta, dilute cerulescens ; peristoma simplex, tenue, fusca.
Long. 85, diam. 47 mill.
Hab. Port Elizabeth.
A very handsome species, of which the type (at present unique)
is in Miss Linter’s collection. It is distinguished from its congeners
chiefly by a conspicuous row of brown blotches a little removed from
the suture.
9. Butimus (Butiminus?) Gomezti,n.sp. (Plate LVI. fig. 8.)
B. testa anguste perforata, oblongo-conica, solidiuscula, polita,
griseo-albida, flaveo-tincta, seriebus 2-3 macularum fuscarum
cincta, nigro promiscue punctata, basi lineis 2 nigris ornata ;
spira elato-conica, apice acuta, nigra; anfractus 7, leviter
conveaxi, leves; anfr. ultimus spiram fere equans, subventri-
cosus ; apertura subovata, fauce nigro-fusca ; peristoma acutum,
album, marginibus callo tenuissimo junctis, margine columellart
supra tenuiter dilatato, perforationem semi-occultante, fusco.
Long. 21, lat. 13 mill.
Hab. Usagara, Africee meridionalis.
A pretty species, somewhat allied to B. venustus (Morelet) ;
rather solid, with a polished surface; greyish white, tinged with
pale yellow near the suture, painted with rows of brown spots, a
promiscuous scattering of black dots, and two blackish lines towards
the base; the apex is black and the interior very dark brown.
Several specimens, somewhat varying in the disposition of the spots,
but with the same general characteristics, are in the collection of
Mr. 8. J. Da Costa.
10. Butimus (BULIMINUS?) HANNINGTONI, n. sp. (Plate LVI.
fig. 7.)
B. testa anguste rimata, pyramidal turrita, fusca, nitens, tenuis,
longitudinaliter obsolete et irregulariter striata ; spira elongato-
conica, acuta; anfractus 10, convexiuscult ; sutura impressa,
anfractus ultimus 3 longitudinis equans, paulo inflatus ;
apertura fere verticalis, ovata; peristoma simplex, acutum,
marginibus callo tenuissimo junctis, margine columellari supra
dilatato, perforationem occultante.
Long. 16, diam. 63 mill.
Hab. Usagara, Afric meridionalis.
A small, horny species of the form of a Stenogyra, with a very
acute spire. The type is in the collection of Mr. S. J. Da Costa.
1889. ] SPECIES OF LAND-SHELLS. 581
11. Lepropoma wooprorpr!, n. sp. (Plate LVI. fig. 13.)
L. testa profunde umbilicata, globoso-conica, tenuis, pellucida,
albida, spiraliter lirata, oblique striata, ad peripherium
carinata ; spira conica, parum elevata, acutiuscula ; anfractus
5, convexi, rotundati; anfr. ultimus inflatus, infra levigatus,
convexus ; apertura ampla, subcircularis ; peristoma tenue, ex-
pansum, margine columellari angusto, extus angulato.
Diam, 21, alt. 18 mill.
Hab. Guadalcanar, Ins. Salomonis.
A whitish, pellucid, spirally ridged species with rather a large,
nearly circular mouth and thinly expanded lip. The columellar
margin is narrow, with an angle on the outside. One of the
specimens in the National Collection is 23 millim. in diameter,
while another adult specimen does not exceed 15 millim.
12. CycCLOSTOMA HANNINGTONI, n. sp. (Plate LVI. fig. 14.)
C. testa umbilicata, globoso-conica, solidiuscula, undique spiraliter
multilirata, striis incrementi decussata, sordide albida, griseo-
radiata, fusco bifasciata ; spira breviter conica, apice rufo-fusca,
acutiuscula ; anfractus 5, convevi, rotundati, ad suturam minu-
tissime crenulati; anfr. ultimus brevis, basi rotundatus ; apertura
leviter obliqua, subcircularis, fauce fusca; peristoma tenue,
leviter expansum, crenulatum, album.
Diam. 24, alt. 23 mill.
Hab. Africa zquatorialis.
This species is allied to C. insulare (Pfr.), but it is considerably
larger than any specimen I have seen of that species, the body-
whorl! is larger in proportion to the spire, and the spiral ridges are
sharper and more prominent. The specimen, at present unique, is
in the collection of Mr. 8. J. Da Costa.
13. Butimus (MesemBrinus?) BowKERI, n. sp. (Plate LVI.
fig. 5.)
B. testa subrimata, ovato-conica, tenuiuscula, longitudinaliter
rugoso-striata, sulcis transversis irregularibus plus minusve
cancellata, dilute purpurea, versus apicem fusca; spira elato-
conica, apice obtusiuscula ; sutura impressa, vir crenulata ; an-
Sractus 5, leviter convexi ; anfr. ultimus spiram paulo superans,
leviter inflatus, obliquiusculus, basi rotundatus, viv attenuatus ;
apertura obliqua, ovalis, intus aureo-fusca ; peristoma simplex,
rectum, margine dextro arcuato, albo ; columellari fusco, superne
tenuiter effuso.
Long. 20, maj. diam. 11 mill.
Hab. Somerset (East), Cape Colony. Forest about 3000 feet
above sea-level (Col. Bowker).
A species having very much the form and appearance of a Succinea.
Several specimens presented to the National Collection by Colonel
Bowker present but little variation in form and colour, but in some
specimens the spiral grooves are much more marked than in others ;
in one or two they are almost confined to the penultimate and
antepenultimate whorls.
582 ON NEW SPECIES OF LAND-SHELLS. [Nov. 19,
Note on BULIMUS FULMINANS.
Specimens of a supposed new species of Bulimus from Mount
Roraima, Brit. Guiana, having recently been presented by Miss
Linter to the Natural History Museum, South Kensington, I was
asked to give my opinion upon it, and to describe it if new. Com-
paring it with B. fulminans (Nyst), B. blainvilleanus (Pfr.), and
B. loveni (Pfr.), it seemed pretty evident that if these could be
properly considered as three species, the Mount Roraima one must
constitute a fourth. Upon careful comparison, however, of the
different forms I have come to the conclusion that they are simply
geographical forms or varieties of one species. Though differing in
size and form, all agree in the essential characters peculiar to the
species, namely the close, regular, longitudinal striation of the upper
whorls, followed upon the body-whorl by a curious rough malleation
having an oblique tendency opposite to that of the striz. The only
noticeable variation is in the relative proportions of these characters ;
the regular striation in some specimens being confined to the upper
whorls, and in others covering part of the body-whorl. We have
then :—
BuLimus FULMINANS (Nyst).
Typical form. Spire conical, rather produced ; outer lip con-
siderably thickened ; longitudinal waved dark brown lines, rather
couspicuous upon the lightish brown colour of the shell. The
Museum specimens are from the Grota de Guacharos, near Caripe,
Colombia.
Var. dlainvilleana (Bulimus blainvilleanus, Pfr.). Rather larger
than type, of lighter substance, shorter spire, more inflated body-
whorl, darker colour with waved or zigzag markings obscure.
Hab. Taji, Prov. of Merida, Venezuela.
Var. loveni (Bulimus loveni, Pfr.). Smaller than type, of very
thin substance, lightish colour, with zigzag markings conspicuous.
Hab. Venezuela.
Var. lintere (Sowerby), Plate LVI. fig. 12. Smaller than type,
about the size of var. loveni, than which it is more solid, with a
more produced spire and narrower body-whorl. The zigzag markings
are only faintly visible in some specimens.
Hab. Mount Roraima, British Guiana.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVI.
. Helix ( Geotrochus) horderi, p. 577.
. Achatina barriana, p. 579.
smithi, p. 579.
. Bulimus salteri, p. 578.
(Mesembrinus?) bowkeri, p. 581.
Helix (Corasia) woodfordi, p. 578.
. Bulimus (Buliminus?) hanningtoni, p. 580.
(-—) gomezi, p. 580.
superstriatus, p. 578.
10. Trochomorpha godeti, p. 578.
ll. Achatina lintere, p. 580.
12. Bulimus fulminans, var. lintere, p. 582.
13. Leptopoma woodfordi, p. 581.
14. Cyclostoma hanningtoni, p. 581,
Fig.
SO OTT SUR 8 bo
intern Bros . imp
™
— 4
EAM
= S A i
‘S
TA
B OSs | es
rl
AURELIA AU
1889.] ON THE ATTACHMENT OF EMBRYOS IN AURELIA. 583
5. Note on the Mode of Attachment of the Embryos to the
Oral Arms of Aurelia aurita. By Epwarp A. Mincuin,
Keble College, Oxford.
[Received October 31, 1889.]
(Plates LVII. & LVIII.)
Some little while ago, when engaged in dissecting a series of
Aurelia aurita in the Morphological Laboratory at Oxford, I noticed
that a great number of the specimens supplied had the oral arms
covered with little knobs or swellings, which, though varying greatly
in size in different specimens, were always, when present, quite
visible to the naked eye. I was unable at the time to obtain any
information as to the meaning of these appearances, and therefore
proceeded to investigate them by cutting sections of the arms. I
then found that the knobs were really little stalked capsules or
pouches containing embryos of Aurelia, formed as evaginations of
the wall of the groove running down the arm, and with their lumen
communicating with that of the groove through the more or less
narrowed stalk. This is readily seen from the annexed figures.
Fig. 1, Plate LVIII., represents an oral arm covered with the
brood-capsules, drawn about three times natural size. Fig. 2,
Plate LVII., represents a transverse section of an oral arm which
bore no brood-capsuies, in order to show the structure of the arms
—namely, ectoderm (ect.) externally, endoderm (end.) lining the
lumen of the groove internally, and between the two mesogloea (mes.),
which is very thick at the bottom of the groove. The margins of
the groove are produced into numerous “ digitellee” (d.), finger-like
processes of the ectoderm, containing a core of mesogloea and thickly
covered with nematocysts. Fig. 3, Plate LVII., represents a trans-
verse section from an arm which bore very few, and comparatively
small, brood-capsules. Two capsules are seen on the left side of
the figure, one of which (a) is cut through its stalk, and the other (4)
a little to one side of it. Figs. 4 and 5, Plate LVII., represent in
outline two more sections from the same series through the brood-
capsules a and 4 of figure 3, in order to show the way in which a
becomes closed off from the groove (fig. 4) and 5 becomes bifid
(fig. 5). Fig. 6, Plate LVIII., represents one side of a transverse
section through an oral arm which bore numerous, and relatively very
large, brood-capsules. Four of the capsules appear in the section,
one of them (e) cut through the middle of its stalk, two others
(c and d) just to one side of their respective stalks, and a fourth
(/) so far from its stalk that it appears as if detached from the arm
altogether.
From these figures it is evident that the capsules are formed as
simple evaginations of the walls of the groove of the oral arm. They
are hence lined by endoderm internally and ectoderm externally,
with more or less mesogloea between the two. In the smaller
584 MR. E. A. MINCHIN ON THE ATTACHMENT _ [Nov. 19,
capsules, such as are represented in figures 3, 4, and 5, the walls
are relatively thick, containing a great deal of mesoglcea, and the
capsules themselves open by a comparatively wide opening into the
lumen of the groove. In the larger capsules, on the other hand
(figure 6), the mesogloea is scarcely visible, appearing as if squeezed
out by the pressure of the numerous embryos contained in the
capsules, and their openings are much narrowed. They always
contain embryos in all stages of development, from segmenting ova to
fully-formed planulz. In the series of sections from which figures 3,
4, and 5 were drawn, several ova were found of only four or eight
segments. In addition to the embryos contained in the brood-
capsules, a great number are always to be found free in the bottom
of the groove or lodged in the foldings of its margin.
My excuse for publishing these details is that after I had made
out the structure of the pouches from my sections, I consulted the
numerous works on the anatomy and embryology of durelia, and
found the brood-capsules quite erroneously described by Claus and
Agassiz ; while in other writers I have found no mention of them
at all.
Claus (‘ Untersuchungen tiber die Organisation und Entwicklung
der Medusen,’ Prag, 1883) writes :—‘‘ The ova pass from the ovary
into the gastric cavity and through the mouth between the apposed
surfaces of the arms, where, surrounded by a slimy excretory
product of the endoderm (von einer schleimigen Absonderungs-
masse des Entoderms umbiillt), they run through their embryonic
development up to the swarming planula, as if in a brood-cavity.” I
find this account to be incorrect, as far as my specimens go.
Agassiz (‘Contributions to the Natural History of the United
States,’ vol. iv.) states (pp. 14 and 15) that the embryos of Aurelia
flavidula leave the ovary as small ciliated larve, either globular or
oval in shape, and with distinct inner and outer walls’; in this
condition they reach the pouches. In another passage (p. 58) he
says :—‘‘ The ovaries .... discharge their eggs into the cavity above
that floor [7.e. of the genital sacs], from which they have no other
escape than through the channels leading into the main cavity of
the body, from which they pass along the medial canals of the
arms into the pouches formed by the foldings of their margin’,
where they undergo their first development.” In figure 9 of his
plate viii. he represents some of the pouches containing “eggs and
planule.” Speaking of Cyanea, he says :—‘‘ The eggs of Cyanea
are able to lodge between the plications of the inner surface of the
actinostome, though not provided with special pouches as in Aurelia.”
Thus Agassiz clearly recognized the fact that the embryos of Aurelia
are carried in special pouches; but he wrongly describes their
formation as foldings of the margin of the arm; and, moreover, he
states that the embryos do not reach them till they have attained
the planula condition. If this is the case in Aurelia flavidula, it
certainly is not so in A. aurita. I have succeeded in finding in the
pouches embryos in all the stages described and figured by Claus
1 The italics are not Agassiz’s.
1889.] OF THE EMBRYOS IN AURELIA. 585
(loc. cit.), from segmenting ova to the fully formed planule or
**clistogastrulee.”
Other Medusz belonging to the Acraspeda carry their ova about
during the first stages of development. Von Lendenfeld states (Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, vol. ix.) that in Pseudorhiza “the embryos
are carried about in pouches suspended in great number from the
radia) canals which run centripetally from the ring-canal. They
remain there till they are fit to turn into young Scyphistomes.” In
Stylorhiza (Phyllorhiza) punctata, he says (loc. cit.), “the young
embryos adhere to the mother’s filaments until they have nearly
attained the Scyphistoma stage.’ The same author describes
(‘ Zeitschrift fiir wiss. Zoologie,’ 1888, p. 301) in Cyanea anaskala
and Phyllorhiza punctata a peculiar arrangement of filaments on
the underside of the arms, by which the embryos appear to be
nourished.
P.S., Dec. 9, 1889.—Since writing this article my attention has
been directed to Ehrenberg’s paper, ‘‘ Ueber die Akalephen des rothen
Meeres und den Organismus der Medusen der Ostsee” (Phys. Abhandl.
Akad. Berlin, 1835). Ehrenberg gives a rough figure of Aurelia
aurita showing a magnified external view of the pouches and their
contained embryos (Taf. viii. fig. 1, and Taf. iii. fig. 1); and states
(p. 197), first, that the brood-pouches are either formed by the
pressure of the “ Kugeln”’ (z. e. ova and embryos) which collect in
the groove of the arms, or else are preformed by the mother for
their reception ; secondly, that the pouches increase in size as more
embryos crowd in; and thirdly, that when the embryos quit the
pouches the latter collapse and disappear.
EXPLANATION OF PLATES LVII. & LVIII.
In all the figures ect denotes the ectoderm; mes, the mesoglea; end, the
endoderm ; d, digitellw; and the letter G is placed in the lumen of the groove
of the arms.
Fig. 1. An oral arm of Aurelia aurita, covered with the little pouches con-
taining embryos. ‘The letter m is placed in the cavity of the mouth,
2. A transverse section of an oral arm which was entirely without brood-
pouches. The numerous plications are due to the arm haying been
crumpled while preserved in spirit.
3. A transverse section of an arm which had few and somewhat small
pouches. @ and 4, two of the pouches containing embryos.
4&5. Two more sections through the pouches lettered @ and 6 in the
last figure. F
6. A transverse section through an arm which had numerous and very
large brood-pouches. Only one side of the section is drawn. ¢, d, e,
and f, four pouches, each containing a great number of embryos,
those in c, d, and f being only represented in outline.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XXXIX. 39
586 MR. P. L. SCLATER ON CHAUNA CHAVARIA. [ Dee. 3,
December 3, 1889.
Prof. Flower, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the
Society’s Menagerie during the month of November 1889 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena-
gerie during the month of November was 83, of which 30 were by
presentation, 3 by birth, 38 by purchase, 5 by exchange, and 7 were
received on deposit. The total number of departures during the
same period, by death and removals, was 86.
The following extract was read from a letter received by the
Secretary from the Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S., dated Cape
Town, Sept. 24, 1889 :—
“From time to time I have read with interest that which has
appeared in the Society’s ‘ Proceedings’ concerning Bipalium
kewense’. Last year I found about my place at Rondebosch
several specimens apparently of this creature, some of which I
gave to the Museum. This winter I have found other specimens,
some of which were very fine ones. I placed ina glass jar some
earth and living moss and added water. In this I have, during the
last six months, kept my specimens of Bipalium. I have covered
the top of the jar with fine wire gauze, and placed it on the floor
in a dark corner of a room under the folds of a window curtain.
Some of the large specimens of Bipalium have disappeared, but
I find that there are in the jar several young ones in a healthy
state, which glide over the sides of the jar, where I see them
during the very early hours of the morning. Those which I
placed in the jar have either bred or multiplied by division.”
Mr. Henry Seebohm, F.Z.S., exhibited a small collection of
Birds selected from a series obtained during the present year by
Mr. Holst on the Bonin Islands. Amongst them were specimens of
the following species :-—
Hapalopteron familiare.
Fringilla kittlitzi, sp. nov.
Cettia diphone.
Hypsipetes squamiceps.
Carpophaga versicolor.
Cstrelata hypoleuca.
Nycticorax crassirostris.
Mr. Seebohm also exhibited a pair of Merula celenops from
Fatsirio Island.
Mr. Sclater exhibited a specimen of the egg of the Crested
Screamer (Chauna chavaria), from the collection of Mr. J. J.
1 See P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 166; 1887, p. 548; 1889, p. 5.
87
or
1889.] ON THE ANATOMY OF PICARIAN BIRDS.
Dalgleish, and pointed out its resemblance to that of the Geese
(Anser). The egg was one of a clutch of four taken in October,
1873, by Mr. E. Gibson (as described, ‘ Ibis,’ 1880, p. 166) near
Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres.
The following papers were read :-—
1. Contributions to the Anatomy of Picarian Birds.—Part I.
On some Points in the Structure of the Hornbills. By
Frank E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S.E., &e.
[Received October 5, 1889.]
Under the above heading I propose to offer to the Society a series
of notes upon the structure of Picarian birds which may form a
parallel series to the valuable communications upon Passerine birds
by Prof. Garrod and Mr. Forbes published in the ‘ Proceedings’ of
this Society. ;
The anatomy of the soft parts of the Hornbills has not been
much studied, excepting as regards those points which were made
use of by Garrod in his scheme of Bird-Classification ; further
details are, however, to be found in Gadow’s work upon Birds’,
and in Max Fiirbringer’s recently published monograph upon the
shoulder-girdle and muscles of Birds *.
Visceral Anatomy.
The Jiver-lobes present some differences in different Hornbills.
Commencing with Bucorvus abyssinicus, in which the right lobe
is larger than the left, the series terminates with Buceros coronatus,
in which the left lobe is larger than the right. The following table
shows the relations of the liver-lobes in such Hornbills as have been
examined *.
Bucorvus abyssinicus. R>L.
Aceros nipalensis. R>L.
Buceros bicornis. R>L.
Sphagolobus atratus. R>L.
Bycanistes subcylindricus. R>L.
Buceros plicatus. R=L.
Buceros rhinoceros. eerie
Buceros coronatus. R<i.
I have noticed a peculiarity in several species of Hornbills which
is not found in all other birds. In all birds the two lobes of the
liver are completely separated from each other by the umbilical
ligament, which bears the umbilical vein (this appeared to be
particularly large and well developed in all Hornbills which have
4 Bronn’s ‘ Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs,’ Bd. vi.
2 «Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vogel.’
3 The greater part of these observations are to be found in MS. notes of
Garrod and Forbes.
39*
588 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [Dee. 3,
been dissected by me) ; and in addition one liver-lobe—the right—is
commonly separated from the abdomen by a thin membranous
septum. In Hornbills both lobes of the liver are thus shut off; I
have figured this condition in Bucorvus abyssinicus* ; it is exactly
the same in one or two other species which I have subsequently
studied. This condition is, so far as my experience goes, rare in
birds ; since, however, I propose later to bring forward some facts
relative to: the arrangement of the viscera and the partition of the
ccelom in birds, I only dwell upon this character now as tending to
separate the Bucerotide from most of their allies.
Syring.
Aceros nipalensis.—The last rings of the trachea are fused
together to form a solid box, at the sides of which, however, the
individual rings are recognizable. In front the last three rings are
thus fused, but behind two additional rings fuse with the others to
form a wide and deep bony plate. The tracheal rings lying in front
of these five show the dovetailing arrangement which is so often found
in the tracheal rings. The pessulus is well developed and bony, but
owing to the complete fusion of the tracheal rings both posteriorly
and anteriorly it is impossible to say from which rings it is de-
veloped.
The intrinsic muscles of the syrinx are attached near to the
boundary-line between the last and the penultimate tracheal rings.
The bronchial semirings are cartilaginous, and there is a consider-
able interval between the first of these and the last tracheal ring.
Bucorvus abyssinicus.—The syrinx of this Hornbill (fig. 1, p. 589)
differs in many particulars from the last. The tracheal rings are not
ossified, and there is no box formed by their fusion. Only posteriorly
are the penultimate ring and the two in front of this fused just at the
origin of the pessulus; anteriorly the pessulus is fused with the
antepenultimate tracheal ring, which forms with it a three-way
piece; the last two tracheal rings do not meet in front. The
slender syringeal muscles are attached to the anterior margin of
the last tracheal ring.
The peculiar shaped tracheal rings are hardly recognizable until
about the 14th from the end.
Buceros rhinoceros (fig. 2, p. 589) has a syrinx which is not very
different from that of Aceros. The same rings are fused to form
an ossified box; but the fusion between the several rings is hardly
so extensive as in Aceros; furthermore the syringeal muscles are
attached to the posterior border of the last tracheal ring.
In Sphagolobus atratus there is very little fusion between any of
the last tracheal rings ; the last three rings, which alone show any
signs of ossification, are fused for a very short space anteriorly ;
posteriorly there is no fusion at all, and the pessulus can be plainly
1 “Notes on the Visceral Anatomy of Birds.—I. On the so-called Omentum,”
P. Z. 8. 1885, p. 842, woodcut, fig. 2, L.
1889.] ANATOMY OF PICARIAN BIRDS. 589
seen to be connected with the antepenultimate ring. Although the
last tracheal rings are not fused, they are very closely applied together
and no membranous interspaces are left.
Syrinx of Buceros rhinoceros, Front view.
Ceratogymna elata, which is, like the last, a comparatively small
species, has a very similar syrinx; indeed I can find no differences
sufficiently tangible to be described.
590 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [ Dec. 3,
Buceros lunatus and B. bicornis, which are both large species,
hardly present any differences from B. rhinoceros.
Bycanistes subcylindricus has a syrinx which, although of about
the same size as that of Ceratogymna elata, shows certain differences
which are worth putting on record. In the first place, the syrinx
is much compressed from side to side at the level of the last tracheal
ring ; in the second place, the last tracheal ring is very much more
arched than usual; it forms indeed almost a complete semicircle.
The intrinsic muscle of the syrinx in this, as in the other smaller
Hornbills, is very much larger relatively than in the larger species.
Anthraceros malayanus, again, is a little different from all the types
hitherto described. The last tracheal rings are but little fused
posteriorly, only the penultimate and antepenultimate rings are so
fused, so that it is impossible to be certain as to the origin of the
pessulus. The intrinsic muscles are slender.
Toccus presents certain peculiarities which I have not yet observed
in any other Hornbills; the trachea has two pairs of extrinsic
muscles given off about 3 an inch apart. This condition seems to
me to be so remarkable that I have preserved the specimen which
shows it, though unfortunately the insertions of the anterior pair of
muscles are lost and I have no recollection of where the point of
insertion was. The intrinsic muscles are relatively small. There
appears to be no fusion between any of the tracheal rings.
Myology.
The arrangement of the semitendinosus and adductor in Aceros
nipalensis, which is somewhat complex, will be understood from the
accompanying drawing (woodcut, fig. 3, p. 591).
The semitendinosus (St) is inserted on to the tibia by a long
thin flat tendon; another tendon joining the first just where it
passes into the muscle is attached to the gastrocnemius.
The accessory semitendinosus is in two parts: the larger half
(Ast) is attached to the semitendinosus just behind the origin of
the tendon of insertion of the latter; the second half appears
to arise from the tendon which connects the semitendinosus with
the gastrocnemius, it passes up towards the thigh, and just in front
of its (tendinous) insertion on to the femur it receives a tendon
from the adductor. This latter muscle (the adductor longus) is
inserted by three tendons:—(1) to the femur; (2) asmall tendon
which has already been described as joining the second half of the
accessory tendinosus; and (3) near to the origin of one of the internal
heads of the gastrocnemius ; to this tendon is also attached the
inner head of the gastrocnemius.
The corresponding muscles’ of Bucorvus abyssinicus are rather
simpler than in Aceros nipalensis. The adductor longus is only
inserted at two places: first by a fleshy insertion along a considerable
length of the lower border of the femur; second by a tendon in
1 Gadow figures most of these muscles in Bronn’s ‘ Thierreichs,’ Aves, Bd. vi.
Abth. iv. Taf. xxiii. d. fig. 1.
1889. | ANATOMY OF PICARIAN BIRDS. 591
common with the innermost head of the gastrocnemius. The semi-
tendinosus is attached by a thin tendon to the tibia as in Aceros and
by a short tendon, also as in that species, to the gastrocnemius. The
accessory semitendinosus arises chiefly from this latter tendon, but
there is no division between this part of the muscle and that which
takes its origin from the fleshy part of the semitendinosus.
Leg-muscles of Aceros nipalensis.
add, Adductor longus; Ast, accessory semitendinosus; S¢, semitendinosus ;
gast, gastrocnemius ; Sm, semimembranosus,
In Buceros atratus there is again some little difference from both
the types already described, although the resemblances are on the
whole closer to Aceros.
The adductor longus is attached by two tendinous heads; the
upper one of these, as in Aceros, is attached to the lower border of
the femur; this corresponds to the fleshy insertion of the muscle in
Bucorvus ; the lower tendon is fused on its way with the inner head
of the gastrocnemius, which is continued upwards and reaches the
femur, and then bifurcates into two tendons of insertion. The
relations of the semitendinosus and of the accessory semitendinosus
are as in Aceros nipalensis.
In Toccus these muscles are much the same as in Buceros.
In Ceratogymna elata I find a closer resemblance to Aceros than
to any other of the genera mentioned in this paper, but there is an
592 MR. F, E. BEDDARD ON THE [ Dec. 3,
agreement with Bucorvus in the fleshy insertion of the adductor
longus on to the lower border of the femur. The accessory semiten-
dinosus is distinctly double as in Aceros and is attached by a short
tendon to the adductor, though the direction of this tendon is some-
what different to what is found in Aceros.
The patagial muscles of Bucorvus (fig. 4) are particularly interesting ;
as in other Hornbills, the tendon of each just at its commencement
is reinforced by a tendinous slip derived from the pectoralis primus ;
in Bucorvus there is in addition a tendinous slip from the biceps.
Patagial muscles of Bucorvus abyssinicus.
H, Humerus; Bi, Biceps; ¢.p, b.r, tendon of tensor patagii brevis ; a’, tendi-
nous slip to pectoralis primus; Bs, junction of this with a tendinous slip
to biceps; a, tendinous slip which unites tendon of tensor patagu longus
with pectoralis.
The fact that this slip is attached not to the tensor longus but to the
tensor brevis does not in my opinion invalidate its homology with
the so-called “biceps slip’’ of other birds. Bucorvus is moreover
not the only ‘‘ Anomalogonatous” bird with a biceps slip; these
structures I have found in Colius as a well-developed fleshy muscle
united to the tendon of the ¢ensor longus ; but its description by
Prof. Fiirbringer * has anticipated the novelty of the present remarks.
? Untersuchungen zur Morph. u. System. der Vogel, &e. vol. i. p. 529.
1889. | ANATOMY OF PICARIAN BIRDS, 593
Bucorvus possesses a femoral caudal muscle, which was stated
by Garrod to be absent*, but is described and figured by Gadow *.
In Aceros the head of the anconeus is single; it is double in
Bucorvus and Buceros.
I do not attempt in the present paper to discuss in detail the
affinities of the Hornbills to other Picarian birds, as material hardly
exists at present for comparison. The only birds to which they
might be supposed to be allied, and to which they show a particular
resemblance in any well-marked character, are the Colies and Capri-
mulgide ; the presence of the ligament uniting the biceps to the
tensor patagii in Bucorvus is no doubt the representative of the
muscular slip existing in the former groups. With regard to the
Caprimulgide, these birds probably, in spite of the resemblance noted
above, would not be regarded by many ornithologists as coming
anywhere near the Hornbills. I may remark, however, that Po-
dargus has the same great development of muscular fibres in the
horizontal septum attached to the gizzard that has been recorded
above in the Hornbills.
The main object of this paper is to endeavour to fix some of the
generic types, about the limits of which the most diverse opinions
have been held.
To mention a few of these: —Elliot, in his illustrated monograph? of
the Family, allows no less than 19 distinct genera ; Dubois * considers
that there are only four genera of Hornbills, while G. R. Gray ° only
admits two, Bucorvus and Buceros.
There can be no doubt whatever that Bucorvus forms a very
distinct type of Hornbills, even in its habits. Although it does
not differ from the other Bucerotidz in the absence of the femoro-
caudal muscle as Garrod believed it did, Bucorvus exhibits a larger
number of structural differences from other forms than any of
these do from each other. The peculiarities of the carotid arteries °,
the structure of the syrinx (see p. 588), and the presence of a ten-
dinous “biceps slip’’ mark out Bucorvus as far removed from other
Bucerotide. With regard to the other Horubills it is not so easy
to mark out a number of distinct genera.
The form of the syrinx in Bycanistes is peculiar, and, as far as
my observations go, restricted to this genus; but unfortunately I
am not in a position to add any other differential characters. It
will be remembered, however, that the species which constitute the
genus Bycanistes are African and do not extend into the Oriental
Region ; there is thus some further support given to the view that
1 Loe. cit. 2 Loe, cit.
3 A Monograph of the Bucerotid. London, 1877-82.
4 “Revue critique des Oiseaux de la Famille des Bucerotides,” Bull. Mus.
d’Hist. nat. de Belgique, t. iii. (1884-5), p. 187.
5 Hand-list, p. 127.
6 “ On a peculiarity in the Carotid Arteries, and other points in the Anatomy
of the Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus),” P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 60, and Coll.
Papers, p. 316. W. Ottley, “A Description of the Vessels of the Neck and
Head in the Ground Hornbill,” P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 461.
594 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [ Dec. 3,
this group of Hornbills may be regarded as a distinct generic type—
Bycanistes. JY am also inclined to think that Toceus is a distinct
genus; it may be that the African forms are really distinct from
the Asiatic ; but this is a matter that requires further study.
Col. Tickell* has separated Aceros and those Hornbills such as-
Toccus which are without casques from the other Indian Hornbills,
and has remarked that the two genera, which he terms Aceros and
Buceros respectively, have a different mode of flight.
Aceros, however, in my opinion should not be generically separated
from Buceros, the anatomical differences between the two genera
being so extremely slight.
Ceratogymna and Sphagolobus have a syrinx which differs in the
non-fusion of the last tracheal rings from the syrinx of Buceros and
particularly of Aceros, where the fusion between these rings is greater
than I have observed in any other Hornbill. But this peculiarity,
as also in the case of Toccus and Bycanistes, is correlated perhaps
with the small size of the birds.
2. On the Anatomy of Burmeister’s Cariama (Chunga
burmeisteri). By Franx E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S.E.,
Prosector to the Society.
[Received October 31, 1889.]
Introductory.
The specimen which forms the subject of the present paper was
acquired by the Society in 1887 and died in 1888, being the fifth
example” which the Society has obtained.
The bird itself was discovered only thirty years ago (in 1859)
by Dr. Burmeister, and was first described by Dr. Hartlaub* in the
‘Proceedings’ of this Society. This description is confined to the
external characters, and to an interesting account, from Dr. Bur-
meister’s notes, of the habits of the bird. It is considered by Hart-
laub to present differences of subgeneric value from Cariama cristata.
Reichenbach afterwards* placed it in a separate genus, a proceeding
which is approved of by Mr. Sclater®. A figure of the bird®
illustrates Mr. Sclater’s note which has just been referred to.
Later Dr. Burmeister? gave a somewhat fuller account of its
external characters, agreeing with Reichenbach in distinguishing it
generically.
Dr. Gadow has given® some account of the visceral anatomy of
1 Birds of India (MS.); this work is in the Society’s Library.
? Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1887, p. 319.
3 «On a new form of Grallatorial Bird nearly allied to the Cariama (Décho-
lophus cristatus),” P. Z. 8. 1860, pp. 335-6.
+ Die vollstandigste Naturgeschichte der Tauben, etc. p. 159.
> P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 666.
Loe. cit. pl. xxxvi.
Reise durch die La Plata-Staaten, Bd. ii. p. 506.
Journ. f. Ornith. Jahrg. xxiv. (1876) pp. 445-6.
aa om o
1889. ] ANATOMY OF BURMEISTER’S CARIAMA. 995
the two Seriemas; there appears, from what he says, to be no
difference between the two species, but his account is a very brief
one and confined to the principal characters ; so far as it goes my
own observations are quite confirmatory of Gadow’s paper. The bird
is regarded by Gadow as near to Ofis and Grus; this view is still
retained! by Dr. Gadow. ‘The osteology and visceral anatomy of
Cariama cristata have been worked out by Burmeister *. In the
course of the following remarks upon the osteology of Chunga,
which is compared with that of Cariama, I do not refer in detail to
Bermeister’s description of the bones; as te the visceral anatomy I
have not much to add to Burmeister’s description. Cariama is
regarded by Burmeister as forming with, Psophia a special group
closely allied to Cranes and more remotely to Otis and the Rails ;
the presumed affinities with Gypogeranus are quite superficial. Bur-
meister’s views of the affinities of the bird are based upon visceral
as well as osteological characters, and I propose later on to examine
this matter in connection with Psophia, the anatomy of which I am at
present studying. I do not enter in this paper into the affinities of
Chunga and Cariama; I merely attempt to differentiate the two
genera and to show that they are to be distinguished by well-marked
osteological characters, although in the visceral and muscular ana-
tomy they are very similar.
Osteology.
The skull of Chunga (fig. 1, p. 596) is decidedly narrower in the
orbital region than that of Cariama (ibid. fig. 2).
The lachrymal bones project further out from the skull; in Cariama
the distal region of each of these bones is bent sharply down and
comes to lie at right angles; in Chunga the corresponding bones are
only gently curved and therefore appear to have a relation to the
skull different from that of Cariama.
On the under surface of the skull several well-marked differences
between the two types are recognizable.
The palatines in Chunga have a nearly straight posterior margin,
which lies therefore in a direction nearly at right angles with the
lateral margins of the bone.
In Cariama the angle formed by the external lateral and the
posterior margins of the bones is greater; that is to say, the pos-
terior margin of the palatine bone does not coincide so nearly with
the direction of the transverse axis of the skull as it does in Chunga.
The mazillo-palatines of Chunga extend further forwards than in
Cariama and each narrows gradually towards its anterior extremity ;
in Cariama, on the contrary, these bones show a greater deficiency
in ossification anteriorly, and so come to be somewhat abruptly
1 « On the Taxonomic Value of the Intestinal Conyolutions in Birds,” P. Z. §.
1889, p. 3803.
2 “ Beitrige zur Naturgeschichte der Seriema,” Abh. nat. Ges. Halle, i. (1854)
p. 17.
596 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [ Dec. 3,
truncated. These bones are also less spongy and altogether more
solid in Chunga.
The number of vertebree and their distribution appear to be
identical in the two types.
The first rz, although still rudimentary, is much larger in Cariama,
Chunga burmeisteri. Skull, under Cariama cristata. Skull, under
surface. surface.
P, palatines; 0, supraorbital ridge. Lettering as in fig. 1.
and the 3rd to 5th and 6th ribs have strong hooked uncinate pro-
cesses ; the sternal rib of the 3rd rib (the first complete mb) is as
strong in proportion as are the following sternal portions. There is
no rudimentary rib behind the 7th (see fig. 4, p. 599). -
1889. | ANATOMY OF BURMEISTER’S CARIAMA. 597
In Chunga (fig. 3, pe 598) there are differences in all the points
just enumerated. The first rib is very rudimentary ; only ribs 4, 5,
and 6 (z. e. one less than in Cariama) are furnished with uncinate
processes, which are straight, directed upwards and backwards, and
not curved; the sternal half of the first complete rib is slender.
There is a rudimentary 8th rib on each side; on the left side of the
body it consists of a curved piece continuous below with the sternal
portion of the 7th rib; onthe right side a shorter piece lies along the
posterior border of the sternal half but not fused with it; there is
also a small rudiment of a vertebral rib attached to the transverse
process of the 8th dorsal vertebra.
The proportion between the length (from point to point) of the
lateral margin of the sternum and the length of the space occupied
by the attachment of the sternal ribs is :—
in Cariama, 2°4 : 1°35,
in Chunga, 2°5 : 1°15,
showing that in the latter genus the attachments of the ribs are more
crowded together than in the former; at the same time the first
sternal rib is attached much nearer to the anterior lateral process
of the sternum in Chunga than it is in Cariama. The sternal ros-
trum is more developed in the latter type, and there is a difference
in the shape of the sterna on a lateral view which will be more
easily appreciated by an inspection of the accompanying woodcuts
(figs. 3, 4) than by a description.
In the pelvis (see figs. 5, 6, pp. 600, 601) the chief differences
are, firstly, that the ilia extend rather further forwards in Cariama,
very nearly reaching the last rib but one; im Chunga the anterior
extremities of the ilia only just get beyond the seventh rib. Secondly,
the line of junction of the transverse processes of the lumbar ver-
tebree with the border of the first acetabular ilium forms a straight
line ; in Chunga the corresponding line is curved. The breadth of
the pelvis is greater in Chunga, the proportion between length and
breadth in the two types being as follows :—
Length
of pelvis. | Breadth.
in. 1n,
Chiunga .... 2:9) 1°6
Oariama.... 3°25 1°6
These measurements of breadth are taken from the extremities of
the post-trochanterie processes, which are well marked in both these
birds, but perhaps if anything rather more marked in Chunga.
If these measurements had been made between the antitrochanteric
processes, the contrast between the two types in the proportions
between length and breadth of the pelvis would have been greater
than is indicated in the above table; these processes are more
strongly developed and project further out in Chunga than they do
in Cartama,
598
MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE
INCHES
a
0
SCALE or L
[Dec. 3,
Ribs, sternum, and pelvis, seen from the side.
Chunga burmeisteri.
1889. ]
ANATOMY OF BURMEISTER’S CARIAMA.
CALS Oe a re eS I INCHES
a
99
Ribs, sternum, and pelvis, seen from the side.
Cariamea cristata.
600 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE [ Dec. 3,
Pterylosis, Myology, and Visceral Anatomy.
The pterylosis of Chunga does not differ in any points from that
of Cariama. The oil-gland was quite nude with a long duct.
Chunga burmeisteri. Pelvis, dorsal view.
Comparing the viscera generally with Burmeister’s description and
figures of Cariama, I do not find any points of difference between
the two.
1889.] ANATOMY OF BURMEISTER’S CARIAMA. 601
I may remark, however, that in Chunga’ there are considerable
traces of the right aortic arch in the shape of a fibrous band attached
to the aorta just in front of origin of the cceliac axis. This may
Fig. 6.
Cariama cristata. Pelvis, dorsal view.
perhaps be regarded as a point of resemblance with the Accipitres :
it is true that in other birds besides the Accipitres the ligament
1 T have not had an opportunity of finding out whether Cariama shows the
same structure.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XL. 40
602 MR. G. W. BUTLER ON THE [ Dec. 3,
corresponding to the right aortic arch is present ; but its presence is
found in so many Accipitres that it is highly characteristic of them.
I quote from MS. of Garrod the following measurements of the
various parts of the alimentary tract to show how close is the
resemblance between the two :—
Cariama. Chunga.
as in.
Small intestine .... 33 33
Large intestine.... 3 3°5
Czeca : 8°75 | Joe
sists! =, See oa 85
The expansor secundariorum is as in Chauna and Cariama.
There is no biceps slip to patagial tendon as in Cariama. The
anconeus has an accessory flat tendon attaching it to humerus.
The pectoral muscle arises from the whole of the sternum, which
is free from the origin of the second pectoral ; it also arises from
the aponeurosis of the second pectoral. It is partially divided by a
septum into two muscles.
The tensores patagii brevis and longus appear to form one muscle
at their origin ; this muscle receives a tendon from deltoid ridge of
humerus. The tendon of brevis is very large and flattened out, but
as it is accurately figured by Fiirbringer* I do not describe it more
fully. A drawing of Prof. Garrod’s shows that in Cariama the
tensor brevis tendon is similar, and he particularly states that there is
no biceps slip ; neither Fiirbringer nor myself have found a biceps
slip in Chunga.
The accessory femoro-caudal is present in Curiama, and it is stated
by Garrod in a MS. note to be missing in Chunga; however, I
found this muscle in the specimen dissected by me; it was thin and
slender, and became tendinous in the middle between its origin and
insertion.
The biceps brachii in Chunga is bifid at its insertion.
3. On the Relations of the Fat-bodies of the Sauropsida.
By Gerarp W. Bortzr, B.A. (Communicated by
Prof. G. B. Howss, F.L.S., F.Z.S.)
[Received November 26, 1889.]
(Plates LIX. & LX.)
ConTENTs. Page
Ee Entra cnory en cee) ee erated oke woe totace ree te de hc ce we(ays pe bare ame 603
II. On the Relations of the Fat-bodies of the Sauropsida, and on
certain points in the Anatomy of Monitors .................. 603
Tit: -Subperitoneal Hat of Mammals .220..00.605..sts<c.denteeseceeocnenes
IV. Some Remarks on the Function of the Subperitoneal Fat-bodies
Orbe SAUTO PSI S 2. <-> 2 ccacesesssanes- 2 seehewoanees ee ae ee 609
1 Untersuchungen z. Morph. u. Syst. Vogel, Taf. xx. fig. 9.
'
H
i
P
RX
Newman pnp.
g
:
cap)
:
®
ee)
0
Be
Ss
Cy etl
i)
oO
Oo
rs
w
py
5
3
i
rs)
_ GW.Butler del. ad nat.
el eee
i GW Butler del ad nat. West, Newmanimp
7 Fat bodies in the Sauropsida.
1889. ] FAT-BODIES OF THE SAUROPSIDA. 603
Page
V. On certain Subcutaneous Fat-deposits ...........cseeseeeeeeeeeee eee 609
VI. On the fatty “‘Spleen” of the Crocodiles.............s.:ccseeeeeeeees 610
Wille Oorichtistarigyes: stancrnes se ater twee .tanesoeasctitccnsdeaacdyaaseneas-necen- 611
VIII. Explanation of the Plates.............ccscccodscccovescensssenesconseesos 612
I. InrRopvucTory.
The conditions under which the investigations of which this paper
gives the results were commenced and carried ou were stated in the
introduction to my paper upon the Subdivision of the Body-cavity,
read at the last meeting (see above, p. 452).
Il. On THE RELATIONS OF THE FAT-BODIES OF THE SAUROPSIDA,
AND ON CERTAIN PoINTs IN THE ANATOMY OF MoniToRs.
The fat-bodies referred to are those which, as is wel! known,
occur in Lizards on the course of the “ pelvic”’ veins, and of more
or less of the anterior-abdominal vein. ‘The vessels named, with
their tributaries, take away the blood, which is brought to the fat-
bodies by large branches from the anterior of the two pairs of
arteries that supply the hind limbs, and which I take to be homo-
logous with the femoral arteries of birds.
Corresponding fat-bodies are very conspicuous in the Snakes (¢f.
figs. 8, 9, & 10 c.a), where, as in the Snake-like Amphisbenide,
they extend from the cloaca to the hinder margin of the liver (¢f.
figs. 4, 5,6, 7). The figures of sections of Adder and embryo Grass-
Snake show that, when the fat is well developed, the peritoneal
cavity of Snakes may be much restricted by reason of the fact that
the kidneys and fat-bodies lie outside it. The latter occur in the
Crocodiles, but, as described below, the fat-bodies here referred to
are in these animals more lateral in position than in Lizards; and in
the case of the birds, the fat-laden “omentum,” or transversely
expanded ventral ligament of the stomach, is, I think, obviously
comparable, so far as its fat is concerned, to the similar fat-laden
ventral ligament in such forms as the Amphisbzenidz and Snakes,
where the fat extends forwards as far as the liver.
The Chelonia are the only order of the Sauropsida in which I
have not observed these structures well developed, but there appear
to be traces of them in Emys europea’.
In many Lizards (cf. fig. 11) these fat-bodies, pushing the
peritoneum before them, bulge into the body-cavity ; and, lying on
the course of the large vessels ventral to the (once respiratory
allantoic) bladder (ef. figs. 7 & 12) and the alimentary canal, into
the ventral ligament of which they in some forms (Amphisbenide,
fig. 4) obviously extend, they may form paired masses quite as con-
spicuous in the posterior part of the abdominal cavity as are the
liver-lobes in the anterior half®*.
1] have only examined in this connection some half-dozen specimens of
Emys and Testudo, and those not large ones.
2 These lie, of course, ventral to the alimentary canal and lungs, Passing
over the important difference that no branching system of tubules extends from
40*
604 MR. G. W. BUTLER ON THE [ Dee. 3,
The extent to which these fat-bodies project into the body-cavity
varies, and that in a manner not merely dependent upon their size,
but also, so to speak, upon the ease with which the peritoneum
separates from the body-wall. In such a Lizard as Tupinambis
teguevin I have seen the fat-bodies projecting forwards into the
peritoneal cavity as two yellow lobes, as large as the liver-lobes ; and
this may be seen usually to a lesser degree in the common Green
Lizard and in others. On the other hand, in aspecimen of Gerrho-
saurus fiavigularis examined, these fat-bodies extend forwards into
two spaces ventral to the peritoneum, without any free bulge into
the body-cavity.
A series of transverse sections taken through an Amphisbena
darwinii (cf. figs. 4-7), or a dissection of the animal, show that
while anteriorly to the umbilical region the fat-bodies bulge into the
body-cavity, in the more posterior region the peritoneum is simply
displaced inwards. Thus we have here the two conditions above
referred to displayed in different parts of the same animal; and this
is true, in a less striking manner, of other Lizards (cf. figs. 11 & 12),
in which the hinder portions of the fat-bodies are obviously quite
outside the peritoneal cavity.
The typical condition of these fat-bodies seems to be that of
distinct lobed or festooned masses, suspended in distinct cavities *
lined with smooth membrane, which are no part of the ordinary
peritoneal cavity.
It seems to me that to the extension of these cavities, which
surround the fat-bodies, outside the peritoneum, so as to carry it
away from the body-walls, we must attribute the peculiar state of
things in Monitors, described by Beddard : (1) Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888,
pp. 98-107 ; (2) Anatomischer Anzeiger, 1888, pp. 204-206.
In the Monitors these two cavities communicate anteriorly, so
as to form a single horseshoe-shaped cavity, with its free ends
the alimentary canal into the substance of the fat-bodies, and regarding these
and the liver simply as store-houses of combustible food-material, one is struck
by the remarkable fore-and-aft symmetry displayed by the liver at one end of
the trunk and the fat-bodies at the other, in their relations to the adjacent
organs. And in this connection one is induced to comment upon the condition
of the liver in Stphonops annulatus as described by Wiedersheim ‘ Die Anatomie
der Gymnophionen,’ p. 74, fig. 82) :— Die Leber stelt ein langes, bandartiges
in zabJreiches Lappen zerfallendes Organ dar. Die einzelnen Lappen entstehen
durch tiefe circulare Hinschnitte, liegen schollenartig aufgereiht unt meistens
in dichter gegenseitiger Beriihrung.” The “Lappen” are in Epicrium ‘mehr
gelblich gefarbt,” while in S. annulatus they possess “eine mehr graugriine
Farbung.”
Again, it may be worth while to note here the fate of the liver in Petromyzon
(cf. Schneider, ‘ Beitrige z. verg. Anat. und Entwick. d. Wirbel.,’ Berlin, 1879,
pp. 93, 94); Rolleston (‘Forms of Animal Life’) says, ‘‘ At the metamorphosis
the tubular structure is lost; fat appears in the cells; the gall-bladder and bile-
duct are absorbed.”
It must be remembered, however, that (as described in this paper) the fat-
bodies in some Reptiles project but slightly or not at all into the peritoneal
cavity.
4 en may be sometimes, however, hard to trace distinct spaces round these
odies.
1889.] FAT-BODIES OF THE SAUROPSIDA. 605
pointing backwards, which in the hinder region extends up the sides
as far as the kidneys.
I believe that the views to which I have been led largely agree
with those of Mr. Beddard’. We agree that the condition in Monitors
to which he has drawn attention is unlike that in other Lizards and
well worthy of study. There are, however, certain of his conclusions
and suggestions which, after a careful examination of Monitors * and
other reptiles, I am unable to accept.
Beddard says (1, p. 100): ‘‘In Monitors... .. when the body-
walls are cut open and reflected, the alimentary viscera are not
exposed as they are in Iguana. A loose membrane covers the
viscera; the membrane looks as if it were simply the lining
peritoneum of the abdominal cavity which had got separated and
detached from the abdominal parietes; this is, however, not the
case ; an examination by the aid of the microscope showed clearly that
a layer of peritoneum covers the abdominal musculature, and is quite
distinct from the horizontal membrane; in Varanus griseus the
peritoneal layer was particularly distinct, for the reason that it
contained numerous pigmented corpuscles... . Zhis horizontal mem-
brane also separates the kidneys from the reproductive glands; the
latter lie internally to it ; the kidneys are placed outside it.”
The italics in the above quotation are mine, and serve to indicate
the passages to which I would call attention.
It is certain that the space surrounding the fat-bodies and
separated from the peritoneal cavity containing the intestines, by
the ‘horizontal’? membrane that wraps round these, is not due
merely to some accidental or post-mortem separation of this mem-
brane from the body-wall; and that the space in question, which I
will term the cireumadiposal cavity (ca.c, in figs. 14-17), is lined by
a smooth membrane which covers the body-wall, and is reflected to
form the exterior layer of the so-called “ horizontal membrane.”
I presume that, in saying that the microscope shows this lining
membrane to be peritoneum, Beddard merely means that it forms a
natural free surface, and is not a rough line of parting produced by
a tear. More than this the microscope could not well prove; nor
does the presence of pigment do so, since pigment, though common
in the peritoneal lining of the body-cavity,is not confined to this layer.
It may occur in the more external and muscular layers of the body-
wall, as can be seen in transverse sections of Snakes.
Now, in no reptile examined have I observed any connection
between the peritoneal cavity proper and the circumadiposal
cavities; and since (as Beddard, judging by his paper (1, p. 100),
would admit) the circumadiposal cavities of the Monitors are
homologous with the inconspicuous spaces round the fat-bodies in
other Lizards, which there is no good reason to regard as parts of
the peritoneal cavity, I hold that until such a connection shall
1 T would acknowledge the kind and practical interest that Mr. Beddard has
taken in my work,
°* I have examined two specimens of Varanus indicus, two of V. nigro-
punctatus, and some ten small specimens of V. niloticus.
606 MR. G. W. BUTLER ON THE [Dee. 3,
have been demonstrated, by a study of the development, everything
points to the conclusion that the circumadiposal cavities are not
homologous with any part of the peritoneal cavity proper of other
types, but are altogether extra-peritoneal.
Again: I do not consider that the membrane “‘ which surrounds
the abdominal viscera has its exact counterpart iv Crocodilia and
Aves’’ (1, p. 106), except in so far as it is a part of the body-wall.
I take it that the “omentum ” of Birds is represented in Monitors
by the ligament which passes between the stomach and the hinder
part of the liver antero-dorsally, and the dorsal face of Beddard’s
horizontal membrane postero-ventrally. In Monitors, however, as
in most other Lizards, it has not acquired that extension in a trans-
verse direction which conduces to the formation of a post-hepatic
septum in Birds, Crocodiles, and the Teiide (cf. my paper on the
Subdivision of Body-cavity, above, p. 463).
As to the Crocodiles, Beddard says (1, p. 103) that the horizontal
membrane “closely resembles a structure in the Crocodilia which
has been described by Prof. Huxley as well as by others.” Beddard
describes this structure as follows (the italics are mine) :—“‘ This
consists of a membrane, partly muscular, which is attached to the
pubis and to the abdominal parietes behind, and in the median dorsal
line to the backbone ; it entirely envelops the coils of the intestines,
so that they are not visible when the body-wall is cut through.
Anteriorly this museular expansion is attached to the fibrous com-
partments in which are lodged the two lobes of the liver ; the lungs
are thus shut off from the abdominal cavity; this membrane bears
on the ventral surface the anterior abdominal veins: there is evidently
a close similarity, so far, between the Crocodile and the Lizard;
furthermore, in both animals the lateral regions of the membrane
are connected with the lateral parietes by fibrous bands, and in both
the fat-body lies outside of the membrane and outside of the
abdominal cavity ; the reproductive glands and the kidneys have a
similar relation to the membrane in Both types: in the Crocodile, as
in the Lizard, the reproductive glands and the kidneys are separated
by the membrane; the former lies within, the latter without, the
abdominal cavity. The only differences are that in the Crocodile
the membrane is largely covered by muscular tissue, and that instead
of simply passing over the liver and stomach, it becomes connected
with special sheaths enveloping these organs. In these points the
Crocodile, as Prof. Huxley has pointed out, resembles birds. The
above considerations point, in my opinion, to an unmistakable
resemblance between the Monitor Lizards and the higher Sauro-
psida.”
I have not at present observed a well-marked circumadiposal space
round the subperitoneal fat-bodies of Crocodiles. But if, as I
take it, the membranes above referred to in Monitors and Crocodiles
are but the inner layers of the body-wall, they are doubtless homolo-
gous to acertain extent. I would add, however, with reference to the
statement that the membrane in Crocodiles is “largely covered with
muscular tissue,” that (in my opinion) the ventral fat-masses that
1889. ] FAT-BODIES OF THE SAUROPSIDA. 607
lie in distinct spaces beneath the skin, separated from the abdominal
cavity by a stout muscular tract, are not the homologues of the
subperitoneal fat-bodies of the Monitors, but of suécutaneous fat-
deposits occurring in the Sauropsida in addition to the subperitoneal
(cf. p. 609). The fat-bodies of the Crocodiles that correspond to
those of Lizards are more lateral than is usual in the latter group.
Thus the membrane that is referred to by Beddard as being
muscular in the Crocodile, according to the view here expressed
represents, in the ventral region, a great part of the muscular body-
wall.
In the quotations given above the position of the kidneys relatively
to the so-called “horizontal membrane” has been referred to. A
reference to figs. 14 and 15 shows that in Monitor niloticus the
hinder portion of the kidney projects well into the peritoneal cavity
which contains the intestines and reproductive glands, and that the
part in front of this lies as it were iz the membrane in question, or
between its peritoneal and parietal layers ; so that, though the anterior
portions of the kidneys project outwards into the circumadiposal
cavities, the membrane referred to does not exactly separate these
from the reproductive glands.
But, even if the whole of the kidney were shut out of the general
intestinal cavity, this would, I think, neither be a point of special
similarity to the Crocodiles nor have much morphological signifi-
cance. We find such a condition not only in the Crocodiles but in
Chelonia (Emys, Testudo). In Snakes (ef. figs. 8, 9, 10), and in
the Lizards themselves, the extent to which the kidneys project into
the peritoneal cavity is variable, and the Amphisbzenidee are, so far
as I know, unique in the freedom with which these organs hang
into the peritoneal cavity.
In birds, again, the kidneys, as opposed to the reproductive glands,
are extra-peritoneal in position (cf. figs. 46 and 47 of my paper ‘“‘On
the Subdivision of the Body-cavity,” Plate XLIX. above, p. 452).
I think that the preceding points to the conclusion that the
membrane which in Monitors is seen to cover the abdominal viscera
when the body-wall is first cut into, must be regarded as the perito-
neum, backed by the lining membrane of the space into which the fat-
bodies project—that it, in fact, consists of the peritoneum together
with another layer belonging to the body-wall.
With regard to the term “ horizontal’? membrane or septum it
seems to me that it is used to comprise two things, which may with
advantage be considered apart. There is, firstly, the membrane,
referred to above, which divides the circumadiposal and peritoneal
cavities. To this I would attach no particular morphological impor-
tance. It appears to me not to divide one part of the body-cavity
proper from another, but to be, as Beddard (1, p. 100) seems fully to
recognize, but a special development of a tract which occurs in other
Lizards, correlated, as I would say, in Monitors with the greater
extension of the circumadiposal spaces, In fact, in the separation
of the membrane under discussion from the body-wail, the Monitors
seem to be but following what is a line of weakness for Reptiles
608 MR. G. W. BUTLER ON THE [ Dec. 3,
generally. Thus, in the Snakes, Chelonia, Lizards, and Crocodiles,
there is a more or less marked tendency to the separation of the
inner peritoneal or visceral layer of the body-wall from the rest, the
kidneys and fat-bodies being thus left more or less completely
outside the peritoneal cavity.
On the other hand, Beddard’s phrase (1, p. 105),—“ the
horizontal membrane in Varanus, which shuts off both lungs from
the abdominal cavity,”— together with the reference which
follows to the ‘“‘membranous diaphragm” described by Martin
(P. Z.S. 1831, p. 138), indicates that it is used to include tissue
which shuts off the lungs from the peritoneal cavity. Here we have
a fact of considerable interest ; and neither the dissections nor the
transverse microscopic sections that I have made have rendered it
plain whether, as in birds, a pleural cavity originally exists, to be
subsequently obliterated by adhesions, or whether, as I believe to be
the case in Testudo, the lungs are not surrounded by any part of the
body-cavity. Whichever be the case, the separation of the lungs by
a ‘‘membranous diaphragm ” from the peritoneal cavity which con-
tains the liver and intestines is a feature that, so far as I know, is not
found in any other Lizard. But, on the other hand, the lungs and
liver are not thus separated in the Crocodiles either (cf. my paper
“On the Subdivision of the Body-cavity &c.,” § v. this vol.).
The preceding pages will show that in my opinion the Monitors
bear no special resemblance to the Crocodiles, so far as the relations
of the fat-bodies and the spaces and membranes about them are
concerned. The shutting off of the lungs from the liver, while sug-
gesting the condition in the birds, distinguishes them from the
Crocodiles, and, in the absence of developmental data, it may be
perhaps just as well explained by a reference to Testudo’.
Again, seeing that some striking differences exist as to the sub-
division of the body-cavity in the other Lizards (¢f. the case of the
Teiidee above, Plate XLVIII. and text, p. 466), it appears to me
doubtful whether, in our ignorance of the developmental history, the
shutting off of the lungs from the peritoneal cavity in the Varanidee
has much or little significance for the systematist.
III. SuprerrroneaAL Fat or MAammMaAts.
To turn to animals outside the Sauropsida, we find among
mammals deposits of fat on either side of the bladder (e. g. Kitten,
Guinea-pig, Hedgehog, young Kangaroo). It is impossible in some
cases to definitely mark off the fat in this position from that which
passes forwards on the dorsal side to the kidneys; and both are
supplied by branches from the femoral artery (Guinea-pig). If this
vessel is the homologue of the femoral artery of Sauropsida, which
supplies the fat-bodies (Lizards)—seeing that in Lizards, Crocodiles,
* Emys, in which the lungs only partly project into the body-cavity, would
seem to stand as a link between Testudo and the majority of animals that have
the lungs fully projecting into the ccelom, and to show that even such a striking
feature as the exclusion of the lungs from the body-cavity may be of comparatively
little systematic importance.
1889. ] FAT-BODIES OF THE SAUROPSIDA. 609
and Birds, owing to the backward extension of the kidneys, the fat-
bodies in question do practically adjoin them—it becomes by no
means improbable that the fat beneath the dorsal peritoneum pos-
terior to the kidneys in mammals is the homologue of, or rather
belongs to, the same series of deposits as the fat-bodies of the Sauro-
psida.
But the habit, so to speak, of these deposits in the two groups is
considerably different. The Sauropsida with their backwardly situ-
ated kidneys, renal-portal system, and anterior abdominal veins, have
these fat-masses either confined to the region just in front of the
pelvic girdle, or extending right along on the ventral side as far as the
stomach and liver; whilst in Mammals, where the vascular system
is different, they are mainly dorsal in position.
IV. Some REMARKS ON THE FUNCTION OF THE SUB-
PERITONEAL FAT-BODIES OF THE SAUROPSIDA.
If, as above suggested, these fat-deposits in the Sauropsida corre-
spond to those, so common in Mammalia, behind the kidneys, there
would appear to be no more reason to seek a special function for
them in one group than in the other, as some observers have done
for the Reptiles.
These bodies, like the liver, can be regarded as stores of food-
matter on the course of large blood-vessels, and of course they will
be drawn upon whenever need arises—whether in the ‘‘ winter sleep,”
as appears to have been usually assumed, or in the production of
large masses of yolk for the eggs, or at any other time when food
may be unattainable.
It should be noted that in both Amphisbzenid® and snakes
(A. darwinii and Tropidonotus natrix), when still within the eggs
(cf. figs. 4-7, 8, 9, 10), the fat-bodies are as well, or better, deve-
loped (proportionally) than at any subsequent period of life. This,
together with the fact that there seems no marked difference in their
size in the two sexes, would seem to show that their function is a
general one and not specially related to reproduction, as has been
suggested.
V. On Certain SuBcUTANEOUS FAT-DEPOSITS.
In Lizards we have fat ventral to the pelvic girdle (between it
and the skin) and extending along the under part of the thigh and
surrounding the ‘femoral glands’”’ (when present). This seems to
have no continuity with the sudperitoneal fat-bodies above described.
In the Crocodiles both the subcutaneous and the subperitoneal fat
seem to be fairly well developed, the former being separated from
the abdominal cavity by a muscular tract, which I think is that re-
ferred to by Beddard (1, p. 103, see above pp. 606 & 607) and com-
pared to what he terms the “horizontal membrane” in Monitors. It
appears to me, however, that only the lateral fat-masses of Crocodiles
correspond to the ventral subperitoneal ‘ fat-bodies”’ of the Lizards,
and that the ventral deposits in Crocodiles belong to the subcuta-
neous series. Consequently the muscularity of the layer of tissue
610 MR. G. W. BUTLER ON THE [ Dee. 3,
between them and the abdominal cavity is accounted for by it being
a part of the muscular abdominal wall, separated from the outer
layer by the spaces surrounding the subcutaneous fat.
In birds, again, besides the subperitoneal fat of the ‘‘ omentum,”
we have subcutaneous fat along the whole length of the trunk, on
each side of the thorax and abdomen, and this extends on to the
legs. This series of deposits is well seen in the unhatched chick.
Doubtless subcutaneous fat is found in the above-named groups,
in places besides those indicated, which, however, are those which
I have specially studied in examining the interesting questions
raised by Beddard’s papers; but, as a general rule, not only in the
above groups but also in mammals such subcutaneous fat is charac-
teristic of the morphologically ventral face of the body rather than
of the dorsal. Moreover the deposits in mammals seem largely to
correspond with those in the Sauropsida. Nor is the degree of
constancy of distribution of these subperitoneal and subcutaneous
fat-deposits which exists surprising, if, as I think, this distribution is
connected with that of the blood-vessels’.
VI. On toe Fatry “Spleen ” OF THE CROCODILES.
I should like to draw attention to a curious body which seems very
constant in all specimens of Crocodile. It is situated on the right
side and is attached dorsally by a distinct peritoneal ligament, which
extends obliquely from near the externo-posterior extremity of the
right liver-lobe, to a spot more median than the anterior end of
the reproductive gland (cf. above, Plate XLIX. fig. 43, with the
‘‘seeker’’ represented).
The only references to this body that I have seen occur in
Hunter’s ‘ Essays and Observations,’ edited by Owen (vol. ii.
p- 338), and in Owen’s papers in this Journal for 1831, pp. 141
and 169. Hunter describes it as the spleen. Owing to the intestines
being much folded, it is quite possible that this distinctly dextral
body may be in the morphologically normal position of the spleen,
z, e. suspended on the left side of the median membrane that sup-
ports the alimentary canal. But, on the other hand, as Hunter
remarked (/oe. cit. p. 339), there is “an oblong dark body placed in
the root of the mesentery;” he says further on, “ I imagine this is
1 The ventral region of the body above referred to is, of course, the region
where the mammary glands are apt to occur. These are generally allowed to
be specialized cutaneous (sebaceous) glands, and they are described by Dr.
Creighton (Journ. Anat. & Phys. vol. xi.) as arising in intimate association with
deposits of fat. Now the femoral glands of Lizards open on the ventral side of
the abdomen and thighs, and are frequently found surrounded by fat, and in
microscopic sections strongly resemble sebaceous glands. Gegenbaur has
recently shown that in the Monotremes the mammary glands do not conform
to the type common to all the higher Mammalia, and yet we place the two
types of gland in the same category; may it not somewhat similarly be sug-
gested that in these quasi-sebaceous glands of lizards, and deposits of ventral
subcutaneous fat, so commonly represented in Birds and Reptiles, we have the
Sauropsidan modification of that which in Mammalia has developed into such
typical structures as the mammary glands and the sebaceous glands in associ-
ation with which the characteristic hair occurs ?
1889. ] FAT-BODIES OF THE SAUROPSIDA. 611
analogous to the pancreas aselli, viz. a lymphatic gland; it is a
good deal like the spleen of a bird.”
In a paraffine section of a spirit-specimen this latter seemed more
like a spleen than that first mentioned, which resembled rather a
“fat-body ”’ with an unusual supply of blood-vessels. I have no
desire, however, to venture an opinion on histological grounds,
especially as the preparations were not very good.
In young specimens, within the egg, this body is as distinct as in
the adult ', but it is quite yellow and soft, and fatty.
I have not seen any body corresponding to this in any other
reptile, except in one out of two specimens of the lizard Zialis, in
which there was a long yellow body with a very similar attachment
(behind the end of the right liver-lobe), only more elongated than in
the Crocodile. This, however, one would expect, considering the
snake-like attenuation of the body in Zialis. This body occurred in
amale. The other specimen that I saw was a female and contained
no trace of such a body, thus differing from the Crocodiles, where
both sexes possess the fatty “spleen.”
In Parker’s translation of Wiedersheim’s ‘Elements of Compara-
tive Anatomy of Vertebrata’ it is suggested that the ‘‘ fat-bodies”’
of Reptiles should possibly be placed in the category of lymphoid
tissues; and this suggestion may perhaps indicate a solution of the
question as to this fatty “spleen” of Crocodiles,—may explain, |
mean, the existence of a body at once resembling a normal lymphoid
spleen and a lymphoid (?) “ fat-body.”
On the other hand, the situation of this structure is, but for the
fact that it occurs only on the right side, largely suggestive of the
corpus adiposum of the Amphibia.
VII. Concuvusions.
(1) Deposits of fat, subperitoneal and subcutaneous, appear, among
the Amniota, to have just such a constancy of distribution as one
would expect of such deposits situated on the course of leading
blood-vessels.
(2) The relations of the subperitoneal fat-bodies in the various
groups of the Sauropsida correspond, and these bodies seem to
admit of comparison with the subperitoneal fat of mammals.
(3) In the Monitors the space between the main, parietal, portion
of the body-wall and the inner peritoneal layer that wraps round
the abdominal viscera, appears to be merely an enlarged represen-
tative of the spaces round the fat-bodies in other lizards.
(4) The question of the relation of the Monitor’s lungs to the
body-cavity, from the abdominal portion of which they are, as pre-
viously described (Martin, Beddard), excluded by a “ membranous
diaphragm,”’ needs further investigation. Such a condition seems not
to be realized in any other reptiles except the Chelonia (Testudo).
(5) So far as the subdivision of the body-cavity is concerned, the
1 As are the fat-bodies in certain snakes and lizards, so this would furnish no
argument for regarding it as the spleen.
612 ON THE FAT-BODIES OF THE SAUROPSIDA. [Dec. 3,
Monitors do not seem to show any special approximation to the
Crocodiles ; and in this respect the only important difference between
the former and other lizards appears to be that the lungs do not lie
in the same cavity with the liver. It is doubtful if this difference
is of any importance to the systematist.
VIII. EXPLANATION OF PLATES LIX. & LX.
al. alimentary canal.
ao. dorsal aorta.
a.v. vitelline artery.
bi. urinary bladder.
¢.a. corpus adiposum (fat-body).
ca.c, circumadiposal cavity.
er.c. circumrenal cavity.
c.w. Wolfian body.
g. genital gland.
h. liver.
m. median septum (mesentery or ligaments supporting alimen-
tary canal).
nm. central nervous system.
o. Ovum,
od, oviduct.
pp.c. pleuroperitoneal cavity (main body-cavity).
pul. lung.
pv. pelvic girdle.
re, kidney.
v.a anterior abdominal or allantoic vein.
v.c.4. yena cava inferior.
v.d. vas deferens.
vv. vitelline vein.
a. pulmohepatie ligament.
2'. pulmohepatic recess of left side.
Figs. 1-17. Transverse sections of Lizards and Snakes (chiefly the former), to
show the relations of the fat-bodies and circumadiposal spaces to the
pleuroperitoneal cavity and the general relations of the abdominal
vicera.
Figs. 1-7. Transverse sections of advanced embryo of Amphisbena darwinii,
drawn from behind. The sections are in order from before back-
wards.
Fig. 8. Transverse section of common Adder, taken at such a place that it
passes through both kidneys.
Fig. 9. Transverse section of advanced embyro of the common Grass-Snake,
through one kidney and the embryonic genital gland.
Fig. 10. Transverse section of adult 2 of common Grass-Snake, through one
kidney; a large egg in the duct (distorted) fills most of the body-
cavity.
Fig. 11. Transverse section of a specimen of Lacerta, in which the fat-bodies
were specially well developed and extended forward further than
usual.
Fig. 12. A more posterior section of the same animal, through the region of the
kidneys, showing that in some regions the peritoneum hardly wraps
round the kidneys or fat-bodies at all.
Fig. 13. A transverse section of another specimen of Lacerta viridis, showing
a similar relation of the kidneys to the peritoneum in the region
chosen.
Figs. 14-17. Transverse sections of a young Monitor niloticus. The sections in
order from behind forwards.
We note here that the cirewmadiposal cavity extends forwards ventral to the
Inst.Co
Lith.& Imp. Camb. Sci
1889. | REY. H. S. GORHAM ON NEW EROTYLID&. 613
liver, fig. 17 ca.c, and, from fig. 15, we see that the membrane which separates
this space from the peritoneal ¢ cavity passes partly internally to the kidneys and
partly outside them, so that it represents more than the peritoneum. Also,
from fig. 14, that it is not correct to say that the membrane referred to excludes
the kidneys from the peritoneal cavity, in which lie the genital glands, for the
posterior portion of the kidney lies distinctly within this latter cavity.
4. Descriptions of new Species of the Coleopterous Family
Erotylide. By Rev. H. 8. Goruam, F.Z.S.
[Received November 11, 1889.]
(Plate LXI.)
The following descriptions are to some extent supplementary to my
paper on the Erotylide read before the Society in 1883 (see P. Z. S.
1883, p. 795).
The types are either in my own collection or in that of Mr. E.
Armitage, R.A.; a few of the specimens are also contained in the
Cambridge collection formed by the late Mr. Crotch, whose MS.
name I have retained for the first species here described ; it was,
however, placed in Episcapha, the specimen heids hardly well enough
preserved for critical examination.
1. TRIPLATOMA VARIA, sp. nov. (Plate LXI. fig. 1.)
Elongata, subparallela, nigra, rufo-maculata, subnitida ; vertice,
prothoraceis utrinque macula arcuata ; elytris fasciis tribus den-
tatis, prima per ramum cum basi conjuncta rufis ; corpore
subtus rufo piceoque variegato, femoribus infra rufo-maculatis.
Long. 17 millim.
Hab. Malacca, Penang (coll. Crotch and E. Armitage).
Head closely but distinctly punctured ; antenne with the third
joint not much enlarged at the tip, the fourth to the eighth joints
longer than broad. ‘The thorax transverse, very finely and thickly
punctured, smooth and shining, the front angles a little prominent,
the sides almost straight, the front as wide as the base; hind angles
rectangular. Elytra smooth, with fine serially punctured striz and
flat interstices, or very obsoletely subsulcate. The red markings
are a broad spot on vertex of the head, a mark somewhat like a
Hebrew letter Caph on each side of the thorax, the open side out-
wards, one corner reaching the front angle, the other prolonged
towards the base.
On the elytra are three irregular fascize, much as in 7’, gestrot,
Bedel, but less dentate; the first with a ramus to the base forms a
sort of ring enclosing the shoulder, except on the costal side, the
second arcuate, the third is near the apex; none of them approach
nearer the suture than the first stria. The epipleure have a spot
at the base, and one on each side of the metasternum and of each
ventral segment are red.
T. varia is allied to, but amply distinct from, T. gestroi; it is
smaller, smoother, the thorax is shorter, but it will fall into the
614 REV. H. S. GORHAM ON {LDee. 3,
same section as proposed by Bedel, having the epipleurz with a
fine marginal stria. The absence of any central red mark on the
thorax will serve to distinguish it from 7’. cyprea, Bedel, as well as
the thorax not being at all opake.
I have only seen three examples of this species; it was labelled
*‘varia” by Mr. Crotch, but was not described. It isin Mr. Armi-
tage’s collection. None of the specimens have any pilose dots on
the abdomen, and are perhaps all females.
2. EpiscaApHa ANNULATA. (Plate LXI. fig. 2.)
Engis annulata, Macleay, Annulosa Javanica, p.42; ed. Lequien,
p- 150; Lacord. Mon. Erotyl. p. 61; nec Crotch, Cist. Ent. 1876,
p- 407.
By assuming that the original describer passed over in silence
certain characters, Lacordaire suggests, and Mr. Crotch had ‘‘no
doubt,” he referred to the species described by Lacordaire as
Episcapha oculata. I think, on the contrary, the insect shown in
our Plate fully coincides with Macleay’s description. It is, however,
rare in collections, the specimen figured being the only example I
have seen; it was given me by Mr. W. L. Distant, and is probably
from Java.
3. TRIPLAX VITTIPENNIS, sp. nov. (Plate LXI. fig 3.)
Oblongo-ovata, ferruginea, crebre subtiliter punctata ; elytris pro-
JSundius punctato-striatis, interstitiis crebre punctulatis, nigris,
vitta lata mediana rufa; antennarum clava fusca.
Long. 5 millim.
Hab. Africa, Zanzibar, Mhonda, Ouzigoua [ Hacquard].
Var. a. Capite superne nigro-piceo, elytrorum vittis ad apicem
usque productis.
Hab. Liberia, Junk River (Stampfi) (Mus. Leyden).
In this species the tibize are rather strongly widened, but not
much so as to make me think it need at present be removed from
Triplaz. The head and thorax are pale blood-red, thickly and
evenly punctured, the sides of the latter narrow a little to the front,
and are a little rounded and very finely margined; both the front
and hind angles are distinct, but not at all prominent, the front
margin is nearly straight, the base is very evenly and gently
bisinuate. The elytra are very evenly narrowed from the base
towards the apex, each with eight distinct strize with numerous
punctures; the strize unite in pairs near the apex, thus the fifth and
sixth unite, and the sutural with the marginal one. The interstices
are flat, except near the humeral callus, and are thickly punctate.
The suture is black as far as the third stria aud the margins
including the epipleura externally to the seventh stria. The under-
side is strongly punctured. I have only seen the two specimens,
one from each locality; the one from Zanzibar was given me by Dr.
Sharp, and, considering the vast distance between the localities,
that from Liberia does not differ more than could be expected in a
widely distributed species.
1889. ] NEW SPECIES OF EROTYLIDZ. 615
4, AMBLYSCELIS’ FERRUGINEUS, Sp. nov.
Elongatus, postice subangustatus, totus ferrugineus, subnitidus,
supra crebre subtiliter, infra crebre fortius punctatus ; elytris
striatis, striis subtilissime crenulatis, interstitiis minute
punctatis.
Long. 73-8 millim.
Hab. S. Africa (Natal) (coll. Gorham, Mus. Leyden) (Finsch).
Head with the front thickly, the crown more sparsely but more
deeply punctured, the front edge of the epistome angularly but not
deeply emarginate. The antennz not reaching the base of the
thorax, their club fuscous. Thorax transverse, the disc rather
convex and the front angles depressed, finely but thickly punctured.
Elytra with the humeral callus more distinct than in A. natalensis,
Crotch, widest at the base, the interstices flat, except near the callus,
where the strize are deeper. The legs are as in A. natalensis, the
thighs rather stout and compressed, the tibiee very strongly tri-
angularly widened near the apex, and setose externally at this part.
Episterna and sides of the metasternum rather strongly punctate. No
abdominal lines.
I received about a dozen specimens of this insect from the Rev.
Canon Fowler, who obtained them from Boucard’s collections ; also
one specimen communicated from Mr. Ritsema.
5. BRACHYSPHENUS EGENSIS, sp. nov. (Plate LXI. fig. 8.)
Oblongo-ovatus, parum convexus, pallide castaneus, nitidus ;
elytris nigris, tenuiter flavo-marginatis, sutura et limbo laterali
angustius fuscis, distincte punctato-striatis; antennis fuscis,
articulis tribus basi pedibusque rufis.
Long. 8 millim.
Hab. Amazons, Ega (Bates); Guiana, Cayenne (Reiche; coll.
Crotch).
Head and thorax very even and nearly smooth, yet not glabrous,
owing to being very finely alutaceous and with indistinct stellate
punctuation ; the latter is at the base twice as wide as long, narrower
in front; the sides rounded, the excavation in front rather deep and
its base straight ; prosternum much compressed, so as to be distinctly
carinate in front, yet not projecting. Elytra widest a very little
below the base, narrowed to the apex, the black discoidal plagia
extending very evenly from the second to the seventh stria; beyond
which, on the yellow margin, there is only the least trace of an
eighth stria, near the apex usually about eight punctures. Meta-
sternal and abdominal lines are distinct, the former long and reflexed
but fine.
Two specimens in Mr Armitage’s collection, and two in the
Cambridge collection. May be placed next B. cordiger.
6. BRACHYSPHENUS UCAYALENSIS, sp. nov. (Plate LXI. fig. 6.)
Oblongo-ovatus, rubidus, verticis puncto thoracisque punctis
decem nigris; elytris nigris, juxta scutellum macula angusta
Amblyscelis, Gorham, Notes from the Leyden Museum, vol. x. 1888, p. 144.
616 REV. H. S. GORHAM ON [ Dec. 3,
Sasciisque duabus denticulatis, una mediana ad suturam inter-
rupta, una subapicali arcuata luteis ; antennis articulis duobus
primis exceptis, tibiis tarsisque nigro-fuscis.
Long. 12 millim.
Hab. Peru, R. Ucayali (Baréleté).
Var. prothorace nigro-marginato, punctis duobus externis cum
margine conjunctis, elytris macula parva humerali et epipleuris
basi fulvis.
Hab. Amazons (Bates).
Head and thorax forming a nearly even semicircle in front, the
latter being excised deeply, but not widely, for the reception of the
former, both of a uniform rich orange-red ; in the typical examples
from Ucayale only the extreme limb, and this so narrowly as not to
be apparent, is blackish. The ten spots are placed, four trans-
versely in front, and six in a row behind these, the three on each
side being arcuate, the four central ones forming a square. The
scutellum is either rufous or pitchy. The elytra are evenly
punctate-striate, the rows of punctures very finely impressed, the
interstices smooth and shining. The underside wholly of the rich
red colour of the head and thorax. The metasternal and abdominal
lines both very fine and short. The prosternum is compressed,
forming a blunt keel, a very little prominent in front. The elytral
fascize are yellow, the basal markings more orange-coloured. The
first fascia commences rather before the middle of the margin, but
is oblique, reaching the suture about the middle; it has two or three
irregular teeth on each side. The epipleuree are quite black in the
typical examples. The legs are of the body-colour, with black tibize
and tarsi; in the variety the tibize are rufous at their tips.
In the Amazons specimens the limb of the thorax is more
distinctly black, and on the middle of the front has a triangular
black spot, and on the base three such spots attached to it, the two
exterior discoidal spots also being united, so that the six remaining
spots form two equilateral triangles; the wide concave part of the
epipleura is yellow. Four specimens of the typical form from Mr. E.
Bartlett, and two of the variety from Crotch’s collection, and two
others from the Amazons in the collection of E. Armitage, Esq.
7. BRACHYSPHENUS BISTRIFOLIATUS, sp. nov. (Plate LXI.
fig. 5.)
Late ovatus, ater, nitidus ; elytris perobsolete punctato-striatis,
singulis macula magna trifoliata basal, fasciaque lata, ad
suturam interrupta, pone medium aurantiacis.
Long. 13 millim.
Hab. Peru, Chancamayo (Buckley).
Labrum and palpi yellow; head and thorax smooth, the latter
glabrous, twice as wide as long at the base, the front narrower, the
basal median lobe nearly covers the scutellum; prosternum com-
pressed, the apex of the process wrinkled. LElytra with red epi-
pleurze, but the limb very narrowly black. The markings are
peculiar; the basal one is like three irregularly shaped red spots
1889. | NEW SPECIES OF EROTYLIDZ. 617
united, the exterior one being in one instance disunited. The
merest rudiments of punctures or strie remain. The scutellum is
depressed at the base to receive the lobe of the thorax. It is
difficult to compare this with any other species. It is, I think, best
placed next B. distinctus.
8. BRACHYSPHENUS BATESI, sp. nov. (Plate LXI. fig. 7.)
Breviter oblongus, fere ellipticus, aterrimus, glaber ; elytris
dimidio basali flavis, fasciis tribus e maculis irregularibus
nigris formatis, prima basali valde undulata, secunda maculas
quatuor punctiformes prebente, tertia e strigis sex obliquis
plerumque constituta in singulis elytris.
Long. 10-11 millim.
Hab. Amazons (Bates).
The form of this species is unusally convex; it is oblong, almost
evenly wide before and behind, the extremity of the elytra being a
little more pointed than the front. The surface is quite smooth in
two specimens, in two others there is on the elytra very obsolete
serial punctuation. The wavy fascie on the yellow part of the
elytra are variable, being very often formed, in the basal one, of two
inverted V’s, thus 4 4, with a dot external and a linear mark internal
to them. In the third fascia there are three V’s inverted, but the
- linear spots are often all disunited ; the margin of the black apical
half is tridentate on each elytron. This is one of many beautiful
species of Erotylide brought by Mr. H. W. Bates from the
Amazons which have hitherto escaped recognition. ‘Two specimens
in Crotch’s collection and two in that of E. Armitage, Esq. It
should be placed after B. musicalis.
9. BRACHYSPHENUS INCAS, sp. nov. (Plate LXI. fig. 4.)
Breviter ovatus, niger ; elytris tenuiter geminato-striato-punctatis,
fasciis duabus ud suturam interruptis, una basali, una pone
medium, epipleurisque flavis.
Long. 11 millim.
Hab. Peru, Chancamayo.
This insect resembles rather closely B. bizonatus, Crotch, and is
allied to it by the geminate series of punctures and by the yellow
epipleure ; it differs from it in being less convex, and by the form
of the yellow fascize, which are not so broad; the anterior one is
basal and is notched on its apical side, so as to appear somewhat
arcuate; the postmedial fascia is irregular on both its sides (but not
dentate), rather narrower near the suture. The epipleure are
yellow except in the apical quarter, and, as usual, the entire extremely
narrow limb of the margin is black.
This species also somewhat resembles B. epipleuralis, Crotch ;
the geminate series of punctures will separate it. No metasternal
nor abdominal lines are present. Three specimens, in my own
collection.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XLI. Al
618 REV. H. S. GORHAM ON [ Dec. 3,
10. BRaCHYSPHENUS MUTABILIS, Sp. Nov.
Oblongus, elytris gibbosis, lete rufus ; antennis, corpore infra,
pedibus elytrorumque maculis duabus subquadratis nigris, elytris
distincte punctato-striatis.
Long. 12 millim.
Hab. Peru, Chancamayo (Buckley).
Like B. glyptoderus, but differently shaped; the thorax is
wider and has the sides much more rounded; the elytra are much
more convex, their surface (as well as that of the thorax) is
smoother, but with the series of punctures more distinctly impressed ;
the scutellum is black in one example, reddish in another ; the
underside is black, excepting the head, which is wholly red, the
sides of the thorax, the two apical segments, and a spot in the
middle of two segments preceding them. The coxe and the
trochanters are pitchy red. The thorax in one example has a spot
on the front margin, four small ones transversely placed, and three
linear basal marks, but all nearly obliterated. This insect is no
doubt subject to variation, but, from its form and the smooth sur-
face, is distinct from B. glyptoderus.
11. BRACHYSPHENUS PERVERSUS, Sp. Nov.
Ater, giabratus ; elytris singulis seriebus quinque punctorum
postice abbreviatis, externe punctis nonnullis confuse dispersis ;
flavis, sutura, limbo laterali tenuiter plagiaque magna in singulis
suture adjuncta nigris, abdomine castaneo-rufo.
Long. 12 millim.
Hab. Colombia, Medellin.
This species resembles no other that I am acquainted with except
Acronotus annularis. If the yellow ring of that species were
obliterated just behind the scutellum the pattern of the elytra would
be nearly similar. The head and thorax are, however, entirely jet-
black. The structure of the prosternum is, moreover, that of Sterno-
lobus. The sterna, legs, epipleuree, and limb of the elytra are black ;
the abdomen chestnut-red, without spots or clouds. The form of
the insect is almost exactly that of Acronotus; the elytra, however,
are rather more convex than in A. annularis.
12. AULACOCHILUS MOLUCCANUS, sp. nov.
Late ovatus, nigro-subcerulescens, glaber, nitidissimus, pedibus
abdomineque castaneis, elytris convexis.
Long. 7 millim.
Hab. New Guinea.
Var. immaturus? piceus, corpore infra dilutiore.
Hab. Mysol (coll. Armitage).
Head smooth, excepting the epistome, which is rather thickly
punctured ; antenne pitchy black, the apex of the club and the basal
joint paler, the third joint distinctly elongate, the fourth to the
seventh bead-shaped, the eighth transverse ; palpi pitchy red. The
thorax is, at the base, more than twice as wide as long, the base
1889.] NEW SPECIES OF EROTYLIDZ. 619
bisinuate, the sides narrowed to the front, neatly and distinctly
thickened and a little rounded-in to the front angles, which are
acute ; the front margin scarcely emarginate, nearly straight. The
elytra are strongly convex, evenly ovate, very narrowly margined,
with aslight fossa near the middle of their margin, in which are
two or three obsolete tracesof punctures, indicating the marginal stria.
Underside smooth, the legs, including the coxz, chestnut-red ; the
prosternum very wide, in front forming a small, not prominent point,
from which to the base it forms an equilateral triangle between
the cox ; mesosternum short and transverse, but quite distinct ; all
these with the rest of the body, except the abdomen and the epi-
pleure, are nearly black in the New-Guinea specimen, but in the
one from Mysol they are only a little darker than the legs and
abdomen ; this is, however, obviously due to the less matured condi-
tion of this specimen. This is an aberrant species, if it is really an
Aulacochilus ; it is, however, best so placed till the acquisition of more
specimens enables dissections to be made. For the specimen from
New Guinea I am indebted to Dr. Sharp.
13, AXGITHUS ARMITAGE, Sp. Nov.
Oblongo-ovatus, valde converus, niger; brunneo-picescens, nitidus ;
elytris flavis, sutura tenuiter et tertia parte apicali nigris, gemel-
lato-striatis.
Long. 7-10 millim.
Hab. Amazons, Ega.
This is a very distinct species of Hyithus, its nearest ally perhaps
being A. dichrous, Crotch; it is, however, less hemispherical and
less convex than that species; it is also somewhat allied to A. discoideus,
Gorham, a species found in Costa Rica.
Head and thorax pitchy black with black margins; antennsz
rufous as far as the fifth joint. Scutellum pitchy black. Elytra
quite smooth, excepting a sutural and three pairs of discoidal strie,
formed of minute points very faintly impressed. The sutural stria
vanishes before the middle, and the discoidal striae on entering the
black apical third. Epipleura coloured with the upper surface,
limb narrowly black. Underside and legs pitchy.
Two specimens in the collection of E. Armitage, Esq., R.A.
14. AiGITHUS BARTLETTI, sp. nov. (Plate LXI. figs. 9, 9a.)
Fere hemisphericus, niger, nitidus, sublevis ; elytris punctis dispersis,
et in seriebus subgeminatis sat distinctis impressis, maculis tribus
magnis luteis, duabus basalibus, una transversa subapicali.
Long. 10 millim.
Hab. East Peru (Bartlett).
Very convex, but rather more oblong than hemispherical, shining
black and smooth, excepting the elytra, which have each three double
series of small but distinct punctures, which are, however, irregular
and becoming confused here and there with other dispersed punc-
tures of the same size. The basal luteous spots are of an irregular
oblong shape, the external one is continued on the epipleura. The
' 41*
620 M. L. TACZANOWSKI ON A [ Dec. 3,
form of Z. bartletti is that of 4. dichrous, Crotch, but it is rather
more oblong.
I have only seen the specimen given me some years ago by Mr.
Edward Bartlett, of Maidstone, by whom it was captured, with many
fine and new Erotylidze, in Peru.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXI.
. Triplatoma varia, sp. n., p. 619.
. Episcapha annulata, p. 614.
. Triplax vittipennis, sp. u., p. 614.
. Brachysphenus incas, sp. n., p. 617.
bistrifoliatus, sp. n., p. 616.
—— weayalensis, sp. u., p. 615.
batesi, sp. n., p.617. 7a. Side view.
— egensis, sp. n., p. 615.
Aigithus bartletti, sp. n., p. 619. 9a. Side view.
Fig.
GO QO SVS VS 69 NO ps
5. Description d’une nouvelle Locustella de la Corée.
Par L. Taczanowsx1, C.M.Z.S.
[Received November 9, 1889.]
LocusTELLA PLESKEI, sp. nov.
Locustella fasciolata, Tacz. P. Z.S. 1888, p. 455.
L. ochotensi simillima, sed statura majore, rostro multo longiore,
colore partium superiorum corporis grisescentiore, plumis dorsal-
ibus unicoloribus et cauda longiore distinguenda.
¢ ad. Parties supérieures du corps d’un gris terreux assez foncé,
parfaitement unicolore, sans aucune trace de nuance plus foncée au
disque des plumes dorsales et du sommet de la téte, et ce n’est qu’au
croupion que la couleur est légérement olivatre ; plumes alaires con-
colores au dos sont bordées d’un liseré un peu plus clair que le fond
de ces plumes, fin et distinct sous certain jour; une raie sourcilicre
d’un gris blanchatre s’étend depuis les narines jusque sur les cotés du
cervix, plus blanchatre au dessus des yeux, plus grisatre dans la partie
postoculaire et au dessus des lores; ces derniers traversés par une
raie médiane foncée, prolongée en arriére de |’ceil sur le dessus des
tectrices auriculaires, région auriculaire plus pile parsemée sur toute
la surface de nombreuses stries blanchatres tout petites: la paupicre
inférieure garnie d’une bordure blanchatre trés fine. Tout le dessous
du corps est blane, pur sur le milieu du ventre et de la gorge, tandis
que sur la région jugulaire et sur la poitrine il est teint d’une nuance
grisdtre trés légére; cétés de abdomen sont d’un gris semblable
a celui du croupion mais plus pile; souscaudales grises entourcés
d’une large bordure ocreux blanchatre. Queue grise tirant légérement
au cendré dans certaines directions de la lumiére, toutes les rectrices,
sauf les deux médianes, terminés par une bordure blanchatre, plus
blanche sur la page inférieure, et toutes traversées par une douzaine
1889. | NEW WARBLER FROM COREA. 621
de raies obscures, dont les trois préapicales sont le plus foncées et as-
sombrissent cette partie de leur barbe interne, sur les rectrices médi-
anes les raies sont moins visibles que sur les autres. Bec brun
foncé 4 mandibule inférieure plus pile et un peu jaunatre a la base, la
mandibule supérieure n’a qu’une trés fine bordure jaunatre a la base
ne dépassant pas les narines; pieds d’un brun clair, plus foneés sur
les doigts ; ongles bruns; iris brun foncé.
Les trois males adultes, tuds 15 juillet 1887, sont en plumage fort
usé mais complet et n’ont pas encore commencé la mue, la coloration
n’est pas done facile 4 aprécier ; il parait cependant que dans la robe
fraiche la couleur des parties supérieures du corps doit avoir une
teinte olivatre comme celle du Calamoherpe palustris, mais proba-
blement plus foncée, et non pas roussatre propre dla C. ochotensis
en plumage frais.
Cet oiseau est trés voisin sous tous les rapports 4 la Calamodyta
ochotensis (Midd.) de Kamtschatka, mais il est d’une taille distinete-
ment plus forte, 4 bec beaucoup plus long, la queue plus longue, les
plumules dorsales et celles du sommet de la téte unicolores sans au-
cune trace du disque plus obscur, la barbe externe de la 2° remige plus
foncée, le bee en général plus foneé. La formule alaire tout-d-fait
la méme, mais la remige abortive est distinctement plus longue et plus
large; la 3° remige est également la plus longue, mais la différence
entre les 2° et 4° ne peut pas étre estimée & cause de leur état usé.
Les rectrices sont également larges et également graduées ; la différ-
ence entreles rectrices médianes et les externes est plus grande de 2
millimétres.
Dimensions :—Longueur totale 180, vol 223, aile 70, queue 65,
bee de la commissure 21, bee du bord antérieur des narines 11, tarse
23, doigt médian 16, ongle 4, 5, distance entre le bord des ailes et
de la queue 52, entre les rectrices externes et les médianes 20
millimétres.
Longueur totale 179, vol 241, aile 73, bec de lacommissure 22,
bec du bord antérieur des narines 11, tarse 27 millimétres.
Comme le plumage de nos exemplaires est fort usé les dimensions
des ailes et de la queue doivent étre plus fortes dans la robe fraiche.
M. Kalinowski a trouvé une colonie de ces oiseaux établie pour la
nidification dans des petits iléts éloignés d’un kilométre de la cote
tout prés de Tchimulpo ; ces iléts sont couverts de buissons et d’une
dense végétation herbacée; et qui pendant le reflux sont réunis 4 la
cote. Le voyageur a entendu aussi le chant de cet oiseau au bord
de le riviére Séoul, mais n’a pas pu le retrouver.
Je dédie cet ciseau A mon ami M. Theodore Pleske, savant Ornitho-
logiste du Musée de St. Pétersbourg.
622 MR. 0. THOMAS ON A NEW MUNGOOSE. [ Dec. 3,
6. On a new Mungoose allied to Herpestes albicaudatus.
By Oxprieip Tuomas, Natural History Museum.
[Received November 20, 1889.]
(Plate LXIT.)
In a Monograph of the African Mungooses which I had the honour
of laying before this Society in 1882', the extreme constancy in the
size of the teeth in this group was pointed out, and the species were
shown to be readily distinguishable by the relative dimensions of their
posterior cheek-teeth, both upper and lower. While the more
typical and specialized species, such for example as H. ichneumon,
have their m* very small, and averaging in its greatest diameter less
than 60 per cent. of the last premolar (p*), one species, H.albicaudatus,
forming the type of the subgenus Ichneumia, has this percentage 70
or more, and all the teeth are of a much less specialized and secant
type than in the others.
The species I now propose to describe is remarkable for having
its posterior teeth even larger than in H. albicaudatus. The type
specimen is a skeleton without a skin, which has been some time in
the Cambridge Museum, and which the authorities of that institution
have been good enough to transfer by way of exchange to the
National Collection. This specimen is believed to have been col-
lected by Mr. T. E. Buckley either on the Limpopo or in Zululand,
but most unfortunately all definite record of its history has been lost.
The most striking characteristic of the new species, which may be
termed Herpestes grandis, is its large size and great length of limb.
Its skull is only exceeded in length, and that very slightly, by one
skull in the whole Museum collection of Mungooses, namely by that
of the type specimen of H. galera robustus, Gray”, a thickly built,
short-limbed form, whose long-bones are nearly 20 per cent. shorter
than are those of H. grandis.
Comparing now H. grandis with H. albicaudatus, to which alone
it is in any way closely related, we find that that species occasionally
attains dimensions approximately equal to its own, although the
great majority of specimens, especially those from North-east Africa
and Arabia’, are very much smaller.
The real difference between the two lies in the form and dimensions
of the teeth. Firstly, in H. grandis the canines both above and
below are markedly longer and heavier than in H. albicaudatus, ex-
ceeding those in the largest available specimen of that species by at
least 2 mm. in length above and 3 mm. below, and in thickness by
1 or 13 mm., although it is almost impossible to take the measure-
ments exactly, owing to the absence of a distinct cingulum in this
P.Z. 8, 1882, p.59 et seqq.
* See the above-quoted paper, p. 72.
* Since my Monograph was written, Mr. A. 8S. G. Jayakar has obtained
examples of this species at Muscat.
DO sno ee ne Moa Ba Tet ls Tea wtitee as
Maud Hortnan Fisher. dele! lith Imp.Camb.Sci. InstCe
1889. ] MR. 0. THOMAS ON A NEW MUNGOOSE. 623
group. The premolars are all rather longer both vertically and
horizontally, and the cusps higher and more distinct. P+, m', and m*
are on the whole similar to those of the allied species in their form
and relative proportions, but are all markedly larger (compare the
dimensions given below with those on p. 78 of my former paper).
But it is by the characters of the lower molars that the new species
may be most readily recognized. As to size simply, the length of the
two molars combined is in H. grandis 17 mm., while in the largest
of aconsiderable series of H. albicaudatus this combined length only
attains to 14°4 mm., its ordinary amount being about 13 mm. In
structure, as will be seen by Plate LXII. figs. 4 and 5, these teeth in
H. grandis are more complicated than in the older known form ;
in m! there is not so much difference, except that the cusps and
hollows are more marked, and the ridge running round the posterior
half of the tooth, or “ talon,” is much sharper and better defined. In
m2, firstly, the two antero-internal cusps, the paracone and metacone
of Mr. Osborn’s nomenclature of tooth-cusps’, which have coalesced
in H. albicaudatus, are sharply and distinctly separated from one
another, so that the primitive anterior triangle forming the blade of
the tooth is as well defined as in m! ; secondly, in the talon, the extra
median external cusp characteristic of Hl. albicaudatus (see p. 76,
fig. 1 of the monograph) is duplicated in H. grandis, being supple-
mented by a second cusp on its internal slope; then the posterior
edge of the talon is more developed, crenulated, and with its centre
sharply and prominently notched in the middle line. As a result
of this increase in complexity, the size of m? as compared to m! is
much increased ; for whilein H. albicaudatus its length is never more
than from 80 to 83 per cent. of that of the latter tooth, in H. grandis
the two teeth are of practically the same length, m? being no less
than 96 per cent. as Jong as m'.
In view now of the extreme constancy of the teeth in the present
group, both in size and structure, I feel that it would be impossible
to refer the Cambridge skeleton to H. albicaudatus, and can only
describe it as new, trusting at the same time that its external cha-
racters will not long remain unknown.
As will be seen from the figure (Plate LXII. fig. 1), the skull of
H. grandis is characterized by its slenderness and by the great length
of its facial as compared to its cranial portion.
In the skeleton both H. albicaudatus and H. grandis are remark-
able for not possessing an entepicondyloid foramen to the humerus,
the bony bar usually closing in this foramen being unossified. All
other true Mungooses have this foramen closed in by bone, with the
exception of the aberrant genera Galidia, Galidictis, and sometimes
Suricata. This fact, combined with the addition of a second allied
species, gives increased validity to the group “< Ichneumia,” recog-
nized as a subgenus in my monograph, but which may possibly in
the future have to be admitted as a distinct genus.
Dimensions of the type specimen :—
Skull. Length (from back of condyle to gnathion) 112 mm. ; basal
! Amer. Nat. 1888, p. 1072.
624 MR. 0. THOMAS ON A NEW MUNGOOSE. [ Dec. 3.
length 105; greatest breadth 52; nasals, length in middle line 28,
greatest breadth 11 ; interorbital breadth 22°5, intertemporal breadth
21:5 ; palate, length 67, to cross line 41 ; basi-cranial axis 33°5 ;
basi-facial axis 72'5 ; facial index 217.
Teeth. P*, horizontal length 6:1 ; p’, length 6°3 ; p*, external length
7°4, anterior breadth 7°7, greatest diameter 10°3; m', length 6:0,
breadth 9:5; m*, length 4°8, breadth 8-2; p*, length 7-0; p*, 83;
m', 8°4; m?, 81.
Skeleton. Scapula, length 69, breadth 34; length of humerus 99,
radius 93, ulna 111, pelvic bone 88, femur 110, tibia 125, fibula 116,
calcaneum 35, longest metatarsal bone 59:5.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXII.
Fig.1. Herpestes grandis. Upper view of skull.
2, 3. Upper and lower jaws of ditto, buccal aspect.
4,5. Last three lower teeth of ditto (p4, mi, and m3), external and buccal
aspects.
APPENDIX.
LIST OF ADDITIONS TO THE SOCIETY’S MENAGERIE
Jan,
bo
10.
11.
12.
15.
DURING THE YEAR
1889.
. 2 Snow-Buntings (Plectrophanes nivalis). Purchased.
. 1 Great Wallaroo (Macropus. robustus), 9. Born in the
Menagerie.
1 Coot (Fulica atra). Presented by Mr. J. Cutting.
1 African Zebu (Bos indicus), 2. Presented by W. Mackinnon,
Ksq., F.Z.8.
. 2 Red-and-Yellow Macaws (Ara chloroptera). Presented by
Lady Meux.
1 Greater Sulphur-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). Pre-
sented by Lady Meux.
1 Roseate Cockatoo (Cacatua roseicapilla). Presented by Lady
Meux.
1 Verreaux’s Guinea-fowl (Numida edouardi). Presented by
Percy C. Reid, Esq. From the Zambesi, East Africa.
. 1 Greek Partridge (Caccaba saxatilis). Presented by H. Hanauer,
Esq., F.Z.S. From Bussorah.
. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus sinicus), §. Deposited.
. 1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus), 3. Presented by C. L.
Curtis, Esq.
1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina), 3. Presented by
F. Buckland, Esq.
. 1 Common Paradoxure (Paradoxurus typus), 9. Presented by
the Rev. J. de Gruchy.
5 Clotbey’s Larks (2thamphocorys clotbeyi). Purchased. See
P.Z.8. 1889, p. 26.
5 Algerian Shore-Larks (Otocorys bilopha). Purchased. See
P. Z. 8. 1889, p. 26.
2 Rosy Bullfinches (Erythrospiza githaginea). Purchased. See
P.Z.S. 1889, p. 26.
1 Masked Parrakeet (Pyrrhulopsis personata). Deposited.
1 Stump-tailed Lizard ( Trachydosaurus rugosus). Presented by
C. Elliott, Esq.
1 Tawny Owl (Syrnium aluco). Presented by Mr. T. E. Gunn.
2 Red-backed Pelicans (Pelecanus rufescens). Purchased,
1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), ¢. Deposited.
626
Jan. 16.
18.
19.
24.
25.
8.
APPENDIX.
1 Brown Capuchin (Cebus fatuellus). Presented by F. H. V.
Henry, Esq.
2 Red-billed White Ibises (Zudocimus longirostris). Purchased.
See P. Z. S. 1889, p. 26.
1 Rufous-necked Wallaby (Halmaturus rujicollis), 3. Received
in Exchange.
1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), $. Presented by
Mrs. Henderson.
- 1 Chough (Pyrrhocorax graculus). Presented by A. Mudge,
E
sq.
1 ehaiea Crocodile (Crocodilus acutus), Received in Ex-
change.
1 Common Fox (Canis vulpes), 2. Presented by H. F. Sparrow,
Esq., Lieut. “ The Butts.”
1 Gold Pheasant (Thaumalea picta), $. Presented by Mrs.
Theodore Lloyd.
1 Silver Pheasant (Huplocamus nycthemerus), ¢. Presented by
Mrs. Theodore Lloyd.
1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), 3. Presented by
My. Lishman.
1 Serval (Felis serval). Presented by H. C. V. Hunter, Esq.,
F.Z.S. From Malindi, E. Africa.
1 Common Fox (Canis vulpes), 3. Presented by E. Baldwin
Cashel, Esq.
. 2 Himalayan Monauls (Lophophorus impeyanus), 3. Deposited.
. 1 Alligator (Alhgator mussissipiensis). Presented by Mrs. G.
Peacock.
. 1 Aard Wolf (Proteles cristatus), jr. Purchased.
1 Golden Eagle (Aguila chrysaétus). Presented by Thomas
Barclay, Esq. From Inverness-shire, N.B.
. 1 Areolated Tortoise (Homopus areolatus). Presented by the
Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.8.
7 Tuberculated Tortoises (Homopus femoralis). Presented by
the Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. See P. Z.S. 1889, p. 85.
2 Well-marked Tortoises (Homopus signatus). Presented by
the Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. See P. Z.S. 1889, p. 88.
From the Clanwilliam Mountains, Cape Colony.
1 Robben-Island Snake (Coronella phocarum). Presented by
the Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.
2 Infernal Snakes (Boodon infernalis). Presented by the Rey.
G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.
2 Smooth-bellied Snakes (Homalosoma lutrix). Presented by
the Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. From the Karoo, Groot
Fontein, Cape Colony.
1 Many-spotted Snake (Coronella multimaculata). Presented by
the Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. From the Karoo, Groot
Fontein, Cape Colony.
1 Hissing Sand-Snake (Psammophis sibilans). Presented by the
Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.
. 1 Tropical Squirrel (Sczwws estuans), Presented by Pedro
Suarez, Esq.
1 Adorned Ceratophrys (Ceratophrys ornata). Presented by
Capt. Hairby.
4 Marbled Polecats (Putorius sarmaticus). Presented by Col.
Sir Oliver B. C. St. John, K.C.S.1L, R.E. See P.Z. 5S. 1889,
p- 85. From Quettah.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 627
Feb. 9. 8 Indian Gerbilles (Gerbillus indicus),23,62. Presented by
Mar.
Te
18,
26.
i
bo
Dr. J. Gilbert.
1 Jackdaw (Corvus monedula). Presented by Basil Carter, Esq.
1 White-throated Capuchin (Cebus hypoleucus). Purchased.
1 Smooth-headed Capuchin (Cebus monachus). Purchased.
1 Ring-tailed Coati (Wasua rufa), 9. Presented by N. T.
Williams, Esq.
6 Moorish Geckos (Zarentola mauritanica), Presented by
Masters F. and O. Warburg.
. 1 Eland (Oreas canna), 2. Born in the Menagerie.
. 1 Thigh-striped Wallaby (Halmaturus thetidis), 9. Deposited.
2 Herring-Gulls (Larus argentatus). Presented by L. V. Har-
court, Esq.
4
. 1 Yellow-footed Rock-Kangaroo (Petrogale xanthopus),3. Born
in the Menagerie.
. 5 White Tree-Frogs (Hyla cerulea), Purchased.
7 Common Gulls (Larus canis). Purchased.
. 1 Owen’s Apteryx (Apteryx owent). Presented by Prof. T.
Jeffery Parker, C.M.Z.S. See P.Z.S. 1889, p. 85.
1 Hybrid Polecat (between Mustela putorius and Mustela furo).
Presented by J. Herbert B. Cowley, Esq.
. 1 Collared Fruit-Bat (Cynonycteris collaris). Born in the
Menagerie.
1 Indian Cheyrotain (Tragulus-meminna). Presented by Mr.
George Score.
22. 8 Common Swans (Cygnus olor). Deposited.
1 Common Buzzard (Luteo vulgaris). Presented by Capt. J. V.
Harvey.
1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 2. Presented by
Mrs. Nicol.
1 Common Perch (Perea fluviatilis). Presented by Mr. R,
Roberts.
1 Short-eared Owl (Asio brachyotus). Presented by Mr. R.
Phillips.
1 Axolotl (Siredon mexicanus). Presented by E. Evelyn Barron,
Esq.
4
. 1 Common Fox (Canis vulpes), 9. Presented by the Lord
Tredegar, F.Z.S.
1 American Black Bear (Ursus americanus), $. Presented by
Lieuts. Hugh Williams, R.N., and Baseyi, R.N., H.M.S.
‘ Cambridge.’
1 Common Blue Bird (Sialia wilsoni). Presented by Com-
mander W. M. Latham, F.Z.8.
9 Moorish Geckos (Zarentola mauritanica). Presented by
Masters F. and O. Warburg.
2 Golden-headed Parrakeets (Brotogerys tui), Purchased.
4 White-breasted Gallinules (Gallinula phenicura). Pur-
chased.
. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), 9. Presented by Miss L.
C. Hart.
1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus). Presented by Mrs.
Margaret Allison.
1 Manatee (Manatus australis), Purchased. See P. Z.8. 1889,
160
. 1 Unarmed Trionyx (Trionyx muticus). Received in Exchange.
1 Hoffmann’s Sloth (Cholopus hoffmanni). Purchased.
s]
cf ©
31.
APPENDIX.
. 1 Oriental Phalanger (Phalanger orientalis), §. Presented by
Chas. M. Woodford, Esq. See P. Z.S. 1889, p. 161.
. 6 Brent Geese (Bernicla brenta). Purchased.
1 Owen’s Apteryx (Apteryx oweni). Presented by Capt. C. A.
Findlay, R.M.S. ‘Ruapehu.’ See P. Z. 8. 1889, p. 161.
2 Tuatera Lizards (Sphenodon punctatus). Presented by Capt.
C, A. Findlay, R.M.S. ‘ Ruapehu.’
. 2 Brown Cranes ( Grus canadensis). Deposited.
1 Small Hill-Mynah (Gracula religiosa). Deposited.
. 2 Nuthatches (Sitta cesta). Presented by J. Young, Esq,,
FE.ZS.
. 1 Chimpanzee (Axthropopithecus troglodytes), §. Deposited.
1 Guinea Baboon (Cynocephalus sphinx). Presented by Mr. J.
W. Vinton.
3 Black Swans (Cygnus atratus). Deposited.
. 2 Pine-Grosbeaks (Pinicola enucleator). Presented by J. Young,
Esq., F.Z.S.
2 Waxwings (Ampelis garrulus). Presented by J. Young, Esq.,
E.Z.8
eel Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), 9. Deposited.
1 Great Eagle-Owl (Bubo maximus). Presented by Mrs. Morant.
2 Nicobar Pigeons (Calenas nicobarica). Deposited.
. 1 Cactus Conure (Conurus cactorum). Presented by W.H St.
Quintin, Esq.
. 1 Buffon’s Touracou (Corythatx buffont). Purchased.
1 White-eared Fruit-Bat (Cynopterus marginatus). Presented
by Mr. W. Jamrach.
. 1 Nightingale (Daulias luscinia), §. Presented by J. Young,
Ss
Si
. 1 Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus). Presented by G.
Hayward, Esq.
. 1 Four-horned Antelope (Tetraceros quadricornis), g. Pur-
chased.
1 Long-tailed Copsychus (Copsychus macrurus), . Deposited.
2 Silky Bower-birds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus), ¢Q. De-
posited.
1 Blue-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna). Deposited.
. 1 South-American Flamingo (Phenicopterus ignipalliatus).
Purchased.
. 1 Gayal (Bibos frontalis), 9. Born in the Menagerie.
. 1 Rose-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis). Presented by
Miss Liming.
. 1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina). Born in the Me-
nagerie.
2 Chinese Mynahs (Acridotheres cristatellus). Presented by
Mrs. Rigby.
2 Squirrel Monkeys (Chrysothrix sciwrea). Purchased.
. 1 Common Otter (Zutra vulgaris), §. Purchased.
. 2 Black-necked Storks (Xenorhynchus australis), 62. Pur-
chased.
1 Spanish Terrapin (Clemmys leprosa). Presented by F. T.
ason, eee
. 1 Long-billed Butcher-bird (Barita destructor). Deposited.
1 Teguexin Lizard (Tupinambis teguexin). Purchased.
2 Tuatera Lizards (Sphenodon punctatus). Deposited.
1 Alleghany Snake (Coluber alleghaniensis). Received in Ex-
change.
Apr.
a?
13.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19,
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 629
. 1 Sinaitic Ibex (Capra sinaitica). Presented by Commander
Paget, R.N. See P.Z.S. 1889, p. 246. From Mount Sinai.
1 Collared Fruit-Bat (Cynonycteris collaris). Born in the Me-
nagerie.
. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 9. Presented by
Mrs, Cox.
1 Side-striped Jackal (Canis lateralis). Born in the Menagerie.
4 Black Swans (Cygnus atratus), Presented by Messrs. James
and A. Brown.
. 1 Raven (Corvus corar). Presented by J. F. Hastings, Esq.,
FZS
pat Grey Squirrel (Sciurus cinereus), $. Presented by Miss
Vokes.
1 Shag (Phalacrocorar graculus). Presented by Mr. Henry
Reynolds.
1 Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus), 2. Presented by Mrs.
Marian FitzSimons.
1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus), §. Presented by
the West-Indian (Nat. Hist.) Exploring Commission. From
St. Kitts, W. I.
1 Black Tortoise (Zestudo carbonaria). Presented by Col.
Feilden, F.Z.S. From Trinidad.
1 Rough-eyed Cayman (Jacare sclerops). Presented by Col.
Feilden, F.Z.8.
1 Wanderoo Monkey (Macacus silenus), 9. Purchased.
1 Common Squirrel ( Secwrus vulgaris). Presented by Mrs, Arthur
Faulkner.
2 Viscachas (Lagostomus trichodactylus). Born in the Me-
nagerie.
1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina), §. Born in the
Menagerie.
2 Pochards (Fuligula ferina),23. Purchased.
1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Presented by
Miss Caroline Newton.
1 Slender-billed Cockatoo (Licmetis tenuirostris). Presented by
Walter Bird, Esq.
1 Leopard (Felis pardus), 3. Presented by George 8. Mackenzie,
Esq. From Malindi, East Africa.
1 Lesser Koodoo (Strepsiceros imberbis), $. Presented by George
S. Mackensie, Esq. See P. Z.S. 1889, p. 246. From Malindi,
E. Africa.
2 White-crested Touracous ( Corythaix albocristata). Presented
by George S. Mackenzie, Esq.
3 Elliot’s Pheasants (Phasianus elliott), 1¢,292. Purchased.
3 Amherst’s Pheasants (Thawnalia amherstig), 13,22. Pur-
chased.
2 Swinhoe’s Pheasants (Zuplocamus swinhoti), § 2. Purchased.
2 Vulturine Guinea-fowls (Numida vulturina), 2. Purchased.
2 Crested Screamers (Chauna chavaria). Purchased.
6 Rose-coloured Pastors (Pastor voseus). Purchased.
. 1 Indian Wolf (Canis pallipes), G. Presented by B. T. Ffinch,
Esq., C.M.Z.S. From Afghanistan.
5 Chaplain Crows (Corvus capellanus). Presented by B. T.
Ffinch, Esq., C.M.Z.S. From Fao, Persian Gulf.
1 Indian Python (Python molurus). Presented by B. T. Ffinch,
Esq., C.M.Z.S.
1 Indian White Crane (Grus leucogeranos). Purchased.
27.
30.
May 1.
APPENDIX.
. 1 Imperial Eagle (Aqutla imperialis). Presented by Messrs. J.
de la Touch and George Siemssen. From Foochow, China.
1 Slender-billed Cockatoo (Licmetis tenuirostris). Presented by
Mrs. Hunt.
. 2 Alligators (Alligator mississipiensis), jr. Deposited.
. 4 Concave-casqued Hornbills (Dichoceros bicornis), 23, 29.
Deposited.
1 Crowned Hornbill (Anthracoceros coronatus). Deposited.
1 Nepalese Hornbill (Aceros nepalensis). Deposited.
1 Two-banded Monitor (Varanus salvator). Deposited.
. 2 Macaque Monkeys (Macacus cynomolgus), 3 Q. Presented by
J. G. Mackie, Esq.
. 1 Long-eared Owl (Asio otus). Presented by Mr. Thos. B.
Butler.
2 Caracals (Felis caracal), Presented by Capt. Treville Cookson.
From Bechuanaland.
3 Orbicular Horned Lizards (Phrynosoma orbiculare). Presented
by T. H. Collins, Esq.
. 1 Ring-tailed Coati (Nasua rufa). Presented by Wm. Shiell,
E
sq.
2 Barbary Wild Sheep (Owis tragelaphus), 2g. Born in the
Menagerie.
1 Tawny Eagle (Aguila nevioides). Purchased. From West
rica.
1 Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron chinquis), . Purchased.
1 Squacco Heron (Ardea ralloides). Purchased.
1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), 2. Deposited.
. 1 Yellow-footed Rock-Kangaroo (Petrogale xanthopus),?2. Born
in the Menagerie.
1 Derbian Wallaby (Halmaturus derbianus), 2. Born in the
Menagerie.
. 2 White-eyed Ducks (Nyroca ferruginea), 6 2. Purchased.
2 Stone Curlews (Gidicnemus scolopar). Presented by Mr.
Brunsden.
4 Long-fronted Gerbilles (Gerbillus longifrons). Born in the
Menagerie.
1 Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), Q. Born in the
Menagerie.
2 Chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera). Born in the Menagerie.
1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), . Deposited.
1 Cape Mole-Rat (Georychus capensis), 9. Presented by the
Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. See P. Z. 8. 1889, p. 316.
1 Geometric Tortoise (Testudo geometrica). Presented by the
Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.
4 Tuberculated Tortoises (Homopus femoralis). Presented by
the Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.
34 Gray’s Frogs (Rana grayt). Presented by the Rev. G. H. R.
Fisk, C.M.Z.8.
6 Narrow-headed Toads (Bufo angusticeps). Presented by the
Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.
1 Spotted Slow-worm (Acontias meleagris). Presented by the
Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.
1 Indian Wolf (Canis pailipes), 9. Presented by Major C.S8.
Skipton, R.A.
1 Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetus). Presented by Mr. Thomas
G. Henderson. From Inverness-shire.
May 2.
~
.
10.
ll.
15.
14,
15.
16.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 631
1 Puff Adder (Vipera arietans). Presented by F. Streatfield,
Esq.
1 Brazilian Tortoise (Testudo tabulata). Purchased.
1 Blackish Sternothere (Sternotherus subniger). Purchased.
1 Egyptian Trionyx (Trionyx egyptiacus). Purchased.
6 European Tree-Frogs (Hyla arborea). Presented by H. B.
Hewetson, Esq., M.R.C.S., F.Z.8.
. 2 Black-necked Swans (Cygnus nigricollis), Purchased,
2 Lineated Kaleeges (Zuplocamus lineatus), ¢ 9. Purchased.
. 1 Purple-faced Monkey (Semnopithecus lewcoprymnus), 3.
Presented by J. H. Taylor, sq.
1 Bonte-Bok (Alcelaphus pygargus), 3. Deposited.
2 Moor-Harriers (Circus maurus?). Received in Exchange.
2 Natterjack Toads (Bufo calamita). Presented by Master H.
Millward.
2 Natterjack Toads (Bufo calamita), Presented by Master M.
A. Smith.
1 Otter (Zutra vulgaris). Presented by — Basset, Esq.
1 Long-eared Owl (Asto otus). Presented by the Hon. Eric
Thesiger.
1 Yellow-billed Amazon (Chrysotis panamensis). Presented by
the Lord Wm. Cecil.
. 1 Herring-Gull (Larus argentatus). Presented by Mrs. Gains-
ford.
1 Long-eared Owl (Aso otus). Presented by the Rev. F.
Hopkins,
. 2 Common Kestrels (Tinnunculus alaudarius). Presented by
Capt. Janes.
2Common Rheas (Rhea americana). Presented by J. D.
Kennedy, Esq.
1 Black Swan (Cygnus atratus), 9. Presented by Mrs.
Siemens.
1 Squacco Heron (Ardea ralloides). Purchased.
3 Japanese Teal (Querguedula formosa), 1 3,29. Purchased.
1 Amherst Pheasant (Thaumalea amherstie), §. Purchased.
1 Vervet Monkey (Cercopithecus lalandit), §. Presented by
Dr. W. K. Sibley.
1 Chimpanzee (Anthropopithecus troglodytes), 9. Deposited.
5 North-African Jackals (Canis anthus). Born in the Mena-
erie.
1 onal Fox (Canis rudis), $. Presented by James Coombs,
Esq.
1 Mountain Ka-Ka (Nestor notabilis). Purchased.
1 Grey-breasted Parrakeet (Bolborhynchus monachus). Pre-
sented by Mrs. Macnab.
1 Great Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), $. Born in the
Menagerie.
2 Great Eagle-Owls (Bubo maximus). Presented by the Exe-
cutors of the late W. J. Cookson, Esq.
1 Collared Fruit-Bat (Cynonycteris collaris). Born in the
Menagerie.
10 eee Vipers ( Vipera berus). Presented by C. F. McNiven,
sq.
2 Red-legged Partridges (Caccabis rufa). Presented by Capt.
Augustus Kent, ss. ‘ Fez.’ From the Canary Islands,
1 Green-headed Tanager (Calliste tricolor). Purchased.
17. 1 Japanese Deer (Cervus sika), 9. Born in the Menagerie.
632
May 17.
18.
26.
29.
30.
31,
APPENDIX.
6 Barbary Turtle Doves (Turtur risorius). Presented by Major
T, Erskine Baylis, F.Z.S.
1 Black-bellied Sand-Grouse (Péerocles arenarius), $. Pre-
sented by Mrs. Ayrton Pullan.
2 Common Vipers (Vipera berus). Presented by Barry Burge,
E
Sq.
1 Darian Wallaby (Halmaturus derbianus), 3. Presented by
Mr. Buckland, s.s. ‘ Britannia,’
1 Black-cheeked Falcon (Falco melanogenys). Presented by
Baron F. von Mueller, C.M.Z.S.
1 Tuberculated Iguana (Jguana tuberculata), Presented by
Mr. J. B. Johnson, s.s. ‘ Antilles,’
2 Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo). Deposited.
20. 2 Yellow-fronted Tanagers (Euphonia flavifrons), Presented
by Mrs. Herbert.
. 1 Collared Fruit-Bat (Cynonycteris collaris). Born in the
Menagerie.
1 Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), 2. Born in the
Menagerie.
2 Bennett’s Kangaroo (Halmaturus bennetti), 2 2. Born in the
Menagerie.
4 Black-tailed Godwits (Zimosa egocephala). Purchased.
2 Manx Shearwaters (Puffinus anglorum). Presented by F.
Hensman, Esq.
. 1 Hog-Deer (Cervus poreinus), §. Born in the Menagerie.
2 Grey Wagtails (Motacilla melanope). Bred in the Mena-
gerie.
2 Indian Muntjacs (Cervulus muntjac), 6 2. Received in ex-
change.
1 Ocelot (Felis pardalis). Purchased.
1 Serval (Felis serval), 3. Presented by John Walker, jun.,
Esq. From the Zambesi.
1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus). Presented by Mrs.
Walter Boden.
1 Ocelot (Felis pardalis), 3. Presented by Mrs. Wolfe.
1 Red Brocket (Cariacus rufus?), 9. Presented by Mrs. Wolfe.
1 Brazilian Tree-Porcupine (Sphingurus prehensilis). Presented
by Mrs. Wolfe.
1 Acouchy (Dasyprocta acouchy). Presented by Mrs. Wolfe.
1 Hairy Armadillo (Dasypus villosus), §. Presented by Mrs.
Wolfe.
1 Yellow Hangnest (Cassicus persicus). Presented by Mrs.
Wolfe.
1 Pileated Jay (Cyanocoraa: pileatus). Presented by Mrs. Wolfe.
1 Blue-fronted Amazon (Chrysotis estiva). Presented by Mrs.
Wolfe.
2 White-eared Conures (Conwrus leucotis). Presented by Mrs.
Wolfe.
1 Blue-and-Yellow Macaw (dra ararauna). Deposited.
1 Blue-fronted Amazon (Chrysotis estiva). Deposited.
2 Yellow-headed Conures (Conurus jendaya). Deposited.
1 Vi as Snake (Tropidonotus viperinus). Presented by Mr.
. Knight.
2 Poé Honey-eaters (Prosthemadera nove-zealandie), $9.
Received in Exchange.
1 Diana Monkey (Cercopithecus diana, var. ignita), 2. Pre-
sented by Col. Wethered.
May 31.
June 1.
Or
15.
14,
15.
i%fc
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 633
1 Campbell’s Monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli), ¢. Presented
by Col. Wethered.
1 Musanga Paradoxure (Paradoxurus musanga). Presented by
Col. Wethered.
1 Nightingale (Daulias luscinia), g. Presented by J. Young,
Ksq., F.Z.S.
1 American Jabiru (Mycteria americana). Purchased.
1 American Tantalus (Tantalus loculator). Purchased.
1 Bar-tailed Pheasant (Phasianus reevesi), §. Presented by
C. J. Lucas, Esq.
. 2 Australian Thicknees (Ctdicnemus grallarius). Purchased.
1 Eyton’s Tree-Duck (Dendrocygna eytoni). Purchased.
2 Lineolated Parrakeets (Bolborhynchus lineolatus). Purchased.
. 1 Hog Deer (Cervus porcinus), 2. Born in the Menagerie.
2 Mule Deer (Cariacus macrotis), 2 2. Born in the Menagerie.
. 2 Senegal Touracous (Corythatx persa). Purchased.
. 2 Elliot’s Pheasants (Phastanus ellioti), § 2. Deposited.
. 1 Black Lemur (Lemur macaco). Born in the Menagerie.
. 1 Chattering Lory (Lorvus garrulus), Presented by Mr. Thomas
Taylor.
2. 2 Slender-billed Cockatoos (Licmetis tenuirostris). Presented by
Dr. Seton.
2 Prenie Cockatoos (Cacatua ducorpsi). Presented by Dr.
eton.
2 Long-fronted Gerbilles (Gerbillus longifrons). Presented by
Lieut.-Gen. Sir Harry B. Lumsden, K.C.S.1., F.Z.S.
2 Nicobar Pigeons (Calenas nicobarica), § 2. Purchased.
2 Viperine Snakes ( Tropidonotus viperinus). Presented by the
Rey. F. W. Haines.
3 Green Lizards (Lacerta viridis). Presented by the Rev. F.
W. Haines. .
2 Marbled Newts (Molge marmorata). Presented by the Rev.
F. W. Haines.
2 Spotted Salamanders (Salamandra maculosa). Presented by
the Rey. F. W. Haines.
2 Edible Frogs (Rana esculenta). Presented by the Rev. F. W.
Haines. ;
3 Green Tree-Frogs (Hyla arborea). Presented by the Rev. F.
W. Haines.
1 Smooth Snake (Coronella levis). Presented by Miss Agnes
Flemyng.
3 Australian Waxbills (Zstrelda temporalis). Purchased.
2 Prairie Wolves (Canis latrans), 6 2. Presented by Chas.
Martin, Esq. From the Rocky Mountains,
1 Collared Peccary (Dicotyles tajagu). Purchased.
2 Razorbills (Alea torda). Presented by Dr. B. Hewetson, F.Z.S.
1 Cocoa-nut Land-Crab (Birgus latro), §. Presented by Com-
mander Alfred Carpenter, R.N. See P. Z.S. 1889, p. 393.
1 Axis Deer (Cervus axis), 9. Born in the Menagerie.
3 New-Zealand Parrakeets (Cyanorhamphus nove-zealandia).
Received in exchange.
1 Macaque Monkey (Macacas cynomolgus), 3. Presented by
Capt. M. 8. Riach.
1 Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Presented by Miss L. Davy.
18. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), ¢. Presented by
W. J. McCausland, Esq.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1889, No. XLII. 42
634
APPENDIX.
Junel8. 1 Yak (Poephagus grunniens), 2. Born in the Menagerie.
July
1
9.
20.
1 Burrhel Wild Sheep (Ovis burrhel), ¢. Born in the Mena-
gerie.
1 ie Partridge (Caccabis rufa). Presented by J. E.
Clayton, Esq.
1 Redwing (Turdus iliacus). Presented by J. E. Clayton, Esq.
1 Purple-crested Touracou (Corythaix porphyreolophus). Pre-
sented by Miss Dolly Kirk.
1 Bolle’s Pigeon (Columba bollii). Bred in the Menagerie.
1 Triangular-spotted Pigeon (Columba guinea). Bred in the
Menagerie.
1 Specious Pigeon (Columba speciosa). Purchased.
1 Black Francolin (Francolinus vulgaris). Purchased.
1 Hawk’s-billed Turtle (Chelone imbricata). Purchased.
2 Canary Finches (Serinus canarius), § 2. Presented by E. J.
Meade-Waldo, Esq.
2 Tintillon Chaffinches (Fringilla tintillon). Presented by E.
J. Meade- Waldo, Esq.
2 Bolle’s Pigeons (Columba bollit). Deposited.
1 Pallas’s Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus), 3. Deposited.
1 Herring-Gull (Zarus argentatus). Bred in the Menagerie.
1 Yellow-legged Herring-Gull (Larus cachinnans). Bred in the
Menagerie.
i! Solitary Thrush (Monticola cyanus). Presented by the Rev.
H. A: Macpherson.
1 Alexandrine Parrakeet (Paleornis alevandri). Presented by
Miss Wilson.
4 Violaceous Night-Herons (Nycticoraa violaceus). Presented
by Dr. A. P. Boon, C.M.Z.S.
1 Common ant ( Psophia cremtans). Presented by C. C.
Tudway, E
1 Burrhel Wild’ Sheep (Ovis burrhel), §. Born in the Mena-
eri
1 Henk headed Lemur (Lemur brunneus), ¢. Presented by
Mr. Chas. C, Stewart.
. 1 Common Kestrel (Tinnunculus alaudarius). Presented by
Master W. P. Teil.
1 Ring-necked Parrakeet (yellow variety) (Paleornis tor-
quatus). Presented by Col. C. Swinhoe, F.Z.S.
1 Thar (Capra jemlaica). Born in the Menagerie.
4 Angora Goats (Capra hircus, var.), 13,3 Q. Presented by
Messrs. Theophilus, Bros.
. 3 American Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo). Bred in the
Menagerie.
. 1 Two-spotted Paradoxure (Nandinia binotata). Presented by
Philip Lemberg, Esq.
1 Flocky Lemur (Avahis laniger). Purchased.
2 Mule Deer (Cartacus macrotis), 2 3. Born in the Menagerie.
2 Undulated Grass-Parrakeets (Melopsittacus undulatus). “Pur-
chased.
2 Goshawks (Astur palumbarius). Deposited.
1. 2 Indian Jerboas (Alactaya indica). Presented by Cuthbert
Johnson, Esq.
1 Bonnet-Monkey, white variety (Macacus sinicus), 2. Pre-
sented by The Waterbury Watch (Sales) Co. Ld.
1 African Wild Ass (Equus teniopus),2. Born in the Menagerie.
July 2
3
5.
2)
16
17
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 635
. 1 Lesser White-nosed Monkey (Cercopithecus petaurista), 9.
Presented by Capt. Stewart Stephens.
1 Brown Bear (Ursus arctos), 2. Presented by John Foster
Spence, Esq.
1 Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus), 2. Presented by Arnold Pike,
Esq. From Spitzbergen.
1 Short Python (Python curtus). Presented by Mrs. Bertha
M. 1. Bonser. See P.Z. 8. 1889, pp. 393, 432, Plate XLV.
1 Hybrid Wild Swine (between Sus scrofa and Sus domesticus), 2 .
Presented by Ralph Banks, Esq., ¥.Z.S.
. 1 Collared Fruit-Bat (Cynonycterts collaris), Born in the
Menagerie.
1 Laughing Kingfisher (Dacelo gigantea). Deposited.
12 Algerian Skinks (Zumeces algeriensis). Purchased.
2 Wonga-Wonga Pigeons (Leucosarcia picata). Received in
Exchange.
1 Red-winged Parrakeet (Aprosmictus erythropterus), 2. Re-
ceived in Exchange.
2 Barnard’s Parrakeets (Platycercus barnardi). Purchased.
1 Brush-tailed Kangaroo (Petrogale penicillata), ¢. Presented
by Sir Edmund A. H. Lechmere, Bart., M.P.
. 5 Violaceous Night-Herons (WVycticorax violaceus). Presented
by Dr. A. P. Boon, C.M.Z.8. From St. Kitts, W. I.
. 1 Poé Honey-eater (Prosthemadera nove-zealandie). Presented
by Alfred M. Simon, Esq.
1 Military Macaw (Ara militaris). Deposited.
1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Deposited.
1 White-throated Monitor ( Varanus albogularis). Presented by
H. L. Jones, Esq.
. 1 Indian Coucal (Centropus rfipennis). Received in Ex-
change.
2 Diamond Snakes (Morelia spilotes). Deposited.
2 Argus Pheasants (Argus giganteus), 6 9. Purchased.
. 2 Razorbills (Alea torda). Presented by Mr. W. B. Roberts.
3 Guillemots (Uria troile). Presented by Mr. W. B. Roberts.
2 Crested Porcupines (Hystrix cristata). Presented by Capt.
Henry F. Hoste, R.M.S. ‘Trojan.’
1 Jackal-Buzzard (Buteo jacal). Presented by Capt. Henry F.
Hoste, R.M.S. ‘ Trojan.’
2 Natal Francolins (Francolinus natalensis), § 2. Presented by
Capt. Henry F’. Hoste, R.M.S. ‘ Trojan.’
2 Ocellated Mantises (Harpax ocellata). Presented by Col. J,
H. Bowker, F.Z.8.
. 1 Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron chinquis). Bred in the
Menagerie.
. 8 Mandarin Ducks (4“x galericulata). Bred in the Menagerie.
5 Summer Ducks (4x sponsa). Bred in the Menagerie.
2 Chiloe Wigeon (Mareca chiloensis). Bred in theMenagerie.
6 Chilian Pintail (Dafila spinicauda). Bred in the Menagerie.
3 Australian Wild Ducks (Anas superciliosa). Bred in the
Menagerie.
. 1 Common Wolf (Canis lupus). Presented by W. 8. Lart, Esq.
From Spain.
4 Violaceous Night-Herons (Nycticorax violaceus). Presented
by Dr. P. A. Boon, C.M.Z.S. From St. Kitts, W. I.
1 Green Bittern (Butorides virescens). Presented by Dr. A. P.
Boon, C.M.Z.8. From St. Kitts, W. 1.
42*
636
July 20.
31.
Aug. 1.
2
Uv.
APPENDIX.
1 Dominican Kestrel (Tinnunculus dominicensis). Presented by
Dr. A. P. Boon, C.M.Z.S. From St. Kitts, W. I.
1 Porto-Rico Pigeon (Columba corensis). Presented by Dr. A.
P. Boon, C.M.Z.S. From St. Kitts, W. I.
21. 1 Wapiti Deer (Cervus canadensis),?. Born in the Menagerie.
22, 2 White Storks (Ciconia alba). Presented by Thos. Hay, Esq.
3 Well-marked Tortoises (Homopus signatus), 13,29. Pre-
sented by the Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.ZS.
4 Rufescent Snakes (Leptodira rufescens). Presented by the
Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.
1 Many-spotted Snake (Psammophylax multimaculatus). Pre-
sented by the Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.
1 Spotted Slowworm (Acontias meleagris), Presented by the
Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.
1 Puff-Adder (Vipera arietans). Presented by the Rev. G. H.
R. Fisk, C.M.Z.8.
23. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 6. Presented by
Mr. F. Dabbs.
1 Common Zebra (Zquus zebra), 9. Received in Exchange.
1 Prétre’s Amazon (Chrysotis pretrii). Purchased. See P.Z. 8.
1889, p. 394.
1 Tovi Parrakeet (Brotogerys tovz). Deposited.
1 Tesselated Snake (TZropidonotus tessellatus). Presented by
H. D. Brocklehurst, Esq.
1 Leopardine Snake (Helicops leopardinus). Purchased,
. 2 Crested Pigeons (Ocyphaps lophotes). Bred in the Menagerie.
2Common Toads (Bufo vulgaris). Presented by Dr. J. J.
Piteairn, F.Z.S.
1 Red-and- Yellow Macaw (Ara chloroptera). Deposited.
. 1 White-throated Capuchin (Cebus hypoleucus), 3. Purchased.
1 Peba Armadillo (Tatusta peba), $. Purchased.
1 Senegal Touracou (Corythaiv persa). Purchased.
1 Tesselated Snake ( Tropidonotus tessellatus). Purchased.
26. 2 Black-eared Marmosets (Hapale penicillata). Deposited.
1 Common Otter (Letra vulgaris). Presented by Chas. H.
Wynn, Esq.
6 Spotted Tinamous (Nothwra maculosa). Purchased.
28. 2 Mule Deer (Cariacus macrotis), 2 3. Born in the Menagerie.
. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 9. Presented by
H. J. Cunnington, Esq.
1 Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). Presented by Capt.
Watson.
3 Palm-Squirels (Sce’urus palmarum). Purchased.
10 Gold Pheasants ( Zhawmalea picta). Bred in the Menagerie.
1 Indian Fruit-Bat (Pteropus medius), 2. Presented by Mr.
Tholen.
1 Ocelot (Felis pardalis), Presented by Capt. W. Heathorn Lacy.
1 Brazilian Cariama (Cariama cristata). Presented by Capt.
W. Heathorn Lacy.
. 1 Tuberculated Iguana (Iguana tuberculata, jr.). Presented by
H. E. Blandford, Esq.
1 Indian Python (Python molurus). Deposited.
. 1 Gazelle (Gazella dorcas), 3. Presented by Umberto Arbib,
Esq.
2 Triangular-spotted Pigeons (Columba guinea). Bred in the
Menagerie.
Aug. 6.
6.
a
i.
8.
oh
Sept. 2.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 637
2 Cambayan Turtle-Doves (Turtur senegalensis). Bred in the
Menagerie.
1 Globose Curassow (Crax globicera). Hatched in the Menagerie.
1 Cinereous Vulture (Vultur monachus). Deposited.
1 Cinereous Vulture ( Vultur monachus). Presented by the Lord
Lilford, F.Z.S.
2 Vinaceous Turtle-Doves (Turtur vinaceus). Presented by
Mrs. Ffoulkes.
22 Gold Fish (Carassius auratus). Presented by A. H. Hastie,
Esq.
a Gass (Cyprinus carpio). Presented by A. H. Hastie, Esq.
1 Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus). Deposited.
2 Alligators (Alligator miéssissippiensis). Presented by W. J.
Bannehr, Esq.
24 Teydean Chaftinches (Fringilla teydea). Deposited.
1 Great-billed Touracou (Corythaix macrorhyncha). Presented
by Lady Charlotte Brandford Griffith.
. 1 Water-Chevrotain (Hyomoschus aquaticus), Purchased.
. 1 Blue-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna). Deposited.
1 Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). Presented by W. Hoad,
Esq., M.D.
1 Mantchurian Crane (Grus viridirostris). Purchased.
. 1 Royal Python (Python regius). Received in Exchange.
5 African Lepidosirens (Protopterus annectens). Purchased.
3. 9 Spanish Blue Magpies (Cyanopolius covki). Deposited.
8 Spanish Blue Magpies (Cyanopolius cooki). Presented by the
ord Lilford, F.Z.S.
1 Formosa Deer (Cervus taévanus), g. Presented by Capt. C.
Taylor, s.s. ‘ Aberdeen,’
1 Japanese Deer (Cervus stka), 9. Presented by Capt. C.
aylor, s.s. ‘ Aberdeen,’
2 Three-striped Paradoxures (Paradoxurus trivirgatus). Pre-
sented by Capt. C. Taylor, s.s. ‘ Aberdeen.’
1 Great Eagle Owl (Bubo maximus). Presented by Capt. C.
Taylor, s.s. ‘ Aberdeen.’
1 Bewick’s Swan (Cygnus bewicki). Presented by Mr. Jansen.
From China.
. 1 Common Fox (Canis vulpes), 9. Presented by Edw. C. Hall,
Esq.
4
. 1 Indian Muntjac (Cervulus muntjac), g. Born in the
Menagerie.
2 Water Rattlesnakes (Crotalus adamanteus). Deposited.
1 Mocassin Snake (Tropidonotus fasciatus). Deposited.
1 Common Peafowl (white variety) (Pavo cristatus), g. Pre-
sented by Richard Hunter, Esq.
1 Manx Shearwater (Puffinus anglorum). Presented by John
M. Wood, Esq., C.E.
. 1 Lesser Razor-billed Curassow (Mitua tomentosa). Presented
by G. H. Hawtayne, Esq., C.M.Z.S.
. 5 Herring-Gulls (Larus argentatus). Presented by Sir Richard
Nicholson.
1 Louisianian Meadow-Starling (Sternella ludovictana), 2. Pre-
sented by J. Newton Hayley, Esq.
. 1 Turtle-Dove (Twrtur communis). Presented by C. W. Cousins,
Esq.
3 Bengal Foxes (Canis bengalensis), Presented by Col. Creek.
cr
10.
11.
13.
APPENDIX.
1 Common Badger (Meles taxus). Presented by G. H. Hulme,
Es
q.
- 1Common Marmoset (Hapale jacchus). Presented by James
Waddell, Esq.
1 Red-billed Tree-Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis). Presented
by Mrs. Alfred Oakes.
2 Upland Geese (Bernicla magellanica, var. dispar), 3 2.
Purchased.
2 Spur-winged Geese (Plectropterus gambensis). Purchased.
2 Black-backed Geese Sarcidiornis melanonota). Purchased.
1 Grey Ichneumon (Herpestes griseus). Presented by Miss
Colvin.
1 Crested Porcupine (Hystrix cristata). Presented by Capt.
Rose.
1 Ringed Plover (A%yialitis hiaticula). Presented by H. M.
Upcher, Esq., F.Z.8.
5 Hobbies (Falco subbuteo). Deposited. From Spain.
1 Crested Porcupine (Hystrix cristata). Presented by Chas.
Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S.
2 Nicobar Pigeons (Calenas nicobarica). Presented by Chas.
Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S.
2 AKthiopian Wart-Hogs (Phacocherus ethiopicus), 6 2. De-
osited.
1 sihaitic Thex (Capra sinattica), §. Presented by Sir James
Anderson. From the Erba Mountains, near Suakim.
2 Rose-crested Cockatoos (Cacatua moluccensis). Presented by
Chas. Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Fork-tailed Jungle-fowl (Gallus varius), $. Presented by
Chas. Clifton, Esq., F.Z.S
4 European Sousliks (Spermophilus citillus). Presented by E.
Dance, Esq.
1 Cape Zorilla (Zetony2 zorilla). Presented by Capt. W. W.
Besant. From Suakim.
1 Osprey (Pandion haliaétus), Purchased.
1 Vinous-throated Fruit-Pigeon (Carpophaga rufigula). Pre-
sented by C. M. Woodford, Esq. :
1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus), 3. Presented by
Mrs. Tupper.
1 Wood-Owl (Syrniwm aluco). Presented by Major Vilett
Rolleston, F.Z.S.
. 1 Vulpine Phalanger (Phalangista vulpina), ¢. Born in the
Menagerie.
1 White-fronted Lemur (Lemur albifrons), g. Presented by
C. O. Pelly, Esq. ;
3 African Lepidosirens (Protopterus annectens). Deposited.
. 1 Macaque Monkey (Macacus cynomolgus). Presented by Mr.
H. B. Wedlake.
1 Brown Bear (Ursus aretos). Presented by Frank Dugdale,
Esq.
4 Larger Tree-Ducks (Dendrocygna major). Purchased.
3 Indian Tree-Ducks (Dendrocygna javanica). Purchased.
. 1 Crested Porcupine (Hystrix cristata). Presented by Mrs
Lucas-Shadwell.
1 Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus), 3. Born in the Menagerie.
2 Cockateels ( Calopsitta nove-hollandie). Bred in the Menagerie.
1 Crested Pigeon (Ocyphaps lophotes). Bred in the Menagerie.
1 Nicobar Pigeon (Calenas nicobarica). Bred inthe Menagerie.
Oct.
30.
Po bP
13.
14.
. 1 Red-and-Yellow Macaw (Ara chloroptera).
. 2 Common Marmosets (Hapale jacchus). Presented by Mr.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 639
1 Burchell’s Zebra (Equus burchelli), 2. Purchased.
1 Tuberculated Iguana (Iguana tuberculata), Purchased.
25. 2 Common Cassowaries (Casuarius galeatus). Deposited.
2 Black-footed Penguins (Spheniscus demersus). Presented by
Harding Cox, Esq., F.Z.S.
6 Californian Quails ( Callipepla californica), 2 3,42. Purchased.
1 Himalayan Bear (Ursus tibetanus), §. Deposited.
4 Long-fronted Gerbilles (Gerbillus longifrons). Born in the
Menagerie.
1 Red-handed Tamarin (Midas rufimanus), Presented by Miss
Gladys E. Meyrick.
1 Common Pintail (Dafila acuta), g. Presented by R. Terrot,
Ks
q.
. 1 Peregrine Faleon (Falco peregrinus). Presented by J. T.
Taylor, Esq
. 1 Laughing Kingfisher (Dacelo yigantea). Deposited.
1 Californian Quail (Callipepla californica), 3. Received in
Exchange.
1 Virginian Colin (Ortya virginianus), g. Received in Ex-
change.
1 Malaccan Parrakeet (Paleornis longicauda), §. Received in
Exchange. ,
1 Malabar Parrakeet (Paleornis columboides), 3. Received in
Exchange.
1 Mealy Amazon (Chrysotis farinosa). Received in Exchange.
2 Cape Crowned Cranes (Balearica chrysopelargus). Presented
by the Hon. Mrs. Barker.
7 Common Slowworms (Anguis fragilis). Presented by Miss
Alice Leonora Pelly.
4 Common Rheas (thea americana). Purchased.
1 Jelerang Squirrel (Sciwus bicolor). Presented by Fred.
Smith, Esq.
. 1 Royal Python (Python regius). Deposited.
1 Common Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by J.
Watkins. Esq.
. 1 Long-nosed Crocodile (Crocodilus cataphractus). Presented
by John Richard Holmes, Esq.
- 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), 29. Deposited.
2 Black Storks (Ciconia nigra). Purchased.
2 Mantchurian Crossoptilons (Crossoptilon mantchuricum).
Purchased.
. 2 Spur-winged Geese (Plectropterus gambensis). Deposited.
2 Black-headed Lemurs (Lemur brunneus). ig ee
eposited.
Stanley Gibson.
. 1 Palm-Squirrel (Seirus palmarum). Presented by W. Tweedie,
E
sq.
1 Green Monkey (Cercopithecus callitrichus). Presented by
Mrs. E. Reeves.
1 Canadian Beaver (Castor canadensis). Presented by J. R.
Politzer, Esq., F.Z.S.
1 Puma (felis concolor). Born in the Menagerie.
2 Macaque Monkeys (Macacus cynomolgus), 6 9. Deposited.
1 eee Monkey (Macacus nemestrinus), 6. Presented by
rs. Cosh.
640
APPENDIX.
Oct. 14. 1 Black-fronted Lemur (Lemur nigrifrons). Deposited.
Noy. 1.
2 Well-marked Tortoises (omopus signatus). Presented by the
Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.
1 Rufescent Snake (Leptodira rufescens). Presented by the
Rey. G. H. R, Fisk Z.5,
3 Smooth-bellied Snakes (Homalosoma lutriv). Presented by
the Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.
1 Rhomb-marked Snake (Psammophylar rhombeatus). Pre-
sented by the Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.
1 Cape Adder (Vipera atropos). Presented by Rey. G. H. R.
Fisk, C.M.Z.S.
4 Warty Short-headed Toads (Breviceps verrucosus). Presented
by the Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.8.
1 Humped short-headed Toad (Breviceps gibbosus). Presented
by the Rev. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S.
. 8 Common Hedgehogs (Lrinaceus europeus). Presented by
H. Pelham Curtis, Esq.
2 Cayenne Aracaris (Pteroglossus aracart). Presented by Thos.
Watson Permain, Esq. From Maceyo, Brazil.
. 6 Common Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo). Deposited.
. 1 Red-necked Hawk (Micrastur ruficollis). Presented by J. E.
Wolfe, Esq.
1] Red-and-Blue Macaw (Ara macao). Presented by Robert
Romer, Esq., Q.C
. 2 Reed- -Buntings (Emberi za scheniclus), 6 2. Purchased.
. 1 Gaur (Bibos gaurus), 6. Presented by Sir Cecil C. Smith,
K.C.M.G. See P. Z.S8. 1889, p. 447. From Pahang, Malay
Peninsula.
. 1 Fournier’s Capromys (Capromys pilorides). Purchased.
1 Three-coloured Lory (Lorius tricolor). Purchased.
. 3» Blue-crowned Hanging Parrakeets (Loriculus galgulus). Pre-
sented by Mr. A. Baker.
. 3 Dingo Dogs (Cams dingo), 23,12. Received in Exchange.
1 White Goshawk (Astur nove-hollandie). Received in Ex-
change.
1 Berigora Hawk (Hieracidea berigora). Received in Ex-
change.
1 Brush-Turkey (Talegalla latham:), 9. Received in Exchange.
1 Australian Thicknee (Gtdienemus grallarius). Received in
Exchange.
2 Tuatera Lizards eee punctatus). Presented by Rear-
Admiral Henry Fairfax, R.N., C.B., F.Z
2 Short-toed Larks (Calandrella brach egey Presented by
Commander W. M. Latham, R.N., F.Z.S. From ay onshire,
. | Ring-tailed Coati (Nasua rufa). Presented by W. J. Martin,
Esq.
1 Sharp-nosed Crocodile (Crocodilus acutus). Presented by the
Jamaica Institute, Jamaica, W.I.
. 1 Collared Peccary (Dicot 'yles tujacu), ©. Deposited.
. 1 Patas Monkey (Cercopithecus patas), 6. Presented by the
Rey. James Vernall.
3 Grey Squirrels (Sciwrus cinereus). Deposited.
1 Cheetah (Cynelurus jubatus), 2. Presented by Captain
Webster.
4 Rosy-billed Ducks (Metopiana peposaca), 23,29. Pur-
chased.
Noy. 1.
2
Or
13.
20.
21.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 641
4 Dwarf Finches (Spermestes nana). Purchased.
. 1 Smooth-headed Capuchin (Cebus monachus), §. Deposited.
. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), G. Presented by Mrs.
Charles Sainsbury.
1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), $ Presented by Col.
Cuthbert Larking.
2 Common Siskins (Chrysomitris spinus), § 2. Purchased.
2 Twites (Linota flavirostris). Purchased.
2 Lesser Redpolls (Linota rufescens). Purchased.
1 Crested Pelican (Pelecanus crispus). Deposited.
2 White Pelicans (Pelecanus onocrotalus, jr.). Deposited.
2 Knots ( Tringa canutus). Purchased,
1 Bar-tailed Godwit (Zimosa lapponica). Purchased.
. 1 Common Boa (Boa constrictor). Deposited.
1 Neck-marked Snake (Geoptyas collaris). Purchased.
. | Hairy-rumped Agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha). Presented
by Henry E. Blanford, Esq.
1 Northern Mocking-bird (Mimus polyglottus), ¢. Presented
by Miss E. H. Breton.
1 Mocassin Snake (Tropidonotus fasciatus). Deposited.
. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), g. Presented by Mr.
James T. Wilson.
. | Rosy-billed Duck (Metopiana peposaca), 3. Purchased.
. 1 Common Polecat (Mustela putorius). Presented by the Earl
of Romney.
4 Snow-Buntings (Plectrophanes nivalis). _Purchased.
. 1 Common Squirrel (Sciwrus vulgaris). Presented by Miss B.
Tatham.
2. 1 Dwarf Chameleon (Chameleon pumilus). Presented by Mrs.
Leith.
1 Green Lizard (Lacerta viridis). Presented by Mr. C. H.
Whitlow.
1 Common Stoat (Mustela erminea). Presented by Cuthbert
Johnson, Esq. ;
1 Redshank (Totanus calidris). Presented by R. M. J. Teil,
Esq.
. 1 Wattled Crane (Grus carunculata). Presented by Robert
Sinclair, jr., Esq.
. 1 Common Marmoset (Hapale jacchus). Presented by O.
Burrell, Esq.
1 White-backed Piping Crow (Gymnorhina leuconota). Presented
by W. H. Felstead, Esq.
. 1 Common Jay (Garrulus glandarius), Purchased.
1 Grey-headed Porphyrio (Porphyrio polycephalus), Presented
by Dr. Gerard Smith.
5 Carpet Snakes (Morelia variegata). Received in Exchange.
. 1 Common Chameleon (Chameleon vulgaris). Presented by G.
W. Alder, Esq.
. 1 Golden-naped Amazon (Chrysotis auripalliata). Purchased.
. 1 Barbary Ape (Macacus imuus), g. Presented by Capt.
Augustus Kent.
1 Saker Falcon (Falco sacer). Presented by Capt. Augustus
Kent.
2 Fieldfares (Turdus pilaris). Presented by J. Young, Esq.,
E.ZS
1 Malbrouck Monkey (Cercopithecus cynosurus), §. Presented
by Dr. Messiter Lang.
642 APPENDIX.
Noy. 23. 1 Molucca Deer (Cervus moluccensis). Born in the Menagerie.
25. 1 Prevost’s Squirrel (Sciurus prevosti). Purchased.
1 Roebuck (Capreolus caprea), $. Purchased.
1 Stanleyan Chevrotain (Zragulus stanleyanus). Purchased.
1 White-faced Tree-Duck (Dendrocygna viduata). Purchased.
1 Hawk-billed Turtle (Chelone imbricata). Purchased.
2 Indian Cobras (Naia tripudians). Purchased.
1 Annulated Snake (Leptodira annulata). Purchased.
1 European Bison (Bison bonasus), 3. Deposited.
26. 1 Arctic Fox (Canis lagopus). Presented by Stuart N. Corlett,
Sq.
2 Crested Pigeons ( Ocyphaps lophotes). Bred in the Menagerie.
1 Curlew (Numenius arquata). Purchased.
27. 1 Rhesus Monkey (Macacus rhesus), 9. Presented by Col. J. D.
C. Farrell.
1 Corn-Crake (Crex pratensis). Presented by Mr. Bibby.
28. 4 Black-necked Swans (Cygnus nigricollis). Purchased.
29. 4 Common Snakes (Tropdonotus natrix). Presented by the
London, Chatham, and Dover Railway Company.
30. 2 Common Marmosets (Hapale jacchus). Presented by Mr.
Charles Petrzywalski.
Dec. 3. 1 American Bison (Bison americanus), S. Born in the
Menagerie.
1 Mexican Deer (Cariacus mexicanus?), 3. Presented by H.
Berkeley James, Esq., F.Z.S.
4. 1 Common Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). Presented by W.
Aubrey Chandler, Esq.
1 Malayan Bear (Ursus malayanus), g. Presented by Capt.
Bason.
1 Gold Pheasant (Thawmalea picta), 2. Presented by Capt.
Bason.
6. 1 Grey-breasted Parrakeet (Bolborhynchus monachus). De-
posited.
9. 1 Ring-tailed Coati (Wasua rufa), $. Presented by Mrs. Petre.
1 pecan tyra (Asio brachyotus). Presented by E. Hart,
Esq., F.Z.S.
10. 5 hea Monkeys (Macacus rhesus), 26,39. Deposited.
1 Common Squirrel (Sciwrus vulgaris). Presented by 8.
Stutterd, Esq.
2 Owen’s Apteryx (Apteryx owent). Presented by Capt. C. A.
Findlay, R.N.R., R.M.S.S. ‘ Ruapehu,’
13. 1 Chestnut-fronted Troupial (Ageleus frontalis). Received in
Exchange.
1 Marsh-Ichneumon (Herpestes galera), ¢. Purchased.
15, 4 Common Vipers (Vipera berus). Presented by W. H. B.
Pain, Esq.
16, 2 Viscachas (Lagostomus trichodactylus), ¢Q. Presented by
Thos. Taylor, Esq. From Entre Rios, Argentine Republic.
17. 1 Malbrouck Monkey (Cercopithecus cynosurus), @. Presented
by Wm. F. Hughes, Esq.
18, 1 Lesser White-nosed Monkey (Cercopithecus petawrista), 9.
Presented by Lawson N. Peregrine, Esq.
1 Black Wallaby (Halmaturus ualabatus), 3. Deposited.
2 Crimson-winged Parrakeets (Aprosmictus erythropterus), 3 2.
Presented by Mrs. G. Byng-Payne.
20. 3 Syrian Squirrels (Sezwus syriacus). Deposited.
ADDITIONS TO THE MENAGERIE. 643
. 2 Black-and-White Geese (Anseranas melanoleuca). Deposited.
. 1 Bonnet-Monkey (Macacus sinicus), Q. Presented by Mr.
James Entwistle.
. 3 Common Bluebirds (Sialia wilson), 13, Bee Presented by
FZS
Commander W. M. Latham, R.N.,
1 Ring-tailed Coati (Wasua rufa). te oe
. 1 Malabar Parrakeet (Paleornis columboides?). Presented by
J. E. Godfrey, Esq.
30. 1 Brown Capuchin (Cebus fatuellus), ¢. Presented by J. H.
Bostock, Esq.
. 2 Schlegel’s Doves ee puella), Presented by Major C.
M. MacDonald, H
1 Common Gull (Lar: us ea Presented by Mr. E. Keilich.
1 Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus). Presented by Mr. E.
Keilich.
ie, 5 4 nes (a
fe Pd a%
4 2 hone Sethe 4.”
Abraxas
ditritaria, 431.
fasciatia, 432.
trrorataria, 430,
luteolaria, 430.
ostrind, 431.
poliaria, 431.
todara, 431, 452.
Abrostola
niveola, 480.
transfixa, 534.
triplasia, 534.
urentis, 53D.
Acanthias
vulgaris, 321, 322.
Acanthodrilus
annectens, 378.
antarcticus, 378.
dissimilis, 377, 378.
multiporus, 378.
nove zelandiz, 377,
378.
rosé, 377, 319.
Acantholipes
metalligera, 528.
Aceros
nepalensis, 587, 588,
590, 591.
Achatina
barriana, 579, 582.
lintere, 580, 582.
smithi, 579, 582.
Acontia
albonitens, 522.
arefacta, 523.
bicolora, 524.
biplaga, 528.
biplagiata, 523.
costalis, 410.
karachiensis, 410,
noloides, 523.
pulchella, 524, 571.
signifera, 523.
subjica, 523,
INDEX.
Acontia
vialis, 523.
Acrocephalus
orientalis, 224.
Acronotus
annularis, 618.
Acronycta
alni, 477.
brumosa, 476.
consanquis, 476.
cuspis, 474.
digna, 475.
herculea, 475.
increta, 475.
leporina, 477.
leucocuspis, 474.
ligustri, 476.
longa, 478.
lutea, 478.
luteicoma, 475.
major, 476.
menyanthidis, 476.
michaél, 475.
pruinosa, 476.
psi, 475.
rumicis, 477.
strigosa, 478.
subornata, 477, S71.
tridens, 475.
Acryllium
vulturina, 371.
Actias
luna, 86.
selene, 86.
Actinocucumis
typica, 7.
Adris
tyrannus, 544.
ARgialitis
cantiana, 225.
ae aoe
ecoffroyi, 225.
iii tak 225.
peroni, 225.
| Adgithina
viridis, 226.
/Xgithus
armitagei, 619.
bartletti, 619, 620.
dichrous, 619, 620.
/Holosoma
ehrenbergii, 51, 5d, 56.
headleyi, 51, 52.
leidyi, 51.
quaternarium, 51, 50,
stokesi, 51.
tenebrarum, 51, 52, 53,
54, 55, 56.
variegatum, 52, 55, 56.
/Brope
caffra, 327.
ZEthopyga
shelleyi, 225.
Aéthriamanta
brevipennis, 298.
rezia, 297, 298."
Aétobatis
narinari, 244,
Aginna
levicula, 417, 432.
robustalis, 418.
Agriopis
aprilina, 503.
viridis, 502, 571.
ophila
mac 528.
trabealis, 528.
Agrotis
aversa, 499.
bremeri, 501.
corticea, 499.
depravata, 499.
dilucida, 541.
exclamationis, 500.
Ffucosa, 499.
illobata, 498.
informis, 500, 571.
646
Agrotis
informis, var. confluens,
500.
ingrata, 500.
lucens, 501.
lycarum, 501.
obscura, 500.
odiosa, 5138.
precox, 499.
quadrisigna, 498.
ravida, 500.
saucia, 499.
segetum, 499.
—, var. ingrata, 499.
senna, 501.
speciosa, 501.
sgualida, 501.
suffusa, 499.
tokionis, 499.
undosa, 501, 571.
ustulata, 537.
Alaria
gaure, 86.
Alburnus
alburnus, 50.
asiatica, 226.
bengalensis, 225.
Alcippe
cinerea, 364.
kilimensis, 356, 364.
Alepidosaurus
Pris. 5)
Aleta
formosana, 482.
Allolobophora
annulata, 377.
fetida, 377.
Aloa
insolata, 404, 432.
lactinea, 404, 405.
sanguinolenta, 404.
sara,
Alopecias
vulpes, 243.
Alyczus
everetti, 347, 355.
galbanus, 346, 355.
globosus, 346, 355.
raphicus, 347.
J ochstetteri, 346.
hosei, 347, 355.
otiphorus, 347.
specus, 847, 355.
spiracellum, 346, 355.
Alysia
albinotata, 570.
|
INDEX.
Amblygoes
cinerea, 555.
Amblyornis
musgravit, 451.
subalaris, 451
Amblyscelis
Serrugineus, 615.
natalensis, 615.
Ameiva
surinamensis, 465.
Amphipyra
corvina, 540.
erebina, 540.
jankowskii, 540.
largeteaui, 541.
livida, 540.
magna, 539.
monolitha, 539.
perflua, 540.
pyramidea, 539.
—, var. obscura, 539.
schrenkii, 540.
surnia, 539.
tripartita, 540.
Amphisbzena
darwinii, 609, 612.
Sulginosa, 604.
Amphistomum
truncatum, 321.
Amyna
cephusalis, 492.
stellata, 493.
Anahyster
calabaricus, 196.
Anarta
gemmifera, 480.
Anas
erythrorhynchus, 371.
Anaulus
bombycinus, 350.
nax
striatus, 297, 299.
Anchomenus
A
Anguilla
vulgaris, 327.
Anophia
mosara, 4138.
olivascens, 413.
Anous
stolidus, 225,
Anthenea
acuta, 6.
pentagonula, 6.
Antherzea
menippe, 86.
mylitta, 86, 87.
Anthias
cichlops, 151.
formosus, 238.
(Agonum) mesostictus,
215.
Anthias
margaritaceus, 238.
pleurotenia, 151, 153.
Anthodista
collaris, 366.
hypodila, 366.
zambesiana,
Anthecia
igillata, 528.
Anthophila
obliterata, 520, 521.
wimimerii, 520.
Anthothreptes
hypodila, 366.
longuemarii, 366.
orientalis, 366.
Anthraceros
malayanus, 590.
Anthracoceros
lemprieri, 226.
Anthreptes
hypodila, 366.
longuemarii, 366.
malaccensis, 226.
orientalis, 366.
zambesiana, 366.
Anthrophila
ened, 521.
hemorrhoida, 521.
hebescens, 521.
hemirhoda, 521,
paradisea, 521.
rosetfascia, 521.
semipurpurea, 521.
Anthropopithecus
calvus, 1, 316.
troglodytes, 1.
‘Agius.
gustavi, 224.
maculatus, 224.
Antilope
decula, 220.
triangularis, '74, '75.
Anuropsis
cineretceps, 226.
Aonyx
delalandi, 196.
horsfieldi, 195.
indigitata, 195.
leptonyx, 195.
sikimensis, 195.
Apamea
askoldis, 490.
basilinea, 489.
conciliata, 489,
gemina, 489.
leucostigma, 485.
limbata, 490.
minima, 410,
nivalis, 490.
repetita, 489.
Apatura
iris, 86.
Aphareus
rutilans, 245.
Aphthona
requlata, 275.
Aplecta
herbida, 508.
nebulosa, 508.
occulta, 508.
Aplectoides
caliginea, 510.
nitida, 510.
Apogon
bifasciatus, 244.
maximus, 244,
teniatus, 238.
Appias
hippoides, var. epicena,
398.
Appopestes
inconspicua, 541.
phantasma, 541.
Aptenodytes
chrysocome, 84.
Apteryx
oweni, 85, 161.
Aquila
wmperialis, 79.
Arachnothera
dilutior, 226.
Archicorax
albicollis, 368.
Arcte
senica, 548.
Arctictis
binturong, 223.
Ardea
cinerea, 220.
sumatrana, 225.
Argynnis
paphia, 86.
Arius
baroni, 206, 207.
bartonensis, 201, 205,
06
206.
crassus, 206, 207.
egertont, 204,
206
orides, 203,
ay 207.
Artamides
sumatrensis, 226.
Artamus
leucorhynchus, 224.
Aspheera
abbreviata, 270.
albida, 276.
lunata, 276.
Aspidoboa
curta, 433.
205,
204,
INDEX,
Assiminea
carinata, 354.
(Optediceros) cornea,
354.
Astrarchia
stephanie, +51.
Astropecten
polyacanthus, 7.
Astur
approximans, 79.
trivirgatus, 225.
Atherura
fasciculata, 76, 77.
macrura, 76, 236.
Attacus
atlas, 86, 87.
cynthia, 86.
hesperus, 86, 87.
pernyt, 86.
ricini, 86.
roylei, 86.
Auchenoglanis
biscutatus, 210.
Auchmis
sikkimensis, 494.
Aulacochilus
moluccanus, 618.
Aurelia
aurita, 583, 584, 585.
flavidula, 584.
Ausonia
cuvieri, 322.
Autophila
dilucida, 541.
Axylia
putris, 486.
Azazia
unduligera, d53.
ussuriensis, 553.
Balistes
erythrodon, 242.
Barangia
nepalensis, 193, 194,
195.
sumatrana, 193, 195.
Barbatula
affinis, 357.
leucotis, 357.
Barbus
jacksoni, 72.
neumayeri, 70.
pagenstecheri, 70.
Bathyergus
maritimus, 260, 262.
Batrachostomus
cornutus, 226.
Baza
leucopias, 226.
Bellone
cristata, 399.
647
Belone
appendiculata, 241.
melanostigma, 241.
Belosticta
extensa, 508.
| Bembidium
(Peryphus) Jbraccula-
tum, 212.
(—) dardwm, 212.
| Berrhzea
Japonica, 507, 571.
olivacea, 507.
| Bertula
raptatalis, 566.
eryx
decadactyla, 323.
Bibos
gaurus, 447.
Bipalium
kewense, 5, 6, 586.
Bireta
longivitta, 407.
nana, 407.
canthophila, 407.
Birgus
latro, 393.
Bithiasa
notigera, 55d.
Blacicus
brunneicapillus, 326,
27.
Bleptina
egrota, 569.
dimissalis, 565.
incultalis, 564,
571
lignea, 565.
metisalis, 565.
morosa, 565.
petrina, 565.
spacoalis, 565.
Bocana
ineongruens, 566.
metisalis, 585.
niphona, 566.
tristis, 566.
Bolina
maximowicz, DAT.
Bombyx
calune, 86.
capucina, 529.
fragarie, 514.
libatrix, 505.
rhadama, 86.
spreta, 510.
thalictri, 529.
Bomolochra
crassalis, 556.
Sontis, 556.
Bonellia
viridis, 54.
648
Bordeta
quadriplagiata, 296.
Bothriocephalus
macrobothrium, 323.
platycephalus, 323, 325.
tetrapterus, 323, 325.
Bracca
bajularia, 294, 297.
Brachysphenus
batest, 617, 620.
bistrifoliatus, 616, 620.
bizonatus, 617.
cordiger, 615.
distinctus, 6177.
egensis, 615, 620.
epipleuralis, 617.
glyptoderus, 618.
zncas, 617, 620.
musicalis, 617.
mutabilis, 618.
perversus, 618.
ucayalensis, 615, 620.
Brachyxanthia
peculiaris, 517.
Bradyornis
ater, 363.
Bradypterus
barratti, 364.
Brotula
ensiformis, 241.
maculata, 241.
multibarbata, 241.
Bryophila
wae 479.
guenet, 526.
Bubo
lacteus, 356.
Bubulcus
coromandus, 225.
Buceros
albirostris, 187.
atratus, 591.
bicornis, 587, 588, 590.
coronatus, 587.
lunatus, 590.
plicatus, 587.
rhinoceros, 5877,
589, 590.
ruficollis, 178, 181.
subcylindricus, 587.
Buchanga
leucophea, 226.
Bucklandium
diluvit, 207, 208, 210.
Bucorvus
abyssinicus, 587, 588,
589, 590, 592, 593.
Bufo
calamita, 29.
Bulimus
blainvilleanus, 582.
588,
INDEX.
Bulimus
Fulminans, 582.
—, var. lintere, 582.
gibbosa, 138, 139,
loveni, 582.
salteri, 578, 582.
superstriatus, 578,
582.
taylorianus, 578.
variabilis, 138.
venustus, 580,
(Buliminus) gomezi,
580, 582.
(—) hanningtoni, 580,
582
(Mesembrinus) bowkeri,
581, 582.
Biirgeria
maculata, 31.
Butastur
indicus, 225.
Buteo
pennsylvanicus, 326,
395.
Butorides
javanica, 225.
virescens, 326.
Buzurra
multipunctaria, 426.
varianaria, 425.
Bycanistes
subcylindricus, 590.
Cacatua
hematuropygia, 225.
Cacomantis
merulinus, 225,
Cacoscelis
semifulua, 274.
Cadyanda
lugens, 295.
Calamoherpe
ochotensis, 621.
palustris, 621.
Calicula
exempta, 543,
squamiplena, 548.
Calligrapha
percheroni, 267.
Callimorpha
dominula, 86.
Calliodes
rectifasciata, 545.
Callopistes
maculatus, 465.
Callopistria
ethiops, 536.
duplicans, 586.
exotica, 536.
obscura, 536.
Callopistria
pteridis, 536.
purpureofasciata, 536.
repleta, 537.
rivularis, 537.
Callorhynchus
antarcticus, 323.
Calobochyla
salicalis, 555.
Calocampa
exoleta, 539.
formosa, 539,
Sumosa, 539.
Calcenas
nicobarica, 225.
Calornis
panayensis, 225.
Calospila
leucomela, 294, 295,
296, 297.
picaria, 295.
posthumaria, 294, 295.
Calpe
capucina, 529.
excavata, 529.
lata, 529.
libatrix, 505.
Calymnia
achatina, 515.
affinis, 515.
camptosigma, 515.
pryeri, 516, 571.
pyralina, 515.
restituta, 516.
trapezina, 515, 516.
Calyptra
Libatrix, 505.
Campophaga
nigra, 309.
Campothera
nubica, 356,
Cania
bilinea, 409.
pulligonis, 408, 432.
Canis
Jubatus, 220.
Capnodes
cinerea, 555.
cremata, 554.
curvipalpis, 555.
gensanalis, 555.
Capra
sibirica, 135.
sinaitica, 246.
Caprimulgus
europeus, 178, 181.
macrurus, 226.
manillensis, 225.
Carabus
boyst, 211.
dardiellus, 211.
Carabus
dardiellus, var. granuli-
sparsus, 211.
ichangensis, 217.
kashmirensis, 211.
longipennis, 217.
protenes, 217.
smaragdinus, 217.
tientet, 217.
—, var. minor, 217.
wallichi, 211.
(Coptolabrus) longi-
pennis, 217.
(—) principalis, 216,
(—) pustulifer, 217.
(Imaibius) barysomus,
21
Caradrina
albosignata, 493.
—, var. ceca, 493.
exigua, 493.
lenta, 493.
morpheus, 493.
Caranx
affinis, 240.
ciliaris, 240.
Jayakari, 245, 246.
leptolepis, 240.
malabaricus, 240.
nigrescens, 245.
trachurus, 240.
Carcharias
acutidens, 242.
brevipinna, 243.
gangeticus, 243.
hemiodon, 243.
melanopterus, 248,
menisorrah, 243.
murrayi, 243.
Cariama
cristata, 25, 594, 595.
Carpophaga
es 225.
bicolor, 225.
versicolor, 586.
Catarractes
chrysocome, 84.
Cathartes
atratus, 318.
aura, 82.
Catoblepas
gnu, 2, 3, 4, 220.
Catocala
acted, 549.
amata, 547.
bella, 550.
connexa, 552.
dissimilis, 549.
dula, 549.
duplicata, 552.
electa, 550.
INDEX.
Catocala
ella, 551.
esther, 551.
hymenea, 551.
intacta, 548, 571.
Jonasit, 550.
lara, 548.
mirifica, 550.
modesta, 548.
nivea, 548.
nubila, 552.
nupta, 549.
—, var. obscurata,
549,
omphale, 551.
paranympha, 552.
pregnax, 552.
puella, 551, 571.
sancta, 549.
separans, 551, 571.
voleanica, 550.
wvarippe, 552.
zalmunna, 550.
Celzna
serva, 492.
Celeopsyche
nitens, 570.
Celerena
cincta, 295.
extenuata, 295.
leucomela, 295.
sobria, 295.
Centrococeyx
eurycercus, 226.
Javanensis, 226.
Cerastis
albipunctata, 514,
571.
evelina, 514.
Sragaria, 514.
levis, 485.
serotina, 514.
vaccinii, 514.
Ceratogymna
elata, 589, 590, 591.
Ceratorhinus
sumatrensis, 257, 258.
Cercolabes
nove-hispania, 260.
Certhiola
dominicana, 326.
martinicana, 395.
Cervulus
crinifrons, 85.
fee, 85.
Ceryle
alcyon, 175, 18),
182.
maxima, 357.
Cettia
diphone, 586.
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1889, No. XLII.
649
Ceyx
rujidorsa, 226.
Chzrocampa
elpenor, 87.
Cheerops
ammopterus, 151, 158.
Chetodon
modestus, 236, 289.
Chetura
dominica, 327.
gigantea, 224.
Chalcides
viridanus, 148.
Chaleopelia
afra, 369.
chalcospilos, 369.
Chalcophaps
indica, 225,
Chalcostethia
insignis, 226.
Chalcothea
affinis, 389.
planiuscula, 389.
pomacea, 389.
virens, 387.
(Plectrone) awripes,
387.
(—) spathulifera, 388.
(—) viridipes, 388.
Chamepelia
passerina, 326, 395.
Charadrius
Sulvus, 225.
Chariclea
wmbra, 520.
Chasmina
atrata, 522.
Ohasmocephalon, gen.
noy., 45.
neglectum, 45, 46,
hauna
chavaria, 586.
Chelidon
urbica, 182.
Chelone
crassicostata, 60,61, 65,
65, 66.
longiceps, 62.
planimentum, 61, 62,
63
trigoniceps, 62.
viridis, 188.
Chersotis
quadrisigna, 498.
Chibia
palawanensis, 225.
Chilomycterus
echinatus, 236, 242.
orbicularis, 242.
Chimarrogale
himalayiea, 229.
43
650
Chironectes
minimus, 197.
Chiropodomys
gliroides, 235,
Chlenius
anchomenoides, 212.
céruleus, 213.
noguchii, 213.
Chlorophoneus
sulphureipectus, 362.
Chloropsis
palawanensis, 226.
Chorismodactylus
multibarbis, 239.
Chromis
mossambicus, 70.
niloticus, 70.
Chrysococcyx
santhorhynchus, 226.
Chrysocolaptes
erythrocephalus, 225.
Chrysocoma
pachyrhynchus, 83.
saltator, 84.
Chrysomitridops, gen.
nov., 445.
ceruleirostris, 445.
Chrysomitris
citrinelloides, 367.
Chrysophanus
pavana, 397, 398.
phleas, 397.
phenicurus, 397.
susanus, 397.
Chrysorithrum
amatum, 547.
JSuscum, 547.
maximowiezi, 547.
rufescens, 547,
sericeum, 547.
Chrysotis
augusta, 326, 327.
bouqueti, 826, 327.
guildingi, 327.
pretrii, 394.
versicolor, 327, 395.
Chunga
burmeisteri, 594.
Cicendela
borneeana, 383.
crespignyt, 383.
Cichlherminia
sancte-lucie, 395.
Cidaria
cervinaria, 429.
multifaria, 429, 432.
Cidariplura
gladiata, 564.
Cinclocerthia
macrorhyncha, 395.
ruficauda, 326.
INDEX,
Cinnyris
affinis, 365.
aurora, 225,
guituralis, 365.
hunteri, 356, 365.
kalckreuthi, 366.
kirki, 366.
mediocris, 365.
microrhynchus, 365.
operata, 225,
Circus
maurus, 78, 79.
spilonotus, 225.
Cirrhitichthys
maculatus, 239.
Cirroedia
edentata, 505.
variolosa, 505.
Cisticola
cisticola, 224.
hunteri, 356, 364.
subruficapilla, 364.
Citrea
cerago, 517.
silago, 517.
Cittocincla
nigra, 226.
Clarias
mossambicus, 70.
Clerota
brama, 388.
Cloantha
intermedia, 494.
perspicillaris, 494.
polyodon, 494.
Clostera
anachoreta, 87.
Coccyzus
americanus, 187.
minor, 326, 395.
Cocytodes
immodesta, 548.
modesta, 548.
Coeelomera
cayanensis, 286.
Colius
leucotis, 358,
Collocalia
Suciphaga, 224.
troglodytes, 225,
Collyris
aureofusca, 216.
Sormosaria, 216.
Colotois
kumetaria, 424, 425.
Colpodes
eulabes, 215.
Sryi, 384.
melittus, 215,
Columba
corensis, 395.
Columba
guineensis, 369.
Contopus
latirostris, 395.
Coptolabrus
celestis, 217,
elysii, 217.
Coracias
caudata, 358.
Corax
albicollis, 368.
Corone
philippina, 225.
pusilla, 226.
Corvultur
albicollis, 368.
Coryphocera
borneensis, 386.
Corythaix
hartlaubi, 358.
livingstoni, 220.
porphyreolophus, 358.
Cosmia
achatina, 515.
affinis, 515.
curvata, 516.
distincta, 515.
pyralina, 515.
restituta, 516.
trapezina, 516,
Cosmophila
indica, 505.
svanthindyma, 505.
Cossa
basigera, 402.
ruma, 402.
Cossypha
caffra, 363.
Cottus
lilljeborgii, 27.
Crambus
crassalis, 556.
Craspedosis
ernestina, 294, 295.
extenuata, 294, 295,
297.
Craspedotropis
barbatus, 339,
bellulus, 389.
confluens, 339.
metcalfi, 339.
Crax
globicera, 163.
Crepidodera
castanea, 274.
pleuralis, 274.
Cricula
trifenestrata, 86.
Criniger
Frater, 226.
palawanensis, 226.
Crithagra
striolatus, 367.
Crocallis
angularia, 423.
bilinearia, 423.
Crocidura
fuliginosa, 230.
(Crocidura), sp. ine.,
230
Crotophaga
ani, 395.
Cryptocephalus
anceps, 266.
atomaroides, 266.
auratus, 266.
decorus, 266.
obfuscatus, 266.
Cryptolopha
montis, 226.
wmbrovirens, 360.
Cryptoprocta
ferox, 261.
Ctenodrilus
monostylos, 5d.
pardalis, 55.
parvulus, 5d.
Otenomys
minutus, 199.
Cucullia
asteris, 538.
fraterna, 538.
perforata, 538.
Cuculus
canorus, 175, 181, 187,
225.
sonnerati, 226.
Cucumaria
semperi, 7.
Culicicapa
ceylonensis, 224.
panayensis, 225.
Cursorius
cinctus, 371.
yanea
anaskala, 585.
Cybium
lineolatum, 240.
Cyclophorus
amboinensis, 344.
bellulus, 339.
borneensis, 334, 335,
336.
cochranei, 384.
—, var. ochraceus, 335,
confluens, 439.
metcalfei, 339.
niahensis, 334, 355,
phlegethon, 335.
talboti, 335.
tenebricosus, 334.
triliratus, 345.
INDEX.
Cyclostoma
anostoma, 352.
bicolor, 336.
birostre, 341.
borneensis, 334.
hanningtoni, 581,
582.
insulare, 581.
leferi, 352.
pertusum, 341.
pterocycloides, 341.
quadrifilosum, 345.
rostellatum, 341.
sectilabrum, 352.
spiniferum, 341.
spiracellum, 346.
subinvolvulus, 334.
taylorianum, 341.
tenebricosus, 334.
tenuilabiatus, 339.
triliratum, 345.
undatum, 337.
(Leptopoma) barbatum,
339.
(—) sericatum, 336.
(—) signatum, 336.
(Opisthoporus) ewry-
omphalus, 341,
(Pterocyclos) charbon-
niert, 341.
Cyclotus
amboinensis, 344.
angulatus, 345.
boxalli, 343, 355.
latistriqus, 341.
linitus, 345, 355.
ptychoraphe, 345,
triliratus, 345.
trusanensis, 344, 355.
Cymatophora
retusa, 576.
Cynodraco
major, 576.
Cynopterus
ecaudatus, 229.
lucasi, 229.
Cynthia
asela, 396, 397.
erota, 396, 397.
saloma, 396
affinis, 359.
apus, 178, 182.
caffer, 359.
horus, 359.
melba, 359.
sharpii, 359.
Dactylopterus
orientalis, 2A0.
651
Dadica
lineosa, 493.
palpalis, 493.
Damalis
hunteri, 58, 372, 378,
374, 375.
senegalensis, 58, 372.
Danaga
concisalis, 420.
pullatalis, 420.
Dandaca
meget, D42.
senex, 542,
Dasycampa
ardescens, 514.
evelina, 514.
Sornax, 517.
rubiginea, 517.
Deilephila
euphorbie, 87.
galit, 87.
vespertilio, 87.
Deinodrilus
benhami, 379.
Dendricon
rastratum, 250,
251.
Dendrocolaptes
perroti, 34,
Dendreeca
delicata, 395.
melanoptera, 326,
plumbea, 326.
Dendrophila
frontalis, 226.
Dero
digitata, 440.
obtusa, 440.
perriert, 440,
441,
Desmogramma,
decorata, 268,
eva,
splendida, 534.
Diabrotica
egrota, 90.
eneiventris, 95.
albido-vittata, 95.
albocincta, 93.
albomarginata, 92.
albopicta, 93.
alcyone, 94.
ambitiosa, 282.
atomaria, 284.
atromaculata, 90.
biannularis, 282.
bimaculata, 284.
bipartita, 95.
boliviana, 283.
clarkella, 89.
clypeata, 285.
43*
D
652
Diabrotica
cognata, 93.
confraterna, 90.
contigua, 88.
delineata. 282.
dilatata, 284.
discrepans, 94.
erythroptera, 95.
estebanensis, 281.
evanescens, 90.
extensa, 88.
fulvofasciata, 281.
gemmingeri, 281.
shee 89.
aroldi, 282.
hemixantha, 91.
inequalis, 282.
interrupta-lineata, 91.
limbatipennis, 93.
limitata, 91.
melancholica, 92.
melanopyga, 88.
mutabilis, 281.
nigrodorsata, 283.
nigrostriata, 28+.
nitidicollis, 89.
notaticollis, 91.
obseuro-maculata, 282.
obtiva, 284. -
perspicua, 94.
piceicornis, 89.
porracea, 281.
puncticollis, 282.
robusta, 288, 284.
scutellata, 89.
separata, 285.
serraticornis, 283.
simoni, 280, 281.
simulans, 93.
simplicipennis, 284.
spiloptera, 92.
spilota,, 284.
stali, 94.
suaveola, 94.
tuberculata, 91.
12-signata, 90.
unifasciata, 92.
vagrans, 90.
varicornis, 282.
virginella, 281.
viridans, 89.
zonula, 92.
Diagramma
griseum, 245.
jayakari, 245.
Dianthecia
compta, 517, 518.
cucubali, 518.
geometroides, 543.
Diastema
virgo, 534.
INDEX.
Dicerobatis
eregoodoo, 244.
Dicholophus
eristatus, 594.
Dichonia
intermissa, 507.
protea, 506.
Dichromia
amica, 556.
claripennis, 556.
Didymozoon
serram, 322, 328,
325.
Dinopelma, nov. gen.,
85,
plantigradum, 385.
Dinumma
bipunctata, 541.
Diodon
hystrix, 242.
Diomedea
brachyura, 324.
exulans, 324.
Diphtera
gemmifera, 480.
letevirens, 480.
orion, 479.
Diplommatina
adversa, 348, 355.
albata, 113, 117.
aurea, 113, 117.
beccarii, 348.
busanensis, 348, 355.
concinna, 348.
crassilabris, 113, 117.
gibboni, 114, 117.
isseli, 348, 355.
lutea, 112, 117.
niahensis, 349, 335.
patula, 114, 117.
platycheilus, 112,
117.
rubella, 113, 117.
rubicunda, 348.
rubra, 849, 355.
spinosa, 349.
strigata, var. koro-
rensis, 115, 117.
Dipterygia
Japonica, 489, 571.
pinastri, 488.
scabriuscula. 489.
Dirphia
tarquinia, 86.
Disonycha
austriaca, 272.
eximia, 272.
glabrata, 272.
levipennis, 272.
steinheili, 272.
trifasciata, 271.
Distomum
igas, 322, 325.
alosauri, 322, 325.
microcephalum, 322.
microporum, 322, 325.
veliporum, 321, 322.
Doryodes
electaria, 554.
Doryphora
blanda, 267.
Jasciata, 267.
maculata, 267.
punctatissima, 267.
pura, 267.
simoni, 267.
Drepanorhynchus
reichenowi, 365.
Dryococeyx
harringtoni, 226.
Dryoscopus
ethiopicus, 361.
cubla, 361.
Sunebris, 361.
Eacles
imperialis, 87.
Echeneis
elypeata, 236, 240.
lophioides, 240.
naucrates, 240.
Echinodiscus
auritus, 7.
Echinorhinus
spinosus, 236, 243.
Hdessena
hamada, 564.
Egnasia
erebina, 569.
fallax, 569.
opalina, 569.
polybapta, 568.
porphyrea, 569.
pulcherrima, 569.
pusilla, 569.
simplex, 569.
trimantesalis, 567.
vasava, 568.
Elainea
martinica, 826, 395.
Eliochreea
senex, 542.
Elydna ;
diurna, 412, 432.
transversa, 413.
Emberiza
cioides, 6.
ciopsis, 6.
flaviventris, 367.
Enys .
europea, 603.
Enchesia
unwia, 518.
ngis
annulata, 614.
Ennomos
angularia, 87.
ia
claripennis, 518.
Epifidonia
absona, 427.
signata, 428.
Hpilecta
pulcherrima, 501.
semiherbida, 502.
Epimachus
macleayane, 451.
minor, 358.
Epinephelus
brunneus, 244.
Episcapha
annulata, 614, 620.
oculata, 614.
Episparis
exprimens, 416.
sora, 415.
Epitrix
flaveola, 2738.
flavicola, 273.
fulvicornis, 272.
hirtula, 273.
opacicollis, 273.
venezuelensis, 273.
Epizeuxia
maculifera, 566.
Erastria
atrata, 527.
africana, 525.
brunnea, 527, 571.
candidula, 525.
costimacula, 525.
fasciata, 526, 527.
Sentoni, 526.
flavicollis, 525, 571.
flavipuncta, 424, 571.
Suscula, 526.
nemorum, 525,
olivacea, 526, 527,
571
rosacea, 527, 571.
securifera, 528.
senex, 525.
sidemiata, 527.
squalida, 527, 571.
stygia, 526.
sulphurea, 528.
uned, 522.
Ercheia
umbrosa, 548,
Eretmophorus
kleinenbergi, 328, 330,
332.
INDEX.
Eriopus
exotica, 536.
pleridis, 536.
Erygia
apicalis, 543.
Erythra
phenicura, 225.
Erythrichthys
schlegeli, 236, 238.
Erythrospiza
githaginea, 26.
Estrelda
quartinia, 367.
Euchloé
cardamines, 86.
Euclidia
consors, 554.
glyphica, 554.
Eudocimus
albus, 26.
longirostris, 26.
Eudromias
vereda, 225.
versicolor, 86.
Eudynamis
malayana, 226.
mindanensis, 225.
Eudyptes
chrysocome, 82, 84.
Silholi, 82, 84.
nigriventris, 84.
nigrivestis, 84.
pachyrhynchus, 82,
83
saltator, 82, 84.
selateri, 82, 83, 84.
Eulabes
palawanensis, 226.
Eulampis
holosericeus, 326, 895.
Jugularis, 326, 395.
Euphenges
subcostatus, 279.
Euphonia
flavifrons, 395.
Eupidotis
maculipennis, 371.
EKupithecia
infestata, 430.
minuta, 480.
Huplexia
albovittata, 504.
Japonica, 504, 571.
lucipara, 504, 505.
Euplynes
auro-cinctus, 384.
Eupsilia
strigifera, 511.
tripunctata, 511.
EKurhipia
guyra, 536.
Burocephalus
anguitimens, 361.
rueppelli, 361.
Eurois
auriplena, 508.
herbida, 507.
nebulosa, 508.
occulta, 508.
prasina, 507.
virens, 507.
Eurystomus
orientalis, 224.
Euschema
minervaria, 294,
proba, 294.
Eusemia
accurata, 401.
basalis, 401.
peshwa, 401.
Eustegnia
pyralina, 515.
Eusyntheta, noy. gen.,
392,
brevicornis, 393.
Excalfactoria
chinensis, 225.
Falco
@salon, 78.
caribbearum, 3895.
communis, 225,
severus, 225.
subbuteo, 78.
Felis
minuta, 223.
servalina, 220.
Fibularia
volva, 7.
Fierasfer
acus, 27.
Fiscus
caudatus, 362.
Francolinus
altumi, 370.
coqui, 370.
granti, 370.
hildebrandti, 370.
infuscatus, 370.
ochreogaster, 370.
schuetti, 370.
(Pternistes) leucopar-
@us, 370.
(Scleroptera) ilde-
brandti, 370.
(—) schuetti, 370.
Fregata
minor, 225.
Fringilla
kittlitzi, 586.
654
Gabala
argentata, 561.
Gadus
esmarkii, 27.
Galathea
strigosa, 394,
Galeocerdo
tigrinus, 243.
Galerucella
alternata, 291.
fuscomaculata, 291.
obscurofasciata, 291.
ornata, 290.
Gallinago
megala, 225.
Gallirex
chlorochlamys, 358.
Gallus
bankiva, 225.
Ganoris
novanglie, 296.
rape, 296
Gastornis
klaasseni, 220.
Gauresthes, nov. gen.,
92,
rufipes, 392.
Gaveeus
gaurus, 448.
Gazella
granti, 59.
thomsoni, 59.
walleri, 376.
Gecinus
viridis, 166, 172.
Gecko
monarchus, 148,
stentor, 143.
Geococcyx
affinis, 181, 187.
Georissa :
hosei, 858, 355.
hungerfordi, 354, 355.
niahensis, 353, 355.
williamsi, 353, 355.
Georychus
capensis, 246, 316,
449.
Geotrygon
montana, 395.
Gerbatha
angusta, 478.
granitalis, 479,
pseudodyops, 490.
subfasciata, 491.
ypsilon, 479.
Gerrhosaurus
lavigularis, 465, 604,
Gisira
hercules, 543.
signata, 560.
INDEX.
Glareola
orientalis, 225.
Glottula
sordida, 490.
sgualida, 490, 571.
Glyptophysa
petiti, 142.
Glyptothea, nov. gen.,
390
whiteheadi, 390.
Gonatus
Sfabricii, 117.
Gongylus
melanogastricus, 143.
Goniocephalus
sophia, 465.
Goniodiscus
granuliferus, 6.
Gonitis
albitibia, 506.
basalis, 505.
combinans, 506.
commoda, 506.
distincta, 506, 571.
Sractifera, 505.
involuta, 505.
pryeri, 506, 571.
Gonoptera
libatrizx, 505.
Gorgonia
vermiculata, 49.
Gorsachius
melanolophus, 225.
Gortyna
acuminata, 519.
edentata, 485, 571.
emarginata, 485.
flavago, 485.
nictitans, var. lucens,
484.
Graphiphora
augur, 495.
brunnea, 497.
caliginea, 500.
canescens, 497.
e-nigrum, 496.
contaminata, 542.
crassa, 500.
dahlii, 497.
deparca, 498.
descripta, 497.
ditrapezium, 496.
exusta, 496, 497.
fasciata, 412.
Festiva, 498.
illobata, 498.
lepida, 495.
lubentia, 496.
pacifica, 498.
rubicilia, 497.
subdolens, 497.
Graphiphora
triangulum, 496.
valida, 500, 501.
viaria, 412.
Gryllotalpa
vulgaris, 219.
Gubaria
subalbataria, 428.
xanthonora, 429.
Gymnodactylus
horridus, 143, 145.
Gypaetus
barbatus, 80.
Gypohierax
angolensis, 81, 82.
Gyrocotyle
rugosa, 323.
Habrostola
asclepiades, 534.
transfira, 534.
triplasia, 534,
urentis, 535.
Hadena
aliena, 487.
atriplicis, 510.
auriplena, 508.
caliginosa, 488.
Sunerea, 487, 488.
gemina, 489.
gnoma, 510.
jankowskit, 508.
kosakka, 508.
littoralis, 510.
lucia, 508.
parietum, 491.
protea, 506
satura, 509.
seladonia, 507.
stolida, 509, 571.
tokiensis, 508.
unica, 509, 571.
(Apamea) askoldis,
490.
Halcyon
chelicutensis, 357.
chloris, 225.
coromanda, 226.
pileata, 226.
Haliaetus
albicilla, 79.
leucogaster, 225.
Halosaurus
macrochir, 322.
Haltica
amethystina, 271.
plicatula, 271.
(Graptodera) transver
sicollis, 271.
Hapalia
precox, 499.
Hapaloderma
vittatum, 356, 359.
Hapalopteron
amiliare, 586.
Haplocerus
montanus, 59.
Harmatelia
bifidalis, 568.
Harpalus
idiotus, 213.
kashmirensis, 213.
Hebomoia
glaucippe, 296.
Helicina
borneensis, 352.
citrina, 353.
erossei, 352.
martensi, 352, 393.
usukanensis, 302,
355.
Heliophobus
dissectus, 486.
Heliothis
adaucta, 520.
armigera, 519.
camptosigma, 515.
dipsaceus, 520.
Survens, 520.
marginata, 520.
succinea, 519.
scutosus, 520.
Helix
constrictor, 116.
lactiflora, 578.
(Corasia) woodfordi,
578, 582.
(Endodonta) fusco-zou-
ata, 116, 117.
(—) kororensis, 116,
117.
(Geotrochus) horderi,
577, 582.
Helotropha
leucostigma, 485.
Hemerodromus
cinctus, 371.
Hemichelidon
sibirica, 224.
Heptadonta
tricondyloides, 383.
Hermezophaga
haroldi, 270.
nitidicollis, 270.
nitidissima, 270.
simoni, 269.
subcostata, 269.
Herminia
albomaculalis, 563.
arenosa, 562.
barbalis, 561.
derivalis, 562.
INDEX.
Herminia
dolosa, 563.
fascialis, 568.
Sentoni, 564.
fumosa, 562.
grisealis, 561.
griselda, 563.
helva, 563.
innocens, 564.
ningpoalis, 563.
pryeri, 563.
rectalis, 564.
sicca, 564.
stramentacealis, 562.
tarsicrinalis, 562.
tarsipennalis, 562.
trilinealis, 561.
Hermonassa
cecilia, 498.
Herodias
intermedia, 225.
Herpestes
albicaudatus, 622,
623.
brachyurus, 223.
ichneumon, 622.
galera robustus, 622.
grandis, 622, 623,
624,
Heterocephalus
phillipsi, 247.
Hierococeyx
strenuus, 225.
Himatione
chloris, 446, 447.
montana, 446,
parva, 446.
stejnegeri, 446.
Hirundo
gutturalis, 224.
javanica, 224.
Homalisus
sp. nov., 111.
Homopheta
equinoctialis, 275,
variabilis, 275.
Homopus
Jemoralis, 85.
signatus, 8d.
Hoplopterus
spectosus, 372.
Hoporina
eroceago, 517.
sericea, 517.
Hormisa
calamina, 560.
cramboides, 560.
morosa, 560.
Hungerfordia
pelewensis, 115,
117.
655
Huphina
nama, var. andamana,
398.
Hyblexa
fortissima, 518.
puera, 518.
saga, 518.
Hyboma
divisa, 478.
strigosa, 478.
Hydrexcia
immanis, 484.
leucostigma, 485.
nictitans, 484.
petasitis, 484.
Hydrelia
unca, 522.
Hydrillodes
lentalis, 565.
Hydrocampa
simplalis, 421,
Hydocena
corned, 3D4.
(Omphalotropsis, gla-
brata, 354.
(—) radiata, 354.
Hydrogale
maculicollis, 196.
Hydromys
chrysogaster, 248, 250.
Hyla
leucomystar, 29.
maculata, 30.
quadrilineata, 29.
sexvirgata, 29.
Hylexetastes
gen, noy., 34.
Hylomys
suillus, 229.
— dorsalis, 229.
Hylorana
longipes, 27, 29.
Hyloterpe
whitehead, 226.
Hymophyla
adusta, 2738.
variabilis, 273.
Hypena
abductalis, 559.
albopunctalis, 557,
571.
belinda, 557.
columbaris, 559.
corealis, 560.
ella, 556.
Sontis, 556.
gilla, 556.
herbigrada, 416.
incurvata, 559.
indicatalis, 596.
kengkalis, 558, 559.
656
Hypena
longipennis, 416, 417.
mandatalis, 558.
minna, 559.
obaceralis, 416.
obesalis, 558.
proboscidalis, 559.
radicalis, 416.
rhombalis, 556.
rivuligera, 557.
rostralis, 558.
rusticalis, 559.
satsumalis, 557.
similalis, 558, 559, 571.
squalida, 556.
stigiana, 557, 558.
subcyanea, 559.
subviolacea, 559.
tatorhina, 559.
tripunctalis, 558.
virgens, 559.
Hyperoodon
rostratus, 117.
Hyphantornis
aureoflavus, 367.
Hypochera
zo, 86.
Hypolampsis
fragilis, 278.
Hypopyra
dulcina, 546.
vespertilio, 545, 546.
Hypothymis
occipitalis, 224.
Hypsipetes
squamiceps, 586.
Hypsirhynchns
hepaticus, 330, 332.
Hyracodontotherium
Silholi, 67, 68, 69.
primevum, 67, 68.
Hystrix
fasciculata, 236.
pumila, 223.
Icterus
laudabilis, 395.
Idiops
colletti, 35, 37, 38, 46. -
crassus, 38.
syriacus, 38.
Iguana
twherculata, 465.
Tlattia
apicalis, 493.
cephusalis, 492.
stellata, 493.
Tlyrgis
echephurealis, 566.
Indicator
major, 356.
|
INDEX.
Inguridia
pra 535.
Tole
striaticeps, 226.
Ipimorpha
retusa, 516.
Irena.
tweeddalii, 226.
Trrisor
cyanomelas, 358.
minor, 358.
Ixias
nola, 399.
Jerdonia
borneensis, 345, 355.
trochlea, 346.
Julis
lunaris, 240.
Julodis
ffinchi, 219.
Kerivoula
hardwickii, 223.
Ketupa
ceylonensis, 165.
Kinibalua, nov. gen.,
391.
megalops, 391.
Lacera .
procellosa, 547.
Lacerta -
muralis, 465.
viridis, 465, 471,
612.
vivipara, 460.
Lactica:
bisfasciata, 271.
bogotana, 271.
citrina, 271.
dichroa, 271.
scutellaris, 271.
Lactina
agilis, 271.
Lagocheilus
dido, 338, 355.
keppeli, 338, 355.
mundyanus, 338, 355.
Lagoptera
elegans, 548.
multicolor, 548.
Lagopus
scoticus, 325.
Lagyra
picaria, 295.
Lalage
terat, 224.
Lamna
glauca, 243.
spallanzanti, 243.
Lamprocolius
sycobius, 368.
Lamprosticta
bella, 504.
venusta, 504, 571.
Langanum
depressum, 7.
Laniarius
sulfureipectus, 362.
Lanius
caudatus, 362.
luzoniensis, 225.
Laphygma
exiqua, 493.
Larus
canus, 178.
gelastes, 316.
melanocephalus, 316.
Lebia
caligata, 218.
callitrema, 219.
prattiana, 218.
xanthophea, 219.
xanthophana, 218.
Leiosaurus
marmoratus, 144.
multipunctatus, 144.
scapulatus, 144.
Lema
buckleyi, 265.
calceata, 265.
dorsalis, 266.
ducalis, 265.
dubia, 265.
equestris, 265.
nupta, 265.
orbignyi, 266.
patruelis, 264.
sagittifera, 266.
simoni, 265.
Leocyma
albonitens, 522.
atrata, 522.
nervosa, 522.
nigrilinea, 522.
Lepidosiren
paradoxa, 150.
Leptina
grata, 535.
,O71.
| Leptopoma
barbatum, 339,
hicolor, 336.
bourguignati, 337.
duplicatum, 337.
lowi, 336.
massena, 3o7.
sericatum, 336, 337.
signatum, 336.
subconicum, 337.
tenebricosum, 334.
undatum, 337.
Leptopoma
wallacei, 337.
whiteheadi, 337.
woodfordi, 581, 582.
Lestes
viridula, 303.
wallacei, 298, 302.
Leucania
abdominalis, 483.
caricis, 482.
conigera, 483.
decisissima, 482,
extranea, 482.
flavostigma, 482.
—, var. inornata, 482,
571.
impura, 483.
inanis, 481.
innocens, 483.
loreyi, 482.
nigrilinea, 482, 571.
radiata, 483.
rujistrigosa, 482.
salebrosa, 482.
singularis, 482.
turca, 481.
zee, 483.
Leuciscus
rutilus, 50.
Leucopeza
semperi, 395.
Lichia
glauca, 50.
vadigo, 50.
Limenitis
populi, 86.
sibylla, 86.
Limicola
platyrhyncha, 225.
Limnza
physopsis, 137.
stagnalis, 139, 140.
Limnodrilus
sp. ine., 381.
Limnophyes
aa 34.
Limnornis
curvirostris, 34.
Linura
Sischeri, 367.
Lissctis
maculipennis, 371.
Lithophane
saga, 538.
Lithopsyche
antiqua, 294, 297.
Lochmza
tropica, 287.
Locustella
fasciolata, 620.
pleskei, 620,
INDEX.
Loxigilla
noctis, 326, 395.
— sclateri, 395.
Loxops
coccinea, 446.
flammea, 445.
Lumbricus
annularis, 377.
campestris, 377, 378.
levis, 377, 378.
uliginosus, 377, 378.
Luperodes
inornatus, 289.
Luperus
marginatus, 289.
Lutra
sp., 223.
angustifrons, 195.
aterrima, 199.
aurobrunnea, 192, 193,
194, 195.
barang, 191, 192, 193,
194, 195, 200.
brachydactyla, 198.
brasiliensis, 197, 198,
200.
californica, 198.
canadensis, 197, 199,
200.
capensis, 191, 196, 200.
chilensis, 198.
chinensis, 192, 195.
cinerea, 193, 195, 200.
ellioti, 192, 195.
enhydris, 199.
enudris, 197.
Felina, 191, 197, 198.
grayt, 196.
indica, 192, 195.
indigitata, 195.
insularis, 199.
inunguis, 196.
lalandii, 196.
latifrons, 199.
lenoiri, 196.
leptonyx, 192, 193, 195.
lupina, 197.
macrodus,
195.
maculicollis, 191, 196,
200.
monticola, 192, 195.
nair, 192, 195.
nepalensis, 192.
nudipes, 195.
paleindica, 193.
paraguensis, 197.
paranensis, 191, 198,
199, 200.
perspicillata, 195.
peruviensis, 198.
192, 194,
657
| TLutra
platensis, 197, 199, 200.
poensis, 196.
roensis, 195.
simung, 192, 195.
solitaria, 199.
sumatrana, 191, 192,
193, 194, 195, 200.
swinhoei, 195.
tarayensis, 199.
vulgaris, 192, 193, 194,
195, 197, 200.
Lutronectes
whiteleyi, 195.
Lycocerus
caliginosus, 110, 111.
decipiens, 109.
lateritius, 109.
militaris, 110, 111.
serricornis, 109,110,111.
Lymantria
grandis, 406, 407.
viola, 406.
Lytoloma
crassicostatum, 63,
66.
planimentum, 66.
Macacus
cynomolgus, 223.
Macroglossa .
bombyliformis, 87.
Macropus
major, 434, 436, 437,
438, 440.
Macropygia
tenutrostris, 225.
Mactra
edulis, 323.
Madopa
flavomacula, 555.
salicalis, 555.
Magascolex
(Perichxta) antarctica,
380.
Malacorhinus
undecimpunctatus, 286.
Malacosoma
encausticum, 292.
olivaceum, 292.
Mamestra
adjuncta, 486.
advena, 486.
aliena, 487.
biguttata, 491.
brassice, 486.
cuneata, 486, 571.
persicarie, 487.
—, var. wnicolor, 487.
Manatus
australis, 160.
658
Manis
sp., 223.
Maramatha
straminea, 570.
Maretia
planulata, 7.
Margarops
densirostris, 395.
montanus, 326, 395.
— rufus, 327.
Marmorina
amphidecta, 570.
obscwrata, 570.
Megalema
leucotis, 357.
Megalomastoma
anostoma, 352.
dorie, 352.
lowet, 352.
Megapodius
cumingi, 226.
Megascelis
amabilis, 266.
herbacea, 266.
suturalis, 266.
vittata, 266.
Megasema
triangulum, 496.
Melanargia
galathea, 86.
Melittophagus
cyanostictus, 358.
pusillus, 358.
Meranda
inconspicua, 570.
tristalis, 570.
Merops
cyanostictus, 358.
pusillus, 358.
Merula
celenops, 586.
Mesogona
contracta, 519.
dilatata, 495.
divergens, 519.
exigua, 516.
quadrilinea, 519, 571.
Mesoplectra
lilacina, 566.
Mesotrosta
stigmatula, 493.
Mestleta
lutefascialis, 555.
Methorasa
thwaitesit, 528.
Miana
falsa, 491.
inornata, 492.
segregata, 491.
subfasciata, 491.
vulnerata, 491.
INDEX.
Micardia
argentata, 535.
pulchra, 539. ,
Micra
hemirhoda, 521.
Microphysa
stictica, 479.
Micropus
melanocephalus, 226.
Microtus
amphibius, 249.
Micteristes
(Theodosia) telifer,
286.
Migoplastis
ceylonica, 402.
hampsoni, 402, 482.
Milicnia
butleri, 423.
drucei, 297.
guentheri, 296.
luculenta, 423, 432.
snelleni, 296, 297.
zoned, 296.
Milvago
chimachima, 79.
Mimocichla
ardesiaca, 326.
— albiventris, 326,
327.
plumbea, 326.
rubripes, 326.
schistacea, 326.
Miresa
crispa, 409, 432.
propexa, 409,
Miselia
cinerea, 503.
compta, 518.
extensa, 503.
funesta, 503, 571.
oxyacanthe, 503.
Mixornis
borneensis, 2277.
cagayanensis, 227.
woodi, 226.
Mniocera
cincta, 295,
cinerescens, 295.
Moggridgea
abrahami, 55, 41, 42,
46.
dyeri, 34, 35, 42.
Molops
depilatus, 214.
piliferus, 213.
Moma
confusa, 480, 571.
niveola, 480.
orion, 479.
tapyx, 480.
Monacanthus
melanoproctes,
246.
monoceros, 242.
peccator, 266.
Monitor
niloticus, 607, 612.
242,
_ Monoplatus
fulvus, 277.
obliteratus, 277.
Monticola
solitaria, 224.
Mormo
muscivirens, 541.
Motacilla
flava, 224,
lugubris, 394.
melanope, 394.
Mulleripicus
pulverulentus, 226.
Munia
atricapilla, 226.
Murena
tessellata, 242.
Murznesox
cinereus, 242.
Mus
sp., 223
alticola, 284, 2385.
concolor, 235.
coxingi, 234.
decumanus, 254,
edwardsi, 234
ephippium, 235.
Suscipes, 249.
hellwaldi, 234.
infraluteus, 232. -
Jerdoni, 233, 234.
lepturus, 234.
muellert, 234.
musculus, 248.
musschenbroeckhi, 235.
niveiventer, 234, 235.
rattus, 238.
sabanus, 238, 234.
Muscicapa
cerulescens, 360.
griseisticta, 224.
Mustela
Selina, 198.
lutra, 195.
(Lutra) canadensis,
197.
(—) chilensis, 198.
(—) paraguensis, 197.
Mustelus
manazo, 243.
Mydaus
sp., 229.
Myiadestes
dominicanus, 326.
Myiadestes
sancte-lucie, 395.
Myiarchus
tyrannulus, 326, 395.
Myrmecobius
fasciatus, 85,
Mythimna
conigera, 483.
deparca, 498.
divergens, 480, 481.
grandis, 480.
limbata, 481.
placida, 481, 498.
rufipennis, 481.
turca, 481.
Myzanthe
pygmed, 225.
Neenia
contaminata, 542.
muscosa, 490.
Nais
aurigena, 51.
Napalia
precox, 498,
Narapa
adamata, 427.
breta, 426.
Naseus
brevirostris, 239
Naucrates
ductor, 240.
Nausinoé
euroalis, 420, 432.
neptis, 421.
a
coreana, 560, 571.
Nebria
himalayica, 212.
Nectarinia
collaris, 366.
kalckreuthi, 366.
kilimensis, 365.
longuemarii, 366.
melanogastra, 3906,
364
reichenowi, 365.
Neobrotica
dimidiaticornis, 285,
286.
inconstans, 285.
pallescens, 285.
variabilis, 286.
(Diabrotica) oberthuri,
286.
Neodrilus
monocystis, 377, 380.
Nephelodes
datanidia, 484.
Neritina
schmideliana, 327.
INDEX.
Neuria
dissecta, 486.
retina, 510.
Ninox
scutulata, 226.
Noctua
ened, 521.
affinis, 515.
alge, 479.
algira, 546.
aliena, 487.
alni, 477.
amethystina, 534.
anceps, 489.
armigera, 19.
asteris, 588.
atriplicis, 510,
augur, 495.
auricula, 484.
aurifera, 531.
baja, 495.
basilinea, 489.
bigramma, 500.
bimaculosa, 508.
brassice, 486.
brunnea, 497.
candidula, 525.
cerago, 517.
chrysitis, 530.
chrysographa, 484.
chryson, 580.
circumflexa, 532.
e-nigrum, 496,
compta, 517.
concha, 531.
congener, 513.
conigera, 483.
conspicua, 520.
corusca, 515.
croceago, 516,
dahlii, 497.
descripta, 497.
dilatata, 495.
dilucida, 541.
dioscoria, 544.
dipsacea, 520.
ditrapezium, 496.
domiduca, 514.
egregia, 507.
electa, 550.
emarginata, 529.
erythrostigma, 484.
exigua, 493.
exoleta, 539.
Savillacea, 478.
Sfestuce, 531.
Jibrosa, 485.
flammea, 510.
flavago, 485, 517.
floccida, 483.
JSormosa, 536.
659
Noctua
fucosa, 499.
fulvago, 516.
fuscula, 526.
gemina, 489.
glyphica, 554.
gothica, 511.
—, var. singularis, 496.
gracilis, 512, 516.
hymenea, 551.
impura, 483.
iners, 518.
instabilis, 512.
leucostigma, 485.
libatrix, 505,
lignosa, 486.
ligustri, 476.
limosa, 544.
livida, 540.
logopus, 536.
lucipara, 504.
marginata, 520.
munda, 512.
nebulosa, 508.
ni, 533.
nictitans, 484.
num-atrum 511,
nupta, 549.
obscura, 500.
occulta, 508.
ochracea, 485.
orichalcea, 530.
orion, 479.
ornithopus, 537.
perflua, 540.
persicari@, 487.
perspicillaris, 494.
pinastri, 488.
piniperda, 510.
plebeja, 508.
plecta, 494.
polygramma, 526.
porphyrea, 509.
posthuma, 551.
preceps, 498.
precor, 498.
prasina, 507.
protea, 506.
psi, 474, 475.
pteridia, 536.
purpureofasciata, 536.
putris, 486.
pyralina, 515.
pyramidea, 539.
pyramidina, 540.
ravida, 500.
remissa, 489.
retusa, 516.
rhizolitha, 537.
rubiginea, 517.
rumicis, 477.
660
Noctua
rutilago, 520.
saga, 518.
satura, 509.
scolopacina, 487.
scotophila, 540.
seutosa, 520.
segetis, 499.
segetum, 499.
sepit, 493.
sigma, 496.
signata, 531.
stlago, 517.
spadicea, 514.
sparganii, 484,
spiralis, 545.
stabilis, 513.
strigosa, 478.
stupens, 494.
stuposa, 546,
submissa, 489.
suffusa, 499.
sulphurea, 528.
suspecta, 513.
tarda, 495, 571.
tigerina, 517.
trabeata, 528.
trapezina, 515,
triangularis, 546.
triangulum, 496.
tridens, 475.
triplasia, 534.
tristigma, 496.
turca, 481.
umbra, 520.
umbrago, 520.
wmbrosa, 495.
uncd, 522.
uncxia, 518.
vaccinit, 514.
—, var. mixta, 514,
vespertilio, 545.
vindelicia, 484.
Nodaria
amurensis, 566.
Nonagria
innocens, 483.
sparganii, 484.
turpis, 484,
Nosophora
chironalis, 420.
lymphatalis, 420,
432.
Notauges
Jischeri, 368.
Notioptera
dolosa, 401.
properta, 400, 482.
Numenius
lineatus, 225.
variegatus, 225,
INDEX.
Numida
pucherani, 371.
vulturina, 371.
Nutria
Felina, 198, 200.
Nyctiardea
violacea, 326, 395.
Nycticorax
crassirostris, 586.
Nyctipao
erepuscularis, 544.
ephesphoris, 544.
letitia, 544.
Nyroca
leucophthalma, 325.
Ochria
flavago, 485.
fortis, 485.
ochracea, 485.
Ochropleura
costalis, 412.
tgnota, 411.
musiva, 494,
plecta, 494.
plumbata, 496.
stentzi, 494.
stupenda, 494.
triangularis, 494.
Odontaspis
americanus, 243.
C&dicnemus
capensis, 371.
magnirostris, 225.
Cdionychis
dipus, 276.
graphica, 276.
hondurensis, 276.
humeralis, 276.
proxima, 276.
Cistrelata
hypoleuca, 586.
Olybama
japonica, 569.
Omiza
miliaria, 425.
pachiaria, 425.
Omototus
albomaculatus, 278.
bituberculatus, 278.
carinatus, 277, 278.
Fuscatus, 278.
Omphalotropsis
bankaensis, 355.
carinata, 354.
glabrata, 354.
paladithi, 354.
radiata, 354.
Onus
reinhardti, 27.
Oodes
(Simous) borneensis,
384
Ophiactis
savignii, 7.
Ophichthys
cancrivorus, 242.
cirrhochilus, 242.
Ophideres
Ffullonica, 544.
tyrannus, 544.
Ophioglypha
kinbergi, 7.
Ophiopeza
conjungens, 7.
Ophiothrix
aspidota, 7.
Ophiusa
algira, 5A6.
—,var.curvata,546,571.
arctotenia, 546.
arcuata, 547.
dulcis, 547.
elegans, 548.
falcata, 546.
Joviana, 547.
limosa, 544.
mirabilis, 414.
triangulata, 414, 432.
Opigera
arenosa, 498.
cecilia, 498.
Opisthocomus
cristatus, 57, 183.
Opisthoporus
biciliatus, 341.
birostris, 341.
euryomphalus, 341.
latistrigus, 341.
pertusus, 341.
pterocycloides, 341, 855.
rostellatus, 341.
Opisthostoma
decrespignyi, 350.
grandi-spinosum, 349,
350.
Oporina
castaneo-fasciata, 517.
croceago, 516.
Oresia
alliciens, 529.
emarginata, 529.
Oreaster
manmmillatus, 6.
Oreochromis
hunteri, 70.
Oresia
tentans, 529.
Oriolus
brachyrhynchus, 368.
chinensis, 228.
Oriolus
notatus, 368.
palawanensis, 225.
xanthonotus, 226.
Orthetrum
albistyla, 298.
camarense, 297, 298.
Orthogonia
crispina, 541.
sera, 541.
Orthorhynchus
exilis, 326.
Orthosia
fausta, 513, 571.
gracilis, 512.
lizetta, 514.
munda, 512.
suspecta, 513.
Orthotomus
ruficeps, 226.
Osphranter
erubescens, 434, 435,
439, 440.
Othreis
Ffullonica, 544.
Otis
maculipennis, 371.
Otocorys
bilopha, 26.
Otolithus
crassus, 204, 206.
Oxycerca
everetti, 225.
Ozarba
punetigera, 528.
Pachybrachys
reticulatus, 266.
Pachylomerus
natalensis, 34, 35, 46.
Pachyprora
capensis, 360.
mixta, 356, 359.
molitor, 359, 360.
Pachyrhynchus
gosseleti, 66.
Pagellus
affinis, 245.
Pagrus
ruber, 245.
spinifer, 245.
Palaina
patula, 114.
Palinurus
vulgaris, 394.
Pandesma
jubra, 413, 432.
quenavadi, 413, 414.
virens, 480.
Pandion
haliaetus, 225.
INDEX.
Pangora
distorta, 403, 404.
rubelliana, 402.
Pangrapta
flavomacula, 567,
568
incisa, 568.
Panolis
flammea, 511.
piniperda, 516, 511.
Papilio
ajax, 86.
asterias, 86.
cresphontes, 86.
machaon, 86.
podalirius, 86.
troilus, 86.
turnus, 86.
Paracolax
barbalis, 561.
Paradoxurus
philippensis, 223.
Parasa
fumosa, 408, 432.
lepide, 408.
Parocolax
grisealis, 561.
nemoralis, 561.
Parus
amabilis, 225.
ceruleus, 186.
elegans, 224.
Paxillus
adversus, 348.
beccarii, 348.
rubicundus, 3A8.
Pechipogon
barbalis, 561.
Pedetes
caffer. 220.
capensis, 260, 262.
Pelamia
electaria, 554.
Pelamys
orientalis, 240.
Pelargopsis
gouldi, 225.
Pelichnibothrium
speciosum, 324, 325.
Pempheris
molucea, 239.
Penicillaria
costalis, 536.
antarctica, 380.
intermedia, 380.
661
Pericrocotus
cinereus, 224.
igneus, 226.
Perideris
auripigmentum, 579.
Perigea
argyrosticta, 492.
centralis, 492.
dolorosa, 492.
galaxia, 492.
gemella, 492, 571.
tllecta, 492.
leucospila, 492.
serva, 492.
Perineenia
lignosa, 541.
Peristera
tympanistria, 369.
Pernis
ptilonorhynchus, 225.
Phacellodomus
ruber, 33.
rufipennis, 33.
striaticollis, 33.
Phalzena
auricula, 484.
c-aureum, 581.
chrysitina, 531.
crepuscularis, 544.
nemoralis, 561.
polyodon, 494.
pomona, dA.
unea, 522.
viridaria, 521.
(Attacus) erepuscularis,
544.
(Geometra) barbalis,
561.
(Noctua) atriplicis,
510.
(—) affinis, 515.
(—) achatina, 546.
—) archesia, 552.
—) algira, 546.
—) alni, 477.
—) brassice, 486.
—) chrysitis, 530.
—) e-migrum, 496.
—) dipsaceus, 520.
—) exoleta, 539.
—) festuce, 531.
—) fullonica, 544.
—) fulvago, 517.
(—) glyphica, 554.
(—) gothica, 511.
(—) leporina, 477.
(-—) libatrix, 505.
(—) lueipara, 504.
(—) morpheus, 493.
(—) nupta, 549.
(—) occulta, 508.
NNN
NNN NON ON
662
Phalena
(Noctua) paranympha,
552.
—) persicarie, 487.
Gof perspicillaris,
494.
—) pinastri, 488.
) plecta, 494.
—) precox, 498.
—) psi, 475.
) puera, 518.
) putris, 486.
) pyramidea, 539.
) retorta, 545.
) retusa, 516.
) rumicis, 477.
) scabriuscula, 488.
) sulphuralis, 528.
) trapezina, 515.
) triplasia, 584.
) turca, 481.
) uncula, 522.
) vaceinii, 514.
—) virbia, 558.
(Torteix) Sasciata,
526.
(—) unea, 522.
Phalanger
orientalis, 161.
Pharetra
leucoptera, 478.
longa, 478.
rumicis, 477.
Phasianus
chrysomelas, 247.
Philydor
cervicalis, 33.
erythrocercus, 33.
Phineca
basistriga, 407.
canities, 407.
Phlogophora
beatriz, 503.
lucipara, 504,
pallens, 503.
Phoca
vitulina, 821, 323.
Pholidauges
fischeri, 356, 368.
Phonipara
bicolor, 326, 395.
Phreoryctes
smithi, 381.
Phyletis
borealis, 427, 432.
meonaria, 427.
Phyllium
gelonus, 262, 263.
Phyllobothrium
crispatissimum, 324,
325,
(
(
(=
eas
(
oa:
C—
ls
es
Sa
Sas
—
(—
ome
—
oe
ee
Ge
Ga
INDEX.
Phyllobothrium
lactuca, 324.
tridax, 324.
Phyllophila
cretacea, 521.
obliterata, 520.
wimmerit, 520, 521.
Phylloscopus
borealis, 224.
Physa
alicie, 139, 140, 142.
badia, 136.
beddomei, 136.
bonus henricus, 136.
breviculmen, 136.
carinata, 136.
concinna, 136.
cumingiti, 136.
dispar, 136.
Sfusiformis, 136.
gibbosa, 136, 138.
hainesii, 137.
latilabiata, 137.
multistrigata, 139, 140.
newcombi, 137.
obesa, 136.
pectorosa, 136.
physopsis, 139, 140.
producta, 136.
proteus, 136, 138, 139.
pyramidata, 136,
reevet, 136.
scalaris, 189, 140.
sinuata, 139, 140.
tabulata, 189, 140.
tasmanica, 137.
texturata, 136,
truncata, 136.
vestita, 138.
Physimerus
simoni, 278, 279.
variegatus, 279,
Phytometra
@nea, 521.
Piada
multiplicans, 538.
—, var. gaponica, 538,
571.
Piaya
cayana, 169, 187.
Picolaptes
affinis, 34.
parvirostris, 53.
Picus
nubicus, 356.
Pinarochraa
hypospodia, 356, 364.
Pinicola
enucleator, 306.
Pitta
atricapilla, 225.
Pitta
erythrogastra, 225.
propingua, 225,
Placodes
amethystina, 534.
spencet, 534,
Plagiodera
ornata, 268.
Plagyodus
ferox, 322,
Planorbis
corneus, 139, 140.
Plastemis
retusa, 516.
Plataplecta
pruinosa, 476.
soluta, 476.
subviridis, 478.
Platydactylus
albomaculatus, 143.
burmeisteri, 1438.
deissneri, 143.
Platydia
casta, 535.
compressipalpis, 535.
Platyglossus
marginatus, 240.
Platyja
nubiferalis, 554.
Platystethus
sp. ine., 157.
abbreviatus, 158.
cultratus, 157.
guentheri, 157.
huttoni, 158.
Plectostoma
decrespignyt, 350.
Plectropterus
gambensis, 371.
Plesiophysa
striata, 141.
Plexaura
imperialis, 47.
principals, 47, 49.
suffruticosa, 47, 48, 49.
vermiculata, 49.
Plexaurella
affinis, 48, 49.
angquiculoides, 48, 49.
anguiculus, 48.
dichotoma, 48.
porosa, 49.
vermiculata, 48, 49.
Ploceus
aureoflavus, 367.
Plusia
agramma, 580.
albostriata, 532.
amethystina, 534.
aurifera, 531,
bractea, 5380,
Plusia
c-aureum, 531, 532.
chalcitis, 531.
cheiranthi, 533.
chrysitina, 531.
chrysitis, 530.
chryson, 530.
concha, 531.
eugenia, 533.
excelsa, 530.
festuce, 531.
gamma, 532.
gemmifera, 480,
gutta, 532.
humeralis, 530.
Jessica, 532.
leonina, 530.
locuples, 533.
metabractea, 530.
mikadina, 532.
nadeja, 530,
mi, 533.
nigrisigna, 532.
ochrata, 533.
ornatissima, 533.
purissima, 533.
pyropia, 533.
rutilifrons, 533.
serena, 532.
signata, 531.
typinota, 532.
verticillata, 531.
virgo, 534.
zosima, 531.
Plusidia
' abrostoloides, 533.
Plusiodonta
auripicta, 585.
Poaphila
mollis, 522.
Podargus
humeralis, 179.
Podoceropsis
palmatus, 452.
Podocerus
cumbrensis, 452,
Peecilonetta
erythrorhyncha, 371.
Pogonorhynchus
melanopterus, 356.
stigmatothorax, 357.
Polia
atripheis, 510.
herbida, 508.
nebulosa, 508.
occulta, 508.
soluta, 476.
Poliospiza
striolatus, 367.
Polyboroides
radiatus, 77.
INDEX.
Polyboroides
typicus, 78, 79, 82.
Polydesma
vulgaris, 490.
Polypedates
biseutiger, 28, 31.
eruciger, 27, 31.
leucomystax, 29, 31.
maculatus, 27, 28, 29,
31.
megacephalus, 29.
quadrilineatus, 29.
rugosus, 29,
seutiger, 27.
Polyphzenis
pulcherrima, 501, 502.
Polyplectron
napoleonis, 226.
Pomatomus
telescopium, 236, 288.
Pompelon
marginuta, 401.
valentula, 401.
Pontia
freyeri, 293.
suasa, 293.
Priesos
mariana, 294, 297.
Pratincola
axillaris, 363.
Prigenia
viridiaurata, 385.
vollenhoveni, 386.
Prioniturus
cyaniceps, 225,
Prionochilus
Johanne, 226.
Prionops
talacoma, 361.
Pristis
pectinatus, 243.
Pristodactyla
agonoides, 218.
lacerans, 214.
Pristonychus
kashmirensis, 214,
Prodenia
littoralis, 510,
retina, 510.
Promerops
minor, 308.
Prosicela
chevrolatii, 267.
Prothymia
ened, 521,
viridaria, 521.
Protopterus
annectens, 147, 148.
Protosticta
gracilis, 298, 302.
simplicinervis, 302.
663
Psalidoproene
antinorii, 359,
petiti, 359.
Psammosaurus
griseus, 172.
Pseudogomphus
insignis, 297, 299.
Pseudoscarus
eyanognathus, 240.
ghobban, 240.
troschelii, 240.
Psimada
cineracea, 5D4.
Pternistes
humbolti, 370.
infuscatus, 370.
leucopareus, 370.
nudicollis, 370.
Pterocles
decoratus, 369,
exustus, 370.
gutturalis, 370,
Pterocyclos
anomalus, 339, 341.
biciliatus, 341.
eucullus, 340, 355.
endedaleus, 339, 340.
euryomphalus, 341.
labuanensis, 339.
lowianus, 339, 340.
mindaiensis, 340.
wiahensis, 340, 355.
planorbulus, 341.
rostellaius, 341.
sumatranus, 339.
tenuilabiatus, 339, 344,
355.
Pterogon
clarkia, 86.
Pterois
antennata, 239,
Pteromys
nitidus, 230,
Pteronura
sambachii, 197.
Pteropus
hypomelanus, 223.
Pterothysanus
atratus, 402.
laticilia, 402.
noble, 401, 432.
Ptilocichla
Salcata, 226.
Ptilopus
lechlancheri, 225.
melanocephalus, 225,
Ptychosiagum
orientale, 574.
Pupina
doria, 351, 355.
evansi, 351, 355,
664 INDEX.
Pupina Rhacophorus | Samia
hosei, 351, 355. eruciger, 28, 30. 31, 32. cecropia, 86.
Pupinella eques, 32. Sangaria
bornecnsis, 352. leucomystax, 27, 28, 29. haagi, 274.
Putorius maculatus, 27, 28, 29, haroldi, 273, 274.
sarmaticus, 85. 30, 31, 32. Sapho
Pycnonotus quadrilineatus, 27, 30. longistigma, 300.
cinereifrons, 226.
layardi, 363.
Pygera
bucephala, 87.
Pyralis
achatalis, 556.
crassalis, 558.
derivalis, 562.
dulciculalis, 418, 419.
grisealis, 561.
Sormosissimalis, 536.
pectitalis, 561.
platymitris, 418, 419.
rostralis, 558.
salicalis, 555.
sericealis, 561.
tarsicrinalis, 562.
terriculalis, 556.
trabealis, 528.
Python
breitensteini, 483.
curtus, 393, 452,
333.
Querquedula
erythrorhyncha, 371.
Quiscalus
inflexirostris, 395.
Radinavia
palpalis, 493.
Raja
nasuta, 321.
Rallina
Ffasciata, 225.
Rallus
obscurus, 5.
Ramphocorys
clot-beyt, 26.
Rana
temporaria, 145, 146.
Raphia
Jfasciata, 491.
Raphaulus
bombycinus, 350.
pfeifferi, 351.
Remigia
annetta, 553.
archesia, 552, 5538.
nigrisigna, 558,
571.
Renodes
hamada, 564.
ussuriensis, 553.
rugosus, 27.
sexvirgatus, 27, 30.
Rhamphocinclus
brachyurus, 395.
Rheithrosciurus
macrotis, 232.
Rhinobatus
halavi, 248.
schlegeli, 236, 243.
Rhinoceros
bicornis, 448.
lasiotis, 9.
sondaicus, 9, 10, 255,
257, 258.
sumatrensis, '7, 8, 9,11,
12, 18, 15, 19, 20, 21,
23, 24, 258.
unicornis, 258.
Rhinolophus
luctus, 159.
Rhinopomastes
cyanomelas, 358.
Rhiostoma
caverne, 342, 355.
gwendolene, 342, 355.
hungerfordi, 342.
iris, 348.
Rhipidura
nigritorquis, 225.
Rhodaria
amata, 521.
Rhododrilus, nov. gen.,
380.
minutus, 381.
Rhodoneura
albatalis, 422, 482.
strigatula, 422,
Rhynchastatus
funebris, 361.
Rhynehina
eremialis, 417.
Rhynchobatus
djeddensis, 243.
Rivula
sericealis, 561.
subrosea, 560.
Salarias
lineatus, 240,
unicolor, 240.
Salmo
fario, 135.
Saltator
guadelupensis, 326.
pulchella, 298, 300.
Saraca
costinotata, 568.
flavomaculata, 567.
indentalis, 567, 571.
subviolacea, 568.
teaxtilis, 567, 571.
trimantesalis, 567.
vasava, 568.
Sarcidiornis
africanus, 371.
Sarcops
calvus, 228.
Saturnia
pyri, 87.
Saurothera
vieilloti, 187.
Scedopla
regalis, 494.
Schematiza
apicalis, 289.
Junerea, 287.
unistriata, 287, 288.
venezuclensis, 287.
Sciuropterus
alboniger, 223.
davisoni, 159.
Sciurus
badjing, 231.
bicolor ephippium, 230.
concinnus, 231, 232.
extlis, 231, 232.
Jentinki, 280, 231.
melanotis, 232.
notatus, 231,
plantani, 231.
pluto, 250.
prevostti, 230.
steerti, 223,
tenuis, 280, 231.
whiteheadi, 231, 232.
Scleroptera
subtorquata, 370.
Selerorhynchus
atavus, 449, 450,
Scopelus
scoticus, 27.
Scops
everetti, 225.
fuliginosa, 225.
Scorpzena
cardinalis, 156.
cookit, 151, 155, 156.
cruenta, 156.
Selepa
manleyi, 479, 571.
—, var. clara, 479.
Semiphora
gothica, 511.
pallescens, 511.
Semnopithecus
chrysomelas, 159, 160.
femoralis, 159.
hosei, 159, 228.
obscurus, 159.
Serinus
striolatus, 367.
Seriola
dumerilii, 240.
Serpentarius
reptilivorus, 82.
Serranus
altivelis, 244.
brunneus, 244.
coromandelicus, 237.
diacanthus, 237.
fimbriatus, 322, 329.
gibbosus, 244.
gigas, 322.
Jayakari, 237.
latifasciatus,
244.
morrhua, 244.
preopercularis, 244.
rogad, 238.
salmonoides, 237.
sonnerati, 238.
striolatus, 244.
Setophaga
ruticilla, 326, 395.
Silurus
egertont, 201.
Simena
luctifera, 295.
nigricans, 295.
Simplicia
rectalis, 564.
Siphia
banyumas, 226.
erithacus, 226.
lemprieri, 225.
ramsayt, 225.
Siphonops
annulatus, 604.
Smerinthus
populi, 86.
quercus, 86.
tilie, 86.
Somena
abjecta, 405, 432.
scintillans, 405.
Sophrosyne
robertsom, 452.
Speelotis
lucens, 501.
237,
INDEX.
Spelotis
nitens, 490.
squalida, 501.
Sparnus
minutus, 280.
Spatangus
purpureus, D4.
Spermestes
cucullatus, 367.
Sphagolobus
atratus, 587, 588.
Spheniscus
chrysocome, 84.
Sphinx
ligustri, 86.
quinguemaculata, 86.
pinastri, 86.
Sphyrzena
acutipennis, 240.
agam, 240.
Spica, gen. nov., 424.
luteola, 424, 432.
Spilarctia
punctata, 405.
wummera, 405, 432.
Spilornis
bacha, 226.
Spintherops
dilucida, 541.
Spirama
egrota, 545.
Funestris, 545.
inequalis, 545,
interlineata, 545.
Japonica, 545.
jinchuena, +9.
martha, 545
rectifasciata, 545.
retorta, D405.
simplicior, 5495.
suffumosa, 545.
Spizaétus
limnaetus, 226.
occipitalis, 79.
philippensis, 225.
Speelotis
fraterna, 411.
sincera, 411.
Squatarola
helvetica, 225.
Squatina
crassidens, 451.
Steatornis
caripensis, 161, 178,
181, 190.
Stegodyphus
acanthophilus, 44.
gregarius, 34, 42,
46.
Stegostoma
tigrinum, 243.
Proc. Zoot. Soc.—1889, No. XLIV.
665
Stemmatophora
foliata, 418, 432.
vibicalis, 418.
Sterna
bergti, 225.
melanauchen, 225.
Stethojulis
interrupta, 240.
Stomias
Ferox, 27.
Strepsiceros
imberbis, 246, 376. ~
Strepsilas
interpres, 225.
Strix
aluco, 172.
flammea, 177, 178.
(Ketupa) ceylonensis,
168.
Sturnia
violacea, 224.
Stylochus
pelagicus, 55.
Stylorbiza
(Phyllorhiza) punctata,
585.
Sudis
hyalina, 241.
jayakari, 241.
ringens, 241,
Surattha
albirenalis, 423.
eremialis, 422.
Surniculus
lugubris, 226.
Sus
sp., 223.
Syllexis
lucida, 296.
Synagris
isacanthus, 238.
Synclera
multilinealis, 421.
nemoralis, 421, 432.
Synodontis
guttatus, 71.
punctulatus, 71.
serratus, 71.
Syntomis
pfeifferz, 400.
wimberleyi, 400, 432.
Sypna
achatina, 542.
astrigera, S42.
fuliginosa, 542.
Sumosana, 542.
hercules, 543.
mooret, 542.
picta, 542.
Syrninm
whiteheadi, 226,
44
666
Syrrhaptes
paradoxrus, 184.
Syrrhoé
Jimbriata, 452.
Systena
s-littera, 272.
Tenia
bifaria, 325.
calva, 324, 325.
falciformis, 324, 325.
magellanica, 325.
sulciceps, 324.
Tzniocampa
aurorie, 513.
carnipennis, 511.
ella, 512.
evanida, 512, 513.
gothica, 511.
gracilis, 512.
instabilis, 512.
munda, 512.
—, var. tminaculata,
512.
odiosa, 513.
stabilis, 513.
Teeniodera
ditissima, 390.
Tanygnathus
luzoniensis, 225.
Taonius
hyperboreus, 128.
pavo, 128.
Tapirus
americanus, 10.
indicus,
258.
terrestris,
257.
Tarsiger
254,
orientalis, 356, 361.
Tatocnemis
255, 257,
256,
]
|
|
|
|
malgassica, 297, 298, |
301, 302.
Tejus
tequexim, 465, 466.
Telea
polyphemus, 86.
promethea, 86.
Telephorus
sp. noy., 111.
bietz, 101, 102, 111.
brahininicus, 98.
chalybeipennis, 6,
111.
celestis, 104, 105,
111.
cruralis, 98.
erythropterus, 361.
flavicornis, 108.
huddi, 100.
INDEX.
Telephorus
imperialis,
104, 111.
insularis, 101, 111.
khasianus, 97, 111.
kiukianganus, 107.
leechianus, 104.
—, var. e@neipennis,
104.
lividus, 106.
manducatus, 100.
metallescens, 107.
nepalensis, 97.
nicobarinus, 101.
nobilis, 103, 111.
oberthueri, 102.
orientalis, 106.
purpureipennis,
111.
regalis, 103.
semifulvus, 100.
semiustus, 99.
senegalensis, 361.
sinensis, 106, 107.
stygianus, 99.
thibetanus, 102.
versicolor, 97.
viator, 98.
violaceipennis, 195.
viridipennis, 97, 104.
(Ancistronycha) bar-
toni, 106.
(—) orientalis, 105.
102, 103,
107,
111.
Temnopleurus
toreumaticus, 7.
Teniocampa
tabida, 495.
Terekia
cinerea, 225,
Terpsiphone
cristata, 360.
Serreti, 360.
melanogastra, 361.
Tethea
retusa, 516.
Tetrabothrium
macrocephalum, 324.
torulosum, 324.
Tetraroge
guentheri, 239, 246.
| Tetrodon
|
|
|
|
margaritatus, 242.
vulentini, 242.
| Textor
dinemelli, 368.
Thais
polyxena, 86.
Thalpochares
adulans, 521.
|
Thalpophila
cytherea, 475.
digna, 475.
Thalurania
wagleri,
BYTE
Thaumalea
picta, 135.
Therates
princeps, 383.
punctipennis, 383.
schaumi, 383.
spectabilis, 383.
whiteheadi, 383.
Theriodesmus
phylarchus, 259, 261,
262.
| Thosea
lesa, 408.
rara, 408, 432.
Thriponax
hargitti, 226.
Thripophaga
fusciceps, 33.
Thryothorus
mesoleucus, 395.
rufescens, 326.
Thyone
sacellus, 7.
Thyridospila
spheriphora, 415.
virgata, 415.
| Tiga
(—) prattianus, 105, |
everetti, 226.
| Tinnunculus
alaudarius, 262.
caribbearum, 326.
Tinolius
eburneiguita, 405.
hypsana, 405.
Tiridata
colligata, 505.
| Torpedo
fairchildi, 321.
marmorata, 243.
_ Torresia
australis, 158.
Totanus
brevipes, 225.
calidris, 225.
glareola, 225.
Toxocampa
enormis, 548.
lilacina, 543.
limosa, 544.
maxima, 543.
recta, 543.
vuleanea, 543.
Trachea
atriplicis, 510.
pintperda, 511.
Trachyphonus
arnaudi, 357.
boehmi, 357.
erythrocephalus, 357.
margaritatus, 357.
squamiceps, 337.
Tragelaphus
decula, 220.
gratus, 220.
Tragulus
Pitan, 223.
Treron
nasica, 226.
nudirostris, 369.
vernans, 225.
wakefieldi, 369.
Triena
anedina, 476.
Trichiurus
haumela, 239.
Tricholema
stigmatothorax, 357.
Trichys
guentheri, 235.
lipura, 75, 76, 235,
236.
Tricondyla
beccarii, 383.
a
arabica, 245, 246.
capensis, 236,
240.
polysticta, 245,
246
Triglo
ons, 27.
Tringa
ruficollis, 225.
subminuta, 225.
Tringoides
hypoleucus, 225.
Triphena
jankowskii, 502.
semiherbida, 502.
Triphznopsis
cinerescens, 502.
efflorescens, 502,
lucilla, 502.
Triplatoma
cyprea, 614.
gestroi, 613.
varia, 613, 620.
Triplax
vittipennis, 614,
620.
Trochomorpha
godeti, 578, 582.
Tropidonotus
natriz, 609.
Trotosema
sordidum, 5d4.
|
}
INDEX.
Truncatella
aurantia, 354.
marginata, 354.
Tubifex
rivulorum, 381.
Tupaia
Serruginea, 223, 229.
javanica, 223.
Tupinambis
nigropunctatus, 465.
tequexin, 465, 466,
74, 604.
Turacus
hartlaubi, 358.
Turdinus
rufifrons, 226.
Turdus
tephronotus, 363.
Turnix
nigrescens, 224, 225.
raynaldi, 224.
Turtur ;
dussumieri, 225.
lugens, 369.
semitorquatus, 369.
tigrina, 226.
Tylognathus
montanus, 71.
Tympanistria
tympanistria, 369.
Tyrannus
rostratus, 326.
Umbrina
sinuata, 245.
striata, 245.
Upeneus
pleurotenia, 239.
Upucerthia
bridgesi, 32.
montana, 32.
Uria
troile, 170.
Urogymnus
asperrimus, 243.
Uromys
cervinipes, 248.
Urostrophus
scapulatus, 144, 145.
torquatus, 145.
Urothoé
lachneessa, 394.
Vanellus
speciosus, 372.
Vanessa
antiopa, 86, 87.
atalanta, 86.
cardui, 56.
to, 86.
levana, 86.
667
Vanessa
polychlorus, 86.
Varanus
griseus, 605.
indicus, 605.
nigropunctatus, 605.
niloticus, 605.
Vidua
Jischeri, 367.
hypocherina, 367.
splendens, 367.
Vireosylvia
calidris, 326.
Virgularia
mirabilis, 394.
Viverra
aterrima, 198, 199,
Xanthia
cerago, 517.
flavostigma, 482.
Sulvago, 517.
silago, 517.
Xanthodes
intersepta, 518.
migrator, 518.
transversa, 518.
Xenocichla
albigularis, 363
nigriceps, 356, 362.
placida, 356, 363.
tephrolema, 362.
Xenoloba, noy. gen., 387.
speciosa, 387.
Xeromys
myoides, 248, 250.
Xylina
exoleta, 539.
Furcifera, 537.
ingrica, 537.
ornithopus, 537.
perspicillaris, 494.
pinastri, 488.
pruinosa, 537.
putris, 486.
rhizolitha, 537.
saxea, 5387, 571.
scolopacina, 487.
Xylomeges
bella, 510.
Xylophasia
alopecurus, 488.
cauquenensis, 487.
combusta, 488.
commixta, 488.
Hlavostigma, 488.
Sunerea, 487.
incognita, 487.
lithoxylea, 487.
rurea, 488.
scitula, 488.
668
Xylophasia
scolopacina, 487.
sodalis, 487, 488.
tychoona, 488, 571.
Ypthima
ceylonica, 396.
huebneri, 396.
Jocularia, 396.
Zanclognatha
assimilis, 562.
INDEX.
Zanclognatha
fumosa, 562.
grisealis, 561.
linealis, 562.
stramentacealis, 562.
tarsicrinalis, 562.
tarsipennalis, 562.
trilinealis, 561.
Zenaida
martinicana, 326.
Zeocephus
cyanescens, 225,
=U,
A x
bes 7 eh 2 »\
, “ee a/
CAL HIS
THE END.
Zethes
musculus, 554.
Zonopterus
magnificus, 391.
Zonora, nov. gen.,
419.
concatenalis, 419.
optparalis, 419, 432.
Zosterops
perspicillata, 356, 366.
Zygena
malleus, 248.
Printed by Taytor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.
LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Tue scientific publications of the Zoological Society are of two
kinds — “ Proceedings,” published in an octavo form, and
“Transactions,” in quarto,
According to the present arrangements, the ‘ Proceedings”
contain not only notices of all business transacted at the scien-
tific meetings, but also all the papers read at such meetings
and recommended to be published in the “ Proceedings ” by the
Committee of Publication. A large number of coloured plates
and engravings are attached to each annual volume of the
“Proceedings,” to illustrate the new or otherwise remarkable
species of animals described in them. Amongst such illustra-
tions, figures of the new or rare species acquired in a living
state for the Society’s Gardens are often given.
The “Proceedings” for each year are issued in four parts, on the
first of the months of June, August, October, and April, the part
published in April completing the volume for the preceding
year. The price is 12s. per part for the edition with coloured,
and 8s. per part for that with uncoloured Plates.
The “Transactions” contain such of the more important
communications made to the scientific meetings of the Society
as, on account of the nature of the plates required to illustrate
them, are better adapted for publication in the quarto form.
They are issued at irregular intervals.
Fellows and Corresponding Members, upon payment of
a Subscription of One Guinea before the day of the Anni-
versary Meeting in each year, are entitled to receive all the
Society’s Publications for the year. They are likewise entitled
to purchase the Publications of the Society at 25 per cent. less
than the price charged for them to the Public. A further re-
duction of 25 per cent. is made upon purchases of Publications
issued prior to 1861, if they exceed the value of five pounds.
The following is a complete list of the publications of the
Society already issued. They may be obtained at the Society’s
Office (3 Hanover Square, W.), at Messrs. Longmans’, the
Society’s publishers (Paternoster Row, E.C.), or through any
bookseller.
_ [June, 1889.]
_
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON,
4to. 11 vols. and Eight Parts.
Vol. I., containing 59 Plates
Vol. IL, 5 71
Vol. III., es 63
Vol. IV., i 78
Vol. V., $3 67
Vol. VI., “i 9]
Vol. VII., Aa 73
Vol. VIIL, ,, 82
Vol. IX., Es 99
Vol. X., ‘s 94
Index, Vols. I.-X
Vol. XI., part 1, containing 4 Plates(Jan. 1880) _,,
Vol. XI., ,, 2 7
Vol. XI, ,,
Vol. XI1.,_,,
Vol. XI, ,,
Vol. XI., ,,
Vol. XI.,_,,
Vol. XI.,_,,
Vol. XI. ,,
Vol. XIL., ,,
Vol. XIL., ,,
Vol. XIL., ,,
Vol. XIL., ,,
Vol. XIL., ,,
Vol. XII., ,,
Vol. XIL, ,,
Vol. XII., ,,
wv
v
WS OAPND OVD te
TOMI Or se Oe
we
.
.
.
-)
’
v
8
1
3
3
6
9
1
10
6
—)
1
7
2
2
5
7
8
3
To Fellows. To the Public,
LS a: £s. d.
(1833-35) Price 313 6. 418 0*
(1835-41), 4 oro 5 6 6
(1849-49) 3, 3°38 3. 411 0*
(1851-62) , 620. S72) 6%
(1862-66) , 5 4 3, 619 0
(1866-69) ,, 11.50... 0,0
(1869-72). ov 08.17 0. Mite
(1872-74), «9598, 130) eae
(1875-77) ~ 3;. 12-0 -0)2 146 0 0
(1877-79), 1070 3: cee
O74 16 010 O
016 0, 016 0
» (Aug. 1880) , 0138 O. 1 4 0
Svar SON) yh alee Gee 110 0
Shor, 1eSlh, 5 Oe. Ge, 010 0
» (June 1881) , O18 6. 14 0
so (Jan. 1882))'* 57 OMe 20m 016 O
#,) (Odi ISB2).) os oD AG nQonaaee bia
dan. 88a) 4.1, O1250> 016 O
(Oct. 1883)" ,, O12 On.: 016 0
heb: LSSbP.,., 0) soeaOle 012 0
5, (Apr 1886)" yr O012) 0M: 016 0
» (Aug.1886) , 0 4 6. 0 6 0
» (Oct. 1886) , O15 O.. 1 0 0
sec. L886), i; 0-29 208% 012 0
= (Apr.88A) 5, 0 1205. 016 O
anre LS8c)” 55. Oo Ole 012 0
HANH): jg On Bei, 08 0
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE OF SCIENCE AND CORRE-
SPONDENCE OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Part I.
Henle
1830-31.
1832.
Lvol Svotevetion stasis Price 4s. 6d.
”
8vo. 2 vols.
To Fellows. To the Public.
6s.T
gu sinew Opa? aoe AS. .Gd.)) use
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
8vo. 15 vols. and Index. (First Series.)
Priceto Price to the
Fellows. Public.
I. 1833. 1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. ..
TI. 1834. a 4s. 6d... 6s. bs X. 1842.
Ill. 1835. Pe 4s. 6d... 6s. », “AL. 1843.
IV. 1836 2 4s, 6d... 6s. » XIE. 1844.
V. 1837. a4 4s. 6d. .. 6s. >», XIII. 1845.
VI. 1838. 5 4s. 6d. .. 6s. >» ALV. 1846.
VII. 1839, He 4s. 6d. .. 6s. > XV. 1847.
VIII. 1840. z 4s. 6d. .. 6s.¢ | Index 1830-1847.
* No perfect copies of these volumes remain in stock.
Price to Price to the
Fellows. Public.
6s. Part IX. 1841. 1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. .. 6s.
4s. 6d. .. 6s.
4s. 6d... 6s.F
4s. 6d... 6s.
4s. 6d. .. 6s.
4s, 6d. .. 6s.
4s. 6d... 6s.
4s. 6d. .. 6s.
t+ Out of print.
3
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
8vo. 13 vols. and Index. (Second Series.)
Letterpress only. With Plates Coloured.
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Publie,
so 'd.
Ea ea £
Part XVI. 1848. 1 vol.8vo.4s.6d. .. 6s. .. Price 1 0 ak
Pe OVIE. 1849. es AS GAEN Avan (OSS. 0%. - e533
» XVIII. 1850. i AgNGdea: veal OSs Ae. > ~ Ss
= XIX. 1851. = As} GAS Meee OSS 2S ie 55
x ROK. 1852: s AS Gaas. ised OS) th. 2 ay
Fe mexE. S53. = 155 (Ghee, Ree OSS Pee 53
>» XXII. 1854. Se Asi (Gas) a>, Gs:
5 XXIII. 1855. a 4s.\6ds) <.~ 65;
» XIV. 1856. ne As: GAS. aan OSs (ti
me eReXV. 1857: ee Ash Gade tia NOS ee ess
» XVI. 1858. 5 As. Odlmg sen OR ties
PE MOXV IT. 1859. Be AS, Oes «to mneaieds-. Css
5, XXVIII. 1860. = Ags Gil <3 rn, 108% Bee ee gh
Index 1848-1860. Gs 45) 6da= 2.) 16s;
—
.
ee COCO CRN eS
—
ito)
AMAAUUEARMOCOwvonvs
BD ODD OD eR Re ee
—_—
DONWNNNDD Le —or1s1
S
a
ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF LONDON, 1848-60. 8vo. 6 vols.
Plates Uncoloured. Plates Coloured.
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public,
ea AE te Pad: EBS gs.
Mammalia ............ 1 vole 2 6) WOO Pine 2) 7) 3) ee ee NOT
SEH s Pesacs doses: coe DevOISeae, A hamteS Mo Une celiss ne 24 216 en Whe
Beach rieces ..; 1 vol, O1F 9 ..1 1 OF..° 5 1 2 6 1.10) Of
Mollusca....-.......+.. le VOlisn Oyler Dies lens OF Jha Za6 110 Of
Annalesavet Radiata 1 vol... | ll 6 ..2.2 O0*.. 5 2 7 3 3 3 (OF
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Letterpress only. Plates only. Complete.
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public,
1861, cloth4s. 6d. .... 6s. ...... GLE Piles oe VU ie oe 338..9d.,......2 45s.
WSG25 Tas) 450 Ode eee O82 ctr. ore BOS Ids. pcifA Ces aekte tes Bd8.90s «nc 408
WSs, ,, 48:60). 2... (08.0.4 00% SOSOd wou. Alisnttewia. ac 538.90. 2. 408
WS64s. By. 4seGae. S2-s> . 505. S08 9d.) {wale ee OOS) 90.1.2 40S
SG5e ree AS: Gd) oe. OS. 5 652 BUS IG sexe tcAl steers SREBHITE pacer bbr
NSGGA 5, 49..Gd. 532): (Oss init SOS Ides ioe A Sht) ona ee SBD ily oie BLP
With Plates uncoloured. With Plates coloured.
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. ‘To the Public.
GSO AM eee onsets oe oace ale erate, ots Se Od te lente Le, 395290. |... 408:
BOS Pei ciar cts Sreivere s cleave Stats Ds: Od pinspt al Zen tasect ass 33s. 9d. .... 45s
PS Gade joi fay stats Aotatarays caste users O89 Od ese Ist AME Soe de a ASS
TUES BS te Oe or certs Eerie Der Od sa araergt OSes ayers 33s. 9d. .... 45s
Index, 1861-1870 .......... 45. 60., «22%" 168:
[SA Lenn Gk Pate tres ik Ten Odeiaron alesen oat isiver BOSs IOs vj0xe ADS.
MeN os sieciamtacistaiers stele ct ee DSH Oder. ne Lose cect ce 338. 9d. .... 458.§
ents es crtteveleus ote eiashe ota) ste GSN Oded acne LOS sce at: 33s. 9d. .... 45s.§
MS AN) Ve eine 'sthreletra tah sr avaraantereyaNers Ds Ode seh ae Os Gee aii 36s. Od. .... 485.§
IR //D ase per ps5 SL erctsogap o 9s. Od. ..-. 12s, .....-.. 36s. 0d. ...- 485.§
Be Oticctsvclsia vctteeereierareterier Da UIE Meee. IG INS exter 36s. Od. ...- 48s.§
* No perfect copies of these velumes remain in stock.
+ Out of print.
¢ Only uncoloured copies of these plates can now be supplied, at 10s. 6d. each volume.
§ Out of print, but odd parts may be obtained.
A
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON (continued).
With Plates uncoloured. With Plates coloured.
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public.
ES Tid Wes 2 scabies «thane sr Phacte DOs: Udo. IPSs ose 303) Oda ese
NSPS: Seon. as ek eee Ds Qaw es 12839 2b estes 36s. Od. .... 48s
SRO) Bees 315 M2 BR hors abr OS y eee. VOR eS > me 36s. Ode t «22 48s
TSR Bcc cee ate eas wets Oss Odes. loses es. fe obs. Odes. Se 4Gs-1
Index, 1871-1880 .......... 4S Galina OS:
DBS Bae ch patie ees o Ate eves ov 9s: Cee ase. 128s) ct. ac: -g00s. Olas eeneeos:
WS obaen ve 2 whe es 3 Ss Gds tee LSS: 36s. Od. .... 48s.
RGGEr aeetee ya. Mt. Maw... SSNOdenae) Ls). ot. as 36s. Od. .... 48s
[e's 17) Ss Ae See Semen 95. Os 4 ¢ 125: 36s. Ad. .... 488
PERS tt os ae dh cerwen. 5. US: Ode tee ee: 363. Od. ot ee 4&s.+
ISB6. Fe Ano GRRE oe te DseQae ecg) LI eee 36s. Odi . 0 ASsar
TSS 7. Boca cc cuth ephebothe so eyes nis RU See er) COX) eae cee 36s. Od. .... 488.7
TSSS 4. oho. odes fates gaat OS: Ode... 2 198s) -2 a. = bs. dae Saeeinse
1889, part] (Jan. & Feb.) .. 2s.3d..... 3s. ..----.. Oss Ode Se RIAs.
(Bonnd:t in Cloth 3s. extra.)
t Out of print, but odd parts may be obtained.
LISTS OF THE ANIMALS IN THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS.
List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London. 8yo. 1862. Price 1s. 6d.
List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London. (Second Edition.) 8vo. 1863.
Price 1s. 6d.
List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London. (Third Edition.) 8vo. 1865. Price 1s. 6d.
List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London. (Fourth Edition.) 8vo. 1866. Price 1s. 6d.
Revised List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the
Gardens of the Zoological Society of London. 8vo. 1872.
Price 2s.
Revised List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the
Gardens of the Zoological Society of London.—Supplement,
containing Additions received in 1872, 1873, and 1874. 8vo.
1875. Price 1s,
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens
of the Zoological Society of London. » (Sixth Edition.) 8vo.
1877. Price 3s. 6d.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens
of the Zoological Society of London. (Seventh Edition.) 8vo.
1879. Price 3s. 6d.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens
of the Zoological Society of London.—First Supplement, con-
taining Additions received in 1879. 8vo. 1880. Price ls. 6d.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens
of the Zoological Society of London. (Eighth Edition.) 8vo.
1883. Price 3s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Library of the Zoological Society of London.
(Fourth Edition.) 1887. In cloth. Price 4s,
These ssudideasithe may be obtained at the Socrery’s Orrice (3
Hanover Square, W.), at Messrs, Loxemans’ (Paternoster Low,
E.C.), or through any bookseller.
LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Tue scientific publications of the Zoological Society are of two
kinds — “ Proceedings,” published in an octavo form, and
“Transactions,” in quarto.
According to the present arrangements, the ‘“ Proceedings”
contain not only notices of all business transacted at the scien-
tific meetings, but also all the papers read at such meetings
and recommended to be published in the “ Proceedings ” by the
Committee of Publication. A large number of coloured plates
and engravings are attached to each annual volume of the
“ Proceedings,” to illustrate the new or otherwise remarkable
species of animals described in them. Amongst such illustra-
tions, figures of the new or rare species acquired in a living
state for the Society’s Gardens are often given.
The “Proceedings” for each year are issued in four parts, on the
first of the months of June, August, October, and April, the part
published in April completing the velume for the preceding
year. The price is 12s. per part for the edition with coloured,
and 3s. per part for that with uncoloured Plates.
The “Transactions” contain such of the more important
communications made to the scientific meetings of the Society
as, on account of the nature of the plates required to illustrate
them, are better adapted for publication in the quarto form.
They are issued at irregular intervals.
Fellows and Corresponding Members, upon payment of
a Subscription of One Guinea before the day of the Anni-
versary Meeting in each year, are entitled to receive all the
Society’s Publications for the year. They are likewise entitled
to purchase the Publications of the Society at 25 per cent. less
than the price charged for them to the Public. A further re-
duction of 25 per cent. is made upon purchases of Publications
issued prior to 1861, if they exceed the value of five pounds.
The following is a complete list of the publications of the
Society already issued. They may be obtained at the Society’s
Office (3 Hanover Square, W.), at Messrs. Longmans’, the
Society’s publishers (Paternoster Row, E.C.), or through any
bookseller.
[| August, 1889. ]
sy
~
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
4to. 11 vols. and Eight Parts.
To Fellows. Tothe Public.
esd: Lvs.) cd!
Vol. I., containing 59 Plates (1833-35) Price 313 6.... 418 O*
Vol. IL, i ie 5 (1835-41) , 400. 5 6 6*
Vol. IIl., me G3 3; ec oY nt duane toe 411 OF
Vol. Ws ss 78) “Gs 1851-62) , 620. 8 2-6"
Vol. V., f 67. 55 (t862-66)-) <3) D> 4) 3 eG oO
Vol. VI., e SLL. (1866-69) 5,7 150 a OG
Vol. VII., _,, 13) Ss (1869=/2)) 3 SZ Ore 1116 0
Vol. Vibe, 5; BQ, ieee? at | OSE oe 1211 O
Vol. IX., Sy 99 _ ,, 1875-77) > 53 12) O08 16 0 0
Vol. X., Sd ares (1877-79) ,;, 10 0 3. 13) 7 O
iS 2 Wl gl ES. Re A Sane Ore nor Si Oe aGiae 010 O
Vol. XI., pads containing 4 Plates(Jan. 1880) ,, 016 0. 016 0
Vol. XI, Rh aos ms Juss (Ane S80): ie O Ne. Ome I 4550
Vol. XI.,~,, 3; ps SB) eer Mars LSSh)) -s.8 oo 110 0
Vol. rie pie”: ae 3) 3, (Apr 188h)) Ss) OF 716 eon 6
Vole XE Ss = 1B VeEeea(anesISShyes ey, SOMIS): Gree oO
Vokes 5.6: ~ 653 (Jans 1882). 65>, ,0, 19 sO oo ORIEL 8
Wile XE a hsee da = OF Sec(Octs 182), 3) > Usb ZOe a 1 0 0
Vol. XI., ,, 8, - UL eee (ane sl Seay os. 1 LO) le Oper 016 O
Vole Xl 35) 9; a 10. 2 S(Oce 1885s) = O12" Ores 016 0
Vol. XII, ,, 1, te 6455 (Feb! 1886) 432 O49) 10.2 012 0
VolexXIL 2; fe fe <s7 (Apr: 186) inas;+ 40) 120308: 016 O
Vol. XII, ,, 3, 5 De aes ar CANEE TSO). 0.551), Oe 4 Oo 0 6 0
Vol. XII, ., 4, + 12> 25, (Oct. 1886), .,., 0 ds. Oe 1-30; 0
Vol X11. ,, 5, os 5-135, (Dec. 1886) °., 09 Oe Oe 0
Wolke, 5.0.05 Py pte, CApr S87) © 55: Onk2 FO 016 0
Vol eilises 04 5 ay Seva AprelSss)05 Ono Or 012 0
Vol. XIE, ,, 8, ae Oreos ue Heb S889). «3 0. G.i0., 0 8 O
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE OF SCIENCE AND CORRE-
SPONDENCE OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
8vo. 2 vols.
To Fellows. To the Public.
Part I. 1830-31. 1 vol. 8vo............. Price 4s. 6d. .. 65.F
sels “L832. tee athe ete wiereee 5a. 4a: 609 “oe Gs
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
8vo. 15 vols. and Index. (First Series.)
Price to Price to the Price to Price to the
Fellows. Public. Fellows. Public.
Pat I. 1833. 1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. .. 6s. Part IX. 1841. 1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. .. 6s.
- II. 1834. - 4s. 6d. .. 6s. 7 X. 1842. Ss 4s. 6d. .. 6s.
» Ill. 1835. Bi 4s. 6d... 6s. » Al. 1843. eo 4s. 6d. .. 68.4
> TEW,I1986" rear Tida, G5 25.63: > SIT. 1844.05) Agee Ge
5 V. 1837. 9 4s. 6d. .. 6s. », XIII. 1845. ; 4s. 6d. .. 6s.
oh ML 1SSRe oes eden a. Gs. 3» XIV. 1846, —,, 45 ao Ge
BWR: aso. Ps ashe: 6a. XV. 1947.0°,, 0 ag ee
» VIII. 1840. > 4s. 6d. .. 6s.T | Index 1830-1847. Ke 4s. 6d. .. 63.
* No perfect copies of these yolumes remain in stock. t Out of print.
3
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
8vo. 13 vols. and Index. (Second Series.)
Letterpress only. With Plates Coloured.
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public,
8) uae #£ s.
Part XVI. 1848. 1 vol.8vo.4s.6d. .. 6s. .. Price l O at
4a 0
_
~I
os
ee
9
Peet 1919. ,, 4s.6d;' -. 6s. niet 9 17 6
SRA NTL. 1950:" ,, - 4s.6d, 2. Gs. 7 aie a he 118 0+
See uix 1851. , 40,6 ..~ 6s. 4. oO 15g 1 1 OF
ere x. 1952, 4, 4s, Gd)... GS. 2 DORE 1 1 OF
See. 1953. , 4m 6d, 5. 68. Ould 1 4 OF
Perak. 1954. ,, . 4s.6d. ... 6s, = 0719 6 1 6 Ot
MEPRRIN, 1955.. ,, 49.6d,' ... ‘6s. cpl eG 118 0+
BER RIV, 1856. ,,- 48. 6d) .. Gat SS nt (EY 1 7 6+
Meee XY. 1857. 5, - 40.60, .. Gat oe ee Len 6
Me SRV. 1858. ,, 4s.6d.. .. 6s) ee) ELS 2 2 0
eee wc 1859. 4, 4a. Gd Gee Sah T- 8G 2 2 0+
POEM 1860. ,, 438. 6d. vo» 6s. Sealy: 22 0
Index 1848-1860. yr aa eon ee
ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF LONDON, 1848-60. 8vo. 6 vols.
Plates Uncoloured. Plates Coloured.
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public,
Bra A Ab Sea 2 OS a £ s. d.
Mammalia ............ Evol Leo) Gree, Pele Or © Price 27 a Shea)! (ar
PGES catess coe nsccveees Divolan owiehe or oUrar Oo a 446 6 6 OF
Reptilia et Pisces ... 1 vol, 015 9..1 1 OF agi ILO N6 110 OF
Molluscea.............6 Lb vole Oca 9) Ce lieek:, - OF eek . 2 Geo nova Om iO
Annulosa et Radiata 1 vol. 111 6..2 2 O# are Qa td SF A Ameena: OF
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Letterpress only. Plates only. Complete.
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public,
186)5cloth4s: 6d. .... 6s. ...... SOS 9A arta sate es eae: 33s. 9d. .... 45s.
1862, Bet 4S Od eiciatas O86) oe ai B05: 9dsa nA lsiy en: 33s.9d. .... 45s.
TSG ins AS OMe cnr OSt:. 25)0os BUST Oster: cy Al sitar sees 33s.9d..... 45s
1864, F9) MASHOO ca crit OSs) satis SLES LT Gopaeaae: NICO ie oa e Base 666 40S-
MAG ese 4S) Oe cons «(OSS or cinere BUS. Ddege hee A US at Glasser 33s. 9d. .... 45s.
WSGGETE, 45; Gd. See PGSa cs 1sic,. « SOS Idee wee Alen ake 33s.9d. .... 45s
With Plates uncoloured. With Plates coloured.
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public.
MACs deariaea ay ora aticatee lois wl crags OS On Sty ee Sasn 9d, ns< 45s;
SGP te ae tea sccasl stomves eoveuatane Osage ME ese ees 338. 9h. 32-2 4Ds.
USGI Pies ocd deel ed aimake QsKO dnd; KMS. rhs SIS IAS site, 408%
SMa ep aistehy tlec a oa severe ess Std ee sare en dds. 9d. .... 45s.
Index, 1861-1870 .......... 4s. 6d. ...4. 6s.
RS Mes tao: Mic erskos ual Shebd WN a OSSO de ie host, artes, SAS ION ie = «40S:
ISEB Randel. bose. GSO diese pl OS citar tata ots 33s. 9d. .... 45s.§
SV GIIRRIARES a pcoagecaccor Dee Oe iioet OS iieraia nave ars 33s. 9d. .... 45s.§
Mf Ae nscie sonaers cet in eiate ei oiees OSE voter) LOS NG artece store 36s. Od. .... 48s.§
NS Po. Oss Gees eee Gs Od Peis UISt ence 36s. 0d. .... 48s.§
IGVBU Bienen arson oo td Ocacioce CS (Ui Rei cia) Oar Ane 36s. Od. .... 485.§
* No perfect copies of these velumes remain in stock.
t+ Out of print.
{ Only uncoloured copies of these plates can now be supplied, at 10s. 6d. each volume.
§ Out of print, but odd parts may be obtained.
A
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON (continued).
With Plates uncoloured. _ With Plates coloured.
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public.
MSF Mio r<r Sates yoke vsietene abey’s PRaiy's) » Ds Odie a: Mal See a) seis spas 36s. Od. .2.. 48s.
AS ZB tog uivercte «chee ok abista dere Os HOB ae eins LES ais oxtthe 36s. 0d: 0. .2e ABs.
URSUALY RPE | be SAR Sa Sree os Ts Siete [2 t mene eae 36s. Od. .... 48s.
TBO cols sre ate So eg, fs OS FQ aie ces a LOSS. edie exetoue 36s. Od. .... 48s.
Index, 1871-1880 .......... ASG tears, OS
TSS ileba ec cieicteeieatetchoverass, = ae DSN O Mies. ae lOSy: craeis ayers 36s. Od. .... 48s.
HSS OME ewer See WR e non SO Sel tages cs PUSS Che's este ig 36s. Od. .... 48s
TSB irs chest c¥e ote oho iy oe Dsl Get USS. tdere eae 36s. Od. .... 48s
1S Sao er choc cereienn 9s. Od 2S SH. cis ve 36s. Od. .... 48s
cei) BAGHe Ge ie Coase oe reas 9s. Od We ESs hae 36s. Od. .... 48s.
(STEN UA pen Ge Hen Bersieeat tes SYS Te Sled (2 a Fie ape 36s. Ud. .... 48s.
1 Koy Se pes oes aclee denote te OS Ode ie lLOSA Bie ca coke 36s. Od. .... 48s.T
MRORME oh. s athe chek. cB irs oem SS 20ke co vai eS eee vayerei: 36s. Od. .... 48s.
1889, part 1 (Jan. & Feb.) .. 2s. 3d. .... as cen ee 9s: Od). Arles
1889 .,, 2 (Mar. & Apr.).. 25.30... ca BS) we ine = 9s. Od:ni «eeml2s.
(Bound in Cloth 3s. extra.)
+ Out of print, but odd parts may be obtained.
LISTS OF THE ANIMALS IN THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS.
List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London. 8yvo. 1862. Price ls. 6d.
List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London. (Second Edition.) 8vo. 1863.
Price 1s. 6d.
List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London. (Third Edition.) 8vo. 1865. Price 1s. 6d.
List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London. (Fourth Edition.) 8vo. 1866. Price ls. 6d.
Revised List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the
Gardens of the Zoological Society of London. 8yo. 1872.
Price 2s.
Revised List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the
Gardens of the Zoological Society of London.—Supplement,
containing Additions received in 1872, 1873, and 1874. 8vo.
1875. Price Is.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens
of the Zoological Society of London. (Sixth Edition.) 8vo.
1877. Price 3s. 6d.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens
of the Zoological Society of London. (Seventh Edition.) 8vo.
1879. Price 3s. 6d.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens
of the Zoological Society of London.—First Supplement, con-
taining Additions received in1879. 8vo. 1880. Price Is. 6d.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens
of the Zoological Society of London. (Highth Edition.) 8vo.
1883. Price 3s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Library of the Zoological Society of London.
(Fourth Edition.) 1887. In cloth. Price 4s.
These publications may be obtained at the Socrery’s Orricr (3
Hanover Square, W.), at Messrs. Lonemans’ (Paternoster tow,
L.C.), ov through any bookseller.
LISI OF THE PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Tue scientific publications of the Zoological Society are of two
kinds — “ Proceedings,” published in an octavo form, and
“Transactions,” in quarto.
According to the present arrangements, the “ Proceedings”
contain not only notices of all business transacted at the scien-
tific meetings, but also all the papers read at such meetings
and recommended to be published in the “ Proceedings ” by the
Committee of Publication. A large number of coloured plates
and engravings are attached to each annual volume of the
“Proceedings,” to illustrate the new or otherwise remarkable
species of animals described in them. Amongst such illustra-
tions, figures of the new or rare species acquired in a living
state for the Society’s Gardens are often given.
The “Proceedings” for each year ave issued in four parts, on the
first of the months of June, August, October, and April, the part
published in April completing the volume for the preceding
year. The price is 12s. per part for the edition with coloured,
and 3s. per part for that with uncoloured Plates.
The “Transactions” contain such of the more important
communications made to the scientific meetings of the Society
as, on account of the nature of the plates required to illustrate
them, are better adapted for publication in the quarto form.
They are issued at irregular intervals.
Fellows aud Corresponding Members, upon payment of
a Subscription of One Guinea before the day of the Anni-
versary Meeting in each year, are entitled to receive all the
Society’s Publications for the year. They are likewise entitled
to purchase the Publications of the Society at 25 per cent. less
than the price charged for them to the Public. A further re-
duction of 25 per cent. is made upon purchases of Publications
issued prior to 1861, if they exceed the value of five pounds.
The following is a complete list of the publications of the
Society already issued. They may be obtained at the Society’s
Office (8 Hanover Square, W.), at Messrs. Longmans’, the
Society’s publishers (Paternoster Row, E.C.), or through any
bookseller.
[ October, 1889. |
2
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
4to. 11 vols. and Eight Parts.
To Fellows. To the Public,
#£# s. d. Pak Sean
Vol. I., containing 59 Plates (1833-35) Price 313 6. 418 O*
Wolf oil. TL ae (1835—41)e"",5 4) OM ORs 5 6 6*
Vol. IIL., a O5)eass (1842-49) co 13) Bae 41] 0*
Vol. TY.., By TS. 855 (’351—O21" 5.) 65 2) Om Soro” Ge
Vol. V., =P B75 v5 (1862-66) , 5 43. 619 0
Vol. VI., % US a (1866-69)F" 5, FIL; oe Ore 1 0 0
Wold VilIESSe 4 as5 (fiiones MISO9= (2 sar 7 Olen Oe 1116 0
Wold Valles; 82.055 CLS (2/4) 93° OD. FRO 12° 11 “0
Vol. IX., a ee (1S{5=77 i ss 12 SOMO 16 0 0
Vol: X., cf 94 yy CIS77—=/9 ©; 102 OF 3 ey Bana)
nidexs, Volsil. Neca nets amino Seite. cots oes SOS s6re 010 O
Vol. XI., part 1, containing 4 Plates(Jan. 1880) ,, O12 0. 016 0
Vol. XI., +e “a rig, (Aug 1880) ro 0 ss OF ne ea)
Volek) san3! Ai Sars (Mar. LBB) 5 eel ae Gee 11010
WokeXL., 55-43 z Bi ee ADI LSS) ays) Obl vemos 010 O
Wollaekiles, sta o5 35 io ecQunedS8Si).-..- Os. OF Ll, 4.0
Wolisxlt;- 3. 6: op Gi (alesse nt LOOP 016 O
Viole xe as 7 OM Sr (OctwLsos i cera lene Ola. 1 0} O.
Vol X15) 933048, x Mig? 45 t(dan> EOSa)1© §.°.8 Oe OER 016 0
Volax.7 259: s LO ea(Octs IS83)ra ne a0) 12 Oee 016 0
Vol exaie alk: Geo (Heb S86), ue On Oene: OST2 0
Wolteall. 5.5. 25 = (Se CAPE leSG)p 5, 0: 12 On. 016 0
WolPXLl.-.,. 3: is Ds, 1 CAUSNeOO)) ne oe ON A anGee 026.0
Vole lies 3742 . P29 MCOets 1886) 32 0 Tb aOR V0" 0
Volventieere 5: 33 5A %;, WeDec. 1886) +; 0.79) O02 012 0
Wola elles 56; aa VieeseA A DEWS8 7) a5) gS OVl2n en 016 0
Molex Sey, a er ae aera lteteted) may, CO MWA O20
Wol) ee eS; oe Some (Bebwls89)) 3, (0156. Or 0 8 0
Volks: 5. 9 ut (aes, MCAT S89)) 2. - POURot eo 1 10
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE OF SCIENCE AND CORRE-
SPONDENCE OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
8vo. 2 vols.
To Fellows. To the Public.
Part, ptss0=3h. WivolaS8vor ets. 5 302 Price 4s. 6d. .. 6s.T
my elke B52: Ss nai es enc torale orev tyia 5, | 48Gdcb SaaGss
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
8vo. 15 vols. and Index. (First Series.)
Price to Price to the Price to Price to the
Fellows. Public. Fellows. Public.
Part I. 1833. 1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. .. 6s. Part IX. 1841. 1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. .. 6s.
TM | Pee De AT aN 5 UX. 1849."- eee
B uubeene el Eras sais. KT. 1843. age
ar Vs 1836 oe As. Gd. 7. 6s; » XIE. 1844. ab 4s. 6d... 6s.
2 SV 18870 Pe ada « 6s, CXTIT. A845, 4; 4s. 6d. .. 6s
nm Vile S385 59 4s. 6d... 6s. > ALY. 1846. 53 4s, 6d. .. 6s.
oye VEL 1839: S 4s. 6d. .. 6s. XV. 1847. “e 4s. 6d... 6s.
» VIII. 1840. ry 45. 6d. .. 6s.f Tndex 1830-1847. Ky 4s. 6d. .. 6s.
* No perfeet copies of these yolumes remain in stock. t Out of print.
3
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
8vo. 13 vols. and Index. (Second Series.)
Letterpress only. With Plates Coloured.
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public,
£ sy a #&. Ged.
Part XVI. 1848. 1 vol. 8vo.4s. 6d. 6s Price 1 0 9 7 Mone
VII. 18:49. o 4s. 6d. 6s. i Ose Wer CoE
» XVIII. 1850. a 4s. 6d. 6s. Se al eels tings 118 OF
5 XIX. 1851. a 4s. 6d. 6s. Se ESS Lele OF
- XX. 1852. = 4s. 6d. 6s. oe LU Ue, Veale Oo}
a XXI. 1853. 5 ds. 6d. 6s. ea Vetere Las4ey.0F
ext. 1854... 49. 6d. 6s. EOAG 6 1 6 Ot
PSR. 1855... ,,. 42. Gd 6s. en) Ck 118 0+
MMRTV. 1856.5... 48 6d 6s. BME a 1 7 6+
7 OQ EBYE ‘ 4s. 6d. 6s. ie we Onno Len Gi;
Py eV. 1858: ag 4s. 6d. 6s. all G D2 UF:
PeeOVIL. 1859: 3 4s. 6d. 6s. pee ral balls Veale OF
», XXVIII. 1860. 5's 4s. 6d. 6s, 6 A AG 2220
Index 1848-1860. 35 4s. 6d. 6s.
ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF LONDON, 1848-60. 8vo. 6 vols.
Plates Uncoloured. Plates Coloured.
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public.
ores, ae Se ACE te Sea re Se, ds
Mammalia ........ IP vole ele 2 e6e rs LO 0M SY Price: 2°87) 70 Oe or Or
LIES, SCR otc Serer PAVO\S.. te Yh ono! AU). Red, 4 1G Gr 6) OF
Reptilia et Pisces .. 1 vol., 0 Te Odcrer lee OR. ak ele DALOY OF
Mollusea.......... evo! Onl5: 79) al Opes wesspetdl E2qd6 110 OF
Moilosaver Radiata, l-vol., 1.11 6 ..2 2 Of ... 4.2 7 73 Son 4 Oi
iPoclettk (Snceeeieae Paci AUD OR Slog URE Ee)
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Letterpress only. Plates only. Complete.
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public,
USolclofi4s.Od. ext OSse.rcotes« BO ss Dds cos ee ee eee 338.90. 25.1.) 408.
PSG erme se AS NOG ah cree Son acdc B0s8..9d- 1375 Al see eae SSS Id. AS
MSGS c)) 49: Ot cian. ere See BUS AO Os cing tl Slum eys 335.9d. ..«: 458.
RS GAapeenn Ass Otis. te, OSs oueiee a: SUS) IOs ae AN Slee cece 33s.9d..... 458.f
US ASE rol Osha pom onic SUS OG rena ASH are eit 305.90. .... 408.
PSG Gime, HAs Ode nie OS. (5 oer S0ss9dF ee ease Ree SOSso etn she cA OB
With Plates uncoloured. With Plates coloured.
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public.
ASE aie ya ad ee tot ahevsica foro tails snes Ws Bema set ean oc Aa Base Ode iy 45s:
ISSR Nt ES Sete ceeeeo i Olen 955. Odie Wei dee kl SOsnId.. ae) 408s
NEVE eter aurea Siars ck chortiotciChc Os ds Mecca k 2 Ssgewyen cece: SOSHI Ms ate) ADS:
Beh Pevsicuea Seals totais =: saree co's 9" Derg ie atl Osta eier sy oteker« DIS IAs 1h a 4S.
Index, 1861-1870 .......... ASI O60. na em OSs
SAMS covets eaevcne avec sole a eohenOeKo O95 Od dred sta MUGS s_ « tsienirs, sisus SOSH. siecre AOS:
USE igen site cgode cane teliibeosoa WHS, odocun pe 33s. 9d. .... 45s.§
Soe to stain ethete cist shekebeteletol 95. Ode eee less. fete BOS 90s) we 408-9
MSA th herein ororalloleohev sgcton sts teys be Bn LU Ass aur hd ENR sane cae 36s. Od. .... 485.§
CVE e pears sanotoaoaca6 CETL Fan WER osccic nde 36s. 0d. .... 48s.§
Mey Glew alsa cs srtae ei agaebrsee No (HE soba WEY Boonoost 36s. Od. .«.- 485.§
* No perfect copies of these velumes remain in stock.
+ Out of print.
t Only uncoloured copies of these plates can now be supplied, at 10s.
6d. each volume,
§ Out of print, but odd parts may be obtained.
4
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON (continued).
With Plates uncoloured. With Plates coloured.
To Fellows. To the Public. To Fellows. To the Public.
SAL: Bote ca MRS ee Mais donot Os Qi te oe sts. Ae 36s. Od. .... 48s.
WG Meciaeed ca trata ronnie DsnO dee so: S2so Se SE 3 36s: 0d5 = see 48s
ND Weise tsb tise rcv ne oat on EPs 7 a 2) ea 36s. Od. ..... 48s
WSSU Mr al-c, orth toe es ears ea Deine Al osetst*.., Sd 36s. Od. .... 48s.7
Index, 1871-1880 .......... 45: Gates) 68,
SRS Bo ae rctatoctets 4-shon cae: Os Oe 19S) Shh). 8 36s. Od? .neeeacs
[35a Sn ae ae eee a Ds Oiiers eee Les 36s. Od. .... 488
[SRR SS Sens SPS on ee ees Osi see 1 LOSS tts Shae 36s. Od. .... 48s.
fetes ht Sal age Res Mee ieee e peees Os Ura ee Leste eiceavd 36s. Od. .... 48s
TRGB sedos Maw cteieteearsmie & Ss Oder, os VIS ot ee 2 36s. Od. .... 48s.+
TSRGHE. Siecle ee eee Ose Oi yeatetrel LASh Ae orden 36s. Od. .... 48s.
S87 sess, BR cot aca ore Sse Opes SONOS OEP ow) a5 36s. Odes tee 48s.
TESGE Be Sed brake Meets eae cimycele Os Odi de Lash seas oie 36s. Od. .... 48s.
1889, part J Ganpes Hela) ma es. cere. cee See ote seh wc 95. Odo. .ee 2s:
TSS9le ay 2, (Mar Apri). 2s: ame. ee akR. Sass 9s. One ee 12s.
1889) &, 3: (May: & June) 6 «+ 2soddeed = 18si0 ones eh 9s, Od: ee est
(Bound in Cloth 3s. extra.)
t Out of print, but odd parts may be obtained.
LISTS OF THE ANIMALS IN THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS.
List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London. 8vo. 1862. Price 1s. 6d.
List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London. (Second Edition.) 8vo. 1863.
Price 1s. 6d.
List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London. (Third Edition.) 8vo. 1865. Price 1s. 6d.
List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London. (Fourth Edition.) Svo. 1866. Price 1s. 6d.
Reyised List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the
Gardens of the Zoological Society of London. 8yo. 1872.
Price 2s.
Revised List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the
Gardens of the Zoological Society of London.—Supplement,
containing Additions received in 1872, 1873, and 1874. 8vo.
1875. Price 1s.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens
of the Zoological Society of London. (Sixth Edition.) 8vo.
1877. Price 3s. 6d.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens
of the Zoological Somety of London. (Seventh Edition.) 8yo.
1879. Price 3s. 6d.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens
of the Zoological Society of London.—First Supplement, con-
taining Additions received in1879. 8vo. 1880. Price 1s. 6d.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens
Ca
of the Zoological Society of London. (Eighth Edition.) 8vo.
1883. : Price 3s. 6d.
talogue of the Library of the Zoological Society of London.
(Fourth Edition.) ISs7. Weal Price 4s,
These publications may ie ied, at the Socrery’s OFFIcE (3
Hanover Square, W.), at’ Messrs. Lonemans’ (Paternoster Row,
E.C.), or through any bookseller.
LISI OF THE PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCTETY OF LONDON.
Tue scientific publications of the Zoological Society are of two
kinds — “ Proceedings,” published in an octavo form, ard
“Transactions,” in quarto.
According to the present arrangements, the “ Proceedings’
contain not only notices of all business transacted at the scien-
tific meetings, but also all the papers read at such meetings
and recommended to be published in the ‘‘ Proceedings ” by the
Committee of Publication. A large number of coloured plates
and engravings are attached to each annual volume of the
“Proceedings,” to illustrate the new or otherwise remarkable
species of animals described in them. Amongst such illustra-
tions, figures of the new or rare species acquired in a living
state for the Society’s Gardens are often given.
The “Proceedings” for each year are issued in four parts, on the
first of the months of June, August, October, and April, the part
published in April completing the volume for the preceding
year. The price is 12s. per part for the edition with coloured,
and 3s. per part for that with uncoloured Plates.
The “Transactions” contain such of the more important
communications made to the scientific meetings of the Society
as, on account of the nature of the plates required to illustrate
them, are better adapted for publication in the quarto form.
They are issued at irregular intervals.
Fellows and Corresponding Members, upon payment of
a Subscription of One Guinea before the day of the Anni-
versary Meeting in each year, are entitled to receive all the
Society’s Publications for the year. They are likewise entitled
to purchase the Publications of the Society at 25 per cent. less
than the price charged for them to the Public. A further re-
duction of 25 per cent. is made upon purchases of Publications
issued prior to 1871, if they exceed the value of five pounds.
The following is a complete list of the publications of the
Society already issued. They may be obtained at the Society’s
Office (3 Hanover Square, W.), at Messrs. Longmans’, the
Society’s publishers (Paternoster Row, E.C.), or through any
bookseller.
(April, 1890.]
?
2
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Ato. 12 vols.
Price to Price to the
Fellows. Public,
is. £s. d.
Vol. I., containing 59 Plates (18a3-35) 7... 3 13° Ce 418 O0*
Vol. IL, Pe 7 bir (1835-41) .. 4° 10 0s 5 6 6*
Vol. IIl., e 63° aes (GIS42=49) (75, 5 38 3 411 0*
Vol. TV; 35 i eae eer CIS5l=62-.--... "6 22" OF. 8 2 6*
Vols. V Es Go y.; (1862-66) .... 5 4 3, 619 0
Vol. VI., 3 927%. (1866-69) .... 1l 5 O, 15 0 0
Vol. VIIL., ” [Gi erp (1869-72) .... 10 4 0. Ta 1250
Vol; VIII; 2" 5 (Ag72-74). 2... 918 3a. pele be)
Vol. IX., as 99° 5; (U875=77) se. 2 AZT Gs. 16 2 0
Vol. X., ” O5te ee (lLSi7=79)) «5.0 10) (Ose 13°70
MMM eXc iY OlS.yle— MX ckescp ccs ee esate terersiye (1833-79) . ON Ge: 010 O
Vol. XI., containing - Plates (1880-85) .... 912 0. 12 16 0
Vol. KIL, 99 ” (1886-90) .... 5 8 0. ym ei)
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMITTEE OF SCIENCE AND
CORRESPONDENCE OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF
LONDON. 8vo. 2 vols.
Price to Price to the
Fellows. Public.
Part I: ©1830=3]..U vole 8v02.. 20:5 cea e et wes 4s.6d. .. 6s.F
y» Il. 1832. Jebus er tales) Hast el « 4s.6d. .. 6s.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
8vo. 15 vols. and Index. (First Series.)
Price to Price to the Price to Price to the
Fellows. Public, Fellows. Public
Part I. 1833. 1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. .. 6s.T Part IX. 1841. 1 vol. 8vo. 4s. 6d. .. 6s.t
SU | a (cs anaes OU aaa tg aa) 0 gg, Qe
BS WEL, 1885-6 oy syn co Re pO Me dB4Gs +5 0) 4enGdlte. “Gs.F
oy LV LS36 ss 4s. 6d. .. 6s. » AI. 1844. 99 4s. 6d... 6s.
e V...1837. 35 ds. 6d. .. 6s. a SL, 1845, 5 4s. 6d. .. 6s.
Ae AA Gan Festehe oe 4s. 6d... 6s. » XIV. 1846. 3 ds, 6d. .. 6s.+
ew: 1839. + 4s. 6d. .. 68.7 ONY. R47. PP 4s. 6d. .. 65.4
5, VIII. 1840. os 4s. 6d. .. 6s.+ Index 1830-1847. Bs 4s. 6d... 6s.
8vo. 13 vols. and Index. (Second Series.)
Letterpress only. With Plates coloured.
Price to Price to the Price to Price to the
Fellows. Public. Fellows. Public.
CC ise id. € s. d.
Part XVI 18485 livol. Syoids: Gdo 2. 68. cites s pT (Ya Sent 7 +6t
» XVII. 1849. of ST Orbit SOS. il gies otk oz 1 0 8 7 6t
» XVIII. 1850. By ASNGU Reena Oss) Ba te ie Say6 aS OF
oy XIX. 1851. : ASWiGHsid Tre WINGS iis obs. 4 015 9 lems (OF
x XX. 1852. 33 Aes'Gden jot! siO8eperc sn cms si 015 9 le Ge
33 XXI. 1853. Bs STO, oocrgh O80) De < s/dcisians 018 O 1 4 OF
» XXII. 1854. . ASCO Ss OSS) ms «acto «ee 019 6 J, oor
» XXIII. 1855. $3 4SnOUe et OSS dee ost ‘le senG 118 OF
» XXIV. 1856. 4% st Gals, SeGS OA a). 8 1 0 8 1047 26
S xy. 1857. i AG GH a OSs cree sie nse I 0r 8 luigi -6*+
kv 1, Laos. 3 AsO Per GSE osetia 111 6 2 2a
3 VII. 1859. 5 AS Obst O85 ce sunysiniensy 111 6 2. 2°07
» AXVIII. 1860. *- 45 (Gd. Ao OS) decor sean ies te 2: heat
Index 1848-1860. oy 4-60. <2... 68:
* No perfcet copies in stock. + Out of print.
3
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
Letterpress only. With Plates uncoloured. With Plates coloured.
Price to Price to the Price to Price to the Price to Price to the
Fellows. Public. Fellows. Public. Fellows. Public,
NS Olneyn 4S: Gdertas tS wieus auesais 9s. Aa LOR sar netinGOSso One ara aos:
scat 453) Odea ee OS: eto «/s 9s. eee US sth ene OOS a deenea ee AOSat
NESE e, 5, ASs Oe sinc yt OSnger cata: «ene 9s, ME De a OST opens Avs
usa. s ASV Od. 2407 OSie. vaca 9s. SSP OE PE LIA. BBs GdP oa 40sf
US6%52°45. 6d) wees 68. 2c aos 9s. eat NDS as cpa GoSrom ee aire tose
HS GO pa) cie 48s (Od: ops tose OS Sts et 6 9s. hae DS Adccrevenan 33s. 9d. .... 45s.
NESW fibers vers eyous col sia eet oe ison oeyerel'e 9s. Soi rug Green ivens 33s. 9d. .... 45s.
LPS TSESS sR eee Rica 9s. be oe 2S rane OOSs GOs ane TAOS:
IE GL at Pa toe sal ee ae ne 9s. is ese OES tate Mee OOS Od Rater AOS
RES ACbanist te kertertt ate. Mes cats ota kor Starlets 9s, Rese: esac 33s. 9d. .... 45s.
Index, 1861-1870 ............ 46.60). 52 ,,-8 wbS.
STA! 7 AaB Re Oe AS CAE Ieeein eo 9s, oh BSS cain dea Os te Won eraieae se
EGRD See OER ere cremate 9s. Sic WOR bcsacas GOSH IE: vaece 40s
HSM AaMM RD So rcehe eas cid ae, we tates 9s. PDs: eT Ss: Oat Metals beer
a Ame Seatac. 3 amy tela eae 9s. bo RAMOS 4 eae oss 4, A8ser
Mesa Ole Sa Atl Sala totes 9s. 2 450 RLQSH vhidleatmeose wee. 488.7
HEB ieatt ea, taicaeialn See hiwtal ofan 9s. eae ee OSs pe ASS ih
NS recente ceva cha, oi csysedls-ay'ete) «<'shapa ie 9s. Se Tg. Stee OSs ee OS:
AUR rr kiteks reuse ais tne Cee ntyee a Ys, 1 LO SD Fer APO Og ay 48s)
eS encar tiete eres ocels Sins wl spacheleste 9s. es LIBS ere adage Beltre stiteh Hel
Stes eRe se och iericte toncdt'(e. shel sreviaerove 9s. ria LS a ve levee OSs «2... 488.¥
lnGtorey Reval El tee Ueno eee Ag. Gd. «a+ OS.
NGS Tae 4. Nascnincse edemate 9s. betel Deemed. | cate 36s. Ete ASS;
DSBs sets ath ie aka ocnicere same anegae Ys. Sean ZSo WP ckeritese hia AGSs
(CESS SO ee aoe eatc Ys, Beene 2X as Bene aare 6 36s. We ep belt
CA Ree RRO C 9s, Wee LR ee ces PROOSE Arab. Cteky,
CIEL pao cee RR er oan Le Boe OSS ook TOUR: .e.- 485.¥
TERS. Shy OO BOC One ntirr 9s. Spe eid | ener ee oS hone AOS
PSS ae aenstPotate ahs sx. sfalevelda «leads 9s. Set. MLSs Pecomcinehs 36s. aos
UMass nates a: exe ia sirene eens 9s. nt Oe omer a BL OkE nb 4 AOSe
TESTEY ei ered ar GAC 9s. eRe ncl (Oe Ben ROT} re AOS:
* No perfect copies in stock. + Out of print.
LISTS OF THE ANIMALS IN THE SOCIETY’S GARDENS.
List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London. (First Edition.) 8vo. 1862. Price 1s. 6d.
List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London. (Second Edition.) 8vo. 1863. Price 1s.6d.
List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London. (Third Edition.) 8vo. 1865. Price 1s. 6d.
List of Vertebrated Animals Living in the Gardens of the Zoological
Society of London. (Fourth Edition.) 8vo. 1866. Price 1s. 6d.
at
Reyised List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the
Gardens of the Zoological Society of London. (Fifth Edition.)
8vo. 1872. Price 2s.
Revised List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the
Gardens of the Zoological Society of London.—Supplement,
containing Additions received in 1872, 1873, and 1874. 8vo.
1875. Price ls.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens
of the Zoological Society of London, (Sixth Edition.) Cloth.
8vo. 1877. Price 3s. 6d.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens
of the Zoological Society of London, (Seventh Edition.) Cloth.
8vo. 1879. Price 3s. 6d.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens
of the Zoological Society of London.—First Supplement, con-
taining Additions received in 1879. 8vo. 1880. Price 1s. 6d.
List of the Vertebrated Animals now or lately Living in the Gardens
of the Zoological Society of London. (Eighth Edition.) Cloth,
8vo. 1883. Price 3s. 6d.
Catalogue of the Library of the Zoological Society of London.
(Fourth Edition.) 1887. Cloth, 8vo. Price 4s.
THE ZooLtocicaL REcorp.
The Zoological Record for the years 1864-1885. Twenty-two
volumes. Price £5 10s.
The Zoological Record for 1886; being Volume the Twenty-third
of the Record of Zoological Literature. Edited by Frayx E.
Bepparp, M.A., F.Z.S8., Prosector and Davis Lecturer to the
Zoological Society of London. Cloth, 8vo. 1887.
Price 10s., Net.
The Zoological Record for 1887; being Volume the Twenty-fourth
of the Record of Zoological Literature. Edited by Franx E.
Brpparp, M.A., F.Z.S., Prosector and Davis Lecturer to the
Zoological Society of London. Cloth, 8vo. 1888. Price 30s.
The Zoological Record for 1888; being Volume the Twenty-fifth
of the Record of Zoological Literature. Edited by Franx E.
Bepparp, M.A., F.Z.S., Prosector and Davis Lecturer to the
Zoological Society of London. Cloth, 8vo. 1890. Price 30s.
These publications may be obtained at the Socrery’s Orrice (3
Hanover Square, W.), at Messrs. Lonemans’ (Paternoster Row,
£.C.), or through any bookseller,
ma
aS
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON, |
FOR THE YEAR
CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN
JANUARY anp FEBRUARY.
JUNE Ist, 1889,
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE.
LONDON:
MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO,
PATERNOSTER-ROW.
[Price Twelve Shillings. ] yal
LIST OF CONTENTS.
PART I.—1889.
January 15, 1889.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in December 1888 .. ..
Heer F. E. Blaauw. Letter from, containing remarks upon the Development of the Horns
of the White-tailed Guu ( Catoblepas uw) af Sore pate
P aaa
ee
hts pon, a ibe of the so-called
Prof. Newton, F.R.S., V.-P. Exhibition *
Pennula millsi Raemareciealars Spe.
Prof. Bell. Remarks upon Bipalium kewense .....+..«+ oege
ee ee ed
Canon Tristram. Remarks upon a speeimen of Emberiza ohn, stated to have been captured
at Flamborough, in the collection of Mr. Chase
i. Additions to the Echinoderm Fauna of the Day of Bengal. By F.durrrzey Bett, M.A...
On the Anatomy of Rkinoecros sumatrensis. By Fraxx E. Bepparp, M.A., Prosector to
the Society, Lecturer on Biology at Guy’s Hospital, and FREDERIeK TREVES, F.R.CS.,
Surgeon to and Lecturer in Anatomy at the London Hospital
2:
ee
&
On the Breeding cf the Seriemd ea rican s By A.FRrep Newrox, V.-P.
(Plate I.) . sais
watt en eewes ee oe]
February 5, 1889.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Menagerie in January 1889
eee nese eres
Mr. Sclater. Exhibition of, and remarks a a living ee of the Thick-billed Lark
(Rhamphocorys clot-beyi) ..
eee eetes ee
Dr. Giinther, F.R.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some Fishes from the west coast of
Scotland ...... Seiectore
ee
1. On the Species of Rhacophorus confounded under the name of R. maculatus. By G.
A. BouLENGER ............ Sisivigis clo’ djelun/stalp sid acoiars
eee eee eee ee rr ey
2, Cn some new Species and Genera of Birds of the Family Dendrocolaptide. By P. L.
Scuatur, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society ..
ee ee a
Page
27
27
—- 82
Contents continued on page 3 of wrapper.
a
ConTENTSs (continued).
February 5, 1889 (continued). -
Page
3. On some new Species and a new Genus of Araneidea. By the Rev. O. P. Campnivar,
Bee Te EE S(PISE) or sk coo ona ps Gods pena ooo = sees Ree nao awe MSIE ee
4. Descriptions of some new or rare Species of Plexaurids, By F. Jerrrey Bett, M.A., Sec.
R.M.S. (Plate III.) ..---.--..--- aaa 8 sigims as Sipisroialc wle'a pic's m's\ginnivialavelA U9 lv a's eae 47
5, Notice of two Fishes new to the British Fauna. By Dr. A. Ginrner, F.R.S. (Plate IV.). 50
6. Note upon the Green Cells in the Integument of olosoma tenebrarum. By Franx 8.
Bepparp, M.A., F.Z.8. (Plate VEY lain wis ois seine wipl ene <euateree res alee crane ean 51
February 19, 1889.
Mr. Sclater. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a series of specimens of the eggs and chicks
of the Hoatzin ( Opisthocomus cristatus) 12 .ceseceseee cece rece ee eee sere scence 57
Mr. Sclater. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some heads and skins of a new Antelope
obtained by Mr. H. O. V. Hunter, F.Z.S.,in Eastern Africa ....--+.-++-ss005 ciate Oe
Sir E. G. Loder, Bart., F.ZS. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a mounted skeleton of a
Rocky-Mountain Goat (Huplocerus montanus) s++secse cree cecccesecaveeeteeess 59
Dr. A. Giinther, F.R.S. Exhibition of a mounted specimen of Gazella thomsoni ........ 59
1, Ona Skull of the Chelonian Genus Lytoloma. By R. Lyprnser, B.A., F.Z.S., F.G.S., &e.
(Plates VI. & VIL) .......cceeesccsesecccsees Pedhe SS Gites abs dele a i eite Seaver 60
2. On an apparently new aay of Gy Me ibe taes ey. = Forge sis B.A., ner
ESBS IMs nina ole to) aial9 e'a owe oi ov alg ne ieeiane 67
3. On some Fishes from the Kilima-njaro district. By Dr. A. Gixrner, F.RS., FE.ZS.
ME ate WV EES ORI arcte'axiate cine cos a iefotnienls wclvleis'o.a'w nisie''sleisisinlorale iS lershocnaeneta aieteta ole 70
4. Description of a new Antelope from Southern Central Africa. By Dr. A. Ginter, F.R.S.,
Keeper of the Zoological Department, British Museum
ee i ed
5. Note on a Bornean Porcupine, Trichys lipura. By Dr. A. Ginruer, F.R.S., F.Z.8. .... 75
6. On certain Points in the. Anatomy of the Accipitres, with reference to the Affinities of
Polyboroides. By Frank E. Brpparp, M.A., Prosector to the Society .......+..+- V7
¥
_ 7. On a Species of Orested Penguin (Eudyptes sclateri) from the ey Islands. By Sir
Wa rer Buurer, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S. (Plate 1X.).. Eu iehe nls ote sateen
< 2 a
1889.
PARTI,
Plate i 7 Page
I. Eggs of Cariama cristata....... ......- saificreie Mesh aeue nice Toe
> isis New Spiders <2. a aves ei reces ovo esr et es Soe a pECh a reper 34
III. Spicules of Plexaurids .......... ee gee atesee ts yep vgpidgiaiiene
Be Mnntites vaio. cc's cae s covaeit ost nts eee Ma wes ie
VY. Holosoma tenebrarum .......... spre sloishars aysee wise sig 51
VIL Tr, }Eytoloma crassicostatum ......++.... Av lige eee Paani 60
VIII. Fig. A. Synadontis punctulatus, Fig. B. Tylognathus montanus. 70:
IX. Fig. 1. Head of Eudyptes sclateri. Fig. 2, Head of _Eudy ptes
: oan eyes BBigcchis a eanetc. vceseh. pees cera ner
NOTICE.
sin gee to brosent arrangements the ‘ Proceedings’ are issued in foun parts,
as follows :—
Part I. containing papers read in January and February, on June lst.
: II, be rs », March and April, on August Ist.
ITI: 3 * s» May and June, on October Ist. :
‘IV. ok et ,»» November and December, 0 on April Ist.
The price is 12s, per Barts for the edition with coloured; and 3s, per part for
‘
that with uncoloured Plates, ¥ = ; Lr As
a Cnet WhO am
Se ee Oe eee eae
Oe ee Cw wy fa
om Wie eS See adh \
,?
Tapa or a
TT 7
“PROCEEDINGS
ci ices OF THE
al m , : - fi
20a Ad
| re a
r] « iy (eae
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
OF THE
| ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON,
FOR THE YEAR ~
CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN
MARCH anp APRIL.
AUGUST Ist, 1889.
_ PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE.
LONDON:
MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.,
: PATERNOSTER-ROW.
[Price Twelve Shillings. ]
LIST OF CONTENTS.
PART II.—1889.
March 5, 1889.
Page
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in February 1889 .... 85
Prof. G. B. Howes, F.Z.8. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a epee of the Mammary
Benenon of a female of Myrmecobius ‘fasciatus bees
Mr. O. Thomas. Exhibition of a new. Species of Muntjac, from Tenasserim, proposed to be
called Cervulus fe@ ...ccccccessaces :
ee ee ee ee 8
Mr. Arthur Thomson. Report on the Trispei-ieilog LOM ESS). sive clan celeriac sis virete Paha bts 1
1, Descriptions of new age American Coleoptera of the Genus Diabrotica. By Joseru 8.
Baty, F.LS. . manta dials sis
2. Descriptions of new Species and of a new Genus of Coleoptera of the Family Telephoride.
By the Rev. H. 8. Gornam, F.Z.8, (Plate X.) ...
3. Descriptions of Land-Shells from ste Fst of ee bie’ Group. By Col. R. H.
Beppomsz. (Plates XI. & XII.).. Sioa aie Sete pis's na,apisrctaete APO ce oa be
4. Observations on the Anatomy of a rare Cephalopod (Gonatus Ch te By Witz E.
Hoyuz, M.A. (Oxon.), F.R.S.E. (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howns, F.L.S.,
F.Z.8.) (Plates SHG XY) s clei as sree alas onye s wra’ave nails parole) alaleta Cerne 117
March 19, 1889.
Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of a female Gold
Pheasant in male plumage ..... yelareiste ae cisa,ae Sa neh staleieiatenteiote sy tata 0a epee al 135
Mr, W. B. Tegetmeier, F.Z.S. Exhibition of a pair of distorted Horns of the Ibex of
Cashmere (Capra thle Ciiahaarsigeint of@alviciers aie sve, vleieilMariawialns alte vere stam succes 135 |
The Secretary. Remarks upon the Collections of Fishes made at Constantinople by Dr. E
D. Dickson, C.M.Z.8.
eeeene® Ce er a
i. On the Generic Position of the so-called Physe of Australia. By the Rey. A. H. Cooxsz,
INDEAS AWG Z5 setae alt ale ateteioralcisiescrials © wcaieis's'© abate seo
re) whe Oe ee eeeens
2. On some Specimens of Lizards in the Zoological Museum of Halle (Saale). By G. A.
Bovutencer. (Plate XV.) ........+- BG ear Sis ale sialets
eee eee ee ey
Contents continued on page 3 of wrapper, |
ConTENTS (continued).
Page
March 19, 1889 (continued).
3. On the occasional Persistence of the Left Posterior Cardinal Vein in the Frog, with
Remarks on the Homologies of the Veins in the Dipnoi. By W. Newron Parker,
Ph.D., F.Z.8., Professor of Biology in the University Oollege of South Wales and
Monmouthshire ......-.seeeeecereseeeres Sania tels 8 sine’ Sela cuatvisrene ararie Wivresaieipls
4. Notes on some Fishes new to the Australian Fauna. By J. Dovauas Oarisy, F.L.S.
145
(Communicated by Dr. F. Day, F.Z.S.) 00+. se sece ence case en ee eees araieth eca niet - 151
5. Description of a new Bornean Monkey belonging to the Genus Semnopithecus. By
O.prieLp THomas, Natural History Museum, (Plate XVI.)
ee
April 2, 1889.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in March 1889
Mr. A. Smith-Woodward, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a maxilla of Sau-
richthys, from the Rbetic Formation of Aust Cliff, near Bristol: Sofie. cnetawieractin cai 161
1, On the Osteology of Steatornis caripensis, By W. K. Parner, F.R.S. (Plates XVII.-
XX.)
al bieias cep CARA ere) a 6 ae 6-e\b (0,074.4 (ee e'pe 0) aes ¢ Aa ee & oie od) 60 eo.) ahem 8 Ba. 8 ee Pisia Bain 6 Shere
2. Preliminary Notes on the Characters and Synonymy of the different Species of Otter. By
Ouprietp Tuomas, Natural History Museum ......- Biiidials ibsaa Morais o tie winter Serantire ie
3. A Contribution to the History of Eocene Siluroid Fishes. By E.T. Newzox, F.G.S.,
F.Z.8. (Plate XX.) .. ccc esce cece reece ene rene eee e sees eats ene tanee nee tee ees
4, Note on Bucklandium diluvii, Kénig, a Siluroid Fish from the London Clay of Sheppey.
By A. Ssirx Woopwarp, F.Z.S., F.G.S., of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.).
(Bate OXI) oc reece re cecweectcenveet Bing asi ete tclae iste We aeae aieieinisis
5. On new Species of the Coleopterous Family Carabide, collected by Mr. J. H. Leech in
Kashmir and Baltistan, By H. W. Barzs, F.R.S.....-...+++ WAP An Soccer anetier
6. On new Species of the Coleopterous Families Cicindelide and Carabide, taken by Mr. Pratt
in Chang Yang, near Ichang on the Yang-tsze, China. By H. W. Bares, F.R.S. .
April 16, 1889.
The Secretary. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a pair of Buprestine Beetle (Julodis finchi),
obtained by Mr. B. T. Ffinch near Karachi ......-+++++-++eeeerees sei bae Share sheets
208
210
~ 2
16
219
The Secretary. Exhibition of, and remarks upon,.a specimen of the Mole-cricket (Grylio- ‘ae
talpa vulgaris) found at Bagdad, and transmitted by Major Talbot ......+--++- 4
Mr. Sclater. Remarks on interesting animals observed during a visit to the Zoological
Gardens of Rotterdam, Amsterdam, and Antwerp ....+--.ssersesreecrrs cr eerees 2
Mr. E. T. Newton, F.Z.8. Exhibition of a tibio-tarsus of an extinct bird (Gastornis klassent)
~
from the Woolwich Beds of Croydon ..++....++++e+. rele Ofaler ciate » steiwiqnce Higdon 220
1. Remarks on the Zoo-geographical Relationships of the Island of Palawan and some
adjacent Islands. By A. H. Evrrert, C.M.ZS8. (Plate 9.6.4 00 Gy Rinormermcnder srr ancit 220
2. On the Mammals of Mount Kina Balu, North Borneo. By Ouprreip Tuomas, Natural
History Museum, (Plate XXIV.) ......eeeerecece sree serene rscceccrsrereere
3. Second Account of the Fishes obtained by Surgeon-Major A. 8. G. Jayakar at Muscat,
East Coast of Arabia. By G.A. Bounencrr, (Plates XXV.-XXVIIL) .......-.- 236
May 7, 1889.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in April 1889 ........ 246
LIST OF PLATES, .
1889,
PART “IT.
Plate ; Page.
X. New Species of Telephoride ............ 2: lls et Vesaniees 96
XI. ar } New Land-Shells from Koror ......+.... eek ote spine ae 112
xa vt Anatomy of Gonatus fabricii.s.\020)06- eccrine cs veueds 117
XV. Fig. 1. Gymnodactylus horridus. Fig. 2. Urostrophus sca- 143
Platub sc cgi sc cicnd sem ge Sub mat eewhs wn eeie « sa atee
VL c NOMA OpIthocus *ROSEl® <is\0;hagik ie ealoic aa cele cia icbspecte 6 oetetats ie 159
XVII
Aye Structure of Steatornis See Telaiots tha arr fire a o's eee s+ 161
xx. :
XXI. Siluroid Fishes......-..... Sipeucaes sect Segutici ah
XXEL = Bucklandium, diluyit © <2 55... <0:s.0t onsite adn clon ss Danae 208
XXIII. Map of Palawan and ee Islands .....+.. = eae
REV. -Soinras whitehead"... 5 Saniewie ess oe0s vee spe eeee a ~ Seas
XXV. Tetraroge guentheri ....-.-cececcceersecerecanterece oe )
XXXVI. Caranx jayakari ...01..... 000-22 gees vaee ames ene hae | 236
XXVIII. Fig. 1. Trigla arabica. Fig. 2. T. polysticta.............. i
XXVIII. Monacanthus melanoproctes.....cee.. se eeee ee ete ee he
NOTICE.
According to present arrangem entsthe ‘ Proceedings “are issued in four parte,
as follows :—
Part I. containing papers read in January and February, on June Ist.
EH. fi a8 » March and April, on August Ist.
TIT. * * »» May and June, on October Ist.
IV. “ & ;, November and December, on April let.
The price is 12s. per part for the edition with coloured, and 3s. per part for
that with uncoloured Plates.
“ad
a
/ “PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
OF LONDON,
PART TH;
CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN
MAY anv JUNE.
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE.
LONDON :
MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.,
a 1889.
PATERNOSTER-BOW.
> ve pike 2a Ol SES Ree ig
BS Cee
LIST OF CONTENTS.
PART II.—1889.
May 7, 1889.
Page
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie in April 1889 ........ 246
Mr. Sclater. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a living specimen of an albino variety of the
Caine Mole- Hiab iis ctermcca!e ac srelereisoiewralcl sistas tafe ilaraw.s eic's'epiovaiotele oieinle wlaise ototate eterna 246
Dr. E, O. Stirling. Letter from, containing a Description of a new Australian Mammal .. 247
Mr. Seebohm. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a male example of Phasianus chrysomelas
purchased in Leadenhall Market 20:20. 5. ccc cccceus cccccdeteuccacace castle clase oT:
1. Description of a new Genus of Muridee “ea to Oye. pee OLDFIELD esata Natural
History Museum. (Plate XXIX.) wi Steietatcte is
2. On anew Tree Trap-door Spider from Brazil. “By the Rev. O. P. Cammrincr, M. A., F.R. RS,
OF EYE SE OO piace te Aer stile stee, sieteletaat eteue isaieieiatsiaie a clevele ata oetereste Oripery : hls
3. Some Notes upon the Anatomy of the American Tapir (Tapirus terrestris). By Frank
E. Bepparp, M.A., Prosector to the Society
ee ee ey
4, On the Prapollex and Prehallux, with Observations on the Carpus of Theriodesmus
phylarchus. By Prof. Kan Barpe.esen (Jena). (Communicated by Prof. G. B.
Howes, F.Z,8., F.L.S.) (Plate XXX.)...... Caisvia 05 oe wlcletn > viene Cie eee eae 259
May 21, 1889.
Mr. Sclater. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a mummy of a Falcon obtained at Thebes in
ARTY OU stare ny staievs atcless oia’eie wher airiaiataisvsreifelel = cikeiTolaielele a etaeme eres. 1a ois divjeie e's isl «sie reeneie 262
Mr. Sclater. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a series of photographs taken at Antipodes
Msland ye vases casas Scron rome: POD RO Gare? nan p REDE bao eR oe esses 262
Mr. Selater. Exhibition of, and Soe eee, ePon a Leaf-insect ses fui gelonus) living in the
Society’s Insect-house ..... weve elelis 262
1. List of the Crioceride, Pais athens Siiammekian and Galerucida collected in Vene-
zuela by M. Simon, with Descriptions of the new Species. By Marmin Jacosy, F.E.S. 263
2. Description of a new Genus of Fossil Moths belonging to the Geometrid Family Husche-
mide. By Arraur G. Borier, F.LS., F.Z.8., Assistant-Keeper, Zoological Depart-
ment, British Museum (Nat. Hist.). (Plate XXXL Niaaisteteiace jrcels oie bes oan iaoiemeeeee 292
3. Descriptions of new Genera and Species of Odonata in the Collection of the British
Museum, chiefly from Africa. By W. F. Kirsy, F.E.S., Assistant in the Zoological
Department, British Museum, Natural History, s. Kensington POAT ECE iene 297
4, On the Taxonomic Value of the Intestinal Convolutions in Birds. By Hans Gapow, Ph.D.,
M.A., Strickland Curator and Lecturer on the Advanced Morphology of Vertebrata
in the University of Cambridge. (Plate XXXII.) ......-..... cece eesees seseceee 309
June 4, 1889.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie in May 1889 ......... 316
Mr. H. E. Dresser. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some eggs of the Adriatic Black-
headed Gull and the Slender-billed Gull obtained in Andalusia .................. 316
Contents continued on page 3 of wrapper,
1889.] INSECTS FROM MOUNT KINIBALU. 393
lata scabrosa incompleta, articulo 3° quam scapo dimidio bre-
viore, 4° adhue breviore, ceteris brevissimis. Thorax post
medium tuberculo acuto armatus. Elytra thorace fere duplo
latiora, absque cristis, apice rotundata. Mesosternum pro-
ductum, conicum. Tibie intermedia extus oblique sulcate.
Ungues parum divaricati.
The incompleteness of the ridge limiting the cicatrice of the scape
(it is, in fact, very short) would remove this genus from the group
to which Achthophora belongs, but in all its other characters it agrees
with the group. The claws in three species of Achthophora which
I have examined are as feebly divaricated as in the new genus.
EusyNTHETA BREVICORNIS.
Supra fuligineo-nigra, vertice vittis duabus latis, thorace lineis
duabus dorsalibus, seutello, elytris fascia lata mediana et macula
magna apicali, cinereo-albo tomentosis: antennis articulis
nonnullis basi, fronte genisque, corpore subtus et pedibus
cinereis. - Thorax grosse ruguloso-punctatus. Elytra bast
late grosse et aspere, versus apicem sparsim grosse, punctata.
Long. 16-20 millim.
Three xan ce i80 9 in Mr. Fry’s collection.
ConTENTs (continued).
June 4, 1889 (continued).
Page
1. On the Mental Faculties of the Bald Chimpanzee (Anthropopithecus caluus). By GzrorcE
MMT Mar Te POEL. Coy AL Sa ire iaivie wists) 2 araiaia a isla ida e ardeleN"s alk easecte Gate wceiemthe we 316
2. Notes on some Entozoa in the Collection of the British Museum. By Fr. Say. Montrcett.
| Seed te Mermene NL) a teotar a trots tx sais) c'- are pela a siela a cta'n cia id'o; Agi ote eis e'eisgielele cine helene tis «estore 321
3. List of Birds collected by Mr. Ramage in Dominica, West Indies. By P. L. Scuarer,
MAL) Ph.D., HOR.S.; Secretary to the Society v.00... 6c. csv e cece ceovusseceies +. 326
; June 18, 1889.
‘Mr. J. F. Green, F.Z.S. Exhibition of a large example of the Common Eel (Anguilla vulgaris). 327
Mr. B. B. Woodward. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a drawing of a Carnivorous Snail,
Mpope CUFT A vs.csceveveves Pee eka tcietaislaeae gale Wen AWS a Se-nlcivieieie Kin'ein ip ua cecal 327°
‘Mr. B. B. Woodward. Exhibition of an example of a fossil shell, Neritina schmideliana,
and remarks upon its peculiar mode of growth ....0..-...eeeeeeee tees ee eeeeee 327
ar Eadweard Muybridge. Exhibition of a number of projections with the Oxy-hydrogen
7 Lantern to show the Locomotion of Animals. 1... 20... 0. :ccecess cesses esnesees +s O27
1. On a supposed new Genus and Species of Pelagic Gadoid Fishes from the Mediterranean.
By Henry H. Gieutont. (Plate XXXIV.) ...-.. ., bibs CRPIGDBE Ot. caluceO root Cr: 328
A On a Collection of Land-Shells made in Borneo by Mr. A. Everett, with Descriptions of
supposed new Species. By Lieut.-Col. H. H. Gopwin-Avsran, F.R.S., F.Z.8., &e.—
: Part I. Oyclostomacee. (Plates XXXV.—XXXIK.) ...... cc ccceres ce ceec cece 832
3. On the Birds collected by Mr. H. CO. ¥. Hunter, F.Z.S., in Eastern Africa. By Captain
E. G. E. Suetuny, F.Z.8. (Plates XL. & XLL) Re perveii cit stess aveloje,ovaie/Bloistecarsiues ninretereya 356
4. Description of Hunter’s Antelope. By P. L. Scuarmr, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to
: eemmpeicbys: CE UipeageWlil,) mreata tela kata\elevere as/wiie\e iviels oe esaeie we \els( Sh sialnlsieialeelcisiels 372
5. On the Oligochzetous Fauna of New Zealand, with preliminary Descriptions of new Species.
By Franx E. Beppaxp, M.A., F.R.S.E., Prosector to the Society ................ 377
6. On new Genera and. Species of saa ealathe Insects pon Naan Kinibala, North
. Borneo. By H. W. Barrs, F.R.S., F.Z.S. ae eololobets tereeee 300
.
LIST OF PLATES, Bik
1889.
PART III. ;
Plate Page
XXIX. Xeromys myoides........- AADC AIO Soc Om 247
XXX. Prepollex and prehallux of Mammals ..-.........-...++ 259°
XXXII. Lithopsyche and allied Genera ..........00.0-02 sears 292 }
XXXII. Diagrammatic representation of affinities of Birds according 303
to their intestinal pot ae Fate ato) sl otnie'el tae steel anaes
XXXII. New or rare Enitozoa ae mols Craleie ufos aulsis «eas ee hee EEE
XXXIV. Eretmophorus kleinenbérgi ip A Seay Se era wane 2 328
aig | haga
XXXVI. Bae
XXXVITI. } New Bornean Land-shells ....--......0-0sseeeees osee eee! OOO
XXXVII ,
XL. oes mixta Oleb Gh. atgtetemteiee nor -) «sdeettnate ae
XLI. Fig. 1. Zosterops perspicillata; Fig. 2. Cinnyris hunteri. : } 366
XLII. Damalis hunteri, 9 ..... Do egyeacy cs toa + nia maa 372
; = 4
NOTICE.
According to present arrangements the ‘ Proceedings’ are issued in four parts,
as follows :—
Part I. containing papers read in January and February, on June Ist.
II. F » March and April, on August Ist.
Iil. Ss " 3» May and June, on October Ist.
IV. $y pe », November and December, on April Ist.
The price is 12s. per part for the edition with coloured, and 3s, per part for
that with uncoloured Plates.
oe ee
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON,
FORTHE YEAR
1889.
PART IV.
CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN
NOVEMBER ann DECEMBER. .
FEE ee a a E *-
>, >" APRIL 1st, 1890.
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY,
SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER SQUARE.
: LONDON:
MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO,
PATERNOSTER-ROW. ~
a [Price Twelve Shillings. | ae)
Price Twelve Shillings.) NS
LIST OF CONTENTS.
PART IV.—1889.
= November 5, 1889.
Page
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in J ee July, August,
and September, 1889 ........02.-eesseeee Sickie wages aor ale: vena silomemee a 393
Prof. F, Jeffrey Bell, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks go ppaiaeas of st cs
mirabilis, Palinurus vulgaris, and Galathea SETIGOSA 1... 0005. Peepers ates
Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun., F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of a Hybrid
Wagtail 394
Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some specimens illustrative
of the Variations of Plumage of the Common Partridge .......--.....s0++eeeeee
Rey. Thomas R. R. Stebbing. Notice of a Memoir on Urothoé, a Genus of Amphipodous
Crustaceans, and on a new allied Genus, proposed to be called Urothoides
1. List of Birds collected by Mr. Ramage in St. Lucia, West Indies. By P. L. Sctarer,
.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society ........ccce.cceecceseceascves sees OD4
2. On New Indian Lepidoptera, ee Heterocera. ae Col. C. ERs FE.LS., F.Z.8.
(Plates XLITI. & XLIV.) . :
3. Note on Python curtus. By G. A. BouLencsr. “Blake DST) In ohioric Soro pcos. «oess 482
4, On some Points in the Anatomy of the Female Organs of Generation of the Kangaroo,
especially in relation to the acts of Impregnation and Parturition. By E. O.
Stiruine, M.A., M.D. Cantab., F.R.C.S. Eng., Lecturer on Physiology in the Uni-
versity of Adelaide Dee eae voree eleigightten eee tants wrtlate aisiaieateet ata aside sie ereren te EN
5. Contributions to the Samy History of an Annelid of the Genus Dero. By Franx E.
BEDARD, MlAl) HZ.G. > ec. dees) oles «is HoGaae aistattiatohete Siglo ioxctega alate iste aaa ««.. 440
6. Descriptions of some new Species of Sandwich-Island Birds. By Scorr Wiison........ 445
November 19, 1889.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie in October 1889 ...... 447
Prof. Flower. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the skin of the face of a male African
Rhinoceros with a third horn
The Secretary. ) Exhibition of a skin of an albino variety of the Cape Mole-Rat (Georychus
capensis
a OP Cote ee ersscc sees eres assoon ss ereenaasisiagu seas
Mr. A. Smith Woodward, F.ZS. Remarks upon an extinct Saw-fish (Sclerorhynchus atavus)
and exhibition of a fragment of its rostrum .
PS Contents continued on page 3 of Wrapper.
“4
ConTEnTs (continued).
November 19, 1889 (continued).
Page
Mr. A. P. Goodwin. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some rare Paradise-birds, procured :
during Sir William spon recent expedition to Mount Owen-Stanley, New
METRE iy, ote area ree nena aie alec er aya ce alfa ly Ge) atalvavallasaeva ‘via > s/o; ace\'ase’ six q's) «Sine. ni@ oro 451
Rey. Thomas R. R. Stebbing and Mr. David Robertson. Notice of a Memoir ie
the descriptions of four new British Amphipodous Crustaceans .................. £52
1. On the Subdivisions of the Body-cavity in Lizards, Crocodiles, and Birds. By Grrarp
W. Butier, B.A. (Plates XLVI.-XLIX.) (Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howzs,
SS ETLS:) eat aeaisae i ejacte ae a'stawies's » OS Nea oR eto Sey ac ar Bier ae 452
2. On the Lepidoptera of Japan and Corea.—Part ITI. Heterocera, Sect. IT. Noctues and
Deltoides. By J. H. Luscu, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c, (Plates L.-LITI.).. Sh . 474
3. On Associated Remains of a Theriodont Reptile from the Karoo System of the Cape.
By R. LyDEKKER, [REALE G8: H 29. Ce lates DLV GiLiV.) 2. Socctaniecw sens cieninia ep 572
4. Descriptions of thirteen new Species of Land-Shells, with a Note on Bulimus fulminans.
By G. B. Sowrrsy, F.L.S., F.Z.S. (Plate LVI. ) PICO EO EOD nn OR SCPE OL 577
5. Note on the Mode of Attachment of the Embryos to the Oral Arms of Awrelia aurita. By
Epwarp A. Mivcuin, Keble College, Oxford. (Plates LVII.& LVIIL.)........-... 583
‘ December 3, 1889.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie in November 1889 ..... 586
Rey. G. H. R. Fisk, C.M.Z.S. Extract from a letter containing remarks upon Bipalium
AUIPIVAA) sinls o's» aia « ae iia) Ia eT as SENT i eel so eo is Iainda pI Arata, Suni oiapa WONG eats ore eval P oieins ciel ae 586
Mr. Henry Seebohm, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a small collection of Birds
from the Bonin Islands, and of a pair of Merula celenops from Fatsirio Island
Mr. Sclater. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, an egg of the Crested Screamer (Chauna
BED) Meee ats abc Bie’ vidio jnlc\e!aV o/h als -a/arare oie’ o/mieajeiejauts elelg om msi Pgip nigeria’ eel eed) cle cunts 586
—
. Contributions to the Anatomy of Picarian Birds.—Part I. On some Points in the
Structure of the Hornbills. By Frank EH. Buppanrp, M.A., F.R.S.E., &. .......... 587
On the Anatomy of Burmeister’s Cariama (Chunga burmeistert). By Fraxx EH. Bepparp,
M.A., F.R.S.E., Prosector to the Society .........- ces ce ceerencecreccseeeeeees 594
3. On the Relations of the Fat-bodies of the Sauropsida. By Grrarp W. Burusr, B.A.
(Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howes, F.L.S., F.Z.8.) (Plates LIX. & LX.) ...... 602
=
Descriptions of new Species of the Coleopterous Family Hrotylide. By Rev. H.S. Gorwam,
Deen Cee MOM cp gosts)y win etatase' «.n"(ainislals ave elaiale's eles ¢) vis wiv'n:e/simie'wiairipis alsin aieie ee eiel= 613
5. Description d’une nouvelle Locustella de la Corée. Par L. Taczanowsk1, C.M.Z.S......- 620
6. On a new Mungoose allied to Herpestes albicaudatus. By Ouprienp Tuomas, Natural
History Museum. (Plate LXIT.) ........ 0... ee cece cece ence cece ernst eecctees 622
Appendix: List of Additions to the Society’s Menagerie ie the Year 1889 ........- «2» 625
MIAOK « «<< 00» vicisin al om Rimes sate Bivioe te aal= rah a, cleraataicieieretatecckeielate BYAD obayel Gain atseaicietiewinsteiass 645
WUE ANG! i6< 50 «vse vies elasle SEK iA OFIASBCORO HE rIOSOOS eid sitenels Sis midipte) erolatwa fant c oci oka ore i
List of Contributors ...... aii iersta\aNera\2i2)0%id a inset hm Hip ieiiediciaeioMigin rss <1 ake ais eieie lailes iii
HISG OG HAMPER s.2°<1 «200° els eieiers pa aislotche sir" te Ae MDS FE fehs aheie=(e aiserels Bie eres APO yao
List of Woodcuts......-...+6. etatorselees iersreeveteia o onaiaiaieretn petals oomraiadiee Bed. Spats deans ware Xvi
LIST OF PLATES.
1889.
PART IV.
pats Page
aah } New Indian Lepidoptera ........ SL ye Eteica sc Ce est
RIVG EP ytNON CUPUB sins'eis cisciles sicace ee ones tinieiiele oreyetetamietapele tees 432
XLVI. \
XLVIIT, | Body-eavity in Lizards, 60, 5... .cceeeecthecseeseens 452
XLIX. )
L.
ae Lepidoptera of Japan and‘Corea «01.2... cece eecesceees 474
LIT. ‘
EY a bheriGdont Vertebral vaoircs.waleiee'nlso0 ae Stee <b nt aaenes ' 572
LY. -Theriodont Limb-bones .......... 00 cee ce eee eeee See
LVI. New Species of Land-Shells ..... ......0-- 02005: Brekaco ret 20")
Bean } Aurelia SUrite .. f.0600-sseen eee ne Ane Soh [oot Ore haa 583.
ery } Fat-bodies in Sauropsida: ..........eeee scenes plaee/e'sicjsie } 602
TEXT, New Species of Mrotylidse. os... ses o.c 0 erence sdetindeigle aieiele 613
ENGEL. Herpestes: Brandis 9. os:se.s iis oes eo sie dadeie ae delswe wae Gass 622
NOTICE.
According to present arrangements the ‘ Proceedings’ are issued in four parts,
as follows:—
Part I. containing papers read in January and February, on June Ist.
II. "i a » March and April, on August Ist.
‘BET 2-5, 9 », May and June, on October Ist.
IV. Tye gs », November and December, on April Ist.
The price is 12s. per part for the edition with coloured, and 3s. per part for
that with uncoloured Plates.
a5
]
fra 7
=
és
ee “ii :
a aie leess ;
Pay A Wer
f i gv
a
— a a"
= — ;
— > - ; ws
a NS lie et tit ls ge =
rat
Gries
(24s }
Tact y,
stetetiueite
past ta
sees
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11