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1 

! 

PROCEEDINGS 

Iowa 

OF  THE 

Academy  of  Sciences 

, 

FOI^  18QT. 

VOLUME  V. 

EDITED  BY  THE  SECRETARY. 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  STATE. 

1 
) 

! 
DEB  MOINES: 

v.  B.  CONAWAY,  STATB  PBINIBB. 

1898. 

HAR\\\RD    UNIVERSITY. 


L  I  B  R  A  K  V 


MUSEUM  or  QOMPAEATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 


Of,     ' 


0^^^mv,(KA.  \q  ^    I'^Cf^ 


NOV  19  1898 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF  THE 


Iowa  Academy  of  Sciences 


I^OFe  18QT. 


VOLUME  V. 

EDITED   BY  THE  SECRETARY. 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  STATE. 


DES  MOINES: 

F.  R.  CONAWAY,  STATE  PRINTER. 

1898. 


LETTER   OF   TRANSMITTAL. 


Agricultural  College,     ) 
Ames,  Iowa,  February  15,  1898.  ) 

To  His  Excellency,  Leslie  M.  Shaw,  Governor  of  Iowa: 

Sir — In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  chapter  86,  laws 
of  the  Twenty-fifth  General  Assembly,  I  have  the  honor  to 
transmit  herewith  the  proceedings  of  the  twelfth  annual  session 
of  the  Iowa  Academy  of  Sciences- 

With  great  respect,  your  obedient  servant, 

Herbert  Osborn, 
Secretary  loiva  Academy  of  Sciences. 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  ACADEMY. 


1897 

President.— V^ .  S.  Franklin. 
First  Vice-President.— T.  H.  Macbride. 
becond  Vice-President. — B.  Fink. 
Secreta7-y- Treasurer. — Herbert  Osborn. 
Librarian. — H.  Foster  Bain. 

EXECUTIVE   COMMITTEE. 

Ex-Officio.—W .  S.   Franklin,  T.  H.    Macbride,    B.    Fink,    Herbert 

Osborn. 
Elective.— L,.  S.  Ross,  J.  L.  Tilton,  C.  O.  Bates. 


1898. 

President.— T.  H.  Macbride. 
First  Vice-President. — B.  Fink. 
Second  Vice-President. — M.  F.  Arey. 
Secretary-Treasurer. — Herbert  Osborn. 
Librarian. — H.  Foster  Bain. 

EXECUTIVE   committee. 

Ex-Officio.—T.  H,  Macbride,  B.  Fink,  M.  F.  Arey,  Herbert  Osborn. 
Elective.— Q.  W.Beyer,  A.  C.  Page,  W.  H.  Norton.  . 


MEMBERSHIP  OF  THE  ACADEMY. 


FELLOWS. 


Almy,  F.  F, Iowa  College,  Grinnell 

Andrews,  L.  W State  University,  Iowa  City 

Arey,  M.  F State  Normal  School,  Cedar  Falls 

Bain,  H.  F Geological  Survey,  Des  Moines 

Ball,  C.  R State  College,  Ames 

Ball,  E.  D State  College,  Ames 

Barris,  W.  H Griswold  College,  Davenport 

Bates,  CO Coe  College,  Cedar  Rapids 

Beach,  Alice  M State  College,  Ames 

Beardshear,  W.  M State  College,  Ames 

Bennett,  A.  A State  College,  Ames 

Beyer,  S.  W State  College,  Ames 

BisSELL,  G.  W State  College,  Ames 

Calvin,  S State  University,  Iowa  City 

Chappel,  George  M Signal  Service,  Des  Moines 

Combs,   Robert .State  College,  Ames 

Conrad,  A.  H Parsons  College,  Fairfield 

Cratty,  R.  I Armstrong 

CURTiss,  C.  F State  College,  Ames 

Davis,  Floyd Des  Moines 

Drew,  Oilman Newton 

Ende,  C.   L Burlington 

FiNK,  B Upper  Iowa  University,  Fayette 

FiTZPATRiCK,  T.  J Lamoni 

FuLTZ,  F.  M Burlington 

GOSSARD,  H.  A : Ames 

Hall,  T.  P Tabor  College,  Tabor 

Hansen,  N.  E Brookings,  South  Dakota 

Hazen,  E.  H Des  Moines 

Hendrixson,  W.  S Iowa  College,  Grinnell 

Heileman,  W.  H Ames 

Holway,  E.  W.  D Decorah 

Houser,  G.  L State  University,  Iowa  City 

Kelly,  H.  M Mount  Vernon 

Leonard,  A.  G Western  College,  Toledo 

Leverett,  Frank Denmark 

Marston,  a ..State  College,  Ames 


4  .IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

Macbride,  T.  H State  University,  Iowa  City 

Newton,  G.  W Cedar  Falls 

NiLES,  W.  B State  College,  Ames 

NORRIS,  H.  W Iowa  College,  Grinnell 

Norton,  W.  H Cornell  College,  Mount  Vernon 

Nutting,  C.  C State  University,  Iowa  City 

OSBORN,  Herbert State  College,  Ames 

Page,  a  .  C State  Normal  School,  Cedar  Falls 

Pammel,  L.  H State  College,  Ames 

Pammel,  Emma Ames 

Reppert,  P Muscatine 

RiCKER,  Maurice Burlington 

Ross,  L.  S Drake  University,  Des  Moines 

Sage,  J.  R State  Weather  and  Crop  Service,  Des  Moines 

SCH aeffer,  C.  . a State  University,  Iowa  City 

Schlabach,  Carl, High  School,  Clinton 

Shimek,  B State  University,  Iowa  City 

Stanton,  E.  W State  College,  Ames 

Stookey,  Stephen  W Coe  College,  Cedar  Rapids 

Tilton,  J.  L Simpson  College,  Indianola 

Veblen.  a.  a State  University,  Iowa  City 

Walker,  Percy  H State  University,  Iowa  City 

Weems,  J.  B State  College,  Ames 

WiNDLE,  William  S Penn  College,  Oskaloosa 

Witter,  F.  M Muscatine 

YOUTZ,  L.  A Simpson  College,  Indianola 

associate  members. 

Baldwin,  F.  H Tabor 

Barnes,  William  D Blue  Grass 

Bartsch,  Paul Burlington 

Blakeslee,  T.  M Des  Moines 

Brain ARD,  J.  M Boone 

Brown,  Eugene Mason  City 

Cameron,  J.  E Cedar  Rapids 

Carter,  Charles Corydon 

Carver,  G.  W : Tuskegee,  Alabama 

Clarke,  Dr.  J.  Fred Fairfield 

CoBURN,  Gertrude State  College,'  Ames 

Crawford,  Dr .  G.  E Cedar  Rapids 

Deyoe,  a.  M : Britt 

ECKLES,  C,  H State  College,  Ames 

Pinch,  G.  E West  Union 

GiFFORD,  E.  H Oskaloosa 

Hill,  Dr.  Gershom  H Independence 

Johnson,  F.  W Grinnell 

Livingston,  Dr.  H Hopkinton 

Miller,  G.  P Des  Moines 

Miller,  A.  A Davenport 

Mills,  J.  S Eugene,  Oregon 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OP   SCIENCES.  5 

MORTLAND,  J.  A Cedar  Falls 

Myers,  P.  C Iowa  City 

Newell,  Wilmon State  College,  Ames 

OSBORN,  B.  P Rippey 

Owens.  Eliza Bozeman,  Montana 

Peck,  Morton  E Iowa  Falls 

Reed,  CD Ames 

RiGG,  G.  B Rockwell  City 

Rodwell,  W.  W Marshalltown 

Rolfs,  J.  A Le  Claire 

Savage,  T.  E Iowa  City 

SCHULTE,  J.I Ames 

SiRRiNE,  Emma Dysart 

Stewart,  Helen  W Des  Moines 

VOLDENG,  Dr.  M.  N •. Des  Moines 

Walters,  G.  W Cedar  Palls 

Weaver,  C.B Denver,  Col. 

corresponding  members. 

Arthur,  J.  C Lafayette,  Indiana 

Barbour,  E.  H State  University,  Lincoln,  Nebraska 

Beach,  S.  a Geneva,  New  York 

Bessey,  C.  E State  University,  Lincoln,  Nebraska 

Bruner,  H.  L Irvington,  Indiana 

Call,  R.  E Lawrenceburg-,  Indiana 

COLTON,  G.  H Virginia  City,  Montana 

Crozier,  a.  a Ann  Arbor,  Michigan 

Franklin,  W.  S South  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania 

Gillette,  C.  P Agricultural  College,  Port  Collins,  Colorado 

Hall,  T.  P , Minturn,  Colorado 

Halsted,  B.  D New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey 

Ha  WORTH,  Erasmus State  University,  Lawrence,  Kansas 

Hitchcock,  A.  S Agricultural  College,  Manhattan,  Kansas 

Jameson,  CD 

Keyes,  C  R State  Geologist,  Jefferson  City,  Missouri 

Lonsdale,  E.  H Missouri  Geological  Survey,  Jefferson  City,  Missouri 

Mally,  C  W Wooster,  Ohio 

Mally,  F.  W Hulen,  Texas 

McGee,  W.J Bureau  Ethnology,  Washington,  D.  C 

Meek,  S.  E Field  Museum,  Chicago,  111 

Parker,  H.  W New  York  City,  New  York 

Patrick,  G.  E Department  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C 

Rolfs,  P.  H Lake  City,  Florida 

Sirrine,  F.  Atwood Jamaica,  New  York 

Spencer,  A.  C Johns  Hopkins  University,  Baltimore,  Maryland 

Stewart,  P.  C Ithaca,  New  York 

Todd,  J,  E State  University,  Vermillion,  South  Dakota 

Winslow,  Arthur Kansas  City,  Missouri 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF  THE 


TWELFTH    ANNUAL    SESSION 


OF  THE 


IOWA  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


The  twelfth  annual  session  of  the  Iowa  Academy  of  Sciences 
was  held  in  the  geological  rooms  at  the  capitol  building  in 
Des  Moines,  December  28  and  29,  1897.  In  business  sessions 
the  following  matters  of  general  interest  were  passed  upon. 


REPORT  OF   THE   SECRETARY-TREASURER. 

To  the  members  of  the  Iowa  Academy  of  Sciences: 

I  am  pleased  to  report  that  during  the  past  year  the  progress  of  the  acad- 
emy has  been  very  satisfactory.  Our  proceedings  forming  a  volume  of  241 
pages,  26  plates  and  the  portrait  of  Dr.  Wachsmuth  were  duly  issued.  They 
will,  I  believe,  serve  as  a  good  indication  of  the  activity  of  our  members, 
and  strengthen  the  position  of  our  academy  at  home  and  abroad.  A  still 
larger  membership  would  serve  to  extend  the  usefulness  of  the  academy 
throughout  the  state. 

FINANCIAL  -STATEMENT. 

Accounts  and  vouchers  submitted  herewith  show  receipts  of  $154.17  and 
expenditures  of  $74.26  leaving  a  balance  of  $79.91. 

SUMMARY   OF  RECEIPTS   AND   EXPENDITURES. 
RECEIPTS. 

Balance  from  last  year $  71.97 

Members' annual  dues 66.00 

Membership  fees 12.00 

Proceedings  sold 4.20 

Total $       154.1 


8  •  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

EXPENDITURES. 

Contribution  to  Pasteur  monument  fund $  5.00 

Stamps  and  stamped  envelopes 5.36 

Express  and  freight  on  proceedings 21.76 

Reprints  of  Academy  papers 37.00 

Miscellaneous  expenses 5.14 

Total $       74.26 

Balance 79.91 

Total ...  $       154.17 

The  committee  appointed  to  examine  the  treasurer's  accounts  reported 
as  follows: 

The  books  and  vouchers  of  the  treasurer  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences 
have  lieen  examined  and  found  correct. 

(Signed)  M.  F,  Arey, 

S.  Calvin, 
A.  C.  Page, 

Committee. 

The  librarian  submitted  a  printed  report  as  follows: 


REPORT  OP  LIBRARIAN. 

Des  Moines,  December  27,  1897. 

Gentlemen  —In  exchange  for  its  proceedings,  the  academy  is  now  receiv- 
ing more  than  fifty  periodical  publications.  In  addition,  a  considerable 
number  of  individual  books  and  authors'  reprints  come  to  it.  The  publica- 
tions of  the  national  and  several  state  geological  surveys  are  also  received. 
These  have  been  duly  acknowledged  and  placed  upon  the  shelves  of  the 
state  library  assigned  to  the  academy. 

Volume  IV  of  the  proceedings  has  been  distributed  to  fellows,  and  to 
the  American  and  foreign  exchanges.  A  few  exchanges  have  been  added 
to  the  list. 

Following  will  be  found  a  memorandum  of  the  periodicals  now  coming. 
In  a  few  instances  it  has  been  possible,  by  sending  both  the  proceedings  of 
the  academy  and  the  reports  of  the  geological  survey,  to  obtain  the  back 
numbers  of  these  publications.  In  several  cases  the  numbers  for  the  last 
few  years  are  available: 

PERIODICALS   COMING   TO   THE   ACADEMY. 

Aateekeniger  over  Nederland;  Versteeningen  Leedsch,  Geol.  Mus. 

Academia  Mexicana,  Annuar. 

American  Acad.  Arts  and  Sci   Proc. 

American  Journal  of  Pharmacy. 

American  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Ann.  and  Bui. 

Biological  Soc.  Washington,  Proc. 

Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Proc. 

Buffalo  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bui. 

California  Acad.  Sci.,  Occ.  Pap.,  Proc. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OP   SCIENCES.  9 

Canadian  Review  of  Science. 

Central  Ex.  Farm.  Bui. 

Chicago  Acad.  Sci.,  BuL,  Ann.  Rep. 

Cincinnati  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  Jour. 

Colorado  College  Studies. 

Colorado  Scientific  Society,  Proc. 

Connecticut  Acad.  Sci.,  Trans. 

Cornell  Agri.  Ex.  Sta.,  Bui. 

Davenport  Acad.  Sci.,  Proc. 

Field  Columbian  Museum,  Publications. 

K.  K.  ZooL,  Bot.,  Gesell,  zu  Wien.  Verb. 

Illinois  State  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  Bui. 

Iowa  Agricultural,  Bui. 

Marine  Biol.  Lab.  Rep. 

Mededeelingen  Omtrentde  Geol.  van  Nederland. 

Meriden  Sci.  Association,  Trans 

Minnesota  Acad.  Sci.,  Bui. 

Mississippi  Ex.  Sta  ,  Bui. 

Museum  Comp.  Zoology,  Bui. 

Museum  Nac.  de  Buenos  Aires,  Annales. 

Museum  Nac.  do  Rio  de  Janeiro,  Arcbivos. 

Museum  Paulista,  Rev. 

Naturfor,  Gesell   in  Berne,  Mit. 

Naturfor,  Gesell.  in  Zurich,  Vierteljahr. 

Nebraska  Exper.  Sta.,  Bui. 

New  Brunswick  Nat.  Hist  Soc,  Bui. 

New  York  Acad   Sci.  Proc  ,  Trans 

New  York  State  Mus.,  Bui. 

Observ.  Meteor.  Cent,  de  Mexico,  Bui.  Men. 

Ohio  Acad.  Sci.  Rept. 

Ottawa  Naturalist. 

Perdue  Ex   Sta.,  Bui. 

Philadelphia  Acad.  Nat.  Sci  ,  Proc 

Portland  Soc   Nat.  Hist.,  Proc. 

Psyche. 

Rochester  Acad    Sci  ,  Proc. 

Royal  Soc.  Edinburgh,  Trans.,  Proc. 

Societe  Entomologique  de  France,  Bui. 

Societa  Scientifica  du  Chili,  Actes. 

St.  Laurent  College,  Bui. 

St.  Louis  Acad.  Sci.,  Trans. 

Texas  Acad.  Sci.,  Trans 

Tuft's  College  Studies. 

University  Studies. 

Wisconsin  Acad.  Sci.  Arts  and  Lit  ,  Trans. 

At  the  suggestion  of  the  chairman  of  the  library  committee  of  the  acad- 
emy, I  have  also  prepared  and  suboait  with  this  a  list  of  the  periodicals  of 
which  the  state  library  possesses  full,  or  nearly  full,  sets.  In  the  list ,  the 
letters  "  f s  "  indicate  that  the  set  is  complete.  No  attempt  has  been  made 
to  list  the  sets  of  which  a  few  volumes  only  are  on  the  shelves,  except  in 


10  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

the  cise  of  those  now  being  received.  Neither  is  any  mention  made  of 
strictly  medical  or  trade  publications,  or  of  the  large  number  of  valuable 
works,  such  as  the  International  Scientific  Series,  the  Humboldt  Library 
of  Science,  etc.  The  titles  set  in  italics  are  those  which  were  purchased 
upon  the  express  recommendations  of  the  academy.  They  show  how  ready 
and  generous  has  been  the  response  of  the  state  librarian  and  the  board  of 
trustees  of  the  library  to  the  requests  of  the  academy. 

SETS   OF  SCIENTIFIC   PERIODICALS   IN   THE   STATE   LIBRARY. 

American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  Proc,  I-XLII. 

Amercian  Geologist,  fs. 

American  Geological  Society,  BuL,  I-VI. 

American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  Trans.,  fs. 

American  Journal  of  Science,  fs. 

American  Naturalist,  fs. 

American  Philosophical  Society,  Proc,  fs.;  Trans.,  I-III,  VI,  n.  s.,  fs. 

American  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  Proc,  fs.;  Trans.,  fs. 

Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History,  fs. 

Annals  of  Botany,  Vols.  I- VII. 

Beiblatter  zuden  Annalen  der  Physik  und  Chemie,  fs. 

British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  Repts.,  fs. 

Chemical  Society  (London),  Journal,  fs. 

Compt  Rendus  de  VAcademie,  1895  — 

Histoire  de  I'Academie,  1699-1764; 

Memoire  Adoptez  de  I'Academie,  tm.  I-XI; 

Machine  de  I'Academie,  tm.  I- VI. 
Electrical  World,  fs. 
Electrotechnische  Zeitschrift,  fs. 
Engineering  Magazine,  fs. 
Fontschrette  der  EleMro  teknik,  is. 
Franklin  Institute,  Journal,  fs. 
Johns  Hopkins  University  Circulars,  1896 — 
Liebig's  Annalen  der  Chemie,  fs. 
Linnean  Society,  Trans.,  fs. 
Nature,  fs. 

Neues  Jahrbuchfur  Geol  u.  s.f,  1895 — . 
Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science,  Proc,  I-XLVI. 
Popular  Science  Monthly,  fs. 

Reale  Instotuto  Lombardo  di  Scienze  et  Littere,  Rend.,  I-IV  n.  s.,  I- 
XXV. 

Science,  fs. 

Scientific  American  (and  supp's),  fs. 

Van  Nostrands  Eclectic  Engineering  Magazine,  fs. 

Wiedmans  Annalen  der  Physik,  fs. 

Zeitschrift  der  Deutschen  Geologischen   Gesellschaft,  nearly  complete. 

Zeitschrift  fur  Instrumentkunde,  f  s. 

Zeitschrift  fur  Physicalische  Chemie,  fs. 

It  will  be  noted  that  in  several  instances  the  state  library  owns  the  back 
volumes  of  a  given  set,  while  the  academy  is  receiving  the  current  num- 
bers; for  example,  the  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Proc.  Amer.  As.  Adv. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  H 

Sci.,  etc.  I  would  recommend  that  in  all  such  cases  the  current  numbers 
be  turned  over  to  the  state  librarian  at  the  end  of  each  year.  By  this 
means  duplication  will  be  avoided,  the  library  will  be  relieved  from  the 
expense  of  purchasing  the  books,  and  the  academy  will  be  saved  from  the 
expenses  incident  to  binding-  and  preserving  them.  I  would  further  recom- 
mend, that  in  cases  where  the  books  received  by  the  academy  duplicate 
those  received  by  the  state  library,  the  librarian  of  the  academy  be  allowed 
to  dispose  of  them  upon  the  best  terms  available.  I  would  further  recom- 
mend, that,  at  the  end  of  each  year,  all  unbound  books  and  pamphlets 
belonging  to  the  academy  be  transferred  to  the  state  librarian,  provided 
that  the  latter  agrees  to  have  them  properly  bound  and  preserved,  and  that 
they  continue  to  be  available  for  the  uses  of  the  members  of  the  academy. 

I  would  further  recommend,  that  the  academy  petition  the  board  of 
library  trustees  to  allow  the  members  and  fellows  to  withdraw,  under  such 
regulations  as  they  may  devise,  books  from  the  scientific  department  of  the 
library. 

A  memorandum  of  sales  of  proceedings  and  expenses  incurred  by  the 
librarian  will  be  found  in  the  treasurer's  report. 
Respectfully, 

H.  Foster  Bain. 

In  addition  to  the  regular  papers  read  in  full  or  by  title  and 
published  herewith,  the  academy  was  shown  a  very  full  series 
of  photographs  of  geological  formations  by  Prof.  J.  L.  Tilton. 

Prof.  F.  W.  Sardeson,  of  Minnesota  State  university,  and 
Prof.  J.  E.  Todd,  state  geologist  of  South  Dakota,  were  in 
attendance  and  participated  in  the  discussions. 

Professor  Sardeson  was  by  motion  invited  to  address  the  acad- 
emy, and  responded  by  cordially  expressing  his  pleasure  at  being 
able  to  attend  the  session,  and  appreciation  of  the  courtesies 
extended. 

Touching  upon  the  discussion  that  had  followed  the  reading 
of  papers  on  Loess  formation  he  made  the  following: 


REMARKS  ON  THE  LOESS. 


F.  W.  SARDESON,  STATE   UNIVERSITY,  MINNESOTA. 


(Abstract.) 

The  speaker  commented  on  the  common  discrepancies  in  the 
use  of  the  name  "loess,"  which  are  due  to  the  different  theories 
held  by  scientists  as  to  the  origin  of  the  geologic  formations 
called  loess.  He  denied  having  any  immediate  intention  of 
trying  to  solve  the  question  of  origin  of  the  deposits  called 
loess  in  Iowa  and  neighboring  states,  but  commended  the  prob- 
lem to  the  Iowa  geological  survey  as  the  strongest  agent  for 


12  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

the  needed  solution.  Regarding  the  name  "loess, "  however, 
the  appropriateness  of  limiting  the  name  strictly  to  deposits 
of  seolian  origin  was  urged.  Since,  in  Iowa,  the  loess  has 
been  derived  largely  or  chiefly  from  the  glacial  drift,  a  more 
exact  terminology,  distinguishing  the  "modified  drift"  from 
loess  and  other  deposits  was  believed  to  be  necessary.  Thus 
the  "till  "when  washed  and  assorted  by  water  becomes  "mod- 
ified drift."  The  resulting  gravel,  the  sands  and  tlie  clays,  are 
distinguishable  from  the  wind-driven  or  aeolian  deposits, 
although  the  latter  are  largely  derived  from  the  "modified 
drift.  "  Clays  of  the  modified  drift  can  be  distinguished  from 
seolian  deposit,  the  true  loess,  and  both  of  these  from  w^ashed 
or  "modified  "  loess.  Oxidized  loess,  loess  loam,  would  seem 
to  be  easily  distinguisable  from  the  typical  loess.  Further, 
the  relationship  between  the  till,  modified  drift  materials, 
and  the  loess  in  the  region  of  the  type  loess  deposits  of  the 
world,  i.  e  ,  in  the  Rhine  valley,  were  reviewed,  and  the  simi- 
lar relationships  which  have  been  proved  to  exist  in  Iowa  were 
recognized.  Also  the  significance  of  the  loess  loams  which 
are  usually  associated  with  each  loess  formation  was  con- 
sidered— and  finally  the  scientific  and  commercial  value  of 
these  clays  suggested  the  value  of  further  detailed  knowledge 
as  to  their  occurrence. 


THE    PRESIDENT'S   ADDRESS. 


BY   THOMAS   H.    MACBRIDE. 


Gentlemen  of  the  Academy: 

When,  a  short  time  ago,  I  was  advised  by  our  indefatigable 
secretary  that  by  virtue  of  having  been  chosen  vice-president 
of  this  body,  the  duty  of  making  the  presidential  address  fell  to 
my  share,  I  was  somewhat  disconcerted.  I  was  at  first  inclined 
to  push  my  honors  from  me  and  to  say  that  inasmuch  as  no  time 
remained  for  the  preparation  of  a  suitable  discourse,  the  presid- 
ing officer  would  simply  waive  his  prerogative  in  that  particular 
and  pass  to  the  next  order  of  business. 

On  consulting  precedent,  however,  I  discovered,  what  I  must 
have  forgotten,  that  the  annual  address  is  often  happily 
employed  in  the  simple  enumeration  of  the  scientific  achieve- 
ments of  the  passing  year,  and  in  suggesting  lines  of  future 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES.  13 

activity.  Inasmuch  as  such  a  plan  affords  the  speaker  oppor- 
tunity to  say  pleasant  things  about  his  colleagues  as  well  as  to 
give  free  expression  to  some  of  his  own  peculiar  notions  which 
might  not  otherwise  find,  audience  at  all,  I  have  concluded  to 
improve  my  opportunity  and  to  implore  your  patience  while  for  a 
little  space  I  attempt  to  follow  the  example  of  my  honored 
predecessors.  I  claim  no  novelty  in  what  I  have  to  say;  I 
announce  no  discovery;  I  would  simply  (1)  congratulate  my 
colleagues  on  present  prospects  and  (2)  call  attention  to  some 
matters  which  have  for  a  long  time  profoundly  impressed 
themselves  upon  my  mind. 

Since  our  last  meeting  activity  in  the  scientific  world  at 
large  has  nowhere  for  a  moment  ceased.  Physicists  and  biol- 
ogists still  vie  with  each  other  in  the  far-reaching  rauge 
of  their  researches  if  not  in  the  brilliancy  of  reported  discovery. 
Since  January  1,  1897,  in  the  world  of  physics  and  chemistry 
so  much  has  been  accomplished  in  the  way  of  applied  science 
that  even  attempt  to  enumerate  would  be  futile  here.  One  writer 
declares  the  past  year,  in  this  particular,  the  most  marked  of 
the  last  quarter  of  the  century.  The  applications  of  electricity 
to  all  sorts  of  analyses,  especially  qualitative,  to  the  separation 
of  minerals,  reduction  of  valuable  ores  and  similar  problems 
will  constitute  the  theme  of  by  no  means  the  least  interesting 
chapter  in  the  history  of  the  century's  scientific  work.  In 
pure  chemistry  the  liquefaction  of  fluorine,  in  view  of  the 
immense  technical  difliculties  which  must  be  surmounted,  is 
regarded  as  an  especially  noteworthy  triumph  of  modern  persist- 
ency, ingenuity,  and  skill.  In  the  engineering  field  the  most 
colossal  enterprises  are  no  sooner  completed  than  others  more 
gigantic,  more  stupendous  still,  are  immediately  proposed. 
Hutton's  compressed-air  locks  to  connect  Chicago  with  the  sea, 
to  lift  an  Atlantic  steamer  over  Niagara  Palls,  may  be  named 
as  illustration. 

In  biologic  science  it  is  difficult  to  pick  out  the  achievement 
of  any  defined  period.  All  work  is  continuous.  That  of  to-day 
includes  that  of  yesterday,  and  forecasts  what  shall  be  told 
to-morrow.  The  final  disposal  of  the  oriental  plague,  its  com- 
plete control,  is  the  latest  achievement  in  bacteriology.  In 
general  botany  I  esteem  the  discovery  of  motile  nuclei,  anther- 
ozoids  in  the  sexual  apparatus  of  Gingkoand  other  similar  forms 
the  most  interesting  botanical  revelation  of  recent  days;  bind- 
ing as  it  does,  still  more  closely  the  gymnosperms  with  the 


14  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

vascular  cryptogams  and  bringing  into  view  more  vividly  than 
ever  the  marvellous  continuity  of  the  present  and  the  past. 

The  geologists  continue  to  interest  the  world  in  mountain- 
building  on  the  one  hand,  and  plain-building  on  the  other;  and 
drift  sheetS'f urnish  this  year,  as  last,  the  staple  topic  of  discus- 
sion in  all  learned  societies.  And  here  again,  the  progress  of 
science  is  marked,  not  so  much  by  any  special  discovery,  as  by 
the  continued  accumulation  of  data,  the  gathering  of  new  facts 
which  bring  into  clearer  and  yet  more  vivid  light  the  surpris- 
ing alternations  of  climate  and  surface-level  which  have  marked 
the  recent  history  of  the  earth.  Paleontology  is  for  the  present 
laid  aside.  Even  Dubois'  Pithecanthropus  from  Java  has  failed 
to  excite  much  interest,  chiefly  because  that  ancient  ancestor 
of  earth's  noblemen  was  less  careful  than  he  should  have  been 
in  reference  to  the  final  disposition  of  his  bones,  and  has  left 
us,  his  far-off  children,  quite  uncertain  as  to  the  particular  ter- 
rene or  horizon  in  which  so  long  ago  he  laid  him  down  to  sleep 
with  the  patriarchs  of  the  infant  world.  In  geology,  as  in  biol- 
ogy, the  progress  of  science  is  continuous.  The  problems  of 
earth-knowledge  Erd-Tcunde  are  so  vast  that  single  years  avail 
us  not;  decades  and  half -centuries  are  insufficient  even  to  set 
such  problems  forth,  to  give  adequate  horizon,  perspective;  or 
even  to  accustom  us,  who  are  but  sons  of  time,  to  vistas  that 
open  into  past  infinity.  In  fact  the  general  progress  of  the 
science  of  the  world  seems  to  me  to-day  to  lie  in  that  quiet  con- 
fidence with  which  the  men  of  science  approach  their  work,  and 
the  perfect  equanimity  with  which  on  all  sides  truth  receives 
a  welcome  hearing. 

Turn  we  now  to  our  own  liltle  corner  of  the  planet,  given 
over  by  fate  for  tillage  to  members  of  this  academy,  we  may 
find  gratifying  evidence  of  progressive  research,  notwithstand- 
ing the  fact  that  we  are  perhaps  all  employed  during  most  of 
the  year  in  other  and  routine  work.  In  natural  history  the 
year  has  brought  forth  much  of  permanent  value  in  the  way  of 
original  investigation  and  report. 

Aside  from  papers  published  in  the  proceedings  of  our  last 
meeting,  I  may  mention  here  Mr.  Fink's  papers  on  the  Minne- 
sota lichens,  Mr.  Pammel's  on  the  grasses  and  forage  plants  of 
Iowa,  Nebraska  and  Colorado;  Mr.  Shimek's  account  of  the 
ferns  of  Nicaragua.  Mr.  Nutting  has  in  press  a  monograph  of 
the  hydroids  of  the  Atlantic  coast  and  Mr.  Osborn's  work  on 
"Insects  Affecting  Domestic  Animals"  has  this  year  appeared  in 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  15 

a  second  edition;  from  the  geological  survey,  we  have  two  hand- 
some volumes,  replete  with  matters  pertaining  to  the  economic 
interest  of  our  state,  and  almost  every  article  bears  the  name 
of  some  member  of  this  academy.  These  are  simply  a  few  of 
the  publications  which  have  come  to  my  notice,  but  are  suffi- 
cient to  show  the  variety  and  high  grade  of  scientific  work 
undertaken  in  and  for  the  state  of  Iowa  by  members  of  this 
body.  It  will  be  noticed  that  in  many  cases  the  work  which  I 
have  described  is  in  the  line  of  practical  utility. 

This  is  true,  of  course,  of  most  of  the  articles  in  the  reports 
of  the  state  geological  survey  and  of  many  others.  The  litness 
of  this  is  unquestioned.  Science  is  nothing  if  not  beneficent. 
Her  object  is,  and  ever  has  been,  the  discovery  and  promulga- 
tion of  natural  truth,  and  the  knowledge  of  truth  is  always 
practical.  Not  less  valuable,  therefore,  even  from  a  practical 
standpoint,  are  those  researches  which  may  seem  to-day  to 
have  no  direct  bearing  on  man's  physical  well  being.  Theory 
in  science,  as  elsewhere,  often  precedes  practice,  and  pure  sci- 
ence lays  evermore  the  foundations  for  invention.  Faraday  did 
not  invent  the  telephone,  nor  did  Helmholz  or  Tyndall;  these 
men  simply  studied  energy,  electricity,  forms  or  modes  of 
motion,  and  in  due  time  sound  and  light  were  flashed  about 
the  world.  Lieutenant  Maury  wrote  the  Geography  of  the  Sea, 
a  guide-book  to  the  ocean;  a  thousand  unknown  mariners  who 
individually  toiled  for  the  sake  of  pure  knowledge  brought  him 
his  data.  Pure  science  studies  the  properties  of  light,  i3ractical 
science  grinds  lenses  to  formulsB,  builds  the  telescope  for 
astronomy,  the  microscope  for  the  investigation  of  the  world  of 
life.  Practical  science  investigates  the  wine  industry  of  Prance; 
bacteriology  results,  a  pure  science,  yet  practical  in  everything 
that  touches  human  weal.  And  so  although  I  may  seem  to-night 
to  commend  especially  those  scientific  labors  which  bear  imme- 
diate fruit,  I  would  not  for  a  moment  discourage  other  investi- 
gations which  tend  to  no  direct  outcome  of  the  visible,  prac- 
tical sort,  but  which  find  their  justification  on  the  yet  higher 
plane  where  they  offer  satisfaction  to  the  inquiries  of  genius 
and  solace  to  the  lonely  spirit  of  enlightened  man. 

But,  however  this  may  all  be,  there  are  some  other  con- 
siderations to  be  here  noted  which  seem  rather  to  place  us  as 
members  of  the  academy  under  obligations,  especially  at  the 
present  time,  to  the  accomj^lishment  of  work  of  a  practical 
every-day  sort.      In  the  first  place  we  have,   upon  our  own 


16  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

motion,  entered  upon  certain  relations  with  the  state,  by  which 
our  proceedings  are  published  annually  at  public  cost.  This 
puts  us  so  far  under  obligation.  We  must  render  quid  pro  quo. 
Our  publications  should  be  such,  at  least  in  part,  as  should  be 
of  immediate  use  to  our  fellow  men,  to  the  citizens  of  this  state. 
This  may  not  seem  an  ideal  situation  for  a  learned  academy, 
but  it  is,  nevertheless,  the  situation. 

In  the  second  place,  by  the  conditions  under  which  we  live, 
by  our  history,  the  circumstances  of  our  social  and  political 
life,  we  are  to-day  as  men  professing  scientific  education,  laid 
under  special  obligations.  We  are  not  members  of  an  ancient 
community  where  generations  have  painfully  toiled  and  by 
natural  methods  wrought  out  rules  and  customs  under  which 
the  conduct  of  life  is  on  the  whole  fortunate.  Our  destiny  calls 
us  rather  to  act  at  a  most  critical  time,  to  be  so  far  guides,  to  a 
people  for  whom  everything  is  new,  all  conditions,  especially 
physical  conditions,  unknown,  untried;  man's  relation  to  the 
world  and  the  relation  of  the  world  to  the  happiness  of  civil- 
ized man  yet  unascertained.  Under  these  circumstances  mem- 
bers of  the  Iowa  Academy  of  Sciences  are  at  least  justifiable, 
if  not  surely  to  be  commended,  when  for  the  present  they  turn 
aside  from  the  more  ideal  pursuits  of  problems  in  pure  science 
to  the  consideration  of  those  which  make  for  our  temporal  well- 
being  as  a  people.  If  we  see  our  fellow  citizens  following  in 
any  direction  courses  of  conduct  which  our  superior  knowl- 
edge, no  matter  how  acquired,  leads  us  to  believe  disastrous  in 
outcome,  it  is  surely  our  duty  as  sons  of  knowledge  to  lift  up 
our  voices  in  warning  protest,  if  we  are  not  to  be  held  acces- 
sories before  the  fact  by  those  who  in  future  shall  judge  this 
generation.  In  other  words,  the  academy  just  at  this  junc- 
tion of  the  state's  history  ought  to  be  in  some  way  a  mis- 
sionary organization  for  the  spread  of  such  principles  of  natural 
truth  as  affect  the  welfare  of  this  particular  part  of  the  conti- 
nent. 

To  illustrate.  Aside  from  the  mere  matter  of  solar  heat  the 
most  important  factor  to  our  existence  is  the  supply  of  water. 
I  am  of  tbe  opinion  that  the  important  problem  before  the  people 
of  Iowa  to-day  is  the  maintenance  over  its  broad  prairies  of  an 
equable  supply  of  moisture. 

Could  our  science  by  any  plan  devised  guarantee  this  we 
should  deserve,  if  we  did  not  receive,  the  grateful  homage  of 
all  the  future.     The  report  by  Mr.  Norton  is  but  a  beginning 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  17 

in  this  direction.  Doubtless  no  one  more  than  the  author  of 
that  valuable  paper  recognizes  the  truthfulness  of  this'state- 
ment.  To  know  the  truth  in  regard  to  deep  wells,  the  extent 
of  aquiferous  beds,  their  sources  of  supply,  their  probable  con- 
tent, and  the  depth  at  which  they  must  severally  be  sought  is 
information  of  the  most  desirable  and  j^ractical  sort.  But 
what  of  our  supply  of  ground  water?  What  of  those  superficial 
couches  which  give  us  the  prairie  spring,  the  long  winding  creek, 
our  creeping  rivers?  In  this  direction  lies  a  peril  I  believe  for 
the  state  of  Iowa  to-day.  There  is  in  my  opinion  no  question 
as  to  the  facts  in  the  problem.  Everyone  familiar  with  the 
case  will,  I  believe,  assent  that  the  state  as  a  whole,  is  much 
drier  than  it  was  forty  or  fifty  years  ago.  It  was  at  one  time 
in  all  eastern  Iowa,  the  common  practice  for  each  man  to  dig 
a  well,  for  house  or  field,  almost  where  he  chose.  A  few  feet 
below  the  surface,  water  was  abundant.  There  is  no  such 
water  supply  now.  Sloughs  abounded  from  whose  miry  ooze 
the  water  seeped  all  summer  long,  and  running  water  was  found 
on  every  farm.  There  is  no  running  water  now;  not  because 
of  dry  seasons,  but  because  of  drainage.  The  insidious  tiles 
exhaust  the  bed  of  the  slough,  and  highway  ditches  on  every 
square  mile  prevent  all  accumulation  of  surface  water.  Local 
rainfall  is  immediately  carried  away  and  has  no  time  to  soak 
down  and  fill  subjacent  porous  layers.  The  soil  has  become 
dry,  and  for  water  supply  the  citizen  must  rely  upon  beds  far 
down  below,  beneath  one  or  more  sheets,  of  drift.  This  is  one 
side  of  the  question.  Resultant  from  it,  in  part,  appears 
another  phenomenon,  viz:  the  failure  of  our  streams.  The 
creeks  unfed,  dried  many  of  them  long  ago,  except  as  flushed, 
sewer-wise,  by  the  rush  of  surface  storm-water,  and  the  rivers 
are  manifestly  diminishing  year  by  year.  The  sands  and  clays 
from  ploughed  hillsides  are  choking  their  channels,  sealing 
their  slender  fountains.  The  stripping  of  woods  and  forest 
from  river  and  hillside,  from  the  rocky  banks  has  all  tended  in 
the  same  direction.  The  water-courses  unshaded  dry  up  in  the 
summer  sun.  It  is  a  fact  often  observed  that  trees  by  the  high- 
way keep  the  road  muddy  long  after  a  rain.  To  the  same  eif  ect 
operate  groves  and  thickets  along  our  streams.  The  Platte 
river  goes  dry  in  summer;  and  yet  the  Platte  river  is  fed  by 
eternal  snows.  Shall  the  Des  Moines,  the  Cedar  or  the  Iowa, 
dependent  on  rainfall  fare  better  than  the  Platte  when  their 
channels  are  filled  with  sand  and  all  protection  of  forest  and 

3       [la.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  v.]  LApril  33, 1898.] 


18  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

woodland  have  been  stripped  completely  from  their  sides?  As 
civilized  men  we  have  overthrown  in  all  ways  in  flora,  in  fauna, 
in  surface-conditions  an  equilibrium  which  nature  after  number- 
less oscillations  had  established  and  it  remains  for  us  as  a  people 
to  reach  quickly  a  similar  pacific  state  under  new  conditions 
with  different  species,  different  forms. 

But  it  is  said  time  will  solve  these  problems;  implying,  of 
course,  that  time  will  solve  them  happilyand  right.  But  time, 
like  experience,  keeps  a  dear  school,  and  the  proverb  does  not 
commend  the  mental  acumen  of  those  who  wait  for  such 
instruction.  Besides,  as  just  said,  time  has  already  solved  the 
problem,  and  in  that  solution  there  is  absolutely  naught  of  hope. 

Iowa  is  not  a  tropical  island,  bathed  by  ocean  dews  and 
washed  by  diurnal  rains,  where  superfluous  vegetal  wealth  for- 
bids labor  and  denies  the  possibility  of  want;  on  the  other 
hand,  our  prairies,  although  of  matchless  fertility,  lie  just  on 
the  limit  of  the  region  of  inadequate  rainfall.  We  have  had, 
hitherto,  just  enough  humidity  and  no  more.  Minnesota  and 
Wisconsin  are  nearer  the  lakes,  and  Missouri,  nearer  the  gulf; 
west  of  us  are  the  semi-arid  regions,  once  ominously  called  the 
American  desert,  whose  hot  breath  even  now  occasionally 
invades  our  western  and  central  counties. 

I  am  aware  that  the  competent  director  of  our  Iowa  weather 
service  takes  the  view  that  the  climate  of  Iowa  is  a  constant; 
that  the  rainfall  is  probably  also  constant,  taken  one  year  with 
another  over  long  periods  of  time.  This  we  may  admit  as  true 
with  the  probable  exception  that  our  data,  if  sufficiently 
extended  backward,  might  show  a  gradual,  though  very  slight, 
decrease  for  all  the  western  Mississippi  valley.  The  average 
rainfall  of  the  past  eight  years  has  been  for  Iowa  as  follows: 

INCHES. 

1890 31.12 

1891 3.3.13 

1892 35.74 

1893 27.31 

1894 21.95 

1895 26.63 

1896 37.45 

1897  (11  months) 24.98 

We  pass  through  seasons  dry  and  wet;  as  Mr.  Sage  expresses 
it  we  have  our  "ups  and  downs";  but  is  it  not  plain  that  it  is 
nof  so  much  the  volume  of  rainfall  in  this  part  of  the  world  as 
the  amount  of  it,  that  in  our  processes  of  agriculture  and  else- 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES..  19 

where,  we  are  enabled  to  use  that  must  be  considered.  All  that 
may  be  said  in  reference  to  constancy  of  our  climate  and  the 
average  uniformity  of  our  rainfall  may  be  granted,  and  yet  I 
believe  that  the  problem  I  have  broached  is  a  real  one,  a  very 
real  one,  worthy  the  consideration  of  this  body  and  demanding 
now  the  most  serious  attention  at  the  hands  of  this  whole 
people.  The  rainfall  may  be  absolutely  constant,  or  subject 
only  to  variations  such  as  are  continental,  planetary  if  you  please 
in  origin,  and  yet  the  amount  of  moisture  available  for  use  in  any 
particular  locality  for  any  given  time  may  depend  on  causes  ivJiich 
may  be  traced  wholly  or  in  great  part  to  human  agencies. 

Such  cases  are,  therefore,  under  our  control.  As  I  have 
already  remarked,  our  methods  of  agriculture  affect  in  pro- 
foundest  fashion  the  recipient  and  retentive  characters  of  the 
ground. 

Permit  me  to  carry  my  argument  a  little  further.  Our 
streams  are  threatened  because  we  have  cut  off  their  sources 
of  perennial  supply.  Omnipresent  drainage  and  tillage  has 
affected,  is  affecting,  more  and  more  their  constancy. 

The  question  of  general  humidity  interests  primarily  the 
farmer,  and  the  farmer  is  mainly  responsible  for  present  condi- 
tions and  tendencies;  but,  the  existence  of  our  rivers  affects 
those  of  the  city  perhaps  even  more  than  those  of  the  field. 
Along  the  Iowa  river  for  instance  are  Eldora,  Iowa  Falls,  Mar- 
shalltown,  Iowa  City,  and  other  towns  of  only  less  importance, 
all  dependent  upon  the  river  for  their  water  supply.  The  Iowa 
river  rises  in  Hancock  county.  Until  within  a  few  years 
that  county  contained  thousands  of  acres  of  marsh  land,  peat- 
bogs, lakes,  among  which  Eagle  lake  was  large  enough  to 
receive  a  name.  What  is  the  situation  now?  The  mar.shes  of 
Hancock  comity  have  been  drained,  the  peat-beds  support  har- 
vests of  grain,  and  Eagle  lake  has  given  place  to  corn  fields  over 
which  passes,  autumn  and  springtime  alike,  the  farmer's  tri- 
umphant plow.  The  history  of  smaller  tributaries  to  the  river  is 
precisely  the  same,  all  the  way  until  it  receives  the  Cedar  and 
fi.nally  jjours  a  diminished  flood  into  the  Mississippi.  The  same 
thing  is  true  of  the  Skunk  river,  the  Coon,  the  Des  Moines; 
and  yet  cities  not  a  few  are  dependent  more  or  less  entirely  on 
these  streams  for  water.  This  is  aside  from  all  interests  the 
farmers  have  in  the  streams,  interest  practical  or  theoretical. 
It  may  be  said  that  the  cities  have  resources;  they  may  sink 
artesian  wells.     But  we  have  yet  to  prove  that  this  is  practic- 


20  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

able.  In  fact  it  has  been  tried  in  some  places  and  found  imprac- 
ticable. But,  wells  or  not,  wet  seasons  or  dry  seasons,  rain- 
fall or  no  rainfall,  Iowa  cannot  afford  to  become  at  any  time 
absolutely  desiccated  if  in  any  way  such  catastrophe  can  be 
averted. 

But,  you  say,  how  is  this  matter  to  be  remedied?  Can  we 
turn  back  the  index  on  the  dial-plate  of  time"?  No;  it  is  not  to 
be  expected  that  original  conditions  can  ever  be  restored.  It 
is  not  even  desirable  to  bring  them  back  at  all.  Public  interest, 
public  sanitation  would  doubtless  demand  that  the  bogs  be 
drained.  Besides,  some  system  of  ponds  or  artificial  lakes 
may  probably  be  some  day  established,  whose  overflow  may 
avail  somewhat  to  replace  the  lost  surface  reservoirs  which 
our  agriculture  has  destroyed.  More  than  this,  if  when  we 
consider  the  fate  of  our  streams  we  take  into  account  at  once 
the  woodland  and  the  prairie,  there  has  been  since  the  settle- 
ment of  Iowa  gain  as  well  as  loss.  We  have  lost  on  the  prairie, 
and  aside  from  recent  destructive  tendencies  have  gained  in  the 
wooded  areas.  The  second-growth  thicket  is  a  much  better 
retainer  of  moisture  than  were  the  primeval  woods.  These 
were  in  great  measure  open;  they  were  fire-swept  nearly  every 
year,  and  the  stratum  of  leaves,  mosses,  and  humbler  plants 
which  in  true  forest  conditions  lie  like  a  sponge  over  the  whole 
surface,  was  entirely  wanting. 

Our  new  forest  has  been  until  recently,  actually  much  more 
extensive,  much  more  dense,  much  richer  in  leaf -mould  and  in 
every  way  fitter  for  the  true  work  of  a  forest  in  the  direction 
of  determining  the  volume  of  local  moisture.  We  have  but  to 
emphasize  this  advantage  to  equalize  at  least  in  some  degree 
our  manifest  losses. 

My  argument  then  comes  simply  to  this:  I  contend  that  the 
narrow  measure  of  Iowa's  woodland  should  as  such  be  relig- 
iously preserved  and  in  a  thousand  places  extended.  Every 
rocky  bank,  every  steep  hillside,  every  overhanging  bluff ,  every 
sandhill,  every  clay-covered  ridge,  every  rainwashed  gully 
should  be  kept  sacredly  covered  with  trees;  every  gorge,  sink- 
hole, should  be  shaded,  every  spring  be  protected,  every 
streamlet  and  every  stream  and  lake  bordered  and  over- 
shadowed. In  short  every  foot  of  untillable  land,  and  even  a 
little  more  along  creek  and  river-margins,  should  be  clothed 
with  woods,  should  be  woodland,  land  not  devoted  to  pasturage 
at  all,  but  land  devoted  to  woods  for  the  conservation, as  far  as 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  21 

may  be,  of  the  state's  supply  of  surf  ace  moisture.  By  the  voice 
of  all  authority,  by  the  teaching  of  all  experience,  by  every 
presumption  of  science  such  treatment  of  Iowa  lands  and  such 
only  is  rational,  wise,  and  hope-inspiring  for  the  future. 

But  now  the  edict  has  gone  forth  that  the  woodland  must  be 
cleared;  every  forest  must  be  hewn  down  We  are  told  over 
and  over  again  that  Iowa  has  less  waste  land  than  any  state  in 
the  Union,  that  she  has  hardly  an  acre  that  may  not  pass  under 
the  plow;  and  in  our  effort  to  make  good  our  boast  we  are  in 
danger  of  committing  irretrievable  damage  upon  what  was 
indeed  the  most  magnificent  heritage  of  this  whole  Mississippi 
valley. 

I  have  left  out  of  view  in  this  argument  entirely  the  aesthetic 
side  of  this  question,  the  necessity  of  streams  and  lakes  and 
woodlands  to  the  aesthetic  side  of  human  nature.  The  absolute 
need  of  the  milder  healing  influences  of  natural  beauty  to  our 
eager,  anxious,  overworked,  care-burdened, gain-seeking  people 
I  have  elsewhere  found  occasion  to  discuss.  Nor  have  I  touched 
at  all  the  sentimental  side  of  the  problem.  I  have  said  nothing 
of  Iowa  as  a  home,  as  a  land  suitable  in  which  to  rear  genera- 
tion after  generation  of  wise  and  happy  children  who  shall 
grow  up  to  love  the  place  of  their  nativity  and  nurture;  I  argue 
now  only  for  Iowa  as  a  field,  a  great  field  enclosed  by  wires 
from  which  may  still  be  forwarded  train-load  after  train-load 
of  corn  and  beef.  The  drainage  of  our  prairies,  the  destruc- 
tion of  what  little  woods  we  have,  these  two  things  do,  in  my 
judgment  threaten  our  wealth,  threaten  our  hope  of  gain,  and 
therefore  ought  to  command  the  attention  of  our  people  to  any 
reasonable  discussion  of  the  question  and  to  commend  any  effort 
made  to  attain  a  definite  knowledge  of  the  truth. 

But  no  sermon  is  complete  without  the  application,  and  the 
question  now  rises  what  can  the  academy  do  in  these  premises? 
We  can  in  the  first  jjlace  investigate.  Scattered  as  we  are  over  the 
broad  domain  of  the  state  we  can,  as  we  prosecute  other  lines 
of  inquiry,  likewise  observe  the  facts  that  bear  upon  the  prob- 
lem here  presented.  Perhaps  the  geological  survey  has  already 
such  a  line  of  investigation  well  in  mind.  It  would  surely  very 
properly  supplement  the  discussion  of  artesian  waters.  More 
than  this,  as  we  accumulate  information,  we  may  take  pains 
to  disseminate  the  same.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  this  academy 
might,  with  advantage  to  itself  and  the  public,  largely  increase 
its  membership  and  so  widen  its  influence,  and  thus  eventually 


22  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

reach  our  myriad  several  communities,  the  ultimate  sources  of 
power. 

Possibly  the  legislature  might  be  induced  to  hasten  such 
investigation  as  the  situation  would  seem  to  demand.  A  year 
or  two  since  we  petitioned  the  legislature  to  take  steps  for  the 
preservation  of  our  lakes.  I  am  not  informed  that  the  legisla- 
ture ever  considered  the  matter  at  all.  But,  however  willing 
the  legislature,  the  problem  is  too  far-reaching,  too  intricate, 
for  their  action.  What  can  the  legislature  do?  Shall  the  state 
own  the  rivers  and  their  banks  ?  This  might  avail  in  Germany 
but  is  not  once  to  be  thought  of  under  our  democratic  system. 
We  must  reach  the  communities.  The  people  interested  must 
own  the  wooded  banks  and  rocky  bluffs.  Is  it  not  to  the  inter- 
est of  the  city  of  Des  Moines  to  own  the  sources  of  the  Coon, 
the  wooded  banks  and  hills  that  protect  its  streams  in  summer? 
If  New  York  city  can  own  large  watersheds  of  the  Croton,  and 
if  the  state  of  New  York  may  sustain  the  Hudson  valley  by  the 
magnificent  Adirondack  forest  reserve:  if  the  city  of  Boston 
may  absolutely  govern  in  all  problems  topographic,  all  the 
surrounding  country,  shall  not  the  towns  of  Iowa  find  it  to 
their  interest  also  to  protect  by  every  means  our  meagre 
streams  and  scanty  woodlands?  Nay,  may  not  all  the  people, 
locality  after  locality,  be  brought  to  see  the  true  condition  of 
affairs  so  clearly  that  the  people  will  themselves,  community 
with  community,  and  neighborhood  with  neighborhood,  com- 
bine to  the  accomplishing  of  a  purpose  so  beneficent,  so  abso- 
lutely essential  to  the  continued  prosperity  of  our  people? 

Some  of  us  have  seen  county  after  county  almost  across  our 
state  iDay  a  heavy  assessed  tax  for  the  construction  of  a  railway 
deemed  necessary  to  the  country's  development.  A  movement 
such  as  here  contemplated  would  be  cheap  in  comparison,  as 
regards  the  first  required  outlay,  and  would  return  dividends 
not,  as  too  often  in  the  other  case,  in  vexation,  litigation  and 
disappointment,  but  in  ever-increasing  profit,  pleasure  and 
benediction  upon  ourselves  and  our  children.  The  cost  would 
be  wholly  inconsiderable. 

The  people  would  act  to-day  if  the  situation  were  clearly 
understood.  The  question  is  whether  we  do  the  right  thing 
now  or  wait  until  the  expense  shall  be  increased  a  hundred-fold. 
The  preservation  of  springs  and  streams  and  forests  will  one 
day  be  undertaken  as  freely  as  the  building  of  fences  or  bridges 
or  barns.     When  that  day  comes,  Iowa,  once  so  fair  in  her  vir- 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  23 

ginal  beauty  of  wild-flowered  meadow  and  stream-washed 
grove,  now  so  rich  in  all  that  comes  from  tillage  and  toil,  will 
put  on  yet  an  added  splendor,  in  that  all  her  toil  and  tilth  shall 
yield  to  wisdom's  guidance;  forest  and  meadow  receive  each  in 
turn  intelligent  and  appropriate  recognition;  beauty  become  an 
object  of  universal  popular  concern,  and  once  again  across  the 
prairie  state  the  clarified  waters  of  a  hundred  streams  will 
move  in  perennial  freshness  toward  the  great  river  and  the  sea. 


THE  MYXOMYCETES  OF  THE  BLACK  HILLS. 

A    PRELIMINARY  NOTICE. 


BY   THOMAS    H.  MACBRIDE. 


The  species  listed  here  were  collected  during  the  month  of 
August,  1897,  and  represent  the  rather  hasty  gathering  of  a 
traveler  who  could  not  remain  long  enough  at  one  place  to  do 
thorough  work.  The  number  of  species  ought  to  be  extended 
to  three  times  that  here  oifered,  and  probably  will  be  ere  many 
seasons  pass. 

The  Black  Hills  exhibit  a  very  considerable  range  of  summer 
climate,  remarkable  when  we  consider  the  very  restricted  limits 
within  which  such  variation  is  displayed,  a  region  about  equal 
to  a  dozen  Iowa  counties.  The  foot-hills  and -southern  plateaus 
are  in  summer  excessively  dry,  drouth-stricken.  The  occa- 
sional showers  that  pass  seem  to  make  no  special  imiDression, 
the  water  falling  at  such  times  being  almost  immediately  evajD- 
orated.  On  the  other  hand  the  central  mountain  peaks  are 
covered  with  varied,  flourishing,  and  abundant  vegetation  all 
summer  long,  seem  to  enjoy  sufficient  rainfall  and  are  often 
enveloped  by  mists  for  days  together,  and  are  undisturbed  by 
any  hot,  dry  winds,  from  the  southern  and  eastern  plains  such  as 
constantly  sweep  and  vex  the  lower  levels.  The  temperature 
varies  much  also  in  different  localities.  At  the  lower  levels, 
1,000-2,000  feet,  the  heat  by  day  is  great,  reaching  95-98°  Fahr- 
enheit; on  the  higher  levels,  probably  owing  in  part  to  more 
abundant  moisture,  the  temperature  of  the  air  by  day  seldom 
rises  above  70'^,  and  is  often  much  below.  It  is  so  cold  in  the 
central  hills  that  corn  does  not  mature,  and  even  oats  and  bar 
ley  during  the  short  season  fail  betimes  for  the  same  reason. 


24  IOWA   ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES. 

Such  conditions  would  not  seem  specially  favorable  for 
organisms  so  sensitive  and  quickly  responsive  as  are  the  slime- 
moulds.  One  region  is  during  the  warm  season  too  dry; 
another  where  moisture  is  adequate  would  seem  too  cold. 
Nevertheless,  I  found  Myxomycetes,  in  one  stage  or  another, 
in  every  region  visited.  The  only  one  characteristic  which 
seemed  to  indicate  unfavorable  conditions  was  the  scanty  size 
of  the  fructifications,  although  there  were  exceptions  even  to 
this.  However,  on  the  whole,  my  specimens  are  poor  and 
show  nothing  like  the  beauty  and  perfection  of  the  same  spe- 
cies as  collected  in  the  woods  of  eastern  Iowa.  Further  anno- 
tation is  more  conveniently  made  in  connection  with  the  names 
of  each  particular  species. 

There  is  no  attempt  to  revise  the  nomenclature  which  here 
in  general  follows  the  usage  of  American  authors. 

1.  Bartramia  utricularis  Berkeley. 

Only  one  gathering  of  old  and  weathered  material  near  Hot 
Springs. 

2.  Physarum  cinereum  Pers. 

Abundant  on  the  buffalo  grass  (Bouteloua)  in  several  places 
near  Minnekahta.  Found  also  on  dried,  weathered  droppings 
of  cattle  and  horses  near  Long  Pine,  Neb.  This  appears 
to  be  a  ubiquitous  species.  Although  not  especially  common, 
yet  it  appears  in  all  sorts  of  places  and  is  usually  profuse  in 
fructification. 

3.  Physarum  nefroideum  Rost. 

Represented  in  this  collection  by  a  single  gathering  of  small 
scattered  stipitate  sporangia.     Collected  at  Custer. 

4.  Cra^erei^m  awrewm  (Schum.)  Rost. 

Once  collected  along  Fall  River  near  Hot  Springs.  The 
sporangia  are  immaturely  dried  up,  but  I  believe  correctly 
identified. 

5.  Tilmadoche  nutans  (Pers.)  Rost. 

A  small  colony  of  weathered  sporangia  from  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Hot  Springs. 

6.  Spumarla  alba  (Bull.)  D.  C. 

The  specimen  is  immature  and  small.  It  was  collected  as  a 
milk-white  plasmodium  and  passed  into  the  fruiting  phase  in 
the  collecting  case. 

7.  Didymium  cruf^taceum  (Fr.)  Rost. 

One  gathering,  in  fairly  good  condition.  The  species  is 
quoted  by  Lister  as  from  Poland  and  England  and  appears  to 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  25 

be  here  for  the  first  time  reported  from  this  country.  I  have, 
however,  good  specimens  from  a  single  collection  in  Iowa  made 
many  years  ago.  The  form  is  so  peculiar  that  I  do  not  believe 
it  likely  to  be  mistaken  for  anything  else.  It  must  simply  be 
put  down  as  rare. 

8.  Diderma  laciniatum  Phillips. 

Fairly  good  specimens  of  what  is  believed  to  be  this  species 
were  found  near  Custer  on  Buckhorn  Mountain.  Phillips 
gathered  his  material  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  nearly  thirty  years 
ago.  (Grev.  V,  p.  113,  t.  87,  fig.  2,)  but  so  far  as  I  know  the 
species  has  not  been  reported  since.  In  August  last  Mr.  T.  B. 
Ellis,  of  New  Jersey,  sent  to  our  laboratory  a  specimen  from 
Colorado  which  proves  to  be  the  same  thing.  The  species  is 
thus  very  interesting,  not  only  on  account  of  its  own  inherent 
beauty,  but  because  of  its  rarity  and  range.  As  is  well  known 
the  Black  Hills  constitute  a  sort  of  meeting  ground  for  the 
flora  of  almost  all  parts  of  the  country,  fiefula  occidentalis  Hook 
here  meets  Betula  papyracea  Marsh.  Pinus  ponderosa  Dougl. 
stands  side  by  side  with  Picea  canadensis  Mill,  and  Populus 
tremuloides  Mx.  overshadows  Amelanchier  alnifolia  Nutt,  and 
Aconitum  Jisheri  Reich.;  so  that  we  are  perhaps  less  surprised  to 
find  a  delicate  slime-mould  on  this  side  of  the  vast  reaches  of 
desert  that  lie  between  the  Black  Hills  and  the  California 
Sierras. 

9.  Comatricha  typhina  Pers. 

Typical,  though  small,  specimens  are  in  the  collection  from 
near  Sylvan  lake. 

10.  Comatricha  nigra  Pers. 

Very  beautiful, but  unusually  small,  specimens  of  this  species 
were  collected  on  fallen  logs  of  Cottonwood  along  the  south 
fork  of  the  Cheyenne  river.  As'in  other  cases  the  colony  was 
small. 

11.  Stemonitis  smitJiii   Macb. 

Well  defined  specimens  of  this  minute  species  occur  on  fallen 
pine  logs  near  Hot  Springs  and  Cascade.  Lister  applies  this 
name  to  all  our  North  American  forms  having  ferruginous 
spores.  But  these  forms  certainly  show  a  diversity  too  great 
to  admit  of  their  being  thus  associated.  As  here  employed  the 
specific  name  is  restricted  to  small  forms  of  scattered  habit  and 
very  minute  .002-004  mm  smooth  spores.  This  is  rare  in  the 
western  Mississippi  valley. 

12.  Stemonitis  microspora  Lister. 


26  IOWA    ACADExMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

This  name  is  applied  provisionally  to  the  form  heretofore 
commonly  distributed  and  recognized  throughout  the  United 
States  as  S  ferruginea  Ehr.  The  European  type,  if  one  may 
judge  from  the  reports  of  authorities  and  from  scant  material 
in  herbaria  of  this  country,  is  plainly  different  from  ours  and 
the  specific  name  suggested  by  Lister  may  be  for  the  present 
adopted. 

13.  Stemonitis  fiisca  Roth. 

Not  common.  One  colony  especially  noteworthy  has  the 
sporangia  short,  and  the  spores,  while  of  the  usual  size  and 
color  yet  marked  by  unusual  episporic  characters,  unlike  any 
observed  in  specimens  from  the  eastern  United  States.  *S'.  fusca 
is  here  adopted  to  supplant  both  S.  fusca  and  S.  maxima,  as  the 
separafron  seems  impracticable. 

14.  Stemonitis  webberi  Rex. 

Typical  and  not  rare.  On  Arnold's  peak,  near  Hot  Springs, 
but  not  in  the  central  hills.  The  species  seems  to  belong  to 
the  plains  proper,  and  is  probably  an  adaptation  to  a  climate 
drier  than  that  of  Harney  or  Sylvan  lake. 

15.  Licea  variabilis  Schrad. 

Fine  specimens  were  collected  near  Harney's  peak. 

16.  Tubulina  cespitosa  Peck. 

Common  in  the  central  hills.  One  fructification  4-6  inches 
wide  stretched  along  the  surface  of  a  log  for  the  distance  of 
many  feet. 

17.  Eutoi'idium  rozeanum  (Rost.)  Wing. 

One  specimen  (  nly  discovered.  The  Plasmodium  is  at  first 
milk-white,  then  pink;  later  the  fruit  becomes  umber -brown  as 
the  spores  mature. 

18.  Cribraria  aurantiaca  Schrad. 

Specimens  poor,  but  plainly  referable  to  this  species. 

19.  Cribraria  pyriformis  Schrad. 

Material  poor.  Reference  provisional,  though  probably 
correct. 

20.  Cribraria  minutissi)na  Schweinitz. 

In  the  crevices  of  a  weathered  pine  log  near  Custer  were 
found  beautiful  specimens  of  this  species.  Schweinitz  reported 
it  common  in  Pennsylvania  and  Carolina  in  his  day.  Speci- 
mens from  Iowa  and  from  Missouri  are  in  the  university  (Iowa) 
herbarium.  Its  minuteness  withdraws  it  from  general  recog- 
nition so  that  it  escapes  collection,  though  probably  widely 
distributed. 


IOWA   ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES.  27 

21.  Dictydium  cancelJatum  (Batscli). 

This  is  rare  in  the  hills,  though  so  common  everywhere  else. 
The  specimens  taken  are  unusually  small.  The  stipe  is  short 
and  unmarked  above,  although  exhibiting  the  characteristic 
twist.  This  is  D.  cernuum  (Pers.)  Noes,  as  usually  written, 
but  Batsch  surely  recognized  and  figured  the  species,  Elenchus 
II,  137,  PL  xlii,  Fig.  232,  and  there  seems  no  reason  why  the 
specific  name  he  used  should  not  pass  current. 

22.  Perlchoina  corticalis  (Batsch)  R6st. 

Rare,  but  in  typical  condition,  and  on  the  usual  habitat,  bark 
of  fallen  stems  of   Ubiius  americana. 

23.  Trichia  fallaxY*eT&. 

Typical  in  form  and  capillitium.  Very  dark  color^,  both 
within  and  without. 

24.  Trichia  inconspicua  Rost. 

Typical.  Occurring  as  in  Iowa  on  bark  of  fallen  stems  of 
Populus  tremuloides. 

25.  Hemia7'cyria  varneyi  Rex. 

Typical.  Much  resembles  Hemiarcyria  clavata  (Pers.)  Rost,, 
bnt  has  more  slender  threads,  smoother  and  with  abundant  free 
tips. 

26.  Hemiarcyria  clavata  (Pers.)  Rost. 

Rare.  Probably  sought  too  early.  Doubtless  as  common 
in  the  fall  in  the  central  hills  as  in  other  parts  of  the  western 
states. 

27.  Arcyria  incarnata  Pers. 

Rare.  Collected  only  once,  in  a  very  light,  delicate  form, 
near  Hot  Springs. 

28.  Arcyria  nutans  (Bull.)  Grev. 

Pound  in  small  colonies  on  fallen  willow  stems,  near  Custer. 
Typical. 

29.  Arcyria  pomiformis  Rost. 

This  is  an  exceedingly  delicate  form.  The  peridium  is  wholly 
evanescent,  the  stipe  very  short,  the  threads  regularly  marked 
by  the  transverse  plates  or  ridges  characteristic  of  the  genus. 
The  spores  are  entirely  smooth,  about  .008  mm. 

30.  Lachnoboliis  incarnatus  (A.  &  S.)  Schroeter. 

Typical  specimens  were  collected  on  the  bark  of  fallen  P. 
tremuloids,  near  Harney's  peak. 

21.     Lycogaha  epidendrum    (Buxb.)  Fr. 

Rare.     Only  a  single  specimen  observed  near  Custer. 


28  IOWA   ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES. 


THE  FLORA  OF    THE    SIOUX  QUARTZITE  IN  IOWA. 


BY   B.    SHIMEK. 


II. 


A  further  study  of  the  flora  of  this  restricted  exposure  dur- 
ing the  third  and  fourth  weeks  of  last  June  offered  certain  sug- 
gestions upon  geographical  distribution  which  are  here  briefly 
presented. 

In  addition  to  the  area  described  in  the  first  paper  on  this 
flora  (1.  c.  p.  72j  a  second  exposure  was  examined.  This  lies 
near  the  Big  Sioux  river,  nearly  two  miles  west  of  the  first 
exposure,  and  extends  quite  to  the  state  line.  It  resembles  the 
first  exposure,  but  its  surface  is  more  broken,  and  also  much 
greater  in  area.  Near  the  central  part  there  is  a  deep  depres- 
sion, occupied  in  part  by  a  large  pond.  This  exposure  is  like- 
wise chiefly  horizontal,  but  around  the  central  depression,  and 
also  on  the  sides  nearest  the  Big  Sioux  river,  vertical  sections 
are  prominent,  those  at  the  latter  point  being  fifteen  to  twenty 
feet  high.  Near  their  base  there  is  an  accumulation  of  soil 
which  gradually  runs  out  into  the  narrow  alluvial  valley  of  the 
Big  Sioux  river. 

At  the  base  of  the  lower  ledges  in  the  first  exposure  similar 
richer  soil  is  found  bordering  small  pools,  which  are  connected 
only  during  flood  periods. 

Upon  this  soil  at  both  points,  but  chiefly  at  the  former,  was 
found  a  flora  similar  (in  so  far  as  it  is  developed)  to  the  flora  of 
the  more  easterly  j)ortions  of  the  state,  and  to  the  floras  of  our 
river  courses.  The  species,  which  are  enumerated  in  Table  I, 
are  all  common  and  well  known  eastward. 

Within  a  few  feet,  upon  the  exposed  or  scantily  covered 
rock,  were  abundant  specimens  of  the  plants,  which  in  that 
region  at  least,  are  peculiar  to  the  rock  exposures.     In  addition 

*The  first  paper  on  this  flora  appeared  in  the  Proc.  la.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.5S,  pp.  72-77. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  29 

to  those  already  listed  as  characteristic  of  the  rock  exposures 
{I.  c  p.  73)  there  were  added  the  following  species: 

Schedonnardus  texanus  Steud.     Common. 

PotenWla  pennsylvanica  var   strigosa  Lehm.     Not  common. 

Gilia  linearis  Gray.     Common. 

Euphorbia  obtusata  Pursh.     Rather  common. 

The  lichens  enumerated  on  pp.  74-5  (1.  c.)  should  also  be 
transferred  to  this  list,  as  all  of  the  species  were  collected  in 
much  greater  numbers  upon  the  most  exposed  portions  of  the 
outcrops,  and  as  comparatively  few  specimens  are  found  upon 
the  straggling  bowlders  over  the  surrounding  prairie,  they  are 
rather  characteristic  of  the  rock  exposures.  Upon  the  more 
pronounced  soil  which  runs  in  and  out  among  the  exposures  of 
rock  from  the  adjacent  prairie,  is  a  still  different  flora  made  up 
of  species  which  are  peculiar  to  dry  prairies,  or  which  from 
their  ready  adaptability  to  circumstances  are  often  found  upon 
them  The  species  which  have  not  already  been  listed  (Z.  c.  pp. 
74-5)  are  enumerated  in  Table  II. 

Surrounding  the  pond  and  pools,  or  growing  in  them,  were 
representatives  of  still  another  flora  consisting  of  aquatic  and 
marsh  species,  most  of  which  are  common  eastward.  The 
additional  species  of  this  group  are  reported  in  Table  III.  The 
first  and  fourth  groups  represent  an  eastern  flora,  and  the  sec- 
ond and  third  groups  a  flora  more  nearly  western  in  its  rela- 
tionship {I.  c.  p.  76). 

We  have  here,  then,  four  distinct  floras  meeting  upon  a  very 
restricted  area.  The  lines  between  them  are  sharply  drawn 
(excepting  perhaps  that  between  the  second  and  third  groups), 
and  the  collector  need  but  take  two  or  three  steps  to  pass  from 
the  aquatic  and  alluvial  flora  of  the  east  to  that  of  the  dry 
plains  of  the  west. 

A  general  comparison  of  the  plants  and  of  the  conditions 
existing  in  June  and  August*  brought  out  the  tact  that  the  pre- 
vailing plants  of  the  region  which  belong  to  the  eastern  flora 
flowered  and  matured  earlier  in  the  season  while  the  influence 
of  the  spring  rains  was  still  abundantly  felt,  while  those  which 
are  more  characteristic  of  dry  grounds  reached  their  develop- 
ment {i  e.,  flowered  and  fruited)  later  in  the  season  after  the 
drier  summer  period  had  fairly  set  in. 

All  this,  of  course,  emphasizes  the  well-known  fact  that 
most  plants  are  more  or  less  restricted  in  their  choice  of  hab- 

*The  plants  discussed  in  '  be  first  paper  were  collected  in  August. 


30  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

itat,  and  that  while  their  seed  may  be  scattered  broadcast,  only 
that  will  grow  and  blossom  and  bring  forth  fruit  which  falls 
within  those  conditions  which  render  its  existence  possible. 
It  is  not  probable  that  widely  separated  regions  owe  the  simi- 
larity of  their  floras  wholly  to  the  accidental  dropping  of  a 
few  seeds.  The  floras  of  the  Sioux  Quartzite  and  of  a  portion 
of  Muscatine  county  are  in  many  respects  similar,  and  quite 
unlike  the  intervening  flora,  yet  it  is  not  improbable  that  the 
broad  area  lying  between  them  was  once  covered  by  their  own 
kind. 

Where  distinct  floras,  requiring  conditions  for  the  best 
development,  are  brought  as  close  together  as  is  the  case  in  the 
region  under  consideration,  it  is  evident  that  with  any  con- 
siderable change  in  amount  of  rainfall  one  of  the  floras  would 
suffer.  With  a  comparative  abundance  of  rains  the  alluvial 
and  aquatic  floras  would  have  the  advantage  and  would  crowd 
upon  their  drouth-loving  neighbors;  while  with  a  scarcity  of 
rain  these  conditions  would  be  reversed.  A  number  of  very 
wet  or  very  dry  consecutive  seasons  might  therefore  materially 
change  the  character  of  the  flora  of  such  a  region.  If,  how- 
ever, a  general  average  was  preserved,  the  dry  soil  and  rock 
species  would  be  at  a  disadvantage  in  the  end,  for  they  would 
gradually  prepare  a  soil  for  their  greedier  neighbors  who 
would  slowly  creep  out  upon  their  territory  and  finally  take 
complete  possession  of  it. 

The  stady  of  such  regions  as  that  which  includes  the  Sioux 
Quartzite  exposures  in  Iowa,  if  conducted  systematically  and 
for  a  long  period,  ought  certainly  to  throw  light  on  the  ques- 
tion of  the  succession  of  floras  in  the  northwest. 


Species  from,  the  alluvial  and  ridier  soil 
The  species  marked  *  were  collected  only  at  the  first  or  eastern  exposure. 
With  two  exceptions  they  are  herbs,  which  do  not  appear  in  the  list  of  the 
preceding  year,  having  probably  disappeared  by  the  month  of  August. 

*Alliu7n  canadense  Kalm.  Parietaria  pennsylvanica  Muhl. 

*Amorphafruticosa  L.  Phlox  pilosa  Li. 

Ampelopsis  qmnquefolia  Mx.  Pnmus  virginiana  L. 

'^' Anemone  pennsylvanica  L.  Banunculus  abortivus  L. 

Anemone  virginiana  L  Rhus  glabra  L. 

Aquilegia  canadensis  L.  Phus  toxicodendron  L. 

Celastrus  scandens  L.  Bibes  floridum  L'Her. 

Celtis  occidentalis  L.  Bibes  gracile  Mx. 

*ElUsia  nyctelea  L.  Bubus  strigosus  Mx. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 


31 


*Euonymus  atropurpureus  Jacq. 
Fragoria  virginiana  Mill. 
Fraxmus  viridis  Mx.  f.  (var.) 
Fratin  us  americana  L. 
Galium  aparine  L. 
Galium  trifidum  L.  f. 
Hydivphi/llum  virginicum  L. 
*Hypoxis  erecta  L. 
Laportea  canadensis  Gaud. 
Lathyrus  palustris  L. 
Menispermum  canadense  L. 
Nasturtium  sinuatum  Nutt. 
Negundo  aceroides  Moench. 
*Oxalis  corniculatii'L.  var.  siriciaSav. 
*Oxalis  violacea  L. 
Oxybaphus  nyctagineus  Sweet. 


Bumcx  hritannica  L. 

Scrophularia  nodosa  L.    var.   mary- 

landica  Gray. 
Silene  stellafa  Ait. 
*Smilacina  stellata. 
*S77iilax  herbacea  L. 
Specularia  perfoliata  S.  D.  C. 
Thalictrum  purpurascens  L. 
Tilia  americana  L. 
JJlnius  mnericana  L. 
*  Veronica  peregrina  L. 
Ficia  americana  Muhl. 
Viola  palmata  L.  var.cucMHaia  Gray. 
Vitis  cordifolia  Mx. 
Zzzja  aurea  Koch. 
Equisetum  Imvigatum,  Braun. 


TABLE   II. 


Additional  species  characreristic  of,   or  rapidly  adapting  themselves   to,    dry 

prairies. 


Agropyrum  repens  Beauv. 
Ambrosia  artemisimfolia  E. 
Amorpha  canescens  Nutt. 
Anemone  pateiis  L.  vas.  nuttalliana 

Gray  (in  flower). 
Asclepias  tuberosa  D. 
Astragalus  caryocarpus  Ker. 
Ceratium  nutans  Raf . 
Erigeron  strigosum  Muhl. 
Festuca  tenella  Willd. 
Hedeoma  hispida  Pursh. 
Heuchera  hispida  Pursh. 
Hordeum  jubatum  L. 
Hordeum  pusillum. 
Koelena  cristata  Pers 
Lepidium  intermedium  Gray. 


Lepidium  virginicum  L. 

Linum  sulcatum  Rid. 

(Enothera  serrulata  Nutt. 

Panicum  dichotomum  L. 

Panicum  scoparium  Lam. 

Penistemon  laevigatus  Sol. 

Potentilla  arguta  Pursh. 

Quercus  macrocarpa  Mx.  var.   olivce- 

formis  Gray. 
Senecio  aureus  L. 
Silene  antirrhina  L. 
Sisymbi'ium  canescens  Nutt 
Stijm  spartea  Trin. 
Symphoricarpos  occidentalis  Hk. 
Tradescantia  virginica  L. 
Verbena  stricta  Vent. 


TABLE    III. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  species. 

These  are  additional  to  the  former  list  (I.  c,  pp.  74-5). 
Alopecurus  geniculatus  L.  var.  aristu-      Nymphoea  reniformis  Dc. 

latus  Zorr.  Polygonum  hartwightii  Gray. 

Eleocharis  acicularis  R.  Br.  Sagittaria  variabilis  Engelm. 

Eleocharis  ovata  L.  Br.  Sparganiuin  eurycarpum  Engelm. 

Eleocharis  palustris  R.  Br.  Spirodela  polyrrhiza  Schleid. 

Eleodea  canadensis  Mx. 


32  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 


IS  THE  LOESS  OF  AQUEOUS  ORIGIN? 


BY    B.    SHIMEK. 


Organic  remains  furnish  the  best  criterion  for  the  measure 
of  conditions  which  prevailed  during  any  given  age  of  the 
earth's  geological  history,  provided,  of  course,  that  their  rela- 
tion to  the  deposit  can  be  clearly  shown. 

To  such  an  extent  is  this  true  of  the  older  rock  formations, 
that  the  modern  geologist  has  generally  accepted  without 
question  the  conclusions  long  ago  reached  by  the  paleontolo- 
gist, and  has  turned  his  attention  to  the  physical,  rather  than 
the  biological,  phenomena  presented  by  the  various  horizons. 

In  every  case  the  paleontologist  reached  these  conclusions 
in  the  main  by  comparisons  with  modern  forms  of  life.  The 
more  remote  the  age,  the  greater  the  gap  between  its  fauna  and 
the  fauna  of  the  present  day.  Ordinal,  family,  and  at  best 
generic  characters  and  relationships  alone  furnish  a  clue  to  the 
then  existing  conditions.  Yet  these  have  been  considered 
sufficient.  How  much  easier  then  is  the  task,  and  how  much 
more  satisfactory  the  deductions,  if  in  the  investigation  of  a 
much  more  modern  horizon,  we  find  the  similarity  of  faunas 
extending  to  the  species,  and  if  for  purposes  of  study  we  may 
place  by  the  side  of  its  fossils  representatives  of  the  same 
species  which  exist  abundantly  to-day  under  conditions  which 
may  easily  be  studied. 

This  is  the  advantage  presented  by  the  fauna  of  the  loess. 
This  fauna  is  in  the  main  moUuscan.  A  few  remains  of  the 
vertebrates  have  been  found,  but  the  characteristic,  most 
abundant  and  most  widely  distributed  species  are  molluscs,  and 
to  these  we  must  turn  for  the  chief  paleontological  explanation 
of  loess  conditions. 

The  majority  of  the  geologists  who  have  given  attention  to 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  33 

the  loess  of  the  Mississippi  valley  have  ascribed  its  deposition 
to  water  in  lakes  or  sluggish  streams  * 

Some  have  also  contended  that  this  occurred  in  a  glacial 
climate,  or  at  least  in  a  climate  much  colder  than  that  of  to-day 
in  the  same  region,  f 

That  fresh  water  has  been  regarded  as  the  agent  of  deposi- 
tion is  due  in  no  small  degree  to  the  belief  that  a  very  con- 
siderable portion  of  the  species  and  individuals  found  in  the 
deposit  consists  of  aquatic  or  semi-aquatic  forms,  although  the 
fact  has  long  been  recognized  that  terrestrial  species  prevail. 
There  is,  however,  absolutely  nothing  in  the  loess  fauna  to 
indicate  that  the  loess  land-surfaces  were  more  moist,  or  to  any 
extent  more  widely  or  more  deeply  covered  with  waters,  than 
are  the  surfaces  of  iowa  and  Nebraska  to-day, — the  evidence, 
if  it  suggests  any  difference,  indicating  rather  less  moisture 
than  is  found  in  eastern  Iowa  at  the  present  time.  This  state- 
ment, which  cannot  be  too  strongly  emphasized,  is  based  upon 
the  study  of  the  modern  molluscs  of  Iowa  and  Nebraska,  and 
their  fossil  prototypes,  extending  over  a  period  of  nearly 
twenty  years. 

Every  species  of  molluscs  which  has  thus  been  reported 
from  Iowa,  Nebraska,  J  and  Missouri  is  living  to-day,  §  and  with 
three  or  four  exceptions  all  are  found  living  within  the  territory 
covered  by  the  loess.  The  conditions  which  are  offered  for 
comparison  are  therefore  exceedingly  favorable. 

The  following  account  of  the  species  of  MoUusca  which  are 
are  found  in  the  loess  is  given  with  special  reference  to 
the  habits  of  the  modern  forms.     Table  I  at  the  close  of  the 


*rhe  foUowing  are  among  the  chief  references:  G.  0.  SwaUow,  Geol.  Sur.,  Missouri, 
Vols.  I  and  II,  p.  U;  W.  H.  Pratt,  Proc.  Dav.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  I,  p.  97;  O.  A..  White,  Geol. 
Sur.,  Iowa,  Vol.  1,  pp.  US  and  115;  Sir  Ohas.  Lyell,  Prin.  of  Geol.,  Vol.  I,  p.  461;  W.  J. 
McGee,  Proc.  Am.  A.  A.  S.,  Vol.  XXVII,  p.  32;  Archibald  Geikie,  Text-book  of  Geol.,  p. 
384  (he  adds,  however,  that  the  loess  shades  ofif  into  rain-wash  and  a^olian  formation); 
S.  Aughey,  Sketches  of  Phys.  Geog.  and  Geol.  of  Neb.,  p.  373,  etseg;  R.  D.  Salisbury, 
Ark.  Geol.  Sur.,  Vol.  II.,  pp.  335-230;  McGee,  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.,  Vol.  XI,  p.  574,  etc. 
More  recently  Prof.  Calvin  shows  In  the  Rep.  Iowa  Geol.  Sur.,  Vol.  VII,  p.  89,  that  the 

loess  materials  are  derived  from  the  drift,  but  says  that  the  nature  of  the  agents 

"Is  not  so  clear."  He  adds  that  the  piling  of  loess  around  the  margin  of  the  drift  is  better 
explained  by  currents. 

tSome  of  the  references  are  as  follows,  ,T.  E.  Todd,  Proc.  Am.  A.  A.  S.,  Vol.  XXVIl 
p.  6;  W.J.  McGee,  Proc.  A.  A.  A.  S.,  Vol.  XXVII,  pp.  31-3;  W.  J.  McGee  and  R.  E.  Call, 
On  the  loess  and  Associated  Deposits  of  Des  Moines,  pp.  32-3;  R.  D.  Salisbury.  Rep.  Ark. 
Geol.  Sur.,  Vol.  II,  p.  339;  W.  J.  McGee,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.,  Vol.  XI,  p.  574,  etc. 

tNo  account  is  here  taken  of  Professor  Aughey 'a  long  list  of  southern'' forms  from 
the  Nebraska  loess,  its  unreliable  character  having  already  been  pointed  out  by'the 
author  in  Bull,  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.  State  Univ.  of  Iowa,  Vol.  II,  p.  95. 

iZonites  Shimekii  Pilsbry,  the  only  species  thus  far  accredited  to  the  loess  alone,  is 
undoubtedly  the  widely  distributed  terrestrial  Zonites  nitidtia. 

3  Lla.  Acad.  Sc,  Vol.  v.]  [April  27,  18981 


34  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

paper  contains  the  names  of  the  species  which  have  been 
authentically  reported  from  the  loess,  or  which  are  in  the 
author 's  private  collection.  The  numbers  opposite  the  names 
show  the  number  of  cleaned  specimens  in  the  collection  which 
are  available  for  immediate  study.  Only  those  from  the  loess 
of  Iowa  and  Nebraska  are  there  included,  and  they  are  divided 
into  two  groups,  — those  from  the  eastern  loess  (the  territory 
including  the  counties  of  Des  Moines,  Muscatine,  Scott, 
Dubuque,  Bremer,  Johnson,  Iowa,  Polk  and  Warren  in  Iowa), 
and  those  from  the  western  loess  (from  the  counties  of  Fremont, 
Pottawattamie  and  Woodbury  in  Iowa,  and  Otoe,  Sarjiy,  Cass, 
Douglass,  Lancaster,  Saunders  and  Gumming  in  Nebraska). 
The  numbers  are  given  for  the  puri30se  of  showing  the  relative 
number  of  specimens  of  the  various  species  which  have  accu- 
mulated in  the  collection  in  nearly  a  score  of  years,  and  which 
form  the  basis  for  this  paper.  Of  course  this  does  not  repre- 
sent the  entire  number  collected,  for  many  have  been  sent  out 
in  exchange.  Neither  does  the  table  show  the  exact  ratio  of 
the  fossils  in  the  loess,  for  of  the  common  terrestrial  forms 
many  were  observed  but  not  collected,  whereas  of  the  rarel- 
forms  and  of  the  Limncpce  nearly  all  which  were  observed  were 
taken,  and  few  or  none  were  sent  out  in  exchange.  The  fossils 
were  compared  with  many  thousands  of  modern  sjDecimens. 

1.     Aquatic  or  semi-aquatic  MoUusca. 

The  forms  which  may  properly  be  included  under  this  head 
are  the  species  of  Limnoea  Physa,  Bulinus,  Planorbis  and  Segmen- 
tina,  all  of  which  are,  however,  pulmonates — and  Valvata,  Pisid- 
ium  and  Unio,  which  are  branchiate,  strictly  aquatic  species." 
Special  stress  has  been  placed  upon  these  forms  as  proving  the 
presence  of  large  bodies  of  water  during  the  deposition  of  the 
loess.  The  weight  of  their  testimony  is  here  considered  in 
detail. 

Liinncea. — It  will  be  observed  in  Table  I  that  there  are  at 
present  in  the  author's  collection  771  fresh  water  specimens, 
of  which  750  belong  to  the  pulmonate  genus  Limncea.  Of  the 
latter  number  over  300  specimens  were  collected  near  Iowa 
City  in  a  "pocket,"  the  exposed  cross-section  of  which  does 
not  exceed  four  square  feet  in  area.  The  remaining  specimens 
were  also  found  in  restricted  areas  (as  though  deposited  at  the 
edge  of  a  pool  or  pond), — never  being  so  generally  diffused 


*SwaUow's  Amnicola  lapidaria  from  Missouri  (see  Table  I)  Is  PomatiopsUi  lapidaria 
a  terrestrial  species. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  35 

through  the  fossiliferous  loess  as  are  some  of  the  Succineas 
and  other  terrestrial  forms.  Considering  them  rare  in  the  loess 
the  author  collected  a  number  out  of  all  proportion  to  the  ratio 
which  actually  exists  between  them  and  the  terrestrial  forms. 

The  great  majority  of  the  specimens  are  L  humilis  Say. 
Mingled  with  this  species,  and  not  always  distinguishable  from 
it  and  from  each  other,  are  L  desidlosa  Say,  and  L  cwperata 
Say.  All  these  species  are  rather  small  compact  Limncece,  such 
as  chiefly  characterize  our  pond  air-breathing  molluscan  fauna 
of  to-day.  The  first  two  species  may  be  found  creeping  about, 
in  and  near  springs,  streamlets,  and  small  ponds,  in  all  the 
region  covered  by  the  loess,  and  L.  humilis  especially  is  quite 
as  frequently  found  out  of  the  water  as  in  it.  Both  are  abund- 
antly developed  in  ponds  and  streams  which  are  dry  during  the 
greater  part  of  the  summer.  L.  co/perata  is  also  a  common 
species  to-day,  and  like  the  two  preceding  species  is  often 
found  in  ponds  w;  ich  are  dry  during  most  of  the  year.  Near 
Lincoln,  Neb.,  this  species  is  common  in  prairie-ponds  which 
usually  contain  water  for  but  a  few  weeks  in  the  spring,  and 
last  summer  the  author  found  it  abundant  upon  the  Sioux 
Quartzite  exposure  in  northwestern  Iowa  in  a  pool  which  con- 
tained scarcely  a  gallon  of  water.  It  is  noticeable  that  these 
recent  prairie  specimens  are  of  the  small  "depauperate  "  type 
which  occurs  in  the  loess.  Neither  the  habits  of  these  species 
nor  their  distribution  in  the  loess  indicate  the  presence  of  any 
large  bodies  of  water.  They  could  be  much  more  abundant 
and  yet  could  not  form  as  conspicuous  a  part  of  the  fauna  of 
the  loess  as  the  same  species  do  of  the  fauna  of  our  compara- 
tively dry  weather  prairies  to-day. 

The  larger  L.  reflexa  and  L  palustris  mentioned  in  the  table, 
while  locally  common  in  larger  ponds  and  prairie  swamps 
to-day,  have  not  been  found  in  the  loess  of  Iowa  and  Nebraska. 
They,  too,  are  air-breathers,  and  never  occur  in  deep  waters. 

Physa — Two  specimens  are  in  the  collection,  one  from  Iowa 
City,  and  one  from  Lincoln,  Neb.  Both  are  young  and  the 
species  cannot  be  satisfactorily  determined.  Two  species  have 
been  reported  from  Missouri  by  Swallow  {I  c  p  215),  but  rep- 
resentatives of  this  genus  are  evidently  very  rare.  The  habits 
of  all  are  essentially  the  same  as  those  of  the  Limncece. 

Bulinus. — One  species,  B.  hypnorum,  has  been  reported  from 
Missouri  by  Swallow  {I.  c).  It  has  not  been  found  in  the  loess 
of  Iowa  and  Nebraska.     The  species  is  found  now  in  prairie 


36  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

ponds  in  Iowa  and  Nebraska,  and  seeks  the  habitats  which  are 
agreeable  to  Limncea  palusiris. 

Planorbis. — Two  sj^ecies  have  been  recorded  from  the  loess. 
P.  tvivolvis  has  twice  been  reported  (see  Table  I),  but  in  each 
case  with  doubt.  P.  parvus  (it  may  be  P.  dilatatus)  is  rare  in  the 
western  loess,  five  specimens  only  being  in  the  collection.  In 
habits  these  species  of  Planorbis  are  all,  like  the  species  of 
Limtioia  and  P/iysa,  inhabitants  of  shallow  water  borders. 

Segmentina. — One  species,  ^S*  armigera  has  been  reported  from 
Missouri  by  Swallow.  It  is  evidently  extremely  rare.  The 
species  is  now  locally  common,  especiclly  in  prairie  ponds,  and 
in  habits  is  similar  to  Planorbis 

All  of  the  foregoiag  species  are  air-breathing,  and  all  are 
found  living  abundantly  in  Iowa  and  Nebraska  to-day.  Their 
presence  not  only  does  not  prove  that  there  w^as  an  excess  of 
moisture,  but  their  scarcity  actually  suggest  that  there  was 
less  water  than  may  now  be  found  over  the  same  areas. 

Valvatd.  One  species,  V.  trlcannat.a,  has  been  reported  from 
Missouri  (see  Table  I).  This  and  Gamp'^lom  i  su'isolidicm  are  the 
only  branchiate  aquatic  Gasteropods  reported  from  the  loess.* 

It  is  now  locally  common  in  ponds  and  sluggish  streams, 
often  being  found  in  ponds  which  become  dry  in  summer.  Its 
total  absence  from  the  loess  of  Iowa  and  Nebraska,  and  its 
scarcity  in  Missouri,  make  the  species  of  little  value  in  deter- 
mining prevailing  conditions  in  loess  times 

Pisidium. — Two  valves  only,  of  a  species  which  has  not  been 
satisfactorily  identified f,  were  found  at  Iowa  City,  associated 
with  Limncea  in  the  little  pocket  to  which  reference  has  already 
been  made.  The  species  of  Pisidium  are  small  bivalves  (hence 
gill-bearing  and  aquatic),  which  are  locally  common  in  all  our 
fresh  waters.  They  also  frequently  occur  in  ponds  and  stream- 
lets w^hich  become  dry  during  the  summer.  For  two  reasons 
the  author  collected  numerous  specimens  of  a  species  much  like 
our  fossils  (probably  the  same)  near  Lincoln,  Neb  ,  in  a  stream- 
let which  during  both  years  was  dry  all  summer. 

The  presence  therefore,  of  aquatic  forms"  of  the  foregoing 
types  does  not  indicate  that  large  bodies  of  water,  whether  in 
lakes  or  rivers,  existed, — indeed  it  does  not  show  that,  even  in 
the  particular  localities  where  they  were  developed,  water  was 
found  during  all  the  year.     No  doubt  there  was  water.     There 

*P0inatiopsi8  lapidaris  and  IJelicina  occulta,  both  gill-bearing,  but  terrestrial  in  habit 
are  considered  with  the  terrestrial  forms. 
+For  Cyclas  from  Missouri  see  Table  I. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  37 

were  rain  and  snow, — there  were  pools,  and  springs,  and 
sti'eams, — and  it  would  be  strange  indeed  if  some  evidence  of 
water  action,  water-presence  was  not  found.  But  the  character 
of  these  fresh  water  fossils,  and  their  comparative  scarcity, 
indicate  either  that  there  were  very  few  bodies  of  water,  or 
that  the  loess  was  deposited  chiefly  w^here  there  was  no  water. 
Of  the  fresh  water  forms  there  remain  to  be  considered  the 
species  of  Unio  and  Cav  pelomn.  These  may  be  discussed  together 
for  both  genera  are  chiefly  fluviatile,  and  are  usually  associated 
in  our  streams,  while  the  record  of  their  occurrence  in  true 
loess  is  about  equally  established.  From  two  localities,  only, 
have  specimens  of  loess  Unionv^ce  been  reported.*  Professor 
Witter  reportsf  three  species  of  Unio  and  one  species  of  Mar- 
gtritana  from  the  loess  of  Muscatine. I  All  are  recorded  as 
' '  rare  and  local. ' ' 

Mr.  H.  Foster  Bain,  of  the  geological  survey,  furnished  the 
three  species  of  Unio,  represented  by  twelve  valves,  which  are 
reported  in  Table  I,  from  Sioux  City.  The  author  does  not 
know  whether  any  doubt  exists  concerning  the  correctness  of 
the  reference  of  these  forms  to  unmodified  loess.  § 

But  granting  that  no  such  doubt  does  exist  the  evidence 
furnished  by  them  that  the  loess  was  deposited  under  fluviatile 
conditions,  is  by  no  means  conclusive.  They  are  extremely 
rare  in  proportion  to  other  molluscs,  and  the  occurrence  of 
such  scanty  material  may  be  accounted  for  otherwise.  The 
author  has  a  number  of  times  found  shells  of  Unios  at  a  con- 
siderable altitude  above  high  water  mark.  The  bluffs  along 
the  Iowa  river  above  Iowa  City  have  furnished  several 
examples.  Whether  they  were  carried  to  their  lodging  places 
by  bird  or  beast  could  not  be  determined,  but  some  of  the  shells 
bore  marks  as  of  the  teeth  of  a  mammal.  That  there  were 
streams  in  loess  times  is  evident  from  present  river  courses  and 
river  valleys.  That  Unios  occurred  in  these  waters  is  quite 
probable.  That  some  of  these  should  have  been  carried  to 
altitudes  greater  than  those  at  which  they  were  developed  is 

*ro  these  should  bs  added  a  third  locaUty.  McGee,  in  U.  S.  Gaol.  Sur.,  Vol.  XI,  p. 
460,  reports  "  fragile  bits  of  shells  of  Unio  or  Anodonta"  from  Stone  City,  Iowa. 

tRep.  U.  S.  Qeol.  Sur.,  Vol.  XI,  p.  471. 

*For  list  of  species  see  footnote  (15)  under  Table  I. 

§Slnce  this  paper  was  written  Mr.  Bain  has  submitted  additional  numerous  val  ves 
of  Unio  from  near  the  mouth  of  the  Broken  Kettle,  Plymouth  county,  Iowa.  A  list  of 
the  species  is  given  in  Tab^e  III.  With  the  Unios  were  associated  a  few  shells  of 
Sitccinea  Wneata  and  one  specimen  of  Hclicodiscus  lineatuf<,  both  being  of  the  ordinary 
loess  type,  The  Unios  were  clustered  in  small  heaps  or  pockets.  Mr.  Bain  pronounce  s 
the  deposit  in  which  these  shells,  as  well  as  those  previously  collected  at  Sioux  City 
were  found,  to  be  a  terrace  of  modified  loess. 


38  IOWA   ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

possible.  But  it  is  extremely  strange,  if  the  loess  was 
deposited  either  in  rivers  or  in  lakes,  that  these  remains  of 
mussel  shells  are  not  more  abundant.  It  has  been  suggested 
that  the  waters  were  too  cold  for  the  best  development;  of  the 
Unionidce,  but  species  of  Anodonta  of  this  family  are  conimon 
in  lakes  and  sluggish  streams  far  to  the  north,  and  over  most 
of  the  northwestern  territory,  and,  if  such  conditions  prevailed, 
at  least  fragments  of  these  should  be  found  if  the  delicate  egg- 
shells of  a  small  snail  (see  Table  I)  were  permitted  to  come 
down  to  us  entirely  uninjured.  If  the  waters  had  been  too  cold 
for  the  Unionidce,  the  land  would  likewise  have  been  too  cold 
for  the  land  snails. 

Moreover,  the  evidence  of  these  four  shells,  while  worthy  of 
attention,  should  scarcely  be  permitted  to  outweigh  that  of 
the  thousands  of  terrestrial  forms  so  widely  distributed  in  the 
deposits. 

2.  Terrestrial  molluscs. — Of  fossil  terrestrial  molluscs  there 
are  4,816  specimens  in  the  collection.  Some  of  the  forms  here 
classified  as  terrestrial  have  frequently  been  incorrectly  reported 
as  aquatic  or  semi-aquatic.  This  is  especially  true  of  Helicinn,* 
Pomatiopsisf ,  and  Succineol.  Helicina  occulta  Say,  though  gill- 
bearing,  is  strictly  terrestrial.  At  Iowa  City,  where  it  was  dis- 
covered by  the  author  many  years  ago,  and  in  Hardin  county, 
where  it  is  not  rare,  it  is  always  found  on  steep  hillsides  high 
above  high-water  mark. 

Pomatiopsis  lapidaria  Say  is  likewise  wholly  terrestrial.  Call 
[l.  c.)  repeatedly  refers  to  it  as  a  fresh-water  form,  and,  when 
we  consider  that  a  conchologist  of  such  wide  experience  makes 
this  error,  it  is  not  surprising  that  others  repeat  it.  At  Iowa 
City,  Belle  Plaine,  Eldora,  and  other  points  where  this  species 
is  common  at  the  present  time,  it  is  usually  associated  with 
Patula  striateUa  and  Succinea  obliqua,  both  likewise  terrestrial 
forms,  and  is  in  no  sense  aquatic. 

Succinea. — Two  types  of  this  genus  appear.  That  repre- 
sented by  S.  ovalis  has  a  very  large  body-whorl  and  a  short 
spire.  These  forms  are  mostly  found  in  swampy  places  creep- 
ing about  on  semi-aquatic  plants,  or  on  mud,  but  not  living  in 
water.     Of  this   type  three  specimens  are  in  the  collection. 

*.T.  E.  Told,  Proc.  Am.  K.  A.  Sci.,  Vol.  XXVLE,  p.  6;  F.  M.  Witter,  "Notes  on  th^ 
Loess;"  W.,r.  McGee,  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur..  Vol.  XI,  p.  461 

+  R.  E.  Call.  Rpp.  A.rk.  Geol.  Sur  ,  Vol.  If,  pp.  166,  167,  and  178. 

■tLyell,  Prin.  of  Geol..  Vol.  I.  p.  460;  J.  E.  Todd,  Proc.  Am.  A.  A.  S.,  Vol.  XXVJI.  p 
6,  F.  M.  Witter,  Notes  on  the  Loes-*;  R.  E.  Call,  On  the  Loess  and  Associated  Depo^it•v 
of  Des  MoiLe",  p.  16. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  39 

The  other  type  with  smaller  body-whorl,  more  exserted  spire, 
and  more  convex  whorls,  is  represented  by  S.  avara,  S.  lineota, 
and  S.  obliqua  These  are  not  only  not  semi-aquatic,  but  are 
often  found  in  high,  very  dry  situations.  This  is  especially 
true  of  the  small  form  of  S.  avara,  and  of  S.  lineata,  both  of 
which  are  very  common  in  the  loess.  Of  this  type  there  were 
1,714  fossil  specimens  in  the  collection,  and  even  if  the  three 
specimens  of  S.  ovalis  be  accepted  as  "semi-aquatic,"  their 
importance  is  far  outweighed  by  these  strictly  terrestrial  forms. 

Remaining  forms. — Of  all  the  remaining  forms  in  the  list  it 
may  be  said  that  they  are  wholly  terrestrial  in  habit.  While 
they  require  a  certain  amount  of  moisture,  tha"  which  is 
retained  under  a  stick  or  leaf  is  suflicient.  Most  of  the  species 
are  abundmt  to-day  in  both  Iowa  and  eastern  Nebraska,  and 
several  prefer  a  decidedly  dry  region.* 

Their  presence,  therefore,  does  not  prove  a  moist  climate, 
but  rather  suggests  less  moisture  f 

In  all  discussions  of  loess  conditions  it  should  be  borne  in 
mind  that  the  forms  of  mollus  s  which  are  every  where  present, 
and  which  are  truly  characteristic  of  the  oess,  are  all  terres- 
trial and  none  require  much  moisture. 

So  far  as  evidences  of  a  glacial  climate  are  concerned,  this 
much  may  be  briefly  said:  The  climate  was  of  necessity  such 
as  to  permit  the  development  of  abundant  plant- food  for  the 
terrestrial  molluscs,  for  they  are  almost  without  exception 
herbivorous  The  fresh  water  pulmonate  fauna  of  the  loess, 
instead  of  being  of  the  large,  comparatively  thin- shelled  type 
which  prevails  northward,  is  more  nearly  like  that  of  our  com- 
paratively dry  prairies  to-day,  as  has  been  stated 

Great  stress  has  been  placed  upon  the  depauperate  condition 
of  the  shells  of  the  loess  \ 

With  the  exception  of  the  extremely  variable  Patula  strigosa 
cooperi  the  author  has  found  every  species  occurring  in  the  loess 
exhibiting  modern  mature  forms  which  do  not  exceed,  and  in 
many  cases  are  smaller  than  the  fossils  The  conditions  which 
produce  the  depauperation  exist  to-day  in  the  loess  covered 

*Tbis  is  especially  true  of  Patula  strigosa  eooperi,  Pttpi  altie  ila  and  SiKcin^a  lineata. 

+It  may  be  added,  parenthetically,  thtt  ttie  larger  shells,  such  as  JfeiSjdjn  mutti- 
lineata,  M.  profunda  and  Patula alternita,  often  h  \.ve  their  apices  broken  in  exactly  the 
sanae  manner  which  may  often  be  observed  ia  fresh  shells  from  which  birds  (blue  j  lys, 
etc.)  have  extracted  the  animals. 

$J.  E.  Todd,  Proc.  Am.  A.  A.  S.,  Vol.  XX  VI[,  p.  6;  McGjs  and  Call,  On  the  Loess  and 
Associated  Deposits  of  Des  Moines,  pp.  31-2,  and  plate;  Chas.  R.  Keyes,  Bull.  Essex 
Ins.,  Vol.  XX,  p.  5;  W.J.  McGee,  Rep.  U.  S  Geol.  Sur.,  Vol.  XI,  pp  SOO-1,  435  and  448. 
See  also  author's  paper  in  Bull.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.  State  Univ.  of  Iowa,  Vol.  II,  pp.  9-3-4. 


40  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

region,  and  their  presence  is  no  proof  of  a  glacial  climate,  but 
may  suggest  a  drier  climate.* 

3.  Mammals. — The  evidence  furnished  by  the  mammals  is 
unsatisfactory,  since  in  some  cases,  at  least,  there  is  doubt  that 
the  remains  came  from  unmodified  loess.  Several  species 
have  been  reported!  all  of  them  herbivorous  and  rare. 

The  scarcity  of  material,  however,  does  not  necessarily  show 
that  these  forms  were  very  rare  (thus  suggesting  limited  land 
areas),  for  we  have  quite  the  same  difficulty  in  finding  the 
bones  of  more  modern  mammals.  The  bones  of  the  bison,  deer, 
bear,  etc.,  are  seldom  found,  yet  the  species  were  once  common. 
The  rabbit  and  squirrel  leave  but  few  traces  of  their  existence, 
yet  they  are  common  even  now. 

The  presence  of  the  fossil  mammals,  so  far  as  it  has  any 
value  in  the  present  discussion,  indicates  plenty  of  plant-food, 
a  possibility  of  extensive  land  areas  over  which  these  forms 
roamed. 

Certain  other  questions,  bearing  largely  on  physical  geogra- 
phy, are  suggested  to  the  student  of  the  fauna  of  the  loess. 
The  fact  that  that  the  loess  caps  the  hills  haslong  been  known. 
If  the  material  was  deposited  in  water,  there  must  have  been  a 
body  of  the  latter  sufficiently  large  to  cover  these  hills,  for  it 
is  recognized  that  the  general  topography  of  this  region  was 
determined  before  the  loess  was  deposited.  X  If  there  was  such 
a  large  body  of  water,  where  are  the  evidences  of  its  shore 
lines'?  It  has  been  suggested§  that  the  waters  were  contained 
within  walls  of  ice,  but  that  hypothesis  calls  for  climatic  condi- 
tions which  would  make  impossible  the  develoiDment  of  the  life 
of  which  we  find  evidences. 

Where,  too,  were  the  land  areas  upon  which  the  molluscs 
and  mammals   flourished?     It   might  seem  plausible   at  first 

*  This  was  suggested  by  the  author  In  Bull.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist ,  State  Univ.  of  Iowa, 
Vol.  ir,  p.  94,  but  was  not  suflBciently  emphasized. 

+The  following  have  come  to  the  author's  attention: 

Bootherium  eavifrons  Leidy.  G.  Hambach.  Bull.  I,  Geol.  Sur.  Missouri,  p.  82. 

Castor  fiber  Ow.  G.  0.  Swallow,  Geol.  Sur.  Mo.,  Vols  I  and  II,  p.  215;  Hambach,  1.  c, 
p.  82. 

Cervus  muscatinensis  Lldy,  F.  M.  Witter,  Notes  on  the  Loess;  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur., 
Vol.  XI,  p.  471. 

Elephas  primigenms  Blume.  Swallow,  i.e.  p.  215;  W.  H.  Pratt,  Proc.  Dav.  Acad.  Scl., 
Vol.  I,  p.  98;  Hambach,  1.  c.  p.  82;  W.  J.  McGee,  Rep.  U  S.  Geol.  Sur.,  Vol.  XI,  p  471 
(quoted  from  Pratt,  1.  c). 

Mastodon  giganteus  Cur.,  Swallow,  1.  c,  p.  215:  Hambach,  1.  c.  p.  82. 

$To  this  Prof.  S.  Oalvin  again  recently  calls  attention  in  Geol.  Sur.  Iowa,  Vol.  V 
p.  69. 

§McGee  and  Call,— On  the  Loess  and  Associated  Deposits  of  Des  Moines,  pp.  22-3; 
McGee,— Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.,  Vol.  XI,  p.  574. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  41 

thought  that  the  remains  now  fossil  drifted  in  from  very 
remote  regions.  Land  shells  are  imbedded  to-day  in  fine 
alluvium  along  our  streams,*  but  these  are  seldom  carried  to  a 
distance,  but  are  rather  covered  in  situ  by  the  fine  silt  of  the 
stream.  The  above  assumed  conditions,  however,  would  call 
for  the  transportation  of  the  materials  from  great  distances, 
and  the  larger  shells  would  be  precipated  long  before  the  fine 
silt  had  reached  its  destination,  or  if  tioating,  would  be  thrown 
ashore  in  bands.  Any  observer  who  collects  shells  in  river 
drift  and  then  traces  the  rarer  species  of  more  restricted  distri- 
bution to  their  source,  can  ascertain  that  these  shells  are  not 
carried  far.  Dredging  in  "sloughs,"  ponds,  and  sluggish 
streams  also  shows  that  land  shells  are  seldom  washed  into 
them. 

Moreover  the  molluscan  loess-fauna  of  any  region  is  on  the 
whole  like  the  modern  fauna  of  the  same  region.  For  example, 
Binney  reports  a  number  of  species  from  the  "post-pleiocene  " 
(evidently  the  loess)  of  the  lower  Mississippi  valley,  of  which 
elevenf  are  southerly  species,  and  all  now  live  in  the  same 
region.  Call  reportsj  fifteen  species  from  the  loess  of  Arkansas, 
three  of  them  included  in  the  southerly  list  in  Table  II,  and  all 
belong  to  the  modern  molluscan  fauna  of  that  state.  The  same 
is  true  of  the  faunas  of  Iowa  and  Nebraska  as  has  been  stated. 

This  does  not  indicate  transportation  from  a  great  distance. 
It  is  interesting  and  noticeable  that  for  the  most  part  the  spe- 
cies of  the  loess  are  common  over  the  same  region  now.  There 
are  some  exceptions,  for  there  have  been  changes  no  doubt, 
but  these  changes,  as  indicated  by  the  distribution  of  the  shells, 
are  no  greater  than  may  now  be  observed  in  any  limited 
region  in  the  course  of  a  few  years.  Species  are  sometimes 
disposed  to  appear,  disappear,  and  reappear  in  a  surprising 
manner  in  a  given  locality,  and,  if  we  may  judge  from  the  ver- 
tical distribution  of  the  fossil  shells,  the  same  was  true  during 
the  deposition  of  the  loess. 

The  horizontal  distribution  of  the  fossils  is  likewise  such 
that  it  suggests  at  once  that  they  were  deposited   in  situ.  § 

As  there  are  surface  areas  to-day  which  have  no  molluscs, 
lying  in  close  proximity  to  those  on  which  molluscs  are  abun- 

*For  author's  account  of  an  example  see  Bull.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist ,  State  Unlv  of  Iowa, 
Vol.  II,  pp.  169-174. 

tSee  Table  II. 

tGeol.  Sur.  Ark.,  Vol.  II,  pp.  49, 165,  and  166. 

§For  a  further  discussion  of  this  point  by  the  author  ses  Bull  Lib.  Nat.  Hist. 
State  Univ.  of  Iowa,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  95-96. 


42  IOWA    ACADEMY   OP   SCIENCES. 

dant,  so  there  are  deposits  of  loess  without  fossils,  adjacent  to 
those  which  are  fossilif erous.  As  the  lands,  •  igh  or  low,  lying 
adjacent  to  larger  streams  have  greater  numbers  of  molluscs 
to-day  than  the  outljang  prairies,  so  the  loess  bordering  these 
streams  is  usually  much  more  fossiliferous  than  that  which 
covers  more  remote  areas, — but  the  distribution  of  the  fossils 
is  not  in  bands,  as  if  drifted,  but  is  similar  to  that  of  the  mod- 
ern specimens  at  the  surface.  Summing  up  the  evidence  of  the 
fossils  we  may  assert  that  it  points  to  conditions  not  unlike 
those  which  exist  to-day,  and  that  geologists,  in  seeking  for 
the  cause  and  manner  of  the  deposition  of  the  loess  must  give 
up  the  assumption  of  widely  submerged  areas  over  which  fos- 
siliferous loess  now  occurs,  and  of  a  cold  climate. 

That  the  loess  is  not  everywhere  uniform  in  composition  is 
recognized.*  Especially  marked  is  the  difference  between  the 
loess  in  the  counties  in  Iowa  designed  as  eastern,  and  those  in 
Iowa  and  Nebraska  referred  to  as  western,  the  former  eing 
finer  and  washing  readily,  while  the  latter  is  more  silicious  and 
persists  in  vertical  sections  for  a  much  longer  time.  These 
differences  may  possibly  suggest  a  difference  in  mode  of  deposi- 
tion, but  so  far  as  evidence  is  furnished  by  the  molluscs,  the 
climatic  and  surface  conditions  in  both  regions  were  essentially 
the  same, — that  is,  they  did  not  differ  more  than  at  present. 
A  comparison  of  the  species  and  number  of  specimens  of  each 
from  the  eastern  and  western  loess,  as  given  in  Table  I,  shows 
that  but  few  are  not  common  to  both,  and  these  are  mostly  the 
rarer  species.  There  are  now  equivalent  differences  between 
the  faunas  of  the  two  regions,  but  the  great  majority  of  fossils 
as  well  as  of  recent  forms  is  the  same  in  both.  The  differences 
which  exist  between  the  two  deposits  are  probably  due  to  the 
different  sources  of  material  rather  than  to  different  agencies 
of  deposition. 

It  seems  evident  that  the  loess  materials  originated  largely 
or  wholly  in  drift,*  and  as  the  comparatively  recent  investiga- 
tions by  members  of  the  Iowa  geological  survey  have  demon- 
strated the  presence  of  several  drift  sheets  in  this  state,  and  as 
Nebraska  has  at  least  two  such  sheets,  an  interesting  problem 
is  suggested  to  geologists,  namely:  the  determination  of  the 
relation  which  the  various  deposits  of  loess  bear  to  those  drift 

*W.  .J.  MoG^e.-Rep.  U.  ^.  Geol.  Sur.,  Vol.  Xf,  pp.  293  and  295,  etc. 
*R.  D.  Salisbury,— A.rk.  Getl.  Sar.,  Vol.  H,  pp.  3^5-6;  S.  Calvin,— Iowa  Geol.  Sur.,  Vol 
VII.  p.  89. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES. 


43 


sheets  which  during  the  deposition  of  the  loess  were  found  at 
the  surface  of  adjacent  regions.  This  would  involve  a  careful 
comparison  of  the  finer  materials  in  the  drift  with  the  loess, 
and  the  consideration  of  the  probable  or  possible  direction  and 
means  of  transportation  to  the  present  location  of  the  loess. 


TABLE  I. 
LIST  OF  LOESS  FOSSILS   [Mollusca). 

Eastern 

TERRESTRIAL   FORMS  LoeSS. 

Zonites  radiatulus  Alder 2 

Zonites  arboreus  (Say)  Binn 

Zonites  minusculus  (Binn.)  F.  &  C 3 

Zonites  shimekii  Pils.  (nitidus) 98 

Zonites  fulv us  (Drap.)  Binn 140 

Zonites  binneyanus  {Movse)  Binn  reported  (1) 

Zonites  indentatus  (Say)  Binn  reported  (2) 

JSelicodiscus  Uneatus  (Say)  Morse 13 

Patula  strigoka  cooperi  W.  G.  B 85 

Patula  striatella  ( Anth  )  Morse 288 

Patula  striatella  eggs  (3) 6 

Patula  alternata  (Say)  Binn 61 

Patula  perspectiva  (Say)  Binn.     Reported  (1) 

MacrocycUs  concava  (Say)  Morse.     Reported  (2) 

Stenotrema  leaii  (Ward)  Binn.  [monodon] 

Stenotrema  hirsutuni  (Say)  Pry 

Mesodon  multilineata  (Say)  Pry 103 

Mesodon  albolabris  (Say)  Morse 

Mesodon  profunda  (Say)  Binn 61 

Mesodon  thyroides  (Say)  Pry.     Reported  (2) 

Mesodon  dausa  (Say)  Pry 1 

Mesodon  divesta  (Gld. )  Pry.     Reported  (1) 

Vallonia  pulchella  (Muell.)  Binn 66 

Strobila  labyrinthica  (Say)  Morse 

Fernesacia  subcylindrica  (L.)  Binn 12 

Pupa  holzinqeri  Sterki 

Pupa  arniifera  Say 14 

Pupa  muscorum  L 72 

Pupa  contracta  Say '. 

Pupa  alticola  Inger.  [simplex) 247 

Pupa  fallax  Say 

Pupa  corticaria  Say.     Reported  (4) 

Other  Pujndm  (5) 378 

S'uccinea  ovalis  Gld 

Otner  Succinem  (6) 1.200 

Carychium  exiguum  (Say)  Gld 9 

Helicina  occulta   Say 180 

Pomaliopsis  lapidaria  Say  (7) 

Total  terrestrial  forms 3,039 


Loess 

9 

Total. 
11 

10 

10 

3 

6 

74 

172 

28 

168 

10 

23 

85 

206 

494 

14 

20 

54 

115 

24 

24 

3 

3 

42 

145 

2 

2 

3 

64 

190 

256 

2 

2 

16 

28 

3 

3 

11 

25 

183 

255 

1 

1 

50 

297 

12 

12 

160 

538 

3 

3 

514 

1,714 

150 


330 


1,777     4,816 


44  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

AQUATIC   OR  SUB-AQUATIC   FORMS. 

Limncea  rejkxa  Say.     Reported  (2) 

lAmnoea  pahistris  Mull.     Reported  (2) 

Other  Limncea  (8) -. 567  18.3        750 

Physa  gyrina  Say  (9) 1  1  2 

Physa  heterostropha  Say  (9) 

Bulinus  hypnorum  (L)  Binn.     Reported  (10) 

Planorbis  parvus  Say 5  5 

Planorbis  trivolvis  Say.     Reported  (11) 

Segmentina  armiqera  (Say)  H.  &  A.  Ad.  Reported  (12) 

Valvato  tricarinata  Say.    Reported  (2) 

Campeloma  subsoUdum  Anth     Reported  (13) 

Pisidium sp.  (14) 2  2 

Unio  undulatus  Barnes 6  6 

Unio  rubiginosus  Lea 5  5 

Unio  pustulosxhs  Lea  (15) 1  1 

Total  aquatic  forms 570  201        771 

TABLE  II. 

List  of  fossil  molluscs  from  the  ^^  Post-pleiocene  deposits''  ". 

Zonites  fuliginosus  (Griff.)  Binn 

Zonites  intertextus  Binn. 

Zonites  inornatus  (Say)  Biun. 

Zonites  gularis  (Say)  Binn. 

Patula  soUtaria  (Say)  Binn.  '■. 

Slenotrema  stenotrema  (Fer.)  Try. 

Triodopsis  palliata  (Say)  Binn. 

Triodopsis  obstricta  (Say)  Binn. 

Triodopsis  infleda  (Say)  Binn. 

Mesodon  elevata  (Say)  Binn. 

Mesodon  exoleta  (Binn.)  Try. 

Helicina  orbiculata  Say  ^'. 

TABLE   III. 

List  of  Unios  from  modified  Loess  submitted  by  Mr.  Bain. 
These  are  all  from  near  the  mouth  of  the  Broken  Kettle,  Plymouth 
county,  Iowa. 

Unio  anoxontrides  Lea. 
Unio  donaciformis  Lea. 
Unio  elegans  Lea. 
Unio  2)ust'ulosus  Lea. 
Unio  rubiginosus  Lea. 
Unio  undulatiis  Barnes. 


1.  J.  E.  Todd,  Proc.  A.m.  A.  A.  S.,  Vol.  XX VIE.  p.  6,  from  southwestern  Iowa. 

2.  G.  C.  Swallow,  Geol.  Sur.  of  Mo.,  Vols.  I  and  II,  p.  315,  from  Missouri. 

3.  The  eggs  vary  slightly  in  size.    The  smaller  agree  exactly  with  eggs  of  modern 
P.  striatella.    The  larger  may  belong  to  another  species. 

4.  R.  E.  Call,  Oa  the  Loess  and  Assorted  Deposits  of  Des  Moines,  pp.  14  and  17;  from 
Des  Moines  Iowa.    P.  M.  Witter,  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Vol.  XI.  p.  47.  ■ 

5.  These  lots  include  Pupa  pentodon,  Vertigo  ovata,  etc.,  the  greater  part  consisting 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  45 

of  the  first  species.  All  are  represented  In  our  Iowa  moUuscan  fauna,  and  all  are 
terrestrial,  hence  the  general  result  is  the  same.  They  are  not  all  reported  in  the  col- 
lection, hence  are  not  separately  listed.  A  critical  review  of  these  and  other  forms 
will  appear  in  a  monograph  of  the  loess  Mollusca.  which  the  author  is  preparing. 

6.  These  include  S.  obliqua,  S.  Uneata  and  6'.  avcira.  All  beloQg  to  a  division  of  the 
genus  Succirtea  the  species  of  which  are  terrestrial  in  habit,  and  occur  living  in  abua- 
dance  in  Iowa  and  Nebraska  to-day. 

The  remarks  on  Pupidiv  in  the  preceding  foot-note  apply  equally  well  to  these 
Succinea'. 

7.  This  is  Swallow's  (I.  c  )  Amnicoln  lapidaria  from  Missouri.  Todd  (i.  c,  p.  7)  also 
reports  it  doubtfully  from  southern  Iowa. 

8.  These  include  L.  caperata,  L.  humili!<  and  probably  L.  desidiosa.  As  many, 
especially  young  specimens,  cannot  readily  be  referred  tj  their  respective  species,  all 
are  here  grouped  together.  A  more  complete  discussion  of  these  forms  will  appear 
later.    (See  foot-note  5.) 

9.  Physa  gyrina  and  P  heterostrophi  have  bDth  been  reported  from  Missoari  by 
Swallow  (L  c.)    Our  specimens  are  very  young,  but  probably  belong  to  P. gyrina. 

10.  Reported  as  Physa  elongata  by  Swallow  (I.  c.)  from  Missouri. 

11.  Doubtfully  reported  by  Todd  (J.  c,  p.  7)  from  southern  Iowa,  and  by  Witter  (in 
notes  on  the  Loess)  from  East  Des  Moioes. 

13.     Reported  as  Plano7-bis  armigerus  from  Missouri  by  Swallow  (I.e.). 

13.  Reported  as  "rare  and  local"  by  Professor  Witter,  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.,  Vol.  XI,  p. 
471.    It  may  be  from  modified  loess. 

14.  Swallow  {I.  c )  also  reports  a  Cyclas  from  Missouri.  This  name  was  formerly 
applied  to  both  Pmdium  and  SpTioj/'ium.  Hambach  (Bull.  No.  1,  Geol.  Sur.  of  Mo.,  p. 
83),  who  practically  reproduces  Swallow's  list,  omits  this  entirely. 

15.  In  the  U.  S.  Geol  Sur  ,  Vol  XI,  p.  471,  McGee  raports  the  following  species  on 
authority  of  Professor  Witter: 

Unio  ebenus  Lea. 
Unio  ligamentinus  Lam. 
Unio  rectus  Lam. 
Margaritana  confragosa  Say. 

16.  From  Binney's  Terrestrial  Air-breathing  Mollusks,  Vol.  V  (except  the  last 
species).  la  most  cases  these  are  simply  reported  as  "post-pleiocene,"  but  several  aie 
specifically  reported  from  Natchez  Bluff.  Most  of  the  species  belong  wholly  to  the 
southern  fauna,  and  all  are  terrestrial.  ,u 

Only  such  "  post-pleioceue  "  species  as  are  not  given  in  Table  I  are  included  it/* 
Table  II. 

17.  It  is  possible  that  this  is  P.  strigosa  cooperi  as  given  in  Table  1.  Mr.  Blnney,  the 
veteran  conchologist,  at  first  pronoun cied  our  loess  specimens  P.  solitai-ia,  but  upon  a 
closer  examination  of  Iowa  specimens  declared  his  inability  to  decide  between  that 
species  and  P.  strigosa  cooperi. 

18.  Reported  from  the  "post-pleiocene"  by  Blnney  In  Land  and  Fresh-water  Shells 
of  N.  Am  ,  part  3,  p.  108.  The  species  is  strictly  terrestrial  and  is  now  common  in  the 
southern  states. 


46  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 


DEGRADATION  OF  LOESS. 


J.   E.  TODD,  VERMILLION,   S.  D. 


One  of  the  most  difficult  problems  connected  with  the  loess 
is  to  explain  its  blanket-like  distribution,  by  which  it  appears 
to  be  continuous  over  high  and  low  altitudes  alike. 

In  southwestern  Iowa  and  eastern  Nebraska  the  altitude  of 
its  base  or  junction  with  the  drift  varies  from  100  to  200  feet. 
As  a  rule  its  upper  and  lower  surfaces  are  approximately  par- 
allel, the  lower  being  less  convex  and  frequently  showing  a 
culmination  somewhat  one  side  of  that  of  the  upper.  And 
even  occasionally  there  is  a  concavity  in  the  lower  correspond- 
ing to  a  convexity  in  the  upper.  There  is  sometimes  trace  of  a 
washing  of  the  surface  of  the  underlying  till,  especially  at 
medium  levels,  as  shown  by  a  line  of  gravel  or  sand.  The  posi- 
tion and  character  of  the  junction  of  the  loess  and  drift  at 
ilower  levels  is  not  so  often  shown  and  is  therefore  little  known. 

The  generally  received  opinion,  I  think,  is  that  the  drift 
was  deeply  eroded  before  the  deposition  of  the  loess.  This 
view  as  we  shall  see  only  aggravates  the  difficulty  of  the  prob- 
lem. If  the  surface  of  the  drift  was  very  uneven,  as  at  pres- 
ent, it  is  difficult  to  see  how  rivers,  lakes,  and  winds  could  have 
deposited  the  loess  as  we  find  it.  This  will  appear  as  we  pro- 
ceed to  consider  the  solutions  which  have  been  presented  and 
in  some  cases  urged.  These  we  will  survej"  very  briefly,  as  our 
time  is  short. 

1.  The  Lacustrine  theory  was  first  suggested,  and  for  a 
long  time,  for  perhaps  fifty  years,  was  considered  fairly  satis- 
factory. It  ran  through  various  forms,  from  a  semi-marine  or 
estuarian  origin  on  one  hand  to  the  result  of  small,  local,  often 
shifting  lakes,  on  the  other.  The  first  was  forbidden  by  the 
utter  absence  of  marine  forms  of  life,  and  the  following  objec- 
tions lie  more  or  less  forcibly  against  all: 

a.  There  is  no  trace  of  barriers  sufficient  to  account  for  their 
existence. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  47 

b.  There  is  no  trace  of  beach  deposits,  either  of  ridges  or 
shelves. 

c.  There  is  serious  difficulty  in  accounting  for  the  observed 
distribution  of  material,  so  uniform  in  thickness  and  character, 
in  a  currentless  body  of  water.  And  if  currents  are  postu- 
lated they  would  have  tended  to  follow  deeper  valleys  and 
would  have  ditferentiated  the  loess  more  than  we  find  to  be  the 
case 

2.  The  ^olian  hypothesis,  first  suggested  by  Richthofen 
for  the  loess  deposits  of  China  20  years  ago,  has  had  some  dis- 
tinguished advocates  who  have  accepted  it  for  similar  forma- 
tions elsewhere. 

More  commonly,  however,  it  has  been  held  as  a  supplemental 
theory. 

The  following  objections  lie  against  its  general  ai^plication: 

a.  It  does  not  accord  with  the  distribution  of  the  loess  in 
general,  while  it  may  explain  its  occurence  at  different  levels, 
it  does  not  explain  its  common  occurrence  on  windward  slopes, 
nor  its  greater  thickness  near  streams  on  both  sides  alike. 

b.  It  can  not  be  harmonized  with  the  frequent  occurrence  of 
coarse  material  in  the  loess,  in  some  localities. 

c.  It  does  not  explain  the  horizontal  banding,  and  the  flat 
areas  on  the  same  level  which  are  frequently  exhibited  by  the 
loess. 

3.  We  may  notice  also  an  Aqueo-^olian  theory  which  sup- 
poses, that  streams  were  flowing  at  lower  levels,  sluggish  and 
varying  much  in  volume  at  different  seasons,  so  that  broad  bars 
of  fine  material  contributed  dust  and  fine  sand  to  the  winds 
when  the  water  was  low,  which  was  borne  up  and  spread  over 
the  adjacent  high  lands. 

There  is  little  doubt  that  such  a  condition  has  existed  often 
and  has  been  somewhat  efficient  in  many  localities,  but  it  is  cer- 
tainly inadequate  for  our  main  purpose.  The  objections  against 
the  preceding  theory  would  be  applicable  here  also,  especially 
the  extensive  flat  areas  lying  at  nearly  the  same  altitudes  men- 
tioned under  c. 

Before  presenting  our  remaining  theory  we  will  call  attention 
to  certain  facts  connected  with  loess  and  loams  generally. 
These  facts  relate  to  the  properties  of  loess  itself,  and  to  its 
erosion  as  sometimes  displayed.  We  must  also  consider  under- 
lying formations  so  far  as  they  aifect  the  problem. 

1.     The   rigidity   of   loess.      It   consists    chiefly   of  grains 


4S  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

of  quartz.  These  are  cemented  by  carbonates  of  lime  and  iron 
and  chinked  more  or  less  with  clay.  It  stands  like  a  rock  if  it 
is  kept  dry  throughout. 

2.  It  is  on  the  other  hand  very  plastic  when  wet  to  a  cer- 
tain degree.  Water,  particularly  if  charged  with  a  little  car- 
bonic acid,  dissolves  the  cement,  and  the  clay  serves  as  a  lubri- 
cant to  the  rounded  quartz  grains.  We  have  only  to  notice  the 
behavior  of  it  when  thrown  from  a  well,  or  to  mix  a  little  of  it 
with  water  to  be  impressed  with  this  fact. 

This  property  is  further  exhibited  in  roads  passing  through 
cuts  in  loess,  and  in  the  rapid  wash  from  hills  and  hillsides 
after  a  continued  rainy  season.  Two  and  three  feet  of  sediment 
have  been  deposited  on  the  flood  plains  of  adjacent  streams 
after  a  single  flood. 

3.  The  porosity  of  loess  and  loams  generally  is  marked. 
Water  is  quickly  absorbed  in  any  direction,  by  capillary  action. 
This  has  been  often  noted  in  it  as  a  subsoil.  It  affords  admi- 
rable under  drainage  and  on  the  other  hand  furnishes  moisture 
from  below  in  time  of  drought. 

This  character  tends  to  promote  plasticity  and  to  render  that 
character  more  general.  By  promoting  absorption  it  decreases 
much  the  surface  erosion. 

4.  The  easy  and  perfect  recementation  or  "setting"  of 
loess  after  being  wet,  or  the  sudden  change  from  plasticity  to 
rigidity. 

When  water  mixes  with  loess  as  sometimes  on  a  side  hill 
after  soaking  rains,  or  in  sudden  rainfall,  it  flows  down,  cover- 
ing the  surface  below,  and  accumulating  as  a  talus,  and  as  soon 
as  the  water  has  soaked  out  of  it,  it  is  as  firm  and  solid  as  the 
original  loess.  It  may  be  almost  impossible  to  show  that  it  is 
a  secondary  formation  except  by  inference  from  its  relations, 
unless  there  be  some  fragment  of  plant,  or  shell,  or  position  of 
concretions,  or  distribution  of  color  to  reveal  the  fact. 

5.  The  vertical  cleavage  or  column  structure  of  the  loess  is 
a  well  recognized  featui'e  which  has  an  important  bearing  on 
our  subject  Several  things,  probably  aid  in  producing  this. 
The  lateral  shrinking  in  drying,  the  prevalent  vertical  direction 
of  the  roots  of  plants,  and  the  formation  of  light  faults  by  the 
unequal  settling  of  different  portions  because  of  the  plasticity 
of  its  lower  portions,  or  of  underlying  clays  or  sands,  are  some 
of  the  more  important. 

As  illustrations  of  this  property  we  may  refer  to  the  way  in 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  49 

which  we  frequently  find  half  way  up  a  steep  slope,  epecially 
at  the  end  of  a  spur  running  out  toward  a  bottom  land,  a  verti- 
cal cliff  10,  15,  25  or  50  feet  in  height.  Also  the  irregularly 
terraced  appearance  which  steep  bluffs  often  show.  Prom 
■excavations  in  such  bluffs  I  have  noted  that  these  are  caused 
by  a  succession  of  nearly  parallel  faults  running  with  strike  of 
the  slope  which  extend  vertically  through  the  dry,  rigid  por- 
tion of  the  loess  to  the  moist  lower  layers,  or  to  the  drift  clays 
below.  They  might  be  compared  to  crevasses  in  a  glacial 
rapid. 

This  same  property  appears  often  in  the  sides  of  canyon-like 
ravines.  In  fact,  the  cutting  back  of  a  ravine  is  first  due  to 
the  concentration  of  water  in  a  depression  in  the  lower  surface 
of  the  loess,  which  escapes  as  a  spring.  This  washes  away 
the  buttressing  or  enclosing  material,  the  plastic  loess  escapes, 
the  superincumbent  mass  settles  down,  becomes  in  turn  mois- 
tened, plastic  and  washes  away,  and  the  process  is  repeated 
backward,  following  the  vein  of  water.  The  sides  also  recede 
until  their  base  has  risen  above  the  plastic  effect  of  the 
water.  But  wet  weather  may  further  widen  the  canyon  or 
cause  it  to  throw  out  branches.  The  vertical  cleavage  and' 
inherent  rigidity  of  the  dry  loam  cause  it  to  stand  indefinitely, 
while  the  underlying  drift  clay  is  being  eroded.  In  a  dry  cli- 
mate this  stage  might  continue  long,  as  it  occurs  to-day  in  sim- 
ilar formations  in  central  Nebraska  and  Dakota. 

To  understand  still  better  the  origin  of  the  wide  vertical 
range  of  the  loess,  we  need  also  to  study  somewhat  the  under- 
lying formations.  The  most  prevalent  underlying  formation  of 
the  loess  in  the  Missouri  valley  is  bowlder  clay  or  till.  This, 
though  quite  impervious,  is  usually  traversed  by  oblique  seams 
which  cross  each  other,  dividing  the  mass  into  polygonal  blocks. 
These  seams  are  followed  more  or  less  by  infiltrating  water. 

There  is  without  doubt  more  or  less  motion  along  these 
seams,  in  fact  they  are  not  unlikely  due  to  strains  produced  by 
gravity  upon  the  mass,  or  else  by  contractions  caused  by 
consolidation  or  drying.  Moreover,  the  upper  portions  of 
this  till  are  often  quite  easily  rendered  plastic  by  standing 
water. 

Again,  below  the  bowlder  clay,  which  varies  much  in  thick- 
ness and  is  sometimes  subdivided,  there  is  usually  a  layer  of 
sand  several  feet  in  thickness.  This,  if  exposed  by  the  forma- 
tion of  ravines  becomes  a  very  unstable  foundation  and  the 

4  [la.  Acad.  Sci ,  Vol  v.]  [A-prll  28, 1898  ] 


50  IOWA   ACADEMY    OP  SCIENCES. 

suberincumbent  till  and  loess  are  let  down  bodily.  Much  of 
southeastern  Nebraska  seems  to  owe  much  of  its  roughness  to 
these  relations. 

We  are  now  fairly  prepared  to  consider  a  theory  to  account 
for  the  problematic  conditions  indicated  at  the  outset.  I  present 
it  for  your  criticism.  If  I  mistake  not  it  will  explain  much,  if 
not  all,  of  the  difliculties  found. 

We  may  suppose  that  the  preglacial  surface  was  uneven  as 
in  unglaciated  areas  generally.  The  advance  of  glaciers  spread 
over  it  a  blanket  of  bowlder  clay,  and  left  a  surface  similar  to 
that  inside  of  the  Wisconsin  moraine. 

Upon  this  was  spread  by  the  flooded  streams  flowing  from 
the  melting  ice  sheet,  either  of  the  same,  or  some  subsequent 
epoch  of  the  ice  age,  and  also  by  streams  burdened  with  Tertiary 
silts  and  clays  from  the  west,  the  sheet  or  succession  of  sheets 
of  loess.  At  this  stage  the  surface  of  eastern  Nebraska, 
western  Iowa  and  northern  Missouri,  was  a  silt  covered  plain 
similar  to  that  of  the  lower  Mississippi  at  present.  Possibly 
more  uneven  and  more  sloping.  We  can  not  conceive  that 
deep  rivers  were  the  rule  in  this  work  but  shallow  overburdened 
streams  more  like  the  Platte  of  the  present  day,  or  the  Hoang-Ho 
of  China. 

As  the  amount  of  water  declined  the  channels  would  become 
more  contracted  as  in  a  low  water  stage.  The  beginning  of  a 
northward  differential  elevation  and  a  not  improbable  lowering 
of  base  level  by  the  change  in  the  course  of  the  Missouri  river, 
as  the  writer  indicated  in  his  Missouri  report,  may  have  begun 
a  rapid  trenching  of  the  water-logged  deposits. 

In  such  conditions  the  erosion  of  valleys,  we  may  suppose, 
went  on  much  more  rapidly  than  later,  because  of  copious  springs 
and  great  plasticity  of  the  deposits. 

As  the  drift  and  loess  dried  out  there  would  be  a  relocation 
or  redevelopment  of  the  preglacial  valleys,  so  that  the  post- 
glacial streams  would  approximately  correspond  to  the  pre- 
glacial, as  has  been  pointed  out  by  McGee  and  others. 

The  first  erosion  was  probably  largely  by  ravines,  cutting 
down  sooner  or  later  to  the  underlying  till  and  drawing  off  the 
surplus  waters  from  the  loess  by  springs.  Here  different  sup- 
positions may  be  considered. 

If  the  dryness  of  the  climate  was  sufficient  to  render  the 
loess  rigid,  the  springs  and  streams  may  have  had  fair  oppor- 
tunity to  erode  the  drift,  not  only  by  corrasion,  but  by  sapping 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES.  51 

and  undermining.  It  is  not  difficult  to  suppose  that  the  appear- 
ance at  that  stage  may  have  been  not  very  unlike  what  is  now 
seen  in  the  ' ' bad  lands ''  of  South  Dakota,  where  rigid  loams 
over-lie  firm  clays  or  rocks. 

There  may  have  been  successive  local  base  levels,  each  hav- 
ing its  labyrinthine  ravines,  alluvial  fans,  and  terraces. 

If,  on  the  contrary,  there  was  much  rainfall,  so  as  to  keep 
much  of  the  loess  plastic,  there  would  be  very  low  or  no  abrupt 
banks,  but  a  general  slow  mud  flow  more  or  less  rapid  down 
the  slopes.  In  such  a  case  the  early  topography  would  have 
been  a  succession  of  flat  upland  and  sag-like  valleys  with  sides 
gently  sloping  or  marked  with  landslides  of  greater  or  less 
extent. 

In  time  the  valleys  would  reach  their  lower  base-level,  the 
loose  deposits  would  become  more  perfectly  drained,  the  breaks 
would  be  gradually  worn  off  by  erosion  though  some  stand  as 
shoulders  on  the  hillsides  to  the  present  time,  and  the  region 
gradually  put  on  its  present  aspect. 

Another  circumstance  in  the  process,  though  probably 
exceptional,  should  not  be  omitted.  A  ravine  may  have  become 
dammed  by  a  landslide  in  its  lower  course,  and  the  portion 
above  may  have  been  deeply  filled  with  accumulations  from 
the  sides  and  wash  frc.m  above.  Subsequently,  the  barrier 
which  may  have  itself  disintegrated  and  been  recemented,.so 
as  to  appear  a  part  of  the  original  banks,  is  cut  through  and  the 
ravine  again  works  back  over  its  original  course. 

If  vegetation  had  accumulated  in  the  bottom,  a  pseudo-forest 
bed  may  be  thus  formed.  I  examined  a  case  of  this  sort  in 
Mills  county,  Iowa,  where  cedars  of  considerable  size  had  been 
buried  sixty  to  eighty  feet.  The  bottom  of  the  ravine  was  yel- 
low till,  and  the  first  thought  was  that  it  was  an  old  land  sur- 
face under  the  loess,  but  other  facts,  particularly  the  roots  of 
one  much  higher  up,  showed  that  this  growth  was  long  subse- 
quent to  the  original  deposition  of  that  formation. 

It  should  be  remembered  that  this  theory  is  intended  to 
have  special  application  to  the  widest  and  probably  oldest 
loess  deposit.  Some  of  the  lower  and  more  conspicuous  are 
evidently  of  much  later  date.  They  are  simply  heavy  silt 
deposits  capping  high  terraces  of  deposition  along  the  princi- 
pal streams. 

With  this  incomplete  presentation  I  leave  the  theory  for 
your  criticism  and  hope  that  portions  of  it,  at  least,  may  be 
found  of  assistance  in  further  investigation. 


52 


IOWA   ACADEMY  OP  SCIENCES. 


GEOGRAPHIC   DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  CRIMEA. 


BY     CHARLES    R.    KEYES. 


(Abstract.) 

A  year  ago  I  attempted  to  emphasize  the  importance  of  hav- 
ing definite  and  absolute  datum-planes  for  purposes  of  exact 
geological  correlation,  and  I  endeavored  to  show  that  strati- 
graphic  unconformities  have  a  far  greater  significance  than  is 
usually  ascribed  to  them,  especially  when  viewed  in  the  light 
of  modern  physiographic  principles.  The  latter  not  only 
imply  the  recognition  of  peneplains,  or  stages  of  aj^proximate 
base-level  of  the  land  surface,  but  also  in  the  sea  areas  the 
equivalent  representatives  in  certain  deposited  materials.  The 
cause  inducing  the  new  cycle  of  deposition  being  the  same  as 
that  which  produces  mountains,  the  method  of  stratigraphical 
correlation  based  upon  it  was  termed  orotaxis,  or  classification 
of  geological  formations  by  mountain  development. 

In  general,  the  relations  of  erosion  and  deposition,  and  of  a 
grade-plain,  or  peneplain,  and  the  great  planes  of  sedimentation 
are  about  as  follows  (figure  1) : 


Figure  1.    Relation  of  Grade  Plain  and  Great  Plane  of  Sedimentation. 


As  a  rule  the  phenomena  thus  represented  can  only  be  made 
out  clearly  after  a  careful  examination  of  the  geological  feat- 
ures over  a  very  considerable  region.  The  unconformity  is  of 
very  frequent  occurrence,  and  its  equivalent  representative  of 
strata  is  "equally  often  observable,  but  the  practical  correlation 


IOWA   ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 


53 


of  the  two  is  fully  established  only  in  a  few  cases.  One  of  the 
most  notable  instances  that  we  have  near  us  is  in  the  coal 
measures  of  the  Mississippi  basin.  A  section  north  and  south 
from  the  Minnesota  line  to  west-central  Arkansas  is  indicated 
below  (figure  2): 


Figure  2.    North  atd  South  Section  of  Coal  Measures  of  the  Western  Interior  Ba&in. 

Another,  in  which  the  old  grade-plain  is  still  unburied  is 
believed  to  be  found  in  the  southern  United  States  in  which  the 
Cretaceous,  or  early  Tertiary,  peneplain  passes  under  the  depos- 
its of  the  Mississippi  embayment  (figure  3) : 


Figure  3.    Structure  of  the  Mississippi  Embayment. 


It  is,  however,  to  some  other  excellent  displays  of  similar 
features  that  attention  is  especially  called  at  this  time,  sections 
on  the  north  shore  of  the  Black  sea,  that  [have  been  recently 
noted. 

The  Crimea  is  a  peninsula  about  one-half  of  the  size  of  Iowa. 
At  the  south  its  surface  rises  abruptly  from  the  sea  to  a  height 
of  over  4, 000  feet,  and  then  slopes  gently  down  to  the  northern 
border,  which  is  nearly  at  sea  level.  From  almost  any  com- 
manding point  the  general  upland  plain  is  distinctly  marked, 
rising  gradually  to  the  southward  to  the  top  of  the  mountains 
of  the  Tauric  chain.  The  peneplain  is  of  Tertiary  age.  At 
a  comparatively  recent  date  it  has  been  elevated  to  its  present 
position.  The  new  cycle  of  erosion  that  has  begun  has  brought 
out  into  bold  relief  the  hard  layers  which,  with  the  interven- 
ing soft  beds,  had  been  previously  tilted  and  bevelled.  The 
result  has  been  to  produce  a  remarkable  step  and  platform 
topography — the  Cuesta  relief  of  Hill.  At  Bakhtchisarai, 
forty  miles  northwest  of  Sevastopol,  for  example,  a  profound 
system  of  transverse  valleys  has  been  opened  out,  the  one  side 
having  almost  perpendicular  clifl's  over  500   feet  high.     The 


54 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 


general  section  north  to  south  is  represented  in  the  subjoined 
cut  (figure  4): 


Fiffure  4.    North  and  South  Section  of  the  Crimea. 

In  another  direction,  that  is  parallel  to  the  shore  and  the 
long  axis  of  the  Black  sea,  the  section  appears  as  in  the  sketch 
below  (figure   5),    in   which   the  old  peneplain   surface    {A~G) 


•  Figure  5.    East  and  West  Section  of  a  Part  of  the  Crimea. 

seems  to  pass  beneath  the  Tertiary  deposits  to  (D)  where  it 
disappears  below  sea  level.  The  Cretaceous  eruptives  {C)  all 
have  the  appearance  of  being  completely  planed  off.  The  dis- 
tance represented  by  the  section  is  fully  a  dozen  miles,  and  it 
is  all  plainly  visible  from  the  sea  at  one  time. 

The  region  was  peneplained  in  early  Tertiary  times,  and 
then  uplifted,  with  a  maximum  uprising  near  the  present  shore- 
line. This  peneplain  still  retains  numerous  traces  of  its  exist- 
ence. With  the  uplifting  was  inaugurated  the  present  cycle  of 
erosion  which  has  been  somewhat  accelerated  by  very  late  ele- 
vation. The  dry  climate  has  prevented  a  rapid  softening  of 
the  relief. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  55 


CARBONIFEROUS   FORMATIONS   OF   THE   OZARK 

REGION. 


BY   CHARLES   R.    KEYES. 


The  term  Ozark,  as  now  generally  understood,  applies  to  all 
the  broad  dome-shaped  and  mountaineous  area,  lying  in  south- 
ern Missouri  and  northern  Arkansas  chiefly,  and  extending 
from  the  Red  to  the  Missouri  river,  and  from  the  Mississippi 
to  the  Neosho.  In  this  sense  the  name  is  used  in  the  present 
connection.  For  a  long  time  the  Ozark  uplift  remained  a  region 
about  which  less  was  known  geologically,  than  perhaps  any 
other  part  of  the  North  American  continent.  Of  recent  years, 
however,  so  many  new  facts  have  been  obtained  concerning  the 
formations  of  the  northern  part  of  the  area  that  a  very  com- 
plete and  satisfactory  classification  of  the  deposits  for  the 
whole  of  that  region  is  now  capable  of  being  made  out.  This 
is  particularly  the  case  with  those  strata  known  to  be  of  Car- 
boniferous age. 

In  the  southern  part  of  the  region,  in  Arkansas,  little  com- 
parison was  made  with  the  sections  of  other  regions,  and  con- 
sequently an  entirely  distinct  grouping  of  the  beds  was 
adopted,  one  that  was  only  in  a  very  general  way  comparable 
to  that  in  the  north.  Although  much  work  had  been  done  in 
the  state  mentioned,  no  satisfactory  parallelism  of  the  forma- 
tions of  the  two  districts  was  brought  out.  Within  the  j^ast 
two  years,  however,  direct  comparisons  have  shown  clearly 
that  the  geological  sections  of  the  Carboniferous  formations  of 
the  entire  Ozark  region  are  essentially  the  same.  The  impor- 
tance of  this  determination  over  so  large  a  region  is  obvious. 

The  formations,  which  may  be  regarded  as  typically  devel- 
oped in  Missouri,  are  fully  described  in  the  recent  reports  of 
the  Missouri  geological  survey,  and  while  no  further  reference 
need  be  made  to  them  in  this  place  they  will  be  tabulated  later. 
As  already  intimated,  there  has  been  in  Arkansas  an  entirely 


56  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENGES. 

new  set  of  names  applied  to  the  formations,  with  only  vague 
attempts  to  indicate  their  equivalents  elsewhere.  About  the 
only  formation  that  was  correlated  with  any  degree  of  certainty 
with  the  northern  section  was  the  Boone  chert,  which  was 
thought  to  represent,  in  part  at  least,  the  Burlington  limestone. 
A  short  time  ago*  the  typical  Kaskaskia  limestone  was  recog- 
nized in  northwestern  Arkansas,  and  indications  of  the  St.  Louis 
division  near  by  in  Missouri.  Farther  eastward,  on  the 
branches  of  White  river,  in  the  last  named  state,  the  Kinder- 
hook  had  been  determined;  so  that  all  four  subdivisions  of  the 
Mississippian  series  were  at  last  recognized  for  this  district  as 
clearly  as  these  formations  had  been  farther  north.  In  addi- 
tion, the  productive  coal  measures  (Des  Moines  series)  were 
found  to  be  present.  The  relations  of  these  divisions  to  those 
of  the  Arkansas  geologists  farther  south  was  thus  easily  deter- 
mined. 

Up  to  the  beginning  of  the  present  year  the  only  part  of 
the  Ozark  region  in  which  the  Carboniferous  formations 
remained  uncorrelated  with  the  typical  sections  was  in  north- 
eastern Arkansas,  in  the  Batesville  district.  Within  the  past 
few  months  Wellerf  has  announced  the  results  of  his  work  here. 
He  has  brought  forth  abundant  evidence  to  show  that  the 
formations  in  the  vicinity  of  Batesville  are  capable  of  the  same 
subdivision  and  are  as  clearly  defined  as  in  the  more  typical 
locality  along  the  Mississippi  river.  His  correlation  of  the 
Arkansas  formations  are  given  in  the  table. 

Thus  the  exact  parallelism  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous  (Mis- 
sissippian) formations  around  the  whole  of  the  Ozark  dome 
may  be  regarded  as  established  as  essentially  similar.  Why 
this  is  so,  and  why  it  should  be  expected,  will  be  referred  to 
more  specifically  in  another  place. 

In  Arkansas  the  Carboniferous  above  the  Mississippian  series 
has  also  remained  without  any  exact  determination  as  to  posi- 
tion in  the  general  section  of  the  Continental  Interior,  but  in  a 
broad  way  it  has  been  thought  to  be  equivalent  to  the  combined 
upper  and  lower  coal  measures  of  Missouri  and  Kansas,  or 
about  what  has  been  more  recently  called  the  Des  Moines  and 
Missourian  series.  The  alleged  enormous  thickness  of  the  coal 
measures  of  the   southern  Ozarks — 1,000 J  to  2,400§  feet  has 

.American  Geologist,  Vol.  XVI,  p.  ?6.  1895. 
tTrans.  New  York  Acad.  Scl.,  Vol.  XVI,  v-  251,  1897. 
$Wlnslow:  Bui.  Geol.  Soc.  America,  Vo).  II,  p.  225,  1891. 
§Branner:  Am.  Jour.  Scl.  (4),  Vol.  11,  p.  335,  1S96. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  57 

probably  led  to  a  misinterpretation  of  the  real  conditions  that 
prevailed  during  the  period  of  their  deposition.  The  purely 
paleontological  evidence,  though  somewhat  meager,  set  forth 
by  Smith,*  was  intended  by  him  to  strengthen  the  view  stated 
above,  that  the  Arkansas  coal  measures  are  the  representatives 
of  the  commonly  recognized  upper  and  lower  divisions  of  the 
Mississippi  basin,  taken  together.  However,  a  careful  con- 
sideration of  the  fossils  noticed  and  a  comparison  with  those  of 
other  districts  appear  rather  to  indicate  that,  in  Arkansas,  only 
the  lower  coal  measures,  or  Des  Moines  series,  is  really  pres- 
ent. This  is  also  in  accordance  with  the  results  of  various 
other  lines  of  investigation  in  the  Ozark  region.  The  correla- 
tion of  the  Ai'kansas  coal  measures,  with  its  great  thickness, 
and  the  Des  Moines  series  of  Missouri  and  Kansas,  with  a 
thickness  of  only  one-fourth  of  the  first  named,  is  fully 
explained  elsewhere.  In  a  word,  the  shore -line  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  Mississippian  epoch  was  approximately  along 
the  present  axis  of  the  Ozark  uplift.  North  of  that  line  ero- 
sion of  the  land  was  taking  place,  now  indicated  by  the  great 
unconformity  of  the  base  of  the  coal  measures  throughout  the 
greater  part  of  the  Mississippi  basin.  South  of  the  line,  shore 
deposits  were  being  laid  down  on  a  slowly  sinking  coast,  within 
that  district,  no  secession  of  sedimentation. 

The  Missourian  series  may,  therefore,  be  regarded  as  not 
being  represented  in  any  part  of  the  Ozark  dome,  unless  possi- 
bly in  some  parts  of  Indian  territory,  where  the  Ouchita  range 
extends  westward. 

The  following  is,  then,  a  summary  of  the  Carboniferous  for 
mations  of  the  Ozarks  and  of  their  local  equivalents: 

*Proc.  American  Philos.  Soc  ,  Vol.  XXXV,  pp.  313-285, 1896. 


58  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

CORRELATION  OF  CARBONIFEROUS  FOtiMVTIONS  OP  THE  OZARKS. 


GKNERAL   SECTION. 

EASTERN 
MISSOURI. 

NORTHBA8TKRN 
ARKANSAS 

WelUr 

SOUTHWEST 
MISSOURI  AND 

K  VN8AS. 

NORTHWEST 
ARKANSAS 

Branner  et  at 

S 

Bethany. 

Absent. 

Absent. 

Absent. 

s 

d 
o 

to 

Pleasanton. 

Henrietta. 

Cherokee. 

Absent. 
Absent. 
Cherokee  sh. 

Absent 
Absent. 
Absent 

Pleasanton  sh. 
Henrietta  11 
Cherokee  fh. 

Pleasanton? 

I  Kessler  li. 
( sh^-Jes 

d 

a 
a 

sn 
"5! 

S 

Kaskaskia... 

St.  Louis. 

Augusta. 
Klnderhook. 

f  "Chester"  sh 

■i  Kaskaskia  11. 

1 

I  Aux  Va.;es  ss. 

I  Ste.  Genevieve 

1  St.  Louis  11 

f  Warsaw  sh. 

•i  Keokuk  11. 

L  Burlington  11. 

Chouteau  11. 

V  Barton  Gr. 

BatesvUle  ss. 

ySprlng  Creek 
)     li. 

1- Boone  chert. 

1 
J 

St.  Joe  marb  e. 

Sycamore  ss 

Kaskaskia  11. 

Absent? 

St  Louis  sh? 

Keokuk   11. 
Burlington  11 

Chouteau  11. 

f  Pentremital  11. 
I  Archimedes  11. 
(.  Marshall  sh. 
BatesvUle  f  s 
Fayetteville  sh. 

V  Boone  chert. 

St.  .Joe  li. 

SOME   GEOLOGICAL   FORMATIONS   OF   THE  CAP-AU- 
GRES   UPLIFT. 

BY    CHARLES   R.    KEYES. 


Cap  au  Gres  is  a  name  that  was  given  by  the  early  French 
voyageurs  to  a  prominent  sandstone  headland  rising  from  the 
east  side  of  the  Mississippi  river  a  dozen  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Illinois.  The  point  is  of  special  interest  geolog- 
ically on  account  of  having,  side  by  side,  beds  of  the  earliest  and 
latest  Paleozoic.  The  sandstone  is  Cambrian  in  age  and  the 
contiguous  limestone  middle  Carboniferous.  The  cliff  marks 
the  position  of  the  most  profound  dislocation,  or  fault,  known 
in  the  Mississippi  valley.  Near  the  line  of  the  slip  the  hori- 
zontal strata  are  abruptly  bent  upward  at  high  angles,  as  much 
as  80  degrees,  immediately  against  the  fault  plane.  (See  plates 
I  and  II).  Hence  it  is  that  within  the  very  short  horizontal 
distance  of  less  than  a  mile  the  greater  part  of  the  entire  Pale- 
ozoic section  of  the  region  is  well  displayed. 


rOWA    ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 


59 


The  fault  has  been  traced  northwestwardly  for  a  distance  of 
fully  fifty  miles  and  doubtless  extends  four  to  five  times  that 
distance  further.  For  a  considerable  distance  on  either  side  of 
it  an  extensive  vertical  section  is  shown.  In  Pike  and  Lincoln 
counties,  Missouri,  the  detailed  succession  and  areal  extent  of 
the  various  formations  have  been  recently  made  out  with  a 
degree  of  exactness  that  has  not  yet  been  attained  in  any  other 
locality  in  the  whole  interior  basin.  For  this  reason  particular 
attention  is  directed  at  this  time  to  this  region.  The  complete 
section  represented  is  as  follows : 

GENERAL  GEOLOGI0A.L  SECTION   NEA.R  0A.P  A.U  GRE3. 


SYSTEM 

SERIES. 

STAGE. 

THICKNESS 
-FEBT 

Pleistoc  ne. 

Drift  and  loess. 

30 

Carboniferous 

Des  Moines 
Mississippian 

Cherokee  sh. 

50 

St  Louis  li. 
Augusta  11. 
Chouteau  li. 

80 
150 
30 

Devonian. 

Hannibal  sh. 
L  luisian-t.  li 
Grassy  Ore  k  sh. 
Callaway?  11 

75 
50 
30 
30 

Silurian. 

Rowling  Green  11 
+Noix  O  lite. 

25 
7 

Ordoviclan. 

Buffalo  sh. 
McOune  li. 
Bryi'nt  li. 
Foiley  li 
Cap-  lU-Gres  ss. 

60 
35 

140 
65 

125 

Cambria  a. 

Winfield  dolomite. 

40 

In  the  nomenclature  of  the  geological  formations  a  number  of 
new  names  appear.  This  has  been  rendered  necessary  on  account 
of  the  fact  that  the  various  beds  thus  christened  cannot  be  com- 
pared directly  with  the  formations  of  similar  age  in  other  parts 
of  the  Mississippi  valley.  The  disturbance  which  the  strata 
have  undergone  has  brought  up  to  the  surface  in  a  very  limited 
area  the  rocks  of  the  earliest  half  of  the  Paleozoic  in  the 
very  midst  of  those  of  the  latter  part  of  the  same  era.  Thus 
older  strata  rise  in  a  long  monocline,  and  are  abruptly  cut  off 
on  the  south  by  the  great  Cap-au-Gres  fault.     The  layers,  of 


60  IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

course,  are  bevelled  or  planed  off  to  conform  with  the  present 
surface  of  the  region. 

The  nearest  exposures  of  rocks  of  the-  same  age  are  in  the 
Ozark  region,  and  there  also  are  the  closest  stratigraphical 
equivalents.  Other  localities  are  no  nearer  than  northeastern 
Iowa. 

Winfleld  Limestone. — This  formation  is  exposed  only  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  Cap-au-Gres  fault.  Its  greatest 
exposed  thickness  is  half  a  mile  north  of  Winfield,  in  Lincoln 
county,  Missouri,  where  it  rises  forty  feet  above  the  floodplain 
of  the  Mississippi  river.  Worthen  did  not  observe  it  on  the  Illi- 
nois side  of  the  river,  five  miles  away,  but  a  foot  or  two  of  it 
is  well  shown  there  in  times  of  very  low  water,  when  it  appears 
under  the  great  massive  sandstone  which  forms  the  bluffs  at 
this  point. 

In  lithological  character  the  rock  is  a  deep  buff,  somewhat 
earthy,  magnesian  limestone,  rather  heavily  bedded,  and  con- 
taining some  sandy  material.  It  is  apparently  destitute  of 
organic  remains.  Being  the  lowest  bed  exposed  along  the 
Mississippi  between  the  Missouri  river  and  northern  Iowa, 
it  is  of  special  interest;  while  within  the  area  of  exposure  its 
position  is  clearly  indicated  as  immediately  underneath  the 
great  Cap-au-Gres  sandstone. 

Gap-au-Gres  Sandstone — As  typically  developed  at  Cap-au- 
Gres,  the  formation  consists  of  a  very  massive,  fine-grained, 
soft  sandrock,  homogeneous  in  texture  and  white  or  yellowish 
in  color.  Directly  at  the  headland  no  strata  rest  upon  it,  but 
a  mile  upstream,  owing  to  the  pronounced  northward  dip,  the 
overlying  limestone  begins  to  appear  in  the  top  of  the  cliff. 
From  the  headland  up  to  the  ferry  landing,  a  distance  of  per- 
haps two  miles,  the  sandstone  forms  high  perpendicular  and 
castellated  cliffs,  which  rise  directly  from  the  water's  edge 
(plate  III).  On  the  Missouri  side  of  the  Mississippi  it  forms  the 
middle  and  lower  parts  of  the  steep  bluffs  north  of  Winfield. 
Fifteen  miles  northwest  of  the  last  named  place,  near  the  line 
of  the  fault,  it  appears  also  to  be  exposed  in  the  beds  of  two 
small  creeks.  Worthen,  in  mentionirg  this  formation,  corre- 
lated it  with  the  St.  Peter  sandstone  of  northern  Illinois,  but 
that  formation  is  probably  not  represented  so  far  south.  The 
Missouri  geologists  referred  it  to  the  Saccharoidal  sandstone. 
It  is  regarded  as  the  base  of  the  Silurian. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES.  61 

Folley  Limestone. — The  name  is  derived  from  the  little  station 
of  Folley,  north  of  Winfield,  in  Lincoln  county,  Missouri, 
where  in  the  west  bluffs  of  the  Mississippi  river  the  best  expos- 
ures occur.  It  crops  out  on  both  sides  of  Sandy  creek,  south- 
west of  the  town,  and  on  the  hill- tops  south  of  that  stream. 
There  are  also  good  exposures  of  the  limestone  on  the  Illinois 
side  of  the  river. 

This  formation  is  a  light  yellow,  rather  heavily  bedded, 
magnesian  limestone,  containing  few  fossils.  Locally,  thin 
shale  and  sandy  bands  are  present.  The  early  Missouri  geolo- 
gists regarded  the  beds  included  within  the  limits  of  the  Folley 
horizon  as  representing  a  part  of  the  first  magnesian  limestone 
and  all  the  Trenton.  Worthen,  on  the  other  hand,  referred  the 
beds  under  consideration  to  the  lower  Trenton. 

Bryant  Limestone  is  light  blue  or  gray  in  color,  rather  thinly 
bedded,  with  more  or  less  numerous  shale  partings.  It  is  com- 
pact, somewhat  fossiliferous,  and  presents  a  marked  contrast 
to  both  the  underlying  and  overlying  dolomitic  limestones. 
The  thickness  is  from  125  to  150  feet.  Its  most  characteristic 
exposures  are  found  on  Bryant  creek,  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  Lincoln  county,  Missouri.  It  forms  the  surface  rock  over  a 
large  area  north  of  the  fault-line,  but  to  the  northward,  in 
Pike  county,  it  becomes  gradually  covered,  first  by  outliers, 
and  then  by  the  main  body  of  newer  layers.  In  the  main, 
it  has  close  relations  with  the  so-called  Trenton  of  other  parts 
of  the  upper  Mississippi  valley. 

McCune  Limestone. — The  upper  25  or  30  feet  of  what  has  been 
heretofore  called  the  Trenton  in  northeastern  Missouri,  is  a 
massive,  buff,  dolomitic  limestone,  carrying  abundant  fossils, 
usually  large  characteristic  forms.  The  best  exposures  of  the 
formation  are  on  Peno  creek,  near  McCune  station,  a  dozen 
miles  west  of  Louisiana,  in  Pike  county,  Missouri.  It  also  out- 
crops in  many  localities  in  the  southern  part  of  the  same 
county,  and  in  the  northern  part  of  Lincoln  county,  adjoining 
on  the  south. 

Buffalo  Shales  have  heretofore  been  referred  to  the  Hudson, 
and  have  been  generally  considered  as  the  representatives  of 
the  Maquoketa  shales  of  northeastern  Iowa,  and  the  Cincinnati 
shales  of  Ohio.  In  lithological  characters  and  in  fossil  con- 
tents they  closely  approach  these  supposed  equivalents  in  the 
states  mentioned,  but  at  the  same  time  they  present  some  very 
notable  differences.     It  is  also  somewhat  doubtful  whether  they 


62  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

occup3^  the  same  stratigraphical  position,  and  this  only  a  very 
careful  study  will  determine.  The  shales  as  brought  up  to  the 
surface  by  the  disturbance  which  was  somewhat  relieved  by 
the  great  fault,  are  well  exposed  on  Buffalo  and  many  of  the 
other  creeks  in  the  vicinity  of  Louisiana,  where  over  40  feet 
are  shown  above  the  water  level  of  the  Mississippi  river. 
The  fossils  found  in  these  shales  have  been  listed  in  another 
place.  The  shales  are  regarded  as  forming  the  uppermost 
member  of  the  Ordovician  of  this  region. 

Noix  Oolite. — Immediately  above  the  Ordovician  shales  at 
Louisiana  and  in  the  vicinity,  is  a  very  white,  massive  oolite, 
containing  numerous  fossils  and  having  a  thickness  of  four  to 
seven  feet  and  upwards.  Its  areal  distribution  is  over  100 
square  miles.  It  is  best  exposed,  perhaps,  in  the  immediate 
neighborhood  of  Louisiana  in  the  valley  of  Noix  creek  and 
along  the  bluffs  of  the  Mississippi  river.  From  this  locality 
its  extends  westward  and  southward,  reaching  the  northern 
part  of  Lincoln  county,  Missouri,  where  it  occurs  in  isolated 
areas  in  the  tops  of  the  hills.  It  also  crops  out  below  Louis- 
iana in  the  east  bluffs  of  the  Mississippi,  near  Hamburg  in  Cal- 
houn county,  Illinois. 

The  character  and  variety  of  the  fossils  contained  is  indicated 
in  the  list  of  fossils  given  recently  in  a  previous  volume  of  the 
Academy's  proceedings. 

Bowling  Green  Limestone. — Closely  associated  with  the  oolite 
on  Noix  creek,  is  a  buff,  massive,  magnesian  limestone.  At 
Louisiana  it  is  only  four  to  five  feet  thick,  but  this  measurement 
rapidly  increases  westward  and  south  westward  to  twenty -five 
or  thirty  feet.  Near  Bowling  Green,  twelve  miles  southwest 
of  Louisiana,  it  is  well  displayed  to  its  full  thickness,  and  at 
the  same  time  shows  all  its  other  distinctive  characters.  In 
Calhoun  county,  Illinois,  it  yields  a  characteristic  fauna,  and 
attains  a  maximum  thickness  of  thirty  feet.  The  Noix  oolite 
and  the  Bowling  Green  limestone  together  may  be  regarded 
approximately  as  equivalent  to  the  so-called  Niagara  of  the 
upjDer  Mississippi  basin,  and  is  the  only  representative  of  the 
whole  Silurian,  or  upper  Silurian  of  the  earlier  geologists. 

Callaway?  Limestone. — On  the  north  margin  of  the  Ozark 
uplift  the  lower  Devonian  beds,  that  is,  the  layers  lying  between 
the  Silurian  limestone  (Bowling  Green)  and  the  Louisiana 
limestone,  are  represented  by  highly  fossiliferous  strata,  lime- 
stone below  and  shale  above.     In  central  Missouri,  in  Callaway 


Iowa  Academy  of  Sciences, Vol.  v. 


Plate  hi. 


Gap  au  Gres    andstone.  east  bluff  of  the  Mississippi  River  below  Cap  au  Gres  Ferry. 


IOWA   ACADEMY    OF  SCIENCES.  63 

and  Montgomery  counties,  the  basal  formation  of  the  Devonian 
was  regarded  as  best  displayed,  and  it  was  then  denominated 
the  Callaway  limestone.  From  the  typical  locality  it  appears 
to  get  thinner  northeasterly,  and  when  it  reaches  the  sur- 
face again,  on  account  of  the  stratigraphical  disturbance  in 
Lincoln  and  Pike  counties,  it  is  not  more  than  twenty-five  feet 
thick.  Still  farther  northward,  in  the  vicinity  of  Louisiana,  it 
thins  out  altogether,  and  at  the  standard  sections  at  the  city 
itself  it  is  wholly  wanting. 

While  this  formation  in  the  Callaway  region  presents  some 
differences,  it  is  believed  that  it  is  properly  paralleled  with  that 
of  the  Cap  au  Gres  region,  although  in  the  present  connection 
there  is  some  doubt  whether  the  latter  should  be  properly 
called  the  Callaway.  In  the  region  under  consideration  the 
typical  "Western  Hamilton"  fauna  is  contained  in  this  forma- 
tion, the  same  species  that  are  found  farther  north  in  Iowa. 

Grassy  Greek  Shales. — Immediately  beneath  the  well  defined 
Louisiana  limestone,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town  of  Louisiana, 
there  are  about  six  feet  of  black  and  green  shales  carrying  a 
characteristically  Devonian  fish  fauna.  Ten  miles  west  of 
Grassy  creek,  these  shales  attain  a  thickness  of  thirty  feet, 
but  southward  they  thin  out  completely  before  the  limits  of 
Pike  county  are  reached. 

Louisiana  Limestone. — This  and  the  overlying  Hannibal  shales 
have  long  been  regarded  as  forming  a  portion  of  the  Kinder- 
hook  stage  of  the  Carboniferous.  The  evidence  for  now  con- 
sidering these  as  belonging  to  the  Devonian  was  given  in  the 
volume  of  the  Academy's  proceedings  published  last  year. 


64  IOWA   ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES. 


THE   INTERGLACIAL  DEPOSITS  OF  NORTHEASTERN 

IOWA. 


BY  SAMUEL    CALVIN. 


The  interglacial  deposits  of  northeastern  Iowa  embrace  (1)  the 
peat  and  forest  bed  which  has  been  known  to  well  diggers  since 
the  early  settlement  of  the  region,  but  which,  for  this  region, 
was  first  brought  prominently  to  the  attention  of  science  by  the 
writings  of  McGee,and(2)the  Buchanan  gravels  of  Calvin.  These 
deposits  represent  two  distinct  horizons  in  the  glacial  series. 
The  Pleistocene  formations  of  northeastern  Iowa  have  received 
more  or  less  attention  from  geologists  since  first  the  region 
was  traversed  by  Owen.  The  great  lowan  bowlders  of  this  region 
impressed  Owen  as  they  have  impressed  every  intelligent 
observer  since,  but  he  believed  that  these  enormous  masses  of 
granite  could  only  have  been  transported  to  their  present  posi- 
tion by  floating  ice  ' '  drifted  by  currents  setting  in  from  the 
north,  before  the  land  emerged  from  the  ocean."* 

Hall,  while  state  geologist  of  Iowa,  seems  to  have  devoted 
his  attention  almost  exclusively  to  the  indurated  rocks  and 
their  fossil  contents,  but  A.  H.  Worthen,  who  was  then  acting 
as  assistant  on  the  Iowa  survey,  discussed  briefly  the  drift  of 
some  of  the  counties  which  he  examined,  f  though  he  offered 
no  explanation  of  the  phenomena. 

Dr.  C.  A.  Whitet  was  the  first  geologist  to  consider  the  drift 
phenomena  of  Iowa  at  any  great  length.  He  recognized  the  glacial 
origin  of  the  deposits,  and  referred  some  of  the  materials  to  their 
true  sources  in  granitic  and  quartzitic  ledges  of  regions  lying  to 
the  northward.  The  time  had  not  yet  come,  however,  for  rec- 
ognizing the  complex  nature  of  the  Pleistocene  deposits  of 

*Rept.  of  a  GeoloKlcal  Reconnolssance,  etc.,  p.  69.    Ordered  printed  July  3, 1848. 

Kept,  of  a  Geot.  Sur.  of  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  and  Minnesota,  p  144.    Philadelphia,  1853. 

tRept.  on  the  Geol,  Sur.  of  the  State  of  Iowa,  by  James  Hall  and  J.  D.Whitney,  pp. 
187,  200,  210,  and  221.  1858. 

*Rept.  on  the  Geol.  Sur.  of  the  State  of  Iowa,  by  Charles  A.  White,  M.D.,  Vol.  I,  pp. 
82-103.  Des  Moines,  1870. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  65 

Iowa,  and  hence  the  numerous  problems  with  which  more 
recent  investigators  have  been  chiefly  concerned,  were  not 
considered. 

It  remained  for  McGee,  from  1875  to  1880,  to  introduce  meth- 
ods of  investigation  that  finally  furnished  the  key  to  the  inter- 
pretation of  the  complex  system  of  deposits  embraced  in  the 
Pleistocene  of  this  part  of  Iowa.*  He  pointed  out  that  the  drift 
was  certainly  dual  and  not  single  as  had  been  previously  sup- 
posed. He  insisted  that  the  interval  between  the  two  glacial 
invasions  was  one  of  enormous  length,  going  so  far  in  one  of 
his  earlier  papers  as  to  claim  that  the  older  drift  might  prob- 
ably be  Miocene  Tertiary  in  age,  and  that  the  interval  which  he 
so  clearly  recognized  might  represent  the  whole  of  the  Pliocene. 
He  took  account  of  the  forest  bed  which  he  regarded  as  lying 
between  the  earlier  and  later  drift — the  lower  and  upper  till, 
as  he  finally  called  them.  He  furnished  the  criteria  for  dis- 
criminating the  two  till  sheets  by  their  color  and  contents.  He 
led  the  way  to  a  rational  and  satisfactory  classification  of  the 
Pleistocene  beds  of  the  Mississippi  valley.  His  insight  and 
farsight  in  the  23resence  of  such  complex  problems  in  an 
unworked  field  betokens  genius  of  a  high  order. 

McGee  looked  upon  the  forest  bed  as  the  plane  of  division 
between  his  lower  and  upper  till,  but  later  investigators  fol- 
lowing the  lines  which  he  pointed  out,  have  reached  the  conclu- 
sion that  his  lower  till  embraces  two  distinct  drift  sheets,  and 
that  it  is  between  these  two  that  the  forest  bed  invariably  lies. 
Thus  there  are  three  drift  sheets  in  northeastern  Iowa,  and  in 
the  recent  literature  referring  to  Pleistocene  geology  they  are 
known  respectively  as  sub  Aftonian  or  Albertan,  Kansan  {j,nd 
lowan. 

No  forest  material  has  been  observed  between  the  Kansan 
and  the  lowan,  but  in  this  situation  there  occur  extensive  beds 
of  stratified  sands  and  gravels. 

The  forest  bed  between  the  first  and  second  drift  sheets  is 
frequently  accompanied  by  beds  of  peat  that  range  from  one 
inch  or  less  to  three  or  four  feet  in  thickness,  and  cover  areas 
of  considerable  extent.  When  peat  is  absent  there  is  often 
evidence  of  an  ancient  soil,  humus-stained  and  weather-stained 

*Ou  the  Relative  Positions  of  tiie  Forest  Bed  and  Associated  Drift  Formailons  in 
Northeastern  Iowa.    Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  II[,  Vol.  XV,  pp  339-341,  1878. 

Oa  the  complete  series  of  the  Superficial  Geol.  Formations  ia  Northeastern  Iowa. 
Proc  Am.  As'n.  Ad.  Sci.,  Vol.  XXVII,  pp.  198-231,  1879. 

See  also  The  Pleistocene  History  of  Northeastern  Cowa,  U  3.  Geol.  Sur..  Eleventh 
Ann.  Kept.,  pp.  190-577.    Wash.,  1893. 

5  Lla.  Acad.  Sci,  Vol.  vj  [April  29.  1898.1 


66  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

as  is  the  case  with  modern  soils.  Tliis  soil,  peat  and  forest 
horizon  is  correlated  with  the  Aftonian  interglacial  deposits  of 
southwestern  Iowa.  It  has  been  encountered  in  hundreds  of 
wells  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state,  and  it  has  been 
revealed  in  not  a  few  instances  in  railway  cuttings.  The  peat 
and  forest  bed  in  the  great  railway  cut  at  Oelwein  was  discussed 
before  this  Academy*  one  year  ago,  and  the  description  need 
not  be  repeated  at  this  time.  The  relations  of  the  beds  in 
question,  so  far  as  relates  to  northeastern  Iowa,  may  be  very 
satisfactorily  studied  in  the  extensive  reports  on  w^ell  sections 
in  McGee's  memoir  on  the  Pleistocene  deposits  of  northeastern 
Iowa,  pages  515-590. 

Buchanan  Gravels. — Buchanan  gravels  were  first  recognized 
as  a  distinct  interglacial  deposit  at  the  gravel  pit  of  the  Illinois 
Central  railway  in  the  northwest  quarter  of  section  32, 
Byron  township,  Buchanan  county,  Iowa.  The  pit  is  located 
about  four  miles  east  of  Independence.  The  exposure  was 
described.in  a  paper  readtothis  Academy  two  years  ago,  and  the 
paper,  in  addition  to  being  published  in  the  proceedings  of  the 
Academy,  appeared  in  the  American  Geologist,  f  The  beds  to 
which  the  name  was  applied  consist  of  stratified  sands  and 
gravels.  The  bedding  is  in  places  oblique,  showing  the  action 
of  strong  currents,  and  scattered  through  the  deposit  are  bowl- 
ders ranging  up  to  12  or  15  inches  in  diameter,  suggesting  the 
probable  agency  of  floating  ice.  It  is  certain  that  a  very  large 
number  of  the  bowlders  have  not  been  rolled  or  abraded,  for 
they  retain  the  facets  and  scratches  due  to  glacial  planing  as 
perfectly  as  if  they  had  never  been  disturbed  after  finishing 
their  journey  as  part  of  the  subglacial  drift  transported  by  the 
Kansan  ice. 

The  materials  making  up  the  Buchanan  gravel  have  been 
derived  chiefly  from  northern' sources,  though  fragments  of 
fossiliferous  limestone  that  has  not  been  transported  for  any 
considerable  distance  are  not  rare.  The  materials  furthermore 
have  all  the  characteristics  of  the  pebbles  and  bowlders  that 
occur  in  the  Kansan  drift.  A  large  pro]3ortion  is  dark  colored 
greenstone,  with  a  high  percentage  of  the  individual  fragments 
planed  and  scored.  Certain  granites  and  representatives  of 
other  rock  species  are  completely  decayed,  so  that  blocks  a  foot 
in  diameter  fall  to  pieces  under  a  single  blow  of  the  hammer. 
Many  that  were  thrown  out  in  the  bottom  of  the  pit  as  too  large 

*P.oceedtngs  Iowa  Acalemy  of  Sciences.  Vol.  IV,  pp.  54-68,  1897. 
+  American  Geologist.  Vol.  XVH,  p.  79,  Feb..  18%. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  ,        67 

to  be  used  as  ballast  have  crumbled  to  fine  sand  under  the  action 
of  the  weather.  Finally  the  gravel  is  exceedingly  ferruginous 
in  places,  and  is  everywhere  much  stained  and  weathered, 
particularly  near  the  top  of  the  deposit,  the  weathered  portion 
taking  on  a  characteristic  reddish-brown  color. 

At  the  typical  locality  the  Buchanan  gravel  rests  on  blue  till 
of  Kansan  age,  and  is  overlain  by  a  bed  of  lowan  till  varying 
from  two  to  eight  feet  in  thickness.  The  lowan  drift,  as  is 
usual  in  this  vicinity,  contains  very  many  large,  light-colored 
granite  bowlders.  Some  of  these  are  perched  on  the  very 
brink  of  the  pit,  some  were  undermined  in  taking  out  the  gravel 
and  have  fallen  to  the  bottom,  others  lie  scattered  in  great 
numbers  over  the  adjacent  fields.  Within  a  radius  of  one-fourth 
of  a  mile  bowlders  may  be  found  ten,  fifteen,  or  even  twenty 
feet  in  diameter. 

It  is  clear  to  the  most  casual  observation  that  the  gravel 
bed  near  Independence  lies  between  two  sheets  of  till,  and  that 
the  weathering,  oxidation  and  extensive  decay  that  the  mate- 
rials have  suffered  constitute  in  some  degree  a  measure  of  the 
great  length  of  the  interglacial  period.  At  the  time  the  gravels 
were  first  studied,  only  two  years  ago,  remember,  it  was  the 
current  belief  that  the  Pleistocene  deposits  of  Iowa,  except  in 
the  area  occupied  by  the  Wisconsin  lobe,  contained  a  record  of 
two  ice  invasions,  and  of  two  only.  Accordingly  the  Aftonian 
gravels  and  soil  beds  which  had  been  previously  observed  in 
Union  county,  were  assumed  to  lie  between  McGee's  lower  and 
upper  till;  and  since  the  Buchanan  gravels  plainly  occupied 
what  seemed  to  be  a  similar  position,  they  were  first  referred 
to  the  Aftonian  stage.  Our  knowledge  of  Pleistocene  geology 
has  moved  with  tremendous  strides  during  the  past  two  years. 
A  review  of  its  progress  would  occupy  more  space  than  can  be 
given  to  this  paper.  A  few  points,  however,  must  be  noted. 
First,  Bain  showed  that  the  till  overlying  the  Aftonian  beds 
was  Kansan,  the  lower  till  of  McGee,  and  not  the  lowan,  or 
upper  till  as  had  been  assumed.  This  observation  rendered 
necessary  a  series  of  adjustments  in  views  previously  enter- 
tained. A  new  drift  sheet  was  added  to  the  glacial  series  of 
this  region,  and  the  Aftonian  and  Buchanan  beds  were  shown 
to  lie  at  different  horizons.  Before  that  adjustment  Chamber- 
lin*  had  published  his  classification  of  American  glacial  depos- 

♦Journalof  Geology,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  270,  A.pril-May,  1895. 

The  Great  Ice  Age,  James  Gelkle,  third  edition,  1895,  Oliamberlaln  contributes  the 
chapters  on  Glacial  Phenomena  in  N.  A..,  pp.  724-774. 


68  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

its,  which  recognized  the  Kansan,  lowan  and  Wisconsin  as  the 
only  glacial  stages  that  had  been  worked  out  with  any  satis- 
factory degree  of  definiteness.  It  was  in  these  publications 
that  the  Aftonian  beds  were  referred  to  the  interval  between 
the  Kansan  and  the  lowan.  The  adjustment  following  Bain's 
demonstration  of  the  true  position  of  the  Aftonian  left  the 
Buchanan  gravels  as  the  only  recognized  deposit,  so  far  pub- 
lished, representing  this  interval,  and  the  term  Buchanan  offered 
itself  as  a  convenient  designation  for  the  second  interglacial 
stage.  In  the  meantime  Leverett*  was  pushing  investigations 
on  a  sheet  of  till  younger  than  the  Kansan,  but  much  older 
than  the  lowan,  and  furnishing  proof  that  the  enormously  long 
interval  between  the  Kansan  and  lowan  ice  invasions  is  rep- 
resented not  by  one,  but  by  three  distinct  stages  of  the  glacial 
series.  One  of  these  stages,  the  Illmoian,  is  glacial,  the  other 
two  interglacial.  When,  therefore,  in  1896,  Chamberlinf  revised 
his  classification  of  glacial  deposits  there  were  five  drift  sheets 
to  be  recognized  in  Iowa  in  place  of  three.  The  Aftonian  beds 
were  assigned  their  true  place  beneath  the  Kansan  drift  and 
the  term  Buchanan  was  used  for  the  second  interglacial  interval. 

The  Buchanan  gravels  are  connected  genetically  with  the 
events  immediately  following,  or  intimately  attending  the  with- 
drawal of  the  Kansan  ice.  The  materials  were  evidently 
derived  directly  from  the  Kansan  drift.  So  far  as  their  deposi- 
tion is  concerned,  they  belong  to  the  very  beginning  or  initia- 
tion of  the  interglacial  stage  following  the  Kansan.  They 
remained  exposed  and  undisturbed,  subject  to  all  the  changes 
incident  to  weathering,  during  the  interval  following  the 
Kansan,  during  all  the  Illinoisan  glacial  stage,  and  during  the 
interval  that  followed,  until  the  invasion  of  the  lowan  ice.  At 
no  point  so  far  as  yet  known  are  they  seen  beneath  the  Illinoian 
drift.  They  are  usually  covered  with  lowan  drift  within  the 
area  which  this  drift  sheet  occupies.  For  some  distance  out- 
side the  margin  of  the  lowan  drift  they  are  known  to  occur 
covered  with  loess. 

The  Buchanan  gravels  are  much  more  generally  and  widely 
distributed  than  was  at  first  supposed.  They  are  known  to 
underlie  lowan  drift  over  thousands  of  acres  in  Buchanan 
county  alone.  A  bed  is  extensively  worked  for  road  material 
near  Winthrop.     A  still  heavier  bed  is  exposed  a  mile  or  two 

♦Leveretc  had  recogaizeS   the  lUinoiaQ  drift    as  the  representatlveoof  a  distinct 
glacial  stage  as  early  as  1891,  but  the  fact  was  not  published  until  1896 
tjour.of  Giol  ,  Vol.  IV,  p.  874,  Oct  jber-November,  1896. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  69 

east  of  Jesup.  In  the  neighborhood  of  Rowley  there  are 
numerous  pits,  and  well  records  show  the  beds  to  be  continuous 
over  an  area  of  two  or  three  miles  in  extent.  An  area  of  prob- 
ably greater  extent  is  known  in  the  eastern  part  of  Pairbank 
township.  Along  the  sags  followed  by  the  prairie  streams 
they  are  very  common,  having  been  laid  down  apparently 
along  the  courses  of  pre-Iowan  valleys,  which  were  only  partly 
filled  by  the  later  lowan  drift.  The  broad  swale  followed  by 
the  south  branch  of  the  Maquoketa,  in  Madison  township,  and 
the  similar  swales  in  which  flow  Buffalo  creek  and  Pine  creek, 
in  Buffalo  and  Byron  towo ships,  are  all  occupied  by  Buchanan 
gravel  under  a  thin  layer  of  lowan  drift. 

These  gravels  are  equally  well  developed  in  Delaware 
county.  A  very  ferruginous  bed,  thirty  feet  in  thickness,  occurs 
just  north  of  Earlville,  and  covers  a  large  area  of  rather  high 
ground.  An  area  embracing  some  hundreds  of  acres,  and 
occupying  a  low  plain  along  Bear  c^eek,  near  Dyers ville,  is 
underlain  by  gravels  of  the  Buchanan  stage.  The  thickness  is 
unknown.  The  plain  is  covered  with  lowan  drift  to  a  thickness 
of  two  or  three  feet,  and  is  liberally  sprinkled  with  large 
lowan  bowlders.  Near  Colesburg,  in  Delaware  county,  six  or 
eight  miles  beyond  the  extreme  eastern  margin  of  the  lowan 
drift,  there  are  several  exposures  of  typical  Buchanan  gravels 
overlain  by  loess. 

Buchanan  gravels  present  two  phases,  an  upland  phase  and 
a  valley  phase.  They  occur  at  all  elevations,  and  some  of  the 
thickest,  heaviest  beds  are  found  on  the  very  highest  points  of 
land.  The  gravels  of  the  upland  phase  are  coarser,  the  pro- 
portions of  sand  being  less,  and  the  size  of  the  pebbles  them- 
selves being  larger,  than  are  those  found  in  the  valleys.  Bowlders, 
presumably  transported  by  floating  ice,  are  larger  and  more 
numerous  in  the  upland  phase  than  in  the  other.  It  is  the 
upland  phase  that  occurs  at  the  typical  locality  in  i  he  Illinois 
central  gravel  pit.  A  heavy  bed  of  the  same  type  occurs  a  mile 
east  of  Independence,  on  the  highest  ridge  between  the  Wapsi- 
pinicon  and  Buffalo  creek.  It  is  this  same  type  that  is  found 
on  the  high  ground  north  of  Earlville,  west  of  Winthrop  and 
east  of  Jesup. 

The  valley  phase  of  the  gravels  is  well  illustrated  at  the  beds 
near  Dyersville.  These  beds  have  been  used  extensively  for 
ballast  by  the  Great  Western  railway.  Sand  predominates. 
Cross-bedding  is  less  common  than  on  higher  ground.     The 


70  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

pebbles  rarely  exceed  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter  and 
the  majority  are  not  more  than  half  an  inch.  Bowlders  such  as 
occur  at  the  typical  exposure  are  almost  unknown.  Beds  of 
the  same  character  form  a  broad  terrace  along  the  valley  of  the 
Wapsipinicon  from  Littleton  to  Independence,  and  are  con- 
tinued up  every  lateral  valley  for  a  distance  of  some  miles. 
The  greater  abundance  of  sand,  the  regular  bedding,  the 
smaller  size  of  the  pebbles  making  up  the  gravelly  portion  of 
the  deposit,  and  the  scarcity  of  bowlders,  dilferentiate  the 
valley  gravels  from  those  occurring  on  the  highlands.  Further- 
more the  upland  gravels  are  weather-stained  and  oxidized  to  a 
much  greater  depth  than  those  found  in  the  valleys,  doubtless 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  coarser  nature  of  the  deposits  offers 
greater  facilities  for  the  penetration  of  oxidizing  and  weather- 
ing agents  There  is,  however,  a  perfect  intergradation  of  the 
two  phases,  and  both  are  alike  covered  with  a  mantle  of  lowan 
drift  so  far  as  they  lie  within  the  lowan  area. 

The  use  of  the  lerm  Buchanan  as  a  name  for  an  interglacial 
stage  is  open  to  criticism.  It  came  into  use  tentatively  before 
the  recognition  of  the  Illinoian  drift,  as  .a  stage  distinct  from 
either  Kansan  or  lowan,  had  been  published,  and  when  the 
whole  period  of  time  between  the  retreat  of  the  Kansan  and 
invasion  of  the  lowan  ice  was  supposed  to  be  a  single,  uninter- 
rupted, interglacial  interval.  It  was  first  used  in  the  precise 
sense  in  which  the  term  Af  tonian  was  originally  used,  and  as  a 
substitute  for  that  term  when  it  was  shown  that  the  Aftonian 
soils  and  gravels  preceded  the  Kansan  stage.  Since  the  recog- 
nition of  the  -Illinoian  glacial  stage  the  term  has  been  used  for 
the  interval  following  the  Kansan  in  publications  by  Chamber- 
lin,  Calvin  and  Scott.  No  great  objection  to  its  continued  use 
can  be  urged.  In  fact  it  is  much  to  be  desired  that  names  once 
introduced  should  remain  undisturbed,  but  it  may  after  all  be 
a  decided  gain  to  Pleistocene  geology  to  select  a  name  for  the 
interval  between  the  Kansan  and  Illinoian  from  some  locality 
where  true  interglacial  deposits  are  clearly  intercalated 
between  the  Kansan  and  Illinoian  sheets  of  drift. 


IOWA   ACADEMY    OF    SCIENCES.  71 


THE  WEATHERED  ZONE  (SANGAMON)  BETWEEN  THE 
lOWAN  LOESS  AND  ILLINOIAN  TILL  SHEET. 


BY    FRANK     LEVERETT,    DENMARK,    IOWA. 


PRELIMINARY     STATEMENT. 

Extent  of  lilinoian  Till  Sheet. — The  Illinoian  till  sheet  here 
discussed  was  formed  by  the  Illinois  glacial  lobe  in  connection 
with  the  maximum  extension  of  that  lobe.  It  seems  quite  well 
established  that  a  lobe  on  the  east,  which  covered  southeastern 
Indiana  and  southwestern  Ohio,  and  extended  a  short  distance 
into  Kentucky,  also  had  its  culmination  at  the  Illinoian  stage 
of  glaciation.  Farther  east  the  Wisconsin  sheet  in  many  places 
reaches  the  glacial  boundary,  but  there  are  small  tracts  of  drift 
older  than  the  Wisconsin,  lying  outside  its  limits  in  eastern 
Ohio,  northwestern  and  northeastern  Pennsylvania,  and  north- 
ern New  Jersey,  which  may  prove  to  be  of  Illinoian  age, 
though  this  is  as  yet,  not  established. 

To  the  west  of  the  Illinois  glacial  lobe  there  is  a  large  area 
covering  northern  Missouri,  southern  Iowa,  northeastern  Kan- 
sas and  eastern  Nebraska,  in  which  the  upper  sheet  of  till  is 
older  than  the  'Illinoian,  and  is  now  referred  to  the  Kansan 
stage  of  glaciation.  The  lobe  which  formed  it  is  here  referred 
to  as  f^.e  western  lobe  for  it  has  as  yet  received  no  more  definite 
name.  The  Illinoian  sheet  has  not  been  recognized  farther 
west  than  the  limits  of  the  Illinois  glacial  lobe.  It  seems 
probable,  however,  that  it  may  be  found  in  this  western  region, 
and  possibly  it  occurs  as  far  south  as  northern  Iowa. 

The  Illinois  glacial  lobe  at  its  maximum  extension  to  the 
southwest,  crossed  the  Mississippi  and  encroached  a  few  miles 
on  Iowa,  in  the  district  between  Clinton  and  Ft.  Madison.  But 
farther  north  and  south  it  appears  to  have  terminated  east  of 
the  Mississippi,  exce^Dt  perhaps,  for  a  few  miles  near  St  Louis, 
Mo.     The  southern  border  of  this  lobe  apparently  reached  to 


72  IOWA    ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

the  glacial  boundary  from  St.  Louis  eastward  as  indicated 
above.  It  is  the  southwestern  border  which  claims  our  atten- 
tion at  this  time,  since  the  Illinois  lobe  there  overrode  to  some 
extent  the  sheet  of  Kansan  drift,  formed  by  the  western  lobe, 
which  covered  much  of  Iowa,  and  portions  of  neighboring 
states. 

The  southwestern  limits  of  the  Illinoian  drift  is  usually 
marked  by  a  definite  marginal  ridge,  or  by  chains  of  knolly 
and  slightly  ridged  drift.  Beginning  at  the  south  in  Jersey 
county,  Illinois,  a  few  miles  north  of  St.  Louis,  and  tracing 
northward,  the  drift  margin  is  found  to  follow  the  east  side  of 
the  Illinois  river  in  Jersey  and  Greene  counties,  and  to  carry 
only  occasional  knolls  and  low  ridges.  It  crosses  the  Illinois 
in  southeastern  Pike  county,  and  takes  a  northwest  course 
coming  to  the  Mississippi  bluff  near  the  line  of  Pike  and 
Adams  counties.  It  there  enters  a  district  which  had  been 
covered  by  the  western  lobe  at  the  Kansan  invasion.  The 
Illinoian  border  takes  a  northward  course  along  or  near  the 
east  bluff  of  the  Mississippi,  through  Adams  and  Hancock 
counties.  A  definite  ridge  twenty  to  forty  feet  high,  is  devel- 
oi)ed  along  much  of  the  Illinoian  margin  in  Pike  and  Adams 
counties,  and  as  far  north  in  Hancock  county  as  a  point  oppo- 
site Keokuk,  Iowa. 

For  a  few  miles  above  Keokuk  the  Mississippi  river  appar- 
ently follows  nearly  the  border  of  the  Illinoisan  till  sheet  and 
no  definite  ridges  are  found.  At  the  bend  of  the  Mississippi 
below  Ft.  Madison,  the  Illinoian  border  crosses  into  Iowa.  Its 
marginal  ridge  can  be  traced  without  difficulty  from  the  vicinity 
of  the  Mississippi  river  bluff,  south  of  West  Point,  Iowa,  north- 
ward through  Lee,  southeastern  Henry,  northwestern  Des 
Moines,  and  western  Louisa  counties,  to  the  Iowa  river  at 
Columbus  JunctioQ.  Its  course  there  changes  to  the  northeast 
and  it  can  be  traced  diagonally  across  Muscatine  county  from 
its  southwest  to  its  northeast  corner.  It  is  traced  with  difficulty 
farther  to  the  northeast  because  of  concealment  by  a  heavy 
Sheet  of  loess  which  borders  the  lowan  till  in  Scott  county, 
Iowa.  It  is  known  to  extend  as  far  north  as  Scott  county,  f»r 
the  Illinoian  till  sheet  has  been  observed  in  southern  Scott 
county  as  far  east  as  Davenport.  The  concealment  by  the  lowan 
loess  is  very  great,  not  only  in  northern  Scott  county,  Iowa,  but 
also  in  Rock  Island,  Whiteside  and  Carroll  counties.  111.  .-  .It 
becomes  a  difficult  matter,  therefore,  to  decide  upon  the  posi- 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  73 

tion  of  the  margin  of  the  Illinoian  drift  in  any  of  these  counties. 
It  is  also  not  fully  decided  whether  it  reaches  to  the  border  of 
the  driftless  area  in  Jo  Daviess  and  northwestern  Carroll  coun- 
ties, 111. ,  and  in  southwestern  Wisconsin.  The  balance  of  proba- 
bilities, however,  seem  to  favor  its  extending  to  the  Driftless 
area. 

The  Illinoian  till  sheet  overlaps,  a  few  miles,  the  Kansan  till 
sheet  of  the  western  lobe  from  the  latitude  of  Hannibal,  Mo., 
northward  to  the  vicinity  of  the  southern  point  of  the  Driftless 
area.  In  this  region  of  overlap  a  weathered  zone  is  developed 
between  the  Illinoian  and  Kansan  till  sheets  at  the  level  of  the 
outlying  Kansan  surface  as  indicated  below. 

Introduction  of  the  name  Illinoian. — The  tracing  of  this  south- 
western border  of  the  Illinois  lobe  was  begun  by  the  writer  in 
the  autumn  of  1892  and  carried  as  far  north  as  Hancock  county, 
Illinois,  that  season  No  opportunity  to  continue  the  study 
was  offered  until  the  spring  of  1894,  when  the  mapping  of  the 
border  was  carried  from  Lee  county,  Iowa,  northward  to  Scott 
county.  The  greater  part  of  the  data  presented  in  this  paper, 
and  conclusive  evidence  of  a  long  interval  between  the  deposi- 
tion of  the  till  sheets  now  known  as  the  Kansan  and  Illinoian, 
and  also  the  evidence  that  the  Illinoian  is  much  older  than  the 
lowan  had  been  obtained  as  early  as  June,  1894.  The  writer 
then  began  to  use  the  name  Illinoian  in  correspondence,  but  it 
seemed  best  to  defer  its  introduction  into  literature  until  oppor- 
tunity had  been  afforded  other  geologists  to  examine  it.  In 
August,  1896,  Prof.  T.  C.  Chamberlin  and  Mr.  H.  F.  Bain 
were  conducted  by  the  writer  to  some  of  the  exposures  in 
southeastern  Iowa,  which  show  the  soil  above  and  below  the 
sheet  formed  by  the  Illinois  lobe  and  each  recognized  the  need 
for  a  distinctive  name  for  this  drift  sheet.  The  name  was 
accordingly  soon  introduced  into  geological  literature  by  Pro 
fessor  Chamberlin  (1). 

Other  Interpretations. — At  the  ninth  annual  meeting  of  this 
academy,  held  in  December,  1894,  Mr.  F.  M.  Fultz  read  a  paper 
(2)  in  which  the  interpretation  was  presented  that  the  ice  lobes 
alternated  in  the  occupancy  of  the  district  south  of  the  Driftless 
area  and  that  the  latest  occupancy  was  by  the  western  lobe. 
The  extension  of  the  eastern  lobe  into  Iowa  had  been  inferred 
by  him  through  the  discovery  of  a  bowlder  of  red  jasper  con- 

(1;  See  editorial,  Journal  of  Geology,  October-November,  1896,  pp.  872-876. 
(3)  Procaedlngs  Iowa  Academy  of  Sciences,  Vol.  II,  1895,  pp.  209-212. 


74  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

glomerate  near  Augusta,  Iowa,  which  was  apparently  brought 
from  north  of  Lake  Huron.  The  evidence  of  an  extension  of 
the  western  lobe  over  the  same  district  was  found  in  eastward 
bearing  strias  along  the  brow  of  the  Mississippi  bluff  at  points 
farther  east  than  the  site  of  this  bowlder,  Mr  Pultz  argued 
tl:  at  if  the  strias  are  not  the  product  of  the  latest  invasion  they 
would  not  have  been  preserved  in  such  an  exposed  situation. 
He  also  referred  to  some  bowlder- strewn  terraces  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi valley,  at  and  above  Keokuk  as  moraines,  and  corre- 
lated them  with  striae  as  the  product  of  the  last  ice  invasion. 
The  following  summer  Mr.  Fultz  and  the  writer,  while  examin- 
ing some  rock  outcrops  in  Burlington,  found  a  striated  surface 
in  which  the  bearing  is  westward  This  was  evidently  pro- 
duced by  the  Illinois  lobe,  and  as  it  is  in  a  section  about  as 
exposed  to  obliteration  by  a  subsequent  invasion  as  those  cited 
by  Mr.  Fultz  in  his  paper,  it  became  necessary  to  readjust  the 
views  set  forth  in  that  paper.  This  was  done  at  the  tenth  meet- 
ing of  the  academy,  in  December,  1895,  and  the  question  of  the 
relation  of  the  two  invasions  WdS  there  left  somewhat  in 
doubt(l).  The  bowldery  terrace  interpreted  by  Mr.  Fultz  to 
be  a  terminal  moraine  has  been  examined  by  Prof.  T.  C.  Cham- 
berlin  and  Dr.  H,  F.  Bain,  as  well  as  by  myself,  and  to  each  of 
us  it  seams  best  explained  as  a  residue  of  coarse  material 
formed  by  stream  excavation  along  the  Mississippi  valley  sub- 
sequent to  the  last  ice  invasion.  The  evidence  that  the  Illi- 
nois lobe  was  last  on  this  ground  seems  conclusively  shown  in 
the  relation  of  its  till  sheet  to  that  of  the  sheet  formed  by  the 
western  lobe.  The  latter  can  be  traced  under  the  Illinoian 
sheet  as  indicated  below.  In  addition  to  this  evidence  there  is 
found  an  abandoned  river  channel  in  the  district  immediately 
west  of  the  limits  of  the  Illinoian  drift  which  carried  southward 
the  drainage  outside  the  Illinois  ice  lobe.  The  banks  of  this 
channel  are  well  defined  and  the  channel  evidently  has  not 
been  filled  by  the  drift  of  any  subsequent  invasion. 

Extent  of  the  loioan  Loess. — By  the  term  Ibwan  loess  is  meant 
that  sheet  of  loess  which  connects  at  the  north  with  the  lowan 
till  sheet.  A  till  sheet  of  lowan  age  has  been  found  in  northern 
Illip.ois  as  well  as  in  eastern  Iowa,  and  it  probably  covers  the 
greater  part  of  the  northern  half  of  Illinois.  It  is,  however, 
covered  by  the  Wisconsin  till  sheet  from  Bureau  county,  Illinois, 
east  and  south.     How  much  of  Indiana  and  Ohio  was  covered 


(1)  Proceedings  Iowa  A.cad.  of  Sciences,  Voi.  Ill,  1896,  pp.  60-63. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES  75 

by  the  lowan  ice  invasion  has  not  been  determined.  The  lowan 
till  certainly  does  not  extend  as  far  south  as  the  Wisconsin  in 
those  states.  The  loess  forms  a  heavy  deposit  along  the  border 
of  the  Mississippi  and  Illinois  valleys,  but  is  comparatively 
thin  in  the  region  east  of  the  Illinois,  its  average  thickness 
being  scarcely  10  feet.  A  silt  tentatively  correlated  with  the 
loess  covers  the  Illinoian  till  sheet,  wherever  exposed  outside 
the  Wisconsin,  from  the  Illinois  river  eastward  to  central  Ohio. 
The  Sangamon  weathered  zone  between  the  loess  and  the 
Illinoian  till  sheet  is  found  from  central  Ohio  westward  to  south- 
eastern Iowa.  /.  e  ,  to  the  limits  of  the  Illinoian  till  sheet.  The 
lowan  loess  extends  also  over  the  Kansan  till  sheet  of  southern 
Iowa  and  adjacent  portions  of  Missouri,  Kansas  and  Nebraska, 
but  this  loess  is  separated  from  the  underlying  till  by  a  much 
longer  interval  than  that  between  the  loess  and  the  Illinoian  till 
sheet,  an  interval  comprising  two  interglacial  stages  and  one 
glacial  stage. 

Application  of  Bachmnaa. — At  the  tenth  annual  meeting  of  this 
Academy  Prof.  Samuel  Calvin,  after  describing  certain  gravel 
deposits  in  northeastern  Iowa,  introduced  the  term  Buchanan 
as  a  name  for  an  interglacial  stage  following  the  Kansan  (1), 
and  made  the  following  statement  concerning  the  origin  and 
age  of  the  deposits: 

"  As  to  their  origin  the  Buchanan  gravels  are  made  up  of 
materials  derived  from  the  Kansan  drift.  As  to  age  they  must 
have  been  laid  down  in  a  body  of  water  immediately  behind  the 
retreating  edge  of  the  Kansan  ice. ' ' 

Manifestly  the  deposition  of  the  Buchanan  gravels  covers 
but  a  small  part  of  the  time  between  the  Kansan  retreat  and  the 
lowan  advance.  Unless,  therefore,  the  deposition  and  subse- 
quent weathering  both  be  included  under  this  name  it  does  not 
fill  an  interglacial  stage.  Were  there  no  Illinoian  glacial  stage 
to  break  the  continuity  of  interglacial  conditions  from  the 
Kansan  to  the  lowan  stage  of  glaciation  it  would  not  seem 
necessary  to  look  for  other  terms.  But  in  view  of  this  glacial 
interruption  there  seems  need  for  names  which  will  stand  for 
the  weathered  zones  above  and  below  the  Illinoian  till  sheet. 
It  is  for  this  reason  that  the  name  Sangamon  is  here  suggested 
for  a  weathered  zone  separating  the  Illinoian  till  from  the  over- 
lying loess.  In  an  accompanying  paper  the  name  Yarmouth  is 
introduced  for  the  weathered  zone  between  the  Illinoian  and 


(t)  Proc.  Iowa  Aoad.  of  Sci<>nces,  Vol.  III.  1896,  pp.  58-60. 


76  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

Kansan  till  sheets.  The  name  Buchanan  may  still  have  the- 
significance  given  it  by  Professor  Calvin;  and  if  weathering  be 
included  may,  perhaps,  be  used  to  cover  the  time  involved  in. 
the  two  interglacial  stages  with  the  intervening  glacial  stage. 

THE    SANGAMON   WEATHERED   ZONE. 

Earliest  iZecof/ni^ion.  — Apparently  the  first  recognition  of  the 
occurrence  of  a  definite  soil  horizon  between  the  lowan  loess 
and  the  lUinoian  till  sheet  is  that  reported  by  Prof.  A.  H. 
Worthen,  in  the  Geology  of  Illinois  (*).  In  his  report  on  Sang- 
amon county,  Illinois,  made  in  1873,  Professor  Worthen  called 
attention  to  a  soil  found  at  the  base  of  the  loess  in  Sangamon 
and  neighboring  counties.  The  soil  apparently  was  first  noted 
by  Mr.  Joseph  Mitchell,  in  the  excavation  of  wells  in  the  north- 
west part  of  the  county,  and  in  neighboring  portions  of  Menard 
county.  Mr.  Mitchell  furnished  for  publication  in  the  Geology 
of  Illinois  the  following  section  of  the  beds  usually  penetrated: 

FEET. 

Soil 1  to  2i 

Yellow  clay 3 

Whitish  jointed  clay  with  shells 5  to  8 

Black  muck  with  frag-ments  of  wood .3  to  8 

Bluish  colored  bowlder  clay 8  to  10 

Gray  hardpan,  very  hard 2 

Soft  blue  clay  without  bowlders 20  to  40 

Professor  Worthen  states  that  the  bed  overlying  the  black 
muck  is  undoubtedlj'^  loess,  also  that  the  black  muck  indicates 
conditions  suitable  for  the  growth  of  arboreal  vegetation  in  the 
interval  between  the  deposition  of  the  bowlder  clay  and  the 
overlying  loess.  The  name  Sangamon  is  taken  from  this  local- 
ity where  the  soil  was  first  reported. 

General  prevalence  of  a  10  iathered  zone  at  the  base  of  the  Towan 
Loess. — In  the  locality  just  mentioned  there  appears  to  be  only 
a  bed  of  muck  to  indicate  the  interval  between  the  deposition 
of  the  bowlder  clay  and  that  of  the  overlying  loess,  for  the 
clay  immediately  below  the  muck  is  described  as  of  a  blue  color, 
a  feature  which  suggests  that  there  was  not  much  oxidation 
and  leaching  or  else  there  was  subsequent  deoxidation.  The 
more  common  phase  is  a  reddish- brown  till  surface  for  which 
Dr.  H.  P.  Bain  has  proposed   the  Italian  name  "ferretto"  (f) 

(*)  Geol.  of  llli'io's,  Vol.  V.  1873,  gp.  306  to  319. 

(+)  Ste.  Pioc.  Iowa  Acad,  of  Sciences,  Vol.  V,  1898,  p.  91. 


lOvVA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  77 

which  may  or  may  not  be  accompanied  by  a  black  soil.  This 
reddish-brown  surface  appears  to  have  been  developed  in  all 
places  where  there  was  fairly  good  -drainage.  But  in 
places  where  the  drainage  was  imperfect  a  black  muck  of  con- 
siderable depth  accumulated  and  the  reddened  zone  was  imper- 
fectly or  not  at  all  developed.  In  western  Illinois  the  exposures 
of  a  black  soil  at  the  base  of  the  loess  are  relatively  few,  but 
the  reddened  till  surface  is  a  common  feature  in  every  town- 
ship. In  much  of  the  white  clay  district  of  southern  Illinois 
and  in  portions  of  the  Sangamon  drainage  basin  a  black  soil  is 
well  developed.  A  black  soil  is  also  well  developed  in  south- 
eastern Iowa.  Where  the  black  soil  is  best  developed  leaching 
is  found  to  have  extended  in  places  only  1  to  2  feet  into  the 
underlying  till,  but  it  often  extends  to  a  depth  of  six  feet  or 
more.  Where  the  black  soil  is  absent  the  leaching  generally 
extends  to  a  depth  of  six  feet  below  the  base  of  the  loess.  The 
variations  in  depth  of  leaching  appear  to  depend  on  the  condi- 
tions for  percolation  of  water,  being  greatest  where  percolation 
is  most  rapid. 

Noteworthy  exposures  of  the  Sangamon  soil. — A  few  instances 
of  the  exposures  of  this  soil  are  selected  which  will  illustrate 
the  variability  in  its  character.  The  first  section,  at  Ashland, 
111.,  is  near  the  place  where  Professor  Worthen  reported  its 
occurrence. 

The  following  series  of  drift  beds  was  penetrated  by  a  coal 
shaft  at  Ashland,  the  identifications  being  made  by  the  writer 
from  samples  of  the  material  preserved  at  the  engine  house: 

FEET. 

Soil li 

Yellow  loess,  fossiliferous 9 

Blue  loess  fossiliferous 2 

Peat  with  black  sandy  slush 22 

Bluish  gummy  clay  with  few  pebbles 20 

Yellow  till .■ 30 

Total  drift 85 

At  the  air  shaft  sand  was  found  in  the  place  of  blue  gummy 
clay  beneath  the  peaty  slush.  A  similar  thick  bed  of  peat  has 
been  noted  at  several  other  points  in  that  region,  one  of  the 
most  conspicuous  being  in  a  well  at  Virginia  City  made  by 
Mr.  Oldridge.  The  peat  was  entered  at  the  base  of  the  loess 
at  about  fifteen  feet  and  continued  to  a  depth  of  twenty-eight 


78  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

feet,  beneath  which  a  blue  gummy  clay  was  found.  The  drift 
at  Virginia  City  has  a  depth  of  187  feet,  as  shown  by  the  coal 
shaft.  This  shaft  passed  through  a  lower  black  soil  between 
till  sheets  at  sixty-seven  to  seventy  feet. 

In  the  south  part  of  the  Sangamon  basin,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Taylorvillc,  111.,  the  loess,  which  has  a  thickness  of  ten  to  fif- 
teen feet,  is  underlaid  by  beds  of  sand  and  gravel  carrying 
thin  peat  beds  in  their  midst  as  well  as  at  the  junction  of  the 
loess  and  the  sand.  At  the  Taylorville  coal  shaft  the  upper- 
most peat-bed  was  found  at  thirteen  to  fifteen  feet,  and  the 
low^est  at  forty  to  forty-four  feet.  Numerous  exposures  of  this 
peaty  material,  alternating  with  sand  beds,  may  be  seen  in 
ravines  in  that  vicinity. 

In  October,  1896,  Professor  Chamberlin  and  the  writer  exam- 
ined together  numerous  exposures  of  the  Sangamon  soil  in  the 
portion  of  eastern  Illinois  south  of  the  limits  of  the  Wisconsin 
drift,  chiefly  in  Cumberland,  Coles  and  Shelby  counties. 
North  of  Greenup  there  are  exposures  where  the  subsoil 
beneath  the  Sangamon  soil  is  traversed  by  branching  root-like 
tubes  one-half  inch  in  diameter,  which  were  easily  traced  ten 
to  twelve  inches  below  the  soil  proper.  These  tubes  are  filled 
with  the  black  soil  which  apparently  settled  into  them  upon 
the  decay  of  tree  roots.  There  seems  to  us  little  question  that 
the  Sangamon  soil  here  supported  a  forest.  The  till  below 
this  soil  in  these  counties  shows  leaching  to  a  depth  of  several 
feet.  It  also  presents  weathered  cracks  and  seam  s  extending 
down  a  depth  of  twenty  feet  or  more.  Similar  leaching  and 
weathering  below  the  Sangamon  soil  has  been  observed  by  the 
writer  in  several  other  counties  in  southeastern  Illinois,  and  in 
Vigo,  Clay  and  Sullivan  counties  in  southwestern  Indiana,  thus 
extending  it  to  the  southeast  border  of  the  Illinois  lobe. 

Returning  to  western  Illinois  excellent  exposures  of  black 
soil  and  leached  subsoil  are  found  along  the  Santa  Fe  railway 
in  eastern  Knox  county,  of  which  views  are  here  presented 
(see  Plate  iv).  The  soil  shown  in  these  views  may  be  seen 
distinctly  at  a  distance  of  nearly  one-fourth  mile.  It  is  of  a 
deep  black  color,  resembling  the  surface  muck  found  in  flat 
portions  of  the  uplands.  The  till  beneath  it  has  been  leached 
to  a  depth  of  about  four  feet.  The  loess  has  a  thickness  of 
twelve  feet  and  is  slightly  calcareous  in  the  lower  portion. 
The  entire  leaching  of  the  till  may  confidently  be  referred  to 
a  date  earlier  than  the  loess  deposition. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES  79 

At  Galva,  111.,  a  black  soil  at  the  base  of  the  loess  is 
well  exposed  in  a  clay  pit  at  the  brickyards  east  of  the  city. 
A  large  log  was  found  imbedded  in  ihis  soil  which  here  has  a 
depth  of  two  feet.  The  overlying  loess  is  fifteen  feet  in  depth. 
A  well  at  the  brickyards  penetrated  forty  feet  of  till  below  the 
buried  soil,  of  which  the  upper  thirty  feet  has  a  yellow  color 
and  the  remainder  a  blue-gray  color. 

In  south w^estern  Carroll  county.  111.,  there  are  extensive 
exposures  of  a  soil  at  the  base  of  the  loess,  made  by  the 
Chicago,  Burlington  &  Northern  Railway  company,  the  loess 
having  been  removed  to  make  a  fill  across  the  valley  of  John- 
son creek.  Probably  a  half  acre  of  the  buried  soil  is  here 
exposed  to  view.  It  has  a  deep  black  color  to  a  depth  of  ten 
or  twelve  inches,  beneath  which  it  assumes  a  greenish-yellow 
color,  such  as  is  presented  by  sub-soils  beneath  poorly  drained 
regions.  This  sub-soil  is  leached  as  far  down  as  exposed,  a 
depth  of  three  feet.  This  locality  was  visited  last  November 
by  Professors  Calvin,  Udden,  Bain  and  myself,  and  each  recog- 
nized the  clear  indications  of  a  long  interval  prior  to  the  loess 
deposition.  It  may  be  noted  in  this  connection  that  Judge 
James  Shaw  mentioned  a  soil  in  Carroll  county  in  his  report  in 
the  Geology  of  Illinois  which  apparently  has  the  same  horizon 
as  the  one  just  described.  It  was  found  at  a  depth  of  fifteen 
feet  and  a  deposit  of  wood  two  or  three  feet  in  thickness  was 
associated  with  it.  (*) 

On  the  portion  of  the  Illinoian  sheet  in  southeastern  Iowa 
many  excellent  exposures  of  the  Sangamon  soil  are  found.  An 
exposure  similar  to  that  in  Carroll  county.  111.,  has  been  made 
at  West  Poiot,  Iowa,  where  the  Chicago,  Ft.  Madison  &  Des 
Moines  Railway  company  has  excavated  to  obtain  filling  for 
its  tracks.  The  loess  has  been  removed  over  an  area  several 
rods  square,  leaving  the  buried  soil  at  the  base  of  the  excava- 
tion. Although  the  exposure  is  on  the  crest  of  the  ridge  which 
marks  the  western  limits  of  the  Illinoian  drift,  the  soil  is  of  a 
deep  black  color  and  has  a  depth  of  several  inches.  This  expos- 
ure was  visited  by  Professor  Chamberlin,  Mr.  Bain  and  myself  in 
August,  1896,  as  were  also  several  roadside  exposures  between 
West  Point  and  Denmark,  and  between  Denmark  and  Ft. 
Madison. 

Exposures  in  other  portions  of  southeastern  Iowa  are  given  in 
connection  with  the  discussion  of  the  Yarmouth  weathered  zone. 


(*)  Geology  of  Illinois,  Vol.  V,  p. 


80  IOWA    ACADEMY   OF'  SCIENCES. 

Valley  Excavation  during  the  Sangamon  Interglacial  Stage — The 
large  streams  in  western  Illinois  and  southeastern  Iowa  are 
characterized  by  high,  level  terraces.  The  valleys  of  which 
these  terraces  are  the  bottoms  have  been  formed  in  the  Illinoian 
till  sheet  and  are  covered  by  the  lowan  loess.  The  excavations 
may,  therefore,  be  referred  to  the  Sangamon  interglacial  stage. 
They  are  broad  and  shallow.  On  Skunk  river,  along  the  bor- 
ders of  Lee  and  Des  Moines  counties,  Iowa,  the  terrace  is  only 
thirty  to  forty  feet  below  the  level  of  the  uplands,  but  the  val- 
ley is  nearly  two  miles  in  average  breadth.  The  valley  cut 
below  the  level  of  the  terrace  is  more  than  100  feet  in  depth, 
but  is  only  one-half  mile  in  average  breadth.  These  features 
indicate  that  during  the  Sangamon  interglacial  stage  the  stream 
had  a  lower  gradient  than  at  subsequent  stages.  On  the  neigh- 
boring portion  of  the  Mississippi  the  valley  formed  at  the 
Sangamon  stage  was  shallow,  as  on  Skunk  river,  but  was  not 
much  wider  than  the  inner  valley.  The  large  volume  of  water 
flowing  through  the  valley  at  the  time  when  it  constituted  an 
outlet  for  the  glacial  Lake  Agassiz  and  the  glacial  lake  in  the 
Superior  basin  is  perhaps  the  cause  for  the  relatively  great  ero- 
sion subsequent  to  the  Sangamon  interglacial  stage. 

In  southern  Illinois  and  southwestern  Indiana  the  main 
streams  usually  flow  in  broad  shallow  valleys,  in  some  cases 
several  miles  in  width,  which  were  apparently  built  up  by  the 
glacial  and  fluvio-glacial  deposits  of  Illinoian  age.  It  is  sel- 
dom that  suflicient  deepening  of  streams  has  occurred  to  pro- 
duce well  defined  terraces;  and  it  is  not  an  easy  matter  to  deter- 
mine the  amount  of  work  accomplished  during  the  Sangamon 
interglacial  stage.  On  the  borders  of  these  lowlands  the  lowan 
loess  rises  above  the  level  of  the  modern  streams,  and  at  such 
places  occasional  exposures  were  found  in  which  the  junction 
of  lowan  loess  and  Illinoian  till  is  marked  by  a  thin  bed  of 
material  more  pebbly  than  the  typical  till;  a  feature  which  is 
thought  to  indicate  moderate  stream  action  prior  to  the  deposi- 
tion of  the  loess.  A  similar  feature  has  been  noted  on  the  bor- 
ders of  many  of  the  small  valleys  in  western  Illinois  and  south- 
eastern Iowa. 

EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE  IV. 

lowaQ  loess  and  S  ingamon  soil  exposed  in  a  cutting  on  the  Santa  Fe  railway  west 
of  Wiliiamsfield.  Knox  county.  III  Tnickness  of  loess  twelve  feet.  The  shaded  band 
below  the  loess  is  the  Sangamon  soil.  It  h's  a  depth  of  one  and  one-half  to  two  feet. 
The  Illinoian  till  beneafi  is  leached  and  deeply  oxidized  for  about  four  feet.  View 
taken  by  Prank  Leverett,  May,  1892.    (Above.) 

lowan  loess  and  Sangamon  soil  near  Wiliiamsfield,  111.,  ne'-ir  preceding  but  at  much 
closer  range.    View  obtained  by  Frank  Leverett,  Jlay,  1893.    (Below  ) 


Iowa  academy  of  Sciences,  Vor..  v. 


PTjATE  IV. 


lowan  loess  and  Saagamon  soil.    (Distant  view  above,  uearer  view   below.) 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  81 


THE   WEATHERED   ZONE  (YARMOUTH)  BETWEEN 

THE   ILLINOIAN   AND   KANSAN   TILL 

SHEETS. 


BY    FRANK   LEVERETT,  DENMARK,    IOWA. 


PRELIMINARY    STATEMENT. 

The  full  extent  of  overlap  of  the  Illinoian  upon  the  Kansan 
has  not  been  determined.  It  is  certain  that  a  sheet  of  Kansan 
drift  underlies  the  Illinoian  throughout  its  extent  in  south- 
eastern Iowa  and  in  all  probability  it  continues  some  distance 
eastward  into  western  Illinois  in  the  section  between  Rock 
Island  and  Quincy. 

There  may  be  a  sheet  of  Kansan  age  formed  by  the  Illinois 
glacial  lobe.  The  available  data,  however,  do  not  place  this 
beyond  question.  Occasional  wells  in  central  Illinois  are 
reported  to  have  passed  through  a  black  soil  at  some  distance 
below  the  Illinoian  till.  But  so  far  as  the  writer  is  aware  no 
exposures  of  such  a  soil  have  ever  been  discovered.  Professor 
Salisbury  has  collected  data  in  southeastern  Illinois  and  south- 
western Indiana  which  support  the  view  that  there  may  be  two 
distinct  drift  sheets  in  that  region.  It  is  his  opinion  that  the 
upper  or  Illinoian  sheet  extends  farther  south  than  the  lower 
sheet  (1).  Whether  the  lower  sheet  is  of  Kansan  age  is  still  a 
matter  for  conjecture.  It  also  is  still  an  open  question  whether 
the  drift  on  the  east  border  of  the  driftless  area  in  north- 
western Illinois  and  southwestern  Wisconsin  is  of  Illinoian 
age  or  of  earlier  date.  In  view  of  these  uncertainties  the  Yar- 
mouth weathered  zone  is  restricted  in  this  discussion  to  the 
region  where  the  Illinoian  sheet  of  the  Illinois  lobe  overlaps 
the  Kansan  sheet  of  an  ice  lobe  lying  farther  west. 

Numerous  exposures  of  a  soil  and  weathered  zone  have  been 
observed  at  the  junction  of  the  Illinoian  and  the  Kansan  till 

(1)  Oommunclated  to  the  writer 
6  Lla.  Acad.  Sc,  Vol.  v.]  [May  2, 1898.1 


82  IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

sheets  in  the  region  of  overlap  between  Davenport,  Iowa  and 
Quincy,  111.  The  presence  of  this  soil  horizon  was  first  brought 
to  the  writer's  notice  by  a  well  section  at  Yarmouth  in  Des 
Moines  county,  Iowa.  For  this  reason,  and  because  the  name 
of  this  village  is  less  likely  to  be  confusing  than  names  which 
are  common,  it  seems  appropriate  to  apply  the  name  Yarmouth 
to  this  weathered  zone.  There  is  also  at  Yarmouth  not  only  a 
soil  horizon  but  apparently  a  pronounced  erosion  between  the 
Illinoian  and  Kansan  sheets. g 

(  ]"W~W'y^^  THE   YARMOUTH   SECTIONS. 


""^bout  ten  years  ago  Mr.  William  Stelter  of  Yarmouth,  Iowa, 
sunk  a  well  near  that  village  which  passed  through  a  bed  of 
peat  at  the  base  of  the  Illinoian  till  sheet.  The  peat  con- 
tained small  bones  which  have  been  identified  by  Dr.  F.  W. 
True,  of  the  United  States  National  museum,  as:  (1)  a  portion 
of  the  pelvis  and  upper  part  of  the  femur  of  the  wood  rabbit 
{Lepus  sylvaticus);  and  (2)  the  -scapula  of  the  common  skunk 
{Mephiticus  mephitica).  The  following  section  was  furnished 
by  Mr.  Stelter  soon  after  the  well  was  dug,  and  specimens  of 
the  several  classes  of  material  penetrated  were  also  furnished 
me  for  examination: 

FEBT. 

Soil  and  loess  loam 4 

Yellow  till  (Illinoian) 20 

Gray  till  (Illinoian) 10 

Peat  bed  with  twigs  and  bones 15 

Gray  or  ashy  clay  containing-  fragments  of  wood. .  12 

Fine  sand 16 

Yellow  sandy  clay  with  few  pebbles  (Kansan) 33 

Total  depth 110 

One  mile  south  of  Yarmouth,  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  F.  Smith,  a 
well  was  in  process  of  excavation  during  a  visit  made  by  the 
writer  to  that  region  some  years  later,  and  the  following  section 
was  determined  by  examination  of  the  material  in  the  dump, 
and  by  explanations  by  the  well  borer.  The  well  is  located  on 
a  high  point  of  the  ridge  marking  the  border  of  the  Illinoian 
drift,  perhaps  twenty-five  feet  higher  than  the  village  of  Yar- 
mouth, which  also  stands  on  the  ridge.  It  will  be  observed 
that  the  black  muck  penetrated  in  this  well  is  at  a  level  fully 
forty  feet  lower  than  in  the  well  at  Mr.  Stelter 's.  This  differ- 
ence in  level   is  interpreted   to    be    due   to  one  well   having 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  83 

struck  into  a  valley  cut  into  the  Kansan  drift,  while  the  other 
well  entered  the  Kansan  drift  near  the  level  of  the  bordering 
uplands: 

SECTION    OF  WELL  AT   F.   SMITH'S,   NEAR  YARMOUTH. 

FEET. 

Yellow  till  (Illinoian) 36 

Sand   with  thin  beds  of    blue    clay    and    also    of 

cemented  gravel 73 

Black  muck  containing  wood 6 

Sand  and  gravel,  probably  alluvial 8 

Gray  silt  nearly  pebbleless,  apparently  alluvial. . .  15 

Blue   till  (Kansan) 42 

Total  depth 180 

If  my  interpretation  of  the  records  at  Yarmouth  is  correct 
there  is  here  not  only  a  notable  accumulation  of  peat  and  muck 
between  the  Kansan  and  Illinoian,  but  also  an  erosion  of  the 
Kansan  till  sheet  to  a  depth  of  forty  feet  prior  to  the  deposi- 
tion of  the  Illinoian.  Since  these  sections  are  based  enth^ely 
upon  well  records  they  afford  a  less  clear  idea  of  the  relation 
of  the  beds  than  might  be  afforded  by  valley  excavation. 

EXPOSURES   IN   NEIGHBORING   DISTRICTS. 

One  of  the  most  satisfactory  exposures  yet  found  is  that 
afforded  by  a  ravine  about  one  mile  northeast  of  West  Point, 
in  Lee  county.  This  was  first  seen  by  the  writer  in  1894.  The 
following  section  may  be  obtained  by  descending  the  gully  at 
the  roadside.- 

FEET. 

Surface  silt  (loess) 6 

Black  soil  with  ashy  gray  subsoil 5 

Brown     till     containing    many  bowlders,    among 
which     were     two    red  jaspery   conglomerates 

(Illinoian) 15 

Black  mucky  soil  with  gray  subsoil  (Yarmouth) 6 

Brown  clay  with  few  pebbles  (Kansan) 15 

Total 47 

This  exposure  was  visited  by  Prof,  T.  C.  Chamberlin  and 
Dr.  H.  F.  Bain  in  August,  1896,  and  by  each  the  black  material 
beneath  the  till  was  considered  a  typical  soil,  and  the  gray 
material  below  a  typical  subsoil.  The  slightly  pebbly  brown 
clay  beneath  this  subsoil  shows  no  response  with  acid.  Other 
exposures,  however,  have  been  found  in  which  a  response  with 


84  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

acid  may  be  obtained  within  six  feet  below  the  base  of  the 
lower  or  Yarmouth  soil. 

Between  West  Point  and  Denmark,  a  distance  of  seven  miles, 
records  of  thirteen  wells  have  been  obtained  in  which  a  soil  was 
found  between  the  Illinoian  and  Kansan  till  sheets.  The 
thickness  of  the  soil  ranges  from  2  to  5  feet  and  its  depth  below 
the  surface  ranges  from  16  feet  to  45  feet;  the  usual  distance  to 
the  soil  is  about  30  feet.  This  represents,  therefore,  the  com- 
bined thickness  of  the  lowan  loess  and  Illinoian  till  sheet. 
The  loess,  however,  has  a  depth  of  but  5  to  10  feet.  Of  several 
wells  made  at  Denmark  in  1894  to  1897  the  writer  has  witnessed 
the  excavation,  and  finds  that  the  leaching  beneath  the  lower 
soil  extends  about  six  feet  into  the  Kansan  till  sheet.  One  of 
the  most  satisfactory  sections  near  Denmark  is  the  following, 
made  on  the  farm  of  Mrs.  Van  Tuyl: 

FEET. 

Surface  silt  or  loess  of  yellow  color,sliglitly  calcare- 
ous and  containing  a  few  small  pebbles  near  base .  7 
Brownish  yellow  till,  slightly  calcareous  and  with 

few  pebbles  (Illinoian) 10 

Brownish  yellow  till  very   pebbly   and  calcareous 

(Illinoian) 8 

Blue  clay  with  few  pebbles  (Illinoian) 10 

Black  mucky  soil  with  wood  (Yarmouth) 2 

Brownish-yellow  till  (Kansan) 12 

Hard  blue  till  (Kansan) 6 

Limestone 4 

Total 59 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  remarked  that  several  of  the 
wells  in  the  vicinity  of  Denmark  pass  through  25  or  30  feet  of 
oxidized  Kansan  till  and  enter  rock  without  striking  a  blue  till, 
but  exposures  in  ravines  both  north  and  south  of  the  village 
show  a  dark  blue-black  till  thickly  set  with  fragments  of  wood. 
This  occurs  at  a  level  lower  than  the  rock  surface  at  Denmark 
and  has  a  striking  similarity  to  exposures  in  other  parts  of  the 
state,  which  are  suspected  to  be  pre-Kansan  in  age. 

EXPOSURES  AT  DAVENPORT,  IOWA. 

The  Illinoian  till  sheet  as  above  no^ed  is  known  to  overlap 
the  Kansan  as  far  north  as  Davenport,  Iowa.  There  are  excel- 
lent exposures  of  both  sheets  within  the  limits  of  that  city  and 
also  at  points  a  few  miles  west,  near  Blue  Grass.  An  exposure 
in  Davenport,  on  Eighth  street,  between  Myrtle  and  Vine,  was 


IOWA   ACADEMY  OF   SCIENCES.  g5 

discovered  by  Prof.  J.  A.  Udden,  and  has  been  visited  by  Pro- 
fessor Calvin,  Dr.  Bain  and  the  writer,  each  of  whom  recognize 
the  presence  of  both  sheets  of  drift,  and  also  the  Yarmouth 
weathered  zone.  The  surface  of  the  Kansan  till  sheet  has  the 
appearance  of  slight  erosion,  for  it  shows  a  rise  of  about  fifteen 
feet  in  a  distance  of  twenty  or  thirty  rods.  The  lUinoian  till 
sheet-rests  uncomformably  upon  the  eroded  Kansan,  reaching  a 
lower  level  at  the  south  end  of  the  exposure  than  at  the  north. 
In  making  the  descent  along  Eighth  street  the  following  series 
of  beds  was  found: 

FEET. 

Loess 30 

Weathered  zone  of  reddish-brown  till  (Sangamon) .  3 

Unleached  brown  till  (lUinoisan) 15 

Weathered  zone  of  gummy,  gray  clay  (Yarmouth).  3 
Brown  till  changing  to  gray  color  at  12  to  15  feet 

(Kansan) 30 

EXPOSURES    IN    ADAMS    COUNTY,    ILLINOIS. 

The  most  southerly  exposures  of  the  Yarmouth  weathered 
zone  yet  observed  are  in  Adams  county,  Illinois.  In  a  ravine 
in  Woodville,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county,  two  sheets  of 
brown  till  appear,  which  are  separated  by  a  gray,  gummy  clay. 
This  clay  is  thoroughly  leached  while  the  till  immediately 
above  it  is  unleached.  The  latter  has  a  thickness  of  only  ten 
or  twelve  feet.  Another  exposure  was  found  at  a  well  in  pro- 
cess of  excavation  on  a  farm  eight  miles  east  of  Quincy.  This 
section  is  similar  to  that  in  the  ravine  except  that  the  Illinoian 
till  sheet  has  a  thickness  of  twenty  feet.  Another  exposure 
was  found  north  of  Payson  near  the  base  of  an  Illinoian  drift. 
The  gray  clay  here  rests  upon  a  gravelly  bed  instead  of  a 
sheet  of  till,  but  appears  to  be  of  similar  origin  and  age  to  the 
other  beds  referred  to  the  Yarmouth  stage. 

Within  a  few  miles  south  from  this  exposure  the  border  of 
the  Kansan  drift  emerges  from  the  edge  of  the  Illinoian,  and 
passes  southward  into  Missouri. 

The  driftless  peninsula  found  by  Professor  Salisbury,  here 
sets  in  and  occupies  a  narrow  strip  west  of  the  Illinois,  from 
Pike  county  to  the  mouth  of  that  stream,*  beyond  which  the 
margins  of  the  Illinoian  and  Kansan  sheets  take  widely  diver- 
gent courses.  Fortunately  there  was  sufficient  overlap  north 
from  this  driftless  peninsula  to  make  clear  the  interj)retation 

*See  Proc.  A.  A.  A..  S.,  Washington  meeting,  1891,  pp.    251-253. 


86  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

that  the  Illinoian  is  a  markedly  younger  sheet  than  the  Kan- 
san.  This  difference  in  age  was  suspected  to  occur  from  a 
comjDarison  of  maturity  of  valleys  in  the  two  districts,  but  the 
testimony  of  the  weathered  zone  preserved  below  the  Illinoian 
was  of  value  to  confirm  it. 


THE    AFTONIAN     AND     PRE-KANSAN     DEPOSITS    IN 
SOUTHWESTERN  IOWA. 


BY   H.  FOSTER  BAIN. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  Aftonian  deposits  of  southwestern  Iowa  have  peculiar 
interest  in  that  within  the  area  is  the  type  locality  for  the 
Aftonian.  So  far  neither  the  drift  of  the  region  nor  the  Afton- 
ian as  a  unit  has  received  a  general  discussion.  The  refer- 
ences to  the  beds  extant  are  merely  incidental  to  broader  stud- 
ies. The  type  locality  and  several  other  critical  exposures 
have  been  visited  by  many  geologists  but  no  one  has  presented 
a  complete  account  of  the  beds  in  question.  The  time  has  not 
even  yet  arrived  for  an  adequate  discussion  of  the  Aftonian, 
but  in  order  to  'prevent  possible  misapprehensions  it  seems 
advisable  to  present  a  brief  summary  of  present  knowledge. 
It  should  be  remembered  that  the  exposures  of  the  Aftonian 
and  the  sub- Aftonian  are  scattered;  that  their  importance  was 
unsuspected  until  quite  recently;  that  in  the  nature  of  things 
the  phenomena  may  be  expected  to  be  somewhat  illusive,  and 
that  but  little  of  the  area  has  received  detailed  study.  In  view 
of  these  facts  the  present  must  be  taken  as  a  preliminary  state- 
ment only  and  subject  to  considerable  future  revision. 

Scattered  evidence  of  a  forest  bed  was  found  by  White  in  his 
survey*  of  the  region.  The  most  noteworthy  occurrence 
recorded  by  him  was  that  of  a  peat  bed  two  to  three  feet  in 
thickness  in  Adair  county,  f  There  is  some  uncertainty,  how- 
ever, whether  'this  peat  occurs  below  the  loess  -merely,  or  is 
beneath  true  bowlder  clay,  and  hence,  presumably  of  Aftonian 
age.  A  recent  visit  to  the  locality  by  Mr.  -Cowles,  of  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey,  failed  to  clear  up  the  doubt  on  this 
point.  I 

*  Geol.  Iowa,  Vol.  I,  p.  97, 1870. 
t  Op  Clt.,  p.  339. 

*  Private  communication. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  87 

McGee,  in  his  great  storehouse  of  facts  regarding  the  drift 
sheets  of  Iowa,  mentions  several  points  in  the  southern  portion 
of  the  state  where  there  are  more  or  less  clear  evidences  of  the 
presence  of  two  drift  sheets.  The  Albia  exposure,  judg- 
ing from  the  figure  given,*  represents  the  Kansan-loess  con- 
tact. Presumably  the  Durham  exposuref  is  to  be  referred  to 
the  same  horizon. 

The  Afton-Thayer  exposures  were  visited  by  McGee  and 
Chamberlin  in  company,  and  the  evidence  of  an  interglacial 
interval  here,  in  connection  with  the  facts  derived  from  a  study 
of  other  portions  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  was  considered  suf- 
ficient to  warrant  the  reference  of  the  beds  to  two  distinct 
periods  of  glaciation.  With  a  wise  conservatism  the  two 
periods  were  assumed  to  be  the  same  as  had  been  demonstrated 
in  northeastern  Iowa,  and  accordingly  in  the  nomenclature 
eventually  projDOsed  by  Chamberlin,  I  the  upper  drift  at  Afton 
was  considered  to  be  the  lowan,  and  the  lower  the  Kansan. 
The  Aftonian  beds  proper  were  considered  to  represent  the 
interval  between  the  Kansan  and  the  lowan.  It  is  important 
to  note  that  in  the  original  paper  by  Chamberlin  the  term 
Aftonian  was  not  applied  to  the  gravels  which  form  so  conspic- 
uous a  feature  of  the  Afton-Thayer  sections.  These  were  con- 
sidered to  represent  rather,  kame-like  accumulations  upon  the 
surface  of  the  older  drift  sheet.  This  distinction  has  not  been 
always  clearly  observed. 

The  Afton-Thayer  outcrops  are  for  many  reasons  the  most 
important  of  those  bearing  on  the  question  of  an  interglacial 
interval  in  southwestern  Iowa  and  will  be  described  in  some 
detail.  Preliminary  to  this  it  is  desired  to  examine  briefly 
what  sort  of  evidence  may  properly  -be  required  to  establish 
the  presence  of  two  drift  sheets.  An  excellent  discussion  of 
the  criteria  for  distinguishing  between  drift  sheets  has  been 
given  by  Salisbury§.  At  this  point  it  is  intended  merely  to 
indicate  certain  of  these  criteria  found  to  be  of  value  in  the 
Iowa  work,  and  to  discuss  briefly  the  importance  which  may  be 
legitimately  attached  to  them. 


*  Pleistoceae  History,  N.  E.  Iowa,  Eleveoth  Ann.  Rep.  D.  S.  Qeol.  8ur.,  p.  493. 
+  Op,  Git.,  p.  494,  pi.  111. 

*  Great  Ice  Age(Gelkle),  pp.  773-774,  1894;  Jour.  Geol.,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  370-277.    1895. 
§  Jour.  Geol.,  Vol.  I,  p.  61. 


88  .IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

CRITERIA   FOR   THE   DISCRIMINATION   OF   DIFFERENT   DRIFT 

SHEETS. 

Forest  and  Peat  Beds.^Among  the  common  and  obvious  evi- 
dences of  interglacial  periods  none  are  more  widely  recognized 
than  buried  forests  and  peat  beds.  These  constitute  the  one 
phenomenon  which  appeals  alike  to  layman  and  geologists, 
and  buried  forests  are  a  constant  element  of  wonder  in  regions 
in  which  they  are  common.  Their  wide  recognition  and  fre- 
quent citation  has  probably  been  out  of  proportion  to  their  true 
importance.  It  is  recognized  alike  by  advocates  of  one  and  of 
more  than  one  glacial  period  that  not  all  forest  beds  may  be 
cited  as  legitimate  evidence  of  important  interglacial  intervals. 
The  admitted  fact  that  forests  may  and  do  crowd  up  to  the  edge, 
and  even  grow  upon,  the  ice  of  some  of  our  largest  glaciers, 
makes  it  evident  that  any  temporary  readvance  of  the  ice  would 
be  apt  to  cover  up  a  forest  bed.  Whether  the  vegetation  would 
follow  the  edge  of  a  continental  ice  sheet  as  closely  as  a  smaller 
glacier  is  unknown,  but  may  fairly  be  considered  doubtful. 
The  real  significance  of  a  forest  bed,  however,  arises  not  from 
the  fact  that  it  shows  that  during  the  ice  period  there  was  a 
retreat  of  the  ice  for  a  period  long  enough  to  allow  vegetation 
to  gain  a  foothold  over  areas  later  reburied  by  the  ice,  but 
from  the  light  which  they  sometimes  throw  upon  the  climatic 
and  physical  conditions  prevailing  during  the  interval.  If  the 
vegetation  includes  plants  indigenous  to  warm  or  temperate 
climates,  it  indicates  a  considerable  climatic  change,  which  can 
hardly  be  assumed  to  mean  anything  but  a  considerable  time 
interval.  The  only  escape  from  this  conclusion  is  to  assume  a 
change  in  the  habit  of  the  plant  in  question;  which  would  need 
independent  proof  but  might  be  indicated  by  its  associations. 

The  vegetation  may,  however,  be  of  such  a  character  as  not 
to  prohibit  the  assumption  of  a  cold  climate  and  yet  its  disposi- 
tion be  such  as  to  indicate  a  relatively  long  and  quiet  period  of 
accumulation,  and,  inferentially,  a  freedom  from  glacial  condi- 
tions. A  case  in  point  is  the  Oelwein  peat  bed  as  pointed  out 
by  Professor  Macbride  at  the  last  meeting  of  the  academy.* 
The  evidence  in  such  a  case  is  obviously,  while  still  important, 
of  less  value  than  in  the  former. 

It  is  conceived  that  if  a  forest  bed,  even  if  it  showed  only  a 
boreal  or  possibly  boreal  vegetation,  could  be  proven  to  occupy 

*Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Scl.,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  63-68. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  89 

the  same  or  approximately  the  same  horizon  over  a  wide  stretch 
of  country,  the  legitimate  inference  would  be  an  extpnsive 
retreat  and  readvance  of  the  ice.  In  the  nature  of  things,  how- 
ever, it  is  impossible  often,  if  ever,  to  apply  this  test  alone,  and 
in  general  forest  beds,  except  where  they  show  tropical  or 
temperate  floras,  have  little  independent  value. 

Buried  Soils. — This  term  is  intended  here  to  cover  only  the 
black  soil  proper;  the  clay  mixed  with  humus.  Under  ordinary 
circum  stances  this  is  not  deep,  and  in  general  over  the  Wiscon- 
sin drift  it  is  about  8  to  12  inches  in  thickness.  Since  the  soil 
comes  from  the  successive  growth  and  decay  of  vegetable  mat- 
ter, and  since  but  a  small  fraction  of  the  latter  is  usually  pre- 
served, a  soil  calls  into  consideration  an  important  time  factor. 
It  is  true  there  are  instances  of  rapidly  formed  soils  but  such 
may  in  most  cases  be  discriminated.  The  peat  represents  the 
forms  of  relatively  rapid  vegetal  accumulations  and  six  inches 
of  true  soil  means  a  much  longer  time  period  than  the  same 
thickness  of  peat.  It  is  important,  however,  to  carefully  dis- 
criminate true  soils  from  apparent  soils  found  by  the  washing 
in  of  soil  material.  At  Port  Dodge  the  Des  Moines  valley  is 
apparently  post- Wisconsin;  yet,  in  some  drift  exposed  down  in 
the  valley,  is  a  soil  as  deep,  and  as  well  marked  as  that  over 
the  upland  drift.  The  explanation  seems  to  be,  not  that  the 
lower  drift  is  older  and  separated  from  the  Wisconsin  by  an 
interval  as  long  as  post- Wisconsin  time,  but  that  the  exposure 
represents  a  buried  terrace,  and  that  the  soil  was  not  altogether 
developed  in  situ.  When,  however,  the  soil  is  clearly  devel- 
oped in  situ,  it  has  a  considerable  significance.  In  such  cases  it 
will,  with  certain  rare  exceptions,  be  accompanied  by  concord- 
ant phenomena  and  occasionally  the  latter  afford  the  only 
means  by  which  its  genuineness  may  be  proven. 

Leached  Horizons. — That  the  drift  contains  a  large  amount  of 
mechanically  pulverized  material  has  been  abundantly  shown. 
In  Iowa  one  of  the  most  abundant  materials  is  pulverized  lime- 
stone, and  it  is  pertinent  to  remark  that  this  material  is  quite 
abundant  even  in  the  material  covering  the  Des  Moines  forma- 
tion, our  most  important  series  of  beds  relatively  free  from 
limestone.  One  of  the  first  processes  becoming  active  in  the 
formation  of  a  soil  is  that  of  leaching.  The  soluble  materials 
begin  at  once  to  go  into  solution  and  drain  out  of  the  upper 
portion  of  the  soil.  As  a  result  acid  finds  little  to  dissolve  in 
old  soils  and  much  in  new  drift  soils.     In  the  process  of  time 


90  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

the  leaching  progresses  farther  and  farther  down  from  the  sur- 
face, so  that  the  width  of  the  leached  zone  comes  to  be  an  index 
to  the  age  of  the  soil.  It  is  obvious  that  the  amount  of  leach- 
ing is  really  proportional,  not  directly  to  the  time,  but  to  the 
amount  and  strength  of  solution  draining  through  the  soil.  An 
exposed  point  may  be  subjected  to  a  greater  amount  of  solution 
running  through  it.  Conceivably  also,  the  strength  of  the 
solution  might  vary  from  point  to  point  and  from  time  to  time. 
A  leached  zone,  then,  to  have  value  in  this  connection  must  be 
shown  to  be  general,  and  these  local  factors  must  be  eliminated. 
A  widespread  and  well  marked  zone  with  the  strength  of  the 
acid  reaction  uniformly  proportional  to  the  distance  below  the 
presumed  horizon  can,  however,  hardly  be  explained,  except 
as  a  true  index  of  time.  It  is  believed  also,  that  at  least  in  an 
approximate  degree,  the  amount  of  leaching  shown  by  two  sur- 
faces gives  a  reliable  means  for  comparing  their  ages.  It  may 
be  noted  in  passing  that  to  get  accurate  results  hot  acid  should 
of  course  be  used  in  testing  till  derived  from  dolomitic  regions. 

Ferretto  Horizons. — To  those  who  live  in  the  southern  jDortion 
of  the  state  where  the  Kansan  drift  is  exposed  beneath  the 
loess,  no  phenomenon  is  more  common  than  the  reddish-brown 
horizon  marking  the  upper  limit  of  the  drift  This  old,  red 
soil,  for  such  it  is,  is  of  the  type  known  to  the  Italian  geologist 
as  ferretto,  and  the  name  seems  fitting  and  is  useful.  The 
ferretto  zone  is  manifestly  due  to  the  high  state  of  oxidation  of 
the  iron.  The  red-brown  color  shades  off  through  orange  and 
yellow  into  the  blue  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  till,  the  change 
being  gradual,  and  the  yellow  clay  being  usually  ten  to  thirty 
feet  thick. 

The  reddish  zone  is  narrower,  and  while  its  lower  limit  is 
naturally  but  poorly  defined,  the  ferreto  zone  proper  is  usually 
but  two  to  three  feet  in  thickness.  The  progressive  increase 
in  the  oxidation  of  the  iron  toward  the  surface  is  accompanied 
by  a  similar  increase  in  general  oxidation,  and  increasing  rotten- 
ness of  the  bowlders  and  pebbles.  There  are  exceptions  and 
fresh  bowlders  occur  well  to  the  top,  and  even  on  the  surface 
of  the  drift,  while  rotted  cobbles  are  found  to  the  bottom.  Such, 
however,  is  not  the  rule.  In  the  formation  of  ferretto  and  in 
the  broader  work  of  general  oxidation  and  decay  of  pebbles 
local  causes  favoring  or  hindering  the  action  come  into  play, 
and  it  is  the  relations  of  the  phenomena  to  an  old  general  sur- 
face  that  cause   its   significance.      The   local  variations   are 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  91 

usually  easily  discriminated,  and  in  practical  field  work  only 
occasionally  lead  to  confusion. 

Waterlaid  Beds.— In  general  geologic  work  the  record  of  the 
past  is  read  in  the  deposits  of  the  succeeding  periods  In  a 
large  majority  of  cases  these  deposits  are  waterlaid,  and  each 
class  of  waterlaid  beds,  river,  lake  and  beach,  have  distinctive 
characteristics.  If,  then,  waterlaid  dei:)osits  be  found  buried  in 
the  drift  they  may  show,  either  by  their  physical  character  and 
distribution,  or  by  their  contained  fossils,  something  of  the 
length  and  prevailing  climate  of  the  period  in  which  they  were 
laid  down.  Unfortunately,  perhax^s,  there  is  always  a  consid- 
erable amount  of  water  action  in  connection  with  an  ice  sheet 
and  large  bodies  of  waterlaid  beds,  contemporaneous  with  one 
stage  of  the  ice,  may  be  buried  beneath  the  drift  after  a  wholly 
unimportant  interval. 

The  gravel  beds  may,  and  do,  grade  laterally  into  the  drift, 
proving  their  contemporanity.  They  may  also  carry  large 
numbers  of  flattened  and  striated  stones,  obviously  not  long 
subjected  to  the  wearing  action  of  running  water.  On  the 
other  hand  they  may  be  well  rounded  and  water  worn  and  indi- 
cate deposition  at  a  considerable  distance,  at  least,  from  the 
ice  front.  The  gravels,  whatever  their  form  and  origin,  may 
be  fresh,  hard  and  uncemented,  or  they  may  be  weathered,  soft, 
ferruginated  and  cemented  into  conglomerate.  Since  gravel 
beds  are  readily  permeable  and  afford  easy  channels  for  under- 
ground water  it  may  be  granted  that  all  the  processes  indicated 
might  leave  their  marks  upon  a  really  young  gravel.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  however,  the  gravels  found  in  connection  with 
the  Wisconsin  drift  are  almost  uniformly  fresh,  while  the 
Buchanan  gravels,  and  the  few  which  have  been  referred  to 
the  Aftonian  quite  as  uniformly  show  signs  of  age.  It  would 
seem  that  this  possible  source  of  error  is  really  after  all  quite 
unimportant.  Furthermore,  it  has  often  been  shown  that  in 
many  cases  the  weathering  of  the  bowlders,  both  in  the  gravel 
and  in  the  older  tills,  took  place  after  they  were  glaciated. 

Topographic  Changes. — One  of  the  most  easily  recognized  and 
significant  phenomena  indicative  of  diifering  ages  is  topo- 
graphic change.  It  is  true  that  the  rate  of  development  of 
topography  is  dependent  on  several  variable  factors,  and  may 
differ  both  in  relation  to  position  and  time,  but  the  elements 
due  to  these  factors  may  often  be  eliminated,  and  in  such  cases 
the  topographic  differences  become  probably  the  best  indices 


92  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

of  the  time  relations.  In  considering  drift  sheets  which  are 
deployed,  the  topographic  element  is  of  great  importance.  The 
pre-Kansan  drift  is,  however,  so  far  as  is  now  known,  unexposed 
except  where  the  Kansan  drift  has  been  cut  through.  The 
topography  of  its  surface  is  accordingly  almost  wholly  unknown. 
The  little  which  we  do  know,  however,  is  especially  significant. 

Physical  Gfmracter  of  Till. — When  in  studying  the  indurated 
rocks  one  finds  above  a  widespread  and  characteristic  sand- 
stone, a  limestone,  a  dolomite,  or  even  a  sandstone  of  different 
character,  he  suspects  at  once  that  he  has  to  deal  with  a  differ- 
ent formation.  To  a  certain  extent  the  same  sort  of  criteria 
may  be  applied  in  a  study  of  the  drift.  It  has  long  been  recog- 
nized that  marked  differences  in  the  character  of  the  bowlders 
carried  betokens  differences  in  the  genesis  of  the  drift.  Orig- 
inally this  was  interpreted  as  meaning  a  change  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  ice  currents.  Recently  this  has  been  synthesized 
and  now  the  phenomena  are  used  to  discriminate  centers  of  dis- 
persion. Aside,  however,  from  the  differences  in  the  bowlders, 
there  are  certain  differences  in  the  physical  aspect  of  the  drift 
itself  which  come  to  mean  much  to  the  field  worker.  Such  dif- 
ferences are  hard  to  put  into  words,  and  it  is  not  always  possi- 
ble to  analyze  them  and  so  detect  the  underlying  cause.  They 
cannot  always  be  detected  and  there  are  many  things  which 
may  be  deceptive;  yet  the  character  of  the  drift  is  often  very 
helpful.  For  example,  the  yellow  clay  of  the  lowan  drift  is 
usually  more  friable  than  that  of  the  Kansan.  The  well  known 
"feel"  of  the  loess  is  another  case  in  point.  As  a  rule  the 
blue  clay  of  the  Kansan  has  the  character  of  a  joint  clay, 
breaking  with  little  cubical  blocks  on  drying,  etc. 

Cumulative  Value  of  Evidence. — It  is  a  well  recognized  fact 
that  many  isolated  bits  of  evidence  have  a  cumulative  value. 
A  fact  which  standing  alone  would  fail  to  do  more  than  excite 
a  languid  curiosity,  when  ranged  side  by  side  with  many  simi- 
lar facts,  takes  on  a  deeper  significance;  while  a  study  of  the 
assemblage  of  independent  evidences  will  often  convince  the 
veriest  skeptic.  Out  of  small  and  individually  weak  brick,  a 
large  and  trustworthy  wall  may  be  erected.  So  in  the  study  of 
the  drift  sheets.  As  has  been  suggested,  one  class  of  evidence 
is  rarely  found  alone;  but  the  whole  often  unite  to  make  clear 
a  record  which  could  not  be  deciphered  from  any  one.  Even 
the  most  intangible  of  all,  the  physical  aspect  of  the  drift,  is 
often  the  one  first  observed,  and  it  serves  in  no  small  number 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  93 

of  cases  to  give  the  primary  suggestion  of  the  solution  of  the 
difficulty,  leading  one  to  seek  for  and  find  other  and  surer  evi- 
dence. 

THE   AFTON-THAYER   EXPOSURES. 

The  Aftonian  beds  are  not  positively  known  to  occur  in  or 
immediately  adjacent  to  the  city  of  Afton;  the  latter  is,  how- 
ever, the  best  known  town  near  the  original  exposures.  The 
beds  are  seen  well  exposed  at  three  abandoned  gravel  pits 
located  three  to  six  miles  east  of  Afton  proper.  These  are  (1) 
between  Afton  Junction  and  Talmage;  (2)  about  one  mile 
southeast  of  the  Junction  on  the  south  side  of  Grand  river; 
(3)  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  west  of  Thayer  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  railway.  For  con- 
venience these  will  be  called  the  Afton  Junction,  Grand  River, 
and  Thayer  pits,  respectively.  The  Afton  Junction  pit  shows 
the  overlying  loess,  the  Kansan  drift  and  the  gravels  with  cer- 
tain buried  silts  or  loess  beds  below  the  latter.  The  Grand 
River  exposure  shows  the  upper  and  lower  drifts  with  the 
gravels  between.  The  Thayer  exposure  shows  the  gravels  and 
the  overlying  drift  with  certain  sands  and  fine  clays  between. 

Afton  Junction. — The  pits  at  this  place  are  about  1,500  feet 
north  of  the  railway  station,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Chicago 
Great  Western.  They  have  been  opened  along  the  sides  of  a 
small  stream  running  east  and  emptying  into  Grand  river. 
The  north  side  of'  the  pit  is  bilobate,  the  minor  lobe  being  to 
the  east  and  not  directly  in  line  with  the  main  face  of  the  pit. 
The  two  lobes  in  fact  form  an  arc  of  a  rude  circle  rather  than  a 
straight  face.  Between  the  two  lobes  is  a  small  ravine  which 
has  cut  down  to,  but  not  through,  the  gravels.  The  main  face 
(Plate  v)'is  about  1,000  feet  long  and  has  a  maximum  height  of 
probably  seventy  feet.  The  minor  or  east  lobe  is  about  400  feet 
long  and  fifty  feet  high.  The  bottom  of  the  pit,  said  to  rest  on 
"quicksand,"  is  cut  down  to  about  the  level  of  Grand  river 
bottoms  (1030  A.  T.).  The  stream  is  here  of  post- Kansan  age. 
The  section  exposed  at  the  main  face  is  as  follows: 

FBET. 

Loess  of  the  usual  upland  or  older  type,  character- 
istic of  the  region 10 

Yellow  bowlder  clay  with  upper  portion  much  oxi- 
dized, leached  and  highly  colored;  lower  portion 
running  into  a  blue  with  weathered  joint  cracks, 
containing  much  weathered  material  and  planed 
and  striated  bowlders,  characteristic  Kansan. ...     30 


94  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

FEET 

Gravel,  coarse,  cross-bedded,  iron-stained,  cemented 
in  part  into  hard  conglomerate;  made  up  to  con- 
siderable extent  of  very  badly  weathered  mate- 
rial, manifestly  an  old  gravel 40 

Down  to  the  gravels  this  is  the  normal  section  for  the  region 
and  could  be  duplicated  at  hundreds  of  points.  The  ferretto 
zone  is  well  developed  and  its  coloring  is  dark  enough  to  show 
excellently  in  a  photograph.  The  drift  and  loess  are  identical 
in  every  particular  with  that  found  throughout  southern  Iowa 
and  there  can  be  no  doubt  whatever  that  the  drift  is  Kansan. 

The  drift  shown  in  the  east  lobe  is  of  the  same  character  as 
that  overlying  the  gravels  in  the  main  face,  and  the  identity  of 
the  two  has  not  been  questioned  as  far  as  is  known  to  the  writer 
by  any  who  have  visited  the  place.  Among  the  latter  may 
be  mentioned  Professors  T.  C.  Chamberlain,  Albrecht 
Penk,  Samuel  Calvin  and  S.  W.  Beyer.  Prof.  G.  P.  Wright 
has  seen  the  exposure  but  his  opinion  on  this  point  is  not 
known  to  the  writer.  The  drift  in  the  east  lobe  lies  at  a  con- 
siderably lower  level  than  in  the  main  face,  extending  in  fact 
down  to  the  bottom  of  the  pit.  As  the  railway  near  the  station 
just  cuts  into  the  top  of  the  gravels  a  few  feet,  this  was,  when 
first  seen,  interpreted  to  mean  that  the  gravels  formed  a  kame- 
like  ridge  with  a  northwest- southeast  trend  and  that  the  drift 
had  been  laid  down  over  this  ridge  running  down  over  its  side. 
It  was  thought  likely  that  there  had  been  some  erosion  whereby 
an  eastern  extension  of  the  gravels  had  been  cut  away  before 
the  drift  of  the  east  lobe  was  laid  down,  and  that,  accordingly, 
the  position  of  the  drift  indicated,  or  at  least  accorded  with,  a 
certain  time  interval  between  the  gravel  and  the  overlying 
drift.  Recent  studies  fail  to  sustain  this  view.  The  Great 
Western  Railway  company  undertook  to  open  up  the  gravels  at 
the  point  near  the  station  where  they  showed  above  the  track. 
As  the  steam  shovel  traveled  to  the  north  it  was  found  that  the 
gravel  contained  more  and  more  clay  until  ordinary  bowlder 
clay  was  being  handled,  and  the  work  was  stopped.  An  exam- 
ination of  the  east  lobe  of  the  old  pit  apparently  indicates  that 
the  same  transition  occurs  there.  In  the  photograph  (Plate  vi) 
faint  lines  of  stratification  will  be  noticed  running  through  the 
bowlder  clay.  So  faint  are  these  in  that  portion  some  distance 
from  the  gravels  that  they  were  at  first  entirely  overlooked. 
Re-examination  showed,   however,   that  the  bowlder  clay  is 


Iowa  Academy  of  Sciences,  Voi,.  v. 


Pr,ATF,    VT. 


ICast  lube  oT  tlii'  AlLou  .luiietiuii  jiiavul  pit  shovvinji'  lines  of  strati liciitiou  in  the  (lri.lt. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  95 

really  stratified,  the  lines  of  stratification  becoming  more  dis- 
tinct as  one  passes  towards  the  gravel  and  stringers  of  the 
latter  becoming  more  frequent  in  the  bowlder  clay.  The 
relationship  has  been  somewhat  obscured  by  the  circumstances 
of  a  stream  pouring  down  at  the  contact  of  the  two  lobes, 
but  it  seems  quite  clear  that  the  east  lobe  is  composed  of 
stratified  material  which  is  intimately  connected  with  the 
gravels.  In  the  opposite  direction  the  signs  of  stratification 
become  more  and  more  obscure  until  the  drift  can  not  be  told 
from  the  ordinary  yellow  clay  of  the  Kansan.  The  transition 
is  not,  however,  so  open  to  observation  and  there  is  a  possibil- 
ity that  the  stratified  drift  is  distinct  from  the  yellow  clay  of 
the  region,  though  there  is  no  known  evidence  proving  it  so. 

At  the  extreme  east  end  of  the  east  lobe  there  is  exposure  show- 
ing the  beds  below  the  drift.  This  exposure  is  in  a  borrow  jDit 
made  in  getting  material  for  the  railway  fill  and  is  represented 
in  the  third  photograph  (Plate  vii.)  The  overlying  bed  here 
is  the  yellow  clay  of  the  Kansan.  It  is  the  continuation  to  the 
east  of  that  shown  in  the  former  photos.  It  is  here  so  far  from 
the  gravels  that  it  shows  no  signs  of  stratification  nor  indeed 
anything  to  indicate  that  it  is  anything  more  than  the  ordinary 
yellow  clay  of  the  Kansan.  Beneath  the  bowlder  clay  will  be 
noted  a  pebbleless  clay  resembling  the  loess.  Indeed  one 
might  imagine  it  to  be  the  ordinary  drift-loess  section  of  the 
region  reversed  and  minus  the  ferretto  zone.  In  fact  that  is 
exactly  what  it  is,  a  loess  buried  beneath  yellow  bowlder  clay. 
In  all  important  respects  it  so  closely  resembles  the  ordinary 
upland  loess  that  the  two  could  probably  be  discriminated  only 
with  diflftculty .  The  loess  shows  under  the  stratified  bed  of  the 
east  lobe,  though  it  carries  here  some  very  fine  gravel  and  is 
more  of  a  silt  than  a  loess. 

Grand  River  Section. — The  exposure  on  the  river  proper  is 
about  one  mile  away  though  one  exposui-e  is  in  view  from  the 
other.  Between,  ordinary  erosion  has  cut  away  the  connecting 
beds;  but  looking  across  the  amphitheater  the  connection  is 
obvious.  This  section  is  the  only  one  in  the  region  showing 
the  lower  till  and  is  accordingly  of  exceptional  interest.  The 
full  exposure  shows  the  loess,  Kansan  drift  and  gravels  as 
seen  elsewhere.     Beneath  them  are  the  following  beds: 


96  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

FEET. 

Bowlder  clay  (sub-Aftonian),  a  blue-black  clay  not 
weathered  at  top  and  coming  into  sharp  contact 
with  the  ferruginated  gravels,  containing  mainly 
small  pebbles,  predominantly  of  vein  quartz,  but 
with  a  fair  proportion  of  granite.  Many,  if  not 
most,  of  the  pebbles  fresh  and  hard 40 

Red  and  blue  shales  of  Missourian 20 

The  peculiar  physical  character  of  the  lower  bowlder  clay 
is  striking.  It  is  dense  and  breaks  usually  in  flakes  rather 
than  joint  blocks.  It  is  of  a  strikingly  dark  color.  There  are 
few  joint  cracks  and  these  show  no  special  signs  of  weathering. 
The  sharpness  of  the  contact  between  the  gravels  and  the 
bowlder  clay,  with  the  presence  of  many  hard  pebbles  in  the 
latter,  indicates  apparently  one  of  two  things,  (1)  either  this 
lower  clay  was  not  exposed  to  surface  action  before  the  gravels 
were  laid  down,  or  (2)  it  was  so  vigorously  eroded  immediately 
before  the  deposition  of  the  gravels  as  to  cut  away  all  evidence 
of  former  surface  exposure. 

Thayer  Section. — The  Thayer  section  is  of  interest,  since  it 
seems  that  here  the  evidence  of  two  drifts  was  detected.  The 
section  as  now  shown  varies  a  little  from  point  to  point  in  the 
pit  but  a  representative  exposure  shows  the  following  beds: 

FEET.  INCHES. 

9.     Black  soil 6 

8.     Reddish  gravelly  clay  (ferretto) 1 

7 .  Yellow  bowlder  clay  becoming  gravelly 
below  and  containing  quartzite, 
greenstones  and  granite;  flattened 
and  striated  pebbles  with  lime  con- 
cretions   10  to    20 

6.     Fine  sand 1  6 

5.     Drab  to  blue  pebbly  clay  with  sticks 

and  bits  of  undetermined  wood 4 

4.     Fine  sand 3 

3.     Drab  pebbly  clay  as  above 12 

2.     Fine  sand 2 

1.  Gravel  as  seen  before,  striated  and 
cross-bedded;  pebbles  mainly  less 
than  li  inch  in  diameter  but  with 
some  large  bowlders.  Material  seem- 
ingly of  the  usual  Kansan  facies, 
much  weathered  and  highly  col- 
ored  15  to    20 

Summarizing  the  above,  we  have  loess  and  yellow  and  blue 
clay  phases  of  the  Kansan  with  the  underlying  gravels.     The 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  97 

blue  clay  phase  of  the  Kansan  is  unusual  in  the  presence 
of  interstratified  beds  of  fine  sand  and  in  the  abundance  of 
woody  material.  It  is  dark  and  might  readily  be  taken  for  a 
buried  soil,  though  there  is  some  doubt  whether  this  is  the  true 
interpretation.  The  portion  of  the  pit  examined  by  McGee  and 
Chamberlin  is  not  now  oi3en  to  examination.  It  seems  to  have 
then  presented  much  better  evidence  of  a  soil  above  the  gravel 
than  can  now  be  found.  The  material  seen  is  stated  to  have 
given  a  clear  impression  that  it  was  a  mucky  soil  accumulated 
on  the  lee  slope  of  the  gravel  hill.  It  contained  much  vegetal 
material,  and  while  normally  but  three  to  four  feet  thick,  was 
at  one  place  bunched  up  to  a  thickness  of  six  or  eight  feet. 
The  material  now  found  at  that  horizon  some  few  feet  farther 
east  is  full  of  pebbles  and,  except  for  the  darker  color  and 
woody  material,  does  not  differ  from  blue  bowlder  clay. 

The  question  raised  by  the  various  Afton  exposures  are 
numerous.  The  principal  ones  are  (1),  are  there  two  distinct 
drift  sheets  present?  and  (2),  if  two  drift  sheets  be  present  is  the 
unconformity  above  or  below  the  gravel  beds'?  The  earlier  inter- 
pretation was  that  two  drift  sheets  were  present,  that  the  gravels 
represented  kames  connected  with  the  retreat  of  the  earlier  ice, 
and  that  the  blue-black  clay  at  the  base  of  the  Kansan  as  seen  at 
Thayer  was  in  part,  at  least,  a  soil,  and  marked  the  Aftonian 
horizon  proper.  An  alternative  hypothesis  would  consider  the 
evidence  of  two  drifts,  so  far  only  as  these  particular  exposures 
are  concerned,  as  perhaps  not  wholly  unassailable,  and  would 
place  the  dividing  line  below  the  gravels.  In  support  of  the 
latter  hypothesis,  it  may  be  urged  that  so  far  as  the  exposures 
now  show  there  is  nothing  comparable  to  a  soil  above  the  grav- 
els except  at  Thayer,  and  that  even  here  the  beds  may  be 
explained,  though  perhaps  with  some  difficulty,  as  merely  a 
portion  of  the  blue  clay  phase  of  the  Kansan.  The  passing  of 
the  gravels  by  lateral  transition  at  three  points  into  bowlder 
clay  undistinguishable  from,  and  apparently  connected  with,  the 
overlying  Kansan,  would  seem  to  argue  a  contemporaneity  of 
age.  It  is  possible,  however,  that  the  effect  of  a  later  ice 
sheet  working  against  the  edge  of  a  loose  gravel  hill  would  be 
to  obscure  the  distinctness  of  the  two  deposits  more  than  has 
been  thought.  Perhaps  the  loess-like  clay  seen  beneath  the 
stratified  beds  and  proven  by  test  pits  to  run  beneath  some,  at 
least,  of  the  gravel,  may  be  urged  as  evidence  of  an  unconformity 
below  the  gravel.     As  it  is  quite  probable  that  the  gravel  pits 

7       [la.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  v.]  [May  2, 1898.] 


98  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

will  soon  be  extensively  reworked  and  final  evidence  upon  some 
of  these  questions  will  then  be  at  hand,  no  attempt  will  be 
made  for  the  present  to  determine  the  balance  of  probabilities 
between  the  two  hypotheses. 

CO-ORDINATE    PHENOMENA. 

Before  taking  up  the  question  of  the  presence  of  two  drifts 
in  the  larger  region  it  will  be  advisable  to  mention  certain 
additional  exposures.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Afton  a 
buried  peat  bed  has  been  reported  from  several  wells,  and  speci- 
mens of  peat  collected  by  Mr.  William  Haven,  leave  no  doubt 
as  to  its  nature.  This  bed  is  found  at  a  depth  of  about  forty 
feet  in  situations  which  seem  to  indicate  that  it  is  lower  than 
the  base  of  the  loess. 

Following  down  Grand  river  traces  of  the  gravels  are  occa- 
sionally seen  and  at  Reynolds  ford,  near  where  Union  and 
Decatur  counties  corner,  the  beds  are  exposed  with  a  thickness 
of  15  feet.  They  rest  as  at  the  exposure  already  described 
upon  a  blue-black  bowlder  clay  of  peculiar  physical  character 
and  unlike  the  usual  blue  clay  of  the  Kansan.  In  the  southern 
portion  of  Decatur  county  below  Davis  City  (southwest  of 
northwest  section  18,  Hamilton  township)  is  another  exposure 
of  bowlder  clay  of  this  character  and  over  it  are  some  beds  of 
stratified  material.  Between  the  two  points  south  of  a  small 
country  town  called  Terre  Haute  (section  28,  Burrell  township) 
is  an  exposure  in  the  south  bank  of  the  river  showing  a  soil 
below  yellow  bowlder  clay  answering  to  the  Kansan  and  having 
here  stratified  material  below.  This  exposure  is  not  altogether 
satisfactory  and  has  been  discussed  elsewhere*  but  should  be 
kept  in  mind  in  offering  an  interpretation  for  the  region. 

In  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  county  a  forest  bed  has 
been  reported  from  several  wells.  Mr.  Fitzpatrick  has  noted 
it  at  Lamoni  at  a  depth  of  85  feet  with  100  feet  of  bowlder  clay 
below.  In '  Harrison  the  adjoining  county  in  Missouri,  Dr. 
Keyes  informs  the  writer  that  a  peat  bed  as  much  as  nine  feet 
thick  has  been  found  at  considerable  depths.  Near  Osceola 
and  again  near  Leon  there  is  a  buried  gumbo  which,  while  it  is 
believed  to  represent  merely  an  episode  in  Kansan  hisiiory  is 
possibly  susceptible  to  another  interpretation.!  Near  Sigour- 
ney,  in  Keokuk  county,  Mr.  Leverett  has  noted  an  old  soil  in  the 
drift  far  outside  the  limits  of  both  the  lowan  and  the  Illinoian. 


*Geol.  Decatur  Go  ,  Iowa  Geol.  Sur.,  Vol.  VI T.    In  press. 
+  Geol.  Decatur  Oouaty. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  99 

The  forest  bed  at  Washington  has  often  been  referred  to. 
Buried  forests  have  been  reported  in  the  region  at  Murray, 
Fontanelle,  and  points  in  Taylor  county  and,  while  the  phe- 
nomena have  not  yet  been  carefully  collected  and  studied, 
enough  is  known  to  prove  that  the  facts  are  not  isolated;  and 
some  of  them,  at  least,  seem  worthy  to  serve  as  a  basis  for 
generalizations. 

The  exposure  near  Hastie,  first  described  in  a  meeting  of  this 
Academy*  and  more  fully  described  in  the  reports  of  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  f,  is  probably  to  be  considered  in  this  connection. 
In  view  of  the  results  of  the  past  season's  work  in  the  discovery 
of  correlative  evidence  it  now  seems  that  the  argument  from 
erosion  then  suggested  is  a  good  one  and  that  there  is  an 
important  time  break  between  the  gravels  and  the  Kansan 
drift.  Certainly  a  time  break  which  was  suflicient  to  allow  the 
Des  Moines  to  clear  out  of  its  old  valley  forty  feet  of  drift  so 
completely  that  only  a  few  scattered  remnants  are  left,  is  not  to 
be  considered  trivial. 

SUMMARY. 

In  considering  the  conclusion  to  be  drawn  from  the  evidence 
now  in  hand  the  remarks  relative  to  the  value  of  the  various 
lines  of  evidence  should  be  kept  in  mind. 

First. — It  is  submitted  that  there  is  widespread  evidence  of 
buried  forest  and  peat  beds  in  the  region.  It  is  admitted  that 
nothing  of  importance  bearing  on  the  character  of  this  flora  as 
regards  climate  is  known.  It  is  further  admitted  that  these 
notes  on  forest  beds  have  not  been  sifted,  and  much  of  the  evi- 
dence is  of  uncertain  value.  It  is,  on  the  other  hand,  to  be 
noted  that  certain  of  the  beds  are  well  attested  as  to  position, 
occupying  a  horizon  fitting  well  with  the  hypothesis  of  two 
drifts,  and  that  some  are  of  a  thickness  worthy  of  considera- 
tion. Upon  the  whole,  however,  the  argument  from  forest 
beds  alone  probably  has  but  slight  value. 

Second. — Buried  soils  have  been  shown  to  be  not  unknown, 
though  the  value  of  the  evidence  derived  from  them  is  uncer- 
tain. 

Third. — It  has  been  impossible  so  far  to  apply  the  ordinary 
tests  based  on  leached  and  ferretto  zones  to  the  sub-Aftonian. 

Fovrth. — Waterlaid  beds  are  present  at  several  points  at  the 
Aftonian  horizon.     In  Polk  county  they  are    believed   to   be 

*  Keyes  and  CaU,  Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Sur.,  1890-91,  p.  30. 
+  Vol.  VII,  Geology  of  Polk  County,  pp.  338-338,  1897. 


100  IOWA   ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES. 

notably  earlier  than  the  overlying  drift.  At  Afton  they  seem 
to  represent  kame-like  aggregations,  but  whether  made  during 
the' advance  of  the  Kansan,  or  the  retreat  of  the  pre-Kansan,  is 
not  entirely  certain.  In  general  the  waterlaid  beds  are  such  as 
might  have  been  formed  by  agencies  closely  connected  with 
the  ice.  The  possible  exception  is  the  buried  loess  at  Afton 
Junction,  wiiich,  however,  would  only  necessitate  a  considera- 
ble change  in  the  vigor  of  deposition  between  the  time  of  its 
formation  and  the  laying  down  of  the  overlying  gravel. 

Fifth. — Since  the  presumed  sub-Aftonian  drift  is  thought  to 
be  wholly  covered  by  the  Kansan,  and  is  certainly  known  to  be 
in  the  region  studied,  there  is  but  little  chance  to  contrast  the 
topographic  development  of  the  two  drift  surfaces.  Relative 
to  erosion  in  the  jjeriod  between  the  two  drift  sheets  it  may  be 
stated  that  the  Hastie  exposure  strongly  favors  such  a  suppo- 
sition. The  evidence  pro  and  con  at  Afton  exposures  is  in  too 
uncertain  a  condition  to  warrant  any  conclusions.  It  may  be 
said,  however,  that  there  is  much  which  indicates  a  notable 
period  of  erosion  and  very  little,  if  any,  evidence  against  it. 

Sixth. — It  has  been  shown  that  there  are  exposures  in  the 
region  of  a  drift  of  peculiar  physical  type  That  this  drift  is 
wholly  unlike  any  known  phase  of  the  Kansan,  and  that  in 
every  instance  there  are  some  independent  phenomena  favoring 
the  hypothesis  that  it  is  distinctly  older  than  the  Kansan. 
"Whatever  one  may  think  of  correlations  based  upon  physical 
characters  these  facts  are  certainly  of  some  signilicance.  Fur- 
thermore the  same  facts  are  true  of  the  known  exposures  of 
the  presumed  pre-Kansan  drift  at  Muscatine,  Oelwein,  Albion, 
and  indeed  throughout  the  state. 

General  Conclusion.- — It  is  believed  that  the  argument  for  a 
pre-Kansan  drift  sheet  derived  from  erosion  is  strong,  and  that 
it  has  independent  value.  The  arguments  from  other  sources 
tend  to  greatly  strengthen  it,  and  the  cumulative  force  of  the 
whole  is  believed  to  be  sufficient  to  put  the  burden  of  proof 
upon  those,  if  any,  who  would  attempt  to  deny  the  existence  of 
a  pre-Kansan  drift.  All  would,  however,  probably  agree  to 
the  statement  which  the  writer  believes  warranted  by  the  evi- 
dence in  hand,  and  which  he  expects  future  investigations  to 
amply  confirm,  but  for  anything  beyond  which  there  is  prob- 
ably as  yet  no  sufficient  evidence:  that  there  are  in  Iowa  traces 
of  a  drift  sheet  older  than  the  Kansan  and  separated  from  it  by 
an  unknown,  but  probably  considerable,  interval. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OP   SCIENCES.  10  L 

It  may  be  mentioned  in  conclusion  that  it  has  been  suggested, 
notably  by  Chamberlin,*  that  a  complete  series  of  deposits 
recording  a  glacial  period  should  theoretically  include  a  series 
of  early  deposits  made  by  minor  advances  of  the  ice  of  increas- 
ing intensity,  covered  by  those  of  the  maximum  advance  which 
in  turn  should  be  covered  by  a  second  series  of  deposits  made 
by  minor  advances  of  decreasing  extent.  So  far  only  the  max- 
imum and  some  of  the  later  drift  sheets  have|been  discriminated . 
It  is  believed  that  the  pre-Kansan  drift  probably  represents 
one  of  these  earlier  and  minor  extensions  of  the  ice  sheet. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  Aftonian  as  first  used  was  correlated 
with  the  '  'forest  bed' '  of  McGee.  Recent  work  has  shown  that 
in  northeastern  Iowa  two  separate  horizons  were  confused 
under  the  latter  title.  Inasmuch  as  at  some  points  the  "forest 
bed"  is  now  believed  to  be  between  the  Kansan  and  pre-Kansan, 
rather  than  what  is  now  known  as  the  lowan  and  Kansan,  the 
original  determination  was  in  so  far  correct,  and  these  would 
accordingly  be  legitimate  reasons  for  applying  to  the  upper 
drift  of  southern  Iowa  the  term  lowan.  The  tinal  usage  will 
be  to  some  extent  determined  by  the  fact  as  to  whether  or  not 
the  pre-Kansan  or  the  Kansan  of  present  usage,  is  really  the 
surface  drift  of  eastern  Kansan. 

The  recent  changes  are  in  the  matter  of  dividing  the  forma- 
tion which  McGee  called  his  "upper  till."  Since  the  peculiar 
topographic  forms  which  he  so  well  described,  and  which  are 
so  generally  associated  in  mind  with  his  "upper  till"  belong  to 
that  portion  of  it  now  recognized  as  lowan,  and  furthermore, 
since  northeastern  Iowa  has  been  considered  the  type  region 
for  the  lowan,  present  usage  will  probably  prevail,  but  this 
possible  change  should  not  be  lost  sight  of. 

In  studies  in  the  Alpine  glaciation  of  Europe  three  periods 
of  glaciation  have  been  made  out.  These  include,  (1)  a  fresh, 
young  till,  (2)  an  older  widespread  till,  and  (3)  a  very  old  and 
imperfectly  known  till,  f  In  a  general  way  the  Iowa  section 
may  be  correlated  with  these  beds.  No.  1  answering  to  our 
young  drift,  lowan  or  Wisconsin,  or  both;  No.  2,  the  Kansan; 
No.    3,    the  pre-Kansan. 

The  Illinoian  seems  to  have  no  correlative  in  the  Alpine 
section,  unless  possibly  this  middle  drift  should  prove  capable 
of  division.  Until,  however,  much  more  is  known  of  the  pre- 
Kansan  such  correlations  must  rest  on  rather  slender  data. 


♦Great  Ice  Age  (Geikle),  p.  736.    1895. 

+Le  Systeme  glaciare  des  Alpes,  Penck,  Bruckner  et  du  Fanquier. 


102  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 


SOME   PREGLACIAL   SOILS. 


BY   J.    A.    UDDEN. 


In  the  re£^ion  south  of  the  Wisconsin  Driftless  area  an  old 
soil  is  occasionally  found  under  the  Kansan  drift,  generally 
resting  on  the  bed  rock,  and  often  associated  with  laminated 
water-bedded  clay  and  other  silt.  It  is  exposed  under  a  bluff 
of  drift  in  the  southern  part  of  Muscatine,  Iowa.  The  material 
is  here  dark  brown  in  color,  mottled  with  small  black  fragments 
of  vegetable  tissue.  The  upper  part  is  a  dark  mucky  clay. 
The  whole  bed  is  only  two  or  three  inches  in  thickness.  It  lies 
below  what  appears  to  be  pre- Kansan  drift.  At  Davenport, 
Iowa,  a  similar  bed  was  uncovered  in  the  grading  of  the  river 
bluff  on  the  east  side  of  Eastern  avenue.  At  this  place  it  had 
a  somewhat  darker  appearance,  owing  possibly  to  the  fact  that 
it  had  been  less  subject  to  recent  leaching  in  the  exposure 
made.  At  Rock  Island,  111.,  the  same  soil  bed  has  been 
encountered  in  several  wells  which  have  been  dug  near  the 
river  bluff.  One  of  these  wells  is  near  the  crossing  of  Thirty- 
fifth  street  and  Seventh  avenue.  The  section  penetrated  by 
this  well  consisted  of  loess,  apparently  two  sheets  of  till,  silt, 
varying  from  a  black  muck  to  a  grayish  loess  with  small 
gasteropods,  and  then  a  greenish  sticky  clay  containing  frag- 
ments of  the  local  bed-rock  but  apparently  no  archaean  pebbles 
or  bowlders.  This  latter  clay  was  some  five  feet  in  thickness 
and  rested  on  the  soft  shales,  or  clays,  of  the  coal  measures. 
It  seemed  to  be  a  residual  material  of  preglacical  age,  lying 
undisturbed  on  a  slope  of  the  bed-rock.  The  silt  and  muck 
above  it  contained  fragments  of  wood,  one  of  which  measured 
nearly  two  feet  in  length  and  several  inches  across.  Silt  of  the 
same  kind  and  in  the  same  position,  but  oxidized  and  without 
fragments  of  wood,  has  been  exposed  in  the  grading  of  some  of 
the  streets  near  by.  On  Thirty-ninth  street  it  contained  the 
f olio wino:  fossils: 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  I(i3 

Eelicina  occulta  Say  (common). 
Pupa  alticola  Ingersoll. 
Pyramidula  striatella  Anthony. 
Succinea  avara  Say. 

Similar  deposits,  though  without  fossils,  occur  under  the 
drift  in  the  bluffs  east  of  Cordova  in  Illinois,  and  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  city  of  Clinton  in  Iowa.  At  the  latter  place 
they  are  finely  laminated  and  are  associated  with  a  i^eaty  or 
soil-like  layer.  A  deposit  which  appears  identical  with  the 
loess-like  silt  on  Thh'ty-fifth  street  in  Rock  Island  is  found 
underlying  the  till  on  the  east  line  of  section  12,  T.  17  N.,  and 
R.  1  W.  south  of  the  city,  and  also  in  a  gully  near  the  bluffs  of 
the  Mississippi  river  in  the  west  end  of  the  county  on  section 
31,  T.  16  N.,  R.  5  W.  At  the  former  place  it  rests  on  the  coal 
measures  and  contains  in  about  the  same  relative  abundance 
the  same  fossils  that  were  found  in  the  silt  exposed  on  Thirty- 
ninth  street  in  the  city.  In  the  exposure  in  the  west  end  of  the 
county  the  underlying  beds  are  not  seen.  The  total  thickness 
of  the  drift  above  it  is  about  100  feet.  Shells  are  abundant  and 
they  are  of  the  same  kinds  and  of  the  same  relative  frequency 
as  at  the  former  place.  The  following  species  have  been  iden- 
tified by  Dr.  W.  H.  Dall  of  the  U.  S.  National  museum: 

Helicina  occulta  Say  (abundant). 
Hehcodiscus  lineatus  Say. 
Limncea  humils  Say. 
Pupa  armifera  Say. 
Pyramidula  perspectiva  Say. 
Pyramidula  striatella  Anthony. 
Strohitops  labyrinthica  Say. 
Succinea  avara  Say. 
Succinea  luteola  Gould. 
Polygyra,  sp. 
Vitraea  arhorea  Say. 

These  loess-like  deposits  have  a  bluish-green  color  in  fresh 
exposures,  but  one  season  of  weathering  gives  them  a  reddish- 
gray  hue  to  the  depth  of  one  or  two  feet  and  then  their  resem- 
blance to  the  loess  in  color,  as  well  as  in  structure,  is  quite 
marked.  Even  the  tubular  ferruginous  concretions  of  the 
latter  deposit  appear. 

The  precise  relation  of  the  soil  beds  to  this  deposit  and  to 
the  laminated  silts,  with  which  it  seems  to  be  associated,  and 


104  IOWA   ACADEMY   OP   SCIENCES. 

the  relation  that  the  two  latter  have  to  each  other  can  not  be 
fully  made  out  from  the  known  exposures.  In  the  well  on 
Thirty-fifth  street  in  Rock  Island  there  seemed  indeed  to  be 
two  soil  horizons.  The  section  under  the  Kansan  till  was  as 
follows,  beginning  above: 

FEET. 

Black  sticky  muck  with  large  fragments  of  wood . .  4 
Loess-like,  ash-colored    material   with  pulmonate 

fossils    8 

Black  muck 4 

Residual  clay  full  of  local  rock  fragments 5 

Coal  measures 

All  the  fragments  of  wood  found  in  the  ancient  soils  belong 
to  gymnosperms,  and  this  may  .be  regarded  as  indicating  a 
boreal  climate,  such  as  would  precede  the  advance  of  the  ice. 
The  position  of  the  deposits  under  the  till  indicate  that  they 
are  pre-Kansan  in  age,  and  possibly  preglacial.  The  region 
in  which  they  occur  lies  to  the  south  of  the  Driftless  area, 
where  the  abrasive  work  of  the  ice  seems  to  have  been 
small  in  amount.  Erosion  contours  of  two  and  three  hundred 
feet  in  elevation  lie  buried  under  the  drift  in  this  region,  and 
glacial  scorings  are  unknown.  Among  such  surroundings  it 
would  be  more  singular  that  preglacial  surface  deposits  should 
be  wholly  absent  than  that  they  should  occasionally  come  into 
view. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OP   SCIENCES. 


105 


THE    DRIFT    SECTION    AND    THE    GLACIAL    STRI^ 
IN   THE   VICINITY   OF   LAMONI,  IOWA. 


BY    T.  J.   FITZPATRICK. 


Workmen  digging  a  well  at  the  elevator  during  April,  1896, 
came  to  a  forest  bed  at  a  depth  of  eighty-five  feet  below  the 
surface.  Quite  a  number  of  pieces  of  wood  were  removed,  one 
being  a  branched  log,  eight  inches  in  diameter  and  five  or  six 
feet  in  length.  Three  pieces  were  secured  by  the  writer  and 
microscopic  sections  made  of  the  wood  revealed  the  border 
pits,  characteristic  of  conifers.  The  materials  passed  through 
above  the  forest  bed  were  composed  of  yellowish,  and  blue  clay 
charged  with  usually  small  pebbles.  A  425-foot  well  drilled 
by  the  city,  two  blocks  north  of  the  elevator,  has  left  only  an 
obscure  record.  The  only  data  of  interest  preserved  were  the 
facts  that  the  limerock  was  200  feet  below  the  surface,  and  the 
materials  passed  through  above  were  clay  and  gravel. 

In  several  other  deep  wells  dug  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
driftwood  has  been  found  at  the  same  horizon  as  in  the  eleva- 
tor well,  and  in  all  cases  drift  .material  has  been  found  below 
the  forest  bed. 

S.  B.  Hartshorn,  living  five  and  a  half  miles  southwest  of 
Lamoni,  has  a  well  221  feet  deep.  He  gives  the  following  sec- 
tion beginning  at  the  surface: 


DEPTH      BELOW    SUR- 

THICKNISS 

OF  MA- 

FACE-  ^"Et". 

TEKIAL— 

FbBT 

88 

88 

Clay  and  gravel,  at  the  bottom  of 
which  drift  wood  was  found 

90 

2 

Sand. 

169 

79 

Blue  clay. 

199 

30 

Sand,  at  the  bottom  of  which  drift- 
wood was  found. 

200 

1 

Sand  rock. 

221 

21 

Blue  and  whitish  clay. 

The   section  in  several  particulars  wants  authentification. 
The  driftwood  at  the  dejDth  of  eighty-eight  feet  corresponds 


106  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF    SCIENCES. 

to  the  driftwood  horizon  of  the  elevator  well.  But  there 
appears  also  a  driftwood  bed  at  199  feet  below  the  surface,  to 
which  the  writer  cannot  as  yet  give  credence.  The  drift  sec- 
tion is  also  thicker  here  than  at  Lamoni,  as  the  bottom  was  not 
reached  at  221  feet,  whereas  at  Lamoni  the  country  rock  was 
reached  at  200  feet. 

A  small  tributary  of  Grand  river,  known  locally  as  Potter 's 
creek,  running  east  through  Burrell  township,  passes  from 
its  source  rapidly  down  through  the  drift  and  reaches  the  upper 
surface  of  the  Carboniferous  rock,  near  the  eastern  part  of  sec- 
tion 30,  Twp.  68  N.,  R.  26  W.,  Burrell  township,  in  the  imme^ 
diate  vicinity  of  Krucker's  quarry.  At  this  point  the  creek 
makes  a  sharp  angle  and  rock  is  exposed  for  a  distance  of  100 
feet  near  the  water  edge.  The  entire  surface  exposed  is  glaci- 
ated. The  strise  in  general  are  S.  1*  W. ,  varying  to  as  much  as 
S.  4°  or  5°  W.  A  few  are  S.  5°  E.,  or  even  greater.  All  these 
bearings  are  with  reference  to  the  magnetic  meridian.  The  ac- 
companying plate  (Plate  viii)  well  illustrates  their  character. 
The  bluif  rises  abruptly  from  the  glaciated  rock  to  a  height  of 
forty -five  feet.  The  lower  six  feet  as  exposed  is  blue  clay;  the 
upper  thirty-nine  feet  is  yellowish  clay  filled  with  pebbles  and 
lime.  The  hill  slopes  back  from  the  summit  of  the  bluff  in  a 
short  distance  to  a  height  of  110  feet  above  the  strise,  while  the 
distance  passed  down  from  the  well  at  Lamoni  to  the  glaciated 
rock  is  24:5  feet. 

The  drift  from  the  surface  to  the  forest  bed,  eighty-five  feet 
in  depth,  is  referred  to  the  Kansan  stage.  The  buried  forest 
bed  is  an  interglacial  stage  now  referred  to  the  Aftonian. 
During  this  stage  the  climate  was  mild  and  coniferous  forests 
were  in  all  probability  abundant,  but  went  down  before  the 
irresistible  advance  of  the  Kansan  glaciers,  and  became  covered 
with  a  heavy  mantle  of  drift  debris.  The  drift  material  below 
the  forest  bed  is  at  present  referred  to  the  pre-Kansan  or 
Albertan  stage.  Should  the  finding  of  a  second  horizon  of 
driftwood,  as  indicated  by  S.  B.  Hartshorn's  well,  be  confirmed 
this  stage  may  be  divided.  Further  developments  will  be 
awaited  with  interest.  The  glacial  striae  on  bed  rock  may  be 
referred  to  the  advance  of  the  glaciers  as  they  bore  southward. 
The  striae  were  subsequently  covered  by  glacial  debris  to  be 
exposed  by  erosion  since  the  final  invasion. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  107 


NOTES   ON   THE   FLORA   OF   NORTHEASTERN  IOWA. 


BY   T.    J.    FITZPATRICK. 


The  following  notes  are  the  result  of  a  series  of  studies  made 
during  the  summer  of  1895  when  the  writer  passed  down  the 
Upper  Iowa  river  from  Decorah  to  its  mouth  and  thence  down 
the  Mississippi  river  to  Muscatine,  examining  enroute  the  floras 
of  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  Dubuque,  Jackson,  Clinton 
and  Scott  counties.  Much  field  work  was  done  by  collecting 
specimens  and  taking  notes.  The  writer  received  aid  subse- 
quently in  the  examination  of  a  collection  from  Winneshiek 
county  made  by  Herbert  Goddard  of  Decorah,  Iowa.  All  the 
rare  or  infrequent  species  mentioned  in  the  following  list  are 
represented  in  my  herbarium.  Those  common  as  Quercus  alba, 
Vlmus  americana,  Popular  monilifera,  Xanthlum  canadense,  etc., 
are  not  represented  by  specimens  from  all  the  localities  given 

The  difficult  species  have  been  carefully  compared  with 
specimens  in  the  herbarium  of  the  State  University  of  Iowa,  or 
submitted  to  competent  botanists.  The  sedges  were  determined 
by  R.  I.  Cratty,  the  grasses  by  F.  Lamson-Scribner,  and 
miscellaneous  species  by  the  officers  of  the  Missouri  Botanical 
Garden  at  St.  Louis.  The  writer  hopes  the  following  notes 
may  be  beneficial  to  students  who  study  the  flora  of  that  por- 
tion of  the  state,  a  flora  unique  in  many  respects. 

RANUNCULACE^. 

Clematis  virginiana  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Scott 
Cos.  Woods,  infrequent. 

Anemone  patens  L.,  var.  auttalllaaa  Gray.  Winneshiek  and 
Allamakee  Cos.     High  prairies,  common. 

A.  cylindrica  Gray.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Frequent  in  open  woods. 

A.  virginiana  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Rich 
woods,  frequent. 


108  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

A.  pennsyJvanica  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Scott  Cos. 
Frequent  in  open  woods. 

A.  nemorosa  L.     Winneshiek  Co.     Common  in  woods. 

Repatica  acutUoba  DC.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
and  Scott  Cos.     Rocky  woods,  common. 

Anemonella  thalictroides  Spach.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee 
Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

Thalictrum  dioicum  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
and  Scott  Cos.     Rocky  woods,  frequent. 

T.  purpurascens  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clayton 
Cos.     In  woods  and  open  places,  frequent. 

Ranunculus  aquatilis  L.,  var.  trichophyllus  Gray.  Winneshiek 
Co.  Common  in  pools  near  springs.  This  may  be  R.  cir- 
cinatus  Sifth. 

R.  rJiomboideus  Goldie.   Winneshiek  Co.   One  specimen  found. 

R.  abortivus  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Wet  and 
waste  ground,  common. 

R.  fascicularis  Muhl.  Winneshiek  and  Scott  Cos.  UiDland 
woods,  frequent. 

R.  sejJtentriona lis 'Poir.  Winneshiek  Co.  Moist  places,  com- 
mon. 

R.  pennsylvanicus  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  In 
Allamakee  Co.,  in  sandy  soil  along  the  Mississippi  river. 

Isopyrum  biternatum  T.  &  G.  Winneshiek  and  Scott  Cos. 
Woods. 

Caltha  palustris  L.  fWinneshiek  Co.    Wet  places,  not  common. 

Aquilegia  canadensis  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
Dubuque,  and  Scott  Cos.     Woods,  common. 

Actcea  spicata  L.  var.  rubra,  Ait.  'Winneshiek  Co.  Woods,  less 
frequent  than  the  fdlowing. 

A.  alba  Jiigel.     Winneshiek  Co.     Wooded  hillsides,  common. 

Hydrastis  canadensis  L.   One  specimen  noted.  Winneshiek  Co. 

MENISPERMACEyE. 

Menispermum  canadense  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
and  Dubuque  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

BERBERIDACE^. 

Caulophyllum  thalictroides  Mx.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Upland  woods,  frequent. 

Podophyllum peltatumlj.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Rich  upland  woods,  common. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  109 

NYMPH^ACE^. 

Nelumbo  lutea  Pers.  Allamakee,  and  Clayton  Cos.  Very  com- 
mon in  the  sloughs  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

Nymphceaodorata.  Ait.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Ponds 
and  sloughs,  frequent. 

Nuphar  advena  Ait.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Ponds, 
frequent. 

PAPAVERACE^. 

Sanguinaria  canadensis  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
and  Scott  Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

DicentracucullariaUC  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Scott  Cos. 
Rich  woods,  common. 

CRUCIFER.E. 

Dentar'ia  laciniata  Muhl.  Winneshiek  and  Scott  Cos.  Rich 
woods,  frequent. 

Cardamine  rhomboidea  DC.  Winneshiek  Co.  Damp  soil,  fre- 
quent. 

C.  liirsuta  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Damp  soil, 
frequent. 

Arabis  canadensis  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clayton 
Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

A.  confinis  Watson.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Woods, 
frequent. 

A.  lyrata  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and  Dubuque 
Cos.     Rolling  woods,  common. 

A.  dentata  T.  &  G.     Winneshiek  Co.     Woods,  infrequent. 

Draba  carolinianaW&lt.  Winneshiek  Co.  Rocky  woods,  infre- 
quent. 

Camalina  saliva  Crantz.  Winneshiek  Co.  Frequent  in  flax 
fields. 

Nasturtium  offiicinale  R.  Br.  ,  Winneshiek  Co.  Wet  soil,  fre- 
quent. 

K  palustre  DC.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  Dubuque, 
and  Clinton  Cos.  Wet  soil,  margins  of  ponds  and  waterways, 
common. 

N.  armoracia  Pries.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Dubuque 
Cos.     A  frequent  escape. 

Erysimum  cheiranthoides  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Dubuque  Cos. 

Sisymbrium  canescens  Nutt.    Winneshiek  Co. 


no  IOWA   ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES. 

S.  officinale  Scop.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Waste  places,  common. 

*S'.  altissimum  L.  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and  Dubuque  Cos.  Fre- 
quent in  waste  places  along  or  near  railways. 

Brassica  sinapistrum  Boiss.  Winneshiek  Co.  Waste  places, 
frequent. 

B.  nigra  Koch.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

Capsella  bursa-pastorU  Moench.  Winneshiek  Co.  Waste 
places,  common. 

L.  epidium  intermedium  Gray.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clay- 
ton, Dubuque,  Jackson,  Clinton  and  Scott  Cos.  Waste  places, 
common. 

CAPPARIDACE^. 

Polanisia  trachysperma  T.  &  G.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee, 
Clayton,  Dubuque  and  Jackson  Cos.  Sandy  soil  along  water- 
ways, common. 

CISTACE^. 

Helianthemum  canadense  Mx.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee 
Cos.     Prairies,  frequent. 

VIOLACE^. 

Viola  pedata  L.     Winneshiek  Co.     Open  places,  frequent. 

V.  palmata  L.,  var.  cucullata  Gray.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee, 
Dubuque,  Clinton  and  Scott  Cos.     Fields  and  woods,  common. 

V.  pubescens  Ait.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee  and  Scott  Cos. 
Woods,  common. 

V.  canina  L. ,  var.  muhlenbergii  Gray.  Winneshiek  and  Alla- 
makee Cos.     Damp  woods,  infrequent. 

CARYOPHYLLACE^. 

Saponaria  officinalis  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos. 
Waste  places.     A  frequent  escape. 

S.  vaccaria  L.    Winneshiek  'Co.     Waste    places,    infrequent. 

Silene  Stella  ta  Ait.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Woods, 
frequent. 

*S'.  nivea  Otth.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Along  river,] 
infrequent. 

S  antirrhina  L.     Winneshiek  Co.     Fields,  frequent. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  Ill 

Lychnis  githago  Lam.  "Winneshiek  Co.  Waste  places,  infre- 
quent. 

Arenai'ia  lateriflora  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Stellaria  media  Smith.     Winneshiek  -Co. 

S.  lonigfolia  Muhl.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Cerastium  arvense  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 

C.  nutans  Raf.     Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos. 

PORTULACACE^. 

Portulaca  oleracea  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton  and 
Scott  Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

Claytonia  virginica   L.      Winneshiek  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 

HYPERICACE^. 

Hypericum  ascyron  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee  and  Clayton 
Cos.     Prairie  and  upland  woods,  infrequent. 

H.  cistifoUum  Lam.  Dubuque  Co.  Along  the  railway,  fre- 
quent. 

H.  maculatum  Walt.  Winneshiek  Co.  Woods  and  open 
places,  frequent. 

MALVACE^. 

Maiva  crispa  L.     Winneshiek  Co.     One.  specimen  noted. 

M.  rotundifolia  L.  Winneshiek,  .  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
Dubuque  and  Jackson  Cos.  Waste  places  near  dwellings, 
common. 

Napcea  dioica  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Frequent 
in  the  valley  of  the  Upper  Iowa  river. 

Abutilon  avicennce  Gaertn.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee 
Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  frequent. 

TILIACE^. 

Tiliaamericana'L.<  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  Dubuque 
and  Scott  Cos.     Rich  woods,  common. 

LINACE.E. 

Linum  sulcatum  Riddell.     Allamakee  Co.    Prairies,  frequent. 
L.  usitatissimum  L.     Clayton  and  Dubuque  Cos.     Waste  places 
along  railway,  infrequent. 


112  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

GERANTACE^. 

Geranium  maculatum  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee  and  Clay- 
ton Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

Oxalis  violacea  L.     Winneshiek  Co.     Fields,  common. 

0.  cormiculata  Lj.  ,  var.  stricta  Sav.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee, 
Clayton,  Dubuque,  and  -Clinton  Cos.  Fields  and  woods,  com- 
mon. 

Imjjatiens  pallida  Nutt.  Winneshiek  and  Clayton  Cos.  Rich 
soil  along  streams,  common. 

/.  fulva  Nutt.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  With  the  pre- 
ceding. 

RUTACEyE. 

Xanthoxyhim  americana  Mill.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clay- 
ton, and  Dubuque  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

Ptelea  trifoliata  L.     Rock  Island  Arsenal  grounds. 

CELASTRACE^. 

Euonymiis  atropurpureus  Jacq.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee 
Cos,     Upland  woods,  frequent. 

RHAMNACE^. 

Geanothus  americanus  L.  Winneshiek,  fAllamakee,  Clayton, 
Dubuque,  and  Jackson  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

VITACE^. 

Vifis  riparia  Mx.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  Dubuque, 
and  Jackson  Cos.     Woods,  common. 

Ampelopfiis  quinquefolia  Mx.  Winneshiek,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Woods,  common. 

SAPINDACE^. 

Acer  spicatum  Lam.  Clayton  Co.  Bluffs,  infrequent.  Speci- 
men sent  by  Prof.  B.  Fink. 

A.  saccharinum  Wang.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Frequent  along  rivers  in  rolling  woods. 

A.  dasycarpum  Ehrh.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Low  grounds,  common. 

Negunao  aceroides  Moench.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
Dubuque,  and  Clinton  Cos.     Low  grounds,  common 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  113 

Staphylea  trifolia  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Rocky  woods,  frequent. 

ANACARDIACE.^. 

Rhus  typhina  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Rolling  woods,  frequent. 

B  glabra  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and  Dubuque 
Cos.     Uplands,  common. 

•    POLYGALACE^.. 

Poly  gala  senaga  L.     Winneshiek  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 

LEGUMINOStE, 

Baptisia  leucophcea'N utt.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Open 
woods  and  pastures,  frequent. 

B  leucantha  T.  &  G.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Fields 
and  woods,  common. 

Lupinus  perennis  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Trifolium  arvense  L.     Winneshiek  Co.     Fields,  infrequent. 

T.  prafense  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and  Dubuque 
Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

T.  repens  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Pastures  and 
waste  i^laces,  common. 

T.  hybridum  L.  Winneshiek  Co.  Fields  and  waste  places, 
infrequent. 

Melilotus  ojficivoJis  Willd.  Winneshiek  Co.  Waste  places,  fre- 
quent. 

M.  alba  Lam.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  Dubuque,  and 
Scott  Cos.     Waste  places,  common. 

Amorpha  canescens  Nutt.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
Dubuque,  and  Jackson  Cos.     Dry  soil,  common. 

A.  fruticosa  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Along  waterways,  frequent. 

Petalostemon  violaceus  Mx.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
and  Dubuque  Cos.     Prairies,  common. 

P.  candidus  Mx.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Dubuque  Cos  . 
With  the  preceding. 

Tephrosia  virginiana  Pers.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Jackson  Cos.     Sandy  soil,  frequent. 

Bobinia  pseudacacia  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Jackson 
Cos.     Introduced,  waste  places. 

8  [la.  Acad  Sci  ,  Vol   v  1  [May  18,  1898  ] 


114  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

Astragalus  canadensis  L.  "Winneshiek  and  Clayton  Cos.  Fre- 
quent. 

Desmodium  acuminatum  DC.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Clayton  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

D.  canadense  DC.     Winneshiek,  Clayton,  and  Dubuque  Cos. 

Lespedeza  copitata  Mx.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Vicia  cracca  K.  Winneshiek  Co.  One  specimen  in  my  collec- 
tion. 

T':  americana  Mull.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Woods, 
frequent. 

Lathyrus  venosus  Muhl.     Winneshiek  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 

Apios  tuberosa  Moench.     Allamakee  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 

Strophostyles  an gulosa  Fill.  Clayton,  Dubuque,  Jackson,  and 
Scott  Cos.     Sandy  soil,  common. 

Cassia  marylandica  L.     Dubuque  Co.     Woods,  infrequent. 

G.  chamcecrista  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Dubuque,  and 
Jackson  Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

Gercis  canadensis  L.     Scott  Co.     Rolling  woods,  frequent. 

Gymnocladus  canadensis  Lam.  Dubuque  Co.  Woods  along  the 
river,  infrequent. 

Gleditschia  triacanthos  L.  Allamakee,  Clayton,  Dubuque, 
Clinton,  and  Jackson  Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

ROSACE.'E. 

Prunus  americana  Mars.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clay- 
ton Cos.     Thickets,  frequent.  % 

P.  serotina  Ehrh.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Dubuque 
Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

P.  virginiana  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Dubuque  Cos. 
Thickets,  frequent. 

Spiraea  aruncus  L.  Dubuque  and  Muscatine  Cos.  Along 
river,  frequent. 

Physocarpus  opulifolius  Maxim.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Clayton  Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

Eubus  occidental  IS  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
Dubuque,  and  Jackson  Cos.  Borders  of  fields  and  in  woods,  fre- 
quent. 

R.  villosus  Ait.  Winneshiek  and  Jackson  Cos.  Woods,  fre- 
quent. 

Geum  album  Gmelin.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clayton 
Cos.     Borders  of  fields  and  woods,  common. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES.  115 

G.  macrophyllum  Wild.     Winneshiek.     A  few  collected. 

G.  triflorum  Pursh.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Rocky 
woods,  infrequent. 

Fragaria  virginiana  Mill.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clay- 
ton Cos.     Fields  and  woods,  common. 

F.  vesca  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Woods,  com- 
mon. 

Potentilla  arguta  Pursh.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos. 
Roadsides  and  prairies,  frequent. 

P.  norvegica  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton  and  Dubu- 
que Cos.     Fields,  frequent. 

P.  frutwosa  L.  Allamakee  Co.  Common  on  top  of  a  bluif  facing 
the  Upper  Iowa  river.      Also  in  Winneshiek  Co. 

P.  canadensis  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Fields, 
common. 

Agrimona  eupatoria  L.    Winneshiek  Co.     Woods,  common. 

Rosa  humilis  Marsh.  Winneshiek,  Dubuque,  Allamakee,  and 
Jackson  Cos.     Prairie  and  fields,  common. 

B.  blanda  Ait.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Fields  and 
woods,  frequent. 

Pyrus  coronaria  L.     Allamakee  Co.     Thickets,  common. 
Crataegus  coccinea  L.     Allamakee  Co.     Thickets,  common. 
G.  tomentosa  L.     Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clayton  Cos. 
Thickets,  common. 

C.  crus-galli  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton  and  Scott 
Cos.     Thickets,  common. 

Amelanchler  canadensis  T.  &  G.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee 
Cos.     Rocky  woods,  frequent. 

SAXIFRAGACE^. 

Saxifraga  pervnsylvanica  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos. 
Rich  soil,  meadows  and  open  woods,  frequent. 

Mitella  dlphylla  L.     Winneshiek  Co.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

Heuchera  hispida  Pursh.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton 
and  Scott  Cos.     Meadows,  frequent. 

Ribes  cynosbati  L.  Winneshiek,  Clayton  and  Dubuque  Cos. 
Woods,    frequent. 

R.  gracile  Mx.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee  and  Dubuque  Cos. 
Woods,  common. 

R.  floridum  L'Her.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee  and  Clayton 
Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 


ri6  IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

CRASSULACE^ 

Penthorum  sedoides  L.  Winneshiek  Co.  Wet  ground,  fre 
quent. 

HAMAMELIDE^. 

Hamamelis  virginiana  L.  Clayton  Co.  In  a  ravine  below 
the  pictured  rocks  south  of  McGregor. 

ONAGRACE^. 

Epilobium  angustifolium  L.  Dubuque  Co.  Common  in  open 
woods. 

E.  coloratum  Muhl.     Winneshiek  Co.     Wet  soil,  frequent. 

Gaura  coccinea  Nutt.     Dubuque  Co.     Common. 

(Enothera  biennis  L.  Winneshiek,  Clayton,  Dubuque  and 
Jackson  Cos.     Fields,  common. 

(E.  serrulata  Nutt.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Prairies 
and  woods,  frequent. 

Gircce  lutetiana  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Woods, 
common. 

G.  alpina  L.     Clayton  Co.     Woods  along  river,  infrequent. 

CUCURBITACE.-E. 

Echinocystis  lobata  T.  &  G.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clay- 
ton and  Clinton  Cos.     Woods,  common. 

FICOIDE^. 

Mollugo  verticillata  L.  Allamakee  and  Clayton  Cos. 
Sandy  shores,  common. 

UMBELLIFER^. 

Daucus  carota  L.     Dubuque  Co.     Common  along  railway. 

Heradeum  lanatum  Mx.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos. 
Upland  woods,  frequent. 

Gicuta  maculata  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Wet  places,  common. 

Fastinaca  sativa  L.     Dubuque  Co.     Waste  ground. 

Pimpinella  integerrima  Benth.  &  Hook.  Winneshiek  Co. 
Woods,  frequent. 

CryjJtotcenia  canadensis  DC.     Winneshiek  Co. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  117 

Slum  cicukefolium  Gmelin.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clay- 
ton and  Dubuque  Cos.     In  water  or  wet  ground,  frequent 

Gonium  maculatum  L  Winneshiek  Co.  Along  a  ravine, 
introduced,  infrequent. 

Zizia  aurea  Koch.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Rich 
soil,  common. 

Osmorrhiza  long isf (/lis  DC  Allamakee  Co.  Woods,  fre- 
quent 

0.  brevistylis  DC  Winneshiek  and  Clayton  Cos.  Woods, 
frequent 

Eryngium  yucccefolium  Mx  Winneshiek  Co.  Prairies, 
common 

Saniculama  rylandica  L.  Winneshiek,  Clayton  and  Dubuque 
Cos.     Woods,  common. 

ARALIACE.?;:. 

Aralia  racemosa  L.  Winneshiek,  Clayton  and  Dubuque  Cos. 
Rocky  woods,  frequent 

A.  nudicaulis  L  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Rocky 
woods,  frequent. 

A.  quinquefolia  Decs.  &  Planch.  Winneshiek  Co.  Woods, 
infrequent. 

CORNACE^. 

Cornus  paniculata  L'Her.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clay- 
ton-Cos.    Woods  and  borders,  frequent. 

CAPRIFOLIACE^. 

Sambuscus  canadensis  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Fields  and  woods,  common. 

S.  racemosa  L.  Winneshiek  and  Clayton  Cos.  Rocky  woods, 
frequent. 

Viburnum  lentago  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Dubuque 
Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

Triosteum  perfoliatum  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clayton 
Cos.     Open  woods,  frequent. 

Linncea  borealis  Gronov.      Winneshiek  Co. 

Stjmphoricarpos  occidentalis  Hook.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Lonicera  glauca  Hill.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos. 
Woods,  infrequent. 


118  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

L  sullivantii  Gray.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

Diervilla  trifida  Moench.  Winneshiek  Co.  Woods  near  the 
base  of  cliffs,  frequent. 

RUBIACE^. 

Gevhalanthus  occiclentalis  L,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  Clinton,  and 
Jackson  Cos.     Low  woods,  frequent. 

Galium  aparice  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Damp 
woods,  frequent. 

G.  boreale  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Woods,  fre- 
quent. 

G.  concianum  T.  &  G.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos. 
Woods,  common. 

VALERIANACE^. 

Valeriana  edulis  Nutt.  Winneshiek  Co.  Damp  places,  fre- 
quent. 

COMPOSITE. 

Vernonia  fasiculata  Mx.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Dubuque, 
and  Jackson  Cos.     Low  grounds,  frequent. 

Eupatorium  purpureum  L.  Winneshiek,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

E.  ageratoides  L.     Winneshiek  Co.     Woods,  common. 

E.  perfoliatum  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 

E.  altissimum  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Kulinia  eupatorioides  L.     Winneshiek  Co.     Dry  soil,  common. 

Liatris  scariosa  Willd.     Winneshiek  Co.     Prairies. 

Solidago  Mcolor  L.  Winneshiek  Co.  One  specimen  col- 
lected. 

S.  rigida  L.     Winneshiek  Co.     Prairies,  common. 

S.  ulmifoUa  Muhl.     Winneshiek  Co.     Woods,  common. 

iiS'.  latifolia  L.     Allamakee  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 

S.  serotina  Ait.     Winneshiek,  Clayton,  and  Dubuque  Cos. 

S.  canadensis  L.     Winneshiek,  Clayton,  and  Dubuque  Cos. 

S.  nemoralis  Ait.     Winneshiek  and  Dubuque  Cos. 

Aster  sericeus  Vent.     Winneshiek  Co. 

A.  shortii  Hook.    Winneshiek  Co.     One  specimen  noted. 

A.  multiflorus  Ait.     Winneshiek  Co.     Waysides,  common. 

A.  tradescanti  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  19 

A.  nov(B-anglice  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 

A.  azureus  Lindl.     Winneshiek  Co. 

A.  sagittifoliusWilld.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos, 

Erigeron  belUdifolius  Muhl.     Winneshiek  Co. 

E.  strigosus  Muhl.     Winneshiek  Co. 

E.  philadelpJncus  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 

E.  canadensis  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

E.  annuus  Pers.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos. 

Antennaria  plantaglnifolia  Hook.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee, 
and  Clayton  Cos.     Fields  and  open  woods,  common. 

Polymnia  canadensis  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
and  Dubuque  Cos.     Along  the  base  of  wooded  cliffs,  common. 

Silphium  perfoliatum  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Dubuque  Cos. 

S.  I'lciniatum  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Dubuque  Cos. 
Prairies  and  borders  of  woods,  common. 

S.  integrifolium  Mx.     Dubuque  Co. 

Parthenium  integrifolium  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Fields,  frequent. 

Iva  Xd/nthiifolia  Nutt.  Winneshiek  Co.  Waste  places,  infre- 
quent. 

Ambrosia  artemisicefolia  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clay- 
ton, Dubuque,  and  Jackson  Cos.  Fields  and  waste  places,  com- 
mon. 

A.  trifida  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Jackson  Cos. 
Damp  soil,  waste  places,  common.  The  var.  integrlfolia  T. 
G.,  frequently  found. 

Xantldum  conadense  Mill.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clay- 
ton, Dubuque,  Jackson,  and  Clinton  Cos.  Fields  and  waste 
places,  common. 

Heliopsis  scabra  Dunal.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Clayton  Cos.     Frequent. 

Budbeckia  triloba  L.  Winneshiek  and  Dubuque  Cos.  Open 
woods,  frequent. 

B.  hirta  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and  Dubuque 
Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

B.  laciniata  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Lepachys  pinrmta  T.  &  G.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clay- 
ton, and  Dubuque  Cos.     Prairies,  common. 


120  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

Hdiantlius  annuus  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Jackson  Cos.     Waste  places,  frequent. 

H.  petlolaris  Nutt.  Dubuque  Co.  Along  the  railroad,  one 
specimen. 

H.  occidentalis  Ridd.     Winneshiek  Co. 

H.  grosse-serrafALS  Mart.     Winneshiek   Co.  Rich  soil,  common. 

E.  maximiliani  Schrad.    Dubuque  Co.   A  few  along  railroad. 

H.  tuberosus  L.     Winneshiek  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 

Coreopsis  palmata  Nutt.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clay- 
ton Cos.     Prairies,  common. 

Bidens  frondosis  L.  Winneshiek,  Clayton,  Dubuque,  and 
Clinton  Cos.     Wet  grounds,  common. 

B.  connata  Muhl.     Winneshiek  Co.     Wet  grounds,  common. 

B.  cernua  L.     Winneshiek  Co.     Wet  grounds,  common. 
Helenium  antumnale  L.     Winneshiek,    Allamakee,    Clinton, 

and  Scott  Cos.     Alluvial  soil,  frequent. 

Anthemis  cotula  DC.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
Dubuque,  Jackson,  Clinton,  and  Scott  Cos.  Waste  places, 
common. 

Achillea  millefolium  L.  Winneshiek  and  Dubuque  Cos. 
Meadows  and  open  woods,  common. 

Chrysanthemum  leitcanthemum  L.  Allamakee  and  Dubuque 
Cos.     Along  railroad  and  in  open  woods,  infrequent  . 

Tanacetum  vulgare  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos. 
Waysides  and  waste  places,  frequent. 

Artemisia  biennis  Willd.  Winneshiek,  Dubuque,  and  Jack- 
son Cos.     Waste  places,  frequent. 

A.  ludoviciana  Nutt.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Dubuque 
Cos.. 

A.  caudata  Mx.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Senecio  aure'is'L.,  var.  balsamitre  T.  &  G.  Winneshiek,  Alla- 
makee, and  Scott  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

Cacatia  suaveoleus  L.     Winneshiek  Co.      Woods,  infrequent. 

C.  reniformis  Muhl.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Woods, 
frequent. 

C.   tvberosa  Nutt.     Allamakee  Co.     Wet  prairies,  frequent. 

Erechtites  hierocifoHa  Raf.  Winneshiek  Co.  Open  places, 
frequent. 

Arctium  lajypa  L.  Winneshiek,  Clayton  and  Dubuque  Cos. 
Fields  and  waste  places,  frequent. 

Cnicus  lanceolatus  Hotfm.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
Dubuque  and  Clinton  Cos.     Fields  and  open  woods,  frequent. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  121 

G.  altissimus  Willd.     Winneshiek  and  Scott  Cos. 
Krigia  amplexicauHs  Niitt.     Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos. 
Rich  upland  woods,  common. 

Hieracium  canadense  Mx.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Prenanthes  alba  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Taraxacum  offleinale  Weber.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clay- 
ton, Dubuque,  and  Clinton  Cos.  Roadsides  and  fields,  com- 
mon. 

Lactuca  scariola  L.  Winneshiek  and  Dubuque  Cos.  Waste 
places,  infrequent. 

L.  canadensis  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 

L.  acuminata  Gray.     Clayton  and  Dubuque  Cos. 

Sonchus  asper  Vill.     Winneshiek  and  Dubuque  Cos. 

LOBELIACE^. 

Lobelia  sypMlitica  L.    Winneshiek  Co.    Dampsoil,    common. 
L.  spicata  Lan.     Winneshiek   and  Allamakee  Cos.     Fields, 
frequent. 

CAMPANULACE^. 

Specularia  perfolia  A.  DC.     Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos. 

Campanula  rotundifolia  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clay- 
ton, Dubuque,  and  Jackson  Cos.  Woods  at  the  base  of  cliffs, 
frequent. 

G.  aparinoides  Pursh.  Winneshiek  Co.  A  few  specimens  col- 
lected. 

G.  americana  L.  Winneshiek,  Clayton,  and  Dubuque  Cos. 
Rich  soil,  woods,  frequent. 

ERICACE^. 

p.  secunda  L.  Winneshiek  Co.  One  specimen  received  in 
exchange.  The  only  locality  known  in  the  state.  Reported 
by  Hoi  way  and  Shimek, 

PRIMULACE.E. 

Eodecatheon  media  L.  Winneshiek  and  Scott  Cos.  Woods 
frequent. 

S'eironoma  ciliatum  Raf.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
and  Dubuque  Cos.     Open  woods,  frequent. 

.S'.  lanceolatum  Gray.  Allamakee  Co.  Alluvial  soil  along  the 
Mississippi  river. 

9  [la.  Acad.  Scl.,  Vol.  v  ]  LMay  18,  1898.] 


122  IOWA  ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

OLEACE^. 

Fraxinus  americana  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
and  Clinton  Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

Syringa  vulgaris  L.  Dubuque  Co.  Many  specimens  were 
found  along  the  railroad. 

APOCYNACE^.. 

Apocynum  androscemifolium  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee, 
Clayton,  and  Dubuque  Cos.  Fields  and  waste  places,  fre- 
quent. 

ASCLEPIADACE^. 

Asclepias  tuberosa  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clayton 
Cos.     Fields,  frequent. 

A.  incarnata  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clayton  Cos. 
Wet  ground,  frequent. 

A.  cornuti  Dec.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  Dubuque, 
and  Jackson  Cos.     Fields,  common. 

A.  phytolaccoidea  Pursh.     Winneshiek  Co. 

A.  verticillata  L.  Winneshiek,  Clayton  and  Dubuque  Cos. 
Open  woods,  frequent. 

Acerates  viridiflora  Ell.     Allamakee  Co. 

GENTIANACE^. 

Gentiana  quinquefolia  Lam.,  var.  occidentalis  Gray.  Win- 
neshiek Co.  • 

G.  puherula  Mx.     Winneshiek  Co. 

G.  alba  Muhl.     Winneshiek  Co.     One  specimen. 

POLEMONIACEyE. 

Phlox  pllosa  L.  Winneshiek  and  Scott  Cos.  Prairies, 
frequent. 

P.  divaricata  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee  and  Clayton  Cos. 
Woods,  frequent. 

Polemonium  reptans  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee  and  Scott 
Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

HYDROPHYLLACE^. 

Hydrophyllun  virginicum  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee 
Cos. 


IOWA   ACADEMY  OP  SCIENCES  123 

H.  appendiculatum  Mx.  Winneshiek  Co.  Rocky  woods, 
frequent. 

Ellisia  nyctelea  L.     Winneshiek  Co.     Low  ground,  common. 

BORRAGINACE^. 

Ci/noglossum  officinale  L.  Allamakee  and  Scott  Cos. 
Open  woods,  infrequent. 

Eclunosj)er7num  virginicum  Lehm.     Winneshiek  Co. 

E.  redowskii  occidentale  Wats.     Winneshiek  Co.     Frequent. 

Mertensia  virginica  DC.  Winneshiek  and  Scott  Cos. 
Damp  woods,  frequent. 

M.  2)cmiculata  Don.  Winneshiek  Co*  Received  in  exchange, 
collected  by  Holway. 

Lithosperinum  latifolium  Mx.     Winneshiek  Co. 

L.  hirtum  Lehm.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Sandy 
woods,  frequent. 

L.  canescens  Lehm.     Winneshiek,  Allamakee  and  Scott  Cos. 

L   angustifolium  Mx.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Onosmodium  caroUnianum  DC.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee 
Cos,     Pastures  and  open  woods,  frequent. 

CONVOLVULACE^. 

Tpomcea  pandurata  Meyer.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Convolvulus  seinum  L.  Allamakee,  Clayton,  Dubuque  and 
Clinton  Cos.     Fields  and  thickets,  frequent. 

Cuscuta  glomerata  Choisy.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee  and 
Jackson  Cos.     Fields  and  upland  thickets,  frequent. 

C.  tenuiflora  Eng      Winneshiek  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 

SOLANACE.^. 

Solanum  nigrum  L.  Allamakee,  Clayton,  Dubuque,  Clinton 
and  Scott  Cos      Fields  and  wdods,  common 

Phymlis  virgmiana  Mill.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee  and  Clay- 
ton Cos 

P.  lanceolata  Mx      Winneshiek  Co.     Prairies,  frequent. 

P.  lanceolata  MX  ,  var.  laevigata  Gray.     Allamakee  Co. 

Datura  tatula  L  AUama  ee  and  Dubuque  Cos.  Waste 
places,  common. 

SCROPHULARIACE^. 

Verhascum  thapsus  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
Dubuque,  Jact  son  and  Scott  Cos.    Fields  and  woods,  common. 


124  IOWA  ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

Linaria  vulgaria  Mill.  Winneshiek  and  Clayton  Cos. 
Waste  places,  frequent. 

Scrophularia  nodosa  L.,  var.  marilcanda  Gray.  Winne- 
sheik,  Allamakee,  Clayton  and  Dubuque  Cos.  Open  woods, 
frequent 

Ghelone  glabra  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Mimulus  ringens  L.  Winnesheik,  Allamakee,  Clayton  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Wet  ground,  river  banks,  frequent. 

M.  Jamesii  Torr.  Winneshiek  Co.  Calcareous  springs,  fre- 
quent. 

Oratiola  virginiana  L.  Winneshiek  Co.  Upland  woods, 
frequent. 

Veronica  virginica  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Woods,  common. 

V.  anagallis  Li.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Wetgrounds 
near  springs,  common. 

V.  peregrina  L.     Winneshiek  Co.     Wet  soil,  common. 

Gerardia  tenuifolia  Vahl.  Winneshiek  Co.  Fields  and  woods, 
common. 

Castilleia  coccinea  Spreng.    Winneshiek  Co.    Woods,  frequent. 

Pedicularis  canadensis  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Clayton  Cos.     Prairies,  common. 

P.  lanceolata  Mx.     Wet  ground,  infrequent. 

VERBENACEyE. 

Ve7'bena  urticiefolia  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Fields  and  open  woods,  frequent. 

V.  angustifolia  Mx.     Allamakee  Co.     Sandy   soil,   frequent. 

V.  hastata  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Waste  grounds,  common. 

V.  striata  Vent.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clayton  Cos. 
Sandy  soil,  frequent. 

V.  bracteosa  Mx.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clayton  Cos. 
Pastures  and  waste  places,  frequent. 

Lippia  lanceolata  Mx.  Clayton,  Dubuque,  and  Clinton  Cos. 
Wet  soil  along  river,  common. 

Phryma  leptostachya  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clay- 
ton COS.     Rich  open  woods,  common. 

LABIATE.^. 

Isanthus  cceruleus  Mx.  Winneshiek  and  Scott  cos.  Open 
woods,  frequent. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  125 

Mentha  canadensis  L.     Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos. 

Lycopus  sinuatus  Ell.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Pycnanfhemum  lanceolaty^m  Pursh.     Winneshiek  Co. 

P.  linifolium  Pursh.     Jackson  Co. 

Hedeoma  pulegioides  Pers.  Allamakee  Co.  Open  woods, 
common. 

H.  Mspida  Pursh.     Winneshiek  Co.     Dry  soil,  common. 

Monarda  fistulosa  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton 
and  Dubuque  Cos.     Waste  places,  common. 

M.  punctata  L.     Dubuque  Co.     Frequent  along  railroad. 

Lophanthus  scrophularicefolius  Benth.  Winneshiek  Co. 
Open  woods. 

Nepeta  cataria  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
Dubuque,  and  Scott  Cos.    Roadsides  and  waste  places,  common. 

N.  gleclwma  Benth.  Winneshiek  Co.  Waste  places,  infre- 
quent. 

Blephilia  hirsuta  Benth.     Winneshiek  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 

Scutellaria  lateriHora  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 

S.  versicolor  Nutt.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos. 
Woods,  infrequent. 

S.  parvula  Mx.     Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Scott  Cos. 

Brunella  vulgaris  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Du- 
buque Cos. 

Physostegia  virginiana  Benth.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Leonurus  cardiaca  L.  Winneshiek  Co.  Waste  places,  fre- 
quent. 

Stackys  palustris  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 

S.  aspera  Mx.     Dubuque  Co. 

Galeopsis  tetrahit  L.  Winneshiek  Co.  One  specimen  col- 
lected. 

AMARANTACE.E. 

Amarantus    albus   L.       Winneshiek,    Allamakee,    Clayton, 
Clinton,  and  Scott  Cos.     Wayside  and   waste  places,  frequent. 
A.  Nitoides  Watson.     Allamakee  Co. 

CHENOPODIACE.E. 

Chenopodium  album  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clin- 
ton Cos. 

G.  botrys  L.     Dubuque  Co.     Waste  places,  frequent. 

Salsola  kali  L.  var.  targus  DC.  Dubuque  Co.  A  few 
found  in  waste  places. 

10  [la.  Acad.  9ci.,  Vol.  v.]  LJune  10,  1898  ] 


126  IOWA  ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

POLYGONACE^. 

Rumex    britannica    L.       Winneshiek    and    Allamakee    Cos. 
Rich  soil,  common. 

R.  altissimus  Wood.     Winneshiek,    Allamakee,    and  Clayton 
Cos.     Rich  soil,  common. 

B.    verticillatus  L.      Winneshiek   and  Allamakee  Cos.     Wet 
ground,  frequent. 

B.  dbtusifolius  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 

B.     crispus    L.       Winneshiek,     Allamakee,     Clayton,     and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Rich  soil,  wayside  and  waste   places,  common. 

B.  acetosella  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Culti- 
vated fields,  frequent. 

Pohjgonum  pennsylvanicum  L.  Winneshiek  and  Clayton 
Cos.     Damp  soil,  common. 

P.  amphibium  L.     Allamakee  Co.     Along  river. 

P.  aviculare  L.  Winneshiek  Co.     Waste  places,  common. 

P.  sagittatum  L.  Winneshiek  Co.  Margins  of  ponds  and 
streams,  frequent. 

P.  convolvulus  L.     Dubuque  Co. 

P.  dumetorum  L.,  var.  scandens  Gray.  Winneshiek,  Alla- 
makee, and  Clayton  Cos.     Fields  and  woods,  common. 

P.  tenue  Mx.     Winneshiek  Co. 

ARISTOLOCHIACE.E. 

Asarum  canadense  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clayton 
Cos.     Wooded  bluffs,  frequent. 

THYMEL.^ACE.^. 

Dirca  palustris  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 

EUPHORBIACEyE. 

Euphorbia  maculata  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
Dubuque,  Jackson,  and  Clinton  Cos.     Waysides,  common. 

E.  preslii  Guss.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Dubuque  Cos. 
Waysides,  common. 

E.  cyvarissias  L.  Allamakee  and  Scott  Cos.  Near  old  ceme- 
tery. 

urticace^. 

Ulmus  fulva  Mx.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dabuque  Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OP   SCIENCES.  127 

U.  americana  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
Dubuque,  Jackson,  Clinton,  and  Scott  Cos.     Woods,  common. 

Oeltis  occidentalis  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clayton 
Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

Morus  rubra  L.     Clayton  Co.     Near  river,  infrequent. 

Urtica  gracilis  Ait.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Allu- 
vial soil,  frequent. 

Pilea  pumila  Gray.  Winneshiek  and  Clayton  Cos.  Rich 
woods  or  waste  places,  frequent. 

Laportea  canadensis  Gaud.     Alluvial  soil,  frequent. 

Parietaria  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee, 
and  Dubuque  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

PLANTANACE^. 

Plantanus  occidentalis  L.  Jackson  Co.  Along  Mississippi 
river. 

JUGLANDACE.'E. 

Juglans  cinerea  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Rich  soil,  frequent. 

J.  nigra  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  Dubuque, 
Jackson,  and  Scott  Cos.     Rich  soil,  frequent. 

Ca7-ya  alba  Nutt.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clinton,  and 
Scott  Cos.     Uplands,  frequent 

0.  amara  Nutt.     Winneshiek  Co.     Low  grounds,  frequent. 

CUPULIFER/E. 

Hetula  nigra  L.  Allamakee,  Clayton,  Dubuque,  Jackson, 
and  Clinton  Cos.     River  banks,  common. 

B.  papiyrifera  Mars.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Rich  woods,  common. 

Corylus  americana  Walt.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Uplands,  common. 

Ostrya  virginica  Willd.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clay- 
'  ton  Cos.     River  bluffs,  frequent. 

Garpinus  caroliniana  Walt.  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Rolling  woods,  frequent. 

Quercus  alba  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clayton  Cos. 
Uplands,  frequent. 

Q.  macrocarpa  Mx.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Upland  woods,  common. 


128  low  a;  ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES. 

'     Q.    rubra   L.      Winneshiek,    Allamakee,  and   Clayton   Cos. 
Uplands  and  lowlands,  frequent. 

Q.  coccinea  Wang.  Allamakee,  Dubuque,  Jackson,  and  Scott 
Cos.     Uplands,  common. 

SALICACE^. 

Salix  humilis  Marsh.     Winneshiek  ;Co.     Prairies,  frequent. 

Populus  tremuloides  Mx.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Dubuque  Cos. 

P.  monilifera  Ait.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
Dubuque,  Jackson,  and  Clinton  Cos.     Along  streams,  common. 

CONIFERS. 

Piniis  strobus  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clayton  Cos. 
Summit  of  bluffs  along  rivers,  frequent. 

Juniperus  cummunis  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Dry  soil,  frequent. 

J.  virginiana  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clayton  Cos. 
With  the  preceding. 

Taxus  canadensis  Willd.  Winneshiek,  and  Dubuque  Cos. 
A  decumbent  bush  under  the  pines. 

HYDROCHARIDACE^. 

Elodea  canadensis  Mx.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos. 
Ponds,  frequent. 

Vallisneria  spiralis  L.     Scott  Co.     In  Mississippi  river. 

ORCHIDACE^. 

Liparis  liliifolia  Richard.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Goodyera  pubescens  R.  Br.  Winneshiek  Co.  One  speci- 
men noted. 

Habenariet  bracteata  R.  Br.  Winneshiek  Co.  Two  speci- 
mens found  in  deep  woods. 

Cypripedium  pubescens  Willd.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee 
Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

IRIDACE^. 

Iris  versicolor  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Wet 
places,  frequent. 

Belamcanda  chinensis  Adams.  Dubuque  Co.  Frequent 
along  railway. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  129 

Sisyrinchium  angustifoUum  Mill.  Winneshiek  Co.  Fields 
and  waysides,  frequent. 

AMARYLLIDACE.?:. 

Hypoxis  erecta  L.  Winneshiek  Co.  Rich  meadows,  fre- 
quent. 

DIOSCORIACE^. 

Dioscorea  villosa  L.  Winneshiek  and  Dubuque  Cos. 
Thickets,  frequent. 

LILIACE^. 

Smilax  herbacea  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Dubuque 
Cos.     Alluvial  soil,  frequent. 

S.  hispida  Muhl.  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and  Dubuque  Cos. 
Thickets,  frequent. 

iS'.  ecirrhata  Wats.     Winneshiek  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 

Allium  stellatum  Pras.      Winneshiek  Co.     Fields,   frequent. 

A.  tricoccum  Ait.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Low 
woods,  infrequent. 

A.  canadense  Kalm.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Dubuque 
Cos.     Fields,  frequent. 

Zygadenus  elegans  Pursh.  Allamakee  Co.  Base  of  cliffs, 
frequent. 

Polygonatum  giganteum  Diet.  Winneshiek,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Alluvial  soil,  frequent. 

Asparagus  officinalis  L.  Winneshiek  Co.  Waysides  and 
waste  places,  infrequent. 

Smilacina  racemosa  Desf.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,, 
and  Dubuque  Cos.     Copses, -common. 

S.  stellata  Desf.     Winneshiek  Co.     Frequent. 

Maianthemum  canadense  Desf.  Winneshiek  Co.  Rich  woods, 
frequent. 

Uvularia  grandijlora  Smith.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Clayton  Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

Oakesia  sessilifolia  Watson.  Winneshiek  Co.  Rich  woods, 
infrequent. 

Erythronium  albidum  Nutt.  Winneshiek  Co.  Rich  soil,  com- 
mon. 

Lilium  philadelphicum  L.  Winneshiek  Co.  Prairies  and 
upland  woods,  infrequent. 


130  IOWA   ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

L.  canadense  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Trillium  erectum  L.      Winneshiek  Co.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

T.  nivale  Riddell.     Winneshiek  Co.    Rocky  woods,  frequent. 

PONTEDERIACE^. 

Heteranthera  graminea  Vahl.  Allamakee  Co.  Frequent  in 
Upper  Iowa  river. 

COMMELINACE^. 

Tradescantia  virginica  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Clayton  Cos.     Rich  soil,  frequent. 

JUNCACE^. 

Juncus  tenuis  Willd.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Dubuque, 
and  Jackson  Cos.     Fields  snd  waysides,  common. 

TYPHACEtE. 

Typha  latifolia  L.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Ponds 
and  river  margins,  frequent. 

Sparganium  eurycarpum  Englm.  Winneshiek  Co.  Wet 
places,  frequent. 

ARACEyE. 

Ariscema  tripMjllum  Torr.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clay- 
ton, Dubuque,  and  Scott  Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

A.  dracontium  Schott.  Winneshiek  and  Dubuque  Cos.  Rich 
woods,  infrequent. 

Symplocarpus  fcetidus  Salisb.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee 
Cos.     Wet  ground,  infrequent. 

LEMNACE^. 

Spirodela  polyrrhiza  Schleid.  Winneshiek  and  Dubuque  Cos. 
Ponds  and  river  sloughs,  common. 

ALISMACE^. 

Alisma  plantago  L.  Winneshiek  and  Dubuque  Cos.  Shal- 
low ponds  and  ditches,  frequent. 

Sagittaria  variabilis   Engl.      Winneshiek,   Allamakee,   Clay- 
on,  and  Dubuque  Cos.    Mud  flats,  ditches,  and  shallow  water, 
common. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  1^1 

S.  heferophijUa  Pursli.  Winneshiek  Co.  In  shallow  water, 
frequent. 

NAIADACE^. 

Potamogeton  fluitans   Roth.      Winneshiek,    Allamakee,     and 
Clayton  Cos.     Common  in  the  Upper  Iowa  river. 
P.  paucijlortLS  Pursh.     Winneshiek  Co.     Frequent. 

CYPERACE^. 

Cyperus  esculentus  L.     Clayton   Co.     Wet  ground,  frequent. 

Eleocharis  palustris  R.  Br.  Winneshiek  Co.  Wet  ground, 
frequent. 

Scirpus  lacustris  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Wet  ground  and  in  water,  common. 

S.  jluviaiiUs  Gray.  Allamakee  Co.  Very  common  in  the 
sloughs  of  the  Mississippi  river. 

S.  atrovi7'ens  Muhl.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Dubuque 
Cos.     Wet  ground,  frequent. 

Carex  intumescens  Rudge.  Dubuque  Co.  Wet  woods,  fre- 
quent. 

G.  squar7'osa  L.  Clayton  and  Dubuque  Cos.  Wet  woods,  fre- 
quent. 

G.  hystricina  Muhl.  Winneshiek  Co.  Wet  ground,  fre- 
quent. 

G.  pennsylvanica  Lam.  Winneshiek  Co.  Dry  soil,  com- 
mon. 

G.  stipata  Muhl.     Winneshiek  Co. 

G.  vulpinoidea  Mx.     Winneshiek  Co. 

G.  rosea  Schkuhr.     Winneshiek  Co. 

G.  cephalopliora  Muhl.     Winneshiek  Co. 

G.  sirammea  Willd.,  var.  ap^era  Booth.  Winneshiek  Co.  The 
same  as  G.  tenera  Dew. 

GRAMINE^. 

Panicum  sanguinale  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 
P.  capillare  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 
P.  dichotomum  L.     Winneshiek  Co. 
P.  dichotomum  L.,  var.  villosa  Vasey.     Winneshiek  Co. 
P.  latifolium  L.     Winneshiek,  Allamakee,    and  Clayton  Cos. 
Woods,  frequent. 


132  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

Setaria  glauca  Beauv.     Winneshiek,  Clayton,  and   Dubuque 
Cos.     Waste  places,  common. 

S.    viridis  Beauv.     Winneshiek   and    Clayton    Cos.     Waste 
places,  common. 

Genchrus  tribuloides  L.       Dubuque  Co.     Sandy  soil,  frequent. 

Andropogon  furcatus  Muhl.     Allamakee  Co. 

Stipa  spartea  Trin.     Winneshiek  Co.     Prairies,  frequent. 

Phleum  pratense  L.     Winneshiek,    Allamakee,   Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Cultivated  and  frequent  in  waste  places. 

Bouteloua  racemosa  Lag.    Allamakee  Co.    Waysides,  frequent. 

Kceleria  cristata  Pers.      Winneshiek    and    Allamakee    Cos. 
Waysides,  frequent. 

Eragrostis    major    Host.      Winneshiek    and    Dubuque    Cos. 
Sandy  soil,  frequent. 

E.  frankii  Meyer.     Winneshiek  Co.     Sandy  soil. 

Melica  mutica  Walt.     Winneshiek  Co. 

Poa  pratensis  L.    Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Dubuque  Cos , 
Dry  soil,  pastures,  waysides,  common. 

.  Qtyceria  arundinacea  Kunth.     Winneshiek  Co.     Margins  of 
ponds,  wet  ground,  frequent. 

Bromus  kalmii  Gray.     Winneshiek  Co.     Fields,  infrequent. 

B.  secalinus  L.     Winneshiek  Co.     Fields  and  -waste  places, 
frequent. 

B.  ciliatus  L.,  var.  purgans  Gray.     Winneshiek,  Allamakee, 
and  Jackson  Cos.     Rich  upland  woods,  frequent. 

Agropyrum  repens  -(L.)     Beauv.     Winneshiek  Co.     Dry  soil, 
frequent. 

Hordeum  jubatum  L.     Winneshiek,  Clayton,  and  Scott  Cos. 
Dry  fields,  common. 

Elymus  canadensis  L.     Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Prairies  and  low  grounds,  common. 
E.  striatus  Willd.     Allamakee  Co. 

Asprella  hystrix  Willd.     Winneshiek,   Clayton,  and  Dubuque 
Cos.     Upland  woods,  frequent. 

EQUISETACE.E. 

Equisetum  arvense  L.     Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.     Wet 
soil,  frequent. 

E.  hyemale  L.     Allamakee  Co.     Wet  places,  frequent. 
E.  Icevigatttm  Braun.     Waysides  and  fields,  frequent. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  133 

FILICES. 

Polypodium  vulgare  L.  Clayton  Co.  Frequent  at  pictured 
rocks  below  McGregor. 

Adiantum  pedatum  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Rich,  upland  woods,  frequent. 

Pceris  aquilina  L  Winneshiek,  Allamakee  and  Clayton  Cos. 
Upland  woods,  frequent. 

Cheilanthes  lanuginosa  Nutt.  Allamakee  and  Dubuque  Cos. 
On  the  face  of  cliffs,  common  locally. 

Pellosa  atropurpurea  Link.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Cliff  crevices,  frequent. 

Asplenium  filix-fannina  Bernh.  Winneshiek  and  Clayton  Cos. 
Woods,  frequent. 

Camptosorus  rhizophyllus  Link,  Winneshiek,  andClayton 
Cos.     Rocky  glens,  infrequent. 

Oystopteris  &w?6i/em  Bernh  ••  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  Clayton, 
and  Dubuque  Cos.     Rich  soil  near  base  of  cliffs,  frequent. 

C.  fragilis  Bernh.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee  Cos.  Woods, 
frequent. 

Onoclea  sensibilis  L.     Clayton  Co.     Moist  ravines,  frequent. 

Osmunda  claytoniana  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and  Clayton 
Cos.     Low  woods,  frequent. 

OPHIOGLOSSACE^. 

Botrychium  virginianum  Swartz.  Winneshiek  and  Allamakee 
Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

MARCHANTIACE.E. 

Marchanta  polymorpha  L.  Winneshiek,  Allamakee,  and 
Dubuque  Cos.     Wet  rocks,  frequent. 


134  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 


FLORA   OF   SOUTHERN   IOWA. 


T.  J.  AND   M.  F.  L.  FITZPATRICK. 


The  following  notes  are  based  upon  collections  in  our  pri- 
vate herbarium.  In  point  of  time  the  period  reaches  from  1882 
to  1897.  The  counties  represented  being  Decatur,  Appanoose, 
Wapello,  Van  Buren,  Shelby,  and  Johnson,  extended  by  occa- 
sional collections  from  neighboring  counties. 

The  sedges  were  determined  by  R.  I.  Cratty,  the  grasses  by 
F.  Lamson  Scribner,  and  miscellaneous  species  by  the  officers 
of  the  Missouri  Botanical  garden. 

To  those  who  wish  to  obtain  a  more  thorough  knowledge  of 
the  flora  of  southern  Iowa  we  submit  our  results,  hoping  they 
are  worthy  of  consideration. 

RANUNCULACE^, 

Clematis  virginiana  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Des  Moines, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Fence  rows,  along  streams,  frequent. 

G.  pitcheri  T.  &  G.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Rich  woods,  frequent. 

Anemone  patens  nuttalliana  Gray.  Crawford  and  Shelby  Cos. 
High  prairies,  common. 

A.  cylindrica  Gray.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Prairies 
and  open  woods,  frequent. 

A.  virginiana  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Des  Moines,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

A.  pennsylvanica  L.     Des  Moines  and  Johnson  Cos. 

A.  nemorosa  L.     Johnson  Co.     Upland  woods,  common. 

Hepatica  acutildba  DC.  Johnson  and  Decatur  Cos.  Upland 
woods,  common. 

Anemonella  thalictroides  Spach.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Upland  woods,  frequent. 

Thalictrum  purpurascens  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Des  Moines 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES  ]  35 

Banunculus  circinatus  Sibth.     Johnson  Co.     Ponds  frequent. 

B.  abortivus  L.  Decatur,  Page,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Low  grounds,  common. 

R.  recurvatus  Poir.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 

R.  fascioularis  Muhl.  Johnson  Co.  Wooded  hillsides,  com- 
mon. 

R.  septentrionalis  Poir.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Low  grounds,  common 

R.  repens  L.     Johnson  Co.     Upland  woods,  frequent. 

E.  acris  L.     Page  Co. 

Isopyrum  biternatum  T.  &  G.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Woods,  frequent. 

Galtha  palustris  L.     Johnson  Co.     Wet  places,  infrequent. 

Aquilegia  canadensis  L.  Page,  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Woods,  common. 

Delphinium  tricorne  Mx.  Decatur  and  Shelby  Cos.  Rich  soil, 
fields  and  woods,  common. 

D.  azureum  Mx.     Page,  Decatur,  and  Shelby  Cos.     Prairies, 
common. 
-    D.  ajacis  L.     Johnson  Co.     Occasionally  an  escape. 

Actcea  spicata  rubra  Ait.  Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos.  Woods, 
infrequent. 

A.  alba  Bigel.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  common. 

MENISPERMACE^. 

Menispermum  canadense  L.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

BERBERIDACE^. 

Caulophyllum  thalictroides  Mx.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

Podophyllum  peltatum  L.  Page,  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Rich  upland  woods,  common. 

NYMPH^ACE^. 

Nymphcea  odorata  Ait.     Johnson  Co.     Ponds,  frequent. 
Nuphar  advena  Ait.     Johnson  Co.     Margins  of  ponds,   fre- 
quent. 


136  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF    SCIENCES. 

PAPAVERACEiE. 

Sanguinaria  canadensis  L.     Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Rich  woods,  common. 
Argemone  mexicani  L.     Johnson  Co.     Rarely  an  escape. 

PUMARIACE^. 

Dicentra  cucullaria  DC.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  Page, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Rich  woods,  common. 

Gorydalis  curvisiliqua  Englm.  Page  and  Henry  Cos.  Prob- 
ably not  frequent.  Has  been  labeled  C.  aurea  Willd,  and  also 
the  variety  occidentalis  Englm. 

CRUCIFER^. 

Dentaria  laciniata  Muhl.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Rich  woods,  frequent. 

Cardamine  rhomboidea  DC.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Wet  grounds,  common. 

C.  rhomboidea  purpurea.     Johnson  Co. 

G.  hirsuta  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  We  t  soil,  fre- 
quent. 

Arabis  dentata  T.  &  G.     Henry  Co. 

A.  canadensis  L.     Decatur  Co.     Woods,  infrequent. 

A.  confinis  Watson.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  common. 

Draba  caroliniana  Walt.  Johnson  Co.  Rocky  banks,  fre- 
quent. 

Nasturtium  palustre  DC.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Wet  places,  common, 

N.  obtusum  Nutt.     Decatur  Co.     In  fields,  infrequent. 

N.  armoracia  Pries.  Page,  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Near  dwellings,  frequent. 

'N.  sessiliflorum  Nutt.  Van  Buren  Co.  Frequent  along  Des 
Moines  river. 

Barbarea  vulgaris  R.  Br.  Shelby  Co.  Cultivated  fields, 
infrequent. 

Erysimum  cheiranthoides  L.     Johnson  Co.     Banks,   common. 

Sisymbrium  canescens  Nutt.  Decatur,  Page,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Woods,  frequent. 

*S^.  offidnale  Scop.  Desatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste 
places,  common, 

Brassica  sinaplstrum  Boiss.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste 
places,  infrequent. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  137 

B.  nigra  Koch.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Johnson,  Shelby,  and 
Van  Buren  Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

B,  alba  Boiss.  Decatur  Co.  Forms  were  found  with  bristly- 
pods.  This  character,  however,  variej^  and  the  specimen^  may 
be  the  preceding  species. 

Capsella  hursa- pastor  is  Moench.  Page,  Decatur,  Van  Buren, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Waste  grounds,  common. 

Lepidium  virginicum  L.  Johnson  Co.  Waste  ground,  fre- 
quent. 

L.  intermedium  Gray.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Shelby  Cos. 
Waste  places,  common. 

Raphanus  sativus  L.     Decatur  Co.     Occasionally  an  escape. 

CAPPARIDACE.^. 

Polanisia  tracJiysperma  T.  &  G.  Des  Moines  and  Johnson 
Cos.  Sandy  shores,  frequent.  Usually  mistaken  for  P.  grave- 
olens  Raf . 

CISTACE.'E. 

Helianthemum  canadense  Mx.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Prairies,  frequent. 

Lecheo.  major  Mx.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Borders  of  woods,  frequent. 

L.  minor  L.     Johnson  Co.     Dry  soil,  frequent. 

L.  tenuifolia  Mx.     Van  Buren  Co.     Dry  soil,  frequent. 

VIOLACE.^. 

Viola  pedata  Ij.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Open  woods, 
frequent. 

V.  pedatijida  G.  Don.  Decatur,  Shelby,  Page,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Woods  and  fields,  common,  especially  southward. 

F.  pialmata  L.  Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos.  Damp  soil, 
fields  and  woods,  comrnon. 

F.  palmata  cucullata  Gray.  Decatur,  Wapello,  Van  Buren, 
Des  Moines,  Shelby,  Page,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields  and 
woods,  common. 

F.  sagittata  Ait.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  frequent  locally. 

F.  pubescens  Ait.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Rich 
woods,  frequent. 


138  IOWA    ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

CARYOPHYLLACE^. 

DiantJius  armeria  L.     Johnson  Co.     Upland  woods,  frequent 

Saponaria  offlcinalis  L.  Decatur,  Des  Moines,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Waste  places,  frequent. 

S.  vaccaria  L.     Johnson  Co.     Waste  places,  infrequent. 

Silene  stellata  Ait.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  Des 
Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

S.  nivea  Otth.     Johnson  Co.     Along  streams,  infrequent, 

iS'.  antirrhina  L.  Decatur,  Henry,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields 
and  waste  places,  frequent. 

Lychnis  githago  Lam.  Johnson  Co.  Waste  places,  infre- 
quent. 

Arenaria  lateriflora  L.     Johnson  Co.     Low  places,  frequent. 

Stellaria  media  Smith.     Henry  Co, 

*S'.  longifolia  Muhl.     Johnson  Co.     Wet  woods,  infrequent. 

Cerastium  nutans  Raf.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Wet 
places,  frequent. 

PORTULACACE^. 

Portiilaca  oleracea  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Van 
Buren,  Des  Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields  and  waste  places, 
common. 

Claytonia.  virginica  L.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  Des  Moines, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Rich  woods,  common. 

HYPERICACEyE. 

Hypericum  ascyron  L.     Johnson  Co.     Prairie,  rare. 

H.  prolificum  L.  Appanoose,  Des  Moines,  and  Jefferson  Cos. 
Waysides,  infrequent. 

H.  mutilum  L.     Decatur  Co.     Open  woods,  common. 

H.  cistifolium  Lam.  Appanoose  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste 
places,  infrequent. 

H  maculatum  Walt.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Open  woods,  frequent. 

H.  canadense  L.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos. 

MALVACEAE. 

Malva  rotundifolia  L.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Waste  places,  frequent. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  139 

M.  sylvestris  L.  Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste  places, 
infrequent. 

GallirrJioe  involucrata  Gray.  Shelby  Co.  Open  woods,  com- 
mon locality. 

Sida  spinosa  L.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  Henry,  and  Des  Moines 
Cos.     Waste  places,  frequent. 

Abutilon  avicennce  Gaertn.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello, 
Van  Buren,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields  and  waste  places,  com- 
mon 

Hibiscus  miUtaris  Cav.  Johnson  Co.  Borders  of  ponds,  fre- 
quent. 

H.  trionum  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  and  Wapello 
Cos.     Waste  ground,  frequent. 

TILIACE^. 

Tilia  americana  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  Des 
Moines,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Rich  soil,  frequent. 

LINACEyE. 

Linum  salcatum  Riddell.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Van 
Buren  Cos.     Prairies,  frequent. 

L.  usitatissimum  L.  Decatur,  Wayne,  Des  Moines,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Waste  places,  frequent. 

GERANIACE^.     . 

Geranium  maculatum  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Rich 
woods,  common. 

G.  carolinianum  L.     Johnson  Co.     Frequent  locally. 

Oxalis  violacea  L.  Page,  Decatur,  Des  Moines,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Fields,  common. 

0  corniculata  stricta  Sav.  Page,  Decatur,  Appanoose, 
Wapello,  Van  Buren,  Des  Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Woods 
and  waste  places,  common. 

Impatlens  pallida  Nutt.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Des  Moines, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Wet  woods,  frequent. 

I.  fulva  Nutt.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  Des  Moines, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     With  the  preceeding,  less  frequent. 

RUTACE^E. 

Xanthoxylum  amt'icanum  Mill.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Woods,  common. 


140  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

CELASTRACE^. 

Celastrus  scandens'L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Rich  woods, 
frequent. 

Euonymus  atropurpureus  Jacq.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

RHAMNACE^. 

Bhamnus  lanceolata  Pursh.  Decatur,  Des  Moines,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Borders  of  fields  and  woods,  frequent. 

Ceanothus  americanus  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren, 
Des  Moines,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Open  woods  and 
prairies,  common  in  Johnson  Co. ,  but  infrequent  southward. 

C.  ovatus  Desf .     Decatur  and  Shelby  Cos.     Prairies,  common. 

VITACE^. 

Vitis  riparia  Mx.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Low 
woods,  common. 

V.  cinerea  Englm.     Decatur  Co.     Infrequent. 

AmpelopsisquinqvefoUaMx.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

SAPINDACE^. 

JSsculus  glabra  Willd.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Van  Buren 
Cos.     Rich  woods,  common. 

Acer  saccharinum  Wang.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  Des  Moines, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Along  rivers,  frequent. 

A.  dasycarpum  Ehrh.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Shelby, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Along  rivers,  common. 

Negundo  aceroides  Moench.  Page,  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wap- 
ello, Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Low  woods,  common. 

Staphylea  trifolia  L.  Johnson  and  Decatur  Cos.  Bluffs,  fre- 
quent.    In  Missouri  opposite  Decatur  Co. ,  Iowa. 

ANACARDIACE^. 

Rhus  glabra  L.  Decatur,  Wapello,  Van  Buren,  Des  Moines, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods  and  uplands,  common. 

E.  toxicodendron  L.  Decatur,  Wapello,  Van  Buren,  Des 
Moines,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waysides  and  woods,  fre- 
quent. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  141 

R.  canadensis  Marsh,  Wapello,  Henry,  Van  Buren,  and 
Jefferson  Cos.  Rocky  woods,  frequent  Also  found  near 
Decatur  Co.  line,  in  Missouri. 

POLYGALACE^. 

Polygala  senega  L.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  common. 

P.  sanguinea  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Fields,  common. 

P.  verticillata  ambigua  Gray.  Decatur,  Aj^panoose,  Wapello, 
Van  Buren,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields  and  open  woods,  fre- 
quent. 

LEGUMINOS^. 

Haptisia  leucantha  T.  &  G.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello, 
Des  Moines,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields  and  oj^en  woods, 
common. 

B.  leucophoea  Nutt.  Page,  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Open  woods,  common. 

Crotalaria  sagittalis  L.  Johnson  Co.  Sandy  soil,  open 
woods,  frequent. 

Trifoliumpratense  L.  Page,  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren, 
Wapello,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Cultivated  and  in  waste 
places,  common. 

T.  reflexum  L.     Johnson  Co.     Sandy  banks,  infrequent 

T.  repens  L.  Page,  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Van 
Buren,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Pastures  and  waysides, 
common. 

T.  hybridum  L.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields 
and  waste  places,  frequent. 

Melilotus  officinalis  Willd.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste 
places,  infrequent. 

M.  alba  Lam.  Decatur,  Wapello,  Des  Moines,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Waste  places,  common. 

Medicago  sativa  L.     Decatur  Co.     Vacant  lots,  frequent. 

Psoralea  tenuiflora  Pursh.     Prairie,  common.     Decatur  Co. 

P.  argophylla  Pursh.     Prairies,  infrequent.     Shelby  Co. 

P.  esculenta  Pursh.     Prairies,  frequent.     Shelby  Co. 

Amorpha  canescens  Nutt.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Van 
Buren,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Dry  soil,  open  woods  and 
waysides,  common. 

A.  fruticosa  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Along  water  courses,  common. 

U  Lla.  Acad.  Sci..  Vol.  v  J  [June  17.  1898.1 


142  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

Do  lea  alopecuroides  Willd.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.     Way- 
sides and  waste  places,  frequent. 

Petalostemon  violaceus  Mx.     Decatur,  Appanoose  and  Johnson 
Cos      Prairies,  frequent. 

P.  Candidas  Mx.     Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Shelby  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Prairies,  frequent. 

Tephrosi'i    virginiana    Pers.     Johnson    Co.     Sandy    woods, 
infrequent. 

Bobinia   pseudacacia    L.     Decatur,    Wapello,    Des    Moines, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Waste  places,  frequent. 

Astragalus    caryocarpus    Ker.       Decatur    and     Shelby    Cos. 
Prairies,  frequent. 

A.    canadensis   L.     Decatur,    Appanoose,    Van   Buren,    Des 
Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Rich  soil,  common. 

Olycyrrhiza  lepidota  Nutt.     Decatur  Co.     Waysides,  rare. 

Desmodium  acuminatum  DC     Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Rich  woods,  common. 

D.  illinoense  Gray.     Decatur  Co.     Prairies,  frequent. 

D.  paniculatum  DC.     Van  Buren  and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods, 
infrequent. 

D    canadense  DC.     Decatur,    Appanoose,    Van  Buren,    and 
Johnson  Cos.     Open  woods,  frequent. 

D.  dillenii  Darlingt.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  infrequent. 

Lespedeza  violacea   Pers.     Decatur,  Appanoose,   Van  Buren 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Open  woods,  frequent. 

L.    capitata   Mx.     Decatur,    Appanoose,  and  Johason   Cos 
Prairies  and  rocky  banks,  frequent. 

Vicia  a')iiericana  Muhl.     Shelby  Co.     Low  prairies,  frequent. 

Lathyrus  palustris  L.     Page  and  Johnson  Cos.     Dry  woods, 
infrequent. 

Apios  tuberosa  Moench.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.      Rich 
woods  and  banks,  frequent. 

Strophostyles  angulosa  Ell.     Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Sandy  soil,  frequent. 

S.  pauciflorus  Watson.   Wapello  Co.     Sandy  ground,  frequent. 

Amphicarp<jea  monoica  Nutt.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.     Dry 
soil,  frequent. 

A.  pitcheri  T.  &  G.     Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Woods,  common. 

Cercis  canadensis  L.     Decatur,  Ai3panoose,  Van  Buren,  Des 
Moines,  Jefferson,  and  Henrj'-  Cos.     Wooded  bluffs,  frequent. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  143 

Cassia  marylandica  L.  Ringgold  and  Appanoose  Cos.  Rich 
woods,  infrequent.     Found  in  Missouri,  opposite  Decatur  Co. 

G.  chamcecrista  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Fields  and  waysides,  common. 

Gymnocladus  canadensis  Lam.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Rich  woods,  infrequent. 

Gleditschia  triacMnathos  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Rich  woods,  common. 

ROSACEA. 

Prunus  americana  Marsh.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Thickets,  common. 

P.  serotina  Ehrh.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

P.  virginiana  L.  Decatur,  Shelby,  Page,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Low  woods,  frequent. 

Spircea  salicifolia  L;  Henry  and  Johnson  Cos.  Rocky  woods, 
frequent. 

Physocarpus  opuUfolius  Maxim.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Rocky  woods,  frequent. 

Rubus  occidentalis  L.  Page,  Becatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren, 
Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods  and  fence  rows,  frequent. 

B.  viUosuH  Ait.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  Shelby, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  common. 

P.  canadensis  L.  Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos.  Poor  soil, 
fields,  common. 

Geum  album  Gmelin.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Open  woods,  frequent. 

G.  virginianum  L.     Decatur  Co.     Low^  grounds,  infrequent. 

Fragaria  virginiana  Mill.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Fields  and  woods,  common. 

F.  vesca  L.  Shelby,  Page,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Woods,  infre- 
quent. 

Potentilla  arguta  Pursh.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Prairies,  common. 

P.  norvegica  L.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields, 
common. 

P.  canadensis  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waysides  and 
open  woods,  common. 

Agrimonia  eupatoria  L.  Decatur,  ApjDanoose,  Van  Buren, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  common. 


144  IOWA   ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES. 

A.  parvijlora  Ait.  Decatur  Co.  Low  grounds,  prairies  and 
woods. 

Rosa  arkansana  Porter.  Decatvir,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Prairies  and  woods,  common. 

B.  humilis  Marsh.     Johnson  Co. 

B.  Nanda  Ait.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 

Pyrus  coronaria  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Tnickets,  common. 

P.  malus  L.  Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos.  Fields  and  waste 
places,  not  infrequent. 

Gratosgus  coccinea  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  Shelby, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  common. 

C.  tomentosa  L.  Page,  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

C.  crus-galli'L.  Decatur,  Wapello,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Woods, 
frequent. 

Amelanchier  canadensis  T.  &  G.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Bluffs,  common. 

SAXIFRAGACE^. 

Saxifraga  pennsylvanica  L.  Johnson  Co.  Low  prairies,  com- 
mon. 

Mitella  diphylla  L.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  common. 

Heuchera  hispida  Pursh.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Prairies,  common. 

Bibes  cijnosbati  L.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  common. 

B.  gracile  Mx.  Page,  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Low  grounds,  common. 

S.  fforidum  L'Her.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  infrequent. 

CRASSULACE^. 

Penthorum  sedoides  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Wet  ground,  common. 

Sedum  telephium  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Occasion- 
ally an  escape. 

HALORAGE^. 

MynopJiyllum  scabj-atum  Mx.  Appanoose  Co.  In  shallow 
water,  common. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  145 

LYTHRACE.E. 

Lythrum  alatum  Pursh.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Fields  and  low  places,  common. 

Rotala  ramosior  Koehne.     Henry  Co. 

AmmanniacoccineaHoWo.  Johnson  Co.  Sandy  shores,  infre- 
quent. 

ONAGRACE^. 

Ludwigia  alternifolia  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Wet 
ground,  infrequent. 

L.  polycarpa  Short  &  -Peter.  Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos. 
Margins  of  ponds,  common. 

L.  palustris  Ell.  Johnson  Co.  In  water  or  wet  places,  infre- 
quent. 

Epilobium  angustifoUum  L.     Shelby  Co.     Woods,  infrequent. 

E.  coloraturii  Muhl.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Wet  ground  along  rivers,  frequent. 

Gaura  coccinea  Nutt.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

Oenothera  biennis  L.  Van  Buren  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste 
ground,  frequent. 

Oe.  rhombipetala  Nutt.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  Des  Moines, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

Oe.  serrulata  Nutt.     Shelby  Co.     Prairies,  frequent. 

Circcea  lutetiana  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Henry,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Woods,  common. 

CUCURBITACE^. 

Sicyos  angulata  L.     Des  Moines  Co.     Waste  places,  frequent. 
Echinocystis  lobata  T.    &   G.     Decatur,  Des  Moines,  Shelby, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Low  woods,,  common. 

FICOIDE^. 

Mollugo  verticillata  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Sandy 
shores,  frequent. 

UMBELLIFER^. 

Daucus  carota  L.  Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos.  Fields 
infrequent. 


146  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

Tiedemannia  rigida  Coult.  &  Rose.  Decatur  Co.  Wet  sloughs, 
frequent;  often  on  high  prairies. 

Htrachum  lanatum  Mx.  Decatur  and  Shelby  Cos.  Rich 
woods,  common. 

Cicufa  maculata  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Wet  places,  common. 

Thasjyium  barMnode  Nutt.  Des  Moines  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Woods,  frequent. 

Pimpiella  integerrinii  Benth  &  Hook.  Decatur,  Appanoose, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

Polytcenia  nuttallii  DC.  Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos.  Dry 
woods,  infrequent. 

Gryptotcenia  canadensis  DC.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Rich  woods,  common. 

Sivm  cicutcefoUum  Gmelin.  Decatur  and  Des  Moines  Cos. 
Shallow  ponds,  frequent. 

Fceniculum  officinale  All.  Johnson  Co.  Occasionally  an 
escape. 

Zizia  aurea  Koch.  Decattfc*  and  Shelby  Cos.  Low  grounds, 
common. 

ChcerophyllumjJrocumbensCrskntz.  Decatur,  Henry,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Low  woods,  frequent. 

Osmorrhiza  longistylis  DC.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Rich  woods,  frequent. 

0.  brevistylis  DC.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

Eryngium  yucccefoUum  Mx.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Prairies,  common. 

Sanicula  marylandica  L.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos, 
Woods,  common. 

S.  marylandica  canadensis  Torr.  Appanoose  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

ARALIACE^. 

Aralia  racemosa  L.  Van  Buren,  Des  Moines,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

A.  nudicaulis  L.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 

A.  quinquefolia  Decs.  &  Planch.  Johnson  Co.  Woods,  fre- 
quent.    Seems  to  prefer  the  north  hill  sides. 


IOWA' ACADEMY   OF    SCIENCES.  147 

CORNACE^. 

Cornus  paniculata  L'Her.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello, 
Van  Buren,  Des  Moines,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Low 
grounds,  common. 

G.  sericea  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Low  woods,  frequent 

CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 

Sambucus  canadensis  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren, 
Dcs  Moines,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Rich  woods  and  fields, 
common. 

Viburnum  lentago  L.  Shelby,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Woods,  frequent. 

Triosteum  perfoliatum  L.-  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Open  woods,  common. 

SymiDhoricarpus  vulgaris  Mx.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello, 
Van  Buren,  and  Shelby  Cos.     Prairies  and  woods,  common. 

S.  occidentalis  Hook.     Shelby  Co.     Open  woods,  frequent. 

Lonicera  suUivantii  Gray.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 

RUBIACE.E. 

Houston ia  minima  Beck.     Johnson  Co 

H.  angustifoUa  Mx.  Shelby  Co.  Sandy  prairie  soil,  fre- 
quent. 

Gephalanthus  occ  identa  lis  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Wet  low  woods,  freque  t. 

Galium  aparine  L.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Woods,  common. 

G.  trijidum  Decatur  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 

G.  trijidum  latifolium  Torr.     Johnson  Co. 

O.  concinnum  T.  &  G.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Woods,  common. 

G.  triflorum  Mx.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Rich  woods, 
common. 

G.  circcBzans  Mx.  Decatur  and  Van  Buren  Cos.  Woods,  fre- 
quent. 

COMPOSITE. 

Vernonia  fasciculata  Mx.  Decatur,  Wapello,  Van  Buren,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Low  grounds,  common. 


148  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

r.  noveboracensis  latifoUa  Gray.      Decatur,   Appanoose,    and 
Van  Buren  Cos.     Borders  and  open  woods,  common. 

Eupatorium  purpureum  L.     Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Woods  and  low  pastures,  common. 

E.    agerafoides  L.      Decatur,    Appanoose,    Van    Buren,    and 
Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  common. 

E.  perfoliatum  L.     Decatur,  Wapello,  Van  Buren,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Open  woods,  common. 

E.  altissimum  L.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.     Upland  woods, 
or  prah'ies,  infrequent. 

Kuhnia  eupatorioides  L.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.    Dry  soil, 

Liatris  scariosa  Willd.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.     Prairies, 
common. 

L  pycnostachya  Mx.     Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Prairies,  common. 

L    squarrosa  Willd.     Decatur  and  Wapello  Cos.     Prairies, 
common. 

OrindeUa  squarrosa  Dunal.     Henry  Co.     Waste  places,  infre- 
quent. 

Solidago  rig  Ida   L.     Decatur   and   Johnson   Cos.      Prairies, 
common. 

S.  ulmifolia  Muhl.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  fre- 
quent. 

8.  latifolia  L.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

S.  speciosa  Nutt.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.     Prairies,  com- 
mon. 

S.  serotina  Ait.     D-catur,  Henry,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Borders 
of  woods,  frequent. 

S.  canadensis  L.     Decatur,  Henry,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Open 
woods  and  borders  of  fields,  common. 

S.  nemoralis  Ait.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.     Prairies,  com- 
mon. 

S.  lanceolata  L.     Decatur,  Henry,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Sandy 
soil,  common. 

Boltonia  asteroides  L'Her.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.     Wet 
ground,  frequent. 

Aster  sericeus  Vent.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.     Prairies, 
common. 

A.  shortii  Hook.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  infrequent. 

A.  oblongifolius  Nutt.     Johnson  Co.     Dry  soil,  infrequent. 

A  multifionii  Alt.     Decatur,  Henry,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Prai- 
ries and  waysides,  common. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  149 

A.  novce-anglioB  L.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  fre- 
quent. 

A.  prenanthoides  Muhl.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 

A.  salicifolius  Ait.     Decatur,  Henry,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Cop- 
ses, open  places,  frequent. 

.1    azureus  Lindl.     Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Woods  and  prairies,  common. 

A   cordifolius  L.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  infre- 
quent. 

A.  sagittifolius  Willd.     Johnson  and  Dacatur  Cos.     Woods 
frequent. 

A.  kevis  L.     Decatur  Co.     Woods,  open  places,  common. 

A.  diffusus  Ait.     Decatur  Co.     Low  woods,  common. 

Urigeronbellidifolius  Mnhl.    Johnson  Co.    Woods,  infrequent. 

E  strigoms  Muhl.     Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos.     Fields  and 
waste  places,  common. 

E.  ■philadelphicus  L.   Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.    Rich 
woods,  frequent. 

E.  divaricatns  Mx.     Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Dry  soil,  pastures,  common. 

E.  canadense  L.    Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos.    Waste  places, 
common. 

E.  annuusPers.    Appanoose,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste 
places,  common. 

Antennariaplantaginifolia  Hook.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby, 
Page,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Meadows  and  upland  woods,  common. 

Anaphalis  margaritacea  Benth.  &  Hook.     Decatur  and  John- 
son Cos.     Dry  woods,  frequent. 

Inula    helenium    L.     Johnson    Co.     Open    woods,    frequent 
locally. 

Polumnia  canadensis  L.     Des    Moines  Co.     Along  cliffs,  fre- 
quent. 

Silphium  perfoliatum  L.     Decatur,  Van  Buren,    Des  Moines, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Low  grounds,  frequent. 

S.  integrifolium  Mx.     Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  and 
Jotinson  Cos.     Prairies  and  open  woods,  frequent. 

S.   laciniatum  L      Decatur,    Appanoose,   and   Johnson    Cos. 
Prairies,  common. 

Parthenium  integrifolium  L.     Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Prairies,  common. 

Amhtxysia  artemiscefolia   L.     Decatur,    Appanoose,     Wapello, 
Van  Buren,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Waste  places,  very  common. 


150  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

A.  tr'ijida  L.     Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Van  Buren,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Waste  ground,  common. 

A.    triflda   infegrifolia    T.    &   G.       Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Waste  places,  frequent. 

A.  2)silostachya  DC.   Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste  places, 
frequent. 

Xanthium  cano dense  Mill.     Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

Eclipta  alba  Hassk.     Johnson  Co.     Along  river  banks,  infre- 
quent. 

Heliopsis    scabra   Dunal.     Decatur,   Appanoose,   Van  Buren, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Prairies,  common. 

Echinacea  purpurea  Moench.     Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos. 
Woods,  infrequent. 

E.    arigustifoU.a    DC.     Decatur,    Shelby,    and    Johnson    Cos. 
Prairies,  frequent. 

Rudbeckia  triloba  L.  Decatur,  Wapello,  Van  Buren,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Open  woods,  oommon. 

R.  hirta  L.     Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,   and  Johnson 
Cos.     Open  woods  and  prairies,  frequent. 

R.  laciniata  L.      Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Low  woods,  com- 
mon. 

R.  subtomentosa  Pursh.     Decatur  Co.     Prairies,  infrequent. 

Lepachys  lyinnata  T.  &  G.       Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Prairies,  common. 

Helianthus  annuus  L.      Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  Des 
Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Waste  places,  frequent. 

H.  rigidus  Desf.     Decatur  and  Johnson   Cos.     Prairies,   fre- 
quent. 

H.  occidentalis  Rid.     Johnson  Co.     Prairies,  frequent. 

H.  grosse-serratus  Mart.     Decatur,  Appanoose,   and  Johnson 
Cos.     Low  grounds,  common. 

H.   hirsntus  Raf.     Decatur  and  Van  Buren   Cos.     Prairies, 
frequent. 

H.  strumosus  L.     Johnson  Co.     Borders  and  low  woods,  fre- 
quent. 

H.  tuberosus  L.     Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and  Henry  Cos.     Low 
woods  and  prairies,  frequent. 

Actinomeris  squarrosa  Nutt.     Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Low  w^oods,  frequent. 

Coreopsis  pcilmifa  ~N\itt.      Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Prairies,  common. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  151 

C.  trlpteris  Li.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos  Prairies  and  open 
woods,  frequent. 

G.  involucrata  Nutt.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Wet  grounds, 
common. 

Bidens  frondosa  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Low  grounds,  common. 

8  conncta  Muhl.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Low  grounds, 
frequent. 

R.  cernua  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Wet  grounds,  low 
woods,  frequent. 

B.  chrysanthemoides  Mx.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Low 
waste  places,  frequent. 

Heleniuni  autumnale  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Des  Moines, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     River  banks,  moist  places,  frequent. 

Dysodia  chrysanthemoides  Lag.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello, 
Van  Buren,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.    Waste  places,  common. 

Anthemis  cotula  DC.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Van 
Buren,  Des  Moines,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste  places, 
common. 

Achillea  millefolium  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

Chrysanthemnm  leucanthemum  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Waste  places,  infrequent. 

Tanacetum  vulgare  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos  Waste 
places  near  dwellings,  infrequent. 

Artoiiisia  biennis  Willd.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  WajDello,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Waste  places,  frequent. 

A.  ludoviciana  ^utt.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waysides 
and  fields,  common. 

Senecio  aureus  L.     Johnson  Co.     Rich  woods,  infrequent. 

S.  aureus  halsamitce  T.  &  G.  Page,  Decatur,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Rich  woods,  common. 

Cacalia  reniformis  Muhl.    ,  Johnson  Co.     Woods,  infrequent. 

C  atriplicifolia  L.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Rich  woods  and  prairies,  frequent. 

G.  tuberosa  Nutt.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Shelby  Cos. 
Moist  prairies,  frequent. 

Erechtites  hieracifolia  Raf.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Open 
woods,  frequent. 

Arctium  lappa  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  Des 
Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Waste  places,  frequent. 


152  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

Cnicus  lanceolatus  Hoffm.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

C.  altissimvs  Willd.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste 
places,  frequent. 

C.  altissimus  discolor  Gray.  Johnson  Co.  Waste  places,  fre- 
quent. 

C.  arveiisis  Hoffm  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields  and 
waste  places,  infrequent. 

Krigia  ampJexicaulis  Nutt.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,   frequent. 

Hiersbcium  canadense  Mx.  Johnson  Co.  Open  woods,  infre- 
quent. 

H.  scabrum  Mx.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Dry  woods, 
frequent. 

H.  longipUum  Torr.     Decatur  Co.     Sandy  prairie,  infrequent 

Prenanthes  aspera  Mx.     Decatur  Co.     Open  woods,  frequent. 

P.  crepidinea  Mx.     Johnson  Co.     We  have  one  specimen. 

P.  alba  Johnson  Co.     Woods,   frequent. 

Lygodesmia  Juncea  Don.  Shelby  Co.  Fields  and  waste 
places,  common. 

Troximon  cuspidatum  Pursh.  Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos. 
High  prairies,  infrequent. 

Taraxacum  officinale  Weber  Shelby,  Page,  Decatur,  Appa- 
noose, Wapello,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Pastures  and 
waysides,  common. 

Lactuca  scariola  L.  Van  Buren,  Henry,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Waste  places,  frequent. 

L.  canadensis  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste  ground, 
frequent. 

L.  acuminata  Gray.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  Des  Moines,  and 
Johnson  Cos. 

Sonchus  asper  Vill.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste 
grounds,  frequent. 

S.  oleraceus  Johnson  Co      Waste  grounds,  frequent. 

LOBELIACE^. 

Lobelia  cardinalis  L.  Appanoose  and  Johnson  Cos.  Wet 
low  woods,  frequent. 

L.  syphilitica  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Moist  soil, 
common. 

L.  spicata  Lam.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Fields,  common. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES  153 

L.  inffata  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Van  Buren,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Open  woods,  frequent. 

CAMPANULACE.'E. 

Specularia  perfoUata  A.  DC.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields 
and  woods,  frequent. 

Campanula  americana  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren, 
Des  Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste  places,  fields,  and 
woods,  frequent. 

ERICACE.-E. 

Pyrola  elliptica  Nutt.     Johnson  Co.     Upland  woods,  frequent.     . 
Monotropa  uniHora  L.     Johnson   Co.     Upland   woods,    com- 
mon. 

PRIMULACE^. 

DodecatJieon  media  Li.     Johnson  Co.     Open  woods,   frequent. 

Androscae  occidentalis  Pursh.  Johnson  Co.  Rocky  shores, 
frequent 

Steironema  ciliatum  Raf .  Decatur.  Des  Moines,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Rich  open  woods,  common. 

S.  lanceolatum  Gray.     Johnson  Co.     Rich  soil,  infrequent. 

OLEACE.E. 

Fraxinus  viridis  Mx.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Woods,  frequent. 

F.  americana  L.     Johnson  Co      Woods,  infrequent. 

APOCYNACE.E. 

Apocynum  androswmifolum  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Des 
Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields  and  borders  of  woods,  fre- 
quent. 

A.  cannabinum  Li.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Des  Moines,  Shelby, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  frequent. 

ASCLEPIADACE.E. 

Asclepias  tuberosa  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Des  Moines, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Prairies  and  fields,  common. 


154  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES, 

A  incarnata  L.  Decatur  q^d  Johnson  Cos.  Wet  grounds, 
common. 

A.  pur2mrascens  L.      Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.      Infrequent. 

A  cornuti  DC.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Fields,  common. 

A.  sullivantii  Englm.     Shelby  Co.     Infrequent. 

A   obtusifolia  Mx.     Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos.     Infrequent. 

A.  meadii  Torr.     Decatur  Co.     Waysides,  infrequent. 

A.  phytolaccoides  Pursh  Johnso^a  Cos.  Open  woods,  infre- 
quent. 

A.  verticiUata  L.  Decatur,  Des  Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos 
Open  woods  and  fields,  common. 

Acerates  longifolia  Ell.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Prairies,  common 

A.  viridijlora  Ell.     Decatur  Co.     Prairies,  common, 

GENTIANACE^. 

Gentiana  crlnita  Froel.  Johnson  Co,  Springy  places,  fre- 
quent locally. 

G.  quinqueUora  occidentalis  Gray^  Johnson  Co.  Open  woods, 
infrequent. 

G.  puberula  Mx.  Decatur,  Jeiferson,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Prairies,  infrequent. 

G.  andreivsii  Griseb.  Johnson  Co.  Low  grounds,  infre- 
quent. 

G.  alba  Muhl.     Decatur  Co.     Oj^en  woods,  infrequent. 

POLEMONIACE^. 

Phlox  panicalata  L.  Johnson  Co.  Occasionally  an  escape 
near  dwellings. 

P  pilosa  L.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Oj)en 
woods  and  prairies,  frequent. 

P.  divaricata  L,  Decatur,  Des  Moines,  Shelby,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Rich  woods,  common, 

P.  subulata  L      Page  Co.     Infrequent. 

Gilla  linerais  Gray.     Decatur  Co.     Prairie,  frequent. 

Polemonium  reptans  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Rich 
woods,  common. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  155 

HYDROPHYLLACE.^. 

Hydrophyllum  virginicum  L.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Low  woods,  common. 

H.  appendiculatum  Mx.  Des  Moines  Co.  Wooded  ravmes, 
frequent. 

Ellisia  nyctelea  L.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  .Johnson  Cos.  Low 
grounds,  common. 

BORRAGINACE.E. 

Cynoglossum  officinale  L.      Des  Moines  Co.     Waste  places, 
infrequent. 
.  EcJiinospermum  virginicum  Lehm.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos. 

E  lappula  Lehm.  Wapello  and  Johnson  Cos.  Roadsides 
and  rocky  woods,  frequent. 

Mertensia  virginicum  DC.  Page,  Van  Buren,  Des  Moines, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Damp  woods,  frequent. 

Myosotis  verna  Nutt.     Johnson  Co. 

Lithoxpermvm  latifolium  Mx.     Shelby  Co     Woods,  infrequen'-. 

L.  hirtum  Lehm.     Johnson  Co.     Sandy  soil,  frequent. 

L.  canescens  Lehm.  Page,  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Prairies,  common. 

L.  angustifolium  Mx.     Shelby  Co.     Prairies,  common. 

Onosmodium  caroUnianiLm  DC.  Shelby  Co.  Upland  pastures, 
common.  Johnson  C©.  Sandy  soil  along  the  Cedar  river,  fre- 
quent. 

CONVOLVULACE.E. 

Ipomcea  pandurata  Meyer.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  Henry,  and 
Des  Moines  Cos. 

I.  purpurea  Lam.  Decatur  Co.  Cultivated  fields  and  waste 
places,  infrequent. 

/.  hederac^a  Jacq.     Johnson  Co.     Waste  places,  infrequent. 

Convolvulus  sepium  L.  Decatur,  Des  Moines,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Borders  and  upland  woods,  frequent. 

C.  spithamceus  L.     Johnson  Co.     One  specimen  collected. 

C.  arvensis  L.  Henry  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste  places, 
infrequent. 

Guscuta  glomerata  Choisy.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Low 
grounds,  frequent. 

G.  tenuijiora  Englm.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Along 
streams,  frequent. 


156  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

G.  iriflexa  Englm.     Decatur  Co.     Open  woods,  infrequent. 

SOLANACE.'E. 

Solanum  nigrum  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Low  grounds,  frequent. 

S.  carolinense  L.  Decatur,  Des  Moines,  Henry,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Waste  places,  frequent  locally. 

S.  rostratum  Dunal.  Decatur,  Henry,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Waste  places,  infrequent. 

S.  tuberosum  L.  Decatur  Co.  Occasionally  an  escape,  but 
not  persistent. 

Physalis  pubescens  L.  Decatur  Co.  Fields  and  woods,  fre- 
quent. 

P.  vlrginiana  Mill.     Decatur,  Van  Baren,  and  Johnson  Cos. 

P.  lanceolata  Mx.  Decatur  and  Shelby  Cos.  Fields  and 
waysides,  frequent. 

Lycium  vulgare  Dunal.  Appanoose  Co.  A  few  places  known 
where  this  species  has  been  observed  for  a  generation.  Decatur 
Co.     Along  the  streets,  rare. 

Datura  stramonmm  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  and 
-Johnson  Cos.     Waste  places,  common. 

D.  tatula  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Van  Buren,  Des 
Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Waste  places,  common. 

SCROPHULARIACE^. 

Verbascum  thapsus  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Van 
Buren,  Des  Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Old  pastures  and  waste 
places,  common. 

V.  blattaria  L.  Van  Buren  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste  places, 
frequent. 

Linaria  vulgaris  Mill.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Van 
Buren,  Des  Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Waste  places,  frequent. 

StrophuJaria  n<  dosa  marylandica  Gray.  Decatur,  Van  Buren, 
Des  Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

Collinsia  verna  Nutt.     Jefferson  Co.     Frequent,  locally. 

Ghelone  glabra  L.      Johnson  Co.     Wet  places,  infrequent. 

C.  obliqua  L.     Jefferson  Co.     Infrequent. 

Pentstemon  pubescens  Sol.  Appanoose  Co.  Open  woods,  fre- 
quent. 

P.  Iwvigatus  digitalis  Gray.  Appanoose  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Open  woods,  frequent. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  157 

Mimulus  ringens  L.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.    Wet  grounds, 
frequent. 

M.  jamesii  Torr.     Des  Moines  Co.     Calcareous  springs,  fre- 
quent. 

if.  alatus  Ait.     Appanoose  Co.     Infrequent. 

Gratiola,  virginiana  L.     Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos.     Open 
woods,  frequent. 

llysanthes  riparia  Raf.     Decatur,  Van  Buren,    and  Johnson 
Cos.     Along  waterways,  common. 

Veronica  virginica  L.     Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Woods  and  prairies,  common. 

V.  anagalUs  L.     Appanoose  Co.     Wet  places,  frequent. 

V.  peregrina  L.     Decatur,   Shelby,    and  Johnson   Cos.     Wet 
soil,  common. 

V.  arvensis  L.     Henry  Co. 

Seynieria  macrophylla  Nutt.     Van  Buren,  Des  Moines,   and 
Johnson  Cos.     Open  woods,  frequent. 

Gerardia  grandijiora  Benth.     Appanoose,   Van  Buren,   and 
Jefferson  Cos.     Open  woods,  frequent. 

G.  auriculata  Mx.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.     Low  prairies 
and  open  woods,  frequent. 

G.  aspera  Dougl.     Decatur  Co.     Low  prairies,  infrequent. 

G.  tenuifolia  Vahl.     Decatur,  Washington,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Prairies  and  woods,  common. 

Castilleia  coccmea   Spreng.     Appanoose  and  Johnson    Cos. 
Open  woods,  frequent. 

C.  sessiliflora  Pursh.     Shelby  Co.     Prairies,  frequent. 
Pedicularis  lanceolata  Mx.     Johnson   Co.     Springy  ground, 
frequent,  locally. 

P.  canadensis  L.     Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Open 
woods  and  prairies,  common. 

OROBANCHACE^. 

Aphyllon  uniflorum  Gray.     Decatur,  Jefferson,   and  Johnson 
Cos.     Woods  and  prairies,  infrequent. 

BIGNONIACE^. 

Catalpa  speciosa  Wardner.     Decatur,    Des   Moines,  Shelby, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Frequently  cultivated,  rarely  spontaneous. 


Lla.  Acad.  Sc,  Vol.  v.]  [July  1, 1898.1 


158  IOWA  ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

ACANTHACE^. 

Ruellia  ciliosa  Pursh.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Van 
Buren  and  Johnson  Cos.  Open  woods,  borders,  waysides, 
common. 

R.  strepens  L.  Decatur  Co.  Shaded  ravines,  frequent 
locally. 

VERBENACE^. 

Verbena  urticcefolia  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Des 
Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

V.  angustifoUa  Mx.  Henry  and  Johnson  Cos.  Sandy  soil, 
frequent. 

V.  hastata  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Des  Moines, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

V.  stricta  Vent.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  Des 
Moines,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields  and  upland  woods, 
common. 

V.  bracteosa  Mx.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  Shelby, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Waste  places,  frequent. 

Lippia  lanceolata  Mx.  Wapello,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Wet  grounds,  frequent. 

Phryma  leptostachya  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

LABIATE. 

Isanthus  cceruleus  Mx.     Johnson  Co.     Open  woods,  frequent. 

Teucrium  canadense  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Low  grounds,  frequent. 

Mentha  canadensis  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Low 
grounds,  common. 

Lycopus  virginicus  L.     Decatur  Co.     Low  grounds,  frequent. 

L.  rubellus  Moench.     Decatur  Co.     Low  grounds,  infrequent. 

L.  sinuatus  Ell.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Low  grounds,  common. 

Pycnanthemum  lanceolatum  Pursh.  Decatur,  Appanoose, 
Wapello,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Open  woods  and  prairies,  fre- 
quent. 

P.  linefolmm  Pursh.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Open  woods  and  prairies,  frequent. 

Hedeoma  pnlegioides  Pers.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Oj^en  woods,  common. 

H.  hipsida  Pursh.     Johnson  Co.     Dry  soil,  common. 


IOWA   ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  159 

Monarda  Jlstulosa  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Jeffer- 
son, and  Johnson  Cos.     Prairies  and  open  woods,  common. 

M.  jmnctata  L.     Johnson  Co.     Sandy  soil,  infrequent. 

Blephilia  Mrsuta  Benth.  Johnson  Co.  Rich  woods,  fre- 
quent. 

Lophanthus  scropJmlaricefolvas  Benth.  Decatur,  Appanoose, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Open  woods,  frequent. 

L.  nepetoides  Benth.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  Des  Moines,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Open  woods,  frequent. 

Salvia  lanceolata  Willd.     Shelby  Co.     Dry  soil,  frequent. 

Nepeta  cataria  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Des  Moines,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Waste  places,  common. 

N  glechoma  Benth.  Page,  Decatur,  Des  Moines,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Waste  grounds  near  dwellings,  frequent. 

Scutellaria  lateriflora  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

S.  versicolor  Nutt.  Van  Buren,  Des  Moines,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

S.  parvula  Mx.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Prairies,  frequent. 

Brunella  vulgaris  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  Des 
Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Open  woods  and  waste  places,  com- 
mon. 

Physostegia  Virginia  Benth.  Johnson  Co.  Low  woods,  fre- 
quent. 

Leonurus  cardiaca  L.  Appanoose,  Des  Moines,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Waste  places,  frequent. 

Stachys  palustris  L.  Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos.  Low  places, 
frequent. 

S.  aspera  Mx.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Low 
places,  frequent. 

PLANTAGINACE^. 

Plantago  rugellii  Dec.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste  places  and  low  woods,  com- 
mon. 

P.  lanceolata  L.  Decatur  Co.  Waste  places,  becoming  fre- 
quent. 

P.  patagonica  aristata  Gray.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Van 
Buren  Cos.     Waste  places,  common. 


160  IOWA   ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES. 

NYCTAGINACE^. 

Oxybapjius    nyctagineus    Sweet.       Decatur,     Wapello,     Van 

Buren,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Along  waterways,  frequent. 

0.  hirsutus  Sweet.     Shelby  Co.     Prairie  roadsides,  frequent. 

0.  angustifolius  Sweet.     Decatur  Co.     Prairies,  infrequennt. 

ILLECEBRACE^. 

Anychia  clichotoma  Mx.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 
A.   capillacea  DC.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  fre- 
quent. 

AMARANTACE^. 

Amarantus  retroflexus  L.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson 
Cos. 

A.  albus  L.     Decatur  Co. 

A.  blitoides  Watson.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste 
places,  frequent. 

A.  chlorostachys  Willd.     Johnson  Co. 

A.  paniculotus  L.     Johnson  Co. 

Acnida  tuberculata  Moq.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste 
places,  frequent. 

ChenopocUum  album  L.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Waste  places,  common. 

C.  hybridum  L.     Decatur  Co.     Fields,  infrequent. 

POLYGONACE^. 

Rumex  britannica  L.     Decatur  Co. 

R.  altissimus  Wood.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Rich  soil, 
frequent. 

R.  verticillata  L.  Appanoose  and  Johnson  Cos.  Rich  soil, 
frequent. 

R.  obtusifolius  L.     Page  and  Shelby  Cos.     Rich  soil,  frequent. 

R.  crispus  L.  Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste  places,  com- 
mon. 

R.  acetosella  L.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste 
places,  common. 

Polygonum  orientale  L.  Johnson  Co.  Waste  places,  infre- 
quent. 

P.  pennsT/lvanicum  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Wet  soil, 
common. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  161 

P.  lapathifolium  incarnatum  Watson.  Appanoose  Co.  Wet 
soil,  frequent. 

P.  7iydropiper  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Wet  soil,  fre- 
quent. 

P.  hydropiperoides  Mx.     Johnson  Co.     Wet  soil,  frequent. 

P.  hartivrig7itii  Gray.     Henry  Co. 

P.  virginianum  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Low  woods, 
frequent. 

P.  aviculare  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Waste  places,  common. 

P.  erectum  L.     Decatur  Co.     Waste  places,  common. 

P.  ramosissimum  Mx.  Decatur,  Des  Moines,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Sandy  soil,  common, 

P.  sagittatum  L.     Johnson  Co.     Wet  soil,  common. 

P.  convolvulus  L.  Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields  and 
waste  places,  common. 

P.  dumetorium  scandens  Gray.     Decatur  Co. 

P.  cuspidatum  Sieb  &  Jucc.  Johnson  Co.  Rarely  an  escape 
into  waste  places. 

Fagopyrum  esculentum  Moench.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Des 
Moines,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields  and  waste  places, 
infrequent. 

ARISTOLOCHIACE^. 

Asarum  canadense  D.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Des  Moines,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Wooded  river  bluffs,  frequent. 

THYMEL^ACE^. 

Dirca  palustris  L.  Johnson  Co.  Open  woods,  frequent 
locally.  -  :      • 

SANTALIACE^. 

Commandra  umbellata  Nutt.  Decatur,  Des  Moines,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Sandy  soil  in  woods,  frequent. 

EUPHORBIACE.E. 

Euphorbia  maculata  L.  Decatur,  Wapello,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Waste  places,  common. 

E.  preslii  Guss.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Waste  places,  frequent. 


162  IOWA    ACADEMY    OF  SCIENCES. 

D  marginata  Pursh.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Waste  places,  infrequent. 

E.  corollata  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Van  Buren, 
Des  Moines,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields,  prairies,  and 
open  woods,  common. 

E.  heterophylla  L.  Wapello,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Rocky  wooded  banks,  frequent. 

E.  dentata  Mx.  Des  Moines  Co.  Waste  places  near  rail- 
road, frequent. 

E.  obtusata  Pursh.  Johnson  Co.  Sandy  soil  in  woods,  infre- 
quent. 

E.  cijparissias  L.  Shelby,  Henry,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste 
places,  infrequent. 

Croton  glandulosus  L.  Des  Moines  Co.  Waste  places  near 
railroad,  frequent. 

Acah/pha  virginica  L.  Decatur,  Van  Bjren,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

URTICACE^E. 

Ulmus  fulva  Mx.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Rich  woods,  frequent. 

U.  americana  L.  Page,  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Van 
Buren,  Des  Moines,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Low  woods, 
common. 

Celtis  occidentalis  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Low  woods,  frequent. 

Cannabis  sativa  L.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  Des  Moines,  Shelby, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Waste  places,  frequent. 

Humulus  lupulus  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Waysides  and  thickets,  common. 

Madura  aurantiaca  Nutt.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.  Formerly  much  used  for  hedge  fences,  some- 
times spontaneous. 

Morns  rubra  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Des  Moines,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

Urtica  gracilis  Ait.     Decatur  Co.     Alluvial  soil,  infrequent. 

Pilea  pumila  Gray.  Decatur,  Des  Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Rich  woods,  common, 

Laportea.  canadensis  Gaud.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Moist  woods,  common. 

Boehmeria  cylindrica  Willd.  Johnson  Co.  Moist  woods,  fre- 
quent. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  163 

Parietaria  pennsylvanica  Mulil.  Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Low  woods,  frequent. 

PLANTANACE.E. 

Plantanus  occidentalis  L.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  Lee,  Des 
Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.  A  frequent  tree  along  the  larger 
rivers. 

JUGLANDACE^. 

Juglans  cinerea  L.     Johnson  Co.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

J.  nigra  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

Caryi  alba  Nutt.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Van  Buren, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Upland  woods,  common  once  but 
disappearing. 

C.  sulcata  Nutt.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Van  Buren  Cos. 
Along  rivers,  once  common,  yet  frequent. 

C.  amara  Nutt.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Rich  woods,  common. 

CUPULIPER.-E. 

Betula  nigra  L.  Appanoose  and  Johnson  Cos.  Woods,  fre- 
quent. 

Gorylus  americana  Walt.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Van 
Buren,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Thickets,  common. 

Ostrya  virginica  Willd.  Decatur,  Henry,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Woods,  frequent. 

Carpinus  caroliniana  Walter.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello, 
Van  Buren,  Des  Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

Quercus  alba  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Van  Buren, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Upland  woods,  common. 

Q.  stellata  Wang.     Appanoose  Co.     One  small  grove  known. 

Q.  rnacrocarpa  Mx.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  Shelby, 
and  Johnson  Cos.  Woods,  common.  This  is  a  large  tree  along 
the  rivers,  but  a  shrub  on  the  prairies. 

Q.  bicolor  Willd.  Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos.  Along 
rivers,  frequent. 

Q  muldenbergii  Englm.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren, 
Henry  and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods  along  streams,  frequent. 

Q.  prinoides  Willd.  Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos.  Prairies 
and  uj^land  woods,  common.  Similar  to  preceding,  but  of 
diminutive  size,  usually  one  or  two  feet  high. 


164  IOWA  ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

Q.  rubra  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Van  Buren,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

Q.  coccinea  Wang.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Upland  woods,  common. 

Q  palustris  Du  Roi.  Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos.  Low 
woods,  frequent. 

Q.  imbricoria  Mx.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  and 
Washington  Cos,     Woods,  common. 

Q.  nigra  L.     Decatur  Co.     Dry  upland  woods,  frequent. 

SALICACE.^. 

Salix  longifolia  Muhl.     Shelby  and  Page  Cos.     Frequent. 

S.  discolor  Muhl.  Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos.  Low  grounds, 
common. 

S.  humilis  Marsh.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Prau'ies,  frequent. 

Populus  tremuloides  Mx.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Upland  woods,  common. 

P.  grandidentata  Mx.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  common. 

P.  monilifera  Ait.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Rich  woods,  common. 

P.  alba  L. ,  var.  nivea.     Decatur  Co.     A  frequent  escape. 

CONIFERS. 

Juniperus  virginiana  L.  Van  Buren  and  Johnson  Cos. 
River  bluffs,  frequent. 

HYDROCHARDIACE^. 

Elodea  canadensis  Mx.     Johnson  Co.     Ponds,  frequent. 
Vallisneria  spiralis  L.     Johnson  Co.     Infrequent. 

ORCHIDACE^. 

Microstylis  ophioglossoides  Nutt.  Johnson  Co.  We  have  one 
specimen  collected  in  low  woods. 

Liparis  liliifoUa  Richard.     Upland  woods,  frequent. 

Aplectum  hiemale  Nutt.  Johnson  Co.  Rich  woods,  infre- 
quent. 

Oorallorhiza  odontorrhiza  Nutt.  Johnson  Co.  Rich  uj^land 
woods,  common  at  least  locally. 

Spiranthes  gracilis  Bigelow.  Johnson  Co.  Open  upland 
woods,  infrequent. 

Ooodyera  pubescens  R.  Br.     Johnson  Co.     Infrequent. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  165 

Calopogon  pulcJiellus  R.  Br.  Johnson  Co.  One  specimen 
with  three  flowers  on  season's  stem  and  two  capsules  on  pre- 
ceding year's  stem  was  collected  on  top  of  a  bluff  in  open 
woods. 

Pogonia  pendula  Lindl.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  infrequent. 

Orcliis  spectabilis  L.     Johnson  Co.     Frequent  locally. 

Hahenaria  bracteata  R.  Br.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Woods,  infrequent. 

H.  leiccophoea  Gray.     Decatur  Co.     Low  prairie,  infrequent. 

Gyripedium  parviflorum  Salisb.  Crawford  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Rich  woods,  frequent. 

C.  pubescens  Willd.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Rich  woods,  frequent. 

G.  spectabile  Swartz.  Johnson  Co.  Richupland  woods,  infre- 
quent. 

G.  candidum  Muhl.     Page  Co.     Infrequent. 

IRIDACE^. 

Iris  versicolor  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Along  ponds, 
marshes,  infrequent. 

Sisyrinchium  angustifolium  Mill.  Page,  Decatur,  Des  Moines, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields  and  open  woods,  common. 
White  and  blue  flowered  forms. 

S.  anceps  Cav.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Open  woods 
infrequent. 

AMARYLLIDACEiE, 

Eypoxie  erecta  L.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Meadows  and  prairies,  common. 

DIOSCORIACE.E. 

Dioscorea  villosa  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

LILIACE^. 

Smilax  herbacea  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Woods,  frequent. 

S.  Iiispida  Muhl.  Decatur  and  Shelby  Cos.  Woods,  fre- 
quent. 

S.  ecirrJiata  Wats.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  infrequent. 

Allium  tricoccum  Ait.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Rich 
woods,  frequent. 


166  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

A.  canadense  Kalm.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Prairies  and  open  woods,  frequent. 

Polygonum  giganteum  Dietrich.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and 
Shelby  Cos.     Low  woods,  frequent. 

Asparagus  officinalis  L.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Waste  places,  infrequent. 

Smilacina  racemosa  Desf.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Des  Moines, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Rich  woods,  common. 

S.  stellata  Desf.  Des  Moines  and  Johnson  Cos.  Low  places, 
infrequent. 

Mianthemum  canadense  Desf.  Johnson  Co.  Upland  woods, 
infrequent. 

Uvularia  grandiflora  Smith.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

Oakesia  sessilifolia  Wats.  Des  Moines  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Woods,  infrequent. 

Erythronium  albidum  Nutt.  Page,  Decatur,  Van  Buren, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Low  woods  and  fields,  common. 

Lilium  philadelphicum  L.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Prairies,  infrequent,  except  Decatur  Co. ,  where  the  species  is 
common. 

L.  canadense  L.     Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos. 

Trillium  recurvatum  Beck.  Van  Buren,  Des  Moines,  Jeffer- 
son and  Johnson  Cos.     Low  woods,  frequent  locally. 

T.  erectum  L.  Shelby,  Crawford,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Rich 
woods,  infrequent. 

T.  nivale  Riddell.     Johnson  Co.     Upland  woods,  common. 

Melanthium  virginicum  L.  Decatur  Co.  Wet  sloughs,  com- 
mon locally. 

PONTEDERIACE^. 

Pontedera  cordata  L.  Appanoose  and  Johnson  Cos.  Borders 
of  ponds,  common  locally. 

Heteranthera  graminea  Vahl.  Johnson  Co.  Borders  of  ponds, 
common  locally. 

COMMELINACE.^. 

Tradescantia  virginica  L.  Page,  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Des 
Moines,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Prairies  and  fields,  common. 

JUNCACE^. 

Juncus  tenuis  Willd.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Prairies 
and  waysides,  common. 

J.  nodosus  megacephalus  Torr.  Decatur  Co.  Wet  places,  fre- 
quent locally 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  167 

TYPHACE.E. 

Typha  latifolia  L.  Decatur,  Wayne,  Appanoose,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Borders  of  ponds,  common. 

Sparganium  eurycarpum  Englm.  A]3panoose  Co.  In  shal- 
low water  of  Goose  lake,  common. 

ARACE.E. 

Ariscema  triphyllum  Torr.  Page,  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  common. 

A.  di'acontium  Schott.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Damp  woods,  frequent. 

Acorus  calamus  L.  Appanoose  and  Johnson  Cos.  Sloughs, 
frequent. 

LEMNACE.E. 

Spirodela  polyrrhiza  Schleid.  Decatur,  Appanoose  and  John- 
son Cos.     Ponds,  common. 

Lerana  trisulca  L.     Johnson  Co.     Ponds,  common  locally. 

ALISMACE.E. 

Alisma  plantago  L.     Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos.  • 
Ponds  and  flats,  common. 

Sagittaria  variabilis  Englm.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby, 
and  Johnson  Cos      Wet  sloughs  or  shallow  water,  common. 

S.  heterophylla  Pursh.  Appanoose  and  Johnson  Cos.  Shal- 
low water,  common. 

S.  graminea  Mx.  Johnson  Co.  Margins  of  ponds  and  shal- 
low water,  frequent. 

NAIDACE^. 

Fotamogeton  spirillus  Tuck.  Decatur  Co.  In  a  railroad  pond, 
common.  Cratty:  "This  seems  to  be  intermediate  between 
this  and  P.  diversifolius  Raf.  The  submerged  fruits  are  mostly 
peduncled  in  your  specimens,  while  they  are  sessile,  or  very 
nearly  so  in  true  P.  spirillus  Tuck.  Hitchcock  collected  the 
same  at  Hamburg. " 

P.  Jluitans  Roth.     Johnson  Co.     In  ponds,  common  locally. 

P.  pauciflorus  Pursh.     Henry  Co. 

CYPERACE^. 

Gyperus  diandrus  Torr.  Johnson  Co.  Sandy  soil  along 
river,  frequent. 


163  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

G.  speciosus  Valil.     Decatur  Co,     Wet  soil,  frequent. 

C.  ar (status  Rottb.     Johnson  Co.     Sandy  soil,  frequent. 

C.  schiveinitzli  Torr.     Johnson  Co.     Sandy  soil,  common. 

G.  flliculmis  Vahl.     Johnson  Co.     Sandy  soil,  frequent. 

G.  strigosus  L.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Low,  sandy  soil,  common. 

Eleocharis  'palustris  R.  Br.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson 
Cos      Wet  soil,  common. 

E.  tenuis  Schultes.     Decatur  Co. 

E.  acicularis  R   Br      Johnson  Co      Wet  soil,  common. 

E.  ovata  R.  Br.  Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos.  Wet  soil,  or 
in  shallow  water,  common  locally. 

Scirpus  lacustris  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Ponds  or  wet  soil,  common 

S.  atrovirens  Muhl.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Wet  soil,  common. 

Eriopliorum  polystachyon  L  Johnson  Co.  Specimens  col- 
lected by  Prof.  Shimek. 

E.  lineatum  Benth  &  Hook.  Decatur  Co.  Low  prairies, 
frequent 

Hemicarpha  subsquarrosa  Nees.  Johnson  Co.  Sandy  soil 
along  river,  infrequent 

Scleria  triglomerata  Mx.     Decatur  Co.     Prairies,  frequent. 

Garex  intumescens  ^w^gQ.  Appanoose  Co.  Wet  woods,  fre- 
quent. 

G:  grayii  Carey.     Appanoose  Co. 

C.  squarrosa  L      Appanoose  Co      Swamps,  frequent. 

G.  hystricinaMuhl.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Low 
grounds,  common. 

G.  filiformis  latifolia  Boeckl.     Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos. 

G.  trichocarpa  Muhl      Shelby  Co 

G.  tricocarpa  aristata  Bailey.     Johnson  Co. 

C.  stricta  Lam.     Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos. 

G.  davisii  Schwein.  &  Torr.     Johnson  Co. 

G.  longirostris  Torr.     Johnson  Co. 

G.  craivii  Dewey.     Shelby  Co. 

G.  laxiflora  Lam.     Decatur  and  Shelby  Cos. 

G.  laxiflora  striatula  Carey.     Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos. 

G.  granularis  Muhl.     Shelby  Co. 

G  tetanica  Bailey.     Johnson  Co. 

G.  pennsylvanica  Lam.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Prairies  and  woods,  common. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  169 

G.  stipata  Muhl.     Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos. 

G.  gravida  Bailey.     Johnson  Co. 

G  vulpinoidea  Mx.     Decatur,    Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 

G.  rosea  Schkuhr.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Woods,  common. 

G  sparganoides  Muhl.     Decatur  Co. 

G.  cephalophora  Muhl.     Johnson  Co. 

G.  tribuloides  cristata  Bailey.     Decatur  Co. 

G.  scoparia  Schkuhr.     Johnson  Co. 

G.  straminea  Willd.     Decatur  Co. 

G.  straminea  br-evior  Dewey.  Decatur,  Shelby  and  Johnson 
Cos. 

G.  straminnea  aptera  Boott      Johnson  Co. 

GRAMINE.E. 

Spartina  cynosuroides  Willd.  Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos. 
Sloughs,  common. 

Panicum  leibergii  Schribn.     Decatur  Co.     Meadows,  frequent. 

P.  sanguinale  L.  Decatur,  Wapello,  Van  Buren,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

P.  capiUa,re  L.     Decatur,  Wapello,  and  Johnson  Cos. 

P.  virgatum  L.     Decatur  Co.     Low  prairies,  frequent. 

P.  lanuginosum  Ell.  Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos.  Meadows, 
frequent. 

P.  depauperatum  Muhl.     Johnson  Co. 

P.  crus-gaUi  L.  Decatur,  Wapello,  and  Johnson  Cos.  Wet 
grounds,  common. 

P.  macrocarpon  Le  Conte.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Woods, 
frequent. 

Setaria  glauca  Beauv.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Fields  and  waste  places,  common. 

S.  viridis  Beauv.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  With  the  pre- 
ceding. 

S.  italica  Kunth.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and  Shelby  Cos. 
Waste  places,  frequent. 

S.  verticillata  Beauv.  Johnson  Co.  Near  dwellings,  fre- 
quent. 

Genchrus  tribuloides  L.  Decatur,  Wapello,  Van  Buren,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Sandy  soil,  common. 

Leersia  oryzoides  Swartz.     Decatur  Co. 

Zizania  aquatica  L.     Johnson  Co.     Ponds,  frequent. 


170  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

Tripsacum  dactyloides  L.  Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos. 
Sloughs,  fi-equent  locally. 

Andropogon  furcatus  Muhl.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  John- 
son Cos.    Prairies,  common. 

Ghrysopogon  nutans  Benth.     Decatur  Co.     Prairies,  frequent. 

Phalaris  canariensis  L.     Johnson  Co.     An  occasional  escape. 

P.  arundinacea  L.     Johnson  Co.     Wet  soil,  infrequent. 

Aristida  oUgantha  Mx.     Decatur  Co.     Dry  soil,  common. 

Stipa  spartea  Trin.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Prairies,  frequent. 

Muhlenbergia  mexicana  Trin.  Johnson  Co.  Low  places,  fre- 
quent. 

Phleum  pratense  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Cultivated,  a  frequent  escape. 

Alopecurus  geniculatus  L.  Johnson  Co.  Borders  of  ponds, 
infrequent. 

Sp07'obol:is  cryptandrus  Gray.     Johnson  Co. 

Agrostis  alba  L.     Decatur  Co.     Meadows,  common. 

A.  perennans  Tuck.     Decatur  Co.     Frequent. 

Cinna  arundinacea  L.     Johnson  Co. 

Calamagrostis  canadensis  Beauv.     Decatur  Co. 

Bouteloua  racemosa  Lag.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Prairies,  frequent. 

Triodia  cuprea  Jacq.  Decatur  and  Van  Buren  Cos.  Sandy 
soil  near  water  courses,  common. 

Koeleria  cristata  Pers.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Prairies,  frequent. 

Eatonia  pennsylvanica  Gray.     Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos. 

Eragrostis  reptans  Nees.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     River  banks,  common. 

E  major  Host.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste  places, 
common. 

E.  iJursMi  Schrader.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste 
places,  frequent. 

Melica  mulica  Walt.     Johnson  Co.     Open  woods,  frequent. 

Diarrhena  americana  Beaav.     Decatur  Co.     Frequent. 

Dactylis  glomerata  L.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Orchards  and  waste  places,  frequent. 

Poa  trivialis  L.  Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos.  Meadows  and 
borders,  common.  This  is  frequently  mistaken  for  P.  pra- 
tensis  L. 


IOWA   ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES.  171 

Glyceria  nervata  Trin.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Low  prairies,  common. 

Festuca  tenella  Willd.     Johnson  Co. 

F.  shortii  Kunth.     Decatur  Co.     Low  prairies,  common. 

Bromus  secalinus  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields  and 
waste  places,  frequent. 

B.  ciliatus  L,     Decatur  Co. 

B.  ciliatus  purgans  Graj.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

Agropyrum  repens  Beauv.  Decatur  Co.  Waste  places,  fre- 
quent. 

A.  spicatum  (Pursh.)  Scribn.  &  Smith.     Shelby  Co. 

Hordeum  juhatum  'Li.  Decatur,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Waste  places,  common. 

H.  2)ussilum  Nutt.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Waste  places, 
becoming  frequent.  Johnson  Co.  specimens  collected  by  Pro- 
fessor Shimek. 

Elymus  canadensis  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Wapello,  Des 
Moines,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Prairies  and  river  banks,  common. 

E.  striatus  Willd.     Johnson  Co.     Woods,  frequent. 

E.  virginicus  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Prairies  and  woods,  common. 

Asprella  hysh^ix  Willd.  Appanoose  and  Johnson  C©s.  Woods, 
frequent. 

EQUISETACE^. 

Equiseiiim  arvense  L.  Decatur,  Des  Moines,  Shelby,  and 
Johnson  Cos.     Moist  soil,  frequent. 

E.  hyemale  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Des  Moines,  and  John- 
son Cos.     Wet  places,  frequent. 

E.  Icevigatum  Braun.  Shelby  Co.  Fields  and  waysides,  com- 
mon, jl 

FILICES.  I 

Adiantum  pedatum  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren, 
Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Rich  woods,  common. 

Pteris  aquilina  L.     Upland  woods,  frequent. 

Pellcea  atropurpurea   Link.     Johnson  Co.     Cliffs,  frequent. 

Asplenium  filix-fcemina  Bernh.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  common. 

Gamptosorus  rhizopMjllus  Link.  Johnson  Co.  Moist  ravines, 
frequent. 


172  IOWA   ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

Phegopteris  hexagonoptera  Fee.  Johnson  Co.  Woods,  fre- 
quent. 

Aspidium  thelypteris  Swartz.  Johnson  Co.  Boggy  places, 
locally  frequent. 

A.  aerostcihoides  Swartz.     Johnson  Co.     Rare. 

Gystopteris  bulbifera  Bernh.  Johnson  Co.  Base  of  cliffs, 
common. 

C.fragilis  Bernh.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Van  Buren,  Des 
Moines,  Shelby,  and  Johnson  Cos.     Woods,  common. 

Onoclea  sensibilis  L.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  and  Johnson  Cos. 
Moist  woods,  frequent. 

0.  'Struthiopteris  Hoff.  Shelby  and  Johnson  Cos.  Woods, 
common. 

Woodsia  obtusia  Torr.  Decatur,  Van  Buren,  and  Johnson 
Cos.     Cliffs,  frequent. 

Osmundia  claytoniana  L.  Decatur  and  Appanoose  Cos. 
Moist  woods,  frequent. 

OPHIOGLOSSACE.E.  • 

Botrychiumvirginianum  Swartz.  Decatur,  Appanoose,  Shelby, 
and  Johnson  Cos.     Rich  woods,  frequent. 

LYCOPODIACE.E. 

Lycopodium  clavatum  L.     Johnson  Co.     Local,  rare. 
L.  complanatum  L.     Johnson  Co.     Local,  rare. 

JUNGERMANNIACE^. 

Lejunia  serphyllifolia  americana  Lindl.  Johnson  Co.  Base  of 
trees,  common. 

Porella  platyphylla  Lindb.  Johnson  Co.  On  lime  rocks  and 
moist  banks,  common. 

Cephalozia  multiflora  Spruce.  Johnson  Co.  In  moist  situa- 
tions, on  ground  among  lichens,  infrequent. 

Lophocolea  minor  Nees.  Johnson  Co.  On  moist  banks, 
infrequent. 

Plagiochila  asplenoides  Dumort.  Johnson  Co.  Moist  banks, 
infrequent. 

ANTHOCEROTACE.^.. 

Anthoceros  loevis  L.  Johnson  Co.  Moist  low  grounds,  fre- 
quent. 


IOWA  ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  173 

MARCHANTIACE^. 

Marchantia  polymorpha  L.  Johnson  Co.  Low  grounds  and 
over  rocks,  common. 

Gonocephalus  conicus  Dumort.  Johnson  Co.  Rocks  along 
shallow  streams,  common. 

Asterella  hemispherica  Beauv.  Johnson  Co.  On  shady  moist 
banks,  common. 

RICCIACE^. 

Riccia  crystallina  L.  Decatur  and  Johnson  Cos.  Fields  and 
mud  flats,    common. 

R.  fluitans  L.  Johnson  Co.  Cratty  sends  us  the  same  from 
Emmet  Co.     Floating  on  water,  perhaps  not  common. 


13  [la.  Acad.  Sci..  Vol.  v.|  [July  5,  1898. 1 


174  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 


NOTES    CONCERNING   IOWA   LICHENS. 


BRUCE   FINK. 


It  has  been  my  good  fortune,  through  connection  with  the 
Minnesota  Botanical  Surv^ey,  to  be  able  to  study  the  lichen- 
flora  of  a  region  extending  from  northeastern  Iowa  to  the 
British  possessions;  and  it  is  my  purpose  first  of  all  to  give  a 
somewhat  revised  abridgment  of  a  previous  paper*  dealing 
with  the  lichen-floras  of  certain  localities  within  this  region. 
The  localities  are  Payette,  Iowa;  Pictured  Rocks,  Clayton 
county,  Iowa;  and  Minneapolis.  I  had  originally  intended  to 
present  merely  an  abstract  of  the  original  paper,  but  have 
finally  decided  that  the  only  way  to  do  justice  to  the  subject  is 
to  give  a  more  extended  account  from  an  lowan  point  of  view. 

Also,  in  the  interval  of  three  years  since  my  paper  on  Iowa 
lichensf  appeared,  I  have  been  able  to  add  a  number  of  species 
new  to  the  state,  and  a  list  of  them  is  given  at  the  close  of  the 
paper.  The  further  study  of  areas  within  and  without  the  limits  of 
Iowa  has  given  additional  knowledge  of  the  distribution  of  a  few 
species  previously  reported,  and  I  shall  give  some  notes  con- 
cerning these,  stating  why  they  are  of  special  interest  and  in 
some  instances  where  they  are  likely  to  occur  in  our  state. 

The  only  noteworthy  differences  between  the  vicinities  of 
Payette  and  Minneapolis  as  regards  substrata  suited  to  lichen- 
develojDment  are  the  presence  of  the  Saint  Peter  sandstone  at 
the  latter  place,  which  does  not  occur  at  the  former,  and  the 
fact  that  the  paleozoic  limestones  outcrop  at  the  surface  much 
more  frequently  at  the  former.  The  first  difference  is  in  favor 
of  the  lichen-flora  about  Minneapolis,  and  the  second  favors 


*  Contributions  to  a  Knowledge  of  the  Lichens  of  Minnesot  t,  II  Lichens  of  Minne- 
apolis and  Vicinity,  Minn.  Bot.  Stud.,  Bull.  No.  9,  parts  X  and  XI,  pp.  703-726. 

+  Lichens  of  Iowa,  Bull.  Lab.  of  Nat.  Hist.,  State  Univ.  of  Iowa,  vol.  Ill,  No.  3,  pp. 
70-88. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES- 


ITS 


that  about  Fayette,  as  each  of  these  substrata  bears  its  char- 
acteristic lichens.  As  will  be  especially  noted  toward  the 
close  of  these  notes,  these  two  differences  about  offset  each 
other.  The  tamarack  swamps  about  Minneapolis  have  no  par- 
allel about  Payette,  and  furnish  lichens  not  found,  or  rare,  in 
other  parts  of  the  former  region.  Yet  all  of  these  lichens 
occur  about  Fayette  on  one  substratum  or  another,  so  that,  in 
the  comparison,  the  former  region  will  gain  nothing.  Minne- 
apolis has  the  larger  river  and  the  lakes,  but  not  a  single 
lichen  has  occurred  near  these  bodies  of  water  that  is  especially 
characteristic  of  such  localities. 

The  following  table,  giving  the  genera  and  the  number  of 
species  in  each  for  the  Fayette  and  Minneapolis  vicinities,  will 
be  instructive  and  will  form  the  basis  for  some  further  compar- 
isons of  the  two  regions: 


Aco'lum  .... 

Arthonla. 

Alectoi'ia  . .. 

Riatoria 

Buellla 

Cetrarla 

Cl-idonia 

OoUemn 

Conio  ybe^.. 
Enflocarpon 
Everiiia  . 

Gyalpcta 

Grapliis 

Heppia   

Lecanora., 
Lecidea    .... 
Leptoglum... 
Omphalaria. 


•/! 

'ji 

D 

a> 

O     . 

o 

_  a) 

a> 

a 

'/i+^ 

-  >> 

•  a 

"  a 

'K 

T. 

1 

1 

5-1 
I 

a 
1 

13-3 

6 

5-1 

3 

1 

1 

16 

9 

7-1 

2 

1 

0 

6 

1 

5 

1 

0-1 

0 

2-1 

1 

1 

0 

16-2 

15 

2-1 

1 

5 

1 

1-1 

1 

Opegrapha  — 

PHDnana , 

Pa'-melia , 

Peltigera  .... 

Pertusitrla 

Physcla , 

Placodium 

Pyrenula 

Py.xia.^  ..... 
R  tmalina  .  . . 
Rinudina..  .. 
Staurothele. 
Tbelosctiistes 
Urceolaria . . . 
Usuea  . 
Verrucaria  . . 

Totals. 


2-2 

2-1 

9-1 

6 

4-2 
10- 1 
10-1 

7-1 

1 

3 

4 

1 

5 

1-1 

4 

4-1 

157-2 


o5 


8 

6 

3 

10 

10 

4 

0 

3 

3 

.    0 

4 

1 

4 

3 

113 


The  collecting  at  Fayette  extended  over  three  years,  and 
that  at  Minneapolis  only  over  two  months.  Yet  the  collecting 
at  the  former  place  was  my  first  extended  work  on  lichens,  and 
the  best  part  of  the  work  was  confined  to  a  single  summer. 
The  Fayette  column  I  have  divided  into  two  parts,  the  first 
containing  157  species,  which,  with  present  experience,  I  should 
expect  to  find  in  a  region  as  favorable  for  lichen- development 
as  Fayette  and  in  the  time  spent  in  collecting  at  Minneapolis. 
The  second  part  of  the  Fayette  column  contains  23  species,  so 
rare  that  one  would  not  be  so  likely  to  find  them  in  the  short 
time,  or  which  are  not  found  within  five  miles  of  Fayette.     The 


176  IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

113  species  found  at  Minneapolis  are  about  72  per  cent  of  the 
157  species  of  Fayette  lichens,  and  it  will  be  an  ai3proximately 
correct  estimate  to  say  that  lichens  are  one-fourth  more  numer- 
ous at  the  latter  place  than  at  the  former. 

The  cause  of  the  difference  in  number  of  lichens  in  the  two 
places  is  evidently  to  be  sought  mainly  in  climatic  differences. 
Several  considerations  have  conspired  to  cause  me  to  arrive  at 
this  conclusion. 

First. — Most  species  of  lichens  are  more  disposed  to  confine 
themselves  to  moist  situations  at  Minneapolis,  as  about  the 
bodies  of  water  mentioned  above,  in  heavy  woods,  or  when  in 
dry  places  near  the  ground.  The  last  tendency  is  noticeable 
in  Graphis  scrwta  (L)  Ach. ,  which  in  dry  places  most  frequently 
grows  low  down  on  the  trunks  of  the  trees.  In  passing  up 
from  the  Mississipj)!  river  banks  fifty  to  one  hundred  feet  to 
the  level  ground  just  above  the  bluffs  the  decrease  in  number 
of  species  and  individuals,  whether  on  rocks,  earth  or  trees,  is 
very  striking.  In  one  place,  within  or  near  the  city  limits,  the 
granitic  boulders  just  above  the  bluffs  are  well  covered  with 
lichens,  while  twenty  rods  back  from  the  river  in  open  ground 
the  rocks  of  the  same  kind  are  nearly  bare  of  them.  The 
decrease  is  not  so  marked  in  lichens  growing  on  trees  as  in 
those  growing  on  rocks,  but  is  noticeable.  I  am  not  referring 
now  to  change  in  species  in  passing  to  the  drier  locality,  which 
also  occurs  here  as  elsewhere,  and  is  due  to  stress  caused  by 
environment.  Further,  it  may  be  said  that  a  decrease  would 
occur  in  numbers  in  other  regions,  but  observation  shows  it  to 
be  more  marked  in  dry  climates.  In  parts  of  northern  Iowa 
no  such  noticeable  decrease  occurs.  Here  fifteen  or  more  spe- 
cies of  lichens  may  easily  be  found  on  a  single  tree  in  moder- 
ately dry  situations,  and  nearly  all  the  species  commonly 
occurring  on  the  boulders  in  the  vicinity  of  Fayette  may  be 
found  on  a  single  one  in  an  open,  dry  field  far  removed  from 
any  stream. 

Second. — The  gelatinous  lichens,  which  thrive  in  moist  places, 
are  much  more  common  at  Fayette.  The  first  table  will  show 
that  the  genera  Gollema  and  Leptogium  show  twelve  species  at 
Fayette  and  only  two  at  Minneapolis.  I  took  special  pains  to 
investigate  this  peculiarity  of  distribution  at  the  latter  place, 
searching  deep  wooded  ravines  where  these  species  should 
abound.  It  may  be  added  that  two  of  the  three  species  given 
for  the  one  locality  are  much  rarer  than  any  one  of  the  twelve 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  177 

given  for  the  other.  This  adds  to  tlie  evidence  in  a  way  not 
shown  in  the  table. 

Third. — The  genus  Peltigero,  the  species  of  wliich  grow  on  the 
ground  wliere  they  can  get  an  abundance  of  moisture,  is  repre- 
sented, by  an  equal  number  of  species  in  the  two  localities  com- 
pared, as  will  appear  upon  examining  the  first  table.  The  indi- 
vidual Peltigeras  are  also  about  equally  numerous  in  the  two 
regions,  the  genus  Peltiqem  being  probably  the  best  developed 
one  of  the  flora  about  Minneapolis,  though  several  other  genera 
are  represented  by  more  species. 

A  thorough  exploration  of  three  or  four  selected  areas  along 
the  Mississii^pi  river,  between  the  two  localities  compared 
above  would,  if  made  by  one  well  acquainted  with  lichens  and 
their  habits  of  growth,  bring  out  some  very  interesting  and 
instructive  information  regarding  lichen  distribution.  The 
first  and  second  questions  considered  just  above  could  thus  be 
traced.  As  to  where  the  gelatinous  lichens  decrease  in  num- 
ber most  rapidly  in  passing  northward;  and  where  the  change 
from  comparative  uniformity  of  distribution,  so  far  as  influ- 
enced by  the  moisture  or  dryness  of  small  adjacent  areas,  to 
greater  lack  of  uniformity  in  this  regard  takes  place  most  rap- 
idly, are  questions  of  interest. 

The  difference  in  number  of  species  of  lichens  for  the  two 
localities  compared  is  a  greater  per  cent  of  the  larger  total 
than  is  the  difference  in  number  of  genera.  Fayette  has  thirty- 
four  genera  and  Minneapolis  twenty-nine.  The  difference  in 
favor  of  the  former  place  for  genera  is  only  15  per  cent,  while 
for  species  it  is  about  28  per  cent,  or  nearly  twice  as  great. 
Reference  to  the  table  will  show  that  the  five  Fayette  genera 
(Coniocybe,  Gyalecta,  Heppia,  Pyxme,  and  Staiirothele),  not  thus  far 
found  at  Minneapolis,  are  each  represented  at  the  former  place 
by  a  single  species.  Hence,  the  15  per  cent  has  not  the  signifi- 
cance that  it  would  have  if  it  stood  for  genera  well  represented 
at  one  place  and  wanting  at  the  other.  On  the  whole,  the  less 
favorable  conditions  for  lichen  development  at  Minneapolis 
have  affected  the  number  of  species  vastly  more  than  the 
number  of  genera. 

Further  knowledge  of  the  distribution  of  the  lichens  about 
the  two  places  can  be  gained  by  the  consideration  of  the  table 
below,  in  which  I  have  given  numbers  of  lichens  for  various 
substrata  for  Fayette  and  Minneapolis  with  the  per  cents  which 


178 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES. 


these  numbers  represent  of  the  whole  number  of  lichens  found 
in  each  locality  on  the  substrata  considered: 


SUBSTRATA. 

No  and  per  cent, 
Fayette. 

No.  and  percent, 
Minneapolis. 

Wood 

90  or  57  ppr  cent 

31  or  19  33  per  cent 

58  or  58  5  per  cent. 
17  or  17-h 

Granitic  rooks. 

St.  Pf-ter  sandstone 

Earth                    

Wood  and  rocks  .     .... 
Wocd  and  earth    

17  or  10.66        "        

0                         

2i  or  13.75  per  cent 

15 

3 

3     '.'.'.'...   ...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.'....'... 

13  or  12+ 
5 
13  or  12+  percent. 

1 

Rocks  and  earth 

3 

Total  numbers 

180                     

113 

The  table  shows  very  Jittle  difference  in  the  per  cents  of 
species  on  different  substrata  for  the  two  localities,  and  this 
would  seem  to  indicate  that,  though  the  drier  climate  of  the 
Minnesota  region  has  caused  a  poorer  development  of  lichens 
than  is  found  at  the  Iowa  locality,  it  has  not  caused  these  plants 
to  seek  substrata  especially  favorable  for  their  development. 
Other  factors  enter  in  to  compensate  differences  which  would 
otherwise  occur  to  such  an  extent  that  the  table  shows  in  this 
respect  just  what  it  would  not  show  were  it  not  for  these  fac- 
tors,— similarity  as  to  number  of  lichens  on  different  substrata 
for  the  two  regions. 

These  other  factors  have  prevented  the  development  of  a 
larger  per  cent  of  earth  and  rock  lichens  at  Minneapolis.  As 
climate  becomes  drier  the  relative  per  cent  of  these  lichens 
should  increase  because  nearer  the  earth  there  is  more  mois- 
ture. First  as  to  the  lichens  on  calcareous  rocks,  the  per  cent 
for  Fayette  isalittlehigher  than  that  for  Minneapolis,  while  the 
opposite  condition  should  follow  the  difference  in  climatic  condi- 
tions between  the  two  places.  This  apparent  difficulty  is  easily 
explained  since  the  calcareous  rocks  outcrop  at  the  surface 
much  more  frequently  at  the  former  locality.  The  lichen-spe- 
cies on  calcareous  rocks  at  Minneapolis  are  those  confined  in 
both  places  to  perpendicular  exposures,  while  one-third  of  the 
species  found  at  Fayette  are  characteristic  of  surface  outcrops. 
Deducting  one-third  of  the  19.33  per  cent  given  in  the  table  for 
Fayette  leaves  less  than  12.7  per  cent  and  gives  Minneapolis 
an  advantage  of  more  than  3  per  cent  for  conditions  as  to 
substrata  existing  at  both  places.  This  is  given  as  the  true 
relation  so  far  as  influenced  by  the  difference  in  hygrometric 
conditions. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  179 

Next  as  to  the  lichens  on  granitic  rocks,  the  difference  of  1.3 
per  cent  in  favor  of  Minneapolis  is  not  so  great  as  might  be 
expected.  This  is  due  to  the  fact  that  so  many  of  the  granitic 
boulders  are  in  dry  open  places.  The  few  in  moist  or  shaded 
places  are  reasonably  well  covered  with  lichens,  but  those  not 
thus  protected  are  not,  as  has  been  stated  elsewhere.  The 
limestone  exposures  are  usually  shaded  along  the  wooded  river 
banks,  hence  the  advantage  for  these  rocks  would  be  greater 
than  for  the  granitic  rocks  were  it  not  for  the  lack  of  surface 
outcrops  of  the  limestone  rocks. 

As  to  the  earth  lichens,  the  region  including  Minneapolis 
lacks  the  calcareous-earth  lichens  of  the  Iowa  region,  because 
the  calcareous  rocks  are  more  deeply  covered  by  drift  and  have 
not  been  so  frequently  exposed  to  help  in  soil  formation.  Of 
the  twenty-two  earth  lichens  found  at  Fayette  seven  occur  on 
calcareous  earth,  while  of  the  twelve  found  at  Minneapolis 
only  two  occur  on  calcareous  earth.  Reducing  the  first  number 
to  fifteen  and  the  third  to  ten  gives  Minneapolis  an  advantage 
of  3  per  cent.  This  3  per  cent  does  not  show  the  effect  of 
atmospheric  differences  between  the  two  places  compared, 
because  of  the  Minneapolis  Cladonias  only  one-third  occur  on 
the  earth,  while  of  those  at  Fayette  about  two-thirds  grow  on 
the  ground.  Since  I  have  been  able  to  present  no  very  satis- 
factory explanation  of  this  difference  in  distribution  of  the 
Cladonias  out  of  the  calculation;  and,  if  this  were  done,  the 
advantage  in  favor  of  Minneapolis  in  the  per  cents  would  be 
about  2.5. 

As  to  the  wood  lichens  it  will  be  seen  that  if  the  per  cents 
of  rock  and  earth  lichens  about  Minneapolis  were  what  we 
should  expect  from  hygrometric  conditions  alone,  the  per  cent 
of  these  would  rise  and  that  of  the  wood  lichens  would  fall  in 
comparative  proportion.  In  other  words,  conditions  other  than 
atmospheric  have  tended  to  decrease  the  rock  and  the  earth 
lichens,  but  not  the  wood  lichens.  Scarcity  of  lichens  on  trees 
removed  from  the  large  bodies  of  water  and  not  in  heavy 
forests  has  been  noted  elsewhere  in  this  paper.  As  to  lichens 
on  dead  wood,  especially  old  boards,  the  Iowa  region  furnishes 
14  and  the  Minneapolis  region  eight.  The  per  cent  of  the 
whole  lichen-floras  in  favor  of  the  former  region  is  about  one. 
In  the  Minneapolis  region  the  lichens  on  old  boards  are  common 
enough  in  damp  places,   but  in  dry  ones  old  boards  are  fre- 


180 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 


quently  quite  bare  of  them.     In  the  Iowa  region  the  old  boards 
are  abundantly  supplied  with  lichens,  even  in  dry  places. 

The  reconstructed  table  below  (which  leaves  the  numbers  of 
lichens  for  the  substrata  considered  unchanged  in  the  Minne- 
apolis column  except  that  for  the  earth  lichens  all  calcareous 
earth  lichens  plus  all  earth  Gladonias  are  omitted,  treats  the 
Fayette  earth  lichens  in  the  same  way  and  also  deducts  from 
the  latter  column  all  the  calcareous  rock  lichens  found  on  sur- 
face exposures)  gives  the  relative  per  cents  for  all  the  sub- 
strata considered  as  influenced  by  atmospheric  conditions 
alone: 


SUBSTRATA. 


Wood 

Calcareous  rocks 

Granite  rocks 

Enrth  . 


NO.    AND   PER  CENT,   FATETTE 


90  or  (8+ 

20  or  1S+ 

17  or  13  8— 

.5  or    4 — 


per  cent 


NO.  A SD  PER  CENT,   MINNE- 
APOLIS. 


58  or  62  3  + 
17  or  IH  25— 
13  OF-  12,8+ 
6  or   6  5— 


per  cent. 


This  table  simply  places  the  per  cents  that  would  result  from 
atmosjDheric  conditions  where  they  may  be  easily  compared. 
However,  by  the  reduction  of  the  numbers  representing  earth 
and  calcareous-rock  lichens  to  eliminate  other  causes,  it  reduces 
the  advantage  for  the  Minneapolis  vicinity  in  granitic  rock 
species  to  a  very  small  fraction.  A  somewhat  larger  number 
of  such  rocks  were  examined  about  Payette,  and  possibly  the 
larger  number  increases  the  number  of  species  of  lichens  on 
them,  which  once  established  may  now  all  be  found  on  a  few 
of  the  rocks.  However,  if  the  smaller  number  about  Minne- 
apolis is  due  to  removal  of  the  rocks,  this  argument  loses  much 
of  its  value.  This  table  shows  the  relation  between  the  wood 
lichens,  as  influenced  by  climate  alone  by  per  cents,  which  has 
not  been  done  before. 

The  Saint  Peter  sandstone  along  the  Mississippi  river  near 
Minneapolis,  and  that  along  the  same  river  in  northeastern 
Iowa,  near  McGregor,  may  be  compared  as  to  lichen-floras  by 
use  of  the  following  table,  which  gives  the  species  character- 
istic of  these  rocks  in  both  places,  and  also  those  found  on 
them  in  each  place  and  not  in  the  other: 


SPECIES  FOUND  IN   BOTH 
PLACES 


Ramalina  caHcaris   (L.)     Fr. 

var  Frirlnacea  Scha^r. 
Urceolarla  scruposa  (L.) 

Nyl. 
Oladonla  cornucopioldes  (L  ) 

Fr. 
Usnea  barbata  (L.)    Fr.  var. 

ruhlginea  Michx. 


IN    NORTHEASTERN  IOWA 
ONLY. 


Panoarla    microphyUa  (Sw.) 

Deles 

1   donia  rangiferiria  (L  ) 

Hdffm  var  Sylvat'ca  L. 
Claiionia  uncialis  (L  )  Fr 
Biatora  granulosa  (Ehrh.) 

Poetsch. 


ABOUT  MINNEAPOLIS  ONLY. 


Jladonla  caespiticia  (Pers.) 
Fl. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  181 

This  table  affects  comparisons  thus  far  made  in  no  way  since 
the  Iowa  locality,  now  under  consideration,  is  a  different  one 
than  that  previously  used.  In  all  the  comparisons  thus  far 
made,  the  lichens  on  the  Saint  Peter  sandstone  have  been  elim- 
inated with  those  of  other  substrata  occurring  in  only  one  of 
the  localities.  Now,  in  the  above  table  it  will  be  noticed  that 
the  Iowa  region  has  the  advantage  in  the  number  of  species  not 
common  to  both.  Knowing  what  occurs  in  Iowa,  I  examined 
the  Minnesota  locality  very  carefully,  and  the  advantage  is 
apparently  due  to  the  more  favorableconditions for  lichen  growth 
in  northern  Iowa.  The  four  species  common  to  both  regions 
are  doubtless  distributed  along  the  river  between  the  two 
localities  wherever  these  rocks  are  exposed.  How  far  north 
the  four  species  found  only  in  the  Iowa  locality  extend,  and 
how  far  south  that  found  only  in  the  Minnesota  locality  extends, 
are  questions  of  interest.  Knowledge  on  this  point  might  lead 
to  a  modification  of  views  just  stated. 

Usnea  harhata  (L  )  Fr.  var.  Hlrta  Fr.,  is  also  confined  to  the 
Saint  Peter  sandstone  at  the  Minnesota  locality,  but  not  at  the 
Iowa  one,  though  occurring  on  this  formation  there  also.  This 
rock  is  apparently  its  most  natural  habitat  in  the  regions  con- 
sidered, to  which  habitat  it  is  confined  in  the  one  less  favora- 
ble to  lichen  development.  Though,  as  in  this  instance,  I  have 
omitted  from  the  last  table  the  species  found  on  these  rocks 
and  also  on  other  substrata  near  by  in  one  or  both  regions, 
abruptness  in  floral  change  due  to  stress  caused  by  change  in 
substrata  is  seldom  better  illustrated  than  in  comparing  the 
lichens  of  the  Saint  Peter  sandstone  with  those  of  other  sub- 
strata that  happen  to  lie  adjacent.  The  distribution  of  lichens 
on  this  rock  formation  in  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Iowa  and 
Illinois  is  worthy  of  careful  study.  Other  questions  of  distri- 
bution would  be  brought  to  light,  illustrated  by  the  species 
here  considered,  and  doubtless  by  several  others  not  yet  col- 
lected on  these  rocks. 

From  scattered  statements  in  this  paper,  the  inference  might 
be  drawn  that  I  should  have  given  more  prominence  to  differ- 
ence of  substrata  in  accounting  for  the  difference  in  number  of 
lichens  in  the  localities  compared.  Minneaoplis  gains  six  spe- 
cies on  the  Saint  P  ter  sandstone,  which  is  not  found  at  Fay 
ette,  and  lacks  six  species,  occurring  at  Fayette,  because  the 
calcareous  rocks  seldom  outcrop  at  the  surface,  and  five  species 
because  of  scarcity  <  f  calcareous  earth.     Possibly  some  allow- 


182  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

ance  should  be  made  for  a  probable  slight  advantage  for  Fay- 
ette in  number  of  granitic  rocks,  though  Minneapolis  has  the 
advantage  in  the  per  cent  of  species  oa  these  rocks.  Of  the 
five  species  gain  for  Fayette  in  the  figures  given  above,  three 
or  four,  about  75  per  cent,  could  be  expected  to  occur  at  Minne- 
apolis if  the  substrata  were  present.  We  could  add  as  many 
more  species  for  the  possible  advantage  of  Fayette  in  granitic 
rocks  as  substrata  and  still  only  have  a  total  difference  of  seven 
species  resulting  from  difference  in  substrata.  This  would 
reduce  the  advantage  of  Fayette  to  be  accounted  for  by  differ- 
ence in  atmospheric  conditions  to  thirty-seven  species  or  24 
per  cent.  Subtracting  this  from  the  total  difference  of  28  per 
cent,  leaves  a  doubtful  4  per  cent  to  be  accounted  for  by  lack  of 
substrata  at  Minneapolis. 

It  may  also  be  thought  that  I  have  not  taken  into  account  the 
usual  decrease  in  number  of  species  in  passing  from  warmer  to 
colder  regions.  The  distance  of  about  150  miles  from  south  to 
north  between  the  two  localities  comj^ared  is  so  small  that  lit- 
tle difference  in  number  of  species  could  result,  the  difference 
in  mean  'annual  temperature  being  between  2*^  F.  and  3*^  F. 
The  smaller  number  of  individuals  at  Minneapolis  also  tends  to 
prove  that  the  difference  in  latitude  has  not  helped  to  produce 
the  difference  in  number  of  species,  as  the  decrease  in  number 
of  species,  caused  by  colder  climate,  usually  gives  place  to  an 
increase  in  number  of  individuals.  If  the  difference  in  lichen- 
floras  were  due  to  the  above  cause,  northern  species  should 
come  in,  to  some  extent,  at  Minneapolis,  to  take  the  place  of 
those  found  at  Fayette,  and  not  at  the  former  place.  Parmelia 
oHvacea  (L)  Ach.,  Evernia  pvunastri  (L)  Ach.,  (ktraria  ciliaris 
(Ach.)  Tuck.,  and  -po&sihlj  Alectoria  juhata  (L)  Tuck  var.  Chalyhe- 
iformis  Ach.  are  more  numerous,  and  occur  on  more  substrata 
at  Minneapolis  as  a  result  of  more  northern  location,  but  not  a 
species  has  come  in. 

A  comparison  of  the  amount  of  precipitation  of  moisture  at 
St.  Paul  and  Fayette  for  the  eight  years  since  the  record  has 
been  kept  for  the  latter  place,  shows  a  difference  in  annual  pre- 
cipitation of  6.77  inches  in  favor  of  Fayette.  Comparison  of 
St.  Paul  and  Dubuque  for  twenty- three  years  shows  a  differ- 
ence of  9.31  inches  per  annum  in  favor  «  f  Dubuque.  Now,  com- 
parison of  Fayette  and  Dubuque  for  the  eight  years  shows  a 
difference  of  .50  inches  per  annum  in  favor  of  Fayette.  Thus 
these  last  two  places,  only  about  fifty-five  miles  apart,  show  so 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  153 

little  difference  in  amount  of  precipitation  that  the  Dubuque 
figures  may  be  substituted  for  Fayette  without  great  error. 
Also,  St.  Paul  suffered  less  from  the  drouth  of  recent  years 
than  Dubuque,  and  hence  than  Fayette,  so  that  the  figures  for 
the  smaller  number  of  years  cannot  be  relied  on,  and  9.31 
inches  per  annum  doubtless  is  nearer  the  average  difference 
between  Minneapolis  and  Fayette  in  precipitation  than  is  6.77 
inches.  The  use  of  St.  Paul  figures  for  Minneapolis  can,  of 
course,  give  rise  to  no  appreciable  error,  and  this  difference  of 
about  9.31  inches,  with  the  accompanying  difference  of  humid- 
ity of  the  atmosphere,  seems  to  account  very  largely  for  the 
difference  of  28  per  cent  in  number  of  species  of  lichens.  No 
reliable  figures  as  to  relative  or  absolute  humidity  could  be 
obtained. 

The  following  conclusions  may  be  drawn  relative  to  lichen- 
distribution  in  northeastern  Iowa: 

1.  The  lichen-ttora  of  the  region  is  richer  than  that  of  the 
Minnesota  region  about  150  miles  north,  and  doubtless 
there  is  a  gradual  decrease  in  number  of  lichen  species  in 
passing  north  from  the  Iowa  region. 

2.  The  cause  of  the  difference  in  favor  of  the  Iowa  region  is 
neither  its  more  southern  location  nor  advantage  in  sub- 
strata, but  mainly  at  least  its  moister  climate.  The  proofs 
given  in  the  paper  maybe  briefly  summarized  as  follows: 

{a)  Lichens  intse  Iowa  region  are  not  so  much  inclined 
to  confine  themselves  to  moist  situations. 

(&)  Gelatinous  lichens,  which  thrive  best  in  moist  places, 
are  four  times  as  numerous  in  the  Iowa  region. 

(c)  Were  it  not  for  other  than  atmospheric  conditions, 
the  number  of  tree  lichens  would  be  larger  in  compari- 
son with  earth  and  rock  lichens  in  northeastern  Iowa. 

{d)  Even  the  Saint  Peter  sandstone,  occurring  in  moist 
places,  has  more  lichens  in  the  Iowa  region. 

(e)  The  greater  number  of  habitats  of  certain  lichen 
species  in  northeastern  Iowa  must  be  included.  This 
has  been  noted  for  Usnea  harhata  (L)  Fr. ,  var.  Mrta 
Fr. ,  and  a  comparison  of  the  number  of  species  found 
on  both  wood  and  rocks  at  Fayette  and  Minneapolis, 
as  shown  in  the  second  table,  is  further  evidence. 
Other  instances  could  be  drawn  from  a  comparison  of 
the  lists  of  sjDecies  for  the  two  places. 


1B4  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

After  giving  this  brief  summary  it  may  be  stated  that  the 
decrease  in  richness  of  lichen-liora  changes  to  an  increase 
somewhere  between  Minneapolis  and  Duluth,  as  will  be  brought 
out  in  a  future  paper  on  the  lichens  of  Minnesota. 

As  regards  other  Iowa  problems,  the  most  interesting  region 
in  connection  with  the  study  here  presented  is  that  extending 
along  the  Mississippi  river  from  the  northeastern  region 
already  studied  to  the  southern  extremity  of  the  state.  The 
study  of  this  area,  besides  the  information  it  would  furnish- 
concernir.g  the  lichen-flora  of  our  own  state,  is  especially  nec- 
essary to  an  understanding  of  lichen-distribution  along  the 
upper  Mississippi  river.  The  study  of  more  western  portions 
of  Iowa  will  bring  new  problems  and  also  throw  some  light  on 
those  here  considered. 

Below  is  added  the  lists  of  new  and  rare  Iowa  lichens  men- 
tioned in  the  first  part  of  this  paper.  These  with  two  given 
for  locality  bring  the  total  number  of  species  and  varieties 
which  I  have  collected  and  determined  at  Fayette  up  to  208, 
These  additions  make  a  total  of  226  si^ecies  for  the  state,  and 
this  number  could  be  increased  largely  by  thorough  work  in 
several  widely  separated  regions  within  Iowa. 

LIST   OF   SPECIES   NEW   TO    IOWA. 

Usnea  barbata  L.  Fr.,  var.  ceratina  Schser.  On  trees,  rare. 
Fayette. 

Alectoria  jubata  L.,  var.  chalybeiformis  Ach.  On  an  old  board 
fence,  rare.  Fayette.  Also  on  Saint  Peter  sandstone,  in  Clay 
ton  county. 

TheloscJnsfes  concolor  Dicks,  var.  efusa  Tuck.  On  trees,  rare. 
Fayette.  Since  publishing  the  first  paper  on  Iowa  lichens  I 
have  also  found  at  Fayette  a  form  of  the  species  with  fibrils 
unusually  developed  about  the  apothecia.  They  are  frequently 
as  long  as  the  diameter  of  the  apothecia! 

Pormelia  saxatalis  L.  Fr.,  var.  sulcata  Nyl.  On  trees,  rare. 
Fayette. 

Parmelia  olivacea  L.  Ach.,  var.  aspidota  Ach.  On  trees,  infre- 
quent.    Fayette. 

Pannaria  nigra 'Nyl.,  var.  ccesia  Nyl.  On  calcareous  rocks, 
rare.     Fayette. 

Cullema  nigrescens  Huds.,  Ach.  On  old  logs,  rare.  Fayette. 
Frequently  with  pruinose  apothecia. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  185 

Placodium  ferriigineum  Huds.,  Hepp.  On  trees,  rare.  Bremer 
and  Fayette  counties. 

Placodium  murorum  Hoffin,  DC.  On  rocks.  Northwestern 
Iowa.  Coll.,  Prof.  B.  Shimek,  who  sent  it  to  me  last  year.  It 
should  have  appeared  with  the  lichens  listed  in  his  paper*  last 
year,  but  I  could  not  be  sure  that  it  was  distinct  from  P.  elegans 
Link,  DC. ,  without  further  study. 

Lecavora  pallida  Schreh,  Schasr,  var.  cancr if ormis  Tuc]^.  On 
trees,  rare.     Fayette. 

Lecanora  varia  Ehrh,  Nyl.,  var.  symmicta  Ach.  On  old 
fences,  infrequent.     Fayette. 

Lecanora  cinerea  L.  Sommerf.  On  sandstone,  j^robably  com- 
mon.    Clayton  county. 

Lecanora fuscat a  Schrad.,Th.  Fr.,  var.  rufescensTh..  Fr.  On 
granitic  rocks,  frequent.     Faj^ette. 

Lecanora  priqigna  Kch.,  Nyl.,  var.  clavusK.oevh.  On  calcar- 
eous rocks,  rare.     Clayton  county. 

Lecanora  xantliophana  Nyl.  On  granitic  rocks,  rare.  Fay- 
ette and  Bremer  counties. 

R in odina  sophodes  Ach.,  Nyl.,  var.  telhraspis  Tuck.  On  sand- 
stone, rare.     Clayton  county. 

Conotrema  urceolatum  Ach. ,  Tuck.     On  trees,  rare,    Fayette. 

Biatora  deciqnens  Ehrh,  Fr.  var.  dealbata  Auct.  On  calcareous 
earth,  rare.     Fayette. 

Biatora  russellii  Tuck.,  var.  dealbata  Tuck.  On  calcareous 
rocks,  rare.     Fayette 

Biatora  fossarum  Duf.,  Mont.  On  calcareous  earth,  rare. 
Fayette. 

Biotora  carniilenta  Tuck.  On  decorticated  wood,  rare.  Fay- 
ette, and  also  from  Black  Hawk  county,  collected  by  Mr. 
Morton  E.  Peck. 

Buellia  myriocarpa  DC,  Mudd.,  var.  polysjJoraW illey.  On 
tree,  rare.  Fayette.  This  rare  lichen  was  also  sent  to  me 
from  Decatur  county  by  Prof.  T.  J.  Fitzpatrick  and  from  La 
Crosse,  Wis.,  by  Prof.  L.  H.  Pammel.  A  larger  form  collected 
by  Mr.  Morton  E.  Peck  in  Black  Hawk  county  must  also  be 
referred  here  for  the  present. 

Buellia  alboatra  Hoffin,  Th.  Fr.  On  an  elm  tree,  rare.  Fay- 
ette. 

Opegraplia  quaternella  Nyl.  On  thallus  of  a  Parmela,  rare. 
Fayette.     I  have  not  been  able  to  compare  this,  but  it  agrees 

*  The  Flora  of  the  Sioux  Quartzite  In  Iowa.  Proc.  Iowa  Acad.  Scl  ,  vol.  Ill,  pp.  73- 
77. 


186  IOWA  ACADEMY    OP   SCIENCES. 

perfectly  with  the  description,  having  spores  4  inasci,  4  celled, 
brownish  and  16-19  x  5-6  mic. 

Galicium  parietinum  Ach.  On  decorticated  wood,  especially 
red  cedar,  probably  frequent.     Fayette. 

Calicium  quercinum  Pers.     On  oaks,  rare.     Fayette. 

Sphinctrina    tigillaris  B.    and  Br.     On  Polyporus  versicolor  L 
Fr.,  rare.     Fayette.     Placed  here  because  of  close   relation- 
ship to  the  last  two,  though  the  algal  cells  probably  are  want- 
ing  in   this.     Perhaps  better  to  place  it  in  the  above  genus 
under  the  synonym,  Calicium  polyjjorceum  Nyl. 

Verruc-aria  epigoea  Pers.,  Ach.     On  clay,  rare.     Fayette. 

Pijrenula  cinerella  Fit.,  Willey.  On  prickly  ash,  frequent. 
Fayette. 

Thelocarpon  'prasinellum  Nyl.  Old  boards,  frequent.  Fay- 
ette and  Bremer  counties. 

NOTES   CONCERNING    SOME     SPECIES     PREVIOUSLY     REPORTED 

FOR    IOWA. 

Evernia  prunasiiri  L.,  Ach.  I  have  recently  found  this 
species  on  old  board  fences  at  Fayette.  Thus  far  it  has  not 
occurred  elsewhere  in  the  state,  though  it  is  very  common  in 
northern  Minnesota  and  frequent  as  far  south  as  Minneapolis. 
Its  southern  limit  is  doubtless  reached  somewhere  in  Iowa. 

Pycine  sorediata  Fr.  This  lichen  was  only  listed  in  the  paper 
on  "  Lichens  of  Iowa  "  from  rocks.  It  has  since  been  found  in 
fruit  on  trees  at  Fayette.  It  becomes  more  common  in  passing 
north  to  the  British  jiossessions,  and  its  distribution  in  other 
parts  of  Iowa  is  especially  worthy  of  study. 

Sticta  pulmonaria  Lt. ,  Ach.  Only  known  thus  far  in  Iowa 
along  the  Mississippi  river  in  Clayton  county.  How  far  this 
northern  lichen  extends  south  along  the  river,  or  possibly  in 
other  parts  of  Iowa,  is  of  special  interest.  Like  the  last  two, 
I  find  it  increasing  in  abundance  as  I  go  north. 

Fannaris  languinosa  (Ach.,)  Koerb.  I  have  recently  collected 
the  sulphur  colored  form,  common  in  Europe,  on  the  Saint 
Peter  sandstone  in  Clayton  county  and  in  several  localities  in 
Minnesota. 

Lecanora  punicea  Ach.  Any  further  occurrence  of  this  in 
Iowa  should  be  noted,  because  it  is  a  southern  lichen,  and  it 
finds  its  most  northern  known  limit  in  Iowa. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  187 

Lecanora  varia  Ehrh,  Nyl.,  var.  soepincola  Pr.  This  rare 
Iowa  variety  was  sent  from  Black  Hawk  county  Coll.,  Morton 
E.  Peck. 

Lecanora  privigna  Ach.,  Nyl.  var.  pruinosa  Auct.  On  cal- 
careous rocks,  frequent  at  Payette.  Previously  reported  from 
Johnson  county. 

Cladonia  cariosa  Ach. ,  Spreng.  This  species  only  reported 
from  Johnson  county,  is  common  in  northern  Minnesota.  In 
Iowa  it  seems  to  be  largely  replaced  by  the  more  southern  G. 
mitrula  Tuck.  Especially  interesting  because  the  southern 
limit  of  the  one  and  the  northern  limit  of  the  other  may  be 
looked  for  in  Iowa  or  Minnesota. 

Cladonia  cornucopioides  L.,  Fr.  Collected  only  along  the 
Mississippi  river  in  Clayton  county.  Another  species  appar- 
ently following  the  river  down  from  more  northern  regions 
where  I  find  it  common.  Should  be  diligently  sought  further 
south  in  Iowa,  esi3ecially  along  the  river. 

Biatora  granulosa  Ehrh.,  Poetsch.  Found  with  the  last, 
which  is  as  far  south  as  it  is  known,  except  in  mountains. 
Should  be  sought  further  south,  as  the  last. 

Biatora  inundata  Fr.  I  have  recently  collected  this  lichen 
on  trees.  Previously  reported  from  several  places,  but  only  on 
rocks. 

Arthonia  dispersa  Schrad.,  Nyl.  On  trees.  Black  Hawk 
county.     Coll.,  Morton  E.  Peck. 

Endocarpon  pusilhcm.  Hedw.  var.  garoqaglii  Kph.  On  calcar- 
eous rocks,  infrequent,  Fayette.  I  have  also  collected  it  in 
Kane  county.  111.,  from  which  state  it  has  not  been  previously 
reported. 

Verrucaria  fuscella  Fr.  On  calcareous  rocks.  Black  Hawk 
county.     Coll.,  Morton  E.  Peck. 

Verrucaria  muralis  Ach.  On  calcareous  rocks.  Black  Hawk 
county.     Coll.,  Morton  E.  Peck. 

It  is  worth  noting  that  the  last  two  rather  rare  species  have 
been  collected  at  La  Crosse,  Wis.,  by  Prof.  L  H.  Pammel. 
Also,  the  last  was  sent  me  by  Mr.  E.  Bartholomew,  from 
Rooks  county,  Kan. 


188  IOWA   ACADEMY    OF  SCIENCES. 


DO  THE  LOWER  ANIMALS  REASON? 


C.    O.    NUTTING. 


For  the  average  layman  to  enter  into  a  discussion  involving 
psychological  matters  is  surely  a  rather  hazardous  proceeding 
and  indicates  a  temerity  that  needs  some  apology. 

Your  speaker,  although  nob  a  psychologist,  has  become 
greatly  interested  in  the  evidences  of  mind  that  have  impressed 
themselves  upon  him  in  his  study  of  animals,  and  has  had  his 
interest  greatly  stimulated  by' the  perusal  of  the  works  of  two 
writers,  one  of  whom  discusses  animal  psychology  from  the 
side  of  the  naturalist,  and  the  other  from  the  side  of  the  psy- 
chologist. With  the  latter  writer  I  have  been  led  into  the 
most  delightful  correspondence  involving  a  discussion  of  the 
question  "Do  the  lower  animals  reason?' '  a  question  upon  which 
I  have  been  forced  to  differ  from  the  gentleman  in  question 

I  referred  a  moment  ago  to  the  difficulty  involved  in  a  psy- 
chological discussion.  This  difficulty  is  two-fold,  arising  first 
from  the  necessity  of  exact  and  very  careful  definitions  of 
terms,  and  sec  nd,  from  the  great  tendency  to  be  drawn  off  into 
a  discussion  of  side  issues,  which,  however  alluring  are  not 
strictly  pertinent  to  the  matter  in  hand. 

It  is  my  purpose  to  discuss  briefiy  the  attitude  of  the  two 
authors  above  mentioned,  Romanes  and  Lloyd  Morgan;  to 
point  out  my  objections  both  to  the  premises  and  conclusions 
of  the  latter,  to  state  with  all  diffidence  my  own  position  in  the 
question,  and  finally  to  cite  a  sufficient  number  of  facts  to  justify 
that  conclusion. 

George  J.  Romanes,  an  English  zoologist,  whose  untimely 
death  has  been  a  severe  loss  to  science,  has  written  two  works 
on  "  The  Intelligence  of  Animals,"  and  "  Mental  Evolution  in 
Animals. ' '  He  has  sought  to  establish  a  thoroughly  consistent 
scheme  of  development  of  mind  along  evolutionary  lines.  The 
following  propositions  will  indicate  the  keynote  to  his  position. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  189 

Evidence  of  choice  on  the  part  of  an  organism  is  a  criterion 
of  mind. 

The  evidence  of  choice  is  a  discriminating  response  to  stimuli. 

Sensation  is  feeling  aroused  by  stimulus. 

Memory  arises  from  the  after-effect  of  a  stimulus  and  leads 
to  the  association  of  ideas  and  recollections. 

Perception  is  an  establishment  of  specific  relations  among 
states  of  consciousness.  It  is  a  mental  interjDretation  of  sensa- 
tions in  terms  of  past  experience.  It  is  everywhere  bound  up 
with  memory,  and  in  its  highest  stages  involves  inference. 
According  to  this  writer  all  but  the  very  lowest  invertebrates 
among  animals  give  evidence  of  perception. 

Instincts  originate  in  two  ways. 

First  — By  natural  selection,  by  which  fortunate  actions, 
although  not  intelligent,  being  of  advantage,  lead  to  the  pres- 
ervation of  the  individuals  showing  such  activities. 

Second. — ^By  the  effects  of  habit  in  successive  generations, 
actions  which  were  originally  intelligent,  become,  as  it  were 
stereotyped  into  permanent  instincts. 

"Reason  is  the  faculty  which  is  concerned  in  the  intentional 
adaptation  of  means  to  ends.  It  therefore  implies  the  conscious 
knowledge  of  the  relation  between  means  employed  and  ends 
attained,  and  may  be  exercised  in  adaptations  to  circumstance, 
novel  alike  to  the  experience  of  the  individual  and  to  that  of 
the  species. " 

Mr.  Romanes  is  very  strongly  of  the  opinion  that  a  great 
number  of  the  acts  of  the  lower  animals  indicate  reason  as 
above  defined.  We  will  not,  however,  enter  at  present  on 
the  discussion  of  this  question.  I  wish  merely  to  point  out 
and  emphasize  the  fact  that  this  able  writer,  approaching  the 
question  from  the  standpoint  of  the  naturalist,  has  no  doubt 
whatever  that  the  lower  animals  reason.  C.  Lloyd  Morgan  of 
Bristol,  England,  is,  I  believe,  regarded  as  one  of  the  leading 
psychologists  of  the  day,  has  w^ritten  an  extensive  work  on 
human  psychology,  and  a  smaller,  but  thoroughly  scientific 
treatise  called  "An  Introduction  to  Comparative  Psychology." 
He  is  probably  more  admirably  trained  for  philosophical  dis- 
cussion than  was  Romanes,  and  impresses  one  as  a  thinker  of 
unusual  ability  and  accuracy.  His  style  is  remarkably  clear 
and  lucid,  and  his  writings  show  little  of  the  intellectual  dis- 
honesty that  is  apt  to  mar  the  work  of  the  ordinary  controver- 
sialist. 

14  [la.  Acad.  Scl.,  Vol.  v.]  [July  9,  1898.] 


190  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

He  adopts  the  "wave  theory  of  consciousness."  The  crest 
of  the  wave  is  the  focal  point  of  consciousness.  The  slopes 
of  the  wave  are  marginal  and  represent  elements  which, 
although  not  focal,  are  still  dimly  within  the  field  of  conscious- 
ness. They  are  sub-conscious.  It  will  be  seen  that  that  which 
is  marginal  at  one  instant  becomes  focal  with  the  advancing 
wave  and  is  for  a  season  again  marginal  as  the  wave  passes 
forward. 

It  will  be  noted  that  the  wave  of  consciousness  is  continuous 
and  this  continuity  of  consciousness  is  what  Morgan  calls  mind. 

The  following  canon  of  interpretation  is  enunciated  by  this 
writer  as  a  law  that  must  be  followed  in  interpreting  psychical 
phenomena  other  than  our  own,  particularly  non-human  psy- 
chical activities. 

"In  no  case  may  we  interpret  an  action  as  the  outcome  of  an 
exercise  of  a  higher  psychical  faculty,  if  it  can  be  interpreted 
as  the  outcome  of  the  exercise  of  one  which  stands  lower  in  the 
psychological  scale. ' ' 

We  shall  have  occasion  to  discuss  this  canon  further  on.  I 
will  simply  remark  in  passing  that  it  forms  the  main  line  of 
contention  in  the  correspondence  between  Professor  Morgan 
and  myself. 

The  following  definitions  of  terms  are  the  ones  adopted  by 
Morgan,  and  indicate  the  sense  in  which  the  words  are  used  in 
this  paper.  Only  such  terms  as  are  necessary  to  the  discussion 
need  occupy  our  attention  at  pre  ent. 

An  instinctive  act  is  a  sub-conscious  motor  response  to  a 
stimulus  and  precedes  experience.  Example,  a  newly  hatched 
chick  will  at  once  begin  picking  at  small  objects  on  the  ground. 
Newly  born  kittens  will  spit  at  a  dog. 

Intelligent  action  is  one  based  on  previous  experience. 
Example,  the  young  chick  will  after  a  little  experience  pick  at 
small  seeds  and  refuse  to  pick  at  grains  of  sand.  Young  kittens 
will  not  notice  a  dog  with  which  they  are  acquainted,  but  will 
spit  at  a  strange  dog. 

Association  of  ideas  may  be  explained  by  again  referring  to 
the  wave  theory  of  consciousness. 

When  in  past  experience  the  wave  has  passed  through  a  given 
series  involving  a  number  of  sense  impressions,  any  one  of 
those  sense  impressions  received  on  a  subsequent  occasion  may 
start  again  the  same  wave  and  cause  the  same,  or  some  of  the 
same,  impressions  to  again  be  present  in  consciousness.     And 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  191 

the  oftener  this  is  done  the  more  certain  is  this  group  of 
impressions  to  recur  when  one  of  them  is  presented  as  fo  al  in 
consciousness.  For  example  I  can  never,  try  as  I  may,  avoid 
the  recurrence  of  a  mental  picture  of  two  little  swampy  Cree 
Indians  with  their  mouths  wide  open,  whenever  I  hear  t^e 
music  of  that  grand  old  church  hymn  "Onward  Christian 
Soldiers." 

Morgan  distinctly  admits  the  presence  of  the  wave  of  con- 
sciousness in  animals.  He  further  admits,  as  indeed  do  all 
men  who  have  thought  on  the  subject,  that  the  phenomena  of 
association  of  ideas  is  constantly  in  evidence  in  animal  psychol- 
ogy. It  is  also  evident  that  these  associations  once  formed 
are  the  basis  of  intelligent  action. 

The  young  chick  associates  the  sense  impression  conveyed 
by  a  seed  with  the  pleasurable  sensation  caused  by  eating  it. 

In  the  future,  therefore,  he  unhesitatingly  eats  the  seed  as 
soon  as  he  sees  it.  The  grain  of  sand  is  not  associated  with  a 
pleasurable  gustatory  sensation  and  he  lets  it  alone.  In  other 
words,  intelligence  is  guided  by  sense  experience. 

"Memory  is  the  reinstatement  or  revival,  through  secondary 
suggestion,  of  psychical  elements  or  constituents  which  have 
faded  from  consciousness. "  It  works  apparently  through 
association  of  ideas. 

Memory  is  involuntary  while  recollection  is  voluntary. 

Memory  maybe  a  simple  reinstatement, or  in  its  higher  phases 
it  may  involve  a  definite  localization  in  time  of  past  events.  I 
the  latter  event  it  has  to  do  with  relation,  some  reference  to  the 
how,  where  and  when. 

Our  author  believes  that  many  animals  habitually  exercise 
memory  in  the  sense  of  a  simple  reinstatement  through  sugges- 
tion. He  does  not  believe  that  they  exercise  the  higher 
memory  that  involves  the  perception  of  relations. 

"A  percept  is  an  impression  to  which  is  added  a  conscious 
or  sub-conscious  perception  of  relation  to  the  subject  or  to 
other  objects. "' 

In  our  wave  of  consciousness,  the  attention  is  focused  on 
various  objects  in  succession.  It  is  transferred  rapidly  from 
one  to  another  The  consciousness  of  the  transition  is  mar- 
ginal. Now  if  we  can  go  back  again  and  focus  the  attention  in 
the  transition  itself,  we  are  engaged  in  perceiving  the  relation 
of  the  two  objects,  whatever  they  may  be.  This  operation 
involves  retrospection.     Our  author  here  goes  into  a  maze  of 


192  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

nice  distinctions  through  which  we  cannot  follow  him.  He 
believes,  in  fine,  that  while  animals  lower  than  man  have  an 
awareness  of  relations,  the  transitions  are  marginal  in  con- 
sciousness; he  denies  that  they  are  able  to  make  the  transitions 
focal,  thereby  arriving  at  a  perception  of  relations.  He  does 
not  believe  that  animals  can  reflect. 

Finally,  let  us  see  our  author's  definition  of  reason,  or  rather 
the  criteria  of  reasoning  powers.  He  says,  "Our  question 
then  becomes:  Are  there  animal  activities  the  performance  of 
which  is  inexplicable  if  the  animal  in  question  does  not  per- 
ceive the  '  why  '  and  think  the  therefore. ' '  He  says  that  there 
are  none.  While  admitting  that  animals  do  reason  in  the  sense 
that  they  profit  by  experience,  adapting  their  actions  to  some- 
what varying  circumstances,  he  does  not  believe  that  they  rea- 
son in  the  more  restricted  sense  of  having  a  real  perception  of 
cause  and  effect  or  the  true  relation  between  a  premise  and  a 
conclusion. 

To  this  position  I  cannot  assent  and  have  certain  objections 
to  raise  in  behalf  of  my  friends,  the  lower  animals. 

As  an  example  of  Professor  Morgan's  method  of  interpret- 
ing actions  which  we  would  unhesitatingly  regard  as  involving 
reason,  I  quote  the  following; 

"  A  well  known  writer  describes  the  case  of  a  dog  which 
used  to  hunt  a  rabbit  nearly  every  morning  down  a  curved 
shrubbery,  and  each  time  ran  it  into  a  drain  at  the  end.  The 
dog  then  appears  to  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  a  chord 
of  a  circle  is  shorter  than  its  arc,  for  he  raised  the  rabbit  again, 
and,  instead  of  following  him  through  the  shrubbery  as  usual, 
he  took  the  short  cut  to  the  drain,  and  was  ready  and  waiting 
for  the  rabbit  when  he  arrived,  and  caught  him."  Now,  says 
Morgan,  "  Can  we  or  can  we  not  explain  the  dog's  action  as 
the  outcome  of  sense  experience,  as  indicative  of  intelligence 
profiting  by  association?  The  terrier  used  to  start  the  rabbit 
nearly  every  moaning,  and  each  time  saw  it  escape  into  the  old 
drain.  There  was  thus  ample  opportunity  for  establishing  an 
association  between  rabbit  and  drain.  That  the  sight  of  the 
rabbit  should  suggest  the  drain  into  which  it  daily  escaped,  and 
that  when  the  idea  was  suggested,  the  dog  should  run  there 
directly,  is  a  sequence  not  impossible,  one  would  think,  to 
sense  experience." 

It  seems  to  me  little  short  of  absurd  to  suppose  that  the  dog 
in  his  eager  and  frantic  chase  after  the  rabbit  could  be  induced 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OP   SCIENCES.  193 

to  leave  it  in  order  to  go  to  the  drain  on  account  of  a  mere 
unrefiective  association  of  the  idea  rabbit  with  the  idea  "drain.  " 
That  he  did  not  in  a  true  sense  know  why  he  went.  That  he 
did  not  focus  the  therefore  as  a  result  of  his  past  experience 
and  his  knowledge  of  the  short  cut. 

No  matter  how  apparently  conclusive  may  be  the  evidence 
that  an  animal  has  reasoned  in  a  given  instance  Professor  Morgan 
will  refer  it  all  to  sense  experience,  as  in  the  case  cited. 
Indeed,  I  do  not  see  how  a  human  being  could,  without  lan- 
guage, give  evidence  of  reason  that  could  not  by  a  similar 
course  of  logic,  or  rather  hypothesis,  be  referred  to  sense 
experience. 

I  cannot  help  thinking  that  Professor  Morgan  has  fallen  into 
two  serious  errors,  the  tirst  of  which  is  the  adoption  of  the  canon 
of  interpretation  before  referred  to.  Let  us  state  this  canon 
again : 

"In  no  case  may  we  interpret  an  action  as  the  outcome  of 
the  exercise  of  a  higher  psychical  faculty,  if  it  can  be  interpreted 
as  the  outcome  of  the  exercise  of  one  which  stands  lower  in  the 
psychological  scale." 

My  objection  to  this  law  of  interi^retation  may  be  briefly 
stated  as  follows:  "Where  two  organisms  are  so  very  much 
alike  in  anatomy,  histology,  physiology,  embryology,  etc.,  as 
are  man  and  the  anthropoid,  where  there  is  strict  homology  in 
so  many  thousands  of  particulars,  the  assumption  is  that  this 
homology  extends  to  mental  phenomena  which  are  apparently 
alike."  Mr.  Morgan  in  a  recent  letter  explicitly  agrees  to 
this  statement,  and  adds:  "For  this  reason  I  believe  that  the 
mental  phenomena  of  men  and  brutes  are  continuous  and  like 
in  kind.  "  I  am  so  far  unable  to  reconcile  this  last  statement 
with  the  trend  of  his  argument  in  the  work  referred  to  above, 
and  especially  in  the  following  statement:  '  'And  I  believe  that 
the  extraordinary  dilference  between  men,  even  the  lowest,  and 
animals,  even  the  highest,  is  due  to  the  introduction  of  the  new 
factors  involved  in  the  perception  of  relations  and  conceptual 
thought. ' ' 

It  seems  to  me  that  we  would  be  more  apt  to  arrive  at  a  just 
conclusion  if  we  should  adopt  some  such  law  of  interpretation 
as  the  following: 

When  judgment  is  to  be  passed  in  the  psychological  activi- 
ties of  animals  morphologically  and  physiologically  like  men 
in  thousands  of  particulars,  it  is  fair  to  conclude  that  this  like- 


194  IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

ness  extends  to  the  realm  of  psychology,  and  that  activities 
■which  would  unhesitatingly  be  ascribed  to  reason  if  exhibited 
by  man,  should  be  regarded  as  evidence  of  reason  when  exhib- 
ite  1  by  organisms  closely  allied  to  man,  until  evidence  to  the 
contrary  is  forthcoming. 

It  is  entirely  unnecessary  in  this  presence  to  show  the  very 
great  likeness  in  morphology  and  physiology  between  man  and 
the  other  mammalia.  The  more  minute  our  investigations, 
the  more  are  we  impressed  with  this  similarity.  Almost  every 
bone  found  in  the  one  is  found  in  the  other.  A  striking  illus- 
tration of  this  similarity  was  furnished  lately  when  a  taxider- 
mist used  the  skeleton  of  the  human  hand  as  an  aid  in  articula- 
ting the  bones  of  a  fore-foot  of  the  wombat,  an  animal  at  the 
opposite  end  of  the  mammalian  series.  "But,''  it  may  be 
objected,  "the  great  physical  difference  between  man  and  brute 
is  in  the  brain."  Granted.  But  the  difference  is  quantitative, 
not  qualitative.  So  far  as  I  know  there  is  no  kind  of  brain  cell 
in  man  that  is  not  found  in  the  brute.  The  difference  in  quan- 
tity is  enormous,  but  that  in  quality  is  yet  to  be  discovered. 

In  physiological  matters  the  same  conclusion  is  inevitable. 
The  various  organs  in  animals  are  strictly  homologous  with 
those  of  man  in  structure  and  also  in  functi'  n.  They  act,  in 
general,  in  the  same  way  in  both  under  similar  conditions.  But 
that  which  is  rightly  regarded  as  most  conclusive  of  all  is  the 
fact  that  medicines  and  poisons  act  in  the  same  way  in  both. 
When  we  know  the  effect  of  a  certain  drug  in  man  we  can  con- 
fidently predict  the  same  effect  would  ensue  if  the  dog  were 
treated  with  that  drug.  It  is  also  true  in  general  that  the  same 
diseases  affect  man  and  the  apes,  for  instance,  in  the  same  way. 
Consumption  might  almost  be  said  to  be  the  natural  death  of 
captured  monkeys,  so  prevalent  is  it 

I  maintain,  then,  that  we  have  a  perfect  right  to  insist  that  in 
view  of  these  innumerable  homologies,  the  overwhelming  pre- 
sumption is  in  favor  of  like  actions  being  indices  of  like  mental 
states  in  both;  and  that  when  a  given  activity  on  the  part  of 
an  animal  appears  to  indicate  the  exercise  of  reason,  the 
assumption  is  that  the  animal  does  reason,  and  that  assumption 
logically  stands  until  it  is  swept  away  by  conclusive  evidence 
to  the  contrary. 

It  will  be  seen  from  what  I  have  already  said  that  Pr^  fessor 
Morgan,  in  contemplating  the  apparently  rational  acts  of 
animals,  demands  that   they   be  regarded  as  irrational  if  it  is 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  195 

possible  to  conceive  of  them  as  being  on  the  plane  of  sense 
experience  pure  and  simple.  I,  on  the  other  hand,  in  contem- 
plating the  same  apparently  rational  activities,  assume  that 
they  are  rational  until  it  is  proved  that  they  are  not. 

The  second  point  on  which  it  appears  to  me  that  Professor 
Morgan  is  mistaken  is  in  his  treatment  of  the  perception  of 
relations.  His  conclusion  that  the  lower  anhnals  are  unable  to 
perceive  relations  appears  somewhat  arbitrary,  and  open  to 
several  objections,  the  first  of  which  is  a  thoroughly  theoreti- 
cal one,  and  may  or  may  not  be  of  weight,  although  perhaps 
not  unworthy  of  consideration.  Mr.  Morgan  adopts  the  wave 
theory  of  consciousness  for  both  man  and  brutes.  He  admits 
that  the  relation  is  present  in  the  mind  of  the  animal,  but  says 
that  it  is  always  marginal,  never  focal.  Now,  we  know,  or 
perhaps  it  would  be  better  to  say  that  I  think  I  know,  that  any- 
thing that  is  marginal  in  human  consciousness  may  become 
focal.  For  instance,  as  I  stand  before  this  audience  a  certain 
individual  becomes  focal  in  my  consciousness.  My  attention  is 
fixed  on  him;  all  of  the  other  persons  in  the  room  may  be 
regarded  as  marginal.  Now  any  of  these  latter  may  become 
focal.  In  other  words,  I  can  fix  my  attention  upon  any  of  the 
things  that  are  marginal  or  of  which  I  am  sub-consciously 
aware.  An  opposite  state  of  affairs  seems  to  be  the  case  in 
dreams.  In  these  we  appear  to  have  no  control  whatever  over 
the  wave  of  consciousness,  and  the  most  incongruous  impres- 
sions result.  It  appears,  moreover,  that  in  the  dreaming  state 
the  incongruity  of  the  most  absurd  relations  does  not  strike  or 
impress  the  coascioasae^s  in  the  least  Perhaps  I  should  not 
deal  with  this  subject  at  all,  not  having  studied  it  sufficiently, 
but  it  appears  to  me  that  we  have  in  the  dream  state  an  example 
in  which  the  perception  of  relations  is  at  least  reduced  to  a 
minimum;  in  dreams  we  never,  so  far  as  I  know,  focus  the  "how" 
and  "why."  Moreover,  if  my  own  experience  be  a  guide, 
dreams  are  in  a  marked  degree  irrational  and  incoherent. 
There  is  no  consecutiveness  of  purpose.  A  waking  man  acting 
as  he  would  in  a  dream  would  at  once  be  judged  as  insane.  It 
may  be  remarked  in  passing  that  there  is  almost  as  marked  a 
difference  between  a  sane  and  insane  animal  as  there  is  between 
a  sane  and  insane  man. 

To  return  from  our  digression,  man  can  render  focal  to  con- 
siousness  anything  that  ismarginalin  consciousness.  The  ques- 
tion then  arises,  can  the  other  mammalia  do  the  same  thing? 


196  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

A  dog  is  chasing  a  rabbit  upon  which  his  attention  is  fixed. 
He  hears  the  whistle  of  his  master,  which  is  at  first  marginal  to 
his  consciousness;  upon  repetition  it  becomes  focal.  Indeed,  if 
the  wave  theory  applies  to  the  consciousness  of  animals  at  all, 
nothing  becomes  focal  without  first  becoming  marginal  in  the 
dawning  consciousness  that  constitutes  the  front  of  the  wave. 
This  point  would,  of  course,  be  admitted  by  Professor  Morgan. 

Now,  admitting  as  he  does,  that  the  relation  as  such  is  mar- 
ginal in  the  mind  of  the  dog,  what  warrant  has  he  to  assume 
that  it  never  becomes  focal?  If  this  is  true,  what  earthly  rea- 
son would  this  be  for  the  dog  wlio  is  chasing  the  rabbit  to  leave 
that  interesting  occupation  to  go  to  the  drain?  He  could  not 
eat  the  drain,  and  so  far  as  ihe  story  shows  has  never  attained 
any  satisfaction  from  the  drain  in  his  past  experience.  On  the 
contrary,  the  drain  must  be  associated  in  his  mind,  not  only 
with  the  rabbit,  but  with  repeated  disaj^pointment  and  chagrin. 
Hence,  on  the  very  principles  which  Mr.  Morgan  insists  upon 
throughout  the  work,  the  drain  being  associated  in  the  dog's 
mind  with  unpleasant  experiences,  would  be  an  object  of  aver- 
sion, and,  if  sense  impressions  alone  controlled  him,  he  would 
run  away  from  it  as  soon  as  it  was  present  in  consciousness 
through  association.  Personally,  I  am  unable  to  avoid  the  con- 
clusion that  the  dog  knows  perfectly  well  why  he  leaves  the 
direct  trail  of  the  rabbit  and  takes  the  short  cut  to  the  drain. 
He  knows  from  past  experience  that  he  cannot  catch  the  rabbit 
by  following  him  into  the  drain.  He  knows  that  the  short  cut 
is  the  nearest  to  the  drain.  He  takes  the  short  cut  and 
expects  to  see  the  rabbit.  I  cannot  avoid  the  conclusion  that  he 
has  reasoned  in  the  most  exact  sense  of  the  word.  That  he 
has  focused  the  relation  between  the  longer  and  ^horter  paths 
and  also  that  between  the  rabbit  and  the  drain.  He  has 
focused  the  how  to  outwit  the  rabbit,  and  the  how  cannot  be 
focused  without  a  definite  perception  of  relation. 

As  before  intimated,  my  personal  knowledge  of  the  pyschol- 
ogy  of  dreams  is  too  limited  to  permit  of  my  discussing  it  with 
confidence,  but  it  appears  to  me  that  dreams  are  governed  by 
association  of  ideas  alone,  or  nearly  so,  and  that  here  we  have 
a  case  of  mental  action  in  which  the  relation  is  not  focal.  I 
should,  therefore,  expect  an  animal  unable  to  focus  the  rela- 
tion, unable  to  reflect,  to  act  as  does  a  person  in  a  dream.  This 
animals    seldom   do.     Their   actions    are   consecutive.      They 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES*  1 97 

appear  to  have  definite  purposes,  to  form  plans  and  act  upon 
them,  both  intelligently  and  rationally. 

Again,  it  may  be  urged  that  the  focal  and  marginal  inter- 
grade  so  completely  that  it  is  impossible  as  a  matter  of  fact  to 
distinctly  separate  them  in  consciousness.  For  example, 
I  say  that  a  certain  person  in  this  room  becomes  focal  in  my 
consciousness.  This  is  inexact  because,  perhaps,  I  see  only  a 
small  part  of  that  person,  perhaps  the  head  and  shoulders;  or 
my  attention  may  be  fixed  on  his  eyes  alone  and  all  the  rest 
may  be  focal.  In  practice,  then,  it  is  almost  impossible  to  sepa- 
the  marginal  from  the  focal,  just  as  it  would  be  almost  impossi- 
ble to  discriminate  exactly  between  the  crest  and  body  of  a 
wave  We  know  in  general  what  is  meant  by  the  terms,  but 
the  one  blends  completely  with  the  other  as  an  actual  fact. 
But  this  distinction  between  marginal  and  focal  is  the  very 
thing  upon  which  Morgan  bases  his  denial  of  reasoning  to  the 
brutes.  He  says  that  in  animals  the  relation  is  marginal,  but 
never  becomes  focal.  How  can  he  assert  this  thus  positively 
when  focal  and  marginal  denote  completely  interblending  parts 
of  the  wave  of  consciousness?  How  can  he  maintain  his  position 
in  the  face  of  the  fact  that  in  actual  practice  we  cannot  clearly 
distinguish  the  two? 

To  sum  up  the  argument. 

First. — The  canon  of  Morgan  appears  to  be  an  unjust  and 
inexact  law  for  the  comparison  of  mental  phenomena  by  these 
physical  manifestations  in  conduct  because  it  ignores  the  mul- 
titude of  homologies  that  exist  between  man  and  the  higher 
mammalia. 

Second. — These  homologies  should  justify  us  in  assuming 
that  like  activities  in  man  and  mammals  are  indices  of  like 
mental  causes  to  psychological  processes,  unless  we  have 
independent  evidence  to  the  contrary. 

Third. — Experience  and  observation  prove  that  that  which  is 
marginal  in  consciousness  may  become  focal  in  both  man  and 
animals.  If  this  be  true  the  burden  of  proof  rests  with  those 
who  say  that  one  particular  kind  of  marginal  impression  never 
becomes  focal  in  mammals  lower  than  man. 

Fourth.— The  psychology  of  dreams  may  furnish  an  example 
of  mental  activity  which  is  composed  of  sense  impressions  or 
reinstatements  without  the  relations  becoming  focal.  Animals 
do  not  act  as  if  dreaming,  but  show  continuity  both  of  conduct 
and  of  purpose. 


198  IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

Fifth. — The  distinction  between  marginal  and  focal  cannot  be 
actually  drawn  either  in  theory  or  practice.  It  is,  therefore, 
too  small  a  one  upon  which  to  distinguish  rational  from  irra- 
tional conduct.  Or  if  a  distinction  be  drawn  upon  this  basis 
the  difference  cannot  be  great. 

It  will  be  seen  that  I  have  thus  far  argued  the  question  pro- 
pounded at  the  beginning  of  this  paper  entirely  from  the  theo- 
retical or  speculative  side,  leaving  no  time  for  the  presentation 
of  examples  that  in  my  opinion  indicate  that  the  lower  animals 
reason.  Such  instances  are  so  numerous,  that  no  one  at  all 
conversant  with  the  matter  can  doubt  that  the  animals  at  least 
appear  to  reason.  As  a  matter  of  fact  that  is  all  that  we  can 
assert  in  the  premises.  Moreover,  a  moment's  reflection  will 
suffice  to  show  that  this  is  all  that  any  one  of  us  can  positively 
assert  of  any  other  human  being.  That  he  appears  to  reason. 
It  is  just  as  impossible  for  one  person  to  enter  into  the  con- 
sciousness of  another  human  being  as  it  is  for  him  to  enter  into 
the  consciousness  of  one  of  the  brutes. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 


199 


COMPARATIVE  ANATOMY  OF  THE  CORN  CARYOPSIS. 


L.    H.    PAMMEL. 


The  fruit,  or  what  is  popularly  known  as  the  seed,  of  corn 
has  been  studied  by  a  number  of  investigators,  asHarz^  Hunt% 
Goodale^  HackeP,  Jumelle",  True'',  and  Blyth\  The  litera- 
ture on  the  structure  of  the  corn  caryosis  is  quite  large;  many 
of  the  works  on  foods  discuss  the  subject. 

The  outer  part  of  the  so-called  seed 
'is  the  wall  of  the  ovary.  It  begins 
with  a  greatly  thickened  epidermis 
(a);  this  is  followed  by  a  variable 
number  of  rows  of  thick-walled  cells 
provided  with  pore  canals.  The  wall 
of  the  ovary  is  frequently  differenti- 
ated into  several  layers,  usually  two, 
and  a  third  more  difficult  to  make 
out,  the  inner  part  being  less  thick- 
ened than  the  outer.  This  layer 
contains  some  of  the  pigment  in  the 
colored  varieties.  The  cells  contain 
only  small  amounts  of  protein  matter. 
The  cell -walls  are  greatly  thickened. 
The  wall  of  the  ovary  closely  joins 
the  testa  of  the  seed.  But  one  coat 
remains  in  the  mature  seed,  the  inner, 


Fig.  5 
FUnt  corn,  a,  epidermis;  c.  f  H,p- 

suie  and  testa;  «,  aieuione  layer;  ^\^q  outer  being  absorbed  in   develop- 
ment.    The  testa  is  insignificant  since 
the  protective  features    are    supplied    by  the   thickened  wall 
of    the   ovary.       The   cells    are   elongated,    thin-walled,    and 

1  Harz      Landwirthschaftliche  Samenkunde.    2:1335. 

3  Hunt,  F.  L.    A  kerael  of  Cndiiia  cora.     Prairie  ti'd.rmjr.  58:  196.  Thirteenth  R  ?pt» 
Board  of  Trustees  of  Univ  of  111.     198.    1886 

3  Goodale,  G.  L.    Physiological  botany.    181. 

4  Hackel,    Edward     Th  )  true  grasses.    24-35.    (Eng.  tr.ins.  by  F.   Lamson-Scribner 
and  Effle  A.  Southworth  ) 

5  Jumelle.    Sur    la  constitution  du  fruit  d.  graminees.    Soc.  d.  Sci.   Nancy.    Seanc. 
23  Juillet.  1888.    (According  to  Knoblauch.    Just  But.  .lahresb.    1  (J :  (5)  1888.) 

6  True.    On  the  development  of   the  caryupsis.    Bot.  Giz.    18:214.    pi.  24-26.  f.  10. 

7  Blyth.    Foods,  their  composition  and  uses.    216.    (4th  ed.) 


200 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OP   SCIENCES. 


in   some   cases   may   be   differentiated   into   two    parts.     The 
remains  of  the  nucellus  may  be  made  out  in  tlie  region  of  the 


Fig.  6. 
Dent  corn,    a,  epidermis;  c,  capsule;  t,  testa;  «',  aleuroae  cells;  s,  starch  cells. 


hilum.  The  endosperm  and  embryo  constitute  the  most  import- 
ant part  of  the  seed  from  an  economic  standpoint.  The  first 
layer  of  the  endosperm  consists  of  the  aleurone.  This  is 
made  up  of  cells  nearly  uniform  in  width  and  length,  and 
surrounds  the  endosperm.  These  cells  in  colored  varieties 
contain  some  of  the  pigment.  In  some  cases  the  cells  are 
somewhat  longer  than  broad. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 


201 


-c 


The  wall  joining  the  testa  is  greatly  thickened  and  in  some 
cases  provided  with  minute  canals,  which  t  onnect  adjoining  cells. 

The  walls  of  the  endosperm 
consists  of  pure  cellulose. 
The  cells  are  densely  filled 
with  protein  grains,  but  no 
starch.  The  so-called  gluten 
meal  of  commerce  consists  of 
the  wall  of  the  ovary,  the 
testa,  the  aleurone  layer  and 

^  some  starch  cells.  The  layer 
following  the  aleurone  con- 

3  sist  of  thinner- walled, some- 
what irregular,  but  usually 
Fig.  7.  elongated  cells   filled  with 

Popcorn,    a,  epidermis;  c,  capsule;  and  testa;  starch,   at  least   in   OUr   dent 
«',  aleurone  layer;  s,  starch. 

and  flint  corns.     The  starch 
grains  appear  regularly  striated  and  with  a  "nucleus.  " 

The  embryo  is  surrounded  by  a  small  and  regular  row  of 
cells  where^it  joins  the  endosperm.     These  are  followed  by  the 


Fig.  8. 
Popcorn,    o,  epidermis;  c,  capsule;  and  testa;  a,  aleurone  layer;  8,  starch  cells. 


202 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 


larger  cells  of  the  scutellum.     They  contain  some  starch,  con- 
siderable fat,   but  mostly  protein.     The  cells  of  the  plumule 


Fig.  9. 
Mexican  corn,  popcorn  type.    a.  epidermal  calls  of  capsule;  c,  capsule;   t,  testa;  (/, 
alpurone  cells;  8,  starch  layer. 


and  caulicle  are  smaller  and  contain  only  protein  grains.     The 
largest  amount  of  nitrogen  is  therefore  found  in  the  embryo. 


IOWA  ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 


203 


We  may  now  discuss  some  varietal  differences..    Harz  has 
indicated  some  differences  but  the  varieties  studied  by  him  were 

j^not  named.  In  yellow  dent  and  pop- 
corn the  starch  grains  are  solidly 
packed.  The  starch  grains  of  the 
^  popcorn  are  much  larger.  The  outer 
cells  of  the  wall  of  the  ovary  are 
larger  and  more  elongated.  The  cell- 
walls  of  the  aleurone  layer  are  pro- 
vided with  pore  canals.  In  the  Mex- 
can  corn  of  the  popcorn  type  the  wall 
;^.of  the  ovary  has  large  cells  and  those 
of  the  testa  are  also  large.  These 
cells  as  well  as  the  aleurone  cells  are 
colored  brown.  In  the  Mexican  sweet 
corn  the  blue  pigment  is  carried  in  the 
aleurone  layer  as  well  as  in  the  testa. 


Harz  1.  c. 


Fig.  10. 
Sweet  corn,  Early  Minnesota,    a, 
epidermis;    c,   capsule  and    testa; 
d,  aleurone  layer;  s,  btarcli  cells. 


204 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 


HISTOLOGY  OF  THE  CORN  LEAF. 


ROBERT   COMBS. 


The  stem  bears  lateral  organs,  the 
leaves.  These  occur  at  definite  points, 
the  nodes,  and  originate  in  an  exogene- 
ous  manner.  The  leaf  arises  in  the  form 
of  a  papilla  and  is  not  covered  by  the 
superficial  tissue  as  the  root  is.  The 
mature  leaf  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the 
blade  a.nd  the  sheath.  At  the  base  of 
the  blade  occurs  the  membranaceous 
ligule.  The  veins  of  the  leaf  are  par- 
allel and  are  continuous  with  those  of 
the  sheath.  The  vascular  bundles  of  the 
sheath  connect  with  those  of  the  stem. 
The  function  of  the  leaf  is  the  prepara- 
tion of  food  by  a  process  known  as  pho- 
tosynthesis. This  same  function  is  also 
shared  by  the  sheath  and  stem,  but  not 
in  nearly  so  marked  a  degree.  1 1  njnj 

Holm,  Theodore.  A.  study  of  some  anatomical  char- 
af^ters    of    North    Amerlc  i    GraminecB.     I.    Bot.    Gaz.  I  lilllllll'll 

16:  166-171.pl.  i5.  II.  16:  219-325,  pi.  21-22.  IH.  16:275- 
2^1,  pi.  23-24.  IV.  17:  3.58-3  2,  pi  21.  V.  20:  362-365,  pL 
26     VI.  31:  357-360,  pi.  2;-3S.    Vtl    2 '2  :  403-40 i,  pi  20. 

Sirrine.  Eaama,  and  Pammel,  Emma.  Some  anato- 
mical studies  of  the  leaves  of  Sporobolus  and  Panlcum. 
Proc.  la  A.cad.  Sci.  3:  148-159.  pi.  6.  1895  (Contrib. 
Bot.  Depart.  la.  State  Coll.  Agric  and  Mech  Arts, 
1:  148-159,  pi.  6.)  (Bibliography  of  this  subject  may  be 
found  in  this  paper.) 

Strrine,  Emma.  A  study  of  the  leaf  anatomy  of 
some  species  of  the  genus  Bromus   Proc    la.   Acad.  Sci.  F'S-  H- 

-1:  119-125  pi.  4-S.    (Contrib  Bot.  Depart.  la.   State  Coll.       Leaf  of  corn  showing 
Agric  and  Mpch.  Arts,  4:'119-125,  pi.  4-S.)  sheath,  ligule,  and  b.aie 

Pammel,  Emma.  A  co  up  irative  study  of  the  leaves  of  Lolium,  Pestuca.  and  Bro- 
mus. Proc.  la.  Acal  Sci.  t:  136-lU,  p'  f)-ll.  ( Joatrlb.  Bot.  Depart.  la  State  Coll. 
Agric.  and  Mech.  Arts,  -4:  121-131,  pi  9-11  ) 

Weaver,  C.  B  An  anatomical  study  of  the  leaves  of  some  species  of  the  genus 
Andropogon.  Proc  la.  Acad.  Sci  4: 132-137.  pi.  12-1.3.  (Oontrib.  Bot.  Depart  la.  State  Ooll. 
Agric.  and  Mech  Arts,  4:  132-137,  pi.  12-15.) 

Ball,  Oarleton  R  An  anat)mi:al  study  of  the  leaves  of  Eragro5tls.  Proc.  la. 
Acad.  Sol  4:  138-145,  pi.  Ifi-lS  (Ooatrib.  Bit  Depart.  la.  State  Ooll.  Agric.  aad  Mech. 
Arts,  4:  138-145,  pi  16-18) 

Ogden,  Miss  E.  L.  L^af  structure  of  Jouvea  aid  of  Eragrostls  obtuslfolla.  Bull. 
Dlv.  Agrost.  U.  S.  Depart.  Agric.  8:  12-30.  pi  8-9.) 


IOWA  ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  205 

The  sheath  in  cross  section  shows  (Plate  IX),  beginning  at  the 
inner  or  upper  surface,  the  epidermis  of  large,  thin-walled 
cells,  immediately  inside  of  which  is  stereome  in  patches,  which 
are  located  opposite  the  large  bundles  on  the  outer  side.  Then 
comes  the  inner  area  of  the  sheath,  made  up  of  large,  polygonal, 
colorless,  thin-walled  parenchyma  cells. 

The  outer  or  lower  surface  of  the  sheath  presents  an  entirely 
different  aspect  and  varies  greatly  with  the  variety  of  corn. 
Generally  speaking,  it  is  more  or  less  ribbed,  caused  by  the 
large  tibrovascular  bundles.  The  creases  have  colorless  uni- 
cellular hairs  which  are  usually  not  developed  on  the  epider- 
mis over  the  bundles.  The  epidermal  cells  are  small  and 
thick -walled,  serving  together  with  the  hairs  to  protect  the 
plant  against  drouth  and  other  injuries.  Beneath  the  outer 
epidermis  occur  the  bundles  referred  to  above,  usually  with 
intervening  smaller  ones,  but  this  varies  with  different  corns. 
For  example,  a  Mexican  corn  (No.  1)  shows  two  sizes  of  bundles 
not  connected  with  each  other,  forming  no  external  ridges,  and 
the  epidermis  shows  only  a  few  very  short  spur-like  hairs, 
while  a  form  from  South  America  shows  heavy  ridges,  many 
hairs,  and  only  one  kiad  of  regular  sized  bundles. 

In  all  cases  there  exists  an  area  of  stereome  between  the 
bundles  and  the  outer  epidermis. 

The  only  chlorophyll  in  the  sheath  is  located  in  the  chloro- 
phyll parenchyma  sheath  which  surrounds  the  bundles,  excej^t 
a  portion  on  the  outer  side  which  is  occupied  by  stereome. 

The  leaf -blade  is  made  up  of  the  midrib  or  keel  and  the  blade 
proper.  On  each  side  occur  the  veins  with  the  fibrovascular 
bundles.  A  cross  section  of  the  leaf  shows  the  keel  (Plate 
X),  on  the  upper  or  inner  surface  the  epidermal  cells  are  small, 
rather  thin-walled,  and  immediately  underlying  which  are  sev- 
eral layers  of  stereome  or  sclerotic  cells,  which  gradually 
increase  in  number,  and  toward  the  margin  of  the  keel  only 
occur  in  patches  over  the  large  bundles  on  the  lower  or  outer 
side,  and  as  the  keel  merges  into  the  blade  proper  the  stere- 
ome areas  unite  with  the  sheath  of  the  large  bundles.  On  the 
lower  or  outer  surface  the  epidermal  cells  are  thick-walled. 

Three  different  kinds  of  bundles  occur  within  the  keel, 
regularly  arranged  as  follows:  The  large,  perfect  bundles  con- 
nected with  the  lower  epidermis  by  a  broad  area  of  stereome, 
and  a  line  of  chlorophyll  parenchyma  down  each  side,  but  not 

15  [la.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  v.]  [July  19, 1898  ] 


206 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 


connected.     Midway  between  the  large  bundles  are  small  ones 
(Fig.  12),  connected  with  the  epidermis  by  a  narrow,  wedge- 

st. 


Fig.  12. 
Cross  section  of  keel,  lower  side,  showing  .secondary  bundle  with  its  parts,  sur- 
rounded by  mesophyll,  c.  p.  s.,  chlorophyll  parenchyma  sheath;  p.  phloem;  at.  stere- 
aome;  par.  colorless  parenchyma.    (Orii^inal.) 

shaped  area  of  stereome,  and  almost  surrounded  by  a  thick- 
walled  chlorophyll  parenchyma  sheath,  and  this  sheath  by 
another  thin- walled  one  which  might  be  called  the  mesophyll 
sheath. 

Midway  between  each  large  and  small  bundle  is  usually  a 
smaller  one,  isolated,  and  entirely  surrounded  by  a  double 
sheath,  one  of  thick-walled  chlorophyll  parenchyma,  and  the 
second  of  thin-walled  mesophyll.  These  are  true  mestome 
bundles,  like  those  of  the  blade  proper. 

The  area  not  occupied  by  stereome,  between  the  outer  epi- 
dermis and  the  bundles,  is  occupied  by  chlorophyll  parenchyma 
or  mestome. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES 


207 


Between  the  bundles  and  the  upper  or  inner  epidermis  is  the 
pith,  made  up  of  colorless  parenchyma;  this  makes  up  the 
body  of  the  keel. 

The  blade  proper,  in  surface  section  of  the  superior  or  inner 
face  (lower  figure,  Plate  XI),  shows  epidermal  cells  irregularly 
rectangular  in  shape,  with  a  wavy  or  dove-tailed  outline. 
Between  the  ends  of  the  cells  is  often  a  small,  spur-shaped  pro- 
tuberance or  hair.  The  long  stomata  are  located  between  the 
ends  of  the  cells  of  every  third  or  fourth  row.  Their  regu- 
larity in  shape  and  arrangement  is  more  or  less  interfered  with 
along  the  bullif  orm  areas.  In  addition  to  the  stomata,  which  are 
moisture  regulators  serving  also  in  the  exchange  of  gases,  rifts 
from  which  water  exudes  occur  at  the  apex  of  growing  corn 
leaves. 

The  bulliforra  areas  are  composed  of  from  three  to  seven 
row^s  of  polygonal  cells  with  thin  walls,  are  arranged  longitu- 
dinally with  the  leaf,  and  are  occasionally  interrupted  by  or 
grade  into  the  exserted  cells  about  the  base  of  the  large  hairs. 
These  areas  are  usually  about  fourteen  rows  of  epidermal 
cells  from  each  other,  and  are  located  alternately  with  the 
veinlets.  The  epidermis  of  the  lower  or  outer  face  is  much 
the  same  as  above,  except  that  bulliform  cells,  hairs,  and  spur- 
like hairs  or  tubercles,  are  wanting  and  the  walls  are  thicker. 


Fig.  13 
Cross  section  of  leaf  blade  showing:  f>,  normal  bulliform  area  with  t,  short  spur- 
like  hair;   ep.,  epidermal  cells   of  upper  surface;  c.  p.  s..  cholorophyll  parenchyma 
sheath  of  mestome  bundle  embedded  in  the  mesophyll;  m.,  mesophyll;  i.  s.,  Inter- 
cellular space;  8,  stoma. 


2D8  IOWA   ACADEMY    OF  SCIENCES. 

In  cross  section  (upper  figure,  Plate  XI),  the  epidermal  cells 
of  the  two  sides  appear  much  alike  in  shape  and  size,  the  lower 
having  a  much  thicker  cuticle,  and  no  hairs  or  b  dliform  cells. 

The  upper  or  inner  surface  presents  the  bulliform  cells  in 
various  forms  according  to  the  variety  of  corn,  varying  from 
the  wedge  shaped,  sunken  cells  to  those  somewhat  exserted 
and  rectangular.  Along  each  side  of  the  bulliform  area  is  often 
a  row  of  short,  spur-like  hairs.  The  function  of  the  bulliform 
cells  is  to  fold  or  roll  up  the  leaf.  When  there  is  much  evap 
oration  the  water  from  these  cells  is  readily  given  off,  and  the 
leaf  rolls  up,  exposing  only  the  outer  or  lower  epidermis,  which 
is  thick  and  smooth,  and  thus  reduces  transjDiration  very  mater- 
ially. 

Beneath  the  bulliform  cells  is  a  line  of  colorless  parenchyma. 
The  veinlets  or  nerves  have  well  developed  fibrovascular  bundles 
with  areas  of  stereome  or  sclerenchyma,  both  above  and  below, 
which  connect  with  the  epidermis,  and  a  line  of  thick-walled 
chlorophyll  parenchyma  on  each  side.  The  small  mestome 
bundles  are  numerous,  and  about  every  sixth  has  more  or  less 
stereome  between  it  and  the  epidermis,  mostly  on  the  lower  or 
outer  side.  The  other  mestome  bundles  vary  somewhat  in  size 
according  to  their  proximity  to  bulliform  cells.  They  are 
completely  surrounded  by  the  thick  walled  chlorophyll  paren- 
chyma sheath,  and  the  mesophyll  sheath  also,  but  those  con- 
nected with  the  epidermis  are  only  partly  surrounded. 

EXPLANATION    OF    PLATES. 


Plate  IX.  Cross  section  of  corn  leaf  sheath  showing  fibrovascular  bundle,  the  most 
common,  type  ep,  outer  or  lower  epidermis;  st,  stereome;  prp,  protophloem;  p, 
phloem,  c.  p.  8.,  chlorophyll  parenchyma  sheath;  d,  pitted  ducts;  a,  annular  ducts; 
i.  s.,  intercellular  space;  8.8.,  sclerotic  sheath;  par., colorless  parenchyma;  i  ep  , 
Inner  epidermis. 

PiiATE  X.  Cross  section  of  keel  showing  large  fibrovascular  bundle  with  a  mestome 
bundle  to  the  right.  (See  Fig.  12  for  small  bundle  )  Ep,  lower  epidermis;  prp,  proto- 
phloem; d,  pitted  ducts;  a,  annular  duct;  i.  s.,  intercellular  space;  8.  8.,  sclerotic 
sheath;  x,  xylem. 

Plate  XI.  Upper  fig.  Cross  seetion  of  the  leaf  blade  of  corn.  Ep,  upper  epidermis. 
b,  bulliform  area  surrounding  the  base  of  a  hair;  c.  p.,  colorless  parenchyma;  8.  8., 
sclerotic  sheath  (chlorophyll  bearing)  of  the  mestome  bundles;  par,  parenchyma 
Lower  fig.  Upper  surface  section  of  epidermis;  b,  bulliform  area;  ep,  epidermal 
cells;  8to,  stomata. 


Iowa  Academy  of  Sciences. 


Pl.ATE  IX. 


COMBS  ON  CORN   LEAF. 


Iowa  Academy  of  Sciences.' 


Pt.atk  X. 


COMBS  ON  CORN  LEAF, 


Iowa  Academy  of  Sciencks. 


Plate  XI. 


COMBS  ON  CORN  LEAF. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  209 


SOME  STUDIES  ON  THE  SEEDS  AND  FRUITS  OF 
BERBERIDACE^. 


BY  L.  H.  PAMMEL,  J.  R.  BURNIP  AND  HANNAH  THOMAS. 


Althoiigh  several  papers  bearing  on  the  anatomy  of  different 
organs  of  plants  of  this  order  have  been  published/  no  one 
has  studied  the  comparative  anatomy  of  the  seeds. 

It  gives  us  great  pleasure  to  acknowledge  the  kindness 
shown  us  by  Drs.  B.  L.  Robinson,  J.  K.  Small,  Mr.  G.  H. 
Hicks,  and  Prof.  C.  S.  Sargent  for  favors  shown  us  in  the  way 
of  obtaining  material  for  study  and  the  determination  of  some 
species;  the  free  access  to  and  use  of  the  library  of  the  Mis- 
souri Botanical  garden,  through  the  courtesy  of  the  director, 
Dr.  Trelease,  and,  finally,  the  faithful  work  in  drawing  the 
seeds  and  fruits  and  preparing  the  microscopic  details  for  the 
engraver  by  Miss  Charlotte  M.  King. 

The  literature  on  the  anatomy  of  seeds  is  somewhat  meager. 
Godfrin^  (1880)  has  given  us  an  account  of  BerhtrU  sinensis  and 
B  aquif' ilium.  He  states  that  the  testa  in  this  family  are  much 
alike.  His  figure  and  description  of  the  osteosclerid  layer  does 
not  agree  as  we  have  found  it  in  the  species  studied. 

He  gives  us  a  very  good  account  and  figure  of  the  epidermal 
cells  of  B.  aquifolium      He  speaks  of  the  epidermal  ceP-walls 

1  Decaisae,  J.  Memoire  sur  la  famille  des  LardizabaltSes  pr6cld6  de  remarques  sur 
Panatomie  compar6e  de  quelque  tiges  de  v^gt;taux  dicotyl6don6s.  Arch.  Mus.  Hist. 
Nat  Paris.     1 :143-213.    pL  10-13.    Separate  1839. 

Le  Maout  and  Decaisne,  J.  Traite  generali?  de  botanique  descriptive  et  analytique 
Paris,  376.    1868. 

Baillon,  H.  Remarques  sur  PcrKauIzation  des  Berberid^es.  Adansoaia  3:288— 
Histoired  pi.  ,3:43-76 

Prantl,  II.  Barberidaceae  ia  Eagler  aad  Praati,  Dienatuerlichea  Pflanzenfamiliea 
3:     70-77. 

Vesque,  J.     Oe  I'anatomie  des  tissues.    Nouvelles  Arch,  du  Mus(5um  II.    4:48-51. 

Van  Tieghem,  Ph.  E.  Recherches  sur  la  structure  du  pistil  et  sur  I'anatomie  com- 
pat^e  de  la  fleur.  Memoires  savants  etrange  ^cad.  Paris.  31:1-361.  Separate  35. 
pi.  2,  f.  47-50.    1371. 

2  Etude  histologique  sur  les  teguments  semlnaux  d.  angiospermes.  Bull.  Soc.  d.  Sci. 
d.  Nancy  5 :  188-189,  pi.  4.  f.  9-10. 


210  IOWA   ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES. 

as  being  slightly  lignified.  The  epidermal  cell-walls  in  B.  amu- 
rensis  and  B.  Thunbergii  studied  by  us  are  not  lignified. 
Brandza'  (1891)  also  speaks  of  a  lignification  of  the  cell- walls  of 
the  epidermis  in  B.  sinensis 

His  figure  and  description  indicate  that  the  osteosclerids  are 
round.  This  layer,  according  to  his  researches  on  the  develop- 
ment, forms  a  part  of  the  outer  integument.  The  pigment 
layer  to  the  inner  integument.  He  found  tannin  in  the  pig- 
ment layer  in  this  species  and  B.  aquifoUvm.. 

Brandza  also  studied  the  development  of  Epimedium  sulphu- 
reum.  Otto  Paul*  (1882)  describes  the  endosperm  of  B.  emargi- 
nata,  noting  that  the  cell-walls  may  be  differentiated  into  three 
parts,  and  that  the  contents  consists  of  fat  and  protein. 

W,  Hirsch^  (1890)  has  given  an  excellent  account  of  B. 
vulgaris,  in  which  he  notes  that  the  cells  of  the  lower  part  of 
the  endosperm  rapidlj^  absorb  water,  swell,  and  finally  collapse. 
These  cells  transfer  nutrient  material  to  the  embryo  during 
germination,  and  also  gives  it  more  space  so  that  it  can 
expand. 

J.  Holferf'  (1890)  studied  the  seeds  of  the  same  species  with 
special  reference  to  the  nutrient  layer,  but  he  also  studied 
other  parts  of  the  testa.  He  distinguishes  six  layers  as  fol- 
lows: (1)  Epidermal  cells  strongly  cuticularized;  (2)  a  single 
row  of  parenchyma  cells,  the  walls  becoming  mucilaginous;  (3) 
nutrient  layer;  (4)  osteosclerids  correctly  figured  and 
described;  (5)  obliterated  nutrient  layer,  or  pigment  layer;  (6) 
several  rowed  nutrient  layer  with  colorless  cell- walls. 

Marloth'  (1883)  recognized  four  layers,  the  two  inner  con- 
sisting of  cells  with  delicate  walls.  He  also  describes  the 
epidermal  cells,  and  the  somewhat  thick-walled  parenchyma 
cells.  Berberis  is  classed  in  his  fourth  group,  in  which  the 
protective  features  occur  in  the  testa,  endosperm  abundant, 
but  cell-walls  not  thickened.  John  Lubbock**  figures  and 
describes  the  seeds  of  several  of  our  species.     The  seeds  of  B. 


3D6veloppement  des  teguments  de  la  graine.  Revue  generale  de  Bot.  3:  76-78.  pi. 
5,  /.  1-4. 

4Vergleichende  Untersuchungen  uber  das  Endosperm  Inaug.    Dis.  Goettingen  37. 

5  Untersuchungen  ueber  die  Frage  welche  Elnrichtungen  bestehen  behufs  Ueberf  ii- 
hrunlg  d.  In  dem  Spelchergewebe  d.  Samen  nledergelegten  Reservestoffe  in  d.  Embryo 
b.  d.  Kei  Diss  Inaug.  Dls.  Erlangen. 

6 Die  Nahrschicht  d.  Samenschalen.  Inaug.  Dis.  Erlangen  Flora.  4:  1890.  Mar- 
burg 26.    pi.  f.  10-11. 

7Ueber  mechanlsohe  Schuetzmlttel  d.  Samen  gegen  schiidliche  Elnfliisse  von  aussen. 
Engler  Bot.  Jahrb.     1 :225-364. 

8  A  Contribution  to  Our  Knowledge  of  S8edllng3.    London.     1:103-1U.    f.  1-12-14-1. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  211 

aquifolium  and  B.  vuglaris  are  figured  in  a  general  way. 
B.  erecta,  B  concinna,  B.  sibirica.  as  well  as  Podophyllum  emodi, 
are  described. 

Brandza,  Avho  studied  the  development  of  Berberis  and 
Epimedium,  considers  that  the  testa  consists  of  two  integuments. 
The  epidermal  layer,  the  outer  nutrient  layer  and  osteosclerids 
belong  to  the  outer  integument;  the  pigment  layer  and  the 
collapsed  parenchyma  cells  belong  to  the  inner  integument. 

Some  excellent  details  of  development  are  given  by  Dr. 
Gray^  in  his  genera  of  North  American  plants. 

In  matters  of  synonomy  and  arrangement  we  have  followed 
Gray  and  Robinson^"  so  far  as  it  relates  to  American  species. 

BERBERIS   CANADENSIS  PuTSh.^^ 

Fruit  and  Seed  Characters. — Berry  short-oval  or  sometimes 
globular,  scarlet,  two  to  three  lines  long,  small,  loose  racemes, 
one  to  several  seeded.  Seeds  oblong,  shining,  two  lines  long, 
obtusely  three- sided,  raphe  on  obtuse  inner  angle,  chalaza  at 
tip,  micropyle  and  hilum  adjacent,  hilar  pit  with  rounded, 
thickened  border 

Epidermis. — Cells  elongated,  slightly  irregular  on  the  margin, 
cuticle  of  uniform  thickness,  sharply  demarcated  from  the 
remainder  of  the  cell  wall.  The  cuticularized  layer  is  thicker 
and  lighter  in  color,  layer  within  uniform  in  thickness  except 
where  "cones"  project  into  the  lateral  walls.  The  layer  within 
cuticularized  portion  is  brown  in  color,  uniform  in  thickness. 
The  walls  are  marked  by  conspicuous  pore  canals.  The  inter- 
nal narrow  zone  is  lighter  in  color  than  the  outer  part.  This 
wall  forms  the  separating  line  of  adjoining  cells  and  contains 
pore  canals.  The  cells  contain  some  coloring  matter  and  pro- 
tein substances,  the  latter  being  always  reduced  to  a  minimum, 
also  an  abundance  of  tannin. 

Nutrient  layer. — The  cells  are  large  and  somewhat  irregular, 
walls  are  brown,  the  c  ivity  brown,  containing  a  large  amount 
of  pigment  and  some  protein  matter.  This  layer  may  be  sep- 
arated into  two  parts.  In  the  lower  portion  the  cells  are  com- 
pressed and  thick- walled.  Tannin  also  occurs  in  this  portion 
of  the  nutrient  layer. 

Osfeosclerid. — Consists  of  one  layer  of  cells,  broad  at  the 
upper  end,  where  the  walls  of  adjoining  cells   usually  unite; 

9  The  Genera  of  the  Plants  of  the  United  States.    1 :77-90.    pi.  31-36 

10  Synoptical  Flora  of  North  America.    1 :66-72. 

n  Gray.    The  Genera  of  the  Plants  of  the  Uaited  States  1 :  79.    pi.  31,  f.  10-12. 


212 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 


the  cell  cavity  is  very  much  reduced;  has  triangular  intercellu- 
lar spaces  where  the  walls  are  united.  Cells  contain  some 
brown  pigment. 

Pigment  layer. — This  layer  belongs  to  the  inner  integument, 
and  consists  of  narrow,  thick-walled,  elongated  cells  much 
darker  in  color  than  cells  of  nutrient  and  osteosclerid  layers. 

Parenchyma  layer. — The  cells  of  this  layer  are  much  com- 
pressed, and  can  only  be  made  out  on  the  addition  of  chloral 
hydrate.  The  cells  are  thin- walled  and  variable  as  to  shape  in 
different  portions  of  the  seed. 

Endosperm.- — The  cells  of  en- 
iosperm  are  much  alike,  the  first 
layer,  aleurone,  somewhat  small- 
er, walls  greatly  thickened  with 
longitudinal  stri^ ;  the  cells  con- 
tain no  starch,  but  an  abundance 
of  protein  and  fat.  A  narrow 
zone  of  endosperm  next  to  the 
embryo  consists  of  thick-walled, 
elongated  cells.  The  cell  cavity 
in  most  cases  being  reduced  to  a 
narrow  line. 

Embryo. — The  cells  are  quite 
uniform  as  to  size,  nearly  isodia- 
metric,  cell  walls  thinner  than  in 
endosperm,  densely  packed  with 
fat  and  protein  grains.  Procam- 
bial  bundles  in  central  part  of 
the  caulicle. 


BERBERIS  AMURENSTS   Eiqjr. 

Fruit  and  seed  characters.  — 
Berry  light  scarlet,  in  loose 
racemes,  ellipsoidal,  4-5  lines 
long,  usually  two  seeded. 
Seeds  oblong- obovoid,  light 
brown,  obtusely  two  or  more 
sided,  convex  on  one  side,  and 
more  or  less  flattened  on  the 
other;  the  raphe  extending  along 
one  edge  of  the  flattened  side, 
chalaza    at    the    apex.       Seeds 

brown,  three   lines  long,  hilum   and   micropyle   adjacent 
former  a  depressed  cavity  with  a  raised  border. 


Fig.  14     BerbTis  amurensls.  for  de- 
scription see  explanation  of  plates. 


the 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  213 

Epidermis. — The  palisade-like  epidermal  cells  with  thickened 
exterior  walls,  the  latter  much  thinner;  occasionally  with  thin 
cross-walls  so  that  the  epidermal  layer  consists  of  two  layers. 
The  cuticle  of  uniform  thickness,  the  cuticularized  layer 
strongly  developed,  lighter  in  color  than  cellulose  layers. 
But  all  of  the  walls  carry  more  or  less  pigment,  with  an  abund- 
ance of  tannin. 

Nutrient  layer.  — This  consists  of  two  portions,  the  cells  of 
upper  i^art  larger  and  thinner  than  lower.  In  ripe  seed  very 
much  compressed,  but  can  be  made  out  readily  by  treating  with 
chloral  hydrate.  Cells  contain  pigment,  tannin,  and  protein 
grains,  though  the  latter  are  not  abundant. 

Osteosclcrid. — This  consists  of  a  single  row  of  cells  and  does 
not  differ  essentially  from  that  of  B.  canad<-nsis.  The  cell- walls 
are  much  lighter  in  color  than  the  pigment  layer,  and  with  a 
small  cell  cavity;  in  some  cases  the  cells  are  not  triangular  in 
shape,  but  I- shaped,  as  in  many  leguminous  seeds. 

Pigment  layer. — Cells  elongated,  thick  walled,  two  or  more 
rows.  The  walls,  colored  dark  brown,  when  treated  with  ferric 
chloride  show  an  abundance  of  tannin. 

Endosperm. — The  bulk  of  the  endosperm  consists  of  thick- 
walled  cells  which  color  blue  with  chloride  of  zinc,  consisting 
of  cellulose.  The  lower  part  of  endosperm  consists  of  smaller 
elongated  cells.  As  stated  by  Hirsch,  these  cells  collapse 
readily,  and  not  only  serve  to  convey  nutrient  material  to  the 
growing  embryo,  but  to  make  room  for  its  expansion.  The 
aleurone  layer  does  not  differ  essentially  from  most  of  the  cells 
of  endosperm,  except  that  the  cells  are  somewhat  smaller. 
Cells  contain  fat  and  protein  grains. 

Embryo  — The  cells  of  first  row  with  thick  walls  uniform  in 
size,  those  below  larger  and  irregular  in  shape  Cells  contain 
fat  and  protein  cell-walls  and  starch.     Tannin  absent. 

BERBERIS   VULGARIS   L.^'~ 

Fruit  and-'ieed  characters.  — Baccate  fruit,  born  in  a  loose  raceme, 
scarlet,  four  to  five  lines  long,  two  to  three  seeded;  seeds  light 
brown,  ovate,  two  to  three  sided,  two  to  two  and  one-half  lines 
long;  testa  minutely  roughened;  h'lum  and  micropyle  in  lower 
narrow  end;  the  hilum  forms  a  depressed  round  cavity  with  a 
raised  border. 


19  j  Holfert.  26 
^^  (  Hirsch,  19. 


214  IOWA  ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

Epidermis  — Palisade-like  cells  elongated,  larger  than  in  B. 
canadensis,  occasionally  divided.  The  cuticle  of  uniform  thick- 
ness. The  cuticularized  layer  somewhat  undulating,  lighter  in 
color  than  cuticle,  somewhat  thicker  than  cellulose  layers. 
The  cuticle  is  darker  in  color  than  cuticularized  portion.  The 
internal  layer  of  cell-wall  is  narrow  and  brown.  Cells  mostly 
empty  except  the  pigment  and  a  few  protein  grains. 

Nutrient  layer. — This  is  made  up  of  two  parts.  The  cells  of 
the  upper  are  somewhat  irregular,  comparatively  thin- walled. 
Cells  in  lower  part  elongated,  thicker- walled.  Cell-walls  con- 
tain a  brown  pigment.  Vascular  elements  carried  in  this  layer. 
These  color  rose  on  the  addition  of  phlorglucin  and  hydro- 
chloric acid. 

Osteosclerid. — This  consists  of  a  single  layer  of  thick-walled 
cells,  with  a  large  triangular  intercellular  space  below,  owing 
to  the  occurrence  of  a  cell  with  a  large  diameter  above  and  a 
narrower  one  below.     Cell-walls  nearly  colorless. 

Pigment  layer. — Cells  elongated,  thick-walled,  one  to  two  rows 
of  cells.  Walls  colored  brown.  Some  pigment  also  contained 
in  cell  cavity. 

Parenchyma  layer  — Just  below  the  pigment  layer  occur  thin- 
walled  cells  variable  in  size.  This  layer  is  very  granular,  and 
contains  much  more  protein  than  occurs  in  nutrient  layer. 
Holfert  also  classes  this  as  a  nutrient  layer. 

Endosperm. — The  greater  part  of  the  seed  is  made  up  of 
endosperm.  Cells  of  first  row  somewhat  smaller.  Walls  uni- 
formly thickened,  differentiated  into  three  parts.  The  bulk  of 
the  endosperm  consists  of  cells  larger  than  aleurone  The 
internal  part  of  the  endosperm  with  smaller  elongated  cells. 
Cells  contain  fat  and  protein  grains 

Embryo  — The  cells  of  this  layer  do  not  differ  essentially 
from  those  of  B.  canadensis  and  H  amurensis. 

BERBERIS    THUNBERGII    DC. 

Fruit  and  seed  characters. — Fruit  baccate,  bright  orange- 
scarlet,  oval  or  elliptical,  four  to  five  lines  long,  one-seeded. 
Seeds  terete,  four  lines  long,  nearly  obovate;  testa  shining 
dark  brown,  terete  in  outline,  minutely  pitted;  micropyle  and 
hilum  basal  and  adjacent,  with  a  thickened  margin. 

Epidermis.— QqW^  large,  somewhat  longer  than  broad,  vari- 
able as  to  size;  internal  walls  thin,  outer  wall  thickened;  com- 
posed of  four  parts,  the  outer  cuticle  well  developed;  the  cuti 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OP   SCIENCES.  215 

cularized  portion  below  is  narrow,  of  even  thickness;  the  inter- 
mediate layer  is  thicker  and  stratified,  but  not  so  much  as  in  B. 
nervosa.  The  internal  walls  are  much  thicker  than  in  B.  vulgaris. 
Cells  and  walls  carry  a  large  amount  of  pigment.  The  cells 
contain  some  protein  matter. 

Nutrient  layer. — First  row  of  cells  irregular,  large,  rather 
thick-walled.  Cells  below  longer  with  walls  of  about  the  same 
thickness;  this  layer  contains  the  vascular  elements;  on  the 
addition  of  phlorglucin  and  hydrochloric  acid  the  walls  of  these 
elements  color  rose  purple.  In  addition  to  these  layers  an- 
other occurs,  the  cells  of  this  are  much  smaller  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding, not  elongated  radially,  walls  irregularly  thickened 
and  brown. 

Osteosclerid. — Consists  of  a  single  layer  of  cells.  Walls 
much  thickened  with  a  large  triangular  space.  Cell-cavity 
very  small.     Cell-walls  colored  brown. 

Pigment  layer. — This  consists  of  a  narrow  zone  of  one  or  two 
rows  of  cells,  greatly  elongated,  with  thick  walls,  deeply  dark 
brown  colored. 

Parenchyma  layer. — Occurs  below  the  pigment  layer,  and  is 
composed  of  three  or  four  row^s  of  cells.  This  layer  is  much 
compressed.  In  most  cases  cells  contain  granular  protein 
grains. 

Endosperm — First  row,  the  aleurone  layer  of  smaller  cells 
than  remainder  of  endosperm,  filled  with  protein  grains  and 
fat.  In  some  cases  a  few  tannin  and  pigment  cells  occur.  It  is 
very  unusual  for  endosperm  to  contain  pigment.  The 
cell-walls  of  remainder  of  endosperm  thick-walled.  The  walls 
color  blue  with  iodine  and  sulphuric  acid,  and  chlorodide  of 
zinc.  The  internal  part  of  endosperm  consists  of  thick- 
walled  elongated  narrow  cells. 

Embryo.— ¥\Ti=,i  row  of  cells  smaller.  The  exterior  walls 
thickened.  All  these  cells  contain  fat  and  protein  grains  but 
no  starch.  The  walls  consist  of  cellulose.  Rudimentary  bun- 
dles also  occur  in  the  caulicle,  but  lignification  has  not  taken 
l^lace 

BERBERis  CERASiNA  Schrader? 

Fruit  and  seed  characters. — Baccate  fruit,  bluish-scarlet,  glob- 
ular, borne  in  a  long  and  loose  raceme;  berry  ten  lines  long,  one 
or  two-seeded.  Seed  brown,  shining,  five  lines  long,  terete  or  one 
side  flattened,  the  other  convex;  micropyle  and  hilum  adjacent; 


216  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

the  hilum  forming  a  prominent  pit  with  raised  border.  Micro- 
scopically this  seed  does  not  differ  essentially  from  B.  vulgaris. 
The  epidermal  cells  frequently  with  a  cell- wall  across  the  mid- 
dle.    Cell- walls  slightly  stratified 

Nutrient  laijer. — Cells  as  in  B.  vulgaris.  The  osteosclerid 
layer  shows  elongated,  as  well  as  triangular,  intercellular 
spaces. 

ParencJu/ma  lauer. — Consists  of  a  granular  narrow  zone  of 
small  cells.  The  endosperm  is  divided  into  two  parts;  the 
inner,  of  elongated  cells;  the  first  row  of  cells  of  embryo 
smaller  than  those  underneath. 

BERBERIS    AQUIFOLIUM  Pursh. 

Fruit  and  seed  characters. — Fruit  baccate,  borne  in  rather 
short  racemes,  ovate  or  ellipsoid,  smooth,  deep  purple  or  blue, 
with  a  glaucous  bloom;  usually  four  to  six  seeded;  seed  oblong- 
obovoid,  obtusely  three-sided, two  lines  long.  Testa  pale  brown 
and  somewhat  shining;  micropyle  and  hilum  adjacent.  The 
latter  forms  a  depression  with  a  thick  dar-i  margin.  The  raphe 
extending  along  the  obtuse  inner  edge,  chalaza  at  the  apex. 

Epidermis — Cells  very  thick- walled,  brown.  Cuticle  well 
developed,  slightly  irregular.  The  second  layer  of  cell-wall 
not  well  developed,  lighter  in  color  than  the  third.  This  pro- 
jects in  the  form  of  cones  down  between  the  thickened  third 
layer  of  cell -wall  The  third  layer  is  very  much  thickened, 
with  small  radiating  canals,  as  well  as  very  evident  stratifica- 
tion. The  internal  wall,  or  fourth  layer,  is  very  narrow.  The 
cell  cavity  is  very  much  reduced;  it  reaches  its  greatest  length 
in  the  central  portion  of  the  cell.  In  some  cases  it  has  thinner 
walls  on  lateral  sides.  The  great  thickening  of  the  cell-wall, 
evident  stratification  and  small  cell-cavity  characterize  this 
species  and  others  studied  of  the  sub-genus  Mahonio. 

Nutrient  I  njer. — This  consists  of  several  rows  of  cells,  those 
of  the  first  layer  elongated  and  much  larger  than  the  succeed- 
ing. Decidedly  irregular.  The  cells  in  lower  portion  elon- 
gated, thinner- walled.     Cells  carry  considerable  pigment. 

Osteosclerid. — This  layer  does  not  differ  essentially  from  those 
IDreviously  described.  It  consists  of  a  single  row  of  cells  with 
greatly  thickened  walls,  and  a  small  cell  cavity,  and  the  char- 
acteristic intercellular  space. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  217 

Pigment  layer  — Several  rows  of  much  compressed,  thick- 
walled,  elongated  cells  of  darker  color  than  the  nutrient  layer. 

Parenchyma  layer. — Much  compressed  cells  with  granular 
contents  of  protein  grains,  somewhat  variable  in  thickness. 

Endosperm. — This  constitutes  the  bulk  of  the  seed;  the  first 
row  of  cells  does  not  differ  essentially  from  those  beneath, 
except  that  they  are  somewhat  smaller.  In  the  lower  portion 
of  endosperm,  the  cells  are  smaller,  elongated,  and  thinner- 
walled.  The  thick  walls  of  the  endosperm  cells  are  differen- 
tiated into  three  parts,  the  inner  being  much  more  strongly 
developed.  On  the  addition  of  sulphuric  acid  and  iodine,  the 
walls  color  blae  The  cells  do  not  contain  starch,  but  protein 
grains  and  fat. 

Embryo.  — Does  not  differ  from  other  species  studied. 

BERBERIS   REPENS  Lilldl 

Baccate  fruit  in  a  comparatively  short  raceme,  blue  with  a 
glaucous  bloom,  four  to  five  lines  long,  five  or  more  seeded. 
Seeds  dark  brown,  ovate,  elliptical  or  quadrangular,  curved  at 
base,  two  lines  long,  two  or  more  sided,  obtuse  or  somewhat 
angular;  dorsal  side  convex.  Testa  minutely  roughened, 
prominent  raphe  on  one  side,  chalaza  at  the  tip.  Micropyle 
and  hilum  adjacent,  hilar  pit  small  with  a  well  marked  border. 

Epidermis. — This  species  does  not  differ  from  the  preceding. 
The  cuticle  is  well  developed.  The  remainder  of  cell-wall 
enormously  thickened;  the  third  layer  of  wall  shows  prominent 
stratification;  the  cell-cavity  is  much  reduced,  the  walls  colored 
brown. 

Nutrient  layer. — This  layer  seems  to  be  suppressed  in  some 
places.  The  cells  are  not  so  regular  as  in  other  species.  In 
some  cases  they  are  more  elongated,  in  others  are  the  character- 
istic triangular  intercellular  spaces;  the  cell-cavity  in  this  spe- 
cies is  larger  than  in  other  species  of  the  sub-genus.  The  epi- 
dermal cells  are  much  longer,  and  as  regards  stratification,  it  has 
reached  its  highest  development  in  this  species.  It  would  not 
be  difficult  to  separate  this  species  from  the  other  members  of 
this  sub -genus  by  the  characters  here  presented. 

Pigment  layer. — Cells  narrow,  elongated,  thick-walled,  brown. 
An  abundance  of  tannin. 

Parenchyma  layer. — A  much  compressed  layer.  Cells  carry- 
ing a  large  amount  of  granular  matter,  consisting  -mostly  of 
protein  grains. 


218  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

Endosperm. — This  does  not  differ  from  preceding  species,  as 
to  shape,  size  and  contents  of  cells. 
Embryo. — Agrees  with  B.  aquifolium. 

B.   NERVOSA    Pursh. 

Fruit  and  seed  characters. — Baccate  fruit,  borne  in  a  long 
raceme,  blue  with  glaucous  bloom,  globular  three  to  four  lines 
long,  one  to  two  seeded.  Seeds  brown,  oblong,  curved  at 
base,  two  lines  long,  two-sided  or  terete;  raphe  extends  along 
the  edge  of  the  narrow  side,  prominent.  Testa  shining,  slightly 
pitted,  chalaza  at  tip  of  seed,  hilum  and  micropyle  adjacent. 
The  hilar  pit  smaller  than  in  H.  Thunbergii. 

Epidermis. — ^The  cuticle  well  developed,  forming  a  continu- 
ous zone  on  the  outer  surface,  followed  by  a  straw-colored 
stratified  layer,  which  reaches  its  greatest  thickness  where  the 
walls  separate,  giving  this  portion  a  concave  appearance. 
The  third  layer  is  also  strongly  stratified,  darker  in  color  and 
decidedly  uneven,  presenting  the  appearance  of  a  series  of 
cone-shaped  depressions,  around  which  the  lines  curve.  A 
narrow  connection  occurs  between  this  and  the  middle  portion 
of  cells,  where  the  wall  is  thicker  than  below.  This  again 
connects  with  a  thickening  in  lower  part  of  wall.  The  internal 
part  of  wall  is  lighter  in  color  and  strongly  stratified;  walls  are 
greatly  thickened,  with  a  small  cell-cavity.  The  cells  are 
lighter  in  color  than  in  nutrient  and  pigment  layers. 

Nutrient  layer. — Structure  same  as  in  last  species.  Cell- 
walls  much  darker  in  color  in  lower  part  of  parenchyma. 

Parenchyma  layer. — This  layer  is  much  compressed,  and  con- 
sists of  thin-walled  cells.  In  some  places  poorly  defined. 
Cells  contain  protein  grains. 

Endosperm. — First  layer  of  cells  smaller,  with  thickened  outer 
walls,  cells  below  larger  except  a  narrow  zone  next  to  the 
embryo;  the  latter  are  elongated,  thick  walled,  and  contain  but 
a  small  amount  of  granular  matter.  The  cells  of  endosperm 
contain  no  starch,  but  an  abundance  of  fat  and  protein  grains. 
Cell-walls  made  up  of  cellulose. 

Embryo  — First  row  of  cells  regular,  somewhat  longer  than 
broad,  with  thickened  outer  walls,  much  smaller  than  those 
below,  filled  with  protein  grains  and  fat,  but  no  starch. 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OP   SCIENCES.  219 

CAULOPHYLLUM    THALICTROIDES    MicllX. 

Fruit  and  seed  characters. — Dr.  Gray^^ong  ago  called  attention 
to  the  disappearance  of  the  thin  pericarp  soon  after  fertilization 
owing  to  the  pressure  of  the  growing  seed.  The  ovary  con- 
tains two  stalked  ovules  Seeds  at  maturity  three  lines  long, 
stalked,  globular,  blue,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  four 
lines  in  diameter.  The  bony  inner  part  of  the  testa  dark  brown, 
hard,  with  a  conspicuous  white  horny  endosperm. 

Epidermis. — Cells  somewhat  longer  than  broad,  thick- walled, 
brown.  The  cuticle  even,  cuticularized  layer  thicker  than 
internal  layer.     Cell  cavity  much  reduced. 

Nutrient  layer. — Variable  in  thickness.  This  is  followed  by 
thick- walled  parenchyma  cells;  containing  more  pigment  than 
the  parenchyma  cells.     The  osteosclerid  layer  absent. 

Nucellav  layer  — This  is  very  much  reduced  and  compreseed. 
The  cells  contain  a  large  amount  of  protein  in  the  shape  of 
small  grains. 

Endosjjerm. — The  bulk  of  the  seed  consists  of  endosperm. 
The  cells  are  very  thick-walled,  and  on  the  addition  of  water, 
swell.  The  cells  of  internal  part  of  endosperm  are  elongated, 
smaller  and  thicker  walled. 

JEFFERSONIA  BiNATA  Barton. 

Fruit  stipitate,  coriaceouSj  obovate,  dehiscent  by  a  slit  at  the 
top,  with  a  persistent  short  style,  seven  lines  long.  Seeds 
numerous,  slightly  curved,  oblong  arillate  laterally,  three  lines 
long.  Testa  brown,  shining,  longitudinally  wrinkled.  Hilum 
in  a  depressed  cavity  on  outer  side  the  persistent  straw-colored 
arillus. 

Epidermis. — The  cells  are  rather  short,  exterior  wall  greatly 
thickened,  the  cuticle  covering  the  surface  evenly,  darker  in 
color  than  the  cuticularized  layer.  The  internal  wall  narrower 
and  arched  above.     Cell  cavity  considerably  reduced. 

Nutrient  layer. — This  is  more  strongly  developed  than  in  Gau- 
lophyllum  or  Diphylleia,  consists  usually  of  about  six  rows  of 
cells.  The  first  layer  of  cells  does  not  differ  materially  from 
those  below.  The  walls  show  peculiar  thickenings  in  the 
angles;  resembling  the  mechanical  element  collenchyma  found 
in  different  plants.     Walls  colored  brown. 

13  The  Genera  of  the  Plants  of  the  United  States.    81.    pi.  32. 


220  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

Osteosclerid. — The  cells  of  this  are  thick- walled  and  have  the 
shape  of  an  I,  like  the  cells  of-  the  second  layer  in  the  testa  of 
leguminous  seeds.  The  narrow  parts  meet  below,  allowing-  an 
intercellular  space  between  the  projecting  arms.  These  cells 
are  much  smaller  than  those  of  Berberis. 

Pigment  layer. — This  consists  of  short,  thick- walled  cells 
radially  elongated,  carrying  more  pigment  than  the  cells  of  the 
parencnyma  layer. 

Parenchyma  layer. — Not  strongly  developed  and  varies  in 
thickness  in  difier  nt  parts  of  the  seed.  The  cells  are  elon- 
gated, but  somewhat  irregular;  contain  protein  grains. 

Endosperm. — This  makes  up  the  bulk  of  the  seed,  is  a  pure, 
white,  hard  substance.  Cell -walls  greatly  thickened,  differen- 
tiated into  three  well-defined  portions.  The  cells  contain  fat 
and  protein  grains,  but  no  starch.  The  first  layer  of  cells  of 
endosperm  does  not  differ  materially  from  the  remainder. 
There  is,  however,  a  slight  difference  in  the  cells  of  the  endo- 
sperm next  to  the  embryo;  these  are  smaller  and  radially 
elongated. 

DIPHYLLEIA   CYMOSA    Michx. 

Fruit  and  seed  characters  — Baccate  fruit  blue,  four  to  six 
lines  long,  by  four  to  five  lines  oblong  or  globose,  usually  two- 
seeded.  Seeds  oblong,  curved  at  the  base,  usually  two-sided. 
Testa  reddish,  wrinkled.  Hilum  with  a  white  scar,  in  a  some- 
what depressed  cavity,  and  a  conspicuous  tubercle  towards  the 
dorsal  side. 

Epidermis. — The  epidermal  cells  are  rather  short,  in  some 
cases  elongated,  and  in  others  isodiametric.  The  cuticle  well 
developed,  and  as  in  Berberis  the  wall  is  differentiated  into  three 
parts.  The  portion  below  the  cuticle  is  thicker  and  lighter  in 
color.  The  middle  portion  of  the  wall  is  irregularly  thickened, 
producing  cone-like  projections  between  the  lateral  walls.  The 
internal  wall  is  somewhat  brownish  and  strongly  stratified. 

Nutrient  layer. — The  cells  of  this  layer  are  thinner-walled, 
considerably  elongated;  the  layer  is  variable  in  thickness,  con- 
sisting of  three  or  four  rows  of  cells. 

Osteosclerid. — This  layer  so  characteristic  in  the  Berberis^  does 
not  appear  in  this  genus. 

Pigment  ta?/er.— This  is  but  slightly  differentiated. 

Endosperm. — Well  developed,  differentiated  into  two  parts. 
The  first  row  of  cells,   aleurone,  next  to  the  testa,  does  not 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  221 

differ  materially  from  the  remainder,  except  that  the  cells  are 
somewhat  smaller.  The  cell-walls  of  endosperm  are  thick- 
walled,  usually  somewhat  longer  than  broad,  first  row  of  cells 
uniform.  Cell  walls  colorless,  consist  of  cellulose.  Cell  con- 
tains fat  and  protein  grains. 

PODOPHYLLUM  PELTATUM  L.^* 

Fruit  large,  ovate;  a  fleshy  berry.  Seed  white,  enveloped 
by  a  pulpy  arillus,  which  on  drying  becomes  membranaceous. 
Some  writers  do  not  admit  that  this  is  a  true  arillus.  Seeds 
elongated,  three  by  one  and  three-fourths  lines  long,  white.  The 
upper  end  of  the  seed  larger  than  the  lower,  somewhat  irregular. 

Epidermis. — Cells  much  larger  than  in  Jeffersonia,  light 
colored,  cuticle  somewhat  irregular,  darker  in  color  than  cellu- 
lose layer.     The  inner  layer  arched.     Cell  cavity  large. 

Nutrient  layer. — This  consists  of  two  layers  of  large  cells, 
longer  than  broad,  with  thin  walls.  Cells  contain  protein 
grains. 

Osteosderid.  — Apparently  absent. 

Figment  layer. — Does  not  differ  essentially  from  Jeffersonia, 

Endosperm. — Bulk  of  seed  is  made  up  of  white  endosperm. 
The  cells  of  first  layer,  aleurone,  are  smaller  than  the  remain- 
der except  that  portion  of  the  endosjierm  next  to  the  embryo. 
The  walls  are  thickened,  white.  Cells  contain  fat  and  protein 
grains.     Cell  walls  made  up  of  cellulose. 

Embryo. — First  row  of  cells  smaller,  and  form  a  continuous 
row.  The  cells  contain  fat  and  protein  grains,  but  no  starch. 
Cell- walls  made  up  of  cellulose. 

KEY   BASED   ON   ANATOMICAL   CHARACTERS. 

A.  Epidermal  cells  greatly  elongated. 

1.  Cell  cavity  of  epidermal  cells  large. 

a.  Stratification  of  epidermal  cell-walls  evident. 
B.  Thunbergii,  B.  amurensis. 

b.  Stratification  of  epidermal  cell-walls  not  evident. 
B.  canadensis,  B.  vulgaris,  B  cerasifna. 

2.  Cell-cavity  much  reduced  with  very  evident  stratification. 

B.  repens,  B.  aquifolium,  B.  nervosa. 

B.  Epidermal  cells  not  greatly  elongated. 
1.     Epidermal  cells  brownish  or  black. 

Small,  not  much  longer  than  broad,  brown, 

Jeffersonia. 

14  Gray.    The  Genera  of  the  Plants  of  the  United  States,  pi.  3o-36. 
16  Lla.  Acad.  Sc,  Vol.  v.]  '[July  20, 1898.1 


222  IOWA  ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

Longer  than  broad,  blackish, 

Cauloyhyllum. 
Isodiametric,  internal  layer  of  ex'erior  wall  stratified,  reddish, 

Diphylleia. 
2.     Epidermal  cells  light  colored,  large. 

Podophyllum. 

KEY  BASED  ON  FRUIT  CHARACTERS. 

A.  Fruit  a  berry,  1,  2,  3. 

1.  Scarlet,  acid  except  B.  Thunbergii 
Short  oval  or  globular.     B  canadensis. 
Ellipsoidal,  eight  to  ten  lines  long.     B.  amurensis. 
Ellipsoidal,  eight  to  ten  lines  long.     B.  vuglaris. 
Globular,  bluish  scarlet.     B.  cerasina. 

Oval  or  elliptical,  bright  scarlet      B    Thunbergii. 

2.  Blue,  or  bluish-black  with  glaucous  bloom. 

a.  Short. 

Ovate  or  elliptical,  eight  to  ten  lines  long. 

B.  aquifolium. 
Eight  to  ten  lines  long. 

B.  repeits. 

b.  Long. 

Fruit  globular,  few  seeded. 

B.  nervosa. 
Fruit  globular,  in  a  corymbiform  cyme. 

Diphylleia  cymosa. 

3.  Fruit  a  large,  fleshy  berry,  borne  singly. 

Podophyllum  peltatum. 

B.  Fruit  a  pod. 

Jetl'ersonia  binata. 

C.  Pericarp  deciduous, 

Caulophyllum  thalictroides. 

KEY   BASED  ON   SEED  CHARACTERS. 

A.  Seeds  arillate. 

L     Whole  seed  enveloped  by  a  pulpy  arillus. 

Podophyllum  peltatum, 
2.     Small  lateral  aril  at  base. 

Jeffersonia  binata. 

B.  Seeds  not  arillata,  1,  2. 

1.    Seeds  globose,  blue,  berry-like. 
Caulophyllum  thalictroides. 
a.     Hilum  of  same  color  as  seed. 

(1)    Seeds  usually  terete,  large,  obovate. 

B.  Thunbergii. 
Seeds  usually  terete  or  convex  dorsally. 
B.  cerasina. 


Iowa  Academy  of  Sciences. 


Plate  XI T. 


Iowa   Academy  of  Sciences 
I. 


Plate  XI IT. 


Iowa  Academy  or  Sciences. 


Plate  XIV. 


Iowa  Academy  of  Sciences. 


Plate  XV. 


Iowa  Atademy  of  Scirnces 
/ 


Tlate  XVI. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  223 

(2)     Seeds  not  terete. 

Shining,  oblong,  four  lines  long. 

B.  canadensis. 
Light  brown,  oblong,  three  lines  long. 

B.  amurensis 
Light  brown,  ovate,  four  to  five  lines  long. 

B.  vulgaris. 
Light  brown,  obovoid,  ten  lines  long. 

B.  nquifolium. 
Dark  brown,  oblong,  curved,  four  to  five  lines  long,  small. 

B.  repens. 
Brown  oblong,  curved  at  base,  four  lines  long,  large. 

B.  nervosa. 
h.      Seeds  reddish,  hilum  white. 

Diphylleia  cymosa. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 


Abbreviations  used  for  diflferent  parts  of  seed:  e,  epidermal  cell;  n,  nutrient  layer; 
o,  osteosclerid  layer;  v,  pigment  layer;  a,  aleurone  layer;  en,  endosperm;  ip,  inner 
integument;  em,  embryo, 

Plate  XII  Fig.  I.  Berberis  laxiflora  B.  canadensis;  ia,  seed;  h,  hilum.  Fig.  2.  B, 
esculenta,  (Hort.).  Fig.  3.  Form  of  B.  cerasina.  Fig.  4.  B.  cerasina.  Fig.  5.  B. 
thunbergii;  5a,  seed;  5b,  seed;  h,  hilum;  r.  rapln;  c,  cotyledons.  Fi?.  6  Diphyl- 
leia cymosa.  Fig.  7.  B.  vulgaris;  7a,  seed;  75,  seed;  r,  raphe;  m,  micropyle;  h, 
hilum,  Fie.  8.  B.  amurensis.  Fig.  9.  B.  aquifolia.  Fig.  10.  B.  repens.  Fig.  11.  B. 
nervosa.  Fig.  12.  Oaulophyllum  thalictroides.  Fig.  13.  Podophyllum  peltatum. 
Fig.  14.  B.  canadensis.    Fig.  15.  Jeffersonia  binata;  a,  arel;  h,  hilum. 

Plate  XIII.  Fig.  I.  Berberis  nervosa.  Fig.  II.  Form  of  B.  cerasina.  Fig.  III.  Podo- 
phyllum peltatum.    Fig.  IV.  B.  repens. 

Plate  XIV.    Fig.  I.  B.  canadensis.  Fig.  II.  B.  thunbergii.  Fig.  III.  Jeffersonia  binata. 

Plate  XV.  Fig.  I.  B.  vulgaris.  Fig.  II.  Diphylleia  cymjsa.  Fig.  III.  B.  aquifoUum. 
Fig.  IV.  Oaulophyllum. 

Plate  XVI.  Fig.  I.  Form  ot  Berberis  vulgaris.  Fig.  II.  B.  amurensis.  Fig,  III.  Fruit 
B.  vulgaris;  lllb,  seed;  h,  hilum;  III c,  cross  section  of  seed;  c,  embryo;  en, 
endosperm. 


224  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 


NOTES   ON   COCCID^   OCCURRING   IN  IOWA. 


HERBERT    OSBORN. 


Aside  from  the  interest  attaching  to  this  family  of  the  Hom- 
optera  as  a  remarkably  specialized  group  of  insects,  the  fact 
that  it  includes  some  of  the  most  destructive  insects  affecting 
woody  plants,  and  that  one  member  of  the  family,  the  San  Jose 
scale,  is  at  present  spreading  rapidly  throughout  the  eastern 
United  States,  and  a  most  serious  menace  to  the  fruit  interests 
of  Iowa,  is  sufficient  reason  for  giving  it  a  special  notice  at  this 
time.  It  seems  also  unnecessary  to  apologize  for  including  in 
this  article  some  matter  for  the  use  of  teachers,  students,  and 
others  who  may  be  called  upon  to  examine  scale  insects  in  con- 
nection with  the  popular  interest  that  is  bound  to  appear  with 
4ihe  further  extension  of  the  San  Jose  scale. 

The  Coccidas  in  general  are  scale -like  insects  that  with  few 
exceptions  become  permanently  fixed  to  the  bark  upon  which 
they  occur.  The  females  once  fixed  never  leave  the  point  of 
attachment  unless  it  be  to  move  from  leaf  to  twig  for  winter 
security,  but  the  males  undergo  a  very  marked  transformation 
and  appear  as  delicate  bodied  creatures  with  one  pair  of  wings. 

In  a  few  cases  as  with  the  mealy  bugs,  attachment  is  not 
permanent  and  no  scale  is  formed,  while  of  the  scaled  forms 
there  are  two  distinct  types,  the  shield  or  armored  scales 
(Diaspinas),  having  a  separated  waxy  scale,  and  the  unarmored 
scales  (Lecaninse),  having  the  waxy  secretion  not  separated 
from  the  body. 

Our  state  fauna  includes  representatives  of  all  the  sub- 
families, and  in  an  enumeration  of  the  species  we  can  point  out 
the  characteristics  and  give  such  details  of  generic  structure 
as  will  be  of  service  to  those  specially  interested. 

A  number  of  the  records  given  here  are  based  upon  specimens 
collected  by  Mr.  Wilmon  Newell. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  225 

COGGING. 

In  this  sub-family  the  adults  are  usually  active  and  remain 
distinctly  segmented  through  life,  but  in  Kermes  they  become 
fixed.  The  body  terminates  in  a  pair  of  lobes,  bearing  bristles, 
and  there  are  no  anal  plates. 

In  Orthezia  the  body  is  covered  with  calcareous  plates  of  very 
regular  pattern,  while  in  Dactylopius  there  is  a  waxy  secretion 
of  a  mealy  appearance,  easily  detached,  but  usually  forming 
quite  definite  marginal  appendages  on  each  segment. 

Kermes  differs  from  both  these  in  losing  the  segmentation 
of  the  body  in  the  adult  females,  the  body  becoming  globular, 
gall  like,  and  attached  by  a  narrow  ventral  line. 

Orthezia  amerlcana  Walk. 

The  insect  referred  to  this  species  has  been  noted  at  Ames 
in  considerable  numbers  on  one  or  two  occasions,  but  it  must  be 
generally  scarce.  The  genus  to  which  it  belongs  is  peculiar 
in  that  the  secretion  from  the  body  wall  forms  long  parallel 
filaments  or  lobes,  completely  hiding  the  insect,  and  is  calcare- 
ous in  composition. 

Dactylopius  longispinous  Targ. 

The  common  mealy  bug  of  greenhouses,  while  not  indige- 
nous, is  so  fully  established  everywhere  that  it  must  be  recog- 
nized as  belonging  to  our  fauna.  It  is  about  five  mm.  long, 
oval  in  form  and  covered  with  a  white  mealy  powder.  The 
long  thread-like  appendages  extending  backward  separate  it 
from  the  following  species. 

Dactylopius  citri  Rossi. 

This  species  is  found  occurring  in  the  greenhouse  at  Ames, 
on  Dieffenbachia  and  foliage  plants.  It  is  easily  separated  from 
the  preceding  by  the  short  marginal  appendages. 

Dactylopius  trifolii  Forbes. 

A  species  found  here  on  clover  some  years  ago,  but  of  which 
no  perfect  specimens  for  determination  were  available,  may 
quite  certainly  be  referred  to  the  form  described  from  the  same 
plant  by  Professor  Forbes.  It  has  never  been  observed  in 
great  abundance  and  probably  does  not  rank  as  a  very  destruc- 
tive species. 


226  IOWA    ACADEMY   OP  SCIENCES. 

The  D.  sorghiella  of  Forbes  in  all  probability  will  be  found 
also  in  Iowa. 

Kermes  galliformis  Riley. 

The  striking  resemblance  of  these  scales  to  the  galls  occur- 
ring on  oak  leaves  is  sufficient  to  deceive  the  expert  as  well  as 
the  uninitiated.  Taken  from  oak,  on  the  under  surface  of  the 
leaves  and  upon  the  twigs,  at  Ames. 

LECANIN.E. 

The  members  of  this  sub-family  are  with  few  exceptions  per- 
manently attached  as  adult  females;  the  anal  opening  is  cov- 
ered with  two  small  lobes,  the  scale  is  formed  of  a  waxy  secre- 
tion and  is  not  separated  from  the  body,  and  the  legs  and 
antennae  are  retained  in  the  adults. 

Lecanium  hesperidum. 

This  widely  distributed  and  abundant  species  is  familiar  to 
all  who  keep  oleanders,  and  it  occurs  also  on  a  long  list  of 
other  plants,  but  mostly  greenhouse  species.  Its  greasy  brown 
oval  scale  is  very  conspicuous  and  cannot  fail  to  attract  atten- 
tion. It  is  about  three  mm  long.  It  is  stated  that  the  male 
has  never  been  found,  although  the  species  has  been  studied 
from  the  time  of  Linnaeus  down. 

Lecanium  hemisphaericum  Targioni. 

Another  greenhouse  pest  occurring  on  oranges,  palms,  and 
various  plants.  It  is  much  more  convex,  approaching  hemi- 
spherical.    It  is  about  3.5  mm.  long  and  three  wide. 

Lecanium  olece  Bernard. 

This  species  has  been  taken  on  Ficus  and  Naphitum  litschii,  in 
the  greenhouse  at  Ames. 

Pulvinaria  innumerabilis  Rathvon. 

This  has  been  definitely  recorded  for  a  number  of  locali- 
ties in  Iowa,  and  it  at  times  becomes  so  abundant  as  to  prove 
a  veritable  pest.  The  monograph  of  the  species  by  J.  Duncan 
Putnam,  of  Davenport,  is  a  most  elaborate  and  valuable  study 
and  the  basis  of  much  that  is  known  concerning  the  habits  and 
life  histories  of  these  puzzling  insects. 

Specimens  referred  to  this  species  have  been  taken  from 
basswood  the  past  summer. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  227 

DIASPIN^ — THE   ARMORED    SCALES. 

In  this  group  the  adult  females  are  permanently  fixed  and 
covered  by  a  scale  separate  from  the  body  and  formed  by  the 
exuviso  and  waxy  secretions  from  the  dorsal  surface.  The 
legs  and  antennae  become  useless  and  much  aborted,  while  the 
anal  segment  is  specialized  and  furnishes  the  most  important 
structural  characters, — visible  only  with  the  compound  micro- 
scope. 

Parlatoria  ziziphe  Lucas. 

I  have  on  one  occasion  secured  specimens  of  this  species 
from  lemon  bought  in  the  market  at  Ames*.  It  occurs  in  enor- 
mous abundance  on  the  orange  in  the  vicinity  of  Naples,  Italy, 
and  the  fruit,  branches,  and  leaves  exposed  in  the  Naples  mar- 
kets are  often  loaded  with  the  scales.  Its  black  color  and  the 
quadrangular  form  of  the  scale  are  striking  characteristics 
that  enable  one  to  recognize  it  at  a  glance. 

MytUaspis  pomorum  Bouche. 

This,  the  "Oyster  Shell  Bark  Louse,  "  which  attracted  much 
attention  some  twenty  to  twenty-five  years  ago,  and  which  for 
many  years  caused  great  havoc  in  the  orchards  of  the  state,  is 
still  to  be  met  with  in  many  orchards  but  in  most  cases  in 
rather  limited  numbers.  At  present  it  occurs  in  considerable 
abundance  on  certain  lilac  bushes  at  Ames. 

Various  agencies  appear  to  hold  it  in  check  during  most  of 
the  time,  and  its  recognition  and  subjection  present  no  such 
serious  problem  as  confronts  us  in  the  case  of  perniciosus. 

MytUaspis  citricola  Pack. 

This  can  scarcely  be  called  a  member  of  our  fauna,  as  its 
occurence  in  the  state  is  dependent  on  its  attachment  to  oranges 
and  lemons  that  come  into  our  markets  Its  frequent  appear- 
ance in  this  manner  is,  however,  sufficient  reason  for  its  men- 
tion here,  audit  may  easily  occur  on  trees  in  greenhouses,  as  do 
a  number  of  tropical  Coccids  that  have  now  a  world  wide  dis- 
tribution. 

CMonaspis  salicis  Linn. 

The  white  glistening  scales  of  this  species,  often  covering  the 
branches  of  willows,  makes  it  a  very  conspicuous  species.     It  is 


*This  is  possibly  from  imported  fruit,  as  I  Itnow  of  no  records  of  the  occurrence  of 
the  species  on  trees  in  this  country. 


228  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

abundant  at  Ames  and  doubtless  occurs   generally  over   the 
state  where  willows  are  grown. 

Chionaspis  ortholobis  Comst. 

Taken  by  Mr.  Newell  on  cottonwoodat  Ames.  It  resembles 
the  preceding  species  but  is  shorter  and  broader. 

Chionaspis  pinifolioe  Fitch. 

This  species,  which  is  common  on  pine  and  spruce,  and  which 
has  been  received  from  Davenport  and  has  been  collected  at 
other  points  along  the  Mississippi,  has  never  been  seen  at  Ames, 
a  fact  which  shows  very  strikingly  the  limited  powers  of 
unaided  distribution  possessed  by  these  insects  and  the  great 
importance  of  preventing  the  transportation  of  infested  trees. 
The  scale  is  slender  and  white,  closely  fitting  the  narrow  leaves 
on  which  it  occurs. 

Cldonaspis  furfurus  Fitch. 

This  is  probably  the  most  generally  distributed  and  injurious 
scale  insect  infesting  orchards  in  Iowa  at  the  present  time. 
The  female  scale  is  flattened,  broadly  oval  or  rounded,  and  the 
exuviae  at  one  end,  and  the  male  scale  is  n  irrow,  white,  with 
three  carinse,  one  central  and  one  at  each  side.  The  eggs 
remain  under  the  scale  during  the  winter  and  hatch  about  the 
first  of  June. 

Diaspis  rosce. 

Specimens  of  this  species  were  recieved  from  Muscatine  in 
1896,  and  a  record  made  in  the  last  volume  of  the  Academy. 
It  has  been  received  from  Davenport  also.  It  is  not  apparently 
distributed  over  the  state,  but  it  thrives  on  a  variety  of  plants 
as  well  as  the  roses,  and  its  dispersal  should  be  prevented  as 
far  as  practicable.  Like  many  other  species  it  is  often  mis- 
taken for  perniciosus,  but  its  white  color,  larger  scale,  and  posi- 
tion of  the  exuviae  will  enable  a  careful  observer  to  distinguish 
it  by  means  of  the  scales  alone. 

Diaspis  cacti  Gomst. 

The  various  members  of  the  cactus  family  are  infested 
with  this  species,  and  greenhouses  may  usually  be  depended 
upon  to  furnish  a  supply.  Mention  of  this  species  was  made 
in  1882,  since  which  Professor  Comstock  has  given  it  a  tech- 
nical description. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  229 

Aspidiotus  ancylus. 

Originally  described  from  specimens  taken  at  Davenport, 
this  species  has  attracted  little  attention  until  within  a  few 
years,  when  the  close  resemblance  of  its  scale  to  that  of  the 
San  Jose  has  made  it  well  known  It  is  very  small  and  usually 
too  few  in  numbers  and  scattered  to  attract  attention.  Mr. 
Newell  has  recently  collected  it  at  Ames  from  maple,  cherry, 
plum,  and  birch,  and  it  evidently  has  a  general  distribution  in 
the  state. 

Aspidiotus  ancylus  var  serratus  Newell  and  Cockerell  n  var. 

This  occurs  very  sparsely  on  native  willows  The  scale  of  the  female  is 
small,  less  than  one  mm  in  diameter,  and  dark  grayish,  the  same  color  as 
the  bark  of  the  host. 

This  form  differs  materially  from  ancylus  proper  in  the  following  char- 
acters: Median  lobes  more  tru-cate  and  minutely  serrate  at  end.  The 
glandular  thickenings  of  the  first  interlobular  interval  are  about  equal. 

A  very  small  and  obscure  variety  that  is  difficult  to  detect,  but  which  is 
of  little  economic  importance. 

Aspidiotus  forhesi  Johns 

This  species  has  been  collected  at  Des  Moines  and  at  Ames 
and  doubtless  has  a  general  distribution  through  the  state, 
although  its  minute  size  and  usually  scant  numbers  seldom 
bring  it  to  notice.  It  is  one  of  the  most  closely  related  to  the 
San  Jose  scale,  and  without  close  microscopic  study  is  sepa- 
rated only  with  great  difficulty  It  occurs  on  cherry,  apple, 
crab,  ash,  and  a  number  of  other  plants. 

Aspidiotus  osborni  Newell  and  Cockerell  n  sp. 

Scale  of  female  small,  oval,  1  to  1.25  mm.  in  length  by  i  to  I  mm.  in 
breadth,  irregularly  margined,  dark,  spotted  minutely,  and  of  a  general 
scurfy  appearance;  exuvia  dark  brown,  submarginal,  small;  scale  of  imma- 
ture female  more  elongate  and  frequently  curved  to  one  side;  ventral  scale 
a  mere  white  film. 

Body  of  female  circular,  last  segment  yellow.  Ultimate  ventral  seg- 
ment: median  lobes  well  developed,  close  together,  produced,  compara- 
tively long  and  narrow,  erect,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  notched  on  the  inner 
Bide  near  end,  but  well  notched  about  half  way  down  on  the  outer  side, 
ends  sometimes  minutely  serrate;  second  and  third  lobes  wanting;  two 
incisions  present,  the  glandular  thickenings  of  the  first  incision  long, 
about  equal,  well  apart,  outer  straight,  the  inner  nearly  so,  glandular 
thickenings  of  the  outer  incision  like  those  of  the  first,  a  small  thickened 
process  just  laterad  of  apex  of  first  incision;  plates  spine-like,  about  equal 
in  length  to  median  lobe,  often  angularly  curved  near  apex,  situated,  one 


230  IOWA   ACADEMY   OP   SCIENCES. 

laterad  mesal  lobe,  two  laterad  first  incision,  two  just  laterad  of  second 
incision,  and  one  about  one-third  the  distance  from  the  second  incision  to 
penultimate  segment,  and  several  smaller  plates  irregularly  placed  on  anal 
margin:  edges  of  penultimate  and  antepenultimate  segments  usually  pro- 
vided each  with  a  spine-like  plate;  ventral-grouped  glands,  cephalolateral 
about  seven,  caudolaterals  three  or  four,  median  none. 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  A.  ancylus  Putn.,  but  differs 
in  the  character  of  the  scale,  the  median  lobes  are  narrower 
and  more  produced  and  lack  the  well  defined  inner  notch,  and 
the  number  of  the  ventral  glands  is  different.  In  ancylus  the 
inner  thickening  of  the  first  incision  is  decidedly  larger  than 
the  outer,  in  marked  contrast  to  the  nearly  equal  thickenings 
of  osborni.  Described  from  sixteen  females  and  numerous 
scales  collected  from  white  oak  at  Ames,  Iowa. 

Aspidiotus  Juglans-regioe  Comst. 

This  species  is  common  in  more  southern  localities  and  has 
been  observed  in  Iowa  for  the  first  time  during  the  present 
season.  It  was  received  from  Alton,  Sioux  county,  where  it 
occurred  in  great  abundance  on  currant  bushes  and  was  thought 
possibly  to  be  the  San  Jose.  It  was  introduced  from  Texas, 
but  evidently  thrives  in  its  present  habitat.  It  may  easily  prove 
a  serious  pest,  but  has  never  been  considered  as  approaching 
perniciosus  in  destructiveness.  It  is  a  much  larger  species  than 
perniciosHs,  the  scale  being  about  three  mm.  in  diameter,  so 
that  it  may  be  easily  recognized  without  microscopical  examina- 
tion even. 

Aspidiotus  nervi  Bouche. 

A  very  common  and  at  times  a  very  destructive  species,  but 
fortunately  not  spreading  to  any  extent  upon  native  plants.  It 
is  particularly  inimical  to  the  Oleander  and  it  is  not  uncommon 
to  see  these  plants  completely  encrusted  with  the  white  circu- 
lar scales.  I  have  received  specimens  from  Des  Moines  and  it 
has  been  taken  on  Cycas  revoluta  in  the  greenhouse  at  Ames. 

Aspidiotus  ficns  Riley  Mss. 

On  Ficus  unica,  and  Ficus  sp  in  the  greenhouse  at  Ames.  A 
very  similar  species,  if  not  identical  with  this,  also  occurs  on 
Daphne  odorata,  but  on  account  of  their  being  parasitized,  good 
specimens  for  determination  were  not  available. 

Aspidiotus  rapax  Comst. 

This  species  occurs  on  Osmanthus  and  other  plants  in  the 
greenhouse  at  Ames.     This  species  is  abundant  and  destructive 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  231 

on  a  great  variety  of  plants,  but  has  never  proved  troublesome 
to  native  plants  outside  the  lower  austral  zone. 

While  the  San  Jose  scale  has  not  as  yet  been  received  from 
any  point  in  Iowa  we  can  hardly  hope  to  remain  exempt  from 
its  attacks.  It  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  recognize  it  at 
once  in  case  it  appears  in  any  locality.  The  scale  is  circular 
and  the  exuviae  form  a  nipple-like  elevation  at  or  very  near 
the  center.  No  eggs  will  be  found  under  the  scales,  as  the 
females  produce  living  young,  and  a  microscopic  examination 
of  the  last  segment  of  the  female  shows  an  absence  of  the 
grouped  ventral  glands  common  to  related  species.  All  scale  s 
however,  that  can  not  be  referred  certainly  to  some  of  the  above 
named  species  had  best  be  sent  at  once  to  the  experiment 
station  or  referred  to  some  one  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the 
characters  by  which  it  is  recognized. 


ON  THE  OCCURRENCE  OP  THE  WHITE  ANT  (TERMES 
FLAVIPES)   IN   IOWA. 


BY   HERBERT    OSBORN, 


I  am  not  aware  of  any  published  record  of  the  occurrence  of 
Termes  Jlavipes  in  Iowa  and  aside  from  a  note  book  record  by 
J.  Duncan  Putnam  I  have  not  until  the  present  year  been  able 
to  secure  any  definite  facts  that  would  warrant  listing  it  as 
belonging  to  our  fauna. 

Last  year  Mr.  P.  M.  Rolfs  stated  in  one  of  my  classes  that 
he  had  seen  this  species  at  his  home  in  Le  Claire  in  Scott 
county,  and  when  he  returned  to  the  college  from  his  summer 
vacation  this  year  he  brought  with  him  a  number  of  examples 
of  the  workers  and  soldiers  collected  at  that  place. 

The  well  known  habits  of  this  insect  and  the  great  economic 
importance  it  sometimes  assumes  where  it  gets  access  to  stored 
books  or  documents,  or  to  the  timbers  of  bridges  and  buildings, 
render  this  definite  occurrence  of  sufficient  interest  to  record. 

In  all  probability  the  species  occurs  throughout  the  timbered 
portions  of  the  state,  adjacent  to  the  Mississippi  at  least.  I 
think  it  hardly  possible  that  it  can  occur  at  Ames,  as  I  have 
examined  thousands  of  old  stumps  and  logs  in  quest  of  insects 
and  have  never  yet  met  with  it  there. 


232  IOWA  ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE   LIST  OF  HEMIPTERA  OF  IOWA, 
WITH   DESCRIPTIONS   OP   NEW   SPECIES. 


BY   HERBERT   OSBORN. 


A  number  of  additions  to  the  Hemipterous  fauna  of  the  state 
have  been  made  during  the  last  year,  either  by  collection  or  by 
the  determination  or  description  of  specimens  previously  in 
hand,  and  although  there  are  certainly  many  others  to  add  it 
seems  desirable  to  record  such  as  have  come  to  notice.  In  many 
cases  the  record  greatly  extends  the  range  of  the  species  as 
heretofore  known. 

HETEROPTERA. 

FAMILY    SCUTELLERID.E. 

Homcemns  ceneifrovs  Say.     Rare,  three  specimens,  Ames. 
Homcemus  bijugis  Uhler.     Ames,  Little  Rock. 

FAMILY   CYDNID^. 

Geotomus  sp. 

FAMILY   PENTATOMID^. 

Perillus  circumcinctus  Stal.  One  specimen,  Sioux  City,  July 
7,  1897. 

Mecidea  longula  Stal.     One  specimen,  Sioux  City,  July  5, 1897. 

Trichopepla  atricornis  Stal.     Little  Rock  and  Ames. 

Peribalus  piceus  Dallas.  Two  specimens,  Little  Rock.  Col- 
lected by  E.  D.  Ball. 

Holocostethus  abbreviatus  Uhl.  One  specimen,  Ames.  Easily 
confused  with  Peribalus  limbolarius. 

Banasa  dimidiata  Say.    Ames,  not  common. 

FAMILY    COREID^. 

Ghariesterus  aatennator  Fab.  One  specimen,  Sioux  City, 
July  5,  1897. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  233 

Gatorhintha  mendica  Stal.     Ames. 

Harmostes  reflexulus  Say.     Ames  and  Sioux  City. 

Aufeius  impressicoUis  Stal.     Ames. 

Corizus  lateralis  Say.     Ames. 

Daycoris  humilis  Uhl.     Little  Rock.      Collected  by  Mr.  Ball. 

FAMILY   LYG^ID^,. 

Pamera  vicina  Dallas.     Ames,  Little  Rock. 
Rhyparochromus  floralis  Uhl.     Ames. 
Scoloposteilius  afflnis  Uhl. 

FAMILY   CAPSID^. 

Teratocoris  discolor  Uhl.     Ames  and  Little  Rock.     Rare. 

Pallacocoris  suavis  Rent.     Sioux  City. 

Lopidea  strigta  Uhl.     Ames. 

Lopidea  fuscicornis  Uhl.     Little  Rock. 

Lopidea  nigrida  Uhl.     Ames. 

Lomawpleura  ccesar  Reut.      Ames,  Little  Rock,  Sioux  City, 
Cherokee. 

Hadronema  pulverulenta  Uhl.     Ames. 

Phytocoris  eximius  Reut. 

Phytocoris  puella  Reut. 

Phytocoris  puella  var. 

Phytocoris  sp. 

MelinnafasciataV hi.     Ames.     Common  in  1897. 

Melinna  modesta  Uhl.     Common  at  Ames,  1896  and  1897. 

Largidea  opaca  Uhl.  var. 

Fulvius  anthocoroides  Stal.     One  specimen,  Ames,  August  6, 
1897. 

Mimoceps  gracilis  Uhl.     Ames  and  Little  Rock. 

Sthenarops  malinus  Uhl.     Ames.     Common. 

Macrolophus  separatus  Uhl.     Ames. 

Episcopus  ornatus  Reut.     Ames  and  Des  Moines. 

Plagiognathus  obscurus  Uhl.  Ames. 
Coquillettia  mimetica  n  sp.     Ames. 

Sericophanes  ocellatus  Reut.  Dimorphic  female,  ant  like. 

FAMILY   TINGITID^. 

Leptostyla  ohlonga  Say.     Ames.     Common, 

FAMILY   ARADIDtE. 

NeKroctenus  simplex  JJhl.    Ames.    October  11,  1897.    On  grass 
far  from  timber. 


234  IOWA   ACADEMY    OF   SCIENCES. 

FAMILY   NABID^. 

Coriscus  annulatus  Reut.     Ames. 

SALDID^. 

Salda  deplanta  Uhl.     Ames.     Plentiful  during  1897. 
Salda  ligata  Say.     Le  Claire.     (J.  A.  Rolfs.) 

HOMOPTERA. 

FAMILY   BYTHOSCOPID^. 

Macropsis  apicalis  O.  &  B.     Ames. 
Pediopsis  triniaculata  Fh.     Ames. 
Pediopsis  basalts   V.  D.     Ames. 
Pediopsis  bifasciata  V.  D.     Ames. 
Pediopsis  ferruginoides  V.  D.     Ames 
Pediopsis  suturalis  O.  &  B.     Ames. 
Pediopsis  erythrocephalus  G.  &  B      Ames. 

Pediopsis  gleditschicB  O.  &  B.  Ames.  Very  common  on  honey 
locust. 

Pediopsis  reversalis  O.  &  B.     Ames.     Very  common  on  willow 

Agallia  uhleri  V.  D.     Sioux  City,  July  7,  1897. 

Agallia  cinerea  O.  &  B.     Sioux  City  and  Little  Rock  in  July. 

Idiocerus  pallidus  Fh.     Ames. 

Idiocerus  duzeii  Pro  v.     Ames. 

Idiocerus  brunneus  O.  &  B.     Ames. 

Idiocerus  snowi  G.  &  B.     Ames. 

Idiocerus  moniliferce  O.  &  B.     Ames. 

FAMILY   TETTIGONID^. 

Gypona  pectoralis  Spang.     Ames.     Rather  common. 
Oypona  cinerea  Uhl.     One  specimen  collected  at  Little  Rock, 

FAMILY   JASSID^. 

Dorycephalus  vanduzei  O.  &  B.  At  Little  Rock.  Collected 
by  E.  D.  Ball. 

Parabolacratis  flavidus  Sign.  (?).  One  specimen,  Audubon 
(Ball). 

Paramesus  stramineus  n.  sp.  Ames,  Sioux  City,  and  Little 
Rock. 

Deltocephalus  imputans  O.  &  B.     Ames. 

Deltocephalus  obtectus  O.  &  B.     Ames. 

Deltocepthalus  cruciatus  O.  &  B.     Ames. 

Deltocephalus  collinus  Dahlb.  Little  Rock  and  Sioux  City. 
July. 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  235 

Scaphoideus  ochraceus  n.  sp.*     Ames. 

Scujjhoideus  picturatus  n.  sp.     Burlington. 

Lonatura  catalina  O.  &  B.  f     Ames,  Sioux  City,  Burlington. 

Lonatura  megalopa  O   &  B.     Little  Rock. 

Driotura  robusta  O.  &  B.  Sioux  City,  July  7,  and  Little 
Rock. 

Athysanus  anthracinus  V.  D.     Ames. 

Athysanus  j^arallelus  V.  D.     Ames. 

Athysanus  osborui  V.  D.     Ames. 

Athysanus  punctatus  O.  &  B.     Ames  and  Little  Rock. 

Eutettix  scaber  O.  &  B.     Ames. 

Euiettix  cinctal  O.  &  B.     Ames. 

Eutettix  modesta  O.  &  B.     Ames. 

Phlepsius  lobatus  n.  sp.     Ames  and  Little  Rock. 

Thamnotettix  cyptractus  n.  sp.     Ames. 

Thamnotettix  ciliata  n.  sp.     Ames. 

Thamnotettix  pallidula  n.  sp.     Ames. 

Chlorotettix  balli  n.  sp.     Ames. 

Alebra  albostriella  Pall.     Ames. 

Typhlocyba  comes  var.  ziczac  Walsh.     Ames. 

Typhlocyba  querci  Fh.     Ames. 

Typhlocyba  rubi-asvula,  var  bifasciata  O.  &  B.  Ames.  Ber- 
wick (Mally). 

Typhlocyba  lethierry  Edw. 

Typhlocyba  rosce  var.  commisuralis  Sta'.     Ames. 

FAMILY    CERCOPID^. 

Phikenus  bilineatus  Say.     Little  Rock  (Ball). 

FAMILY   FULGORID.E. 

Kelisia  axialis  V.  D.     Ames. 

Kellsia  crocea  V.  D.     Ames. 

Liburnia  osborni  V.  D.     Ames  and  Fairfax. 

Liburnia  puella  Van  D.     Ames. 

Pentagramma  vittatifrons.     Uhl.     Ames.     Rare. 

Laccocera  vittatipennis   Van  D.     Little  Rock. 

Pissonotus  aphidioides  Van  D.     Ames. 

Pissonotus  brunneus  Van  D.     Ames. 

Pissonotus  marginatvs  Van  D.     Ames. 

Pissonotus  ater  Van  D.     Ames. 

Myndus  impunctatus  Fitch.     Ames 

I'eltonotus  histrionicus  Uhl.     Little  Rock. 

♦Description  of  nf-w  species  Included  in  thn  list  are  appended  at  end  of  list. 
tLlsted  in  the  additions  of  previous  papeis  as  Doratura  minuta  on  mistaken  identi- 
fication. 

*Heretofore  listed  as  Eutettix  jucundus  Ulil. 


236 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 


FAMILY    MEMBRACID^. 

Vanduzea  vestita  Godg      Ames,  Little  Rock,  Sioux  City,  on 
Petalostemon. 

Ophidermn.  jtaviguttata  Godg.     Ames. 
Heliria  strombergl  Godg.     Ames. 
Telamona  pyramidata  Uhl. 

COQUILLETIA    MIMETICA    N.    SP. 

Ferruginous  or  ferruginous  brown  to  fuscous.     Females  apterous,   and 
simulating  an  ant      Male  with  very  long  wings  and  slender  abdomen,  ostea 


Fig.  15. 
CaquiUetia  minftica.    a,    female    dorsn,!    view,    b,  female   ventral  view,    c,  female 
lateral  view,    ci,  male  ventral  view,    e,  male  dorsal  view.    /,  larva,    g.  female  abdomen 
enlarged     /i,  m^ie  abdo  ueu  enlarged     (Prom  drawings  by  Miss  King.) 


IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  237 

curved,  inflated,  extended  posteriorly,  margin  second  abdominal  segment 
white. 

Length:  female,  5.5  mm.,  male,  4.5  mm.;  to  tip  of  elytra,  6.5. 

Apterous  female.  Head  wider  than  pronotum,  convexly  narrowing  to 
the  pointed  tylus,eyes  moderately  prominent, their  outline  conforming  to  the 
margins  of  the  head;  antennae  long,  nearly  equaling  the  length  of  body, 
first  joint  short,  not  passing  the  tylus;  second  joint  longer  than  third  and 
slightly  thicker:  fourth  joint  half  as  long  as  second,  more  slender  than 
third,  slightly  curved;  rostrum  exceeding  middle  coxse,  first  joint  extend- 
ing to  border  of  buccula— remaining  joints  subequal,  pronotum  somewhat 
tumid,  narrowed  to  form  a  collar  in  front,  mesosternum  slightly  convex 
with  marginal  carinas  and  slightly  produced  on  metanotum;  metanotum 
short, elevated  laterally, carinate.  Legs  long,  slender,coxa3  strong.  Abdomen 
with  first  two  segments  constricted  to  form  a  pedicel,  the  first  one  strongly 
elevated  in  a  broad  process  in  front  and  with  an  elevated  posterior  margin 
and  the  pleura  forming  a  sharp  lateral  elevated  carina  or  lamina,  the  second 
slightly  wider  behind,  the  lateral  carinse  less  prominent,  remaining  seg- 
ments forming  a  globose,  polished,  minutely,  sparsely  haired  body  with 
conspicuous  pleural  fold,  and  elongate  carinate  sheath  for  the  ovipositor. 
The  ovipositor  originates  close  to  base  of  the  globular  portion  of  abdomen, 
the  sternal  parts  of  segments  beingextremely  narrow  and  the  sheath  formed 
from  the  sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth  sternites. 

Color  brown,  with  the  eyes,  rostrum,  apex  of  second  joint  and  all  of 
joints  three  and  four  of  the  aatennre,  apex  of  tibise  and  the  tarsi,  fuscous  or 
blackish.  The  globose  portion  of  abdomen  and  dorsum  of  second  segment 
are  dark  chestnut  or  piceous.  The  border  of  the  ostea,  a  narrow  posterior 
margin  on  first  abdominal  segment,  the  posterior  border  of  second  abdomi- 
nal segment  except  the  dorsum,  light  yellow  or  white. 

Male.  Head  smaller,  slightly  more  globose  and  eyes  more  prominent 
than  in  female.  Pronotum  widened  at  base,  the  sides  nearly  straight,  the 
basal  portion  elevated  and  the  posterior  margin  slightly  concave.  Scutel- 
lum  large,  swollen  in  front  with  a  transverse  area  and  an  impressed  line  on  the 
disc, the  posterior  portion  carinate.  Elytra  broad,  long,  with  a  semi-transpar- 
ent area  at  the  basal  half  of  the  curium  and  another  occupying  basal  part  of 
cuneus;  mesoternum  large,  polished,  ostea  large  and  curved  internally, 
enlarged  laterally  and  prominent.  Legs  slender.  Abdomen  very  slender, 
pedicelate,  polished,  minutely  pubescent,  scarcely  one-third  width  of  elytra 
and  extending  about  two  thirds  their  length,  the  terminal  ventral  segment 
narrowing  posteriorly,  strongly  curved  upward,  dorsally  tubular,  the  clas- 
pers  simple. 

Color:  Head,  basal  part  of  antennee,  anterior  lobe  of  pronotum,  scutel- 
lum,  clavus,  posterior  half  of  cdrium,  pectus,  femora  and  part  of  tibia,  and 
basal  portion  of  abdomen  testaceous  or  testaceo-ferruginous  and  polished 
except  the  rather  ferruginous  parts  of  elytra.  Joints  2,  3,  4  of  antennse, 
apical  portion  of  tibia,  tarsi,  cuneu-i  except  the  base,  and  membrane  of 
elytra  blackish,  apical  portion  of  venter  piceous.  The  basal  transparant 
portion  of  elytra  and  a  broad  oblique  band  forming  base  of  cuneus,  the 
border  and  inflated  exterior  portion  of  ostea  and  posterior  margin  of  second 
abdominal  segment,  white. 

17  [la.  Acad.  Scl.,  Vol.  v.]  [July  30, 1898.] 


238  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

The  larva?  are  similar  to  the  adults  in  color  and  form,  but  have  the 
peculiar  structure  of  the  abdomen  less  marked. 

This  insect  is  of  special  interest  inasmuch  as  we  have  as  yet 
no  winged  form  of  female  and  only  the  winged  form  of  the 
adult  male.  The  apterous  female  form  is  remarkably  ant-like 
in  shape  and  appearance,  as  are  in  less  degree  the  larvae. 
They  were  at  first  supposed  to  be  larvas,  but  it  was  noticed 
that  all  the  winged  forms  were  adult  males  and  an  examination 
of  all  the  wingless  forms  with  the  globose  abdomen  proved 
them  to  be  mature  females. 

They  have  been  found  only  on  elevated  grassy  ridges  and 
probably  feed  on  some  of  the  grasses,  such  as  Bouteloa,  which 
are  common  to  prairie  and  plain. 

An  ant  of  an  undetermined  species  and  extremely  like  the 
female  in  appearance  has  b-^  en  taken  from  the  same  locality. 

In  the  figures  the  head  is  represented  as  raised  on  a  level 
with  the  prothorax,  but  in  pinned  specimens  and  probably  in 
the  living  individuals  when  not  moving  the  head  is  bent  down- 
ward and  the  prothorax  curved  on  mesothorax,  giving  still 
more  of  an  ant-like  appearance. 

Professor  Uhler  established  the  genus  Coquilletia  to  include 
insignis,  of  which  he  remarks  that  only  males  have  been  seen. 
There  can  be  little  doubt  that  its  female  is  also  apterous,  and 
on  this  account  has  escaped  collection. 

While  possible  that  winged  females  may  occur,  it  is  evident 
that  the  apterous  condition  is  the  usual  one. 

SERICOPHANES    OCELLATUS    REUT. 

This  handsome  little  Capsid  presents  an  interesting  case  of 
dimorphism  and  also  of  mimicry,  the  brachypterous  female 
closely  resembling  an  ant  in  the  large  pedicellate  globular 
abdomen. 

Only  the  winged  form,  and  presumably  only  the  male,  has 
hitherto  been  described,  and  that  very  briefly. 

Rrachypterons  form. — Female:  Ant-like  the  elytra  reduced  to  rudiments 
reaching  only  to  end  of  second  abdominal  segment.  Abdomen  from  third 
segment  globular.    Head,  thorax  and  abdomen  polished.    Length,  2.50  mm. 

Head  large,  the  space  between  the  eyes  equaling  the  pronotum  in  width; 
eyes  large;  antennas  moderately  long,  not  longer  than  length  of  body;  first 
joint  thick,  not  reaching  the  end  of  tylus;  secoad  joint  larger  than  third; 
fourth  rather  shorter  than  third;  prothorax  sub-globular,  highly  polished; 
scutellum   broad,    triangular;   elytra    reaching    to   or   slightly    upon    the 


IOWA  ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 


239. 


Fig.  16. 
Sericophanes  ocellatus.    Dorsal  views  mi  rropterous  female  at  left,  micropterous 
female  in  middle.     Male  at  right.     Below,  ventra,!  views  of  female  abdomea  macrop- 
terous  at  left,  micropterous  at  right.    Male  extreme  right. 


globular  portion  of  abdomen:  wings  wanting  or  very  rudimentary;  abdo- 
men at  base  slender;  joints  three  to  eight  forming  a  sub-globular,  slightly 
flattened  broad  portion;  a  prominent  pleural  fold  extending  from  the  base 
to  end  of  seventh  segment. 

Color:  Head,  thorax,  elytra,  base  of  abdomen,  the  second  joint  of 
antennas,  femora,  tibice  and  base  of  tarsi  reddish  brown:  first  joint  of 
antennae  yellow;  a  bright  yellow  spot  on  elytra  as  in  macropterous  forms, 
apex  of  second  joint  and  all  of  third  and  fourth,  and  tips  of  tarsi  fuscous. 
Abdominal  4-7  segments  black  or  pitchy  brown  entirely,  beneath  in  two 
triangles,  the  apices  of  which  nearly  meet  in  the  median  line. 

No  brachypterous  male  has  been  observed. 

Macropterous  form. — Female:  Similar  to  brachypterous  form  but  with 
fully  developed  elytra  and  wings,  a  much  less  extended  abdomen,  and  the 
pronotum  widened  at  base  with  prominent  angles.  Length,  2.50,  to  tip 
of  elytra,  3  mm. 

Head  smaller  and  with  front  less  convex  than  in  brachypterous  form; 
antennas  similar;  prothorax  much  less  tumid,  narrower  in  front  and  widen- 
ing posteriorly  to  form  prominent  humeral  angles,  and  with  the  posterior 
margin  overlapping  scutellum  and  base  of  elytra:  scutellum  similar  or  a 
trifle  larger:  elytra  broader  and  shorter  than  in  males:  the  tip  of  corium 
not  projecting  as  an  obtuse  angle;  wings  reaching  to  tip  of  elytra;  abdomen 
slender  at  base,  expanding  to  end  of  seventh  segment,  where  they  are 
almost  as  wide  as  the  folded  elytra,  then  contracting  sharply  to  tip,  flat- 
tened, the  tip  of  ovipositor  projecting. 


240  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES. 

Color  the  same  as  in  the  other  forms,  but  in  the  specimens  in  hand  the 
lower  part  of  head  and  under  surface  of  abdomen  is  somewhat  suffused  with 
rufous.  The  three  powdery  white  bands  on  the  elytra  and  the  bright  yel- 
low across  the  clavus  just  back  of  the  scutellum  are  very  distinct.  A  spot 
each  side  of  the  central  yellow  ocellus  and  the  cuneus  are  more  golden 
brown  than  the  rest  of  the  elytra.  The  membrane  is  fuliginous  except  a 
transverse  band  at  base  and  a  narrow  margin  to  the  cuneus  which  are 
whitish  transparent. 

Male:  More  slender,  darker,  head  smaller  and  eyes  more  prominent. 
Length  2  mm.;  to  tip  of  elytra  3.10  mm. 

Head  nearly  vertical,  eyes  prominent,  prothorax  strongly  declivous, 
widening  to  humeral  angle:  scutellum  triangular,  similar  to  female.  Elytra 
long,  narrower  than  in  female  and  with  the  end  of  corium  and  base  of  cuneus 
forming  an  obtuse  angle.  Abdomen  slender,  flattened,  the  sides  nearly 
parallel. 

Color,  dark  brown  or  chestnut,  the  lower  part  of  head  a  little  lighter  or 
tinged  with  rufous;  the  first  and  second  joint  of  antennte  are  yellowish  and 
the  spot  on  dorsum  back  of  scutellum  is  light  yellow:  the  elytra  are  choco- 
late brown  with  band  inclosing  the  ocellate  spot  and  the  cuneus  golden 
brown;  three  broken  whitish  or  pruinose  bands  across  the  elytra,  the  point 
of  scutellum  and  ocellate  spot  not  quite  reaching  costal  margin  and  the  third 
at  base  of  cuneus  represented  by  a  triangular  patch  next  the  costa;  mem- 
brane as  in  the  female;  mesosternum  piceous,  polished,  abdomen  fuscous  or 
blackish,  yellowish-brown  at  base,  polished. 

Larvae  taken  with  adults  present  similar  characters,  but  are  quite 
remarkable  in  the  greatly  inflated  terminal  joint  of  the  antenna.  The 
bodies  are  too  much  shriveled  to  permit  of  description. 

The  macropteroQS  females  were  collected  May  28th andJune 
7th,  the  brachypterous  females  May  22d,  June  3d-7th  and  12th, 
and  July  31st,  the  males  June  2d-7th  and  July  28-29th.  Larvae 
July  28th.  This  indicates  a  rapid  development  of  the  larvse 
between  the  1st  of  June  and  the  latter  part  of  July  and  prob- 
ably two  broods  for  the  year,  but  no  rearing  of  the  larvgg  or 
exact  limitation  of  the  broods  has  been  attempted.  They  occur 
on  grassy  ridges  in  same  location  as  preceding  species. 

The  significance  to  be  attached  to  the  peculiar  dimorphism 
and  mimicry  presented  in  this  and  the  preceding  species  opens 
a  question  of  too  far  reaching  importance  to  be  discussed  here. 
That  they  resemble  ants  is  certain,  that  they  may  by  this 
resemblance  gain  some  advantage  is  possible,  but  whether  the 
abortion  of  the  wings  and  elytra  is  merely  the  result  of  such 
mimicry  or  connected  with  advantages  of  an  entirely  different 
nature  we  are  not  prepared  to  guess.  I  have  used  the  term 
mimicry  in  a  general  way  to  cover  this  feature  of  resemblance 
but  I  would  dissent  from  the  use  of  this  term  in  such  a  loose 
manner  if  a  better  one   were  available.     Such  resemblances 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  241 

seem  to  me  not  of  necessity  mimicry  in  its  proper  sense,  or 
protective  resemblance  but  merely  the  assumption  of  a  similar 
form  by  different  animals  when  adapting  themselves  to  similar 
environments.  The  question  readily  broadens  into  a  discussion 
of  all  the  factors  of  adaptive  evolution  and  while  attractive  is 
too  large  to  attack  in  such  a  paper  as  this: 

PARAMESUS   STRAMINEUS   N.  SP. 

Very  similar  to  P.  twiningi  but  of  a  light  greenish-yellow  color,  the 
dark  band  of  elytra  absent  and  the  lower  half  of  face  light  yellow.  Length 
to  tip  of  elytra,  female  5.50  mm.,  male  4.50  mm. 

Vertex  rounded  at  apex,  one-half  longer  at  middle  than  next  eye,  ante- 
rior two-fifths  risinj-  to  form  a  distinct,  elevated,  angular  margin  Front 
sinuate  next  antenna  then  narrowing  uniformly  to  base  of  clypeus;  clypeus 
twice  as  long  as  wide,  widening  to  apex;  gena3  sinuated  below  eye,  scarcely 
angular  laterally,  reaching  clypeus  by  a  narrow  line;  lorae  elongate,  angu- 
lar at  ends,  twice  as  long  as  wide,  their  lower  ends  not  reaching  clypeus 
by  a  considerable  space.  Pronotum  minutely  transversely  rugulose  on 
posterior  two-thirds,  evenly  arcuate  in  front,  scarcely  concave  behind  and 
with  a  very  shallow  emargination  near  the  middle,  lateral  margin  short, 
with  a  distinct  carina,  humeral  margin  distinct,  rather  short,  angles  sub- 
prominent.  Elytra  with  a  few  ramose  nervures  in  clavus  and  between 
second  sector  and  claval  suture. 

Color:  Vertex,  anterior  two-fifths  ivory  white  with  two  large,  black, 
angular  transverse  spots  near  middle  and  a  smaller,  irregular,  lineate  fuo- 
cous  one  each  side  near  eyes;  the  posterior  two  thirds  uniformly  greenish- 
yellow  or  pallid  with  a  longitudinal  black  impresse  •  line  an  center.  Face 
dark  in  upper  half  and  light  in  lower;  a  conspicuous  black  line  from  eye  to 
eye  just  below  margin  of  vertex;  front  fuscous  with  light  lines;  clypeus 
light  fuscous;  genae  and  lorte  yellow,  sutures  black;  pronotum  greenish  on 
disk  and  posteriorly  with  bluish  tint;  front,  margin,  and  sides  more  yellow- 
ish, faintly  mottled  with  irregular  whitish  maculations;  scutellum  ochre 
yellow  with  whitish  triangle  on  lateral  margins  and  at  tip,  and  a  faint  fus- 
cous line  separating  the  usual  areas;  elytra  hyaline  or  pellucid  with  the  few 
ramose  lines,  a  spot  in  the  second,  third  and  fourth  apical,  the  middle  and 
inner  anteaplcal  cells,  and  an  apical  submargin,  fuscous;  apex  of  clavpsand 
costal  transverse  nervures  dark  fuscous  or  black;  beneath  light  yellow 
spotted  and  lined  wita  black;  tergum  black  with  yellow  maculate  margin. 

Genitalia:  Female,  ultimate  ventral  segment  long,  posterior  margin 
broadly,  shallowly  excavated  and  bearing  at  center  a  ligulate  process  about 
as  long  as  wide  and  minutely  notched  at  tip,  pygofers  posteriorly  set  with 
minute  remote  short  gray  hairs  arising  from  black  points;  male,  valve  very 
short,  scarcely  visible;  plates  elongate  triangular,  reaching  to  tips  of  pygo- 
fers, margins  with  a  few  hairs. 

Described  from  five  females  and  one  male.  Of  the  females 
two  were  collected  at  Sioux  City,  July  7th,  one  at  Sioux  Falls, 
S.  D.,  July  4th,  and  one  at  Ames,  June  15th;  and  one  collected 


242  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

at  West  Point,  Neb.  in  June  has  been  sent  to  me  by  Professor 
Bruner.  The  male  was  collected  by  Mr.  Ball  at  Little  Rock, 
Iowa,  July  2d. 

While  this  form  is  strikingly  like  twiningi  in  general  charac- 
ters the  very  marked  difference  in  color,  the  absence  of  black 
bands  on  the  elytra,  and  the  differently  colored  face  cannot  fail 
to  distinguish  it,  and  until  intermediate  forms  are  found  or  it  can 
be  proven  by  life-history  details  that  they  intermingle  it  must 
stand  as  distinct.  It  evidently  belongs  to  the  plains  fauna  and 
probably  feeds  upon  some  of  the  Compositso. 

SCAPHOIDEUS   OCHRACEUS   N     SP. 

In  size  and  color  resembling  Jucundas  but  in  venation  like  mtricatus  or 
luteolufi.  Tawny  ochraceous  and  pallid  with,  mo^t  of  the  elytral  nervures 
fuscous.     Length  to  tip  of  elytra,  female  6  mm.,  male  5  mm 

Vertex  as  long  as  width  between  the  eyes,  nearly  as  long  as  proootum, 
the  margin  angularly  rounded;  front,  narrow;  margins  slightly  concave 
next  the  antenna?,  tapering  uniformly  to  base  of  clypeus,  which  it  equals  in 
width.  Clypeus  twice  as  long  as  width  at  base,  broadening  to  the  apex, 
which  is  distinctly  truncate:  lora?  oval,  sub-angulate  at  tips,  twice  as  long  as 
wide;  genfe  broad,  slightly  concave  below  eyes  and  sub-angulate  on  margin 
forming  a  narrow  margin  below  lora?. 

Elytra  with  the  first  two  reflexei  costal  veinlets  very  oblique,  as  in 
immifitux,  the  first  originating  at  or  just  in  front  of  the  transverse  veinlet; 
the  second  near  the  middle  of  the  outer  anteapical  cell;  the  third  at  the 
end  of  the  anteapical  cell  but  not  touching  the  apical  veinlet.  In  one  spec- 
imen an  extra  oblique  vein  occvirs  between  first  and  second. 

Color:  Vertex  yellow  with  a  broad  ochraceous  or  ochraceous-rufus  band 
across  the  disk,  the  median  portion  forming  a  short  curve  and  reaching 
the  width  of  the  band  toward  the  apex,  sometimes  almost,  interrupted;  the 
anterior  border  with  a  fuscous  line  broader,  fainter,  and  broken  at  the 
apex;  front  yellow  with  two  black  or  fuscous  lines  running  nearly  from  eye 
to  eye,  and  three  or  four  short  broken  arcs  becoming  obsolete  toward  the 
middle;  a  small  fuscous  spot  on  gente  below  the  insertion  of  the  antennae; 
pronotum  with  two  large  spots  on  the  anterior  margin  near  the  middle;  the 
posterior  half,  except  narrow  median  line,  two  large  lateral  spots  and  a 
slightly  fainter  median  stripe,  a  wide  border  to  nearly  all  the  nervures  and 
the  apex  of  elytra,  ochraceous;  a  spot  at  end  of  inner  claval  nerve  a  short 
line  at  end  of  outer  claval  nerve,  an  elongate  sp  t  at  end  of  clavus,  a  spot 
in  inner  discal  area,  interrupted  lines  on  the  nervures  most  conspicuous  on 
the  retlexed  veinlets  and  next  the  costa  and  a  sub-apical  border, fuscous;  the 
elytral  cells  whitish  hyaline;  below  light  yellow  and  pallid;  the  posterior 
border  ultimate  ventral  segment  female,  terminal  bristles  on  pygofers;  a 
series  of  points  and  terminal  annulus  on  tibia,  tip  of  first  joint  and  all  of 
second  joint  of  tarsus,  deep  fuscous  or  black. 

Genitalia;  Female,  ultimate  ventral  segment  long,  the  posterior  border 
straight  or  very  slightly  produced  at  the  middle.     Pygofers  full,  polished, 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OP   SCIENCES.  243 

with  marginal  and  terminal  bristles,  the  latter  strong;  male,  valve  very 
short,  transverse:  plates  broad,  roundingly  narrowing  to  obtuse  tip  with 
weak  marginal  bristles;  pygofei's  rather  broad,  extending  half  their  length 
beyond  the  plates  and  set  with  long,  stiff  bristles. 

Described  from  twelve  females  and  seven  males  collected  at 
Ames  from  July  29th  to  August  13th. 

While  this  species  has  the  general  color  of  jucundus  it  differs 
from  that  species  very  distinctly  in  the  oblique  reflexed  vein- 
lets  and  in  having  the  transverse  band  on  the  vertex  instead  of 
the  two  parallel  spots.  From  immistus,  intricatus  and  luteolus, 
which  it  resembles  in  venation,  it  differs  in  color  and  size. 

SCAPHOIDEUS   PICTURATUS   N.    SP. 

Color  pattern  very  similar  to  savctus.  Head  more  sharply  angular, 
reflexed  veins  less  oblique  or  indistinct.  Length  to  tips  of  elytra,  female  5 
mm.,  male  4  mm. 

Vertex  sharply  angulate  at  the  tip,  as  long  as  width  between  eyes,  and 
nearly  twice  as  long  at  middle  as  next  eye.  Front  very  slightly  widening 
next  antennae,  tapering  uniformly  to  base  of  clypeus;  clypeus  with  sides 
parallel,  base  and  apex  convex;  lora?  small,  suboval;  gena3  roundingly 
angulate  below  the  eye-s.  Pronotum  sharyily  arcuate  in  front,  truncate 
behind,  lateral  margin  extremely  short;  scutellum  small,  the  elytra  with 
the  post-nodal  veinlets  irregular,  the  first  eitlier  absent  or  not  reflexed,  the 
second  strongly  reflexed,  the  middle  and  inner  anteapical  cells  with  dis- 
tinct or  obsolete  cross  nervures. 

Color:  Vertex,  anterior  part  of  pronotum,  scutellum,  face,  pectus, 
venter  and  margin  of  abdomen  above,  yellow  or  greenish-yellow;  two 
minute  points  next  each  eye,  two  short  oblique  lines  near  tip,  and  a  very 
slender  median  line  on  vertex,  three  or  four  strongly  curved  arcs  on  the 
front,  the  margins  of  the  olivaceous  areas,  an  oblique  band  near  the  tip, 
and  a  submarginal  border  on  the  elytra,  fuscous.  The  elyira  are  fusco-oli- 
vaceous,  interrupted  with  ivory  white  as  follows;  a  broad  oblique  band  on 
the  base  of  corium  and  clavus  paralleling  the  sides  of  the  scutellum,  adiscal 
spot  at  forking  of  the  first  sector,  a  commisui*al  sjsot  and  a  broad  band 
across  the  base  of  the  anteapical  cells.  The  nervures  are  white  on  the 
white  portions  and  also  in  the  fuscous  part  at  apex. 

Genitalia:  Female,  ultimate  ventral  segment  short,  slightly  notched  on 
the  median  line;  pygofers  thickly  set  towards  tip  with  rather  tine  bristles; 
male,  valve  small,  plates  long,  tapering  gradually  to  the  obtuse  tip,  exceed- 
ing the  short  pygofers.  Both  plates  and  pygofers  are  finely  ciliate  with 
pale  hairs. 

Described  from  one  female  received  from  Prof.  H.  Garman, 
Lexington,  Ky.,  and  one  male  which  I  collected  at  Burlington, 
September  5,  1897. 

While  this  appears  superficially  to  resemble  sanctus,  the 
different  venation  and  the  different  markings  on  the  vertex  as 


244  IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

well  as  the  very  different  genitalia  renders  it  easily  separated 
from  that  species.  In  venation  it  approaches  Deltocephalus  and 
adds  another  link  to  the  chain  connecting  the  two  genera. 

THAMNOTETTIX   CILIATA   N.    SP. 

Green  or  yellowish-green,  the  under  part  of  thorax  and  nearly  all  of 
abdomen  black.  Head  with  four  quadrate  black  spots  on  margin  between 
eyes  and  two  on  the  vertex  behind  the  outer  ones.  Length  to  tip  of  elytra, 
female  5.50  mm.,  male  5  mm. 

Vertex  subangulate  in  front,  about  one-half  longer  in  middle  than  next 
eye.  Front  tapering  evenly  to  the  broad  apex,  apical  angles  rounded; 
clypeus  widening  but  slightly  to  the  truncate  tip,  nearly  twice  as  long  as 
wide;  loras  large,  nearly  reaching-  tip  of  clypeus,  gena?  broad,  sides  rounding 
reaching  the  clypeus  by  a  narrow  line.  Pronotum  one-third  longer  than 
vertex,  slightly  emarginate  posteriorly,  humeral  margins  long,  lateral 
margins  short,  rounded;  elytra  long,  narrowed,  the  nervures  distinct, 
becoming  fainter  near  costa  towards  apex. 

Color:  Head  yellow  with  a  conspicuous  transverse  row  of  four  quadrate 
black  spots  on  margin  of  vertex  extending  down  on  to  the  front,  two  small 
approximate  spots  or  lines  on  the  disk  about  half  way  from  occiput  to  tip, 
variable  in  size  and  a  spot  on  each  side  near  the  eye  parallel  to  the  outer 
marginal  spot,  in  some  cases  reduced  to  a  round  dot.  A  spot  at  base  of 
antennae,  four  or  five  interrupted  arcs  on  front,  and  frontal  sutures,  black; 
sometimes  spots  of  black  on  genas  and  lorse  and  an  annulus  on  second  joint 
of  antennae,  in  female,  black  Pronotum,  greenish  transparent,  with 
anterior  border  more  yellow;  scutellum  yellow;  elytra  greenish  hyaline  or 
flavescent,  the  nervures  yellowish  or  whitish  and  in  the  females  usually 
bordered  with  fuscous.  Tergum  black  except  margin  and  pai't  of  terminal 
segment  y  How;  pectus  and  venter  black,  lateral  margins,  posterior  mar- 
gins of  b  se  and  side  margins  of  ultimate  ventral  segment,  a  narrow  poste- 
rior border  to  the  segments  and  the  pygofers  of  female,  and  usually  plates 
and  pygofers  of  male,  yellow  or  whitish. 

Genitalia:  Female,  ultimate  ventral  segment  slightly  longer  than 
penultimate,  minutely  ragulose;posterior  margin  scarcely  concave;  pygofers 
large,  slightly  exceeded  by  the  ovipositor  and  set  with  stiff  grayish  bristles, 
those  at  apex  stronger  and  darker;  male,  valve  long,  nearly  as  long  as  wide, 
posterior  border  convex;  plates  short,  divaricate,  obtuse  or  truncate,  and 
bearing  a  few  stiff  hairs  on  disk  and  a  dense  brush  of  long  white  ciliate 
hairs  from  the  margin;  pygofers  long,  exceeding  plates,  obliquely  truncate 
obtuse  at  tip,  their  margins  set  with  a  series  of  stiff  hairs. 

Described  from  numerous  examples  of  both  sexes  collected 
in  Iowa  and  one  female  from  Colorado  (Gillette).  Adults  at 
Ames  from  June  2d  to  July  2d,  and  from  August  27th  to  Octo- 
ber 9th.  Three  specimens  from  Little  Rock  July  2d  (Ball),  and 
two  from  Algona,  Iowa,  May  9th  (Mally). 

This  species  presents  many  striking  resemblances  to  smithi; 
in  fact,  specimens  of  smithi  having  the  frontal  black  band  inter- 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES.  245 

rupted  are  scarcely  distinguishable  except  by  form  of  clypeus. 
Usually,  however,  smithi  has  a  broad,  unbroken  band,  without 
any  traces  of  spots  on  the  vertex,  but  with  the  border  of  lorse 
next  clypeus  with  a  broad  black  line,  exaggerating  the  width 
of  clypeus,  while  ciliata  seldom  or  never  has  the  quadrate  spots 
of  the  frontal  band  coalesced,  and  the  loras,  while  sometimes 
slightly  spotted  with  black,  lack  the  line  next  the  clypeus. 
The  greater  length  and  narrower  tip  of  the  clypeus,  and  the 
broader,  more  truncate,  male  plates  are  the  decisive  structural 
characters. 

THAMNOTETTIX  CYPERACEUS   N.  SP. 

Resembles  melanogaster  bub  larger  and  usually  more  deeply  colored,  and 
with  three  parallel  croceus  stripes  on  head  and  pronotum.  Length  to  tip 
of  elytra,  female,  6  mm.;  male,  5.25  mm. 

Vertex  nearly  twice  as  wide  on  the  middle  as  next  the  eye,  angulate  at 
tip,  the  margin  sharply  angular,  front  narrowing  evenly  to  clypeus,  scarcely 
emarginate  next  antenna?;  clypeus  slightly  widened  and  more  nearly  trun- 
cate at  the  apex;  gente  evenly  rounded.  Pronotum  long,  about  one-half 
longer  than  vertex,  slightly  concave  behind,  lateral  and  humeral  angles 
rounded.     Elytra  long,  the  nervures  distinct,  claval  nervures  parallel. 

Color:  A  broad  stripe  and  a  narrower  median  one  on  the  head;  pro- 
notum and  scutellum  tawny,  alternating  with  yellow.  Ocelli  red.  Pour 
transversely  linear  spots  just  below  the  margin  of  the  vertex  (not,  or 
scarcely  visible,  from  above)  the  insertion  of  antenna-  and  the  lateral  mar- 
gins of  front,dorsum  of  abdomen  except  margin  and  terminal  segment,  disk 
of  venter  and  ovipositor  black.  Elytra  tawny  hyaline  with  whitish  nervures. 
Margin  of  abdominal  segments  yellow  or  tinged  with  rufous  posteriorly. 

Genitalia:  Female,  ultimate  venti'al  segment  scarcely  longer  than 
penultimate,  very  slightly  emarginate  on  either  side  of  the  middle  of 
posterior  border.  Male,  valve  produced,  large,  and  rounded  posteriorly, 
with  a  median  impressed  line  at  the  tip;  plates  short,  obtuse,  and  thick  at 
the  apex,  with  dense  tufts  of  hairs'and  a  conspicuous  bristle  arising  from 
extreme  tip;  pygofers  short,  hairy. 

Described  from  four  males  and  four  females  collected  from 
Carex  at  Ames,  Iowa,  October  6,  1897.  In  the  disposition  of  black 
markings  this  species  almost  duplicates  melanogai^ter,  but  it  is 
much  larger,  the  male  genitalia  are  quite  different,  and  other 
characters  will  easily  separate  them. 

THAMNOTETTIX   PALLIDULA   N.    SP. 

Smaller  and  lighter  colored  than  wfia?(0(7«.sierand  with  the  under  surface 
pallid.  Approaches  ,/ik7it  but  markings  are  less  distinct.  Six  points  in  a 
line  across  the  front  part  of  vertex,  either  all  black  or  part  or  all  of  them 
faint  or  obsolete.     Length  to  tip  of  elytra,  4  mm. 

18  [la.  Acad.  Sci.,  Vol.  v.]  LJuly  20,  1898.] 


246  IOWA    ACADEMY   OF   SCIENCES. 

Vertex  one-third  longer  on  middle  than  next  eye,  very  obtusely  and 
roundingly  angulate,  the  margin  rounded;  front  narrowing  rapidly  from 
antennae  to  clypeus;  clypeus  nearly  twice  as  longas  broad,  scarcely  widening 
at  apex;  lorse  small,  oval;  gentB  broad,  distinctly  angular.  Pronotum 
strongly  curved  anteriorly,  posterior  border  straight,  lateral  margins  very 
short.     Elytra  long  and  narrow,  nervures  distinct. 

Color:  Vertex,  pronotum  and  scutellum  light  yellow  with  faint  ochrac- 
eous  stripes,  the  two  median  ones  extending  to  margin  of  vertex  and 
diverging  posteriorly  to  cover  the  lateral  angles  of  the  scutellum,  the  outer 
ones  on  pronotum  only.  Across  the  front  of  the  vertex  a  row  of  six  dots, 
the  inner  ones  behind  the  margin  the  outer  ones  directly  on  the  margin  in 
front  of  the  eyes,  all  black  or  the  inner  ones  faint  or  obsolete,  but  those 
next  the  eyes  are  black  in  all  but  one  of  the  specimens  in  hand.  The  elytra 
are  flavescent  or  faintly  cuprescent  with  the  nervures  conspicuously  whitish. 
Beneath,  entirely  pallid,  except  the  median  posterior  part  of  the  ultimate 
ventral  segment  in  female,  bordering  the  notch  laterally,  and  exposed 
edges  of  ovipositor,  light  fuscous.  Venter  and  margins  of  dorsum  in  male 
sometimes  more  decidedly  yellow. 

Genitalia:  Female,  ultimate  ventral  segment  short,  the  posterior  mar- 
gin produced  each  side  of  a  median  broad  and  deep  notch,  the  median  por- 
tion of  which  is  straight  or  scarcely  produced  into  a  very  obtuse  tooth 
pygofers  set  with  stiff  hairs  on  the  posterior  portion;  male,  valve,  anterior 
margin  convex,  posterior  margin  straight;  plates  triangular,  outer  margin 
slightly  convex  and  sparsely  ciliated;  points  acute;  pygofers  exceeding  the 
plates,  obliquely  sinuate,  acute  at  tip  and  bearing  rather  strong  hairs. 

Described  from  eight  females  and  four  males  collected  at 
Ames,  Iowa,  by  Mr.  E.  D.  Ball. 

This  species  is  quite  similar  to  Jitchi  in  size  but  is  more  yel- 
low in  color  and  the  genitalia  are  quite  distinct. 

CHJLOROTETTIX  BALLI  N.    SP. 

Resembling  unicolor  and  spatulatun  but  more  yellowish-green  and  with 
the  vertex  subangulate.  Ultimate  ventral  segment  female  withaspatulate 
process. 

Length  to  tip  of  elytra,  female,  7-7.25  mm.,  male,  7  mm. 

Vertex  one-half  longer  on  the  middle  than  next  the  eyes,  subangulate; 
front  narrowing  in  almost  straight  lines  to  the  clypeus;  clypeus  broader  and 
shorter  than  in  spatidatus,  base  and  tip  slightly  convex,  sides  parallel. 
Pronotum  strongly  emarginate  behind.  Elytra  entirely  hyaline,  the  veins 
indistinct. 

Color  yellowish-green.  Head  and  thorax  usually  darker  green,  the  tip 
of  vertex,  margin  of  venter,  and  dorsum  of  abdomen  in  most  specimens 
suffused  with  ochreous. 

Genitalia:  Female,  ultimate  ventral  segment  long  and  with  a  deep 
notch  extending  to  near  the  base  and  including  a  spatulate  process  as  in 
spatulatus.  The  notch  is  deeper  and  wider  and  more  open  at  the  base  of 
the  spatulate  process,  the  process  is  broader  and  reaches  oaly  half  way  to 
the  tips  of  the  subacute  lateralmarginsof  the  segment;  male,  valve  large, 


IOWA   ACADEMY   OF  SCIENCES.  247 

longer  than  in  spatulatus;  plates  narrowing  rapidly  behind  the  middle,  the 
tips  upturned,  divaricate  and  scarcely  acute;  a  row  of  bristles  along  the 
outer  margin,  few  in  numbers,  set  in  a  uniform  series  and  a  few  minute 
cilia  at  the  extreme  tips;  pygofers  long,  exceeding  plates,  pointed  at  tip. 

Described  from  eleven  females  and  four  males,  collected  at 
Ames,  Iowa,  July  4th-llth-29th,  and  August  3,  1896. 

Except  for  the  more  yellow  color  and  the  different  shape  of 
the  vertex  this  species  resembles  very  closely  the  spatulatus, 
but  there  is  a  distinct  difference  in  the  genitalia,  notwithstanding 
the  presence  of  the  spatulate  process  which  is  so  far  known 
only  in  these  two  species.  Two  males  which  are  otherwise 
apparently  identical  with  the  above  have  the  plates  passing  the 
pygofers  much  more  acutely  pointed,  and  the  elytra  distinctly 
inf  uscated  at  tip.  It  seems  hardly  possible  that  they  can  belong 
with  this  species,  but  no  females  agreeing  with  them  have  been 
seen.     Dedicated  to  Mr.  E.  D.  Ball. 

PHLEPSIUS   LOBATUS   N.  SP. 

Color  and  shape  of  truncatus  but  slightly  smaller.  The  female  ultimate 
ventral  segment  produced  at  sides  into  a  distinct  obtuse  lobe.  Length 
to  tip  of  elytra,  female,  5.75  mm.;  male,  5.50  mm 

Head  as  wide  as  pronotum;  vertex  about  one-third  longer  on  middle 
than  next  eye  (slightly  fuller  in  male  than  in  female).  Front  almost  as 
wide  between  the  eyes  as  length,  narrowing  rapidly  to  the  apex,  the  mar- 
gins from  antenna?  to  apex  straight.  Clypeus  narrowed  at  the  base,  trun- 
cate at  apex;  lora?  large,  the  frontal  angles  sharp;  geute  rounding  regu- 
larly from  the  sinuation  below  the  eye.  Pronotum  with  the  posterior  por- 
tion distinctly  concave;  scutellum  broad,  with  a  sharply  impressed  line  on 
the  disk. 

Color:  Above,  gray  from  the  finely  irrorate  and  lineated  white  and 
fuscous  markings.  Front  dark  fuscous  in  upper  part,  b  )Coming  lighter 
below;  pectus,  venter  and  legs  whiti-h  with  fuscous  maculations  and  points. 

Genitalia:  Female,  ultimate  ventral  segment  very  long,  depressed 
laterally  and  produced  into  marginal  lobes,  between  which  the  posterior 
border  is  convex,  the  central  portion  elevated,  becoming  carinate  and 
minutely  notched  at  posterior  border.  Male,  valve  triangular,  plates 
rather  narrow,  tapering  uniformly  from  base  to  sub-acute  apex. 

Described  from  one  male  and  one  female  collected  at  Little 
Rock,  Iowa,  July  2,  1897,  by  Mr.  E.  D.  Ball,  and  one  female 
at  Ames,  Iowa,  September,  18th. 

This  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  truncatus,  or  even  for  a 
small  irroratus,  but  the  genitalia  are  strikingly  different. 


INDEX. 


Additions  to  the  list  of  Hemiptera  of  Iowa, 
with  descriptions  of  new  species,  332. 

Aftonian  and  Pre-Kansan  deposits  in 
southwestern  Iowa,  86. 

Bain,  H.  F.,  article  by,  86. 
Berberidacere,  Studies  in  seeds  and  fruits, 
209. 

Calvin,  S..  article  by,  64. 

Cap  au  Grds,  uplift,  58. 

Carbouif erous  formations  of  Ozark  region, 

55. 
Coccidas  occurrinsr  in  Iowa,  334. 
Combs,  Robert,  article  by,  304. 
Comparative  anatomy  of  corn  caryopsis, 

199 
Corn  caryopsis,  comparative  anatomy  of, 

199. 
Crimea,  geographic  development  of,  52. 

Degradation  of  the  loess,  46. 
Do  the  lower  animals  reason.  188. 
Drift  section  and  glacial  strife,  105. 

Fink.  Bruce,  article  by.  174. 
Fitzpatrick.  T.  J.,  articles  by,  105, 107. 
Fltzpatrick,  T.  J.,  and  M.  L.  F.,  article  by, 

134. 
Flora  of  the  Sioux  quartzlte,  28. 
Flora  of  northeastern  Iowa,  107. 
Flora  of  souihern  Iowa,  134. 

Geograpnic  development  of  Crimea,   53- 

Hemiptera  of  Iowa,  332. 

Ints' glacial     deposits     in    northeastern 

Iowa,  64. 
Is  the  loess  of  aqueous  origin?  32. 

Keyes,  C.  R.,  articles  by,  52,  55,  58. 

Leverett,  Frank,  articles  by,  71,  81. 
Lichens,  iowa,  notes  concerning.  174. 


Loess,  aqueous  origin,  — ,  32. 
Loess,  degradation  of,  46. 
Loess,  remarks  on,  11. 

Macbride,  T.  H.,  address  by,  13. 
Macuride,  T.  H.,  article  by,  23. 
Membership,  3. 
Myxomycetes  of  the  Black  Hills,  33. 

Notes  concerning  Iowa  lichens,  174. 
Nutting,  C.  C,  article  by,  188. 

Officers.  1. 

Osborn,  B.  articles  by,  224,  231,  233. 
Oza'k    region,    carboniferous  formation, 
55. 

Pamrael,  Burnip  and  Thomas,  article  by, 

209. 
Pammel,  L  H  ,  article  by,  199. 
Preglacial  soils,  103. 
President's  address,  13. 

Remarks  on  the  loess,  11. 

Report  of  librarian,  8. 

Report  of  secretary-treasurer,  7. 

Sangamon,  weathered  zone,  71. 
Sardeson,  P.  W  ,  remarks  by,  11. 
Shimek,  B.  articles  by,  38,  33. 
Sioux  quartzite,  flora  of,  38. 
Soils,  preglacial,  103. 

Termes  flavipes,  occurrence  in  Iowa,  331. 
Todd.  J.  E  ,  article  by,  46. 

Udden,  J.  A.,  article  by,  102. 

Weathered  zone  (Sangamon)  between 
fowa  loess  an*!  Illinolan  till  sheet,  71. 

Weathereii  zone  (Yarm')utb)  between  Illi- 
nolan and  Rnnsan  till  sheets.  81. 

White  ant,  occurrence  in  Iowa,  231. 

Yarmouth,  weathered  zone,  81. 


I 


V